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SUCCESSFUL BREEDING

THE_BREEDER AND HIS HORSE
THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER

A Book that comes
near to the Heart
of every Horseman.

Price $1.75

Published by

ORLANDO CRITTENDEN
ASHLAND, OHIO

Copyright, 1913
By
ORLANDO CRITTENDEN

DEC 29 1913

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Preface.

HE busy man of to-day has

not time to read page after

page in order to sift out a
single point. The information
herein is supplied in brief form,
and in plain every-day English,
that the uneducated can under-
stand equally as well as the
educated.

Practical Horse Breeding.

THE EXPERIENCE OF O. CRITTENDEN.

HE circumstances under which I have been
4 induced to write this volume for the public,
are solely through the desires of many of my
patrons that have from time to time urged me to
give them a complete history of my experience in
handling Stallions, Breeding all classes of Mares
and using Pregnators as Artificial Assistance in
breeding. After carefully considering these many
requests, I have decided to grant those wishes, and
will put that information in book form, and my de-
sire will be to try and make this little volume of
value to Breeders, Stallion owners, and to the Gen-
eral Farmer. A book: worthy of being read, kept
and referred to as occasions may arise.

My Long Experience

I was raised on a Stock Farm of 1,200 acres in

what is known as the Western Reserve in the |

northern part of the State of Ohio. -1 srew up
with the business. In 1872 I launched out into
the breeding business for myself. I soon found
myself the owner of three or four stallions that —
I was keeping for public use, and with a few ~
brood mares, and a few Registered Short Horn

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. 7

Cattle. I was always on the alert for any reason-
able and new ideas and to test out anything that
would improve the welfare of the breeding busi-
ness. It is with the breeding business, as well as
in any other business. We find we have certain
things to contend with. The greatest problem I
found to solve was, as to how to get a certain
class of mares to produce, mares that were sup-
posed to be barren, and also a question as to know
just where to place the real cause of this trouble,
with the mare or the stallion. While giving
this matter considerable study, and making numer-
ous examinations of mares, I felt justified in plac-
ing the greatest cause with the mare. In 1890 [I in-
vented an Impregnator to assist nature in breed-
ing this class of mares, which has been a per-
fect success. By adding the Impregnator to the
breeding business has been the means of making
the business more profitable.

There is a time for everything—a time to sow
and a time to reap—and the Ruler of the universe
has never yet failed to provide a time for both.

We live, not as individuals independent of our
neighbors, but as a part of the community, with
many rights in common. Knowledge is power,
and it has been said that the best part of a breeder
is his brain, and with it goes hand-in-hand
experience.

No man is so fully experienced im all the af-
fairs of life that there is nothing more for him to
find out; consequently every man must in some
things be guided by the experience of others.

I have handled stallions in all stages of their

8 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

lives, have bred them to hundreds of mares in the
breeding seasons, and as the stallion ranks first we
will look to his interest first.

The Stallion

i " Ay
( "wp win
ie be

Hall
Ni 1, ;
iy ree nad
YRS vy i ;

Keeping a stallion is a business proposition. At
least it should be, though for some men it is a
poor business. If it is a business proposition, it
should be handled as such, that is, effort and care
should be taken to make it as certain and sure as
it is possible to do. The greatest returns, and the
time when a stallion is the busiest is, of course,
during the breeding season.

Before using the stallion let him get some age.
No colt will breed as well as an old horse, from
eight to twenty years old, provided the horse has
been properly taken care of. Next avoid all pam-
pering both as to care and feed. Feed and work
him as you would any horse, not over-heating or
over-exerting him. If not situated so you can
work or drive him, have a good, roomy yard where
he can run and exercise at his own free will.
There are three things that should be remembered

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. 9

that are not conducive to fertility in the stallion
- or soundness, strength or longevity in his progeny:
viz., idleness, pampering with unhealthful food, and
putting him to service when too young. If these
matters are observed and you will limit your horse
to the proper number of mares, you will get good
results.

Man was created ruler over the lower animals.
He must show and exert that power or else the
stallion, most mighty of domestic animals, will as-
sume the role of ruler. In most cases the man in
charge is capable enough but does not know how
or what to do. One should always remember that
in handling a vicious stallion that their masculine
character is liable to assert itself -at almost any
moment. Firmness should be displayed by the man
in charge. -In handling vicious stallions you should
give them to understand that you are master of
the situation, and to be on the safe side, you should
be prepared with means to accomplish that point
whenever he undertakes to test your ability. We
have never been ‘able to find a Controller that
brings them to their senses like the O. C. Stallion
Controller does. With a stallion you should never
show any signs of fear, always be sure that you
are in the right and then atcomplish your point.
They should be treated kindly but firmly, never
take any chances with him, and always remember
that you are dealing with a stallion.

A. stallion should never be petted and should
always be made to depend on his caretaker. An
attempt should not be made to make him do any-
thing that there is a doubt of his being able to do.

10 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

Should he refuse to do customary things, be firm,
but kind; under no circumstances let him get the
best of you, for if he does he will never forger =:
neither will you, if you live. Always keep an eye
on him as he is probably always watching you,
and speak to him when you approach him.

Let him know that you are his friend. Take
the stallion out around other horses and teach
him how to behave. Do not allow him. to be con-
tinually cutting circles. It is lable to strain him
and may cause a permanent injury to; ee
nor is it a good way for him to show what he is.
All of these are unnecessary, and it is extremely
annoying and a positive nuisance. How is the
trouble to be remedied? Simply by putting a
wigan? in “charge. of ‘the horse.

When a breeder comes to examine your stallion
in view of breeding to him, lead him out where
he can look him over, and should he wish to see
his action, take hold‘of the lead strap a foot or so
from the bridle bit, let him step along sharply for
a few rods away, and then back past him, bring
him back and let him stand still before his in-
spector.

His First Lessons in Serving Mares
At the time of service is another time where
real horsemanship is necessary. To know how to
handle the stallion and to be able to diagnos the
exact condition of the mare.

In giving him his first lessons in serving mares,
it is necessary to impress upon him that patience
and obedience is required of him before he is al-
lowed to serve the mare. Also, he must be taught

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. I]

to go to the mare slowly and go to her side be-
fore mounting. In this way, a mare that is
ready to be served will rarely kick the horse, as
she would if he were allowed to run from a dis-
tance on his hind legs and mount.

When the service is over, as he goes to dismount
draw the mare’s head gently but firmly towards
you and there is little chance for her to kick him.
Don’t use a whip while trying or breeding mares.
If possible have a teasing pole beside a coral and
away from suckling colts. It may prevent an
accident and will not worry the groom or horse.
Bad behavior by the stallion is caused by the care
and treatment he receives.

Care should be taken that the horse does not
“waste”? between services, as it will decrease his
foal-getting properties and will weaken him.
Sexual stimulants are not necessary, if proper care
and moderate service is allowed him. |

Some times in serving a mare the stallion will
come off proud. That is to say he does not dis-
charge. Lead him around for a few minutes, then
try him back again. In serving a mare, a horse
should be allowed to remain as long as he desires
to do so, as the mare rarely discharges before the
stallion. :

Good feed and treatment, with the proper man-
agement, will make the stallion a profitable invest-
ment.

7 Caution
Some owners of mares have a dread for the
hopples, but I deem it advisable to put them on all
mares, as some of them will sometimes kick the

12 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

horse when he is leaving her, and when least sus-
pected. |

I always place a set of breeding hopples on the
mare. Never omit it. Even the best tempered
mare in the world may become excited and kick
and injure your horse. Several good stallions have
had to be killed within the last few years, because
the mare kicked and broke their legs.

A slight kick will sometimes retire a horse from
service, and if kicked in the genitals or other vital
parts it might cause his death.

Don’t forget that there are plenty of mares and
few good stallions, and it is better to be safe than
sorry.

Never use a stallion on more than two mares a
day and not at all on Sundays. Give him a rest;
he needs it and this Sunday rest will quiet him
to a large extent, which will be one of the best
results that can be suggested.

Do not get excited when they say they will go
to other horses with their mares after you have
turned them away for the day, because nine times
out of ten they will be back the next time. This
will make your season longer. Do not breed a
mare that has been bred several times to another
horse and failed to get in foal unless you have an
©; Gy Saiety Pregnator or an. O. C. Iniproved =
liable Pregnator to use on them; then you can
feel safe in breeding any that come.

Working the Stallion
Everyone surely appreciates the fact that health

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. 13

and vigor, at its best, cannot be had in the animal
kingdom without exercise.

There is no reason under the sun why the stal-
lion should not be put to work every work-day of his
life. There is every reason why he should. We
expect his offspring to be able to pull the largest
loads and at a lively gait. Why should we ex-
pect them to do more than he is able to do him-
self ?
The stallion should not*be required to do arduous
labor during the season, as it uses up too much of
his vitality. Light work or a road exercise is bet-
ter. If fleshy stallions are put to work, they
should be handled very carefully in the spring-
time and hot weather to prevent over-exhaustion,
which frequently causes death.

There are men who imagine if they pay $2,500
for a stallion he is too high priced to work. The
stallion that cannot do a good hard day’s work,
and do it every day in the year, will not be able
to sire foals that can do heavy work. If we do
not work our stallions so as to develop their mus-
cles we will soon be producing a race of horses
without sufficient muscle for heavy work.

Results are what we want and to secure strong,
vigorous, healthy colts the parents should be as
near in normal condition as it is possible to have
them. .

In conclusion, then, it is well for us to remem-
ber that if it is foals we want, and especially if it
is foals of the most pronounced viiality, those
which will mature into horses capable of perform-
ing our heavy work and with such powers of re-

14 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

sistance that disease will not attack them, we
must have stallions and mares that are physically
and sexually vigorous and normal. Even if we
have such mares and stallions it is only by good
care and the best of handling that will enable us
to keep them in the best breeding condition.

We have men in this locality who have some of
the best mares in the country and who are good
feeders and all around horsemen, who refuse to
breed to local stallions because through lack of
exercise the stallions are not sure.” Hxereiaeu=
necessary to keep up the health, tone and potency
of the horse. Stallions deprived of it usually be-
come practically impotent after a very few years.

It is well known that there are large numbers of
horse owners—especially among farmers who breed
on a small scale, and without very definite ideas
on the subject—who judge of condition by full,
rounded outline of the animal, and that to many
of them “condition” without fatness is inconceiv-
able. The owner of the second-rate, often unsound,
stallions that travels the countryside recognizes
this feeling, and hides the faults that would other-
wise be apparent under a coating of flesh.

Many a stallion, because of his disposition, or
because some foolish keeper has handled him im-
properly, is unfit to be worked with other horses,
or where he can see them, and such an animal
must necessarily be handled in a different manner
during his idle season. He should be confined in
a stall only at night and during cold or stormy
weather, and for this reason should have a good-
sized lot fenced in chicken-tight, bull-strong, and

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. 15

of sufficient height to insure his not getting over
iw. He then may be turned into this lot most of
the time, which will make it possible for him to
take daily, moderate exercise in the open air and
sunlight. His stable should be in one corner of
this lot, which will lessen the necessity of chang-
ing him about and handling him so much.

My ena stallion Gills a place im the. team on
the farm, his whole body its in a healthy and nor-
mal condition, his flesh is firm and solid and full
Se vitality. The semen from a stallion in that
condition will have more fertilizing power in fer-
tilizing the egg of the mare, than the semen from
a stallion that is allowed to lead a life of idleness.
kt we will take the germ in the semen of both
these stallions and put them under a microscope
we will find that the germs from the stallion that
has regular exercise will live longer than those from
the soft and flabby stallion that gets no exercise.

Muscle Rather Than Fat.

A stallion in moderate flesh and in good thriv-
ing condition will be more sure as a foal getter and
will get stronger and better colts than the one
that is overly fat.

Overfeeding is bad. Muscle, rather than fat, is
wanted in reproduction.

The entire worth of the horse as a domestic
animal depends solely upon his muscular power
and his ability to use it.

It is so in no other animal on the farm. Neither
the beef nor dairy cattle nor the quiet and contented
hog are required to develop muscular power, ex-
cept so far as is necessary for general health.

16 _ THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

No stallion can go into the breeding season and
settle a satisfactory per cent. of his mares unless
he is in good condition, and good condition is
secured more rapidly and better if he is worked
and fed judiciously than if he is stabled and fed
high.

Appreciating as we do the necessity for exercise
in the breeding horse, is it not passing strange
that the average stallion to-day leads a life of
indolence? |

Knowing this to be true, is it to be wondered at
that the average stallion gets less than fifty per
cent. of the mares he breeds, in foal an@ taai 3
good percentage of those he does get are dumb-
heads and dead on their feet?

The point is just this: muscular energy, perfect
health and vigor may only be assured in the ani-
mal kingdom, when muscular movement in all parts
of the body is of regular and frequent occurrence.
In the breeding of animals, where the qualities of
the sire are almost always desired in the offspring
it becomes of prime importance that such sire be
in perfect physical condition. Such condition is
absolutely impossible to obtain without abundant
exercise and in no class of domestic animals is
such a condition so certainly needed and so sel-
dom found as in the horse. If muscular vigor, ac-
tivity and potential energy is ever called for, it
is surely in the horse. Of course, over-taxation or
strain should not be put upon a horse in advancing
age; but judicious and sensible employment re-
quiring the use of all his faculties or powers is

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. 17
es
healthful and not harmful; they are far better for
him than retirement into luxury and idleness.

Cruelty to the Stallion

There are other enjoyments that come to the
stallion that earns his daily rations. Such as the
companionship of man, the hearing of human
voices, being out in the sunshine and fresh air,
instead of being shut up in a dark, dirty, lonesome
and poorly ventilated box stall shut off irom: the
right of everything, there to pass his time in idle-
ness, to listen to every sound, there to remain in al-
most solid confinement. Is it to be wondered at,
that he creates the habit of masturbation? When
you place a horse under such treatment, you are
abusing man’s noblest friend. I kindly ask you,
to just stop for one moment and imagine yourself
placed in just such a condition. If such had been
your misfortune, how long do you suppose it would
be before you would be a fit subject for the asy-
lum? Think of this, and do unto him as you
would wish to be done by. If you are not situated
so you can work him, have a large box stall with
an open door leading into a large yard where he
can go out and in at his will, that he may see and
know what is on the outside. I know of farmers
that own stallions that treat them out of the breed-
ing season, as some farmers do their machinery out
of season. They leave it stay just where they
happen to unhitch from it after the work is done,
and there it stands until they want it the next season.
That is the kind of treatment some stallions get out
of season, put in a box stall and there they are until
the next season.

18 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

Outside of the big horse establishments and
other places where there are men engaged to han-
dle stallions the year round, it is doubtful if there
is any one point so neglected on the farm as the
proper care of the stallion out of season, and it is
safe to say that this neglect yields a far greater
influence on the quality of his offspring than most
farmers realize.

It is a general principle in horse breeding that
the progeny is strongly influenced by the charac-
teristics of their ancestry. The horse which is to
prove of value to its owner by taking its full share
of work on the farm and possessing the quality that
will enable it to sell well must, to a large extent,
have this tendency transmitted to it through a sire
and a dam which have shown their usefulness in a
like capacity. A stallion that has beem@iimdaiy
pampered by high feeding and a lack of exercise
is sure to be deficient in constitution and muscular
development. |

In order that a stallion may impress his progeny
with the best possible physical traits, it is essential
that his muscular, digestive and respiratory sys-
tem be kept in a proper condition “dutimg an
period that he is not required for stud. purposes:

A stallion is usually at his best when from eight
to twenty years old, providing he has been prop-
erly cared for, both in season and out of season.

Using the Stallion to Excess
Many stallion owners would be surprised if they
were told that one or two services a day would |
result in more live foals, than if more services
were made with the same stallion, but this is the

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. 19

iota. When-a stallion: is bred to three or four
mares a day, it would be almost impossible to get
all of those mares in foal from the services ren-
dered that day, for the very reason that it would
be out of the question for the stallion to secrete
semen containing full’ developed germs or sper-
matozoa in all those services. No intelligent rea-
son can be given for using a stallion when he is
in a condition, making the inpregnation of the
mare impossible. Yet this is being done thous-
ands of times every day during the breeding sea-
son in all parts of the country. This practice not
only results in a few foals, but it is a positive in-
jury to the stallion, and that is one of the discour-
aging features in the foal production. One half of
all the stallions in this country which has become
sterile can trace their sterility back to excessive
service. When a man allows his stallion to serve
three or four mares a day, that practice will make
his stallion just as unfit for service, and will drain
his vitality to about the same degree as does the
stallion that practices the habit of masturbation.
The man that allows such should just stop and
consider that it is the number of live foals, rather
than the number of services that make the profits.
Again, we must exercise a little reason with good
judgment, care and good handling if we are to
expect our stallions to remain in a virile condi-
tion and being capable of siring foals endowed
with vitality of a high degree.

Hambletonian 10 in The Stud
It is believed that Hambletonian made a heavier
season in the stud during his lifetime than any

20 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

other prominent trotting sire. The following rec-
ord of his stud career is interesting:

History gives it that Rysdyk’s Hamiltonian, at
the age of I5 years, was bred to 217 mares in one
year, and 67 per cent. of them got in foal.

In the Horse Review of Sept. 13, 1000 pierre ms
an account given of a son of Rysdyk’s Hamiltonian,
Aladdin: 2235, which, at the age of twenty-nine
years, covered twenty-one mares and got eighteen
foals. If we would work our stallions, give them
proper care and exercise, not get greedy and breed
them to three or four mares a day, our stallions of
to-day would live longer, and get a larger per cent.
of foals and colts of stronger constitution.

I would consider that 100 mares would be a suf-
ficient number in one year for any staliom7iheme
was to be kept in the stud for any reasonable length |
of time.

Over-service in the stud very often causes ster-
ility in the stallion, and is injurious to his future
usefulness. |

Service for Stallions
The amount of service for the stallion is a much
discussed point, the opinions of the owners differing
about the number of mares that a horse should be
allowed to serve.

There are no statistics which show actual results.
It is generally held that a 2-year-old stallion should
be allowed to serve only a few mdres—say 10 or
12; a 3-year-old stallion may serve 15 to 30; a 4-
year-old stallion 25 to 50.

The following figures are taken in regard to
Rysdyk’s Hamiltonian, who held an enviable record

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. 21

in service. He was kept in service from 1851 to
1875, with the exception of 1868, during which
year he was given a rest, or at least no figures are
quoted for that year. During the 23 years of ser-
vice the average number of mares bred was 83 per
year, and the average percentage of foals to mares
served is 67, varying from 58, the lowest at 18
years of age, to 81, the highest, at 12 years of age,
following the year of rest.

Mares PerCent Foals Service Total

Year. Served. of Foals. Dropped. Fee. Fees.
USSU Le es eee 4 1 3 Free $ ayaa
8 2 ae ae a 17s 76 3 § 25 BAD
(Un 101 78 7 25 1,950
CE ia ie eee eee R8 TO 62 35 ea lire)
SS Sy aaa ee 89 eZ 64 35 2,240
Beige ee PS S7 ie 64 a) 2,240
5 ETT eae ena 87 (2, BD 35 2205
«Lee re ane ge es le Te: qe + 3D 1,88¢
Loe) ee eee 95 70 66 a 2,310
NEN Se 2 oh 106 68 (2 aD 2) 526
1 >| 5h) Det peer ae 98 69 68 35 2 280
MG fet oy os Ss 158 70 111 55 3,88)
S| OSs eee ae 150 61 92 75 6,900
Lad OV Me a een es QL 69 148 100 14,800
‘hss Ss aa pec ae 193 67 128 300 38,400
sie = Sasa ee 105 (1 65) 500 37,500
TLS) CG ce eae (2 58 42 500 21,000
eames. 2 use eerie No season on account of sickness

LSE 2 aie een ads 81 18 500 9,000
UES ies thes eke 22 Rp 16 500 8,000
le a 30: 80 26 500 13,000
TC oe tae 30 80 24 500 12,000
WT he he i ci ei 65 20 500 10,000
ME oe a2 ah ao 32 7) 24 500 12,000
WS A iihes. c oosee ke 24 § 2 500 1,000

otras. .e. 9350 69 ooo $207,705 -

Hambletonian 10, as a Colt

May 5, 1849, was the date of Hambletonian’s
birth. He was foaled the property of his breeder,
Jonas Seely, Sugar Loaf, Orange County, New
York. He was sold as a suckling, with his dam

22 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

the Charles Kent Mare, to William M. Rysdyk (pro-
nounced Rise-dick) of Chester, in the same county,
and he owned the horse till his death on March 27,
1876, of ‘epizotic catarrh:~ Died at the age bz,
years. Rysdyk had been working for Mr. Seeley
as a’ farm handand -paid $125 for the mare and
colt. He realized thousands of dollars on his in-
vestment. |

An Uncontrollable Stallion

O. C. Controller.

One of the most disagreeable things in the breed-
ing business is to have an uncontrollable stallion.
Any man can handle and control any stallion if
he knows how, and if he does not know how he
had better let somebody else do that until he does
know how. Many stallions are practically ruined
by careless handling. Often one season with an
incompetent or inexperienced man will spoil a stal-
lion for all time. On leading a stallion out to breed
a mare, he should be under such control that he

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. ae

should walk up to a reasonable distance of the mare
and stop and wait for a signal to make a mount.

A strong vigorous and masculine stallion is cer-
tain to be amorous, yet there is not one stallion in
a hundred that cannot be perfectly controlled by
using the O. C. Stallion Controller. With it you can
give them to understand that they must obey.

Collecting Service Fees

In some sections of the country, and especially in
the remote farming districts, the custom of stallion
owners is to stand their horses on the basis of stand
and suck and do not expect their. fees until the
guarantee has been carried out. The result of this

naturally is that a large number of mares are sent
out to various stallions, their owners well knowing
that they are not capable of producing, yet they are
willing to take the chance because the chance is all
on the part of the stallion owner, and in reality
they do not take any chance at all.

There are a lot of mare owners who will breed
their mares first to one sire and within a few days
breed to another one and continue to change through-
out the entire season, leaving the stallion owners to
fight among themselves as to who should have the
service fee in case a foal is produced. Any intelli-
gent mare owner should be able to decide for him-
self what sire he will patronize for an entire season
and not change until the season is over at least.

If the mare owners had to pay a portion of the
fee at the time of service they would not send such
mares to be bred, for as a rule the owners are

24 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

well acquainted with their condition and would not
take the chance of losing the first payment.

It should be the duty of every horse breeder who
is interested in better stock, better methods of col-
lecting service fees, to get familiar with his State
' Representative and Senator.

Talk to other stallion owners in your vicinity so
that when the time comes you will be ready to do
your part.

It would be an excellent thing if a lien law would
keep mare owners from trading their mares off
without paying the service fees. Purchasers of
mares would be more particular to ascertain as to
whether the mares had been bred or not.

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. 25

CONDITIONING THE STALLION

a Stallion should be conditioned that his in-
heriting qualities may be strong in trans-
mitting to his offspring.

It is the general experience among horse-breeders
that failure to hold to service on the part of a mare
occurs in an unusually large proportion of cases
during the early days of the stud season. In some
measure this is accounted for by the fact that mares
very often do not come into use particularly strong
early on in the season, while the weather still keeps
cold, so that, although they may show every sign
of heat, and accept the stallion readily enough, they
are none the less not in such a favorable condition
for being successfully impregnated as in the case
later on in the spring, when the season is well ad-
vanced and has become thoroughly genial and warm.
That is the most natural time for breeding purposes,
and the chances of conception are then undoubtedly
at their best. But, besides this reason, there is also
another factor, of probably equal importance, to
which the frequent non-success of a service when
mares are put to the horse early in the spring is in
many instances due; and this is, that stallions are
very commonly too fat and not in a sufficiently fit
condition for breeding at the commencement of the
stud season, in consequence of which they prove
themselves unsatisfactory stock-getters and give dis-
appointing results. As the season wears on, their

es: is great diversity of opinion as to how

26 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

reproductive capacity is found to improve, because
after a time they lose the superfluous fat from the
combined effects of serving mares and being traveled
on the road.

A stallion may be strong in blood line inheriting
qualities. In order that such qualities may have a
strong inheriting power and predominate in the off-
spring his physical condition must be in a perfect
state of health, and again when in this condition,
he can be relied upon. as being a sure foal semen,

This point in question “ Quality’ in the horse is
that of refinement and denseness of texture through-
out.

He may have trotting or pacing qualities, or draft
qualities; Intelligence, Action, Style, Form) jete= aul
go to make up the conformation of the horse.

Both the stallion and the mare may tiie iene
different blood inheriting qualities, and such one
that may be most pure in health and blood will be
the stronger in transmitting such qualities and will
invariably predominate in the offspring.

You may feed your stallion or mare and get them
fat and they will look fine, and they may not then be
in a fit condition to transmit to their offspring the
desired qualities that owners of the mares are de-
sirous of obtaining.

If you expect your stallion to transmit to his off-
spring any blood-inheriting qualities that he may
possess and build up a reputation for himself, you
should begin early in the spring and put his blood
in proper condition, which will enable him to trans-
mit his blood-inheriting qualities to his offspring.
Then their colts would have more quality, and the

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. 27

colt crop of this country would be worth more to
their owners and to this country in general.

To Know How

The secret as to how to condition a stallion that
he may be in a perfect state of health and be able
to transmit quality to his offspring was solved after
several years’ experience in conditioning stallions for
the breeding season. It was found on experimenting
that the condition of the blood had more influence
in transmitting quality than the blood inheritance
has. Of course, in order to get great quality in the
offspring, you must first have the blood-inheriting
qualities in either the stallion or mare. You must
then condition that blood of the one that possesses |
the desired qualities that they may have the control-
ling influence in the offspring, as the condition of
the blood regulates the transmitting power. This
can be done by using the O. C. Stallion Conditioner.

The Conditioner purifies the system, puts it in a
condition for the work of stamping into the veins.
of the offspring those of the most pure qualities.

Transmitting Quality.

Here we show a pair of twin colts that look
almost exactly alike and perfect pictures of the
mother. |

This is a case where the mare was the stronger in
transmitting to the offspring.

In breeding, we must keep in mind the principle
of heredity that “Like produces Like” when the
system is in a perfect state of health. This applies
to the brood mare as well as to the stallion.:

9

If “like produces like,’ and I think we all believe

28 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

it does, why are so many people willing to buy a
cheap and almost worthless stallion to be a menace
to the country, or why will some people even risk
breeding a good mare to an inferior horse, both
in individuality and breeding; or why will people
buy even cheap skates of mares because they are

cheap, hoping to raise first-class colts? Of course
the better the horse they are bred to the greater
will be the chances for a good colt.

Should Possess Quality

It is essential that the sire and dam should them-
selves possess really great qualities, should have
something of their own to transmit to their off-
spring and not be entirely dependent on the merits
of some remote antecedent. Breeders of the light
harness horse are gradually recognizing the impor-

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. 29

tance of this principle of heredity and as a conse-
quence the great young trotters who are stake win-
ners are patronized as soon as they are retired to
the stud to the exclusion of older horses, even
though the latter have established reputations.

The efficient performance of his stud duties—
that is to say, the impregnation and not merely the
serving of his mares—admittedly depends very
greatly upon the stallion being in a proper condition
for his work, and it is thus a great mistake to have
him over fat when the season begins. Yet oc-
casionally the main idea in preparing stallions for
their rounds appears to be to get them to put on as
much fat as possible by high feeding, every other
consideration being lost sight of.

During the preparation which they are now under-
going in view of the approaching stud season, it is
certainly necessary to feed them very well, but
the diet ought to be essentially of a nourishing and
strength-giving character, not fattening. 7

After your stallion has been put in proper condi-
tion with the O. C. Stallion Conditioner and the
breeding season is at hand, then keep him in this
condition by feeding him regularly with suitable
grain and give him proper exercise. Do not over
work him in the stud. Feed oats, bran, boiled
barley and flaxseed and oo of salt. These are
all good for him.

Feeding

To the man who owns horses, “keeping a horse”
means more than feeding and watering and driving
it—it means looking after the vitality and health

30 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

and strength of his horse—it means keeping a sound
horse sal

Knowing how to do this without speuiiae a lot
of money for expert advice is another thing.

Feeding a stallion in the breeding season, and
feeding a brood mare while in foal are two quite
different things to be considered.

We begin about the middle of March with the
O. C. Stallion Conditioner and in a few days begin
to increase grain allowance, and decrease the amount
of hay until by the middle of April we have them on
full feed, feeding three times a day instead of twice,
as in winter, and by the time the breeding season is
at hand he is in fine condition to transmit quality
_to his offspring.

As to feed, we should give him a liberal ananene
of oats and bran, two parts oats and one Of obram
twice a day, and once daily through the mare season
a good feed of boiled barley with a little flaxseed
cooked with it.. Mix with bran and feed horses
night. A few raw eggs each day will be of great
help to him. -Give him plenty of salt; batsdesue:
feed corn, as that is not good for a breeding stallion
in the stud season.

This, with good hay, and sufficient grass, should
constitute his daily feed. Remember this one im-
portant matter, keep your horse healthy and as near
a natural condition as possible. To do this, you
must. feed and exercise him properly,

As to hay, we prefer mixed hay, one-third clover,
and two-thirds timothy, feed morning and evening.
The stallion should be groomed every day during
the breeding season, that he may look and feel fine.

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. 3]

As to quantity of feed, it should be governed ac-
cording to the build and size of the horse, as well
as to the general makeup of him. We may take
two horses of the same age and same weight, one
a low-down blocky horse, the other a long-legged,
long-body fellow. The blocky horse will get fat
on the same kind and same amount of grain that
the lank horse will grow poor on. The best rule
to adopt in feeding horses that I ever heard of
is, good judgment, observe the peculiarities of each
individual animal, and govern his feed accordingly.

The feed box should be broad and flat so the grain
may spread thinly over the bottom to prevent him
from eating too fast, that his health may not be-
come impaired.

Feed is an important factor in the case of stal-
lions. Data gathered in several states, and covering
a period of several years, gave results as follows:

No. of Per cent.

Kind of Feed. Manes. ~ of Foals:
ee Gime came lin, ol So cs ee og a's 37,000 AOS
Wert hay and oals’ 2.7.2 Sa 34,000 46

BOs Sid Nay 26s. bk 15. 23 OOO 54
ie ranean May ie oo 8k S 7,000 61
Grass amc altalia, or both... 2°, 5,000 82

Among the rules laid down one of the most im-
portant is that there must be an interval of four -
or five hours between meals to keep a horse in
good condition.

Although it is not necessary to exercise quite so
much care as to the rations given the stallion out
of season as it is during the breeding season, it

32 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

should be remembered that his feeding at this time
will wield a great influence on his health and
general condition later on. If he be fed judiciously
now, and the same care in feeding be continued
wiien he is put to actual service next spring, he is
more apt to be in fine form for breeding, and of
securing a high percentage of colts that will de-
velop into healthy, vigorous and profitable horses.

Acclimating the Horse

It may be true that all men not familiar with the
fact that when a stallion or mare has been im-
ported into this country they must become accli-
mated before they can be relied upon as being sure
breeders. ‘Often a change merely from one state
to another produces the same effect.

If your stallion should not prove a sure foal
getter the first season after landing in this country,
do not get discouraged, but give him proper exer-
cise and care; and the next season he will surprise
you when he will get a very large per cent. of
mares in foal that may be bred to him.

Self-Abuse of Stallions

Stallion owners can not be too careful of the
horse’s habits. Among the many pernicious habits
common to the stallion there 1s probably none so
vicious and so trying upon the animal’s vitality as
that of self-abuse, or masturbation, —‘Wae™ wea:
nature of the horse’s service develops this habit
often when quite young, and unless attended to at
once, the habit soon becomes almost beyond remedy.
And again when a stallion is retired into luxury

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. 33
ee
and idleness, and pampered to the extent of having
him look fine to those who may chance to see him,
soon develops this habit. After he has once formed
the habit he is never in a fit condition to serve a
mare, as he keeps himself drained of the seminal
fluid, and when he does serve a mare he very often
does not discharge, even when he does there is no
matured spermatozoa in the discharge. Masturba-
tion with the stallion is equal to the stallion that. is
allowed to serve three or four mares a day. If the
practice of either is allowed to continue very long,
you may as well make preparation to bury him, or
a better way would be to castrate him and put him
to work on the farm. There are contrivances that
can be worn to prevent the horse from masturbating
but it is not always satisfactory. If he was given
regular work he would have something else to
think about. A stallion with this habit can never
be relied upon as a sure foal getter, and sooner or
later the habit has drained his vitality until death
is the result. Work the stallion in some way, no
matter what breed, or how valuable he may be.

34 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF THE
BROOD MARE

farm, and more than one man ‘as; made a
fortune with one or two good brood mares.

In the selection of breeding stock we must keep
in mind the principle of heredity that “like produces
like.” This applies to the brood. mare asi qwell a;
to the’ stallion. Bad qualities in the mare ame ae
likely to appear in the colt as are bad qualities
possessed by the stallion.

To be successful in breeding, the breeder must
study the condition of his mares, examine every
doubtful one before you breed her, and by so doing
you can very easily ascertain the source of any pos-
sible trouble and you should be prepared to treat
them accordingly.

af HE brood mare is the foundation of the stock

Caution at Time of Breeding

Caution with good judgment should be used very
largely at time of breeding the mare, as there are so
many chances for accidents. If the stallion is not
trained properly he may strike the mare with his
foot while mounting and injure her, he may come
with such force and push her over and injure her

in that way, and often a stallion gets injured him-

self. Occasionally mares become frightened and
cause trouble. One of the most serious things that
is liable to .occur: is, that-the owner Of tie midane

|
|

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. 23.

who is usually holding the mare gets frightened
and turns her loose and then there is liable to be
trouble. Soon word gets out that a certain breeder
has an uncontrollable stallion and that is not a
very good advertisement for the stallion. There
are not many men who wish to take chances of
getting their mares crippled, and more of them do
not wish to be crippled themselves. Just a little
caution along this line will make the business more
satisfactory and profitable instead of dangerous.

One reason why there are so many mares that do
not produce is that the man in charge does not
carefully examine them previous to the mating and
this is too often the case with old mares that have
not been bred for several years. A stallion man
who understands his business, can attend to this as
a rule very well, but there are occasions when it is
necessary to secure the services of a competent
veterinarian.

In the early days of my practice and experience
in breeding the so-called barren mares, and before I
had used Pregnators, was, when I found a womb to
be closed hard and rigid, I would dilate it with my
fingers, and after making an examination within a
few minutes after, I would find the womb to be
closed the same as before, and such dilating had
been of no account. In order to get such mares in
foal, a pregnator must be used on them.

This way of doing was an old-time theory which
has simply gone into history.

Manner in Breeding

The manner of handling mares, and the manner
in which they are taken to the stallion, has much to

36 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE. »

do with the number of foals produced. A great
many mares are rushed off to the stallions to be
bred as soon as they show the first signs of heat.
A better way would be to wait until after they have
passed the middle of the heat period, then areca
them; and when you do take her away to be bred,
she should be led by the halter, and not hurried.
Mares that are hurried to the stallion and driven
rapidly home again, very seldom get in foal.

All. mares are more likely to get in foal im ei
lowed to rest quietly for a few hours, aiter
copulation.

Why we should wait until after the middle of the
heat period. After the egg of the mare leaves the
ovaries where it is supposed to be formed, it takes
two or three days with most mares before it is
deposited into the uterus, and ready to be fertilized —
with a germ from the semen of the stallion. When
the egg starts from the ovary the mare begins to
show signs of heat, and after it reaches the uterus,
the heat period gradually passes away. Mares
differ in the length of their heat periods, as the
egg reaches the uterus quicker with some than
others. Some writers have claimed that a mare will
become in foal by forcing a service when she is
out of season. That is absurd and contrary to the
laws of nature. Breeding a mare as soon as she
shows first signs of heat is another reason for some
mares not producing. Some breeders are more at
fault for their mares not breeding, than the mares
are, simply because they do not look after them
as closely as they should and return them to the
stallion at the proper time. This is especially true

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. 37

of farmers who have but one or two mares.
The farmer dislikes to leave the plow standing
in the furrow for a day or half a day during
spring work while he drives to the stallion to breed
his mare when she should be bred. He should re-
member that there is nothing that he could do on
the farm that would bring him as big returns for
the time spent, as to take the mare to the stallion
at the proper time and have her produce a valuable
colt.

Opening Mares

It is amusing to see some stallion owners under-
take to open mares. There is a class of men who
never read, who are doing a world of damage to so
many brood mares of this country. It is not un-
common to see a stallion owner (and more espe- —
cially those owning cheap stallions) have a dish
of grease as a lubricator; when he examines a mare,
he dopes it on his arm before he inserts his arm
into the mare. There are others who use soap.
Perhaps they do not realize the danger that is liable
to arise from the use of these infections.

If you will just stop and consider and use a little
good judgment before you undertake the operation,
you should know at once that when a mare is in
heat you can find enough lubricator in the vagina
to supply all needs, either in making an examination
or in using a Pregnator. Now let me say, and do
not forget it. Before you begin operation have a
bucket of warm water handy (and nothing but clean
water). Wash your arm and the vulva clean, and
for the good graces of the mare, keep all greases,
soaps or any thing of that nature entirely away.

38 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

We would like to impress upon our readers the
necessity of being more careful about opening
mares. Every mare that has not got a colt by her
side, however should be examined. In this day and
age, every breeder should be able to diagnose the
exact conditions of a mare; he should be able to
give an exact reason for each mare not fertilizing.

Great care should be taken not to open the cervix
of a mare which is pregnant. We cannot place too
much stress on this particular feature. We are of
the opinion that nearly every uninstructed breeder
causes numerous abortions each year. If a mare
has been bred and returned three weeks or sm
weeks later, showing some signs of heat, we would
advise being very careful about opening the cervix
of this mare without first taking a speculum and
looking at the cervix. Soon after conception takes
place the cervix fills with a mucous plug and a little
practice with the speculum will enable the breeder
to determine quite accurately whether a mare is
pregnant or not. It would be a good plan to make ©
numerous inspections of different mares so as to
get this knowledge well founded tn one’s own
mind.

After a mare has been bred, and returned for a
trial three weeks later, and you lead the horse out
for trial, watch the mare closely and if she appears
in any way cross, take the horse away at once and
do not allow him to worry her. If the stallion owner
knows his business he should be able to decide at
once as to her condition. I do not believe in teasing
the mare very much after she has been bred. Often
a mare will be safe in foal and the womb may

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. 39

be in a weak condition, and by letting the horse ~
fease her, is liable to cause her to abort within a
short time thereafter.

I often think and believe it would be advisable,
that there be laws compelling a man to pass a
certain examination before he is allowed to stand a
stallion for public use.

Periods

Some mares come in heat as early as 15 months
of age, though only a small percentage will con-
ceive under two years old. A mare should not be

bred under four years old, and then she should be
well cared for.

Mares three and four years of age are not sure
breeders and the number of foals produced by mares
of such ages are very small. This is caused by the
condition of their teeth which induces an inflamed
condition of the mucous membranes.

A mare comes in heat once in twenty-one days, if
normal. This heat period occupies from three to
eight days of the twenty-one. There is one excep-
tion to this: That is, the first time coming in
season after foaling. This occurs from six to twelve
days after. Those are the minimum and maximum
periods I have known. This condition is thought
by many to occur on the ninth day. I know of
several instances as early as the sixth day, a great
many on the eighth, a majority of from nine to
twelve days after foaling. |

A mare will almost invariably breed on the ninth
day, or thereabouts, after foaling, and if she is
healthy and has received no injuries in giving birth

40 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

it is the practice to breed her at this time. Just
when mares should be returned to see whether they
have conceived is a much discussed question. Mares
differ greatly in the recurrence of their periods.
It is best for each breeder to study the individual
differences among his mares.

My experience has been that a mare should be
tried back on the twenty-first day after breeding.
If she refuses, try her once each week for three con-
secutive times. Should she still refuse, she may be
considered in foal. The reason for the weekly trials
is because a percentage of mares are irregular in
the coming of the heat periods.

Take the mare to the breeding barn and find out
by the aid of a teaser if she be in heat. Do not let
the teaser annoy or excite her. If she is ready to
breed let the stallion cover her. Keep both mare
and stallion as quiet as possible, avoiding all ex-
citement.

The surest way to get a mare settled at the first
service (should she be a doubtful breeder) is to
breed her with a Pregnator. By breeding in
this way one can avoid having the mare miss
from excitement or fear every possible injury to her
colt by the stallion, which her owner can not afford
to do. There are many services wasted with nine-
day mares through anger or fear. This is only
motherly instinct. This might not be true of stal-
lions and mares running together on the range, but
when a stallion stranger comes squealing and plung-
ing it is only natural for the mother to try to pro-
tect her young.

Occasionally we find a mare that apparently does

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. 4]

not come in heat. If we could give such mares
plenty of salt, we could very readily notice the heat
period. All of our domestic animals require more
or less salt and they should have it.

Do not feed corn during pregnation, as corn cre-
ates neat and is apt to cause abortion, if the womb
should be in a weak condition.

Nor is corn a fit feed for the stallion during the
breeding season.

Impure water should be avoided, and the shock
that would result from the drinking of ice water is
another danger to be guarded against. Give her
water that has not stood in the air long enough to
chill, or else take the chill from it before allowing
Bier to: drink it:

It is imperative that no foul, dusty or impure
matter of any kind whatever enter her body. All
roughage and grain should be clean and of the very
best quality obtainable. Clover and alfalfa are the
favorite forms of roughage, provided it is not too
ripe and woody.

Pregnant mares are usually quarrelsome, and
abortions frequently occur from injuries received at
the heels of other horses.

I have no doubt that hundreds of mares are stand-
ing tied up all winter, eating timothy hay for
roughage and corn for grain, and yet their owners
expect them to produce a good colt in the spring.
They will be sadly disappointed, and of course the
sire will be at fault, they think.

Proper Feeding is Important

The feeding of the brood mare is one of the most

42 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

important items in her management, since upon it
her health will very largely depend.

Feeding the brood mare is a simple matter, yet
at all times requires judgment. She should work
steadily at moderately heavy work. Constant, uni-
form work, with right feeding, is the thing. Her
food should be somewhat different from that given
the average work horse. Bran should enter in
somewhat more largely. Clover hay free from
dust and mold, should figure fairly prominent in the
ration. She should be kept in fair flesh and im-
proving, rather than losing, in weight. Owners
not having paddocks or places to turn their stock
out, will find it to their advantage to take time to
exercise their brood mares, even if they are obliged
to harness them. Exercise when possible right up
to the foaling period. In fact, give mares in foal
regular work of not too strenuous a character right —
up to the time of foaling.

The manner of feeding our brood mares has much
to do with the foal production. ;

The following table given teaches us that a corn
diet does not produce a very high per cent. of foals.
Oats mixed with corn increased the foal crop by 6
per cent. Oats gave an increase of 14 per cent. as
compared with corn. Wheat bran added to the oats
ration resulted in 7 per cent. more foals, while
grass or alfalfa with no grain gave 82 per cent. of
foals. Here we can learn that the nearer we get to
a corn ration the smaller the number of foals pro-
duced, while the nearer we get to a grass ration
with no grain, the larger the number of foals pro-
duced. In other words, the nearer we get to nature

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. 43

—that is to say, the nearer we approach natural
conditions the more foals we will have.

Data along these lines secured from a different
angle show quite as conclusively that corn is not
good for breeding stallions. The foal crop in
Missouri from the best stallions is but 41 per cent.
of the mares bred, and corn is the chief ration. In
iMamscas ii is 44, Illinois, 46; Iowa, 47; Nebraska,
aq@- Minnesota, 61; Ontario, 71; Montana, -72;
Wyoming, 72 and Idaho 73. Here again we notice
that the foal crop is small in the corn states as
compared with the states producing no corn, and
the large foal crop is in those states known as
erazing states.

Unsound Mares

It is of great importance that the brood mare be
free from all forms of unsoundness or disease that
is hereditary or communicable to the offspring.
Many breeders have fallen into the error of con-
sidering any broken-down, halt, maimed, blind or -
otherwise unsound mare fit for breeding purposes
when no longer able to work. It should be said
that blemishes, the result of accident, are not
hereditary-or transmissible and do not render the
individual mare unfit for breeding. The greatest
possible care must be exercised, however, in decid-
ing whether the blemish is the result of accident or
an inherent deficiency.

The Case of Maud S., 2:0834, With Breeding
Organs Deformed

There is occasionally a mare that cannot be gotten
in foal, as she may be deformed in some way. I

44 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

will cite you to a case where I made an examination
of a mare and found her deformed. This was in
the mare Maud S. when she was 18 years old. In
1892 and while Maud S. was owned by Mr. Robert
Bonner, of Tarrytown, N. Y., | was called 3. aic-
tance of over 400 miles from my office by Mr.
Bonner to use the O. .C. Safety Preenator on ied
S. On making an examination I found that her
womb was over twice as long as it should have been
to be normal, and, too, it had turned back as double
and had grown fast, making it impossible for her to
be gottem in foal; therefore Maud S, diedian aie
age of 26, without ever producing a foal.

This is the only case on record where a mare's
womb has been found to be deformed in this way.

Maud S. was foaled in 1874, made her record of
2:0834 at Cleveland, O., on July 30, 1835) to aie
wheel sulky at 11 years old. Maud S. died on March
17, 1900, the Champion Queen of the Turf to an Old
Fashioned High Wheel Sulky.

Mr. Bonner paid $40,000 for Maud S. While this
mare was not one of the smoothest type, she was in
fine condition and looked much younger at that time
than she really was.

I will never forget the sorrel mare as I first saw
her grazing in the great pasture fields on Mr. Bon-
ner’s breeding farm about three miles from Tarry-
town. | |

On my arrival at Tarrytown, Mr. Bonner met me
at the station with one of his high bred, fast
steppers that took us up that long grade of elevation
with terrific speed, and which I surely did enjoy.

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. 45

Working the Mare After Foaling

May the mare work after the foal comes? She
may, if the man who is to work he understands his
business. She may work moderately, slowly, and
better if no more than four or five hours a day.
When she works, she should be well fed. This does
not mean that she should be then or at any other
time overfed. And she should be fed something
that will make milk in her udder as well as repair
waste in her own body. Oats are suitable as a
grain ration, and wheat makes a good addition.
Let the farm mare work easily, gently, moderately,
if you greatly need her services, but do not let her
ever become very warm or hot.

If the mare is to be used before and after foaling,
careful feeding is necessary through the winter.
She must have a reserve supply of vitality. She
will be suckling a colt and pulling a plow, and
she will need all the flesh she has when spring
comes.

I am not advocating that the brood mare should
be brought through hog fat, as that would be a
mistake. However, letting her get along any way
she can on roughage up to within a month of foal-
ing time, and then piling corn into her will not
fit her to suckle a colt and do a farm horse’s work
a little later on.

See that she gets enough exercise through the
cold weather. Of course, if she is being used to
haul wood, fodder and coal and do the general
work around the place, she is getting enough
exercise.

There are a few things which those who have

46 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

the care of brood mares should be careful to avoid.
One is permitting them to drink too heartily of
cold water. When salt is kept constantly in their
mangers, and they are watered three times a day,
there is not much danger. When they are salted
only. once a week, perhaps not so- Oftenjjenme
danger is increased. Probably there are more foals
killed prematurely in the North during the winter
months from this than from any other single cause.
Very few farmers are aware of this fact, however.

The management of the pregnant mare should
have for its object the feeding of such a ration as
will supply her demands for energy, and in addition
allow ample nourishment for the development of
the ‘foal, both-before and for a short time atten
birth, together with such a regulation of the work
as will protect the mare from becoming tired, over-
heated or injured in any way. Moderate work is
not only harmless, but positively advantageous to
mares in foal. It is much better than to keep them
tied in the stable, for in that case they sumemucn
want of exercise, or to permit them to run at large
in the fields, with other horses where they are ex-
posed to accident resulting from racing, playing or
fighting with each other. If proper care be taken,
the mare can be used safely at the ordinary work
of the farm up to the very day of foalime, ‘aut as
the time approaches it 1s important that the work
be not heavy or the pace rapid. However, she must
not be fretted by the other horses, or by rough, in-
experienced hands.

The food of the pregnant mare is most import-
ant. Many persons fail of success in horse breed-

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. 47

ing by depending on blood alone to improve the
stock. They forget that all of our improved breeds
of horses are the product of adequate nutrition as
well as intelligent breeding, suitable environment,
sufficient shelter and kindly care.

Nothing promotes more robust condition for
brood mares than healthful exercise. It means in-
creased nourishment and consequently more nourish-
ment for the prospective foal, and thereby keeping
her in a more healthful condition, and when wax
begins to form on her nipples, get ready; keep her
away from barb wire, the hillside, pond or running
water, and be ready that you may be needed.

It does not really take much of a man’s time to
keep close tab on a mare for a few days and nights
just before foaling, and the precaution frequently
saves life, and that means money.

When to Breed Mares

The question as to when is the best time to breed
mares often comes up for discussion among farmers
who are interested in raising colts from their mares
each year as a means of adding materially to their
farm income. Many farmers like to breed their
mares very early in the season, so that their mares
will have their colts before the spring work begins
on the farm, and therefore can be used more freely
to help along with this work.

Question. Why do some mares breed every “Ghee
year only?

Answer. Such mares will be found large milkers,
and because of the system being taxed to its utmost
capacity in the production of this large flow of milk,

48 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

the ova is discharged in an immature condition,
a condition impossible of being fertilized. Some
mares breeding only in alternate years do not come
in heat while suckling their foals, but others are
regular in their heat periods, yet refuse to beim
pregnated. These mares are more likely to be 1m-
pregnated if bred at the seventh to the ninth day
after parturition, than if bred at later heat periods.

A speculum will often diagnose these cases. A
record should be made of the condition of the
cervix at the time -of. breeding. ~ Tine Seams
record book should have notations indicating
whether the cervix was loose or closed at ser-
vice. After a few months of pregnacy the cervix
seems to get shorter. Near parturition an explora-
tion of these parts reveals the fact that the cervix

is very small and short, which quite frequently

looks like a small walnut.

Question. Will a mare take the stallion when in
foal?

Answer. Many mares express a desire for the
stallion when in foal, but it is not a good practice
to breed them. Serving an in-foal mare with a

rough impetuous stallion will be likely to induce an —

abortion. Only a small per cent. of pregnant mares
will receive the embrace of the stallion some time
during pregnancy without much objection. Occasion-
ally a mare will show some signs of heat and
then deliver a foal in a short time.

I have had mares of my own that apparently
would be in heat at almost any time during preg-
nation. Such mares should be kept away from the

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. 49

sound of a stallion, as the womb of such mares
is generally found to be in a weak condition and
by hearing the sound of a stallion, keeps him in
her mind and is apt to cause an abortion. I have
bred mares when their wombs were so open that
I could insert three or four fingers. “These mares
had been bred year after year but had never pro-
duced a colt. After I had bred them I began
treating them with the O. C. Abortion Remedy and
they then produced colts the same as any mare. -

Care of Mares after Service

This is a very important time when the owner of
the brood mares should be thoughtful and cautious
in getting them settled in foal. I have seen many
times after a mare has been bred, when the owner
of the mare would start for home driving the mare
at such speed that would indicate that he had only
Meme mimiutes to get there m. . In: such cases
about eight out of every ten would be back to be
rebred, and with that same hurry to be repeated.
After about the second or third time the mare has
been handled in this way and she fails to get in
foal the owner of the mare condemns the stallion
and says harmful things of him, not realizing that
he himself is at fault. I do not know of any better
lesson that could be taught the owners of such
mares than to absolutely refuse to breed their mares.
There is another thing that should have the at-
tention of the owner of the mare, and that is, not to
turn the mare out in the pasture fields with other
horses as soon as she is bred, and they should not
be put into the harness and put to work the same

50 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

day they are bred. .A_ little care, -caiigumaad
forethought will save you more than many realize.

They are not in a condition to avoid the kicking
and striking that may occur in the herd, and it
doesn’t take much of a blow, if in the right place,
to seriously injure the mare or the colt in foal. In-
deed, a dead or paralyzed colt at foaline -timever
immediate abortion is liable to be the result.

Then, a mare with plenty of mettle is liable to
run and play with other horses, which may bring
on over-exercise and the most damaging results.
Or accidents are apt to occur by her slipping or
falling, causing serious strains and other dis-
orders more or less damaging to the mare and the
colt in foal. Simply keep the pregnant mares en
tirely separate from all other live stock and thus
avoid every possible accident.

Puite® the mare Was pect) Dred salle steal be kept
away from the sound of the stallion. All excite-
ment and all hurry should be avoided if it is foals
that is wanted.

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. 5]

ARTIFICIAL IMPREGNATION

NE occasionally meets a man who is so_
L) wanting in the spirit of progress that he
objects to any thing new.

Then there are those who fail because of be-
longing to a past generation. They believe a cer-
tain thing should be done because their fore-
fathers did it. They do not believe in artificial
breeding because their ancestors knew nothing
on it. i

Such men are frequently heard to say that the
old way is the best. If the “old way” is the best,
we had better go back to the time when we used
to cut our grain with the sickle, our hay with the
scythe. When railroads, telegraph, telephones and
other public conveniences were unknown. For-
tunately for the country at large the greater part.
.of the American people believe in progress and
are desirous of availing themselves of the benefits
which can be applied to the work on the farm or
im breeding. barn.

From what I have to say on Artificial Impreg-
nation I will show from my own experience as
well as from the experience of others that arti-
ficial assistance in breeding is a positive success.
In 1890 and while I was keeping stallions for
public use, I invented a Pregnator to assist in
breeding a class of mares that was supposed to
be barren. That same season I used the Preg-

52 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

nator on seven mares that had failed to get in, dedl
for three or four years, while being bred every
year. Six out of those seven did produce foals
from which I -had used the Pregnator jon asuana-
ficial assistance. Since then I have used @Prege
nators on hundreds of mares of this same class
with just as good results. There are many mares
owned at the present time by men who have not
been able to have them gotten in foal ands sien
owners feel the loss greatly—and it is this kind
that reach the sales ring so often. Nu@mbensgon
stallions have been tried, and the results have been
the same. Other owners, that have had troubles the
same way, resorted to artificial impregnation, and
have found it a success; but there are some men
who do not believe in this and are only brought
to their right minds when they see others, in sim-
ilar trouble, meet with success.

There are in this country thousands of the best
breeders using the impregnator system in horse
breeding successfully. This has been carried on
more extensively the last few years than ever be-
fore. The development along this line is wonder-
ful, yet some owners are not willing to confess
that they are successfully using the impregnator
system with the best sires. There are some owners
of mares who are prejudiced against this plan of
breeding but many of the owners of leading sires
can give authentic information along this line. In
fact, many good youngsters among the trotting
and pacing horses have been produced by the im-

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. Be

pregnator system. It will not long be true that
any man fears to announce openly that he is using
this method.

It is this kind of material that causes intelligent
men to lose confidence in those who are supposed
to be leaders among men. What horse breeders
need is encouragement to be more up-to-date 1n
their breeding methods.

Be Honorable in Your Confession

We would like to see men who have used this
method be honorable enough to state to the world
that they are producing just as good horses as
comida. be produced with: the natural service: |
know this is a fact. Some very absurd statements
are made concerning this method of breeding and
the truth should be made public.

The impregnator system is not a secret with the
average stallion owner who is breeding common
mares. I am personally acquainted with hundreds
of these men who are producing a very large num-
Meigen colts irom a single sire, . There. area lot
of mares that absolutely cannot be made producers
without some assistance.

I have handled stallions in all stages of their
lives, have bred them to hundreds of mares and
used Pregnators on them as artificial assistance,
and I never knew of any bad results to come from
their use but the good results, I know, have been
wonderful.

I do believe, speaking from my long experience in
breeding and using Pregnators, that the method of
Artificial Breeding of to-day is absolutely the most

54 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

progressive step that was ever accomplished in all
time in the whole breeding business of this country.

Think of this, do not listen to statements made
by: some wunprogressive breeder or horse. crank,
study your own interests, take advice from wise
breeders, use artificial means in breeding. What
has been done thousands and thousands of times
can be done again.

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. os.

TO ALL STALLION AND JACK OWNERS

E realize that the time has come when

\ \ we cannot afford to depend upon the old

time of hit-or-miss method in breeding,
but that the nearest economy to them demands
that they use the best help in breeding, possible to
get. In keeping either a stallion or jack for pub-
lic use and your own profit you cannot afford to
have him compete in service with those who do
have these helps.

Serving 100 mares in the old-time hit-or-miss way
and only one-half of them breeding. is. far less
profitable to you than serving 50 mares by the use
of a Pregnator and all breeding. That is plainly
evident to all.

When a man keeps a stallion or jack for pub-
lic use it is much to his interest that all his work
comune. It is then his duty to ¢xamime all mares
that come to his stallion or jack that are con-
sidered doubtful breeders and be prepared to
breed and treat them according to their condition,
as it is the duty of the owner of the mare to pay
for. that service.

If every stallion and jack owner would interest
tieimiselves in this: matter and do, their part, as
breeders, they would then make the stallion busi-
ness more profitable by getting all mares in foal
that are bred to their stallions. Then he gets pay

56 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

for all his stallion’s work and makes a better
showing for his stallion as a foal getter, and then
a very large per cent. of all the so-called pamren
mares of this country would be classed as regular
brood mares.

City Farmers

I will here give a clipping taken trem enenen
our Horse Journals which reminds me of the man
that opposes Artificial Impregnation. — Pitey are
not educated in, nor have but little knowledge in
horse breeding and are not. up-to-date’ 1m gaeme
science and progress of the times.

The “city farmer” used to be known as.a tele-
phone agriculturist, but now you will find him
with jumpers on and at work with his sleeves:
rolled up. Perhaps he is entirely theoretical and as
impractical as possibly could be—but he takes all
the farm papers, reads the government bulletins,
is dead in earnest, and will learn from the mis-
takes he makes. Many jokes are cracked at his
expense but he does not seem to mind that feature
at all. 7

Recently a farmer friend was telling megones
city man who bought a place near his, and was
just tearing things up and going at the work at a
terrific pace. One day the farm foreman came to
his employer with the information that one of the
mares should be taken to a neighboring farm to
be bred. The city man being a believer in method
and time-saving replied, “ Why waste time in that

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. ah

way? Just wait till a rainy day comes and we will
take all the mares over at once.”

Another tale illustrating the lack of technical
knowledge displayed by city farmers is told on
one who went in for breeding mules. He had it
figured out that mules were the thing to breed, and
knowing that Missour1 was headquarters for the
big breeds, he journeyed thither and returned with
a@eeatioagd of mules of the female: gender. His
friends, upon learning of the purchase, split their
sides, but it required the counsel of a veterinarian
before the gentleman was convinced that female
mules were not reproductive.

When we find a man talking against Artificial
Impregnation, we will find that his authority is
based upon theory and not from actual experience.

Below is a clipping taken from the Horse
Journals.

USING PREGNATORS

Without a doubt one of the greatest losses in the
breeding business is from barren mares, and off-
cial figures show that from every 100 mares bred,
but forty living foals are produced—in other words
the production is but forty per cent. and the loss
sixty. This is all wrong and thoughtful breeders
have sought a way to overcome this great loss.
Leading stallioners all over the country have taken
up the use of the pregnator, and not long ago the ed-
itor of this paper overheard two of Ohio’s leading
stallion owners state that they use the pregnator
regularly and each stated that the results had been
far in advance of their expectations, and highly
satisfactory and very profitable.

58 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.
a eee
Stallion owners should use every appliance that
will increase the number of foals secured by their
stallions for two reasons—first, because their own
income will be increased, and second, the income
of the breeder is increased. If your horse serves
fifty mares and forty are returned in foal, he is
giving a more satisfactory business than if he
serves I00 mares and gets but fifty of them in foal.

After years of experience with stallions, and after
he had found the large number of mares that are
barren, to be constantly “increasing, Mr. @8 Gime
tenden invented the O. C. Safety Pregnator, which
has proven the best thing ever made of its kind
and with which the breeders everywhere have in-
creased their colt production in an amazing per-
centage. Fhe O. C. Safety Pregnator iseabsolmpel
safe, reliable and easy to operate, and no breeder.
can afford to be without them. Mr. Crittenden has
just issued one of the most valuable books we have
ever been fortunate enough to secure, and which
contains page after page of very interesting and
valuable instructions to breeders.

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. a0

CARRIED THE SEMEN 50 MILES

will here give copy of a statement published

ia~ one of our’ Horse journals, of two. men
living fifty miles apart, one owning a stallion, the
other a mare. The semen from the stallion was
sent the fifty miles and injected into the womb of
the mare referred to, and she became safe in foal
from this operation.

MAIL ORDER BREEDING

Ae iWatter of some interest -has been given a
Wiececsnal test by. Linn~ Hill. Park. Parm, L. -H.
Pickare, proprictor, Harlan, lowa, recently.» It
pertains to breeding by mail order where incon-
venient to get the animals together for normal
breeding, or use of impregnator. The experiment
in this instance was made with the farm stallion,
Capo 2:1434, and a thoroughbred mare owned by
Mim 1. |. Cunningham, lanesboro, lowa, -filty
miles distant. The common breeding bag was em-
ployed, which after being charged in the usual
manner was conveyed at once to the home of Mr.
Cunningham, and by the use of the impregnator
the mare was bred from the contents which had
been carefully preserved at the normal temperature
by keeping the retaining bag in close contact with
the body of the messenger bearing it. There can
be no reasonable doubt that this method can be
practiced with an average degree of success with

ee the benefit of the readers of this book I

60 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

impregnator breeding, the one problem to be solved
being to avoid change of temperature to an extent
destroying the sensitive germ life of the seminal
fluid. However, many breeders have practiced with
very favorably results artificial impregnation of
mares where present and involving only the time
for manipulating the breeding devices. The home-
owned mares of some of our popular stallions have
been bred in this manner. regularly with eyvem 7a
greater certainty of becoming in foal than when
stinted to the horse.. The matter of time elapame
where mares are at a distance not necessitating a
period of several days will not militate against a
successful issue if the problem of temperature is
nicely adjusted. Transmission through the mails,
or by express, as has been suggested, and we be-
lieve attempted, is connected with much greater
difficulties than where a messenger may be dis-
patched employing the method used by Mr. Pickard
and Mr. Cunningham.

Following is a copy of a letter written by Mr.
LL. H. Pickard, Sec., Shelby County, tmeys= goer
Exchange, Harlan, Iowa.

Mr. O. CRITTENDEN,
Ashland, ©:

Dear Sir:—Replying to your letter of recent
date will say that I have had some experience with
Artificial Breeding, and have been fairly success-
ful. I believe, however, in order to get the best
results one should arrange to have the best san-
itary conditions possible, which the average breeder
does not possess. We have been quite successful

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. 6]

with the impregnator in breeding mares brought
to us and have gotten mares in foal that had not
been breeders. A valuable standard bred mare
was brought to one of our stallions “Capo,” she
was twenty-two years old and had been a regular
breeder every other year, never getting in foal
the year she suckled. She had not had a colt for
two years. We bred her and used the Impreg-
nator. She got in- foal, and the next year we bred
her again using the Impregnator and she foaled
a fine colt the next spring. We again bred her
and the following winter she died and was again
in foal at the age of 25, getting in foal three con-
secutive years after missing two years when past
twenty years of age.

We have had limited experience in transporting
the semen. We made a shipment by express in a
gacemmal: bottle to the lowa State Agri. College:
The bottle got broken in transit so that the arti-
ficial heat was lost.

The College received the shipment twenty- “Font
hours after it was broken, the semen was put under
a microscope and there were live sperms but too
mea co prove fertile: ~ 1: am confident, however,
that it is practical to transport the fluid in a ther-
mal bottle a reasonable distance.

Linn Hill Park Stock Farm,
Eee Eis PickARD,. Prop:

62 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE:

ARTIFICIAL DEVICES A SUCCESS

RYTIFICIAL Impregnation. has “hecoures: 2
A practical: thing. With our Artie) wine
pregnating Device of to-day, the prejudice
formerly existing among mare owners against the
use of Pregnators is rapidly passing away, as the
breeders of this country have seen and have al-
ready been convinced that. using artimeral assist
ance in breeding, is a positive success; and to-day
many of the most successful breeders and stallion
owners are using Pregnators as artificial assist-
ance in breeding, as a Pregnator is an up-to-date
necessity. Breeding becomes more and more scien-
tific and careful every. year. The progressmatmare
times demands it.
Some amateur breeders may not understand the
nature of the breeding organs of either the; mane
or the stallion. I will give cuts showing the shape
of the womb as it appears while in different con-
ditions, and where the womb is located in the
vagina. :

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. 63

Mhis-cut. No. t shows the womb as it “is in a
normal condition.

The subject of barrenness in mares is of greater
importance than one would suppose at first thought.
Only those who are engaged in the breeding busi-
ness—those who have handled stallions in the stud
season—those who are professionals, who have
been called upon to treat such cases, can compre-
hend the extent and nature of this subject—
Barrenness.

When a mare’s womb is so closed that the
semen cannot enter at time of service, there is no
stallion living that can get such mares in foal with-
out artificial assistance.

All mares that do not produce are not barren
only so far as not being treated for the cause and
restored to a normal condition. If artificial means
were used to assist nature they would produce the
same aS any mare. ;

64 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

TWO CLASSES OF BARREN MARES

ren mares. One having the womb too closed
and cannot receive the semen from the stal-
lion or jack at time of sefvice.

as are two kinds of the seseallea= hae

No. 2

Cut No. 2 shows the womb as it is when closed
hard and rigid.

The other is just the opposite, tee opea@) ama
flabby as in cut No. 3, and in a weak condition,
with no strength nor vitality to close and retain the
service after ae mare has been bred and become in
foal.

When a mare’s womb is normal, you can only
insert one finger, and when it is too open, you can
insert from two to four fingers, and when it is too
closed, you can scarcely insert one finger.

With some mares their wombs are too closed,

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. 65

some too open, occasionally one deformed. To
know these things one must examine and then
treat them accordingly. You cannot expect to be
successful in breeding unless you understand the
condition of your mares, and treat them for any
misfortune that may be only temporary.

No. 3

Cut No. 3 shows the large open womb as it is
when in a weak and shapeless condition, as it has
mae siceneth: or vitality to close and retain the
service. This class of mares are much more dif-
ficult to get to produce than those with a womb
too closed.

Stallion owners from all parts of the United
States complain about getting this class of mares
to produce. The large open womb is far from be-
ing in normal condition and such mares very
seldom produce without being treated for the
cause. This is explained more thoroughly under
—Ahottion Remedy’ in this book.

Cut No. 1 shows the womb in normal condition,

66 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

and Cut No. 4 shows the O. C. Safety Pregnator
being inserted into the womb when it is too closed.
After the Pregnator has been inserted into the womb
of this class of mares, it holds it open so the stallion
can inject the semen through the Pregnator into the

No. 4

womb or breeding sack. This assists nature and _
makes the coupling natural and as nature intended.
Adter the O. C. Safety Pregnator is placed into ene
-womb, ready for the service of the stallion, it does
not change the position, shape or size of sine
womb, therefore it does not interfere with the
Stallion or Jack at time of service.

Cut No. 5 shows the Pregnator after it has been
placed in the womb ready for the service of the
stallion. When the womb has become closed hard
and rigid, such mares cannot be gotten in foal
without artificial assistance.

Nature’s Complete Service

Will also explain how nature intended for a com-
plete service. When all of the breeding organs are

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. 67

in a normal condition as shown in Cut No. 1 then
fie coupling is made according to nature. It is
claimed that all things were made for a purpose
(and I think we all believe this to be true). Then
we must admit that the shape of the womb was
made to correspond with the shape of the end of
the penis and for them to unite at time of service.

After the penis enters the vagina and as it ap-
proaches the womb which is located at the far
inner end of the vagina it brings the womb and
penis to a center at that point, and by the time the
penis has reached the womb it has become enlarged
so as to fill the space around the womb and forces

No. 5

the two to come together in exact line and then the
end of the penis telescopes over and around the
neck of womb then all parts fit together per-
fect, and the coupling is then made complete just
as the great Ruler of this universe intended.

The stallion then injects the semen into the

68 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

womb proper, when the germs in the semen come
in contact with the egg of the mare and they then
become fertilized. Some people may dispute these
points. However, I know them to be facts, and I
have abundance of proof of these facts.” Wiese
statements are not given from theory, they are from
the knowledge from actual proof.

No. 6

Cut No. 6 shows the O. C. Improved Reliable
Pregnator that is used to assist in breeding a
dozen or more mares from one ‘service or the
stallion. This is done by first drawing the semen
into the Pregnator from the vagina of one mare
after she has been bred by the stallion. Then by
carefully distributing the semen from the preg-
nator into the wombs of a dozen mares or more
they will all become in foal from that one ser-
vice of the stallion, and if so desired the semen
can be taken hundreds of miles and deposited into
a mare and she will become in foal, if the semen
is kept at a certain temperature, at about 100 de-
erees of heat. There remains no longer savques-

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. 69
a
tion of doubt in this method of breeding as it has
been successfully done thousands and thousands
of times.

It is impossible to live up to any one set of
rules and make a success of the breeding business.
One has to study the individuality of the horses in
his charge, and this applies to both stallions and .
mares. In regard to the mares, cleanliness is the
great essential. All instruments used in connec-
tion with breeding operations should be thoroughly
sterilized previous to being used and should be
thoroughly cleaned after being used. This will
save lots of trouble.

Foals from Old Mares

It is generally accepted that a mare will pro-
duce, during her natural lifetime, from 16 to 18
colts or more, and if we expect her to yield her
natural production, then we must not expect her
to begin too young. Nor, on the other hand, can
we expect her to begin too late in life and live
up to any such quota.

70 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE. »

I will here give copy of a letter received) anem
Mr. J. A. Watkins of Warren, Ark.“ whom @mas
the colt and its sire shown in the above cut.

A Mare of Great Conformation.
Warren Ark. Sepi2) vou
Mr. O. CRITTENDEN,

Ashland, O.

Dear Sir:—Responsive to your favor of recent
date I am enclosing a picture of Dolly Dunn, aged
35 years and the ‘only foal she ever produced, ama
Clay Gentry, its sire. This mare was turned to Clay
Gentry on May 30, 1912, and the colt’ was fealed
on May 15, 1913. The mare is 35° yeanssolaty ams
there can be no doubt as to her age for yehemaae
been in the family 31 years. She was bought my
J. W. Falls of Memphis, Tenn., wheneshe: wane
four years old, and he kept her 22 years and@imes
gave her to his sister, Mrs. J. S. Duammjiot an
ren, Ark., who has had her in Warren) nie
years. The mare was in Matinee races in Meme
phis 30 years ago. The colt is a very classy look-
ing youngster and will be allowed to go as a stal-
lion. His sire, Clay Gentry, 1s 6 yearsselds aa.
etandsire, John R. Gentry, is 22 years, old=) iim.
great grandsire, Ashland Wilkes, is 30 years old,
making four generations living.

Very truly yours,
J. AL Wie:

Below is a list of old mares that have produced
foals at agés ranging from 25 to 33, eamesialal

Miss Russell, the dam of Maud S., died at the
age of 33 years after producing 18 foals.

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. 7|

Nettie King dropped he 16th foal in 1913, at the
age of 27, and again in foal.

emia, died at the age of 27 after producing
19 foals.

Missouri Maid, in foal at the age of 27.

iessie Pepper dropped her: 18th foal at the age
of 28. |

Brown Silk dropped her 16th foal at the age
of 23 and again in foal.

Waterwitch died at the age of 28 after produc-
ing 18 foals.

Beautiful Bills died at the age of 25 after pro-
ducing 18 foals.

pally, Beagles, produced a colt at the age of 33,
the cover of her own son.

Cyclone died in foal at the age of 29.

Winnie Chester in foal at the age of. 3o.

Jessie, by Bates Emperor; produced a foal at
Bic wace Of 33:

Raster, by, braimple, at 26

Primrose, by Abdallah, at 28.

Green Mountain Maid at 25.

Minnehaha at 27.

Fanny Jackson at 20.

Maid of Clay at 25.

Sally Brass, by Geo. Wilkes, at 26.

Madline, by Hamiltonian 10, at 26.

sorrento by Grand Sentinal, at 27:

Wilhelmina 2:11 1-4 was first bred at 2 years
old and produced her 16th foal at 20 years old.

KoreZ Si tiow in foal at the ase of 25.

A great many breeders consider a mare at the
age of 20 too old to breed, while if in good healthy

72 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

condition they are of the very best type for a
brood mare. Kindness and care has much to do
with our brood mares if we expect them to pro-
duce 16 or 20 foals during their natural ite emme

Twin Foals—Mule and Horse.

An account of the unusual production of a mule
and a horse foal as twins is thus recorded by E.
i. Morean, Massac “Co. JIL:

“Nathan McBride brought one mare to .my
breeding barn and bred her several times to the
jack. She failed to settle and July 290 he) bragei
her back and asked me to serve her with both the
jack and my- Percheron horse, which I did. On
June 18, 1912, Mr. McBride went to’ the pasuim
and found one bay mare mule, also one sorrel
horse colt foaled by the same mare. The height
of the mule colt was 34 inches; the Miogse ween
was.32 inches. This is certainly a fact as wear
out to his farm and saw them for myself, and
when I got there there were twenty-five or thirty
persons already there to see this sight. Mr. Mc-
Bride is a farmer whose word is accepted by all
who know him.”

Stich an occurrence is of course due to mae aaee
that the mare developed two ova, one of which was
fertilized by a spermatozoa from the jack while
the other happened to unite with a spermatozoa
from the horse. There is nothing strange or freak-
ish about this case. It merely 18 not commom
Dog breeders know that bitches when lined with
two different dogs will produce some pups sired
by one dog and some sired by the other. The

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. 73

mare in question had ripened two ova and both
would likely have been fertilized by either the
stallion or the jack, had only a single service been
allowed. No one can tell how it happened that
each ova met a different fertilizing germ.

The effect after Producing a Mule

I have often been asked the question as to mares
not getting in foal from a stallion after she has
produced mules.

It is all wrong to suppose that mares will not
breed to a horse after having foaled mules. It is
equally erroneous to believe that any “taint” or
“impression” is left from conception to the ser-
vice of a jack, so that the future foals by a horse
will be marked for the jack. That old bugaboo
of an idea should be gotten out of your head.

This has been perfectly disproved by the elab-
orate experiments of Prof. Cossar- Ewart of
Scotland and by other scientists, who mated ponies
and zebras in every possible combination, but.
without obtaining one pure horse colt afterward
that showed any trace of zebra markings. Breed
the mares to good stallions and they will conceive
and bring forth pure horse colts showing no mark-
ings of the mule.

74 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

CARE OF THE COLT AFTER FOALING

the world, and after. The mam /taatmce

lects to look after his mares at foaling time,
which very often needs care of the man (who
should be in attendance) to save the life of the
new born foal, is the man who does not read the
Stock Journals to get the experience or valuable
information along this line, from men who look
after their brood mares and foals, and has every
thing in readiness for them when needed. It is
generally the man back on the farm that has the
largest per cent. of loss of foals. They ancemies:
‘for the very reason that they are careless in mak-
ing preperations for their arrival, and in the way |
their mares are handled before she foals. Some
farmers at foaling time leave their mares “ied
in the stable with other horses and are allowed
to cast their foals there. The little foal im tei ames
effort to get up is apt to slide around and get
under some of the other horses in the same stable
and are often trampled to death, and again the
new born foal often need the care of tee mamas mm
charge, that. it does not smother “am jWe eae
Sometimes the foal will come weak and needs help
that it may soon get to the mare and obtain her milk.

Mare’s First Milk

If the foal obtains the mare’s first milk that
will ordinarily arouse its digestive tract to suf-

| speaking of the foal before ‘i comes mime

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. 75

ficient activity, but if this remains sluggish for as
much as twenty-four hours it will be necessary to
administer a couple of ounces of castor oil, or give
soapy injections. These two points in the care of
foals cannot safely be neglected.

At foaling time it is better to let the mare have
her own way. Nature is a great caretaker, and
many a nervous mare loses her foal because the man
in charge tries to give her too much assistance at
this important period. Of course, there are times
when a mare must have assistance, especially when
the foal comes wrong, but whenever things move
right, the less people there are around the more
successful is the foaling. Nature has provided even
young mares with an instinct that enables. them
to sever the naval string in a proper manner and
much better than man. I like to have the mare in
a place where I can observe her without her
knowing it, for if she thinks there are others
around, either men or horses, she may become
nervous and not attend to her duties as she should >
and as nature intended.

There are dozens of little things about a breed-
ing farm that must be attended to, but common
sense will dictate the answer to the most of the
questions that arise. Always bear in mind, that
Nature is much wiser than man and that in their
natural state, mares pass through the foal period
with little trouble. The great trouble is that mares
are kept in a state removed from the natural one,
and that the result is that we have to make allow-
ances accordingly. After the foal has arrived, it
sometimes happens that the mare will not own her

76 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

own colt and will not take care of it. This hap-
pens more often when there has been assistance
at the birth. In such ‘rare instances; @ice een
should be brought to the mother and the latter
must be forced to own it and mother it.

After the colt is a week old the ama@st venues:
time is passed and if the weather is favorable you
may turn mare and foal into the pastufe; If there
are other mares and colts in the field, care must
be. taken that the mother sticks to 18 owe cole

Sometimes they display a fondness for the colt be-
longing to some other mare and often it is nec-
essary to place the mare and colt in a separate
paddock.

One in a small grass paddock, shaded by a few
trees and near the watchful eye of the master, is
a good place for the mare and foal to be during
fine weather, and in a large box stall they should
spend the time while storms endure. The out-
doors—the fresh green grass—the fresh air and

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. vy

plenty of water and shade are the ingredients that
go to make good colts. Grass, yes grass, and if
possible more and better grass—that is the stuff
mencie Mare and her foal. If you are not ina
land of natural and abundant grass, why, make
erass. That, fortunately, is easy. Feed the pas-
ture. Use the manure spreader, use limestone,
use phosphorous, use bone. If bone is not in the
Bote it will not be in the grass. Jf bone is not in
the grass, it will not come very abundantly to the
colt. So put bone-meal on your colt pastures.
Another thing to keep in mind is to accustom
colts to strange sights and sounds as early in life
as possible—automobiles, autocycles, trolley cars,
mebie ere, If a pasture can be used near such
objects, it will be a good thing. If not, take the
young animals as often as possible where such
things can be seen and heard. Such treatment will
tell greatly in the ease with which colts become
“road-wise”’ when put into the harness.

ia ie early cate of the colt, then, we must be
careful to accomplish two things. We must keep ©
him growing rapidly and we must be getting him
used to being handled, so that when he is put to
harness later he will have confidence in his master.

Raising Colts for Profit

No man can afford to grow a colt and not care
for it properly the first winter. If properly cared
for the first winter, allowed all the pasture it
wants the next summer, and given any sort of
decent treatment, the second winter, its develop-
ment is reasonably sure. Don’t spoil it all now by

78 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

sudden weaning, by too close confinement, by an
improperly balanced ration.

The feeding and care of the ‘suckine #eoltvarc
rather simple. The feeding should be done mainly
through the mother. Feed her liberally, especially
if she be at work, and let the feed be rich in milk
forming substances. If it be convenient, a good
pasture is the best. place for both mare andre
if you have a colt, of which you are proud, don't
tie it up in the stable in the winter and deed. i
corn and your best timothy hay, depriving it of
exercise. You can make it fat and sleek and) plamp
in this way; but you don’t grow colts for fat. You
erow them for muscle, and you cannot develop
muscle without exercise.

Shall the colt follow its mother as she walks in
the plow or cultivator? No, emphatiealy ae.
Leave the colt in the cool and shaded erehamd en
in the quiet box stall. Take the mareytommeeen
least once in the middle of the half day and let it
suck while she rests. Do not hurry her back to her
task, either. Very soon both mother and foal will
become resigned to this system of living and
neither will fret much. The colt will be nibbling
the grass, even munching oats instead of wearily
plodding the endless corn rows with its mother,
under a too ardent sun. Is it best dat tie amine
should work? No, it is better that she should give
all her energy to making milk for her foal, but this
is not always practicable on the general farm.

The foal soon learns to eat. The earlier he
learns to eat oats the better, and the more he
eats of them while sucking his dam, the better.

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. 79

Add wheat bran to the oats. The bran has a lot of
- bone in it, and truly marvelous will be the effect
on the young and fast developing animal. Gain
made then, during babyhood, will assuredly never
be lost. Nor can ground lost then by neglect be
regained. Wonderful is the effect of feed on the
frame of the baby horse. The first two years fix
the bone framework—no subsequent feeding can
materially alter it—and the first six months give
an impetus toward development absolutely essen-
tial if the highest results are to be reached. Feed
the mare, then, and as early as you can feed the
foal, too. Then will “weaning time” be passed
by so easily that neither groom, nor foal, nor mare
will regard it as more than a trifling incident.

Train the Foal

Training should begin as soon as the colt is foaled.
Its first impression of man should be that man is its
friend. The colt should be so treated that when the
man in charge of its dam goes to the paddock, the
foal will come up to him without fear of harm.
This training is very important, as this part of the
colt’s life has a lot to do with how it will be weaned
and broken.

There is always a period of wet or bad weather
when a few hours can be well spent in teaching the
young animal the meaning of the. halter and the
leading strap.

The training of domestic animals should begin
when they are young. Growth and training should
proceed together. In training animals, strategy will
prove better than brute force. Habit is with animals

89 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

as with man, an iron-handed ‘master. Animals de-
signed for various purposes may be trained until
their functions are performed as a mere habit. In
fixing habits, great care must be used that bad habits
are not taught. All animals of high breeding are
highly nervous in temperaments, but learn readily
and remember well.

A habit, whether vicious or otherwise, once
learned, will be returned to or practiced by such an
animal long after it is supposed to have been for-
gotten. “Good Spirits” in all kinds and breeds of
animals, is a significant term, and is well under-
stood by all competent herdsmen and should be pre-
served. This condition cannot be maintained in any
animal when not properly trained, fed and cared
for. Even a prize brood sow or boar should have
good spirits, an elastic step, a quick, gentle eye, and
handle well when before the judges at the show
ring. It requires training to produce a good show
animal. Disposition, kindliness, action and appear-
ances all count in the show ring, and may all be
ereatly improved by good training on the part of
the herdsman who has charge of the animal exhibit.

At this point we want to say we make a great
mistake to think any sort of a man will do to work
with the colts. Sometimes we say, ~ Oh) ems a
green man, just put him in the colt barn.” Now,
the actual truth is, there are few, and very few,
men fit to work with colts, therefore, we should
pick out the very best, sober, quiet, easy going,
mild tempered and soft voiced men to put with the
colts.

Teach the colt these three cardinal principles:

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. 8]

First, that man is stronger than he; next, that man
is to be obeyed; then that the man is his best
friend. How will you best do this?

While the foal is very young and very ignorant,
catch him, putting one hand at his breast and one
hand behind and hold him gently, letting it see
how much stronger you are than he. Repeat this
lesson now and then. The colt will never forget;
he will instinctively associate you with the idea of
great and irresistible strength. While he is young,
Bteate him to halter. -There is no other time so
good.

Then be good to him. Take him some dainty he
likes to eat when you go near him. As in man
the way to a colt’s heart is through his stomach.
Take time to fondle him, let him love you, but do
not let him become in any way unpleasantly familiar.
See that while he loves you he at all times im-
plicitly respects you.

Then some day when it becomes time for that colt
to be harnessed, there will be no “ breaking”
needed, only getting used to feel of the harness, the
pressure of the collar, the rattle of the wheels.
Their keepers can easily spoil the new-born foals
upon the farm—may make them or may mar them.
It is easy to build them up brave and bony and
strong—it is easy to stunt and starve and maim.
Let us make them good. Let us bury the barbed-
wire under the sod; let us put the babies and their
mothers half-knee deep in strong grass all starred
with clovers. Let us give shade and nourishing
tidbits and wise, loving care, and when it becomes a
horse it will not forget the lessons it learned while
young.

82 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

One of the first essentials in early training is to
bring the animal to depend upon the herdsman.
Food, water, care and training should mainly be
performed by one person. A feeling of dependence
instead of independence should be cultivated. There
should be a strong friendship, a familiar acquaint-
ance, and the fullest confidence of the animal. The
dog, our best-trained animal, comes at his master’s
bidding; 1s held in check by his voice without halter
or rope, and obeys a beck or signal, even when ex-
cited or impatient. The same may be done with the
horse or other animals with the same long- con-
tinued pains and care, the same friendly feeling,
the same fondling and interchanging of love and
affection.

There need be no fear of unreturned affection.
All of our domestic animals love naturally the hand
that cares for them and the voice that calls them.
One-half of the labor required in caring for them is
accomplished when the animals have confidence in
and also have a thorough understanding with the
herdsman. Such confidence is always sought by
good, capable herdsmen, men who understand all
of the influence governing animals, no matter how
well and thoroughly they may be trained.

Thus. is there need of kindness and cane) eue
mothers of them well know this. They are full of
maternal solicitude and their behavior with their
great babies is most beautiful to see.

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. 83

KINDNESS TO THE HORSE

and are not used enough in handling live
stock—kindness, sunshine, fresh air and pure
water. These are all necessary, but perhaps the
one used less and worth more in maintaining live
stock is kindness. Animals that are not abused or
afraid of their master will live on less feed, thrive
better and are usually more easily handled. On
many farms, horses, especially, are abused and
roughly handled when it is not necessary. There are
many hired hands handling live stock that cost
their employer more money by their coarse method
of handling live stock than their salaries amount to.
When one visits a farm and all of the live stock
is gentle, so that they can be easily approached, and
elad io see their master, it is evidence that. they
are getting full value for their feed. But where.
animals are excited and jump every time they are
spoken to, or something moves, the digestive organs
are not working as nature intended. A horse is of
a highly nervous temperament, perhaps more soa
than any other animal. Horses must be handled
firmly, but at the same time kindness is a necessity.
While the horse cannot speak, he shows intelli-
gence and greatness, and that should raise the horse
in the estimation of man. It should be an object
lesson to people who have to do with man’s noblest
friend, the horse. It preaches a powerful sermon
on what kindness means to our dumb animals, and
what it will accomplish when rightly applied.

[ana are four things that are very cheap

84 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

KINDNESS: TO THE.-HORSH 4 5h077—
GREATNESS IN MAN. When a horse’s useful
strength is gone, do not turn. him out to starve,
freeze and die, but care for him as you would wish
to be cared for. He has served his useful days for
you and now deserves care and kindness until that
time may come for him to die in a peaceful and
natural way.

Feeding the old Horse

The old horse does not always receive the proper
attention in regard to feed. The condition of the
teeth of old animals makes it imperative that this
point be not neglected. The old horse cannot masti-
cate some kinds of food, especially corn, thoroughly,
nor can he eat his ration in as short a time as can
a young animal whose teeth are sound. So, unless
some ground grain is provided for him and he is
given sufficient time to eat his meals when worked
he will fail to get the full benefit of his food, and
in a short time will begin to lose flesh and strength.
It is especially important that the proper attention
be given to this matter. When the horse begins to
grow old, give him just as good care as you did
when he was young and he will more than pay for
his feed and care by the work which he can per-
form. He cannot make as good a showing as his
younger mates, perhaps, but this should not be ex-
pected.

Good Horse Sense; The Prayer
of a Horse
To thee, my master, 1 offer my prayer: eed me,
water and care for me, and when the day’s work is

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. 85

done, provide me with shelter, a clean, dry bed,
and a stall wide enough for me to lie down in com-
fort.

Always be kind to me. Talk to me. Your voice
often means as much to me as the reins. Pet me
sometimes, that I may serve you the more gladly
and learn to love you. Do not jerk the reins, and
do not whip me when going up hill. Never strike,
beat or kick me when I do not understand what
you want, but give me a chance to understand you.
Watch me, and if I fail to do your bidding see if
something is not wrong with my harness or feet.

Do not check me so that I can not.have the free
use of my head. If you insist that I wear blinders
so that I can not see behind me as it was intended
I should, I pray you be careful that the blinders
stand well out from my eyes.

Do not overload me or hitch me where water
will drip on me. Keep me well shod. Examine my
teeth when I do not eat; I may have an ulcerated
tooth, and that, you know, is very painful. Do not
tie my head in an unnatural position or take away
my best defense against flies and mosquitoes by
cutting off my tail.

I can not tell you when I am thirsty, so give me
cool, clean water often. Save me by all means in
your power from that fatal disease—the glanders.
I can not tell you in words when I am sick, so watch
me, that by signs you may know my condition. Give
me all possible shelter from the hot sun, and put a
blanket on me, not when I am working, but when
I am standing in the cold. Never put a frosty bit

86 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

-in my mouth; first warm it by holding it a moment
in your hanes

I try to carry you and your burdeuee without a
murmur, and wait patiently for you, long hours of
the day or night. Without the power to choose my
shoes or path I sometimes fall on the hard pave-
ments, which I have often prayed might not be of
wood, but of such a nature as to give me a safe
and sure footing. Remember that I must be ready
at any moment to lose my life in your service.

And finally, O my master, when my useful
strength is gone, do not turn me out to starve or
freeze, or sell me to some cruel owner, to be slowly
tortured or starved to death, but do thou, my master,
take my life in the kindest way, and your God
will reward you here and hereafter. You will not

consider me irreverent if I ask this in the name of

Him who was born in a stable.

Weaning the Foals

It will soon be time to wean the foals, and as

there may be some small breeders who are readers
of this book that, are raising their first foal, and
have never had experience in weaning foals, a few
suggestions on that subject may not be out of place.

After the foal comes, and the weather is favor-
able, the best. place for both mare and her foals
in the pasture field, as that is the nearest to nature.
In a short time the foal should be taught to eat

grain. It will very readily learn this by feeding

the mare, and when weaning time is here he is
prepared ‘for - that.
Many breeders prefer to wean the foals of such

—

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. 87

mares as are regular breeders, when the foal is
four months old, but on some breeding establish-
ments the foals are allowed to run with their dams
until five months old.

Small breeders who raise but two or three foals a
year should have a strong but pliable and well fitted
head halter for each foal, and have the youngsters
so thoroughly halter-broken that each will stand
quietly when hitched in a single stall.

The foal should be kept growing every day and
even during the weaning period.

The weaning of the foal should not be attempted
until it is ascertained that he is capable of main-
taining himself. The age at which this may take
place will be much affected by circumstances and
beyond the foregoing no hard and fast rule can be
laid down. Though probably in the majority of
cases from four to six months is most suitable, this
must be subject to considerable variation. For the
mare and the foal it is better to do the weaning
gradually than suddenly, the mare’s diet being some-
what curtailed during the process, and so easing of
her milk, which is also favored by prolonged inter-
vals of absence from the foal, and peeps with-
drawal of milk.

It should be our aim, during the entire colthood
of the animal, to make him thoroughly familiar
with mankind, and to keep him growing rapidly.
This is an important point. The rapidity of growth
determines to a very large extent the ultimate size
of the animal. An animal half starved in youth can
never be exceptionally large.

A very successful and easy way to wean a colt is,

88 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

take a strap four to six inches long drive a dozen
flat head nails about three-fourths of an inch long
through this strap, then rivet it onto the nose strap
of the colt’s halter, let the mare and colt run® to=
gether and in a short time the mare will have the
colt .weaned. “The mare should be milked)+say 2
couple of times a day, gradually making the periods
between times longer, and in this way the colt will
soon be weaned and neither mare nor colt will make
any fuss about it.

Having weaned the colt, what’ nextr” Meeoun
growing right straight along. You can do this by
using a properly balanced ration and giving it plenty
of exercise. Give it good shelter in winter during
stormy weather. Allow it to graze as soon as there
is grass to be had in the meadow or pasture, or
corn blades in the corn field; but keep it growing.
Of course, you must feed it a balanced ration. The
grain that is nearest balanced in itself 1s Oats
your colt has been well bred and has had no set-
back, it will pay you market price for oats, no mat-
ter, witat tliat price 1s.

Raising an Orphan Foal

Sometime you may have an occasion to raise an
orphan colt, and you may not be familiar as to how
to proceed in a task.of that kind. A ¢olt 1s>mmmeh
harder to get started than a calf. It requires con-
stant watching for some time, and it should be fed.
often.

Cows’ milk may be used for orphan colt raising,
provided it is poor in fat, from a fresh cow, well
sweetened with sugar, and having lime water added

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. 89

weeimic taie of One ounce per pint. Feed) it in
small quantities often and be ot to keep the
milk utensils clean.

The milk should be from a comparatively fresh
cow that does not give rich milk. One should use
about one-fourth as much water as milk and add
one dessertspoonful of common white sugar to
each pint of the mixture. Limewater is useful to
correct acidity of the stomach, prevent scours and
probably to aid in the production of strong bone;
at least foals thrive better on artificial feed if lime-
water is given. It is well to make a quantity of
limewater, using a chunk of quicklime. This is
slaked with water and then more water is added to
that. After the sediment settles one dips out of
the top of the vessel for the foal, adding more
water as the original supply is used. As long as
there is a distinct sediment in the bottom of the
vessel the liquid above will be a saturated solution,
and that is what is wanted.

In mixing the feed for the colt, it is probably
best to use about three tablespoonfuls of limewater
to the pint. The sugar should be thoroughly dis-
solved, and a good way to prepare it is to put the
sugar into the cup first and add enough hot water
to dissolve it. Then add the limewater and enough
water to make one-fifth of a pint; put in enough
fresh milk to make a pint altogether and warm to
pied, ‘hia. Wor a: foal a’ week old: feed every
hour and a half, half a pint at a time is enough to
give. For a foal just born, give half that much and
feed every hour. If it does not scour or show
other signs of digestive troubles the amount should

90) THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

be increased. As it grows older it may also be fed
at longer intervals and after a few weeks the lime-
water and sugar may be tapered off and dis-
continued. |

The colt will almost surely get scours at some
time even with the most careful feeding. If indica-
tions of this are seen in time, substitute water for
milk for one feed and then reducing the amount fed
for.a time will check it. If not caught in time fo
avoid trouble, feed as described and give a dose of
castor oil, 2 ounces for a very young foal and 3 or 4
for one a month old.

Use such agents as whisky to keep up the strength
of the colt with subnitrate of bismuth or pre-
pared chalk to allay the irritation of the bowels.
Small doses of laudanum may be given if the dis-
charges become watery and there is much straining,
but one should be careful: not to check the bowels
too quickly. Always be careful that the colt is
kept in a warm, sanitary place with the proper ex-
posure to sunlight. |

For feeding the foal a nipple may be used on a
bottle or a nipple, rag or glove finger attached to the
spout of an old teapot. It can soon be taught to
drink from a pail and may take to Sts sqmite
naturally... The colt should be encouraged to eat
grain, hay and grass at an early age and should. be
regularly fed all the oats -and bran it will eat
When it is two or three months old the milk may
be gradually changed to sweet skim-milk and by that
time there is not very much danger of overfeeding.

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. 91

Teaching to Lead

For the benefit of some amateur breeders, I will
here give a very quick and easy way to break a
stubborn colt or horse to lead.

Take a 44-inch rope or cord about 25 feet long, at
one end of the rope tie a small iron ring, put that
end around the body just in front of the hips, put
the rope through the ring so as to form a slipping
noose and when it is tightened the ring will be at
the flank giving more purchase in tightening. Then
run the rope between the front legs and up through
the ring in the halter. Take hold of the rope and
pull steady so as to tighten around the body and
after a short time he will begin to pull back then
rear up and lunge forward. He is then ready to
follow you for fear it be repeated.

Fall Foals

It is claimed by many breeders and farmers of
experience that the fall foal will do better than the
one coming in spring.

One advantage at least in having the foal to
come in the fall is that the mare will not have so
much work and heat to endure during the lactation
period and that she will be in a better condition to
supply more nourishment to the foal. The special
advantage at this season will be that the mare will
not likely become excessively heated at work, and
hence the digestion of the foal is not apt to be
deranged. |

Where the mare is bred in the fall the time should
be delayed so that the foal will come after most of
the flies have died, as many flies biting a young

OE oy THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.
SEE ee

animal will worry it and cause it to become stunted
sooner than anything else. Also, as soon as the
fall foals begin to eat solid food, it should be en-
couraged and fed liberally so that it will grow
and be in good flesh for the coldest part of winter.
Provide it and the mare with a warm and dry
stall during the winter, and feed some bran and
oats regularly to furnish milk forming material
mineral matter for good frame.

Good mares are scarce and their produce valuable,
come when they will. Many of these fresh mares
will very readily get in foal nine or ten days after
colt is weaned and. raise a good fall coli esome
condemn fall colts, saying. they are “too “mien
trouble and no good. If you are fixed for fall colts,
having good, big, roomy box stalls, you can raise a
fall colt almost as cheaply and with far less trouble
than a spring colt. The colts that give us the least
trouble are fall colts, either sold off. of mare in
spring or turned on good fresh grass, then you
ought to see them grow, with some grain, of course.
Mares are not doing much during the winter months,
so that they.and their colts can run ‘i lot im) mies
weather and in..box ‘stall the rest of tie; amie
Understand, mares that are good sucklers will raise.
fall colts best. You will also need to supply some
of the lack of pasture with bran mashes once a day,
clover hay, a little silage (very little), oi meal
and anything that will increase the milk flow.

There are certain mares that do better with fal]

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. 93

colts. First, very heavy sucklers; second, mares
that have to work very hard during the summer;
third, every other year breeders will allow you a
colt between.

A fall colt gets a year’s growth without any
interference. When it is old enough to wean it
goes on grass and keeps on growing.

94 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE:

WATERING THE HORSE

of opinion exists, is ey and when to water
the horse.
~* When a horse is thirsty, he wants) a %ceme”
This is probably the very best guide for the at-
tendant and certainly an acceptable one to the
animal itself.

\ NOTHER matter about which much diversity

They All Want What They Want When They
Want It

There is7a great deal of exaggerated iea ‘tout
watering horses when warm. When a large amount
of perspiration has been secreted while working, it |
leaves the system parched. A pail or two @& waren
of moderate temperature is the best thing that can
be given, and ordinarily they should have it at once.
So long as precautions are taken to have the chill
off; it will not hurt him in the least, Buty fataer,
refresh him in his work and prepare him to enjoy
his feed.

We might compare the horse to ourselves in this
matter. [he horse is .man‘s noblest “seudana
should be: treated’ as such. . More. tham tia ee
should have special attention. We will take for an
illustration the horse at harvest time, when the
weather is very, hot. He. works all dayam the for,
sun and gets a drink of water only morning, noon
and night, we work right along with him and get
a drink of cool water a dozen times a day or more,

THE HORSE AS A; PRODUCER. 95

and feel refreshed from it, and feel more able for
our work. All the horse gets for his work is the
treatment we give him. The horse deserves the
very best of treatment that man is able to give him.
We can afford to make special efforts for his com-
fort. Be kind and thoughtful with him.

A variety of factors must unite in keeping horse
flesh in good shape. Judgment in working and in-
creasing or diminishing the allowance of heavy
feed, regularity in time of feeding and working, also,
as far as practicable, frequency of watering, and
care in fitting harness—in a word, that rare quality
called “common sense ’’—are the secrets in main-_
taining the teams in presentable shape and strong
working condition. Some one has said: “It is not
so much what you feed as how you feed it,’ common
sense without oats being better than oats without
sense.

96 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

UNWISE DRIVERS SPOIL HORSES

T is to: be feared that there are aeeqa emia,
| people who, either by reason of their bad or
careless driving, succeeded in spoiling a horse
which came to them as free from vice or tricks as
could be desired. A horse which by nature is not
a shier can easily be transformed into something
very like one by being unmercifully thrashed if he
becomes startled at some unfamiliar sight. The
next time he encounters anything of the kind he
remembers his thrashing and associates the sight
with suffering; then he shies again, and the punish-
ment is repeated, with disastrous effects.

The man who is careless about his harness, and
who allows his horse to drive himself, will spoil any
animal and he is as likely to end up by getting the
horse down as not; but this observation must not
be taken as suggesting that a driver should always
be fidgeting and worrying his horse. His aim should
be to get the animal to go right and keep him at it;
it is often the slovenly coachman who produces the
ill-mannered horse.

In frequent cases it is the driver’s fault when a
horse stumbles, but even when it is not so it is quite
unnecessary to use the whip in nine cases out of
ten. If the horse once begins to connect a stumble
with a thrashing he gets flurried when he puts a
foot wrong, and is very likely to come down in con-
sequence; but if he gets careless it is necessary to

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. 97

wake him up by a light stroke, just to remind him
that he must keep awake.

Of course the jagging at a horse’s mouth is as
certain a way to ruin the animal as anything from
good practice to shout at and berate a horse for no
particular fault. : ;

A naturally timid animal is liable to lose its head
on such occasions, while a bad tempered one resents
i101 horses are not fools, and are far more
amiable to kindness combined with firmness than
they are to ill usage or violence of any kind. This
being the case, it is unfortunate that their memories
should be so good, for the recollection of chastise-
ment has often transformed an ordinarily tempered
horse into a perfect savage, and a good reliable
worker into a useless brute.

If the nature of the horse were better understood
he could be more easily trained and accidents would
be of less frequent occurrence.

98 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

HIGH PRICES PAID FOR HORSES

number of the more prominent members of the

T is indeed remarkable the prices realized for a

light harness horse industry and in order to
give our readers some conception of the inde-
pendent fortunes exchanged in this branch of the

business.

AcIOny 2 LOT 2.5 SEES 2
Hea 7 pie aman aN ls aD
Director, 22s) 228s
Dam Patch. tos Vow 6
Red Walkes> (Pf) ) 22.
AmbeeO: 2 MG iee Foe sas
sell Boy. 29 C)-.
MickKanmeyc2 -10tZ 2 ec
Stamboul, 2-074 .C)::
Dare: Dewils 27709. 2 8-3
Hamburg Belle, 2:01%4
The Harvester, 2:01...

Robt. McGregor, 2:17%

Waltons 2°1954 2G. e
Allen Winter, 2:06%..
Naney Evanks, 2.704... .
Minor Heir, 1:5914...
Smmolk2 2USSA ese okee es
Bingen; 22001) Cy) .8
Major Delmar, 1:59%.
YANGON A enol Nina aan eater tes
Billy Burke; 2-034 =: .
Fearnaught, 2:23%4 ...
Maud=Sss 22089.) se:
Smuggler, 2:15%

Si libata nese renee et eS
POedMontass, ta cdanic ee
Rei an Map nee ean cae ds
Antevolo, 2:19% .....
Winharne 2 -O2E Al eie seca
Silko, ao, 2 cl dee
Dexter, 22.64 Fo ies ae
Goldsmith Maid, 2:14.
Roddia2 2T4e).> oo. Bias’.

105,000

50,000
50,000
50,000
50,000
45,000
45,000
41,000
40,000
40,000
40,000
40,000
40,000
40,000
40,000
40,000
40,000
36,000
35,000
35,000
39,000
33,000
32,000
32,000

Baden, 2:05%4
Jay Gould, 2:21%
Cochato, 3:7" 2abn
Lady Thorn, 2-18).
Blackwood,’ 2:21)553
Prince Wilkes, 2:14%..
Ralph Wilkes, 2:06%..
Pancoast, 222i
The Hangman
Go. Sprague, 2:20%..
Patzon, 2 a
Constantine, 2:12%
Sidney, 2:19%
The. Abbott, 2 i0s2.3eee
Mascot, 2:04 .

Onward ‘Silver, 2.05%4..

oe eee ee e ee ew @

Nutwood, 2:18%

Axworthy, 2:15%
Allie Wilkes, 2:15
Bob Douglas, 2:04%...
Judge Fullerton
Clingstone, 2 :1934
Harry Wilkes, 2:14%..
Monte Carlo; 2-02
Tommy Britton, 2:06%.
St: Julien, 2:4

eoeoeeveeev ee eee eee

30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
28,000
28,000
27,500
27,500

. 27,000

27,000
26,500
26,000
25,800
25,000
25,000

Sterling McKinney,2 :0614 25,000
Cresceus, 2:02%4

20,000
20,000
20,000
20,000
20,000
20,000
20,000
20,000

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. 99

CONTROLLING SEX
M ce has been written upon the subject of

coutolline sex.’ F have been. interested in

the different articles written upon this sub-
ject that have appeared in the Horse Journals from
time to time. It is not remarkable. Yet it is plaus-
ible to believe that this can be accomplished. It
might seem like taking that power in our own
hands. Yet we are given wisdom that we might ac-
complish great things. In these days when we
talk on wires, send messages through the air, and
soar above the earth on wings, nothing would be
impossible. I will not take this matter up expecting
to show facts. What I have to say on this subject
will not be from knowledge gained from experience,
it will only be as theory. It is claimed that all
things were made for a purpose. If this be true,
then we should claim the right to say, this can be
done. We know that there is the male and female -
in all families of the animal kingdom, and that
nature has provided that all males have two testicles.
We micht style them as the male and female
testicles. Why not? Would it not be natural to
suppose that each was made for a separate purpose,
one to produce a male germ, the other a female
germ. If they were not for a separate purpose, why
should there be any use for more than one. I
would like to hear of some breeder testing this out.
I think the quickest way to test it would be with
the swine, remove one testicle, then breed and note
results.

100 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

SALT

evening, there will seldom be a case of colic or

any kind of disease. Regular salting keeps up
good action of the kidneys, and that is what car-
ries off the poison from the body, and then horses
will seldom contract any kind of disease.

All of our domestic animals require more or less.
salt and they should have it, and where they could
have free access to it every day in the year. In
that way they will never take too much. It is
cheaper than colic medicine or doctor bills. Breed-
ing animals should have salt by all means, and then
their breeding qualities will keep in a more normal
condition.

fs a horse is fed a small amount of salt every

Vigor Tablets, tonics or stimulants should never be
given the stallion during the breeding season. They
are the cause of sterility in many cases. There is no
tonic or stimulant so good for a stallion in season or
out of season as work in the harness and plenty of
salt. This will increase the circulation of the blood,
and increase all of the vital processes at the same
time.

I trust that my talk on the horse may be of benefit
to my brother breeders. If it is, then I shall have
done a part of the duty each man owes his fellow-
man, and you and I shall feel all the: beter im
return.

Sincerely yours,
O. CRITTENDEN.

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. 101

PART TWO

N this part of the book I will add the space of a
| few pages to my business, “direct.” That of

which has already reached out into all parts of
this country, and I trust that this addition may be
of interest to you.

“One step won’t take you very far,
You've got to keep on walking.
One word won't tell the folks all you know,
You’ve got to keep on talking.

One inch won’t make you very tall,
You’ve got to keep on growing.

One little book won’t reach them all,
You've got to keep ’em going.”

102 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

THE O. C. SAFETY PREGNATOR

Invented by O. Crittenden

Y the help of artificial means Barren Mares
B and Cows can be made to be Prolific
Breeders.
This Pregnator is intended to be used only on
mares where their wombs are too closed. They are
to hold the womb open and to assist nature.

You ‘will notice that each part.im this gems
numbered and for the benefit of those who may not
be familiar with the O. C. Safety Pregnator and
Dilator I will explain each part by number.

WNo..-1..418-the+O,...C, ‘Safety -Presnarar

No.2 1s the Dilator.

No. 3°is the O.. C. Safety Pregnator, onda
lator together, just as they are to be used in placing
the Pregnator into the womb ready for the service
of the stallion. The Dilator is not to be used in any
other way. The point is what dilates, it simply
opens the womb and guides the Pregnator into
place.

My experience in the breeding business has been
a school of its own, and the lessons learned through
those years of careful study and practice in han-

THE TIORSE AS. A- PRODUCER: 103

dling stallions in the stud season, breeding mares
in the breeding season, careful examining and mak-
ing note of the conditions of all so-called barren
mares at time of breeding, and my every-day obser-
vations in the breeding business, led me to invent
the O. C. Safety Pregnator and Dilator, and Preg-
nator Extractor. My experience in using this in-
strument gave me knowledge of what could be

done with these mares that have been considered
as barren and non-breeders.

by the use of the ©:-C. Safety Preetiator they
have been made to be valuable brood mares, as
above. :

Nature intended that all breeding animals should
be born with a normal condition of the breeding
organs, and when nothing interferes with their de-
velopment from birth, they should produce naturally.
The trouble too often lies in the fact that those same
organs have become weakened or impaired in some
way.

After a mare has been bred to a stallion three or

104 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

four times during a single season and fails to get
in foal, in a great many cases the owner of the
mare condemns the stallion as a fault, and while
sometimes this is true, it has been my experience
that nine times out of ten the mares are at fault. A
few such cases hurts the reputation of a stallion as
a foal getter, and causes other mares to be bred to
some other stallion. Any man that owns a stallion
and has an O. C. Safety Pregnator walleiteyeeuee
annoyed in that way. If you will just stop for one
moment and consider the great value one would be
to you, at their small cost, compared to the loss of
several mares being bred to other stallions, you will
readily see its economy. A wise man is always
ready to do that which will promote his own best
business interests.

Mr. K. S.. Knutsen, Toronto, S: Dak] has@aeen
using my Pregnators for the past five years. In
a letter received from him, he says, “I would no
more think of starting in the breeding season
without a Pregnator, than I would of going hunt-
ing without a gun.”

Worth Remembering

Since I invented my first Pregnator Amaega =
have used them on hundreds of mares. I examined
every doubtful case and made note of it at time of
examination.

I have made this a study, and my experience has
given me a knowledge which no other man has who
is placing pregnators on the market to-day.

When a man orders a pregnator of any kind and
has received it, and unless he has the proper direc-

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. 105

tions he has received only about one-half of what
he should have, in order to get the best results.

The value of ordering a pregnator from a man
that has had long experience as a breeder and has
invented pregnators through his own careful study,
is that when you order a pregnator you can feel
sure that you have the man with the experience
behind 1t.

Then should you at any time have occasion and
want a little information on some particular point
along that line, you then have some one of expe-
rietice to confer with free of charge.

There are other Pregnators on the market to-day,
some of which are offered by men that never led a
stallion out of their stalls nor bred a mare in their
lives, yet they send out directions for their use
based upon theory alone.

Theory is a grand thing in its way; experience,
_ however, is far better.

I deal herein with facts, and with facts only. The-
ory is not enough. Nothing is proved by it. In ef-
fect it is no better than a guess.

We believe that human nature or instinct would
lead almost any one to prefer a Pregnator invented
by a man with a breeding experience to those sent
out by persons who are uneducated in the science
of breeding, or the requirements and use of Preg-
nators.

Holds it Open

When a mare’s womb is closed hard and rigid,
there is no chance for such mare to be gotten in
foal without the assistance of a Pregnator. By
plactaa;< the... ..C.,. Safety. Presnator imto the

106 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

mouth of the womb, it holds it open and at the
same time provides a passage way through the
pregnator and womb, where the stallions injects
the semen directly into the womb, or breeding
sack. There it comes in contact with the ess 0
the female, causing her at once to become preg-
nant. Nature has provided that the womb should
relax during the period she “is in’ heat, bar ma
ereat many cases it does not relax; theresone,
the semen cannot enter the womb and the mare
thus fails to become in foal, and the mare) is omen
considered as barren. My experience has taught
me that not one in fifty that are ‘called jhagqes
eens Cache len aiceicu

When a womb is too closed, hard and rigid, it
becomes shrunken and dormant, and does _ not
open. at fime of service, as nature Has» provided:
When the O. C. Safety Pregnator has beem placed
in the womb it holds it open to its natural size,
and then at time of service the coupling is made
natural and according to nature.

And by using the O. C. Safety Preenatan on
such mares they will produce colts the same as
any dlare.

Now let us stop and think a little, let us ex-
ercise a little reason and common sense. Sup-
pose we have a mare where her womb is so closed
that the semen from the stallion cannot enter at
fine “Of \ Service. |

Then we ‘will. use: the 0. C. Satehy{ Presaarac
on her, insert it into the womb and leave it re-
main until after the service so as to hold it open.
Now, if the stallion injects the semen through

THE HORSE, AS: A‘ PRODUCER. 107

the Pregnator into the womb and breeding sack
where it comes in contact with the egg of the
female, then what under the shining sun is there
to prevent that mare from getting in foal, there
is every. reason to believe she will.

ido not claim that all of the so-called. barren .
mares can be gotten in foal from the use of a Preg-
nator. We have found mares where they were
deformed in some parts of the breeding organs.
We have also found mares with lacerations about
the womb that had been caused at the time of
last foaling. With such mares a Pregnator would
be of no use. When a mare’s womb is closed hard
and rigid such mares can positively be gottenin foal
from the use of a Pregnator as artificial assistance.

The hardest proposition to overcome in breed-
ing is the large open womb, and the only way to
restore such to a normal condition is to treat the
mare for the cause, and that must be done through
the stomach, by treating her with the O. C. Abor-
tion Remedy. This is given in the feed. It works
on the womb, restores it to a normal condition,
and gives it strength to close and seal itself after
the mare has been bred. If this class of mares
are not looked after and treated for this weak-
ness, they will not produce as the womb will not
have strength enough to retain the seminal fluid
and it will pass off within a short time after the
mare has been bred.

rice or. oC; Satety -Preenatorand,. Dilator-
55.00; 25 cerits’ more if ordered sent by Parcel
Post, otherwise it will be sent by Express.

108 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

THE O. C. PREGNATOR EXTRACTOR
To Be Used With the O. C. Safety Pregnator

a long felt want to those who have used the

QO. C. Safety Pregnator, something that niay
be used to remove the Pregnator from the mare’s
womb without inserting the hand into the vulva
aiter -the,mare tas been, bred.

The instrument works so perfectly that it makes
the O. C. Safety Pregnator even more waluamie
to breeders.

To use this Extractor it is to be screwed onto
the end of the Dilator Rod, inserted into the vulva
and on in until it enters the Pregnator that was
left remaining in the womb until after the ser-
vice. By inserting the Extractor part way into
the Pregnator and then lightly drawing back on
the rod causes the Extractor to grip hold on the
inside of the Pregnator and brings it out of the.
womb and on out of the vulva. :

The Extractor is simply to save you from in-
serting your hand into the vulva for the Preg-
nator after the mare has been bred. If you have
an ©. C. Safety Pregnator’ and have: teiedeame

T HIS Extractor is something that has been of

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. 109

Extractor once you would not want to be without
one, as they work so nicely and the cost is only
as trilie,

It is remarkable to see how easily and nicely it
exmips hold on the imside of the Pregnator, ex-
tracts it from the womb and brings it out of the
vulva.

They are made of two kinds of material. One
is made of hard rubber and the other of aluminum.
Whey are exactly alike in shape and size, and are
provided with a soft rubber grip. In ordering state
the kind you want. This Extractor will work the
same in any Safety Pregnator, no matter if the Preg-
nators are sold this year or those sold years before.

This Extractor cannot be used with the O. C.
Improved Reliable Pregnator.

Full directions sent with each Extractor.
Picea ©). CC. Preenator Extractor, $1.00.

110 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

THE O. C. IMPROVED RELIABLE
PREGNATOR

For Barren Mares and Cows
Patented Nov. 7, 1911, by O. Crittenden

practical thing. Many of the leading breeders

and stallion owners in this country now use
artificial means mm breeding. To keep me pacerm
breeding, we must keep up with the progress of -
the ‘times. » By ‘the use of the O. C; Impreyeqaiae
liable Pregnator as artificial assistance the semen
is taken from one mare, after she,has been pred
and deposited in the wombs of a dozen or more
mares and they will. become in foal if ° the ssemen
is properly distributed from the Pregnator into the
wombs of that many or more. Breeders and stal-
lion owners are using our Pregnators with the
most positive success. When you use a Pregna-
tor as artificial assistance in breedin® youmeave
your stallion from being hard run in the stud, and
you can breed more mares and get a larger per
cent of foals and colts of stronger constitution.
You then make your stallion business more pro-
fitable and mares will not have to be returned for
a second or third service. |

\ RTIFICIAL Impregnation has come to he va

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. 111

By having the horse billed for a certain hour each
day, the mares can all be on hand at the hour
stated, and in a few minutes several mares can be
heed | with a. single service of the — horse.
ieee two mates.are tobe bred, the Preg-
nator may be used to transfer the semen from one
mare to the other. In this way one service a day
will suffice for serving any number of mares, and
the stallion that is used in excess of this cannot
be expected to render a very good account of
himself.

Very often a stallion is made barren caused by
overwork in the stud. If your neighbor who owns
a stallion uses a Pregnator as artificial assistance
in breeding, and you continue in the old-time hit-
or-miss method without artificial assistance, your
neighbor will be chuckling behind your back to see
you breeding mares two or three times each dur-
ing the season. While he will be getting nearly
every mare in foal the first time they are bred to
his stallion, and your neighbor’s stallion will go
through the season full of vim and vigor and with
a large per cent. of foals, while your stallion will
go through the season hard run, low in vitality
and with a smaller per cent of foals and colts of
a weaker constitution. This should be well worth
your consideration. There are hundreds of gertns
imagine, service of a stallion; one fertile germ 1s
enough to impregnate a mare, and by keeping the
Semien at the same temperature it can be taken 1f
desired hundreds of miles and then injected into
the womb of another mare, and if she is in the
proper condition she will become safe in foal.

112 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

For a Pregnator to transfer the semen from one
mare to the womb of another mare, there never
was a Pregnator made that can equal the, ©
Improved Reliable Pregnator. It has valuable and
necessary improvements that no other Pregnator
ever had. . 3

These Pregnators are made somewhat like a
syringe. At the pointed end is a dilator than can
be removed for’ cleaning after, use) Tie ailacor
tapers to a point, perfectly smooth, so it will not
irritate the tender parts while being inserted into
the womb. The pointed end is to open the womb

No. 6

The O. C. Improved Reliable Pregnator in
Operation —

and guide the pregnator into place. The dilator
has no hole at the small end, as that might be in-
jurious to the womb while being inserted. These
Pregnators have six holes in the sides of the dilator,
while other makes have only one hole, and that is
at the small pointed end. The reliable having six

THE HORSE. AS A PRODUCER. 113

holes gives it six times the capacity for gathering
the semen into the pregnator over and above any
other make now in use. After the pregnator has
Meeapuascried into’ the vulva, the: semén is many
times more apt to lie at the sides of the pregnator
eee tae end: Therefore, these Pregnators can
draw the semen from all sides, while others can
only draw from the point. With the capacity that
they have for gathering the semen makes it of
more value to breeders than any Syringe Preg-
nator made.

BREEDING BAGS

HE Breeding Bag if properly handled is a

+ convenient thing to use, but there are things

in connection with its use that should be
considered.

A breeding Bag is all right if used all right, and
if not you will soon have a cross stallion and then
there will be trouble.

The O. C. Improved Reliable Pregnator can be -
inserted into the vagina and take the semen from
there without the use of a breeding bag.

The O. C. Improved Reliable Pregnator can be

used on cows with just as good results as on
mares.

114 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

Do Not Send Your Cow to the Butcher

thinking that she is barren, but give these Pregna-_
tors a trial, and you will feel that you have geen
paid a hundred-fold when she drops a fine, well-
developed calf in due time. -1 kindly) “asmeau
breeders to give this. matter their most carne
consideration, and should you order an instrument
from me you may have the benefit Of (my expe.
rience for the asking. I am ready to give you all
the information you desire in regard to the use of
the Pregnator, and about the breeding organs of
the so-called barren mares and cows.

Price’ of O. C. Improved Reliable Presuator
$5.00. Send 25 cents more for postage 1f ordered
sent by Parcel Post, otherwise it will) be semigiay
express.

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. 115

THE O. C. HUMAN PREGNATOR

For Barren Women

Patented Nov. 7, 1911, by O. Crittenden

O assist nature in the human family that all
1 so-called barren women may help to multi-

ply and replenish the earth with the sons and
daughters of every succeeding generation, that
each may share in that great blessing given in the
laws of nature “A Mother.” Mankind ever lifts
the hat and bends the knee to the mother and her
new-born babe more than to kings and queens.

Our instrument is to assist nature by opening
the womb and inducting the semen to the natural
point of conception where it comes in contact with
the egg of the female causing her to become preg-
nant. No woman that ts considered’ “barren”
ean become (a. mother: without using the’ QO; C.
Human Pregnator as artificial assistance.

We find a great many married couples have thus
far during their married life been unfortunate and
disappointed and have longed for something to
assist them that they might become the parents of
a lawful heir. Neither the husband or wife that
never experienced nature’s greatest charm (a new-
born babe) can realize that happiness as does the

116 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

father and mother with a new-born babe under
their watchful eye. We have now placed within
the reach of all such assistance as the O. C. Hu-
man Pregnator, an instrument that can be relied
upon, and I earnestly recommend that you submit
this to your family physician for his opinion.

This instrument is made of special material, fine
hard rubber and full nickel silvered brass, being
entirely antiseptic and each one carefully inspected.
They can be easily used and will be sent with full
directions in plain unmarked package upon receipt
of price, $8.00.

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. 117

ABORTION IN MARES AND COWS

A Life Preserver

MONG the many articles and books written

on the subject of Abortion, now so prevalent

among both mares and cows, we find there

is a vast difference of opinion as to the causes of

abortion. During my many years of experience as

a breeder, sparing no pains to so study this most

annoying and unprofitable trouble, has been the
means of opening the gates to success.

Nearly every breeder all over the land has ex-

perienced a financial loss of more or less trom the

effects of abortion. Breeders who have had this to
contend with know full well what it means... It
means that if mares and cows cannot be kept from
aborting, they must be sold (at a loss), as a breeder,
and others put in their places.

Oftentimes a mare will abort and be classed as

118 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

barren, for the very reason that the owner of such
mare is not aware of her aborting. The womb be-
ing in a weak condition at. time of service she
aborts within a few days undetected by the owner.

Conditions of Mares

There is one very distressing condition that
arises to both the owner of the mare and the owner
of the stallion in the matter of aborting mares, they
fail to realize that so many cases of aborunn occur
within only a few days after service.

Abortion prevails in all parts of this country,

Cut No. 3 Shows a Large Open Womb

No. 3

and in some breeding districts it has made horse
breeding very unprofitable. If breeders and stal-
lion owners would educate themselves in this mat-
ter of abortion they would overcome a wonderful
per cent of this trouble.

Class. No. 1. A’ great. .many mares agdecoge
carry their offspring for months and then abort

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. 1h

through some unknown cause, very often on ac-
count of weakness of the womb.

When a mare or cow has aborted once she is
pretty apt to abort again and at about the saine
period of pregnation, possibly through sympathy
from the same affliction of the year before. This.
can be remedied by beginning to treat her with the
OQ. C. Abortion Remedy, about one month hefore
that period that she had aborted other vears, and
by carrying her over that period she will then carry
ie foal ‘the full time.

To expend a few dollars for a remedy that can
be relied upon is much better and cheaper than to
discard a valuable mare or cow far below her real
value as a breeder.

It is claimed the loss in Nebraska alone, result-
ing from mares that do not produce, amounts to
$25,000,000 every year, and in all of the United
States the loss from this source will reach $250,990,-
00G every year. An average of less than 23 foals
produced by every stallion owned in this country.

Class No. 2. During my long experience with
barren mares I have found about 60 per cent. of
them to be mares with large open wombs at time
of service. These mares get in foal- very readily
when bred, but their wombs being in a weak
condition they have not strength and _ vitality
pace to close and retain the servite,,’ conse-
quently they abort within a few days after being
bred and as a matter of course the owner not be-
ing wise as to what has happened naturally keeps
on breeding her time after time and finaily calls
ker barren. There are many thousands of mares

120 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

of this class being bred every year, and of course
they fail to produce, thus causing a great financial
loss among breeders. It is all wrong to cast these
mares off as barren, when they would produce if
they were treated for the cause; of course if yeu
never try to do anything you will never accomplish
anything. If you would buy a grain farm and did
not till the soil, you. could not expect any financial
profits. If you will examine a few mares that are
considered barren you will find their wombs to he
either too closed or too open, which is a proof
for their barrenness. I have had mares of my own
where their wombs were so open that I could easily
insert nearly the whole hand. These same mares
I treated at that time with the O. C. Abortion
Remedy and they produced colts from that service
the same as any mare. Some amateur breeders
might ask how they are to know if the womb is —
in a weak condition or otherwise. For the benefit
of such breeders J will describe the difference in
which they may be found.

Points of Interest

When a mare’s womb is in a normal condition
you can just cleverly insert one finger. Such
mares should be bred in the ordinary way and with-
out any artificial assistance.

When a mare’s womb is too closed it is hard
and rigid and you can scarcely insert one finger
and sometimes not that. Such mares will not get
in foal unless you use a Pregnator as artificial
assistance.

When a mare’s womb is too open it is in a weak

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. 121

condition, open and flabby, and you can insert from
two to four fingers or more. Such a womb has no
vitality nor strength to close and retain the service.
To put life and vitality into this class of wombs
medicine must be administered to the mare internally:
just as you would take medicine internally for the
iter or kidneys, etc. The O. C..Abortion Remedy
is given in the feed; it works on the womb, giving
it strength and vitality. Wuth this class of mares
the treatment should begin as soon as they are
bred, or even better if a week before, if the womb
is too open you can rest assured that such mares
will not carry the service many days unless you
proceed. at once to treat her with the O-. C. Abor-
tion Remedy. Exercise a little judgment, and, if
you will do your part as a breeder, she will do her
fage eine Mer a Cliatice, treat her for her: mistor-
tune and she will soon prove to you that she is a
valuable brood mare, therefore do not be in a hurry
to discard a mare because she does not breed.

Price $2.60 per bottle. “25 cents extra if ordered
sent by Parcel Post, otherwise it will be sent by
express.

122 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

THE O. C. DOUBLE ACTION STALLION
CONTROLLER

HE above cut shows a large and vicious draft
stallion under perfect control with the O. C.
Stallion Controller.

In my own experience of many years handling
stallions, and particularly those of the more vicious
nature J have realized how dangerous it often be-
comes. Too many times the keeper’s life is in the
gravest danger. Sometimes while in service a

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. 123:

stallion becomes vicious and very wicked, while he
may be very docile and gentle generally. Many a
time after | had secured a vicious horse in his stall,
I would realize how nearly I had come to serious
accident or even death. Quite naturally I tried
nearly every Controller that I could find on the .
market, and yet none of them seemed to fill the bill.
Then I naturally turned to the task of experimen-
ting for myself. The result was, I soon devised my
present Controller, which I at once named “ The
ee, Double’ Action Stallion Controller.” « -It
proved so successful and so completely perfect and
having so many calls for them from my immediate
friends that I decided to place them on sale. It is
so constructed that it adjusts itself to the behavior
of the horse. The bit is a joint bit with the mouth
pieces made flat so it will not cut the mouth.

There is a strap fastened to one ring of the bit.
and goes over the nose and hooks into the opposite
ring. Also double action twisted chain so con-
structed between the two rings in the bit, that
when the stallion pulls on the lead strap it brings
all forces into action. It grips hold of his under
jaw, tightens the strap over the nose so he cannot
squeal enough to arouse the whole neighborhood.
It forces the joint of the bit into the roof of his
mouth. When all these forces comes into action
it is more than he is able to endure, he is then
completely subdued.

Under Perfect Control
With the OC. Controller you have absolute con-
trol over any stallion at all times; with it you have

124 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

just as much control over a stallion as a man has
over a bull with a ring in his nose. The peculiar:
action of the Controller forces him to yield to it
at once and makes him recognize you as his master.
No matter how gentle your stallion may be gen-
erally, you often find him naturally quite deter-
mined in breeding season, and when you are least
expecting it, he will often cause you the most
trouble. Every stallion keeper owes a duty to his
own safety in behalf of his family as well as him-
self to provide every precaution against possible
danger.

When a stallion decides to have his own way,
it is almost impossible to control him with any
other method I have ever seen. The O. C. Control-
ler at once comes to the rescue, and he is made to
know at once that YOU ARE MASTER.

The cost of the O. C. Stallion Controller is very
small, as the price has been put low, that it may
compare favorably with prices on all goods listed ©
in this catalogue, and at this low price, every stal-
lion owner should feel it his duty to have a Con-
troller for his own protection and welfare of his
family.

Price $2.25. If ordered sent by Parcel Post 25
cents more, otherwise it will be sent by express.

For want of space, I will only make mention here
of the remainder of goods we have on sale.

The O.'C. Héave. Remedy; ‘per box 2 o-- $2.00
The O. C. Good Samaritan a per
bOte sy Wak ed Sons bee ek soe ee 1.50

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. 125

meee). ©. Worm. Remedy, per box ......... 50
Mite-@, ©. Pile Ointment, which is great, per
ae eta eae a dye aes 50
meee. Acatl-Flealer, per box .........5.' 50
tree ©. stallion Conditioner, per box. ...* 2.00

ORLANDO CRITTENDEN,
Ashland, O.

126

THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

Table Showing Time of Gestation from Any
Date of Service

The following table shows the time a mare is

due to foal after any. date of service.” Yourwsl
find this table to be very convenient.

Date of Date of} Date of Date of| Date of Date of
Breeding Foaling} Breeding Foaling| Breeding Foaling
Jan. 1..... Dec.<6|May «1....:Aprs 3\Sep. 3 fees eee
¥ Ae Seceer stelle te ica 2 EU Spon een Ne Slit er rate 9
a4 Wire eee 1A ie os Diomsau tees Get te 2 A pa 2 i a eras 12
mire ears coe a pe Saye ous MAD Ae ee eee coe e 14) Se eae 15
re elect’ aOR yee ie oe iphone hee) Lea ne ames ten ee LS OS eee 18
46. ASG. Dil ee oral Mach oS Soh eae 20)? BGs Sie ocean
ks ORCI weak hes Qa eo 9 23) “i NORE ee eeenoee 24
Soin te DS Wenger Pa Wea ee aay
ORS de 5 earn oe us Olesen ee «teat ree B1) *4 UO a ee 30
SRS ier eok Pan 2) e284 0. May) 21a ae ee Sep. 2
Sie kee Ae Sa RAMEE Focal kaye metal sen Oct fi eee 5
Feb eracieiacn es cines cS DOC TS, Maen yn cae ay ree ee et Sitter Ai oe 8
‘s Geese ae 2G ide Se GU eee Th Tad, ont 11

a SE At erent Aloe, Gia ee eee 14} OO are ei ee!

ee dees Tne hace mis es Tipit toe 2 ALTO Oe ee 17

ie BRO eras cekrn yee PN sna vali Seat cates PA Pm GS ca 20
pitts, Aes ete se ites GA Seat ys elt A ol: Salas ae

cee eal -A) SE AAT 3 Spat DOs ph eal sete cane 26) Sete oe WG

i hy 2 eh AS Ness tel eee 2 Ui are aes 29) 2 SS salem mere ee 29
Bike ee hc Feb. 3327.33... Junk a ee ee Oct. 2
Wane sck eve suse eevee MOR ARS Ste ( sia eg A RL Al STS Sil Scr see ae 5
oh yy oases ee Ti Jul lik SA tt tae TING Sal pene 8

i ei age de ghrfopeme | TO) tess Gishess staan 1G es GicLion Rese. el

cea ge (DATS mat gp a3 hua Oe eee: 13) s AG ee ee 14

SR Io ates yn Ges gece a OR ee aoe ee AG): eee a iy

ES GE Eg anita ene STON cg ace ae 8s eed LO i ae ee eee 20
a) pel Lege DIAN Sipe I SERS =a ade Pp Ace (2 1 oe L208

et SAE weet ee Deore ik Dle ie crit hee 25. SS ae ae 26

pint 5 hae brske he SE IH ice te oD As ST ye a tne ie a 28) 1S DA ee eee 29
eG EE eae ca ale eae ene Fea Gilera Ota (ei 7/- Now. cb
ING oie ue te it tee as Gh PO ee ate coe AY oO A SAO ee een 4
ee oR Pe Qi Ads aio isis ee t| Deco ma uae ee 7
Patch dane te na ete 3 A Dy ib Anette: IO Ge ana 10

Sos Ne Sure tates 5 ae Sat aetna A Lea ec Oph moni A 13

CU AWA ote peek Rare 5 AS RO ata naar ca MER pena Se AG) cos ee a eee 16

Are etl Geet Stee 21 LA ee ok eee LQ) 2 Eye RES 224 One ancteates 19

eet gO BP he ds 24 ik 22 |. eS nies Ne 2?

St ere ewe tan 2a DOE Ce eee 25) Mice a eee oS

RED ES Free a 30 Deed vie katte as Pha) Bray: aggt fe 28

OS bd a DAS Palevectte OR Os LO ee ea 8 BL) met ee Dec. 1

£6 9G ok... NUS < Gl aU ees 4

THE HORSE AS A PRODUCER. . 127

INDEX

Page
Sent ntits FG ERORSE 2) o2.6 seis ee te 32
Pectin in Mares and Cows 2... 2... eseck cece LAT
Peete tet mapreemation: 225. fi. e lle eee Paes 51
eaevineantirollable Stallion 2.3.03... ewe 22
Pwcnicial mteeding Wevices.a Success .:........ 62
SPEEA LTE TEE CoS RN Ia ear Ac tn Oe ea 114
fe tteneraple 1 your Confession ...0.5..03 2... 6. 53
Boteyin= the Semen 50 Miles is... 00.200. 0 See 59
Merecooeonlare alter Service «=. 2. 62 foto kes eee cele ces 49
Mermtrrollimde Sexe el. gat Cen pad ee Se 99
Beperot tie Olt aiter Foaling 2.22 5.4.5 he ee 74
ipa meiesiters 5 oo Pe Ae. 56
Beotiew ai 4itne ot Breedin® 22.25.56 3h. ese: 34
acer tre rood Mare... ea oe oe St ke 34.
Maemlicerma service Pees 62.05.8020 cb eee oe ee be 23
Moenmditionine the, Stallion. .2.0...8. 02.63 Ne ce ee 25
Peamerererbe Lie’ SPaliGn! 62 Woe tek ode cele 1%
2 EET Sp Ee aS pik ail iar a pean Seal stagt aegis lee 29
PELL LE CES a een cee gen meen hue ma ea ee Seren 91
Mevisiitom Old Mares ¢.i...5.052 pte erento re 69
Meron NGI AV OPS. oj. 36 Bk Oe oe ia i ok ae 84
manent teiiees FE aid Tor: ELOrses 9 2 oe 98
mre Pirst lesson ii Serving Marfes’...2..22.0 2: 10

Pemnpletonian 10,:in the Stud ~. 220.2. 23.025 e722 19
Hambletonian 10, as a Colt
Kindness to the Horse

128 THE BREEDER AND HIS HORSE.

INDEX—Continued

Page
Manner in Breeding... 00... . 63. 2 35
Mail-Order: Breeding. 2.7 034 2 59
Nature’s Complete Service ..<....2. 3 ee ee 66
©:-C: Safety -Pregnator:.s 3 eae 102
©. C..Improved Reliable Preenator® Ayo eee 110
©: ©, Pregnator, Extractor’. 52.4) 108
@:..Ce Human “Pregnator...) 2... eee 115
Points. of: Interest’... 0.002.022 4 2 120
Proper Feeding Important. ........22. 97 Aq
Raising Colts for Profit. .....50.0. 243 vue
Raising. an Orphan’ Foal’ ..0.. 2). eee 88
Self-Abtise of Stallions jv: . 0... (ee 32
To” Know. HOW... oa sc ee eee PME
Service for Stallions ....5..:0... ee 20
Should Possess Quality’... ..: 2... hee . 28 ¢G
Stallion ‘Controller -...... 0.00... She 112
Tablé:.of ‘Gestation .....2. 0.000 ar 126 §
Two Glasses. of Barren Mares 12.2.9 eee 64 |
Twin Foals,.One Mule, One Horse 2.3 oe
The. Horse’s: Prayer... 3.2.4.) 2 84 ff
Transmitting -Quality..0........ 6 See ee a7 &
The Case of Maud S, Breeding Organs Deformed 43
The’ Effect After Producing Mules =. 27733 32a Yo i
To All’Stallion: and Jack Owners 433i eee 55 &
Train, the Foaloovy. .ic..o.. ere 79 §
Using: the Stallion to ‘Excess... 0,2 eee 18 §
Unwise Driving: Spoil: Horses. {7.2 96 |
When: to Breed. Mares: 2.00). 5.c15-). ee 47 &
Weaning: the Foals oxi pes vs ie ee 86
Watering the Horse ....00..0.). 222 oe ee 94
Working ithe Stallion: :.%.... 40: 222 ee 12

+ nf -
pas =e

7

ee