V V-' w ^ V ■*- \ THE SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. liEPOKTS ON THE GEO-PHYSICS, GEOLOGY, ZOOLOGY, AND BOTANY OF THE ISLANDS LYING TO THE SOUTH OF NEW ZEALAND, BASED MAINLY ON Observations and Collkctions made during an Expedition in the Government Steamer "Hinemoa" (Captain J. Bollons) in November, 1907. EUITKD BY CHAS. CHILTON, M.A., D.Sc, P.L.S., Pbofessor op Biology, Canterbury College, University of New Zealand. Published by the PHILOSOPHICAL INSTITUTE OF CANTEKBUEY. IN TWO VOLUMES. Vol. I. SHfUingtoit, ^1. : Printed by John Mackay, Government Printer. 1909. N ... 1117:^23 Issued 22nd December, 1909. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. " The remoteness of these islands from any continent, together with their in- accessibility, preclude the idea of their being tenanted, even in a single instance, by plants that have migrated from other countries, and still more do they forbid the possibility of man having been an active agent in the dissemination of them. On the contrary, the remarkable fact that some of the most peculiar productions are confined to the narrowest limits is a strong argument in favour of a general distri- bution of vegetable life over separate spots on the globe. Hence it will appear that islands so situated furnish the best materials for a rigid comparison of the effects of geographical position and the various meteorological phaenomena on vegetation, and for acquiring a knowledge of the great laws according to which plants are dis- tributed over the face of the globe." — /. D. Hooker, " Flora Antarctica" vol. i. Introduction ; \st May, 1845. " II semble que les iles Auckland sont placees a la limite de toute vegetation possible. Les oiseaux, quoique peu nombreux, etaient faciles a approcher ; habitues a vivre tranquillement dans ces solitudes, I'instinct de leur conservation ne leur avait point appris a se mefier de I'homme." — Dumont UUrville, " Voyage de r Astrolabe," vol. ix; 1846. PREFACE. Towards the end of 1906 a deputation from the Philosophical Institute of Canter- bury waited upon the Hon. R. McNab, Minister of Lands, and urged upon him the desirability of extending the magnetic survey of New Zealand to the various groups of islands lying to the south of the mainland, and suggested that in the event of this being done advantage should be taken of the opportunity to further investigate the geology, zoology, and botany of these islands. These proposals were heartily supported by the Otago Institute, and were afterwards endorsed at the annual meeting of the New Zealand Institute in January, 1907. As the result of further correspondence the Governm.ent agreed to land a scientific party on the Auckland Islands, and another on Campbell Island, during the annual trip of the Govern- ment steamer " Hinemoa " in November, 1907, and to call for these parties on the return journey after the vessel had visited the Antipodes and Bounty Islands. A sum towards the expenses of the expedition was also placed on the parliamentary estimates. This plan was duly carried out, and as soon as possible after the return to New Zealand arrangements were made for the distribution of the specimens and the working-up of the results, and, on being applied to, the Government generously placed on the estimates a substantial sum as a contribution towards the cost of publication. The Institute desires to record here its most grateful thanks to the members of the Government, and particularly to the Premier, Sir J. G. Ward ; the Acting-Premier, the Hon. W. Hall- Jones ; the Minister of Marine, the Hon. J. A. Millar ; and the Minister of Lands, the Hon. R. McNab, for their assistance and the warm interest they took in the work. The Defence Department kindly loaned tents and equip- ment for the parties, and assisted in many other ways. The members of the expedition are unanimous in their gratitude to Captain Bollons, of the Govern- ment steamer "Hinemoa," for the assistance he gave and the pains he took to give the various parties every facility for the prosecution of their investigations. In this he was most willingly assisted by the officers and crew of the vessel. The greater part of the arrangements connected with the expedition fell on the shoulders of Dr. C. Coleridge Farr, who acted as secretary throughout, and to whose untiring energy much of its success is due. vi SUBANTARCnC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Preface. Most of the reports have been prepared by persons resident in New Zealand, but it will be seen from the list of contents that some of them are due to the kind co-operation of specialists in England and Europe. Pnifessor \V. B. Benham, Dr. L. Cockayne, and Mr. G. V. Hudson have acted as sub-editors for Ztiology, Botany, and Entomology respectively, and have greatly assisted in the distribution of the specimens and in the preparatory work of securing the reports upon them. The Institute is indebted to Professor L. Diels, of Marburg University, for distributing the Cryptogams and securing their identification by the leading authorities in Europe. The warmest thanks of the Institute are also due to Mr. John Mackay, Government Printer, and to his various officers for the extreme care they have taken in the production of the work, and their unfailing courtesy in all the negotiations connected therewith. For assistance in the preparation of the Index I am indebted to Dr. L. Cockayne, and Messrs. R. Speight and E. R. Waite. When first urging their proposals upon the Government, it was stated by the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury that the subantarctic islands of New Zealand were already so closely associated with the names of Sir James Ross, Sir J. D. Hooker, and other early explorers, and were so important in their bearing on the question of the origin of the New Zealand fauna and flora, that the members of the Institute looked upon the more complete investigation of these islands as an imperative duty, especially considering that the other antarctic and subantarctic regions had recently been investigated by the diiferent antarctic expeditions. The Council of the Institute presents this work to the public in the hope that it may be accepted as evidence that an attempt has been made to discharge some part of this duty. CHAS. CHILTON, Editor. Pkiiotophkfil Iruliiute of Canterbury, Ckritlchurch, N.Z., lOtA December, 1909. CONTENTS. PAGES Members of the Expedition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . jx Narrative of the Expedition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x Historical Introduction. Discovery of the Islands. By R. McNab, M.A., LL.B. . . . . . . . . xi-xiii The Subantarctic Islands of New Zealand and the History of their Scientific Investigation. By Charles Chilton, M.A., D.Sc, F.L.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv-xxxv Geo-physics. Article XXXIII. Magnetic Observations made during the Expedition to the Subantarctic Islands of New Zealand. By H. F. Skey, B.Sc, and C. Coleridge Farr, D.Sc, Assoc.M.Inst.C.E. . . . . . . . . . . 782-788 „ XXXII. On the Radium Content of certain Igneous Rocks from the Subantarctic Islands of New Zealand. By C. Coleridge Farr, D.Sc, Assoc.M.Inst. C.E., and D. C. H. Florance, M.A., M.Sc. . . . . . . 778-781 XXXIV. The Meteorology of Campbell Island. By P. Marshall, M.A., D.Sc, F.G.S. 789-792 Geology. Article XXIX. The Geology of Campbell Island and the Snares. By P. Marshall, M.A., D.Sc, F.G.S. 680-704 „ XXX. The Physiography and Geology of the Auckland, Bounty, and Antipodes Islands. By R. Speight, M.A., B.Sc, F.G.S. . . . . . . 705-744 „ XXXI. The Soil and Soil-formers of the Subantarctic Islands. By B. C. Aston, F.I.C. .. .. .. .. .. .... 745-777 Zoology. Article XXV. The Vertebrata of the Subantarctic Islands of New Zealand. By Edgar R. Waite, F.L.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . 542-600 I. The Mollusca of the Subantarctic Islands of New Zealand. By Henry Suter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-57 II. General Notes on the Entomology of the Southern Islands of New Zealand. By G. V. Hudson, F.E.S. . . . . . . . . 58-66 III. Descriptions of Four New Species of Macro-lepidcyptera from the Southern Islands. By G. V. Hudson, F.E.S. . . . . . . . . 67-69 IV. Le/pidoftcra from Auckland Island. By E. Meyrick, B.A., F.R.S. . . 70-74 V. Descriptions of Four Species of Hymenoptera from Auckland Island. By P. Cameron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75-77 VI. Descriptions of Coleoptera from the Subantarctic Islands of New Zealand. By T. Broun, F.E.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . 78-123 VII. The Diptera of the Subantarctic Islands of New Zealand. By C. G. Lamb, M.A., B.Sc. . . . . . . . . . . . . , . 124-145 XVII. On some Subantarctic Collembola. By George H. Carpenter, B.Sc. Lond., M.R.I.A. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 377-383 IX. Spiders and OpiUones from the Subantarctic Islands of New Zealand. By H. R. Hogg, M.A., F.Z.S . . 155-181 VUl 8UBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OP NEW ZEALAND. [Contents. ArticI* XXV!. XI. XII. XIII. VIII. XXVII. „ XXVIII. XVI. XIV. XVIII. XXIV. XV. Article ZooLOOY — continued. paobs The Crustacea of the Subantarctic Islands of New Zealand. By Charles Chilton, M.A.. D.Sc.. F.L.S 601 671 Report on the Pdychaeta of the Subantarctic Islands of New Zealand. By W. B. Bcnham, D.Sc., F.R.S 236-250 Re|M)rt on OUguchaeta of the Subantarctic Islands of New Zealand. By W. B. Iknhani, D.Sc., F.R.S 251-294 The Echinoderms, other than Holothurians, of the Subantarctic Islands of New Zealand. By W. B. Benham, D.Sc-., F.R.S. . . . . 295-305 On a Small Collection of Holothurians from the Auckland Islands. By Arthur Dendy, D.Sc., F.R.S., F.Z.S., Sec. Linn. Soc. . . . . 146-154 On Ijand Planarians from Auckland and Enderby Islands. By Arthur Dendy, D.Sc., F.R.S., F.Z.S., Sec. Linn. Soc. . . . . 672 673 A Description of Two New Species of Land Nemcrteans from the Auckland Islands ; together with some Observations on the Anatomy of the Pro- IxMicis in Geonemertes atistraliensis and G. novae-zecdandiae. By A. D. Darbishire, M.A.. B.Sc. . . . . . . . . " . . 674-679 Preliminary Report on Two llirudinea from the Subantarctic Islands of New Zealand. By W. B. Benham, D.Sc, F.R.S. . . . . . . 372-376 Not* on the Myriapoda. By W. B. Benham, D.Sc, F.R.S. . . . . 376 Uydromedusae and Scyplumwdusae from the Auckland and Campbell Islands. By W. B. Benham, D.Sc, F.R.S. .. .. .. 306-311 Two Species of Actiniaria from Campbell Island. By H. B. Kirk, M.A. . . 384-388 Two Sponges from Campbell Island. By H. B. Kirk, M.A. . . . . 539-541 Report on the Foraminijera from the Subantarctic Islands of New Zealand. By F. Chapman, Assoc. Linn. Soc. Lond., F.R.M.S. . . 312-371 Botany. XIX. On the Systematic Botany of the Islands to the South of New Zealand. By T.' F. Cheeseman, F.L.S., F.Z.S. .. .. .. .. 389-471 X. The Etiological Botany of the Subantarctic Islands of New Zealand. By L. Cockayne, Ph.D. . . . . . . . . . . . . 182-235 The Chief Plant Formations and Associations of Campbell Island. By R. M. Laing, M.A., B.Sc. . . . . . . . . . . 482-492 The Gramina of the Subantarctic Islands of New Zealand. By Donald Petrie, M.A., Ph.D. . . . . . . . . . . 472-481 XXII. The Marine Algae of the Subantarctic Islands of New Zealand. By R. M. Laing, M.A., B.Sc. . . . . . . 493-527 XXIII. List of Cryptogams (excluding Algae and Pleridophyta) collected by Mem- bers of the Expedition to the Subantarctic Islands of New Zealand ; identified by G. Massee, F.R.S., Professor G. Lindau, F. Stephani, and Dr. W. F. Brotherus . . . . . . . . 528-538 XXI. XX. Summary of Results. Article XXXV. The Biological Relations of the Subantarctic Islands of New Zealand. By Charlt« Chilton, M.A., D.Sc, F.L.S., Editor . . . . . . 793-807 GSKBRAI, BiBUOORAPHY RELATIMO TO THE SuBANTARCTIC ISLANDS IXDKX .. 808-«22 .. 823-848 Maf or THE A.STAEcTic AND SUBANTARCTIC REGIONS. Drawn by E. N. D'Oyly. In pocket inside back cover of Vol. II. MEMBERS OF THE EXPEDITION TO THE SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OP NEW ZEALAND IN NOVEMBER, 1907, ORGANIZED BY THE PHILOSOPHICAL INSTITUTE OF CANTERBURY. AUCKLAND ISLAND PARTY. C. C. Farr, D.Sc, Assoc.M.Inst.C.E., Canterbury College H. D. Cook, M.Sc, B.E., Canterbury College L. Cockayne, Ph.D., Christchurch J. S. Tennant, M.A., B.Sc, Wellington B. C. Aston, F.I.C., Wellington . . A. A. Dorrien-Smith, D.S.O., Captain Rifle Brigade, Tresco Abbey, Scilly Isles . . R. Speight, M.A., B.Sc, F.G.S., Canterbury College A. M. Finlayson, M.Sc., Dunedin . . W. B. Benham, D.Sc, F.R.S., Otago Museum G. V. Hudson, F.E.S., Wellington E. R. Waite, F.L.S., Canterbury Museum . . S. Page, B.Sc, Canterbury College G. Collyns acted as assistant to the geological party, and W. B. North as cook to the whole party. F. R. Field travelled in the steamer as a private individual, and camped on the island at the same time as the expedition, and gave general assistance. This party had the services of a whale-boat and boat's crew (head man, Whai- tiri, of Ruapuke Island). Magnetic survey. Ecological botany. Botany. Soil survey. Botany. Geology. General zoology. Entomology. Ichthyology. Photography. CAMPBELL ISLAND PARTY. H. F. Skey, B.Sc, Magnetic Observatory, Christchurch E. Kidson, M.A., M.Sc, Canterbury College R. M. Laing, M.A., B.Sc, Boys' High School, Christchurch J. Crosby Smith, F.L.S., Invercargill H. B. Kirk, M.A., Victoria College, Wellington Magnetic survey. Ecological botany. General botany. Botany and general zoology. Geology. General zoology. Botany and zoology. Entomology and general zoology. C. A'C. Opie acted as assistant to the magnetic-survey party, and C. Eyre acted as cook to the whole party. Messrs. Chambers and Des Barres camped on the island at the same time as private individuals, and assisted in the work of collection. P. Marshall, M.A., D.Sc, F.G.S., Otago University R. Browne, Feilding C. Chilton, M.A., D.Sc, F.L.S., Canterbury College J. B. Mayne, M.A., Christchurch . . G. R. Marriner, F.R.M.S., Public Museum, Wanganui NARRATIVE OF THE EXPEDITION. The Government steamer " Hinemoa," with the members of the expedition on board, left the Bluff on the morning of the 14th November, 1907, and spent the afternoon in Port Pegasus, in Stewart Island. The Snares were reached next morning, and the greater part of the day was spent on them, and the vessel left at night for the Auckland Islands. Port Ross was reached early on the morning of the 16th November, and here were found the survivors from the wreck of the ship " Dundonald." After attending to the wants of the cast- aways the vessel proceeded direct to Carnley Harbour, one of the shipwrecked crew being taken on board to act as cook for the Campbell Island party. The Auckland Island party was landed with the necessary equipment at Camp Cove, in Carnley Harbour. Campbell Island was reached on the morning of the 17th November, and the party, with tents, &c., put on shore, and that evening the vessel proceeded on her usual trip to the Antipodes and Bounty Islands. She returned to Campbell Island to pick up the party on the 25th November, so that they were on the island for eight days. After taking on board the members of the party, with their collections, the vessel left for the Auckland Islands, and picked up the members of that party in Carnley Harbour on Tuesday, the 26th November, and proceeded to Norman's Inlet, on the east coast of the island, where she anchored for the night. The next day, after calling at Cascade Inlet and Smith's Harbour, on the east coast, the vessel proceeded to Port Ross, and parties were landed for a short time on Enderby and Ewing Islands, and the vessel then proceeded to Erebus Cove, where the night was spent. On the next day, the 28th, some members of the party made a geological and botanical survey of the country near Port Ross, while the vessel, with the remainder, proceeded to Disappointment Island, where most of the party landed, this being the first time that this island had been investigated scientifically. The vessel then returned to Erebus Cove, where the remains of the first mate of the " Dundonald," which had been brought from Disappointment Island, were buried with fitting ceremony. The morning of the next day was spent in the same place, parties being landed at various localities, and about midday the vessel left for the Bluff, which was reached on Saturday afternoon. During the trip dredgings were made at several places, by the kind assistance of Captain Bollons, who also inde- pendently secured some dredgings off the Bounty Islands. HISTOEICAL INTRODUCTION. THE DISCOVERY OF THE ISLANDS. By R. McNab, M.A., LL.B. When Captain Cook sailed round the Islands of New Zealand in 1769-70 he directed his attention in the main to ascertaining whether or not a great antarctic continent existed to the south. He therefore went far enough to convince himself that no such mass of land existed, but not far enough to learn that islands were dotted over the Southern Ocean at much higher latitudes than New Zealand. At later dates Cook made four more visits to our shores, but on only one occasion — - when he sailed for the Antarctic in 1773 — was he in the vicinity of the southern islands. On this occasion he sailed close past the Antipodes. Twelve years after Cook had left New Zealand for the last time, one of his officers — William Bligh, of the " Resolution " — sailed round the south of New Zealand on a mission to procure breadfruit-trees for the people of Jamaica. On the 19th September, 1788, Bligh discovered a cluster of small rocky islands, which he called the Bounty Isles, after the name of his vessel. This voyage was terminated by the celebrated mutiny of the " Bounty " and Bligh' s long voyage in an open boat to a haven of refuge. His name is preserved on our coast in Bligh Sound, indicative rather of his connection with New Zealand trade at a later date, when he occupied the position of Governor of New South Wales. BUgh's voyage had only taken place three years when a companion of his, and another of Cook's old officers, Vancouver, visited Dusky Sound with an expedition destined for the exploration of the north-west coast-line of North America. After leaving Dusky Sound a fierce storm was encountered, and the two vessels were separated. On the 23rd November, Vancouver, in the " Discovery," discovered a group of islands which he named the Snares. Broughton, in the " Chatham," sighted them later in the same day, and named them Knight's Islands. As a compensation for losing seniority in his discovery, Broughton, on the 29th, discovered a fairly large inhabited island, which he called after his vessel, Chatham Island. The next mention of any of these islands is contained in the log of the " Britannia," preserved in the Essex Institute, Salem, Mass., U.S.A., where mention is made, under date December, 1792, of sighting the islands now known as the Snares, and naming them Sunday Islands. The names Knight's and Sunday gave place to that given by the first discoverer— the Snares. The next contribution to southern discovery was by Captain Waterhouse, of H.M.S. " Reliance." The vessel was getting well up in years, and Governor Hunter, being anxious that she should be on the Thames when condemned, ordered her home. On her road, on the 3rd March, 1800, islands were sighted which were named the Penantipodes Islands, because situated near the antipodes of London. xn SUBAKTARCTIC ISLANDS OP NEW ZEALAND. [Historical. Bass, of Bass Strait fame, came out as surgeon on the " Reliance," and is sup- pose i t-o have been on board of her when the islands were discovered. If he was, hereturned shortly afterwards, and engaged in trade with the Pacific islands. While thus occupied he developed a scheme for a fishing monopoly over the southern por- tion of New Zealand, and the Snares, Bounties, and Penantipodes. In January, 1803, he submitted his scheme to Governor King, and the correspondence would indicate he had secured the sympathy of the Governor in his proposals. Nothing however, came of it. as Bass sailed for Chili and was never heard of more. It was probably Bass's scheme which brought the possibilities of the islands into prominence, because in May, 1803, a small sailing-craft from Bass Strait— the '* Endeavour " — under the command of Captain Oliphant, tried the new field. Oliphant secured 2,200 skins, and during a gale was driven as far south as the Snares, though at the islands he did not secure any seals. The first sealing gang on the islands was placed on the Penantipodes by Captain Pendleton, of a New York craft called the " Union," a small vessel of only 99 tons. So far as can be judged, the date of this was about May, 1804, and the gang con- sisted of an officer and eleven men. While the party was engaged collecting skins the " Union " returned to Sydney, and sailed thence to Fiji to load a cargo of sandal- wood for China. At Tongatabu, on the Ist October, Pendleton was killed. On a second attempt the vessel itself was lost. The gang on the Penantipodes was, after a long and dreary exile, relieved by an American whaler called the " Favorite," under the command of Captain Paddock. In the relief voyage the " Favorite " was accompanied to the islands by a small 40-ton tender of the " Union " (the "Independence"), but she, after the two vessels parted at the Penantipodes, was never heard of more. The " Favorite," with the remnant of the men and with 60,000 skins, reached Sydney on the 10th March, 1806. The interest created in Sydney by the departure of the " Favorite " and the " Independence " for the relief of the gang on the Penantipodes directed the atten- tion of other sealers to these lonely islands. Amongst these was William Stewart, afterwards to give his name to the southern island of New Zealand. He sailed in the " Venus," and, after he had established the second gang, returned in a vessel called the " Star." It is interesting to note that in the next voyage of this vessel to the Penantipodes she took down a young chief of Whangaroa named George, afterwards to be the central figure of the massacre of the " Boyd " in Whangaroa Harbour in 1809. The other islands appear to have been neglected while the Penantipodes was supplying such a harvest to the bold, enterprising sailors of Sydney Cove. An .Vmerican captain named Delano, with two vessels under his command, had sighted the Snares and the Bounties in November, 1804, but had not attempted a landing. There is no doubt that vessels called at the islands, but the difficulty of tracing the movements of the small craft when nothing sensational happened prevents the giving of details. The deaignation of the islands as " the sealing islands," which would in'-lude the islands along the New Zealand coast, adds to the difficulties. Nfi Knglisli whaling firm of this date was better known than the Messrs. Enderby, of I^)ndon. One of their vessels was the " Ocean," commanded by Captain Briirt'iw, and while on a whaling voyage to the south of New Zealand several islands were sglited on the 18th August, 1806. To them was given the name Lord Historical.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. xui Auckland Group, after Lord Auckland, a friend of Captain Bristow's father. Bristow did not land, but returned in October of the following year in another of the firm's vessels — the " Sarah " — and cast anchor in a harbour known to this day as Sarah's Bosom. For the assistance of sailors who might frequent the island Bristow liberated pigs on shore. Returning home a full ship, the "Sarah" was, in October, 1809, captured by a privateer called the "Revenge," but the following month was recaptured by the " Enterprise." The only other important event in the sealing trade of the islands during 1807 was the placing of a gang upon the Bounties by the captain of the " Santa Anna." The importance of the event lay in the fact that among the gang, which endured intense privations for several months, was a Maori chief named Ruatara, who had shipped on board the " Santa Anna " in order to reach London and see King George. When at last he reached London the captain treated him cruelly, and shipped him back to Australia without his wish being gratified. The Rev. S. Marsden was a passenger by the same boat, and, ascertaining the condition of the Maori, nursed him back to health again. Ruatara never forgot the kindness, and the friendship commenced under such singular circumstances played a very important part in Marsden's later mission to New Zealand. Following upon these events the discovery of Foveaux Strait (1808-9) opened up to the sealers fresh fields, rich in skins, and old vessels in the trade concentrated their attention upon the shores of Stewart Island. About the middle of 1810 a vessel called the " Perseverance," owned by Camp- bell and Co., of Sydney, and commanded by F. Hasselbourgh, was engaged in searching for fresh fields to replace the sealing-grounds which, under indiscriminate plunder, were now failing to supply payable cargoes. Hasselbourgh was successful in discovering two islands. One of these he called after the owner of his vessel — Camp- bell Island — and the other after the Governor of New South Wales — Macquarie Island. No sooner had the news of the discovery reached Sydney than, within a few days of one another, no less than six vessels set sail for the islands. Macquarie Island was found to be the richer, on account of the vast number of sea-elephants which at certain seasons visited its shores; but Campbell Island did a steady trade for many years in seal-skins. A sad accident befell the discoverer on his second visit to Campbell Island. On Sunday, the 4th November, 1810, Captain Hasselbourgh set out in a boat to ascertain if certain oil-casks he had left ashore were safe, and on his return a sudden gust of wind struck the boat broadside on, with the result that she filled and sank. Of the six persons thrown into the water, no less than two miles from land, three, including the captain himself, were drowned, and the remainder managed to gain the shore. It is an indication of the thorough manner in which the captains of the small sealing-craft of the early part of the nineteenth century scoured the ocean to discover seal-rookeries that as early as 1810 they had placed on the map of the Southern Pacific every one of the islands known up to this time. nv SUBANTARCnC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Historical. THE SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND AND THE HISTORY OF THEIR SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION. By Charles Chilton, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S., Professor of Biology, Canterbury College, University of New Zealand. To the south and south-east of New Zealand lie a number of islands, or groups of islands, which are in these volumes called the " Subantarctic Islands of New Zealand." They have sometimes been referred to as the "Southern Islands of New Zealand," but this name is apt to lead to their being confused with the South (or Middle) Island of New Zealand, while the term " Southern Islands " is often used in a more general sense for the islands lying in the South Pacific. The islands now being considered are subantarctic in geographical position, and, as the results contained in the fol- lowing pages will show, are closely allied in climate, fauna, and flora to subantarctic islands elsewhere, and the use of the term " Subantarctic Islands of New Zealand " for them appears to be fully justified. The islands included in this group are the Snares, the Auckland Island group, Campbell Island, Antipodes Islands, Bounty Islands, and Macquarie Island. The last named belongs politically to Tasmania, and not to New Zealand ; but bio- logically it should be included in the New Zealand group, and the industries carried on there from time to time have usually been worked from ports on the south of New Zealand. Fuller details with regard to the physiography of these islands will be found in the geological and meteorological papers in this volume ; but it may be well here to state briefly one or two facts regarding their position, number, and extent. The Snares lie sixty miles south-west from the South Cape of Stewart Island, and consist of two small rocky islands and several islets and rocks, mostly covered ¥rith low forest, consisting mainly of Olearia LyaUii. The largest island can be readily landed on in calm weather. Some years ago this island was surveyed in connection with the proposal to erect a lighthouse upon it, as the Snares lie almost directly in the track of vessels sailing from Australia towards Cape Horn, and are of considerable danger to navigation. The Auckland Island group consists of several islands lying about 190 miles south by west from the South Cape of Stewart Island. The largest is Auckland Island itself, about twenty-three miles in length, with a greatest width of fifteen miles, lying in the centre ; to the north of this lie Enderby and Ewing Islands, and to the south Adams Island, separated from Auckland Island by the fine harbour or strait known as Carnley Harbour or Adams Strait ; to the west, at a distance of alMiut four or five miles, lies a rocky islet — Disappointment Island. The main islands are wooded up to a varying altitude, and abundantly covered with various kinds of vegetation. In several places the hills rise to a height of over 2,000 ft. The whole of the west coast is formed of high precipitous cliffs ; but on the east coast are several fine harbours, such as Port Ross (portions of which are also known UistoricaL] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OP NEW ZEALAND. XV Fig. 1.— South Coast of Snares, looking East. The cliffs are of granite, and at times exhibit the characteristic weathered forms of ruined masonry. Fig. 2. — Wksteiin CoAsr of Snares, looking South. The cliffs are of granite, and in places reach a height of 600 ft. XVI SUBANTARCnC ISLANDS OP NEW ZEALAND. [Historical. Fi«i. 3. — St'iuliPlKE Mkai Wini>-swei't Haia, ahovk Camp Covk, AlCKI.ANI) Isl.AMi ; AllAMH Isl.ANI) IN BaCKOBOUNI). Fm. 4 - KoftALMxr Mr.Ai«w, wmi Danth 'luniu nnlarctiea *m» Wi.m.-hwkfi liAiA, aii.i\k (ami- ( iivk, Aicklanh Island. nistorical.l SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. xvn as Sarah's Bosom and Port Laurie) ; Norman's Inlet and Musgrave Inlet, nearer the centre of the island ; and Carnley Harbour, in the south, which has been already mentioned. Campbell Island lies 370 miles south by east from the South Cape of Stewart Island, and consists of one fairly large island, about nine miles across, with a few Fid. 5. — Tbek-feun, Hemitelid Siuilhii, Nohman's Inlet, Ai-ckland Island. The southern limit of tree-ferns. rocky islets near it. The hills are not quite so high as those of Auckland Island, but the greater part of the island is bare, or covered only with tussock and other low-lying plants, though some parts bear a scrub of Dracophyllum which does not exceed 10 ft. in height. The island is exposed to the full force of the prevailing ii— S. ZVIU 8UBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Historical. westerly winds, and is more wind-swept even than the Auckland Islands, while, like that group, it suffers from the same lack of sunshine and from frequent mists and nales of rain. Though the ttmiperature is uniformly low, the island does not appear to experience very severe frosts or very heavy falls of snow. The Antipodes Islands lie 490 miles east-south-east from the South Cape of Stewart. Island, and consist of one island larger than the others, named Antipodes Island, and several much smaller islands or rocks, the chief of which is Bollons Island. Antipodes Island is about four miles from east to west, and about two miles from nt)rth to south, and its highest point. Mount Galloway, rises to a height of about l,:nn) ft. The coast-line is rocky and precipitous, and above the cliffs stretch steep slopes densely covered with tussock, while the shallow gullies are filled with Coprosma scrub and Aspidium vestUum. The Bounty Islands lie 490 miles east of the South Cape of Stewart Island, and consist of about twenty islands and rocks of varying sizes, ranging up to nearly 300 ft. in height, and occupying a space about three miles east and west and two miles north and south. Landing on the main island is a matter of difficulty, and the slippery rocks bear on their surface no soil and no land-plants at all, except an Alga, which gives them a greenish hue in places. Very few terrestrial animals have been recorded from the island — viz., one or two spiders, a few insects, and a shore hopper. Macquarie Island lies about six hundred miles to the south-west of New Zea- land— more than twice as far away as the Auckland Island group. It consists of one island about twenty miles long and five miles broad, and of two outlying groups of rocks — one, known as the " Bishop and Clerk," lying thirty miles to the south of the south end ; the other, the " Judge and Clerk," being situated seven miles to the north of the north head. Though the island is exceedingly hilly, the hills are not more than 600 ft. or 700 ft. in height. As a rule, they rise almost directly from the sea, leaving only a narrow shingly beach, though there is a greater ejctent of flat land towards the north end of the west coast. There are swamps above the shingle, and on the uplands are a number of small lakes, which empty themselves by streams running down to the sea in valleys that they have made or by falling over the steep hillsides in miniature cascades. The general appearance of the island is described as being barren in the extreme. There is not a tree or shrub on the island, thoiigh there are patches of Stilbocarpa polaris, Pleurophyllum, and other plants known on the Auckland and Campbell Islands. Various species of penguins form rookeries on the island, and the huge sea-elephants are still to be found there, though they have been almost exterminated for the sake of their blubber. Dr. Scott, who visited the island in 1880, states that it is never entirely deserted by the sea-elephants, but by far the greatest number are to be found after October, when they come up to calve. To the south-east of Macquarie Island there has long been shown on the map a small island called Emerald Island. It appears that in December, 1821, the ship " Emerald," one of those trading to Macquarie Island, saw an island, very high, with peaked mountains, in lat. .57° 30' S. and long. 162° 12' E. Mr. Chapman (1891, p. 520)* in his article gives at second hand the evidence of a sea-captain who stated " that he had seen the island, and had been round it, but could see no * The references are to the General Bibliography at the end of Vol. II. Historical.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAITD. XIX XX SCBANTARCnC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Uislorkal. place for landing. It was a small, high, rocky island." No one else has ever seen hind in this place. Commodore Wilkes sailed over the site in the " Vincennes," and his vessel the " Porpoise " separately did the same. In 1894 the " Antarctic " also failed to find the island ; and, according to cable news recently received, so did Lieutenant Sha(;kleton's ship " Nimrod," though she made a special search on her return voyage from New Zealand to England.* In about the same latitude, but much further to the east, the " Nimrod Group " has been put down ; but even less seems to be known with regard to these reported islands, and they could not be found by the " Nimrod " on her return voyage just referred to. There is also shown on the map a group of small islands almost directly south from Tasmania, in about lat. 50° S. and long. 143° E., known as the Royal Com- pany Islands, though no scientific information about them is available. D'Urville in 1840 made unsuccessful search for them. The " Antarctic," in 1894, endeavoured to reach their position, but the winds were adverse and she was unable to do so. According to reports published in the newspapers, the " Nimrod " on her homeward voyage steamed over their reported site and spent a day looking for them, but without success. She took soundings, but got no bottom at 2,500 fathoms. The story of the Subantarctic Islands of New Zealand up to the discovery of Macquarie Island has already been told by Mr. R. McNab in the preceding article, bringing us down to the year 1810. By that time the sealing trade had been well established, but, owing to the ruthless slaughter, the coast of New Zealand itself and the islands nearer had ceased to yield such rich returns as they did at first, and the trade was for a time directed towards Macquarie Island, which was visited by many ships. These vessels usually left a gang of sealers on the island, and, owing to the want of a safe harbour and to the severe gales, it sometimes happened that the gangs were not relieved as soon as they should have been. For instance, a gang was left on Macquarie Island by the " Betsy " on the 13th February, 1815. The ship then proceeded to Auckland Island, and returned to Macquarie Island in August of the same year ; but a few days afterwards she was blown out to sea, and failed to make the land again, although three weeks were spent in the attempt ; the vessel there- fore endeavoured to make her way to Sydney, but owing to scurvy and other troubles the strength of the crew was greatly exhausted, and only after various attempts did a few survivors succeed in reaching New Zealand. Finally, after much hard- ship and suffering, only two Europeans out of the whole crew returned safely to Sydney. The gang left on Macquarie Island was afterwards rescued by the " Eliza- beth and Mary," which left Sydney on the 26th March, 1816, and returned on the 28th May, bringing also another gang that had been left by a former vessel, the name of which has not been recorded. • The existence of Douj^hcrty or Keates Island, supposed to iw. situated about half-way between New ;^land and Cape Horn, seems to be equally uncertain. Its position was given as 59° S. lat. and I2ff W. long., but on the homeward voyage of the " Discovery " Captain Scott found a depth of 2,318 fathoms at the supposed position, and, as the weather was clear and no land was in sight, he thinks that the evidence against the existence of the island is too strong to allow of the explana- ti«.n that the original discoverer had largely miscalculatcid its position (1905, vol. ii, p. 401). The " Nimrod " alsfi failed to find the island on her homeward voyage in 1909. Historical.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. Xxi A gang appears also to have been marooned on the Snares for some years between 1810 and 1817 from the ship " Adventure," the reason given being that the vessel was running short of provisions, and that the captain gave these men the choice of going on shore or of starving afloat. They were rescued by an American ship, the " Enterprise," which reached Philadelphia on the 11th May, 1818. If the story told is correct, and a party was actually on the Snares from early in 1810 to early in 1817 without being relieved, it is clear that the islands were not visited by other sealers during that period. Up to about the year 1820 the sealing trade with New Zealand and these out- lying islands was carried on with great vigour, most of it being conducted from Sydney, though other vessels came from Hobart Town, and American and English vessels were also engaged in the trade. One of the best-known of the sealing-vessels was the " Governor Bligh," which made many trips to the islands ; in three of these — from 1816 to 1819 — this vessel obtained no less than 34,857 skins. About that time, however, fresh sealing-grounds had been discovered in the South Shetlands, and there was a corresponding lull in the New Zealand trade, though in 1820 the " Governor Bligh " again returned with 5,500 seal-skins. These, however, were obtained from various sources, partly from the mainland of New Zealand, and the rest from the southern islands, though the Campbell and Macquarie Islands are the only two specially mentioned. From about that time the seal trade appears to have almost ceased for a considerable time, so far as the mainland of New Zealand was concerned, though some sea-elephant oil was still imported into Sydney from Macquarie Island. With a view of reviving the New Zealand trade, the New South Wales Government, in 1822, despatched the Government cutter " Snapper," under Captain Edwardson, to report on the prospects of trade. This vessel returned in March, 1823, with favourable reports as to the flax trade ; but information as to her visit to the islands, if she did visit them, is not available. Meanwhile Macquarie Island had been visited in November, 1820, by the Russian explorer Bellingshausen. The account of his voyage was published in Russian, and was thus not available to the ordinary reader, and his researches have therefore not attracted the attention that they deserved.* A translation of the part of his narrative which deals with Macquarie Island is given by Mr. McNab in " Muri- hiku " (1907, p. 190, and 1909, p. 236), and contains references to the seals, the penguins, and to some of the more conspicuous plants, among the latter being the StUbocarpa polaris, which he speaks of as the Macquarie Island " cabbage " and which was used both by the sealers and by himself and crew as a vegetable. The naturalists in St. Petersburg who first examined the leaves of this plant referred it to Gunnera. The sealing at Macquarie Island continued to be fairly successful until in 1834 the ship " Caroline," after three previous trips, was driven ashore and became a total wreck in a part still known as Carohne Cove. Remains of a vessel were still to be seen in this bay when Professor J. H. Scott visited the island in 1880, and there were also graves of shipwrecked sailors and signs of other wrecks. In 1826 there had been a certain revival of trade, no less than eight visits being made by six * An abridged translation into German, by Professor H. Gravelius, was published in 1902 : see Bibliography. xxii SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OP NEW ZEALAND. [ttistoricai. different vessels, and during the next year the trade was still carried on with equal vigour ; but after this there was another decline, and there are records of only two voyages in 1828 and one in 1829. This latter was made by the ship " Faith," and on her return the crew reported that the swarms of sea-elephants and seals had left the island owing to the continued slaughter. It is worth noting that the Mac- quarie Island parrots were reported to be still abundant, and several were brought back by the crew of this vessel. The " Faith " also brought with her two gangs of men that had been left on the island thirty months before, but the names of the vessels by which they were landed remain unknown. Of all these sealing trips very little permanent record has been made, and most of that which is available has been unearthed by Mr. McNab's laborious researches. Even in the earlier part of the nineteenth century, however, these islands had begun to attract attention from a wider circle, and to some extent had been described in various works. For example, Delano, an American who made three voyages to various parts of the Pacific between 1790 and 1807, gives a slight description of the Snares and the Bounty Islands in the narrative of his voyages and travels, published in 1817. A glowing account of Auckland Island is given by Captain Morrell in his " Narrative of Four Voyages," published in 1832, in which he states that Auckland Island " is one of the finest places for a small settlement that can be found on any island in the Southern Hemisphere above lat. 35°." He also mentions that scarcely any seals were to be found at the time of his visit — 1829-30 — either at the Auckland Islands or at the Snares. All of the islands to the south and east of New Zealand are mentioned in D'Urville's imaginary voyage, published in 1834, the material for which he obtained from the writings of many previous explorers. He was after- wards privileged to visit more than once in actual person some of these places which he had described in his imaginary voyage. Balleny called at Campbell Island on the 17th January, 1839, on his way further south, and there met Biscoe, a seal-hunter in the employ of the London firm of Rlnderby, who had made important discoveries in southern seas and had previously visited some of the islands to the south of New Zealand. All this contributed little, however, to the scientific knowledge of the fauna and flora of these islands. Probably about this time, some few plants from Mac- quarie Island came into the hands of Mr. Charles Fraser, Superintendent of the Sydney Botanical Gardens, and were sent to Sir W. Hooker, but whether Fraser, who had visited the Bay of Islands, in the north of New Zealand, in 1825, gathered them himself or secured them through some of the sealers is not clear. Bellings- hausen's visit to Macquarie Island in 1820 has been already referred to. The real scientific investigation of these islands did not commence till the year 1839, when the French Expedition, in the corvettes " Astrolabe " and " Zelee," under Admiral D'Urville, visited Auckland Island. This expedition was accompanied by Messrs. Hombron and Jacquinot as naturalists, and extensive collections were made, especially of the plants. An account of these was published between 1841 and 184fi, under the title of " Voyage au Pole sud," the Cryptogams being de- scribed in 1845 by Camille Montagne. About the same time Auckland Island was visited by the United States Exploring Expedition under Commodore Wilkes, but only a short stay appears to have been made, and the botanical results were some- what scanty. Macquarie Island was also visited by the United States Expedition. Historical.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. XXlll In the next year the Antarctic Expedition under Sir James Ross visited both the Auckland and the Campbell Islands, and a stay was made in Rendezvous Harbour (now known as Port Ross), in Auckland Island, from the 20th November to the 12th December, 1840, during which time the botanist, Sir J. D. Hooker, with the assistance of Dr. Lyall, made a very complete collection of the plants of the neighbourhood. Campbell Island was visited immediately afterwards. An account of the voyage was published in 1847, and Hooker's results appeared in the first volume of the " Flora Antarctica," which was issued in 1844. Some of the zoo- logical results were published in 1846, the mammals, birds, fishes, and some orders Fid. 7. — Cemeteuv at Pout Ross, Auckland Isi.ands. of the insects being then dealt with ; but the publication was then stopped owing to lack of funds, and the account of remaining groups — that is to say, the remainder of the insects, the Crustacea, and the mollusca — was not published until 1874. Thus, within a short space of time the islands were visited by no less than three scientific expeditions ; but for a long time after that no further advance was made, and the Auckland Islands appear to have been visited only by the few sealers who still found enough seals to make the trip worth their while. In 1847 Mr. Charles Enderby, a member of the well-known whaling firm, and also a Fellow of the Royal Society, published a letter containing a " Proposal to re-establish the British Southern Whale-fishery " by means of a chartered company, xxiv SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Historical. and he succeeded in obtaining a grant from the Crown assigning Auckland Island to his company as the station suitable for this purpose. In 1849 he issued a further work on the Auckland Islands pointing out the suitability of them as a base for the whale-fishery in the southern seas, and as a result of his efforts the company was formed, and a settlement was established at Port Ross, in Auckland Island, with >Ir. Enderby as " Cluef Commissioner to the Company and Lieutenant-Governor of the Auckland Islands." The expedition landed on the 4th December, 1849. Con- siderable enthusiasm seems to have been aroused, and before leaving England Mr. Enderby was entertained at a farewell dinner on the 18th April, 1849, at which Rear-Admiral J. W. D. Dundas, C.B., M.P., acted as chairman, and four hundred guests, including members of Parliament and other prominent persons, were present. Though launched with so much enthusiasm and such high hopes, the scheme failed. The climate and the results of the fishery did not prove so attractive in reality as they had appeared in the prospectus of the company, and after two or three years the settlement was abandoned, leaving little trace of its position, beyond the small area of land that had been cleared of bush and the lonely cemetery still to be seen at Port Ross. For some years after this little worthy of record happened in connection with these islands, though they were not altogether without notice in published works. .\n edition of R. M. Martin's " History of the British Colonies " which appeared in 1851 contains references to the Auckland Islands, &c. ; and in 1854 was published E. Malone's " Three Years' Cruise in the Australasian Colonies." The writer was an officer on H.M.S. " Fantome," and gives a good account of the Auckland Islands and the Enderby Settlement. There appears to be no further reference to these islands until attention was once more called to them by disastrous shipwrecks. These islands have, unfortu- nately, been the scene of many shipwrecks, and in several cases castaway sailors have had to endure a miserable existence on them for many months. How many disasters occurred in the old sealing-days will perhaps never be known, but within the last forty-five or fifty years there have been many shipwrecks, most of them with sad loss of life. One of the best known is that of the schooner " Grafton," the story of which has been told by the publication of the private journal of the captain, Thomas Mus- grave, and also by an account by T. E. Raynai, who acted as mate, though he was really representing the owners, and was himself part owner of the ship. The vessel left Sydney on the 29th December, 1863, with a crew of three men in addition to the captain and mate, and sailed to Campbell Island, for the purpose of investigat- ing mines of argentiferous tin which were supposed to exist there. About a month was spent at the Campbell Islands without any success so far as the primary object of the trip was concerned, though a number of seals were captured. While at Camp- bell Island Raynai became seriously ill, and for more than a month was unable to assist in the working of the vessel. The ship then proceeded to the Auckland Islands, and entered Carnley Harbour, though the captain imagined he was in Sarah's Bosom — t.c. Port Ross. He made his way some distance up the harbour and entered the North Arm, but, owing to the difficulty of finding a safe anchorage and to the violence of a storm that suddenly arose, the ship was driven on the rocks, and the party had to make the best of their way to the shore. Here they all lived for twenty Historical.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. XXV months, frequently enduring great hardships from want of proper food and from the inclemency of the climate, against which they were only partially sheltered by the hufc which they succeeded in making with timber from the vessel and from the trees growing on the island. They called their home " Epigwait," a name selected by Captain Musgrave from the language of the North American Indians, and mean- ing " near the great waters." The story of their enforced stay on the island is told by the captain with much graphic description, and is extremely interesting, both as showing the fertility of resource shown by the men and as a record of the kind of weather that they experienced. His journal contains many definite facts as to Flu. 8. — HeMAIXS Of TliK "GkAI'TOn" WltKfK, CaRNI.EY HaUBOUK, AlXKLAXII ISLANIIS. the temperature at various times of the year, the barometric readings, the direc- tion and force of the wind, the habits of the seals, and so on. Among other things, he records an earthquake-shock on Sunday, the 15th May, 1864, saying, " It was not violent, but the tremor continued about a minute." Weary of waiting for the rescue that never came, and dreading to have to endure the hardships of a second winter, the castaways, with great labour and ingenuity, succeeded in im- proving and enlarging the ship's boat which they had saved from the wreck, and in this frail craft, which was only 17 ft. in length, the captain and mate and one of the men started for New Zealand, leaving the other two on Auckland Island, to be rescued subsequently if possible, as the boat could not accommodate more than XXVI SUBANTARCnC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Hislorical. three men. After five days of stormy weather they succeeded in reaching Port Adventure, in Stewart Island, almost exhausted. Here they were met and cared for by Mr. Cross, and soon taken over to Invercargill by him in his boat, the " Flying Sc-ud/' and by the exertion of Mr. Cross, Mr. Macpherson, and others, money and provisions were raised for the despatch of the " Flying Scud " to Auckland Island t^) bring back the two men who had been left there. This was successfully accom- plished, though with great difficulty, for the " Flying Scud " was only a small vessel, and was more than once driven back in her attempt to make her way to the Auck- land Islands. After picking up the two men at Carnley Harbour the vessel pro- I'li.. 'J. — KkMAINS ok MlSdllAVK'S Hl'T, " Kl'KlWAIT," CaHM.KY HAllliOr)!, Al'CKI.AXIl IsI.AXIiS. ceeded up the east coast of Auckland Island to search for any other castaways that might be there, as the crew of the " Flying Scud " thought they had seen smoke at some distance from the north of the island. In one of the huts at Port Ross they found the dead body of a sailor, beside whom lay a slate, on which he had doubtless written some particulars of his name and history, though this had become quite in- decipherable. After burying this corpse the ship returned to Invercargill with all the men of the " Grafton " safe and sound. From a further trip to the islands made by Haynal in the " Swordfish " it appears likely that the dead body was one of the crew of the " Invercauld," which was wrecked on Auckland Island about the same time. After Captain .Musgrave had reached Melbourne, H.M.C.S. " Victoria," under Captain W. H. Norman, was sent to visit the islands in search of any other persons Historical.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. XXVll who might have been shipwrecked upon them. Captain Musgrave accompanied the vessel in order to give the advantage of his local knowledge. No traces of cast- aways were found, but stores were left at suitable places for any who might be after- wards wrecked on these islands. The " Invercauld," a vessel of 888 tons, with a crew of twenty-five persons (Captain George Dalgarno), left Melbourne on the 28th April, 1864, in ballast for Callao, and was totally wrecked on the north coast of Auckland Island on the 10th May, 1864. Six of the crew were drowned, but the remaining nineteen, includ- ing the captain, succeeded in reaching the shore, and the captain, the chief officer, and one seaman were rescued after being on the island for more than twelve months. The other members had died on the island, some of them after having separated from the captain's party and having proceeded to other parts of the island.* Another wreck on Auckland Island was that of the ship " General Grant," which sailed from Melbourne for London in May, 1866, and was wrecked on the 13th May. The ten survivors, one of them a woman, were rescued by the whaling- ship " Amherst " about eighteen months afterwards, and were brought to the Bluff on the 13th January, 1868. The chief officer, with three seamen, had left the island on the 22nd January, 1867, in the pinnace, with the desperate intention of reach- ing the shores of New Zealand, but they must have perished in the attempt. The " General Grant " carried a very valuable cargo, and several attempts to recover the gold that formed part of it were afterwards made. In one of these a small craft, the " Daphne," was lost with six persons on board. In consequence of the wreck of the " General Grant," the Provincial Govern- ment of Southland despatched the " Amherst," with Mr. H. Armstrong, J.P., as their representative, to make a thorough search of the islands for castaways. The vessel visited the Snares, Auckland Islands, Campbell Island, Antipodes Islands, and also the Chathams, and managed to sight the Bounties after battling with the winds for eighteen days. Depots were established at several places on the Aucklands, and at Perseverance Harbour, on Campbell Island. Two woodhens (Ocydromus) were liberated on Enderby Island, and some pigs on Campbell Island. Mr. Armstrong's official report to the Southland Government contains interesting details on the physiography, vegetation, and animal-life of the islands, and it is deserving of note that he visited several parts of Campbell Island, and says, "There is no rata" (see Laing, p. 486, Vol. II). Mr. Baker, the Chief Surveyor, had previously made a report to the Superintendent of Southland in 1865 on the physical geography, geology, and resources of the islands, and this was published in the Government Gazette, Province of Southland (1865). The duty of erecting depots, with stores, boats, &c., for castaways was after- wards taken over by the New Zealand Government, and one of the Government vessels now makes periodic trips to replenish the stores and establish new depots where they may appear to be required. In several instances, as will be seen from what is narrated below, these depots have been of great service to castaways. * In newspaper accounts, published at the time of the rescue of the sailors from the " Dundonald " wreck it is stated that the "Minerva," of Leith, was wrecked on the Auckland Islands in 1864, and that four persons were saved from the wreck, and rescued on the 25th March, 1865." I have, however, been unable to verify this statement, and Dr. T. M. Hocken, who has kindly made many enquiries, has been equally unsuccessful. xxvm SUBANTARCnC ISLANDS OF KEW ZEALAND. [Historical. Moreover, the visits by the Government steamer have made it possible for various scientific men to visit the islands and to add to ovir knowledge of the fauna and flora. The results thus obtained are already very considerable, and would be much greater but for the fact that the vessel can only stay a very limited time at each place, and that the boisterous weather often greatly hinders the collecting of speci- mens. It was probably owing to these shipwrecks that a description of the islands to the south and east of New Zealand was drawn up and published by the Lords Com- missioners of the Admiralty in 1868. This contains interesting notes of their dis- Fiii. 10 —Dkiot, Caiini.kv HAiiiioiii, Aicki.axd Islands. Adams Island in the backgronnd. covery and productions, which were afterwards incorporated with the " Official Sailing Directions." Another indirect result of the shipwrecks was that rabbits, sheep, goats, and cattle were placed on suitable spots by the Government steamer and by other vessels, with the idea that they might afford food for future shipwrecked sailors. Bristow had liberated pigs on the Auckland Islands for the same purpose in 1806, and Armstrong had placed woodhens on Enderby Island and pigs on Camp- bell Island in 1868. Rats and mice were unintentionally introduced by the sealers, and are mentioned by several subsequent visitors as being abundant on the islands. Details of these introduced animals, and the effect that they have had on the vege- tation, will be found in Dr. Cockayne's " Botanical Excursion " (1904, p. 300) and Historical.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. Xxix in the papers by him and by Mr. Laing on the ecological botany ; reference to them is also made in Mr. Waite's paper on the vertebrata. Comparison of the effects that have already been produced with those that may hereafter be brought about will afford fruitful subject for future investigation. This is an appropriate place to refer to the enlightened regulations that have more recently been made by the New Zealand Government for the protection of the seals and birds and other animals on these islands, and for the regulation of the sealing industry. These have already produced very beneficial results, and in view of the exceptional advantages offered by these islands for the study of the habits of many of the ocean-birds, and for the preservation of them and of the seals, it is extremely desirable that some of the islands should be absolutely reserved as sanc- tuaries and breeding-places, and that no introduced animals of any kind should be allowed upon them. The Snares, the Antipodes, and perhaps Disappointment Island and Adams Island in the Auckland group, appear to be suitable for such reserves. In July, 1870, H.M.S. " Blanche " surveyed the Auckland Islands and prepared a chart of them. In 1874 the French Expedition for the Observation of the Transit of Venus of the 9th December proceeded to Campbell Island, and spent a considerable time there. It was accompanied by Dr. H. Filhol as naturalist, and he afterwards made a full report on his observations with regard to the fauna, flora, and geology. This, however, was not published until 1885. The most important parts in it are the observations on the anatomy of the penguins and his report on the Crustacea, but there are also lists and references to seals, birds, fishes, mollusca, coelenterata, &c. The botanical portion is short, and adds little new except in the diatoms. The geological observations are treated at considerable length. At the same time a German Expedition visited Auckland Island for the same purpose, but found, as other subsequent visitors have done, that the " weather was the most wretched imaginable." A report on the flora of the islands was afterwards published by Kurtz, the rocks gathered near Port Ross were described by Max Hartmann in 1878, and a report on the meteorology was also published. Since that time numerous visits have been made to these islands on the occasion of the periodic visits of the Government steamer. Thus, Mr. J. Buchanan visited them in 1883, for the purpose of securing plants for cultivation, and herbarium specimens. The results were afterwards pubUshed in the " Transactions of the New Zealand Institute " for 1883, and along with them he gave a series of drawings of the coast of Campbell Island. Professor J. H. Scott had previously visited Macquarie Island in November, 1880, and in 1883 published an account of his visit, with numerous notes on the zoology and botany of the island. One of the most important visits was that made by Mr. T. Kirk in 1890. He visited the whole of these islands with the exception of Macquarie Island, and was able to land at the Snares and the Antipodes Islands, this being the first time that a botanist had made collections at these places. He afterwards published several papers on the results of his visit, and gave a comprehensive account of the whole in the " Report of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science " for 1891. He was accompanied by Mr. F. R. Chapman (now Mr. Justice Chapman), XXX SUBANTARCnC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [HistoricaJ.. who wrote a general account of the islands as a paper in the "Transactions of the New Zealand Institute" (1891, p. 491), which is accompanied by a number of illustrations of the coast scenery of the Auckland Islands from sketches pre- viously made by Mr. Buchanan. In 1894 .Macquarie Island was visited by Mr. A. Hamilton, now Curator of the Dominion Museum in Wellington, and he was able to add many important facts to those that had already been recorded by Professor Scott. Unfortunately, owing to a sudden .storm arising, he had to leave on the island most of the collections that he had made. On the voyage back to New Zealand three members of the crew were washed overboard, and further collections were lost in the same way. During this time parties were still occasionally at work on Macquarie Island in securing the oil from the sea-elephants and from the penguins, and, although the industry was more or less profitable, it led, as in years gone by, to occasional loss of life, and there were also wrecks on some of the other islands. In May, 1894, the " Antarctic," a vessel fitted out for sealing in southern seas by Commander Sven Foyn, of Tonsberg, Norway, and under the management of H. J. Bull, made two trips to the islands. In the first, during which Mr. Bull re- mained in .Melbourne, she was nearly wrecked at Campbell Island. In the second she reached Macquarie Island, but owing to stormy weather no landing could be made ; Campbell Island was then visited, and after a short stay, during which some sealing was done, the vessel sailed for the south. C. E. Borchgrevinck accompanied the vessel on her trip to the Antarctic regions, and was afterwards in charge of the Antarctic Expedition of 1898-1900 in the "Southern Cross," fitted out by Sir George Newnes. The " Southern Cross " made a short stay at Auckland Island on her return trip from Antarctica in March, 1900. (Bernacchi, 1901, p. 277.) The list of the shipwrecks associated with these islands was added to in 1887, when the " Derry Castle," from Geelong, with a total of crew and passengers of twenty-three, was wrecked on Auckland Island on the 20th March. Fifteen persons were lost at the time of the wreck, and the remaining eight were rescued by the " Awarua " on the 19th August, 1887. In December, 1890, the small steamer " Kakanui " was sent to Macquarie Island to relieve a gang of men who were engaged in procuring oil from the penguins and sea-elephants, and who were supposed to be short of provisions. The steamer arrived at the island on the 2nd January, 1891, and left the next day, taking with her eight of the men, but leaving some still on the island. She was never heard of afterwards, and it is supposed she must have foundered with nineteen men on board in a great storm that arose two days after she had left the island. Captain Fairchild, in the Government steamer " Hinemoa," was twice sent in search, and visited Macquarie Island, Auckland Islands, Campbell Island, and the Snares, but could find no trace of the missing vessel. In the same year the " Compadre " was wrecked on Auckland Island on the 18th March, and the fifteen survivors were rescued by the " Janet Ramsay " on the 30th June, 1891. About two years later the " Spirit of Dawn," of Liverpool, was wrecked on the Antip«Kle8. The captain and five others were drowned, and eleven survivors were found on the island by Captain Fairchild, of the " Hinemoa," after they had been eighty-seven days on the Antipodes, and were brought to Dunedin on the 4th Sep- temlwjr, 1893. Historical.^ SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. XXXI In 1905 Auckland Island was again the scene of a shipwreck. In March of that year the " Anjou " was wrecked near Cape Bristow, but fortunately all hands got safely to shore, and made their way to one of the depots in Carnley Harbour, where they were found by the " Hinemoa " on the 6th May following. During the trip of the " Hinemoa " in November, 1907, with the expedition which secured the specimens described in this work, fifteen men from the ship " Dundonald " were found at the depot in Port Ross. The vessel had been wrecked on Disappointment Island on the 7th March, 1907, and twelve men were drowned, the second mate dying of exposure about a fortnight afterwards. The remaining Fifi. 11. — Hi'T ni'ii.T iiv Shu'Wkeckeii Sailoks or thk "Anjou" in Carnley Hakbour. Used as camp kitchen by the Auckland Island party. fifteen had lived on this bleak and inhospitable island for about seven months, when some of them succeeded in reaching the main island in a canvas boat of their own manufacture, and in making their way to the depot at Port Ross. They then brought their companions off Disappointment Island in the boat that they found at the depot, and they all lived there in comparative comfort until rescued about a month later. Again, on the 13th March, 1908, another ship, the French four-masted barque " President Felix Faure," was wrecked on Antipodes Island. Fortunately no lives were lost, and the whole of the crew were rescued by H.M.S. " Pegasus " and brought to Lyttelton on the 15th May. xxxu SUBANTARCnC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Historical. The remaining facts with reference to the scientific investigation of these islands can 1)0 ni)w briefly rehited. In June, 1871), owing to the kind oifer of Captain Townsend, R.N., of H.M.S. " Nyinphe," Captain Hutton, who was then Curator of the Otago Museum, was able t<» send -Mr. Jennings, the taxidermist, to collect at Auckland and Campbell Islands. Mr. Jennings had two days and a half for collecting at Port Ross, in the Auckland Islands, but only about an hour and a half at Campbell Island. The collections made were described by Captain Hutton in a paper published in the " Transactions of the New Zealand Institute " for 1879. Fill. 12.— FiiAMK or FiBST Boat mauk by the " Dundonai.d " Castaways. Taken at the landing-place, Diftappointment Island, wliere it was abandoned after the return from Auckland Island. More than twenty years afterwards — in December, 1900 — Captain Hutton was able to visit the islands in person, when Lord Ranfurly made an excursion to them in the Government steamer. His results were published in various papers in the volume of the " Transactions of the New Zealand Institute " for 1901. Sir James Hector and Professor T. J. Parker accompanied the Government steamer on her trip to the islands in 1895, and made collections there. An account of the trip, dealing chiefly with the geology, was given by Sir James Hector in a lecture to the Wellington Philosophical Institute. (Trans. N.Z. Inst., 1895, p. 738.) Historical.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. XXXllI Fill. 13. — Hits of thk " Di'NiioNiLi>" Ca.staways on Disapi'ointmem' Islaxj). The " Hinenioa" near the island ; ButhiiieUii Ro^sii in foreRround ; the north end of Auckland Island in tlie distance. Fio. 14. — Depot at Pout Koss, Aicki,axi> Island. With jetty and flagstaff built by the " Dundonald " sailors. iii— S. XXxiv SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Historical. Mr. Matthews, the late Chief Government Forester, visited the islands at the same time and made a very extensive collection of living plants, some of which he succeetled in sending to the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew. In 1901 Macquarie Island was visited by the National Antarctic Expedition ship " Discovery " on her way to New Zealand before she left for the south polar regions, and some further collections from that island were then made. On their return from the antarctic regions in March, 1904, the three vessels, " Discovery," " Morning," and " Terra Nova," rendezvoused in Port Ross, Auckland Island, thus once more justifying the name of Rendezvous Harbour, which had been given to it by Ross more than sixty years previously. During their stay the officers of the " Discovery " made several further collections. In the winter of 1903 Dr. Cockayne visited all the islands with the exception of the Snares, at which he was unable to land owing to bad weather, and made extensive collections of the plants, and very extended observations of their winter aspect, which he afterwards embodied in a valuable paper (1904). At the same time he collected zoological specimens belonging to various groups, including some from the Bounty Islands, which were of especial interest. Some of these have been already described in various papers, and others are included in the reports in these volumes. In February, 1907, at the request of His Excellency the Governor (Lord Plunket), Professor AV. B. Benham and Mr. E. R. Waite accompanied him to the islands in the Government steamer " Tutanekai," and extensive collections were made by them, most of which have been incorporated in the various reports in this volume. In November of the same year the expedition organized by the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury, which has been the immediate cause of the appearance of this work, visited the Auckland and Campbell Islands, a party being left on each for some time. A brief narrative of the expedition, with the list of members, has been already given. During the expedition. Dr. L, Cockayne, acting under instruc- tions from the Government, secured twelve specimens each of the Auckland Island flightless duck (Nesonetta aticklandica), the Antipodes Island parrakeet {Cyanorham- phus unicolor), and the Auckland Island parrakeet (C novae-zealandiae). These were afterwards liberated on the native birds' sanctuary on Kapiti Island, where, according to the last reports, they were doing well. In the following 'year Mr. B. C. Aston, a member of the Auckland Island party, visited the whole of the islands in the Government steamer " Hinemoa," and made further botanical collections, which he generously placed at the disposal of Messrs. Cheeseman and Petrie. Here, for the time, the story of the scientific investigation of these islands ceases ; but it cannot end here. They are the most readily accessible and the richest bio- logically of all the subantarctic islands ; they lie almost in the direct path leading to the best approach to the regions furthest south ; and the Balleny, Macquarie, Campbell, Auckland, and Snares Islands form the best series of transitional steps from the barren ice-clad lands of the Antarctic Continent to a country covered with a rich temperate and subtropical vegetation, and their more complete investigation will necessarily follow. Particularly do the Macquarie and the Balleny Islands call for immediate attention : they could be investigated in a short time, and at a Historical.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. XXXV cost insignificant in comparison with the value of the results likely to be obtained. Some day doubtless — and, let us hope, some day not far in the future — there will be a permanent meteorological station on one of the fine harbours of the Auckland Islands, with another on Campbell Island, and perhaps still another on Cape Adare, connected with the first and with New Zealand by wireless telegraphy ;* and if to these stations there be added suitable accommodation and appliances for the collection, preservation, and observation of geological, zoological, and botanical material there will be a ready means afforded for gathering in that rich harvest of results that lies ready for the worker ; and earnest workers will not be wanting. The commercial value of such stations would be considerable ; their value, judged by the importance of the scientific problems they would help to solve, would be beyond calculation. * A meteorological station is maintained by the Argentine Government on Laurie Island, in the South Orkneys, in lat. 60° 44' S., long. 44° 50' W., on the site of the station set up by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. THE SUBANTARCTIG ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. ARTICLE I.-THK MOLLl'SO ^F THE SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NLV ZEALA>^D. By Henry Sutei. PLATE I. Fam. ISCHNOCHITONIDAE. Genus Ischnochiton, Gray, 1847. Distribution. — World-wide. Ischnochiton cot ^otus (Reeve), ^^^. Chiton contractus, Reeve, Conch. Icon., Chiton, 1847, pi. xv, fig. 78 ; Man. Conch. (1), xiv, p. 93, pi. xxiii, figs. 81, 82; Suter, P. Mai. S., vii, p. 293. Chiton decus- satus. Reeve, Conch. Icon., Chiton, pi. xviii, fig. 107. Chiton castus, Reeve, t.c, pi. xxii, fig. 145. Lepidopleurus speciosus. Ad. and .„.g , P.Z.S., 1864, p. 192 ; 18P5, p. 187. The girdle-scah " deeply grooved, the lateral areas with radial wrinkles, cut up into granule* Hah. — Aucklanu xjds (Captain J. Bollons). Also Tasmania and Australia. Ischnochiton parked, Sutei, 1897. Ischnochiton parkeri, Suter, P. Mai. S., ii, 1897, p. 186, figs. 1-6 in text. Lepido- pleurus circumvcdlatus, Reeve : Hutton, M.N.Z.M., p. 113 (not of Reeve). Ischnochiton longicymba, Q. and G. : Filhol and Hutton (not of Quoy and Gaimard). The girdle-scales are also deeply grooved, but the iireas with broad concentric ridges, radiate riblets present or indistinct. Hob. — Auckland Islands (Professor Benham) ; Campbell Island (Professor Chilton). 1—8. SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Mollusca. Ischnochiton luteoroseus, Suter, 1907. Ischnochiton luteoroseius, Suter, P. Mai. S., vii, 1907, p. 293, fig. 1 in text. Length of shell, 5 mm. ; colour, pink and yellowish banded ; girdle-scales smooth. Hah. — Bounty Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. BoUons). Also Dusky Sound, in 30 fathoms. Genus Callochiton, Gray, 1847. Distr^ution. — British seas, Mediterranean, Magellan Province, Antarctic station " Gauss," Australasia, Reunion and Mauritius, Cape of Good Hope. From the littoral zone to about 130 fathoms. Callochiton puniceus (Gould), 1846. ChUon puniceus, Gould, P. Bost. S.N.H., ii, 1846, p. 143 ; U.S. Expl. Exp., xii, p. 324, fig. 412. Chiton illuminatus. Reeve, Conch. Icon., iv, 1847, fig. 147. Chiton dimorfhus, Rochebrune, Miss. Cape Horn, Moll., 1889, p. 142, pi. ix, fig. 10. Callochiton illuminatus + Ischnochiton (Trachydermon) puniceus, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. (1), xiv, p. 51, pi. ix, figs. 92-94; p. 81, pi. viii, figs. 76, 77. Callochiton illuminatus. Reeve : Suter, P. Mai. S., ii, p. 185 ; vii, p. 294. Callochiton (Icoplax) puniceus (Gould) : Thiele, " Die antarktischen und subantarktischen Chitonen," 1908, p. 14. Hah. — Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Also Kapiti Island and Stewart Island. Common in the Magellan Province. Fam. MOPALIIDAE, Pilsbry. Genus Mopalia, Gray, 1847. Distribution. — Shores of the northern Pacific, extending from Lower California to Alaska and Japan. Our species is the only one on record from the Southern Hemisphere. Mopalia australis, Suter, 1907. Mopalia australis, Suter, P. Mai. S., vii, 1907, p. 215, pi. xviii, fig. 12. Length of shell, 9 mm. ; anterior valve with 8, intermediate valves with 1 slit on each side ; posterior valve with an oblique slit on each side, bisinuate in the middle. Girdle leathery, with sutural tufts. Hah. — Snares Islands (Captain J. Bollons). Genus Plaxiphora, Gray, 1847. Distribution. — Southern extremities of the southern continents : New Zealand, Australia, Tasmania, South Africa, Tristan da Cunha, South America. Plaxiphora aucklandica, n. sp. (Plate I, fig. 1.) Shell small, elongately oval, depressed, valves very fragile (animal preserved in formol !), dorsal ridge subangular. Colour light brown, jugal tract whitish, white MoUusca.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OP NEW ZEALAND. dashes on the sides. Girdle wide, black, with sutural tufts of very long bristles. Anterior valve short and broad, flattish, with 8 granulated radial ribs. Intermediate valves wide, depressed, the jugum smooth, with very fine growth-lines ; lateral areas not raised, with 2 narrow granulated ribs, the interspaces smooth. Posterior valve smooth, small, the mucro posterior, the hind slope nearly straight. Girdle broad, with very prominent sutural tufts round the anterior and a few round the posterior valve ; a second series of tufts with shorter bristles near the margin, which is beset with short brownish hairs ; remainder of the girdle quite naked, smooth. Colour of the valves light brown ; intermediate and tail valves usually with a dorsal triangular white area with a longitudinal brown median line ; one or two white elon- gated spots are mostly present on the pleural, rarely on the lateral areas ; girdle black. Length, about 15 mm. Divergence, 105°. The specimen could not be disarticulated without completely destroying the valves. Type in the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch. Hob. — Musgrave Harbour, Auckland Islands (Edgar R. Waite). Plaxiphora superba, Pilsbry, 1893. Plaxifhora superba, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. (1), xiv, 1893, p. 319, pi. Ixviii, figs. 55-61. Plaxiphora subatrata, Suter, P. Mai. S., ii, 1897, p. 190, figs. 7-11 in text. Shell attaining a large size ; the posterior valve not much reduced in size or altered in form ; central areas unsculptured save for growth-lines ; sutural pores or tufts distinctly developed ; lateral areas with 2 to 4 low flat ribs. Colour reddish- olive, maculated with darker and paler, or reddish-brown, the jugum dirty pink or with a wedge-shaped white stripe with a brown one in the centre. The shape of the intermediate valves is subject to great variation, from narrow and high to wide and low, but all intermediate grades occur. Length, 60-75 mm. ; breadth, 40-45 mm. Divergence, 110°-125°. if oi.— Auckland Islands (Professor Benham) ; Campbell Island (Professor Chilton). Also Macquarie Island (A. Hamilton). This species may be P. camphdli, Filhol (Compt. Rend., xci, 1880, p. 1095), which was insufficiently described, and not figured. Fam. ACANTHOCHITIDAE, Pilsbry. Genus Acanthochites, Risso, 1826. DistribtUion. — -World-wide. Acanthochites (Loboplax) rubiginosus (Hutton), 1872. Tonieia rubiginosa, Hutton, T.N.Z.I., iv, 1871 (1872), p. 180. Acanthochites costatus, Ad. and Ang. : Suter, P. Mai. S.. ii, p. 194 (not of Adams and Angas). Acanthochites rubiginosus, Hutton : Suter, Journ. Malac, xii, p. 68, pi. ix, figs. 12-17. ^a6.— Auckland Islands (Captain J. Bollons). In the laminarian zone, from Hauraki Gulf to the Bluff. SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Mollusca. Fam. CHITONIDAE, Pilsbry. Genus Chiton, Linne, 1758. Distribution. — World-wide. Chiton aereus, Reeve, 1847, var. Chiton aereus. Reeve, Conch. Icon., pi. vii, fig. 36 ; Voy. Ereb. and Terr., pi. i, fig. 9 ; Man. Conch. (1), xiv, p. 179, pi. xxxvi, figs. 96-97. HfJ). — Auckland Islands (Captain J. Bollons). Littoral and laminarian zone, from the Bay of Islands to the Bluff. The only specimen from the Auckland Islands is brownish-red, the central areas are not shagreened, and more of the outer furrows on the pleura extend the whole length than is usually the case. Genus Onithochiton, Gray, 1847. Distribution. — From Cape of Good Hope to New Zealand. Onithochiton undulatus subantarcticus, Suter, 1907. Chiton undulatus, Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. " Astrolabe," iii, 1835, p. 393, pi. Ixxv, figs. 19-24. 0. und. subantarcticus, Suter, T.N.Z.I., xxxix, 1906 (1907), p. 268. This colour variety is usually uniform chocolate or purplish-brown, sometimes with white patches on the ridge, or with white concentric lines. Hah. — Auckland Islands (Professor Benham) ; Campbell Island. Also New Brighton and Cook Strait. Fam. ACMAEIDAE, Philippi. Genus Acmaea, Eschscholtz, 1830. Distribution. — World - wide . Acmaea intermedia, Suter, 1907. Acmaea intermedia, Suter, P. Mai. S., vii, 1907, p. 316, pi. xxvii, figs. 6-8. Shell with 25 to 50 smooth radial riblets, which are sharp, and there are usually no secondary shorter riblets ; spatula dark-brown. Hab. — Near the Bounty Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Acmaea roseoradiata, Suter, 1907. Acmaea roseoradiata, Suter, P. Mai. S., vii, 1907, p. 317, pi. xxvii, figs. 9, 10. Shell very small, 3-5 by 2-5 by 1"5 mm., smooth, whitish with 10 radiate pinkish rays. Hab. -Jie&r the Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Also Stewart Island, Dusky Sound, and Taumaki Island, in 10-30 fathoms. Mollusca.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OP NEW ZEALAND. Acmaea septiformis (Quoy and Gaimard), 1834. Patdloidea septiformis, Q. and G., Voy. " Astrolabe," iii, 1834, p. 362, pi. Ixxi, figs. 43, 44. Acmaea septiformis, Q. and G., Man. Conch. (1), xiii, p. 55 pi. xxxvii, figs. 93, 94. Acmaea scabrilirata, Angas, P.Z.S., 1865, p. 154. Acmaea petterdi, T.-Woods, P. Roy. S. Tasm., 1877, p. 155. A. septiformis, Q. and G. : Suter, P. Mai. S., vii, p. 318. ^oA.— Auckland Islands (Professor Benham) ; Campbell Island (Professor Chilton). Also Chicken Island, west coast of the Manukau, Dunedin, Tasmania, and Australia. Acmaea pileopsis (Quoy and Gaimard), 1834. Patdloidea pileopsis, Q. and G., Voy. " Astrolabe," iii, 1834, p. 359, pi. Ixxi, figs. 25-27. Acmnea pileopsis, Q. and G., Man. Conch. (1), xiii, p. 57, pl. xxxvii, figs. 90-92 ; Suter, P. Mai. S., vii, p. 319. Patelloides antarctica, Hombron and Jacquinot, Ann. Sci. Nat. (2), xvi, 1841, p. 190. Patella floccata. Reeve, Conch. Icon., 1855, fig. 106. Hob. — Snares Islands (Professor Chilton) ; Auckland Islands ; Campbell Island (Captain J. Bollons). Also North and South Islands of New Zealand. Acmaea cantharus (Reeve), 1855. Patella cantharus. Reeve, Conch. Icon., 1855, fig. 131. Acmaea cantharus. Reeve, Man. Conch. (1), xiii, p. 55, pl. xxxvii, figs. 1, 2 ; Suter, P. Mai. S., vii, p. 320. Hah. — Auckland Islands. Also South Island of New Zealand ; Macquarie Island (A. Hamilton). Acmaea campbelli (Filhol), 1880. Patdla campbelli, Filhol, Compt. Rend., xci, 1880, p. 1095 ; Miss. I.C, 1885, p. 530. Acmaea campbelli, Filhol : Suter, P. Mai. S., vii, p. 321, pl. xxvii, figs. 19, 20. Shell small, roundish-oval, conical, subpellucid, finely ribbed, pink. The radiate riblets are very numerous and close together, about 40 reach from apex to margin, and about 20 are interstitial ; they are broadly convex, and crossed by numerous very fine concentric growth-lines. The colour is uniformly pink. Apex small, rounded, situate about the anterior third of the length ; anterior slope straight, posterior slope very little convex. Inside pinkish-white, with white radiating rays corresponding to the riblets ; central area pink ; margin crenulate, with a narrow pink border. Length, 5 mm. ; breadth, 5 mm. ; height, 3 mm. Type. Length, 5-75 mm. ; breadth, 4-75 mm. ; height, 3 mm. From Auckland Islands. Hab. — Campbell Island (Filhol) ; Auckland Islands (Captain J. Bollons). 6 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [MoUusca. Fam. PATELLIDAE, Guilding. Genus Nacella, Schumacher, 1817. Distribution. — Cape Horn was evidently the birthplace of Nacella and Patinigera ; thence they have been distributed eastward to the Falkland, New Georgia, and Kerguelen Islands by the eastward-sweeping Antarctic current, carrying them upon seaweeds (Pilsbry). Nacella (Patinigera) illuminata (Gould), 1846. Patella illuminata, Gould, P. Bost. S.N.H., ii, 1846, p. 149 ; U.S. Expl. Exp., xii, p. 340, atlas fig. 441. Helcioniscus illuminata, Gould, Man. Conch. (1), xiii, p. 142, pi. Ixx, figs. 40-42. Nacella illuminata, Gould : Suter, P. Mai. S., vi, p. 353. Patella terroris, Filhol, Compt. Rend., xci, 1880 ; Miss. I.C, p. 529. Hab. — Auckland Islands (Lieutenant Totten) ; Antipodes Islands ; Campbell Island. Also Macquarie Island (A. Hamilton). Nacella (Patinigera) fuegiensis (Reeve), 1855. Patella fuegiensis. Reeve, Conch. Icon., 1855, fig. 73. Nacella fuegiensis. Reeve, Man. Conch. (1), xiii, p. 121, pi. xlix, figs. 28-31 ; Suter, P. Mai. S., vi, p. 353. ^a6.— Campbell Island (FUhol). Also Macquarie Island (A. Hamilton), Tierra del Fuego, Falkland Islands, Kerguelen. Common on the submerged fronds of floating kelp {Macrocystis). Genus Helcioniscus, Dall, 1871. Distribution. — Indian and Pacific Oceans, but not found on the American shores north of Chili. No species have been found in the Atlantic Ocean. Helcioniscus radians affinis (Reeve), 1855. Patella affinis. Reeve, Conch. Icon., 1855, fig. 108. Helcioniscus affinis. Reeve, Man. Conch. (1), xiii, p. 140, pi. Ixix, figs. 32, 33. Nacella earlii. Reeve: Hutton, C.M.M., p. 45 (not of Reeve). Helcioniscus radians affinis, Reeve : Suter, P. Mal. S., vi, p. 349. Acmaea chathamensis, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. (1), xiii, p. 56, pi. XXXV, figs. 43-46 ; Suter, I.e., vii, p. 326. Hab. — Disappointment Island, Auckland Islands (Captain J. Bollons). Also North and South Islands of New Zealand, and Chatham Islands. Helcioniscus stelliferus (Gmelin), 1790. Patella stellifera, Gmelin, Syst. Nat., ed. 13, p. 3719. Helcioniscus stdlifera, Gmel., Man. Conch. (1), xiii, p. 141, pi. Ixx, figs. 43-45; Suter, P. Mal. S., vi, p. 350. Patella stellularia, Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. " Astrolabe," Zool., iii, 1834, p. 347, pi. Ixx, figs. 18-20. Hab. — Campbell Island, on rocks (Captain J. Bollons). Also North and South Islands of New Zealand. Mollusca.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. Helcioniscus strigilis (Hombron and Jacquinot), 1841. Patella strigilis, Hombr. and Jacq., Ann. Sci. Nat. (2), xvi, 1841, p. 190. Helcion- iscus strigilis, H. and J., Man. Conch. (1), xiii, p. 137 ; Suter, P. Mai. S., vi, p. 351. Hob.— Snares Islands (Professor Chilton) ; Antipodes Islands ; Auckland Islands ; Campbell Island (Professor Chilton). Also North and South Islands of New Zealand, and Chatham Islands. Helcioniscus redimiculum (Reeve), 1854. Patella redimiculum. Reeve, Conch. Icon., fig. 50 ; Voy. Ereb. and Terr., p. 4, pi. i, fig. 24. Helcioniscus redimiculum. Reeve, Man. Conch. (1), xiii, p. 136, pi. xxiii, figs. 1-3, 5; Suter, P. Mai. S., vi, p. 351. Patella radians, Gmel. : Reeve, Conch. Icon., fig. 25 (not of Gmelin). Patella pottsi, Hutton, C.M.M., p. 44. Hob. — Bounty Islands ; Auckland Islands (E. R. Waite). Also South Island of New Zealand, and Chatham Islands. Fam. SCISSURELLIDAE, Pilsbry. Widely distributed, and most of them living in deep water. Genus Scissurella, d'Orbigny, 1823. Scissurella rosea, Hedley, 1904. Scissurella rosea, Hedley, Rec. A.M., v, 1904, p. 90, fig. 17 in text. Hah. — Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Also Lyall Bay and Banks Peninsula. Genus Schismope, Jeffreys, 1856. Schismope atkinsoni (T. -Woods), 1877. Scissurella atkinsoni, T.- Woods, P. Roy. S. Tasm., 1877, p. 149 ; Man. Conch. (1), xii, p. 66. Schismope atkinsoni, T.-Woods: Suter, T. N.Z.I. , xxxix, p. 268. Schismope carinata, Watson, Chall. Rep., xv, 1886, p. 119, pi. viii, fig. 6; Man. Conch., t.c. p. 65, pi. Ixv, figs. 17-19. Hah. — Near the Snares and Bounty Islands (Captain J. Bollons). Also Whangaroa Harbour, Tasmania, and Australia. Schismope beddomei, Petterd, 1884. Schismope beddomei, Petterd, J. of Conch., iv, 1884, p. 139 ; Tate and May, P.L.S. N.S. Wales, 1901, p. 407, pi. xxiv, fig. 24 ; Man. Conch. (1), xii, p. 67. Hab. — Near the Snares and Bounty Islands (Captain J. Bollons). Also Foveaux Strait, Tasmania, and Australia. 8 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [MoUusca. Schismope brevis, Hedley, 1904. Schistnope brevis, Hedley, Rec. A.M., v, 1904, p. 90, fig. 16 in text. Hnb. — Near the Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Also Lyall Bay (A. Hamilton) and Lyttelton Harbour (T. Iredale). Fam. HALIOTIDAE, Fleming. Genus Haliotis, Linne, 1758. Distrihution. — Tropical and temperate seas ; west coast of Europe, Mediter- ranean, east coast of Africa, Cape of Good Hope, Indian and Pacific Oceans, China, Japan, California, and Australasia. Haliotis iris, Martyn, 1784. Haliotis iris, Martyn, Univ. Conch., ii, fig. 61 ; Man. Conch. (1), xii, p. 110, pi. xiii, figs. 65, 66. Hab. — Snares and Auckland Islands. Throughout New Zealand and at the Chatham Islands. Haliotis australis, Gmelin, 1790. Haliotis australis, Gmelin, Syst. Nat., ed. 13, 1790, p. 3689. H. rugoso-plicata, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., x, p. 311, pi. clxvi, fig. 1604 (not binomial) ; Man. Conch. (1), xii, p. 110, pi. xx, figs. 12, 13. H. plicata, Karsten, Mus. Leskeanum, 1789. H. cruenta. Reeve, Conch. Icon., fig. 56. H. costata, Swainson, Appendix Bligh Cat., p. 3. H. ruber. Leach, Zool. Misc., i, p. 54, pi. xxiii. Hab. — Snares Islands (Captain J. Bollons) ; Auckland Islands. Throughout New Zealand and Chatham Islands. Haliotis virginea huttoni, Filhol, 1880. Haliotis huttoni, Filhol, Compt. Rend., xci, p. 1094 ; Miss. I.C, p. 527. H. gibha huttoni, Filhol : Hutton, P.L.S. N.S. Wales, ix, p. 370. £^a6.— Campbell Island (Filhol). Fam. FISSURELLIDAE, Risso. Genus Incisura, Hedley, 1904. Distribution. — New Zealand only. Incisura Ijrtteltonensis (E. A. Smith), 1894. Soissurella lytteltonensis, E. A. Smith, P. Mai. S., i, 1894, p. 57, pi. vii, figs. 1, 2. Incisura lytteltonensis, E. A. Smith : Hedley, Rec. A.M., v, p. 92, fig. 18 in text. Hab. — Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Lyttelton Harbour and Lyall Bay. Mollusca.] SUBANTAECTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. Genus Emarginula, Lamarck, 1801. Distribution. — Mediterranean, Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, Indo-Pacific, Aus- tralasia. Emarginula striatula, Quoy and Gaimard, 1834. Emarginula striatula, Q. and G., Voy. " Astrolabe," iii, 1834, p. 332, pi. Ixviii, figs. 21, 22 ; Man. Conch. (1), xii, p. 259, pi. Ixiv, fig. 2. Hab. — Snares and Bounty Islands (Captain J. BoUons). North and South Islands of New Zealand, and Chatham Islands. Genus Puncturella, Lowe, 1827. Distribution. — Northern and southern cold seas. Puncturella demissa, Hedley, 1904. Puncturella demissa, Hedley, Rec. A.M., v, 1904, p. 93, fig. 19 in text ; I.e., vi, p. 289, pi. liv, figs. 3-5. Hab. — Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Also Foveaux Strait and Australia. Genus Fissuridea, Swainson, 1840. Distribution. — Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indo-Pacific. Fissuridea monilifera (Hutton), 1873. Lucapina monilifera, Hutton, C.M.M., p. 42. Megatebennus nwniliferus, Hutton, Plioc. M., p. 72, pi. viii, fig. 76. Hab. — Near the Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Also Stewart Island, in 15-20 fathoms. Fam. TROCHIDAE, d'Orbigny. Genus Trochus, Linne, 1758. Distribution. — In all warmer seas. Trochus (Infundibulum) chathamensis (Hutton), 1873. Polydonta chathamensis, Hutton, C.M.M., p. 36. Trochus chathamensis, Hutton : Suter, P. Mai. S., ii, p. 260, fig. in text. Hab. — Near the Snares and Bounty Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons) ; Auckland Islands (Professor Benham, E. R. Waite). Also Foveaux Strait and Chatham Islands. Genus Monodonta, Lamarck, 1801. Distribution. — Australasia, west coast of South America. Most species are Old World in distribution, the majority tropical. 10 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Mollusca. Monodonta (Diloma) nigerrima (Gmelin), 1790. Turbo nigerrimus, Gmelin, Syst. Nat., ed. 13, p. 3597. Monodonta nigerrima, Gmelin, Man. Conch. (1), xi, p. 97, pi. xxiii, figs. 77, 78; pi. xx, fig. 18. Trochus araucanus, d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid., p. 410, pi. Iv, fig. 6. Turbo quoyi, Kiener, Spec. Icon., Turbo, pi. xxix, fig. 2. Monodonta porcifera, Watson : Suter, P. Mai. S., ii, p. 264 (not of Adams nor of Watson). Trochus gaudichaudi, Hupe, in Gray, Hist. fis. Chile, Zool., viii, 1854, p. 146, pi. iv, fig. 4. Hab. — Auckland Islands (Professor Benham, E. R. Waite). Also Sumner, St. Clair, Preservation Inlet, Stewart Island, and west coast of South America. Monodonta (Diloma) coracina (Troschel), 1851. Trochus coracinus, Troschel, in Philippi, Conch. Cab., 1851, p. 148, pi. xxiv, fig. 13. Monodonta coracina, Troschel, Man. Conch. (1), xi, p. 103, pi. xix, fig. 94; pi. xxxi, fig. 28. Labio porcifera, A. Adams, P.Z.S., 1851 (1853), p. 179. Diloma nigerrima, Chemnitz : Hutton, M.N.Z.M., p. 96 (not of Chemnitz). Hab. — Auckland Islands (Captain Hutton). Also coast near Kawhia, Wellington, South Island of New Zealand, and Chatham Islands. Monodonta (Neodiloma) aethiops (Gmelin), 1790. Turbo aethiops, Gmelin, Syst. Nat., ed. 13, p. 3596. Monodonta aethiops, Gmelin, Man. Conch. (1), xi, p. 98, pi. xix, figs. 99-100; pi. xx, fig. 19. Trochus zelandicus, Q. and G., Voy. " Astrolabe," iii, 1834, p. 257, pi. Ixiv, figs. 12-15. Monodonta reticularis. Gray, in Wood's Suppl., fig. 21. ? Labio concolor, A. Adams, P.Z.S., 1851, p. 180. Hab. — Auckland Islands, teste Hutton. Throughout New Zealand and Chatham Islands. Genus Cantharidus, Montfort, 1810. Distribution. — Australasian seas. Cantharidus opalus (Martyn), 1784. Limax opalus, Martyn, Univ. Conch., i, fig. 24. Trochus iris, Gmelin, Syst. Nat., ed. 13, 1790, p. 3580. Cantharidus iris, Gmelin, Man. Conch. (1), xi. p. 122, pi. xxxiv, fig. 15. Cantharidus zealandicus, A. Adams, P.Z.S.. 1851, p. 169. Hab. — Snares Islands (Professor Chilton). Also from Cape Maria van Diemen to Cook Strait, Preservation Inlet, Chatham Islands, and Kermadec Islands. Mollusca.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 11 Cantharidus sanguineus caelatus, Hutton, 1884. Cantharidus sanguineus caelatus, Hutton, P.L.S. N.S. Wales, ix, 1884, p. 363 ; Suter, P. Mai. S., ii, p. 272. Hab. — Near the Snares and Bounty Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Also Whangaroa Harbour, Foveaux Strait, and Stewart Island. Cantharidus pruninus (Gould), 1849. Trochus pruninus, Gould, P. Bost. S.N.H., iii, 1849, p. 90 ; U.S. Expl. Exp., xii, p. 180, atlas fig. 205. Cantharidus pruininus, Gould, Man. Conch. (1), xi, p. 122, pi. xlvi, figs. 60, 61. Trochus capillaceus, Philippi, Zeitschr. f. Malac, 1848, p. 102. Trochus episcopus, Hombron and Jacquinot, Voy. P. Sud, pi. xiv, figs. 9-11. Hab. — Auckland Islands (Professor Benham) ; Campbell Island. Not known from any other locality. Subsp. perobtusus, Pilsbry, 1889. Cantharidus pruininus perobtusus, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. (1), xi, p. 123, pi. xxxiv, fig. 1. Hab. — Auckland Islands ; Campbell Island. Also Macquarie Island (A. Hamilton) and Otago Peninsula (T. Iredale). Var. minor, E. A. Smith, 1902. Cantharidus pruninus minor, E. A. Smith, Voy. South. Cross, p. 207. Hab. — Auckland Islands (E. R. Waite) ; Campbell Island. Genus Photinula, H. and A. Adams, 1854. Distribution. — Southern seas : Straits of Magellan, Falkland Islands, Cape of Good Hope, Kerguelen, &c. Photinula antipoda (Hombron and Jacquinot), 1854. Margarita antipoda, H. and J., Voy. P. Sud, v, p. 58, pi. xiv, figs. 26-28. Gibhula antipoda, H. and J., Man. Conch. (1), xi, p. 217, pi. xxxiii, figs. 102-104 ; Suter, P. Mai. S., ii, p. 277. ^oft._Snares and Campbell Islands (Professor Chilton) ; Antipodes and Auck- land Islands (Captain J. Bollons). Var. rosea (Hutton), 1873. Chrysostoma rosea, Hutton, C.M.M., p. 36. Margarita rosea, Hutton, M.N.Z.M., p. 103. Gibbula rosea, Hutton, Man. Conch. (1), xi, p. 216 ; Suter, P. Mai. S., ii, p. 276. ^a6._Auckland Islands (Professor Benham); Bounty Islands; Campbell Island (Filhol) ; Antipodes Island (Captain J. Bollons). Also Stewart Island. 12 SUBANTARCnC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Mollusca. Genus Monilea, Swainson, 1840. Distribution. — Indian Ocean, western and south-western Pacific. Monilea (Minolia) semireticulata, Suter, 1908. Monilea (Minolia) semireticulata, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, p. 22, pi. ii, fig. 1. Hah. — Near the Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Genus Calliostoma, Swainson, 1840. IMstribiUion. — World-wide. Calliostoma punctulatum (Martyn), 1784. Trochus punctvlaixis, Martyn, Univ. Conch., ii, fig. 36. Calliostoma functvlatum, Martyn, Man. Conch. (1), xi, p. 334, pi. Ixv, fig. 75 ; Suter, P. Mai. S., ii, p. 280. Zizyphinus punctnlatus, Martyn : Hutton, M.N.Z.M., p. 98. Trochus diaphanus, Gmelin, Syst. Nat., ed. 13, 1790, p. 3580. Turbo grandineus, Valenciennes, Voy. " Venus," pi. iv, fig. 4. Hnb. — Snares Islands (Captain J. Bollons). Throughout New Zealand and Stewart Island. Calliostoma spectabile (A. Adams), 1855. Zizyphinus spectahdis, A. Adams, P.Z.S., 1854 (1855), p. 37, pi. xxvii, fig. 7. Cnl- liostoma spectabile, A. Adams, Man. Conch. (1), xi, p. 332, pi. xvi, fig. 12 ; Suter, P. Mai. S., ii, p. 280. Hab. — Auckland Islands (Dr. Krone, Captain J. Bollons). Also Foveaux Strait ; Chatham Islands, teste Pilsbry. Calliostoma aucklandicum, E. A. Smith, 1902. Calliostoma aucklandicum, E. A. Smith, Voy. South. Cross, p. 207, pi. xxiv, fig. 5. Hah. — Auckland Islands, in 10 fathoms. Fam. LIOTIIDAE, Gray. Genus Liotia, Gray, 1847. Distribution. — Tropical and subtropical seas. Liotia polypleura, Hedley, 1904. Liotin pdypleura, Hedley, Rec. A.M., v, 1904, p. 93, fig. 20 in text. Hah. — Near the Bounty Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Also Lyall Bay and Banks Penninsula. Liotia rotula, Suter, 1908. lAolia rotula, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 1908, p. 24, pi. ii, fig. 6. //a6.— Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Mollusca.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 13 Fam. CYCLOSTREMATIDAE, Fischer. Genus Cyclostrema, Marryatt, 1818. Distribution. — Nearly universal. Cyclostrema eumorpha, Suter, 1908. Cyclostrema eumorpha, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 1908, p. 25, pi. ii, figs. 7-9. Hah. — Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Genus Cirsonella, Angas, 1877. Distribuiion. — Australia and New Zealand. Cirsonella densilirata, Suter, 1908. Cirsonella densilirata, Suter, P. Mai S., viii, 1908, p. 26, pi. ii, fig. 13. Hah. — Near the Snares and Bounty Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Fam. VITRINELLIDAE, K. J. Bush. Genus Llssospira, K. J. Bush, 1897. Distribution. — Most likely similar to that of Cyclostrema. Lissospira micra (T.-Woods), 1877. Cyclostrema micra, T.-Woods, P. Roy. S. Tasm., 1877, p. 147 ; Man. Conch. (1), x, p. 95, pi. xxxiii, fig. 13 ; Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, p. 24. Hah. — Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Also Tasmania, South Australia, and Victoria. Genus Circulus, Jeffreys, 1865. Distribution. — Most likely similar to that of Cyclostrema. Circulus sub-tatei (Suter), 1907. Cyclostrema suh-tatei, Suter, T.N.Z.I., xxxix, 1906 (1907), p. 258, pi. ix, figs. 6-8. Hab. — Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Also Hauraki Gulf, near Little Barrier Island, Lyall Bay. Genus Cyclostremella, K. J. Bush, 1897. Distribution. — East and west coast of North America. Cyclostremella neozelanica, Suter, 1908. Cyclostremella neozelanica, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 1908, p. 25, pi. ii, fig. 12. Hab. — Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). 14 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [MoUusca. Fam. TURBINTDAE, Gray. Genus Turbo, Linne, 1758. Distribution. — Warmer and tropical seas. Turbo (Modelia) granosus (Martyn), 1784. Trochus grnnostis, Martyn, Univ. Conch., i, 1784, fig. 37. Turbo granosus, Martyn, Man. Conch. (1), x, p. 213, pi. xlviii, fig. 39. Turbo rubicundus, Chemnitz: Reeve, Conch. Icon., fig. 11. Liotia (Arene) shandi, Hutton, C.M.M., p. 35 (young shell). /^ai. ^Auckland Islands. Bay of Islands to Stewart Island, and Chatham Islands. Genus Leptothyra, Dall, 1871. Distribution. — Nearly all tropical and subtropical seas, but most numerous in the Pacific. Leptothyra fiuctuata (Hutton), 1883. Cydostrema fluctuata, Hutton, N.Z. Journ. Sci., i, 1883, p. 477 ; T.N.Z.I., xvi, p. 215. Leptothyra fluctuata, Hutton, Man. Conch. (1), x, p. 259, pi. Ixiv, figs. 47, 48 ; Murdoch, T.N.Z.I., xxxvii, p. 222, pi. vii, fig. 10. Hab. — Near the Snares and Bounty Islands (Captain J. Bollons). From Whangaroa to Stewart Island. Var. immaculata, Suter, 1908. Leptothyra fluctu/ita immaculata, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, p. 27. Hab. — Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Leptothyra crassicostata, Murdoch, 1905. Leptothyra crassicostata, Murdoch, T. N.Z.I. , xxxvii, 1904 (1905), p. 223, pi. vii, fig. 11. Hab. — Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Also Whangaroa Harbour. Fam. COCCULINIDAE, Dall. Genus Cocculina, Dall, 1882. Distribuiion. — North Europe, north-eastern and western Atlantic, Pliilippines, Australasia, and Indian Ocean. Cocculina tasmanica (Pilsbry), 1895. Acmaea parva tasmanica, Pilsbry, " The Nautilus," ix, p. 128. Nacella tasmanica, Tate and May, P.L.S. N.S. Wales, 1901, p. 411, pi. xxvii, figs. 89, 90. Cocculina meridionalis, Hedley, Mem. A.M., iv, 1903, p. 331, fig. 64 in text. Cocculina tasmanica, Pilsbry: Murdoch and Suter, T.N.Z.I., xxxviu, p. 301. Hah. — North-east of Auckland Islands, in 85 fathoms (E. R. Waite). Also off Great Barrier Island, Stewart Island, Tasmania, and Australia. Mollusca.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 15 Cocculina clypidellaeformis, Suter, 1908. Coccvlina dypidellaeformis, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 1908, p. 27, pi. ii, figs. 19, 20. Hab.—NeaT the Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Pam. LITORINIDAE, Gray. Genus Litorina, Ferussao, 1821. Distribution. — World-wide. Litorina (Melaraphe) cincta, Quoy and Gaimard, 1833. Littorina cincta, Q. and G., Voy. " Astrolabe," ii, 1833, p. 481, pi. xxx, figs. 20, 21 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon., x, fig. 53. L. angulifera, Gould, Otia Conch., 1846, p. 55. L. luctuosa. Reeve, Conch. Icon., x, fig. 65. Hob. — Snares Islands (Professor Chilton). Throughout New Zealand and Chatham Islands. Genus Laevilitorina, Pfeffer, 1886. Distribution. — Antarctic Sea. Laevilitorina antipodum (Filhol), 1880. Assiminea antipodum, Filhol, Compt. Rend., xci, p. 1094 ; Miss. I.C., p. 523. Hah. — Campbell Island (Filhol, Professor Chilton) ; Auckland Islands (Professor Kirk). Fam. FOSSARIDAE, Fischer. Genus Couthouyia, A. Adams, 1860. Distribution. — The type is from Japan, Indian Ocean, and Australasia. Couthouyia corrugata, Hedley, 1904. Couthouyia corrugata, Hedley, Rec. A.M., v, 1904, p. 95, fig. 22 in text. Hab. — Near the Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Also Foveaux Strait and near Cuvier Island. Fam. RISSOIDAE, Gray. Genus Rissoa, Freminville, 1814. Distribution. — World-wide, from high-water to about 1,100 fathoms. Rissoa (s. str.) huttoni, Suter, 1898. Rissoa huttoni, Suter, P. Mai. S., iii, p. 2. Rissoa nana, Hutton, C.M.M., p. 28 (not of Philippi). Barleeia nana, Hutton, M.N.Z.M., p. 81. Hah. — Near the Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Also Stewart Island, off Otago Heads, and Whangaroa Harbour. Ifi SUBANTARCnC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Mollusca. Rissoa (s. str.) rufoapicata, Suter, 1908. Rissoa rufoapicata, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 1908, p. 28, pi. ii, fig. 21. Hob. — Near the Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Also obtained by Mr. E. R. Waite during the " Nora Niven " expedition, in depths from 50 to 120 fathoms. Rissoa (Alvania) cheilostoma, T. -Woods, 1877. Rissoa cheilostoma, T.- Woods, P. Roy. S. Tasm., 1877, p. 152 ; Man. Conch. (1), ix, p. 366, pi. Ixviii, fig. 91. Rissoa plicata, Hutton, C.M.M., p. 29 (not of Deshayes), 1838. Rissoina plicata, Hutton, M.N.Z.M., p. 80. Eglisia plicata, Hutton, P.L.S. N.S. Wales, ix, p. 939. Hab. — ^Near the Snares and Bounty Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Also Cape Maria van Diemen to Stewart Island, Tasmania, and Australia. Rissoa (Alvania) exserta, Suter, 1908. Rissoa exserta, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 1908, p. 28, pi. ii, fig. 22. Hah. — Near the Snares and Bounty Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Rissoa (Onoba) suteri, Hedley, 1904. Rissoa stderi, Hedley, Rec. A.M., v, 1904, p. 96, fig. 23 in text. Hah. — Near the Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Also Foveaux Strait. Rissoa (Onoba) foliata, Suter, 1908. Rissoa foliata, Suter, P Mai. S., viii, 1908, p. 28, pi. ii, fig. 23. Hah. — Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Rissoa (Ceratia) fumata, Suter, 1898. Rissoa fumata, Suter, P. Mai. S., iii, 1898, p. 5, fig. 1 in text ; Murdoch, T.N.Z.I., xxxvii, pi. viii, fig. 26. Hah. — Bounty Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Also near Lyttelton, Cook Strait, and Taumaki Island. Rissoa (Ceratia) foveauxiana, Suter, 1898. Rissoa foveauj;iana, Suter, P. Mai. S., iii, 1898, p. 5, fig. 2 in text ; Murdoch, T.N.Z.I., xxxviii, pi. viii, fig. 27. Hah. — Snares and Bounty Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Also Foveaux Strait, Uusky Sound, Taumaki Island, Banks Peninsula, and Lyall Bay. Mollusca.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 17 Rissoa (Ceratia) insculpta, Murdoch, 1905. Rissoa insculpta, Murdoch, T.N.Z.I., xxxvii, 1904 (1905), p. 229, pi. viii, fig. 28. Hob. — Snares and Bounty Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Also Stewart Island, Dusky Sound, Taumaki Island, Banks Peninsula, and Whangaroa Harbour. Rissoa (Cingula) subfusca, Hutton, 1873. Rissoa subfusca, Hutton, C.M.M., p. 28 ; Suter, P. Mai. S., iii, p. 4. Rissoa purpurea, Hutton, t.c, p. 29 ; Man. Conch. (1), ix, p. 344, pi. Ixxi, fig. 89. Hob. — Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). From Omaha to Stewart Island. Subsp. micronema, Suter, 1898. Rissoa subfusca micronema, Suter, P. Mai. S., iii, 1898, p. 4. Hah. — Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Also Stewart Island ; Banks Peninsula ; off Wreck Reef, in 50 fathoms ; off Long Point, in 120 fathoms (E. R. Waite) ; Whangaroa Harbour. Rissoa (Cingula) rosea, Hutton, 1873. Rissoa rosea, Hutton, C.M.M., p. 29. Barleeia rosea, Hutton, M.N.Z.M., p. 81 ; Man. Conch. (1), ix, p. 393, pi. Ixxi, fig. 6 ; Suter, P. Mai. S., iii, p. 8. Hah. — Snares and Bounty Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons) ; Auck- land Islands (Professor Benham). Also Stewart Island, Dusky Sound, Taumaki Island, and Whangaroa Har- bour. Rissoa (Setia) lubrica, Suter, 1898. Rissoa lubrica, Suter, P. Mai. S., iii, 1898, fig. 3 in text ; viii, p. 29, pi. ii, fig. 24. Hah. — Bounty Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Also Foveaux Strait. Rissoa (Setia) neozelanica (Suter), 1898. Barleeia neozelanica, Suter, P. Mai. S., iii, 1898, p. 8, fig. 5 in text. Hob. — Snares and Bounty Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Also Stewart Island and Banks Peninsula. Rissoa (Setia) microstriata, Murdoch, 1905. Rissoa microstriata, Murdoch, T.N.Z.I., xxxvii, 1904 (1905), p. 229, pi. viii, fig. 25. Hob. — Near the Snares and Bounty Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J, Bollons). Also Foveaux Strait, Banks Peninsula, and Whangaroa Harbour. 2— S. 18 SUBANTARCnC ISLANDS OP NEW ZEALAND. [Mollwsca. Rissoa (Setia) micans, Webster, 1905, Rissoa micans, Webster, T.N.Z.I., xxxvii, 1904 (1905), p. 277, pi. ix, fig. 4. Hab. — Near the Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. BoUons). Also Cook Strait and Hauraki Gulf. Rissoa (Setia) atomus, Suter, 1908. Rissoa atomus, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 1908, p. 30, pi. ii, fig. 27. Hnh. — Near the Bounty Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Rissoa (Setia) verecunda, Suter, 1908. Rissoa verecunda, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 1908, p. 30, pi. ii, fig. 28. Hnh. — Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Also Queen Charlotte Sound. Rissoa (Setia) porcellana, Suter, 1908. Rissoa forcdlann, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 1908, p. 30, pi. ii, fig. 29. Hnh. — Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Also Dusky Sound and off Otago Heads. Genus Anabathron, Frauenfeld, 1867. Distribution. — Australasia. Anabathron gradatum, Suter, 1908. Anabathron gradatum, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 1908, p. 32, pi. iii, fig. 33. Hab. — Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Genus Rissoina, d'Orbigny, 1840. Distribution. — World-wide. Rissoina (Eatoniella) chiltoni, n. sp. (Plate I, fig. 2.) Shell minute, elongated conic, imperforate, rather solid, smooth, black. There is no sculpture ; the surface in most specimens much corroded. Colour black, peristome white, interior of aperture bluish-black. Spire conic, obtuse ; its height about \\ that of the aperture ; outlines straight. Protoconch somewhat globular. Whorls 5, regularly increasing, very lightly convex ; base rounded. Suture not much impressed. Aperture subvertical, oval, angled above. Peristome continuous, simple, straight and sharp, very little callous inside. Columella short, arcuate ; inner lip slightly expanded towards the very slight umbilical depression. Operculum horny, rather thin, with an oblique claviform inner process. Wameter, 1*5 mm. ; height, 2-7 mm. Dentition : Central tooth rhomboidal, with 5 denticles, the mesial larger than the others. Lateral tooth elongated, with a broad short reflection, and 5 small Mollusca.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 19 cutting-points, the middle one largest. First marginal with 3 subequal denticles, the second with 2 sharp minute hooks at the apex, the upper one with a number of very small cutting-points. Type in the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch. Hfib. — Campbell Island, type (Professor Chilton) ; Auckland Islands (Captain J. Bollons). Specimens from the latter locality are also in the British Museum. The species is named in honour of its discoverer. Professor C. Chilton, D.Sc, M.A., M.B. Fam. OMALOGYRIDAE, Sars. Genus Omalogyra, Jeffreys, 1860. Distribution. — Europe, Greenland, and South Africa. Omalogyra bicarinata, Suter, 1908. Omalogyra bicarinata, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 1908, p. 33, pi. iii, fig. 37. Hob.— Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Fam. CERITHIIDAE, Fleming. Genus Bittium, Gray, 1847. Distribution. — Numerous species in temperate seas. Bittium retiferum, Suter, 1908. Bittium retiferum, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 1908, p. 34, pi. iii, fig. 38. Hab. — Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Fam. CERITHIOPSIDAE, H. and A. Adams. Genus Cerithiopsis, Forbes and Hanley, 1853. Distribution. — Mostly in northern and temperate seas. Cerithiopsis sarissa, Murdoch, 1905. Cerithiopsis sarissa, Murdoch, T. N.Z.I. , xxxvii, 1904 (1905), p. 221, pi. vii, figs. 8, 9. Hab. — Near the Snares and Bounty Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Also ofE Otago Heads, Banks Peninsula, Cook Strait, Kawhia Harbour, and Whangaroa Harbour. Cerithiopsis crenistria, Suter, 1907. Cerithiopsis crenistria, Suter, T.N.Z.I., xxxix, 1906 (1907), p. 256, pi. ix, fig. 4. Hab. — Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Also Hauraki Gulf. 20 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Mollusca. Cerithiopsis cessicus, Hedley, 1906. Cerithiopsis cessicus, Hedley, P.L.S. N.S. Wales, 1906, p. 529. Bittium minimurr, T.-Woods, P. Roy. S. Tasm., 1878, p. 123. Cerithiopsis minima, T.-Wood : Tate and May, P.L.S. N.S.Wales, 1901, p. 385 (not of Brusina, 1864). Hab. — Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Also Tasmania and Australia. Cerithiopsis subantarctica, Suter, 1908. Cerithiopsis subantarctica, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 1908, p. 35, pi. iii, fig. 41.' Hab.-^-NeaT the Snares and Bounty Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Cerithiopsis canaliculata, Suter, 1908. Cerithiopsis canaliculata, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 1908, p. 35, pi. iii, fig. 42. Hab. — Near the Bounty Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Cerithiopsis styliformis, Suter, 1908. Cerithiopsis styliformis, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 1908, p. 36, pi. iii, fig. 43. Hah. — Near the Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Cerithiopsis marginata, Suter, 1908. Cerithiopsis marginata, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 1908, p. 36, pi. iii, fig. 44. Hah. — Near the Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Genus Seila, A. Adams, 1861. Distribution. — Tropical, subtropical, and temperate seas, Seila bulbosa, Suter, 1908. Seila bulbosa, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 1908, p. 37, pi. iii, fig. 46. Hfib. — Near the Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Seila dissimilis, Suter, 1908. Seila dissimilis, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 1908, p. 37, pi. iii, fig. 47. Hab. — Near the Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Fam. TRIFORIDAE, Jousseaume. Genus Triphora, Blainville, 1828. Distribution. — Europe, West Indies, Indian Ocean, Polynesia, and Australasia. Mollusca.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 21 Triphora huttoni, Suter, 1908. Triphora huttoni, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 1908, p. 38, pi. iii, fig. 48. Cerithium (Ino) minimus, Hutton, C.M.M., p. 27. Triforis angasi, Crosse : Von Martens, Errata and Addenda to C.M.M., p. 2 ; Hutton, M.N.Z.M., p. 75 (not of Crosse). Hob. — Snares and Bounty Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Also Whangaroa Harbour, Whangarei Heads, and Stewart Island. Triphora fascelina, Suter, 1908. Triphora fascelina, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 1908, p. 38, pi. iii, fig. 49. Hob. — Snares and Bounty Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Triphora lutea, Suter, 1908. Triphora lutea, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 1908, p. 39, pi. iii, fig. 50. Hah. — Snares and Bounty Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Fam. TURRITELLIDAE, Clark. Genus Turritella, Lamarck, 1799. Turritella difficilis, Suter, 1908. Turritella difficilis, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 1908, p. 40, pi. iii, fig. 52. Hob. — Near the Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Fam. CAPULIDAE, Fleming. Genus Neojanacus, Suter, 1907. Distribution. — New Zealand only. Neojanacus perplexus, Suter, 1907. Genus (?), Murdoch and Suter, T.N.Z.I., xxxviii, 1905 (1906), p. 301, pi. xxvii, figs. 52-54. Neojanacus perplexus, Suter, T.N.ZJ., xxxix, 1906 (1907), p. 266. Hob. —Near the Bounty Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Also off Great Barrier Island, in 110 fathoms ; Stewart Island, in 18 fathoms. Fam. NATICIDAE, Swainson. Genus Natica, Scopoli, 1777. Distribution. — World-wide ; mostly in warm seas. Natica australis (Hutton), 1878. L,unatia australis, Hutton, J. de Conch., 1878, p. 23 ; T.N.Z.I., x, p. 295. Natica australis, Hutton, Plioc. M., p. 54, pi. vii, fig. 38. Hah. — Near the Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Also Hauraki Gulf ; off Great Barrier Island, in 110 fathoms. 22 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Mollmcn. Genus Polinices, Montfort, 1810. Distribution. — World- wide. Polinices (Lunatia) amphialus (Watson), 1881. Naiicti amphinla, Watson, J.L.S., xv, 1881, p. 260 ; Chall. Rep., xv, p. 437, pi. xxvii, fig. 6. Natica vitrea, Hutton, C.M.M., p. 21. Lunatia vitrea, Hutton, M.N.Z.M., p. 72. Hab. — Near the Bounty Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Also north-east from New Zealand, in 700 fathoms ; Stewart Island ; Chatham Islands. Fam. LAMELLARIIDAE, d'Orbigny. Genus Lamellaria, Montagu, 1815. Distribution. — Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Ocean. Lamellaria ophione, Gray, 1850. Latnellaria ophione. Gray, P.Z.S., 1849 (1850), p. 169. Lamellaria indica, Leach: Hutton, C.M.M., p. 21 (not of Leach). Coriocella ophione, Gray : Hutton, M.N.Z.M., p. 59. Marsenia ophione. Gray, Index F.N.Z., p. 80. Hab. — Near the Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Also Kermadec Islands, Hauraki Gulf, Cook Strait, Tasmania, and southern Australia. Fam. TRICHOTROPIDAE, Gray. Genus Trichotropis, Broderip and Sowerby, 1829. Distribution. — Mostly Arctic and Antarctic. Trichotropis clathrata, Sowerby, 1874. Trichotropis dfUhrata, Sowerby, Conch. Icon., xix, pi. ii, fig. 10 ; Voy. Ereb. and Terr., p. 3, pi. i, fig. 21 ; Man. Conch. (1), ix, p. 43, pL vii, fig. 51. Trichotropsis inornata, Hutton, C.M.M., p. 26. Hab. — Snares and Bounty Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Tliroughout New Zealand and Chatham Islands. Fam. SEPTIDAE. Genus Argobuccinum, Herrmansen, 1846. Distribution. — Tropical and warm seas. Argobuccinum argus (Gmelin), 1790. Murex argus, Gmelin, Syst. Nat., ed. 13, 1790, p. 3547. Triton ranelliformis. King, Zool. Journ., v, 1832, p. 347. Ranella vexillum, Sowerby, Conch. Illustr., 1841, pi. i, fig. 3. Ranella kingi, d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid., v, 1841, MoUusca.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 23 p. 451. Bursa (ApoUon) proditor, Frauenfeld, Reise " Novara," Moll., p. 4, pi. i, fig. 1. Bursa tumida, Dunker, Nov. Conch. Apollo argus, Gmel., Index F.N.Z., p. 75. Hab. — Auckland Islands. Throughout New Zealand and Chatham Islands ; also Tasmania, Australia, St. Paul and Amsterdam, Tristan da Cunha, Natal, Cape Colony, and Chili. Fam. EPITONIIDAB. Genus Epitonium, Bolten, 1798. Distribution. — World-wide, from low water to 400 fathoms. Epitonium (Acrillus) levifoliatum, Murdoch and Suter, 1906. Scala levifoliata, Murdoch and Suter, T.N.Z.I., xxxviii, 1905 (1906), p. 295, pi. xxv, figs. 35, 36. Hah. — Near the Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Also off Great Barrier Island, in 110 fathoms ; near Little Barrier Island, in 20 fathoms ; off the coast of New South Wales, in 80 fathoms. Genus Crossea, A. Adams, 1865. Distribution. — Japan and Australasia. Crossea glabella, Murdoch, 1905. Crossea glabella, Murdoch, T.N.Z.I., xxxvii, 1904 (1905), p. 225, pi. viii, figs. 16, 17. Hab. — Near the Snares Islands, n 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Also Stewart Island, Foveaux Strait, Dusky Sound, off Otago Heads, and Whangaroa Harbour. Genus Aclis, Loven, 1846. Distribution. — A small number of species are known, mostly from the European seas. Aclis succincta, Suter, 1908. Aclis succincta, Suter, T.N.Z.I., xl, 1907 (1908), p. 362, pi. xxviii, fig. 4. Hab. — Near the Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Fam. PYRAMIDELLIDAE, Gray. Genus Turbonilla, Risso, 1826. Distribution. — Universal. Turbonilla zealandica (Hutton), 1873. Chemnitzia zealandica, Hutton, C.M.M., p. 22. Turbonilla neozelanica, Hutton, Plioc. M., p. 56, pi. vii, fig. 44. Hab. — Near the Snares and Bounty Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Throughout New Zealand. 24 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Mollusca. Genus Odostomia, Fleming, 1813. Distribution. — Universal, from low water to 700 fathoms. Odostomia taumakiensis, Suter, 1908. Odostomia taumakiensis, Suter, T.N.Z.I., xl, 1907 (1908), p. 363, pi. xxviii, fig. 7. Hnb. — Near the Snares and Bounty Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. BoUons). Also near Tauniaki Island, in 10 fathoms. Odostomia inornata, Suter, 1908. Odostomia inornata, Suter, T.N.Z.I., xl, 1907 (1908), p. 364, pi. xxviii, fig. 8. Hab. — Near the Snares and Bounty Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Odostomia (Pyrgulina) rugata, Hutton, 1886. Odostomia (Parthenin) plicata, Hutton, T.N.Z.I., xvii, 1884 (1885), p. 319, pi. xviii, fig. 17 (not of Montfort, 1810). Odostomia rugata, Hutton, I.e., xviii, 1885 (1886), p. 353 ; Plioc. M., p. 58, pi. vii, fig. 51 ; Murdoch, T.N.Z.I., xxxvii, p. 227. Hah. — Near the Snares and Bounty Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Throughout New Zealand. Odostomia (Menestho) sabulosa, Suter, 1908. Odostomia {Menestho) sabulosa, Suter, T.N.Z.I., xl, 1907 (1908), p. 367, pi. xxix, fig. 15. Hab. — Near the Snares and Bounty Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Fara. EULIMIDAE, Adams. Genus Eulima, Risso, 1826. Distribution. — Tropical and temperate seas. Eulima treadwelli, Hutton, 1893. Etdima micans, Hutton, T.N.Z.I., xvii, 1884 (1885), p. 318 (not of Carpenter nor T.-Woods). Eulimu treadwdli, Hutton, Plioc. M., 1893, p. 55, pi. vii, fig. 42 ; Suter, T.N.Z.I., xxxviii, p. 324. Hah. — Near the Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Also Stewart Island, in 15 fathoms. Eulima aucklandica, n. sp. (Plate I, fig. 3.) Shell small, subulate, lightly curved forwards, white, smooth, glossy. There is no sculpture, except very fine growth-lines and rather inconspicuous discontinuous varices. Colour white, the red remains of the animal shining through the upper whorls. Spire lightly curved forwards, about twice the height of the aperture. Protoconch globular. Whorls 8, gradually increasing, but faintly convex, the last MoUusca.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OP NEW ZEALAND. 25 slightly flattened below the suture, convex at periphery and base. Suture super- ficial, white-banded below. Aperture pyriform, subvertical, angled above, regularly arched and somewhat effuse below. Peristome sharp, simple, the outer lip very little convex, slightly advancing at the middle. Columella subvertical, arcuate ; inner lip narrow, callous. There is a very slight umbilical depression. Diameter — Maj., 2-4 mm. ; min., 2 mm. Height, 6-4 mm. Type in the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch. Hab. — Carnley Harbour, Auckland Islands, on shore (Professor Benham). Fam. CHRYSODOMIDAE, Cossmann. Genus Euthria, Gray, 1850. Distribution. — Japan, California, Mediterranean, South America, Falkland Islands, New Zealand, Kerguelen, and South Africa. This is a distinctly southern genus. Euthria linea (Martyn), 1784. Buccinum linea, Martyn, Univ. Conch., ii, 1784, fig. 48. Fusus lineatus, Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. " Astrolabe," ii, p. 501, pi. xxxiv, figs. 6-8. Euthria lineata, Martyn, Man. Conch. (1), iii, p. 151, pi. Ixxii, figs. 229-231. Hab. — Antipodes, Auckland, and Campbell Islands. Throughout New Zealand and Chatham Islands. Subsp. pertinax, Martens, 1878. Euthria lineata pertinax, Martens, Sitzber. Naturf. Fr., Berlin, 1878, p. 23. E. lineata, var. A, Hutton, M.N.Z.M., p. 51. Hab. — Auckland Islands. Also Hauraki Gulf, Banks Peninsula, and Foveaux Strait. Euthria vittata (Quoy and Gaimard), 1833. Fusus vittatus, Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. " Astrolabe," ii, 1833, p. 504, pi. xxxiv, figs. 18, 19. Euthria vittata, Q. and G., Man. Conch. (1), iii, p. 152, pi. Ixxii, figs. 235, 236. Buccinum trilineatum. Reeve, Conch. Icon., 1846, fig. 98. Fusus bicinctus, Hutton, C.M.M., p. 10. Euthria hicincta, Hutton, J. de Conch., 1878, p. 15. Hah. — Auckland Islands. Throughout New Zealand and Chatham Islands. Euthria littorinoides (Reeve), 1846. Buccinum littorinoides. Reeve, Conch. Icon., 1846, fig. 46. Euthria lineata littori- noides. Reeve, Man. Conch. (1), iii, p. 151, pi. Ixxii, fig. 231. Euthria lineata, Martyn, var. C: Hutton, M.N.Z.M., p. 51. Hab. — Auckland Islands (Professor Benham). Throughout New Zealand. 26 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [MoUusca. Euthria strebeli, Suter, 1908, Euthria strd)eli, Suter, T.N.Z.I., xl, 1907 (1908), p. 369, pi. xxx, fig. 4. Euthria atUarctica, Reeve : Hutton, M.N.Z.M., p. 52 (not of Reeve). Hob. — Auckland Islands (E. R. Waite) ; ? Campbell Island. Also southern parts of the South Island. Fam. BUCCINIDAE, Fleming. Genus Cominella, H. and A. Adams, 1853. Distribution. — Southern Hemisphere, Magellan Province, Kerguelen, Australasia, South Africa, and St. Helena. Cominella maculata (Martyn), 1784. Buccinum mncvlatum, Martyn, Univ. Conch., ii, 1784, fig. 49. Cominella maculata, Martyn, Man. Conch. (1), iii, p. 204, pi. Ixxxi, figs. 421-424. Buccinum adspersum, Bruguiere, Encycl. Meth., i, 1789, p. 265. Buccinum turgidum, Gmelin, Syst. Nat., ed. 13, 1790, p. 3641. Buccinum testudineum, Lamarck, var. : Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. " Astrolabe," pi. xxx, fig. 12. Hab. — Auckland Islands, teste Hutton. Also North Island, Pelorus Sound, and Chatham Islands. Cominella nassoides (Reeve), 1846. Buccinum nassoides. Reeve, Conch. Icon., 1846, fig. 12. Cominella nassoides. Reeve, Man. Conch. (1), iii, p. 206, pi. Ixxxi, fig. 442. Buxxinum (Cominella) zealandicum. Reeve : Hutton, C.M.M., p. 14 (not of Reeve). Cominella nodi- cincta. Martens, Sitzber. Naturf. Fr., Berlin, 1878, p. 23. Buccinum veneris, Filhol, Compt. Rend., xci, 1880, p. 1094. Hah. — Auckland and Campbell Islands. Also Stewart Island, Foveaux Strait, Preservation Inlet, and Chatham Islands. Cominella campbelli (Filhol), 1880. Buccinum campbelli, Filhol, Compt. Rend., xci, 1880, p. 1094 ; Miss. I.C, p. 524. Cominella campbelli, Filhol, Index F.N.Z., p. 73. Hab. — Campbell Island (Filhol, Professor Chilton). Fam. MURICIDAE, Fleming. Genus Trophon, Montfort, 1810. Distribution. — Austral and boreal seas. The latter show more variety, and have developed several types among themselves, all different from the Antarctic group. Trophon ambiguus (Philippi), 1844. Fusus ambiguus, Philippi, Abbild. und Beschr. neuer Conch., Fusus, 1844, pi. i, fig. 2. Trophon ambiguus, Philippi, Man. Conch. (1), ii, pi. xxxiii, fig. 365. Mollusca.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 27 Ftisus cretaceus, Reeve, Conch. Icon., 1847, fig. 48. Vitvlaria Candida, H. and A. Adams, P.Z.S., 1863, p. 430. Murex lyratus, Lamarck : Hutton, C.M.M., p. 7 (not of Lamarck). Fusus varius, Lamarck : Hutton, t.c, p. 9 (not of Lamarck). Hah. — Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Throughout New Zealand in the laminarian, rare in the coralline zone ; Kermadec Islands. Trophon (Kalydon) aucklandicus (B. A. Smith), 1902. Euthria aucklandica, E. A. Smith, Voy. South. Cross, 1902, p. 203, pi. xxiv, figs. 12, 13. Hob. — Auckland Islands (Professor Benham) ; Campbell Island (Captain J. Bollons). Also Preservation Inlet. . Trophon (Kalydon) curtus, Murdoch, 1905. Trophon curtus, Murdoch, T.N.Z.I., xxxvii, 1904 (1905), p. 228, pi. viii, fig. 22. Hob. — Near the Snares and Bounty Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Also Stewart Island, Hauraki Gulf, and Whangaroa Harbour. Trophon (Kalydon) erectus, n. nov. Trophon columnaris, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, p. 178, pi. vii, fig. 1 (not T. columnarius, Hedley, 1908). Hab. — Near the Snares and Bounty Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Trophon (Trophonopsis) crispulatus, Suter, 1908. Trophon {Trophonopsis) crispulatus, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 1908, p. 178, pi. vii, fig. 2. Hab. — Near the Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Also north-east of Wreck Reef, in 50 fathoms ; twenty-four miles south-east of Long Point, in 120 fathoms (E. R. Waite). Fam. THAISIDAE. Genus Thais, Bolten, 1798. Distribution. — In most seas, but the maximum occurs in the tropics. Thais (Polytropalicus) striata (Martyn), 1784. Buccinum striatum, Martyn, Univ. Conch., i, 1784, fig. 7 (not of Pennant, 1777). Polytropa striata, Martyn : Hutton, M.N.Z.M., p. 56. Buccinum lacunosum, Bruguiere, Encycl. Meth. (Vers) (1), 1789, p. 258. Purpura rugosa, Lamarck, A.s.V., vii, 1820, p. 242. Purpura rupestris, Valenciennes, Voy. " Venus," pi. ix, fig. 1 ; Voy. P. Sud, p. 89, pi. xxii, fig. 23. Hab. — Auckland Islands (Professor Benham); Campbell Island; Bounty Islands, in 50 fathoms, embryonic shells (Captain J. Bollons). South Island of New Zealand and Chatham Islands. 28 SUBANTAKCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Mollusca. Fam. CANCELLARIIDAE, Adams. Genus Admete, Kroyer, 1842. Distribution. — Arctic and Subantarctic. From the . Southern Hemisphere it is recorded from Chili, Strait of Magellan, Kerguelen, and New Zealand. Admete trailli (Hutton), 1873. Cancellaria traiUi, Hutton, C.M.M., p. 26 ; M.N.Z.M., p. 46 ; Plioc. M., p. 58, pi. vii, fig. 52. H(A. — Near the Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. BoUons). Also Stewart Island, in 15 fathoms. Fam. PYRENIDAE. Genus Mitrella, Moerch, 1859. Dislribtdion. — Mediterranean, Antilles, Pacific Ocean, &c. Mitrella rosea (Hutton), 1873. Obeliscus roseus, Hutton, C.M.M., p. 22. Columbella pseutes, Suter, T.N.Z.I., xxxviii, 1905 (1906), p. 329. Pyramidella rosea, Hutton, Index F.N.Z., p. 74. Hob. — Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons) ; Auckland Islands (Professor Benham). Also Stewart Island, Cook Strait, and Hauraki Gulf. Mitrella subantarctica, Suter, 1908. Mitrella subantarctiai, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 1908, p. 180, pi. vii, fig. 5. Hob. — Near the Bounty Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Mitrella leptalea, Suter, 1908. Mitrdla leptcdea, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 1908, p. 180, pi. vii, fig. 6. Hab. — Near the Snares and Bounty Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Also Foveaux Strait, in 15 fathoms. Genus Alcira, H. Adams, 1860. Distribution. — The type is the only species recorded by Tryon, occurring at the Cape of Good Hope. Alcira transitans (Murdoch), 1905. Coluwbella transitans, Murdoch, T. N.Z.I. , xxxvii, 1904 (1905), p. 224, pi. vii, fig. 13. Hab. — Near the Snares and Bounty Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons) ; Auckland Islands (Professor Benham) ; Campbell Island (Professor Chilton). Also Stewart Island and Whangaroa Harbour. Mollusca.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 29 Alcira varians (Hutton), 1885. Columbdla varians, Hutton, T.N.Z.I., xvii, 1884 (1885), 314, pi. xvii, fig. 2; Plioc. M., p. 44, pi. vi, fig. 16 (not of Sowerby). Surcvla varians, Hutton: Suter, T.N.Z.I., xxxi, p. 69. Columbdla inconstans, Suter, T.N.Z.I., xxxviii, 1905 (1906), p. 329. ^a&.— Near the Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons) ; Auckland Islands (Professor Benham). Also Foveaux Strait and Dunedin Harbour. y . Alcira sanguinea, Suter, 1908. Alcira sanguinea, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 1908, p. 181, pi. vii, fig. 7. Hah.— Near the Bounty Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Fam. MARGINELLIDAE, Adams. Genus Marginella, Lamarck, 1801. Distribution. — In warm and tropical seas. Found in depths to nearly 400 fathoms. Marginella (Volvarina) albescens, Hutton, 1873. Margindla albescens, Hutton, C.M.M., p. 19. Marginella (Volvarina) infans. Reeve : Hutton, T.N.Z.I., xvi, p. 224 (not of Reeve). Hah. — Near the Snares and Bounty Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Also Stewart Island, near Cuvier Island, and Chatham Islands. Marginella (Glabella) amoena, Suter, 1908. Margindla (Glahdla) amoena, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 1908, p. 184, pi. vii, fig. 15. Hah. — Near the Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Marginella (Glabella) lurida, Suter, 1908. Margindla (Glahdla) lurida, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 1908, p. 183, pi. vii, fig. 14. Hah. — Near the Snares and Bounty Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Also Foveaux Strait, in 15 fathoms. Marginella (Glabella) plicatula, n. sp. (Plate I, figs. 4,5.) Shell very small, volutiform, fairly solid, white, axially finely plaited. The sculp- ture consists of very fine subequidistant axial plications. Colour a dirty white. Spire very little raised, broadly conoidal, with obtuse apex. Whorls about 3, the last large, convex, slightly contracted at the base. Suture inconspicuous. Aperture high and narrow, almost as high as the shell. Outer lip thickened, smooth inside, with an outer varix extending along the base. Columella slightly oblique, almost ^ 30 SUBAI^TARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND, [MolltMca. straight, with 4 prominent plaits, the upper 2 more transverse than the lower 2, which are much closer together ; inner lip very narrow. Diameter, 1 -7 mm. ; height, 3 mm. Type in the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch. Hab. — Ten miles north of Enderby Island, Auckland Islands, in 85 fathoms, one specimen (E. R. Waite). Fam. TURRITIDAE, H. and A. Adams. Genus Drillia, Gray, 1838. Distribution. — Mostly in warm seas. Drillia verrucosa (Suter), 1899. Surculn verrucosa, Suter, T.N.Z.I., xxxi, 1898 (1899), p. 70, pi. iii, fig. 1. Drillia verrucosa, Suter, Journ. Malac, xii, p. 73. Hab. — Near the Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Also Stewart Island and Foveaux Strait. Drillia (Crassispira) laevis parva, n. subsp. Pleurotoma laevis, Hutton, C.M.M., p. 12 ; Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 1908, p. 185. Distinguished from the species by its much smaller size, the broader shoulder, and the slender, short, oblique costae, sometimes reduced to pointed tubercles on the last whorl, their number being 12 to 14 on the last whorl. Diameter, 3-5 mm. ; height, 8 mm. Hab. — Near the Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). The type, from Cuvier Island (37 fathoms), is in my collection. Genus Mitromorpha, A. Adams, 1865. Distribution. — Japan, California, Barbados, Porto Rico, and Australasia,. Mitromorpha gemmata, Suter, 1908. Mitromorpha gemmata, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 1908, p. 186, pi. vii, fig. 18. Hab. — Near the Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Also twenty-four miles south-east of Long Point, in 120 fathoms ; south-east of Cape Saunders, in 100 fathoms (E. R. Waite). Genus Bathytoma, Harris and Burrows, 1891. Distribution. — California, Philippines, East Africa, and Australasia. Bathytoma albula (Hutton), 1873. Pleurotoma albula, Hutton, C.M.M., p. 12 ; Plioc. M., p. 49, pi. vi, fig. 22. Pleuro- toma antipodum, E. A. Smith, A.M.N.H. (4), xix, p. 491 ; M.N.Z.M., p. 43. Hah. — Near the Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Throughout New Zealand, in about 5 to 25 fathoms ; not common. Mollusca.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 31 Genus Mangilia, Risso, 1826. Distribution. — All parts of the globe. Mangilia protensa (Hutton), 1885. Daphnella protensa, Hutton, T.N.Z.I., xvii, 1884 (1885), p. 317. Pleurotoma protensa, Hutton, Plioc. M., p. 49, pi. vi, fig. 25. Pleurotoma (Drillia) awamoaensis, Hutton, T.N.Z.I., xv, p. 131. Drillia awamoaensis, Hutton, Man. Conch. (1), vi, p. 208, pi. xii, fig. 25 (not of C. Tert. M., 1873). Drillia (1) amoena, E. A. Smith, A.M.N.H. (5), xiv, p. 318. Hob. — Near the Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Also Bay of Islands ; Hauraki Gulf ; off Great Barrier Island, in 1 10 fathoms ; Stewart Island. Mangilia dictyota (Hutton), 1885. CkUhmdla dictyota, Hutton, T.N.Z.I., xvii, 1884 (1885), p. 316, pi. 18, fig. 8 ; Plioc. M., p. 53, pi. vii, fig. 37. Mangilia dictyota, Hutton : Suter, T.N.Z.I., xxxi, p. 72. Hob. — Near the Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Also Foveaux Strait ; Chatham Islands ; Lyall Bay ; Hauraki Gulf ; off Great Barrier Island, in 110 fathoms. Mangilia flexicostata, Suter, 1899. Mangilia flexicostata, Suter, T.N.Z.I., xxxi, 1898 (1899), p. 73, pi. iii, fig. 3. Hab. — Near the Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Also Foveaux Strait, Hauraki Gulf, and Whangaroa Harbour. Mangilia epentroma (Murdoch), 1905. Clathindla epentroma, Murdoch, T. N.Z.I. , xxxvii, 1904 (1905), p. 219, pi. vii, figs. 3, 4. Hab. — Near the Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Also Foveaux Strait and Whangaroa Harbour. Mangilia devia, Suter, 1908. Mangilia devia, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 1908, p. 187, pi. vii, fig. 20. Hab. — Near the Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Mangilia quadricincta, Suter, 1908. Mangilia qundricincta, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 1908, p. 187, pi. vii, fig. 21. Hab. — Near the Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Mangilia cophinodes, Suter, 1908. Mangilia cophinodes, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 1908, p. 188, pi. vii, fig. 22. Hab. — Near the Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). 32 • SUBANTARCTIO ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [MoUusca. Genus Daphnella, Hinds, 1844. Distribtttion. — Mostly in warm seas. Daphnella chariessa, Suter, 1908. Daphnella chariessa, Suter, T.N.Z.I., xl, 1907 (1908), p. 351, pi. xxvii, fig. 9. Hah. — Near the Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Also near Cuvier Island, in 38 fathoms. Daphnella totolirata, Suter, 1908. Daphnella totolirata, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 1908, p. 189, pi. vii, fig. 23. Hob. — Near the Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Also Foveaux Strait, Chatham Islands, and Whangaroa Harbour. Daphnella acicula, Suter, 1908. Daphnella acicvla, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 1908, p. 189, pi. vii, fig. 24. H(d). — Near the Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Daphnella tenuistriata, Suter, 1908. Daphnella tenuistriata, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 1908, p. 190, pi. viii, fig. 25. Hob. — Near the Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Daphnella amphipsila, Suter, 1908. Daphnella amphipsila, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 1908, p. 190, pi. vii, fig. 26. Hob. — Near the Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Daphnella crassilirata, Suter, 1908. Daphnella crassilirata, Suter, P. Mai. S., viii, 1908, p. 190, pi. vii, fig. 27. Hab. — Near the Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons). Also Stewart Island, twenty-three miles north of Wreck Reef, in 50 fathoms (E. R. VVaite). Fam. SCAPHANDRIDAE, Fischer. Genus Mnestia, H. and A. Adams, 1854. Distribution. — World-wide. Mnestia striata (Hutton), 1873. Cylichna striata, Hutton, C.M.M., p. 52 ; Murdoch, T.N.Z.I., xxxvii, p. 218, pi. vii, figs. 1, 2 (not C. striata, Hutton — Pilsbry, Man. Conch. (1), xv, p. 319, pi. lix, figs. 11, 12- -which is C. thetidis, Hedley). Hab. — Near the Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons) ; ten miles north of Enderby Island, Auckland Islands (E. R. Waite). From Whangaroa to Stewart Island, in the laminarian and coralline zone. Mollusca.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 33 Fam. GONIODORIDIDAE, Adams. Genus Acanthodoris, Gray, 1850. Distrihution.—mTth Atlantic, North Pacific, New Zealand, and Tasmania. The genus is characteristic of the colder seas, and is not recorded from the tropics. Acanthodoris mollicella, Abraham, 1877. Acanthodoris mollicdla, Abraham, P.Z.S., 1877, p. 262, pi. xxx, figs. 1-4; Eliot, P. Mai. S., \di, pp. 329, 349. ? A. pilosa novae-zealandiae, Bergh : Semper's Reise Philippines, Make. Untersuch., vi, 2, p. 94, pi. vi, figs. 23-26 : pi. vii, fig. 1. Hah. — Auckland Islands. Also Sumner, near Lyttelton. Fam. DORIDIDAB, Gray. Genus Doris, Linne, 1758. Subgenus Ctenodoris, Eliot, 1907. Only two species of the subgenus are known, the type from the Maldive Archi- pelago and the New Zealand form. Doris (Ctenodoris) flabellifera, Cheeseman, 1881. Dmis (?) flabellifera, Cheeseman, T.N.Z.I., xiii, 1880 (1881), p. 222 ; Eliot, P. Mai. S., vii, 1907, pp. 328, 339. Hab. — Snares Islands (Professor Chilton). Also Auckland Harbour. Fam. SIPHONARIIDAB, Adams. Genus Siphonaria, Sowerby, 1824. DistrihiUion. — Warm and temperate seas, the maximum of the species in the Southern Hemisphere. Siphonaria obliquata, Sowerby, 1825. Siphonaria ohliquntn, Sowerby, Cat. Coll. Tankerville, 1825, App. p. 7 ; Conch. Icon., ix, fig. 56. Siphonaria scutdlum, Deshayes: Guerin's Mag. Zool., 1841, pi. xxxv. Siphonaria diemenensis, Quoy : Hutton, C.M.M., p. 55 (not of Quoy). Hab. — Auckland Islands. South Island of New Zealand and Chatham Islands. Siphonaria (Liriola) lateralis, Gould, 1846. Siphonaria lateralis, Conthouy, MS. : Gould, P. Bost. S.N.H., ii, 1846, p. 153 ; U.S. Expl. Exp., xii, p. 363, atlas fig. 462 ; Strebel, Zool. Jahrb., xxv, p. 172, 3-S. 34 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Mollusca. pi. iii, figs. 27-29 ; Schwedische Sudpolar Exped., vi, 1, 1908, p. 8. S. re- dimiculum. Reeve, Conch. Icon., ix, 1856, pi. v, fig. 24 ; Martens, Deutsche Tiefsee Exped. " Valdivia," p. 72 : Melvill and Standen, Scottish Nat. Antarctic Exp., p. 142. Kerguelenia redimiculum, Reeve : Rochebrune and Mabille, Miss. Cap Horn, p. 29. S. tristensis, Leach: Watson, Chall. Rep. XV, p. 675 (not of Leach). Hah. — Antipodes Islands ; Auckland and Disappointment Islands (Professor Benhani. Captain J. Bollons) ; Campbell Island (Professor Chilton). Also Macquarie Island, Tasmania, Kerguelen, Patagonia, Strait of Magellan, and Falkland Islands. Fam. PHENACOHELICIDAE, Suter. Genus Allodiscus, Pilsbry, 1892. DistribiUion. — New Zealand, Tasmania, and Australia. Allodiscus planulatus (Hutton), 1883. Charopa planulata, Hutton, N.Z. Journ. Sci., i, 1883, p. 477. Psyra planidata, Hutton, T.N.Z.I., xvi, p. 202. Gerontia {Allodiscus) planidata, Hutton : Pilsbry, Man. Conch. (2), viii, p. 67. Flammvlina {Allodiscus) planvlata, Hutton : Pilsbry, I.e., ix, p. 15, pi. iii, figs. 4-6. Hab. — Auckland Islands (Professor Benham). Three specimens were found under logs. The perforation is a little more open than in the type, otherwise there is no difference. The species is widely distributed over the North and South Islands of New Zealand, but is nowhere common. Genus Thermia, Hutton, 1904. Disfribution. — New Zealand only. Thermia (?) expeditionis, n. sp. (Plate I, figs. 6-8.) Shell small, depressed globose, umbilicated, very thin, translucent, somewhat shining, radially plicately ribbed. Sculpture : protoconch microscopically spirally striate, the succeeding whorls with radial rounded and flexuous riblets, about 10 per millimeter, slightly inequidistant, and getting obsolete upon the base. Colour uniformly olive. Epidermis thin and slightly polished. Spire depressed conoidal, its height less than that of the aperture. Protoconch of 2 slightly convex whorls. Whorls 41, regularly increasing, flatly convex, periphery of last whorl rounded, very faintly angled ; base convex. Suture deep. Aperture oval, somewhat excavated by the parietal wall, which is lightly convex. Peristome sharp, simple. Columella vertical, the inner lip slightly reflexed. Umbilicus narrow, open, deep. Diameter— Maj., 2-9 mm. ; min., 2-5 mm. Height, 2 mm. Animal unknown, and therefore the generic position somewhat uncertain. Type in the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch. Hnh. — Auckland Islands, under a log, (me specimen only (Professor Benham). Mollusca.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 35 Genus Therasia, Hutton, 1883. Distribution. — New Zealand only. Therasia (?) antipoda (Hombron and Jacquinot), 1854. Hdix antipoda, Hombron and Jacquinot, Voy. P. Sud., v, p. 18, pi. vi, figs. 13-16. Charopa (Thalassia) zdandiae antipoda, Man. Conch. (2), ii, p. 214, pi. Ixiii, figs. 65-67. Hdix aucklandica, Le Guillou, Rev. Zool. v, 1842, p. 140 ; Hutton, M.N.Z.M., p. 19. An emended diagnosis, derived to some extent from specimens collected by Professor Benham, is here offered. Shell small, orbicularly conoidal, umbilicated, striated, shining, thin and semi- transparent, periphery keeled. Sculpture : protoconch indistinctly microscopically striate, the following whorls with inequidistant and very unequal oblique radial striae and plaits, the interstices minutely reticulated by growth and spiral striation, the radial sculpture less prominent over the base. Colour yellowish-brown, with radial unequal streaks of rufous. Epidermis very thin and shining. Spire broadly conoidal, of about the same height as the aperture. Protoconch of 1| smooth and flatly convex volutions. Whorls 5| to 6, regularly increasing, flattish, the last sharply keeled ; base convex. Suture much impressed. Aperture broadly sub- quadrangular. Peristome acute, simple, very thin ; outer lip descending almost straight, angled on meeting the slightly convex basal lip. Columella oblique, concave, slightly reflexed. Umbilicus moderate, somewhat perspective, deep. Diameter, 7 mm. ; height, 4 mm. Type. Jaw arcuate, composed of numerous vertical plaits. Only a very young speci- men was at my disposal for preparing the radula, and the teeth were so small that even a magnifpng- power of 720 did not show their character very clearly. All teeth of a transverse row seemed to be alike, narrow and elongated, with 2 minute cusps. This leads one to assume that in this species at least the differentiation of the teeth takes place at a later period of growth. Hfjh. — Auckland Islands, under logs (Professor Benham). This is the first time I have seen this species, and I have now come to the con- clusion that Hdix aucklandica, Le Guillou, and Helix antipoda, H. and J., are identical. As Le Guillou gave no figure of his species, I give validity to the name bestowed on the shell by Hombron and Jacquinot. This species is somewhat alUed to Therasia traversi, E. A. Smith, which, how- ever, is a larger shell, has no radial plaits, and a much narrower umbilicus. The dentition being still unknown, it is uncertain whether the species belongs to Therasia or Thalassohdis ; for the present I class it under the former genus. The Thalassohdix zdandiae antipoda of Hutton, from the South Isknd of New Zealand, has nothing to do with the species of Hombr. and Jacq. ; it is simply a variety of T. zdandiae, Gray, in which the brown radial bands extend over the base. Genus Phenacohelix, Suter, 1892. Distribution. — New Zealand only. 36 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Mollttsca. Phenacohelix (?) subantarctica, n. sp. (Plate I, figs. 9-11.) Shell very small, depressed globose, perforated, finely costate, thin and very fragile, with radiate whitish and brown streaks. Sculpture consisting of somewhat flexuous, suboquidistant, fine radiate riblets, about 16 per millimeter, the interstices with numerous very fine incremental lines, decussated by microscopic spiral striae. Colour yellowish-white, upper surface with somewhat unequal light-brown radiate streaks ; base uniformly brown. Epidermis thin, horny, not shining. Spire low, broadly conoidal, with blunt apex, its height a little less than that of the aperture ; outlines slightly convex. Protoconch flattish, of 1| very lightly rounded whorls, which are indistinctly microscopically spirally striated. Whorls 4, regularly in- creasing, moderately convex, the last very lightly angled at the periphery ; base convex. Suture impressed. Aperture lunate, angled above. Peristome sharp, thin, the outer lip convex, subangled ; basal lip broadly rounded. Columella short, vertical, arcuate, slightly reflexed above. Umbilicus narrow, perfectly open, per- vious. Diameter, 3 mm. ; height, 2-1 mm. Hab. — Campbell Island, mostly on Dracophyllum, not uncommon (W. K. Chambers). Type in the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch. I used six dried-up animals for preparing jaw and radula, but, curiously enough, I was unable to find a trace of these organs ; they no doubt were only remnants of the animals. The generic position of the species therefore remains somewhat un- certain, but the characters of the shell are those of Phenacohelix, and, in a much lesser degree, of Allodisciis. Phenacohelix, sp. A small, very thin, and fragile shell, but badly damaged on the body-whorl, was amongst the shells collected by Professor Benham on the Auckland Islands. Unfortunately, it was completely destroyed when handling it for drawing up the diagnosis. Being unable to give a figure, I refrain from naming it, but the following characters will help to recognise the shell in case it should be found again : — The shell is depressed globose, radially sharply ribbed, about 15 riblets per millimeter. Colour yellowish, with radial straight streaks of light brown. Proto- conch of IJ whorls, the nucleus smooth, the remainder spirally striate. Whorls convex, regularly increasing, periphery of the last whorl rounded. Umbilicus narrow, open. Diameter, about 3-4 mm. Hab. — Auckland Islands (Professor Benham). Genus Flammulina, von Martens, 1873. Distribution. — New Zealand, Tasmania, Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Island, and Ponape, Caroline Islands. Flammulina phlogophora (Pfeiffer), 1850. Helix phlogophora, Pfeiffer, P.Z.S., 1849 (1850), p. 127 ; Conch. Icon., vii, pi. cxxx, fig. 790. Vitrina zebra, Le Guillou, Rev. Zool., v, 1842, p. 136. Flammidina Mdlusca.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 37 2e&m, Le Gmllou, Man. Conch. (2) ix, pi. iii, fig. 23. Helix flammigera, Pfeifier, P.Z.S., 1852 (1854), p. 147. Helix mvltilitnbata, Hombron and Jacqiiinot, Voy. P. Sud., v, 1854, p. 16, pi. vi, figs. 5-8. ^a6.— Auckland Islands (Le Guillou). The specific name zebra has no doubt priority, but, as no figure of the shell was given, I select PfeifFer's pMogophora, as being the next in chronological order, and which was figured by Reeve. Moreover, I have not seen Le Guillou's species from the Auckland Islands, which is narrowly umbilicated, and may be distinct from F. pMogophora. Genus Ranfurlya, Suter, 1903. Distribution. — Auckland Islands only. Ranfurlya constanceae, Suter, 1903. Ranfurlya constanceae, Suter, Journ. Malac, x, 1903, p. 62, pi. iv, figs, 1-5. Animal limaciform, black, very small, with subcentral visceral hump, the greater part of the viscera protected by an auriform shell, which in turn is partly covered by the mantle. Length, 6 mm. Two specimens, slightly larger than the type, were found by Professor Benham, one at 1,350 ft. altitude, the second occasion on which this apparently rare mollusc has been recorded. Hab. — Auckland Islands (Professor Benham). Fam. ENDODONTIDAB, Pilsbry. Genus Endodonta, Albers, 1850. Distribution. — Polynesia, Carolines, Celebes, Philippines, New Caledonia, Aus- tralasia, South Africa, and St. Helena. Endodonta (Charopa) anguiculus (Reeve), 1852. Hdix anguiculus. Reeve, Conch. Icon, vii, 1852, pi. oxxxi, fig. 802. Helix (Patula) anguiculus. Reeve, Man. Conch. (2), iii, p. 23, pi. iii, fig. 13. Hah. — Auckland Islands (Dr. H. Krone). Endodonta (Charopa) benhami, n. sp. (Plate I, figs. 12-14.) Shell very small, subdiscoidal, umbilicated, finely ribbed, thin and fragile. Sculp- ture consisting of very fine slightly flexuous radial riblets, about 30 per millimeter, the interstices microscopically reticulated by fine growth and spiral striae. Colour uniformly light chestnut-brown. Epidermis thin, not shining. Spire fiat, but little elevated above the last volution. Protoconch of 1^ smooth and convex whorls. Whorls very narrowly wound up, regularly increasing, moderately convex, periphery of last whorl and base rounded. Suture very deep. Aperture somewhat oblique, semilunar. Peristome regularly rounded, simple, sharp and thin. Columella very short, vertical and concave, not callous, and not reflexed. Umbilicus broad, about a third of the diameter, deep, and perspective. 38 SUBANTARCTlC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Mollusca. Diameter — Maj., 2-6 mm. ; min., 2-4 mm. Height, 1*4 mm. Type in the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch. H(d). — Auckhind Islands, several specimens found under logs (Professor Benham). This species is allied to such forms as E. cornicidum, E. sterkiana, E. eremita, and E. brouni, but is distinct from all of them. It is with greatest pleasure that I am uniting the name of our distinguished scientist Professor VV. B. Benham, D.Sc, F.R.S., with the species. Endodonta (Ptychodon) minuta, n. sp. (Plate I, fig. 15.) Shell minute, discoidal, thin and fragile, radially costate, umbilicated. Sculp- ture consisting of fine, sharp, equidistant, and flexuous thread-like riblets, about 30 per millimeter, the interstices with fine growth-lines ; there is no spiral sculpture. Colour yellowish-white, with distant narrow radial brown streaks, not extending below the periphery on the last whorl. Epidermis thin, slightly shining. Spire flat, not elevated above the last whorl. Protoconch flat, rather large, of IJ smooth and lightly convex volutions. Whorls 3^, regularly increasing, moderately convex, the last rounded at the periphery and base. Suture impressed. Aperture lunar, oblique, much excavated by the parietal wall ; the outer wall with 8 long, thin, spiral lamellae, the lowest two closer together, and the three uppermost incon- spicuous ; no lamellae on the parietal wall and coluraellar lip. Peristome simple, thin, sharp, regularly rounded. Columella short, vertical, arcuate, very little re- flexed. Umbilicus wide, perspective, about a third of the greatest diameter. Diameter, 1-4 mm. ; height, 0*7 mm. Type in the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch. Hub. — Campbell Island, one specimen (W. K. Chambers). The specimen is not adult, and it is well possible that lamellae on the parietal wall and columellar lip appear only at a later stage of growth. The numerous slender lamellae on the outer wall induce me to class it for the present under Ptychodon. Laoma (Phrixgnathus) campbellica (Filhol), 1880. Hdix campbellica, Filhol, Bull. Soc. Philomat., iv, 1880, p. 126 ; Miss. I.C, p. 570. Microfhysa campbellica, Filhol : Hutton, T.N.Z.I., xvi, p. 195. ^a6.— Campbell Island (Filhol). I have not seen this species. Laoma (Phrixgnathus) cognata, n. sp. (Plate I, fig. 16.) Shell minute, conical, thin, finely costate, keeled, perforated. Sculpture con- sisting of exceedingly fine, equal, flexuous, radiate riblets, about 50 per millimeter, crossed by fine microscopic spiral striae. Colour yellowish-white, with radial broad and regularly spaced streaks of fulvous ; base uniformly light brown. Epidermis thin, not shining. Spire conical, with a blunt apex, about 1^ times the height of the aperture ; outlines straight. Protoconch comparatively large, globose, of 1^ quite smooth and strongly convex turns. Whorls 5, regularly increasing, convex, the last sharply angled at the periphery ; base convex. Suture deep. Aperture transverse, slightly oblique, subrhomboidal, not much excavated by the penultimate whorl. Peri- Mdlwca.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 3d stome simple, thin, sharp; outer lip angled; basal lip very lightly convex.' Columella short, arcuate ; inner lip reflexed above. Umbilicus quite open, narrow, pervious. Diameter, 2-2 mm. ; height, 1-7 mm. Type in the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch. ^«^.— Campbell Island, mostly on Dracophyllum ; apparently not common, or perhaps easily overlooked (W. K. Chambers). Fam. ATHORACOPHORIDAE, Fischer. Genus Athoracophorus, Gould, 1852. Distrihution.—Both Islands of New Zealand, the Snares, Auckland Islands. Campbell Island, and Macquarie Island. Athoracophorus (Pseudaneitea) huttoni, n. sp. (Plate I, figs. 17-19.) Animal (spirit specimen) rather small, back rounded, tail tapering to a rather sharp point ; yellowish, with four longitudinal rows of black spots on the notum, the median part usually of darker colour, with numerous prominent papillae, the head-shield with a median groove ; anal orifice near the perinotum. The ground- colour is a light yellow, very likely amber when alive ; on the notum there are two rows of dark -brown or blackish spots on each side from the median line, the inner row of larger and often coalescing spots, the outer row formed by smaller and but rarely confluent specks ; the broad median area between the two inner rows is usually of a darker colour, but the mantle-area, the median groove in front, and the papillae are of lighter colour ; there are in most specimens irregularly distributed small black spots above and below the perinotum ; sole uniformly light yellow. Head transversely oval, separated from the sole by a deep groove ; oral lobes very distinct, oval, separated by a narrow flat ridge, and limited on the inner and outer side by distinct frontal grooves. Tentacles retracted. Head-shield extending to about half-way between head and mantle, with a median groove which is shallower than the side grooves. The notum is thickly covered with very prominent round papillae, arranged in longitudinal rows, 5 in a lateral field behind the mantle, but gradually reduced from 4 to 2 in front of the mantle. The median groove extends nearly the whole length of the back, bifurcating on approaching the tail-tip. Lateral grooves narrow, slanting backwards, very seldom bifurcating towards the margin, and extending, through contraction in alcohol, over hyponotum and sole ; there are about 18 to 21 grooves on each side, 9 of which are postpallial. A distinct pre- anal groove is present. The mantle is distinctly triangular, limited by grooves ; at the anterior angle and in the median groove is the renal orifice, covered by a small oval flap ; the pulmonary orifice subcentral. The anal opening is on the right side, below the mantle, but nearer to the perinotum. The hyponotum is very distinct, 2 ram. broad ; the perinotum is also well marked, nodulous, no doubt through con- traction in alcohol. Sole aulacopod, again the result of contraction. The shell is rudimentary, consisting of about 20 small white calcareous grains of various shapes and sizes, the largest having about 1 mm. major diameter. Measurements of largest specimen : Length over back from head to tip of tail, 28 mm. ; width of back to perinotum, 16 mm. Sole — Length, 25 mm. ; breadth, 40 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Mollusca. 7 mm. Breadth of hyponotum, 2 mm. Anal orifice, 11 mm. behind right tentacle, and 2 mm. above the perinotum. Pulmonary opening, 14 mm. behind the right tentacle. Genital orifice on right side of the right tentacle. Jaw (fig. 18) as usual in the genus, the median basal projection sharply produced or rather obsolete. Radula (fig. 19) with very numerous teeth, the central tooth small and slender, with 3 small cusps and a blunt denticle on each ; lateral teeth with about 7 denticles, the 2 innermost largest. Pedal gland long, nearly half the length of the sole, narrow, flat, thin. Reproductive organs : The sheath of the male organ is rather long, convolute, narrowed towards the distal end, where the vas deferens enters and the retractor muscle is fixed ; the verge armed with papillae, slender, drawn out to a long sharp point. There is a short free oviduct, with the receptaculum seminis near its proximal end. Albumen - gland large, oval, yellowish. The hermaphrodite gland is large, globular, light brown ; the hermaphrodite duct is not very long and convolute. Type in my collection, co-type in the Canterbury Museum. Hah. — Snares Islands, type (Capt. F. W. Hutton, Dr. D. Colquhoun) ; Campbell Island (W. K. Chambers). Remarks. — Some eight years ago the late Captain Hutton brought specimens from the Snares, and kindly presented some of them to me. Seeing that they were new to science, I named them provisionally in honour of the distinguished discoverer. Subsequently Dr. D. Colquhoun, of Dunedin, found specimens in the same locality. It is interesting to see the same species turning up on Campbell Island, one specimen having been collected during the present scientific expedition. Athoracophorus (Amphiconophora) martensi, n. nov, Athoracophorus marmoratus (von Martens), Simroth, Nova Acta Leop. Carol. Akad., liv, 1889, p. 71, pi. iv, figs. 3-10 (non A. marmoreus, Hutton, 1879). Animal rather large, yellowish-white, black spots being scattered over the notum, the triangular small mantle-area usually margined by black. From the outer angle of the mantle a groove runs down to the anal orifice, which is somewhat nearer the mantle than to the perinotum. The side grooves are shallow, and the surface of the back is without papillae in spirit specimens. There is no hyponotum. Length over back from head to tail, 47 mm. ; width of back to perinotum, 25 mm. ; anal orifice, 8 mm. behind the right tentacle, and 5 mm. below the pul- monary opening. Hab. — Auckland Islands, very common under logs (Professor Benham). One specimen has also been found on Macquarie Island by Dr. D. Colquhoun. Athoracophorus (Amphiconophora) verrucosus, Simroth. Athoracophorus verrucostis (von Martens), Simroth, Nova Acta Leop. Carol. Akad., liv, 1889, p. 77, pi. iv, figs. 11-14, Var. nigricans (v. Mts.), Simroth. Animal not very large, rather long and slender, notum black, with well-impressed lateral grooves, which frequently bifurcate, and small tubercles. There is a distinct Molliisca.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OP NEW ZEALAND. 41 hyponotum. Mantle-area transversely triangular, the renal orifice in the anterior angle, the respiratory opening in the middle near the median groove, anal orifice in the right outer corner, within the area. Length over back from head to tail, 34 mm. ; width of back to perinotum, 11 mm. Hob. — Auckland Islands, two specimens (Professor Benham). Var. fasciatus (v. Mts.), Simroth, em. (fuscatus). Back of the animal Ught brown, with three longitudinal rows of black streaks. The renal, respiratory, and anal orifices in the same places as in the other variety. Side grooves but rarely bifurcating. Notum with very numerous papillae, some of them of a slightly larger size. One specimen has the verge exserted ; it is cylindrical, with 6 sharp longitudinal ridges, armed with dense minute spines. Jaw elasmognathic. Kadula with very numerous teeth, having a broad reflec- tion, with 7 to 8 denticles, the inner one largest. I was unable to find a central tooth in the radula I prepared. Simroth states that he found the radula exactly like that of A. marmoratus, but the rake-shaped teeth with 5 to 7 denticles, instead of 4 to 6. Hab. — Auckland Islands, very common (Professor Benham). Specimens from cliffs near head of North Arm of Carnley Harbour have larger papillae on the back. Fam. ONCHIDIDAE, Philippi. Genus Onchidella, Gray, 1850. Distribution. — Littoral zone of most seas. Onchidella campbelli, Filhol, 1880. Onchidella campbelli, Filhol, Compt. Rend., xci, 1880, p. 1094; Miss. I.C, 1885, p. 521. Resembling 0. nigricans, Q. and G., but the marginal pores are much more numerous. ^a6.— Auckland Islands ; Campbell Island (Professor Chilton). Fam. DENTALIIDAE, Gray. Genus Dentalium, Linne, 1758. DistribiUion.— AW seas, some species living in great depths. Dentalium nanum, Hutton, 1873. Dentalium nanum, Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z., 1873, p. 1 ; Plioc. M., p. 73, pi. viii, fig. 78. Hob.— Ten miles north of Enderby Island, in 85 fathoms (B. R. Waite). Also North and South Islands of New Zealand. 42 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [MoUusca. Dentalium huttoni, T. W. Kirk, 1880. Dentdium hiUtoni, T. W. Kirk, T.N.Z.I., xii, 1879 (1880), p. 306. Hab. — Ten miles north of Enderby Island, in 85 fathoms (E. R. Waite). In deep water on the coasts of New Zealand. The type specimens were found in the stomach of a trumpeter. Genus Cadulus, Philippi, 1844. Distribution. — Mediterranean, Atlantic, and Pacific ; mostly in deep water. Cadulus spretus, Tate and May, 1900. Cadulus spretus, Tate and May, T.R.S. S. Aust., xxiv, 1900, p. 102 ; P.L.S. N.S. Wales, 1901, p. 420, pi. xxv, fig. 52. Hab. — Ten miles north of Enderby Island, in 85 fathoms (E. R. Waite). Also Dusky Sound, 5 fathoms ; Queen Charlotte Sound, 16 fathoms ; near Cuvier Island, 38 fathoms ; Tasmania. Earn. ANOMIIDAE, Adams. Genus Anomia, Miiller, 1776. Distribution. — In most seas in the laminarian and coralline zone. Some valves of a small white and fragile species were obtained in 50 fathoms near the Bounty Islands and north of Enderby Island, but not in sufficiently good condition for description. They most likely represent a new species. Fam. ARCIDAE, Gray. Genus Arca, Lamarck, 1799. Distribution. — World-wide, the maximum in tropical seas. Some species are abysmal. Arca (Lissarca) aucklandica, E. A. Smith, 1902. Lissarca aucklandica, E. A. Smith, Voy. South. Cross, 1902, p. 212, pi. xxiv, figs. 14, 15. Shell small, equivalve, very inequilateral, convex, purplish-red ; growth-lines fine and dense, sublamellar posteriorly, with faint fine postmedian radiate striae. Beaks not very prominent, approximate, but not quite contiguous. Teeth in each valve about 5. Valves having the margins strongly denticulate inside, except on the anterior ventral and the posterior median lateral parts. Length, 4^ mm. ; diameter, 2\ mm. ; altitude, 3^ mm. Hah. — Auckland Islands, in 10 fathoms. Allied to Lissarca rvbra-fusca, E. A. Smith, from Kerguelen Island. Mollusca.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 43 Fam. PHILOBRYIDAE, Bernard. Genus Philobrya, P. Carpenter, 1872. Distribution. — Cosmopolitan. Animal carnivorous. Philobrya costata (Bernard), 1896. Hochstetteria costata, Bernard, Bull. d. Nat. du Mus., 1896. Philobrya costata, Bernard J. de Conch., xlv, 1897, p. 15, pi. i, fig. 5 ; p. 33, fig. 7 in text. Shell very small, thick, convex, very inequilateral, outlines subquadrangular. Prodissoconch very prominent. Ligament internal. Teeth oblique behind, short in front. Surface with strong serrate radial ribs, about 9-10. Diameter ant.-post., 2-5 mm. ; diameter dorso-ventral, 3-2 mm. Diameter, 2-2 mm. ^a6.— Ten miles north of Enderby Island, in 85 fathoms (E. R. Waite). Also along the coasts of New Zealand, from the littoral to the coralUne zone. The Pliocene P. trigonopsis, Hutton, is nearly allied. Fam. MYTILIDAE, d'Orbigny. Genus Mytilus, Linne, 1758. Distribution. — World-wide, the maximum of the species in the Arctic and Ant- arctic Seas. Mytilus edulis, Linne, 1758. Mytilus edulis, Linne, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1758, p. 705. HcA. — Auckland and Campbell Islands. Throughout New Zealand, Kerguelen, Patagonia, and Falkland Islands ; abundant in European seas. Mytilus magellanicus, Lamarck, 1836. Mytilus trutgellanicus, Lamarck, A.s.V., ed. 2, vii, 1836, p. 37. M. polydontes, Quoy and Gaimard : Gray in Dieff. N.Z., ii, p. 259 (non Quoy and Gaimard). M. crenntus, Lamarck : Krauss, Siidafrik. Moll., 1848, p. 24 (non Lamarck). M.capensis, Dunker: Menke, Zeitschr. f. Malak., 1846, p. 108. Hab. — Auckland Islands ; Campbell Island (Professor Chilton). North and South Islands of New Zealand, Chatham Islands, and Fiji. The species is circumaustral. Genus Modiolus, Lamarck, 1799. Distribution. — World-wide. Modiolus australis, Gray, 1827. Modiola australis. Gray, App. King's Voy., ii, 1827, p. 477. Mytilus (Modiola) areolatus, Gould, P. Bost. S.N.H., iii, 1850, p. 343 ; U.S. Expl. Exp., xii, p. 452, atlas fig. 562. Modiola alhicostata, Lamarck : Hutton, C.M.M., p. 78 (non Lamarck). 44 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Mollusca. Hnb. — Auckland Islands; Campbell Island (J. B. Mayne). Throughout New Zealand, Chatham Islands, Tasmania, and Australia. Modiolus ater (Zelebor), 1866. MytUus ater, Zelebor, Verhandl. Zool. Bot. Gesell. Wien, 1866, p. 914. Perna con- fusa, Angas, P.Z.S., 1871, p. 21, pi. i, fig. 33. Mytilus crassus, T.-Woods, P. Roy. S. Tasm., 1876 (1877), p. 157. /^rt6.— Auckland Islands (E. R. Waite). Throughout New Zealand, Chatham Islands, Tasmania, and Australia. Fam. LIMIDAE, d'Orbigny. Genus Lima, Bruguiere, 1797. . Distribution. — In all seas. Lima angulata, Sowerby, 1843. Litna angulata, Sowerby, Thes. Conch., i, 1843, p. 86, pi. xxii, figs. 39, 40 ; Conch. Icon., xviii, pi. iii, fig. 13. Lima basilanica, Adams and Reeve, Voy. " Samarang," p. 75, pi. xxi, fig. 6. Lima orientalis, Adams and Reeve, op. cit., p. 75, pi. xxi, fig. 7. Hnb. — Ten miles north of Enderby Island, in 85 fathoms (E. R. Waite). Also North Island of New Zealand, Australia, Philippines, New Caledonia, and Panama. Fam. MODIOLARCIDAE, Gray. Genus Modiolarca, Gray, 1847. Distribution. — Subantarctic seas. Modiolarca pusilla (Gould), 1850. Mytilus (Modiolarca) pusUlus, Gould, P. Bost. S.N.H., iii, 1850, p. 345; U.S. Expl. Exp., xii, p. 455, atlas fig. 585. Shell minute, thick and solid, transversely oval, beaks nearly terminal, elevated and tumid, somewhat excurved, like Isocardia ; the whole shell inflated, subcylindri- cal ; dorsal and basal margins nearly parallel ; posterior end broadly rounded ; anterior end vertical ; basal angle obtuse ; surface concentrically striate ; epidermis very delicate, colour pale cinereous, sometimes tinted reddish ; interior clouded brown, and an intense red-brown ; hinge margin intense blood-red ; a single, obsolete, apical, oblique, coaptate tooth in each valve, continued posteriorly, so as, with the posterior edge, to form a ledge for the ligament, simulating sometimes an elongated lateral tooth ; the apical tooth sometimes bifid (Gould). Length, 5 mm. ; height, 3 mm. Hah. — Antipodes and Auckland Islands. Also Otago Peninsula and Macquarie Island. The type is from Tierra del Fuego. Mollusca.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 45 Fam. CARDITIDAE, Ferussac. Genus Venericardia, Lamarck, 1801. Distribution. — Northern seas, west coast of Africa, Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, west coast of America, Australasia, &c. Venericardia difficilis (Deshayes), 1854. Cardita difficilis, Deshayes, P.Z.S., 1852 (1854), p. 103, pi. xvii, figs. 16, 17 ; Button, M.N.Z.M., p. 159. Hah. — Ten miles north of Enderby Island, in 85 fathoms (E. R. Waite). North and South Islands of New Zealand. Venericardia (Miodon) corbis (Philippi), 1836. Cardita corbis, Philippi, Enum. Moll. Siciliae, i, 1836, p. 55. Shell small, subtriangular, equi valve, slightly inequilateral, convex, with 10 to 1 1 stout imbricating radiate ribs. Length, 5 mm. ; height, 6 mm. ; diameter, 4 mm. Hah. — Near the Bounty Islands, in 50 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons) ; ten miles north of Enderby Island, in 85 fathoms (E. R. AVaite). Coasts of New Zealand, in 20 to 50 fathoms. Fam. LEPTONIDAE, Gray. Genus Neolepton, Monterosato, 1875. Distribution. — In most seas. Neolepton antipodum (Filhol), 1880. Kettia antipodum, Filhol, Compt. Rend., xci, 1880, p. 1095 ; Miss. I.C, 1885, p. 543. Neolepton antipodum, Filhol : Hedley, T.N.Z.I., xxxviii, p. 74, pi. 1, fig. 5. ^aft.— Campbell Island (Filhol). Also North Island of New Zealand. Genus Rochefortia, Velain, 1876. Distribution. — Southern seas. Rochefortia donaciformis (Angas), 1878. Mysdla donaciformis, Angas, P.Z.S., 1878, p. 863, pi. liv, fig. 13. /^rt6.— Campbell Island (Professor Chilton). Also Stewart Island, in 18 fathoms ; Australia. Genus Lasaea (Leach), Brown, 1827. Distribution. — Cosmopolitan. 46 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [MoUusca. Lasaea miliaris, Philippi, var. Lasaea miliaris, Philippi, VViegraan's Archiv. f. Naturgesch., 1845, p. 51. Shell minute, oval, equivalve, inequilateral, dark red, with somewhat irregular growth-lines ; beaks prominent, broadly rounded. Length, 2-5 mm. ; height, 2 mm. ; diameter, 1-3 mm. Hab. — Snares Islands (Captain J. Bollons) ; Auckland Islands (Professor Ben- ham) ; Campbell Island (Professor Chilton). Also Macquarie Island, Chatham Islands, Whangaroa Harbour, Banks Peninsula, Dunedin, and Stewart Island, Fam. SPHAERIIDAE, Dall. Genus Sphaerium, Scopoli, 1777. Distribution. — Almost world-wide, in lakes, ponds, and rivers. Sphaerium novae-zelandiae, Deshayes, 1853. Sphaerium novae-zelandiae, Deshayes, Cat. Conchif. Brit. Mus., 1853, p. 272 ; Conch. Icon., XX, pi. iv, fig. 37 ; Suter, T.N.Z.I., xxxvii, p. 242, figs. 5-7 in text. Hab. — Auckland Islands, in a pool (Professor Benham). The specimens perfectly resemble specimens I collected at Birch Hill Station, Tasman Valley. North and South Islands of New Zealand. Fam. MESODESMATIDAE, Deshayes. Genus Mesodesma, Deshayes, 1831. Distribution. — Mediterranean, east coast of North America, west coast of South America, Indian Ocean, Philippines, and Australasia. Mesodesma australe aucklandicum, v. Martens, 1879. Mesodesma aucklandicum, v. Martens, Sitz. Ber. Gesell. Nat. Fr., Berlin, 1879, p. 37. A larger and more solid shell than M. australe. Hab. — Auckland Islands (H. Krone, Captain J. Bollons). Fam. VENERIDAE, Gray. Genus Chione, Megerle, 1811. Distribution. — Almost cosmopolitan. Chione stutchburyi (Gray), 1828. Ventis stutchburyi, Gray, in Wood's Index Test., Suppl., 1828, fig. 4. Venus ze- landica, Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. " Astrolabe," iii, 1835, p. 522, pi. Ixxxiv, figs. 5, 6. Venus dieffenbachi, Gray, Dieif. N.Z., p. 250 (young shell). Molltisca.'] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 47 Cardita zdandica, Potiez and Michaud, Gall, des Moll., 1838, p. 166. Chione madeayana, T.-Woods, P. Roy. S. Tasm., 1879, p. 38. Hab. — Auckland Islands (Captain J. Bollons). Throughout New Zealand, Kermadec Islands, Chatham Islands, and Kerguelen Island. Chione mesodesma (Quoy and Gaimard), 1835. Veniis mesodesma, Q. and G., Voy. " Astrolabe," iii, 1835, p. 532, pi. Ixxxiv, figs. 17, 18. ? Venus spurca, Sowerby, P.Z.S., 1835, p. 23. Murcia scansUis, Romer, Mal. Blatter, vii, p. 161. Chione mesodesma, Q. and G. : Suter, P. Mal. S., vi, p. 204. Hab. — Auckland Islands, 10 fathoms. Throughout New Zealand, but more common in the north ; Kermadec Islands ; Tristan da Cunha, in 1,000 fathoms. Chione crassa (Quoy and Gaimard), 1835. Venus crassa, Q. and G., Voy. " Astrolabe," iii, 1835, p. 525, pi. Ixxxiv, figs. 7, 8. Venus sfissa, Deshayes : Lamarck, A.s.V., ed. 2, vi, p. 373 (a misprint for crassa). Chione gihhosa, Hutton, C.M.M., p. 71. Chione crassa, Q. and G. : Suter, P. Mal. S., vi, p. 203. Hab. — Auckland Islands (Captain J. Bollons). Also Stewart Island, Preservation Inlet, and Banks Peninsula. Remarks. — This is certainly not an old and thickened form of C. mesodesma, as young shells are just as gibbous in proportion as old shells. Chione subsulcata, Suter, 1905. Chione subsulcata, Suter, P. Mal. S., vi, 1905, p. 205. Venus sulcata, Hutton, P.L.S. N.S. Wales (2), i, 1887, p. 226 (non V. sulcata, Hutton, 1875). Hab. — Auckland Islands (Captain J. Bollons). Also Stewart Island. Genus Paphia, Bolten, 1798. Distribution. — Temperate and warm seas. Paphia (Ruditapes) intermedia (Quoy and Gaimard), 1835. Venus intermedia, Q. and G., Voy. " Astrolabe," iii, 1835, p. 526, pi. Ixxxiv, figs. 9, 10. Venus largillierti, Philippi, Zeitschr. fiir Malak., 1847, p. 87. Hab. — Auckland and Campbell Islands. Throughout New Zealand. Fam. CARDIIDAE, Gray. Genus Protocardia, Beyrich, 1845. Protocardia (Nemocardium) pulchella (Gray), 1843. Cardium striatulum, Sowerby, P.Z.S., 1840, p. 105 (non Brocchi). Cardium pid- chellum. Gray, Dieff. N.Z., p. 252 ; Conch. Icon., ii, pi. viii, fig. 42. Hab.— Ten miles north of Enderby Island, in 85 fathoms (E. R. Waite). Throughout New Zealand, Tasmania, and Australia. 48 SUBANTAECTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Mollusca. Fam. SAXICAVIDAE, Gray. Genus Saxicava, Bellevue, 1802. Distribution. — Cosmopolitan. Saxicava arctica (Linne), 1767. Mya arctica, Linne, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, p. 1113. Corbula australis, Lamarck, A.s.V., vi, p. 153. Saxicava australis. Lam., Conch. Icon., xx, pi. ii, fig. 8. Hiatdla minuta, Gray, Dieff. N.Z., p. 252. Hab. — Ten miles north of Enderby Island, in 85 fathoms (E. R. Waite). Throughout New Zealand, Chatham Islands, and Kermadecs. The species is cosmopolitan, occurring from low water to 500 fathoms. Fam. MYOCHAMIDAE, Ball. Genus Myodora, Gray, 1840. Distribution. — Chinese seas, Philippines, and Australasia. Myodora antipodum, E. A. Smith, 1880. Myodora antipodum, E. A. Smith, P.Z.S., 1880, p. 585, pi. Iviii, fig. 7. Hab. — Ten miles north of Enderby Island, in 85 fathoms (E. R. Waite). Hauraki Gulf (Colonel Bolten) ; near Cuvier Island, in 38 fathoms (Captain J. Bollons) ; off Great Barrier Island, in 110 fathoms; Dusky Sound, in 10-30 fathoms. Fam. POLYPODIDAE, Hoyle. Genus Polypus, Schneider, 1784. Distribution. — All seas. Polypus campbelli, E. A. Smith, 1902. Polypus campbelli, E. A. Smith, Voy. South. Cross, Moll., 1902, p. 201, pi. xxiv, figs. 7-11. The body of this octopus is short and purselike, dark, dirty olivaceous upon the dorsal surface and buff beneath ; body finely granular above and below, the granules small and very close together on the ventral surface ; above each eye is a small compressed cirrus. Arms (in spirit) keeled above, connected at the base by a short web, all of about the same thickness. The right dorsal is shorter than the left ; it has 38 pairs of suckers, the left having 67 pairs. The suckers are of moderate size, excepting the seventh pair from the base on the 2 lateral pairs of arms : these are enormously developed, and stand out 4 mm. from the surface, and are about the same in diameter. It is curious that the upper of the left lateral pair has developed only a single large sucker instead of two. The presence of these large suckers indicate the male sex of the specimen, and this is substantiated by the hectocotylized lower arm of the right lateral pair ; this has only 36 pairs of suckers, whereas the corresponding arm on the other side has 76 pairs. MoUusca.'] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 49 Length from web between dorsal arms to the end of body, 48 mm. ; width of body across back, 24 mm. ; from back to front, 19 mm. (Smith). Hab. — Campbell Island. A female specimen from the same locality is in my collection. Genus Pinnoctopus, d'Orbigny, 1845. Distribution. — New Zealand only. Pinnoctopus cordiformis (Quoy and Gaimard), 1832. Octopus cordiformis, Q. and G., Voy. " Astrolabe," ii, 1832, p. 87, pi. vi, fig. 3. /^a6.— Campbell Island (Filhol). The type is from Tasman Bay. DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES. [lu the last colamn "New Zealand" is used in a restricted sense, applying to the main islands only, and exclnding the Chathams and other islands that are nevertheless within the" New Zealand biological region.] Sna. = Snares. Boii. = Bounty. Ant. = Antipodes. Aiiok. = Auckland. Cam. = Campbell. Sna. Bou. Ant. Auok 1 Cam. Other Localities. Ischnochiton contractus . . X Tasmania, Australia. „ parkeri . . • . . . X X „ ItUeoroseus X , . , , . , Dusky Sound. Callochiton puniceus X , , , , , , New Zealand, Magellan. Mopalia australis X { . . , , , , Plaxiphora aucklandica . . X „ superha X X Macquarie Island. New Zealand. Acanlhochites rulnginosus i X X Chiton aereus, var. OnithochU. undulat. subantarct. X X Acmaea intermedia „ roseoradiata .. .. .. New Zealand „ geptiformis X X X X New Zealand, Tasmania, Australia. „ pileopsis New Zealand. „ cantharus X X X New Zealand, Macquarie Island. „ campbelli , , NaeeUa illuminata X X X Macquarie Island. „ fuegiensis •• •• X Macquarie, Tierra del Fuego, Falk- land, Kerguelen. Hetcioniscm radians affinis X New Zealand, Chathams. „ stellifertis . . X New Zealand. „ strigilis X X X X New Zealand, Chathams. „ redimiculum X X , , J3 ?) Scigsurella rosea X , , , , , , New Zealand. Schitmope atkinsoni X X , , , , New Zealand, Tasmania, Australia. „ beddomei X X , , , , jj »» jj „ hrevis X New Zealand. 4— S. 60 SUBANTARCnC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [MoUusca. DISTRIBUTION OF SVECIES— continued. 8n». = Snares. Bou. = Bonnty. Ant. = Antipodes. Auck. = Auckland. Cam. = Campbell. Sna. Bon. Ant. Auck. Cam. Other Localities. Haliotis iris X X New Zealand, Chathams. „ amlralis X X »» >» „ virginea huUoni . . .. 1 X Incisura li/ttrUonensis . . X New Zealand. Emarginula striatula X X . . New Zealand, Chathams. Puncturella dcmissa X New Zealand, Australia. Fissuridea monilifera X New Zealand. Trochus chathamensis X X X 1 .. New Zealand, Chathams. Monodonta nujerrima .. .. X . . New Zealand, west coast of South America. „ coracina , , X New Zealand, Chathams. „ aethiops .. • . X >) i> Cantharidus opalus X • • •• •■ New Zealand, Chathams, Ker- madecs. „ sang, caelalus X X . . New Zealand. ,, pruninus .. X X „ „ perobtusus . . X X New Zealand, Macquarie Island. „ „ minor X X Photinula antipoda X X X X „ „ rosea X X X New Zealand. Monilea semireticulata . . X CaUiostoma punctulatum X New Zealand. speclabile X New Zealand, Chathams. „ aucklandicum X Liotia polypleura X New Zealand. „ rotula . . X Cydostrema eumorpha . . X Cirsonella densilirata X X Lissospira micra X Tasmania, Australia. Circulus sub-tatei X New Zealand. Cydoslremdhi neozelanica X Turbo granosus X New Zealand, Chathams. Leptothyra fluctuata X X New Zealand. „ immacuUUa . . X „ crassicostata . . X New Zealand. Cocculina tasmanica X New Zealand, Tasmania, Australia. „ clypidellaeformis X Litorina cincta X New Zealand, Chathams. Laevilitorina antipodum . . X X C'outhouyia corrugata X New Zealand. Rissoa huUoni X )> „ rufoapicat/a X )) „ cheilostoma X X New Zealand, Tasmania, Australia. „ exsrrta . . z X „ suteri . . X New Zealand. ,, foliata . . X ,. „ fumata .. . . X New Zealand. „ foveauxioTia X X »» insculpta X X • • »» Mollusca.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 51 DISTRIBUTION OF QP^CmS— continued. Sna. = Snares. Bou. = Bounty. Ant. = Antipodes. Auck. = Auckland. Cam. = Campbell. Sna. Bou. Ant. Auck. Cam. Other Localities. Rissoa stibfusca X New Zealand. „ „ micronema X „ rosea . . X X „ lubrica . . X „ neozelanica X X „ microstriata X X J) „ micans . . X „ atomus .. X „ verecunda X New Zealand. „ porcellana X •) Anabathron f/radatum X Rissoina chiltoni X X Omalogtfra bicarinata X BiUium retiferum X Cerilhiopsis sarissa X X . . New Zealand. „ crenistria . . X . . i jj „ cessicus X Tasmania, Australia. ,. suharUarctica X X „ canaliculata .. 1 X ! „ styliformis .. X ,, marginata . . X Sella hulbosa .. X . . [ „ dissimilis X Trifhora hiUtoni X X New Zealand. „ jascelina X X „ lutea X X Turritella difficilis X Neojanacus perplexus , , X New Zealand. Nalica australis X >j Polinices amphialus .. X New Zealand, Chathams. Lamellaria ophione X • • New Zealand, Kermadecs, Tas- mania, Australia. Trichotrojns dathraia X X New Zealand, Chathams. Argobucoinum argug X New Zealand, Chathams, Tasmania, Australia, St. Paul and Amster- dam, Tristan da Cunha, Natal, Cape Colony, Chili. Epitonium levifoliatum .. X New Zealand, New South Wales. Crosaea glabella X New Zealand. Aclis succincta X Turbonilla zealandica X X New Zealand. Odostomia laumakiensis X X » „ inornala X X „ rugata X X New Zealand. „ scdmlosa X X Eulima treadwdli X New Zealand. ,. aucldundica X Eulhria linea . . X X X New Zealand, Chathams. „ „ pertinax .. X New Zealand. 77 T> f- „ viUata , , X New Zealand, Chathams. 52 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Mollusca. DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES— conj Cominella maculata X? , , New Zealand, Ohathams. „ nassoides X X »i J) „ campbelli .. i X Trophon ambiguus X 1 , , , , New Zealand, Kermadecs. „ aucklandicus . . X X New Zealand. „ curtus X X ») ,, erectus X X . , ,, crispukUus X , , New Zealand. Thais striata . . X 1 ' * X X New Zealand, Chathams. Admete traiUi . . X , , New Zealand. MitreUa rosea . . X ! '.'. X * ' >i „ svbatUardica X . . „ leptalea X X , . New Zealand. Alcira transitans X X X X » varians X X » „ sanguinea X MargineUa albescens X X New Zealand, Chathams. „ amoena X „ lurida X X New Zealand. „ plicatula . . .. X Drillia verrucosa X New Zealand. „ laevis parva X ' ' >> Mitromorpha gemmala . X »> Balhytoma albula X i) Mangilia protensa X jj „ dictyota X New Zealand, Chathams. „ flexicostata X .. New Zealand. „ eperUroma X »» „ devia 1 X „ quadricincta j X „ cophinodes X .. • • DaphneMa chariessa 1 X New Zealand. „ totolirata X New Zealand, Chathams. „ adcula X „ tenuistriata X „ amphipsila . X „ crassilirata . X ^ New Zealand. Mnestia striata X X >» Acanthodnris mollicella . .. X *t Doris flabeUifera X )j Siphonaria obliquala • • • • X New Zealand, Chathams. „ lateralis .. X X z Macquarie Island, Tasmania, Ker- guelen, Patagonia, Magellan, Falkland Islands. AUodiscus planulatus X New Zealand. Thermia expeditionis X X • • Therasia atUipoda ■ • ■ • , , Mollusca.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 53 DISTEIBUTION OF SFECmS— continued. Sna = Snares. Bou. = Bounty. Ant. = Antipodes. Auck. = Auckland. Cam. = Campbell. Sna. Bou. Ant. Auck. Cam. Other Localities. Phenacohelix subantaretica 1 X sp. .. : X Flammulina phlofjopfwra X New Zealand. Ranfurlya constanceae . . X EndodotUa anguiculm .. . . X New Zealand. „ benhami . . X „ minuta X Laoma campbellica X „ cognata . . X Alhoracaphorus hiUtoni . . X „ martensi X Macquarie Island. „ verrucosiis X Onchidella campbeUi X X Denlalium nanum X New Zealand. „ huUoni X Cadulus spretm X Anomia, sp. . . X X Area aitcldandica X Pkilobrya costata X .. New Zealand. Mytiltis edulis X X New Zealand, circumaustral, Europe ,, magellanicus X X New Zealand, circumaustral. Modiolus australis .. X X New Zealand, Chathams, Tasmania, Australia. ater .. .. X New Zealand, Tasmania, Australia. Lima amjulata •• X New Zealand, Australia, New Cale- donia, Philippines, Panama. Modiolarca pasilla X X New Zealand, Macquarie Island, Tierra del Fuego. Venericardia difficilis X , , New Zealand. „ corbis X • • X >) Neolepton anlipodum X )j Roche/ortia donaciformis , , X New Zealand, Australia. Lasaea miliaris, var. X X New Zealand, Macquarie Island. Sphaerium novae-zelandiae .. X New Zealand. Mesodesina australe aucldandicum ■ > 1 • > X (Jhione slulchburyi •• X •• New Zealand, Chathams, Ker- madecs, Kerguelen. „ mesodesma •• •• X •• New Zealand, Kermadecs, Tristan da Cunha. „ crassa . . .. X , , New Zealand. ,, subsulcata X >! Paphia intermedia •• ! J , X X I) Prolocardia pulchella X New Zealand, Tasmania, Australia. Saxicava arctica X New Zealand, cosmopolitan. Myodora antipodum , , X New Zealand. Polypus campbeUi X Pinnoctopus cordi/ormis •• X New Zealand. 64 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Mollusca. SUMMARY. The result of the scientific expedition to the subantarctic islands of New Zealand is, as far as Mollusca are concerned, very satisfactory, especially when considering the fact that no conchologist accompanied the expedition. Of special interest and great importance is the discovery of new non- marine species of Mollusca, which number 6, and the marine 4. The total of the genera now known to occur, and enumerated, amounts to 105, and the number of species and varieties to 208, which is certainly more than one would expect in these latitudes. A great number of these are also met with in New Zealand, some in Tasmania and Australia, and only a small number are circumaustral or partly so. Leaving out the small forms dredged near the Snares and Bounty Islands, the following twenty-eight species may be mentioned as being precinctive to our sub- antarctic islands, as far as our present knowledge goes : — Ischnochiton parkeri. Therasia expeditionis. Mo f alia australis. „ antipoda. Plaxiphora aucMandica. Phenacohdix suhantardica. „ superba. Ranfurlya constanceae. Acmaea intermedia. Endodonta benhami. „ campbelli. „ minuta. Nacella illuminaia. Laoma campbellica. Cantharus pruninu^. „ cognata. Calliostoma aucldandicum. Athoracophorus huttoni. Laevilitorina antipodum. „ martensi. Turritdla difpcilis. „ verrucosus. Evlima au/iklandica. Onchiddla campbelli. Comindla campbelli. Area aucMandica. Thermia expeditionis. Polypus campbelli. More or less circumaustral are the following nine species : — Callochiton puniceu^. Mytilus magdlanicus. Nacella fuegiensis. Modiolarca pusilla. Monodonta nigerrima. Chione stulchburyi. Argobuccinum argus. „ mesodesma. Siphonaria lateralis. Another circumaustral species is Laevilitorina caliginosa, Gould, which has been found at Macquarie Island, but seems to be absent or not yet found on the islands to the north-east. It is very interesting to see Doris (Ctenodoris) flabdlifera turning up at the Snares, the species having been known only from Auckland Harbour. A former land connection between New Zealand and the subantarctic islands seems to be proved by the occurrence in the islands of Allodiscus planulatus, Flam- mulina phlogophora, Endodonta anguiculus, Sphaerium novae-zdandiae, and also of the genus Athoracophorus. Athoracophorus huttoni is found on the Snares and on Macquarie Island ; A . martensi lives on the Auckland Islands and on Macquarie Island, which also suggests a former land communication between the respective islands. MoUusca.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OP NEW ZEALAND. 55 BIBLIOGRAPHY. Annales des Sciences^Naturelles. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. (A.M.N.H.) Bergh, in Semper, Reise nach den Philippinen, Make. Unters. Bruguiere, Encyclopedie Methodique. Bulletin des Naturalistes du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. Bulletin de la Societe Philomatique, Paris. Chemnitz, Conchylien Cabinet von Martini und Chemnitz. Comptes Rendus de I'Academie des Sciences, Paris. Deutsche Tiefsee Expedition " Valdivia." Deshayes, Catalogue of the Conchifera in the Collection of the British Museum. „ Lamarck's Animaux sans Vertebres, ed. 2. Dieflenbach, New Zealand. (Dieff. N.Z.) Gmelin, Linne, Systema Naturae, ed. 13. Gray, Hist. fis. Chile, 1854. „ in Wood, Index Testaceologicus, &c. Hutton, Catalogue of the Marine Mollusca of New Zealand. (C.M.M.) „ Catalogue of the Tertiary Mollusca of New Zealand. „ Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca. (M.N.Z.M.) „ Pliocene Mollusca, in Macleay Memorial Volume. (Plioc. M.l Index Faunae Novae Zealandiae. (Index F.N.Z.) Journal de Conchyliologie, Paris. „ of the Linnean Society, London. „ of Conchology. „ of Malacology. Karsten, Museum Leskeanum, 1789. Kiener, Species generales et Iconographie des Coquilles vivantes. King's Voyage : Appendix. Krauss, Die Siidafrikanischen Mollusken. Lamarck, Systeme des Animaux sans Vertebres. (A.s.V.) Leach, the Zoological Miscellany, 1815. Linne, Systema Naturae, eds. 10 and 12. Malakozoologische Blatter. Martens, Errata and Addenda to Hutton's Catalogue of Marine Mollusca. Martyn, Universal Conchologist. Memoirs of the Australian Museum, Sydney. Menke, Zeitschrift fiir Malakozoologie. Mission au Cap Horn. a rile Campbell. (Miss. I.C.) Nautilus. New Zealand Journal of Science. Nova Acta Leop. -Carol. Deutschen Akademie der Naturforscher. Novitates Conchiliologicae. Otia Conchologica, by Gould, 1862. Philippi, Abbildungen und Beschreibungen neuer Conchylien. Enumeratio Molluscorum Siciliae. 56 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [MoUusca. Potiez and Michaud, Galerie des MoUusques. Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London. (P.Z.S.) „ Linnean Society, London. (P.L.S.) „ Malacological Society, London. (P. Mai. S.) „ Linnean Society, New South Wales. „ Royal Society, Tasmania. „ Boston Society of Natural History. Records of the Australian Museum, Sydney. Reeve, Conchologia Iconica. Reise der " Novara." Reports of the Voyage of the " Challenger." (Chall. Rep.) Revue Zoologique. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie. (Mag. Zool.) Schwedische Sudpolar Expedition. Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. Sitzungsberichte der Berliner Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde. Sowerby, Catalogue of Shells in the Tankerville Collection. „ Thesaurus Conchyliorura. Swainson, Catalogue of Rare and Valuable Shells of the Collection of Mrs. Bligh. Tryon, Manual of Conchology, continued by Pilsbry. TUele, Die antarktischen und subantarktischen Chitonem, 1908. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute. (T.N.Z.I.) „ Royal Society of South Australia. Voyage " Erebus " and " Terror." de I'Astrolabe. dans I'Amerique Meridionale. au Pole Sud. of the " Southern Cross." of the " Venus." of the " Samarang." Verhandlungen der Zoologisch Botanischen Gesellschaft Wien. Wiegman, Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte. Wilkes, United States Exploring Expedition. Zeitschrift fiir Malacologie. Zoological Journal. Zoologische Jahrbiicher. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 1. Kg. I Fig. 1. Plaxiphora aucklandica, Sutcr. \ 12-14. Endodonta benhami, Suter, 2. Rissoina chiUoni, Suter. 3. Eulima aucklandica, Suter. 4-6. Marginella plicalula, Suter. 6-8. Thermia (?) expcdilionis, Suter. 9-11. I'hfnacofwMx (?) gubantarctica, Suter. 15. „ minula, Suter. 16. Laotna cognala, Suter. 17. Alhoracofhorus huUoni, Suter. 18. „ „ Jaws. 19. „ „ Teeth of radula. Mollltsca.] I SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 57 6> 1- ?.. AO w If. ^2.. Vb. \k- 15; 'sm??'^^ M. PLATE I. ARTICLE II.-GENERAL NOTES ON THE ENTOMOLOGY OF THE SOUTHERN ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. By G. V. Hudson, F.E.S. PLATES II, III, AND IV. (1.) THE SNARES. The work of the expedition at the Snares was limited to about five hours on the morning of the 15th November, but, notwithstanding this, the entomological results were very satisfactory, the island visited evidently being very productive in insects, especially beetles. The weather during our visit was principally cloudy, with a moderate north-west wind, culminating in rain when we were leaving. A total of fourteen species of insects was observed here, which I think indicates that the insect faima of these small and isolated islands is probably a very rich one. The following species were taken, the descriptions of which follow in systematic order : — COLEOPTERA. Mecodema hudsoni. (p. 83.) Six specimens of this handsome insect were found under logs in forest com- posed of Olearia LyaUii. (Plate III, fig. 5.) Diglymma castigatum. (p. 84.) This very pretty beetle also occurred under fallen branches of Olearia LyaUii, and fourteen fine specimens were secured. Synteratus ovalis. (p. 85.) Four specimens of this little species were taken. Morychus tumidellus. (p. 102.) Only two specimens of this interesting species occurred. Odontria longitarsis. (p. 105.) This is a large and handsome species, and so far is represented by a single speci- men only. (Plate III, fig. 14.) Pseudhelops quadricollis. (p. 107.) Fairly common ; seven specimens taken. Catadryobius vestitus. (p. 109.) Six specimens of this very fine weevil were found by Professor Kirk and Mr. Browne on the stems of Olearia LyaUii. (Plate III, fig. 10.) Entomology.'] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OP NEW ZEALAND. 59 Lepidoptera. Leucania pagaia. (p. 67.) One specimen only, taken by Dr. Benham. (Plate II, fig. 9.) J J- ^^^^^ "^^^ Py^Qotis, but not in a condition to describe, also occurred In addition, I saw a species of Glyphipteryx, which I was unable to capture, on the OCearm. DiPTERA. Two flies, Allophylopis punctata (p. 143) and an allied species, were taken. Orthoptera. Onosandrus pallitarsis, Walker ? (Plate IV, fig. 9.) This species belongs to the genus Onosandrus, and appears to be closely allied to, if not specifically identical with, 0. pallitarsis, Walker, a species common among the roots of plants in various parts of New Zealand. (See Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., xxix, p. 221.) Seven specimens of this fine weta were found by Professor Kirk. A species of weta, Ischyroplectron isolatum, Hutton, has been recorded from the Bounty Islands "under rocks (Fairchild)," the genus being known from Bounty Islands only. (Hutton, I.e., pp. 227-29.) (2.) AUCKLAND ISLANDS. Nine entire days and two half-days were spent by the expedition at Carnley Harbour, in the south of Auckland Island, and, as the weather fortunately allowed some collecting to be done on each day, a fairly complete collection was made of the insects which were about at the time. One day was perfectly fine and almost calm, and the major part of three other days was warm and sunny. In addition to the stay at Carnley Harbour, short visits were made to Norman Inlet, Enderby Island, Disappointment Island, and Port Ross, and collections made at each of these places. The total number of species of insects taken on the Auckland Islands amounted to sixty-one, distributed amongst the orders as follows Coleoptera Hymenoptera Diptera Lepidoptera Neuroptera 15 3 20 20 3 Total.. .. .. ..61 Prior to the visit of the expedition the total number of species known from the Auckland Islands amounted to twenty-eight (eleven Coleoptera and seventeen Diptera), and, so far as I have been able to ascertain, no specimens of insects belonging to the other orders had ever been obtained. In considering the entomological results of the expedition, especially in respect of the Lepidoptera, it must be borne in mind that the best season of the year had not arrived, and that a visit during the middle or end of January would no doubt bring to light a large number of species which were not in evidence as early as November. No butterfly was seen on the islands, 60 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Entomology. and only one species of Noduina was found ; but it would be an unwarranted assump- tion to infer that no butterfly exists there, or that the Noduina are as poorly repre- sented as the collection would lead us to suppose. I consider that the existence of a satyrid butterfly on Auckland Island allied to Erebia or Argyrophenga is pro- bable, but I do not think it likely that any member of the genus Vanessa occurs there, seeing that hibernated specimens of such a species would almost certainly have been on the wing during November. I always kept a very sharp look-out for butterflies, but none were seen, although on several occasions the weather- conditions for their appearance were highly favourable. It will be seen that all the species taken are closely allied to New Zealand forms, and in several cases are specifically identical therewith. The following is a list of the insects taken, with a few brief remarks on their habits and the nature of the localities where each species occurred. With the excep- tion of four species of Lepidoptera, at present represented by single specimens only, the scientific descriptions which follow have been kindly drawn up by specialists in each of the orders dealt with. COLEOPTERA. Oopterus tripunctatus. (p. 87.) This smart-looking little beetle was very common under logs and amongst moss at Carnley Harbour. Seven specimens were also taken at Enderby Island. Loxomerus fossulatus. (p. 93.) Four specimens only — one from Carnley Harbour, two from Enderby Island, and one taken on Adams Island by Mr. J. S. Tennant. Loxomerus ambiguus. (p. 92.) Only one specimen, taken at Port Ross. Catops avivorus. (p. 101.) A long series of this little necrophagous beetle was found by Mr. H. D. Cook in a bird's skull on a small island in Camp Cove, Carnley Harbour. Liochria longula. (p. 104.) Two specimens, under logs, Carnley Harbour. A rare and handsome species. (Plate III, fig. 2.) Liochria sumptuosa. (p. 103.) Two specimens taken as above, and one specimen from Enderby Island. Pseudhelops tuberculatus. (p. 106.) This is one of the commonest beetles on Auckland Island. It occurred in pro- fusion under the bark of the rata-trees round Carnley Harbour, and was also found on Enderby Island. It has a considerable superficial resemblance to Addium ama- roides, a common and widely distributed New Zealand species. Catadryobius benhami. (p. 110.) Three specimens of this beautiful bronzy- metallic weevil were found by Dr. Benham imder a log on Enderby Island. Entomology.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OP NEW ZEALAND. 61 Catadryobius erubescens. (p. 111.) One specimen, discovered by Dr. Benham under a log at the camp, Carnlev Harbour. (Plate III, fig. 1.) ^ i^' y Catadryobius tetricus. (p. 110.) Three specimens, taken under logs, Carnley Harbour ; probably fairly common. (Plate III, fig. 11.) Catadryobius grandis. (p. 112.) Discovered by Mr. Browne in a mollymawk's nest on Disappointment Island. Some weevil-larvae were also found, which are probably referable to this species. Mr. Browne's capture is probably the only entomological specimen extant from Disappointment Island. (Plate III, fig. 15.) Heterexis sculptipennis. (p. 113.) This striking weevil was discovered by Mr. R. Speight on Adams Island. Hycanus frontalis, (p. 116.) Three specimens, found under logs on Enderby Island. Pachyderris punctiventris. (p. 121.) One specimen, from Carnley Harbour. Erirhinus dracophyllae. (p. 118.) This beautiful little weevil was extremely common on the Dracophyllum, which was in flower at the time, at Carnley Harbour and Port Ross, 20th to 27th November. (Plate III, fig. 6.) Lepidoptera. Melanchra erebia. (p. 68.) A single specimen was taken by Mr. Browne at Erebus Cove, Port Ross. This was the only noctuid which occurred on Auckland Island. (Plate II, fig. 15.) Chloroclystis indicataria. (p. 70.) Twelve males and four females of this species were captured in forest on the shores of Carnley Harbour. The insect was mostly taken by beating the fronds of Aspidium vestitum. As usual, a considerable amount of variation exists both in the depth of the brown ground-colour and in the intensity of the markings. Some specimens have more or less extensive patches of white on the forewings. (Plate II, figs. 20-22.) Venusia charidema. (p. 70.) This was one of the commonest moths on Auckland Island, frequenting damp rata forests round Carnley Harbour and Norman's Inlet, mostly in the neighbour- hood of streams. Both sexes vary considerably in the depth of the general colouring, though the markings appear to be very constant. Fresh specimens of the female are often of a very vivid orange-brown colour. This moth is also common on Camp- bell Island. (Plate II— fig. 10, male ; fig. 11, female.) 62 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [EfOomology. Xanthorhoe orophylloides. (p. 68.) A single specimen only, taken by Captain Dorrien-Smith at the head of the North Arm, Carnley Harbour. (Plate II, fig. 12.) Xanthorhoe oxjrptera. (p. 67.) I am also indebted to Captain Dorrien-Smith for a single specimen of this interesting species, which was also found at the head of the North Arm of Carnley Harbour. The outline of the wings is distinct and remarkable, and has been repro- duced in the figure from an impression taken from the actual specimen on photo- graphic paper. (Plate II, fig. 23.) Drepanodes neoselena. (p. 70.) Four specimens of this large and striking insect were captured in forest to the west of the large stream near Camp Cove, Carnley Harbour. Like its New Zealand relative, D. muriferata, it is attached to Polypodium Billardieri, which is very abundant in the rata forest in that locality, and on which its larva probably feeds. It is much larger and darker in colour than its New Zealand ally. (Plate II, fig. 13.) Protyparcha scaphodes. (p. 71.) Seventeen specimens of this very distinct little species were taken during hot sunny intervals amongst tussock-grass in openings in the rata forest near a small stream. Camp Cove, Carnley Harbour. This was the only lepidopteron I found frequenting the open country. It was very active and inconspicuous. (Plate II, fig. 16.) Scoparia triscelis. (p. 71.) Eight specimens of this species were captured in dense rata forest around Carnley Harbour and Norman's Inlet. (Plate II, fig. 1.) Scoparia parmifera. (p. 72.) Only three specimens of this very neatly marked species were taken, and one seen. All occurred in rata forest at Carnley Harbour. This species was also found at Campbell Island. (Plate II, fig. 2.) Scoparia epicomia. (p. 72.) Four specimens of this New Zealand species occurred in damp spots in dense forest. Three were taken at Carnley Harbour, and one at Norman's Inlet. All are identical with the New Zealand species, but are rather duller and less distinctly marked than the majority of New Zealand specimens. This insect may possibly have reached Auckland Island as a larva or pupa, enclosed in a cocoon, amongst moss on a floating log, in which case it would, of course, have been necessary for a member of each sex to have been simultaneously transported. On the other hand, it is possible, though not very probable, that its presence on the island may be explained by a fertile female having been blown across the ocean during an exceptionally heavy northerly gale. Scoparia epicomia is a fragile insect, of such feeble flight that the question of its having flown over more than two hundred miles of ocean need not be considered. Entomology.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 63 Apart, therefore, from the two possibilities already mentioned, the occurrence of the insect on the island can only be explained by the existence of a former land connection with the mainland of New Zealand, at a period not sufficiently remote to have allowed any changes to have taken place in the specific characters of the insect. Scoparia sabulosella. (p. 72.) Three specimens of this extremely common New Zealand species were taken on Enderby Island, amongst European grasses. It is variable in colour, as in New Zealand. The larva feeds on mosses. Although the Enderby Settlement was originally established by colonists from Australia, it is nevertheless possible that this species may have been introduced by man, as it is constantly found in fields and other cultivated places in New Zealand, and the eggs or perfect insects might readily be transported amongst agricultural produce. There is no record of Scoparia sabulosella having been found in Australia. Scoparia halopis. (p. 72.) This species occurred at Norman's Inlet and Enderby Island. A total of six specimens were secured, and one was bred from a pupa taken home to New Zea- land. (Plate II, fig. 3.) Scoparia psammitis(?). One specimen only, which is probably correctly identified as Scoparia psammitis, a locally abundant New Zealand species, commonest in the southern districts. Musotima nitidalis. One large specimen was taken at Carnley Harbour, and one small one at Enderby Island. These belong to the rather pale form which occurs principally in the southern parts of New Zealand, and is also found abundantly in New South Wales and Victoria. In New Zealand the insect is attached to Pteris incisa; in Australia to Adiantum, and perhaps other ferns. It is a common species in both countries. Of course, it is just possible that the species was introduced from Australia into Enderby Island at the time of the Enderby Settlement, and that it was subsequently blown across to Auckland Island. It is, however, much more likely that the species has inhabited the islands, in an unchanged condition, ever since the time of their separation from the mainland of New Zealand. Platyptilia aeolodes. (p. 73.) Two specimens of this interesting plume-moth were captured in the forest at Camley Harbour. It also occurs in New Zealand and at the Chatham Islands. (Plate II, fig. 14.) Pyrgotis plagiatana. (p. 73.) This was by far the commonest lepidopteron on Auckland Island, and occurred abundantly amongst clumps of Aspidium vestitum in the forest at Carnley Harbour and Norman's Inlet. The species was extremely variable, and mostly rather larger than ordinary New Zealand specimens. One small specimen of a typical female belonging to the variety luciplagana was, however, taken. (Plate II, figs. 4-7, varieties.) 64 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OP NEW ZEALAND. [Entomology. Cacoecia syntona. (p. 73.) I ' Two specimens of this interesting insect were bred from larvae, inadvertently taken by Mr. J. S. Tennant amongst botanical specimens of Pleurophyllum speciosum at Port Ross on the 28th November, 1907. The pupa was noted on the 10th January, and the moth emerged on the 14th February, 1908. In this instance a valuable entomological discovery was made at the sacrifice of a few specimens of a well-known plant. (Plate II, fig. 8.) Heterocrossa gonosemana. (p. 74.) Tliis pretty species occurred amongst Aspidium vestitum in forest at Carnley Harbour, Norman's Inlet, and on Enderby Island. It was very sluggish, and was principally taken by beating the fronds of the fern into an umbrella. Most of the specimens taken were considerably darker than the usual New Zealand form. (Plate II, fig. 17.) Proterodestna byrsopola. (p. 74.) This insect is extremely sluggish, and the female must be almost, if not entirely, incapable of flight. Fifteen specimens were taken, resting on the under-surfaces of dead rata logs in the forest at Carnley Harbour ; the species was also observed at Norman's Inlet. (Plate II — fig. 18, male ; fig. 19, female.) Plutella maculipennis ( crucif erarum) . One specimen of this common garden-pest occurred on Enderby Island, and was evidently a relic of the Enderby Settlement. DiPTERA. Zaluscodes aucklandicus. (p. 130.) This remarkable species was common in damp places in forest, Carnley Harbour. It runs rapidly over the ground, like a small harvestman spider. An extremely fragile insect. The colour is white when alive. (Plate IV, fig. 1.) Simulium vexans. (p. 124.) This sandfly was very abundant near the beach and round the streams near Carnley Harbour. Its bites were persistent and painful. Calliphora quadrimaculata. (p. 125.) This common New Zealand blowfly was a fearful pest in the camp, especially during fairly calm mild weather. Polytocus spinicosta. (pp. 127 and 145.) Four males and five females of this very large and conspicuous fly were found resting under dead rata logs in the forest at Carnley Harbour. No specimens were observed on the wing, and all those found were very sluggish, and never attempted to use their wings for flight. (Plate IV — fig. 2, male ; fig. 3, female.) Entomology.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 65 (3.) CAMPBELL ISLAND. The insects captured by the members of the Campbell Island party were mostly Coleoptera and Diptera, and were all alcoholic specimens. These have been handed over to the specialists who have dealt with the respective orders, and the descrip- tions of them follow in systematic order. The following general observations on the entomology of Campbell Island have been kindly supphed by Mr. Marriner. Campbell Island, in November at least, is not a good place for insects. The island is mostly covered with tussocks, and, with the exception of some very dense dry Dracophyllum scrub, there is no shelter. The country, during the time the expe- dition was on the island, was swept almost continually night and day by very cold strong gales of wind, accompanied by heavy mists, sleet, and rain. These storms naturally hid the warmth and brightness of the sun, and made anything but ideal conditions for entomological investigations. The enormous meadows of Bvlhindla Rossii, which cover miles of the country, must afford a good food-supply for the insects ; indeed, on nearly every plant small groups of flies could be generally seen feeding on the large yellow racemes. The Dracophyllum scrub is very dense, and imder the upper green covering very dead and dry, owing, no doubt, to the dry needles of the plant falling in large numbers to the ground. On the few flowers of this plant that were out, insects were often to be seen abstracting honey. Owing to the prevailing heavy winds, the insects at Campbell Island fly very little, and unless they are captured whilst at rest on some plant it is almost im- possible to net them, as the wind picks them up the moment they leave the flower, and whirls them away some ten or twenty feet. Lepidoptera. This order was represented by about half a dozen species of moths, which were most frequently met with amongst the tussocks fringing the shore, and in the sheltered areas between the patches of scrub. An attempt wa3.|made to attract moths at dusk by means of a lantern, but was not successful. The following species were found on the island, but none of the specimens are in good condition. (1.) A species of Chloroclystis, apparently allied to C. indicataria from New Zealand, but not in a fit condition to describe. (2.) Venusia charidema. (p. 70.) A large number of this common Auckland Island insect was brought back by Messrs. Des Barres and Chambers, having been captured during the summer follow- ing the visit of the expedition. (3.) A species near Hydriomena similata, but not in a fit condition to describe. (4.) Xanthorhoe orophylloides. (p. 68.) Several specimens in very poor condition which appear to belong to this species were taken by Messrs. Des Barres and Chambers after the departure of the expedi- tion. 5— S. 66 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Enlotnology. (5.) Scoparia parmifera. (p. 72.) Mr. Marriner reports tliat this species was the commonest moth on the island. It was rare on Auckland Island. In addition, several geometer larvae and one larva of a wood-boring tineid allied to Izathn were taken by various members of the Campbell Island party. COLEOPTERA. This order was poorly represented, and none were found in the scrub or amongst the vegetation. Oopterus marrineri (p. 88) was fairly common in the cracks between the stone slabs on the rocky peaks of Mount Col and Mount Lyall. Oopterus elongellus (p. 89) was found in a similar situation, but was very rare. The excessive moisture of the peaty soil, and the absence of logs and rocks at the lower levels, may have accounted for the absence of beetles. Hymenoptera. Seem to be absent. DiPTERA. This order was by far the most in evidence, and certainly the most numerous. However, blowflies were almost absent from the camp, and were only seen sitting on the flowers of Bvlhindln in company with smaller flies. Under the stones at the sea-shore small flies were numerous, but fortunately sandflies were never trouble- some, and only one bite was recorded. Orthoptera. This order was represented by two immature specimens of an insect apparently allied to Neonetus. Hemiptera. No species belonging to this order were observed. Neuroptera. Represented by a larva of a species of Perlidae only. EXPLANATION OF PLATES II-IV. (Sec p. 69.) ARTTCLR JTT.-DESCRIPTIONS OF FOUR NEW SPECIES OF MACKO- LEPIDOPTEHA FROM THK SOUTHERN ISLANDS. By G. V. Hudson, F.E.S. PLATE II. Leucania pagaia, n. sp. (Plate II, fig. 9.) The expansion of tiie wings is Ijin. The head and thorax are rather dark brownish-ochreous, very densely scaled, the latter with a slight anterior crest. The abdomen is paler. The antennae are reddish-brown, moderately bipectinated, the pectinations without ciliations. The forewings are rather broad, with the apex rounded, and the termen very oblique towards the tornus, brownish-ochreous slightly tinged with greenish ; the markings are very obscure, consisting of four minute black dots marking the boundaries of the reniform stigmata, a group of blackish scales a little before the end of vein 1 ; four small patches of blackish scales between veins 2 and 3, 3 and 4, 4 and 5, and 5 and 6 respectively. The hindwings are rather dark brownish-ochreous, slightly reddish-tinged. The cilia of all the wings are ochreous. This species is closely allied to Leucania unica, but may be distinguished by the slight greenish tinge, the absence of the ciliations on the pectinations of the antennae, and the characteristic though minute blackish markings on the forewings. Described and figured from a single specimen captured by Dr. Benham on the Snares. Xanthorhoe oxyptera, n. sp. (Plate II, fig. 23.) The expansion of the wings is If in. The head, thorax, and abdomen are brownish-ochreous, the last-named with two blackish spots on the back of each segment. The palpi are slender, nearly as long as the head, whitish-ochreous. The antennae are whitish-ochreous, with long black pectinations extending to the apex. The forewings are elongate, narrow, with the apex extremely acute and the tornus rounded, rather dark greyish-brown, very glossy, with the bases of the veins and a broad costal band pale brownish-ochreous ; a small black discal dot. Hindwings narrow, apex and tornus rounded, greyish-brown, very glossy, without markings except a few extremely minute blackish marginal dots. On the underside all the wings are whitish-ochreous, the costa of the forewing and the whole of the hindwing darker ; the basal portions of all the veins are strongly marked in blackish-brown. The cilia of all the wings are very pale-ochreous. This very interesting species, which may be at once recognised by its peculiar outline, was captured by Captain Dorrien-Smith at the head of the northern 68 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OP NEW ZEALAND. [Macro-kpidoptera. arm of Carnley Harbour. As it is represented by a single specimen only, I am unwilling to denude the wings in order to accurately determine the neuration. Hence I cannot be sure that it is correctly referred to the genus Xanthorhoe. Xanthorhoe orophylloides, n. sp. (Plate II, fig. 12.) The expansion of the wings is 1| in. The head is brownish-grey. The antennae are moderately bipectinated. The thorax and abdomen are pale grey, the latter with the segmental divisions dull ochreous ; there are also two black dots on the back of each segment. The forewings are rather narrow, with the apex somewhat acute, and the termen slightly curved oblique, pale bluish-grey with pale brownish- black markings ; a rather faint transverse line at about ^ strongly marked on the cell by a cloudy wedge-shaped mark ; a stronger transverse line at | well marked hy a series of dark marks on each of the veins, those nearest the cell being considerably larger than the rest ; a fairly distinct terminal shading of dark grey and a large wedge-shaped pale apical area ; the median hand generally is paler and browner than the rest of the wing. The hindwings are pale grey. The cilia are greyish- white, with a few brownish-black scales only. This species is very closely allied to Xanthorhoe orophylla and X. rosearia, but may be easily separated from either by its narrower wings. One male specimen only was captured by Captain Dorrien-Smith, at the head of the North Arm of Carnley Harbour. I have also several specimens of what appear to be faded and worn individuals of the same species from Campbell Island. These were captured by Messrs. Des Barres and Chambers during the summer following the departure of the expedition from the islands. Melanchra erebia, n. sp. (Plate II, fig. 15.) The expansion of the wings is a little over l|in. The head is very roughly scaled, with tufts of scales at the bases of the antennae, brownish-red mixed with black. The palpi are rather short, slender, tipped with dull white. The antennae are serrate, each serration being clothed with two extremely fine hairs. The thorax is reddish-grey, with moderate anterior crest and two rather prominent reddish- brown and black lateral markings. The abdomen is dull brownish-grey. The fore- wings are moderately broad, with the apex rounded and the termen moderately bowed ; duU grey with black markings, speckled with reddish-brown scales, especially near the base ; a broad much-broken transverse line at the base ; a wavy, broad, shaded transverse line at about | connected with the first transverse line near the costa and termen ; a broad pale central band ; a branched transverse line, the two branches starting at f and | of costa respectively, uniting near the middle of the wing, and reaching the dorsum at about J ; this line is very deeply indented towards the termen ; a subterminal row of blackish dots. The hindwings are dark brownish- grey. The ciUa of all the wings appear to be pale brownish-ochreous. The single specimen, which, unfortunately, is not in the best condition, was captured by Mr. Browne in the forest on the shores of Erebus Cove, at Port Ross, Auckland Island. SITBANTAECTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. V y m:i\^ V, • ^ C^4 s : ^ £s&;» KJ 6 'm^i^m ^v J IS 13 8 15 PLATE II. IG ••arr-iii'^ 18 20 U 22 23 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. «' 8 * G.VHi.l. PLATE IIL SUBANTAKCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. ,,„„,,rrrrrrrrrr777777?^^,^ G Y.H.dtl PLATE IV. Entomology.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 69 EXPLANATION OF PLATES II-IV. Plate II. — Lepidoptera FRo.\r Auckland Island. Fig. 1. Scoparia triscelis. ■ Fig. 2. „ parmifera. Fig. 3. „ halopis. Figs. 4-7. Pyrgotis plagtalana varieties. Fig. 8. Cacoecia syntona. Fig. 9. Leucania pagaia. Snares.) Fig. 10. Venusia charidema, J . ^ Fig. 11. „ 2. Fig. 12. Xanthorhoe orophylloides. Fig. 13. Drepanodes neoselena. Fig. 14. Plalyptilia aeolodes. Fig. 15. Melanchrn ercbia. Fig. 16. Pndyparcha scaphodcs. Fig. 17. Hiierocrossa (jonosemana. Fig. 18. Proterodesma byrsopola, J . Fig. 19. „ ?. Fig8.20-21. Chlorodystis indicataria, J varieties. Fig. 22. „ ?. Fig. 23. Xanthorhoe oxyptera. Plate III. — Insects from Auckland Island and the Snares. Fig. 1. Catadryobius erubescens. Fig. 2. Liochria longula. Fig. 3. „ Antenna. Fig. 4. „ Tarsus. Fig. 5. Mecodema hudsoni. Fig. 6. Erirhinus dracophyllae. Fig. 7. Aucklandelln flavomaculata. Fig. 8. Trichopticus curvipes. Fig. 9. Kmpis smilhii. Fig. 10. Catadryobius veslitus. Fig. 11. „ tetricus. Fig. 12. ,, „ Extremity of tibia and tarsus. Fig. 13. ,, „ Antenna. Fig. 14. OdorUria longitarsis. Fig. 15. Catadryobius grandis. Plate IV. — Insects from Southern Islands. Fig. 1. Zaluscodes aucMandicus. Fig. 2. Polytocus spinicosta, J . Fig. 3. „ ? . Fig. 4. Neuration ot forewing of Protyparcha scaphodes. Fig. 5. „ hindwing „ Fig. 6. Head of Protyparcha scaphodes. Fig. 7. Antenna of Protyparcha scaphodes. Fig. 8. Triacanlhella alba. Fig. 9. Onosandrus pallitarsis. Walker ? (Snares weta.) AKTICII: IV.-LKPIDOPTERA FROM AUCKLAND ISLAND. By E. Meyrick, B.A., F.R.S. The following species of Lepidoptera taken during the expedition to Auckland Island were transmitted to me, by the kindness of Mr. G. V. Hudson, for examination. They contain a good proportion of new and interesting forms, but all appear to have obvious affinity to the New Zealand fauna, of which they constitute an outlying colony. Hydriomenidae. Chloroclystis indicataria, Walk. Carnley Harbour, Auckland Island ; three fine specimens, which I am unable to separate from New Zealand examples.* Venusia charidetna, n. sp. t7 ? . 30-32 mm. Head deep ferruginous, between antennae white. An- tennae white, more or less distinctly ringed with fuscous except on basal third, pectinations in male pale-yellowish. Thorax ferruginous-brown. Abdomen brown- ish-ochreous. Forewings triangular, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded, oblique ; in male brown, in female ferruginous-brown ; costal edge sprinkled with blackish, and whitish on basal third ; in male veins more or less marked with whitish, and dotted with blackish towards dorsum and termen ; a dark-fuscous discal dot ; a moderately broad cloudy fuscous or grey streak from apex to middle of dorsum ; in male terminal area beyond this marked with several fine cloudy grey lines, and sometimes a band of dark-grey irroration along costa : cilia concolorous, towards tips paler. Hindwings elongate, ochreous-grey-whitish, in female reddish-tinged ; in male several waved grey lines on posterior half : cilia pale ochreous tinged with reddish. Carnley Harbour and Norman Inlet, Auckland Island ; four specimens (two male, two female). Though showing general relationship to undosata, Feld., and verricvlata, Feld., between which it is perhaps intermediate, it is specifically very distinct. Selidosemidae. Drepanodes neoselena, n. sp. ? . 40 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen fuscous sufTusedly irrorated with white. Forewings somewhat elongate-triangular, costa posteriorly strongly arched, apex obtuse, falcate, termen oblique, prominently bowed beneath middle, and con- cave between this and apex ; dark reddish-fuscous sufEusedly irrorated with whitish except towards costa beyond middle, with some scattered black specks ; lines formed * In this article the number of specimens has reference to the number examined by Mr. Meyrick when preparing th% descriptions, and not to the total number collected. — Ed. Lepidoptera.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 71 by darker fuscous tinge and absence of whitish irroration, cloudy, first from J of costa to i of dorsum, bent just beneath costa, second straight, from f of costa to beyond middle of dorsum ; a short slender crescentic whitish discal mark, surrounded with dark-fuscous suffusion : cilia reddish-fuscous, tips whitish. Hindwings with colour and second line as in forewings, but second line central ; a small white discal dot on anterior edge of second line. Carnley Harbour, Auckland Island ; one specimen. This is closely allied to the common muriferata, Walk., but distinguishable by the large size, entire discal lunule of forewings (in muriferata broken into two dots), and the much closer dorsal approximation of the lines of forewings. _ ^ , Crambid^. Protyparcha, n. g. Head loosely haired ; ocelli present ; tongue developed. Antennae f, in male unipectinated to apex. Labial palpi very long, porrected, clothed above and beneath with long rough projecting hairs diminishing towards apex. Maxillary palpi porrected, clothed with long rough projecting hairs. Thorax clothed with loose hairs above and beneath. Coxae and femora clothed with long hairs. Fore- wings with 2 from f, 4 and 5 somewhat approximated, 7 separate, 8 and 9 stalked, 8 to costa, 10 and 11 separate. Hindwings 1^, ovate; 4 and 5 approximated, 7 connate with 6, anastomosing shortly with 8. (Plate IV, figs. 4-7.) An interesting genus, of which the nearest ally is the New Zealand Argyria pentadactyla, Zell. ( = claviferella. Walk., = strigosa, Butl.) ; from this it differs by the long rough hairs of palpi, hairy coxae and femora, and unipectinated antennae. Protyparcha scaphodes, n. sp. 3 . 18-21 mm. Head and thorax black mixed with whitish hairs. Palpi black, projecting hairs ochreous-whitish. Antennae black, towards base with whitish scales. Abdomen blackish, sprinkled with yellowish scales, towards apex suffused with ochreous-whitish. Forewings elongate, narrow, posteriorly dilated, costa sinu- ate, apex obtuse, termen rounded, rather strongly oblique ; rather dark purplish- bronzy-fuscous mixed with ferruginous-ochreous and black, and sometimes posteriorly with whitish-ochreous ; a suffused white streak along costa from base to about f ; a broad white dorsal streak from near base to tornus, thence continued as a gradu- ally attenuated subterminal streak to apex, edged above broadly with black suffusion : cilia white, basal third grey mixed with pale ochreous, sometimes mostly suffused with grey. Hindwings blackish-grey ; cilia white, with grey basal shade, sometimes partially suffused with grey round apex. Carnley Harbour, Auckland Island ; in open tussock country ; three specimens. This is a very distinct species. ... Pyraustidae. Scoparia tnscelis, n. sp. S . 21 mm. Head ochreous-brown, face mixed with black, with a white line above eyes. Palpi 3, white mixed with blackish. Antennae fuscous, ciUations f. Thorax brownish-ochreous mixed with dark fuscous. Abdomen pale whitish- ochreous irrorated with light grey. Forewings elongate-triangular, costa slightly 72 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OP NEW ZEALAND. [Lepidoptera. arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly bowed, rather oblique ; brownish-ochreous, suffusedly irrorated with dark fuscous except on veins ; basal area somewhat marked with white ; lines narrow, white, first from J of costa to f, of dorsum, subsinuate outwards near costa and inwards near dorsum, second from ^ of costa to | of dorsum, indented near costa, strongly curved outwards in middle ; orbicular formed by a dark- fuscous dot surrounded with a pale ring of ground-colour ; claviform represented by an oval blotch of dark-fuscous suffusion edged posteriorly with white suffusion ; a quadrate patch of white suffusion between orbicular and discal spot ; discal spot three-lobed, blackish, edged with whitish ; a band of white irroration preceding second line ; subterminal line slender, white, very acutely dentate, interrupted in middle ; a white terminal line : cilia whitish-ochreous, with two fuscous shades. Hindwings Ij, without long hairs in cell ; ochreous-grey- whitish ; a faint grey dot and cloudy post-median line : cilia ochreous-whitish, with a grey line. Carnley Harbour and Norman Inlet, Auckland Island ; one specimen. Apparently most allied to colpota, Meyr., but very distinct ; the peculiar discal spot is a notable character. Scoparia parmifera, n. sp. S . 22 mm. Head ochreous-brown, face mixed with dark fuscous. Palpi 2J, brown mixed with dark fuscous, white towards base beneath. Antennae pale greyish-ochreous ringed with fuscous, dentate, ciliations 1. Thorax brownish, shoulders suffused with dark fuscous. Abdomen light ochreous-grey. Fore wings elongate-triangular, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen nearly straight, rather oblique ; light ochreous-brown, irregularly sprinkled with blackish ; a tri- angular blackish spot on base of costa, reaching half across wing ; lines narrow, whitish, edged interiorly with blackish irroration, first from ^ of costa to | of dorsum, rather irregular, sinuate inwards near dorsum, second from before ^ of costa to f of dorsum, indented towards costa and thrice on lower half ; a large blackish irregular- edged oblong patch extending along costa from first line to f and reaching about half across wing, lower edge prominent before middle, surrounded beneath and posteriorly by white suffusion ; subterminal line represented by a pale - ochreous irregular-edged fascia just before termen, followed by blackish irroration : cilia grey- whitish, with two grey shades. Hindwings 1|, without long hairs in cell ; pale grey, somewhat darker posteriorly: ciUa grey-whitish, with grey subbasal shade. Carnley Harbour, Auckland Island ; Campbell Island ; one specimen. Nearest to acharis, Meyr., but also very distinct by the large oblong blackish costal patch and peculiar form of second line. Scoparia epicomia, Meyr, Carnley Harbour, Auckland Island ; Enderby Island : one specimen, quite normal. Scoparia sabulosella, Walk. Enderby Island ; one specimen, normal. Scoparia halopis, n. sp. 3 ? . 26-29 mm. Head white, more or less sprinkled with pale ochreous. Palpi 3^, brownish-ochreous sometimes mixed with dark fuscous, white towards Lejndoptera.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 73 base beneath, and suffused with white above. Antennae ochreous-grey- whitish, ciliations^^. Thorax white mixed with brownish. Abdomen whitish-ochreous. Forewings elongate, narrow, posteriorly dilated, costa posteriorly slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded, rather oblique ; white, more or less sprinkled with pale brownish-ochreous, and with some scattered black specks ; lines in male very little marked except towards costa, where they are margined interiorly with blackish, in female fairly distinct, white edged on each side with pale brownish-ochreous suffusion, darker towards costa, first from before J of costa to | of dorsum, curved, second from i of costa to ^ of dorsum, indented near costa, very abruptly curved outwards in disc, preceded and followed by short undefined dashes of black irroration on veins, especially on upper half ; orbicular in male obsolete, in female represented by an ochreous- fuscous dash attached to first line ; discal spot indistinct, narrow-reniform, dark fuscous, sometimes pale-centred, followed by two dark-fuscous dots, its lower end traversed in female by a dark-fuscous dash ; a terminal series of short blackish dashes on veins : cilia whitish, with two lines in male dark fuscous, in female brownish. Hindwings 1|, with long hairs in cell ; pale whitish - ochreous, with a brassy tinge, in female slightly greyish posteriorly : cilia pale whitish-ochreous, with a faint fuscous line. Carnley Harbour, Auckland Island ; Enderby Island : two specimens. The differences between these, as specified above, are probably — at least, in part — individual rather than sexual. The species is closely related to petrina, Meyr., but distinguishable by the rather shorter and broader forewings, whiter colouring, obsolescence of orbicular and claviform, absence of bars in cilia, and other small differences. Pterophoridae. Platyptilia aeolodes, Meyr. Carnley Harbour, Auckland Island ; one specimen. Occurs also in New Zealand and the Chatham Islands. TORTRICIDAE. Pyrgotis plagiatana, Walk. Carnley Harbour and Norman Inlet, Auckland Island ; seven specimens. Compared with a long series of New Zealand specimens, these are a large, dark, richly coloured form, very variable, but with the tendency to white marking or suffusion much reduced. Some of the specimens have the forewings distinctly narrower and more elongate than in New Zealand examples, but others cannot be distinguished in this respect. I am unable to find any rehable differences in structure or markings, and can only regard them as an interesting local race. Cacoecia syntona, n. sp. c? . 26 mm. Head, palpi, antennae, and thorax light yellow-ochreous ; palpi 4, sprinkled with fuscous ; antennae flatly dentate, ciliations ^. Abdomen pale whitish- ochreous. Forewings elongate, moderate, costa moderately arched, apex round- pointed, termen faintly sinuate, oblique, costal fold moderate, extending from base to near f ; light yellow-ochreous ; markings red-brown irregularly sprinkled with blackish ; a moderately broad median longitudinal streak from base to apex, at- tenuated towards base, crossed by a broad oblique central fascia which is narrow above it and obsolete on costa, and divides into two irregular arms towards tornus. 74 SUBANTARCnC ISLANDS OP NEW ZEALAND. [Lcpidoptera. and posteriorly expanded into a triangular blotch whose base is connected with costa by three very short arms, and apex connected by a striga with termen below middle ; dorsal edge mostly blackish ; two dots on costa beyond central fascia, and some irregular strigulae along termen : cilia light yellow-ochreous, basal half barred with blackish. Hindwings ochreous-whitish ; a suffused streak of grey strigulae along posterior part of median fold, and a streak of grey strigulae beneath vein 2 : cilia whitish-ochreous, basal tliird blackish-grey. Auckland Island ; one specimen, bred from larva feeding in flower-heads of PleurofhijUum speciosum. Allied to astrologana, Meyr., but distinct by form of wing and markings. Phaloniadae. Heterocrossa gonosemana, Meyr. Carnlcy Harbour, Auckland Island ; two specimens (male and female). These are more irrorated with grey and a few black scales than my Dunedin specimens, but hardly more than some from Wellington ; the black spot on base of costa is more obviously triangular ; but after close comparison I am unable to regard them as distinct. TiNEIDAE. Proterodesma, n. g. Head densely rough-haired ; ocelli and tongue absent. Antennae 1, in male ? Labial palpi, long, curved, ascending, second joint beneath rough-scaled and with numerous projecting bristles, terminal joint moderately long, slender, obtuse. Maxillary palpi long, filiform, folded. Posterior tibiae clothed with hairs above. Forewings with lb furcate, 2 from towards angle, 7 to costa, 1 1 from J of cell, widely remote from 10, 8-11 becoming obsolete near costa and connected by a more or less developed subcostal bar, most distinct between 10 and 11. Hindwings 4, ovate- lanceolate, cilia J ; 2-7 separate, tolerably parallel, 6 to costa. A peculiar form, probably related to Tinea terranea, Butl., but the exceptional structure of the costal veins is analogous to that found in Trichophaga. Proterodesma byrsopola, n. sp. ? . 20-22 mm. Head pale ochreous, with some dark-fuscous hairs. Palpi and antennae pale ochreous. Thorax pale ochreous, shoulders suffused with fuscous. Abdomen pale greyish-ochreous, more or less infuscated. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa moderately arched, apex round-pointed, termen extremely obliquely rounded ; whitish-ochreous tinged with brownish and more or less mixed with fuscous ; an undefined blackish streak in disc from before middle to f , appearing to be terminated by indications of pale spots ; a strong blackish streak along fold from near base to near tornus, interrupted by two whitish-ochreous spots, second more elongate : ciUa whitish-ochreous. Hindwings light purplish-bronzy-grey, paler and tinged with whitish-ochreous towards base, margin towards apex suffused with whitish-ochreous ; ciUa whitish-ochreous. Carnley Harbour and Norman Inlet, Auckland Island ; three specimens. In one of these, in one hindwing only, vein 6 is long-furcate, both branches terminating in the costa, so that there appears to be an additional vein, an uncommon abnormality which deserves record when noticed. ARTICLE v.— DESCRIPTIONS OF FOUR SPECIES OF HYMENOPTERA FROM AUCKLAND ISLAND. By P. Cameron. The Hymenoptera collected by Mr. G. V. Hudson during the expedition of the Canter- bury Philosophical Society to Auckland Island are four in number. One of them — the Apantdes — belongs to an almost cosmopolitan genus of parasites, chiefly on Lepidoptera, not yet recorded from New Zealand ; but several species are known from Australia. The three ichneumons belong to a new genus, remarkable for the females being semiapterous, the male being fully winged, if I have correctly united the male in the collection to the same genus as the females ; and I have no doubt that I have done so, for, apart from the fact that the females and the male were taken in the same place, they agree in the body-structure and, more particularly, in the structure of the metanotum, which differs from what we find it to be in the genera belonging to the Ichneumoninae in the known total absence of areae or keels. The species were taken at Carnley Harbour, Auckland Island, in November. ICHNEUMONIDAE. AucKLANDELLA, gen. nov. Wings abbreviated, reaching, when turned back, hardly to the apex of the Ist abdominal segment ; radial cellule closed, complete, the radius issuing from shortly beyond its middle ; the median and submedian cellules complete ; the transverse median nervure received beyond the transverse basal, as are also the cubito-discoidal and the 2nd discoidal cellule. There is a large areolet, narrowed in front ; both the nervures forming it are united to the basal third of the radius ; the 1st has a rounded oblique slope, the 2nd is straight, not so sharply obliquely sloped ; the cubital nervure does not extend much beyond the 2nd transverse cubital nervure, and issues from shortly below the middle of the 2nd discoidal cellule. In all there are only 6 closed cellules. The cubitus in the hindwings is broken very shortly above the middle ; in front are 2 cellules, the basal extending beyond the middle, the apical small, almost semicircular. Metathorax entirely without keels, and consequently without areae ; the spiracles small, broadly ovate. Mesonotum somewhat depressed. Basal joints of flagellum about 3 times longer than wide. Eyes long, narrow. Mandibles bidentate. First abdominal segment broad at the base, becoming gradually wider towards the apex, which has not a clearly defined post-petiole ; there are 8 segments, the last short ; there is a long, projecting ovi- positor, with a broad sheath. Legs stout, the hinder tibiae broadly narrowed at the base ; the apices of the tarsal joints spinose. The antennae in the small species (A. nigromaculata) are 23-jointed ; in it, too, the radius does not extend much beyond the 1st transverse cubital nervure ; the 1st transverse cubital nervure is widely broken in front ; the 2nd is short. In y 76 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Hymenoptera. both species the temples and cheeks are margined ; there is a distinct mahir space. Temples broad, rounded ; the occiput broadly, roundly incised, not transverse. This is the only genus of Ichneumoninae (the group to which AucUandella belongs) with abbreviated wings, although apterous and semiapterous species are common enough with the Cri/plinae. It differs further from typical Ichneumoninae in the metanotum being entirely without longitudinal or transverse keels. The long, projecting ovipositor also is characteristic ; but this is not altogether peculiar, as Exefhanes has a similar one, as well as 8 distinct abdominal segments In both the Auckland Island species the base of the tibiae is narrowed. The calcaria are short, the claws simple. Aucklandella flavomaculata, sp. n. (Plate III, fig. 7.) Rufo-ferruginous ; the inner eye-orbits, the line continued more broadly to the occiput, a spot on the top of the outer and a larger one on the bottom extending on to the malar space, a broad line on the edge of the pronotum, tegulae, a line on either side of the mesonotum, a small spot on the base of the mesopleurae above and one on the apex lower down, and the apex of the 4 anterior trochanters, sulphur- yellow. Wings hyaline, the costa blackish, the basal nervures testaceous, the apical much paler, the stigma pale yellow. Female. Length, 9 ram. ; ovipositor, 1 mm. Front and vertex moderately closely and finely punctured, and covered with short white pubescence ; the face and clypeus much more strongly punctured ; the 2 are clearly separated by a furrow, which ends laterally in a large transverse fovea ; they are roundly convex. Base of mandibles tinged with yellow ; the teeth black. Metanotum finely punctured, the scutellum more weakly so to shortly beyond the middle. Metanotum finely closely shagreened ; its apical slope in the centre irregu- larly longitudinally striated, almost reticulated, this part being bordered by keels ; the part outside it is more strongly shagreened than the base. Basal segment of abdomen finely shagreened ; the base of the 2nd iS; at the sides, slightly transversely depressed. Aucklandella nigromaculata, sp. nov. Dark rufo-testaceous ; the temples broadly, base and apex of metanotum and a line down the centre uniting the black basal and apical parts, the central de- pressed part of propleurae, the mesopleurae broadly above, the greater part of the metapleurae and of the back of the abdomen, black ; a line on the inner orbits, dilated above and extending beyond the eyes, the greater part of the malar space, a narrow line on pronotum, tegulae and base of mandibles, pale lemon-yellow ; legs darker-coloured than the body, the femora and apical two-thirds of hind coxae blackish, the anterior 4 coxae infuscated; the basal joints of antennae blackish. Female. Length, 5 mm. ; ovipositor, almost 1 mm. The sculpture is as in the preceding species, from which, apart from the difference in coloration, it may be known by the radius not extending beyond the 2nd trans- verse cubital nervure, and in both the transverse cubital nervures being only indi- cated posteriorly, not reaching to the radius ; the 2nd is short, through the cubitus converging towards the radius. Hymenopiera.'] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 77 Aucklandella(?) flavolineata, sp. nov. Along with the two above-described females Mr. Hudson sends a male, which is probably the other sex of one or other of them. It has the wings fully developed, and has the neuration pretty much as in Ichneumon ; the areolet 5-angled, with the apical transverse cubital nervure faint, the recurrent nervure received beyond the middle, the disco-cubital nervure broken by a minute stump, the transverse median nervure interstitial, and the transverse median nervure in the hindwings is broken near the bottom. The antennae are stout, 26- jointed, the last joint double the length of the penultimate, the basal joints of flagellum 4 times longer than thick. The form of the head and thorax (including the absence of keels from the metanotum) is as in the preceding two species. The abdomen has 8 segments, and is bluntly rounded at the apex. Dark ferruginous, the antennae darker, the legs lighter coloured ; the eye-orbits, narrowly in the middle, more broadly above and below, the clypeus, mandibles, except the teeth, palpi, a line on the pronotum and a narrower one on the lower edge of the propleurae, 2 bnes on the centre of mesonotum, dilated inwardly at the base, the lower part of mesopleurae, and the coxae in front, pallid yellow ; the ocellar region, centre of propleurae, the parts bordering the scutellum, the greater part of metathorax, and the basal segment of the abdomen, black ; the 2nd to 6th abdominal dorsal segments broadly infuscated on the sides. Coxae pale-yellow, the hinder darker, black in the middle above. Wings clear hyaline, the stigma testaceous, the nervures blackish. Male. Length, 6 mm. There are 2 impressed lines down the centre of the metanotum, commencing at the top of the basal slope ; the apical slope is distinctly finely irregularly striated, the sides feebly striated. BRACONIDAE. Apanteles aucklandensis, sp. nov. Black, shining, smooth, the palpi pale testaceous, the legs rufo-testaceous, the femora darker-coloured above, the hind coxae black, except narrowly at the apex ; the apex of hind tibiae darker-coloured, tarsi blackish ; the basal ventral segment pale testaceous in the middle. Wings hyaUne, the nervures and stigma black. Metanotum opaque, shagreened, the sides almost rugosely punctured — striated, margined on the outer edge ; the base is bordered by a transverse furrow. Front depressed. Mesonotum minutely punctured. First abdominal segment a little wider than long, the raised central part minutely punctured, the lateral depressions fuscous. The lateral projections of the genital armature are white on the basal half. There is a distinct transverse furrow at the base of the scutellum ; the post- scutellar region is raised, as compared with the base of the metanotum. Male. Length, 4 mm. The pubescence is short, sparse, and white. The long spur of the hind tibiae is thin, and longer than the width of the tibiae. The antennae are longer than the body, and bear a dense microscopic pile. ARTICLE VI.-DKSCRIPTIONS OF COLKOPTKHA FROM THE SUB- ANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND; WITH REMARKS ON THE AFFINITIES OF THE GENERA, ETC. By Major T. Broun, F.E.S. PLATE V. On reference to the following list it will be seen that the Coleoptera now described consist of forty-six species, located in twenty-six genera. Two of these genera seem doubtful. One, Blanchard's Pristancylus, so far as can be judged by its description, is synonymous with Pristonychus, which has been long known to occur in Europe, Asia, Algeria, Oceania, and Claili. The second genus, Calathus, is spread over nearly the same regions, but as Baron Chaudoir has stated that Blanchard's C. ruhromarginatus in the male " has four joints of the anterior tarsi dilated and brushlike underneath," and as nothing is said about the denticulated claws, that species may belong to an altogether distinct genus. The genera Omalium, Catops, Morychus, Dorytomus, and Acalles are almost cosmopolitan, and are numerously represented in New Zealand, but these southern islands, as yet, have yielded only one species of each. Seven genera having been accounted for as more or less of world-wide distri- bution, we may restrict further observations to the remaining nineteen. Mere general allusions, however, will be of little scientific or practical value, so we must consider some at least of the more significant forms more carefully if we wish to learn anything from the collection brought here by the various members of the recent expedition. Pseudhelops is nearly related to Helops, the species of which latter are widely scattered, and to Addium, which is tolerably common in Australia and New Zealand, and is said to have been found in Chili and New Caledonia. The four species now brought to light have not been seen beyond Carnley Harbour and Campbell Island.* Loxomerus, with five species, is a purely antarctic form, having Miqadops from Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Islands as its nearest congener, but its species seem to be confined to the Auckland Islands. • ADDKMimM. — Since the foregoing was in print I have tlesoribed Pneudhelopn mibstriatut, a new 8()ecie8 found in New Zealand. This discovery is important, as it confirms my views respecting the close affinity of the New Zealand and AuclUaud Islands coleopterous faunae. — Tiios. liiinuN. Cokoj)tera.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 79 Catodryobius with five species, Inocatoptes with one, and Heterexis with two are all comparatively large, apparently apterous, and in several cases rather finely decorated weevils. They exhibit no very salient structural characters ; their whole structure, indeed, may be termed primitive. Heterexis is found at Adams Island only ; the others occur at Carnley Harbour, the Snares, Enderby, and Disappoint- ment Islands, but not elsewhere, so far as I know. Hycanus, with two rare obscure species, and Stilhodiscus with one, are un- doubtedly allied to the New Zealand Clypeorhynchus, whilst Pachyderris, with a unique specimen only, is related to some of the New Zealand allies of Acalles. Pactolotypus, another small weevil, is almost a fac-simile of the New Zealand Pactola demissa as regards both superficial appearance and structure, but is at once distinguishable by its 6-jointed funiculus. Baeostethus is remarkable for the extreme abbreviation of its metasternum as compared with its peculiarly elongated body ; this reduction is so great that the intermediate coxae almost overlap the posterior pair. So far as I am aware, it has no near relationship outside of its habitat, Campbell Island Kenodactylus, also from Campbell Island, is a small, somewhat depressed, geo- dephagous beetle of special interest. The form and vestiture of the basal 2 articu- lations of the tarsi approximate it to Oopterus and the New Zealand Diglymma, but the prominent horny lobe attached to the 4th joint of all the tarsi at once dif- ferentiates it, and indicates an affinity with Loxomerus. Mecodema, a fine genus, has two Australian, one Tasmanian, and upwards of thirty New Zealand species, but appears to have but one in the south, at the Snares. Diglymma, hitherto regarded in New Zealand as endemic, with seven species, has one at the Snares. Oopterus was originally defined as an antarctic form. The Auckland Islands have now contributed six species. New Zealand double that number. Liocharia, instituted for a New Zealand species allied to Morychus, has had two beautiful species added to it from Carnley Harbour. Odontria, another New Zealand genus, now comprises twenty species, one of which was obtained at the Snares. Namostygnus, from Carnley Harbour, Thomvsis, from Bounty Island — one ex- ponent of each — are nearly allied to New Zealand genera, slight modifications only being required to transform them. Synteratus completes the generic synopsis. Although a very small member of the predaceous ground-beetles, it is, nevertheless, significant and instructive, ex- hibiting in its general aspect and structure the connection between Oopterus and the New Zealand Amnrotypus. This latter, though outwardly resembling the northern Amara, is structurally allied to Migadops and Loxomerus. Having briefly sketched the more salient characteristics of most of the genera, we have now before us some data that may enable us to form some definite con- clusions. Before attempting this it may be necessary to state that I have had to create twelve new genera and describe thirty-nine new species, so as to arrange the older as well as the recent collections into something like systematic order. 80 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Cohoptera. In the first place, it may be taken as granted that the presence of no less than seven genera of almost imiversal geographical distribution shows that these oceanic islets, ages long past, must have had some sort of connection with the Northern Hemisphere. No doubt exists in my own mind that the species representing these genera were derived originally, and during a very limited period, from New Zealand, which, therefore, may be considered to have been the connecting-link between the two areas. The bulk, ornamentation, and structure of a large proportion of the species should lead us to believe that their progenitors originated and flourished in some larger, if not continental, area then enjoying a climate very different from the in- clement one that now prevails. If we regard my twelve new genera and the older Loxomerus — exactly half of the total number — as genuine exponents of a special fauna, it seems clear that the isola- tion of these islands must have continued during a vast period. The genus Loxomerus, made up of wingless species, being related to Migadops, should lead us to infer that some approximation had formerly existed between the Auckland and Falkland Islands and Tierra del Fuego. This, however, is the only genus that points directly to such an induction. The subject now awaiting elucidation is the affinity existing between the cole- opterous faunae of New Zealand and the Auckland Islands. That such relationship is real can be amply demonstrated by the following statements. Five genera — Mecodema, Diglymma, Oopterus, Liochoria, and Odontria — are, with but one exception, confined exclusively to these two groups of islands. The exception has been already alluded to — viz., the presence of three species of Meco- detna in the Australian region. These form one-fifth almost of the total number of genera found in the Auckland Islands. All but one are apterous. Namostygnus, Thomosis, Hycanus, Stilbodiscus, and Pactolotypus, as previously mentioned, are so nearly congeneric with an equal number of New Zealand insects that their metamorphoses might be easily accomplished ; whilst Synteratus, Keno- dactylus, and the large weevils Inocatoptes and Catodryobius are all more or less intimately allied to New Zealand genera. Pseiulhelops is also related, the home of Adelium being as much in New Zealand as Australia. If these be united to the five enumerated in the preceding paragraph the two series will amount to more than half of the southern fauna. The conclusion arrived at — inevitably, I think — after a rather exhaustive study of the Cdeoptera may be expressed in very few words. Assuming that a considerable area of land formerly extended from the Auckland Islands towards Patagonia, the New Zealand Islands must have formed a portion of it. As I have had no communication whatever with other naturalists on this sub- ject, or with those who may be engaged with separate contributions to this volume, it is probable that my views may not coincide with theirs. Coleoptera.1 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 81 LIST OF COLEOPTERA FROM THE SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. Locality. Author. Group Cnemacanthidae. 1. Mecodema hudsoni 2. Diglymma cnstigatum .3. Synteratus ovalis 4. Oopterus clivinoides 5. .. plicalicollis 6. ,. Iripunclntus 7. ,, marrineri 8. ,. tarsalis 9. ,, ehmgellw 10. Kenodndylus cnpito Group Anisodactylidae. H. Loxomerus nebrioides 12. .. ambi'/tiits 13. ,. jossulntus 14. .. cilicolUs 15. huttoni Group Anchomenidae. 16. Pristancyliis castaneus 17. ., brevis 18. Calaihtts rubrmnarginatu^ Group Aleocharidae. 19. Baeoslelkus chiltoni Group Omalidae. 20. Omalium venator Group Spheridiidae. 21. Namostygnits rufipes 22. Thomosis guanicola Group SiLPHIDAE. 23. Cataps avivorus Group Byrrhidae. 24. Morychug tumideUus . . 25. Linchma sumptuosa . . 26. ,, hngula Group Melolonthidae. 27. Odonlria longUarsis Group Helopiuae. 28. Pseudhelops tuherculntus 29. ,. quadricollis .30. posticalis . . 31. „ interruptus 6— S. The Snares Auckland Islands Carnley Harbour, Auckland Islands Campbell Island Auckland Islands Port Ross, Auckland Is Carnlev Harbour, ,, Auckland Islands )) Campbell Island Campbell Island Auckland Islands Bounty Island . . Auckland Islands The Snares Carnley Harbour, Auckland Islands Carnley Harbour, Auckland Islands The Snares Auckland Islands The Snares Campbell Island Broun. Guerin. Blanchard. Broun. Guerin. Broun. Blanchard. Broun. Broun. Broun. I) Broun. Broun. Broun. Guerin. Broun. 82 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Coleoptera. LIST OF COLEOPTERA FROM THE SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND— contt!. — Locality. Author. Group Otiorhynch 32. Catodryobim trslilus 33. „ benhami 34. „ Ulricus 35. „ enibescenji 36. „ grandis 37. Inocatoptes incertus . . 38. HHereris sculpt ipennw 39. „ laeviusculus idae. The Snares Enderby Island, Auckland Is. Carnley Harbour, »j »» Disappointment Island. „ Carnley Harbour. ., Adams Island, ., Broun. »> >» )» Group Rhyparosomidae. 40. Hycanus cnckaynei . . 4L ,, /rorUalis 42. Stilbodiscus setarius . . Auckland Islands Carnley Harbour, Auckland Is. Campbell Island Broun. »» Group Erirhinidae. 43. Erirhinus dracophyllae 44. Pactolotypus striatus Carnley Harbour, Auckland Is. Broun. Group Cryptorhynchidae. 45. Acalles piciventris 46. Pwhyderris punctivenlris Carnley Harbour, Auckland Is. Broun. Group CNEMACANTHIDAE. Mecodema, Blanchard. Body elongate, more or less convex. Head rather narrower than front of thorax. Eyes rounded and prominent. Labrum transverse, rounded in front. Mentum large, deeply emarginate, with a short median tooth, which is sometimes grooved near its apex. Palpi with elongate moderately thickened terminal joints, truncate at extremity. Mandibles robust, more or less elongated, the right with an inner tooth. Thorax cordiform. Elytra elongate, more or less oviform. Anterior tibiae dilated, strongly emarginated, and spined inwardly near the extremity, sometimes slightly prolonged externally at the apex ; the intermediate usually somewhat prominent externally at the apex ; the posterior simple. Tarsi with the basal 4 joints cordate, the outer angles of the first 3 slightly prominent in the male, nearly glabrous underneath. Antennae rather short, not attaining base of thorax, basal 3 articulations of nearly equal length, joints 5 to 11 pubescent. Oregus has almost securiform terminal joints to the maxillary and labial palpi. The tibiae are not angulate or produced at the extremity. In Metaglymma the palpi have moderately slender terminal joints ; these are rounded at the apex. The tibiae are dilated and strongly prominent at the extremity, and the antennae are very sparingly pubescent. I have not seen Blanchard's description, but the above details will define the genus with sufficient accuracy. Coleoptera.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OP NEW ZEALAND. 83 Mecodema hudsoni, sp. nov. (Plate III, fig. 5.) Elongate, glossy black, legs and antennae rufo-piceous, palpi rufescent. Head rather broad, with prominent eyes ; finely, sometimes indistinctly, punc- tured across its hind part ; frontal impressions large ; there are 2 or 3 rugae and 1 setigerous puncture near each eye, some longitudinal grooves in front, and a series of setigerous punctures at the apex of the broadly rounded labrum. Thorax cordi- form, one-seventh broader than long, very slightly emarginate at base and apex, lateral margins slightly crenulate, with several setigerous punctures ; it is but little rounded before the middle, but evidently, though not very abruptly, sinuously narrowed behind ; close to the base the sides are nearly straight, with obtuse angles ; disc almost quite smooth, the dorsal furrow well marked ; the usual frontal curvate impression is obsolete : there is, however, a fovea near each anterior angle, some- times another a little behind it ; the basal fossae are moderately large, and situated close to the sides and base ; this last is sometimes feebly strigose. Elytra very elongate-oval, regularly and deeply striate ; the 4 sutural striae on each elytron are finely yet distinctly punctured, the outer more distinctly but none very coarsely, the marginal punctures also are less coarse than usual ; 3rd and 5th interstices broader than the others on the disc ; these latter generally have 2 or 3 large punctures ; the 7th, 3 or 4. Legs rather slender, external apical angle of the front and intermediate tibiae slightly prominent. Antennae finely pubescent from the 5th joint onwards. Underside shining black and nearly smooth, there being only fine punctures on the flanks of the prosternum and very fine rugae on the ventral segments, each of which, except the terminal one, has 2 setigerous punctures on the middle ; in the male the terminal one has 2 on each side of the middle, at the apex. An elegant and distinct species, with elongate deeply sculptured elytra. S . Length, 12^-14 lines ; breadth, 4^-4^ lines. The Snares. Described from two specimens discovered by Mr. G. V. Hudson. DiGLYMMA, Sharp, 1886. Allied to Mecodema. Antennae short, moniliform, joints 5-11 pubescent. Palpi slender, terminal articulation slender, slightly thicker than its predecessor. Anterior tibiae mode- rately broad, straight externally, not at all produced apically. Tarsi short. The two species which I refer to this genus are allied to Metaglymma, from which they differ by the unproduced angle of the front tibiae, and by the strongly pubescent antennae, as well as by the mandibles, which in Metaglymma are elongate and have no seta in the scrobe, whereas in Diglymma the scrobe is setigerous. They have the terminal joint of the palpi more slender than in any other yet- described New Zealand Broscini, and in this respect differ strongly from Oregus, which also has front tibiae simple at the apex. Diglymma differs from Mecodema by the tibial structure, and by the shorter tarsi and more slender palpi. The above is an exact transcription of the original description. Ohs. — In my description of D. punctipenne, No. 1768, it was stated that the basal joints of the front tarsi were dilated " not at the outer angle only, but along the whole side." 84 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Coleopiera. The following notes appear in my description of D. tarsalis : Male — Anterior tarsi with fine setae at the sides, the basal 4 joints somewhat expanded, 3rd trans- versely cordiform ; the basal 2 largest, 2nd strongly transverse but not exactly cordate ; these two articulations broadly dilated inwardly, and provided underneath, at the inner side, with patches of grey spongelike pubescence. These notes on my two species not only define the actual structure of the male anterior tarsi, but incontestably prove that Dr. Sharp's genus is abundantly distinct, and, moreover, differentiated by structural characters that cannot well be mistaken. He, no doubt, had seen female specimens only. Diglymma castigatum, sp. nov. Stthcylindrical, medially narrowed, slightly convex, a little nitid ; black, legs rufo-piceous, palpi and antennae more rufescent. Head narrower than thorax, with well-marked frontal impressions, which, as well as the back part, are more or less finely punctured. Eyes only moderately prominent. Thorax apparently elongate, yet slightly broader than long, rather wider near the middle than elsewhere, its sides gently rounded, more narrowed towards the obsolete posterior angles ; the lateral margins fine but distinct, near the base they are a little sinuate and curved inwards^ so that there they do not limit the true sides, which are thus slightly uncovered ; apex truncate, base slightly incurved ; basal fossae small and nearly sulciform, situated at the sides but at some little distance from the base, the dorsal groove deep but not attaining the base or apex, sometimes a few fine punctures may be seen in front of the base. Elytra elongate, a little broader than the thorax ; in one specimen but little, in another very gradually yet a good deal, narrowed posteriorly ; one example has 8 series of fine but distinct punctures on each elytron, connected by extremely slender linear impressions which can hardly be termed striae, the other has more feebly impressed sculpture ; in both, at the base, there is a transverse series of rather coarse deep punctures, there are also 3 or 4 moderate punctures near each side. Antennae with very scanty pubescence, joints 4 to 10 moniliform, 11th ovate and acuminate. Tibiae not incrassate or prominent at the extremity, the intermediate coarsely setose ex- ternally. This is the smallest and most slender species. ? . Length, 3|-4J lines ; breadth, IJ-lf lines. The Snares ; two females. This is another of Mr. G. V. Hudson's discoveries. Synteratus, gen. nov. Body compact, elongate-oval, slightly convex, glabrous, apterous. Head rather narrower than front of thorax. Eyes longitudinally oval, just free from the thorax, not at all convex, distinctly faceted. Lahrum transverse, entire. Palpi setose, moderately elongate ; 2nd joint of the maxillary stout, elongate, arched externally ; 3rd elongate, slender at the base, gradually yet considerably dilated towards the extremity ; the terminal thick at the base, tapering towards the acuminate apex, it equals the preceding one in length ; terminal joint of the labial similar to that of the maxillary. Mentum bisetose, with a simple central tooth which is truncate in front. Antennae filiform, the basal 2 joints and half of the Coleoptera.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 85 3rd glabrous, the 2nd not much shorter than the 3rd. Thorax closely adapted to the base of the elytra. Scutellum invisible. Tarsi moderately elongate ; basal 2 joints of the anterior in the male dilated, the inner angle of each prolonged; 4th trans- verse, not in the least lobate, truncate at the extremity. In general contour this small member of the Carabidae somewhat resembles Longosternus semistriatus from Sierra Leone and our New Zealand Amarotypus, but the palpi and tarsi are essentially different, being, in fact, almost completely identical with those of our Antarctic Oopterus. There is on each elytron, near the extremity, a curvate carina similar to that of an Oopterus, but which is lacking in Amarotypus. The scutellum is distinct in these two genera, in Synteratu^ it is concealed. The sternal structure resembles that of Amarotypus, but the whole underside is more elevated longitudinally. The anterior coxae are less prominent, the posterior are narrower at the apex and not marginated, and the trochanters are more exposed and elongated. The mesosternum is decidedly longer, and mstead of being depressed in front is sharply ridged along the middle. The prosternum is deeply grooved along the middle as far as the back part of the coxae, where it ends, and in place of being simply incurved is deeply emarginate in front but quite truncate in the middle. The metasternum is broadly channelled longitudinally instead of being almost unimpressed. The above details sufficiently indicate the complex structure and affinities of the type, which, though one of the smallest, is assuredly one of the most interesting insects brought to light by the members of the expedition. Synteratus ovalis, sp. nov. (Plate V, fig. 1.) Shining, cupreo-fuscous tinged with red ; the head, apex of thorax, the suture, and margins of elytra rufescent ; legs, antennae, and palpi testaceous. Head slightly transversely convex, densely and minutely sculptured, the inter- antennal suture straight : clypeus truncate in front, with 2 obvious setigerous punc- tures ; front of labrum with 6 ; there is another conspicuous one near the back of each eye : frontal impressions rather shallow. Thorax of the same width as the elytra at the base, finely margined laterally, gently yet considerably narrowed anteriorly ; posterior angles rectangular but not acute, the anterior not at all prominent ; it is one-third broader than long, moderately convex, but somewhat depressed towards the front angles ; the dorsal furrow does not reach the apex, there are 4 shallow foveae near the base and a few indistinct punctures and feeble rugae, the surface is even more minutely sculptured than the head, and there are only mere vestiges of transverse striae. Elytra distinctly marginated and channelled at the sides, gradually narrowed posteriorly ; their striae are moderately well defined but their punctuation is not, interstices nearly quite plane, the 3rd tripunctate, there are about 8 marginal punctures ; the carina is very slender at the apex, where it forms the margin, and extends forwards until merged with the 6th interstice before reach- ing the hind thigh. Tibiae straight, the anterior rounded at the extremity and bearing 3 or 4 short and rather coarse setae, the others setose. Posterior tarsi more slender and elongate than the intermediate, the basal and terminal joints of nearly equal length, the 4th entire. J . Length, 2 lines ; breadth, | line. 86 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Voleoplera. Female. — Underside shining coppery-brown, the last 3 ventral segments paler; the prosterniun, coxae, and trochanters reddish ; the intermediate ventral segments with 2 fine setigerous punctures, the terminal with 4 at the extremity, which is broadly rounded, and, like the preceding two, impressed near each side. It is from the reversed specimen of this sex that the structure of the underside has been studied. ? . Length, 2| lines ; breadth, 1 line. The Snares. We are indebted to Mr. Hudson for this valuable little beetle. OoPTERUS, Guerin-Menev. Palpi elongate ; 2nd joint of the maxillary broad, strongly arched externally, nearly straight inwardly ; 3rd about as long as the preceding one, slender near the base, gradually dilated apically, straight outwardly, arcuate inwardly ; the terminal also elongate, thick at the base, tapering towards the acuminate extremity ; pen- ultimate joint of the labial stout, the terminal attached at right angles to the apex of its predecessor, elongate, and tapering towards the extremity. Mentum deeply emarginate, with a simple prominent median tooth, the outer lobes acute ; it bears 2 elongate setae at each side. Ligula angulate at the extremity, with a projecting seta there. Antennae filiform, reaching backwards beyond the base of the thorax ; the basal 2 joints and basal half of the 3rd glabrous, but provided with one or more outstanding setae ; the succeeding ones more or less densely pubescent and setose ; 2nd articulation about as long as the exposed part of the 1st, not as stout as it is ; 3rd quite as long or longer than the preceding one. There are 2 setigerous punctures alongside each eye, 2 on the forehead, 1 at each side of the thorax near the middle, and another at each posterior angle. The sutural margin of the elytra is bent outwards at the extremity and prolonged for- wards near the side as a distinct carina. Afafe.- -Anterior tibiae notched inwardly, incrassate, but not prolonged at the apex. Tarsi setose, the front with feeble squamae, or spongy, underneath ; basal 2 joints moderately dilated and prolonged at inner angles, the 1st oblong or sub- quadrate, the 2nd cordiform ; the 3rd and 4th but little expanded, both subcordate ; intermediate tarsi simple. Female. — Basal joint of anterior tarsi stout and oblong, joints 2 to 4 cordiform and about as broad as the 3rd and 4th of the male. The above description has been drawn up from specimens from Carnley Harbour, and substituted for the original one. Oopterus cHvinoides, Guerin. Shining, dark brown. Head oblong, narrower than the thorax, smooth, with 2 broad longitudinal grooves between the antennae. Antennae and palpi yellowish-brown. Thorax convex, cordate, margined, with a feeble median groove, a few fine transverse striae near the sides, with a rather large fossa near each posterior angle, and a few longi- tudinal striae at the basal margin, Scutellum triangular. Elytra much broader than the thorax, especially near the middle, rather convex, quite oval, smooth and Coleoptera.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 87 shining, with lightly impressed finely punctured striae, nearly obsolete at the sides, the interstices flattened ; the external and sutural margins nearly fulvous brown. Legs brownish. Abdomen nearly black. Length, 5 mm. Hob. — Auckland Islands. The above is an essentially correct translation of Guerin's description. None of the few specimens placed at my disposal agree with it. Oopterus plicaticollis, Blanchard. Piceo-aeneous ; head oblong, bisulcate ; antennae piceous, reddish at base ; thorax cordate, convex, transversely pUcate ; elytra arched, smooth, striate-punctate. Smaller than O. divinoides, thorax narrower, elytra broader, body bronzed brown. Head oblong, narrower than the thorax, with wide interantennal grooves. Antennae blackish-brown, the first 3 articulations fulvous, as are also the palpi. Thorax convex, cordate, margined, with a well-marked median groove, a very large cavity near each posterior angle, and a few fine transverse ridges. Elytra broad, perfectly oviform, smooth, shining, bronzed brown like the other parts of the body, with well-marked finely punctured striae, the interstices narrow, the margins rufo- fuscous near the extremity. Legs light-reddish. Abdomen nigro -fuscous, the ex- tremity rufescent. Length, 4-5 mm. Hah. — Auckland Islands. The remarks appended to the description of 0. divinoides are applicable to this species also. Unfortunately, we cannot examine the types. Oopterus tripunctatus, sp. nov. Shining, fusco-niger, the suture and posterior margins of elj^tra rufescent, legs infuscate-fulvous, basal 3 joints of antennae red, the others darker. Palpi rufo- testaceous. Head as long as, and, including the eyes, nearly as broad as, the middle of thorax, being only one-sixth narrower ; the forehead has 2 setigerous punctures and a small central fovea, it is slightly incurved in front ; at each side there is a narrow groove separated from the large frontal impressions by an obtuse elevation ; there are 2 setigerous punctures near each side — one near the middle of the eye, the other behind it ; its whole surface is densely and very minutely sculptured. Labrum with 6 apical setigerous punctures. Eyes large and prominent, with distinct facets. Antennae pubescent from the middle of the 3rd joint onwards. Thorax subtruncate at base and apex, its sides finely but distinctly margined, rounded, rather wider just before the middle than elsewhere, more narrowed behind than in front, with rectangular but not sharply defined or prominent posterior angles ; the basal fossae are large and extend forwards for one-third of the whole length, the intervening basal space is slightly depressed, and marked with short fine longitudinal striae and a few fine punctures ; the median groove rather fine, and not always prolonged to the apex ; there are no definite lateral striae, and those across the middle of the disc are very feebly impressed ; it is nearly as long as broad. Scwtdlum sub- triangular. Elytra broadly oval, not double the width of thorax, with lateral channels and margins ; these become obsolete where the wide sinuous posterior contraction d8 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALANI). [Coteoplera. begins ; apices individually rounded but not dehiscent at the suture, the shoulders almost obliquely narrowed ; the sutural striae and their fine punctures are well marked, but do not reach the base ; at each side of the scutellar region there is usually a rather deep oblique groove ; the other striae are visible, but become obsolete towards the sides, along which punctures only are seen ; the 3rd interstices are tripunctate ; the posterior carina does not extend further than the top of the declivity. Tibiae straight, finely setose. Underside subopaque, dark, without obvious sculpture. Female. — One setigerous puncture at each side of the middle, at the apex, of the terminal ventral segment. S ? . Length, 2| lines ( = at least 6 mm.) ; breadth, l^ lines. Carnley Harbour. Both sexes from Mr. Hudson. Obs. — This cannot be either of the preceding species, because, independently of other details, their descriptions make no mention of the 3 intestitial punctures, and, as these are much more conspicuous than those of the elytral striae, it would be absurd to suppose that they had pass unnoticed. The name " clivinoides " it- self, if it means anything at all, implies an elongate narrow form, just the reverse of what the actual measurements prove 0. tripunctatus to be. Oopterus marrineri, sp. no v. (Plate V, fig. 3.) Nititl, nigro-piceous ; the front and sides of the head, the base and sides of the thorax, and the suture and lateral margins of the elytra rufescent ; legs and antennae ferruginous ; tarsi and palpi rufo-testaceous. Head, including the eyes, one-fifth narrower than the widest part of the thorax, subovate, a little compressed or constricted behind, so that the ocular orbits appear swollen ; the frontal impressions long and broad, the groove near each eye also rather broad, the interval ridged ; it has the common setigerous punctures. Thorax rather short, one-fifth broader than long, widest before the middle, gradually and more narrowed behind than in front, posterior angles acutely rectangular but not projecting, base truncate, apex sometimes feebly incurved but not causing any prominence of the front angles ; lateral margins well developed, with fine but distinct channels ; discoidal sulcus rather fine, and abbreviated in front ; basal fossae large, rather broad, not very deep, not prolonged forwards, and with an indistinct lateral plica near the outer margin of each ; the baSal area is without punctures or striae ; the disc exhibits only feebly impressed transverse striae, but in one specimen 2 or 3 small fovae. Elytra oblong-oval, evidently less than twice the width of the thorax ; their striae distinct and finely punctured, but less so near the sides ; 3rd interstices tripunctate. This differs from 0. tripunctatus by the smaller eyes but more enlarged orbits ; by the more quadrate and perceptibly less-rounded thorax with well-developed lateral channels ; by the more oblong, distinctly narrower, and more obviously striate elytra ; besides differences in sculpture. The dense minute sculpture of the head is more apparent, near the eyes especially. S . Length, 2^ lines ; breadth, | line. Campbell Island. It bears the name of its discoverer, Mr. G. R. Marriner. Coleoplera.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 89 Oopterus tarsalis, sp. nov. Shining, pitchy-black, labrum and mandibles rufescent, palpi testaceous, legs also testaceous or slightly infuscate, basal 2 joints of antennae shining ferruginous, the remaining joints dark and opaque. Head as long and almost as broad as the thorax, constricted behind the eyes, the frontal impressions like those of O. marrineri. Thorax apparently narrow, in reality slightly broader than long, its sides almost evenly rounded, yet more but only gradually narrowed backwards than in front, posterior angles rectangular ; dorsal groove very fine, sometimes indistinct near the front ; the basal fossae large, not prolonged anteriorly, the base without distinct punctures or rugae, the disc very vaguely transversely striate. Elytra oval, nearly double the breadth of the thorax, almost obliquely narrowed near the base, the lateral margins and channels well developed ; their striae well marked and finely punctured, but becoming finer towards the sides ; the space just in front of the posterior carina almost quite smooth ; 3rd interstices with 3 or 4 punctures. Most nearly resembles O. tripunctatus, from Carnley Harbour, but the thorax seems narrower ; its lateral rims and channels, however, are more distinct. The elytra, though similar in shape, are evidently, instead of being somewhat feebly, striate. The basal 2 joints of the antennae are very perceptibly differentiated from the following opaque ones, and the basal 2 articulations of the male anterior tarsi, though dilated, are much less prominent at the inner angles. This last characteristic and the oval elytra at once distinguish it from 0. marrineri. g . Length, 2^ lines ; breadth, 1 line. Campbell Island. We are indebted to Mr. Marriner for this species also. Oopterus elongellus, sp. nov. Body rather elongate, nitid, piceous ; front of head, sides and base of thorax, and the elytral suture and margins more or less piceo-rufous ; the legs and 3 basal joints of antennae chestnut-red, remaining joints darker, palpi fulvescent. Head ovate, as long as the thorax but not quite so wide as it is ; labrum, epistome, and mandibles red ; frontal impressions broad ; the groove near each eye also broad, but rather indefinite, owing to the presence of 2 or 3 longitudinal rugae ; the carina somewhat flattened ; ocular orbits dilated, and a little prolonged backwards, so that the back of the head seems somewhat abruptly constricted. Thorax subquadrate, hardly broader than long, slightly wider before the middle than it is elsewhere, moderately rounded towards the front, very gradually and not sinuously narrowed backwards, hind angles rectangular, base truncate, apex very slightly emarginated ; lateral margins distinct, but the channels extremely narrow ; discoidal furrow well marked, but not attaining the front ; the transversal striae feebly impressed ; basal fossae large, but not extended forwards, its base slightly rugose. Elytra rather elongate, oblong-oval, a good deal narrowed pos- teriorly, shoulders rounded, lateral margins and channels moderately developed, not very broad ; their striae well marked and finely punctured except near the apex ; the carinae are present, fine and distinct at the extremity but becoming obsolete within a short distance from the apices. 90 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Coleoptera. An easily recognised species, owing to its proportionally narrow outline, well- impressed elytral grooves, and the relatively small eyes scarcely protruding beyond their dilated and posteriorly prolonged orbits. 2 . Length, 3^ lines ; breadth, Ij line. Campbell Island ; one female only. The third species brought to light by Mr. Marriner. Kenodactylus, gen. nov. Body depressed, head very large, elytra oviform, apices subtruncate. Mandibles curvate, ridged above, elongate, broad and explanate near the base, curved and acute at apex ; the right inwardly angularly dilated between the base and the middle, with a median tooth ; the left abruptly angulate near the base. Labrum transverse, with a deep median semicircular excision, its angles rounded, each with a conspicuous setigerous puncture, the emargination with 4 smaller ones. Forehead truncate in front, with 2 setigerous punctures near each side, the interantennal suture curvate. Eyes distinctly faceted ; rather small, only moderately prominent, lateral, distant from thorax. Antennae inserted at the sides before the eyes, reaching backwards beyond the base of thorax, filiform, joints 3-11 pubescent, each with a short basal stalk, the basal 2 and base of 3rd with setae only, the 1st much stouter and a third longer than 2nd, 3rd rather longer than 4th. Mentum large, deeply emarginate, bisetose, with a short triangular central tooth. Ligvla not free, nearly invisible, with outstanding frontal setae. Maxillary falfi elongate and stout, 2nd joint arched externally and subclavate, the penultimate gradually dilated ; terminal almost as long as 3rd, tapering towards but not acute at the extremity ; labial with similar terminal articulations, the 2nd bisetose. Anterior coxae prominent, placed close to the hind margin of the prosternum, the intervening process of moderate width ; intermediate similarly separated ; posterior trochanters subcylindrical but stout. Abdomen with 5 nearly equal segments, the last with 2 setigerous punctures at the apex, near each side and distant from the middle. Legs rather slender ; anterior tibiae very deeply emarginated inwardly below the middle. Male. — Anterior tarsi with the basal 2 joints widely dilated inwardly, with slightly prominent angles, the 2nd strongly transverse and nearly as long as the exposed upper portion of the 1st, these two with some grey squamae on the expanded parts underneath ; 3rd joint rather small and unsymmetrical, being a little prominent at the inner angle : 4th joint also small, not truly bilobed, having only a short frontal excavation, at the external angle an attached horny lobe proceeds half-way alongside and underneath the 5th joint, whilst featherlike grey setae extend to the extremity of the terminal one. Intermediate tarsi slightly dilated, 1st joint oblong but not the length of the following 2 combined, 5th elongate. Posterior pair longest, their basal articulation as elongate as the terminal one. The 4th joint of both the middle and hind pairs, at the inner angle, have the same corneous protuberance and feathery setae as the corresponding joint of the front pair. All the tarsi bear a few coarse setae above and at the sides, but there is no brushlike vestiture underneath. Claws simple. Terminal segment of abdomen uncovered. The presence of squamae on the expanded parts of the basal joints of the tarsi prevents the location of this genus in the Anisodactylidae. The thorax and elytra Coleoptera.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 91 much resemble the New Zealand Demetrida picea, but the head is more like that of the European Anopthnlmus bilimeki, both of which belong to separate and entirely different groups. The structure of the tarsi and palpi indicates a transitional form and ally of Oopterus and Loxomerus. The emargination of the labrum approaches that of Dicrochile. It seems evident, therefore, that here we have another curious Antarctic genus which is utterly unlike any of the Northern Hemisphere. Kenodactylus capito, sp. nov. (Plate V, fig. 2.) Subopaque, fusco-piceous, the head and suture of elytra more or less piceo-rufous, the legs and basal joint of antennae rufo-testaceous, remaining joints piceous, palpi fulvescent. Head as broad as front of thorax, and, including the mandibles, nearly twice as long as it is ; the genae swollen, so that the back part seems somewhat abruptly and a good deal contracted ; the frontal depressions are broad and deep, and extend almost from the front of the forehead to beyond the back of the eye ; there is no distinct groove or carina alongside the eye, and only one setigerous puncture ; there is, however, another behind each longitudinal depression, but no other evident sculp- ture. Thorax widest near the front, its sides slightly rounded there, rather gradu- ally narrowed behind ; the base subtruncate but a little oblique towards the sides, so that the angles are not exactly rectangular ; the lateral margins are well developed and reflexed, the channels distinct, the apex subtruncate ; it is rather broader than long, nearly flat, with feeble transverse striae behind the middle and near the sides ; the median groove is well marked throughout ; there are, near the middle, 2 con- spicuous punctiform foveae ; there are no basal fossae ; there is 1 setae at each side near the front, and another at the hind angle. Scutellum triangular. Elytra mar- ginated and channelled like the thorax to within a short distance of the extremity, the apical margin indistinct but bent forward near each side as a feeble carina ; on each there are 3 shallow impunctate striae which are more or less effaced near the base and apex, and 3 setigerous punctures on the 3rd interstice, 1 in line with the hind thigh, 2 at the apex, and about 9 along the side ; their surface is almost flat and minutely coriaceous ; at the middle they are nearly double the width of the thorax, the shoulders, however, are curvedly narrowed. ^ . Length, 2J lines ; breadth, | line. Campbell Island. Captured by Professor Chilton on the beach between high- and low- water marks. Described from a single specimen ; female incog. Group ANISODACTYLIDAE. Loxomerus, Chaudoir. Bod)/ apterous. Mentum transverse, strongly emarginated, with a large median tooth which is rounded at the apex, lateral lobes divergent, with a minute terminal tooth. Ligula nearly membranous, somewhat prominent, widened and ciliated in front. Paraglossae short, partly concealed by the mentum-tooth. Palpi elongate, filiform, terminal joint subcylindrical, a little obliquely truncate at the extremity. Mandibles short, broad near the base, depressed, arched and rather acute at the extremity, the lower margin carinate. Labrum transversal, entire. Epistome short, 92 SOBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [ColeopUtra. incurved in front. Eyes slightly prominent. Antennae reaching backwards beyond base of thorax, filiform ; basal articulation large, stout, and oval ; 2nd short ; 3rd and 4th equal. Thorax cordiform, base and apex truncate. Elytra ample, broader than thorax at the base, oval, rather convex, rounded posteriorly. Legs rather long. Tibiae slender, the anterior strongly emarginated. Anterior tarsi of the male with brushlike soles, the basal 4 joints strongly dilated and cordiform ; those of the intermediate more triangular and elongated ; the 4th joint prolonged at the inner angle as an elongate lobe. The above is my translation of the description given by Lacordaire (Hist, des Ins. Coleopt., torn, i, p. 275). The genus was instituted by Guerin under the name Heterodactylus, which, being preoccupied, was replaced by Chaudoir's Loxomerus. Loxomerus nebrioides, Guerin. Shining black. Head smooth, with 2 wide fossae in front ; mandibles with one tooth, the margins widened, reddish, and slightly transparent. Antennae longer than the head and thorax, the first 4 joints smooth and shining, the second shortest, the others downy. Thorax cordate, truncated in front and behind, smooth, finely margined, with a longitudinal groove in the middle, a feeble transverse impression in front, and two rather deep fossae behind, near the hind angles. Scutdlum rounded, slightly rugose. Elytra oval, of the width of thorax at base, without humeral projections, feebly margined, widest in the middle, smooth, and with 9 striae on the disc, but nearly obliterated on the sides ; these striae do not all reach the end, the 2nd especially stops a little beyond the middle, and on the outer margin are some impressions most marked behind ; beneath and legs smooth. Length, 1\ lines to 8 lines. Hah. — Auckland Islands. As I have not the original description, Dr. Benham kindly forwarded the above copy of that given by White (Voy. Ereb. Terr.), no doubt an essentially correct translation of the original. Loxomerus ambiguus, sp. nov. Shining piceo-niger ; the back of the head, lateral margins of thorax, the shoulders, and an oblique subapical space on the elytra more or less rufescent ; legs, palpi, and basal 4 joints of antennae shining piceo-rufous, remaining joints of these last opaque and pubescent. Head, including the moderately prominent eyes, as wide as front of thorax, narrowed anteriorly, its surface not smooth, the broad interocular impressions being wrinkled ; on the middle, in front of these, the rugae almost represent an enlarged asterisk ; the hind portion, especially behind the eyes, is irregularly and finely but quite perceptibly wrinkled ; the dilated sides of the mandibles are rufescent and semitransparent ; the forehead has an almost- vertical frontal slope, but its apex is truncate. Thorax about one-third broader than long, widest just before the middle, moderately rounded towards the slightly projecting but obtuse anterior angles, a good deal sinuate-angustate behind, posterior angles rectangular, lateral margins well developed ; the median longitudinal groove distinct, but not attaining the base or apex ; basal fossae rather large and deep, near each side at the middle Coleoptera.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OP NEW ZEALAND. 93 there is an elongate curved feeble impression, and an equally indistinct transverse one near the front ; the disc is more or less irregularly and finely striated across. Scutdlum short and broad, nearly smooth. Elytra oval, rather widest behind, gradu- ally narrowed towards the base, the shoulders, however, are distinctly broader than the base of the thorax ; lateral rims fine but distinct ; the 4 or 5 inner striae on each are well marked, the outer rather feebly, 8th and 9th obsolete, the 2nd terminates at the summit of the posterior declivity ; these striae when carefully examined are seen to be very finely punctured ; interstices broad, nearly smooth, the 7th ends at some distance from the base. Leqs elongate and slender. Tibiae sparingly setose. The basal joint of anterior tarsi subtriangular, 2nd and 3rd cordate, 4th moderately prolonged at inner angle, the corresponding joint of the 2 hind pairs more evidently elongated at the outer angle. $ . Length, 1^ hues ; breadth, 2 lines. Port Ross. Mr. Hudson's unique specimen, mounted on cardboard, appeared to me at first sight to be L. nehrioides, but more prolonged study revealed discrepancies, so it was considered advisable to draw up such a description as would enable any one to identify it. The type of L. nehrioides is quite inaccessible to students in New Zealand, and very probably to entomologists in Britain also. Loxomerus fossulatus, sp. no v. (Plate V, fig. 4.) Body slightly shining, fusco-piceous, the sides of the thorax and eljrtra some- what rufescent, femora piceous, tibiae and tarsi pitchy -red, palpi fulvescent. Head, including the eyes, almost as broad as the front of thorax, nearly as long as it is, moderately narrowed anteriorly. Labrum transverse, truncate in front, with 6 setigerous punctures. Epistome widely incurved, with a large setigerous puncture near each side ; interocular impressions broad and very shallow, the space behind the suture finely and irregularly wrinkled ; there is only one puncture, near the inner and back part of each eye. Mandibles dilated but nearly straight at the sides, reddish and semitransparent there, curved at extremity. Eyes finely faceted, moderately prominent, subrotundate, not very distant from thorax. Antennae filiform, extending beyond base of thorax, basal 4 joints glabrous, 3rd slightly longer than 4th, 2nd distinctly shorter than 3rd, the 1st stout and cyUndrical, joints 5 to 11 pubescent, of nearly equal length, 11th elongate-oval. Thorax one-sixth broader than long, its sides finely but distinctly marginated, rounded, widest near the middle, a good deal sinuated and narrowed behind, posterior angles rectangular and a little obtuse ; base and apex subtruncate, the anterior angles, though obtuse, are slightly prominent ; its whole surface, like that of the head, densely and very minutely coriaceous, median furrow distinct but not attaining the apex ; basal fossae large, rather deep and elongate ; in line with each of these a disconnected shallow impression extends forwards ; there are not any distinct transverse striae. Scutellum but little exposed. Elytra slightly convex, oblong-oval, not much narrowed posteriorly, and without any trace of sinuosity there, rather finely margined ; the shoulders rounded, yet rather broader than base of thorax ; their striae rather fine, yet quite obvious, apparently impunctate, less distinct near the sides ; the 2nd striae terminate at the top of the posterior declivity, the 3rd and 7th interstices do not reach the base. Anterior tibiae distinctly dilated at the extremity so as to cover the base of the Ist 94 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Cnleoptern. tarsal joint, with one apical calcar and another at the notch of the inner edge ; the intermediate a little arcuate, bicalcarate at apex, sparsely setose ; posterior slender and elongate. ^ . Length, 4J lines ; breadth, 2 lines. Carnley Harbour. One specimen, on cardboard, from Mr. Hudson. Though doubts may exist respecting L. mnhiguus, there can be none as to the validity of this species, as, independently of its small size, the thorax is differently formed, being more deeply sinuate near the base, with the posterior angles, though rather more obtuse, yet more, though but slightly, prominent. The enlarged 2nd and 3rd joints of the front tarsi are very perceptibly different, both, the 3rd par- ticularly, being unmistakably transverse, whilst those of the intermediate are less triangular and elongate — quite cordiform, in fact. No one seems to have secured a single example of the female of any of the species of this genus. Loxomerus cilicollis, Broun. Subopaqtie, fusco-piceous, with a large fusco-testaceous space near the extremity of the elytra, legs pitchy -red, palpi ferruginous, antennae rufescent. Head finely and irregularly rugose, with shallow indefinite frontal impressions. Thorax similar to that of L. fossulatus, but the basal fossae are very shallow, usually perhaps almost indistinct, its hind angles a little more sharply defined. Elytra similarly sculptured ; the 3rd and 7th interstices are insulated before the middle and consequently do not reach the base, whilst the 2nd striae end near the apical declivity ; they are decidedly longer and more narrowed towards the base. The front tarsi of the male also differ, their dilated joints being more cordiform and less transverse, like those of the larger L. ambiguus, whilst the intermediate tibiae are nearly as straight and slender as the posterior. The front of the thorax is finely ciliate in both species. ^ . Length, 5j lines ; breadth, 2f lines. Carnley Harbour. One mutilated specimen, the description of which appeared in Trans. N.Z. Inst., 190L Loxomerus huttoni, Broun. Body rufo-piceous, slightly nitid, legs pitchy-red, antennae and palpi paler. Head finely rugose, not short. Thorax about as long as broad, widest near the middle, only moderately rounded there ; anterior angles slightly prominent, the basal rect- angular, and, owing to the large deep fossae, appearing as if slightly elevated ; the median dorsal groove is distinct. SctUellum short. Elytra oblong-oval, rather broad, with fine, regular, impunctate striae ; interstices simple. In this species the eyes are less prominent and more distant from the thoracic margin than in L. cilicollis. The thorax is rather longer, and differs in shape ; its sides are quite obviously marginated, and the basal foveae are large and deeply impressed. The elytra also differ in contour, owing chiefly to being less narrowed towards the shoulders. S . Length, 5 lines ; breadth, 2^ lines. Coletyptera.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 95 Carnley Harbour ; found under a stone ; one only. Preserved in the Canterbury Museum. This species has been named in honour of its discoverer. The description was published along with that of the preceding one ; the type I have not seen since 1901. Group ANCHOMENIDAE. Pristancylus, Blanchard. Body oblong, perceptibly convex. Head short and broad. Mandibles stout, flattened above, moderately acute at the extremity. Terminal joint of the palpi oval, somewhat truncate at the extremity. Mentum trilobate, the median shorter than the others and rounded at the apex. Antennae moderately thick, the 1st articulation stout, the 3rd as short as the succeeding ones. Thorax cordate. Elytra oval, rounded at the extremity. Anterior tibiae strongly notched. This genus, formed for the reception of two species collected at the Auckland Islands, approaches Pristonychus and Sphodrus, but is distinguished from both by the enlarged head and the abbreviation of the Ist articulations of the antennae. Pristancylus castaneus, Blanchard. Oblong, slightly convex, brilliant dark chestnut. Head almost as broad as long, with 2 small unequal interocular foveae. An- tennae nigro-fuscous, the 1st articulations shining, the others dull. Thorax cordate, smooth, its sides finely margined, with a fine median groove joining an anterior one, which is transverse and moderately distant from the margin. Elytra oblong, a little broader than the thorax, finely striated and feebly punctured, with 1 row of large marginal punctures ; the interstices perfectly smooth. Legs of the same colour as the body, or slightly brighter. Length, 16 mm. Hab. — Auckland Islands. Pristancylus brevis, Blanchard. Shorter and relatively broader than the preceding, especially posteriorly. Wholly rather brilliant black. Head as broad as long, with a very feeble depression near each eye. Antennae brownish-black. Thorax short, broad, more convex than in the preceding species, with a very slight rather indistinct median groove. Elytra oval, nearly twice the width of the thorax, with somewhat fine but little-punctured striae ; on each side there is a row of large punctures ; interstices perfectly smooth and flat. Legs and tarsi reddish-brown. Length, 14 mm. Hab. — Auckland Islands. Obs. — Neither of these species having been found by our expedition, translations of the original descriptions have been given. The generic diagnosis does not point out very clearly how these species differ in structure from Pristonychus. Calathus, Bonelli. Mentum large, deeply emarginated, with a strong bifid median tooth. Ligula rounded in front. Last joint of the palpi subcylindric, truncate at the extremity. 96 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Coleopera. Mandibles a little prominent, feebly arcuate, acute at apex. Lnbrum transverse, entire. Head oval, slightly narrowed beliind. Eyes rather large and a little promi- nent. Antennae filiform, as long as the head and thorax ; 1st joint stout, cylindric ; 2nd short ; 3rd rather longer than its successors, which are about equal. Thorax usually longer than broad, as wide as elytra at the base, a little narrowed anteriorly. Elytra oval or oblong, slightly convex, generally not sinuate near the apices. Legs moderate. Tibiae spinose. Tarsi glabrous above, the first 3 joints of the anterior in the males strongly dilated, triangular or cordiform, and subequal ; the 4 pos- terior grooved externally. Claws finely denticulate, comblike, inwardly. Body usually narrowed towards both front and rear. The above is my translation of Lacordaire's description on page 342, torn, i, Hist, des Ins. Coleopt. Calathus rubromarginatus, Blanchard. Nitid, fuscous ; palpi and antennae obscurely rufescent ; thorax broad, its sides broadly rufescent ; elytra striate, interstices very smooth. Body broad, dark glossy brown. Head blackish, very slightly excavated near each eye. Palfi reddish. Antennae brown, pubescent. Thorax very broad, flat or hardly convex, with the posterior markings pecuUar to this genus very little marked, brilliant blackish-brown, its sides distinctly reddish. Elytra very slightly convex, of exactly the same width as the thorax at the base, of a bright-brown colour, the lateral margins reddish, with fine obsoletely punctured striae, interstices perfectly smooth. Legs of the same colour as the body. This species in general form approaches C. fuscus, Fabr., but the body is more parallel-sided. Length, 10-11 mm. Hah. — Auckland Islands. Obs. — As I have not seen any species of this genus from the Auckland Islands, an interpretation of the old description is all that is available. Group ALEOCHARIDAE. Baeostethus, gen. nov. Body very elongate. Head subrotundate, with a short narrow muzzle. Thorax cordate-quadrate. Elytra very short. Hind-body very elongate. Eyes minute. Mentum very large, slightly eraarginate in front. Labial palfi rather short ; basal 2 joints cylindric, equally elongate ; 3rd slender and nearly the length of the penultimate. Maxillary folfi setose ; basal joint small ; 2nd stout and elongate, gradually thickened ; 3rd inserted at apex of the preceding one but so as to be at a right angle to it, rather longer than 2nd, gradually incrassate towards and truncate at the apex ; 4th joint small, aciculate. Mandibles stout, rather short, acutely curvate at extremity, with 3 inner teeth. Antennae inserted at the sides of the forehead, in front of the eyes ; basal 3 joints stout and elongate, narrowed towards the base ; 2nd articulation a little shorter than 1st, but slightly longer than 3rd ; 4th oblong ; 5th and 6th oviform ; 7th and 8th slightly broader than preceding one; 9th and 10th subquadrate ; 11th oblong-oval. Tarsi filiform, the posterior pentamerous, intermediate quadriarticulate, the anterior seemingly also Coleoptera.] SUBANTAECTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 97 4- jointed but so short and compact and thickly setose that the basal joints cannot be distinguished separately. Claws elongate, simple. All the coxae elongate, pro- minent, and contiguous. Prosternum corneous across the middle, membranous elsewhere. The ligida appears to be simple and aciculate. Notwithstanding the elongation of the body, the metasternum is so excessively reduced that the intermediate and posterior coxae are in actual contact. This character of itself is distinctive. Baeostethus chiltoni, sp. nov. (Plate V, fig. 7.) Subopaque, finely pubescent ; head and elytra obscure infuscate red ; thorax, legs, and antennae fusco-testaceous ; hind-body fuscous or nigrescent, the seg- ments with a short pallid basal membrane. Head broadly rounded, somewhat de- pressed on the middle, closely and very minutely punctate, with 2 small indistinct median foveae. Forehead rather abruptly narrowed, short, medially convex, nearly smooth and shining, with a setigerous fovea at each side, truncate and with a short grey membrane in front. Lahrum prominent, rounded and bearing fine yellow setae in front. Eyes minute, situated at the sides in front, depressed, hardly dis- cernible. There is no neck. Thorax widest in front, gradually narrowed back- wards ; base truncate, apex feebly and broadly curvate ; it is without definite lateral margins ; the angles are nearly rectangular ; there is a feeble median impression behind ; its surface is finely and closely punctured, and bears slender greyish and infuscate pubescence. Scutellum large and broad. Elytra abbreviated, shorter than thorax, each strongly rounded and finely margined at the base so as to be oblique towards the suture, apices subtruncate yet almost oblique inwardly, their sides curvedly narrowed towards the base ; their surface dull, the sculpture concealed by the pubescence, but consisting apparently of very minute distant granules. Hind-body very elongate, broadly marginated, the basal 5 segments transversal, each however becoming rather longer than its predecessor, 6th with short styles, 7th narrow and testaceous, all finely and moderately closely punctured and pubes- cent. Legs slender. Femora and tibiae ciliated with fine greyish setae. Length, 2^ lines ; breadth, quite f line. Campbell Island. Named in honour of Professor Chilton, to whom we are indebted for the dis- covery of this and some other species. Group OMALIDAE. Omalium, Gravenh. Mentum transversal, a little narrowed and truncated at apex. Ligida bilobed, its lobes rounded. Labial falfi with the 2nd joint short, the 1st and 3rd equal ; the 2nd of the maxillary moderately long, 3rd short, the apical more or less elongate and almost acuminate. Lobes of the maxillae membranous ; the external slightly longer than the internal, ciliated at the extremity. Mandibles short, unarmed. Lahrum transversal, furnished with a short membranous border, and ciliated in front. Head trigonal, provided with a rather distinct neck. Eyes moderate, rounded, prominent ; ocelli situated near the margin of the eyes. Antennae gradually thick- ened towards the extremity; the basal joint longer and stouter than the others; 7-S. 98 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Coleoptera. 2nd and 3rd obconical, subequal ; joints 4-10 of variable form, in general gradually becoming transverse ; 1 1th short, oval. Prothorax usually narrower than the elytra, transversal. Elytra covering the base of the abdomen. Abdomen more or less elongate, rounded posteriorly, strongly margined laterally. Legs rather short. Tibiae very finely spinose. Tarsi short, their 4 basal joints very short, equal to one another, the apical as long as or longer than the others taken together. Bodi/ oblong or elongate, depressed, smooth or finely pubescent, winged. Translated from Lacordaire's Hist, des Ins. Coleopt., torn, ii, p. 143. Omalium venator, sp. nov. Narrow and elongate, depressed, slightly nitid ; head nigrescent ; thorax and elytra rufo-piceous ; hind-body fuscous, apical segments fusco-testaceous, basal 4 segments with short greyish pubescence ; legs, palpi, and basal 5 joints of antennae more or less fusco-testaceous, remaining joints fuscous, opaque, and pubescent. Head abruptly contracted behind the eyes, finely coriaceous, vertex nearly smooth ; frontal impressions rather shallow, interocular foveae well marked, the ocelli placed in these ; there is a distinct puncture near each eye with duplicate setae, 2 finer ones on the back part of each of the foveae, and 1 near, each antenna. Thorax subquadrate, transverse, anterior angles depressed and strongly rounded, the posterior almost rectangular, its sides indistinctly marginated, a little narrowed behind the middle ; its surface with coriaceous sculpture and some fine scattered punctures ; the 2 longitudinal impressions on the middle are shallow ; there are 4 setae in front, 1 at each hind angle, 2 or 3 near each side, and 2 at the base. Scutel- lum large, curvilinearly triangular, and apparently smooth. Elytra oblong, extendr ing to just beyond the hind thighs, broader than thorax there, apices with rounded angles, but truncate towards the suture ; they are finely and rather distantly punctate, but almost smooth behind ; there are also a few larger but not at all coarse punc- tures with setae proceeding from them. Hind-body nearly smooth along the middle, the basal 4 segments distinctly sculptured towards the sides, and with broad flattened margins ; 5th and 6th very finely sculptured, the margins of the former broad near the base but curvedly narrowed behind ; 7th short and narrow, its hind angles pro- longed alongside the small 8th. Antennae attain base of throax, basal joint stout, cylindric, 3rd evidently longer than 2nd, joints 4 and 6 equal, 6-10 obconical, 11th ovate. Tibiae finely spinose. Basal 4 joints of tarsi with long slender grey setae. The lahrum is pallid, almost membranous, and deeply incurved in front. The eyes distinctly faceted, rather large, but only moderately convex. Length, 2 lines ; breadth, nearly J line. Campbell Island. Caught by Professor Chilton on the beach between high- and low-water marks. Group SPHERIDIIDAE. Namostygnus, gen. nov. Mentum transversely quadrate, not narrowed towards the front, medially con- vex. Maxillary folpi moderately elongate, 2nd joint slendei; at base, clavate at extremity ; 3rd rather shorter than the terminal, which is subcylindric. Antennae inserted just before the eyes in deep broad grooves which extend backwards, below, Coleoptera.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 99 beyond the eyes, and are then bent inwards ; they are 8-articulate ; the basal joint cylindric and as long as the succeeding 4 combined ; 2nd suboviform, as thick as the Ist ; 3rd slender at base, longer than broad ; 5th larger than the small 4th, a good deal expanded at the extremity, so as to be nearly as broad as the base of the club ; this is laxly articulated, elongate, densely and minutely pubescent ; the terminal joint is oval and evidently longer than either of its 2 predecessors. Prosternum carinate along the middle in front of the coxae. Mesosternal process very narrow, quite perpendicular in front. Metasternum carinate along the middle ; this carina unites with the narrow mesosternal process, so that the intermediate coxae are only slightly separated, as are also the posterior. Ventral segments very minutely and densely sculptured and pubescent, the basal not carinate. Femora stout but flat- tened, minutely punctate and pubescent underneath. The anterior tibiae gradu- ally dilated and bicalcarate at the extremity, minutely denticulate externally, and with 3 spiniform setae. Tarsi with yellow pubescence underneath, moderately elongate and stout, basal joint one-third longer than 2nd, 5th moderately elongate and stout, the claws very minute. The genus Cydonotum, which occurs in Europe, America, and Australia, is represented by one species in New Zealand ; it may be at once distinguished by its 9-jointed antennae. In the New Zealand Adolofus the antennae are also 9-articulate. Cyloma undoubtedly is structurally the nearest ally, having, like Namostygnus, 8-jointed antennae, but the mesosternal process is thicker ; there is no trace of any carina on the metasternum, which, moreover, is longer, the 4 hind tibiae are more asperate and ciliated externally with spiniform setae, and, what is of more importance, the basal joint of the posterior tarsi is shorter, and the claws are more developed. The humeral angles protrude so as to clasp the base of the thorax, as in Cyloma thomsonus, and the eyes are larger and somewhat acuminate in front. Namostygnus rufipes, sp. nov. Convex, ovate-oblong, nude, nitid, piceous ; a spot before each eye, the sides of the thorax and elytra and an interrupted space on the posterior declivity fusco- rufous ; palpi similar in colour, but with basal half of the terminal joint piceous ; legs dark red ; antennae fusco-testaceous, club nigrescent and opaque. Head finely but quite definitely and moderately closely punctured, not quite as broad as the front of thorax, gradually and slightly narrowed anteriorly. Thorax transverse, as wide as elytra at the base, gently but not curvedly narrowed towards the rounded anterior angles, the posterior angles rectangular but not acute ; its sculpture similar to that of the head ; apex widely but only just perceptibly in- curved near each side ; finely margined. Scutellum large, triangular, minutely pimctate. Elytra suboblong, broadly and evenly rounded posteriorly ; their surface very finely and moderately punctured ; this fine sculpture, however, is somewhat effaced near the sides ; each elytron has a fine sutural stria, which is obsolete before the middle but well developed behind ; 7 others are well marked behind ; those along the sides are transformed into series of distinct punctures, none of which quite reach the base ; the margins are rather fine ; the humeral angles are rectangular, but not at all porrect. Length, l| lines ; breadth, nearly 1 Une. Auckland Islands. 100 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [CoUofUra. One individual, forwarded by Mr. G. V. Hudson. As the specimen was simply gummed on cardboard so that the legs, antennae, &c., were invisible, the prepara- tion of the foregoing descriptions, generic and specific, was a work of more than ordinary difficulty. The insect had to be removed from the cardboard and thoroughly cleaned and freed from gum and sappy matter before any structural characters could be studied, and as it is small and convex, and the antennae, tarsi, &c., rather fragile, these were very delicate and tedious operations. Duplicates should always be supplied in the case of small insects, so that one may be mounted on its back. Thomosis, Broun, 1903. Body oblong-oval, convex. Antennae 9-articulate, their basal joint longer than the following 5 combined, gradually incrassate towards the extremity ; 2nd cylindric, barely one-third the length of the basal ; 3rd as long as the preceding one ; 4th and 5th short ; 6th also short, but distinctly broader than the 5th. Cluh 3-jointed, oblong-oval, pubescent, the intermediate transverse and shorter than the others. Labrum porrect, medially emarginate. Epistome widely incurved in front. Eyes flat, smooth. Mentum large, flat, not transverse. Femora punctate, their punctua- tion closer and finer at the base than beyond it ; the intermediate distinctly pubes- cent, the posterior with minute, almost indistinguishable, pubescence. Tibiae stout, the anterior armed at the extremity with 2 stout unequal spurs, with 2 small sub- apical denticles on the outside, and 2 or 3 higher up ; the other pairs are bicalcarate at the apex, and bear coarse ciliae. Tarsi moderately elongate, not compressed, pilose ; the exposed portion of the basal joint of the posterior short, hardly more than half as long as the 2nd, which is rather longer and stouter than the 5th. Anterior coxae very large and prominent, contiguous, the middle pair widely separated. Sternal lamina large and plane, tapering from the base of the metasternum to beyond the intermediate coxae. Mesosternal process vertical and short, its suture curvate. Nearly allied to the New Zealand Hydrostygnus, but may be readily distinguished therefrom by the large prominent coxae. The antennae differ, the club is shorter and broader, the maxillary palpi are much thicker, and the mentum is altogether different. Thomosis guanicola, Broun, 1903. Nude, moderately nitid, nigro-piceous, the legs and lateral margins pitchy-red, palpi and antennae usually testaceous ; tarsi, labrum, and forehead rufescent. Head not half the width of thorax, longer than broad, narrowed anteriorly, closely and moderately finely punctured. Thorax almost twice as long as broad, regularly curvedly narrowed towards the front, lateral margins moderately developed, its sculpture like that of the head, sometimes with 2 small frontal foveae. Scutellum triangular. Elytra closely and finely pimctate, and with 10 series of distinct but not coarse punctures on each, the sutural, at the apex, almost form striae. Underside nigrescent, mostly densely and finely sculptured, with short incon- spicuous dark-ashy pubescence. Abdomen with 5 segments, the intermediate 3 nearly equal, the basal subcarinate along the middle. Length, 3^ lines ; breadth. If lines. Bounty Islands. Three specimens, found by Dr. L. Cockayne feeding amongst deposits of guano. Coleoptera.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. lOl Group SILPHIDAE. Choleva, Latreille. Body oblong or oval, clothed with fine silky pubescence. Mentum transversely quadrate, a little narrowed in front. Ligula as broad as the mentum at its base, widely and strongly emarginate in front. Internal lobe of the maxillae with a horny terminal hook. Maxillary folfi notably larger than the labial, their 3rd joint ob- conical, the 4th much more slender, conical, and acuminate ; the 3rd of the labial a little longer than the 2nd. Mandibles short, with a molar tooth at the base, arched, acute, and unidentate at the extremity. Labrum short, rounded, and slightly sinuate medially in front. Eyes almost rotundate, moderately prominent. Head deflexed, obtuse in front. Antennae slender, as long as head and thorax, their basal 6 articula- tions of variable length, subcylindrical, the 8th joint smaller than the contiguous ones, the last 5 forming a rather variable club. Thorax subquadrate, as wide as elytra at the base. Elytra oblong or oval, convex. Legs long and slender. Anterior and middle coxae very prominent, the former not contiguous. Tibiae very rarely dilated at the extremity, terminated with 2 spines. Tarsi with brushlike soles, the basal 4 joints of the anterior in the males, especially the first 2, and sometimes the Ist of the intermediate, dilated. Mesosternum often carina te. Syn. Catops, Paykull. Catops avivorus, sp. nov. Ovate-oblong, moderately convex, covered with slender decumbent yellowish or ashy hairs, subopaque, rufo-fuscous or castaneous ; legs, antennae, and palpi rufescent ; tarsi fulvescent. Head trigonal in front, much narrowed behind, finely yet quite perceptibly and closely punctate, its pubescence yellow. Thorax strongly transverse, apex moderately deeply and widely incurved, with rounded angles, its sides rounded and more narrowed in front than behind, base feebly and widely incurved and overlapping the elytra, posterior angles almost rectangular, across the middle it is slightly wider than the elytra ; its whole surface very minutely sculptured, the punctuation fine and rather close, but somewhat remote in front at the middle. Elytra as broad as thorax at the base, very gradually narrowed posteriorly, apices individually rounded so as to be slightly dehiscent at the suture and leaving the obconical pygi- diuni uncovered ; on each elytron there is a moderately well-marked sutural stria ; their surface is closely, finely, and rugosely punctured. Underside similar to upper surface in colour and clothing. The sculpture of the 6 ventral segments very fine and close. Coxae contiguous, none distinctly separated, the anterior very prominent. Mesosternum finely but distinctly and closely sculp- tured, not medially carinate. Antennae inserted below the lateral margins of the forehead, and therefore at some distance from the eyes ; they are finely pubescent ; basal articulation elongate-oblong, with slightly rounded angles ; joints 2-5 about equal, each almost as long as the 1st and becoming slightly thicker than the 2nd ; 7th rather shorter and broader than 6th ; 8th obviously smaller than the contiguous ones ; 9th and 10th quadrate, shorter and slightly broader than 7th ; the terminal ovate. Femora simple. Anterior tibiae slightly but quite definitely notched or emarginate under- 102 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Cohoptera. neath above the middle and curvedly dilated lower down, straight externally, with 2 or 3 spiniforra setae at the extremity, clothed like the tarsi with slender bright- yellow setae ; intermediate tibiae curvate, the posterior straight, bispinose at apex. Anterior tarsi with basal 3 joints dilated; 1st largest, suboblong, and notched at apex ; 2nd and 3rd transverse, emarginate at apex, the former the larger ; 4th small, half the width of the preceding one ; terminal slender, not as long as the preceding ones conjointly ; claws simple. The intermediate tarsi elongate, basal 4 joints only moderately expanded ; the 5 joints of the posterior of nearly equal thickness, none dilated. Female. — Tibiae simple, bispinose at apex, the middle pair only slightly curved ; tarsi not dilated; antennae nearly similar, 9th and 10th joints smaller, 11th acu- minate. J . Length, 2 lines ; breadth, | line. Auckland Islands. Both sexes found within the head of a kingfisher (Mr. Hudson). Somewhat similar to the European C. morio, but with a narrower hind-body, and diifering in colour and sculpture, but more especially in the peculiar excision of the anterior tibiae ; this last character I have not observed amongst our New Zealand species, so it seems to be quite distinctive. The specific description is com- plete ; there cannot, consequently, be any difficulty in identifying the insect. Group BYRRHIDAE. MoRYCHUs. Erichson. The organs of the mouth, save the mandibles, labrum, and a part of the eyes, concealed during the retraction of the head. Ligula short, horny in the centre, coriaceous externally, scarcely emarginate in front. Last joint of the labial palpi subglobular, trimcate at the end ; that of the maxillary oval. Mandibles very short, without membranous margin and basal tooth. Lahrum transversely quad- rate, rounded anteriorly, strongly carinated at its base. Antennae gradually in- crassated. Legs similar to those of Cytulus. Morychus tumidellus, sp. nov. Compact, oblong-oval, convex, sparingly clothed with slender decumbent in- conspicuous greyish hairs ; dark shining bronze, slightly tinged with green ; legs and basal joint of antennae dark red, remaining joints and the tarsi rufo-testaceous. Head rather finely but not closely punctured, with fewer punctures near the middle. Thorax transverse, gradually narrowed anteriorly, its posterior angles more acutely prominent than the anterior ; its surface finely, distinctly, and rather more closely punctured than the head. Scutellum triangular, nearly smooth. Elytra not strongly curvate at the sides, only moderately narrowed backwards, and rather broadly rounded behind, the upper posterior slope rather gradual ; near the apex of each elytron there are 2 shallow impressions, the interval between these when viewed from above appears somewhat swollen but hardly nodose ; their sculpture perceptibly finer and closer than that of the thorax ; the intervals between the punc- tures are not sculptured or coriaceous ; this last remark is applicable to the head and thorax as well. Tibiae nearly glabrous, minutely fringed along the inner Coleoptera.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 103 face, slightly arched externally, the anterior broadly yet not at all deeply impressed for the reception of the tarsi during repose. Tarsi nearly as long as the tibiae, the membranous appendage of 3rd joint well developed, usually very elongate. Antennae with fine yellow pubescence from the 6th joint onwards ; basal joint stout ; 2nd cylindric, shorter but rather thicker than the 3rd, which is slender, and longer than the 4th ; 5th shorter than 4th ; joints 6-10 become shorter and broader, the terminal being larger than its predecessor. On comparison with our numerous New Zealand species of Morychus or Pedi- lophorm this exhibits two or three distinguishing features which at once appear characteristic. These are the gradual downward slope of the hind-body behind the disc, the broad and not at all acuminate extremity, and the small swelling near the apex of each elytron. Length, 2| lines ; breadth. If lines. The Snares ; found under logs of Olearia Lyallii. One example, from Mr. Hudson, mounted on cardboard. All measurements in this group are taken from specimens on cardboard, with the head fully exposed. LiocHORiA, Pascoe, 1875. Antennae subelongate, joints 6-10 perfoliate, and, with the 11th, forming a narrow club. Lahrurn large, distinct. Last joint of the maxillary fol'pi oval. Anterior tibiae excavate externally. Liochoria sumptuosa, sp. nov. Body compact, only moderately convex, oblong-oval, sparsely clothed with minute brassy setae ; glossy, head and thorax cupreo-viridis, elytra metallic green, with numerous irregular fusco-cupreous spots ; legs and basal joint of antennae rufo-piceous, the tarsi and joints 2 to 4 of the antennae infuscate red, remaining joints pale castaneous. Head distinctly but not closely punctured, with 2 small interocular foveae. Thorax transverse, very slightly emarginated towards the acute anterior angles ; base a little rf)unded at the middle, and very slightly but widely sinuated outwardly ; posterior angles rectangular, acute, but directed backwards ; its sides with well- developed margins, gradually narrowed anteriorly ; its punctuation like that of the head, but rather finer and closer near the sides. Scutellum triangular, rather small. Elytra a little wider near the middle than elsewhere, much narrowed behind, apices singly rounded ; there is an elongate sutural depression near the base, and the suture behind this is obviously elevated towards the extremity, so that there seems to be a broad groove, particularly near the apex, along each side of it ; their punctures are rather finer than those on the thorax, and the coppery spots are almost smooth beyond the basal and sutural areas. Tibiae with a few fine inconspicuous greyish hairs, the intermediate slightly arcuate, the anterior grooved on the outer face or front, but only at the extremity ; femora grooved underneath. Tarsi pilose ; the pallid membrane of the 3rd joint of the anterior is prolonged below as far as two- thirds of the length of the terminal one ; 4th joint very small. Claws thickened at the base. Antennae inserted just in front of the eyes, below the edge of the fore- head, their Ist joint stout and quite free, having a distinct basal stalk by which 104 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Coleoftera. it is attached to the head ; joints 2-4 slender, 2nd rather the stoutest and shortest ; 5th almost as long as the 4th, but slightly thicker ; joints 6-10 evidently shorter and broader than the preceding one ; the terminal about one-half longer than the 10th. Terminal articulations of the maxillary and labial palpi broadly oval. There are no well-marked excavations of the basal ventral segment for the accommodation of the legs during repose, these parts being punctated and on the same plane, or nearly so, as the rest of the surface ; the legs during retraction are received under the raised margin of the coxal lamina. The tip of the prosternal process is fitted into an angular frontal cavity of the mesosternum. The intermediate coxae are more widely separated than the posterior. Underside bronzed black, distinctly punctured, 4th and 5th ventral segments broadly impressed at each side. Length, 3f lines ; breadth, 2 lines. Carnley Harbour ; under logs. One mounted specimen received from Mr. Hudson ; a second, pinned, was submitted for inspection by Dr. W. Benham, who found it at Erebus Cove, Auck- land Island. Liochoria longula, sp. nov. (Plate III, figs. 2-4.) Body only moderately convex, sparingly clothed with minute erect yellow setae, shining, cupreous, the head and posterior portion of elytra more or less viridescent, legs and basal joint of antennae rufo-piceous, the tarsi and last 6 joints of the antennae castaneous. This resembles L. sumptuosa, but is considerably larger ; the elytra are more attenuate and slightly compressed behind, so that the apical margins appear slightly explanate, or broader than the upper portion. There is no sutural depression behind the scutellum, which is larger, of somewhat cordiform outline, and acute at the extremity. The head is more closely punctured behind, has a large smooth coppery space on the middle, a wide curved feeble impression between the eyes, and 2 trans- verse oblique frontal foveae. The thorax is rather more closely punctured. The darker spots on the elytra are less smooth, and their whole surface is more of a reddish- coppery hue. The antennae are shorter, joints 2 to 6 are obviously thicker, whilst joints 7 to 10 are quadrate instead of being rather longer than broad. The mandibles are bifid at the extremity. The basal and lateral grooves of the large labrum are not as broad. I do not think it is the female of L. sumptuosa, as I consider the ridging of the elytral suture, also well developed in this specimen, a male character. Length, 4| lines ; breadth, 2j lines. Carnley Harbour ; under a log. One mutilated individual, on cardboard, sent to me by Mr. Hudson. Group MELOLONTHIDAE. Odontria, White. Mentum obtrapezoidal, its ligular part very much narrower than the other, oblique and sinuated in front. External lobes of the maxillae furnished with 4 or 5 teeth. Last joint of the labial palpi oval, that of the maxillary oblong-oval. Coleoplera.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OP NEW ZEALAND. 105 Labrum rather prominent, almost horizontal, semicircularly hollowed in front. Head broad, the clypeus separated from the forehead by a flexuous furrow ; widely rounded and marginated in front. Antennae 8-jointed ; the basal joint stout, obconical ; 2nd pyriform ; 3rd elongate, obconical ; 4th and 5th of variable form ; joints 6 to 8 forming an oval club. Prothorax transversal, widely and strongly emarginated in front, with a membranous border, rounded and somewhat angulated laterally, and rather strongly lobate medially at its base. Elytra oval, moderately convex. Anterior tibiae tridentate, the others carinated externally. Tarsi rather long, their joints thickened apically. Claws long, simple, moderately arcuate. Pygi- dium transversal. There are about twenty members of this New Zealand genus. Among these there is much diversity in the structure of the antennae, there being 5 very elongate leaflets in the club of some species. The sternum is usually thickly covered with long hairs. Odontria longitarsis, sp. nov. (Plate III, fig. 14.) Subopaque, broadly oviform, moderately convex, sparingly clothed with fine short testaceous setae ; the surface more or less variegated with dull fuscous and rufo-castaneous ; palpi, antennae, and tarsi red, legs infuscate testaceous ; ventral segments variegate, fuscous and fusco-testaceous, with somewhat elongated punc- tures and very scanty pubescence ; the metasternum testaceous. Clypeus distinctly marginated, subtruncate in front, its punctuation rather shallow, moderately coarse, not very close, somewhat rugose ; it is quite glossy, and reddish-brown. Head also shining, darker than the clypeus, with better-defined, larger, and more distinctly separated punctures. Thorax strongly transverse, bi- sinuate at base, widely incurved in front, the anterior angles not projecting beyond the back of the eyes, posterior angles rectangular but obtuse ; its sides gently rounded, very finely margined, and bearing numerous rigid rufescent setae ; disc opaque, fuscous, the sides broadly pale rufo-fuscous ; punctuation distinct, yet rather fine. Elytra of exactly the same width as thorax at the base, widest behind the middle, apices individually broadly rounded ; their striae well marked alongside the suture, less so beyond ; the sculpture of these striae peculiar — not definite punctures, but shallow elongate impressions, each minutely margined ; the interstices closely trans- versely rugose ; the sides bear stiff reddish setae, but there are very few on the disc, those that are visible usually arise from the few scattered pale spots. Pygidium very closely and minutely sculptured. Legs shining, elongate. Anterior tibiae tri- dentate externally. All the tarsi very long and slender, quite a third longer than the tibiae. Antennae short, the exposed part of the basal joint not much longer than the 2nd; 3rd more slender, just longer than broad ; 4th short and transverse, slightly produced inwardly. Club short, quadriarticulate, its 1st joint quite one- third shorter than the others. A large species, without the common sternal villosity, and with different clothing above. The peculiar sculpture of the elytral striae is without precedent. J . Length, 8 lines ; breadth, 4^ lines. The Snares. A single specimen, sent for examination by Mr. G. V. Hudson. 106 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Coleoptmi. Group HELOPIDAE. PsEUDHELOPs, Guerin. Mentum trapeziform, convex along the middle. Ligula subtriangular, widest and truncate in front. Labial palpi very short, terminal articulation oblong, truncate at apex ; the maxillary more elongate, their last joint broad, concave and obliquely truncate at the extremity, so that the inner side is obviously shorter than the outer. Mandibles bifid at apex. Eyes very transverse, somewhat prolonged below the head, distinctly faceted, not perceptibly emarginate in front. Antennfie attaining base of thorax ; basal joint stout, its uncovered portion of about the same length as the short 2nd ; 3rd usually evidently longer than 4th ; joints 5-7 about equal to one another; 8-10 obconical, and rather broader than the preceding; 11th subovate, longer than its predecessor. Thorax closely adapted to elytra at the base, which is feebly bisinuate, quite or very nearly truncate at apex. Scutellum small, rounded behind. Elytra oblong, much narrowed behind, very slightly wider than the thorax at the base. Legs moderately elongate. Tibiae simple, with small apical spines. Tarsi filiform, with fine yellow setae underneath ; basal 4 joints of the 2 front pairs, taken together, no longer or more dilated than the terminal one ; basal joint of the posterior elongate, 2nd and 3rd each longer than broad, all 3 combined hardly longer than the 4th. Prosternal process broad, truncate at apex, prolonged beyond the coxae, nearly horizontal, broadly depressed along the middle. Ventral segments 1-4 decrease in length, 5th subtrigonal. The above does not exactly correspond with the description given in Lacor- daire's work in some respects, but exhibits the structural characters just as I find them existing in the t3'pical species described hereunder. Pseudhelops tuberculatus, Guerin. Body apparently glabrous, ovate-oblong, moderately convex, slightly nitid ; head and thorax generally aeneo-niger, elytra more obviously bronzed, legs piceo- rufous, antennae and tarsi rufous. Head short, of the same width, eyes included, as apex of thorax. Clypeus obliquely narrowed towards the front, where it is deflexed and truncate. Lahrum transverse, red, and bearing erect yellow setae ; the punctuation of the head distinct though moderately fine, becoming rather closer and finer near the antennal orbits and on the forehead. Eyes convex and prominent. Thorax finely margined laterally, its sides gently rounded, more narrowed in front than behind, rather wider behind the middle than it is elsewhere, just one-fifth broader than long, posterior angles slightly obtuse yet nearly rectangular and resting on the base of elytra, anterior angles not prominent and barely reaching the eyes ; its punctuation rather finer and closer than that of the head. Elytra a little, yet quite appreciably, wider near the hind thighs than elsewhere, in some specimens this slight dilation is hardly notice- able, the sides being slightly rounded, but they are evidently obliquely narrowed behind ; their whole surface is finely and irregularly punctured, and on some parts feebly rugose ; each elytron has 8 series of punctures some a little larger than others, none very close, and hardly forming distinct striae, all become indistinct near the base ; at each side on the summit of the hind slope there are 3 nodosities, and just below the outermost one the external interstice, which is convex, ends abruptly, 80 that there seems to be a fourth nodiform elevation at that point. The legs bear Cokoptera.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 107 inconspicuous fine setae only, but the fine yellow setae attached to the tarsi and the extremity of the anterior tibia are quite discernible. Under a strong magnify- ing lens numerous minute grey setae may be seen on the body. Underside shining, black, finely and irregularly punctate, the head transversely rugose and punctate, the femora finely punctured. Length, 3|-4 lines ; breadth. If lines. Carnley Harbour ; under logs of rata-trees. The foregoing description has been drawn up from eight specimens received from Mr. Hudson. Pseudhelops quadricollis, sp. nov. (Plate V, fig. 8.) Oblong-oval, moderately glossy, apparently nude ; head and thorax violacea- niger, elytra viridescent, legs and antennae piceo-rufous. Head moderately closely and distinctly punctured, a good deal narrower than front of thorax. Thorax subquadrate, one-fifth broader than long, its sides nearly straight, only slightly narrowed in front, the base just perceptibly broader than the middle, posterior angles obtusely rectangular, the base distinctly bisinuate, apex slightly and widely incurved, the lateral margins thicker in front than behind ; its punctuation rather closer and finer than that of the head. Scutellum small. Elytra gradually narrowed backwards, a good deal near the extremity, where the margins are more visible than along the sides ; their whole surface finely punctured, not at all striate, the serial punctures rather small, not close to each other, and all more or less obsolete in front of the middle ; there are two slight somewhat elongated obtuse prominences on each near the extremity, and the external interstice is swollen but not quite nodiform. Underside black, shining ; closely, rugosely, and very distinctly punctured. Pro- sternal process perfectly flat, not in the least grooved along the middle, finely punc- tured. This appears smoother than the typical species ; the slight posterior nodosities do not interrupt the oviform outline ; the elytra, instead of being of a brownish- coppery hue, are greenish ; the eyes are less prominent ; and the shape of the thorax is entirely different. The basal joint of the posterior tarsi is evidently shorter than the terminal one. Length, 3|^ lines ; breadth, 1^ lines. The Snares ; one individual, found under logs of Olearia Ltjallii by Mr. Hudson. Pseudhelops posticalis, sp. nov. Suhoi-ate, rather elongate, slightly bronzed, nigro-fuscous, head and thorax sub- opaque, elytra more shining, legs pitchy-red, antennae more rufescent. Head rather narrower than front of thorax, its punctuation more shallow and distant and rather finer than in the preceding two species. Thorax one-fourth broader than long, subquadrate, gently curved laterally, a little narrower in front than behind, very little wider at the middle than at the base, which is only feebly bisinuate, with obtusely rectangular angles, apex truncate, the lateral margins more developed near the middle than elsewhere ; its surface very finely and not closely punctured. Elytra elongate-oval, widest near the middle, a good deal narrowed and somewhat prolonged at the apices ; their sculpture not well defined, appearing to consist of rather distant very fine punctures, which, however, on some parts seem 108 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Coleoptera. as if transformed into very minute granules ; they are somewhat irregularly sub- striate, and bear numerous very minute yet quite perceptible greyish setae ; the 3 elongated elevations on each elytron are here mere swellings of the terminal por- tions of the interstices, the outermost is not sufficiently raised to form a 4th. Most nearly resembles P. tuherculntus, but the elytral apices appear more pro- longed, the sculpture of the head and hind-body is quite appreciably finer, the sides of the thorax are less rounded, and there are no distinct serial punctures on the elytra. In all three species the surface seems glabrous : in reality all bear very minute inconspicuous setae, which may pass unnoticed ; they are most easily detected on parts that are turned away from the light. The antennae of all bear distinct yellow pubescence on the terminal 4 joints ; the other joints are more or less bare. In P. fosticalis the minute brassy setae along the lower half of the anterior tibiae, in front, are more distinct than in the other species. Length, 3| lines ; breadth, If lines. Campbell Island. A single specimen (Mr. Marriner). Pseudhelops interruptus, sp. nov. Oblong-oval, convex, nitid ; thorax fusco-cupreous ; elytra somewhat cyaneous, with reddish-coppery specks ; legs and antennae rufescent ; sparingly clothed with minute greyish setae. Head fusco-piceous, a little uneven, finely and distantly punctured. Thorax subquadrate, an eighth broader than long, quite as wide at the base as at the middle, the sides between these slightly sinuate, gently curvedly narrowed anteriorly, base bisinuate ; its whole surface densely and very minutely sculptured, the punctuation a little irregular, fine, but not close. Scutellum subquadrate. Elytra oblong-oval, with dense minute sculpture ; they are irregularly striate, moderately deeply at the sides and extremity but shallow near the base and suture, all more or less finely interrupted or flexuous at short intervals ; interstices finely but not closely punc- tured ; 3rd, 5th, and 7th only moderately prominent behind. This differs from P. fosticalis as follows : It is rather smaller ; the 2nd, 4th. and 5th joints of the antennae are more elongate and slender ; the apices of the elytra are not prolonged; their striae are deeper but less regular; and the nodo- sities, though smaller, are more definite ; the thoracic margins are finer ; and the coloration is materially different. Length, 3|^ lines ; breadth, If lines. Campbell Island. Discovered recently by Messrs. W. K. Chambers and F. S. Des Barres. Group OTIORHYNCHIDAE. Catodryobius, gen. nov. Body robust, apparently apterous, subovate, clothed with decumbent slender squamae. Rostrum shorter than thorax, moderately dilated, subpterygiate, near the front, without sharply marked triangular clypeal sutures. Mentum truncate at apex, gradually curvedly narrowed towards its base, about as long as it is broad, the Coleoptera.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 109 peduncle transversely quadrate, slightly incurved at sides and apex so that its front angles are acute. Palpi minute and rigid. Scrobes quite open above, extending from near the apex, where they are deep, towards but not reaching the eyes. Scape very gradually and only slightly incrassate, attaining the back of the eye. Funiculus 7-articulate, basal 2 joints of equal length, 3rd rather shorter than 2nd, joints 3-7 decrease in length, each longer than broad, all obconical. Cluh elongate, triarticulate, oval, the intermediate joint transverse. Eyes very slightly convex, distinctly faceted, quite lateral, free from thorax, obliquely truncate in front, sub- acuminate. Thorax subquadrate, base and apex truncate, ocular lobes altogether absent or scarcely appreciable. Scutellum proportionally small. Elytra very slightly wider than thorax at the base, oviform, much narrowed and sometimes subacuminate at apices. Femora simple, moderately inflated medially. Tibiae flexuous, inwardly mucronate at the extremity, the anterior subserrate along the inner face. Tarsi with dense brushlike soles, their 3rd joint appearing spongy when examined directly from below, the slender basal portion of the first 2 and the ter- minal one almost glabrous, 3rd moderately expanded and cleft almost to the base, the 4th elongate, arched, its claws thickened at the base. Prosternum only slightly incurved in front ; the coxae large and prominent, situated about midway between the base and apex, almost contiguous, their cavities confluent. Intermediate coxae moderately separated by the cuneiform mesosternal process ; the posterior widely distant. Metasternum relatively short. Abdomen elongate ; basal segment nearly double the length of the 2nd in the middle, its intercoxal suture strongly rounded ; 2nd not as long as the following 2 combined, its frontal suture nearly obliterated in the middle, in reality, however, extremely fine and broadly outwardly curved there ; 4th a little shorter than 3rd ; 5th elongate, subtrigonal, but truncate at extremity. Epipleurae extremely narrow throughout. The mandibular scar is pre- sent. The corbels of the posterior tibiae are simple, without any truncature at the outer extremity. The whole structure, indeed, seems primitive. After prolonged study I fail to find any very salient characters. The rostrum is much less pterygiate than the European Oliorhynchus. The Malayan Rhinoscapha is somewhat similar in form, but one-half of the posterior corbel is truncate. Some of the Polynesian genera have similar slender scales, but differ otherwise, Elytrurus, for example, having prolonged elytral apices. Its systematic position must be in the first section of the group, according to Lacordaire's classification. Catoptes is its nearest ally here. Catodryobius vestitus, sp. nov. (Plate III, fig. 10.) Nigrescent, slightly nitid, antennae and tarsi rufo-piceous ; squamosity slender, metallic, chiefly yellowish, but intermingled on some parts with green. Rostrum carinate along the middle, broadly grooved at each side of the middle, finely rugosely punctate near the almost-nude apex, the other sculpture concealed by the squamae. Thorax of equal length and breadth, its sides nearly straight behind, a little narrowed anteriorly, slightly wider before the middle than elsewhere ; its punctuation very irregular, near the sides the sculpture consists principally of short irregular rugosities, it is nearly bare along the middle and on an elongate space near each side, the rest of the surface bears numerous small scales. Scutellum squamose. Elytra only moderately curvate at the sides, striate-punctate, interstices slightly 110 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Coleoptera. convex, with a few scattered punctures which are larger and more foveiform than the others. Scape punctate, with fine decumbent setae. Funictdus shining, very scantily clothed. Club densely and minutely pubescent. Female. — Underside shining piceous, the squamae slender, grey or yellowish. Prosternum subgranulose. Basal ventral segment broadly impressed, the 5th with 2 elongate impressions at the base, its sculpture fine and rugose. ^. Length (rost. inch), 6j lines; breadth, 2^ lines. 2. Length (rost. incl.), 8 lines ; breadth, S^ lines. The Snares ; found under bark of Olearia Lyallii. One of each sex transmitted to me by Mr. Hudson, but collected by other mem- bers of the expedition. Catodryobius benhami, sp. nov. Body pale brown, tibiae ferruginous, funiculus piceous, 3rd and 4th joints of tarsi rufescent ; the squamosity fine, somewhat variegate, fulvescent and greenish, that of the latter colour predominating on the sides of the thorax ; middle and hind legs densely covered, quite glossy and cupreous, and also bearing many outstanding slender yellowish setae. The front legs abraded and damaged in my specimen. Rostrum with 2 broad longitudinal grooves and a central carina, punctate and finely longitudinally rugose, covered with coppery scales principally, apical portion finely rugosely punctured, with some erect yellow setae at the extremity. Scrobes quite open above and deep in front, but quite shallow and oblique towards the eyes. Head a little longer than that of C. vestitus, with an interocular depression. Thorax as long as it is broad, slightly dilated laterally before the middle, its surface a little uneven, rather finely punctured, slightly elevated along the middle in front, this ridge has a narrow groove which disappears at the middle but reappears near the base ; the central area is nearly nude, but in fresh unabraded specimens it is most likely as beautifully squamose as other parts. Scutdlum covered with yellow scales. Elytra hardly wider than thorax at the base, their sides a little rounded and a good deal narrowed posteriorly, their apices slightly prominent and divergent ; punctate- striate, the punctures not coarse, interstices moderately convex, densely and minutely sculptured, the scales small, many oviform like those on the rostrum and thorax. The scape reaches just beyond the back of the eye, and bears slender depressed scales. Funicidus sparsely setose, joints 3-7 decrease in length so that the 7th is but little longer than broad. Club very elongate, opaque, fuscous. Posterior corbels very slightly concave, encircled with setae. Tarsi setose above. ^ . Length (rost. incl.), 9 lines ; breadth, 3 lines. Enderby Island ; under logs. Discovered by Dr. W. Benham, in whose honour it is named. This, the most handsomely ornamented species, is described from a specimen mounted on card- board 80 that the underside cannot be seen ; it is no doubt a male. Catodryobius tetricus, sp. nov. (Plate III, figs. 11-13.) Nigrn-piceous, a little shining, tarsi piceo-rufous ; sparingly clothed with very slender inconspicuous decumbent greyish setae and slender yellowish-grey squamae. Rostrum slightly shorter than thorax, rather broad and flat above, the central carina somewhat obsolete, rather finely punctate-rugose, not squamositate, with Coleoptera.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. Ill prominent brassy setae at the extremity. There is a punctiform interocular fovea. Thorax about one-third broader than long, widest before the middle, a little uneven above, moderately closely and irregularly punctured, some of the punctures rather larger than others, none, however, are coarse ; there is a slight median ridge in front, and the apex in the middle is slightly emarginate. Scutellum rounded behind. Elytra a little wider than thorax at the base, oblong-oval ; rather finely punctate- striate, interstices moderately convex and minutely sculptured. Tibiae finely setose, the front and intermediate rather strongly flexuous. Underside similar to upper surface, but with more distinct setae. Front coxae contiguous. Metastemum and basal ventral segment broadly impressed, the former with a transverse median fovea. The head with a linear impression along the middle. The 2nd ventral segment evidently shorter than the following 2 taken together, its frontal suture fine, broadly rounded in the middle. The 5th segment transversely and distinctly punctured near the extremity. This is distinguishable from C. vestitus by the inconspicuous clothing, the broader and more flattened rostrum, shorter thorax, more strongly bent intermediate tibiae, and more striate elytra. The scape is more clavate at the extremity. The funi- culus is decidedly thicker and its 7th joint is distinctly broader than its predecessor ; the club, too, is larger. The 4th ventral segment is not abbreviated. Length (rost. inch), 8 lines ; breadth, 3 lines. Carnley Harbour ; under logs. A single individual is all I have seen, forwarded by Mr. Hudson. Catodryobius erubescens, sp. nov. Elongate, subovate, slightly glossy, rufo-castaneous, tarsi and funiculus piceo- rufous ; sparingly clothed with an admixture of pale-yellowish depressed slender scales and setae. Rostrum a little shorter than thorax, broadly bisulcate, not sharply carinate, somewhat rugosely punctured, the punctures shallow along the middle, deeper on the obtuse lateral ridges, the squamae disposed transversely ; the apex is piceous, and bears outstanding yellow setae. Head moderately punctured, with an elongated punctiform fovea on the centre, the squamae somewhat concentrated near the eyes. Thorax only one-seventh broader than long, gradually narrowed backwards, widest before the middle, very slightly uneven, a little more convex on the middle than elsewhere ; its punctuation rather fine and shallow, its clothing not conspicuous but thicker near the sides than on the disc, the greater part of which is nearly nude. Elytra elongate, oviform, slightly wider than thorax at the base, moderately finely striate-punctate, interstices broad and almost quite plane, their whole surface closely and minutely sculptured, apices only minutely and indistinctly protuberant. An- tennae of normal structure, the clavate extremity of the scape distinctly rufescent. Club elongate, opaque, fuscous and densely pubescent. Of rather more elongate contour than C. vestitus, the sculpture and clothing very much finer, and the coloration entirely dissimilar. g . Length (rost. inch), 8 lines ; breadth, 2f lines. Carnley Harbour ; under logs. The unique specimen found by Dr. Benham, and set out on cardboard, has been returned. 112 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Coleoptera. Catodryobius grandis, sp. no v. (Plate III, fig. 15.) Jiobust, slightly nitid, piceo-niger, legs and antennae piceo-rufous, somewhat unevenly covered with slender brassy squamae, and on the elytra with some erect yellowish setae. Rostrum one-fifth shorter than thorax, nearly plane above, nude ; irregularly, moderately finely, yet distinctly punctured. Clypeus rather convex, finely punctate, with erect yellow setae at the apex. Head similarly sculptured, with a well-marked elongate interocular fovea, the slender squamae congregated near the eyes. Thorax nearly glabrous on the middle, rather broader than long, widest near the middle, obtusely rounded laterally ; the discoidal punctuation rather fine but close and slightly rugose, near the sides the punctures are larger and much more distant from each other ; it is slightly uneven, on the middle of the apex there is a minute angular excision. Elytra ample, widest behind the middle, rather wider than thorax at the base, apices divergent and slightly though definitely protuberant ; their whole sur- face minutely granulate or rugose ; they are relatively rather finely striate-punctate, with a very few larger but not deep impressions behind ; 3rd interstices obtusely and slightly elevated from base to apex ; the 5th also raised, though only from the middle, and becoming plane near the extremity ; the sides slightly prominent ; on all these the erect setae are more or less concentrated. Femora sparingly clothed with slender scales, the tibiae setose. Scape subclavate and reddish at the extremity, distinctly punctured, and bearing some yellow setae. Funicvlus similarly setose, joints 5 and 6 moniliform, 7th transverse. Club rufo-fuscous, elongate. Underside glossy piceous, nearly nude, rather finely and irregularly punctured ; basal ventral segment evidently medially incurved behind, the suture between it and the 2nd well marked, 3rd and 4th deeply transversely depressed at the base, 5th emarginate at apex. This, the largest of the series, may be readily identified by a glance at the sub- costate elytral interstices. The deciduous supplementary mandibles are present in the specimen submitted to me. Length (rost. incL), 11| lines ; breadth, 4^ lines. Disappointment Island. The type is unique, and was returned to Mr. Hudson. Inocatoptes, Broun, 1901. Allied to Catodryobius, but differing therefrom as follows : — Eyes transversely oval, not acuminate, their greatest bulk from above down- wards. Mentum transversely quadrate, curvate and depressed in front. Ocular lobes distinct, though not strongly developed. Anterior coxae quite contiguous, and extending to the raised and thickened hind margin of the prosternum ; there is no such margin in Catodryobius, and the coxae are more distant from the base of the prosternum. The mesosternal process is broader, and between the intermediate coxae distinctly separated from the obtuse apex of the metasternum ; in Catodyrobius the metasternura is cariniform there. The mesosternum itself is abbreviated so that the middle coxae are almost in contact with the hind margin of the prosternum, whereas in Catodrybiu^ it is as long as the metasternum ; the intermediate, there- Coleoptera.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 113 fore, are far apart from the anterior coxae. The 2nd ventral segment is nearly the length of the 1st, and their suture is well marked and medially curvate. In the New Zealand list it should be located between Ino-phloeus and Catoptes. Inocatoptes incertus, Broun, 1901. Svhovate, moderately convex, without nodiform elevations, thinly clothed with yellowish slender setiform squamae, which, however, are more numerous on the rostrum and sides of the thorax and elytra ; with the exception of the piceous funi- culus, it is almost uniformly castaneo-rufous. Rostrum rather shorter than thorax, rather flat, with a fine central carina termi- nating in a small fovea between the eyes. Scrobes open above, extending from the apex, where they are deep, towards, but not reaching, the eyes. Scape straight, somewhat abruptly clavate at the extremity, and extending beyond the back of the eye. Funiculus 7-articulate ; basal 2 joints of equal length ; 3rd obconical, dis- tinctly shorter than the preceding one ; 4-7 moniliform. Club elongate, quite half the length of funiculus, triarticulate. Thorax one-third broader than long, widest near the front, more obliquely narrowed in front than behind ; its surface uneven, with a median basal and 1 or 2 lateral impressions, its punctuation indistinct, fine, and shallow. Scutellum distinct, its apex curvate. Elytra oviform, a little wider than thorax at the base ; on each elytron there are 6 series of punctures ; the 4 nearest the suture are finer than the outer 2, and almost form striae ; interstices broad and nearly plane, without distinct sculpture, the 7th from the shoulder backwards, and the 3rd near the apex, more or less convex. Legs stout. Femora medially dilated. Tibiae flexuous and acutely produced at the inner angle. Corbels of the posterior simple, concave. Tarsi with brushlike soles, 3rd joint expanded and bilobed. The unique specimen was found on the main island by the Hon. H. C. Butler, and is deposited in the Canterbury Museum. Length (rost. inch), 8 lines ; lareadth, 3 J lines. Hab. — Auckland Islands. Heterexis, gen. nov. Elongate. Rostrum broad, one-third longer than the head but shorter than the thorax, its apex moderately dilated ; the clypeal portion subtriangular, connate, without lateral grooves. Scrobes quite apical and open above. Scape straight, clavate at extremity, attaining the back of the eye. Funiculus 7-articulate, basal 2 joints obconical and only moderately elongate, 1st rather longer than 2nd, joints 3-7 slightly decrease in length, moniliform, 7th quite transverse. Cluh oblong, triarticulate, intermediate articulation quadrate and as long as the basal one, terminal small and conical, and in one appearing to consist of two closely united articulations. Head as broad as front of thorax, slightly narrowed anteriorly. Eyes widely distant from each other and from the thorax, quite lateral, not quite flat, transversely oval. Thorax subquadrate, base and apex slightly emarginate in the middle, without (H. sculptipennis) or with feeble {H. laeviusculus) ocular lobes. Scutellum distinct. Elytra oblong, slightly oviform, their shoulders narrow and equal to base of thorax in width, narrowed posteriorly and leaving a portion of the pygidium exposed. Femora moderately clavate. Tibiae flexuous, incrassate at apex, the anterior 8— S. 114 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Coleoptera. mucronate, and with a second but more minute projection at the apex in front. Posterior corbels concave, but without duplicate ciliae or lateral truncature. Tarsi with dense brushlike soles ; the basal portion of the first 2 joints, however, is glabrous ; 3rd joint deeply lobed. Claws short and stout. Prosternum incurved in front ; anterior coxae prominent and contiguous. Abdomen elongate ; 2nd segment about as long as the basal at the sides, its frontal suture quite obsolete in the middle ; 3rd and 4th equal, not abbreviated, yet a little shorter than the 2nd ; 5th subconical. From Catodryobitis it is distinguished by the absence of any distinct mandibular scar, by the entirely different scrobes, transversal eyes, and the partial exposure of the pygidium, this last a very unusual character. Heterexis sculptipennis, sp. nov. Elongate, slightly nitid, quite black, legs and antennae piceous ; sparsely clothed with depressed slender scales of a yellowish colour, and somewhat concentrated towards the hinder portion of the elj^tra and there intermingled with setae. Rostrum about a fourth shorter than thorax, smooth and not in the least carinate along the middle, rather finely and rugosely punctured towards the sides, the triangular clypeus connate but quite definite, with 2 elongate spiniform conspicuous setae in front. Head with a shallow, finely punctured, rugose impression close to each eye, and a well-marked elongate central impression, nearly smooth behind. Thorax of nearly equal length and breadth ; there are 2 median impressions, the frontal one elongate, and 2 near each side, the one nearest the base somewhat rounded, the other more shallow and larger ; the areas surrounding these are more closely, but not coarsely, punctured than the middle of the disc ; basal margin a little thickened towards each side ; it is obviously broader near the front than it is elsewhere. Scutel- lum rounded behind. Elytra slightly but quite definitely broader than thorax at the base, oblong, their sides slightly rounded but a good deal narrowed posteriorly and not covering the pygidium ; the suture is a little elevated throughout and smooth along its basal half ; the 3rd and 5th interstices are costiform near the base but more or less interrupted by transverse impressions further back ; they do not extend beyond the top of the posterior declivity ; the 7th, which limit the sides, are similarly raised as far as the hind thighs ; there are 2 ill-defined striae with coarse irregular punctures between the suture and 3rd interstice on each elytron ; the 2nd interstice is divided into short lengths by transverse impressions ; the sculpture between the 3rd and 5th and the 5th and 7th is nearly similar, all coarse and ill defined, so as to produce a rough-looking surface. Femora much compressed near the base. Anterior tibiae rounded at the extremity in front and only slightly angulate at the inner side. There is no trace of octdar lobes in this species. The two outstanding dupli- cate but connate spiniform setae at the extremity of the rostrum are remarkable. The scutellum is sublunate behind but vertical in front. Length (rost. inch), 8 lines ; breadth, 3 lines. Adams Island. Discovered by Mr. R. Speight. Another specimen, mounted on cardboard, returned to Mr. G. V. Hudson after examination. Heterexis laeviusculus, Broun, 1901. Svhopaque, rufo-piceous, rostrum and thorax nigrescent ; very sparingly clothed with slender decumbent setiform testaceous squamae. Coleoftera.] SUBANT ARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 115 Rostrum nearly plane above, obsoletely carinate, rather finely punctured, more closely at the sides. Head finely strigose behind, its punctuation like that of the rostrum, with a linear interocular impression. Thorax subquadrate, very slightly narrowed towards the base and apex, uneven above, there being a shallow median impression and 3 more or less transversal ones near each side, its punctuation moderately fine and close. Scutellum triangular. Elytra oblong-oval, each elytron obtusely tricostate, the intermediate one abbreviated, the others nearly confluent behind ; between these there are some ill-defined transverse elevations ; the serial punctures, rather fine alongside the suture but coarser beyond, become obsolete behind ; their surface more or less minutely sculptured. Underside almost smooth. Head closely transversely strigose. Basal ventral segment broadly impressed ; all the segments more or less impressed at the sides, the 5th with some distinct punctures. The apex of the rostrum bears several setae. The surface is not rough-looking. The pygidium is partly uncovered. The ocular lobes, though feeble, are perceptible, but I cannot conceive their use to an insect whose eyes are situated quite beyond their influence. J ? . Length (rost. incl.), 9-12 hues ; breadth, 3J-5 lines. Adams Island. Two specimens were captured by Captain BoUons, of the " Hinemoa," whilst feeding on Ligusticum antipodum in January, 1901. The larger specimen, retained in the Canterbury Museum, is probably the female, with very indefinite elytral costae. The genus seems confined to Adams Island. Group RHYPAROSOMIDAE. Hycanus, Broun, 1905. Rostrum rather shorter than thorax, stout, broadest and subpterygiate at the point of antennal insertion — ^the middle — so that it appears contracted behind ; its apical portion smooth and shining, the remainder rugose-punctate. Scrohes quite open above in front, directed towards but not quite reaching the eyes. Mandibles prominent, laminate. Eyes almost rotundate, flat, distinctly faceted, just free from thorax, widely distant from each other. Antennae implanted before the middle. Scape stout, clavate, attaining the back part of the eye. Funiculus longer than scape, basal joint only one-third the length of the scape, 2nd distinctly shorter, joints 3-7 decrease in length, 4-7 moniliform and hardly at all longer than broad. Cluh oval, triarticulate. Thorax subcylindric. Scutdlum obsolete. Elytra oblong-oval, wider than thorax at the base. Legs of moderate length. Femora clavate. Tibiae simple, their inner angles not prolonged and acuminate. Tarsi rather short, with finely pilose soles, their 3rd joint bilobed, the lobes, however, are short. Prosternum moderately incurved. Ocular lobes obsolete. Anterior coxae prominent and con- tiguous, intermediate moderately separated, the posterior widely. Abdomen elongate ; the basal segment at the sides but little longer than the 2nd ; 3rd and 4th about a third shorter than 2nd ; these and the 2nd with straight sutures ; 5th rather long. With some modifications, the only exponent of this genus might be transformed into a Clypeorhynchus. This latter, however, has more slender and much longer antennae ; the eyes, instead of being rotundate, are transverse, their greatest 116 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Cokoptera. diameter being from above downwards ; their 3rd tarsal joint is formed of very elongate and evidently separated lobes ; the prosternum is more deeply and abruptly eniarginated ; the elytra are closely adapted to the thorax, and at the base do not exceed it in width ; the rostrum is nearly cylindrical throughout, whereas in Hycanus the anterior two-thirds is of oviform outline, and the smooth apical portion is not limited behind by any definite suture. Hycanus cockaynei, Broun, 1905. Suhovate, slightly convex, opaque ; fuscous ; apex of thorax, elytral suture, and legs castaneous ; antennae rufescent ; tarsi testaceous ; very sparingly clothed with rather fine short grey setae, on the hind-body, however, many longer erect ones occur. Rostrum rather coarsely punctate, but smooth, shining, and reddish near the extremity ; this part bears a few slender white hairs, but is not marked off from the asperate portion by any basal suture ; on the head there is a feeble longitudinal interocular furrow. Thorax slightly longer than broad, widest near the front, slightly constricted at apex, gradually narrowed behind ; it is not uneven, there being only a short groove in front ; its whole surface is densely and minutely sculptured, and the visible punctures are only moderately coarse. Elytra oblong-oval, much nar- rowed posteriorly ; they are punctate-striate on the disc ; towards the base and sides the punctures are distinct, but the striae are not ; the interstices are plane and minutely and closely sculptured. Antennae sparsely pubescent. Underside with a few small grey setae ; the prosternum with some coarse shallow pimctures, the ventral segments finely sculptured. Length (rost. inch), 2| lines ; breadth, | line. Auckland Islands. Described from one example found amongst moss in July, 1903, by Dr. L. Cockayne, in whose honour it has been named. The specimen was forwarded to me by Professor Chilton. Hycanus frontalis, sp. nov. Rostrum longer than thorax, somewhat pterygiate just before the middle, so that the scrobes are open above at that point, its frontal portion deflexed, nearly smooth and shining, almost truncate at apex ; its hinder portion distinctly narrowed back- wards, the punctuation rather shallow ; a triangular impression, with almost carinate borders, occupies most of the basal surface. Eyes flat, oblique, with coarse facets. Thorax of about equal length and breadth, a little wider before the middle than it is elsewhere, slightly narrower at the front than behind, apex truncate, base sub- marginated ; its surface closely and minutely sculptured, and with rather irregular coarse shallow punctures which are sometimes hidden by sappy matter, the dorsal groove interrupted in the middle and rather broader near the base than in front, ScuteUum absent. Elytra elongate, base obliquely truncate towards the suture slightly wider than thorax there, shoulders a little rounded, sides nearly parallel apex considerably narrowed ; the entire surface minutely and densely sculptured and bearing a few erect testaceous setae ; they are evidently regularly striate-punc tate. Body subdepressed, opaque, fuscous, legs and antennae dark-reddish, tarsi paler but somewhat variegate, the deflexed frontal portion of rostrum pitchy-red. Coleoptera.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 117 Antennae with a few yellow setae. Scape elongate, slender, gradually incrassate towards the extremity. Basal joint of funiculus rather longer and stouter than 2nd, 3rd longer than broad, 4-6 beadlike, the others broken off. Underside slightly nitid, dark reddish-brown, nearly glabrous, there being only a few short slender brassy setae, densely and minutely sculptured, with very few shallow indistinct punctures, head closely and distinctly transversely striate. Epipleurae extremely narrow throughout. Prosternum moderately incurved. Kather longer than the typical species, the deflexed apical portion of the rostrum slightly longer, and bearing yellow in place of white hairs ; the elytra more parallel- sided, with deeper striae ; the scrobes deeper and more sharply limited above, and almost extending to the front of the eyes ; the scape is rather longer ; the tibiae a little flexuous and dilated at the extremity. Length (rest, incl.), 3^ lines ; breadth, 1 line. Carnley Harbour ; under a log. Another of Mr. Hudson's discoveries. Described from a damaged specimen set out on cardboard. Stilbodiscus, gen. nov. Rostrum rather shorter than thorax, stout, slightly arched, subpterygiate near the front, contracted behind, truncate at apex.. Clypeus short, deeply emarginate, appearing to consist of 2 rounded lobes. Mandibles prominent. Scrobes quite open and expanded above, beginning near the apex, deep there, but becoming shallow towards the eyes. Antennae inserted between the middle and apex of the rostrum. Scape very gradually incrassate, attaining the back of the eye. Funiculus 7-articulate, basal joint as long as 2nd and 3rd combined, 2nd longer than 3rd or 4th, joints 5 to 7 moniliform. Club oval, triarticulate, stout. Eyes large, transversely oval, widely distant from each other, just free from thorax. Thorax subovate, as long as broad, without ocular lobes. Scutellum obsolete. Elytra more than twice the length of thorax and rather wider at the base. Pygidium slightly exposed. Legs moderately elongate. Fetnora medially clavate. Tibiae flexuous, the anterior rounded exter- nally at the apex and mucronate inwardly. Tarsi setose, 2nd joint transverse, 3rd deeply lobate, the terminal elongate. Claws simple. Prosternum deeply incurved. The coxae prominent and contiguous ; intermediate coxae also prominent, nearly approximated ; the posterior widely separated. Abdomen elongate, its basal seg- ment longer than the metasternum, 2nd as long as 1st at the sides, 3rd and 4th conjointly rather shorter than 2nd but not abbreviate, 5th nearly as long as the preceding 2 taken together, subconical, the supplementary short, with a deep sub- lunate transverse basal impression. This genus is distinguished from all its allies by the somewhat shining body, and must be placed between Hycanus and the New Zealand Clypeorhynchus. From the latter it is differentiated by the structure of the rostrum and antennae, by the absence of ocular lobes, &c. It differs from Hycanus in having longer antennae, an unclavate scape, larger and transverse eyes, and elongate lobes to the 3rd tarsal joint ; these lobes, in fact, are about as long and slender as in the corresponding joint of Clypeorhynchus. 118 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND, [Colcoptera. Stilbodiscus setarius, sp. no v. (Plate V, fig. 6.) Elongate, slightly convex, moderately nitid, castaneo-rufous, tarsi paler ; sparingly clothed with short slender depressed, and erect elongate yellowish setae. Rostrum almost tricarinate, smooth near the apex. Head almost as wide as front of thorax, narrowed anteriorly, irregularly sculptured, some of the punctures being relatively coarse, the others fine. Thorax widest before the middle, slightly constricted near the apex, very gradually narrowed behind the middle ; the disc broadly bi-impressed longitudinally, its punctuation moderately coarse but not close, and rather shallow ; its base is truncate. Elytra elongate, not closely adapted to the thorax, much narrowed posteriorly, shoulders obtuse ; each elytron with 6 series of moderate punctures, the sutural 2 form striae which are deepest near the base ; interstices rather broad, minutely sculptured, and slightly rugose. Underside moderately shining, rufo-castaneous, sparingly punctured, and bear- ing some yellowish setae. Ventral segments with well-marked sutures. ^ . Length (rost. incl.), 3 J lines ; breadth, 1| lines. Campbell Island. One specimen, from the recent collection made by Messrs. W. K. Chambers and F. S. Des Barres, of Gisborne. Group ERIRHINIDAE. Erirhinus, Schoenherr. Antennae inserted near the middle of the rostrum, more or less elongate, slender. Scape thickened gradually ; 1st and 2nd joints of the funiculus elongate, the former the larger, joints 3-7 shorter, obconical. Club articulate, oblong-oval. Rostrum more or less elongated, cylindrical, slender, arched ; its scrobes beginning between the middle and extremity, almost rectilinear, and attaining the eyes. Eyes briefly oval, transversal. Thorax transverse, usually a little convex, more or less rounded laterally, truncate at base and apex, with feeble ocular lobes. Scutellum punctiform or triangular, small. Elytra oblong or oblong-oval, narrowed behind, a little wider than the thorax, slightly emarginate at the base. Legs of at least moderate length. Femora clavate, often almost pedunculate at base, unarmed. Tibiae slender, more or less flexuous, mucronate at extremity. Tarsi rather long, narrow, spongy under- neath, 3rd joint distinctly broader than 1st or 2nd, 4th moderate, likewise the claws. 2nd abdominal segment as long as 3rd and 4th taken together, separated from the 1st by a nearly straight suture. Intercoxal process rather wide, rounded or angulated in front. Metasternum more or less elongate. Body oblong or oval, generally densely pubescent. Dorytomus, Germar, is considered synonymous by many European entomo- logists ; it is without ocular lobes, but the femora are dentate below. Erirhinus dracophyllae, sp. nov. (Plate III, fig. 6.) Elongate, subovate, slightly nitid, fulvescent, elytra testaceous ; pubescence scanty, greyish, slender, and inconspicuous. Rostrum arched, slender, very elongate, about as long as the elytra ; longi- tudinally grooved, with a series of punctures across the extremity. Mandibles prominent, bifid at apex. Head rotundate, globose underneath. Eyes subrotundate, Coleoptera.'\ SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 119 distinctly faceted, situated close to the base of the rostrum and just free from the thorax. Scrobes extending from the middle of the rostrum to the ^eyes. Scape elongate and slender, attaining front of eye. Funiculus 7-articulate, basal joint nearly twice as long and stout as 2nd, 3-7 become^|shorter and thicker, 7th evi- dently larger than 6th. Cliih oblong-oval. TAorax ^transverse, its sides rounded, somewhat constricted in front, moderately closely and distinctly punctured. Scu- tdlurn small. Elytra wider than thorax at the base, oblong, narrowed posteriorly, regularly punctate-striate. Femora angulate and dentate underneath. Tibiae a little flexuous, mucronate at the extremity. Tarsi finely hispid below, 3rd joint broadly lobed. Claws thickened near the base. Underside sparsely pubescent, finely punctate. Metasternum moderately elon- gate, longitudinally grooved in the middle. 2nd ventral segment but little longer than 3rd or 4th. Length (rost. excL), \\ lines ; breadth, J line. Auckland Islands. Taken off Dracophyllum by Mr. Hudson. Distinct from our New Zealand species. Pactolotypus, gen. nov. Body compact, subovate, moderately convex. Rostrum rather shorter than thorax, slightly contracted before the middle. Scrobes deep, oblique, beginning near the apex and extending to the underside half-way to the eyes. Scape rather slender, somewhat incrassate near the extremity, it attains the back of the eye. Funiculus 6-articulate ; basal joint large, slender at base, clavate at apex; 2nd of similar form, but very much more slender ; 3-6 small, moniform, 6th a little larger than the preceding one. Club moderately large, ovate, triarticulate. Head as wide as front of thorax, quite half its length. Eyes distant from thorax and each other, lateral, prominent, distinctly faceted, subrotundate. Thorax subcylindric, base and apex truncate, without ocular lobes. Scutellum small or indistinct. Elytra less than twice the width of the thorax at the base, ovate, shoulders not prominent. Legs moderately elongate, stout. The 2 front pairs of femora simple ; the posterior long, strongly clavate towards the extremity, angulate and strongly spiniform underneath. Tibiae flexuous, the posterior very much so, all unarmed. Tarsi with pilose soles, 3rd joint cleft to the base, its lobes expanded and divergent. Claws subdentate. Prosternum emarginate in front. Anterior coxae prominent and contiguous ; inter- mediate moderately, the posterior widely, separated. Abdomen elongate ; basal 2 segments very large, seemingly connate, without any distinct suture ; 3rd and 4th short, with deep sutures. This genus is closely related to the New Zealand Pactola ; in fact, on a super- ficial examination the type appears almost identically the same as the smaller and narrower species, Pactola demissa. Pactolotypus is, however, essentially different in some respects. The funiculus has only 6 joints instead of 7, the humeral angles are narrow and rounded in place of being broad, there is no well-marked suture between the basal 2 ventral segments, &c. Pactolotypus striatus, sp. nov. (Plate V, fig. 5.) Snuill, opaque, piceous ; the antennae and base of hind thighs testaceous or castaneo-rufous, legs infuscate ; covered with erect grey setae and small variegated 120 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Coleoylera. squamae, chiefly fuscous, the middle of thorax and elytra sometimes fusco-testaceous, the elytra in some cases irregularly maculate, near the apices especially. Rostrum nearly as broad as the head, slightly asperate. TAorax slightly narrowed anteriorly, with a small indistinct tubercle near the middle, closely punctate. Elytra moderately convex, their sides only a little rounded, a good deal narrowed posteriorly but little wider than thorax at the base, evidently punctate-striate. Legs more or less variegate. Front tibiae usually testaceous ; they bear slender scales and setae. Underside subopaque, rufo-piceous, scantily clad with short slender grey setae ; abdomen finely, distinctly, but not closely punctured. Length (rost. excL), 1 J lines ; breadth, \ line. Auckland Islands. I am indebted to Mr. Hudson for my three specimens of this interesting little weevil. Group CRYPTORHYNCHIDAE. AcALLES, Schoenherr. Rostrum rather long, more or less robust, slightly widened apically. Scrobes beginning at or beyond the middle, rectilinear. Antennae moderate, more or less robust. Scape clavate, reaching the eye. 1st and 2nd joints of funiculus elongate, the others somewhat rounded and compact. Cluh oblong-oval, obtuse, articulate. Eyes more or less strongly faceted, large, subdepressed, triangular, acuminate below. Thorax transversal or not, more or less convex, laterally rounded, moderately pro- jecting in front, with feeble lobes, truncate or slightly bisinuate at base. Scutellum none. Elytra convex, ovate or oblong-oval, wider than thorax, narrowed at base, truncated. Legs usually robust. Femora gradually incrassated. Tibiae straight, compressed, uncinated. Tarsi rather short, moderately dilated, spongelike below, 1st joint elongate, 4th rather large, as are its claws. Pectoral canal short. Body oblong-oval, unequal. Acalles piciventris, sp. nov. Minute, elongate, subovate ; rufo-piceous, covered with depressed scales and coarse erect setae, antennae dark red, tarsi dark infuscate red. Rostrum shorter than thorax, moderately broad, very slightly and gradually narrowed medially, squamose near the base, a little shining and apparently smooth in front. Scape gradually thickened, barely reaching the eye. Funiculus 7 -arti- culate, basal joint much longer and stouter than 2nd, joints 4-7 beadlike. Club ovate and pubescent. Thorax rather longer than broad, rounded behind the middle, where it is widest, more but not abruptly narrowed anteriorly than behind ; some- what flattened along the middle, and broadly but not deeply depressed near the front ; its surface closely and, in proportion to its small size, coarsely punctured ; there are no crests, but the apex is obtusely rounded over the head. Scutellum apparently absent. Elytra suboblong, a little wider than thorax at the base, their sides very little rounded, a good deal obliquely narrowed behind, posterior declivity forming a rather long slope ; they are rather deeply punctate-striate, the coarse erect setae follow the course of the interstices. Legs stout, covered with squamiform greyish setae. Tarsi setose, their 3rd joint broadly bilobed, the terminal stout. Coletyptera.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 121 Underside piceous, distinctly but not closely punctured. Basal ventral segment larger than 2nd, 3rd and 4th abbreviated, with deep straight sutures, and apparently glabrous. Pectoral canal deep, its hind margin not elevated in line with the back part of the intermediate coxae. Metasternum short and plane, medially incurved behind. The vestiture is obscure grey or yellowish-grey. Length (rost. excl.), | line ; breadth, | line. Auckland Islands. Two examples, from Mr. Hudson. Pachyderris, gen. nov. Allied to Acalles, but differing somewhat in form and structure. Scutellum distinct. Pectoral canal limited behind by the raised borders of the mesosternum, and extending as far as the middle of the intermediate coxae. Meta- sternum short, medially depressed. Abdomen elongate ; basal segment elongate, one-third longer than 2nd ; 3rd and 4th not abbreviated, each shorter than the 2nd ; suture between the basal 2 truncate. Legs long and slender. Tibiae with well- developed terminal hooks. Tarsi slender and elongate, their basal joint rather longer than the terminal one, not at all spongelike underneath, being clothed with fine yellow hairs, 3rd joint bilobed. Rostrum elongate, gradually narrowed towards the middle. Thorax obtusely prominent, its sides, in front, incurved, but becoming prominent and ciliate lower down so as to form ocular lobes ; it is truncate at the base. Pachyderris punctiventris, sp. nov. Convex, opaque, densely covered with blackish depressed squamae, and scattered erect griseous squamiform setae ; legs and rostrum piceo-rufous. Rostrum a little nitid, rather longer than thorax, finely yet distinctly and moderately closely punctured, but with the linear space along the middle smooth. Head globose. Thorax as long as broad, gradually narrowed anteriorly ; punctate and squamose, and bearing many erect yellowish-grey squamiform setae ; it is somewhat transversely depressed in front, on the middle some infuscate squamae are concentrated but do not form crests. Elytra closely adapted to base of thorax, with oblique shoulders, so that the base does not exceed that of the thorax ; they are gradually narrowed backwards from the hind thighs, so that the apex is only half the width of the basal half ; posterior declivity not vertical ; they are apparently punctate-striate near the suture, and are indistinctly and irregularly crested, so that any description of one elytron would not be applicable to the other so far as the basal part is concerned, but two spaces, one near the base, the other in front of the declivity, are intensely black, the last has a small yellowish tuft at each side, just on top of the declivity the suture is nodiform ; their sides are nearly vertical. Legs long and slender, variegated, rufescent and piceous, with coarse greyish setae. Antennae medially inserted. Scape rather slender, just attaining the eye. Funiculus longer than scape, 7 -articulate, basal 2 joints of nearly equal length, 3rd oval, 4-7 small, the last larger than 6th. Cluh oval, articulate. Scrobes lateral, deep through- out, sharply limited above and below. Eyes subroundate. Length (rost. excl.), 2 J lines ; breadth, 1 line. Camley Harbour. The specimen is unique. It is another of Mr. Hudson's captures. 122 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OP NEW ZEALAND. [Cokoptera. EXPLANATION OF PLATE V. [I am indebted to Mr. Albert Waterworth, of Auckland, for preparing the micro-photos. All are magnified. It must be understood that it is almost impossible to get every part of an opaque convex insect into focus at once. The specimens were preserved in alcohol, which made the mounting of them on cardboard in anything like natural positions an extremely difficult operation.] Fig. 1. Synleratiis ovalis, Broun. Fig. 2. Kenodaclylus capilo, Broun. Fig. 3. Oofterus marrineri, Broun. Fig. 4. Loxomerus jossulatus, Broun. Fig. 5. Pactolotypus slriatiis, Broun. Fig. 6. Stilbodiscus setarius, Broun. Fig. 7. Baeostethus chilioni, Broun. Fig. 8. Pseudhelcyps quadricoUis, Broun. Coleoptera.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 123 PLATE V. AKTICI.K Vll. THK DIPTKHA OK THE SUJ5ANTAHCTIC ISLANDS OF NKW ZEALAND. By C. G. Lamb, M.A., B.Sc, Clare College, Cambridge. SIMULIIDAE. SiMULiUM, Ltr. * Simidium vexnns, Mik. Verb. Z.B. Ges. Wien, xxi, 201 ; also, T.N.Z.I., xxxiv, 169. Campbell Islands, i.e. ; * Auckland Islands. LIMNOBIIDAE. DiCRANOMYiA, Steph. Dicranomyia insularis, Mik. Verb. Z.B. Ges. Wien, xxi, 195 ; also, T.N.Z.I., xxxii, 50. Auckland Islands, I.e. Dicranomyia kronei, Mik. Verh. Z.B. Ges. Wien, xxi, 195 ; also, T. N.Z.I. , xxxii, 50. * Dicranomyia annvlata, sp. nov. * Auckland Islands. LiMNOPHiLA, Mcq. Limnophila bryobia, Mik. Verh. Z.B. Ges. Wien, xxi ; also, T.N.Z.I., xxxii, 50. Auckland Islands, I.e. Trichocera, Mg. Triehocera antipodum, Mik. Verh. Z.B. Ges. Wien, xxi ; also, T.N.Z.I., xxxii, 50. Zaluscodes, gen. nov. * Zaluscodes aucklandicus, sp. nov. ♦Auckland Islands. RHYPHIDAE. Rhyphus, Ltr. * Rhyphus undidatus, sp. nov. * Auckland Islands. STRATIOMYIDAE. Beris, Ltr. Beris micans, Hutton. T.N.Z.I., xxxiii, 6. The Snares, T.N.Z.I., xxxiv, 169. Diptera.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 125 EMPIDAE. Empis, L. * Empis smithii, Hutton. T.N.Z.I., xxxiii, 30. (See Plate III, fig. 9.) * Auckland Islands. DOLICHOPIDAE. SCHOENOPHILUS, Mik. * SchoenophUiis pedestris, sp. nov. * Macquarie Islands. Aphrosylopsis, gen. nov. * Aphrosylopsis lineatus, sp. nov. * Bounty Islands. SYRPHIDAE. Syrphus, F. * Syrphus novae-zealandiae, Mcq. Dipt. Ex. Suppl. 5, 115 ; also, T. N.Z.I. , xxxiii, 40. * Auckland Islands ; * Campbell Islands. Helophilus, Mg. * Hdophilus cnmpbeUictis, Hutton, T.N.Z.I., xxxiv, 170. Campbell Islands, I.e. ; * Auckland Islands. * Helophilus interruptus, sp. nov. * Campbell Islands. MUSCIDAE. Calliphora, Dsv. * Calliphora quadrimaculatn, Swederus. Nya Handling, viii, 289, No. 49 (1787); also, T.N.Z.I., xxxiii, 64. * Auckland Islands, T.N.Z.I., xxxiv, 170. * CaUiphara icela, \Vlk. Cat. Dip. B.M. 897 ; also, T.N.Z.I., xxxiii, 65. * Auckland Islands, T.N.Z.I., xxxiv, 170. * Calliphora eudypti, Hutton. T.N.Z.I., xxxiv, 170. The Snares, Auckland and * Campbell Islands, I.e. Calliphorn antipodea, Hutton, T. N.Z.I. , xxxiv, 171. Antipodes Islands, I.e. Calliphorn eoekaynei, Hutton, T.N.Z.I., xxxvi, 155. Campbell Islands, I.e. * Calliphora flavipes, sp. nov. * Auckland Islands. 126 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Diplera. ANTHOMYIIDAE. LiMNOPHORA, DSV. * lAmnofhorn aucMnndica, Hutton. T.N.Z.I., xxxiv, 172. * Auckland Islands, Ix. * Limnophora lasiophthnltna, sp. nov. * Auckland Islands. Paralimnophora, gen. nov. * Parnlimnophora depressa, sp. nov. * Antipodes and * Enderby Islands. * Paralimnophora indistincta, sp. nov. * Enderby Island. Melanochila, Rnd. * Melanochila insnlaris, sp. nov. * Campbell Islands. Trichopticus, Rnd. * Trichopticus vUlosus, Hutton. T.N.Z.I., xxxiv, 171. * Auckland Islands, I.e. * Trichopticus curvipes, sp. nov. * Auckland Islands. Homalomyia, Bouche. Homalomyia fraxinea, Hutton. T.N.Z.I., xxxiii, 74. Auckland and Antipodes Islands, T.N.Z.I., xxxiv, 172 Homalomyia fidiginosa, Hutton. T.N.Z.I., xxxiii, 75. The:Snares, T.N.Z.I., xxxiv, 172. Coenosia, Mg. * Coenosia filipennis, sp. nov. * Campbell Islands. * Coenosia fumipennis, sp. nov. * Campbell Islands. PHYCODROMIDAE. Coelopa, Mg. Codopa littoralis, Hutton. T.N.Z.I., xxxiii, 80. Auckland and Campbell Islands, T.N.Z.I., xxxiv, 172. Coelopa curvipes, Hutton. T.N.Z.I., xxxiv, 172. Auckland Islands, I.e. Coelopa rufa, Hutton. T.N.Z.I., xxxiv, 173. The Snares, I.e. Diptera.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 127 * Codopa debHis, sp. nov. * Campbell Islands. * Codopa nigrifrons, sp. nov. * Macquarie Islands. IcARiDiON, gen. nov. * Icaridion nasutum, sp. nov. * Campbell Islands. Baeopterus, gen. nov. * Baeopterus robustus, sp. nov. * Campbell and Ewing Islands. HELOMYZIDAE. Allophylopsis, gen. nov. * Allophylopsis punctata, sp. nov. * The Snares. Heteromyza, Fin. Heteromyza laquei, Hutton. T.N.Z.I., xxxiv, 173. The Snares, I.e. DRYOMYZIDAE. PoLYTOcus, gen. nov. * Polytocus spinicosta, sp. nov. * Auckland Islands. LONCHAEIDAE. LONCHAEA, Fin. Lonchaea aucJdandica, Hutton. T.N.Z.I., xxxiv, 173. Auckland Islands, I.e. SAPROMYZIDAE. Lauxania, Ltr. Lauxania earhonaria, Hutton. T.N.Z.I., xxxiv, 173. Auckland Islands, I.e. DROSOPHILIDAE. Drosophila, Fin. Drosophila enderhii, Hutton. T.N.Z.I., xxxiv, 174. Enderby Island, I.e. 128 SUBANTARCnC ISLANDS OF KEW ZEALAND. [Diptera. MILICHIDAE. MiLICHIA, Mg. MUichia littorea, Hutton. T.N.Z.I., xxxiv, 174. Antipodes Islands, I.e. AGROMYZIDAE. Agromyza, Fin. Agromyzn ausfraliensis, Mik. Verh. Z.B. Wien, xxxi, 202 ; also, T.N.Z.I., xxxiii, 93. Auckland Islands, I.e. OCHTHIPHILA, Fin. Ochihiphila australis, Hutton. T.N.Z.I., xxxiv, 174. Campbell Islands, I.e. List. — The list of species includes those hitherto recorded from these sub- antarctic islands, together with those now described in this paper. The former records were partly obtained from Mutton's list (Index Faunae N.Z., 1904) and partly from the " Zoological Record." A certain number of the specimens sent belonged to species already described, and these are marked in the list by an asterisk (*), which mark is also put against new localities for previously recorded species. The new genera and species are also indicated. Material. — Many of the specimens were well pinned and set, but a considerable proportion were in tubes, being preserved in spirit. When this is the case it is men- tioned in the description. In the case of Diptera, spirit specimens are very unsatis- factory : they cannot be dealt with in the wet state, as the hairs and other structures are matted up, and when dried a considerable and unequal amount of contraction takes place. With such a specimen, while it is often fairly easy to decide on the generic relationships, the specific details are usually difficult to make out. Further, it is practically impossible to make drawings from such specimens, owing to the result- ing distortion. All Diptera should be taken in an ordinary killing-bottle, and pinned on small papered cork blocks. For this purpose only silver pins should be used, or pins containing but little alloy, as otherwise the pins corrode, in some families with considerable rapidity. If sufficient specimens are taken, it is desirable to have at least one specimen of each sex pinned with the ventral surface upwards. In the case of a single specimen of a species, the most useful method is, however, to pin the insect on its side, the pin passing through the thorax just below the wing-insertion ; the legs should be prevented from contracting together by the insertion of one or two ordinary small pins, which can be removed when the insect is dry. A specimen pinned in this way suffers less damage to many important details of thoracic chae- totaxy, &c., than when pinned in any other manner, and is quite useful for purposes of study. It is evident from the nature of the species sent that the collecting of the same was almost entirely confined to the coast. In view of the interest of the species Diptera.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 129 %/, yp: h. n "> >■'. obtained from such a small and localised part of the total area, it is very important that the interior-dwelling forms be collected in the larger islands. Immigrant forms will, doubtless, be introduced to some extent, and the alteration of the natural con- ditions will cause considerable disturbance to the local species. Many species of Diptera are extraordinarily local in their distribution, being sometimes confined to a few square yards of favourite locality, and such localities are readily destroyed. The coast forms are likely to be far less affected by settlement and cultivation than the inland ones, and hence attention should be at once paid to the latter. Aetiology. — A remarkable feature of the collections was the abnormal number of species with reduced wings. This is probably due in part to the method of collec- tion, which would most likely favour the capture of species which were unable to fly. It is, however, a feature in the Diptera of the southern islands. From Ker- guelen Island we have had species described by Mr. G. H. Verrall (Phil. Trans. B.S.L., extra vol., 1878) with greatly reduced wings. These belong to various families — Calycopieryx moseleyi to the Micropezidae, Amalopteryx maritima and Apetenus litoralis to the Ephydridae, and Anatalanta aptera to the Borhoridae ; the latter is quite devoid both of wings and halteres. Becker has also recently described a Scato- phila (Ephydridae), in the " Reports of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition," which has greatly reduced wings. In the present paper species of reduced size are de- scribed belonging to the families Dolichopidae, Anthomyiidae, and Phycodromidae. Additional evidence is thus present for the correlation of this condition with the existence of a very windy climate. The genera of Diptera are very cosmopolitan in their distribution, and, further- more, collections of them are but scanty both in numbers and in material ; hence it is not possible at present to draw any conclusions as to the regional relationships of the species considered in this paper. My thanks are due to the following gentlemen for their kind help in regard to certain critical points : Professor P. Stein, of Treptow, Pomerania ; Mr. G. H. Verrall, F.E.S. ; and Mr. J. E. Collin, F.E.S., of Newmarket, England. DESCEIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES. LIMNOBIIDAE. DiCRANOMYiA, Stephens. Cat. of Brit. Ins., ii, 243 (1829). Dicranomyia annulata, sp. nov. A pair belonging to this genus was sent from the Auckland Islands. They are very much like the common European species, D. chorea, and do not agree with the description of any of the forms hitherto noted from the Antarctic islands. Length. — Body, 8 mm. ; wing, 9 mm. The heads are shrivelled, but apparently offer no particular characters. Wings. — A spot on the praefurca at its origin. The stigmatical spot present, and just fills the space from the marginal cross- vein to the forking-point of the radial vein. The origin of the radial vein is slightly behind the end of the mediastinal. The subcostal cross-vein is indistinct, and is just perceptibly before the origin of the radial vein. The discal cell is closed. The veins have minute bristles, which are most evident on the radial vein. 9—8. 130 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Diptera. The body is ochreous-brown, with the abdomen annulate in brown and yellow. This is most striking with no magnification. We can also express it by saying that the ground-colour is yellow-brown with a broad brown hind border to each segment. The male has a pair of large fleshy yellow forceps. The legs are yellowish, with the last tarsal joints very slightly infuscate, Hab. — Auckland Islands. Types. — Cambridge Museum. Fui.l— Palp. Zaluscodes, gen. nov. Wings much abbreviated, with no distinct veins. Antennae with 16 joints. Palpi with 4 joints, the last orbicular and attached to the side of the small 3rd joint (see fig. 1). Tibial spurs present on all the legs. In the " Zoologischer Anzeiger," band xxix (1905-6), p. 69, the genus ZalAisa was established by Dr. Enderlein for a Limnobiid with abbreviated wings which was obtained from the Falkland Islands. Among the insects sent for examination was a pair of another Limnobiid, also with shortened wings; but it was felt necessary to make a separate genus for the species. The differences between Zalusa and Zaluscodes are as follows : — Zalusa. Antennae, 14-jointed. Wings about length of thorax, with well- defined veins. Tibial spurs absent. Zaluscodes. Antennae, 16- jointed. Wings about half length of thorax, with no recognisable veins. Tibial spurs present. The male genitalia appear to be somewhat as shown for Zalusa in Dr. Ender- lein's paper, but the specimen was not in such condition as to make an exact com- parison possible. The female of Zalusa is not known. In Zaluscodes the female is provided with a well-developed ovipositor, which is larger in proportion than is the case in Limnobiids in general. Zaluscodes aucklandicus, sp. nov. (Plate IV, fig. 1.) Length. — About 5 mm. Male. — Uniformly yellow-brown, with the exception of the last joint of the palpi, which is blackish-brown, and the last tarsal joints, which are somewhat suffused with black. Head. — Nearly circular in side profile, with bare circular eyes, whose diameter is about 0*6 of the vertical depth of the head. Proboscis. — Truncated, conical in form, about half as long as the depth of the head. Antennae : 1st joint somewhat strap-like ; 2nd, spherical, with a diameter about twice that of the flagellar joints ; 3rd, pyriform ; 4th to 16th, nearly orbicular at first, and becoming somewhat , ^ more elongate towards the tip, each joint provided p-m. 2.— Antenna. '^•^ with a few hairs ; length, about 1 mm. (see fig. 2). Dij)tera.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 131 Costal mtirgir Fig. 3 —Wing. Wings. — Greatly abbreviated, about J mm. in length and ^n mm- broad. No veins present, but a slight thickening along the central axis of the wing. No bristles present, except a few hairlike ones scattered along the inner margin (see fig. 3). Legs. — Clothed with uniformly distributed and somewhat ad- pressed black hairs. Tibiae slightly darkened at the tip and the tarsi on the last joints. Each tibia has a pair of short but fairly stout pale spurs. Abdomen. — Clothed with fairly uniformly distributed pale hairs. Genitalia clubbed, and apparently similar in general form to those of Zalusa. Female. — Similar to the male, except as follows : The hairs on the legs are somewhat longer and not adpressed. Abdomen piceous, and provided with a well-developed sabre- like ovipositor about | mm. long. The breadth of the latter, viewed from the side, is nearly constant for about one-third of its length, and then sud- denly diminishes, tapering thence to the end (see fig. 4). It has a few scattered hairs on the basal half. Hab. — Auckland Islands. Type. — Cambridge Museum. Fig. 4. — Ovii'ositor. RHYPHIDAE. Rhyphus, Latreille. Hist. Nat. Crust, et Ins., xiv, 291 (1804). Rhyphus undulatus, sp. nov. Two specimens, sent by Mr. Hudson. Size. — Body, 7 mm. ; wing, 8 mm. This is a more robust and larger species than R. neozealandicus. The main points of difference are as below : — Antennae black, with brown basal joints, instead of yellow with black tips. Thorax blackish, with 2 yellowish somewhat indistinct stripes extending from the base of the wings to about the humeri ; also 2 very narrow dorsal stripes joined in front to the first two stripes. Abdomen black, mottled with complex yellow markings. Wings. — The 2nd vein bent up sharply to the costa ; the 3rd more undulated than in R. neozealandicus, thicker than in that species. The stigma is confined to the distal half of the shorter radial cell, instead of filling it wholly. The wings are very like these of the common British R. fenestralis. The difference between the wings of R. neozealandicus and R. undidatus is shown below (figs. 5 and 6.) Fio. .5. — WiNO OF Rhyphiit undulatun. Fio. 6. — Wing ok Ithyiihiix neazealtindicm. 132 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OP NEW ZEALAND. [Diptera. Legs yellow, with the knees and tips of the hind tibiae narrowly blackened ; last tarsal joints blackish. Hab. — Carnley Harbour, Auckland Islands. Type. — Cambridge Museum. DOLICHOPIDAE. ScHOENOPHiLUS, Mik. Dept. Untersuch., 9 (1878). Two specimens are referable to this genus. They were collected by Mr. Hamilton in 1894 at the Macquarie Islands. Schoenophilus pedestris, sp. nov. The size is about the same as the European species S. versutus — namely, about 2^ mm. The wings are, however, reduced to very narrow linear strips. ()wing to the specimens having been preserved in spirit, it is impossible to give any figures, as they have shrivelled up too much. The wingless condition would in all pro- bability be sufficient for diagnosis. Hab. — Macquarie Islands. Type. — Cambridge Museum. Two specimens of a Dolichopid from the Bounty Islands were among the spirit specimens sent. They were both in somewhat bad condition, the wings being crumpled, and one being devoid of a head. The nearest genus to which they can be referred is Aphrosylus (Walk.). This genus has a 3rd joint of the antennae conical in form, with a terminal arista, and the palpi are spatulate in form and hang free, so that the insect has the power of moving them laterally with a vibratory motion. The insect under consideration has a close general relation to a large Aphro- sylus, but differs in the antennal arista and the palpi. Aphrosylopsis, gen. nov. Of the general form and characters of Aphrosylus (Walk.), including the absence of any achrostical bristles, and the possession of hairy eyes. The following are the chief points of difference : — Antennae.— Oval 3rd joint with a somewhat acuminate end. Arista inserted dorsally about half-way down the joint, and somewhat thickened at the base, and bent. Mouth produced below the eyes ; the palpi lie along the stout proboscis, and are attached by a broad base, and have a rounded tip. The wings are much as in Aphrosylus, but could not be well examined owing to their being much crumpled up. The eyes are thickly covered with short silky hairs, and the thorax is quite devoid of achrostical bristles. The hind tibiae have a dorsal row of fine bristles. Aphrosylopsis lineatus, sp. nov. Only the salient points can be given, owing to the effect of the spirit used for preservation. Diptera.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 133 Thorax. — Ground-colour brown, with a central grey stripe. This is narrow in front, but broadens out in a trumpet-shape to the scutellum. This stripe is bordered along the stalk of the trumpet by a narrow dark-brown line. Pleurae dark grey. Scutellum grey, like the stripe. Halteres yellow. Abdomen greyish-green. Legs black, except the tips of all the knees, which are narrowly reddish. The genitalia in Aphrosylus differ considerably with the species. The present insect has small outer lamellae, which are subtriangular in form ; the inner are much chitinized, and are larger than the outer pair. Hab. — Bounty Islands. Type. — Cambridge Museum. SYRPHIDAE. Some specimens belonging to the genus Syrphu^ were sent both from Carnley Harbour and from Campbell Island. All these can be fairly referred to the species S. novae-zenlandiae. It is impossible to be sure of the limits of species in such a difficult genus as Syrphus without a good deal of material, and in the absence of this it seems best to put all the species sent under the above name. Helophilus, Meigen. Syst. Besch., iii, 368 (1822). Helophilus interruptus, sp. nov. A female specimen of the above genus was collected by Messrs. Des Barres and Chambers at Campbell Island. It is superficially very like a rather small H. tri- linecUus. The points of difference are tabulated below : — Irilinenlus, ? A pronounced facial tubercle. Thorax of a grey ground-colour, with 3 broad black stripes. Front tibiae yellow. with dark - rufous Hind femora rufous inside and on the distal half outside. Hind tibiae orange, base. Wing-veins yellow-brown. Discal cross-vein oblique, and somewhat S-shaped. No stigmatic colour. Hab. — Campbell Islands. Type. — Cambridge Museum. interruptus, J No real tubercle ; the whole face is formed of a rounded swelling. The ground-colour yellow-grey, with 3 broad black stripes, the centre one having a median grey line not extend- ing to the ends of the black one. Front tibiae yellow, with a black ring at the end. Hind femora all black. Hind tibiae black, with broad yellow central band. Wing-veins black, and slightly infuscate. Discal cross- vein oblique, but only bent where it is crossed by the vena spuria. Well-marked black stigma. 134 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Diptera. MUSCIDAE. Caluphoua, Robineau-Desvoidy. " Essai sur les Myodaires," 433 (1830). Among the specimens of this genus was one which was well marked off from the other New Zealand species by its completely yellow legs, Calliphora flavipes, sp. nov. Size. — Length, 9 mm. ; wing, 8 mm. Head. — Frons black, with lighter eye-margins ; facial ridges and a short stripe under the front part of eye dusky orange ; jowls black. Eyes bare. Antennae with the basal joints orange, the 3rd joint dark testaceous, but lighter on the inner side. Thorax blackish, with no distinct stripes. The prothoracic and metathoracic stigmata with the usual bright-orange spots. Wings pellucid, slightly suffused with yellow at the base ; veins yellow at the base, darker at the tip ; the usual yellow scales at the base of the wing. The bend of the 4th vein is only slightly curved ; the hind cross-vein moderately undulated. Halteres orange. Squamae yellow-brown. Legs. — All the joints of all the legs are orange, but the last tarsal joints are very slightly darkened. Abdomen. — The basal segment is concolorous with the thorax ; the other seg- ments are dark violet. Hab. — Carnley Harbour. Type. — Cambridge Museum. ANTHOMYIIDAE. Among the specimens sent, two were referred with more or less certainty to the species Trichopticus villostis and Limnophora aitcklandica of Hutton. With one ex- ception, it seemed at present best to place the other specimens under the genera as recognised by Hutton. In some cases, however, the species do not satisfactorily fall in line with the European forms usually placed in the genera, and there can be little doubt that when the Diptera of New Zealand and the subantarctic islands are more fully known some of the present species will have to be placed in new genera. It is necessary, however, to have a much larger amount of material at disposal before the limits of the New Zealand insects can be made out. Limnophora, Robineau-Desvoidy. " Essai sur les Myodaires," 517 (1830). The species of this genus should have bare eyes, but among the insects sent were two species from the Auckland Islands which had respectively slightly pubescent and very hairy eyes. These were sent to Professor Stein, who is of opinion that they, nevertheless, are members of the genus. The species with only sUghtly pubescent eyes is rather rubbed, but in most respects it agrees very well with the description of Mutton's species L. aucklandica. In the description of that species the eyes are said to be bare, but in the specimen under consideration the pubescence is slight, though definite. In default of more and better material it seems best to refer this specimen to that species. ZHptern.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 135 The second species is much like an ordinary form of the genus, except for the harry eyes. It is proposed to make the following species for the specimens, which are one male and two females. As the species of this genus are moderately sexually dimorphic, the descriptions of the sexes are given separately. Limnophora lasiophthalma, sp. nov. Size. — Body, about 6 mm. ; wing, about 5j mm. Male. — Head. — Vertex and frons narrow, more than is usual in the genus ; black. The face in profile is conical from the side view, and is a very little hollowed out between the end of the frons and the mouth-margin. Cheeks black from a side view, with golden reflections on front view. Face and jowls silvery-grey. Antennae black, the 3rd joint long with subparallel sides and a sUghtly rounded end to the same. Arista evidently pubescent, especially on the basal half. Palpi black. Eyes normal in shape for the genus, but closely and thickly covered with fine yellow hair. Thorax and scutellum black, with a bluish tone ; an indistinct and irregular silveriness or sheen extends from the humeri to the wing-base. Abdomen. — Basal segment black. The 2 middle segments with a greyish-yellow ground-colour and a pair of slightly indistinct spots on each ; these spots are roughly trapezoidal in form. The hind boundary is formed by the hind margin of the seg- ment, and extends from near the centre line of the abdomen to slightly before the edge of the same. The front boundary of the spot is formed by the front margin of the segment, and extends from near the centre line, but only a short distance along the segment. The other two boundaries (across the abdominal segment) are as follows : The inner one is straight, so that between the pair of spots the ground- colour shows as a somewhat indistinct straight line ; the outer boundary is an undulated hne passing from the front edge of the segment to the back edge. The terminal segments have on them two indistinct black spots. Legs black, with the usual stout bristly fringe on the lower side, and large yellow foot-pads. Wings and squamae of the normal form for the genus ; wings clear, with black veins. Squatnae unequal. The halieres are bright yellow. Fe-male. — Hecul far less prominent than in the male ; vertex and frons broad ; black. Cheeks, face, and jowls with a bright-yellow pollination. Antennae as in the male, but the arista less evidently pubescent. Eyes as in the male. Thorax black, with a pair of indistinct narrow grey lines extending from the front to the cross-suture. A light-grey pollinated irregular line passes from the humeri to the wing-root in the place occupied by the silvery line in the male. Scu- tellum with the disc yellowish in the centre line and grey each side of that line. The sides black and the tip yellow. A pair of pollinated spots on each side at the base, and a similar pair on the disc of the thorax just before the base of the scutellum. Abdomen with the spots more extensive than in the male, so that the ground- colour only shows on the centre line, and as a pair of roughly semicircular spots on each of the mid segments, those spots being on the front margins of the segments ; consequently the hind and outer-side margins of the segments are black from the extension of the spots. 136 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Diptem. Legs as in the male, but with less fringe and very small pads. Wings, &c., as in the male. Hab. — Auckland Islands. Types. — Cambridge Museum. Paralimnophora, gen. nov. Some specimens from the Enderby and Campbell Islands have a fairly close resemblance to the genus Ldmnophora, but differ from the normal forms to a notice- able extent. It seems best to place them imder a new genus, for which the above name is proposed. Head. — Forehead prominent, as in Limnophora, but the face is more retreating ; a line tangential to the end of the frons and the outer edge of the mouth is nearly vertical in Limnophora, in the new genus it slopes considerably backwards. The eyes are far apart in the male, and quite bare ; the ratio of vertical height to breadth is far less than in Limnophora, and the eyes are more rounded in form. The mouth is slightly prominent, and the face is slightly hollowed out between the mouth-margin and the base of the antennae. The jowls are deep, owing to the less vertical height of the eye. The antennae have a slightly rounded end to the 3rd joint, and the arista is just pubescent when a fairly high power is used ; this pubescence exists at least on the basal half, and is less than in Limnophora. The bristles present are : Ocellar, very small post-verticals, subparallel inner verticals which are larger than the smaller divergent outer verticals ; 2 pairs of small upper fronto-orbitals ; the lower fronto-orbitals are not somewhat hairUke, as in Limnophora, but are bristly and bent inwards so that they nearly meet on the centre line of the frons ; there is no crossed frontal pair. The mouth is provided with strong vibrissae and other mouth-bristles on the margin. Thorax much as in Limnophora. Abdomen. — This is peculiar in form ; it is much depressed, being flattened in the horizontal plane. The form is oval, with roughly parallel sides and rounded ends. The macrochaetae are rather weak, and are mostly on the lateral portions of the disc. The 2 middle segments are spotted, as in Limnophora, except that the spots are somewhat more indistinct in form and boundary. The male genitalia form a well-marked rounded knob below the last segments. Wings as in Limnophora, but the 6th vein is at first stout and then suddenly becomes faint ; the 7th vein is faint throughout. The squamae are unequal. Paralimnophora depressa, sp. nov. Length. — Of body, 5 mm. ; of wing, 5 mm. Head grey, cheeks silvery. Antennae black. Palpi yellow. Proboscis black. Thorax shaped as above ; grey ; minutely bristled between the macrochaetae. Abdomen grey ; a pair of indistinct brownish spots of fairly large size on the 2nd and 3rd segments, with a lighter grey median stripe between them. Legs. — All the femora dark grey ; knees and rest of all the legs yellow. Wings clear ; Ist vein brown, others blackish, except at the base, where they are yellowish ; no spur on costa ; 6th and 7th veins not reaching margin, the latter Diptera.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 137 nearly straight and faint. Halteres yellow. Squamae moderate in size, white, un- equal. Hab. — Enderby and Antipodes Islands. Type. — Cambridge Museum. Paralimnophora indistincta, sp. nov. One specimen differs so considerably from the rest that, in default of more material, which might show intermediate forms, it seems best to treat it as a distinct species. Similar in size, form, and main characters to the last species, but differs as follows : — Colour. — All blue-grey, with the face and cheeks silvery. The abdominal spots are practically invisible, being only seen as a slight darkening of the surface on looking sideways. Wings, legs, &c., as last species, except that the thickened part of the 6th vein is proportionally shorter. The achrostical bristles between the dorso-central ones are sparer than in the last species, and are roughly arranged in two rows. Hab. — Enderby Island. Type. — Cambridge Museum. Melanochila, Rondani. Att. Soc. Ital. Milano, ix, 72, 136 (1866). Three specimens of an Anthomyiid from Carnley Harbour seem best placed in this genus. They agree well in character with the European species M. riparia, but the head is not quite so much excavated under the antennae, which are conse- quently not quite so porrect as in that species. The specimens having been preserved in spirit may account for some alteration in form. Melanochila insularis, sp. nov. Size. — About 4 mm. Head. — Frons brown-grey, with darker eye-margins and ocellar area. Face lighter grey ; jowls with the front part light grey, the back part brown. Back of head grey. Palpi yellow, darkened at the ends. Antennae dark grey, the 3rd joint moderately pointed. Thorax. — Brown-grey, with 2 narrow greyer stripes more evident in front. Pleurae lighter grey. Scutellum with a small light-grey spot on each side at the base. Wings. — Slightly suffused with brown ; the unequal moderately sized squamae with orange edges. Halteres orange. Legs. — Femora dark grey, knees and tibiae orange ; tarsal joints getting darker towards the last 2, which are black. Abdomen. — Traces of large darker spots are visible on the middle segments. Specimens in spirit. Hab. — Campbell Islands. Type. — Cambridge Museum. 138 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Diptera. Trichopticus, Rondani. Dept. Ital. Prod., iv, 9 (1861). A specimen from Carnley Harbour is apparently best put under this genus, as it agrees quite well with the general character of Mutton's other species of the genus which are in the Cambridge Museum. Trichopticus (?) curvipes, n. sp. (Plate III, fig. 8.) Head. — Eyes fairly well separated in the male ; very hairy ; black-grey in colour, with some yellow pollination on the face and jowls. Thorax. — Black-grey, with the humeri and front of thorax slightly lighter, and an indistinct central black line. Abdomen. — Dark yellowish-grey, with very indistinct subtriangular spots (having rounded angles) on the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th segments. Legs. — Femora of all the legs black ; the knees and rest of legs light testaceous. The hind tibiae are remarkably bowed. The end of the tibia appears as if it extended slightly beyond the insertion of the metatarsus. The insect is of the size of T. melas. Hab. — Carnley Harbour. Type. — Cambridge Museum. CoENOsiA, Meigen. Syst. Beschr., v, 210 (1826). Two species were sent, the one with the wings reduced to strips, the other with ample blackened wings. The former was assigned by Professor Stein to this genus. The second species is more doubtful in its affinities, but it is thought best to, at any rate provisionally, place it in the genus as interpreted by Hutton. Coenosia filipennis, sp. nov. The specimen was preserved in spirit ; it was collected in Campbell Island in November, 1907. Size. — Body, 5^ mm. ; wing, about Ij mm. Head. — Vertex and frons brown, face more silvery. Antennae black, the arista bare except under a magnification of about 50, when it is perceptibly pubescent. Thorax grey, with three indistinct longitudinal brown stripes. Scutellum brown, with a grey central line. Abdomen cylindrical, grey, with a broad brown central line ; this varies in breadth along each segment, being narrower on the top edge than on the bottom edge of each segment. The stripe is faintly interrupted on the centre line by the ground- colour showing through. AH the bristles stand on brown spots. The male genitalia are well developed, standing out as a grey knob on the end of the abdomen. Legs black, with yellow knees and a slight grey pollination on the femora and coxae. Wings reduced to rudimentary strips, which are narrow and acuminate, and about IJ mm. long. The costa is evident, and is provided with minute black bristles ; in addition, another long vein is present, and 2 minute cells at the base of the wing. The squamae are present, but very small. Halteres normal, yellowish-white in colour. Hab. — Campbell Islands. Type. — Cambridge Museum. Dipera.'] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 139 Coenosia fumipennis, sp. nov. Length. — Body, 5| mm. ; wing, 6 mm. Head. — Frons brown, with a light-grey mark extending forward from the ocelli, of an elongated-heart shape. Eye-margins grey. Face grey ; jowls light grey. Antennae grey ; arista bare. Palpi and proboscis blackish. Thorax yellowish-grey, with light-grey pleurae ; scutellum grey, with a broad darker central line. Wings rather narrow and long, suffused with blackish to about the distal third of the wing, which is much blackened ; no costal spine. Squamae, lighter. Legs. — Femora grey. Tibiae dusky testaceous. Tarsi black. Specimen preserved in spirit. Hab. — Monument Harbour, Campbell Island. Type. — Cambridge Museum. Note. — This species can only be referred with some doubt to the genus Coenosia, as the antennae are shorter than in ordinary species, and the mouth-bristles are far less developed. PHYCODROMIDAE. This family includes some very interesting forms. One is a large and robust insect with reduced wings, for which a new genus, Paeofterus, is proposed ; there are several examples of this insect in the British Museum collection. Another is devoid of halteres, and has the wings reduced to strips ; for this the new genus Icaridion is proposed. Hutton has described several species of the genus Coelopa, and the Cambridge collection contains specimens from him of his species C. litnralis. The female of this species is very like the European forms, but the male differs con- siderably. It possesses a conspicuous spinal armature on the femora of all the legs, especially on the hind femora, a character foreign to the normal forms ; the rest of the legs bear the usual fur characteristic of the males in Coelopa. In addition, the male has a singular provision of a chaetotaxy on the underside of the first few abdominal segments. The arista of C. litoralis is like that of the normal forms, being practically bare under a high power, and being somewhat chitinous in texture. Among the insects sent were two species of Phycodromids in which the characters were those of the genus Coelopa, but the arista is evidently pubescent and is more hairlike in form ; it recalls to some extent that of certain Borborids. This form of arista is also found in the new genus Icaridion. It also differs from the normal type of arista in Coelopa, inasmuch as the basal joints of the same are more thickened. As this point is not referred to in any of the diagnoses of Mutton's species from the islands, it is proposed to keep the new species in the genus Coelopa lor the present, but it is possible that a more extended knowledge of the genus may necessitate the separation of these forms from the normal ones. To this form of Coelopa with pubescent arista belong the two following species. Coelopa, Meigen. Syst. Beschr., vi, 8 (1830). Several specimens of a small species were sent, but the material was very unsatis- factory, and a full diagnosis is impossible. 140 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Diptera. Coelopa debilis, sp. nov. The species is best characterized by its small size, it being only about 3^ mm. long. It is uniformly blackish-grey in colour, with somewhat greyer pleurae and light testaceous legs. The general form is much like that of the female of C, litoralis, but the small size at once separates it. The specimens were preserved in spirit. Hab. — Monument Harbour, Campbell Island. Type. — Cambridge collection. Coelopa nigrifrons, sp. nov. One male and two females were collected by Mr. Hamilton in 1894 in the Mac- quarie Islands. Size. — Body, 4j mm. ; wing, 5j mm. Head. — Vertex black, with a slight V-shaped depression bordering the front of the ocellar area ; back of head and upper eye-margins grey, the boundary between the black and grey colours thus forming an M-shaped line. Face and cheeks grey. Palpi brown. Proboscis yellow. Antennae slightly reddish, in tone with the pubes- cent arista mentioned above. Thorax. — The ground-colour is a dark blackish-grey, with a slight yellowish pollination. The surface is uniformly covered with short closely set suberect haixs. Scidellum as thorax in colour ; pleurae grey. Abdomen piceous. The male genitalia are prominent, but the specimen is not in good-enough condition for figuring or detailed description. Legs. — All yellow, with a very slight and indistinct darkening on the upper side of the femora ; somewhat hairy in the female and very hairy in the male. Wings slightly suffused with brown, the veins uniformly brown. The specimens were preserved in spirit. Hab. — Macquarie Islands. Type. — Cambridge collection. IcARiDiON, gen. nov. This genus is founded for a very interesting form, in which the halteres are absent and the wings are reduced to mere strips. The generic name refers to the last circumstance. Head. — Frons much protuberant, broad and flattened, and thickly covered with hairs, so that the bristles are but little evident amongst the hairs. Mouth only moderately produced, so that the frons overhangs the rest of the face to a consider- able extent. Labrum prominent. Antennae with joints as in Fucomyia, but with the 3rd joint somewhat larger in proportion ; arista long and sparsely pubescent (recalling the arista of some Borboridae). Eyes longish - oval, with the long axis vertical, more rounded in front than behind. Thorax with bristles as in Fucomyia. Wings reduced to very short clutinous strips, about J as long as the thorax. Halteres absent. Legs as in Coelopa ; more hairy in the male than the female. Diptern.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 141 Icaridion nasutum, sp. hov. Size. — About 4j mm. Colour blackish ; frons yellow-grey. Antennae and palpi blackish ; pleurae grey. Legs fusco-testaceous. Abdomen hairy. The short strip-like wings have one fairly strong central forked vein ; the posterior margin is somewhat bristly. Specimens preserved in spirit. Hab. — Monument Harbour, Campbell Island. ^ Type. — Cambridge Museum. Baeopterus, gen. nov. This genus is well marked by its much-shortened wings (smaller in the female than in the male), the greatly elongated legs, and the extraordinarily reduced chaetotaxy. Texture coriaceous. Head. — Frons and mouth prominent, much excavated between the two. Lunula well developed and furrowed longitudinally. Antennae inserted on the underside of the forehead ; 1st joint small, 2nd conical, 3rd small and partially hidden by the 2nd. Arista long and bare, thickened at the base. The only bristles present are the ocellar ones. Eyes bare ; anterior margin semicircular, posterior far less curved ; vertical diameter about half the depth of the head. Palpi stout, rod-shaped, prominent, and extending beyond the mouth. Proboscis fleshy, with a blunt conical tip pointing back- wards (see fig. 7). Thorax. — The suture and humeral callus well developed. No dorsal or pleural bristles, and only a short pair of scutellar ones, the pleura before the halteres is exceptionally well developed. Win^s reduced in size, but with well-developed veins ; they appear as if the distal part had been abbreviated in comparison with the proximal. Cross-vein nearer the end of discal cell. Costa devoid of spines (see fig. 8). Halteres long, clubbed at end. Legs very long in proportion to the body- length. Femora incrassated in the male ; the hind pair are about 1^ times as long as the others, and are strongly spined beneath ; in the female not incrassated. Mid tibiae with an apical crown of bristles : hind tibiae with two preapical bristles. Claws and pads very well developed. Abdomen somewhat flattened horizontally. Male genitalia well developed, with an outer pair of appendages which are forked at the tip, and a chitinous inner pair. Fifl. 7.— Head. The tubercle on Fi(i. 8. -Wing of Male (5mm.). 142 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Diptera. Baeopterus robustus, sp. nov. Lengths. — Male : Body, 10 mm. ; wing, 5 mm. ; hind legs about 14 mm., others about 10 mm. Colour. — Dull brown-piceous. The prothoracic calli, the front of the thorax, and two patches on the outer sides of the dorsal suture dull orange. Pleurae yellow- brown. Antennae of the same colour as the body, but with arista pale transparent brown, except as to its basal joints. Wings orange-tinted, with brown veins. Halteres with a pale stalk and dark- brown club. Legs orange, with darkened tibiae and tarsi. The whole insect is covered with uniformly but sparsely distributed short ad- pressed hairs. The female is smaller than the male ; the wings are about half the size of the male's wings ; the femora are not at all incrassated. Specimen preserved in spirit. Hab. — Campbell and Ewing Islands. Type. — Male, Cambridge Museum ; female, British Museum. Note. — One male was sent from Campbell Island, but there are several males and a female in the British Museum from Ewing Island, and I have been able to com- pare the same with the Campbell Island specimen. HELOMYZIDAE. Two specimens from the Snares belong to this family. From the absence of a prothoracic bristle they belong to the Hdomyzinae, and the presence of a humeral bristle would make them belong to the genus Allophyla. But the chaetotaxy and other characters at once differentiate it from that genus, and the general form of the insect recalls the Blepheropterinae section, which should, however, have a pro- thoracic bristle. It would appear to be an aberrant form of this subfamily. I propose to make the following genus for this species. Allophylopsis, gen. nov. The difference between the chaetotaxy of this genus and Allophyla is given below : — Allophyla. Post-verticals crossed. Two pairs vertical, inner very long. One pair orbital. 1-1-4 dorso-centrals. Others the same in both. One preapical bristle on the middle Two stout preapical bristles on the middle tibiae just before the end. tibiae some distance before the end. AUophylopsis. Post- verticals converging. Two pairs vertical, inner moderately long. Two pairs orbital. 0+3 dorso-centrals. Diptera.] SUBANT ARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 143 Head rounded, the upper lip slightly though sharply prominent. Labrum narrowly visible below the mouth almost all round. Antennae normal. Eyes bare, almost orbicular in side view, but the angles on the vertex are sharp and not rounded. Thorax. — Much like AUophyla in form, but the mesopleura is hairy instead of bare. Legs. — Front and hind normal ; middle with the above-mentioned strong remote pair of preapical bristles. The small black apical spines on the tips of the tarsal joints are much stronger than is usual in this family, especially those at the tip of the first tarsal joint. Wings. — First ( = subcostal) vein considerably shorter than usual ; middle cross- vein far beyond the junction of the first with the costa. Costal spines minute. AUophylopsis punctata, sp. nov. Size, 5j mm. ; wing-length, 4^ mm. Head greyish-yellow, with a lighter triangular patch in front of the ocelli, which is produced in a narrow stripe to the front of the head. The sides of this stripe and of the patch are blackened. Antennae yellowish, with the outer side of the 3rd joint blackened. Arista practically bare, the basal joint of the same being pale. Proboscis yellow, a conspicuous black chitinous strip along the upper edge of the same. Thorax yellow-grey, covered with minute black spots, on each of which is a minute bristle. Pleurae pale and unspotted, but with a dark stripe from the proto- thorax to the base of the wings along the upper part of the pleura. Disc of scutdlum darkened, but with a very narrow pale median line ; sides pale yellow-grey. Wings with all the long veins pale, but the two cross- veins suffused. Legs pale, with the last tarsal joints somewhat darkened. Hab. — The Snares. Type. — Cambridge Museum. Note. — It is just possible that this species is the same as, or near to, the one de- scribed by Hutton as Leria ftdva, but in the absence of any reference to the bristles in his description, and from the shortness of the diagnosis, it is impossible to be sure without reference to the type. DRYOMYZIDAE. Among the Acalptrates was a pair of a very fine species from Carnley Harbour. The exact position of this species is a matter of some difficulty. The strongly bristled costa and the long " stigma " recall the Hdomyzidae, but there are no vibrissae and the post-vertical bristles are nearly parallel. The form of the head and wings is much like that of some Sciomyzidae, while the legs and body remind one of a Scatophaga. The chaetotaxy and some other considerations have decided me to put it in the Dryomyzidae. The generic name indicates the many relations of the insect. 144 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OP NEW ZEALAND. [Diptera. Fid. 9. PoLYTOCUS, gen. nov. Head. — In side view the frons slopes downwards to the front margin and the face upwards from the retreating mouth, so that the forehead is well produced; The antennae are inserted exactly on the end (see fig. 9). Frons flat and broad, un- furrowed, with the eye-margins, on which are the obital bristles, broad. Face broadly keeled in the median line, with narrow cheeks. Head somewhat swollen behind. The front of the vertex, the jowls, and back of head with bristly hairs. Eyes bare ; small for the size of insect ; longish-oval, with the long axis roughly vertical ; less than half the depth of the head. Antennae porrect ; 1st joint of moderate size, 2nd and 3rd of nearly equal length, each about three times the 1st ; 2nd hairy, with a long anterior bristle. Arista fine, bare, basal joints slightly swollen. Palpi stout and bristly, especially at the ends. Pro- boscis with a broad backward-projecting end. Chaetotaxy. — Bristles very well developed. Post-verticals nearly parallel ; inner vertical the same ; outer verticals diverging ; long ocellars pointing forwards ; two pairs of orbital, the front pair much diverging ; no vibrissae. 1-1-3 dorso-central bristles ; weak but fairly long praescutellars ; 4 scutellar ; humeral ; prothoracic ; praesutural ; 2 noto-pleural ; 3 supra-alar ; 2 sterno- pleural. Wings long, rather narrow and pointed. Main branch of 1st vein ( = subcostal) stout, its junction with the costa being well along the latter, somewhat less than half the wing-length from the insertion ; auxiliary branch of Ist ( = mediastinal) evident throughout, very close to main branch at base, but with the end merging in the costa far before the main branch, thus leaving a long pale " stigma " recalling that of Heteromyza. Veins 2, 3, and 4 parallel at ends ; cross- vein somewhat beyond the middle of the discal cell ; costa extending to junction of 4th vein ; 5th vein not quite reaching wing- margin ; hind cross- vein straight and somewhat oblique. Basal and anal cells small. The costa is provided with a remarkable series of spines. In addition to the ordinary short bristling on the costa, there is a row of stout bristles, which alter- nately bend slightly below and above the plane of the wing. These bristles extend from just before the humeral or basal cross-vein to just before the junction of the 2nd vein. (These spines are rather easily knocked off.) Legs. — Preapical bristles and spurs on all the tibiae ; the middle tibia with a multiple spur or crown of bristles. Claws and pads well developed. Abdomen cylindrical, with fairly small male genitalia, and in the female with the last segments forming a short ovipositor. Diptera.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 145 Polytocus spinicosta, sp. nov. (Plate IV, figs. 2, 3.) Length, 14 ram. ; wings 16 mm. long, with a maximum breadth of 4 mm. Colour. — Brownish-yellow ; front of frons and the legs paler. Jowls, frons, side and back of head with stout bristly hairs. Thorax with short bristles on the disc. Wings uniformly suffused with brownish-yellow ; the veins pale ; cross-veins suffused, especially the middle one. Legs covered with long hairs in the male and with shorter bristly hairs in the female. The latter has a well-marked comb of long bristly hairs on the underside of the front femora. The preapical bristles on the front and hind legs are long and hairlike, those on the middle legs strong. Abdomen very hairy in the male. Hab. — Carnley Harbour. Type. — Cambridge Museum. ^:^^ . ^'/-^y s^^'^-. ^ 10— s AKTU'LE VIII.-ON A SMALL (X)L1.KCTI0N OF HOI.OTHIJRIANS FROM THF AUCKLAND ISLANDS. By Arthur Dendy, D.Sc, F.R.S., Sec. Linn. Soc., Hon. Member of the New Zealand Institute, Professor of Zoology in King's College (University of Loudon). PLATE VI. Although small, this collection is of very considerable interest from two points of view. Of the three species obtained, two — Cucumaria leonina and C. hrevidentis — occur also in the South American fauna, while the third — Chirodotn henhnmi — affords useful evidence as to the supposed value of the wheel spicule for purposes of classification. Cucumaria leonina has not been recorded before from the New Zealand area ; C. hrevidentis, var. carnleyensis, is a variety of a very common New Zealand species, and Chirodota henhami is evidently very nearly related to C. dunedin- ensis, which occurs abundantly at Dunedin. I wish to express my indebtedness to my friend Professor Benham, F.R.S., by whom all the specimens were collected, and who has undertaken to see this paper through the press. Cucumaria leonina, Semper, var. 1868. Cucumaria leonina. Semper, " Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen," Holo- thurien, p. 53, pi. xv, fig. 9. 1868. Cucumaria duhiosa. Semper, op. cit., p. 238, pi. xxxix, fig. 19. 1898. Cuoumaria leonina, Ludwig, " Hamburger Magalhaensische Samraelreise," Holothurien, Hamburg, p. 36 (further synonomy and references are given in this paper). 1905. Cucumaria leonina, Remy Perrier, " Holothuries antarctiques," " Annales des Sciences naturelles," Zool. et Pal., ser. ix, vol. i, p. 25. There are two small specimens in the collection, from Carnley Harbour, which must be referred to this characteristically antarctic but variable species. They were found under stones. The smaller of the two is somewhat damaged by rupture, and the following description is taken entirely from the larger. The body (in spirit) is fusiform, the tentacles being entirely retracted. It is truncated anteriorly and blunt behind ; slightly flexed, with the convexity of the curve ventral. The length is 15 mm. and the transverse diameter in the middle 4 mm. The anus is posterior and terminal, surrounded by 5 small reticulate cal- careous nodules (anal teeth) only recognisable under the microscope. The colour in spirit is light grey. The tube-feet are arranged in 5 well-marked, irregularly double, ambulacral bands ; rather more numerous and more prominent in the 3 ventral ambulacra than in the 2 dorsal ; especially prominent anteriorly, where the Holothurians.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 147 arrangement in rows is obscure, and they become crowded round the opening of the introvert. A few of the tube-feet are carried in with the invagination of the intro- vert, where they are seen, on opening it up, in front of the pharynx and tentacles. There are apparently 10 short much-branched tentacles, but, owing to the state of contraction and the copious branching, it is difficult to make out their arrange- ment satisfactorily. The pharynx is large, with 5 long retractor muscles attached posteriorly to the radial longitudinal muscles well behind the middle of the body. There is apparently no calcareous ring, but microscopic examination reveals the presence of 5 rudi- mentary radials, ^-shaped, with the long arm pointing forwards. The total length of each radial piece is only about 0-6 mm. The interradials are either absent or are represented by a few granules. The pharjmx is followed by an elongated oesophagus, wnich terminates in a slightly dilated muscular-looking " stomach " of about the same diameter as the intestine which immediately follows it. On the outer wall of the oesophagus are numerous large specks of dark-brown pigment, while a thin ring of similar pigment marks the junction of the " stomach " with the intestine. The intestine is slightly convoluted, and terminates in a short rectum attached to the body-wall by numerous muscular threads. There is a pair of rather feebly developed, slightly branched respiratory trees. There is a single well-developed convoluted stone-canal, situated dorsally, and ending in an irregular nodular madreporite containing reticulate calcareous deposits. There are two Polian vesicles, both long and slender, situated one on either side of the mid-ventral line. Tube-foot ampullae are not recognisable, though the tube-feet are well developed and have reticulate end-plates. The gonads consist of half a dozen rather short, stout, unbranched caeca, up to about 5 ram. in length, springing from the end of a long genital duct at about the middle of the body, and thus at a considerable distance behind the water-vascular ring. Some, if not all, of the fully developed caeca contain rather large ova. There are several minute undeveloped caeca at the point of attachment of the bunch to the genital duct. The spicules of the body-wall consist of knobbed reticulate plates, about 0-12 mm. long, with one end drawn out somewhat and dentate (figs, la, lb). They overlap one another closely in the body-wall, and the dentate extremities point obliquely outwards. There are apparently none of the more or less symmetrically ended, reticulate, knobbed buttons, such as Ludwig figures for the species,* though some of the spicules make a near approach to this form. A few smooth irregular reticu- late plates also occur in boiled-out preparations of the integument (fig. Ic). The tube-feet possess well-developed circular smooth reticulate end-plates, and the tentacles contain numerous smooth irregular reticulate plates or rods. Remarks. I have followed Ludwig, who gives an extensive synonymy, in regarding Semper's two species — C. leonina and C. dvhiosa — as identical, although Semper's original ♦ " Zoologiflche Jahrblicher," bd. ii, 1887, pi. i, fig. 1. 148 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Holothurinns. descriptions certainly do not support this view. C. leoninn was originally described by Semper as follows* : — "Body egg-shaped, 20mm. long, 11mm. in diameter. Yellowish-grey, more darkly sprinkled. Five separate rows of tube-feet, two tube-feet in breadth. No anal teeth. " One specimen. Singapore. " The genital follicles are very long ; they extend to the hindmost end, and wind around all the organs. There is one large Polian vesicle on the water-vascular ring, and a single dorsally situated stone-canal. The calcareous ring consists of 10 simple pieces. The mesenteries are fenestrated membranes. In the skin are found zrAy ' bi'^kles 'f those of the upper layer elongated on one side ; the dentate elonga- tion looks towards *he surface of the skin." The original description of C dutnosa may be translated as follows : — " Ten almost equal-sized tentacles. Body of the solitary example cylindrical, 12 mm. long, 5 mm. thick. A double row of tube-feet on each ambulacrum, besides several small tube-feet in the dorsal interambulacra. Colour uniforml ''«llowish (in spirit). " Locality : Peru (Museum Godeffroy). " Very similar to the preceding species [C koellikeri], but distinguished by several important characters. There is a distinct muscular stomachj, as in Colo- chirus (wanting in the preceding species). There are 4 long Polian vesicles on the ring-canal. The genital follicles are unbranched, scarcely 1 mm. long, attached at one-third of the distance from the anterior end. The calcareous bodies of the skin (pi. 39, fig. 19) are strikingly similar to those of C. koellikeri." We may note the following differences between the two species as described by Semper : — (1.) The genital caeca are very long in C. leonina and very short in C. dvMosa. This probably depends upon the state of development. (2.) There is only 1 Polian vesicle in C. leonina, while there are 4 in C. dvhiosa. This is certainly a variable character. (3.) C. leonina has a calcareous ring of 10 simple pieces. In C. dvhiosa none is mentioned, but our specimen shows that it might easily be overlooked. (4.) C. leonina has only one kind of spicule in the skin, while C. dvhiosa has two distinct kinds. The two kinds, however, are essentially of the same type, and doubt- less pass into one another. (5.) C. dvhiosa has a muscular stomach (kaumagen), while none such is mentioned in C. leonina. It was probably overlooked, not being very conspicuous. Ludwig has described a large number of specimens from the coast of Patagonia,§ and has thereby greatly extended our knowledge of the species. We learn from him not only that anal teeth are present (probably overlooked by Semper), but also that the living animal is of a rosy-red colour ; that single tube-feet may or may * " Reisen iin Archipe' der Philippinen," Holothurien. I have translated the description. t SchnaUen. The figure shows these to be perforated plates, with one end drawn out and dentate. X Kaumagen. § " Zoologische Jahrbiicher," bd. ii, p. 15, 1887. Holothurians.^ SUBANTAROTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 149 not be present in the dorsal interambulacra ; that the calcareous ring is similar to that figured by Semper for C. godeffroyi* which apparently consists of 5 radial and 5 interradial pieces, none of them very strongly developed ; and that there are usually 4 but sometimes only 3 Polian vesicles, showing that this character is variable. As regards the calcareous ring, we cannot make a comparison with the type of C. dubiosa, but in the Carnley Harbour specimen it appears to be considerably less well developed than in Semper's type of C. leonina or in Ludwig's examples. This is especially seen in the disappearance of the interradials. It is probable that in Semper's original type of C. dubiosa the ring was also very feebly developed, or he would surely have mentioned its presence at least. In any case, the difference, if any, can hardly be regarded as of specific value. While doubting the correctness of the locality — Singapore — given for the original type of C leonina, Ludwig points out that the range of this typically antarctic species is tolerably extensive, beginning west at Peru and Chili, embracing the southern extremity of America, extending northwards on the east side of South America to latitude's 34° S., and including the Falkland Islands.| Remy Perrier has also recen' r-i-orded a large number of specimens from the neighbourhood of Cape Horn, v> . le the species appears to be very common. % It is extremely interesting to find the species again at Carnley Harbour, in the Auckland Islands. Cucumaria brevidentis (Hutton), var. carnleyensis, nov. (For synonymy of C. brevidentis, vide Dendy and Hindle, " Some Additions to our Knowledge of the New Zealand Holothurians," Linn. Soc. Journ., Zool., vol. xxx, p. 99, 1907.) Three specimens of this variety were sent to me for examination, but it must be very common in Carnley Harbour, for Professor Benham writes to me about it as follows : " The little Holothurian is, in life, bright crimson with whitish papillae ; found at very low water (spring tide) ; it occurred in hundreds near our camp in Carnley Harbour — to wit, on the rocks of Masked Island — pressing itself into crevices, so as to assume all sorts of irregular forms, and looking like strawberries. The vertical face of the dark rock on one side of the island was bespangled with them." All three specimens reached me in a very contracted state, the tentacles being quite invisible externally. The shape of the body (in spirit) is oval, and somewhat depressed. The largest specimen is 26 mm. long and 12 mm. in greatest breadth. A pinkish tinge was still visible in parts, especially on the dorsal surface, but the integument was nearly bleached by the alcohol. The dorsal surface is covered with irregularly scattered retracted papillae, less strongly developed in the mid-dorsal interradius. The ventral surface bears numerous tube-feet arranged in several * " Reisen im Arcbipel der Philippinen," Holothurien, taf. xv, fig. 14. t " Hamburger Magalhaensischen Sammelreise," p. 37. { " Holothuries antarctiques," " Aimales des Sciences naturelles," Zool. et Pal., ser. ix, tome i, p. 25, 1905. 150 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Hololhuriuiu. irregiilaT longitudinal rows on each of the three radii, with a few in the interradii. The integument is thick, liard, and leathery. There are 10 copiously branched tentacles, of which the 2 ventral ones are smaller than the others. The tentacle-branches are now white, but their stems, and also the lining of the introvert, are still briglit crimson. The calcareous ring is short, and generally similar to that figured by me for C. calcarea, but it is difficult to make out the exact shape and boundaries of the component pieces. The 5 radials are bifid anteriorly, where the retractor muscle is attached, and notched posteriorly. The 5 interradials are smaller and less conspicuous ; they appear to be very narrow, and simply pointed anteriorly (a good deal narrower posteriorly than figured for C. calcarea). Immediately behind the pharynx, containing the retracted tentacles, the ali- mentary canal bears a short bulbous dilatation, the thick muscular wall of which is thrown into deep longitudinal folds internally. Behind this dilatation, or " stomach," the canal narrows suddenly, and then gradually widens again to form the considerably convoluted intestine. The latter gradually narrows again towards the rectum, which is greatly dilated and attached to the body-wall by very numerous slender muscle-bands. The more anteriorly placed of these muscle-bands are long and conspicuous, extending forwards for some distance in front of the rectum, and attached to the body-wall, some radially and some at the sides of the longitudinal muscle-bands. The respiratory trees open into the rectum close to its junction with the intes- tine. They are long and copiously branched throughout their length, extending forwards to the anterior end of the body-cavity. The 5 retractor muscles of the pharynx are well developed. The chalky-white convoluted stone-canal is situate dorsally, and a single large spherical Polian vesicle, with a short stalk, lies on the left side, opposite to the left dorsal retractor muscle. Tube-foot ampullae are abundant on the inner surface of the ventral body-wall, chiefly at the sides of the longitudinal muscle-bands, but also extending into the interradial areas. There are none visible on the dorsal body-wall, neither at the sides of the dorsal longi- tudinal muscles nor in the mid-dorsal interradius ; which indicates that the papillae of the dorsal surface are not really fully developed tube-feet, though they still possess reticulate end-plates. There are 2 bunches of long unbranched genital caeca, of a deep-orange colour. There are about a dozen in each bunch, of varying length, the longer ones being nearly, if not quite, as long as the body. The 2 bunches are attached right and left of the dorsal mesentery, at about the level of the calcareous ring (the tentacles being completely retracted). The gonads are thus very copious, and almost fill up the coelom around the alimentary canal. The genital duct, as usual, runs forwards in the dorsal mesentery from the point of attachment of the gonads. The spiculation is generally similar to that of C. hrevidentis (type). The thick, knobbed, reticulate buttons (fig. 2a) are perhaps less numerous in proportion to the other spicules, but they sometimes reach a very large size.* Small perforated cups with a row of projections around the margin and one or two projections at the bottom are very numerous (figs. '2h-2g). These cups are * None of these very large, knobbed buttons or plates are figured. Hololhurians.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 161 connected by transitional forms with much larger, knobbed, reticulate plates (figs. 2h, 2k). There are also irregular smooth reticulate plates of larger size (fig. 21), and smooth circular end-plates. All these forms occur in a boiled-out preparation of the integument. Remarks. There can be no doubt of the close relationship of this form with C. brevidentis, with which it is now generally admitted that my Colochirus calcarea is specifically identical. Unfortunately, nothing is known of the internal anatomy of the type of C. hrevidentis ; that of C. calcarea, however, was described in my first paper on the New Zealand Holothurians,* and exhibits certain differences as compared with the Camley Harbour form. Thus, in C. calcarea there appears to be no muscular stomach, and the respiratory trees are short and merely digitate instead of copiously branched, and the genital caeca also appear to be short.. The difference in the calcareous ring has already been referred to. It is doubtful, however, if any of these differences are of more than varietal value. The occurrence of C. hrevidentis at Juan Fernandez, as recorded by Ludwig,f forms another interesting case of agreement between the marine fauna of New Zea- land and that of South America. Chirodota benhami, sp. nov. This species is represented in the collection by two specimens from Masked Island, in Camley Harbour, where it occurs under stones. The larger of the two is about 21 mm. in length by 2-5 mm. in diameter. The colour is now (in alcohol) yellowish-grey with a sHght pinkish tinge, and the surface is transversely corrugated and papillated. There are 10 short tentacles, each with 4 or 5 pairs of digits, the terminal pair being conspicuously larger than any of the others. The alimentary canal exhibits 3 limbs, forming the usual S-shaped figure, and is a good deal sacculated in its present condition. The calcareous ring is slender, and consists of 10 simple slightly curved rods, joined end to end. The water-vascular ring is of a pale-purplish colour, and gives off a single large ventral Polian vesicle of the same colour, consisting of a slender stalk with an oval dilated sac at its extremity. The madreporic canal appears to be represented by a minute dorsally placed body. The gonads consist of a pair of bunches of short, slightly branched ovarian caeca, each with only about 2 or 3 branches, situated close to the anterior extremity of the body-cavity, right and left of the dorsal mesentery. Numerous large " ciliated funnels " are scattered singly in the neighbourhood of the dorsal mesentery. (Similar funnels occur in C. dunedinensis, though not hitherto noted.) Both longitudinal and circular muscles are well developed in the body-wall. [The smaller specimen appears to be immature ; no gonads are recognisable. The alimentary canal is apparently not looped in an S-shape, but much sacculated, and perhaps slightly convoluted.] * .loum. Linn. Soo., Zool., vol. xxvi, p. 22. t " Die Holothurien der Sammlung Plate," Zoolog. Jahrbiich., suppl. iv, heft 2, 1898. 152 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [HoUithurians. The spicules of the body-wall consist of wheels and hooks (signiata). The wheels (figs. 3o, 36) are few in number and of small size, sparingly scattered in the integument. In the larger specimen they measure about 0*053 mm. in diameter. In the smaller specimen, after much searching. I was only able to find a single wheel (fig. 3e), but this was slightly larger, about 0-067 mm. in diameter. The wheels agree in structure with those of C. dunedinensis, but the crenation or dentation of the inner edge of the rim is relatively much coarser. There is, at any rate sometimes, as in C dunedinensis, a round hole in the middle of the face of the wheel opposite to the 6-rayed cross (fig. 3e). The wheel in C. dunedinensis, however, is very much larger than in C. benhami — about 0-16 mm. in diameter (c/. fig. 4a). The hooks, or sigmata, closely resemble those of C. dunedinensis, and are of about the same size — about 0-11 mm. from bend to bend (figs. 3c, 3d, 3/, 3g). The tentacles are supported by rather slender curved rods, up to about 0-06 mm. in length, with once or twice dichotomously branched ends (figs. 3/*, 3k, 31). Similar spicules occur in C. dunedinensis, though not hitherto noted. Remarks. This species is of interest as showing clearly the impossibility of basing generic distinctions merely upon the arrangement or even upon the presence or absence of the wheels. In this respect, with its scarce and feebly developed wheels, it is intermediate between C. dunedinensis and C. geminifera, Dendy and Hindle, in which the wheels have completely disappeared, while in Rhnhdomolgus novae-zea- landiae, Dendy and Hindle, not only the wheels but also the sigmata, or hook spicules, have disappeared.* C. dunedinensis, C. henhami, and C. geminifera are all very closely related to one another, and the following comparative notes may be of service in distinguishing them : — C. benhami appears to attain a considerably larger size than C. dunedinensis, but the tentacles are relatively, if not absolutely, smaller, and the digits do not increase gradually in size from base to apex, the terminal pair being considerably larger than any of the others. In C. dunedinensis the diameter of the wheels, though variable, may be more than twice that of the wheels in C. henhami, and the inner margin of the rim is much more finely toothed, especially in proportion to the size (c/. figs. 3a, 36, 3e, and 4a). C. geminifera differs from both the foregoing in the complete absence of wheels, and also in the much smaller size of the hooks. These spicules were, unfortu- nately, at first wrongly described and figured,t the material having apparently been accidentally subjected to the action of some acid, whereby the spicules had become corroded and quite altered in character. This mistake has already been rectified,J but the spicules are now for the first time correctly figured (figs 5a-5c). * Dendy and Hindle, Linn. Soc. Jour., Zool., vol. xxx, p. 113, 1907. t Loc. cU., p. 112. j Dendy, " Note on the Spicules of Chirodota geminifera Dendy and Hindle," Linn. Soc. Jour. Zool., vol. xxx, p. 251, 1908. Holothurians.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 153 As to C. dunedinensis, this species is not rare, as Lyman Clark surmises.* In company with Professor Benham, I collected it in quantity myself at Dunedin in July, 1898, and have still numerous specimens in my possession, but those which I have examined do not show any dark spots on the inner side of the tentacles, as described by Parker, f The apodous Holothurians have recently been the subject of a revised classifi- cation by Dr. Lyman ClarkJ, who recognises no less than seven genera in the sub- family Chirodotinae, distinguished from one another largely by the presence or absence of wheels and sigmata (hooks) and by the arrangement of the wheels, whether scattered or in papillae. The genus Rhabdomolgiis is placed by Clark in the subfamily Synaptinae ; if we include it, as I prefer to do, in the Chirodotinae, we see that five species of this subfamily have been found in the New Zealand area, viz. : — (1.) C. dunedinensis, Parker, with 10 tentacles, numerous comparatively large scattered wheels and sigmata. (2.) C. henhami, Dendy, with 10 tentacles, very few small scattered wheels and numerous sigmata. (3.) C. geminifera, Dendy and Hindle, with 10 tentacles, numerous rather small sigmata, but no wheels. (4.) C. gigas, Dendy and Hindle, with 12 tentacles, with wheels partly collected in papillae and partly scattered, and with curved rods in place of sigmata. (5.) Rfiabdomolgus novae-zecdandiae, Dendy and Hindle, with ten tentacles and no spicules at all. The first three of these species are evidently all closely related to one another ; so much so that I have even doubted whether they ought to be considered as more than varieties of one and the same species. The general anatomy and the form of the sigmata and wheels (when present) clearly indicate their affinity. C. gigas is obviously a very distinct species, and is very instructive with regard to the value to be attached to the arrangement of the wheels in papillae. The relationships of Rhtbdomolgus novae-zealandiae are less obvious, but it appears to be derived from a Chirodota similar to C. dunedinensis by complete loss of spicules. The study of these New Zealand species makes it perfectly clear to my mind that the presence or absence of wheels and sigmata, and the arrangement of the wheels (in papillae or scattered), cannot reasonably be used as the main basis for a generic classification of the subfamily, and until some more satisfactory proposal is forthcoming I prefer to revert to the old generic name Chirodota for, at any rate, the New Zealand species of the subfamily, with the exception, for the present at least, of Rhahdomolgus novae-zealandiae. * " The Apodous Holothurians," " Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge," vol. xxxv, 1907, p. 124. t " On a New Holothurian (Chirodota dunedinensis, n. sp.)," Trans, and Proc. N.Z. Inst., vol. xiii, p. 418, 1881. { Op. cU. 154 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Holothurians. EXPLANATION OF PLATE VL Figs, la-lc. Cucumaria leonina, vaT. (specimen from Carnley Harbour). la, 16. Knobbed reticulate plates with dentate extremities. ( x 280.) Ic. Smooth reticulate plate. ( x 280.) Figs. 'la-2l. Cucumaria hrevidentis, var. carnleyensis. 2a. Knobbed reticulate button. ( x 280.) 2h-2g. Small perforated cups. ( x 280.) 2hr-2k. Knobbed reticulate plates. ( x 280.) 21. Smooth reticulate plate. ( x 280.) Figs. 3«-3/. Chirodota benhami. 3a, 36. Wheels from larger specimen. ( x 280.) 3c, Sd. Hooks from larger specimen. ( x 280.) 3e. Wheel from smaller specimen. ( x 650.) 3/, Sg. Hooks from smaller specimen. ( x 280.) Sh-Sl. Curved rods from tentacles of smaller specimen. ( x 280.) Figs, ior-ie. Chirodota dunedinensis. U. Wheel. ( x 280.) ib-id. Hooks. ( X 280.) ie. An abnormal hook, showing bifurcation at one end. { x 280.) Figs. 5a -5c. Chirodota geminifera. .5a-5c. Hooks. ( x 280.) SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 3a 3d 3b 3e 5a/ ; 5b ( 5c/ ^ & (e) \!) t P 3h 3t( 3! A Veady _ dfii ". PLATE Vr. AKTICiJ'l IX.-SPIDEKS AND OPILJONES FROM THE SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. By H. R. Hogg, M.A.. F.Z.S. PLATES VII AND VIII. 51° 166° 48° 28' 166° 52° 30' 169° 47° 49' 179° 34' The specimens of the Arachnidae herein described were kindly forwarded to me by Professor W. B. Benham, of the Otago University, Dunedin, and Dr. Chilton, of Canterbury College, Christchurch ; and I wish to thank these gentlemen for having allowed me the opportunity of examining them. They were mainly collected by the New Zealand Subantarctic Expedition in 1907, some few specimens having been previously deposited in the collections of the Otago Museum. The islands from which the specimens have been collected are : — S. Lat. E. Long. Macquarie Islands . . . . . . 54° 159° Auckland Islands Snares Islands Campbell Island Bounty Island A record of the fauna of these islands is especially interesting and valuable from its bearing on the evidence already collected suggesting an early northern extension of the Antarctic continent. The supposition of an ancient land-link between South America, Australia, and southern Africa is more or less of a necessity in order to account for the present distribution of creatures which it is difficult to believe could have reached their respective habitats by any other means. These islands, the natural remains of such an extension, supposing it to have existed, contain the best remaining evidence of the route by which such migrations have taken place. The specimens I have examined are, as is usually the case from colder localities, of comparatively small size, sober colouring, and of simple type. Examples of the more brilliant coloration and highly specialised forms so conspicuous in warmer parts, where food in the shape of insect life is more abundant, are altogether absent. With the exception of genera of such world-wide distribution as Araneus, Amau- robitis, Lycosa, and the Attidae, there appears to be one group only — namely, Cyhoeeae — which has representatives ranging over the whole distance between South America, southern Australia and its islands, and South Africa, although there are many con- nections between the Australasian region and the one side or the other. 156 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Spiders and Ojnliones. The preponderating niimber of specimens as well as the area of distribution of the genera Myro, Cambr., and Rubrius, E. Simon, of this group is certainly not a little remarkable. It stands forward as quite an antarctic type. The disposition of the front row of eyes in both genera, two small median eyes between two much larger, is rare north of the Line and even in the southern equatorial region. This arrangement extends even into the representatives of the families of Dictynidae and Cluhinnidne found on the islands. Among the specimens sent me there are representatives of fifteen species from eleven genera and seven families, but of these eight species and four genera belong to the one group of Cyboeeae above mentioned. LISTOFSPECIES. Order A R A N E A E. Fam. PZECHRIDAE. Genus Stiphidion, Simon. Stiphidion minutissimum, nov. sp. Fam. DICTYNIDAE. Genus Amaurobius, D. Koch. Amaurobius rubrioides, nov. sp. Genus Badumna, Thorell. Badumna scylla, nov. sp. Fam. ARGIOPIDAE. Subfam. ARGIOPINAE. Genus Araneus, Clerck. Araneus verrucosus, Walck. Fam. CLUBIONIDAE. Subfam. CLUBIONINAE. Group CLUBIONEAB. Genus Amaurobioides, Cambr. Amaurohioides piscator, nov. sp. Fam. AGALENIDAE. Subfam. CYBOEINAE. Group CYBOEEAE. Genus Mynoglenes, Simon. Mynoglenes tnarrineri, nov. sp. Spiders and Opiliones.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 157 Genus Rubrius, E. Simon. Rvhrius nummosus, nov. sp. „ cruciferus, nov. sp. „ falxiatus, nov. sp. Genus Myro, Cambr. Myro hamiltoni, nov. sp. „ kirki, nov. sp. „ ovalis, nov. sp. Genus Pacificana. Pacificana cockayni, H. R. Hogg. Fam. SALTICIDAE. Group MARPISSEAE. Genus Clynotis, E. Simon. Clynotis barresis, nov. sp. Order OPILIONES. Suborder MECOSTETHI. Group INSIDIATORES, Loman. Fam. TRIOENONYCHIDAE. Genus Trioenonyx, Sorensen. Trioenonyx enderbei, nov. sp. Order A R A N E A E. Fam. PZECHRIDAE. Genus Stiphidion, E. Simon. Stiphidion, E. Simon, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 8 Oct., 1902 ; Hist. Nat. des Ar., vol. ii, suppl., p. 974. Stiphidion minutissimum, nov. sp. (Plate VII, figs. la-Id.) The cephalothorax is pale canary-yellow, with 2 black blotchy streaks reaching from the posterior pair of eyes to the rear slope, and similar blotchy black lines round the margin of the cephalothorax. The mandibles are darker yellow, with a similar black longitudinal streak on each falx reaching from base to the falx-sheath. The fangs 'are pink. The lip, maxillae, and sternum are pale yellow. The legs and palpi are yellow, with 3 black stripes or spots on the underside of the femur. 158 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Spiders and OpUiotwi. The abdomen is pale yellow above, with black blotches on the posterior part. Underneath the same are a pair of dark median blotches and transverse darker folds in front of the cribellum. The cephalothorax is slightly raised at the sides, but more or less flat along the median line. It is as broad as long, rounded at the sides, and narrowed to half its greatest width in front. The eyes are in 3 rows, 4 in the median and 2 pairs in front and behind. Taking them as two strongly recurved lines, the posterior 4 are about equal in diameter, and of an orange colour, the median being one and a half times their diameter apart, the laterals their diameter from the same, and 4 diameters apart from one another. The median eyes of the front row are smaller than the rear eyes, rather more than their diameter apart, yellow with black centres, and their laterals half the diameter of the rear median, and a whole diameter away from same, rather below the line joining their lower edge. The mandibles are conical, rather kneed at the base, tapering to the extremities, where the fangs are small and weak. The maxillae are rounded at the top and outer sides. The lip, much broader than long, and rounded in front, lies across their lower part. The sternum is a broad ovate, straight in front, the rear coxae not quite contiguous. The legs are fine, and tapering to the posterior end. The patella is much shorter than the tibia, 3 claws on the tarsus, rather straight and smooth. There are 5 long erect spines, with roots on the tibial and metatarsal joints of all legs — 2 under- neath, 1 or 2 above, and 1 on the side. There is no decided calamistrum, but on the inner side of tibia iv are a number of short fine downlying spines which may answer the same purpose. The abdomen is ovate, straight in front, and pointed at the rear. In front of the spinnerets is a specially long and broad cribellate area without a break, rounded at the sides, and carrying 5 or 6 transverse lines of short brown bristles. The superior spinnerets are wider apart than the inferior, and from underneath can be seen on each side of the latter. The measurements (in millimetres) are as follows : Cephalothorax, 1 mm. long, 1 mm. broad {\ mm. in front) ; abdomen, 2 mm. long, 1 J mm. broad ; mandibles, I mm. long. Legs. Coxae. \^^ 1 2 3 4 Palpi Pat. and Met. and Tib. Tars. U H H n n u n n 0-5 0-4 li u n = 4| li li li = 4i 5 s li li li = 4 0-2 0-5 0-5 0-4 = lJ(l-6) This genus differs from Acanthoctenus in the lip being short and much broader than long, in having only a few long spines on tibia and metatarsus, and its large single cribellum, which has almost the appearance of a stridulating organ. One female, from Campbell Island. Of this genus there is only one species previously described (by M. Simon, loc. cit.), from Hobart. Spiders and Opiltones.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 159 Fam. DICTYNIDAE. Genus Amaurobius. Amaurobius, C. Koch, Ueb. Ar. Syst., vol. i, 1837, p. 15. Ciniflo, Blackwall, Tr. Linn. Soc, xviii, 1841, p. 607. Amaurobius et Titanoeca, Thorell, Eur. Spid., 1869-70, pp. 124-126 ; E. Simon, Ar. Fr., vol. i, 1874, pp. 207-220. Amaurobius, E. Simon, Hist. Nat. des Ar., vol. i, p. 237. Amaurobius rubrioides, nov. sp. (Plate VII, figs. 2a, 26.) Colour. — Cephalothorax yellow-brown, with rather darker narrow median and side stripes, and darker over the eye-area, sparsely covered with long brown up- standing hairs. Eyes bright yellow. Mandibles dark red-brown ; fangs black at base, red on lower half. Sternum, lip, maxillae, and coxae light yellow-brown. The skin of the ab- domen appears to be moulting, but it is covered with short downlying and long upstanding brown hairs. The legs are dark yellow-brown ringed with dark grey. The palpi yellow. The cephalic part of the cephalothorax is well raised up, broad and straight in front, and rounded at the anterior corners. The thoracic part is rounded at the sides, and slopes steeply down to the margin. There is a deep fovea at the head of the rear slope. The rear row of eyes is procurved, the upper edge of the laterals being on a level with the lower edge of the median. They are equal in size, the median being slightly more than their diameter apart, and the laterals twice their diameter there- from. The front row is shorter than the rear, the laterals as large as the rear laterals, on a common protuberance with them, half their diameter apart. The median eyes are two-thirds the diameter of the laterals, twice their own diameter apart, and the same distance from the laterals. The clypeus is rather more than twice the breadth of the front median eyes. The distance between the front and rear median eyes is twice the diameter of the former. The mandibles are long and powerful, conical, and slightly divergent ; the fangs strong and well curved. On the inner margin of the falx-sheath are 2 small teeth, and 1 large between 2 smaller on the outer. The maxillae are upright, straight on the inner and well rounded on the outer side, and narrowing to the base. The lif is longer than broad, widest just above the basal constriction, straight and slightly hollowed in front, where it is narrowest. The sternum is shield-shaped, straight, and not quite its widest in front, pointed at the rear, where the coxae are half their breadth apart, and it slightly projects between them. The legs are long and strong, tapering to the basal tarsal joints, furnished with long hairs but no spines on the underside of the femoral joints and 2 spines above on each. There are long single spines on the tibial and metatarsal joints. The superior claws are stout, well curved at anterior end, with 9 pectinations on the basal half. The inferior claw is smooth. There is no defined calamistrum, but short and long thin hairs on the lower end of metatarsus iv. 160 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Spiders and Opilumes. The nhdomen is a moderately broad oval. The spinnerets are 2-jointed, the inferior pair stoutest, 1st joint conical, the 2nd hemispherical. The superior have the 1st joint cylindrical, with the 2nd joint half as long as the 1st, and conical. The criheUum is single, thin, and linear. The 4th pair of legs is barely as long as the 2nd. This species differs from the accepted limits of the genus in its wider clypeus ; the greater procurvature of the rear row of eyes, which makes the area of the median longer than broad ; and in the single cribellum. This latter, however, I have found before in some males of the genus. It is a true Amaurohius in other respects. The measurements (in millimetres) are as follows : Cephalothorax, 7 mm. long, 5 mm. broad (3^ mm. in front) ; abdomen, 9 mm. long, 6 mm. broad ; mandibles, 3^ mm. long. Legs. Coxae. Tr. and Fern. Pat. and Tib. Met. and Tars. 1 .. 2i n n ^ = 26 2 .. 2J 6i 6i n = 23 3 .. 2 6 6 ^ = 20J 4 .. n 6i H 7 22J Palpi .. 1 2i 2i n = 8i One male, from the Snares Islands (not quite adult) ; Professor H. B. Kirk. Genus Badumna, Thorell. Amaurohius, L. Koch, Ar. Austr., 1873, p. 325 (ad. part A. inornatus). Badumna, T. Thorell, Rag. Mai., pt. iv, 1890, p. 322 ; E. Simon, Hist. Nat. des Ar., vol. i, p. 238, 1892. Badumna scylla, nov. sp. (Plate VII, figs. 3a-3c.) Colour. — Cephalothorax orange, darker in the median and side lines and round the margin. The upstanding hairs are dark brown. The eyes have orange rims, with black centres. The mandibles are dark yellow-brown with brown hairs above, dark orange with short white hairs underneath ; fangs yellowish-red ; basal muscle-spots yellow. The lip, maxillae, and coxae are yellow-brown, the lip having 2 dark-brown streaks, 1 each side of the median line. The sternum is a dingy yellowish-grey, darker than the rest. The legs are yellow, with dark-grey rings. Palpi yellow. The abdomen above is black mottled with yellow, with brown upstanding and pale-yellow downlying hairs. On each side of the median line anteriorly are broad yellow patches to one-third of the length of the abdomen, and just in the middle a yellow St.-Andrew-shaped cross. On the underside are 4 longitudinal yellow stripes, reaching from the anterior to the posterior tracheal apertures, on a black ground. The hairs brown, upstanding, and fine pale yellow. The spinnerets are dark brown and the cribellum white. The cephalic part of the cephalothorax is raised up equally with the thoracic part in the median area, whence it slopes steeply to the margin. The rear row of eyes are procurved, the tops of the laterals being on a level with the bottom of the median. The latter are their diameter apart, and about twice spiders and Ojdlumes.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 161 that distance from the laterals. The front and rear laterals are on a common pro- tuberance, half their diameter apart ; they are equal in size, and almost the same as the rear median. The front row is straight, and shorter than the rear row. The median pair are only half the diameter of the rear median, and twice their diameter apart, and nearly twice that distance again from the rear median. They are rather farther from the side eyes than from one another. The breadth of the clypeus is the same as their distance from the side eyes. The mandibles are twice as long as broad, straight, and only slightly kneed at the base. There are 3 quite small teeth on the inner side of the falx-sheath, and 3 larger on the outer. The maxillae are upright, straight on the inner side, and only slightly curved on the outer. The lip is as broad as long, and about half the length of the maxillae, straight but slightly hollow in front. The sternum is shield-shaped, broad and truncate in front, pointed at the rear, where the 4th pair of coxae are quite contiguous. The legs are moderately long and strong, on the metatarsus of the 4th pair is a well-formed rather long calamistrum ; there are single spines on all the metatarsi, 1 median underneath on tibia iii and iv, and 1 each on the femora above, the underside being smooth. The superior tarsal claws are well curved, and have about 7 pectinations. The inferior seem to be smooth. The abdomen is ovate, rounded both anteriorly and posteriorly, the latter end pointed. The cribellum is double, with well-defined spines on it. The spinnerets are normal. This species so nearly resembles the Amaurobius from the same locality (described above) in its eyes, coloration, and proportions generally, although only two-thirds the size of the non-adult male, that it seemed as if it must be a smaller but adult of the same. However, the mandibles are not so much kneed at the base ; the lip is very clearly shorter ; and the maxillae are narrower, and not nearly so much rounded on the outer side. The cribellum is double, and the calamistrum well marked ; the front median eyes smaller in proportion ; also, the rear coxae are quite contiguous, instead of half their width apart. In all other respects there is nothing to distinguish them. The difference in the cribellum is often sexual, but the lip is quite clear. The measurements (in millimetres) are as follows : Cephalothorax, 4J mm. long, 3 mm. broad (2 mm. in front) ; abdomen, 5 mm. long, 3 mm. broad ; mandibles, 2 mm. long. Legs. Coxae. Tr. and Fem. Pat. and Met. and Tib. Tars. 1 • • u H 4^ 5 = 15i 2 • li 4 4 4J = 13| 3 .. 1 H 3J 4 = 12 4 .. li 4 4 4| = 13| Palpi .. i 2 H H = 5i One female, from the Snares Islands ; collected by Professor H. B. Kirk. 11— S. 162 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Spidrrs and Opiliones. Fam. ARGIOPIDAE. Subfam. ARGIOPINAE. Group ARANEAE. Genus Araneus, Clerck. Araneus verrucosus, Walck. Epeira verrucosa, Walck., Hist. Nat. des Ins. Apt., tome ii, p. 135 ; E. Keyser ling, Besch. n. und w.b. arten aus der fam. der Orbitelariae ; in den Sit zungsb. der Isis zu Dresden, 1863, p. 139, pi. vi, f. 20, 21 ; L. Koch Die Arach. Austr., 1872, p. 112. Urquhart, Trans, and Proc. N.Z. Inst, vol. xxiv, 1891, p. 226. Araneus verrucosus, Hogg, Proc. Royal Soc Victoria, vol. xiii, 1900, p. 74; E. Simon, Arach. des lies Chatham, Zool Jahrb., 21 band, heft. 4, 1905, p. 417. Two males and two females from the Auckland Islands, three females from Campbell Islands. Previously recorded from New Zealand, Wharekauri, Chatham Isles, and Victoria. Fam. CLUBIONIDAE. Subfam. CLUBIONINAE. Group CLUBIONEAE. Genus Amaurobioides, Cambr. Amaurobioides, 0. P. Cambridge, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1883, p. 356, pi. xxxvi, fig. 3 ; P. Goyen, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 1887, p. 140 ; E. Simon, Hist. Nat. des At., vol. ii, p. 89, 1897. Uliodon, E. Simon, Hist. Nat. des Ar., vol. ii, suppl., p. 1034. There can be no reasonable doubt that these specimens found on Campbell Island, on rocks between the tide-marks, are closely allied to the species described by the Rev. 0. P. Cambridge, A. maritima (loc. cit), as having been found on rocks in the sea at AUday Bay, Otago, and for which he formed the genus Amaurobioides. The fact that these were taken in a similar position on Campbell Island would seem to establish their claim to be really marine spiders in the same sense as those of the genus Desis. The only difference of generic value is that Mr. Cambridge states the cephalothorax to be in length double its breadth. In this species it is 3^ mm. broad to 4j mm. long, but, as he makes the cephalothorax in his drawing (which is quite as likely to be correct) in the ratio 5 to 7|, I place them in his genus. M. Simon joins this genus with Uliodon, L. Koch, to which Zora, L. Koch (non C. Koch), had previously been added. The specimens described below agree very closely with Mr. Cambridge's genus, but differ materially from Uliodon, L. Koch, and more still from Zora, L. Koch. The eyes are, of course, different, and so is the proportion of the legs, but the cephalothorax is much broader in front, and certainly not oval. The maxillae are more upright, and not so narrowed at their bases. The lip is somewhat similar at the base, but not so pronouncedly concave in front. The Spiders and Opiliones.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 163 JU Id fill I L^^>J oo 5 cb 5c <5a 2 Oj o o '^^^(^ V 4a o o o o OooO PLATE VII. 164 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Spi(^ sternum, long and narrow, is not broader than the length of the coxae, mr. v.. bridge's and tliis new species have both pronounced claw-tufts of spatulated bri^t' and the female epigyne is of a totally different type. I can see no justification :^^. associating the two genera. Amaurobioides piscator, nov. sp. (Plate VII, figs. 4a-4c.) The cephalothorax is black-brown, covered with short fine downlying forward- pointing grey hairs. The mandibles are black-brown, with short brown hair on the basal part and long brown upstanding bristles on the lower half; the fangs are red, darkest at the basal end. The lip and maxillae are red-brown with paler edgings in front. The sternum and coxae are bright yellow-brown. The legs and palpi are darker yellow, with dark-grey hairs and bristles ; a dark-grey scopula on tarsus and metatarsus of the front 2 pairs, and grey claw-tufts. The (ihdo?nen is black-brown above, with a succession of yellow transverse chevrons, the anterior 2 pairs being divided by the brown colour. The spinnerets are yellow. The underside of the abdomen is yellow, with transverse rows of fine short hairs. The cephalothorax is only slightly narrower in front than in its broadest part. It is moderately high in front, and from a level space the breadth of the rear row of eyes, reaching from thence half-way to the rear, it slopes to the edges. The rear row of eyes is straight, and the eyes are equidistant, as far apart as the diameter of the laterals, which are one-third larger than the median. The lateral eyes of the front row are as large as the rear median, and as far from the rear laterals as the diameter of the latter. The small median eyes are one-half the diameter of the rear median, their lower edges being in a straight line. They are all equidistant, being separated by one-third the diameter of the laterals. The distance of the front row from the margin of the clypeus is about the diameter of the front median, but viewed from above they appear right upon it. The mandibles are kneed in front, conical, divergent, with long curved fangs. There are 3 large teeth on the inner edge of the falx-sheath, and 1 similar tooth on the outer edge, between 2 smaller ones, the upper being twice as far from it as the lower. The maxillae are upright and narrow, straight on the inner side, rounded anteriorly, and at the back constricted in the middle. The lip is nearly twice as long as broad, rounded and rather pointed in front, much constricted at the base. The sternum is a long shield shape, straight, and the breadth of the lip in front, pointed posteriorly, where the 2 rear coxae are separated by half their breadth. The sternum and coxae are all thickly covered with regularly laid short fine hair. The legs are moderately stout, covered with strong upstanding bristly hair. A scopula of thick hairs, ending in claw-tufts of spatulate bristles, are on tarsi and metatarsi of the front 2 pairs, and are replaced in the 2 rear pairs by a thick coating of upstanding hair and just a few tufty bristles at the end of the tarsi. The claws are well curved, with about 7 small pectinations on the basal half. The abdomen is ovate, straight in front, and pointed at the rear. The spinnerets are rather long, and all of about equal length. The anterior pair are cylindrical, with a short conical 2nd joint. The superior are stouter and conical ; the 2nd joint, though indicated, is hardly distinguishable as such. They all stand on a strong cartilaginous base, with a small colulus in front. ones.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 165 ^uv. gjiieral form and size, pattern on back of abdomen, and eye pattern of s ipider very closely resembles A. maritima, Cambr. The cephalothorax is here .. Ti-er. The 1st, 2nd, and 4th pairs of legs are of equal length, instead of 1, 4, 2, 3. There are 2 spines on the upper and under sides of femora, while in the other they are only on the tibia and metatarsus. The measurements (in millimetres) are as follows : Cephalothorax, 4-| mm. long, 3J mm. broad ; abdomen, 6 mm. long, 3| mm. broad : mandibles, 2i- mm. long. T._- p„^ Tr. and Pat. and Met. and ^^- ^«^^'- Fem. Tib. Tars. 1 . - . . li ^ ^ 3 =111 2 l| 3' 3' 2f = 10 3 4 Palpi li 3i 31 3 = 111 f 2 2 2 = 61 Three adults and six non-adult females from Campbell Islands ; on rocks between tide-marks. Fam. AGALENIDAE. Subfam. CYBOEINAE. Group CYBOEEAE. Genus Mynoglenes, Simon. Mynoglenes, Simon, Zool. Jahrb. 21, pt. 4, 1905. Mynoglenes marrineri, nov. sp. (Plate VIII, figs, la-lc.) The cephalothorax is rather dark yellow-brown ; darker brown round the margin, down a median stripe, and in the striations. The mandibles are the same colour ; the fangs red-brown ; the lip and maxillae much darker, the upper margin of the lip being yellow, maxillae the same, but not too pronounced. The legs, including the coxae, are bright orange-yellow, with bands of brown on all joints, except the tarsi, brown upstanding bristly hairs. In one specimen the legs are yellow without bands. The ground-colour of the abdomen is black on the back and sides, with a large yellow-grey patch in front, followed by a succession of pairs of triangular yellow spots each side of the black median line all the way to the rear end. There is a greyish-yellow longitudinal median area on the underside, the spinnerets being yellow-brown. The cephalothorax is broad in front and rounded at the sides, the thoracic part being convex. The cephalic part, rising again from this, is highest a little way behind the eyes. There is a broad and deep longitudinal fovea behind the cephalic part to half-way down the rear slope. From the fovea 6 pairs of lateral depressions reach to the margin. The whole surface is very finely granulated, as is also that of mandibles, lip, maxillae, and sternum, with only a few scattered upright hairs at the anterior end. The dypeus is broad and perpendicular. Underneath the protuberance on which the lateral eyes stand, on each side, is a deep fovea, and l66 SUBANTARCTIC islands OiF NEW ZEALAND. [Spiders and Opiliones. between the two a shallow depression passing under the median eyes. Viewed from in front this gives the appearance of the eyes standing on a rounded platform above the clypeus proper. The rear row of eyes procurved, when seen from in front, the side eyes being about half their diameter below the median. The median pair, if anything rather larger than the side, are half their diameter apart, and a full diameter from the laterals. The front and rear laterals are on a common protuberance, close together, the lower ones as large as the rear median. The latter are their diameter from the front median pair, which, half the diameter of the same, are one-half their own diameter apart. As their lower edges are on a line with the lower margin of the laterals, the whole row looks somewhat recurved. The clypeus is about five times as wide as the front median eyes. The mandMes are broad at the base, rather strongly kneed, slightly divergent, with long and powerful fangs. On the inner margin of the falx-sheath are 2 large teeth at the lower end, and 5 small above them. On the outer margin are 5 large teeth, and 1 small between the basal end and the first of them. The troncature is long and sloping. ■The lif is broader than long, broadest in front, where it is convex, and pro- trudes over the basal portion the whole of its width. The maxillae bend over the lip, but are upright along their outer edge, rounded to the troncature, which slopes forward so as to nearly meet the opposite one at its lowest point, thence sloping back to the edge of the lip. The sternum is shield-shape, broad in front, pointed at the rear. It is convex, with hollows in front of each coxae, and strongly granulated all over, but with only a few upstanding hairs. The rear coxae are contiguous, but the 2nd and 3rd on each side are separated by about one-third the diameter of the former. The legs are fine, and nearly smooth. The femora are no thicker than their respective coxae, and curve towards the body. The patella is barely as long as the coxa of its respective leg. The metatarsus and tarsus are very fine, with upstanding hairs. All the tarsi and the metatarsi of the front 2 pairs are without spines. The 2 rear pairs of legs have a pair of spines on the upper side, and a single one underneath, both very fine. The abdomen is oval, the back and sides being covered with short longitudinal corrugations, and a few short downlying hairs. The spinnerets are 2- jointed ; the broadest inferior pair, being contiguous, has its short 2nd joint nearly hemispherical, that on the superior being conical and slightly longer. There is a small colulus. The epigyne is rather triangular in shape, with a median ridge at the lower edge, and 2 punctuations above. The measurements (in millimetres) are as follows : Cephalothorax, 3 mm. long, 2 mm. broad (1^ mm. in front) ; abdomen, 5 mm. long, 3 mm. broad ; mandibles, 2 mm. long. T n Tr. and Pat. and Met. and ^^- ^•"'*^- Fem. Tib. Tars. 1 2 3 4 Palpi 1 3i 3| 4i = 12i I H 3| 4i = 12i 1 3 3 4 lOf i 4 4 5 = 13| i n U n 4i spiders and Opiliones.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OP NEW ZEALAND. 167 Three females were collected by Mr. G. R. Marriner, after whom I have named it, from under stones on the sea-shore, at Monument Harbour, Campbell Island. This species, while nearly allied to the genera Cyhoeus, Cyboeolus, and Cedicus, of E. Simon, differs from Cyhoeus in having 5 equally large teeth and 1 small on the outer margin of the falx-sheath, instead of 1 large between 2 smaller ; and in having the legs scarcely bespined at all, instead of strongly bespined ; also in its distinctly 2-iointed instead of 1 -jointed spinnerets. It resembles Cedicus in the largely dentated inner margin to its falx-sheath ; in its colulus ; its front median eyes, much nearer one another than to the laterals ; and in its spinnerets : but differs in its shorter lip, wider clypeus, and straight or recurved front row of eyes instead of procurved. It resembles Cyboeolus in the smooth metatarsi of its front 2 pairs of legs ; in its rear median eyes, nearer to one another than to the laterals : but differs in its unequally-sized front row of eyes, its convex mandibles, and broad-topped lip, as well as where Cyboeolus agrees with Cyboeus as above noted. A single smaller but adult female from Enderby Island (Auckland Islands) is clearly the same as the above-described from Campbell Islands, the only difference being that the legs are shorter in proportion to the cephalothorax and abdomen, and colouring rather darker. The measurements (in millimetres) are as follows : Cephalothorax, 2j mm. long, 2 mm. broad (1| mm. in front) ; abdomen, 4 mm. long, 3 mm. broad ; mandibles, 1^ mm. long. Legs. Coxae. Tr. and Pat. and Met. and Fern. Tib. Tars. 1 •• 1 2i ^ 2i = 8i 2 .. i 2i 2i 2i = 7i 3 • t 2 2 2^ = 7 4 3 3 4 lOf Palpi '.'. I H 1 f 3i Genus Rubrius, E. Simon. Coelotes, E. Simon, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr., 1884, p. 123 (ad. part C. svbfasciatus). Rubrius, E. Simon, Mission Scient. du Cap Horn, Zool., vi, Aracn., 1887 ; Hist. Nat. des Ar., vol. ii, p. 245, 1898. Myntbes, E. Simon, Hist. Nat. des Ar., vol. ii, p. 245, 1898. Rubrius, E. Simon, Hist. Nat. des Ar., Supplt. general, p. 1041, 1903. Rubrius nummosus, nov. sp. (Plate VIII, figs. 2a-2d.) CefJudothorax bright red-brown, darker at the sides of the cephalic part and the eye-space. Mandibles dark red-brown, with yellow muscle-spots at base. Fangs black-brown at base, red-brown at lower half. Lip, maxillae, sternum, legs, and palpi slightly darker than the cephalothorax. The abdomen is rather bright yellow-brown in front and at the sides ; at one- third of the distance from the base is a dark-grey median line, with 4 pairs of wavy 168 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Sjnders and OpUiones. side lines of the same colour, and mottlings on the yellow ground ; underneath dark brown. Spinnerets yellow-brown. The cephalothorax is only moderately raised up, and the thoracic part is only slightly lower. In front it is rather more than half its greatest width. The rear row of eyes are equal, and equidistant, not quite 1 J times their diameter apart. They are procurved, so that the top of the lateral and the bottom of the median are in the same straight Une. The front and rear laterals are on a common protuberance, nearly their diameter apart. The front laterals are as large as the eyes of the rear row, and their diameter from the front median ; the median pair, their diameter apart, are two-fifths the diameter of the laterals. The whole line being straight, the clypeus is four times the diameter of the front median eyes. The mandibles are rather longer than the breadth in front of the cephalothorax, kneed at base, and conical, with rather long wavy fangs. There are 2 teeth on the inner side of the falx-sheath and a thick fringe on the outer. The lip is longer than broad, straight, slightly hollowed in front, with straight sides, widest just above the constricted base. The maxillae are upright, rounded on the outer side, with base as broad as the front of the lip. The sternum is shield-shaped, truncate in front, with point at rear protruding between the 4 pair of coxae, which are not quite contiguous. The legs are moderately stout. There are spines on the femora, tibiae, and metatarsi, but the tarsi are all smooth. There are thick bristles on the underside, hardly, however, amounting to a scopula. The superior claws have 5 or 6 pectina- tions, and the inferior is apparently smooth. The abdomen is oval, slightly rounded at the sides. The inferior spinnerets are largest in diameter, cylindrical, with a short hemispherical 2nd joint, and on bases not quite contiguous, separated by a large broad-topped colulus. The superior pair are also cylindrical, and have a quite distinct conical 2nd joint. The measurements (in millimetres) are as follows : Cephalothorax, 8| mm. long, 6^ mm. broad (3^ mm. in front) ; abdomen, 10 mm. long, 6^ mm. broad ; mandibles, 4 mm. long. Legs. Coxae. Tr. and Fern. Pat. and Met. and Tib. Tars. 1 2 3 4 Palpi .. 2^ .. 2i .. 2 .. 2J .. n 8 8 8 9 = 8 9 = 3J 3 = 27i 25 21i 27i 12i One female, from Bounty Island. This differs from the species from the Campbell and Auckland Islands not only in its much greater size, but in the closer eye-spacing, and equal distance of the rear row of eyes, though the legs are similar in proportion, and the epigyne of the female very similar. Bounty Island is about 4° farther north than the Auckland and Campbell Groups, and naturally would have a milder climate. Spiders and Ojyiliones.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 169 Rubrius cruciferus, nov. sp. (Plate VIII, figs 3, 3a-3d.) Female. — Cephalothorax yellow-brown, darkening anteriorly and at the sides to nearly black-brown. Mandibles black-brown ; fangs black at base, red at lower end. Lip and maxillae bla,ck-brown, paler in front. Sternum dark yellow-brown at edges, paler in the centre. Coxae and legs yellow-brown all over, with dark- brown upstanding hairs. Tarsi darker than the rest, claws dark-brown. Abdomen above is dark yellow-brown, interspersed with so many black spots as to look nearly black. A broad paler yellow-brown longitudinal stripe extends from the base to the posterior end, where it narrows to a point ; within this, at the anterior end, is a darker median stripe ; angular side-pieces come out from the sides at intervals all the way down ; the pair in the middle of the back are longer than the rest, giving the appearance of a St. Andrew's Cross, with the lighter colour above them. The underside is dingy yellow-brown in front as far as the genital aperture, the remainder being black-brown, with the exception of the epigyne and spinnerets, which are yellow-brown. The male is similarly coloured throughout, but the sternum is not so dark, and the ground-colour of the abdomen much lighter through the absence of black patches. The back is covered with long brown upstanding hairs. In some specimens the sternum, lip, and maxillae are rather paler than in others. The cephalic part of the cephalothorax is long, square in front, rather abruptly convex, and more so in the male than in the female. It is bounded by narrow depressions, and has a slight median one extending the whole length from the eye-space to the anterior end of the sulcus, with a row of short bristles therein. There are also bristles on the fore part, but it is mostly smooth. The thoracic part is slightly rounded at the sides, but does not add much to the breadth. The rear row of eyes, which are equal in size, is rather strongly procurved, the lower edge of the median pair being half their diameter above the upper edge of the laterals. The median are twice their diameter apart, and three diameters from their laterals, as well as the same distance from the front median, the median quadri- lateral being thus longer than broad. The front row is only as long as the distance between the rear lateral eyes, which are on a common tubercle with those of the front row, the latter being slightly larger. The small median eyes are in a line with the laterals, half their diameter, and equidistant from them and each other. The clypeus is three times their breadth. The mnndiUes are as long as the front of the cephalothorax, slightly kneed at the base, conical, and divergent. The claws are long and strong. There are 3 larger and some smaller teeth on the outer edge of the falx-sheath, and 2 small on the inner margin. The lif is longer than broad, straight but slightly hollowed in front, and more than half the length of the maxillae, which are upright, straight on the inner and rounded on the outside. The sternum is convex, shield-shape, straight in front, narrowing to a point between the rear coxae, which are a short distance apart. All the coxae have a longitudinal suture at the side. 170 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Spiders and Opiliones. The legs are only moderately stout, and fine at the anterior ends. The claws are strong, with about 9 pectinations on the superior. The abdomen is ovate, straight in front, and rounded at the posterior end, with long bristly hair on the upper side, and rather short stiff hair on the under. The spinnerets are 2-jointed, the 2nd short and hemispherical on the inferior pair, rather more pointed on the superior, with a broad colulus between the inferior pair, which, however, meet above it. The measurements (in millimetres) are as follows : — Female. — Cephalothorax, 5j mm. long, 4 mm. broad (3 mm. in front) ; abdo- men, 6^ mm. long, 4 mm. broad ; mandibles, 3 J mm. long (longer than patella 1). Tr. and Pat. and Met. and Legs. 1 2 3 4 Palpi Coxae. 14 Fem. 4i 4 4 44 2 Tib. 5 44 44 54 2 Tars. 54 5 4 5 U 164 15 14 164 6i Male. — Cephalothorax, 5 mm. long, 3j mm. broad (2j mm. in front) ; abdomen, 5 mm. long, 3 mm. broad ; mandibles, 2 mm. long. Tr. and Pat. and Legs. 1 2 3 4 Palpi Coxae. 14 14 14 14 Fem. 5 44 34 4 2 Tib. 64 5 4 44 Met. and Tars. 64 54 44 5 1 194 16| 134 15 4f There are numerous specimens from the Auckland and Campbell groups, all certainly the same. Of fifty specimens sent from these two groups, one-half are members of this genus, so that it would appear to be the most firmly established of any in the locality. Rubrius falxiatus, nov. sp. (Plate VIII, figs. 4a-4rf.) The cephalothorax is yellow, quite smooth, the eyes a bright topaz. The mandibles a darker orange, with paler basal muscle-spots. The fangs red, brown- red at the anterior end. The lip and maxillae dark yellow. Sternum, legs, and palpi yellow. Abdomen on upper side black, mottled with small yellow spots anteriorly, and yellow backward - curving transverse stripes on black ground on posterior half. Long upstanding brown hairs, and patches of flat white plumose hairs or bristles. The underside is yellow. The convex cephalic part occupies the major part of the cephfdothorax, which is as broad in front as in its widest part. The rear row of eyes is procurved, by the width of a diameter, from in front, but nearly straight viewed from above, equal in size, and equidistant by rather more than the breadth of their diameter. The front row is straight, its laterals on a common protuberance with the rear laterals half their diameter distant. It is shorter in length than the rear row by the width of Bpiders and Opiliones.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. l7l these. The median eyes are half the diameter of the laterals, their diameter apart, and the same distance from the side eyes. The clypeus is the breadth of the side eyes. The mandibles (in male) are long, narrow, and projecting, as long as the cephalo- thorax, and in breadth less than half the width of the same in front ; they do not quite meet at their bases. There is a large well-defined basal spot. From their base to half their length they gradually broaden, narrowing again to the apex, with a fang-sheath reaching to their middle point. At quite the lower end of this are 3 small equal teeth on the inner margin, 1 larger above, and 2 quite small teeth on the outer, all close together. The fangs are half as long as the mandibles, thin, and wavy. In the female the mandibles are shorter, and vertical. The lip is broad and straight in front, slightly longer than broad, and more than half the length of the maxillae. These are upright, straight, and wide in front, the straight outer margin incurving from the point where it joins the top, in an angle on one maxilla, but rounded on the other (probably the angular one is abnormal) ; the inner margin curves over the lip till it meets the sloping troncature. The sternum is shield-shaped, convex, straight in front, and projecting in a narrow point between the rear coxae, which are not contiguous. The legs are very fine and long. The tarsal joints are without spines, terminated by 3 small fine claws, with about 5 short pectinations on the superior and 3 on the inferior. On the metatarsi there is 1 spine above, a pair at the sides, and a bunch at the anterior end. The palpi are long and thin ; the tibial joint much longer than the patellar, and the cap of the distal joint as long as the tibia, with a small bulb and projector at the basal end. The abdomen is cylindrical, long and narrow, with rough hairs on the upper side, finer and sparser hairs on the under. The spinnerets stand on hard smooth bases, the inferior largest, half their diameter apart, with a quite short 2nd joint ; the superior the same. They are preceded by a colulus. This species would seem to conform to M. Simon's South American species rather than to the Tasraanian forms described by him. It has 3 equal teeth on the inner margin of the falx-sheath, a squarer-shaped lip, and narrower clypeus ; the smooth tarsi, however, and long sloping mandibular troncatures agree with the latter. In none of the descriptions of the species to which I have been able to refer is there any mention of projecting mandibles equal in length to the cephalothorax, as in this case, and in this particular it is more like an Argyroneta. In size it agrees most closely with R. parocvdus, E. Simon, from Tasmania, though not the same," as in the latter all the eyes are equal, and the colouring of lip, maxillae, sternum, and legs much darker. M. Simon writes of it as being " a very abnormal species, which will without doubt become the type of a special genus." He does not, however, point out the specialities to which he alludes. I leave this one in the genus Rubrius for a better knowledge of it gained from more material. I think its proper place should be in the Argyroneteae, somewhere between Argyroneta and Camhridgea, with the latter of which it has many points in common, notably the lip and maxillae and male palp ; still, it agrees with every point mentioned in M. Simon's specifica- tion of the genus Rubrius. 172 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OP NEW ZEALAND. [Spiders and OpUioneS. Legs. Coxae 1 .. u 2 .. 1 3 .. 1 4 .. 1 Palpi ■ • h The measurements (in millimetres) are as follows : Cephalothorax, 2j mm. long, 2 mm. broad ; abdomen, 3 mm. long ; mandibles, 2^ mm. long. Tr. and Pat. and Met. and Fem. Tib. Tars. 4 5 6 = 16j 3J 4 4J = 13 3 3 3-10 3i 3J 4i = 12J 2i 2J li = 6J One male, from the Auckland Islands ; and one non-adult female (?). There is no record of the situation in which these were found, but the bottle next in number to them from the same group contains a spider of the same genus {Amnurobioides, Cambr.) as one from the Campbell Islands, found under stones on the sea-shore. The Argyronetn- or Z>esis-shaped mandibles suggest that this also may possibly be a marine spider. Genus Myro, Cambr. Myrn, O. P. Cambridge, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 263 ; E. Simon, Hist. Nat. des Ar., vol. ii, pp. 245-46. Myro hamiltoni, sp. nov. (Plate VIII, figs. 5a, 56.) The cephalothorax, mandibles, lip, maxillae, sternum, legs, and palpi a uniform bright yellow-brown. Abdomen yellow-grey above ; 2 dark-brown spots about the middle ; from the inner side of these spots 2 thin lines reach to the posterior end, and 2 dark spots on the outside of these lines ; front part irregularly mottled. The underside is a dingy yellow-grey. The cephalic part of the cephalothorax is rather elevated. The rear row of eyes are so strongly procurved as to make two lines ; all 4 eyes in wide black rings. They are equal in size, the median pair being about 1^ their diameter apart. The laterals are only twice the same diameter apart, and the distance of their diameter below the median. The front laterals are oval, rather more than their long diameter apart, and half that distance from the rear side eyes, the minute median eyes being just above their inside edges. The clypeus is about half the long diameter of the front laterals. The mandibles are kneed at the base, and conical; the fangs slight and weak, and the margin obliquely sloping. On the inner side of the falx-sheath are 2 large and 1 smaller teeth ; on the outer side, rather long incurved bristles. The lif is as long as broad, slightly rounded in front. The legs are fine, the tarsal and metatarsal joints quite tapering. The tibiae and metatarsi are furnished with long stout spines. The superior claws have about 5 small pectinations, the inferior being apparently smooth ; the 1st and 2nd pairs are equal in length. The pnlfi have the tibial joint longer than the patellar. The abdomen is ovate, straight in front. There are 6 2-jointed spinnerets, the inferior pair being largest and close together ; the 2nd joint is nearly hemispherical. There is a colulus. Spiders and Ojnliones.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 173 The epigyne is oval, longer than broad, with a rectangular opening reaching from the base to two-thirds of its height upwards. The measurements (in millimetres) are as follows : Cephalothorax, 2J mm. long, 2 mm. broad (Ij mm. in front) ; abdomen, 4 mm. long, 2f mm. broad ; mandibles, l^ mm. long. Legs. Coxae. ^r. and Tib. and Met. and Fern. Pat. Tars. 1 .. .. i 2i 2A 3 = 8i 2 3 4 Palpi 4 ■^4 ■^J ^ — "2^ 2i 2i 3 = 8i i 2 2| 3 = 8 I 2^ 3 4 = lOj i li 1 1 = 3J Two females from Macquarie Island are the only specimens brought from that locality. The Rev. O. P. Cambridge's Myro kerguelenensis was the only spider found on Kerguelen Island by the Transit of Venus Expedition, and M. Eugene Simon has described one other, M. caffer, from the Cape of Good Hope. The above differs from M. kerguelenensis in the more procurved rear row of eyes, the small median front eyes being quite below the laterals in the former instead of lying between them. The epigyne is longer than broad instead of broader than long (sec. Camb.). In the Cape of Good Hope species the legs (sec. Simon) are darker, and tinged with red. This species is named in honour of Mr. A. Hamilton, Curator of the Dominion Museum, Wellington. Myro kirki, nov. sp. (Plate VII, figs. 5a, 56.) Cephfdothorax rather dark yellow-brown. Eyes bright topaz-yellow. Mandibles, lip, maxillae, sternum, coxae the same. The coxae have a darker longitudinal median stripe. The legs are yellow-brown, with grey rings on the femora, patella, and tibia, grey hair and bristles, and brown spines and claws. The tibia, metatarsus, and tarsus are darker. The abdomen (casting skin) is yellow-grey, with brown and paler -yellow hair. Spinnerets yellow, with brown hairs. The cephalothorax is moderately convex, highest in front of the rear slope, where there is a short deep fovea, rounded at the sides, and narrowing to nearly half its width in front. The eyes of the rear row are equal and equidistant, about half their diameter apart, and procurved so that the upper edge of the laterals are on a level with the lower edge of the median. The laterals of the front row are as much below the rear laterals as the rear median are above them, but nearer to them, and of the same size. The front median eyes, one-third the diameter of the others, are their diameter apart, and that distance from the side eyes, but their bottom edges above the upper edges of the front laterals. The clypeus is twice the breadth of the front laterals. There are rather long curved bristles inside the eye-space. The mandibles are kneed at the base, conical, and divergent, the fangs long and strong. Four teeth on the inner margin of the falx-sheath, and a thick scopula on the outer. 174 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Spiders and Opili^es. The Up is as broad as long, straight, broad, and slightly hollowed on the front margin, the sides rounded to the smaller base. The lip is half the length of the maxillae, which slightly converge over it. From the anterior end, where they are straight for a short distance from the troncature, they are rounded to the base, where they are narrowest. The sternum is a broad shield-shape, straight in front, and narrowing to a point at the rear, where it separates the 4th pair of coxae. The 1st and 2nd pair of coxae are contiguous, but separated by an interval from the 3rd pair. The coxae of the 4th pair are broader than any of the others, and separated by a fourth of their width. The legs are moderately strong, tapering to the ends, with long stout spines : 1 above, on the femora ; 3 pairs below tibia i ; 2 pairs below metatarsus i ; and 3 pairs below, 3 at the sides, and 3 above on metatarsus iv. The claws are long and strong, with 8 pectinations on the superior pair, and 1 near the base of the inferior. The abdomen is ovate, pointed at the posterior end, with downlying short hairs all over. The inferior spinnerets are conical, 2-iointed, the 2nd short and hemi- spherical, one-third of their diameter apart, with a small colulus in front. The superior pair are cylindrical, with a similar short 2nd joint. The measurements (in millimetres) are as follows : Cephalothorax, 4j mm. long, 3j mm. broad (2 mm. in front) ; abdomen, 6j mm. long, 4 mm. broad ; mandibles, 2 mm. long. Palpal tibia longer than patella. Legs. Coxae. Tr. and Fern. Pat. and Tib. Met. and Tars. 1 ■ li 4 H 5 14, 2 . 1 H 4 4 12 3 .. . 1 3 3 3 10 4 • H 5 5 6 17i Palpi ■ h 2 H li = •H One female (not quite adult), from the Snares Islands. This solitary female is not quite through her last moult, but it is interesting to find two species of this genus on the one small island, so I have described it and named it after Professor H. B. Kirk, who discovered it. Myro ovalis, nov. sp. (Plate VIII, figs. 6a, 6i.) Female. — Cephalic part of cephalothorax yellow-grey, with a dark-brown median longitudinal stripe, and 2 fainter curved brown stripes at the sides, reaching from the rear row of eyes to the rear of the cephalothorax. On the sloping sides of the cephalic part, and on the median area of the thoracic, are transverse dark-grey mottled stripes. The lower half of the sides of the thoracic part are pale yellow. The eyes are dark yellow with black centres, and there are long brown bristles in the eye-area. The abdomen has a broad black median stripe at the anterior end, with yellow stripes on each side of it ; beyond these, mottled yellow and brown. There are patches of white plumose hairs on the posterior half. The spinnerets and epigyne are yellow. The legs yellow, ringed with grey on the femora, tibiae, and metatarsi. The palpi yellow, without atripes. Spiders and OpiUone^.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 175 Male. — Cephalic part yellow, the grey streaking on the sides and rear being much less pronounced than in the female, though there are faint traces of it. The mandibles are yellow ; the fangs yellow-brown ; sternum, lip, and maxillae yellow, with fine brown hairs. Legs yellow, ringed with grey, with brown hairs and spines ; bristles on the metatarsus grey. Palpi yellow. The abdomen on the upper side is black-brown, slightly mottled with yellow, with pale yellow hairs ; underneath yellow-grey and black, with similar pale-yellow hairs. Spinnerets dingy yellow-grey. Male and Female. — The raised-up part of the cephalothorax is rather narrow, sloping steeply to the edges all round. The eyes of the rear row and laterals of the front row form an oval ring, the front laterals lying nearly under the rear median. The 2 quite small front median, their diameter apart, are just above the space between the laterals. The 6 large eyes of the female are 1| times the diameter of those of the male, and consequently nearer together. The maxillae, lip, and sternum are as in M. kirki, above described, the sternum being convex. There is a space between coxae ii and iii in both sexes, but in the male the rear coxae are quite contiguous. The legs are long and fine, with about 6 pectinations on the superior claws, and numerous long spines on the tibiae and metatarsi, with bunches of spines at the end of the latter. There are 2 spines on the upper side of each femur. The mandibles are as long as the cephalothorax is broad in front. They are kneed, conical, and divergent, with 2 or 3 small and 2 larger teeth on the inner edge of the falx-sheath, and 1 large between 2 small on the outer. The palpi are Ij times the length of the cephalothorax, the tibial joint being equal to the patellar. The measurements (in millimetres) are as follows : — Female. — Cephalothorax, 2j mm. long, 2 mm. broad (Ijmm. in front) ; abdo- men, 2 J mm. long, Ij mm. broad ; mandibles, Ij mm. long. T ri Tr. and Pat. and Met. and ^»^- '-''''^^- Fem. Tib. Tars. 1 . .. ..1 3 3 4 =11 2 .. .. I 2| 2f 3 = 9i 3 .. .. f 2J 2^ 3 = 8| 4 .. ..1 3 3 4 = 11 Palpi .. .. i li 1 1 = 3f Male. — Cephalothorax, 2^ mm. long, 2 mm. broad (1| mm. in front) ; abdo- men, 2^ mm. long, 1 mm. broad; mandibles, 1| mm. long. r n Tr. and Pat. and Met. and Legs. Coxae. ^^^ 1 .. ..1 3 3 4 = 11 4 3 4 Palpi lib. Tars 3 4 2| 3 ^ 3 H 4 1 1 2f 2f 3 = 9i i 2J 2J 3 = 8| 1 3| 3^ 4 = 12 Besides being very much smaller, this differs from M. kirki in having legs i and iv equal in length, instead of the 4th pair considerably the longer. The palp 'is longer in proportion, the tibial .joint of same being equal to'^the patellar instead^of longer. The pattern on the cephalothorax alone identifies it, and the eyes are dull and dingy instead of bright topaz-yellow. 176 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Spiders and Opilwnes. The eyes in both of these species from the Snares Islands seem more closely to resemble those of M. Simon's M. caffer than do those of M. hamiltoni, while the latter, in their greater procurvature, are more like those of M. kergudenensis, Cambr. The male palp, pattern of abdomen, and other points are like M. kergudenensis. One male and one female, from the Snares Islands. Genus Pacificana, H. R. Hogg. Pacificana, H. R. Hogg, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. xiii, p. 65, 1904. Pacificana cockayni, H. R. Hogg. Pacificana cockayni, H. R. Hogg, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. xiii, p. 66, text-figure 1, 1904. One male and four females, collected on Bounty Islands by Dr. Cockayne in 1903, and forwarded to me by Professor Charles Chilton, of Canterbury College. The genus Pacificana is known only from the Bounty Islands ; it is allied to Emmenomma, Simon, founded for a species found on the islands Hoste and Hermite, adjacent to Cape Horn, and to Ommatauxesis, Simon, from Tasmania. Fam. SALTICIDAE. Group MAEPISSEAE. Genus Clynotis, E, Simon. Clynotis, E. Simon, Hist. Nat. des Ar., vol. ii, p. 611, 1901. Icius, L. Koch, At. Austr., 1879, p. 1127. Clynotis barresis, nov. sp. (Plate VIII, figs. Qa^^.) M. Simon states {loc. cit., p. 600) that the species described by L. Koch as of the genus Icius do not belong to his genus, widely spread as it is over Europe, Asia, and Africa. He therefore formed for them the new genus Clynotis. The specimens here described (one male and two females, from Campbell Island, collected by Messrs. Des Barres and Chambers) appear to belong to the genus in question. The front row of eyes are not quite so much recurved as described in some of the species. They are rather close to C. semiater, L. Koch, but, except in the legs, differ in their brighter colouring, and the 3rd pair of legs shorter than the 2nd, instead of being equal to them. Male. — The cephalothorax is dark orange, with large black blotches between the small eyes, round the rear eyes, and over the rear slope, black all round the sides, with pale-yellow hair. At the sides of the eye-space the hairs are bright yellow, inclining to red. The eyes are all yellow, the rear pair on black rims. The clypeus overhangs the point of insertion of the mandibles, and in the space between are long stout bristly hairs. The mandibles are dark yellow-brown ; fangs yellow- brown. The lip and maxillae are dark yellow-brown. The front pair of legs have the femur, patella, tibia, and metatarsus dark (but not black) brown, with dark-brown upstanding and pale-yellow downlying hair. The tarsal joint is paler yellow-brown, with pale bristles at the anterior end. The spines are black. The other legs are Spiders and Opiliones.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 177 similar, but not so dark. The coxae and trocanters yellow-brown. The sternum black-brown. The abdomen dingy yellow-brown, without recognisable pattern. The cephcdotharax is highest one-third of the distance from the posterior end, and slopes to the rear and forward, the rear pair of eyes being about half-way between the highest point and the front row of eyes. The small second row of eyes are slightly nearer to the front row than to the rear row. The front row of eyes are level along the top line, the large median, close together, being twice the diameter of the side pair, which are about a third of their diameter away. The median do not quite reach down to the margin of the clypeus. The mandibles are broader at the base than at the apex, where they are rather flat, the fangs being short, weak, and almost straight. The lip is sUghtly longer than broad, straight in front. The maxillae are rounded at the outer side, hang over the lip on the inside, with a short sloping cut. The front coxae almost touch the lip, and cut across the base of the maxillae. The rear coxae are contiguous in the female, but not quite so in the male. In the female the cephalothorax is orange-yellow, with the similar dark-brown patches ; the sides dark brown, with pale-yellow hair ; but the rear slope dingy yellow. The mandibles, palpi, legs, sternum, lip, and maxillae are yellow, with pale hairs. The abdomen, which is a long oval, is dingy yellow-grey, with downlying pale-yellow hair. The yellow, rather long, cylindrical, 1 -jointed spinnerets are quite terminal. The male and females were found in the same locality, but the legs of the male are much darker than those of the female ; the rear coxae are not so close together, the front pair are more over the maxillae, and the front pair of legs longer. They might turn out eventually to belong to different species, but I have taken them for the same. The measurements (in millimetres) are as follows : — Male. — Cephalothorax, 2^ mm. long, Ifmm. broad (Ijmm. in front); abdomen, 2| mm. long, l| mm. broad ; mandibles, | mm. long. Legs. 1 2 3 4 Palpi Tr. and Pat. and Met. and Fern. Tib. Tars. 4 2i n If i H 2 H i H If 1 t 2 2 H . 11 0-5 0-6 6| H 2-2 Female. — Cephalothorax, 2j mm. long, Ij mm. broad (1-4 mm. in front) men, 3 mm. long, If mm. broad ; mandibles, 0-7 mm. long. Tr. and Pat. and Met. and abdo- Legs. 1 2 3 4 Palpi Coxae. Fern. If H If 1 Tib. H H 1 3 1 Tars. li 1 H If I 4| 2f One male and two females, from Campbell Island (Des Barres and Chambers). Named after Mr. Des Barres. 12-S. 178 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Spiders and Opilione^. Order OPILIONES, Sund. Suborder MECOSTETHI. Group INSIDIATORES, Loman. Fara. TRIOENONYCHIDAE. Genus Trioenonyx, Sorenseu. Trioenonyx, W. Sorensen, Arach. Austr. Zweiter Theil, p. 58, 1886 ; Dr. J. C. C. Loman, Zool. Jahrb., band xvi, 1902 ; R. I. Pocock, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. x, December, 1902, pp. 511 et seq. ; R. I. Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1902, p. 392 et seq. Trioenonyx enderbei, no v. sp. (Plate VIII, figs, la-lc) Carapace. — Black-brown, with dingy yellow median stripe extending from the eye tubercle half-way to the posterior edge. From this emanate side scrolls of same colour on each side, the whole forming a shield-shape pattern. Behind this again, and along the sides, are numerous faint yellow patches. The segmental area is black-brown above, with small faint yellow spots round each segment ; on the under- side the segmental spots are very clearly defined bright-yellow lozenges on a black ground. As far as the sternum the black-brown is mottled with yellow ; the edges are yellow. Over the coxal area the yellow colour prevails, mottled with black, while the maxillary processes are wholly yellow. The legs are yellow, ringed with brown from the trochanter to the anterior end of the metatarsus, the tarsus being brown. The palpi are black, mottled with clearly defined small yellow spots. The mandibles similarly are black, with a network of yellow spots. The dorsal carapace is very finely granulated, almost smooth, without tubercles or spines, with the exception of a few short white bristles on the segments, and at the sides close to the posterior end, and a tubercular projection on the front edge each side of the eye tubercle. The eye tubercle is not quite marginal ; although enlarged at the base, it is cylindrical, with a hemispherical top, the whole tubercle pointing forwards. It is smooth, and the small yellow eyes on black rims are placed two-thirds of the length from the base up the tubercle. The maxillary processes are triangular or pyramidal, higher at the end than the nearly rectangular second piece, from which it is divided by a sulcus. Palp. — Trochanter : One spinous tubercle above. Femur : A longitudinal median row of spinous tubercles on upper side, 1 very high round-headed on under- side, 2 large and 3 smaller along the middle at base, and 1 at the inner side. Patella smooth. Tibia : Two large and 1 smaller on the inner side, 3 large on the outer. Tarsus : Four large and 1 small on the outer edge, 3 large and 3 small on the inner. Rough tubercles on trochanter and femur. Coxae ii and iii roughly tubercled all over, but none on trochanter or femur. Coxae iv twice as broad as the others, a few scattered small tubercles and bristles. Tarsal segments 4, 10, 6, 5. Spiders and Opilioties.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 179 The measurements (in millimetres) are as follows : Cephalothorax, 4 mm. long, 4 mm. broad (3 mm, in front) ; abdomen, 2 mm. long, 4 mm. broad ; mandibles, Ij mm. long, 1 J mm. broad. Legs. 1 2 3 4 2 Palpi Tr. and Pat. and Fern. Tib. H 14 2 = 5 2i 24 34 = 84 2 2 2* = 64 2i 24 34 = 84 If One female (?) from Enderby Island ; one non-adult from Auckland Islands. In conclusion, I have to thank Mr. A. S. Hirst, of the British Museum, for kindly allowing me to refer to specimens of the Arachnida in his charge. WORKS REFERRED TO. Histoire Naturelle des Araignees," vols, i and ii, Paris, 1892-1903. E. Simon. E. von Keyserling (L. Koch, 1881-83, pp. 1272-1477, and (W. Sorensen), pp. 53-86 of Die Arachniden Australiens." L. Koch and 1871-81, pp. 1-1271 ; E. von Keyserling, Appendix, 1884-89, pp. 87-271). Opiliones Appendix. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London." Coraptes rendus de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique," Bruxelles. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique," Bruxelles. Annales et Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France," Paris. Zoologische Jahrbiicher." Gustav Fischer, Jena. Professor Dr. J. W. Spengel, edit. Annals and Magazine of Natural History." Taylor and Francis, London. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute." Wellington, N.Z. 180 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Spiders and Ofilione^. EXPLANATION OF PLATES VII AND VIII. Plate VII. Fig. 1. Stiphidion minutissimum, sp. nov. a, eyes ; b, leg of 4th pair from inner side ; c, epigyne ; d. underside of abdomen. Fig. 2. Amaurobius ruhrioides, sp. nov. a, eyes ; 6, lip and maxillae. Fig. 3. Badumna scylla, sp. nov. a, eyes ; h, epigyne ; c, lip and maxillae. Fig. 4. Amaurdnoides piscator, sp. nov. Upper side of body ( x 2). o, eyes ; 6, epigyne ; c, lip and maxillae. Fig. 5. Myro kirki, sp. nov. o, epigyne ; 6, male palp. Fig. 6. Clynotis barresis, sp. nov. a, lip, maxillae, sternum, and coxae ; 6, eyes, from in front, with mandibles ; c, eyes, from above ; d, profile ( x 2) ; e, male palp (all joints), from side ; /, male palp (patella and tarsus), from in front ; g, epigyne. Plate VIIL Fig. 1. Mynoglenes marrineri, sp. nov. a, eyes, from above ; b, eyes, from in front, with mandibles ; c, lip and maxillae. Fig. 2. Rubrius nummosu^, sp. nov. a, eyes ; b, lip and maxillae ; c, profile (nat. size) ; d, epigyne. Fig. 3. Rubrius crucijerus, .