UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
AT LOS ANGELES

x-v

SUGGESTIONS

RECEIVED BY THE

agricultural & horticultural

OF

INDIA

FOR EXTENDING THE

CULTIVATION AND INTRODUCTION

USEFUL AND ORNAMENTAL PLANTS,

WITH A VIEW TO

THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE AGRICULTURAL AND
COMMERCIAL RESOURCES OF INDIA.

c o M r 1 1. r. D H Y
HENRY IIARPUR SPRY, M.D., F.R.S., P.G.S.

Secretary Agricultural ami Horticultural Society of India.

in iu,isi!i:i> iiv ArnioiiiTv ov COVEIINMUNT

CALCUTTA ;
15 I S H 0 P ' S COIL E (1 E P R E S S.

MDttCXLI.

INTRODUCTION.

IN the course of the year 1838 it occurred

55 to the Right Honorable the Governor General

JJ to address the home authorities on the subject

g of the advantage likely to accrue to the British

Indian Empire by undertaking, at the expence

of the state, experiments on an extensive scale

for naturalizing in India useful and desirable

plants indigenous to other countries.

The Honorable the Court of Directors of
the East India Company in its reply, under
date the 13th of February 1839, expressed its
full concurrence in the suggestion, and intima-
ted that a resolution had been passed, gradually
to furnish means for carrying the recommenda-
JSsion into effect.

v

IV

A copy of the despatch containing the senti-
ments of the Court, the Right Honorable the
Governor General in Council was pleased to
have forwarded to the Agricultural and Horti-
cultural Society of India.

On its receipt the Society voluntarily came
forward with an offer to aid, as far as in it laid
the power, the purposes of the Government in
an enterprise so much in accordance with its
own usages and wishes, and for this purpose
a Committee from among the members of the
Society was formed for the purpose of suggest-
ing such plants and trees as might be desirable
for introduction into India, or that could be
supplied to other countries.

In order to carry out these intentions the
Committee addressed a great number of per-
sons, and invited assistance in the form of
suggestions from all quarters.

This was the second time the Society had put

forth circulars inviting information from among
the body of the English community in India ;
for in the year 1837 a list of queries, to the
number of thirty-four having reference to the
general agricultural features and capabilities
of the various provinces under the Bengal and
Agra Governments was distributed over the
country.

On the second occasion, however, the disse-
mination of the circular was extended to the
Madras and Bombay Presidencies.

The Committee after a time had the grati-
fication of receiving some valuable returns, es-
pecially at the hands of the Bombay Govern-
ment, and the announcement of the circum-
stance was made to the Society in a final report,
which was submitted at the General Meeting; in

o

July 1840.

The recommendations which the Committee
brought up were approved of by the Society,

VI

and it was resolved, in consequence of the subse-
quent receipt from the Supreme Government of
a copy of a despatch from the Honorable Court
of Directors, dated July 24, 1839, in which
it is said — " we purpose from time to time to
print and publish such information as may come
before us calculated either to extend the know-
ledge of the productions of India, to increase
their amount, improve their quality, or give
stimulus to the demand for them ; and we de-
sire that you will cause similar measures to be
taken for effecting the same objects throughout
India," to transmit the Report to Government
with the several communications which had
been received in reply to both the circulars, in
order that the Government might see the real
nature of the documents which the Society had
chosen to recommend to favourable considera-
tion, and if it thought proper, incur the expense
of preparation and publication by the Society.

The Right Honorable the Governor General
in Council was pleased in reply to express his

Vll

" thanks to the Society for the communi-
cation of the papers, which though they em-
braced a less wide range than might be desired,
were deemed most valuable, and in some in-
stances did very great credit to their writers,
from the well directed zeal and spirit of obser-
vation which they displayed."

His Lordship in Council therefore intimated
that he " readily sanctioned the expense which
would be necessary for the publication of such
portions of them as the Society might deem
useful."

Under these auspices the papers now given
to the public make their appearance. As a first
attempt to bring together a few of the many
wants of India, it is thought that they may
not prove uninteresting, although it must
be avowed that the results are extremely im-
perfect. Nevertheless the information received
is, in many respects, valuable, and it is hoped
that the publicity now given to them may

Vlll

lead to further and yet more important re-
searches.

Of the objects which suggest themselves,
after their perusal, as worthy of being well
worked out, — the interchange of plants be-
tween Bombay and Calcutta — the growth, price,
and manufacture of the Sanseviera — the pre-
servation and stocking of fodder for the dry
season, and particularly the application of the
refuse leaves of the sugar cane to this purpose,
may be mentioned as appearing to invite no-
tice, and to this the attention of the Society
will be early directed.

THE COMPILER.

Pa ye.
Introduction, ... ... ... i to ix

Letter from Dr. Browne, Private Secretary to the
Honorable Governor of Bombay, to Dr. Spry, Secre-
tary of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society

of India, ... ... ... ... ... 1

Letter from Mr. Nimmo, at Bombay, to Dr. Browne,... 2
Letter from Ditto, to Dr. Spry, ... ... ... ... 7

Letter from Dr. Gibson, Superintendent of Botanic
Garden at Dapooree, to Dr. Spry, ... ... 30

Letter from Dr. Burn at Kaira, to Dr. Browne, ... 38

Letter from Dr. Gibson, Superintendent of Botanic
Garden at Dapooree, to Dr. Browne, ... ... 5G

Letter from Dr. Elliott in Khandcish, to Dr. Browne, 177

Letter from Mr. Henry Cope, late Secretary of the
Meerut Horticultural Society, to Dr. Spry, ... ... G9

Letter from late A. Ronald, Esq. Planter at Dunbaree,
in Goruckpore District, to late John Bell, Esq. former
Secretary of the Agricultural and Horticultural So-
ciety of India, ... ... ... ... ... ... 84

Letter from R. Montgomery, Esq., Magistrate at Azim-
ghur, to John Bell, Esq., ...... ... 92

Central Jnfcia.

Letter from Major Ouseley, Political Officer in charge
of Hoshungabad District, to John Bell, Esq., ... 102

Letter from R. H. Mathews, Esq. Indigo Planter, at
Dearie via Shergotty, to John Bell, Esq., ... ... 113

Letter from Mr. Dearman, late Deputy Collector at
Dacca, to Dr. Spry, ... ...... 127

Letter from Mr. Robert Ince, late Secretary to the
Barrisaul Agricultural and Horticultural Branch So-
ciety, to Dr. Spry, ... ... ... ... ... 137

Letter from Andrew Mills, Esq. Commissioner at Cut-
tack, to Dr. Spry, ... 145

Letter from H. Walters, Esq. Commissioner of Revenue,
to John Bell, Esq., ......... ... 149

Letter from Mr. Williamson, Missionary at Beerbhoom, loO

Jntria

Bushby, Mr. letter of, ...... . . . ] GO

Iloyle, Professor, letter of to Mr. Melville, on the intro-
duction into India of useful and ornamental Plants
and Seeds of Europe and North America, ... 101

SUGGESTIONS

FOR EXTENDING THE

«Sl0efttl aim (Ornamental Uoum> of Jtttita,

IN CONNECTION WITH THE

IMPROVEMENT OF THE AGRICULTURAL AND COMMER-
CIAL RESOURCES OF THE COUNTRY.

From DR. BROWNE, Private Secretary to the Honorable
the Governor of Bombay , to DR. SPRY, Secretary to the
Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India.

MY DEAR SIR,

Bombay, Government House, llth March, 1840.

The accompanying are replies to some of your
queries submitted in your circular of the 25th Octo-
ber last. If, imperfect as they are, they be of any
use, Sir James Carnac will be happy.

Yours in much haste, very faithfully,

R. BROWNE, M. D. P. s.
B

2 USEFUL BOTANY OF INDIA.

From MR. NIMMO, to DR. BROWNE, Private Secretary to
the Honorable the Governor of Bombay, dated 23rd of
December, 1839.

I have now the pleasure to acknowledge the re-
ceipt of your note, dated 25th ultimo, and of its
enclosure, on a subject to which I fear I shall not be
able to do justice, though I have long felt an in-
tense interest in it ; but as I believe the Agri. and
Horticultural Society of India is in good earnest,
and as the subject has now attracted the attention
of the higher authorities in England, I hope some-
thing may be accomplished towards ensuring the
great and ultimate object contemplated by the Ho-
norable the Court of Directors, especially if sup-
ported by the recommendation of our present illus-
trious Governor.

I beg to send the accompanying list of such useful
trees and plants as I consider appropriate to our soil
and climate, with a few exceptions experimentally,
and as these lists must speak for themselves, I have
but a few remarks to submit, which I shall do in
my own plain and simple way, the subject requiring
no laboured report, and being one that must be tried
before we can confidently pronounce on any success

DIFFICULTY OF SELECTION.

attending it, for it is difficult, in many instances
with regard to " Exotics," to affirm a priori, what
may thrive in our neighbourhood, since a great
many from New Holland, are known to resist our
temperature, and prosper in spite of isothermal
doctrines. Generally speaking, all the vegetable
productions of the equatorial zone, (tropics), not
growing above the altitude of 5000 feet, may be
expected to succeed here, and of this description
chiefly are those comprised in the lists.

Having these materials in our possession, it would
not be difficult to elaborate them ; that is, to pre-
serve, propagate, and convert them to use to the best
possible advantage, so as to make them produce the
most valuable exports, articles of home consumption
and manufacture, and thus give a new life to the
industry and commerce of this country ; and though
little is known of some of them, both medicinal and
those used in the arts, yet a most ample field is
presented to us in India to unfold the extent of
their power and utility.

To ensure success, I beg to submit the necessity
of making the introduction of useful plants here
the subject of an experiment, to be conducted on a
magnificent scale, equal to the vast importance of

SUITABLE LOCALITIES.

the result to be expected, else ages must roll on,
before any benefit could possibly be reaped.

Suitable localities might no doubt be found for a
nursery, and for plantations of the most useful pro-
ductions of other countries in the territories under
this Presidency, and I beg to point out particularly
for this purpose, the neglected Island of Salsette,
the tract along the Ghauts between Dhurrumpore
and the Taptee, as being well adapted for the cul-
tivation of timber trees; the valley of Candeish
for fruit trees, exotic ; the banks of the Nerbuddah,
the Vindhyan range, and the country between
Ahmedabad and Ahmednuggur, northward for tim-
bers, fruit trees, and medicinal plants, from the
temperate parts of the globe. It is scarcely ne-
cessary for me to observe, that the choice of the site
of the present Botanic Garden in the Deccan is
by no means eligible, as even the very grass seems
to be reluctant to grow on the arid plains of the
Ghauts.

In a report from the Superintendent at the Bo-
tanic establishment at Dapooree, which has casually
fallen into my hands, I observe, he has declared
himself incompetent to give an opinion on the mo-
mentous question of forming Teak and other tim-

INDIAN TIMBERS.

her plantations. I regret the circumstance the more,
as having had a tendency perhaps to induce the
Government to abandon all attempts of the kind ;
and though he particularly recommends the exten-
sion of a common tree 'here, the Babool, termed by
him " a most valuable one and our natural timber,"
yet there are others of equally spontaneous growth,
and far superior qualities, namely the Chuckrassia
tabularis, a new species lately discovered in the
Concan,* and the Cedrela Toona, all which would
seem to have remained hitherto unknown (singular
enough) ; added to the Chloroxylon Swietenia, Ca-
lophyllum Inophyllum, and Shorea robusta, which
might be made the object of extensive cultivation
in our vicinity ; while the expediency of forming
a teak plantation in the S. Concan merits the at-
tention of the Government — where the combined
effects of heat and moisture are more calculated to
develope the gigantic dimensions of that prince of
our timber forests.

I regret we have nothing to give in return for
what we may expect from Bengal, except the Caly-
saccion longifolium, used as a dye-stuff — so poor is

* This tree was discovered by Mr. Nimmo himself on the Toongcr
Hills, Dec. 1838. It is now called C. Nimmonii by Dr. Wight.— II. H. S.

(> PROGRESS MADE IN THE PURSUIT.

the nature of our vegetation here ; but should there
be any other in a list published recently for the
Agricultural and Horticultural Society of Western
India — a copy of which should be forwarded to
Calcutta — we shall be happy to furnish them.*

If the principle of reciprocity be strictly adhered
to, we may perhaps not be able to calculate upon re-
ceiving any very splendid supply from that quarter.
In the ornamental department, 1 have included all
such plants and trees as may add to the picturesque
beauties of our landscape scenery.

In concluding, I may mention, that I feel gratifi-
ed at the idea of having in some degree anticipated
the Court's wish, by introducing a few useful exotics
here, and flatter myself that I shall soon be able to
add a great many more to the number; but my
efforts as a private individual must at all times be
feeble and limited. Had I possessed the means, I
should not have hesitated a day in fitting out an
expedition expressly for the purpose of enriching

* Two copies of this valuable publication have been received from
the Bombay Society. I understand from Dr. Wallich, that he has sent
a copious list of desiderata, extracted from this work to the Society
and others, and has had several very interesting communications of
seeds, with the promise of many more, as well as of supplies of living
plants.— II. II. S.

GOOD TO BE EXPECTED. <

this part of India with the useful and noble vege-
table productions of other parts of the world, for the
benefit of the countless poor ; for nothing could
make one more happy than to look back, after a
long run, on a life spent in doing good to our
fellow-creatures.

Extract of letter from Mr. NIMMO, at Bombay, to Dr. SPRY,
Secretary to the Agricultural and Horticultural Society
of India, dated Colaba, December 18, 1810.

I had much pleasure in receiving yours of the
25th ultimo, and feel very happy that Lord Auck-
land and the Agricultural Society of India have
duly appreciated our humble efforts to point out a
few of the " agenda," towards improving that most
fruitful source of our wealth in India, namely, the
vegetable kingdom. It is gratifying at the same
time to see the interest taken on your side of India
in this matter, so that nothing but good can come
of it. I could wish, most cordially wish, we here
had possessed but half of your public spirit and
spiritedness.

TIMBER AND GUM TREES.

I am happy you have such able and indefatigable
coadjutors as Drs. Wallich, Falconer, O'Shaughnessy,

and Wight.

Timber — Gums, $c. used in the Arts.

African Teak (genus unknown,) Adelia castani-
carpa, Anona palustris, Anda braziliensis, Amyris
ambrosiana, Araucaria excelsa,Urceola elastica, Aralia
umbellifera, Augia sinensis, Acacia Verek, vera, ni-
lotica, and Seyal, Amyris Kataff and Kafal and Com-
miphora, Aquilaria Agallochum, Acacia juliflora and
arborea, Aloexylon Agallochum, Acacia senegalensis,
Alseodaphne grandis, Amyris hexandra, Acacia
tortuosa and Zamang, Amerimnum Ebenus, Amyris
guianensis and Agallocha, Andersonia Panchmoun,
Aquilaria secundaria, Aloexylon Loureirii, Acacia
cochliocarpa, Aromadendron elegans, Amasonia ar-
borea, Amyris altissima. Altingia excelsa, 200 feet
high, or Lignum Papuanum.

Bursera gummifera, Bucida Buceros, Broussonetia
papyrifera, Bursera paniculata and acuminata, Big-

TIMBER AND GUM TREES.

nonia Chica, ipe — tabacco and ipeuna, Broussonetia
tinctoria, Berrya Amonilla, Baphia nitida, Balsami-
fluas of Java, Barba de Tigre of Humboldt.

Caesalpinia coriaria, braziliensis, crista and echi-
nata, Camellia oleifera, Caoutchouc tree of Africa,
(see Tuckey's Congo, p. 444,) Calamus Draco,
Ceroxylon Andicola, Combretum Giiyaca, Cala-
dium seguinum, Cynanchum albiflorum, Conda-
minea tinctoria, Calambac wood, Carana and chi-
bou gum trees, Cynanchum ovalifolium, Cana-
rium microcarpum, Caryocar amygdaliferum,
tree 240 feet high, Carapa guianensis, Coul-
teria tinctoria, Crudya aromatica, Cremanium
tinctorium, Ceesalpinia oleosperma, Calophyllum
bintangor and angustifolium, Calamus rudentum,
and verus, Amyris balsamifera, Croton thurifer,
Cupressus resinifera, Cavanille sia mocondo, eight
feet in diameter, Croton laccifcr, Calamander wood
of Ceylon, Cratoxylon Hornschuchii, Cordia Ger-
ascanthus, Cedrus Deodara, 30 feet in girth. Cedrela
odorata, Cinnamomum Tamala, albiflorum, eucalyp-
toides, nitidum and Kiamis, Corypha tcctorum and
cerifera.

Dammara australis. Dacrydium taxifolium, Dal-
bergia Sissoo, Drymis chilensis, Duvaua depcndcns

10 TIMBER AND GUM TREES.

and dentata, Diospyros, black wood of Amboyna
and Mauritius, Dipterocarpus turbinatus, costatus,
incanus, and alatus, Dalbergia latifolia, and emar-
ginata, Dalbergia monetaria, Dammara selanica,
Dipterocarpus trinervis, 200 feet high, Dapiche
gum tree, Dipterix ordorata.

Elaeodendron Argan, Erythrina monosperma, Ela?-
cocca vernicia, ElaBococcus verrucosus, Euonymus
tingens, Engelhardtia Roxburghiana, Erythrina
sublobata, Elaphrium excelsum, Echinocarpus Si-
gun, 120 feet high.

Ferula assafcetida, Fagus obliqua, Flindersia aus-
tralis, Fraxinus excelsior.

Gomortega nitida, Galipea resinosa, Gordonia in-
tegrifolia, Gamboge tree.

Hopea decandra superior to teak wood, Heisteria
coccinia, Hevea guianensis, Hibiscus arboreus and
strictus, Humirium balsamiferum, Hedwigia balsa-
mifera, Hopea scaphula, Heudelotia Africana or Se-
negal olibanum.

Icicaracouchini, heptaphylla, Icicariba and Carana,
Icica Tacamahaca, Jatropha elastica, Juniperus elata,
Icica heterophylla, guanensis, and altissima, Jaca-
randa rose-woods.

Khaya Senegalensis.

TIMBER AND GUM TREES. J 1

Litsea sebifera, Luhea paniculata, Laurus Ben-
zoin, Liquidambar sty raciflua, Laurus Parthenoxylon
and lingue, Laurelia aromatica, Lobelia Caoutchouc,
Lastia guidonea. Lucuma Caimito and mammosa,
var. Bully tree.

Morus cucullata* and tinctoria, Myrica cerifera,
Malva crispa, Microlaena spectabilis, Myrica ethio-
pica, Marignia obtusifolia, Mastixia pentandra,
Melanorrhcea usitata, Mimosa elata, Millingtonia
simplicifolia, Mimosa rose- woods of Brazil, Mela-
noxylon Brauna, Maba ebenoxylon, Marsdenia
tinctoria, Maranta dichotoma, Moronabea coccinea, —
Magnolia excelsa? Macrocnemum tinctorium, Myro-
dendron amplexicaule.

Nerium coccineum, Nicterisition lanceolatum.

Oxleya xanthoxyla, Omphalocarpum procerum,
Ocotea cymbarum.

Pinus dammara or .Dammara alba of Rumphius,
Pinus Lambertiana and Douglassii, Prinsepia utilis,
Pistacia Terebinthus and atalantica, Pterocarpus
dalbergioides, Phormititn tenax, Pterocarpus erina-
cea, Physocalymna floribunda, — rose-wood, Pinus
sylvestris, Pterocarpus gummifer, Pistacia oleoso,
Poivrea alternifolia, Phaleria robusta, Paraguatan

* For feeding; silk-\vorms.

12 TIMBER AND GUM TREES.

wood tree of Guiana, Pinus longifolia, Deodara and
Santalinus, Pistacia lentiscus, Parivoa grandiflora,
Psidium montanum 100 feet high, Platanus occi-
dentalis 16 feet in diameter, Pine trees of Ava.

Quercus robur ? semicarpifolia, lancefolia, muri-
cata, glomerata, depressa, tinctoria and Suber.

Rhus vernicifera, aromatica, vernix, caustica, co-
pallina, and coriarea, Rhus molle and glabrum, Ro-
binia pseudo-acacia, Rottlera tetracocca.

Swietenia Mahogoni, Siphonia elastica, Sterculia
Tragacantha, Stagmaria verniciflua, Schinus Molle,
Senacia undulata, Stalagmites cambogioides, Shorea
robusta, Laurus, volatile oil of Guiana and Oronoko,
Symplocos racemosa, Shorea Tumbugaia and Talura,
Siphonia brasiliensis, Swartzia myrtifolia, Swartzia
tomentosa, Strigilia oblonga, Swietenia senegalensis
and chickrassia, and trilocularis, Sideroxylon niti-
dum and mastichodendron, Sickingia erythroxylon.

Terminalia vernix and latifolia, Tacamahac gum
tree. Tectona Hamiltoniana, Terminalia citrina,
Tetranthera nitida, and sebifera, Thuja articulata,
Terminalia alata, and argentea.

Urceola elastica, Ule tree or Castilla elastica,
Uncaria gambir, Urtica tenacissima, Unona aroma-
tica.

TIMBER AND GUM TREES. 13

Virola sebifera, Vateria Indica, Vatica laccifera,
Vahea gummifera.

Curucay resin tree of Humboldt, 130 feet
high.

The yellow, red, and iron wood, and Ebony of
Bowdich.

The Olamboo, or Caoutchouc tree of Bowdich.

The Odjoo, or torch-wood tree of Bowdich.

Araucaria Brasiliensis. The Acassie indigo plant,
and the Neoondoo tree of Bowdich. The wild Ce-
dar and Mahogany, the Coloquintida, or bitter apple
tree, the Cotamma tree, bearing aromatic and fra-
grant pods, the tree producing an odoriferous resin
resembling Camphor or Benjamin, the Gum sanda-
rach tree, the red and yellow dye woods, and the
Erasma tree of Dupuis.

The balsam and B'dellium tree, the Cedar and
Match trees of Salt. The yellow dye wood waver
of Pearce. The Ganvar, the AVanzatra gum, the
Soap-nut trees, the Zanen, or red dye wood, and
the ink trees of Pearce. Panax chrysophyllum 100
feet high. Guarea grandifolia. Dhanasaree wood.
Larix Cedar of Lebanon. Mora excelsa, 20 feet
girth. Juniperus Barbadensis and Bermudiana.
Santalum Freycinetianum, Penmema canescens.

14 TIMBER AND GUM TREES.

Petrocarya excelsa. The Coggar wood of Col.
Todd. Wormia excelsa, Pinus resinosa. Dacrydium
excelsum. Acacia Melanoxylon. Taxodium of
Douglas, 300 feet high. Eucalyptus resinifera. Me-
trosideros robusta. Phyllocladus trichomanoides.
Myrsine Rapanea. Prunus salicifolia. Vitex lit-
oralis. Podocarpus totarra. Icica Carana and Ma-
ni and cuspidata, Myrtus longifolia 100 feet.

Javicou, white Varnish tree of Humboldt. Lauras
nitida, Kiamis, and Javitensis. The Curvana, or
white Caoutchouc tree of Humboldt. Bagassa guia-
nensis, Hedera umbellifera. Bignonia tulipifera and
gigantea.

Pterocarpus santalinus. Cordia macrophylla. Re-
sina Carneola of Rumphius, Ebenus alba, Metro-
sideros moluccana, Dabanus, Sicchius, Lignum Leve,
Decadia aluminosa, Lignum momentaneum and
moschatum, Panax pinnatum, Arbor nigra ebenum,
Metrosideros amboinensis, Canarium Zephyrinum,
silvestre, alterum, odoriferum and hirsuta, Damara
nigra, celebica and ligitima, Nanarium minimum or
oleosum, Canarium decumana, Lacca lignum, Caju
Gora Aruani.

Melaleuca leucadendron, Ocotea lineata and
Javitensis. Anacardium occidentale. Sebastiao de

FODDER GRASSES AND FRUITS. 15

Aruda, Coracaodo Negro, Jacaranda-tun, an excel-
lent kind of mahogany, Masaranduva, Cabiuna,
Perova, Parauna, jequetiva Cedro, mentioned by
Spix. Hopea Wightiana, Pterocarpus Wallichii,
Vateria Roxburghians, Vatica laccifera.

Fodder Grasses, §c.

Panicum Jumentorum,* Spectabile and other fod-
der grasses of Brazil, Grevvia didyma, Poterium spi-
nosum, Paspalum stoloniferum and corymbosum,
Bubroma Guazuma, Vilfa dulcis, Trifolium alexan-
drinum, &c. The chiguire, horse grass of Oroonoko.
Spondias tuberosa and Zizyphus Joazeiro of Brazil.

Fruits, Aromalics, and alible Roots or Alimentary Plants.

Agathophyllum aromaticum, Araucaria Dombeyi
and imbricata, Achras mammosa, sapota, and zapo-
tilla, Amomum angustifolium, Arcca olcracca, Ano-
na palustris, sylvatica, senegaleniss, Sufu, Cherimolia,

* This is the Guinea grass, which is very extensively cultivated
throughout Hen gal.— II. II. S.

16 FRUITS AROMATIC AND EDIBLE PLANTS.

Aralia umbellifera, Amomum granaparadisii, Aniso-
phylleia laurina, Acioa guianensis, Acacia esculenta,
Aciotis discolor, Alibertia edulis, Amomum aroma-
ticum, maximum, and Cardamomum, Artocarpus
hirsuta, Chaplasha, and echinata, Alfonsia oleifera,
Arum violaceum, Arracacha esculenta, Annesorrhiza
capensis, Alpinia Cardamomum, Acer saccharinum,
Argania Siderexylon, Ambellania acida, Aleurites
ambinux, Alstromeria salsilla, Akar morai, and other
Malayan fruits.

Bertholletia excelsa, Brosimum Alicastrum, Bla-
kea trinernia, Berberis aristata and nepalensis, Bas-
sia Parkii and butyracea, Brosssea coccinea, Bary-
osma Tongo, or Dipterix odorata.

Cinnamomum aromaticum, Codarium acutifolium,
Chrysophyllum Cainito, Canna edulis, Comocladia in-
tegrifolia, Coccoloba uvifera, Chenopodium Quinoa,
Cocos aculeata, Cecropia peltata, Carica cauliflora,
Chrysobalanus Icaco, Couroupita guianensis, Crocus
sativus, Calyptranthus aromatica, Chrysobalanus lu-
teus, Conohoria Lobolobo, Cream fruit of Sierra
Leone, Convolvulus edulis, Cocos butyracea, Chry-
sobalanus ellipticus, Carpodinus dulcis, Chrysophyl-
lum macrophyllum, and obovatum, Cocos flexuosa,
Camellia drupifera and oleifera, Celastrus edulis,

FRUITS AROMATIC AND EDIBLE PLANTS. 17

Catingha aromatica and moschata, Canarium com-
mune and album, Caryocar nuciferum, Crudia aroma-
tica, Caryocar amygdaliferum, arid butyrosum, Cor-
dyla africana.

Campomanesia lineatifolia, Cnestis monadelpha,
Chrysophyllum acuminatum, Castanea indica, Cin-
namomum nitidum, Cara root of Brazil, Cryptocarya
Eanelilla, Corypha dulcis, Castanospermum australe,
Cerasus occidentalis, Calyptranthes antiseptica,
Capparis spinosa, Chrysophyllum microcarpum and
Michino, and Macaucou, Couma guianensis, Chil-
goza of Cabul, Chiga an Inga.

Durio zibethinus, Dolichos bulbosus and tubero-
sus, Detarium senegalensis, Diospyrus Kaki, Dios-
corea globosa, atropurpurea, and fasciculata, Dios-
pyrus Mabola, Drymis granaensis, var montana.
Ela>agnus dulcis, Elans guineensis, Eulophia vera,
Euterpe edulis, Eugenia Michelii, lineata, and gre-
gii, Eugenia Pimenta, purpurea, cerasoides, and
macrocarpa, EUuocarpus serratus, Erythroxylon Coca,
Eugenia pseudo-psidium, Erioglossum edule, Elais
melanococca, Eriobotrya japonica, Eupliorbia bal-
samifera.

Flacourtia ramontchi, jangomas, and inermis,
Fragaria grandi rl ora .

18 FRUITS AROMATIC AND EDIBLE PLANTS.

Geoffroya superba, Genipa americana, and me-
riana, Gouania domingensis, Grias cauliflora, Gla-
phyria nitida, Gnetum Gnemon, Galactodendron
utile, Garcinia mangostana, Kydia, cornea and pe-
dunculata, Guazuma ulmifolia, Galipea aromatica,
Gomphia Japotapita, Gymnema lactiferum.

Hymensea Courbaril, Hippocratea comosa, Hedy-
carpus malayanus, Habzelia aromatica, Hovenia
dulcis.

Illicium anisatum, Inga fosculifera, and biglobosa,
Ilex paraguensis, Inga sapida, Feuillei and vera,
Jossinia mespiloides, and buxifolia, Inocarpus edulis,
Inga dulcis, Jopoticabeiras of Brazil, Inga chiga of
Humboldt.

Khaya Senegalensis.

Laurus cupularis, and Pucheri, Lecythis ollaria
and zabucajo, Lansium domesticum, Laurus Quixos,
cinnamomoides, dulcis, and calitlaban, Loreya arbo-
rescens, Ludia spinosa, Lardizabala biternata, Lu-
cuma Caimito superior to mammosa, Lucuma Bon-
plandii, Laurus Persea.

Maranta arundinacea and nobilis, Melicocca bi-
juga, Malpighia glabra, and saccharina, Myrtus
Pimenta and acris, Mammea Americana and Afri-
cana, Maclura aurantiaca, Myristicu moschata, offici-

FRUITS AROMATIC AND EDIBLE PLANTS. 19

nalis, and otoba, Mimosa fagifolia, Malaguetta
pepper, Monodora myristica, Myrtus cauliflora, and
pedunculata, Myrica acris, Musanga nuts of the
Gold Coast, Micadenia, or butter tree of Soudan,
Mauritia vinifera, Makkah-nyeye of Timbey near
Delagoabay, Micrococcos palm, Myrcia pimentoides,
and subcordata, Melodinus monogynus, Mespilus.
japonica, Mimusops Kaki, Milnea edulis, Mangifera
oppositifolia, Mespilus Mexicana, Metroxylon vini-
ferum, Mimusops dissecta, and imbricaria, Montabea
Acosta?, Mauritia flexuosa, Myrica sapida.

Noronhia emra-ginata, Nutmeg and Cinnamon,
Brazilian mentioned by Burchell.

Oxalis crenata,Ocymum tuberosum, Ocotea Pichu-
rim, Oncus esculentus.

Parinarium excelsum, montanum, and macrophyl-
lum, Psidium aromaticum, polycarpum, Cattleia-
num, Primus occidentalis, Pentadesma butyracea,
Parinarium campestrc, Parkia africana and uni-
globosa, Paullinia subrotunda. Podocarpus neriifo-
lia, Poa abyssinica, Paropsia edulis, Pavia indica,
Persiea saligna, Pachylobus edulis, Paullinia Cupa-
na, Pierardia dulcis and sapida, Piper anisatuin,
Phaseolus tuberosus, Prosopis liorrida, dulcis, and
Siliquastrum, Psidium guinecnse, Pentacrypta atro-

20 FRUITS AROMATIC AND EDIBLE PLANTS.

purpurea, Prosopis spicigera, Phoenix dactylifera,
Psidium sapidissimum, Prosopis juliflora, Pinus
Gingko, Peach palm of Humboldt.

Quadria heterophylla.

Raputia aromatica. Rhamnus inebrians.

Sarcocephalus esculentus, Spondias lutea, Mombin,
purpurea, Myrobalanus, and dulcis, Sagus vinifera,
Sterculia acuminata and chicha, Schmidelia edulis,
Sapindus esculentus, Sechium edule, Sagus lasvis,
Safu of Africa, Scilla esculenta, Scytalia Rambutan,
Sandoricum indicum, Scopolia aculeata, Sagus Rum-
phii. Saguerus Rumphii, Styloceras Kunthianum,
Seje palm, Sphserocarya edulis.

Trophis americana, Tonsella pyriformis, Tropaso-
lum tuberosum, Theophrasta Jussiaii, Triticum
durum, TabernEemontana, utilis, or Milk tree of
Demerara, Theobroma Cacao, Telfairia pedata,
Taxus nucifera.

Uvaria tripetaloides and aromatica, Unona asthio-
pica, Uvaria grandiflora, Unona undulata.

Vanilla aromatica, Voandezia subterranea, Virola
sebifera.

Witheringia montana, Willughbeia edulis, marta-
banica.

Xylopia sericea, Xanthochymus dulcis.

FRUITS AROMATIC AND EDIBLE PLANTS. 21

Zanthoxylon piperitum, and aromaticum, Zizy-
phus Lotus, Zalacca Rumphii, Xanthophyllum aro-
maticum.

Otaheite gooseberry, Christophine, Jamaica Plum,
Java Plum, Mountain Pear, Sugar Apple, For-
bidden Fruit, Mountain Cabbage, Pois-doux tree.
The Botanical names are not known to me.

The Pitanga, the Grumjama, the Cambuca of
Brazil, Cereus Jamaracu. The Booroomma or En-
toondo, resembling Cardamom in taste, and the Odi-
ca, or African Chocolate tree of Bowdich. The
Butter tree of Ashantee, the Kolla nut, the Inchee-
ma, the Encruma and oxyglycus of Bowdich. Dra-
cena terminalis. Tringo of Pearce, Cocos oleracea.
The Manguaba of Brazil, Ficus Brassica, the
Naras fruit of South Africa, the Oyty fruit of
Brazil, the Cumapana root of Humboldt, Gono-
lobus hispidus, Salix Humboldtiana, Oxalis tu-
berosa, Ilex Paraguayensis, Alphanes Praga, Gregia
aromatica, Thea oleosa, Psidium phylliroides, Ma-
dia Sativa, Alliaria and Arbor Sebi of Rumphius.

Inga bubalina, Acacia graveolens, Pangium, Cor-
tex acris, Boa massy, Funis dentarius, Folium aci-
dum minus, Saragan, Pomum Dnuconum, Condon-
dum malaccense, Atunus, Vidoricum, Mangostanu

22 MEDICINAL.

Celebica, Lignum vinosum, Malum aruanum, Tin-
gulong, Blimbingum silvestre, Cortex oninius or
sindoc of Rumphius, Cortex igneus.

Medicinal.

Abuta rufescens and candicans, Aristolochia ser-
pentaria, fragrantissima, and odoratissima, Anchietea
salutaris, Asclepias asthmatica, Andira inermis, Aro-
madendron elegans, Anda Braziliensis, Aristolochia
ringens, and macroura, and anguicida, Altingia ex-
celsa.*

Bonplandia trifoliata, Borreira ferruginea and
Poaya, Berberis lycium, Bryonia epigcea, Brucea
sumatrana, and antidysenterica, Balsamodendron
opopalsamum, Bursera acuminata, Brayera anthel-
mintica, Gum Bassorah tree, Bignonia antisyphili-
tica, Byrsonima Moureila, Bubon Galbanum.

Colchicum autumnale, Convolvulus Scammonia
and Jalapa, Cassia porturegalis, Copaifera officinalis,
Canella alba, Croton elateria of Vera Cruz, Costus
arabicus, Cratasva gynandra, Cocculus platyphyllus,

* Annals of Botany, vol. ii. p. 1325.

MEDICINAL. 23

cinerescens, and suberosus, Cissampelos ovalifolia,
and Cerasus Capollim, Cassia marylandica, Copaifera
ebracteata, multijuga, Croton Cascarilla, chloranthus
officinalis, Coutaria speciosa.

Cephffilis Ipecacuanha, Cornus florida, Coutoubea
alba, Condaminea corymbosa, Cinchona lanceolata,
lancifolia, oblongifolia, and cordifolia, Cassia occi-
dentalis and falcata, Chimaphila maculata, Chlococca
racemosa, Cocculus Fibruarea, and cripus, Cedrela
febrifuga, Cinchona condaminea, Copaifera Langs-
dorrlii, and coriacea, Chiococca anguifuga, Ceanothus
azureus, Conoria cuspa, Cinchona pubescens, scrobi-
culata and magnifolia, and Condaminea, Casearia
lingua, Curatella Copaiba, Cissampelos Pareira and
glaberrima, Callicocca Ipecacuanha, Casca de Laran-
geira de Terra of Brazil, Cedrela Rosmarinus, Croton
gratissiinum, Cinchona ferruginea and Remijiana,
Crotons (officinal) of Brazil, Cassine Gongonha, Cus-
paria febrifuga, Cinchona glandulifera.

Dorstcnia Contrayerva and braziliensis, Davilla
rugosa and elliptica, Drymis granatensis, Dryobala-
nops or Shorea camphorifera, Dorema ammoniacurn,
Drymis Winterii, Digitalis purpurea.

Exostemma caribu^iun. Euphorbia Ipecacuanlia,
Evodia febrifuga. Eucalyptus resinifera, Elaphrium

24 MEDICINAL.

Jacquinianum, Echites antidysenterica, Esenbeckia
febrifuga.

Feuillea cordifolia, Fraxinus rotundifolia, Fraxi-
nus Ornus.

Guaiacum officinale and sanctum, Guarea Aubletii
and trichilioides, Galipea officinalis or Angustura
bark, Gillenia trifoliata, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Genios-
toma febrifugum, Gomphrena officinalis.

Hypecoum pendulum, Hasmatoxylon campechi-
anum, Humulus Lupulus, Humirium floribundum,
Hortia Braziliana, Hyoscyamus niger.

Ipomoea Jalapa, lonidium ipecacuanha, Poaya
and Itubu, Isertia coccinia, lonidium Marcucii, Inga
salutaris, Ilex vomitoria, lonidium calceolarium.

Krameria triandra.

Laurus globosa and caustica, Linum catherticum,
Lisianthus pendulus, Laurus Sassafras and glandu-
lifera, Laurus Camphorifera, and the Laurus of
Oronoco and Guiana, mentioned by Burchell, Lirio-
dendron tulipifera.

Melambo bark, Mikania guaco, Menispermum
palmatum, Mimosa fagifolia, Manettia cordifolia,
Mikania opifera and officinalis, Monnina polys-
tachya, Myrospermum peruiferum, and toluiferum,
Melaleuca cajaputi, Menispermum fenestratum, ver-

MEDICINAL. 25

rucosum, and hirsutum, Myrrh tree, Myristica offi-
cinalis, Myrtus caryophyllata, Momordica elaterium.

Ocymum febrifugum, Ocotea Pichurim, Piper-
umbellatum, Panax quinquefolium, Pterocarpus
erinaceus, and Draco, Pedilanthus tithymaloides-
Phytolacca decandra, Polygonum hispidum, Piper
Cubeba, Plumeria obtusifolia, Portlandia hexandra,
Psychotria emetica, Polygala Poaya, Plumbago
scandens, Potalia amara, Psychotria calicocca, Pali-
courea officinalis, Pa;deria fcetida, Potalia resini-
fera, Petiveria tetrandra, Polygala Timoutou, Pi-
crophloeus Javanensis, Quassia amara, Simarouba
and excelsa.

Rondeletia febrifuga, Richardsonia rosea, brasi-
liana and scaber, Raiz preta of Brazil, Remijia
ferruginea, Rheum palmatum, Rhus Metopium,
and typhina.

Spigelia anthelmia, Styrax officinalis, Sida lanceo-
lata, Simaruba versicolor, Strychnos pseudo-quina,
Solanum pseudo-quina, Soulamea amara, Scilla
maritima, Styrax Benzoin, Strychnos Ignatii, Smi-
lax officinalis, syphilitica, medica, cumanensis, china,
and macalucha, Shorea camphorifrra, Smilax lan-
ceofolia, Solanum paniculatum.

E

*2G MEDICINAL.

Ticorea febrifuga, Tachia Guianensis, Thalictrum
majus, Tephrosia Senna, Trichosanthes cordata.

Uvaria febrifuga, Viola Ipecacuanha, Vandellia
diffusa, Unona aromatica, and xylopioides.

Xanthoxylum caribaeum, hiemale, and Clava
Herculis, Xylopia sericea.

Paullinia africana, Momordica operculata, Bril-
lantaisia owariensis, The Neoondoo tree of Bow-
dich, the Cusho, Shenna, Turnback, Indukduk,
and Abbachugo roots of Pearce, Amyris Gileaden-
sis.

Brachysanthes and Pseudostemma febrifugal of
Brazil, Croton sanguifluum, Poly podium cras-
sifolium, Laurus regia, Eucalyptus piperita, Ama-
paima, or Caska preciosa. Picrorrhiza Kurrooa,
Chenopodium ambrosoides. Icica indica and Goo-
gul or Bdellium tree, the true Sarsa root of Oro-
noko, &c. Swietenia febrifuga Lasiostoma Curare,
Cerbera Tanghin, Antiaris toxicaria, Lycopodium
catharticum, lonidium parviflorum, Hiarry root of
Demerara, a narcotic, Strychnos Tieute. Croton
tiglium. Echites siphilitica, Lactaria salutaris of
Rumphius, Arbor Toxicaria, or Upas, Malaparius.
Lanius, of Rumphius, Paullinia sorbilis.

ORNAMENTAL. 27

Ornamental.

•

Anthocleista macrophylla, Alfonsia amygdalina,
Attalia amygdalina, Atropa arborescens, Afzelia
Africana, Agave lurida, Aristolochia cordiflora, and
labiosa, Achania Malaviscus, Anda Braziliensis, An-
giopteris evecta, Acrostichum furcatum, Augustea
lanceolata, Amaioua saccifera, Acrocomia sclerocar-
pa, Araucaria excelsa and imbricata, Acrostichum
aureum, Alsodea physiphora, Aromatic grasses of
Brazil, Aristolochia grandiflora, Astrocarya vulgare,
Alpinia magnifica and malaccensis, Amaryllis princi-
pis, aulica, psittacina, solan draflora, and reticulata,
Anneslea fragrans, Acacia niopo, Amherstia nobilis,
Amyris Commiphora, nana, &c. Andersonia rohitu-
ka, Andira excelsa, Acacia Giraffe, Amaryllis vittata.
Acacia esculenta, Amyris toxifera, ambrosiaca, and
anisata, Agathis anthes Javanica, 120 feet high,
Apocynum formosissimum, Aroinadendron elegans,
Apeiba echinata, &c. Amyris data.

Banisteria fulgens, Bromclia lucida, Bignonia pro-
cera, BrunsfeLsia violacea, Betula Bhojpatra, Bougian-
villea braziliensis, Bignonia chrysantha, and venusta,
and Telfairia1, Bilbergia purpurca, and 15arclaya.

28 ORNAMENTAL.

Bauhinia porrecta, Bignonia leucoxylon, Brownea
coccinea, .rosea, and racemosa, Boottia cordata,
Bentinckia Condapanna, Blackburnia monadelpha,
Bauhinia racemosa, Brya ebenus, Broussonetia papy-
rifera, Bignonia echinata, Bombax ceiba.

Canna iridiflora, Cobea scandens, Cordia sebe-
stana, Coutaria speciosa, Cedrela odorata, Combre-
tum grandiflorum, Cassia moschata, Caladium arbo-
rescens. Cleome arborea, rosea, speciosissima and
gigantea, Crataeva Tapia and fragrans, Cuphea mul-
tiflora, Cactus moniliferus, and melocactus, Capparis
odoratissima, Crescentia Cujete, Carolinea princeps,
and insignis, Chorisia speciosa, Cochlospermum in-
signis, Cyathea medullaris, Cecropia peltata, conch o-
carpus macrophyllus, Cereus serpentinus and acker-
mannii, Cerasus sphaerocarpa, Caladium fragrantis-
simum.

Colvillese racemosa, Camellia chinensis, Casearia
ramiflora, Couroupita guianensis, Crinum Brousso-
netii, and erythrophyllum, Calla aromatica, Calan-
the veratrifolia, Crinum plicatum, Conanthera bi-
folia, Cactus cochinilifer, Cyrtopodium punctatum,
Clianthus puniceus, Caesalpiniabijuga, Citharexylum
caudatum, Cocos fusiformis, Carolinea alba, Cappa-
ris Breynia, Chorisia insignis, Columbia serratifolia,

ORNAMENTAL. 29

Cassalpinia pluviosa, Caryophyllus antisepticus, Cac-
tus peruvianus, Cucubrita moschata.

Cremanium theezans, Curcuma Roscoeana, Cas-
tanea malayana and martabanica, Corypha elata and
Taliera, Cerbera fruticosa, Calla aromatica, Chaul-
moogra odorata, Calyptrion all the species, Croton
suavis, Convolvulus superbus, Calochortus macrocar-
pus, Crinum giganteum and Yuccoides, Cassia caryo-
phyllata, Carapa guineesis, Campomanesia lineatifo-
lia, Cocos aculeata, Cheirostemon platanoides, 15 feet
in diameter at trunk, Columbia javanica, Clusia rosea,
and alba, Chrysopia fasciculata, Caryocar amygdali-
ferum, 240 feet high, Cavanillesia mocondo, 8 feet in
diameter, Cyathea speciosa, and excelsa, Chiga, Inga.

Diospyros obtusifolia, Dichorisandra thyrsiflora,
Dioscorea Braziliensis, Dolichos roseus, Dalea citrio-
dora, Duhamelia chrysantha, Delechampia brazili-
ensis, Datura ceratocaulon, Doryanthes excelsa, Do-
dona?a salicifolia, Dalrymplea pomifera, Dalecham-
pia fimbriata, Dracaena Draco.

Epicharis altissima, 140 feet high, Erythrochiton
braziliensis, Engelhardtia Wallichiana, Erythrina
speciosa, crista galli, and picta, Eugenia guyanensis,
Eucalyptus albens, Erythrophleum guincensis, Em-
bothrium speciosissimum, Euphorbia punicea, Eu-

30 ORNAMENTAL.

patorium Dalea, Entada Gigalobium,* Eugenia tri-
flora, inocarpa and balsamica, Evosmia caripensis,
Eugenia lancefolia, Elseocarpus ganitrus, and tu-
berculatus, Erythrina monosperma, Eugenia Miche-
lii, and lineata, Eryngium aromaticum, Erythroxy-
lon areolatum, Erisma floribundum, Esenbeckia
altissima, 120 feet, Elseocarpus macrophyllus, Evodia
hortensis, Eriolithis mirabilis.

Ferdinandusia speciosa, Fredericia speciosa, Fur-
croea gigantea, and tuberosa, Ficus sycamorus, Fran-
ciscea Hopeana, Flindersea amboinensis, Fagraea
fragrans, Ficus macrophylla, Fritillaria barbata,
Fuchsia arborea, Ficus gigantea, nymphagfolia.

Geoffroya superba, Gustavia pterocarpa, Guatteria
ouregou, Guarea trichilioides, Gaura fruticosa, Go-
nolobus diadematus, Gesnera bulbosa, Geoffroya
Inermis, Galinsogea trilobata, Guettarda coccinea,
Geonoma palm, Geoffroya racemosa and violacea,
Geonoma pinnatifrons, Gronovia scan dens, Gonolo-
bus hispidus, Goethia semperflorens, Glaphyra niti-
da, Ginoria Americana, Gardenia campanulata,
Gonohoria lobolobo, Gloxinia speciosa, Gaultheria
odorata, Gynerium sacharoides.

* This powerful Climber is a native of every part of continental In-
dia.—H. H. S.

ORNAMENTAL.

Heliconia psittacorum, and bihai, Haemanthus
multiflorus, Heliocarpus Americana, Hedera aroma-
tica and umbellata, Heteropteris chrysophylla, Hu-
mea elata, Hernandiea ovifera, Hedyosmum hirsu-
tum, Hopea odorata, Hura crepitans.

Inga biglobosa, Jacaranda ovalifolia, Jubnca spec-
tabilis, Ipomcea Krusensternii, Jatropha integerrima,
Isinene Calathina, Ipomcca glandulifera, Inga mel-
lifera, Jackia ornata, Intsia Amboinensis, Jackia
excelsa.

Kielmeyera speciosa, Kunthia montana.

Lobelia splendens and fulgens, Lantana pseudo-
thea, Lecythis ollaria, Limnocharis Humboldtii,
Lodoicea Sechellarum, Lafoensia speciosa, and acu-
minata, Liriodendron grandiflora, Lilium tigrinum,
Lachnostoma tigrinum, Lacepedia insignis, Lantana
violacea, Latania rubra.

IManicaria saccifera, ISIarica northiana, INIirabilis
longirlora, JMyrica Mcxicana, INIauritia fiexuosa,
Mayna Braziliensis, Melastoma tomentosa, Myrtus
splendens, IMaccaubu palm, Myrrhinium atropur-
pureum, Mauritia aculeata, and vinifera, Mctrosi-
deros vera, Maranta Zebrina, Monte/Aima specio-
sissima, Marcgravia umbellata, Mimosa ceratonia,
Melastoma aromatica, Myrtus ugni, Myrianthus

32 ORNAMENTAL.

arborea, Myrica subcordata, Millingtonia simplicifo-
lia, Mangifera macrocarpa, Mucuna urens, Manglie-
tia glauca, Magnolia Coco, Moronobea coccinea, Ma-
prounea braziliensis.

Noraritea guianensis, Nauclea undulata, macro-
phylla, and purpurea, Nepenthes distillatoria.

Ormosia dasycarpa, and coccinea, Oxyanthus
speciosus, Omphale.a triandra, Oreodoxa regia, Oe-
nocarpus Batana, Ornithogalum corymbosum, and
arabicum, Opuntia braziliensis, Ottonia anisatum,
Ochroma Lagopus, Oreocallis grandiflora, Ompha-
locarpum procerum.

Podocarpus macrophylla, Plumeria tricolor, Port-
landia grandiflora, Pergularia sanguinolenta, Pancra-
tium Amancaes, and pediale, Picramnia Antidesma,
Petrea volubilis, Passiflora Murucuja, Parivoa gran-
diflora, Piscidia Erythrina, Phaseolus multiflorus,
Panax aromatica, Parkia Africana, Paullinia Cururu,
Pothos digitata, Piper umbellatum, Palicourea spe-
ciosa, Pistacia oleosa, Petunia viloacea, Prunus
occidentalis, Passiflora kermesina and racemosa,
Pontederia azurea, Piper anisatum and inebrians,
and methysticum, Philagonia procera, Poinciana
regia, Peristeria pendula, Poinsettia pulcherrima,
Pancratium caribaeum, Psidium aromaticum, Po-

ORNAMENTAL. 33

soqueria longiflora, Phytocrene gigantea, Pancra-
tium amboinense, Papyrus odorata, Petiveria alliacea,
Prosopis pallida, Pachyloma coriaceum, Platanus
orientalis, Panax Anisum.

Robinia violacea, Russelia multiflora, Rondeletia
loniceroides, Rhododendron arboreum, hispidum,
and lepidotum, Rhexia Princeps, and grandiflora,
Randia Bowiana, Rhodochiton volubilis, Rhodo-
dendron puniceum, Roydsia suaveolens, Rhino-
carpus excelsa, 140 feet high, Rejoua aurantiaca.

Scoparia dulcis, Solandra grandiflora, Sanseviera
guineensis, Schinus Molle, Schotia speciosa, Securi-
daca volubilis, Sagus vinifera, Sterculia Chicka
Spha^rosacme spectabilis, Stifta chrysantha, Solcna
grandiflora, Spiloma roseum, Scilla esculenta, Sanse-
viera longiflora, Spiranthera odoratissima, Swartzia
grandiflora, and myrtifolia, Sterculia alata, Sciuris
aromatica, Styrax tinifolia, Singana guainensis, Spa-
thodea gigantea.

Trichilia odorata, and moschata, Tillandsia usnc-
oides, Tropaeolum majus, and tuberosum, Tetracera
potatorum, Treveriana coccinea, Tacsonia adulterina,
Theophrasta longifolia, Trichopteris excelsa, Tetra-
cera jamaicensis, Thespesia grandiflora, Terminal ia
proccra, and citrina. Teloj)ea speciosissima, Tibou-

34 ORNAMENTAL.

china aspera, Trixis neriifolia, Tovomita fructipen-
dula, Tripinnaria africana, fruit size of a man's head,
Tanaacium Jaroba.

Uncaria guianensis, and insignis, Gambir and
acida, Unona latifolia.

Vismia guianensis, Violarias of Brazil, shrubby
genera, Vitis caribaea, Victoria regalis.

Wittelsbachia insignis, Wrightia caryotoides.

Xylopia glabra, frutescens, and sericea, Xantho-
phyllum virens, Xylophylla latifolia, Xylocarpus
granatum.

Yucca superba.

Zanthoxylon alatum, piperitum, and emargi-
natum, Zamang mimosa of Humboldt.

The Tulip tree of Bowdich, the Kolquall of Salt,
the Amaryllis of Salt, the Berberrer Fishpoison
tree, and the Lion poison tree, called Merquotsar, of
Pearce, the Darro tree of Abyssinia. The Cactus of
the Gallipagos Islands, 50 feet high, Holboellia lati-
folia, Trewia nudiflora, Bignonia orbiculata, Aubleta
tiburba, Tabernamontana macrocapa, Cornidia in-
tegerrima, Echites coccinea, Pentaloba zeylanica,
Triplarisamericana, Nepenthes RafHesiana, Talauma
braziliana, Rhododendron javanicum, Euryale ferox,
Agave americana, Humboldtia laurifolia.

ORNAMENTAL. 35

Wallichia spectabilis, Wightia gigantea, Gus-
tavia augusta, Chilocarpus suaveolens, Eucalyptus
alba, Melaleuca viridiflora, Laurus chloroxylon,
Leptospermum amboinensis, Sarcolobus globosus,
The Vadgaior Cucurito palm.

Impatiens Walkeri, Ailanthus moluccana, Panax
pinnatum, Fructus musculiformis, Funis murcena-
rum latifolius, Manga foetida, Lansium montanum,
Olus album, Folium acidum majus, Pulassarius, Lig-
num clavarum, Arbor versicolor, Corallaria latifolia.

Aralia umbraculifera, LTvaria odorata, Unona ligu-
laris,Cananga sylvestris, Arbor Violaria,Lingoum and
Lr. saxatile, Gelala, Lactaria salutaris, Pauw, Alyxia
stellata, Arbor nussalavica, Cajti Galedupa, Pharma-
cum Sagueri, Catti marus, Restiaria alba, Hernandia
ovigera, Folium intinctus, Ailanthus moluccana, Ich-
thyochtones montana and Folium urens, of Humph.

Strophanthus hispida, Plumeria pudica, the
Jagua palms of Humboldt, Lanpujum Rumphii,
Trichosanthes heteroclita, Myrtus braziliensis, Astro-
caryum vulgare, Silk palm of Humboldt, Pata-
gonian Tamarind of Dupuis, Stadmannia Siclo-
roxylon, Eugenia Plinii, Gagnebina tamariscina,
Inga spuria, Combretum laxum, Buttress tree, Bra-
sil. Napoleona imperialis.

36 DR. GIBSON ON NEW MEDICAL PRODUCTS.

From DR. GIBSON, Superintendent of the Botanic Garden
at Dapooree, to DR. SPRY, Secretary to the Agricultural
and Horticultural Society of India, dated 1 3th February,
184-1.

I have now the pleasure to return the proof
sheets of my own remarks and those of Dr. Burn. As
Dr. B. is in Europe, Dr. Browne sent two proofs to
me for correction. Since the date of my remarks, the
overland communication has enabled me to do a
good deal in the way of extending the variety of
products.

I have now many Pines (Firs) of different sorts
potted ; one, now three years old, in our ground
grows slowly ; but it is healthy. The medical
stores are now supplied with Extract Hyoscyami
made at this garden, and from January next I am
to have the contract for Senna leaves. The kind pro-
duced is from Tinnivelly seed, and it has been, on
trials made at Bombay, pronounced equal to the
best Arabian Senna.

We have in this district this year about 100
acres of Mauritius Sugar Cane, grown chiefly to
supply the demands of the Sugar manufactory close
by, and partly grown on private account. From

MAi;iUTIl.TK SUGAR CANES HEMLOCK ELATEItl I'M . .'>7

what I see now, I feel convinced that government
rather retarded than advanced the introduction of
this Cane, by allowing it to be grown rent-free.

The ryots, naturally suspicious, deemed the exemp-
tion to arise from secret views on the part of govern-
ment as to the future taxation ; and in this idea they
were the more confirmed, by having the plants given
gratis. Now that they have to pay tax, and also for
plants when wanted, there are not a few purchasers.

I am sorry to say that the wheat altogether
failed.* In fact water had got into the canisters on
their way round. The Dacca Cotton seed which I
received from you I chiefly sent to Mr. Elphinstone,
Collector of Rutenagherry. I saw it growing in
his plantations in November last ; but few seeds
only had come up. I have reserved some to sow
with the first of the rains, and shall let you know
the result.

I have now the Conium f maculatum growing

* Dr. Gibson here alludes to a supply of English wheat, which was
sent to him for trial by the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of
India.— II. II. S.

t Seeds or plants of this and the Momordica Klatcrium would be very
welcome to the Society, as well as to the 11. ('. I>ot. (Jarden at Calcutta.

II. II. S.

38 SPANISH BROOM — PERUVIAN MASTICH TREE — OLIVE.

here ; also two plants of Momordica Elaterium, the
latter from Mediterranean seed; also Spartium,
Schinus Mulli, and some other exotics. The Olive
plants appear to grow well at this elevation, which
is about 1900 above the sea.

It remains to be seen whether the fruit, in case
it be produced, will be of any value.

— ( Continued. )

from DR. BURN at Kaira, in Guzerat, to DR. BROWNE,
Private Secretary to the Honorable the Governor of
Bombay, dated 12th December, 1839.

I have much pleasure in replying to your letter
of the 25th November, and shall willingly afford
all the aid I can for your reply to the queries of
the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of Ben-
gal. It is little that I can do in the way of giving
you any thing new ; I would incline rather to notice
things that are well known, but which can be

o

IMPROVED ; and others, which though known to
exist, are as yet turned to no use.

AGRICULTURE OK GUJERAT. 39

The arrangement or classification pointed out by
the Society, appears to me complex, and I cannot at
present collect my ideas accordingly ; but I will en-
deavour to follow it as closely as possible. To ex-
plain, I have a very great deal to do at present, this
being the season when agricultural pursuits can
be best examined practically, and as I am about to
take advantage of furlough in February, I wish to
wind up as it were all the little affairs connected with
the experiments on silk culture, cotton, &c. which I
have been engaged on during the last three years.

Of esculent grains, Gujerat produces a large
variety. Some grow in a wild and natural state,
others, according to circumstances which proceed
from different sources, require a greater or a less
degree of care under cultivation. Naturally, the
climate and soil are admirably suited for the pro-
duction of esculent grains, for the simple process of
covering in the seed by the bamboo drill, in use
from time immemorial, is all that is requisite to
obtain a tolerable crop.

In some parts to the north of this I am informed
that the soil is never ploughed, and yet it yields
annually crops of wheat ; the seed being sown by
the drill, and then a large bunch of thorns drawn

40 IMPOVERISHING CAUSES.

over the field to smooth it. But were the Ryots
able to plough and manure their lands properly, the
produce, generally speaking, of every field might be
double, and thus one-half the land now cultivated
might be employed for other produce. What can
be expected from wooden ploughs and starved
bullocks, the drivers of which know well that
whatever exertion they may bestow, benefits them
not, further than that any how they obtain a
bellyful. All surplus goes to the Sircar;* or the
Polemical Priesthood — the Brahmins — the scourge
of India, find means by working on their credulity
to deprive them of every rupee which they happen
to save ! !

Rice and bajri, are consumed by the higher or
richer classes, together with four or five kinds of
pulse. Of inferior grains a great number exist, but
none appear of value as articles of food. The codra
is remarkable as causing all the symptoms of diseases
induced by some of the most powerful narcotic
poisons ; this only happens I believe when the grain
has been kept for seven or eight years, and I may
remark, the mustard emetic in such cases has the
most beneficial effect,

* Government.

OATS — UYE BARLEY. 41

Several kinds of grass seeds are collected by the
low caste natives during the monsoon in large quan-
tity, and with great ingenuity, by means of a basket
swept along over the tops of the grass ; a single
man in one day will collect as much as he can carry
home at evening. These grasses grow wild in the
" beers," or wherever the ground is uncultivated,
and spring up in July with the first fall of rain ;
they are ripe in less than two months, and then
thousands feed upon them who could, at that period,
find no other means of subsistence. Of these " Sawa,"
a kind of millet, and " Numar," wild rice, are the
chief.

Oats and rye are the only cereal grains not
cultivated here, and I suppose the temperature of
the atmosphere seldom descends low enough to ad-
mit of attention to them. Frost seldom happens in
Gujerat.

Barley is one of the cheapest grains to be found
in the Bazars; the people have a prejudice against
its use; they say a man loses strength by feeding on
it ; and they object to give it to their horses and
cattle : all my experience goes to prove that the pre-
judice is unfounded. I have fed my horses on it,
and I have seen it used by many of the poor faini-

42 MEDICAL PLANTS.

lies about Kaira, without producing any but the
best effects.

Great variety of food is well known to be essen-
tial to the health of a people using little of animal
produce; so in Gujerat we find great attention is
paid to the culture of leguminous esculents, but
they are also known to contain a large portion of
matter analogous to animal substances, and there-
fore to the hard-working labourer, they become an
essential article of food ; milk and ghee are general-
ly beyond his reach, unless in small quantity. These
leguminous field plants are the same as are found
in other parts of India. The prices of these grains
would afford a fairer proof of the productiveness of
any season in Gujerat than any others, but that of
milk and ghee would afford the best average state
of the markets.

Medical Plants.

Of these there are a large number ; to notice those
used by the natives would be useless, though many
of them are, I believe, very useful. We have here

MEDICAL PLANTS. 4,'J

some of the most valuable to be found in our own
Materia Medica, of which the government cannot
fail to know, but until they are thought worth col-
lecting, of what value can it be to add to the list ?

Colocynth, of two kinds, abounds here — the true
Cucumis Colocynthis and C. Pseudo colocynthis.
I have made extract from the former, quite equal
to that obtained from the Levant apple. In those
severe cases of Fever, common in Gujerat, where
the torpid state of the peristaltic motion of the
bowels is difficult to overcome or to rouse, I have
found this extract very useful.

Senna, the two kinds used in medicine — Cassia
lanceolata and obovata — I have elsewhere described
as existing in Gujerat. I find they may be culti-
vated with the greatest facility ; my gardeners are
now picking the leaves from about four beegas,
sown about the middle of August. The seed was
drilled into the ground, and the only attention
required by the plant, is loosening the ground, and
weeding two or three times when it is young.

The art practised for preserving the purgative pro-
perty in the leaves I was not aware of, till by acci-
dent I found on inquiry that some that I had sent to
Bombay had been pronounced by Dr. McLennan to

44 MEDICAL PLANTS.

be no better than chopped hay. The time of gather-
ing in this instance was the sole cause of fault. I
mention this to show, that in all cases of experi-
ment, both the favourable and adverse circumstan-
ces should always be impartially stated. Had this
fact not come to my knowledge, I might possibly to
this day have gone on blundering. I feel convinced,
however, that there are still some little points in its
cultivation which I am not yet acquainted with
sufficiently, and which add to the strength of the
leaf; my senna is remarkably mild, and not so
strong as the Tennivelly or Egyptian ; still the bota-
nical characters of the plant I believe are identical.

Glycyrrhiza glabra ?*

Momordica Elateriumf

Aloe spicata ?

Dolichos pruriens, &c. &c.

grow in considerable abundance ; the roots and
seeds of the Nymphcea Lotus ; the fruit of the
Trapa bispinosa ; the roots of the Scirpus palus-
trisj are used by the natives as articles of luxury

* Drs. Gibson and Wallich suspect that there must be a mistake here,
f Dr. Gibson states that active LufFas are found.
J Dr. Wallich supposes some other plant of the family of Cyperadeic
is meant than Scirpus palustris.

FODDER, ETC. 4~)

in the fruit way. Gardens are not common in
Gujerat ; any fruit, save the common plantains, the
guava, and the sweet limes, is seldom obtainable ;
the vine flourishes with difficulty ; mangoes abound,
but are seldom good ; the fruit of several wild plants
is eaten, as the Ziziphus jujuba, Feronia Elephan-
tum, Eugenia Jambos, yEgle Marmelos, Mimusops
hexandra, &c. &c. Carrots, radishes, bengins, (Egg
plant), onions, and a great variety of green herbs,
chopped up with ghee, salt, and red pepper are eaten
under the name of ophagee ; they have no turnip, and
very few sweet potatoes, or yams ; nor do they ever
use the love apples, (Tomatas.) A great variety of
cucurbitaceous plants are cultivated, and their fruit
is always in great demand. Boota, or Indian corn,
is grown by the gardener castes, but it is only used
when green, the production of flour from this grain
would be too expensive, as it requires the best soil,
and a quantity of manure.

Fodder, $c.

The natural grasses afford abundance of excellent
fodder ; no care is taken in their cultivation save to

46 FODDER, ETC.

cut them down with the sickle when ripe, and to
tie them into small bundles of a couple of hand-
fuls each. The natives name at least a dozen, and
ascribe qualities to each as they consider them more
or less nourishing, &c. Huryallee, (Panicum?) — is
one of the most valuable when cut green, or made
into hay. In an ordinary season as much hay may
be had for two and a half rupees, as will feed a
horse for a month. But even at this cheap rate
it is too expensive for the Ryots, who feed their
cattle on the sweet stalks of the two common
millets — joari and bajri ; still I believe they are
better suited than grass, particularly the joari, as
fodder for oxen.

There can be little doubt that it is more nou-
rishing ; on it the cattle of the Ryot live, and work
too, and in nine cases out of ten, never receive any
grain; the straw of a great variety of pulse is
given occasionally to whet the appetite, and when
very hard worked, they receive a little bajri itself
and mutt, or mug, or gowar.* Cattle are very fond
of these three pulse grains, and the strength and

* The Dolichos fabaeformis (now Cyamopsis psoraleoides) see Jones'
Mahratta Dictionary, and Graham's and Nimmo's Catalogue of Plants
of Western India.— II. II. S.

FODDER, ETC. 47

plumpness they attain when fed on them is no less
remarkable ; a little salt is daily given along with
them, and is essentially necessary to the health of
oxen, whatever may be nature of the food given
them. Hence the poor Ryot feels heavily the tax
upon this article. Until an improved system of
agriculture shall be found necessary by the Govern-
ment, I think the present wants of the people are
amply supplied as regards fodder.* Guinea grass,
lucern, and Egyptian clover, all grow very well
here ; but would not repay the Ryot for the labour
and expense of culture, so long as other fodder is so
cheap.

* A gentleman who has resided many years in Guzerat, in a high
official situation, and who has had an opportunity of seeing a proof of
this part of Dr. Burns' communication while passing through the press,
informs me, that he does not agree with Dr. Burns in thinking, that the
wants of the people are supplied as far as regards Fodder. He says,
" Had he (Dr. Burns) been in Goojraut in 1833-4, when a drought was
followed by locusts, he would have written differently. That province is
alllictcd by drought about every eight years, and there such crops as
Guinea Grass and Lucerne would be invaluable. Every cultivator in
Kaira, where Dr. Burns, I think, is stationed, has a well ; but the cattle
die ofT so quickly for icant of fodder in such a season, that they can
hardly get enough to work their wells." — II. II. S.

48 MANUFACTURING AND COMMERCIAL ARTICLES, ETC.

Manufacturing and Commercial Articles, Oils, $c. $c.
Staples of Commerce, Trees, fyc.

This head contains so much, I have not time to
enter on any thing except a very few things, and I
shall keep my eye to staples, or what ought to be
such.

Tobacco is the chief exportable produce of this
zilla ; from Nerriad large quantities are annually
sent to Upper India, via Malwa. The experiment
of curing for the Europe market, has never been at-
tempted ; but by a practical hand, I think it might
be rendered a useful article.

Safflower, from the flowers of the Carthamus tinc-
torius, is prepared for colouring the turbans of the
people, and as the plant grows most luxuriantly,
it might be rendered a valuable article of export
to Europe.

Senna might be cultivated to supply both India and
Britain, at as cheap a rate as from any other place.

Colocynth — of this the same may be said as of
Senna ; it is to be had wild from the jungle in cart
loads.

Cantharides ditto, ditto, and several other medical
products.

GUM ARABIC TREE ITS MANIFOLD USES. 49

Gum Arabic, from the Babul, Acacia arabica.

This tree may well be considered as one of the
most valuable, I believe ; and in the numerous uses to
which its various parts are applicable, second only
to the Cocos nucifera; without it what would our
Ryots do to supply themselves with Agricultural
implements ? Of this wood all the cart wheels in
Gujerat are constructed, and put together without a
single iron nail, and yet they endure for five or six
years ; common salt is the substitute for nails. By an
ingenious process the wheel when finished is salted,
and by the deliquescent property of the salt rendered
proof against the dry atmosphere of the hot season.

The bark of the Babul is the most useful of
all for curing leather; without it leather bags and
ropes, used by the Ryots, and called the coop, could
not be cured. The leaves and young branches form
valuable food for goats and sheep ; the pods arc
collected and sold at a high price as nourishing food
for milch buffaloes; the wood forms the best char-
coal and fire- wood.

This tree ought certainly to be protected, and the
government could not do better than order a plan-
tation of it to be attached to every village in the

country. The expence would be little, and it would

ii

50 BABUL TREE HOW BEST PROPAGATED.

repay in a thousand different ways ; the saving
manures for the fields by preventing the burning
of cow-dung, as is now the case, and which a good
supply of fire- wood might prevent, should of itself
render the subject worth the consideration of govern-
ment. But I must stop ; enough has been said on
the Babul, only let me add a most important point,
which is to know how to render the seed capable
of germinating; there are two ways ; first and best, —
collect that which has been vomited by goats or
sheep; it may be had in a large quantity in the
places where they lodge at night, during the season
the seed ripens ; — second, boil the seed for two or
three minutes in water. Treated in this way the seed
rapidly grows to a large tree ; it thrives in Gujerat
even better than in the Dekun. It is not to this
species, Lalla Rookh alludes, when he says —

" Our rocks are rough ; but smiling there,

" The Acacia waves her yellow hair, lonely and

" SWEET ; nor loved the less, for flowering in a wilderness."

Sugar cane is not very extensively cultivated.
The Mauritius kind was introduced here, and last
year there were, I believe, upwards of a hundred

MULBERRY — AND COTTON CULTIVATION. 51

beegas cultivated in the Zillah, but this year the
whole cultivation is said to be less than three bee-
gas ! ! — The famous order of the Court reimposing
the begoti, is the cause of this. Remark — all sudden
changes are bad !

Silk. — The culture of the mulberry, and the in-
troduction of the art of rearing silk worms through
Gujerat, I offered to government to undertake about
three years since, and so far as I have gone, success
has been ample, and most encouraging. But the
allowances granted (Rs. 76 : 8 : 0) are so small, that
the scale on which my experiment has been con-
ducted has been very limited. The thing, however,
has taken root, and tree after tree is being planted
by the Ryots, so that some fifty years hence, Guje-
rat may be able to export silk.

Very little cotton is produced in this Zilla, and
none of it is grown as an annual, but as a perennial,
although the species is the same as that cultivated
at Baroach. The difference in the nature of the two
soils is the cause of this. Our soil is well adapted to
the black seed cottons ; and from experiments con-
ducted here during three years, I find that by
proper management, a very superior cotton may
be produced, under proper training; neither will

52 OILS OF GUJERAT.

there be diminution in the size of pods, nor shorten-
ing of the staple ; indeed I am inclined to think that
cotton very little inferior to Egyptian might be pro-
duced through the greater part of this Zilla. In my
garden there are some plants of Egyptian cotton,
loaded with pods nearly ripe ; it requires irrigation,
however, and would therefore cost more to rear it
than the kind above alluded to. But then why
should not the old water-courses for irrigation from
the rivers Mhye and Sambarmutti be opened up?
Let the government do this work handsomely, and
on a proper scale, and success is certain to follow.
The resemblance in the soil and climate of Egypt
and Gujerat are not the only striking features that
would lead one to believe that the plants of the one
country would grow well in the other, and vice
versa; the vegetation is in many points identical,
and in some instances what does not thrive in Egypt,
does not succeed in Gujerat !

Oil of various kinds, but chiefly that of the Se-
samum Orientale is produced ; it is eaten and used
for burning. Castor oil also is produced in large
quantity for burning, and used largely by calico
printers. Neem tree seeds afford a very clear bitter
oil used for burning.

VEGETABLE FIBRES — TREES REQUIRED IN GUJERAT. 53

Bassia latifolia, the seeds are collected for the oil.
Carthamis Tinctorius, seeds yield oil, &c. &c.
Hemp, both Crotalaria juncea and Hibiscus canna-
binus, are cultivated as cordage plants only.

I know of no Tanning substances in use here
but the bark of the Babul, also that of the Cassia
auriculata, and the milky juice of the Asclepias
gigantea ; the milk is collected early in the morning
by breaking the leaves, and allowing it to drop into
an old buffalo horn.
We want in Gujerat —

The Olive, Olea europa?a.
Mulberry trees of every variety.
Date Palm of Egypt.
Senna seed, Alexandrian.
Coffee trees, or plants, not seeds.
Balsam tree of Arabia.
Trees yielding Myrrh and Frankincense.
Arundo Bambos, different varieties, to culti-
vate for the use of the Silk-worm esta-
blishment; they are very expensive here.
To get government to introduce the culture of the
Bctle nut, and leaf, the Paun, north of the Mhye.

Baroda supplies the whole country up as far as
beyond Deesa. and the revenue realized must be

54 USEFUL TREES AND SHRUBS REQUIRED.

very large. The pungent leaf of the Piper Betle
is a highly valuable condiment for the natives.

Indian rubber tree, Ficus elastica.

Arrowroot plants.

Allspice tree.

Quassia tree.

Palm oil tree, Elasis guineensis.

Gum Copal, &c. &c. &c.

Cassava plants have been introduced by me,
brought from Bombay, and the plant grows
admirably.

Convolvulus Scammonia wanted.

Egyptian wheat

Carob tree, a native of Syria, the seeds.*
There is nothing Gujerat can give to other parts
of India or to England, but to Egypt we could give

* The introduction of the Carob tree (Ceratonia Siliqua) at the
Government Garden at Saharunpore, has been very successful. The
Superintendent in his report to Government for the past year, 1840,
(see Proceedings of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India,
for May 1841,) states, that several hundred plants have been raised, and
will be distributed eventually along the dry and sandy tracts of the
North-western Provinces, where they will constitute a valuable boon
to the inhabitants, and shew the estimation in which it is held. He
further mentions, that the pods sell in the bazar at ten rupees a seer, or
five rupees a pound. — H. II. S.

GRASSES, PULSES, ETC. 55

various useful seeds and plants, — as the neem tree,
the mowra tree, the kerui tree, — all of which pro-
duce the most valuable timber, and the seeds yield
oil : also various grasses, pulses, &c.

I fear I have but imperfectly performed the work
you required. The more I write, the more I find I
have to write. However, any specific question you
may require can be answered any time, and no one
can be found more willing than I am to aid in the
good work.

.r)6 GRAINS IN GUJERAT.

From Dr. GIBSON, Superintendent Botanic Garden at Da-
pooree, to Dr. BROWNE, Private Secretary to the Ho-
norable the Governor of Bombay, dated 19 th Feb. 1840.

Food^-comprising Esculent Grains of all kinds — Medical Plants,
Fruits, and Roots.

Of the grains most commonly in use, several
varieties of the finer kinds of rice might be advan-
tageously naturalized in some of the Tropical Co-
lonies of Great Britain — such as the Kumode and
Ambi-mohr varieties.

Of dry esculent grains —

1st. Wheat — Of this there are four varieties redu-
cible to three species.

The first of these, the Bukhshee wheat, is a grain
of a superior quality to most of the common wheats
of Europe.

2nd. The Daood Khanee is (as its name imports)
probably a Persian or Tartarian wheat, naturalized
by the Musulmans.

3rd. We have also a beardless wheat similar to
the English.

I shall be happy to forward specimens of all these
for trial in England ; and I would in return, gladly

GRAINS IN CULTIVATION IN GUJERAT. O/

receive a few pounds of Polish wheat. Of the lat-
ter a specimen was sent me, and the cultivators
of an extensive wheat district were most anxious
to procure a supply of it for seed. From the
appearance of the grain, they calculated that it
would be likely to produce a return half greater
than that of the common field wheat. The speci-
men unfortunately did not vegetate. A small
parcel sent by the Overland route, would be more
likely to succeed.

The Talavera wheat, I succeeded in raising from
Havanna seed.

It seemed a poor and red grain as compared to
the best wheats of this country.

The Bajri (Holcus spicatus) common in these
provinces, being a productive and rather hardy
grain, well fitted for the food of man and of animals,
could probably be easily naturalized in Australia.

The Toor, or Cytisus Cajan, if not already culti-
vated in Southern Europe, would succeed well
there, as also in Australia. In the West Indies, it
has long been pretty extensively cultivated. As to
the introduction of any of the Cereal or Legumi-
nous grains from Europe to India, I think that

little can be done.

i

58 OAT CULTIVATION — ESCULENT GRAINS.

The Oat grows well in some parts of the Bombay
presidency, as above the Ghauts, and yields a very
productive crop; but the grain is comparatively
husky and worthless, and in my humble opinion
very inferior as a food for horses to the grain of
this country.*

As to the possibility of acclimatizing any of
our Indian oil plants in England, I am not san-
guine. Their success in some of our West India
Colonies would be more certain ; but in the latter,
the quantity of land which could at present be
devoted to their culture is so small as to render
their introduction hardly an object.

The number of esculent grains in India, fitted
for the food of man and of beast is so large, and
their quality generally so excellent, that we ought
rather to look to the extension of the means of
our cultivation, than to seek to increase the number
of grains.

The number and variety of the melon, cucumber,
and gourd tribe, adapted for the food of man, is
very large ; and besides these there are many kinds

* In some districts of Bengal it is cultivated rather extensively,
and is rapidly increasing to meet the demand of the Calcutta market. —
II. II. S.

POTATOE PLANT AND TAPIOCA IN INDIA. o

of tuberous roots, as the arum, the sweet potatoc,
&c. which are within the means of the poorest
people.

The Potatoe (Solanum tuberosum) may be consi-
dered as naturalized, and is in many situations
produced of an excellent quality.

The Tapioca plant has been lately introduced,
and in situations near the Coast, gives, by all ac-
counts, a very large return.*

Its success in the Deckan is more doubtful. The
size which the root attains in twelve months does
not appear such as to render it probable, that in the
Deckan it can compete with the potatoe or sweet
potatoe. The result of the trials of tapioca made in
Gujerat, I have not yet learned. Should the climate
suit the plants, the returns will probably be even
larger than is the case in the Concan.

As to the medicinal plants which might be intro-
duced from Europe or America into India, the
number is considerable, and some of the desiderata
are of great value.

* Both tapioca and arrowroot have, within the last two years, been
very extensively grown at Alliporc, one of the suburbs of Calcutta, for
manufacturing purposes. As much as thirty tons of the latter was pre-
pared during the present year (1811), and of first rate quality. — 11. U.S.

GO MEDICINAL PLANTS REQUIRED FOR INDIA.

I may enumerate the —
Peruvian bark tree,
Gum guiacum tree,*
Quassia tree,

Logwood tree,

Tropical America and
the West Indies.

Copaiva balsam tree,

Tolu balsam tree,

Sarsaparilla,

Ipecacuanha Plant, and the Jalap Convolvulus.

The acquisition of all or of any of these would
be most desirable.

That there exist, between Cape Comorin and the
Himalya, localities suited to many, if not to all, of
them, is hardly to be doubted.

Probably the mountain valleys and jungles in
Malabar, Wynaad, or Coorg, assimilate in climate
to many of the countries where they at present
grow, and it would be of the utmost importance
that they should be conveyed direct from their native
soil to the situations intended for them in India.

* We have in the Calcutta Botanic Garden the Guajac, Quassia,
Sarsaparilla, and Manettia cordifolia, (one of the Ipecacuanha plants) ;
all of which may be expected to become naturalized in those parts
of India more suited to them than Lower Bengal. The Logwood ia
very extensively cultivated as an ornamental shrub. — H. H. S.

MEDICINAL PLANTS THAT CAN BE SUPPLIED. 61

From the Mediterranean countries, the following
might with advantage be imported : —

1st. Black Hellebore plant, — Bazar Syn. " Kalee
Kootkie." The Bazar Hellebore comes I believe from
Persia ; it is seldom found sufficiently fresh to allow
of its being depended on as an active medicinal agent.
2nd. The Scammony convolvulus.
3rd. Liquorice root plant, and few others of lesser
note.

The number of medicinal plants which could be
supplied by us from this quarter of India, for natu-
ralization in the West Indies, and some other of
the Colonies of England, is not large. Some of
the Polygonums.

Solanums,
Crotons,
Cannabis sativa,
Vernonia anthelmintica,
Xanthochymus,
JEgle Marmelos,
Anacardium orientale,*
Calotropis gigantea,
Sapindus emarginata,
Zyziphus Jujuba,

• Sic in MS. Query occidental.— II. H. S.

62 GARDEN FRUITS GROWN.

seem to me to comprise most of those peculiar to
this part of India, and which might be worth the
trouble of naturalization in a foreign colony.

Of fruit trees capable of being naturalized in
India, the number already introduced from the
West Indies, Tropical America, and other countries,
is considerable. Amateur Horticulturists have led
the way in this branch, and in their hands it may
probably most safely be left.

Several of the better sorts of China fruits are, I
believe, now grown in Bombay, as the Litchi, &c.

The gardens at Parell and at Dapoorie can boast
of the Blighia sapida of New Zealand, now pro-
ducing fruit (at least at Dapoorie) annually. The
Achras Sapota flourishes well at Dapoorie. The
Avocado pear has been introduced into Bombay
from the West Indies, and also into the Deckan
by the late Major Ford. One tree exists at
Dapoorie.

The apple, plum, pear, and quince have been
naturalized to a degree probably as great as the
nature of the climate will admit of. The first of
these attains some size in the higher level of
Ahmednuggur, but is not such as to be worthy
of a rank with either English or tropical fruits.

FODDER GRASSES FOR INDIA. 63

The pear and plum do not, to the best of my
knowledge, ever ripen.

The apricot blossoms abundantly at the level of
Poonah, but does not produce fruit.

Fodder and food for Cattle and Animals — grasses, seeds,
fruits, roots, and leaves — also Ornamental plants.

The trials made of the grasses and fodder plants
of Europe, have generally not had an encouraging
result. Italian Rye grass I have raised from seed ;
but it remains comparatively sickly and stunted.

The Maltese Trefoil, a Legume celebrated in
southern Europe for its productiveness and its
adaptation to the food of cattle, gives in the Deckan
no promise of a return. Lucerne has been success-
fully acclimated, and is now largely cultivated by
natives chiefly for sale to the European community.
Its use also is spreading among the cultivators for
their own cattle.

Guinea grass ; — of this the introduction is more
recent. It yields a slower return than Lucerne,

64 INDIGENOUS FODDERS.

but is probably better adapted for cattle, being of
a nature less heating. It cannot, however, be grown,
as is the case in the West Indies, without the aid
of water, nor is the return yielded so great as some
of the other articles at present in use, as forage for
cattle, under the name of ' Kuddol' ; these are first —
Indian corn and Juwari (Holcus Sorghum) raised
after January, and raised solely to feed cattle on.
These afford a very succulent and nutritive forage.

2nd. The tops and green leaves of the sugar cane.
These when obtainable in plenty are (probably with
justice) reckoned superior to all other articles of
green food for cattle.

3rd. Various Leguminous plants grown for the
sake of the straw.

4th. The leaves and tender branches of the
Acacia Arabica, or Baubul. These are especially
sought after for the grazing of sheep.

5th. Leaves and branches of the Erythrina indica,
and other varieties.

6th. Do. The Pee-pul,* especially for camels.

As regards ornamental trees and shrubs, the
number of these introduced at various times by

* Ficus relisiosa. — II. II. S.

ORNAMENTAL PLANTS, ETC. G5

amateurs and practical horticulturists is consider-
able, and I believe I may with safety say, yearly
increasing.

For introduction of many ornamental, as well as
useful trees and plants, the community is deeply
indebted to the late Colonel Hough, to Mr. Nimmo
of Bombay, and to others. Of ornamental plants
introduced of late years, I may name the Brugman-
sia arborea, Cassia sumatrana, Maurandia, Quis-
qualis, and many others.

The undersigned has succeeded in raising the
American Black Locust tree (Robinia Pseudacacia)
from seed. The Cocoa tree has been tried in the
Deckan ; but the aridity of the climate is found to
be fatal to it. In the "dank" or damp jungles un-
der the ghats, it may possibly succeed better, and as
it can be planted in half-cleared land with advan-
tage, may, along with the Coffee plant, hereafter be-
come an article of some importance to the cottager
dwelling under the ghats.

66 VEGETABLE OIL AND OIL SEEDS — SUGAR.

Manufacturing and Commercial Articles — Oils, Gums,
Dyes, %c.

With reference to the manufactures of this part of
the country, it is difficult to describe the extensive
and silent desolation which the extinction of many
petty branches of industry has given rise to. This has
arisen chiefly from the import of Europe manufac-
tured goods, and, secondly, from the decreased con-
sumption caused by change in political relations.
It seems to me hopeless to suppose, that any increase
of raw exports, which the country may be capable
of furnishing, can at all compensate for the destruc-
tion of the branches of industry before named. At
the same time, there are many articles which India
may supply in the raw state, with great advantage at
least to a portion of the population. Of these, the
vegetable oil and oil seeds hold a prominent part ;
but this branch of commerce is as yet quite in its
infancy.

The second is Linseed.

The third is Sugar. As regards the Deckan, I have
(from actual trials made,) no doubt but that the arti-
cle can be manufactured and sold at a very remu-

VEGETABLE EXTRACTS. (>7

nerating rate for the supply of the European sol-
diers, &c. By them it is eagerly sought after, and
the better qualities are in like manner preferred by
European families at Poonah, to the Bazar article.
That sugar could bear the expense of inland trans-
port to Bombay, and hereafter of freight to, and
duties in, England, seems more doubtful, and must
in a great measure depend on the rate at which
the cane itself can be purchased from the grower ;
but the profit from the sale of sugar to consumers
within the province is certain.

Of the various gums produced within the limits
of the Presidency, I may mention that of the
Gardenia gummifera, (Decamali), as likely, when
better known, to engage a large share of interest,
particularly for use in the more sultry climates of
some of our colonies. Its effects in preventing the
access of flies to festering wounds and running sores
are remarkable.

The extract procured from the bark of the Butea,
that of the Buchaiiania latifolia, the Syzygium
Jambolana, &c. arc likely to be of consequence to
the tanners, and could be produced here in large
quantities. The same powerfully astringent extract
is produced from the bark of the Acacia arabica.

68 LINSEED CULTIVATION.

Of all, or of most, of these extracts, the undersigned
has had the honour to submit specimens to the Asi-
atic Society's Committee, and he presumes, that they
are now under report ; whether the species of Smilax
indigenous here (S. ovalifolia) possesses the proper-
ties of the genuine Sarsaparilla of commerce, the
undersigned has not yet had an opportunity of
ascertaining by trials on an extended scale.

Should this be the case, the medical stores at the
Presidency can be supplied with the drug at one-
eighth of the present cost.

In regard to Linseed (above-mentioned), the un-
dersigned has omitted to state in the proper place
that he this season contracted for the growth of
Linseed to the extent of thirteen acres. The un-
toward nature of the season for the Rubbee crops,
caused by failure of the latter rain, renders it pro-
bable that this year the trial may not be very suc-
cessful. The experience of another season may lead
to a better result.

ALEX. GIBSON,

Superintendent Botanic Garden.
Dapoorie, 6th Feb. 1840.

SUGGESTIONS FROM MEERUT. CO

Northern

From MR. HENRY COPE, late Secretary of the Horticultural
Society at Meerut, to DR. SPRY, Secretary of the Agri-
cultural and Horticultural Society of India, dated otith
September, 1839.

MY DEAR SIR,

As the introduction of plants from England, and

vice versfi, has been made the subject of inquiry

in your Society by a Special Committee, and you

have solicited suggestions from members, I have

taken the liberty of sending a copy of a letter

addressed by me some years since to the Secretary

of the Horticultural Society of London, which

though hastily written, may contain a hint or two

the Committee might find useful in their present

researches. As it stands, if the copy affords but a

single item of novelty in hints, I shall be happy in

having contributed even that little to the labours

of the Society, which are progressing steadily and

usefully in their career.

I have only found leisure to add two or three

notes, which may interest.

HENRY COPE.

70 STATEMENT SENT TO ENGLAND.

SIR,

I have the honour by direction of the Committee
of the Horticultural Society of Meerut, to address
you in the confident hope that numerous as your
operations may be, and distant as is our relative posi-
tion on the face of the globe, you will, as the official
organ of an Institution, which may with strict pro-
priety be termed the parent of all Horticultural
Societies, be enabled to devote occasionally a few
moments of your leisure in the year to the con-
cerns and wants of one of its offspring, if I may
be allowed to use the term.

In order to enable you to judge, as far as the
general outline of the geographical history of
vegetable products will admit of your doing so,
permit me to mention, as it is scarcely reasonable
to suppose that you can be acquainted with the
exact nature of our locality, that our station is
situated between the 29th and 30th degrees of
northern latitude, on an extent of plain bounded
east and west by the rivers Ganges and Jumna,
called the Doab, and reaching about 130 miles
northward to the foot of the Sewallick hills, a
portion of the great Himalayan chain, which may in
fine weather be distinctly seen from Meerut.

CAPABILITIES OF NORTHERN INDIA. J\

Should you be acquainted with Dr. Royle's
account of the climate enjoyed by the Sahamnporc
Botanical Garden, which is but one degree to the
north of us, you will have a pretty exact notion of
that which we have here ; and when I mention that
in the Saharunpore garden, are found not only the
Laurus Camphora, and Melaleuca Leucadendron,
but many other tropical plants ; beside plants from
very high regions of the Himalayan range, and that
the Caryophyllus aromaticus* flourishes in the
gardens of the Taj at Agra, about 1 30 miles south
of Meerut, you will at once see the capabilities of
our situation, and the extent of improvements
which might, with a little care and industry, be ef-
fected in the Agricultural and Horticultural pur-
suits, both of the Europeans who are beginning to
reside here with a view to permanent settlements,
and of the native cultivators of the lands, whose
means of subsistence depend exclusively on their
crops, and who arc no further advanced in their
notions of agriculture than their forefathers were for
hundreds of years before them, with the exception
of a very small portion residing in the immediate

* Is not the Allspice or Pimento meant .' — II. II. s.

72 THE SOIL OF UPPER INDIA.

vicinity of military cantonments, who have found
it to be much to their interest to cultivate a few
ultra-Indian vegetables, &c., to supply the demand
of the European occupiers of stations.

The soil is in general rich, when not exhausted by
repeated crops, but the dearth of firewood driving
the natives to the use of the dung of their cattle as
fuel, is an immense detriment in depriving the soil
of the manure it actually stands in need of to restore
its vigour. The consequence is, that the crops are
very stunted, and the European seeds deteriorate
excessively after a few years, if committed to the
hands of the native. This naturally leads to the
consideration of the great necessity of forest trees
being planted in vast numbers throughout the
country. The mangoe tree is the only one for hun-
dreds of miles that may be said to be planted in any
quantity, and the fruit is so much esteemed, that it
is seldom that the trees are cut down for use until
they have done bearing, when they are, for the most
part, rotten to the core.* There are many trees that

* The plantations on the banks of the Doab Canal, for a distance
of about 150 miles, form an exception to this rule ; attributable to the in-
defatigable exertions for the improvement by Capt. Cautley, Superin-
tendent of that noble and most useful undertaking. It may not be amiss

TREE PLANTATIONS. 73

might, if extensively planted, be both an ornament
to the country, and of infinite utility as timber ;
and first — the Mimosa serissa, Dalbergia sissoo,
Shorea robusta, &c. are all fast growing, handsome,
and most useful trees ; but from an apparent apathy
to every thing (mangoe excepted) which does not
bring them in an immediate return for their pecu-
niary outlay, or personal trouble, the natives seem to
have made no attempts to plant these or other simi-
lar trees.

It would also be highly desirable if we could in-
troduce and raise some of the valuable trees grow-
ing on the continent of central America, the West
Indies, and other parts of the globe, assimilating in

to allude to the very great probability of the speedy commencement of
the Great Ganges Canal, which it is proposed to draw from that river
at a mile or two below Hurdwar, and to earry more or less, through
the centre of the Doab, to the vicinity of Kanouj, where the borrowed
treasures will be restored to the parent stream.

The Honorable the Lieut. Governor in a late visit to Suharanpoor, ex-
amined I believe the details of this great undertaking, and a proposal
to raise funds by means of a Joint Stock Company, should the Go-
vernment not be able to supply the necessary sums, (estimated at, I
believe, from 10 to 50 lakhs), was spoken of. I ought to add, that it is
intended to make the Canal one of navigation as well as irrigation, by
which means a double source of revenue will be insured. — II. (.'.
Fcbr nary 1 S 11 .

L

74 WANT OF TREES.

climate with ours. I have but little doubt that the
Logwood and Mahogany would succeed well, espe-
cially as the Swietenia febrifuga is indigenous.
Would you therefore kindly try and procure for us
seeds of all such trees ?*

The nature of estates, mostly in the hands of the
Zumeendars, who possess not only great extent of
land, but also a considerable influence over the ryots
who rent their land, would seem to be peculiarly
favourable to the introduction not only of a system-
atic and constant plan of planting to a large extent,
but also of introducing, though certainly only by
degrees, such improvements in agriculture as it
might be deemed necessary to recommend to them.

The deterioration and scantiness naturally conse-
quent on the great want of manure in the soil, leads

* NOTE. — The vast importance of attending to the above suggestion
of Mr. Cope, as far as the Sugar districts are concerned, has been of
late forcibly brought to the notice of the Agricultural and Horticultural
Society of India and the public by the pen of Mr. Tucker, Collector at
Azimghur. This gentleman has offered a gold medal for the purpose of
promoting tree cultivations. The Society has brought the subject to the
notice of Government, and papers and information have, m consequence,
been called for, which are calculated to lead to most beneficial results.
Vide Proceedings of the Society for November 1840, and for April and
May 1811.— II. II. S.

WHEAT THE STAPLE PRODUCE. 75

us to the consideration, in the second place, of the
means we might adopt to improve the nature of the
crops, and to endeavour, as far as our observation of
their present means would admit of, to find for the
cultivators some trifling substitute for the manure
generally employed. There is not a doubt that by
introducing better varieties of seed than are at
present procurable for the sowing of the lands, a
vast improvement would take place ; and that by re-
commending, to a further extent than is now prac-
tised, the plan of frequently changing the crops on
the same ground, much might be done.

The staple produce of this part of India is decid-
edly wheat in its different shapes, and the climate
seems well suited for its cultivation. It would
therefore be very desirable to procure several varie-
ties of this vastly extended grain from different parts
of the globe; and as from your situation in, we
might say, the metropolis of the world, you have
every opportunity of procuring, and selecting any
thing that may bear on your own and our pursuits,
we shall be really thankful if you would be so good
as to endeavour to forward to us, so as to reach us here
by August of next year, samples of all the farinace-
ous grains procurable in London, including Barley,

76 RUDENESS OF IMPLEMENTS.

Oats, Rice, &c.* We believe that Mr. Anderson of
the Chelsea Garden, and Mr. Sinclair, has paid great
attention to the culture of them. The other crops
cultivated, generally being raised from indigenous
plants, will admit of being rendered more produc-
tive by better methods of cultivation, and a decided
improvement in the nature of the soil by the addi-
tion of the manure it stands so much in need of.

A great desideratum in the agriculture of this
country is an improvement in the implements at
present in use amongst the natives, which are of the
most simple and antique construction. There will
be, no doubt, a very great difficulty in introducing
any thing of the kind, especially on the score of ex-
pense ; but however averse the Hindoos may be to
part with more money than they can help, still they

* I regret much to say, that these suggestions met with but
little attention on the part of the Horticultural Society of London.
Although the Horticultural Society of Meerut offered to defray all ex-
penccs, they only received from the Secretary in London some seeds,
chiefly flowers, not one of which vegetated, and a box which on being
opened was found to contain a quantity of sand, in which five va-
rieties of potatoes had been packed. It is indeed a pleasure to compare
this apparent apathy with the zeal and activity which follow out in the
Calcutta Society the most distant hint of useful description, and to
know that this zeal in the good cause will bring its own reward. — H. C.

CONSIGNMENTS ASKED FOR.

would not entirely close their eyes to the chances,
and if used, the certainty, of saving both labour
and time by adopting better implements for their
staple occupation.

To enable us to effect this, we shall esteem it an
especial favour, if you could make a small selection of
models of Agricultural, and at the same time Horti-
cultural implements for transmission to us. We
would, with your permission, suggest that they
should be such only as are likely to suit the soil,
which though in some few places clayey and hard,
is for the most part of a light sandy nature. You
will also be pleased to bear in mind, that bullocks of
rather a small breed are in general use here. We
would further suggest your only selecting such im-
plements as are likely to cost the least in making.
Models in wood, capable of being taken to pieces,
would be preferable to metal ones.

With regard to ultra-Indian plants of a culinary
description, which may be said to be strictly within
the sphere of a Horticultural Society, the potatoc
stands foremost as regards not only its utility, but
also the extent to which its cultivation has been
brought to in India. But as far as our observa-
tion goes, there is but one variety produced in

& VARIETIES OF POTATOE REQUIRED.

the country. Whether it has been found on trial
that this is the only variety that will answer,
or whether the original importers, finding that it
speedily spread, took no trouble respecting the in-
troduction of other varieties, we cannot say ; but it
is very certain that no other variety is found at pre-
sent. We are specially anxious to procure for tri-
al a few of the numerous varieties so celebrated in
England and Ireland, and shall thank you, as no
doubt there are means by which they can be effec-
tually protected from injury during the voyage, to
select some of the best kinds for us, and despatch
them so as to be in India before the season for
planting them the next year, which commences
here about the latter end of September, or begin-
ning of October.

We ought previously to have mentioned, that
great exertions are making to improve the Cotton,
Tobacco, and Sugar of India; any better sorts of
seeds of these plants, or any information respecting
their cultivation, will be most acceptable to us. The
desire of improving Hemp, which is here used only
as furnishing an intoxicating drug, and of Flax cul-
tivated for the expressed oil of the seed, by intro-
ducing better kinds of seeds, induce us to place

VEGETABLE PRODUCTIONS. 7$

them on our list of desiderata. The next plants
which have attracted considerable attention from
the readiness with which they seem to be acclimated
during the cold season, are those of the natural order
Crucifera3, amongst which the Cabbage, Cauliflower,
and Mustard are prominent. But still there are many
more, that might be introduced with advantage.
In fact, every thing that might in any way be like-
ly to be useful as an article of trade, or a link in the
almost interminable chain of culinary vegetable pro-
ducts, cannot but prove interesting to us. Our de-
sire is to improve what is already before us, and
introduce what can be made useful.

At the present moment the natives have, with
the exception of those in the neighbourhood of can-
tonments, been but very slightly made acquainted
with the great benefit they would derive, as far as
their sustenance is concerned, by an increase in the
sources whence they might derive the same ; and
depend almost entirely on wheat and chunna,
(Ciccr Arietinum) for their food. If that crop
should fail, they must either starve — as has been the
case in many instances, or drag on their existence in
a miserable state, till the time arrives for reaping
another crop ; whereas, if they were extensively

80 IMPROVEMENT OF STAPLE PRODUCTIONS.

acquainted, and provided with the means of raising
other crops at different seasons of the year, their
situation would be materially altered, and rendered
more — comfortable, I was going to say, — but more
endurable ; as I really believe the Hindoos especi-
ally have very scanty notions of comfort, at all
events to accord with our own on the subject.

If we have the improvement of the staple pro-
ductions of the country at large at heart as our
principal object, I will not attempt to deny that
there is at the same time a latent selfishness, if it
may be so called, which leads us to wish ardently
for the introduction of such of the flower-bearing
plants of our native land, as are likely to thrive
with us.

In a word, we wish to improve our collections of
ornamental plants of every description ; and although
we cannot hope, with any chance of success, to
infuse any extensive taste for the cultivation of
flowers amongst any but the highest class of natives,
and even then with difficulty, as those female mem-
bers of families who in England may with truth
be said to be in many instances the patronesses
and almost exclusive votaries of floriculture, do not
take any interest in the matter here, still we shall be

FRUIT-BEARING TREES IN INDIA. 81

glad of as extensive a collection of ornamental gar-
den seeds as can be conveniently procured for us.
The addition of the seeds of such plants as have
been introduced into England from America, will
also be very thankfully received.

I have in my hurry overlooked a very material
point in our prospects, viz. the consideration of
fruit-bearing trees. It is certainly true, that India
produces very many kinds of, and those very excel-
lent, fruits ; but as variety and improvement is the
grand desideratum in every department which may
be said to come within our sphere, we wish, after
paying the attention the subject most undoubtedly
requires to the cultivation of the indigenous fruits
by means of grafting, &c. and the introduction of
fruits from our neighbours of Kabul, Kashmeer,
Persia, and the Indian Archipelago, further to en-
deavour to raise some of those fruits so deservedly
admired for their excellent flavour in Europe. The
progress made with the apple and the pear has
been very trifling ; the cherry is scarcely known ;
the almonds and the apricot are all in their in-
fancy ; the chesnut, which I am sure would thrive
here, I have never heard of ; the many bearing
shrubs that abound in Europe, have scarcely been

M

82 SUCCESS AT INTRODUCTION OF FOREIGN FRUIT TREES.

tried.* The filbert and hazel are unknown except
in the Hills, and the vine is in a very languishing
condition for want of improvements.! There are
also a few seeds of the UmbelliferaB which we ima-
gine would do well here, especially the carraway,
fennel, &c.

I trust, you will be so good as to view this com-
munication as affording you a considerable field for

* Since this was written, I have been informed by Major Corbet, dated
Lohoghat, Kumaon, llth June, 1841, that in his garden at Havilbagh, he
was very successful in grafting from imported apples trees on the crab
of the Hills ; and from a few good trees a regular supply of grafted
plants might be depended on from that Province, consisting of apples,
cherries, and plums. When Major Corbet left Havilbagh, he had about
fifty apple trees in bearing (some of the fruit of which was sent to Dr.
Wallich) also pears, which latter however were not good, and a great
variety of plums.

t It may not be an uninteresting fact to mention to the Horticul-
tural Society of India, that a pensioner of the name of Haylett, residing
in Meerut, presented me on last Christmas-day, with a ripe bunch of
grapes of good size, and very tolerable flavour, off a young vine, which
I have recommended him to take care of, with a view to ascertain
whether the circumstance was accidental or will be permanent. — H. C.
February, 1841.

Grapes are produced in great abundance, and of good quality, at
Hazareebagh, and Saugor territories, and generally throughout the
Nizam's country, where sun-dried raisins can be made in great perfec-
tion.—H. H. S.

BENEFITS TO BE EXPECTED. 83

the further diffusion of the benefits which have
already been conferred on Society by the Horti-
cultural Society of London.

The only return we can make you for the ser-
vices we hope to receive at your hands, is a proffer
of procuring for you a collection of Hill seeds from
our gigantic neighbours of Hymalya, which we
think would, in many instances, prove acceptable
addenda to your gardens in England. We are
afraid, however, that the extensive labours of Dr.
Wallich and Dr. Royle, have left us but little to do.

We shall be very thankful by your having the
goodness to communicate this letter to the Secre-
tary of the Royal Asiatic Society, with the view
of obtaining, as he will no doubt be happy to
give it, his assistance in procuring the various
articles we stand in need of, and we shall especially
wish it to be submitted to the Right Honourable
Sir A. Johnstone, V. P. of that Institution, than
whom we know no one more capable of directing
us as to the general objects we ought to fix our
general attention on.

84 THE SOIL OF THE GORUCKPORE DISTRICT.

Northern EnUta.— (continued.)

From the late A. RONALD, ESQ. Planter at Dunbaree, on the
eastern side of the Goruckpore District, to JOHN BELL,
ESQ. former Secretary of the Agricultural and Horti-
cultural Society of India, dated June 8, 1837.

SIR,

Having received a circular from the Society, of
date 31st inst. last, I now beg to lay before you
replies to the thirty -four questions therein contained,
to the best of my ability. Before proceeding in this,
I have here to state that the district in which I am
situated, is the eastern side of Goruckpore, running
along the banks of the great Gunduk, which
bounds it to the north, and running about eight
miles to the south-east, where it joins the Chup-
rah district.

1st. — The soil in general is of a loamy nature,
and rather binding, with occasionally here and
there some of a sandy kind. It is, however, reten-
tive of moisture during the warmer months ; but
very apt to harden, or be crusted, by any showers
of rain. The climate is salubrious, and partaking
of a medium, being neither very moist, nor very dry.

CLIMATE AND FODDER GRASSES. 85

2nd. — The land is possessed by both great and
small proprietors ; but in general by the former,
who tend more to prevent the improvement of the
country than the latter. Having so much in their
power, they act as little despots over the Asamese,
or cultivators, who are oppressed by the proprietor's
servants on all hands ; and as he seldom inquires
about particulars, or sees his property, the means of
redress are out of their power.

3d. — The land is generally occupied by small farms.

4th. — The land is employed both in pasture and
husbandry.

5th. — The grasses are indigenous : viz. Doob,
Raree, and Dabee. The Guinea grass has never
yet been tried, and in consequence I cannot say to
what extent it might be cultivated with advan-
tage.1 The Clover I have tried, having procured
some seed, the produce of the eastern side of the
Gunduk ; but it is very small in leaf, and by no
means strong or healthy.

6th. — The stock of cattle is of a small kind. I
do not think that the breed could be improved, but

1 Since this was written, seed in abundance has been supplied by the
Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India, and I believe the Guinea
grass is now well established in the (Joruckporc district. — H. II. S.

86 STOCK, AND PRODUCTIONS.

new breeds might be tried. Few however could be
induced to pay attention to it.

7th and 8th. — There are no particular crops set
apart for irrigation, nor is irrigation at all used.

9th. — Dhan, Kodah, Jangoon, Sawah, Murrooah,
Juneirah, Barley, Wheat, Gram, Peas, Dhall, Mus-
tard, and Linseed, are the crops.

10th. — Juneirah after Rice or the others, accord-
ing as they may choose, but in general only this
is the rotation crop.

llth. — Indigo has not yet been cultivated ; but I
have now taken some hundred beegahs for next
sowing. Cotton is cultivated, but not much, and
that too of a very inferior kind. I applied for
some cotton seed when in Calcutta, but there was
then none in store. Some American Tobacco seed
then obtained did not vegetate, although tried at
three different times. Sugar-cane is cultivated to
about an eighth part of the cultivated lands.

12th. — The soil is almost the same as before men-
tioned.

13th. — Neither the foreign cotton seed, nor the
Otaheite cane, have yet been introduced.2

2 Otaheite cane now flourishes abundantly in some parts of the
district.— H. II . S.

IMPLEMENTS OF HUSBANDRY. 8J

14th. — Fallowing is never practised.

15th. — Very little manure is used, except for Opi-
um and Sugar-cane lands ; and I fear, much could
not be expected.

16th — Oxen only are used in the husbandry of
the district. Mules would not answer, as the natives
have a prejudice against them, being akin to a don-
key.

17th. — The implements used are those in general
use ; and either originals or models could be procur-
ed, if required.

18th. — Barley sown in November is cut in April ;
the same applies to wheat, gram, peas, mustard,
linseed. Dhall is sown in May and cut in April.
Rice two crops, one sown in March and cut in Sep-
tember, and the second sown in April, and cut in
November. Kodah, Jangoon, Sawah, Murrooah,
and Juneirah, sown in June and cut in September.

19th. — About one-fifth of the district in general
is in waste. There is a great deal of wood, which
accounts for it.

20th. — Wages are paid in kind. Ploughmen and
weeders are employed only from sunrise till noon,
and get 1^ seers (3 Ibs.) Bz. weight of grain for
their labour, and a little food for the day, and are

88 WAGES DRAINING ROADS.

always paid at this rate, whatever be the current
price of grain. Labourers at the Kodalee, (spade,)
sunrise to noon, get 2 seers (4 Ibs.) of grain, Bz.
weight, and for extra working are paid over and
above.

21st. — Very little attention is paid to draining
lands, and those used are common channels dug round
a field, about two feet wide, and one to two feet deep.

22d. — No attention whatever is paid to embank-
ments.

23d. — The country is rather extensively wooded,
and in general contains mangoes, mahooah, and jack.

24th. — The roads, if such they can be called, are
infamous, and disgraceful to the highest degree, and
are the most insuperable bar to improvement of any
sort.* Since I have been here, a period of three years,

* The assertions contained in this paragraph, attracted the particular
notice of the Right Honorable the Governor General, at whose instiga
tion an inquiry into its correctness was set on foot, attended with th<
following result : —

No. 1499.
To G. A. BUSHBY, ESQ.

Secretary Government of India.
Rev. Depart. General Department, Fort William.

SIR, — I am directed by the Honorable the Lieutenant Governor, to
acknowledge the receipt of your letter, No. 565, dated the 22nd July

CAUSES FOR WANT OF CROSS ROADS. 89

I have not seen a single labourer employed on them,
although Government charges one per cent, on the

last, regarding the bad state of the roads in Goruckpore, and in reply,
to forward for the information of the Right Honorable the Governor
General of India in Council, the accompanying copy of a letter from the
Secretary, Sudder Board of Revenue, No. 408, dated the 2nd instant,
commending the exertions of Mr. Reade, in the improvement of the
roads in his District. This account is fully borne out by every Report
on the subject, which has reached his Honor, and there is the best
reason to believe, that the allegation of Mr. Ronald is peculiarly
destitute of foundation.

2nd. His Honor trusts, that endeavours will be used to give publicity
to the refutation of the reflection which has been cast on Mr. Reade.

3rd. It may be generally observed, that such accusations are more
likely to be made at Goruckpore than elsewhere. Numerous grants
of lands have been there made to European capitalists, and many
conflicting interests have thus been created. Each grantee is of course
desirous to have a good road made to his location, and it is advan-
tageous to have this well done, and at the public expcnce. When,
however, we reflect that these grants arc often situated in the remote
parts of the District, distant from the great lines of commercial
intercourse, it is evident that many such wishes must remain ungra-
tificd. Ill will and discontent may thus be causelessly excited, whilst
the avenues for giving expression to these feelings, are numerous and
obvious ; the fear, if any thing, is, that funds, which ought to be
primarily devoted to the improvement of great lines of intercourse,
should be unduly perverted to the promotion of individual interests.

I have the honor to be, Src.

(Signed) J. TUOMASON,

AURA, tic 'I'lnd Oct. 18-10. -SVc///. to Gout. A7. W. Province''.

N

90 ROADS OF THE GORUCKPOIIE DISTRICT.

Malgoozaree collections, for the express purpose of
keeping them in repair. Much commerce is prevent-

(Copy.)
No. 408.

To J. THOMASON, ESQ.
Secretary to the Honorable the Lieutenant Governor,

N. W. Provinces, Agra, Revenue.

SIR, — In continuation of my letter, No. 362, dated the 4th ultimo,
the Sudder Board of Revenue, North Western Provinces, direct me to
forward for submission to the Honorable the Lieutenant Governor, the
enclosed correspondence respecting the appropriation of the road fund
in Zillah Goruckpore.

2nd. The Board observe, that Mr. Reade, the Collector, has been
indefatigable in his endeavours to improve the communications of his
District, and has excited in the people a degree of interest in the matter,
and received from them a degree of co-operation in respect of uniting
on Committees to superintend the construction of roads, and direct and
control the expenditure of the fund, such as the Board have seen no
where else. A great deal has been effected in a short time, for the
commercial interests of the District, and the roads arc really, where the
Board have had an opportunity of seeing them, so good, that a person
may travel by night and sleep in his carriage in comfort, an experiment
that few would be willing to make on any other roads with which the
Board are acquainted.

3rd. Mr. Ronald's reclamation, the Board observe, appears to have
rather had reference to his own particular accommodation, than that
of the public. I have, &c.

(Signed) H. M. ELLIOT, Secretary.

SUDDER BOARD OF REV.

N. W. Prov. Allahabad, 2d October, 1840.

(True Copy,)
(Signed,) J. THOMASON,

Secretary to the Govt. N. W. Prov.

CARRIAGE AND COMMERCE. 91

ed in consequence, where manual labour must be
resorted to. The carriage of grain, &c. is also great-
ly kept under by it.

25th. — No streams intersect the district.

26th. — AVater is the mode of transport in use
where it can be had. Land carriage, as before
stated, is impracticable from want of roads.

27th and 28th. — As to the question as to what
extent have manufactures or commerce been carried
on, and if a manufacturing district, what proportion
of the population has 'been thrown out of work by
the cheaper imported European cottons, I may re-
mark, that little or none is yet carried on ; but I
should think the introduction of them advantageous
from what I have seen elsewhere.

29th. — There are no Societies in the district insti-
tuted for the improvement of agriculture.

30th. — The natives have no turn for improvement.

31st. — The obstacles to it are the high rent of
land, and the grinding oppression of the Native offi-
cers of the Revenue. Though I am not a member
of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society, I
shall be happy to do all I have in my power to for-
ward the interests of the Society. If favoured with
small supplies of sugar-cane, cotton, Guinea grass,

92 PRODUCTS AND MANUFACTURES OF AZIMGIIUR.

and clover seed, I would give them a trial, and
communicate the result.

(Signed) ALEXANDER RONALD.

JlOttfjmt XllHia.— (continued. )

From R. MONTGOMERY, ESQ., Magistrate at Azimghur, to
JOHN BELL, ESQ. former Secretary to the Agricultural
and Horticultural Society of India, dated September 27,
1837.

SIR,

I have much pleasure in forwarding a map of
this district, and answers drawn out by Mr. Tucker
and myself from the official records of this district, to
the queries circulated by the members of the Agricul-
tural Society. The recent detailed professional sur-
vey for the purpose of settlement, has afforded us
the means of giving accurate returns of the total
area cultivated, culturablc, and barren waste land,

PRODUCTS AND MANUFACTURES OF AZIMGIIUR.

whilst the settlement now concluded, has enabled us
to fill up the other columns, relating to the revenue
of the district. The estimate of the quantity of
cloth, silk, and tussur manufactured, has been obtain-
ed from returns of looms at work. The Opium is
the average of the actual produce for the last three
years, and the Indigo is pretty nearly the truth.
The land under sugar cultivation was, as I before
said, chiefly taken from an actual measurement of
the quantity in each village. The population return
has been estimated at three souls to each male adult,
a nearly similar result may be obtained from the
census of houses, allowing six individuals to each
house ; but I am inclined to think, that the census
here given is above the mark.

*#* The tabular statement and map appeared in
the sixth volume of the Transactions of the Agricul-
tural and Horticultural Society of India. The for-
mer has been again incorporated with the present
papers, in order to make the information complete.

a

s:

I

•— »—

|

4,06,100 12.18.3CP

•sjjnpy a(Bj^ jo jaquin^

i^lsifesf Ifcssss 5

^s^**a"*-"8'stf-rf8

•sasnoji jo joquinjij

1

•o3ipuj pus uinidQ

•a -oSipui jo -spw OOS'I
S -uinido jo -spw 669'!

3,18,772
J square miles.

-nuuc jnssnx jo saoaij jo jaquinjj

lilSSS SI

pf 3

ff

•XHBIUI
-UB mojg ^ig jo saaatj jo jaquinfj

»2 o

<o~ "I
ef

*°.s

q-)0[3 uoijoo jo saaaij jo aaqiun>i

Illillil§lli21

to 0

1 1

to a

SS}-3SjS*«5SS"'

•sawy u; SUED «3ns ui putrj

pHPIHIiPII

1 9 1$; 76,682
quare mile, on a

•ajDy jad uotjBAinno japun jCj
-[Bn^DB puB-j uo juaiussassy a^BjaAy

-CT -<M -«

11

«<N«e»«wrt"^^e*(M!N^rt-.

•ajoy jad Baiy aajBzooS
~1BW l^°l uo ^uamssassy aSBJBAy

5:5;:::::;:;:?

in a>

*" 2

uauissassy a3BJ3Ay

^oSn«*a*r*«*o"2

S B

o ^.

-,«0000«000000-100

s XuBdmoQ ui qBiuiunf juauioiaAOj)

'l4,72,S08-2
each villag

eort«« — ^

•saaoy ui Baiy n^ox

s§s§^llllslillls

S 1

i 1

^ o>

ID vj tD't'f vj -f^ ^i" co o" »rT O «n~ -v 00 ^ ^

ei „ ^ „ ^ „ ^

1

g

S
pq

lfSl§lis§§illsll

I $

Jissfftf^^tfrfaf-'tf^

•|

3*

flSlalSlSSHSSSS

S «

53 *

S I

«««ei<i ®(««««e* « •*

Malgoozaree

pi

ISSfllSlllssiSSI

7,49,7933 2,55,975}
. B.— The Popula

3SSf=°S!«l5"S*-SSS0'00S'*

•sajay

iffllS§glS§lls§s

".*- IjiO*- wn n w 9 W i "^w

-unSaoj ij3B3 ui sa3c(i!A jo jaqiunfj

pfif2*«3«i6»««ia

S '

<£

1

1

1

::::_..•":::::::::::

"5

&

I

rt o" >T

•3 c S §
S-3 £ §| I I '§ a- I.I'Sl |l

CATTLE AXD AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION'S. 95

The common, small country Cattle, Sheep, and
Pigs, admit much room for improvement ; no person
in the district appears disposed to pay attention to
improving the breed.

Irrigation is very extensive throughout the whole
district both from tanks and wells. The average
depth at which water is found, varies from 27 to 45
feet. The soil being firm and good, is well adapted
for Cutcha wells, of which there are not less than
five or six in each village.

Ruhur is the only crop which is never irrigated
in the Purgunahs ; nearest the river the water is
close to the surface, and irrigation is performed by
means of a vessel attached to the long arm of a
lever. In the other Pergunahs the common Mote
(leather bag) is used, drawn either by men or bul-
locks. The water from tanks is thrown up in
baskets, swung by a couple of men; but Persian
wheels, or other machinery, are quite unknown.

The crops commonly cultivated, are Sugar-cane,
Wheat, Barley, Ruhur, Rice, Indigo, Opium, Tobac-
co, Gram, Peas, Maize, besides the usual Budowy
crops of Murowah, Sclah Rodoo, Tangoon, <Scc. &c.

In the strong lands a succession of Rubbcc crops
are cultivated, without any rotation. In the poorer

i)6 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONS.

lands, the Budowy and Rubbee crops are taken alter-
nately. After cutting the Budowy crops, Gram
and Peas are often sown. Indigo is cultivated to the
extent of about 1500 maunds. Cotton is not culti-
vated ; it would be desirable to make the experi-
ment. Sugar-cane is cultivated to the extent of
about 431,446 maunds, the produce of 57,932 acres
actually under cultivation.

There is no such marked peculiarity in the soil as
to require any particular specification, Sugar-cane,
Opium and Tobacco generally devoted to Budowy.

Foreign Cotton has not been tried. The Otaheite
cane to a small extent was introduced last year, and
appears to flourish ; but it remains to be tried what
produce it will yield.*

As long as the Zemindar can get what will repay
the labour, he will generally cultivate the land ; few
of them being wealthy enough to allow their lands
to lie fallow.

Manuring is used to a very small extent, and con-
sists usually of burnt weeds, and the refuse collected
from the village dung-hills. Sheep are occasionally
penned in the fields, but the supply from this source

* It has since been cultivated more extensively. — II. II. S.

SPRING AND AUTUMN CROPS. 97

is very limited. Oxen and bullocks are commonly
used both for carriage and agriculture. The few
mules in the district are small, and good for nothing.

The ploughs, carts, and other implements of hus-
bandry, are the same as those used in other parts of
the country. Models would not be worth procuring.

The Budowy, or rain crops, are sown on the first
fall of the rains, which in this district usually takes
place about the end of June. They are cut about
the middle of September. The Rubbee crop is sown
in October, and cut in February and March. The
Sugar-cane is laid down in the beginning of March
as fallow land, and in land cultivated before Rubbee,
after it has been cut in April. The extent of waste
land by the late survey, amounts to 848,534 acres, of
which 255,975 acres are culturable.

The rate of labour varies with the different classes
of workmen. Ahirs, Choomars, and Passees, get on
an average grain to the value of from one to two
rupees per mensem. The carpenters and blacksmiths
are allowed in general a few biswahs of land, besides
a small allowance of grain from their employer.
\Veavers get two rupees a month. Labour com-
mences at sun-rise, and is continued till sun-set, with

the intermission of one hour at 12 o'clock.

o

98 TREES OF THE COUNTRY.

No attention is paid to draining lands, which from
the dry nature of the soil is not necessary.

Bunds are common across small rivulets, and the
Bysoo river in Pergunah Deogaon, in particular, is
bunded across in many places for the purpose of
irrigation.

The country is in general well wooded with Man-
goe topes ; there are also Peepul, Bhurs, Tamarinds,
Babools, &c. &c.

The roads are for the most part good, and very
numerous. Bridges are being constructed over the
different Nullahs, by which the district is inter-
sected.

The district being situated between the Ganges
and Gograh, on the land which formed formerly,
most probably the channel of the latter, is intersect-
ed by innumerable small rivulets. None of them are
navigable, except the Tonse and Surjoo, which can
only be used during the rains, and are so tortuous,
as to be little navigated.

For the above reasons, land carriage is the only
one used for the conveyance of produce.

The amount of manufactures in the district is
as follows : —

AMOUNT OF MANUFACTURES IN THE DISTRICT. 91)

X

""" 3

00

£ * •

^ !*

CO

p t •** 3

"*

^

5 §>

S

0

15 §j"« 5

•#_

"t3 " Q ^

oT

O ^ " ^ 3

o>

e-i uo^ H

oT

(3 *

c

G.'g -3 J

i.* £-5

« i

o

M '*" ~ ii

,° ~a

Oi

£ 5 a jj 5

^~ '"*

oT

— ^ := .a1^

oo"

si's"!

o> <n

f-^ (U

t-

"s .3 1 1

8*0 «

s"

si? ** ^

a S

CO

0)

o
•0

CL>

•^ D

81

PH *

2 3

-^ .S

C— 1 **

'.O

S1^ ^

**

•*

*s 1^

w

fe «

03

^ ft,

r, »

'O

S

"c •*-! o

*"i

3

C o 1J

'•O

55

a OH

o

(0

u rt

^ 3

«

2-3

f2 ^

^f*

>o

0 ~?. ^

r*1

'O

CJ M *

®^

,[ c- ^

*4*

0 g"^

*-'

<r ?

S

0.

03

£

*S **" u

CO

3

^ jS

"3

IS*

03

_o

«

i

^_ _^

o

o

*-)

tn S «J « S

r-

o

S S D ^4 p

CO

r>

§ _2 | >3 ;-

a

•n a o 2 -5

•o
• o

| e s 1 1

o

j|«2°

100 MANUFACTURING POPULATION.

The state of commerce will be evident from the
statement here given. As must always be the case,
it has given a great stimulus to Agriculture, especi-
ally of late, from the greatly increased demand for
Sugar-cane.

The district contains a large manufacturing
population, and they have been obliged to resort
partially to Agriculture as a means of subsistence,
without entirely deserting their former avocations.

A Society has lately been established.

The natives have not the slightest turn for im-
provement. It remains to be seen, what effects
the Society now established may have in rousing
them from their apathy, and inducing them to
exert themselves for their own benefit.*

Poverty, ignorance, and apathy of the inhabitants,
and the retired situation of the district, remote
from any of the great lines of communication, are
the obstacles to improvement.

* Under the indefatigable exertions of Mr. Tucker, the late Collector
of the district, this Society has grown up to some consideration, and
several medals, and many prizes, have been awarded at the Annual
Prize-show, for sugar-cane and vegetable cultivation. As many as
seven silver medals were forwarded by the Agricultural and Horticul-
tural Society of India last year (1840.)— H. H. S.

BRANCH SOCIETY. 101

The Branch Society contains all the residents,
who are all interested in the improvement of the
district.

No native landlord will be induced to join this
Society, although there are many who will be glad
to derive benefit from its produce.

(Signed) R. MONTGOMERY,

Secretary,

10*2 HOSHUNGABAD — VALLEY OF NURBUDDA.

Central

Nurbudda Valley.

From Major OUSELY, Political Officer in charge of the
Hoshungabad district, to JOHN BELL, ESQ. former Secre-
tary of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of
India, dated May 14, 1839.

SIR,

In reply to your letter of 31st March last, for-
warded to me by the Officiating Commissioner
Saugor and Nerbudda territories, and copy of one
to the Secretary to Government, Mr. Prinsep, 3rd
February, with 34 questions, I have the honor to
state, that I fear the station of Hoshungabad would
hardly admit of the formation of a branch Society,
there being too small a number of residents. I have
at a very great expense succeeded in making a very
good garden, but I should certainly never have
attempted it, had it not been for the pleasure it
afforded. I will circulate your letter, and endea-
vour to promote your object to the utmost. I beg
to append answers to the queries above alluded to.

2nd. On the Mahadeo Hills at Puchmurry, about
5000 feet in height, I think there is every probabi-
lity of success in an experimental farm ; enjoying

TREES OF THE VALLEY. 103

as it does a fine, equal, cool climate, and having
good soil, with little streams flowing in every direc-
tion throughout the year. In fact, many of the
fruits and flowers of the plains, Mangoes, Limes,
Chumgars, Cuchenar, &c. grow there indigenously
in profusion ; and also a great variety of the most
beautiful flowers that are found in places of the
same height; the distance,»E. S. E. from Hoshun-
gabad, is about from 50 to 60 miles. Another
place is at Baitool ; where the heat is very mode-
rate, compared to what it is at Hoshungabad, but
certainly nothing to equal Fuchmurry in coolness,
and advantages of water.

(Signed) j. \y. OUSELV, Major,

Principal Assistant to the, Commissioner.

1st. — At Hoshungabad. The soil is black, rich al-
luvial, having a depth of 30 or 40 feet, and generally
the same from the Gunjal to Jhansyghaut, on the
Nerbudda near Jubbulpore. The climate is not
very cold in the winter season ; I have in 15 or 16
years here, only twice witnessed the effects of severe
frost. From April until the rains set in, about
120th June, it is very hot. Hot winds blow from
S A. M. until 9 r. M., but the nights are cool and

104 THE CHIEF CULTIVATION^

pleasant. The season of the rains is cold, (seldom
that close disagreeable feel of Bengal,) breaking up
about 20th or 25th September.

2nd and 3rd. — The leases of land are in few in-
stances to a large amount. The highest number
from 35, or 40,000, down to 100 or less ; but there
are not above six or eight large Malgoozars, (revenue
farmers). The villages are separately let, in general
to single tenants, who do as they please in letting
out fields to the Ryots : there are no proprietory
farmers, or zemindars, all are lease-holders now, for
twenty years from 1836.

4th and 5th. — The cultivation is chiefly in wheat
and gram. A good deal of cotton is grown towards
Nursingpore. Poor lands are used for pasture, and
also the hilly tracts south : no Guinea grass or
Clover has been tried. Lucern grows well here,
and also the common, " Gooneree," " Kaeel," " Moo-
cheil," " Doobh," " Puruwaie," " Sookul or Lum-
pa," " Kans," and " Burro." The four first are
adapted to grazing, and the four last for chaffering.
Kaeel and Moocheil are the best for cattle, and fetch
the higher prices as hay. Gooneree, when fresh,
is very good, not so dry. Doobh for horses. I can
hardly fancy finer grass than the Kaeel and Moocheil.

BREEDS OF HORNED CATTLE. 105

6th. — The cattle of the valley are chiefly the Malwa
breed, white straight-set horns, large ears, high hump,
very powerful limbs. The bullocks are chiefly,
from their larger size, used in hackeries ; but are
rather slow. The hill cattle are beautiful ; spotted
red or black on white ground, or the reverse, or mot-
tled ; wild, high spirit, and great strength, used
chiefly in plough, rather smaller than the Malwa
breed. The cows give little milk, those of the Mal-
wa breed give a great deal. I cannot imagine any
cattle prettier than those. I have procured a number
of English, Malwa, Hurriana and Sandee, some from
the Nagpore side, and Luckno-down ; but none
equal these in beauty and strength.*

Buffaloes are very plentiful, the best about Barha,
half way from Hoshungabad to Gurruwarra; but
generally small. I sent to Captain Jenkins, Com-
missioner in Assam, and Major White, Political
Agent at Bishnatli, to request their assistance to get
some of the fine breed from them, and they were
obliging enough to assist me in purchasing them
twice ; but from their savage wildness, they never

* Major Ouselcy, who now (18-11) resides at Dorumla, as the Political
Agent of the Right Honorable the Governor General for the South-
western Frontier, lias still a large farm yard of cattle of various
breeds. — 11. II. S.

r

IOC CROPS OF THE VALLEY.

reached me. I shall however send men again this
rains, as I think great improvements might be made
by mixing the breed. I have some hundred head
of cattle, cows and buffaloes, now in an experimen-
tal farm, and I think that there is every chance of
their improving in this fine grazing country.

7th and 8th. — Little irrigation is employed, the
only fields watered, are sugar-cane, and Malies, or
Kachee's land, (vegetable growers). The soil cracks
too much to admit of the water running ; you may
force a bamboo or two tied together, down some of
the cracks from 15 to 20 feet and more ; they are
fully a span wide.

9th. — Wheat crops are sown in October and No-
vember, and cut in March and April. Gram, which is
sown with wheat, is cut in February or March. Rice
is sown in June and July, cut in October and Novem-
ber; and with rice are sown Cotton, Kadoo, Koot-
kee, the pulses Oorud and Moong, Jowar,* Bujra,f
Tillee}: of one kind, &c. along with wheat, gram,
sugar-cane, Ulsee or Teesa,$ Mussoor, and Tewra.

Aal is sown in June and July, and dug the third

* Andropogon Sorghum.

t Panicum (Penicillaria) spicatum.

I (Sesatrium?)

§ Sinum Usitatissimum. — H. H. S.

VARIOUS DYES — COTTON SUGAR-CANE. 10J

year.* Koosm sown in October and November,
flowers in January and February; it is very abun-
dant. Huldee, (turmeric) Yams, &c. in abundance.

10th. — No alternation of cropping in the Nur-
budda valley. I have endeavoured to introduce it,
but with no effect.

llth and 12th. — There are only three or four vil-
lages in which Indigo is grown, and that in very
little quantity ; it appears not to be understood.
Cotton is grown largely, and is very fine in
poorish lands, light soil. Sugar-cane a great deal ;
there are several kinds, black, red, green, white and
variegated. The black, red, and variegated are large
and long; the green and white are thin and short.
But Captain Sleeman, some years since, supplied
me with some of the cane that he introduced, which
grows beautifully, and is gradually supplanting the
other kinds. The Goor made from this Otaheitian

* Aal or Haul (Moriiula citrifoliu) and Koosm, (Carthamus tiuctorius)
arc two dye plants. The former is cultivated extensively through
Southern Bundlekund and the Ncrbudda, and is the root whence the
red colouring matter for dyeing the common country cloths of Central
India is obtained. For particulars of the mode of culture, the manufac-
ture of this dye, and the expcncc, see Spry's Modern India, vol. i.
Appendix. The (lowers of the Koosm furnish a bright rose-colour of an
evanescent quality. — II. II. S.

108 MODE OF FALLOWING.

cane is said to be finer and better for making sugar,
than that of any of the other sorts. I have this year
sent a supply of cane to Mr. Wilkinson, at Sehore,
and the Officer commanding at Asseergurh. Boor-
hanpore sugar-cane grows in the richest soil.

13th. — The cotton seed sent by Mr. Bell to Cap-
tain Sleeman, grew pretty well ; but the gardener, I
regret to say, destroyed the seed. The Otaheitian
cane promises to supersede all others. I sent some
Amrowty cotton seed, and wheat of a peculiarly
fine kind, (Jululia,)* to Captain Jenkins of Assam ;
but I know not how it succeeded.

14th. — Fallowing is practised thus — when the land
is worn out and exhausted, the Patels (owners) let it
fall out of cultivation for three up to twelve years,
and use it as grazing ground ; the richer the soil, the
longer the period it requires to recover ; poor soil
requires but a year's fallow, and will last but two or
three ; rich land last thirty or forty years.

15th. — No manure is used ; but in sugar-cane fields

* Some Hoshungabad Wheat, (Jululia,) which was presented to the
Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India, by Capt. Ouseley,
through Dr. Wallich, and reported on by a Committee, was pronounced
superior to any that the members had ever before seen in India. It
weighed full sixty pounds to the bushel. — H. II. S.

IMPLEMENTS TIMES OF SOWING. K

I have all along endeavoured to induce the people
to manure their fields ; but they laugh at the idea.

16th. — Both oxen and buffaloes are used in the
husbandry of this valley, the latter only by the
poorer people. I think oxen better than mules.

17th. — The plough is the simple one used through-
out India, the carts are made with solid teak wheels,
bound with heavy iron tyres and with iron boxes.
The wheels cost from 40 to 80 rupees a pair, and
last for three or four generations, descending to the
heirs ; they are considered of vast importance in a
family. The bukiia, or barrow, a flat iron about two
feet long by three inches deep, set into a block of
wood, is I believe, used also in most parts of India.
I could send models with ease, or the things them-
selves.

18th. — I have already mentioned sowing time for
Khurreef (autumn harvest) crops ; June and July,
and cutting in October and November. Kubbee crops
(spring harvest) sowed in October and November,
cut in February and March.

19th. — In the Baitool division of the district, from
the Baitool cantonments north for fifty miles, the
country is a jungly waste, hilly and bad soil general-
ly, but of course, some good. The climate prevents

110 WAGES OF LABOUR EMBANKMENTS.

the people from the plains going to reside there. I
had pukha wells made at each stage on the road
between Hoshungabad and Baitool, and now the
Nujeebs (police guards) are as healthy as elsewhere,
whereas for some thirteen or fourteen years, they
died off dreadfully. Indeed I do not think so much is
to be attributed to malaria or miasma, as to the bad
stagnant water, drunk in these jungles, formerly was.

20th. — Wages — Masons get three, four and five
annas a day; carpenters and blacksmiths the same;
grammies (thatchers) two and a half annas ; coolies
two annas; boys one anna commencing work at
sun-rise, and leaving off at sun-set, all the year round,
having one hour in the middle of the day for dinner.

21st. — No draining is used, or required.

22nd. — Embankments for rivers are needless, the
banks being so very high : but in the eastern Pur-
gunahs (subdivisions) of Nursingpore and Chind-
warrah, the fields are banked up all round about
three feet high, and six, eight, or ten feet thick ;
this keeps in the water during the rains, and in Oc-
tober it is cut and let out for sowing wheat crops.

23rd. — The country is beautifully wooded. Teak,
Rohinnee,* Taaj, Sissoo,f Mowah,| Gumrasgee,

* Soymida Febrifuga. t Dalbcrgia Sissoo. + Bassia latifolia. — H. II. S.

TIMBER TREES STREAMS. 1 I 1

Salii,* Ebony,f Dhamun, Neem,£ Tamarind, Mango,
Jamin, Behra,J Kawah, &c. in vast profusion. The
Teak and Mowah grow very large. Ebony very
fine. ||

24th. — The roads are hardly passable along the
valley of the Nerbuddah, in the rains, towards Bai-
tool and Nagpore. Soil more light and more passable ;
but there are no made roads in the district in any
direction.

25th. — There are many hundred little streams
which run into the Nurbudda from the south.

26th.-— Water carriage from Nursingpore down to
Hindia, used for corn and salt, along the Nurbudda ;
but not so much as it should be.

27th. — We have in no way improved the manufac-
tures here since we got the country ; the commerce
may have improved ; and as the population has in-
creased, the agriculture is more extended ; but as
primitive as heretofore.

* Boswellia thurifcra ? t Diospyros cbcnum. I Azadiracta Indica.
§ Tcrminalia Belrica ?

|| The bastard Ebony tree of Central India, and also many other of
the forest trees which abound there yield large quantities of rich and
valuable gums. The writer of this note collected as many as fifteen
varieties, when a resident in that part of the country. — 11. II. S.

112 WANT OF ENTERPRISE AMONG THE PEOPLE.

28th. — This is not a manufacturing district ; but
one of agriculture merely.

29th. — There are no Societies for the object of
extending or improving.

30th and 31st. — The people of the district do not
evince greater enterprise or turn for improvement
than those of other districts, the only way to excite
such a turn would be in practically shewing the
benefit of the improvements alluded to. They
comprehend no theoretic systems, and have as much
objection as the government to be the first to lay
out money that has even a chance of being sunk ; a
little in example would do more than any thing
else. Indeed by shewing them my garden, with the
grafted fruits, &c. procured from Madras, Calcutta,
&c. I have induced many to make very nice gar-
dens, supplying a few trees, &c. and procure cattle
for breeding from other parts of the country. There
are no obstacles, but that one before alluded to.

32nd. — I shall be very happy to supply the map
wanted as soon as I have finished the settlement of
the Baitool part of the district, which will be within
a month. I have not sufficient leisure now.

33rd and 34th. — I know of no one, who has any
turn for the objects of the Society ; but will send

BEI1AR PROVINCE. 113

your letter to Colonel Wallington, commanding
at Hoshungabad to ascertain. There are no other
European inhabitants ; but I know three or four
influential Natives who seem desirous of improving
their estates. Dewan Patel of Raipoor ; the Raja
of Sobapore ; Indurjeet Chowdery of Amgang ;
Munsook Chowdery of Rohsulpore, &c., all would
be glad to promote what they see are really improve-
ments, and these are the people to look to, to spread
our methods of improving, rather than entirely
depending on European exertion.

(Signed) x w. OUSELEY, Major,

Principal Assistant to the Commissioner.

Central {ntota.— (continued.) BEIIAR.

From R. II. MATHEWS, ESQ. Indigo Planter, to JOHN BELL,
ESQ. former Secretary Agricultural and Horticultural So-
ciety of India, dated Dearie via Shcrgotty, March 26, 1837.

SIR,

I beg leave to enclose replies to the queries of
the 8th February last, for the information of the

Q

114 NATURE OF SOIL.

Society, which I hope will be satisfactory as regards
the Shahabad district.

(Signed) R. JJ. MATHEWS.

Q. 1st. The nature of the soil, and climate of
the district ?

A. Various ; consisting generally of a light,
sandy soil, mixed with clay ; particularly along the
Ganges and Soane ; the interior mostly of a dark,
blackish, hard, clay (Kuroyle) in lowest grounds,
and sandy in the higher ; climate the same as
South Behar.

Q. 2nd. The manner in which the land is pos-
sessed ; by great or small proprietors ?

A. All along the Ganges and part of the Soane
is possessed by two large proprietors ; one the
Rajah of Doomrong ; the other a branch of the
same family, Baboo Coowr Singh, with some few
independent Zumeendars. To the south, generally
by proprietors, subdivided into numerous shares.

Q. 3rd. The manner in which the land is occu-
pied ; whether by great or small farms ?

LAND HOW EMPLOYED. 115

A. Occupied generally by ryots of villages, to
the extent of ten, twenty or fifty bigahs, according
to their means, whether under the Zumeendars or
Thukadars.

Q. 4>th. The manner in which the land is em-
ployed ; whether in pasture, in husbandry, or both ?

A. Generally in husbandry ; cattle fed on chaff
or rice straw ; but under the Rotas Hills a good
deal of pasture and jungle, the latter fast giving way
to cultivation : myself having cleared away about
30,000 bigahs, since I established these Indigo works.

Q. 5th. If in pasture, what grasses are culti-
vated ? Has the Guinea grass been tried ; and if
so, to what extent do you think it could be advan-
tageously introduced ? Has the clover been tried,
and with what success ?

A. The grasses are spontaneous, not cultivated.
1 have tried the Guinea grass, which thrives very
well ; clover has not been tried, never having got
seed. The fiorin also thrives well.

Q. 6th. What species of stock is kept ? Whether
the breeds can be improved : or whether new breeds

116 BREED OF CATTLE.

ought to be tried ? Is there any individual in your
district, who would be disposed to pay attention to
improving the breed of cattle ?

A. Plough cattle, few cows, and a larger stock of
buffaloes and sheep. From the strong antipathy of
the natives to any thing new, but principally to the
want of means, no improvement has yet been made,
nor could any be made with the stock in hand ; but
no doubt by _the mixture of a new breed, say the
English bull, or Hurriana, an improvement must
follow. I know not of any native who has the
means or inclination to undertake such ; but I am
myself well disposed to do all I can for the improve-
ment of the country generally.

Q. 7th. Whether any of the land is watered ;
and whether any considerable extent of ground is
capable of that improvement ?

A. Every village possesses one or more reservoirs
or embankments, (ahurs,) for the collection of water,
generally for the watering of the rice crops; and
wherever water is to be had, wells are dug for
the watering of wheat and barley, sugar-cane, and
opium crops, &c.

THE VARIOUS CROPS. 117

Q. 8th. For what particular crops is land in your
district irrigated ; and what is the mode of irriga-
tion ?

A. For those mentioned in paragraph 7 ; irrigat-
ed by means of bullocks and levers for the wells.

Q. Qth. If the land is employed in husbandry,
what crops are cultivated ?

A. The crops cultivated are Sawanh, Murrooah,
Taungoon,Mukya (Indian corn), Sarah (Rice), Sahtee
(Rice), Codye, Till (White Sesamum), Bord Oudya,
Copass Rotah, Sun, Indigo, Coorthee, Mothie, Oord,
Till (Black Sesamum), Junarah, Bujurah, Cheena,
Rice, Codo, Gram, Peas, Musoor, Karow, Barley,
Wheat, Kasaree, Urhur, Linseed, Toree, Surso
(Mustard), Jaitooah, Cotton, Oats, Jeerah (Carra-
way), Dhunniah (Coriander), Mungrylah, Ujwyne
(a sort of Carraway), Chunsoor, Mattee, Opium,
Burra (Safflower), Putwa, Sugar-cane.

Q. 10//«. What is the rotation of crops ?

A. All crops sown in June and July, and reaped
in October, are resown with other grain, excepting
Sun (hemp) lands.

118 PECULIARITIES OF SOIL.

Q. llth. Is Indigo cultivated, and to what ex-
tent ? Is cotton cultivated, and to what extent ? Is
sugar-cane cultivated, and to what extent ?

A. Indigo is extensively cultivated from 25,000
to 30,000 bigahs yearly. Cotton extensively, but
of common kind. And sugar more or less in every
village, and on the increase.

Q. I%tk. What are the peculiarities of the soils
occupied by these articles ?

A. For indigo mixed soil and sloping grounds ;
for cotton flat and clay soils ; and for sugar-cane
strong mixed soil.

Q. IStk. Have the varieties of foreign cotton
been tried, and with what success ? Has the Ota-
heite cane been introduced, to what extent, and
with what success ?

A. Foreign cottons have only been tried by
planters, and to a very limited extent. South Sea
Island promises well ; but all other seeds have not
vegetated. Otaheite cane has not yet been intro-
duced, but I have sown ten bigahs of the country
cane, by way of experiment, and have been pro-

MODE OF TREATING LANDS. 1 19

mised a supply of Otaheite cane in November or
December next, from the Jubbulpoor farm.

Q. I4,th. Is fallowing practised ; or is the same
land applied to the same purpose, from year to
year?

A. No lands lie fallow, except those for sugar-
cane. The same lands are applied to the same
purpose from year to year; but a rotation of crops
is introduced as mentioned in paragraph 10.

Q. \5th. Is manure used, and of what kind?
Could the system of manuring be extended, and
could the natives be induced to pen their cattle,
instead of using the manure as fuel ?

A. No manure is used by natives, except for
sugar-cane, and that generally the sweepings of
villages, and the dung of sheep. I am not aware
that the system of manuring could be extended
amongst the natives ; nor do I think that the
natives could be induced to pen their cattle, or
of not using manure as fuel, as each would be
attended with more cost than the generality of
them can afford.

120 IMPLEMENTS AND CROPS.

Q. 16th. Are oxen or buffaloes commonly used;
would mules not be preferable for draught ?

A. Oxen generally. A few buffaloes occasionally
for ploughs and hackery s (carts.) Mules though
preferable for draught, would never answer for the
carts in use; nor would they be well taken care of
by the natives, as they pay little or no attention
even to the cattle they have.

Q. Ylih. What are the usual sorts of ploughs,
carts, and other implements of husbandry ? Could
originals or models be procured for this Society,
without much inconvenience ?

A. The ploughs, carts, and other implements of
husbandry, are the same as those used in Behar,
Ghazeepoor, Benares, &c. &c. In the cities no doubt
models could be easily made and furnished.

Q. 18^. What is the usual seed time and har-
vest, for the different crops ?

A. Different crops. Sown in Ripe in

Sawanh, June, Oct. & November.

Murrooab, ditto, ditto.

Taungoon, ditto, October.

Makya, (Indian corn,) ditto, September.

Sarah, (rice,) June and July, October.

ARTICLES OF CULTURE.

121

Different crops.
Sahtce, (rice,)
Codye,

Till, (White Sesamum,)
Oord budya,
Copass rotah,
Sun,
Indigo,
Coorthee,
Mothie,
Oord,

Till, (Black Sesamum,)
Junarah,
Bujurah,
Clieenah,

Rice,

Codo,

Gram,

Peas,

Musoor,

Karo\v,

Barley,

Wheat,

Kasarcc,

Urhur,

Linseed,

Torec,

Surso, (Mustard,)

Sown in

June and July,

June,

ditto,

July,

June and July,

June.
June, July, Aug. & Sept.

August,

ditto,

ditto,

August,

July,

ditto,
Nov. Dec. Jany. Feby. & March,

June & July,

July & August,

Oct. & Nov.

ditto,

ditto,

ditto,

ditto,

ditto,

ditto,

June & July,

Oct. & Nov.

ditto,

ditto,

Copass jaitooah, (Cotton) ditto,
Oats, ditto,

.locrah. ditto.

Ripe in

October.

ditto.

ditto.

ditto.

Octr. & Nov.

October.

October.

Dec. & Jan.

ditto.

ditto.

Dec. & Jan.

ditto.

ditto.

ripe in 2 months.

Dec. & Jan.

ditto.

March & April.

March.

ditto.

ditto.

March £ April.

ditto.

ditto.

ditto.

ditto,

February.

ditto.

April & May.

ditto.

ditto.

K

122 WAGES OF LABOUR.

crops. Sown in Ripe in

Dhunniali,

Oct. & Nov.

April & May.

Mungryla,

ditto,

ditto.

Ujwyne,

ditto,

ditto.

Chunsoor,

ditto,

ditto.

Matee,

ditto,

ditto.

Opium,

ditto,

ditto.

Burra, (Safflower,)

ditto,

ditto.

Putwa,

August,

February & March.

Sugar-cane, Jan. & Feb. ditto.

Q. 19tk. What is the extent of waste lands, and
the improvement of which they are most capable ?

A. The extent of waste lands only arises from
the want of population, and may be said to be
circumscribed to the foot of the Rotas Hills.

Q. 20M. What is the rate of wages and price of
labour ? And what are the hours at which labour
commences and ceases at different seasons ?

A. Ploughmen 2 rupees 8 annas (5s. 6d. sterling)
per month ; Dhangurs (hill coolies) 2/8 ; coolies 4 or
5 pice (Zd. to 2|c?. sterling) per day ; women 3 to
2 J pice ; boys 2j, 2, and 1 J pice ; blacksmiths 4 to 5
rupees a month ; (8 to 9 shillings;) carpenters ditto ;
hackery drivers 2/8 ; mistrees (carpenters) 7 to 10
rupees, (14s. to I/, sterling). The hours of labour

EMBANKMENTS - TREES.

commence at sunrise and end at sunset — one or
one and a half hours cessation from labour being
allowed in the middle of the day.

Q. %lst. Is any attention paid to draining lands,
and what sort of drains are used ?
A. No draining, to any extent.

Q. 22«r/. Is any attention paid to embankments?

A. If by embankments is meant such as keep
out the encroachments of rivers, there are none;
but every attention is paid to the embankments
(ahurs) for the supply of water, for the rice crops.

Q. 23>Y/. Is the country well wooded, and what
sort of timber is chiefly grown ?

A. In some parts well, in others but indifferent-
ly ; the timber grown, consists of Mangoes, Mowah,
Jamoon, Kuthur, (jack) Seeso, Babool, Upog, Tar,
Goolur, Kujoor, (dates) Necm, Imlee, (tamarind)
Seeris, Samur, (cotton) Bamboos, Kurrum ; in the
jungles grow Khurhur, Sakho, Sanun, Panun, Ru-
hoa, Taind, (ebony) Doodhia, Dhamin, Sale, Cehyr,
Kurasun, Chundun, Rukut Chundun, Taj, Sidli.
Asun. and Bamboos.

124 ROADS - CARRIAGE.

Q. 24£/z. What is the state of the roads ?

A. The roads are very indifferent, and most of
them always impassable for carriages, notwithstand-
ing the district pays one per cent, as its assessment
for their support, and these are only smoothed once
in the year.

Q. 25th. Is the district intersected by streams ?

A. The district is bounded by the Carumnasa,
the Ganges, and the Soane. The interior streams,
or nullahs, have water only during the rains.

Q. 26^. Is land, or water carriage resorted to,
for the conveyance of produce ?

A. Generally land carriage, except on the banks
of the G an ires.

Q. VXth. To what extent have manufactures or
commerce been carried on in the district, and have
they had good or bad effects on its manufacture ?

A. There is little commerce or manufacture in
the district, saving that of Indigo, which has been
of the greatest advantage, inasmuch as zumeendars
and ryots are enabled to get funds from the plan-
ters upon more advantageous terms than they

INDIGO AND PAPER FACTORIES. 125

could from the native bankers ; whilst lacs and
lacs of rupees are disseminated to the working
poor, and this may be said generally of all Indigo
districts ; and on a reference to the Collector's
records, fewer villages, so situated, will be found
to have been put up for sale, than those otherwise
situated. Not one has been sold in this immediate
neighbourhood since the works were established.

Q. 28^. If a manufacturing district, what pro-
portion of the population has been thrown out of
work, by the cheaper imported European Cottons ;
and have they taken to any other employment ?

A. The only manufactures are Indigo and Paper,
and the introduction of English Cotton can have
had no deteriorating effect.

Q. 29th. Are there any other societies instituted
in the district for the improvement of agriculture ?
A. None.

Q. 30///. Do the natives seem to have a turn for
improvement ; or how could such a spirit be best
excited ?

A. None; but as there arc now so many different

12(5 STATE OF THE DISTRICT.

kinds of grain and oil seeds exported from India,
the demand itself will produce an improvement.

Q. 3lst. Are there any obstacles to improvements ;
and in what manner can they best be remedied ?
A. None.

Q. 3%nd. Is there any individual who could fa-
vour the Society with a rough map of your district,
subdividing the lands by colours, in reference to the
portions cultivated by particular crops ; say blue
for indigo, brown for sugar, yellow for rice, green
for pasture, white for waste lands, and so on ?

A. I am not aware of any individual who could
favour the Society with a rough map of the district,
subdividing the lands by colours, as no two crops
are consecutively sown in the same lands, except
rice ; but the annual extent of each crop can be as-
certained from the Collector's office.

Q. 33rd. What are the names and address of
those who are the most active, or the most skilful
improvers in the district ; and who are the most
likely to be the most useful correspondents of the
Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India ?

EUROPEAN PLANTERS. 1 2/

A. Mr. J. P. Marcus, Nansagur ; Mr. G. Ley-
burn, of Nonore ; Mr. Gibbon, of Shahpoor, and
the humble services of myself.

Q. 34th. Could any number of influential native
landlords, or farmers, be induced to join a Branch
Society in your district, and to promote its objects
by personal exertions ?

A. I fear not. The Rajah of Doomrong and the
Baboos may subscribe their names to the thing ; but
would take no personal interest in it.

R. H. MATHEWS.

DEARIE SHAHABAD,
'2")th March, 1837.

.— (continued.) DACCA.

From MR. DEARMAN, laic Deputy Collector at Dacca, to
DR. SPRY, Secretary to the Agricultural and Horticul-
tural Society of India, dated November (,)t/i, 18oi).

MY DEAR SIR,

In forwarding the accompanying Statement, rela-
tive to the culture of the agricultural crops of the

128 STATEMENTS AND REMARKS ON DACCA.

Dacca district, together with some remarks thereon,
it is with the conviction that it conveys but very
limited information regarding them, and in some
instances, may perhaps, to a trifling extent, be
incorrect. The statement and remarks will not
however be altogether valueless, should they prove
a means of stimulating others, residing in the
Moffussil, to follow out a plan more comprehensive
and detailed.

I forward, to you also, at the same time, a similar
statement to that above alluded to, in Bengallee,
which may be of service, and save trouble to those
who have not a good knowledge of the language ;
but are nevertheless willing to promote the objects
of the Society ; as by it, they may point out to
any intelligent native who can read, the kind of
information desired.

It has been my intention to collect and arrange
some information in a tabular form, regarding the
indigenous vegetables of the district, as also of its
fruits, which if you think likely to be of any
service, I will forward when completed.

I will send you some seeds from a tree, which
resemble chesnuts. One of these seeds, after taking
off the shell, being stuck on the point of a penknife

STATEMENTS AND REMARKS ON DACCA. 129

and lighted at a candle flame, will burn without the
least odour for four or five minutes, giving a light
equal to two or three candles. From the flower of
the tree, I am told, is distilled a delightful scent.

Your Society have, I hear, offered a sum of —
rupees for the best treatise on Indian Agriculture.*
To write an Agricultural history of the crops
within the limits of this Presidency, would be a
gigantic undertaking, and scarcely within the
power of any individual's leisure and personal
knowledge to accomplish. Each district has fre-
quently crops more peculiarly its own, whilst the
process of culture and time of sowing in any two
Zillahs, may differ considerably, even for the same
description of crop ; but were the MofFussil Mem-
bers of your Society, or any others so inclined,
they might each furnish an article on the culture of
one or two kinds of produce grown in their respec-
tive districts. In this way the object could be
easily and speedily obtained ; every Zillah thus
possessing a separate record of its own, the whole
might form an Encyelopoedia of the Bengal presi-
dency's Agriculture.

(signed) T. A. DKAUMAX.

* Prizes arc no longer offered by the Agricultural and Horticultural
Society of India for treatises on Indian Agriculture. — II. II. S.

S

130

FARMING IN THE DACCA DISTRICT.

' e

m-o

'o'S *"

h

0.

o

"*• 6"

a..5 a

5 ^

•^ ^ ®

•S"*

•3 °

H«

if

ill

BJ -^ C

S|

o

o

1 S

.***) 4>

=-> §

E 2

73

•a

Si!

a fcl

°B

O W Q «

*§

1

3

** ° A

§ ^s

Z£

Hw"1^^

""^

s

S

2 55:2

13 1 1

" n£

« ee So

S"|

™J

•* £

0^0

*^s w,

cS

W CO W

<H

£M

zz

030

^

A w ^ ^

re3

11

c .i-a

Ta «£ G Q '

a

£

P^ 0^

** SO a

-S ^*

•^^ &'<*

|.

•a s ~— a

o C

o<t

'o'g 5^4

1

i-srihS

Sfe

. §

|

I'Ts

•flfl-S

iffeff

S

o^ § S^ £

0 §

S

5

« y'a

S o § t;

&^ibi a >

§)

S -s

S- toe.

ly

Ig

o .2

^ rSj

yT

J3 5

5=^'C

jf

^

,

^ 3

•g fc§

Qi

to

S3

OJ

i

O O

m

0

CO

s s.g .

§ S3 -5

o

-171

2

en

H|

1

o

5 § tf

•o"0"3

•B

>> O PS

d

"" SIS *•

cs « e.

/*

a

^ > ^ 13

S « »

?

X ^a

J3J3 C 0

> to
•3 2 .S

a

s

ha tf
o-J

Z 0

H*:

S (!) g S

s

o

3

3

0 ° 3 S
>-._ 0 O

1(3 o

*•£* =

T3
C

peS~¥

£ ^i'z £

CS

•«'§

i r~. ^

5

>1

•fill

ci

-S1 Q

•^ " r^

"3

^

"3

J«J

3 2 O- to

o

o"

o"

CJ

e

^? cfl CO ^3

^ •-

^J

jj

33

"2

C~ °"

5 3 ""§

S C

3

Q

3

^

J b

fio,§ S

ts"«

T3 C

•g-^ °H

•Ss

o

^

•T._3 +*

§||«

t*

3

c"e

'™'*'o

— g, 0 ^,

*3 S

"

It.

III

o c °-0
•a ai:t:'cp3

o-

.

is§

11

"3 S

'o y J^»

ij

ti

O - "S

c-a

Ill

^ c g

rt o •*-* 'C

ij - fcJ3 O ^"

Q

3

^ *C ^

^2|SC
^S|§>

fflpt

o gx J °1 -

fj 1- -M

£3S>,^-3

^f-s

rt 2 s»
3 Z. •?

i§iiiiliiiii.s|f!2

ls*fe.3
§l«s| .

5 o S -5 *• g,

\f*W

liJll

^< 2-2ui
S ^E|5°
H-Q « S S

«wg3^5«

<s|l||l

^5-S^ S 3

5

o"

3

Maugh (Jan
Falgoon (Feb:
and a few da
Bysak (April,)

l^iSSifjsl^iil?

§••2

§i

2?

0)< O

c

• •a

c

„

*3 K tt

"Sis

" 0

" ° J

c

10 f2 s

3

^, .;; t>

£ S e

C5.2

°

5|

C3

m

1

g

^1?

g 'C
O $

_o

QO

s,

3
CO

FARMING IN THE DACCA DISTRICT.

131

o e

o

o

o

o

o

o

3

b

*jl

o

•%

ij§

T3

c

3

•a

C £

§ •-»

iL

•3
C r.

•a

-?a5^

n

Is

G o

2 o

C o

so

C ^ -o

3

~ 5; g

a

H

o o

O O

o

23

22

o o

0 3

C £

® J; E

•* »

M O

•* O

•f

* o

Tf 0

CO O

CO 0

cc o

"^ "•-.

S

CN

CO

CO

*>

21

=•1

C-i

"o '£ —

3.5

b -

5j

^ '~t*-1

5 °

~" 0

a

&~z

&u

S —

IS

o1

'o >.a

.

o"

§="-

|s2

r

o"

6"

0-

|

!J ^

o

s

73 15

33 3 ^

2

5

5

g

"^ a a'S,

£?S

Is

Isg

*• o

s "ir °

Z

lr

£

£

2

o"

I-

tT

a ~ a

in

yj

in

in

0

•J)

in

s

* * S .-3

-

-

—

50

Q

—

-

®,

g>

o

tc j-

is i

o
73

1

c

§|

id

^

*

"~*5

to

bo

°

^ ^

C3

.S **

•=;

II

o

Q

'S

tc™

3"5

T)
rs
0

s

G

•5)3
§1
S2

^3

Q

•a ^

0 -3

£ b

S^

•a

"3 <5

3 S

S"S

a

j-

cl

O

"o-a,

T)

a

V

a '•"

0-

c a

c.

O

c

^ =

o

o

a

c

2

O

? .2

£

l|f

Q

X

^

1

5

5

3— "2

£

ti

a

1~:

" .i! '"" Sc.SJ
^ ty c ^

|

•ci.

't

fj C

0 S J_j =

.SP

'C"-§

~

o

o

T^ H

•r; t- -^ 9 *_>

0

c"

c

o"

<o a

t-t

JJ

Jj

60—

w

4^

^ x~

tj

£~ §•

R'Z

Q

o

S 5

<"S2 2 o 5"

Q

C

a'H

C

-o ^

_«

5

S S o 5 S

^3

V^ ~-~ =

*>ia

^ els C

'.X

o'o a

~t So s,

— s

« t^- c

S w

tj S

~

•C-jf

r* rt

9s c

_^ 2

ft "*~ ^.'^

&

3) 3 "^

•/* ^

,j -~

y ~*

£^ S1- a

3 G

3 ?3 ™-,

•— *

i>

** — • C

5 S s ••? «- a;

?a~£

Su^ § C

§•=2

r"c

^5-=

| »;.~ -S •£> £

a *

s

•t «_a

^ B §

Z

r

S

2

C '5 -2 I =»1

C

^"c n-g

•? Cu

= •=• ^2

Q

g

< i c

(5

2 •§ 5 S §,

S S —

so

"^ j<^

£•5

S.t;

B

IS

£ **

£

3

" ~

X

fe 2

CM

_ 3

a *

a Q

v£

_„

Q'^

_•

_r

"3 a e

. a

Ci

2fs

- s I

Q >

™ u^

fc. 3

0

~

|

III

c —

>.

1

_,. _3

8 3

O rt

o K>

•S^1

K

o

"

o/o1

&

u;

s

g

Ui

^

A

-/3

132

FARMING IN THE DACCA DISTRICT.

0 °

h

C

I

fa

o

M

O

0

•a"

7^

•S

•3

s •

o

§ oi

C .

f*J

If

•3

a

3

a

Ii

^

1

o a. v

22

6

g-

2 2

o"

0 0

Qf t> §

^* o

W w

*J

00 O

s

•* o

•§•2.

m

£

s

to

Q

s

-££

*•&&

a|

a

s

•s

1 ii™

|l

^-^^^

fi -

.§

* 5
^-0

3|

"•a

Ii

!

0

"S>*'T;

-° 0 " '~

« cS ^?

*eS °

a »-

-fl 3 »S

Q

3 »-<

0

?»5

K

S "^ 3

03 2 "^ S

52

<^ "C" J3

ii

ffi w

a£

PS o! 2

S

^S

S

S

|es

in

w

o

^ o

0

S

O

"S1 5?

t-l

h

^

••

o

O

*l^'°

tn

C

rt

1

•2 1» 00

V

a

3

* a.

0

0}

d

1

o"

§

Q? S *K -2

<N

c*?

Jj

C^ to

-*->

0

° §«

3

,Q

Q

gi
'S

05

R

K

Ploughing and also
broadcast,

Ploughing,

2

5

The land to have a
good top dressing with
earth taken from bot-
toms of tanks, jeels &c.
well ploughed, planted
in rows one cubit apart,
and the plants half
that distance.

o

S

Highly manured with
decayed vegetable mat-
ter, plant out in Pouse
(December) andMaugh
(January) in rows, one
cubit apart, allowing
the same space be-
tween each plant,

i

i
<

l-s,

3

||

fill

**•

"3 *"

.2

•° "S 1

c

sis

& %

c S

^_-

a -a

!

'•^'a,

o s

3

S

« §3

I

&,•§

~"a

•36 .

3

_ be a

es *-»

I

1 i

~a _o
3 3 -a

lx§

0

^

o-

2 * bo -

3 41 «

C

Q* S 2

•"11

'^I'S

5

Q

I'sl

%
'

_« *™

|

13 c

O

ia c 5 c -^

*

**"*><2

c

. ^*

3

z 2

a

..- --

>.u «,g

£

e t3

a

•^ .^

"3 2 c ^oa

It

to

3

QJ bo

f «

BT)

TS e

||°|.S

1 7

I

«*§.

If

df

2

§ a
hfl""

o"

I|1J|S

I

i-

* b

1

Q

,0

(5

_rt 5.i ^"^

i

= c § S
"s"§ ".§ 2*

o Z

*— bo

i 2
—'S

fe°

C
«

§ ^ g •-

^ 3

«

e

5 -3 "° ^'-i

a> **<

o

o ^!?

5j ^3 •&;<; SS

^ll

11 „

Ill

c

Ijps-g^fe

-•pP

_,"£»•§

^

af-i

o"

<

llifi

5M

^Is

S

< 3 J,

s

S.U

.j.

.2

•" a~

r-^ t~l

£ i

y.

rt

OH C "2

£~

•^ '•*

pj

5

5 °"i

S

2 "**

o

i.

S C

° a

•2s

53 Q —

cng 2 rx

OS

o

_

•x, H ^

"5 C C

™ 2 §

*^ o

" o 1 b

N cT

01 o

N °--a

o —

4?|§

is

c o

CO

Jill

to
O

|

FH

ja

0

H

.&0 5

•3 £ 'S
ex c

RICE AND SESAMUM CROPS OF DACCA. 133

Remarks on No. 1. — There are numerous varieties
of the Ouse and Aumon rice, the former is sometimes
sown alone, but the latter very seldom ; when sown
together, as is most frequently the case, the propor-
tion of seed is three parts Ouse to one part Aumon.
The produce is, however, different to what might
be expected, the former yielding only four or five
maunds, and the latter six or seven ditto. The Ouse
continues on the field four to five months ; the
Aumon eight or nine ; and very soon covers the
space, by vigorous tillings, which was previously
occupied by the Ouse.*

Remarks on No. 4. — This crop is often sown
with Aumon. I have been told by natives, that the
white Teel, (Sesamum,) is occasionally grown in this
district. I have never yet met with it, and imagined
it was only produced in the Upper Provinces,
where it is used as an article of food ; chickny and
cakes made of this seed, well flavoured with assafoe-
tida, is considered by the natives quite a bonne
bouclie.

* Of all the kinds of rice, the Aumon is the most rapid in its growth.
Dr. Taylor (Topography of Dacca) mentions, that it frequently shoots
up to the extent of twelve inches in twenty-four hours, and attains, in
the course of some seasons, a height of fourteen feet. — H. H. S.

T

134 PRODUCTIVE QUALITIES OF SUGAR-CANE.

The white Teel being of much more value
as an article of commerce, it would, I think, be
worth trying in this district. The difference of
freight alone between this part of Bengal and the
Upper Provinces to Calcutta, would give a hand-
some profit, and without costing the cultivator
more than he at present lays out in the growth of
an inferior kind.

Remarks on No. 6. — The quantity of Sugar ob-
tained from a bega* of the Dacca cane, (7 maunds,
or 560 Ibs.) appears to me small ; the plants are how-
ever very poor, although the adjoining districts of
Fureedpore and Mymunsing produce, I believe, the
finest within a circuit of many miles. The two
kinds most esteemed in the above districts, are the
Kajlees and Dhol Sindooree ; the former of a black
or very deep purple colour, the latter a pink. There
is a patch of these kinds in the Dacca garden, and
they appear to have the advantage over the Otaheite
and Munnipore, in not throwing out shoots, from
the joints, whilst growing.

* There are two, if not three, begahs in use in the Dacca district, viz.
one of 100 cubits square, equal to 2 roods, 2 perches and 179J feet ; the
second, as laid down by Mr. Dearman, in this paper and is 80 x 80 cubits ;
the third is 100x80 cubits.— H. H. S.

FIELD PEA — RAPE AND MUSTARD SEED GIN'GER. 135

Remarks on No. 11. — This is the same as our
field pea in England, indigenous no doubt ; but far
inferior to the European kind. On churs (alluvion)
sufficiently dry for sowing on the 1st November,
after ordinary inundations, and on which there has
been an alluvial deposit, with but little sand, I think
a profitable cultivation might be made of the kinds
used for splitting, or such as are quoted in the
English price current as " Boilers ;" a slight plough-
ing and broadcast, or even chetowing,(?) would I
think answer — and if successful, a superior article
of food would be obtained for the natives, or for
exportation to Calcutta, where they would probably
find a good market for supplying the shipping.

Remarks on No. 13, 14, and 15. — Where these
crops succeed best, with a little more care and atten-
tion, our English mustard seed might answer equal-
ly well, and to a limited extent prove a valuable
article of export. Rape seed might also be tried.

Remarks on No. 19- — There is but little ginger
grown in this district. Rungpore is the favoured
locale, I believe. What most materially contributes
towards giving the West India ginger a higher
value over that of the East, arises from the different
preparation it undergoes. In this country, the

136 THE PULSE CROPS OF DACCA.

roots when taken up are put into boiling lime water,
which probably destroys much of the fragrant pun-
gency, as well as the vegetative power. In the West
Indies, the roots are washed in cold water, the rind
carefully scraped off, they are then dried on mats in
the sun. The West India mode of preparation
might be worth trying.

With regard to the following mentioned crops ; 1.
safflower; 2. paunleaf; 3. wheat; 4. barley; 5. gram;
6. kally jeerah, (Nigella Indica or Sativa.) The first
is grown extensively,* the second not to any great
extent, at least in the Dacca district ; the remaining
four very partially, they are however all cultivated
more largely in the adjoining districts of Fureed-
pore and Mymunsing. I have not as yet made
many inquiries about them.

* The annual average quantity of Safflower, according to Dr. Taylor,
exported from the district of Dacca for eight years past, has amounted
to about 4,000 maunds, or about 149 tons. The total quantity that
passed the Calcutta Custom House in 1824-25, (the greatest year of
exportation ever known,) was 8,448 maunds, or about 316 tons. — H. H. S.

THE GRAINS IX BARRISAUL. 137

* — (continued. )

From MR. ROBERT INCE, late Secretary to the Barrisaul
Agricultural and Horticultural Society, to DR. SPRY,
Secretary Agricultural and Horticultural Society of
India, dated Barrisaul, 18th February, 1840.

SIR,

Absence from the station on public duty, to-
gether with the wish to gain every information in
my power on the subject of your letter of the 29th
October last, has been the cause of my not having
replied to it ere this. I now do so with considerable
diffidence, and must therefore trust to your indul-
gence.

Food, comprising Grains of all kinds — Medical Plants,
Fruits, and Roots.

Grains. — Rice, Dhaul of various kinds, consist-
ing of Kissauree,* Moong,f Mussoorec,! Bhoot,jj
Mauskullye|| and Urrur.^[

* Lathyrus Sativus. I I'hascolus trilobus. \ Ciccr lens.

§ Ciccr arietiimm. II Phaseolus nulialus. 1" Cytisus cajan. — H. II. S.

138 VEGETABLES — ROOTS AND FRUITS.

Vegetables. — Brinjahls, Turryes, Ramturryes, red
and various other Saugs, Radishes, Seem of various
kinds, Jingahs, Kurralahs, Pulwul, Chillies, Pump-
kins, and Cucumbers.

Roots. — Kutchoo, Yams, Sweet Potatoes, Ginger,
Turmeric, Onions, Garlic, and Arrow-root.

Fruits. — Mangoes very inferior, and never to be
had without insects in them; Jacks, Cocoanuts,
Limes and Lemons, from the small juicy Kagzee
to the large Lemon nearly the size of a Citron ;
Shaddock, Tamarind, Chulta, Kumrunga, Jaum,
Kow, Lutkun, Gauva, Hurfurrowree, Aumrah, Au-
tah phull, similar to the Custard Apple, and sold in
Calcutta under the name of " Bull's heart" I believe ;
Aumluckee, an acid fruit ; when dried, I believe it is
sold in Calcutta under the name of Reetah, Jullpye
or Olive, Melons, water and musk, but very small
and inferior. There is also the small kind of long
musk Melon, called Phoot, common throughout
the country.

OILS — TREES — AND FODDERS. 139

Manufacturing and Commercial Articles, such as Oils, Gums,
Dyes, and Barks, or any other known or unknown staples
of commerce, such as Oak, Fir, Teak Tree, fyc.

Oils. — Cocoanut, Mustard, Teel, and Castor Oil.
Trees. — Soondry, Pussoor, Singarali, Byne, Kul-
see, Keurah, Kunkra and Ihien.

Fodder and Food for cattle and domestic animals, comprising
Grasses, Seeds, Fruits, Roots, and Leaves, also any orna-
mental Shrubs and Flowers.

The only food the cattle have in this district,
is the stubble after the different grains are cut. I
am not aware of any grasses, ornamental shrubs,
or flowers peculiar to this district,

Grains. — Rice is the principal staple of this dis-
trict ; it is of various kinds. Of JDhauls, the Kas-
sauree and Mauskullye are the most common.

Vegetables. — The most cultivated are the Radish,
Chilli, Cucumber, and Pumpkin. I have this year

140 GINGER — ONIONS — ARROW-ROOT.

distributed some Guinea grass and Turnip seed, but
it required some persuasion to induce this people to
take it.

Roots. — The Kutchoo is most generally cultivat-
ed ; the Yam requires but little attention, and is to
be had at most hauths, (markets) when in season ;
the Turmeric is good, and requires no improvement;
the Ginger is small, and might be improved in
appearance ; but whether it would be actually so in
the opinion of the natives, is a question, as I believe
the larger kind is not so pungent ; in that case it
would not be preferred, as from the poverty of their
food, they require stronger stimulants.

A short time ago, I offered some of the long
Nepaul Chilli, but it was objected to, from not being
so hot as the common kind ; the same objection exists
regarding the large Patna Onions. The year be-
fore last I distributed some of the Tenessarim Yams,
which still exist, and are I hope likely to increase.

The Arrow-root is very common, growing in al-
most every jungle,* and Mr. Golding mentions, that

* Query — not a true root ? Dr. Taylor, in his Topography of Dacca,
speaks of the bulbous root of the Egyptian, or Nymphsea lotus, yielding
a fecula or starch, which the native medical practitioners of the district
which adjoins Barrisaul, use as a substitute for arrow-root. — II. H. S.

FRUITS — SUGAR-CANES MUSTARD. 141

he has seen it prepared, and that it is very little in-
ferior to the West India, and he thinks, if cul-
tivated, would be equal to it.

Fruits. — I believe those I have enumerated are
common throughout the Lower Provinces, perhaps
under different names, with the exception of the
Jullpye, or Olive,* which I have never before met
with ; it is common throughout these lower districts,
and grows to a considerable size. I have cultivated
a few young plants, which I will take the first
opportunity of forwarding to the Society ; it ap-
pears a hardy plant, and requires but little care.

Sugar-cane. — This is cultivated to a considerable
extent, and may be considered one of the staples of
the district ; but the smaller appears to be preferred
to the larger kind sent by the Society last season,
for although more juicy, it is not supposed to con-
tain so much saccharine matter.f

Mustard — Is cultivated, but limited, and is very
inferior to that of the other parts of Bengal ; the
Teel is also much smaller.

Cotton. — This is cultivated to some extent, but

* Not the true Olive, but Elacocarpus serrata. — H. II. S.
t Where this occurs it is the fault of the people in not thrashing the
Canes sufficiently. — II . II. S.

U

142 COTTON — RICE — WANT OF EUROPEAN SETTLERS.

not sufficient for the demand ; it is the small annual
plant, common throughout Bengal. I offered the
different kinds sent by the Society, but they were
refused, the land being required for rice, which they
consider the more profitable cultivation ; they assign
a further reason for refusing, — that the Cotton offer-
ed to them not being an annual, would occupy the
ground from which they now obtain various pro-
ductions during the year ; and Rice being the princi-
pal staple of the district, it is of course more
thought of; nor is it to be wondered at when the
natural indolence of the native is considered, and the
trifling labour required for its cultivation ; for in this
district it may almost be said to be a spontaneous
production. I fear but little improvement can be
expected from the introduction of any new cultiva-
tion, without more European settlers. The Zemin-
dar is but seldom a resident on his estate, and even
when he is, he thinks only of how he can best
manage to get the most out of his ryots, and so
long as he gets enough, he is contented with the
old system.

The fruits are generally so inferior, it is a ques-
tion whether they would be worth the trouble and
expense of transport, even admitting the certainty

THE BEETLE-NUT TREES. 143

of success. The Beetle-nut might be turned to
advantage if it would live in England ; it requires
care and shelter for the first three years, after
which it is a hardy tree ; it bears the fifth year,
and no doubt its fruit might be turned to better
advantage, than being a mere accompaniment to
Pawn, which is the only use made of it by the
natives, and for tooth powder by the Europeans ;
the husk is an excellent TAN, and is frequently
made use of by the Ckumars (curriers) for prepar-
ing their leather.

Trees. — The Soondry takes the lead, it grows to
an immense height and girth in the jungles about
the Hurringattah, and other large rivers. The
timbers brought to the different marts, seldom
exceed 14 and 15 feet in length, and from 3 to 6
feet in circumference ; they are used principally for
boat-building, as it is liable to warp and crack when
exposed ; it makes the best charcoal, and is pre-
ferred as fire-wood. The Pussoor is a dark, heavy
wood, and beautiful for furniture ; small trees are
generally brought in for house posts, as it is consi-
dered to last so much longer than any other wood ;
it is not liable to rot, and withstands the attacks of
white ants, but the posts are generally very crooked.

144 THE SINGARAH TREE.

The Singarah (Nyctanthes arbor tristis), I have
not yet been able to obtain of any size ; but the
appearance of the tree and the wood, is very like
Mahogany. The other trees are used merely for
fire-wood and posts, and seldom grow to any
considerable size.

Should I hereafter meet with any information
worth communicating to the Society, I will again
do myself the pleasure of addressing you.

(Signed) ROBERT INCE,

Secretary, Barrisaul Agricultural and Horticultural Society.

DISTRICT OF POORKK. 14.r)

ORISSA AND BENGAL.

From ANDREW MILLS, ESQ. Commissioner at Cuttack, to
DR. SPRY, Secretary to the Agricultural and Horticul-
tural Society of India , dated February 26, 1840.

DEAR SIR,

I am sorry to say, that I can give you little
information respecting the trees, &c. of this dis-
trict. I know little of the climate and soil best
adapted to either European or Indian trees, to
venture an opinion on the subject. As far as I
have seen, there are no other trees here that are
not common to other parts of India ; but the fol-
lowing are considered worthy of extension by Dr.
Cumberland of Pooree, who is more conversant
than I am with these matters, the particulars con-
cerning which, were kindly supplied to me by that
gentleman.

kk Calophyllum inopliyllum, called by the natives
Pitlang, or Punang, flourishes luxuriantly on poor
sandy soils, in fact where scarcely any thing else will
grow. It is a very beautiful, and at the same time an
useful tree. The oil which is procured from the ber-
ries is used for burning, and likewise for medicinal

146 CASHEW-NUT TREE.

purposes. The wood is soft, and only used for firing.
Whether this tree would grow beyond the influence
of the sea-breeze, I know not, but it is worthy of
experiment; and I believe you have them in the
neighbourhood of Cuttack, which is a considerable
distance from the sea, but scarcely beyond the
influence of its breezes. There is a large plantation
of Pulang trees at Satparrah ; they were planted by
Mr. Wilkinson on account of Government on some
waste lands in that neighbourhood, and will, in a
few years more, yield a very handsome return on
the original outlay.

" Anacardium occidentale, (cashew-nut,) called by
the natives NonJcar Ambo. Like the Pulang this tree
delights in a poor sandy soil, and is found growing
wild. I have been informed, that in some parts
of the Madras territories, where the trees abound,
many lives have been saved in times of famine, by
the people subsisting on the cashew-nut. Query,
might not the convicts be usefully employed in ex-
tending the cultivation of these trees on waste
land ? The plants would require no care when they
had once taken root, save a fence to protect them
from cattle, while young. The cultivation of the
cashew-nut is never likely to be effected by the

VEGETABLE FIBRE FOR ROPE-MAKING. 147

ryots, as the returns would be far too small to
afford a remunerating price for their time and la-
bour. The wood of the cashew-nut tree is only
used for firing. An oil is produced from the inner
shell of the nut.

" Sanseviera zeylanica, called by the natives Moor-
gain, grows wild in various parts of the district,
chiefly in hedges. It is perhaps worthy of being
extensively cultivated for the sake of the extreme-
ly strong fibres or flax, afforded by the leaves.
With the exception of the Ootralee, it is perhaps
the strongest vegetable fibre known ; almost every
soil seems to suit it. Mr. Bond of Balasore, can give
you further information about the Moorgabi, as it
was he who first brought to my notice the flax pro-
cured from that plant; it has however been long
known to the natives. The hill people manufacture
their bow-strings of these fibres ; fishing lines are
also made of them. Mr. Bond of Balasore, has ma-
nufactured good rope from this flax, and brought
the subject to the notice of the Marine Board.*

* On inquiry I find that experiments have been made at the Govern-
ment yards of a most satisfactory nature ; but the expense of col-
lecting the fibre in quantities, appears to be the chief difficulty in
brinsmiir it into extensive use. — II. II. S.

148 THE ASCLEPIAS, AND OTHER TREES.

" There is a species of Asclepias, called by the
natives Ootralee, and Bydunka, which grows in the
hedges of this district. The bark of the young shoots
yields a very fine, and exceedingly strong silky
fibre, similar, I imagine, to that described by Rox-
burgh as the production of Asclepias Tenacissima.
The Ootralee is the strongest vegetable fibre I have
ever met with. It might be worth while to culti-
vate the plant for the sake of its fibre.

" Dillenia speciosa, called by the natives Chalta,
is occasionally found growing wild on indifferent
soils. It is a very beautiful tree, and the fruit is
eaten by the natives. The wood is hard and tough,
but I cannot find that the native carpenters make
any use of it."

(Signed) A. MILLS.

THE DISTRICT OF UEERBHOOM.

t— (continued.) BEERBHOOM.

From H. WALTERS, ESQ., Commissioner, to JOHN BELL,
ESQ. late Secretary to the Agricultural and Horticultural

Society of India, dated Calcutta, 8th May, 1887, giving
•
cover to information drawn up by the Rev. MR. WILLIAM-

SON, Missionary, on the district of Beerbhoom.

I have the pleasure to forward answers to the
queries circulated by the Agricultural and Horticul-
tural Society, drawn up by the Rev. Mr. William-
son of Beerbhoom.

A letter from Dr. Furnell, Officiating Secretary to
the Beerbhoom Branch Society, states as follows : —

" The Coffee plants obtained from Dr. Wallich
arrived safe, and are thriving well.

" Guinea grass is growing in Mr. D'Oyly's
garden luxuriantly, and he intends increasing the
quantity, and distributing it to all applicants.

The Georgia and Sea Island Cotton seed has
vegetated, and appears to be doing extremely well.
Some of the plants have large flowers. About a
biggah of garden has been sown with the Cotton
seed ; and a quantity has been distributed."

H. WALTERS.

150 THE SOIL OF BEKKKIIOOM.

From the Rev. MR. WILLIAMSON, Missionary, Beerbhoom.

Replies to various queries proposed by the Agricultural and Horticultural
Society, chiefly communicated by native farmers.

1st. — The district of Beerbhoom is higher, and
less level, than the more southern plains of Bengal,
and that portion of the Zillah which extends to the
north-west, is mountainous and woody. As spon-
taneous vegetation in a great measure ceases from
the termination to the commencement of the rains,
the soil, and perhaps the atmosphere too, must I
conceive be more dry than in other places, where
this does not take place, at least to the same extent.
Hot winds also generally prevail more or less
during the months of April and May ; the
extremes of heat and cold seem to be greater here
than in Calcutta ; the usual range of temperature
during the cold and hot seasons, being from
about fifty to hundred degrees of Farenheit in
the shade.

The natives inform me that there are six varieties
of soil in Beerbhoom — First, what they call Bella,
or sandy soil. Second, that denominated Metial, or

LAND TENURES, AND SYSTEM OF FARMING. 151

clay soil. Third, Kankoria, or gravelly soil. Fourth,
Poloo, or muddy soil, chiefly found on the banks of
rivers. Fifth, Barthoo, existing where mud-walled
villages or houses have formerly stood. And, lastly,
Etial, or more adhesive clay than the Metial above-
mentioned. The last four varieties exist in much
smaller proportions than the two first. The Belia
variety is the most abundant.

2nd. — The great land proprietors of this district
are not numerous ; the same may be said of very
small proprietors ;. most of the Zemindars here
belonging to the middle class, or those who may
possess from ten to twenty villages.

3rd. — The farmers in this part of the country
seldom occupy more than 100 biggahs of ground,
which may require about seven or eight ploughs.
A much greater number, however, cultivate only
one-half that quantity. But the most numerous
class of farmers is composed of those, who cultivate
from ten to sixteen biggahs only, which they
endeavour to manage with only one plough.

4th. — The south-east portion of this district is
principally occupied in husbandry ; but the lands to
the north and west being jungly and mountainous,
are chiefly employed in pasture.

152 STOCK IRRIGATION CROPS.

5th. — No particular grasses are cultivated in
Beerbhoom ; neither the guinea grass nor clover has
yet been tried.

6th. — The principal article of stock is cows ; next
to them, in some parts, buffaloes ; then goats, sheep,
pigs, &c. A few ducks and geese are also reared by
some, and many fowls, particularly in the jungles.
I have no doubt that the breeds that are in use
might be improved, and that new breeds ought to
be tried, though I am not at present aware of any
individual who would be disposed to pay particular
attention to the breed of cattle.

7th. — Nearly one-half of the lands in cultivation
are watered from tanks and rivers, chiefly from the
former ; some of those not watered are capable of
this improvement, and would be much more produc-
tive were good tanks dug in their vicinity. The
chief objection to this improvement is, the want of
funds.

8th. — Rice, Cotton, Sugar-cane, Kochoo, Begoon,
Radishes, Wheat, &c. are all irrigated when requir-
ed. Several methods of irrigation are used in this
district ; but the one most commonly practised, is
that of raising the water of tanks by means of an
instrument called a doonee. It is, I believe, gene-

SYSTEM OF IRRIGATION. 153

rally constructed from the trunk of a mango tree,
is about nine cubits long, and in shape somewhat
resembles a canoe. One end is lowered and raised
alternately by two men ; to assist them in raising
again the end which has been lowered into the
water, a rope is attached to it and to the end of a
beam, which is elevated and balanced on a forked
stake ; to the further end of this beam a quantity of
earth is suspended, and by weighing it down, raises
the end to which the extremity of the doonee is at-
tached. Another three-cornered instrument, made
of split bamboos, is also used for elevating the
water of tanks. It is alternately let down and raised
full of water by means of ropes attached to it, and
held by two men on each side of the gutter ; and
by having troughs elevated one above another,
water may be raised to any height required. Some-
times, particularly from rivers, where the bank is
high, water is elevated at once to a considerable
height, by means of an instrument called a tera.
This is an earthen vessel, tied to a bamboo or
pole, which is attached to one end of a beam, consi-
derably elevated, to the further end of which a
weight of stones or earth is suspended ; several men
(about four or five) are required to work this ma-

154 CROPS — INDIGO, COTTON, SUGAR-CANE, ETC.

chine The quantity of water raised at each elevation
of these different instruments, may be from about
one maund to a maund and a half.

9th. — Rice is the chief production. Sugar-cane,
Cotton, Wheat, Teel, (Sesamum,) Kalai, a species of
Dolichos, Indigo, &c. are also cultivated in smaller
quantities.

10th. — In some very good lands, Wheat, &c. is
sown after the Rice crop has been reaped. But in
general only one crop is raised during the year from
the same lands. Rice is sown on the same grounds
from year to year, but Sugar-cane, Cotton, and Teel,
&c. are changed.

llth. — Indigo, Cotton, Sugar-cane, &c. are all
cultivated in this district. A small farmer culti-
vating twelve biggahs of ground, would probably
allot only one biggah to each of the above articles.

12th. — For Indigo, poloo and bastoo soils are
preferred. For Cotton, nietiel ; and for Sugar-cane,
bastoo, belia, &c.

13th. — No kinds of foreign Cotton have as yet
been tried, nor has the Otaheite cane been introduced.

14th. — Except for Teel (Sesamum) and (a species
of Dolichos) Kalai, which are sown on high lands,
fallowing is not practised here.

CATTLE IMPLEMENTS OF HUSBANDRY. 155

15th. — Manuring is uniformly practised ; cow-
dung and tank mud are generally used, chiefly the
former. Some people pen their cattle.

16th. — Oxen and buffaloes are both used, chiefly
oxen. The natives know nothing of mules, and
would probably feel a prejudice against them, as
they do against the employment of asses.

17th. — As the various implements of husbandry
used in Beerbhoom, hardly differ in any respect
from those used in the other districts of Bengal,
a particular description of them would appear unne-
cessary. If required, cither originals or models
might be procured without much inconvenience or
expense, the whole, even of the best description, not
amounting to more than ten rupees.

18th. — Rice is sown from the middle of May to
the end of June. It is transplanted from the 1st of
July to the 15th of August; and with the excep-
tion of Ouse, which ripens early, is reaped from the
middle of November till the middle of December.
The Sugar-cane is planted in May. The harvest
lasts from the 15th February to the 15th March.
Cotton is sown from about the 1st till the middle of
October ; the harvest continues from about the
1st of Mav till the 12th of June. Wheat. Barley.

150 HUSBANDRY WAGES OF LABOUR.

Mustard, and Kolai, are sown from the 12th Octo-
ber till the 12th of November ; they are reaped in
all March.

18th. — Taking the whole of Beerbhoom, nearly
two-thirds may be reckoned waste lands, and about
the third cultivated. The waste lands lie chiefly to
the north-west; the improvement of which they
seem most susceptible, is cultivation where water
can be obtained.

20th. — Four pice a day, and food amounting to
about two pice more, is the usual rate of wages in this
district ; labour generally commences about sun-rise,
and continues till about ten o'clock, when, after
ceasing for refreshment one hour or a little more,
it re-commences, and is continued till three in the
afternoon, at which period about one hour and a
half is allowed for dinner ; after which the labour is
again resumed till sun-set. During the hot months,
when the day is long, the periods allotted for food
and relaxation are somewhat exceeded.

21st. — Draining is hardly practised in Beerbhoom ;
only small drains are used in some few places, for
Sugar-cane, Kuchoo, &c. during the rains.

22nd. — There are embankments on the edges of
the Ojoy and Mourak rivers, in various places ; but

PHYSICAL CONDITION OF THE DISTRICT. 157

T am not aware of there being any on the sides of
any of the smaller streams.

23rd. — The north-west portion of Beerbhoom
being jungly, and but very partially cultivated, is
abundantly supplied with fire-wood and timber of
various kinds. The kinds chiefly used, and which
grow spontaneously are, Sal, Murgha, Sutsar, Abloos,
&c., those principally cultivated are. Mango,- Tal,
Babla, Suruoh, Orgoan, &c.

24th. — With the exception of the roads leading
from Soory to Moorshedabad and Burdwan, most of
the roads in this district are nearly impassable to all
except oxen and foot passengers.

25th and 26th. — The Ojoy river, which separates
Beerbhoom from Bancoorah and Burdwan, is a con-
siderable stream. Also the Mourak, which passes
through Beerbhoom. The district is also intersected
by several smaller streams. Neither the Ojoy nor
Mourake rivers are navigable, except for a few days
occasionally, during the rains, so that water-car-
riage is hardly resorted to for the conveyance of
produce.

27th and 28th. — This district has never btvn re-
markable either for its manufactures or its commerce.

Both however have been, and nre still, carried on to

v

158 IMPORTS CAUSES OF POVERTY.

a considerable degree, though to a less extent than
formerly. The chief articles of produce and manu-
facture in this district are, Rice, Sugar, Indigo, Silk,
Tussur, Cotton piece goods, and Iron, &c. A consi-
derable proportion of these are exported. The prin-
cipal articles imported are, Salt, Spices, Tobacco,
Cotton, Potatoes, &c. Some of the exports have no
doubt had a beneficial effect on agriculture. This
district being more an agricultural than a commer-
cial or manufacturing district, the proportion of
people who have been thrown out of work by the
cheaper imported European cottons, though consi-
derable, is not so great as in some other districts.

29th. — Besides the Branch Society lately insti-
tuted here by Mr. Walters, there are no other in-
stitutions.

30th. — The natives of this country, it is well
known, have no great turn for improvement. Such
a spirit, I conceive, would be best excited, by con-
vincing them of the advantages.

31st. — The religion, ignorance, and general po-
verty of the natives are, I should think, among the
chief obstacles to improvement, and if such be the
case, these obstacles will no doubt be best removed
by endeavouring to teach them, and if possible, to

CONCLUSION. 159

render their condition more happy by beneficial
laws.

32nd. — I am not aware of any individual who
could favour the Society with an agricultural map.

33rd. — Besides the civilians at this station, there
are only two Europeans resident in this district.

34th. — Some have already joined the Branch So-
ciety lately instituted here, and several others will
no doubt be induced to do so bye and by.

160

From G. A. BUSHBY, ESQ. Secretary to Government of In-
dia, to H. H. SPRY, ESQ. M. D., Secretary to the Agri-
cultural and Horticultural Society of India.

Genl. Dept.

SIR, — With reference to the letter No. 653, from
this Department, dated the 22d May 1839, I am di-
rected to forward to you a printed copy of the list
of Plants alluded to in Dr. Royle's letter of the 31st
December 1838,* received from the Honorable the
Court of Directors.

(Signed) G. A. BUSHBY,

Secretary to the Government of India.

COUNCIL CHAMBER, )
The 23d June, 1841. /

* Dr. Royle's letter in full, as well as one by Dr. Lindley, forming
enclosures to a Dispatch from the Honorable the Court of Directors, will
be found in the 7th volume of the Transactions of the Agricultural and
Horticultural Society of India. — H. H. S.

TRANSMISSION OF SEEDS TO AND FROM INDIA. 101

From Professor ROYLE, M. D., F. R. S., to JAMES COSMO
MELVILLE, ESQ. Secretary at the India House, con-
taining observations on the introduction into India of
the useful and ornamental Plants and Seeds of Europe,
and some of the Plants of North America.

The advantages being undoubted, and the Transmission

of seeds to ami

prospects of success great, the Court of Directors from lmlia'
of the East-India Company determined on not
allowing the opportunity, offered by the speedy
Communication with India, to escape, of sending
to that country the materials for growing there
the plants suited to its varied soils and climate,
and such as are likely to conduce to the improve-
ment of the country, and the benefit of the peo-
ple ; obtaining also from its mountains such as
are suited to the climate of Great Britain. The
subject was brought under the notice of the
Court of Directors by a despatch from the Go-
vernor-general, dated Simla, 16th August 1838,
intimating that his Lordship had addressed an
order to the officers in charge of such districts in
the North-western provinces as are either within,
or which border on, the Himalayan range, in-

162 ADVANTAGES TO BE EXPECTED.

structing them to collect in the autumn, suitable
seeds, bulbs, and roots, for transmission overland
to England.

The Governor-General, adverting to the facili-
ties afforded by the steam communication, and
referring to the interest known to be taken by
the Court in increasing the vegetable riches of
the two countries, expresses a hope, that such
useful seeds and plants may be sent out to India,
Advantages of as mav gradually be naturalized in that country,

the Transmis- .. , , , . , .

sion of the and recommends inquiry being made in this country

.Seeds of Use-

for advice on the subject.

On the importance of the object contemplated
by Lord Auckland, and sanctioned by the Court
of Directors, it is scarcely necessary to offer any
remarks. So large a share of the wealth of every
country is composed of its vegetable productions,
and those productions in such a variety of ways
minister to supply the wants of man, that to in-
crease their number or improve their quality, can-
not fail to be regarded as a benefaction to the
country thus enriched.

Indebted as man is to the vegetable kingdom for
food, shelter, and clothing, for the means of restoring
health, and assuaging pains, the propriety of Govern-

INTRODUCTION OF FOREIGN PLANTS INTO INDIA. 163

ments promoting the introduction of valuable plants
into the countries over which they rule can scarcely be
questioned. In India, particularly, the duty of acting
upon these views is enjoined by peculiar reasons. The
productive powers of the soil will give every advan-
tage to the attempt of those disposed to call them
forth, and the people being accustomed so generally
to a vegetable diet, renders it important to secure
to them, as large a supply and as great a variety of
such diet as possible. The occurrence of those
severe visitations of Providence, by which the hap-
piness of the people is for the time destroyed, and
even the preservation of existence rendered almost
impossible, calls imperatively for the adoption of
any measures, such as the introduction of plants less
dependent on rain, which might tend to avert such
calamities, or alleviate their effects. The commer-
cial position of India requires a large amount of
exchangeable productions, and these must be raised
from the soil, for it is to agriculture that India must
look for the means of engaging in commerce.

Carried to its legitimate extent, the plan for the (;rpat oxt<>iit

to which the

enrichment of India by such vegetable productions omanumay

be carried.

as are adapted to the country would be a most
extensive one ; for, as is observed by Dr. Lindley.

164 HON. COURT ENGAGE TO SEND PLANTS TO INDIA.

" from the great extent of the British possessions in
India, and the infinite modifications and combina-
tions of soil and climate to be found within them,
there can be no doubt whatever that almost every
production of every climate, except the Arctic, may
be so completely naturalized, that where they are
of any importance as objects of cultivation, they
may be brought to all the perfection of which they
are susceptible in other countries."

toebe™mier-ed ^ nas accordingly been recommended that the
gradual introduction, from every part of the world,
into India, of every variety of tree and plant adapt-
ed to its climate, should be an object steadily kept
in view. Also, that such measures should immedi-
ately be taken as may be necessary to secure a
supply of seeds for future seasons in such quantities
as seem desirable, with reference to the means that
may exist for their cultivation.

Despatchofthe In the Proceedings of the Agricultural and Hor-

Courtof Direc-

ject°n ticultural Society of India, of the 12th of June

1839, we find that the Governor-General had for-
warded to the Society the despatch of the Court
of Directors to the Governor-General of India, of
the 13th of February 1839, together with the letters
which had been written by Dr. Lindley, and the

THE TRANSMISSION OF SEEDS TO INDIA. 165

writer of these remarks, in reference to this subject. Despatch res-

pectin<; the

1'ransmission

The Court say: " We are sensible of the importance Of seeds
of the subject to which, in the letter under reply, you
have directed our attention, and we have resolved
on gradually furnishing you with the means of
carrying on extensively experiments for naturaliz-
ing in India useful and desirable plants, indigenous
in other countries." " We have forwarded some va- to India ;
rieties of seeds, &c., highly important either as
affording articles of food, or possessing medical
virtues, and they will deserve all the attention that
can be afforded them." " We shall continue at the
proper seasons to send supplies of other varieties,
and it is our wish that the greatest care should be
bestowed, with a view to their naturalization, for
the benefit of the country."

" With regard to the collection of seeds for trans- from India.
mission to this country, we are of opinion, that the
expediency of bearing in mind the nature of the
climate to which they are to be exposed should be
impressed upon those to whom the task is to be
committed."

The Society, after the reading of the despatch ^-solution ,,f

the A-rrirul-

and its enclosures, determined, in furtherance of S7Jd!a.clety
so " useful and philanthropic an object, — that in

166 RESOLUTION OF AGRI. HORT. SOC. OF INDIA.

Resolution of reference to the communication now read from

the Agricultu-

india.ociety °f the Honorable the Court of Directors of the East
India Company, and with the view of aiding as far
as possible, the intentions therein expressed, and
the labours of those scientific gentlemen at home,
who have so kindly interested themselves in the
subject — a Committee be formed for the purpose of
suggesting such plants and trees as may be thought
desirable for introduction into India, and those that
can be furnished in return, and that the Committee
be instructed to obtain communications from the
Branch Societies and other available sources through-
out India."

The measures which were adopted here in conse-
quence of the resolution of the Court it is unneces-
sary to particularize, as more fitting occasions may

Times when occur for entering into the necessary details. Keep-
seeds should

1 ing in view the necessity of obtaining the seeds of
plants of different countries suitable to the different
parts of India, the principle exhibited in the tables
appended may serve as a guide. To obtain complete
success will require only perseverance, and a system-
atic arrangement of the means adapted to the ends
in view. The roots and seeds requiring tropical
culture should be in India by the middle of June ;

SEEDS HOW BEST TO BK SENT OTT. 107

that is, at the beginning of the rainy season. Those
intended for cultivation in the plains during the
cold weather, should arrive in October and Novem-
ber, while such as are to be sown in the Himalayas
need not be there before March, or even April.

The seeds obtained from various sources may
be sent in separate parcels as intended for warm
or for cool climates, as for Bombay, Madras, Cal-
cutta, and Saharunpore, or for the Hills of Maha-
bhaleshwur, Neilgherries, Darjeeling, Mussooree,
and Simla. Wherever practicable, the Botanic Gar- Measures a,i-

visable for

dens or their nurseries seem the most suitable situa- ™
tions for the first cultivation of the various seeds or
plants which may be introduced, but the Gardens
of the several Horticultural Societies at the Presi-
dencies might be equally advantageous wherever
they are desirous of joining in the experiment.
Whenever a plant has become established, or its
seed has ripened in one garden, these should be
distributed to the others which have been enume-
rated, or to the several branch Horticultural Socie-
ties which have been established, or to individuals
who are inclined to pay the requisite attention to
such pursuits. The several gardens in different

parts of India ought also to interchange their several

12 A

10H

SEEDS HOW BEST RAISED.

products, even their indigenous and long-established
cultures, more freely and systematically than has
hitherto been the case. Gardeners and Farmers in
Europe seldom continue to cultivate from the seed
constantly ripened in their own grounds, but inter-
change with, or purchase from others, what these
again are ready to do with theirs.

The seeds of a great variety of plants have been
sent by the monthly mail at different times to the
several Botanic Gardens which have been enu-
merated, and latterly to the Agricultural Socie-
and Bombay, ties of Calcutta and Bombay. Of the measures
adopted, an instance may suffice in the extract
of the following letter from Monsieur A. De Can-
dolle, of Geneva, who is following the course of the
distinguished Botanist, his father.

Seeds sent to
India,

Letter from M.
A. De Can-
dolle.

" Mon cher Monsieur,

" Je viens d'adresser a Mr. Bentham une caisse qui contient differens
objets pour vous. Ce sont d'abord des graines, d'especes cultivees dans
notre jardin, et de plantes cultivees en grand dans ce pays. Je ne suis
pas parvenu encore a me procurer les Cereales cultivees dans les plus
hautes parties de la Suisse, mais j'ai pense que les vari6tes usitees dans
nos plaines reussiraient peut etre mieux dans 1'Inde que les semences
venues d'Angleterre. On estime en agriculture qu'il faut croiser les
semences, c'est-a-dire semer dans un pays des bles venant d'un autre,
afin qu'ils aient des qualites differentes de celles que le clim.it clu pays a

ASSORTMENTS FOR INDIA. 169

pu donner. C'est dans cette idee que je vous ai envoye des cereales et
des legumes communs de ce pays. D'ailleurs nos legumes du continent
sont preferables a ceux de 1'Angleterre, et leurs graines sont plus mures.
Une autre fois je pourrai probablement vous donner des especes alpines
et c6reales des hautes regions."

With regard to the time and state of the arrival A,rr^al ,of

the Seeds

of the seeds in India, Dr. Wallich, expressing his
grateful thanks to the Court of Directors, wrote on
the 24th August 1839, that the noble packet of
seeds dispatched on the llth of May had arrived
there on the 12th July. The seeds having been
immediately sown, several had already vegetated ;
of these, the highly interesting Sea Island Cotton
germinated in four days. Of the moderate supply
of the latter, he had furnished small quantities to a
number of practical men, as Capt. Jenkins and
Dr. Wight. He particularly requests that assort-
ments of seeds may be continued to be sent, especi-
ally those from South America and the West In-
dies, as they succeed, in general, remarkably well,
and that on his part he would do his utmost to
reciprocate, by endeavouring to obtain the sort of
temperate zone seeds that are so much desired in
England.

Dr. Falconer, to whom the first supplies had

170 SEEDS COLLECTED IN INDIA.

edB ^een sent> complains of the packing not having been

in India. /v> • i i -»/r i

sufficient to keep out the wet, as some Mahogany
seeds and others had arrived in a damp and rotten
state. India rubber cloth having been adopted for
the packing of all the subsequent despatches, he
writes, " Your August and September despatches
have arrived in excellent order. The double India
rubber mode of packing is admirable — it could not
be better." The seeds he describes as excellent of
their kind, and the supply of vegetable seeds as
exceedingly valuable. He requests a fresh supply,
so as to reach him in February for sowing in the
hills, also as many flower seeds as possible, both for
sowing in the hills and plains.
seeds from rfne seeds collected in India, as is evident from

India.

the diversified nature of the country, will require
very different kinds of climate. The kinds most
valued here are such as are suited to the climate of
the country, and therefore can only be obtained
in the mountains, at such elevations as the region of
Oaks. Those first sent, having been collected by
the zeal of several officers, were more promiscuous
in nature than is esteemed by the generality of hor-
ticulturists. But the later collections have been
excellent in selection, and packed so perfectly well,

SEEDS SENT TO ENGLAND. \~\

as to arrive here in as fresh a state as possible. This Js
is evident from the following documents of the
vegetation of seeds which hardly ever vegetated
here before.

Speaking generally, it may be said that it is
desirable to send a selection rather than a great va-
riety of seeds. At first, from being collected in
different localities, and by different individuals,
many duplicate parcels were sent. It seems advis-
able, therefore, that seeds collected for transmission
to this country should be forwarded to the Superin-
tendents of the Botanic Gardens in the different
presidencies, who should, with as little delay as
possible, inspect, select, and if possible, name
such as it was deemed necessary to send, and
to separate the few from the plains and vallies
requiring a hot climate from those suited to the
open culture of this country. The kinds of seed
most valued here are those of ornamental or useful
flowering plants and shrubs, or such as are likely to
be useful as timber trees, or otherwise. By this
means, though the bulk and number of the packages
would be curtailed, their value would remain undi-
minished.

The seeds received have been distributed to public

1/2

REPORT ON SEEDS SENT TO ENGLAND.

Se Sntry

and on the

continent.

gardens, and to distinguished individuals, both in

-r» • • ^

Great Britain and on the Continent, keeping in
view the interchange of seeds. The majority of
those to whom seeds have been sent have expressed
their intention of sending others in return, and
many have already done so. I may instance Count
s Woronzow and M. A. De Candolle, as having al-
ready done so from the Continent. The opinions
of Dr. Lindley and Messrs. Loddiges are subjoined,
as shewing the success attending the new mode
of transmission with seeds, received chiefly from
Dr. Falconer.

" Horticultural Society of London,
" August 24, 1840.

" My dear Sir, — " I have great pleasure in informing you that the
result of the seeds, for which we have so repeatedly been indebted to the
liberality of the Honorable Court of Directors, has been most satisfac-
tory. A very considerable number of fruit trees, shrubs, and handsome
herbaceous plants have already been secured to the country. Among
the former are the Deodar in abundance, as well as other Himalayan
Coniferse and Betula Bhojpattra, which would alone render the exer-
tions of the Company in the introduction of new plants of national
importance, especially since the large quantity of such things which
is imported renders it practicable at once to disperse them through
the country.

" Should you desire to have a detailed return of the plants of all
kinds that have been raised in the Society's Garden, it shall be pro-
vided without loss of time.

" Professor Iloyle."

Yours faithfully,
" JOHN LINDLEY."

REPORT ON SEEDS SENT TO ENGLAND. 1 ~3

" Hackney, June 23, 1840.

" Dear Sir, — " We are happy to be able to inform you, that the seeds
of Pinus Deodara which you were kind enough to send us, have grown
perfectly well, scarcely one failing. Also Pinus Webbiana, excelsa, and
Khutrow. The advantages of getting seeds overland are most decid-
ed ; we have had great quantities of Deodara sent by sea from time
to time, and hardly ever got one to grow, whereas these quite sur-
passed all our expectations.

" We remain, dear Sir, yours very truly,

" To Dr. Royle." " C. LODDIGES & SONS."

174

LIST OF PLANTS,

SUITED FOr INTRODUCTION INTO DIFFERENT PARTS OF INDIA.

Annuals* fit for Cultivation in the Plains of India during the cold
Weather, and in the Himalayas during the Summer Months.

Europe Corn Grasses

Vegetables

Sweet Herbs

Most Annuals of English

Flower Gardens
Wheat and Egyptian Wheat
Barley
Bere

Bigg

Oats

Rye

Buckwheat

Mustard, Black and White

Rape, Colza

Flax

Tobacco, Virginia

Havanna

Tobacco, Persian

Latakia

Peas, Beans

Vetches, Tares

Edible Lupin

Clover, Red and White

Lucern

Alexandrine Clover

Turnips, Carrote

Beet-root

Mangel Wurzel

Skirret, Parsnip

Carraway, Fennel

Dill, Parsley

Aniseed

Hemlock, Foxglove

Belladonna, &c.

* The Annuals suited to the rainy season of every part of the plains, and even of some of the
mountains of India, are already very numerous ; consisting both of commercial articles, and of
such as are fitted for food. Among the former we have Indigo, Cotton, Sugar Cane, and
Tobacco, even with Rice, Maize, Sorghum, several species of Phaseolus and Dolichos, Paspa-
lum, Panicum, Arum, Sesamum, Sun, and Sunnee, and many others. During this season
Senna, &c. may be cultivated. Many introductions may be made from the West Indies and
South America of new plants, or of varieties of the best kinds of those already cultivated
in India

1'HRENNIALS SUITED FOR NORTHERN INDIA.

Perennials suited to the drier and more Northern party of India.*

Liriodendron tulipifera
Capparis spinosa
Acacia vera

Verek

Scyal

Olive tree
Carob tree
Manna Ash
Laurel
Sweet Bay
Mastich tree
Chian Turpentine
Pistachio Nut tree
Myrrh tree
Sassafras tree
Sumach tree-
Astragalus — yielding Traga-

canth

Cistus — yielding Labdanum
Styrax officinalis
Scammony
Cork tree

Oak Ilex

• Kermes

Dyer's

Barbary

Quercus tinctoria
Quercus ./Egilops
Quercus Ballota
Cactus opuntia

Tuna

coccinellifer

Morus alba

multicaulis)

Savine

Juniper

New Zealand Flax

Poterium spinosum

Liquorice plant

Aloe soccotrina

Barbadensis

Euphorbia j)lant

Assafoetida

Galbanum

" In his letter to the Secretary at the India House, copy of which, under date the ,'Ust
December lUSH, was forwarded to (lie Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India hy order
of the Supreme Government, Dr. Royle states that he would add to this list "the common
Spanish chesnut, which seems well suited to Northern India and the Himalayas, and would yield
an additional article of food to the inhabitants of the .Mountains, who are sometimes forced to
subsist upon acorns and bitter horse chesnuts." — 11. H. S.

t 1 am happy to add, that a plantation of this valuable mulberry is thriving luxuriantly at tin-
Nursery of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India. — II. H. S

2 15

176 PERENNIALS ADAPTED FOR THE HIMALAYAS.

Ammoniacum
Sagapenum
Artemisia Abrotanum

Santonica

Phoenix dactylifera
Diosmse sp.

Eucalypti

Heaths

Proteas

Mesembryanthemum s

Pelargoniums

Perennials suited to the Summer, and able to withstand the cold of
the Himalayan Winter.

Almond, Peach
Apricot, Nectarine
Plum, Cherry
Apple, Pear, Quince
Spanish Chesnut
Filberts, Hazlenut
Gooseberry, Currants
Raspberry*
Rhubarb, all the kinds
Gentian, Jalap
Seneka

Juniper, Savine
Bilberries, Cranberries
Costus of the Ancients
Saffron

Europe and North American
Timber Trees

Sugar-Maple, Hickories, and

Black Walnuts
Oaks and Pines
Beech, Ash
Lime tree

American Magnolias
Tulip tree
Drimys Winteri
Rhododendrons, Azaleas
Kalmias, Heaths
Strawberry tree
Rhamnus infectoria

saxatilis, &c.

Lavender, Rosemary

* Some red Raspberry trees in a garden belonging to a private English gentleman in
Calcutta produced ripe full sized fruit last year 1840.— H. H. S.

TROPICAL PERENNIALS SUITED TO PLAINS OF INDIA. 1 77

Tropical Perennials suited to the Plains, and some to the Mountains of
the Southern parts of India.

Coffee,* Cacao

Pimento, Papaya

Nutmeg, Cloves

Cinnamon, Camphor

Cocculus palmatus

(Columba plant)

Telfairia volubilis

Pterocarpus erinaceus

(African Kino)

Elaeis guineensis (Oil Palm)

Bixa orellana (Annotto)

Persea gratissima

Maranta arundinacea

Canna coccinea

Copaifera, yielding Balsam of

Copaiba

Balsams of Peru and Tolu trees
Krameria triandra
Coutarea speciosa
Arcnga saccharifera (Gomuto)
Cabbage Palm
Ceroxylon andicola
Vanilla and Tropical Orchidcio
Passion Flowers

Fuchsias

Ilex paraguay ensis
Raphis vinifera
Sterculia acuminata
Sarcocephalus esculentus
Anona senegalensis
Chrysobalanus Icaco
Logwood, Mahogany
Nicaragua Wood
Quassia, Simaruba
Cinchonas, all the species
Cepha?lis Ipecacuanha
Psychotria emetica

herbacea

Smilax officinalis

medica, £c.

Guaiacum tree

Cusparia tree

Cascarilla plant

Croton Tiglium

I lymcnsra Courbaril

Stillingia sebifera (Tallow tree)

ElapococcH vernu'osa (Oil live)

— vernieia (Varnish tree)

* Colfee has liren found to thrive ri'in.irkably well ah.mt Calcutta, also at Chittagong ami
Syllict. Tlu- jiroducc has boon pronoumvi! hy pood jiuls'i'< a< I'xci'rdin^ly pood. Si'c Ttaiuac
tions of Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India, vu] ii. Article .'9. — II H. S.

TROPICAL PERENNIALS SUITED TO PLAINS OF INDIA.

Agave, species of Jacaranda ovalifolia (Rose wood)

Sanseviera guineensis Hevea guianensis

Baccharis genistelloides Schinus molle

Dipterix odorata (Tonquin Bean) Bertholletia excelsa (Brazil Nut
Caesalpinia braziliensis, &c. (Bra- tree)
zil wood)

The foregoing lists are published as memoranda, nearly, as origin-
ally prepared. They might easily be rendered more copious, by an
examination of the notices of the useful plants of different countries,
but these are scattered, like the accounts of those of India, in a variety
of publications, some Botanical, others Medical. A few are found in
the lists of the Commerce of different countries, and others are men-
tioned by Travellers, of whom, however, but few are copious and exact
in the relations, like Humboldt, or Spix and Martius. The names, to
be fully useful to practical men, ought to be accompanied with
a short account of the nature and uses of the different plants, their
peculiar habits and culture, and the parts of India to which they
appear best suited. This, it is evident, would require much time, in
fact, constitute a work of itself. By referring to the Index, most of
them will be found in the " Illustrations of Himalayan Botany," and
generally with notices respecting the parts of India to which they are
suited.

DR. ELLIOTT — WESTERN INDIA.

ia.— (continued.}

From Dr. ELLIOTT at Dhoolla in Khandeish, to Dr. BROWNE,
Private Secretary to the Honorable the Governor of Bom-
bay, dated 20th January, 1840.

Agreeably to your request, I have the honour to
forward a list of some of the plants growing in my
garden, and also of such as in my opinion, are worthy
of extension in this country, and of such as I consi-
der suitable for introduction into this part of the
country.

It can hardly be expected, nor do I consider it
necessary, to enumerate every plant that I have in
cultivation ; but I trust that from those given, some
idea may be formed of the capability of the soil and
climate of Khandeish, as far as vegetation is con-
cerned.

In classifying them, I have adhered to the form
pointed out by the Committee of the Agricultural
and Horticultural Society of Calcutta, and have ar-
ranged them under three divisions. Should the So-
ciety desire it, I shall be happy to furnish them here-
after with a more perfect and detailed account of

180 DIVISIONS OF ARRANGEMENT.

the state of Agriculture and Horticulture in Khan-
deish.

Division I.

Food comprising esculent grains of all kinds, me-
dical plants, fruits, and roots.

Division II.

Fodder and food for cattle and domestic animals,
comprising grasses, seeds, fruits, roots, and leaves,
also any ornamental shrubs and flowers.

Division III.

Manufacturing and commercial articles, such as
oils, gums, dyes, and barks, or any other known or
unknown staples of commerce, such as oaks, firs,
teak trees, &c. &c.

Which I have, for convenience, again divided each
into three subdivisions ; viz.

Subdivision 1st.

Comprising plants, &c. at present growing in
Dhoolia.

Subdivision 2nd.

Those worthy of extension in this part of the
country.

LIST OK PLANTS GROWING IN K1IANDEISH.

181

Subdivision Xrd.

Those supposed to be suitable for introduction
into this neighbourhood.

And here I would beg leave to request, that
should opportunity offer, I may be supplied with
seeds or plants of such species of the 3rd subdivi-
sions as I have underlined, which I am anxious to
introduce into this province.

I have to apologize for the imperfect manner in
which I have drawn up the list, and for the delay
that has occurred in its preparation.

Acaciu arabica.

— • Catechu.

Acorus calamus.
Allhun sativum.

I'orrum.

Amygdalus coramunis.
Anethum Faeniculum.

graveolens.

Artemisia Absinthium.
Capsicum annuum.

DIVISION I.

SUBDIVISION 1ST.

Medicinal Plants.

Cassia yKgyptiaca.

- Fistula.
Citrus aurantium.

Cochlearia Armoracia.
Coriandrum sativum.
Curcuma lou^a.
Datura Stramonium.
Daucus C'arota.
Ficus Carica.

LIST OF PLANTS GROWING IN KHANDEISH.

Hyoscyamus niger.
Laurus Cinnamomum.
Lavandula Spica.
Linum usitatissimum.
Malva sylvestris.
Mentha sativa.

piperita.

Moms nigra.
Myristica moschata.
Nicotiana Tabacum.

Origanum vulgare.
Oxalis acetosella.
Papaver somniferum.

Rhoeas.

Punica Granatum.

Piper nigrum.

Ricinus communis.

Rosmarinus officinalis.

Ruta graveolens.

Stizolabium vel Mucuna pruriens.

Vegetable Roots,

Artichoke.

Jerusalem.

Cauliflower.

Celery.

Clary.

Cress, garden.

- water.

Asparagus.

Basil.

Bean, garden or Windsor (does

not thrive, nor bear well.) Cucumber.
Bean, kidney. Dolichos catjang.

Madras (Phaseolus lunatus lablab.

var.)

Beet.

Borecole.

Broccoli.

Cabbage.

Capsicum.

Cardoon.

Carrot.

Endive.

Fennel.

Garlic.

Hibiscus Sabdariffa.

Horse-radish (Cochlearia Amora-

cia.)

Jatropha Manihot.
Leek.

LIST OF PLANTS GROWING IX KHAXDEISH. 183

Lettuce, Potatoe.

Marjoram. Radish.

Mint. Sage

Mustard. Salsify.

Nasturtium. Savory.

Onion. Scarzoneira.

Parsley. Spinage.

Parsnip. Succory.

Pea, Thyme.

Melon. Turnip.

Peppermint. Vegetable Marrow.
Pompion.

fruits, &•(•.

Amygdalus communis (Almond) Ceratonia siliqua (St. John's bread)

— persica (Peach) Citrus Aurantium.

— flat or China do. — Var. 1 Cintra.
Annona muricata (sour-sop.) — 2 Konwla.

- reticulata, (netted cus- 3 Sweet China.

tard apple.) - 4 Mosambique.

Annona squamosa (sweet-sop.) ij Cape.

Artocarpus integrifolia (.lack 6 Maltese, or bloody

fruit.) fruited.

Averrhaea carrambola. - Decumana (Shaddock.)

Bilimbi. Limonum (Lemon.)

Bromelia ananas (pine) docs not — Limctta (Lime.)

tiirive here. — Sweet Lime.

C'arica Papaya. Coccos nucifera.

2 c

184 PLANTS WORTHY OF EXTENSION IN KHANDEISH.

Dimocarpus Litchi.

Engenia Jambos or aquaca (rose
apple),

Eriobotria japonica (loquat.)

Ficus carica.

Fragaria vesca.

Grewia asiatica.

Mangifera indica (mazagon man-
go-)

Morus alba, four varieties.

mgra.

Musa paradisiaca, four varieties.

Phoenix dactylifera.

Physalis peruviana.

Prunus armeniaca (Persian Apri-
cot.)

Psidium pomiferum (red guava.)

pyriferum (white guava.)

Punica Granatum (red and white
pomegranate.)

Punica nana (dwarf do.)

Pyrus malus.

Vitis vinifera, five varieties.

Zizyphus Jujuba, Bengal variety.

Allium.

Cassia segyptiaca.
Cochleara armoracia.
Hyoscyamus niger.
Laurus cinnamomum.
Mentha piperita.

SUBDIVISION 2ND.

Medicinal Plants.

Morus nigra.
Myristica moschata.
Nicotiana tabacum, Persian va-
riety.
Piper nigrum.

Vegetables, Roots, %c.

Jerusalem Artichoke : this might be extended with the greatest
advantage, as it is very productive, will grow in any loose soil in
the rainy season, and will require very little, if any water from
the well.

Jatropha Manihot. This thrives well in any loose soil, and Tapio-
ca might easily be made from it.

PLANTS SUITED FOR INTRODUCTION INTO KHANDEISH. 185

Amygclalus communis.

Fruits.

Morus nigra.

Aloe socotrina.
Alpinia Cardamomum .
Anthemis nobilis.
Car urn Carui.
Cocculus palmatus.
Conium maculatum.
Convolvulus Jalapa.
Scammonia.

Copaifcra Langsdorfii .

Croton Eleuteria vcl Cascarilla.

Tiglium .

Cucumis colocynthis.
Cuminum Cyminum.
I'lugen in earyophyllata .
Clycyrrliiza gift lira.
Justicia panieulata (Great)

STBDIVISION 3RD.

Medicinal Plants.

Laitrus Cassia.
Laurus Cinnamomum.

Sassafras.

Myristica moschata.
Olea europoca.
Pimp in ell a A n isu m .
Piper Cubcba.

longum.

nigrum.

Pruiius domestica.
Pterocarpits santalinus.
Pyrus Cydonia.
Rheum palmatum.
Sambucus niyra.
Stalagmitis Cambogioides .
Thea viridis.

Vegetables, X-r.
Arrow-root, maraiita arundina- Shallot (Alliuin Ascalonicum.)

c-ea. Sea-kale (Crainbc maritima.)

C'hivcs (allium sc'h.Tnoprasum.) Skirret (Slum sisarum.)
Rocambole (Allium Seorodopra-

sum.)

186 MANUFACTING, COMMERCIAL, PLANTS IN KHANDEISH.

Fruits, &c.

Apple, English. MangosteenfGarciniaMangostana.)

Apricot. Peach, English.

Bread Fruit (Artocarpus incisa.J Pear.

Cherry. Quince.

Juglans regia, Walnut. Raspberry.

Long -yen (Dimocarpus longan.J Sago Palm (Sagus rumphu.)

DIVISION II.

SUBDIVISION 1ST.

Food for Cattle.

Clover and Lucerne grow well, but as they require frequent weed-
ing and manuring, as well as artificial irrigation, cultivators cannot
gain any profit by growing them, unless it be in the neighbourhood
of large cantonments, where European gentlemen will purchase them
for their horses.

Agrostis linearis, known by the natives as Doorwa in Mahratta.

Agave americana.
Aloe, several species.
Agyreia cuneata.
Ailantus excelsa.
Bauhinia, several species.
Bignonia chelonoides.
stans.

Ornamental Trees, &;c.

Bignonia undulata.
Borassus flabelliformis.
Canna indica.
lutea.

Butea frondosa.
Caprifolium japonicum.
Caryota urcus.

COMMERCIAL PLANTS REQUIRED IN KHANDEISH. 187

Cassia grandis, and other species . Jasminum officinale .

Casuarina species. Zambac-flore pleno.

Cerbera thevetia, Jatropha multifida.

Chrysanthemum, several species. Ipomsea braziliensis.

Clematis, two species. Justicia variegata, three varieties.

Clerodendrum fragrans. Betonica.

Croton variegatum, 3 varieties. Lagerstrsemia indica.

Cactus grandiflorus. regina.

hexagonus. Lantana, several varieties.

Opuntia. Michelia Champaca.

inermis. Myrtus communis.

other varieties. Narcissus tazetta.

Pereskia. Nercium odorum, several var.

truncatus. Nyctanthes arbor-tristis.

Cupressus sempevirens, both var. (Enothera nocturna.

Dahlia — flore pleno. tetraptera.

Datura fastuosa. Pandanus odoratissimus.

Dianthus caryophyllus. Passiflora foetida.

Gartnera racemosa. laurifolia.

Geranium, ten species. minima.

Hibiscus Abelmoschus. other species.

— mutabilis. Pergnlaria minor.

— plueniceus. Plumbago capcnsis.
populneus. i'uropa»a.

rosa sinensis. rosea.

Hoya carnosa. zeylanica.

Jasminum auriculatum. Punica Granatum-flore pleno.

fruticans. Quisqualis indica.

grandiflorum. Khinanthus crista-galli.

188 COMMERCIAL PLANTS REQUIRED IN KHANDEI8H.

Rose, climbing. Sirium myrtifolium.

Edward. Tabernaemontana coronaria.

glandulifera. Thumbergia alata.

indica. grandiflora.

maidens' -blush. Thuya orientalis (arbor vitae.)

microphylla. Valeriana rubra.

Persian. Valeriana Lamberti ?

rubiginosa, sweet-briar. Several English annuals, and exo-

Stachytarpheta mutabilis. tic bulbous plants.

SUBDIVISION 2ND.

Fodder for Cattle.

Agrostis linearis, this can be cultivated at a very trifling expense,
may be grown in almost any soil, even without artificial irrigation ;
but if watered, will produce three or more crops of grass, which
when dried, forms as good hay as can be desired ; it requires little
or no weeding, as it overpowers all other grasses.

Ornamental Trees, 8fC.

Bignonia undulata. Thuya orientalis.

Cactus Opunita, for feeding the
Cochineal Insect.

SUBDIVISION 3RD.

Aquilegia vulgaris. Cupprcssus thyoides.

Camellia japonica. Ericas, different species.

Crocus, different species. Hydrangea hortensis.

COMMERCIAL PLANTS REQUIRED IN' KIIAXDEISH. 189

Jonesla pinnata or asoka.
Magnolia conspicua.
Peconia, different species.
Pinus longifolia.
Primula, different species.
Qucrcus Ilex.

Rhododendron (Neilgherry.J
Rosa museosa (Moss. Rosa.)
Syringa chinensis.

vulgaris.

Any English annuals.

DIVISION III.

SUBDIVISION' 1ST.

Acacia arabica.
Areca Catechu.

Artocarpus integrifolia (Jack-
wood.)
Bambusa arandinacca.

Hibiscus populneus, from the seed
vessels of this, I am told Gam-
boge can be procured.
Indigofera tinctoria.
Melia Azadirachta (Timl)er.)
Dalbergia latifolia (Blackwood.) Tectona grandis.
Gardenia gummifera. Dikliama- Wrightia tinctoria vel Nerium tinc-
lec\ torum (du.)

SUBDIVISION '2\I).

Acacia arabica.
Artocaqnis integrifolia.
Dalbergia latifolia.
Gardinia irummifera.

Indigofera tinctoria.
Melia A/.adiraehta.
Tectona irramlis.

190 COMMERCIAL PLANTS REQUIRED IN KHANDEISH.

SUBDIVISION 3RD.

Calamus rudentum (rattan cane.) Carypha talicra.
Coccus cacti. Quercus Robur.
Carypha mubraculifera. Suber.

THE END.

n tr e x.

PaKc.

Pago.

A al dye,

1 06

Aguilaria secundaria,

8

Abbachugo root,

'26

Agyreia cuneata, .

180

Abuta rut'eseens and candicans,

22

Aiianthus excelsa, .

186

Acacia eseulenta,

16-%27

moluccana, .

35

arabica, .. 49-64-67-181

Akar morai, .

16

arborca,

8

Aleurites ambinux,

16

catechu, . .

181

Alfonsia oleifera, .

!6

cochliocarpa,

8

amygdalina, .

27

giraffe,

'27

Alibertia edulis, .

16

graveolens,

21

Alliaria, . . .

'21

juliflora, ..

8

Allium sativum, .

. 181-184

melanoxylon,

14

porrum, . . .

181

nilotica and seyal,

8-175

Allspice tree,

54

ninpo, .. ..

'27

Almonds in India, Sl-1/

6-181-183

senegalensis,

8

Aloe spicata, .

44

tortuosa and zamang, . .

8

Barbadensis, .

1 75

vera,

8-175

soccotrina, . . .

. 175-18-1

verek,

8-175

Aloexylon agallochum,

8

Acassic indigo plant,

13

Loureirii,

8

Acer saccharintini,

l(i

Alphanes pragra,

'21

Achania Malaviscus,

'27

Alpuiia cardamomum, .

. 16-185

Achrus mammosa,

15

magnifica, .

•27

sapota,

15-62

malaccensis,

•27

zapotilla,

15

Alseodaphnc grandis,

8

Acioa guianensis,

Ifi

Alsodea physiphora,

'27

Acorns calamus,

181

AlstriJincria salsilla, .

16

Acroconiia sclerocarpa,

'27

Altingia excelsa, .

8-'22

Acrostichum turcatum,

"2"

Alyxia stellaUi,

35

aiireuin,

•27

Amaioua saccifera,

'27

Aciotis discolor, . .

16

Amapaima,

'26

Adelia castonicarpa,

8

Amaryllis principis,

'27

./Kgle marmelos,

.15-(H

aulica,

'27

At'/.elia at'ricana, . .

•2.1

elata,

•27

Agathis antbes Javanica,

'27

of Salt,

3»

Agathophyllum aromaticum,

15

psittacina,

'27

Agave inri<la,

'27

reticulata, .

•27

Americana,

3-2-178

solandraflora,

•;7

Agricultural and Horticultu-

vittata,

'27

ral Society of India, Mr.

Amasonia arborea,

S

Nimmo's opinion of,

'2

Ambellania acida, .

it;

Agricultural and Horticul-

Ambi-mohr rice, .. .

56

tural Society ot India, reso-

Amcrimnum ebenus,

8

lutions by,

1 (','»

Amherstia nobilis, .

'27

Agrostis linearis,

185

Ammoniaciim,

176

Aguilaria agalloclium,

s

Amouium angustifolium,

1.")

!> 1)

192

INDEX.

A iiu null in aromatic um,

granaparadisii,
maximum and car-
damomum,

Page.
16
16

16

Amygdalus communis, 81-176-181-183

Persica,
Amyris ambrosiana,

altissima,

anisata, ..

balsamifera,

commiphora,

elata,

gileadensis,

guianensis and agal-
locha,

hexandra,

kafal,

katafF,

nana,

toxifera,

Anacardium occidentale,
Anchietea salutaris,
Anda braziliensis,
Andersonia panchmoun,

rohituka,
Andira inermis,

excelsa, . .
Andropogon sorghum,
Anethum laeniculum,
graveolens,
Angiopteris evecta,
Amsophylleia lauriua,
Armatto, . .

Anneslea fragrans,
Annesorrhiza capensis,
Annuals, list of, fit for

dia,
Anona palustris, . .

cherimolia,

muricata,

reticulata,

senegalensis,

squamosa,

sufu,

sylvatica,
Anthemis nobilis,
Anthocleista macrophylla,
Antiaris toxicaria,
Apeiba echinata,
Apocynum formosissimum,
Apples in India,
Apricot in India,
Aquilegia vulgaris

176-183
8-27
8
27
9

8-27
27
26

Aralia umbellit'era,

umbraculifera,
Araucaria excelsa,

imbricata,
Araucaria brasiliensis,

Dombeyi,

Arbor nigra ebenum,
nussalavica,
sebi,

27
27

14-61-146
22

.. 8-22-27
8
27
22
27
106
181
184
27
16
177
27
16
In-

174
8-15
15
183
183

.. 15-177
183
15
15
184
27
26
27
27

81-82-176-185
64-81-176-185-154
187
8-16
35
8-27
15-27
13
15
14
35
21

Page.

Arbor toxicaria, . . 26
versicolor, . . 35
violaria, . . 35
Areca oleracea, .. 15
Arenga saccharifera, .. 177
Argania siderexylon, .. 16
Aristolochia anguicida, . . 22
cordiflora, . . 27
fragrantissima, . . 22
grandiflora, . . 27
labissa, . . 27
macroura, . . 22
odoratissirna, . . 22
ringens, . . 22
serpentaria, . . 22
Aromadendron elegans, .. 8-22-27
Aromatic grasses of Brazil, . . 27
Arracacha esculenta, .. 16
Arrow root, . . 54-59-14U
Artemisia abrotanum, .. 176
absinthium, .. 181
santonica, .. 176
Artocarpus chaplasha, .. 16
echinata, .. 16
hirsuta, . . 16
integrifolia, .. 183
Arum violaceum, .. 16
Arundo bambos, . . 53
Asclepias asthmatica, . . 22
gigantea, . . 53
tenacissima, .. 148
Ash tree, .. .. 176
Assafcetida, .. .. 175
Astragalus, .. .. J75
Astrocaryum vulgare, . . 27-35
Atropa arborescens, .. 27
Attalia amygdalina, . . 27
Atunus, .. .. 21
Averrhaea bilimbi, .. 183
carrauibola, . . 183
Avocado pear, .. .. 02
Aubleta tiburba, .. 34
Auckland, Right Honourable
Earl of, address of, to the
Home Authorities, Introd.
remarks on, .. .. 7-162
Augia sinensis, .. .. 8
Augustea lanceolata, .. 27
Azadiracta Indica, .. Ill
Azimghur, resources of the dis-
trict of, .. .. 91-101

I',.

Babool, its great use, . . 50-64

tree, . . . . 5-4'J

Baccharis genistelloides, .. 178

Bagassa guianensis, .. 14

Bajri, .. .. 57

Balsam tree of Arabia, .. 53-177

INDEX.

Balsamilluae, . .

Balsamodendron opopalsamum,

Banisteria fulgens,

Bapbia nitida,

Barha de tigre,

Barley in India, ..

Baryosma Tongo,

Bassia 1'arkii and butyracea,

latifolia,

Bassorah gum tree,
Bauhinea porrecta, ..

racemosa,
B'dellium tree,
Beech tree,

Beerbhoom, district of,
Behar, province of described,
Behra tree,

Bentinckia Condapanna,
Berberis aristata and nepalcn-

sis,

lycium,

Berberrer fish-poison tree,
Berrya amonilla,
Bertiiolletia excelsa,
Betel nut,
Betula bhojpatra,
Bignonia chica,

ntisyphilitica,
chelonoides,
chrysantha,
echinata,
gigantea,
leucoxylon,
orbiculata, ..

procera,
stans,
telfairiae,
tulipifera,
venusta,
u IK 1 11 1 at a,

Bilbergia Barclaya,
purpurca,
Bilberries,
Bixa orcllana,
Blark locust tree,
Blackburnia monadclpha,
Blakca trincrnia,
Bliglna gapida,
liluiiliingnin silvestre,
Bo.i massy,
Bombax ceiba,

Bonplandia tritoliata, ..

Booroomma,
Boottiacordata, ..
Borassus flabclliformis,
Borreiral'erruginea and 1'oaya,
Boswellia thunt'era,
Bougianvillca braziliensis,
Brachysanthes,
Brnycra anthelmintica,
Brillantaisia owanonsis,
Bromelia ananas,

Page.

I 'a (,'<•.

<J

Bromelia lucida,

27

2'2-53

Brosaa coccinea,

16

27

Brosimum alicastrum,

16

9

iJroussonctia papyrifera,

8-28

9

tinctoria,

9

87

Browne, Dr. note of,

1

16

Brownea coccinea,

28

16

rosea,

28

53-110

racemosa,

28

22

Brucea sumatrana and aulidy-

28

senterica,

22

28-186

Brugmansia arborea,

65

13-26

Brunsfelsia violacea,

27

176

Brya ebenus,

28

15U

Bryonia cpigoea, ..

22

113

Buljon gallwmim,

22

111

Bubroma guazuma,

15

28

Buchanania latifolia,

67

Bucida buceros,

8

16

Burn, Dr. letter of,

38

22

Bursera gummifera,

8

34

paniculata,

8

<J

acuminata,

8-22

16-178

Bushbv, Mr. letter of,

160

.S3- 142

Butea,

67

27

Butea frondosa,

186

8

Butter tree of Ashantee,

21

22

Buttress tree,

35

186

Byrsonima Moureila,

22

27

28

• 14

C.

'28

34

Cabbage palm,

177

27

Cabiuna,

15

186

Cactus raoniliferus and melo-

27

cactus,

28

14

cochinilifer,

28-175

27

peruviamis,

2(J

186

of the Gallipago Islands,

34

27

opuntia, . .

175-186

27

tuna,

175

176

grand iflorus,

186

177

nexagonus,

186

65

inorniis,

186

28

Pereskia,

186

16

truncatus,

186

62

Cnesalpinia roriaria, brazilien-

22

sis, crista, and echinata.

9-178

21

bijuga,

2S

28

oleosperma,

!)

22

pluviosa,

29

21

Caju galedupa,

35

28

gora aruani,

14

186

Caladium seguinum,

<J

22

aruorcscpns,

28

111

fragrantissimurn, ..

'28

27

Calambac wood,

!l

26

Calamus draro, . .

•J

22

rudentum,

9-I8S

2fi

virus.

«.»

IKi

Calanthc vcralrifolia,

'^H

194

INDEX.

Calla aromatica,
Callicocca Ipecacuanha,
Callophyllum inophyllum, . .

bintang or angusti-

folium,

Calochortus macrocarpus,
Calotropis gigantea,
Calyptranthes antiseptica, ..
Calyptranthus aromatica,
Calyptrion,
Cambuca, . .

Camellia drupifera,

Japonica,

chmensis,

oleifera,

Camphor, . .

Campomanesia lineatifolia, . .
Cana edulis,
coccinea,
Indica, ..
iridiflora,
lutea,
Canal, Doab,

Great Ganges,
Cananga sylyestris,
Canarium microcarpum,

alterum,

commune and album,

decumana,

hirsuta,

odoriferum,

silvestre,

zephyrinum,
Canella alba,
Cannabis sativa, ..
Cantharides,

Caoutchouc tree of Africa, . .
of Bowdich, . .
white of Humboldl,
Capparis spinosa,

Breynia,

odoratissima,
Caprifolium Japonicuin,
Capsicum annuum,
Cara root of Brazil,
Carana gum tree,
Carapa guianensis,
Carica cauliflora, . .

papaya,
Carnac, Sir James, message

of,

Carob tree, . . 54-

Carolinea princeps,
alba,
insignis,

Carpodinus dulcis,
Carthamus tinctorius, 48-53-
Carum carui,
Caryocar amygdaliferum,

nuciferum,

butyrosum,
Caryophyllus antisepticus,

Page. Page.

28 Caryophyllus aromaticus, .... 71
23 Caryota urcus, .. .... 186

5-154 Carypha mubraculifera, .... 190

talicra, .... 190

2 Casca de Larangeira de Terra

29 of Brazil, .. 23

61 Cascarilla plant, .. .... 177

17 Casearia lingua, .. .... 23

16 ramiflora, .... 28

29 Caska preciosa, .. .... 62

21 Cassava plant, .. .... 54

16 Cassia auriculata, .... 53

188 jEgyptiaca, .... 181

28 caryophyllata 29

9-16 falcata, .. 23

177 fistula, .. 181

17-29 grandis, .. 186

16 mar y land ica, .... 23
177 moschata, .... 28
186 occidentalis, .... 23

28 porturegalis, .... 2'2

186 Sumatrana, .... 64

72 Cassine Gongonha, .... 23

73 Castanea indica, .. .... 17

35 malayana, .... 29

9 martabanica, .... 29

14 Castanospermum australe, .. 17

17 Casuarina species, .... 187
14 Catingha aromatica and mos-

14 chata, .. .... 17

14 Cattle, domestic, horned of In-

14 dia, 85-95-1U5-109- 116-152

14 Catti marus, .. .... 35

22 Cavanillesia mocondo, .... 9-29
61 Ceanothus azureus, .... 23
41 Cecropia peltata, .... 16-28

9 Cedar, (wild), .. 13

13 Cedrela toona, .. 5

14 odorata, .. 9-28

17-175 Kosmarinus, .... 23

28 febrifuga, 23

28 Cedrus deodara, . . .... 9

186 Celastrus edulis, .. 16

181 Cephaelis Ipecacuanha, .... 23-177

17 Cerasus occidentalis, . — 17

9 Capollim, .... 23

9-29 sphaerocarpa, .... 28

16 Ceratonia siliqua, 54-175-183

183 Cerbera Tanghin, .... 26

thevetia, .... 186

1 fructicosa, .... 29

175-183 Cereal grains, introduction of

28 into India, .. .... 57-174

28 Cereus Jamaracu, .... 21

28 serpentinus, .... 28

16 ackermannii, .... 28
107-136 Ceroxylon Andicola, 9-177

184 Chulta tree, .. 148

9-17-29 Chaulmoogra odorata, .... 29

1 9 Cheirostemon platanoides, ....

17 Chenopodium quinoa, .... 16

29 ambrosoides, .. 26

INDEX.

195

Cherries in India, 81-82-176

Chesnut in India, 81-175-176

Chian turpentine, .... 175

Chibou gum tree, .... 9

Chiga Inga, 17-29

Chiguire, .. .... 15

Chilgoza of Cabul, .... 17

Chilocarpus suaveolens, .... 35

Chimaphila maculata, .... '23

Chiococca anguifuga, .... '23

Chlococca racemosa, .... 23

Chloranthus ofticinalis, .... 23

Chloroxylon Swietenia, .... 5

Chorisia insignis, .... 28

speeiosa, .... 28

Christophine, .. .... 21

Chrysanthemums, .... 186

Chrysobalanus Icaco, .... 16-177

luteus, .... 16

ellipticus, .... ]6

Chrysophyllum cainito, .... 16

macrophyllum, 16

obvatum 16

acuminatum, 1 7

micrucarpum, 17

michino, .... 17

macaucou, .... 17

Chryeopia fasciculata 29

Chuckrassia Nimmonii 5

tabularis, .... 5

Chunna, .. •••• 79

Cicer arietinum, .... 79

lens, 132-137

Cinchona lanceolata, .... 23

lancifolia, .... 23

oblongifolia, .... 23

cordit'olia, .... 23

condaminca, .... 23

pubescens, .... 23
scrobiculataand mag-

niiulia, 23

ferruginea, .... 23

Ucmijiaua, .... 23

glandulifera, ...- 23

Cinnamomum tamala, .... 9

albiflorum, .... 9

cucalyptoidcs, . . 9

nituluui, .... 9-17

kiamis, .... (J

aromaticum 16

Cinnamon, .. 177

Cissurnpelas ovalif'olia 23

1'areira and gla-

berrima, .... 23

Cistus, .. .... 175

Citharcxylum caudatum, 28

Citrus aurantiuni, .... 181-183

vulgaris, .... 181

decumana, .... 183

limonum, .... 1S3

limetta, 1?\}

sweet lime, .... 183

Page.

Clematis, .. .. 186

Cleoine arborea, . . 28

rosea, . . . . 28

speciocissima and gi-

gantea,

Clerodendrum f'ragrans, .. 186

Clianthus puniceus, .. 28

Clover, .. 85-115-185

Cloves in India, .. 71-177

Clusia rosea, . . . . 29

alba, .. .. 29

Cobea scandens, . .

Coccoloba uvifera, .. 16

Cocculus palmatus, .. J77-184

platyphyllus, .. 22

cinerescens and su-

berosus, . . 23

Fibruarea and cripus, 23

Coccus cacti, .. 190

Cochleariaarmoracia, .. 181-182

Cochlospermum insignis,

Coeoa tree, .. .. 65-177

Cocos aeuleata, .. .. 16-29

butyracea, .. J6

flexuosa, .. 16

oleraeea, .. .. 21

i'usiformis, . . . . 28

nucifera, . . . . 183

Codarium aeutifolium, .. 61

Coffee, .. .. 53-65

in Bengal, .. 149-177

Coggar wood of Colonel Todd, 1-1

Colchicum autumnale, .. 2'2

Coloquintida, .. 13-43-48-l»4

Colvillcae racemosa, .. 28

Columba plant, . . 177

Columbia Javanica, .. 29

serratitblia, . . 28

Combretum giiyaca, . . 9

grandiflorum, .. 28

laxum, . . 35

Comocladia integrifolia, .. 16

Conanthera bifoiia, . . 28

Conchocarpus macrophyllus, 28

Condaminea tinctoria, . . 9

corimbosa, . . 23

Condondum malaccense, .. 21

Conium maculdtnm, .. 37-184

Conohoria Lubolubo, .. 16

Conoria cuspa, . . . . 23

Convolvulus I'dulis, .. 16

scammonia and ja-

lapa, 22-51-1.^4

superbus, . . 29

Copaifera oflicinalis, -. 22-176
ebractoata, and mul-

tijuga, .. 23
Langsdorfiii and co-

riacea, .. 23-181

Cnpaiva balsam tree, . . 60

Copal gum tree, . . . . .r> I

C.ipc, Mr. letter of, .. (>'.»

JOG

IXDEX.

Page.

Coracaoda negro, .. 15

Corallaria latitblia, . . 35

Cordia gerascanthus, . . 9

macrophylla, .. 14

sebestana, .. .. 28

Cordyla Africana, .. 17

Coriandrum sativum, .. 181

Cork tree, .. .. 175

Coraidia integerrima, .. 34

Cornis florida, . . . . 23

Cortex acris, . . . . 21

igneus, . . 22

oninius or sindoc of

Rumphius, . . 22

Corypha tectorum, . . 9

cerifera, . . 9

dulcis, .. .. 17

elata, .. .. 29

Taliera, . . 29

Costus arabicus, .. .. 22-176

Cotamma tree, .. .. 13

Cotton in Kairah, .. 51

Nerbudda, .. 108

foreign, in India, 37-51-78-86-
96-108-118-130-142-149
9
17

.. 16-28
23-28-177
177
176
22
28

Coulteria tinctoria,
Couma gnianensis,
Couroupita guianensis,
Coutaria speciosa,
Coutoubea alba, ..
Cranberries,
Crataeva gynandra,

Tapia and fragrans,

1 T -• 1 ° I • •

Cratoxylon Hornschuchii, .. 9

Cremanium tinctorium, .. 9

theezans, . . 29

Crescentia cujete, .. 28

Crestis monadelpha, •• 17

Crinum Broussonetii, . . 28

erythrophyllum, . . 28

giganteum, . . 29

plicatum, •• 28

i uccoides, . . 29

Crocus sativus, .. .. 16-187
Crops, agricultural, in India, 39-57-68-
75-79-86-95-97-104-117-
120-130-136-137-154-174

Crotalarea juncea, .. 53-132

Croton, .. .. 61-186

cascarilla, . . 23

clateria of Vera Cruz, 22-184

gratissimum, . . 23

laccifer, . . . . 9

sanguifluum, . . 26

suavis, . . . . '29

thurifer, .. .. 9
tiglium, .. 26-177-184

Cruciferec in India, .. 79

Crudya aromatica, .. 9-17

Cryptocarya Eanelilla, .... 17

Cucubrita moschata, .... 29

Cumapana root of Humboldt, '21

Page.

Cuminum cyminum, .... 184

Cuphea multiflora, .... 28

Cupressus resinifera, .... 9

sempevirens, .... 187

thyoides, .... J87

Curatella copaiba, .... 23

Curcuma Roscoeana, .... 29

longa, .... Ill

Currant tree in India, .... 176

Curvana, or white caoutchouc

tree of Humboldt, .... 14
Curucay resin tree of Hum-
boldt, .. .... 1.3

Cusho, .. .. 26

Cusparia febrifuga, .... 23

Cusparia tree, .. .... 177

Cyathea medullaris, .... 28

speciosa, .... 29

excelsa, .... 29

Cynanchum albiflorum, .... 9

ovalifolium, .... 9

Cyrtopodium punctatum, .... 28

Cytisus cajan, .. .... 57-137

D.

Dacca, statements on, .... 128

Dabanus, .. .... 14

Dacrydium taxifolium, .... 9

excelsum, .... 14

Dahlia, .. 186

Dalbergia sissoo, .... 9-73
latitblia, emargina-

ta, and monatoria, 10

Dalea citriodora, .... 29

Dalrymplea pomifera, .... 29

Dammara Australis, .... 9

selanica, •••• 10

alba, 11

nigra, .... 14

celebica, .... 14

ligitima, .... 14

Dapiche gum tree, .... 10

Dapooree Garden, report by the

Superintendent of, .... 4

Darro tree of Abyssinia 34

Date palm, .... 53

Datura ceratocaulon, .... 29

stramonium, .... 1 ^1

fastuosa, .... 186

Davilla rugosa, and cllip-

tica, .. .. .... 23

Daucus carota, .. 1H1

De Candolle, A. Mons. letter
of, on the dispatch of corn

seeds to India, .... 168

Dearman, Mr. letter of, 1'27

Decamali, .... 66

Delechampia braziliensis, .... 29

fimbriata, .... 'J'J

INDEX.

197

Detarium senagalensis, ....

Dhacl motor, . . ....

kasharee, .. ....

moossooree, ....

Dhanasaree wood, ....

Dhoneah seed, .. ....

Dianthus caryophyllus, —
Diehorisandra thyrsiftora, ....

Digitalis purpurea, ....

Dillenia speciosa, ....

Dimocarpua litchi, ....

Dioscorea braziliensis, ....

Diosmae, .. ....

Diospyros of Ainboyna and
Mauritius, ....

ebenum, ....

obtusitblia, ....

kaki, globosa, alro-
putpureu, fascicu-
lata, and mabola,
Dipterix odorata, 10

Dipterocarpus turbinatus, cos-
tatus, incanus,
andalatus, ..
trinervis, ....

Directors, Court of, Dispatch
from, on the importauce of

sending seeds to India

Doab Canal, plantations on

bank of, ....

Dodoneea salicifolia, ....

Dolichos bulbosus and tubero-

sus, ....

rosens, ....

pruriens, ....

I'aboiforinis, ....

catjang and lablab, ..

Dorema ammoniacum

Dorstenia contrayerva, ....

braziliensis, ....

Doryantb.es excelsa, ....

Dracena termiualis, ....

Draco, .. ....

Driinys Winteri, . . ....

Dryuns rhilensis, ....

granatensis, ....

Dryobalanopscamphorifera, ..
Duhamelia cbrysautha, ....

Durio zibethinus, ....

Duvaua dependens, ....

dentata, ....

E.

Ebcnus alba,
Ebony of Bowdich,
Echinocarpiis Sigun,
Echites untidy seuterica,

siphiliticu,
Echiti-s coccinca,

Page.

Page.

17
131

Egyptian wheat, ....
Elueagnus dulcis, ....

54
17

131

Elx'ocarpus serratus, ....

17-141

131

Elajococca verrucosa, ....

10-177

13

vernicia, ....

10-177

130

Elajocarpus ganitrus, ....

186

tuberculatus

30

'29
23

148

macrophyllus, ....
Eloeodendron Argan, ....
Elais melanococca, ....

30
10
17

184

guineensis, ....

17-54

'29

Elaphrium excelsum, ....

10

176

Jacquinianum, ....

'23

Elliott, Dr. letter of,

181

10

Embotlirium speciosissimum,

'29

111

Encruma, ....

'21

'29

Engelhard tia Roxburghiana,

10

Wallichiana, ....

'29

Entada Gigalobium, ....

30

17

Entoondo, ....

'21

16-178

Epicharis altissima, ....

'29

Erasma tree of Dupuis, ....

EL '

13

nca;, .. ....

188

10
10

Eriobotrya japonica, ....
Eriobotria japonica, ....

17
184

Erioglossum cdule, ....

17

Eriolitlus mirabilis, ....

30

165

Erisma Horibundum, ....

30

Eryngium aromaticum, ....

30

72

Erythnna monosperma, ....

10-36

'29

sublobata, ....

10

speciosa, ....

'29

17

crista galliand picta,

'29

'29

Indica, ....

6 I

44

Erythrocbiton braziliensis, ..

'29

46

Erythrophleum guineensis, ..

'29

18'2

Erythroxylou coca. ....

17

'23

areolatum, ....

30

'23

Esenbeckia febrit'uga, ....

'24

'23

altissima, ....

30

'29

Evodia febrit'uga, ....

'23

•21

hortensis, ....

30

•29

Evosmia caripcnsis, ....

30

'23-176

Eucalyptus resiiulera, ....

'23-176

9

piperita, ....

'26

17 -'23

albous ....

35-'29

'23

Eugenia Micbelii, ....

17-30

'29

lineata and gregii, . .

17

17

Jambos, ....

45-1S3

9

pimcnta, purpurea, ce-

10

rasoides, and macro-

carpa, ....

17

caryophvll.ita

184

pseudo-psidium, ....

17

gnyanensis, ....

'29

tntlora, ....

30

11-111

inocarpa, ....

30

13-111

baUamira, ....

30

10

lancefoliii, ....

;io

'24

1'linii, ....

3,-,

'26

Enlopbia vera, ....

17

31

Euoiumus tingcns, ....

1(J

198

IXDEX.

Page.
Eupatorium Dalca, ....

Euphorbia balsamifera 17

plant, .... 175

Ipecacuanha, .... 23

punicea, .... 29

Euryale ferox, .... 34

Euterpe adulis, .... 17

Exostemma cariboo um, .... 23

Exotics for India, .... 3

F.

Fagraea fragrans, .... 30

Fagus obliqua, .... 10

Falconer, Dr. 8

Fallowing, how conducted in

India, 39-72-87-95-96-108-119

Ferdinandusia speciosa, .... 30

Feronia Elephantum, .... 45

Ferula assafcetida, .... 10

Feuillea cordifolia, ... 24

Ficus brassica, .... 21

sycamorus, .... 30

nymphaefolia, .... 30

macrophylla, .... 30

gigantea, .... 30

elastica, .... 54

carica, .... 181

Filbert tree in India, 82-176

Flacourtia ramontchi 17

jangomas and iner-

mis, 17

Flax, cultivation of in India, . . 78-106

Flindersia Austral is, .... 10

Amboinensis, .... 30

Fodders in India, .... 45-63

Folium acidum minus, .... 21

acidum majus, .... 35

intinctus, .... 35

urens, .... 35

Forbidden Fruit, 21

Forest trees, planting^ of, ... 72

Gold medal offered for, 74

Fragaria granditt ora, .... 17

vesca, .... 184

Franciscea Hopeana, .... 30

Fraxinus excelsior, .... 10

rotundifolia, .... 24

ornus, .... 24

Frederica speciosa, .... 30

Fritillaria, .. .... 30

Fructus musculiformis, .... 35

Fruit trees capable of being

naturalized in India, .... 62

Fuchsia arborea, .... 30-177

Funis dentarius, .... 21

muraenarum latifolius, 35

Furcroea gigantea, .... 30

tuberosa, .... 30

Furnell, Dr. letter of, 1J9

G.

Gaertnera racemosa, .... 187

Gagnebina tamariscina, .... 30

Galactodendron utile 18

Galbanum, .. .... 175

Galinsogea trilobata, .... 30

Galipea resinosa, .... 10

officinalis, .... 22

aroinatica, .... 18

Ganvar, .. .... 13

Garcinia mangostana, Kydia,

cornea and pedunculata, .... 18-184

Gardenia campanulata, .... 30

gummifera, .... 66

Gaultheria odorata, .... 30

Gaura fructicosa, .... 30

Gelala, 35

Geniostoma febrifugum 24

Genipaamericanaandmeriana, 18

Gentian plants, .... 176

Geoffroya superba, .... 18-30

inermis, .... 30

racemosa, .... 30

violacea, .... 30

Geonoma palm, . — 30

pinuatrifons, — . 30

Geraniums, . . .... 187

Gesnera bulbosa, .... 30

Gibson, Dr. letter of, .... 36-56

Gillenia trifoliata, .... 24

Ginoria Americana, .... 30

Glaphyria nitida, .... 18-30

Gloxinia speciosa, .... 30

Glycyrrhiza glabra, 24-44- 1 75- 1 84

Gnetum Gnemon, .... 18

Goethia semperflorens, .... 30

Gomortega nitida, .... 10

Gomphia Japotapita, .... 18

Gomphrena officinalis, .... 24

Gomuto, .. .... 177

Gonohoria lobolobo, .... 30

Gonolobus hispidus, .... 21-30

diadematus, .... 30

Googul tree, .... 26

Gooseberry tree in India, .... 176

Gordonia mtegrifolia, .... 10

Goruckpore, district of, .... 84

agricultural re-
sources, .... 85-92

Gouania domingensis, .... 18

Grasses of India, 45-63-85-115

Gregia aromatica, ... 21

Grewia didyma, .... 15

asiatica, .... 184

Grias cauliflora, .... 18

Gronovia scandens, .... 30

Grurajama, .... 21

Guaiacum officinale and sanc-
tum, .... 24-60

tree, .... 177

Guarea grand [flora, .... 13

INDEX.

199

Guarea aubletii and trichili-

oides,

Guattcria ouregou,
Guava, white and red,
Guazuma ulmifolia,
Gucttarda coccinea,
Guinea grass, . . 63-85
Gum sandarach,
Gustavia pterocarpa,

angusta,

Guzerat, esculents and grains
of,

its agriculture,

fruits of,

medical plants of, . .

vegetables of,

fodder of,

famines in,

manufacturing £ com-
mercial articles of,

tobacco of,

Gymnema lactiferum,
Gynerium sacharoides,

H.

Habzelia aromatica,
Haemanthus multiflorus,
Huematoxyloii campechianuin,
Hazel nut in India,
Heaths,

Iledcra umbellifera,
aromatica,
umbellata,

Hedwigia balsamifera,
Hedyasmum hirsutum,
Hedycarpus malayanus,
Heisteria coccinia,
Heliconia nsittacorum,

bihai,

Hcliocarpus Americana,
Hellebore, black,
Hemp,

cultivation of in India,
Herea guianensLs,
Hernandia ovifera,
Heternpteris chrysophylla, ..
Heudclotia Africana,
Hiarry root of Uemi'rara,
Hibiscus arboreus,

strictus

cannabinus,

sabdarift'a,

abehnoschus,

mutabilis,

phuMiiceus,

populneus,

rosa sinensis,
Hickories,

Hippncratea comosa,
Holboellia latifolia,
Holcus spicatus.

Page. 1'iipo.

Hulcus sorghum, . . 64

'24-3U Hopea decandra, .. 10

30 scaphula, .. Id

184 Wighteana, .. 15

18 odorata, . . . . 31

30 Hortia Braziliana, .. 24

115-14'J Hoshungabad District describ-

13 ed, .. 102

30 Hovenia dulcis, .. 18

35 Iloya carnosa, .. 187

Huldee, .. 107

39-58 Humboldtia laurifolia, .. 34

40 Humea elata .. 31

45 Humirium balsamiferum, .. ID

42 floribundum, . . 24

45 Humulus Lupulus, . . 24

45 Hura crepitans, .. 31

4'J Huryallee, .. 46

Hydrangea hortensis, .. 188

48 Hymenaea Courbaril, .. 18-177

48, Hyoscyamus niger, .. 24-36-181

18 Hypecoum pendulum, . . 24
30

I.

18

Ichthyochtones montana,

35

31

Icica Acouchini,

10

24

82-176

heptaphylla,
icicariba, .

10
Id

176

carana,

. 10-11

14

tacamahaca,

10

31

hetorophylla,

10

31

guanensis,

10

10

altissima,

13

31

mani,

14

18

cuspidata,

14

Id

indica, .. .

'26

31

Ilex paragucnsis,

18-21-177

31

vomitoria,

21

31

Illiciuiu anisatum,

18

6!

Impatiens Walkeri,

35

f)3

Ince, Mr. Kobt. letter of,

137

78

Inclieema,

21

10-178

Indigo in India, 8G-1U7-1 18-124

31-35

Indukduk,

26

31

Inga fceculifera and biglobosa

18-31

10

sapida,

18

26

feuilU-i,

18

Id

vera,

18

10

dulci<i,

18

53-132

chiga of Humboldt.

18

182

bubalina,

•21

187

iiicllil'era,

31

187

spuria,

35

187

Inocarpus edulis,

18

187

Intsia Amboinensis, .

31

187

Iiiniiliuui ipecacuanha.

21

176

1'oava and Itubn, .

21

18

Marcucii,

21

34

calceolarium,

21

•il

parvifloruin,

2'i

2 E

200

INDEX.

Page.

Ipe-tobacco, . . 9

Ipecacuanha plant, . . 60

Ipeuna, . . 9

Ipomoea jalapa, .. 24-60

glandulifera, . . 31

Krusensternii, . . 31

braziliensis, . . 187

Irrigation, how carried on in

India, 52-72-86-91-95-106 116-152
Isertia coccinia, . . 24

Ismene Calathina, . . 31

J.

Jacaranda rose-woods, .. 10-178

tun, .. 15

ovalifolia, . . 31

Jackia ornata, . . 31

excelsa, . . 31

Jagua palms of Humboldt, . . 35

Jalap convolvulus, .. 60-176

Jamaica Plum, . . 21

Jasminum auriculatum, . . 187

fruticans, . . 187

grand iflorum, .. 187

officinale, . . 187

Zambac, . . 187

Jatropha elastica, . . 10

integerima, . . 31

manihot, . . 1 8'2

multifida, .. 187

Java Plum, . . 21

Javicou, white varnish tree of

Humboldt, .. 14

Jequetiva Cedro, .. 15

Jonesia pinnata, or asoka, . . 189

Jopoticabeiras of Brazil, . . 18
Jossinia mespiloides and buxi-

folia, .... .. 18

Juboea speetabilis, .. 31

Juglans regia, .. 186

Jullpye, or olive, .. 141

Juniperus elata, .. 10-175-176

Barbadensis, . . 13

Bermudiana, . . 13

Justicia paniculata, .. 184

variegata, .. 187

Betonica, .. 187

K.

Kbaya Senegalensis, .. 10-18

Kielineyera spcciosa, . . 31

Kino, African, . . 177

Kolla nut, .. 21

Kolquall of Salt, . . 34

Koosm dye, . . 107

Krameria triandra, .. 24-177

Kumode rice, ., 56

Kunthia montana, .. 31

Page.
L.

Lacca lignum, . . 14
Lacepedia insignis,

Lachnostoma tigrinum, .. 31

Lactaria salutaris, . . 26-35

Laetia guidonea, . . 11

Lafoensia speciosa, . . 31

acuminata,

Lagerstreemia indica, . 187

regina, . 187

Lanius, . . . 26

Lanpujum Rumphii, . 35

Lansium domesticum, . 18

montanum, . 35

Lantana pseudothea, . 31-187

violacea, . 31

Lardizabala biternata, . 18

Larix Cedar of Lebanon, . 13

Lasiostoma curare, . 26

Latania rubra, . 31

Lathyrus sativus, . 137

Laurel tree, . . . 1 75

Laurelia aromatica, . 11

Laurus Benzoin, . 1 1

camphora, . 7 1

Parthenoxylon, . 1 1

lingue, . 1 1

nitida, . . 14

Kiamis and Javitensis, 14

cupularis, .. 18

Pucheri,

Quixos, .. 18

cinnamomoides, .. 18
dulcis,

calitlaban, .. 18
Persea, .. la
globosa, . . 24
caustica, . . 24
sassafras, . . 24- 1 85
glandulifera, . . 24
camphorifera, . . 24
regia, . . . . 26
cassia, .. JS5
cinnamomum, .. 182-185
chloroxylon, . . 35
Lavender, .. .. 176-182
Leather, how cured in India, . . 49
Lecythis ollaria, . . 18-31
zabucajo, .. 18
Leguminous grains, introduc-
tion of, into India, . . 57
Lemon tree, .. .. 183
Leptospennum ainboinensis, . . 35
Lignum Papuanum, .. 8
leve, . . . . 14
momentaneum, . . 14
moschatum, .. 14
vinosum, . . 22
clavarum, . . 35
Lilimn tigrinum,
Lime tree, .. .. 176-183

INDEX.

201

Limnocharis Humboldtii,
Lindley, Professor, letter of,
Lingoum, L. saxatile,
Linseed,

Linum usitatissiinum,
Liquidambar styraciflua,
Liquorice plant,
Liriodendron grandiflora,

tulip ifera,
Litsea sebifera,
Lobelia caoutchouc,

splendens,

fulgens,

Loddiges, Messrs, letter of,
Lodoicea Sechellarum,
Logwood tree,
Loquat tree,
Loreya arborescens,
Lucerne grass,
Lucuuia Caimito,

manimosa,

Bonplandii,
Ludia spinosa,
Luhea paniculata,
Lycopodium catharticum,

M.

Maba ebenoxylon,
Maccaubu palm,
Madura aurantiacea,
Macrocnemum tinctorium,
Madia saliva,
Magnolia excelsa, (?)
conspicua,
Coco,

Americana,
Mahadeo Hills, their fitness

an experimental farm,
Mahogany,

wild,

Makkah-nyeye of Timbey,
Malaguotta pepper,
Malaperius,
Malpighia glabra,

sacchariiia,
Maltese trefoil,
Malva cnspa, . .
sylvcstris, . .
Malum aruanum,
Mammea Americana and At

cana,

Manettia cordifolia,
Manga fcetida,
Mangifera oppositifolia,

macrocarpus,

Indiua,

Manglietin glauca,
Maugoi- tree,
Mangostana celebica.

Pago.

Page.

31

Manguaba of Brazil, . .

21

f, 160-172

Mamcaria saccifera,

31

35

Manna ash,

175

. . 6G-G8
.. 106-182

Manuring of lands in India, 39-7'2-7 1-
87-96-108-119-154

11

Maprounea brazilionsis,

32

175

Maranta dichotoma,

11

31

arundinacea and no-

.. 24-175

bilis, .. 18-54-59-177

11

zebrina,

31

11

Marcgravia umbcllata,

31

31

Marica northiana,

31

31

Marignia obtusifolia, ..

11

173

Marsdenia tinctoria,

11

31

Masaranduva,

15

177-60-74

Mash kail} c,

131

183

Masot or mesta pat,

132

18

Mastich tree,

175

.. 63-185
11-18

Mastixia pentamtra,
Maihews, Mr. letter of,

11
113

Jl

Maurandia,

65

18

Mauritia vinifera,

19-31

18

flexuosa,

19-31

11

aculeata,

31

20

Mayna Braziliensis,

31

Melaleuca leucadendron, ..

14-71

cajaputi,

24

viridittora,

35

Molanibo bark,

24

Mflanorrhcea usitata,

11

11

Melanoxylon Brauna,

11

31

Melastoma tomentosa,

31

18

aromatica,

31

11

Mclicocca hijuga,

18

21

Melodinus inonogynus,

19

11

Melville, Mr. letter of, from

1*9

Professor Koyle,

191

32

Menispenuum palmatum,

21

176

fenestratuin, . .

21

for

verucosmu and

102

hirsutuni, ..

'25

177

Mentha saliva,

1*1

13-74

piperata,

182

19

Merquotear of Pearce,

34

1'J

Mesembryauthemums,

176

'26

Mespilus Mcxicaua,

19

18

japonica,

19

IN

Mctrosideros robusta,

14

63

moluccana,

11

11

amboincnsN,

14

1V2

vera,

31

2'2

Mctroxylon viniferum,

I!)

I'n-

Micailonia,

19

18

Michelia champaca,

186

24-60

Microcodes palm.

19

35

Microlaena spcctabilis,

11

19

Mtkania guaco,

21

32

opitera,

24

1S3

ollicinali.s,

21

32

Millingtonia simplicifolia,

11-31

72

Mills, Andrew, Esq. letter of,

145

21

Milnea edulis,

19

202

INDEX.

Mimosa data,

rose-woods of Brazil,
fagifolia,
ceratoria,
serissa,
Mimusops kaki,

desecta
imbricaria,
hexandra,

Mirabilis longiflora,
Momordica elaterium,
operculata,
Monnina polystachya,
Monodora myristica,
Montabea Acostae,
Montezuma speciosissima,
Montgomery, Mr. letter of,
Moorgabi plant,
Mora excelsa,
Morinda citrifolia,
Moronabea coccinea,
Morus cucullata,
tinctoria,
alba,

multicaulis,
nigra,

Motor Dhall,

Mountain pear and cabbage,
Mowah tree,
Mucuna urens,

pruriens,
Mulberry tree,
Musa paradisiaca,
Musanga nuts of the Gold

Coast,

Mutt or mug,
Myrianthus arborea,
Myrica cerifera, . .
ethiopica, ..
acris,

pimentoides and sub-
cordata, ..
sapida,
Mexicana,

Myristica moschata, officinalis

and otoba, . . 8-2f

Myrodendron amplexicaule, . .

Myrospermum peruiferum and

toluiferum,
Myrrh tree,

Myrrhinium atropurpureum,
Myrsine Kapanea,
Myrtus longifolia,

pimenta and acris,

cauliflora,

pedunculata,

caryophyllata,

splendens,

ugni,

braziliensis,

communis,

Page

Page.

11

N.

1, 11

.. 19-24

Nanarium minimum or oleo-

31

sum, .. .. 14

73
19
19

Napoleona imperialis, . . 35
Naras fruit of South Africa, . . 21
Narcissus tazetta, . . 1 87

19

Nasturtium, .. .. 182

45

Nauclea undulata, . . 32

31

macrophylla and pur-

25

purea, . . 32

. 26-38-44
24

Nectarine tree in India, . . 176
Neem tree, .. .. Ill

19

Neoondoo tree of Bowdich, . . 13-26

19

Nepenthes distillatoria, . . 32

31

Rafflesiana, . . 34

92
147

Nercium odorum, .. 187
Nerium coccineum, .. 11

13

New Holland, plants from, for

106

India, .. .. 9

. 11-32

Zealand flax, .. 175

11
11

Nicaragua wood, .. 177
Nicotiana tabacum, . . 182

. 175-183

Nigella Indica, .. .. 136

175

Nimmo, Mr. letter of, . . 2-7

182

list of plants by, . . 2

131

introduces exotics, . .

21

Nonkar ambo tree, . . 146

110
32

Norantea guianensis, . . 32
Noronhia emarginata, . . 19

182
.. 33-175

Nurbudda, valley of, described, 102
Nyctanthes arbor tristis, .. 144-187

183

Nycterisition lanceolatum, . . 11

. .

Nymphaea lotus, . . 44

19

46
31

O.

11

11

Oak ilex, .. .. 175

19

kermes, . . . . 175

b-

dyer's, .. .. 175

.. 19-31

Barbary, .. .. 175

19

Oats in Western India, . . 58

31

Ochroma Lagopus, . . 32

[is

Ocotea cymbarum, .. 11

25-182-185

lineata, . . 14

11

Javitensis, . . 14

id

pichurim, .. 19-25

24

Ocymum tuberosum, .. 19

25-53-175

febrifugum, . . 25

31

Odica, or African chocolate, .. 21

14

Odjoo, .. .. 13

14

Oenocarpus batana, . . 32

18

CEnothera nocturna, . . 187

19

tetraptera, .. 187

19

Oils of commerce, . . 52

25

castor and neem, . . 52

31

plants of acclimatization

31

in England, . . 58

35

Olamboo, .. .. 13

187

Olea Europoca, . . . . 53-185
Olive plants, 38-53-175-66

INDEX.

203

Page.

Olus album, .. . . 35

Omphalea triandra, . . 32

Omphalocarpum procerum, .. 11-32

Oncus esculentus, .. 19

Ootralee plant, .. .. 147

Opium lands, . . .. 87-93

Opuntia braziliensis, .. 32

Oreocallis grandiflora, . . 32

Oreodoxa regia, . . . . 32

Origanum vulgare, . . 182

Ormosia dasycarpa, . . 32

coccinea, . . 32

Ornithogalum corvmbosum, . . 32

arabicum, . . 32

O'Shaughnessy, Dr. .. 8

Otaheite gooseberry, .. 21

Ottonia anisatum, . . 32

Ousely, Major, letter of, .. 1U2

Oxalis crenata, .. .. 19

tuberosa, . . . . 21

acetosella, .. 182

Oxleyaxanthoxyla, .. 11

Oxyanthus speciosus, . . 32

Oxyglycus, .. .. 22

Oyty fruit of Brazil, .. '21

1'.

Pachylobus edulis, .. 19

Pachyloma coriaceum, . . .. 33

Picdena foetula, . . . . 25

Paconias, .. .. 188

Palicourea officinalis, . . •• 25

speciosa, . . . . 32

Palm oil trees, . . . . 54

Panax chrysophyllum, .. 13

pinnatum, .. .. 14-35

quinquefolium, . . 25

aromatica, . . 32

anisuni, . . 33

Pancratium Amancaes, .. .. 32

pediale,.. .. 32

caribaeum, . . . . 32

amboinense, . . 33

Pandanus odoratissimus, .. 187

Panicuuijumeutorum, 15-63-85-1 15-1 1'J

spei-taliile, .. 15

spiiatmu, .. U>6

miliaceuin, . . 130

Paiigiuni, .. .. 21

Papaver somniferum, .. 182

14ha:as, .. .. 1*2

Papyrus odorata, .. .. 33

I'araguatan, .. .. 11

Piirauna, . . . . 15

Purinarium excclsum, .. 19

montuiitim and ma-

crophyllum, .. 19

catnpestre, . . 19

Parivoa grandiflora, .. 12-32

Parkia Africana & uniglobosa, 19-32

Page .

Paropsia edulis, .. .. 19

Paspalum stoloniferum and co-

rymbosum, .. .. 15

Passiflora foetida, . . .. 187

lauriflora & minima, 187

murucuja, .. 32

kermesina, . . 32

racemosa, . . 32

Passionflowers, .. .. 177

Patagonian tamarind of Du-

puis, .... .. 35

Paullinia subrotunda, .. 19

cupana, .. .. 19

Africana, . . 26

sorbolis, . . 26

cururu, . . 32

Pauw, . . 35

Pavia indica, .. .. 19

Peach in India, .. .. 176-185

Pears in India, .. 81-176-185

Pedilanthus tithymaloides, '25

Pelargonium, .. .. 176

Penicillaria spicatum, .. 106

Pentacrypta atropurpurea, .. 19

Pentadesma butyracea, .. 19

Pentaloba zeylanica, .. 34

Pergularia sanguinolenta, . . 32

minor, .. 187

Peristeria pendula, . . 32

Peronema canescens, .. 13

Perova, .. .. 15

Persea gratissima, .. 177

Persica saligna, . . . . 19

Peruvian bark tree, -. 60

Petiveria tetrandra, . . '25

alliacea, . . 33

Petrea volubilis, . . 32

Petrocarya excelsa, .. 14

Petunia viloacea, . . 32

Phaleria robusta, . . II

Pharmacum sagueri, . . . . 35

Phaseolus tuberosus, . . .. 19

multiilorus,.. .. 32

radiatus, .. .. 131-137

trilobus,.. .. 137

Philagonia procera,. . .. 32

PhaMiix dactylii'era, 20-53-175-181

Phurmium tenax, • 11-175

Phyllocladus trichomanoidcs, 14

Physalis Peruviana, •• 184

Physocalymna floribunda, . . II

I'hytncreno giganti-a, . . .. 3.3

Phytolacca decandra, . . •• 22

Picrainnia antidesma, .. 35

Picrophaios Javanensis, .. 25

Picrorrhiza kurrooa, . . •• 26

Pierardia dulcis and sapida, .. 19

Pimpinclla anisum, .. 18(>

Pine trees of Ava, .. 12

Pines potted at Daporie, . . 36

Pinus dammara, . . . . II

longifoli-i, .. .. 1'2- 1 ^

204

INDEX.

Pinus deodora, .. .. 12

Santalinus, .. 12

resinosa, . . 14

Gingko, . . 20
Lambertiana,
Douglassii,

sylvestris, .. 11

Piper anisatum, . . 19-32

umbellatum, . . 25-32

cubeba, .. 25-185

inebrians, . . 32

methysticum, . . 32
nigrum, .. .. 182-185

longum, .. .. 185

Piscidia erythrina, . . 32

Pistachio nut tree, .. 175

Pistacia terebinthus, . . 1 i

atalantica, .. 11

oleosa, .. 11-32

lentiscus, . . 12

Pisum sativum, . . . . 131

Pitanga, .. .. 21

Plantanus occidentalis, .. 12

orientalis, . . 33
Plantations and nurseries un-
der the Bombay presidency,

sites for, . . . . 4
Plants, list of already growing

at Dhoolia in Kandeish, 181
perennial, suited to Nor-
thern India, list of, .. 175
for introduction into

Western India, ..9-68-184
suited to the climate of

the Hymalayas, . . 176
suited to the plains and
Mountains of Southern

India, .. .. 177
advantages to be derived
by the introduction of,

into India, .. 163

Plumbago scandens, . . 25
capensis,
Europaa,

rosea, .. 187

zeylanica, .. 187

Plumeria obtusif'olia, .. 25
tricolor,

pudica, . . 35

Plums in India, .. .. 82-176

Poa abyssinica, . . 19

Podocarpus totarra, . . 14

neriif'olia, .. 19

macrophylla,

Poinciana regia, • • . . 32

Poinsettia pulcherrima,

Pois-doux tree, .. .. 21

Poivrea alternifolia, . . 11

Polygala poaya, . . . . 25

timoutou, . . . . 25

Polygonum, .. .. 61

hispidum, . . 25

Polypodium crassifolium .....

Pomegranate, ....

Pomum drae'conum, ....

Pontederia azurea, ....

Portlandia hexandra, ....

grandiflora, ....

Posoqueria longiflora, ....

Potalia amara, ....

resinifera, ....

Potatoe in India, ....

Poterium spinosum, ...

Pothos digitata, ----

Primula, ____

Prinsepia utilis, ....

Prosopis horrida, ....

dulcis and siliquas-

trum, ----

spicigera ....

juliflora, ----

pallida, ....

Proteas, ----

Prunus Armeniaca, . . .

domestica, ----

salicifolia, ....

occidentalis, ....

Pseudostemma, ....

Psidium montanum, ....

aromaticum, ....

polycarpum, ....

Cattleianum, ....

guineense, ....

sapidissimum, ....

phylliroides, ....

pomiferum, . . .

pyriferum, ....

Psychotria emetica, ....

calicocca, ....

herbacea, ..:.

Pterocarpus dalbergioides, ..

ermacea,

gummifera,

santalinus,

Wallichii,

Draco,

Pulang tree,

Pulassarius,

Punica granatuin,
nana,

Pyrus malus,
cydonia,

Q.

Quadria heterophylla,
Quassia amara,

Samarouba,

excelsa,
Quercus tinctoria,

vEgilops,

Ballota,

Ilex,

182-187-

Page.
26

184
21
32
25
32
32
25
25

59-77

15-175

32

189
11
19

19

20

20

33

176

184

185

14

19-32

26

12

19-32

19
19
20
21
184
184
25-177
25
177
11

-25-177
11

14-185

15

25

145

35

185-184
184
184
185

(

20

....25-60-177
25

25-54

175
175
175
189

INDEX.

205

Pago.

(jucrcus robur, ....

1-2-190 Rosi

scmicarpifolia, ....

12

lancefolia, ....

12 Rose

muricata, ....

12 Rosi

glomerata, ....

1'2 Rott

(lepressa, ....

12 Roy

tinctoria, ....

1'2 Roy

Suber, ....

1'2-1'JO Rus!

Quince tree in India,

1 70-185 liuti

(juisqualis, ....

65

Indiea, ....

187

K.

Saffl

Saifi

Raiz preta of Bra/.il, ....
Kandia Bowiana, ....

'25 Safu
33 Sag;

Rapliis vinifera,

1 77 Sag;

Kaputia arouaatica, ....

•20 Sag i

Raspberry tree,

176-185 Sagi

liejoua aurantiaca, ....

33

liemijia ferruginea, ....

•25

Kesina carneola of Kumphius,
Kestiaria alba,

11 Sali:
35 Salt.

Rhamnus infectoria, ....

176 n;i

saxatilis,

176 Sam

inebrians, ....

'20 Sam

Hhctiin palmatum, 25-

176-185 Sans

llhexia 1'rinceps, ....

33

grand inora,

33

Rhinantnus crista galli, ....

187 Sanl

Rhinocarpus excelsa. — .

33 Sapi

Khodochiton volubilis, ....

3:-!

Rhododendron arboreum

33-189 Sara

hispidum

33 Sarc

lepidotum, ....

33 Sarc

punicoum,

33 Sars

javanicum, ....

31 Sars

Rhubarb plants in India, ..25-176-185 Sass

Rlius vernieifera, ....

1'2 Savi

arotnaticu, ....

12 Scai

vernix, ....

12 Schi

canstica,

12 Sch

copallina, ....

1-2 Schi

coriarea, ....

1-2 Scil

moll.-,

12

glabrum, ....

12 Scir

ait'topium,

25 Scii;

typlnna, ....

'25 Sco

Rice, crops of, ....

j;« Sco|

Richardsonia ros.M, ....

25 Seb:

brasiliana, ....

25 Seel

.scalier, ....

25 Seci

Ricintis coinmunis, ....

1N'2 See.

Roads, nature of, in India, ..

NS fn

correspondence regard -

Sej,

in},', 89-lUO-

111-121 Sen

Roliinia pseudo-acacia

12-65 Sen

violaeea, ....

33 Sen

Rohinnec tree, ....

111) Sen

Ronald, Mr. letter of,

8-1

Rondclctia febrifnga, ....

25 Sos;

louiceroidos, ....

33 Slia

trees, .

nary, .

Rosmarinus olficinalis,
Rottlera tetracocca, .

Roydsia suaveolens,
Royle, Professor, letter of,
Russellia multiflora, .

Ruta graveoleus, .

Page.
183

187-188

176-182

176-182

12

3-3

161

33

182

Safu of Africa,
Sagapenum, .

Sago palm,

Saguerus Rumpbii, .

Sagus vinifera, .

la; vis, .

Rumphii, •

Salix Huniboldtiana,
Salt, common, a substitute
nails, .. .

Sambucus uigra,
Sandoricum indicum,
eviera guineensis,
Tongiiiora,
zeylanica,

Santalum Freycinetianuui,
Sapindus emarginata,
esculentus,

Sarcocephalns esculentus, .
Sarcolobus globosns, .

Sarsa root of Oronoko,
Sarsaparilla tree, .

Sassafras tree, .

Savine,

Scaminony convolvulus,
Scliinus Molle,
Schmidelia edulis,
Scholia speciosa,
Scilla csculenta,

maritima,
Scirpus palustris,
Sciuris aromatica,
Scoparia dnlcis,
Scopulia aculeata,
Sebastiao de Arnda,
Seehium edule,
Securidaca volubilis,

traiiMiiission of, to
from India,
•je paliu,
Senacia nndulata,

<>1 olibaiium,
Seni'ka plant,
Senna grown at Uapoorie, ,

at Kaira,

Sesanium orientale.
; tree.

-18-136
176
2U
176
186
20

20-33
20
20
21

49
185
'20

33-17S
33
217
13
61
20
21

'20-177
35
26

60-68
175

... 175-176
.... 61-175
12-33-38- 17S
'20
33

... 20-33
25
44
33
33
20
11
20
33
and

... 161-173
20
12
10
176
36

....43-18-53
52-I06-I3U
183

206

INDEX.

Page.

Page.

Shenna, . . .... '26

Stizolobium pruriens 182

Shorea robusta, .... 5-12-73

Strawberry tree, .... 176

Laurus, 12

Strigilia oblonga, .... 12

camphorifera, .... 25

Strychnos pseudo-quina, .... 25

tumbugaia, .... 12

Ignatii, .... 25

taluni, .... 12

Tieute, ... 26

Sicchius, .. .... 14

Styloceras kunthianum, .... 20

Sickingia erythroxylon 12
Sida lanceolate, .... 25

Styrax officinalis, ... 25-175
Benzoin, ... 25

Sideroxylon nitidum, .... 12

tinifolia, ... 33

mastichodendron, 12

Sugar, ... 66

Silk palm of Humboldt, .... 35

apple, ... 21

Silk, culture of, .... 51

cane, .. ... 36-176

Simaruba versicolor, .... 177

maple, ... 176

Singana guainensis, .... 33
Siphonia orasiliensis, .... 12

Sugar-cane Otaheite in Wes-
tern India, ....36-50-66

elastica, .... 12

Northern India, . . 78

Sirium myrtifolium, .... 187

in Goruckpore, . . 86-93

Sissoo tree, . . ....

in Azimghur, .... 96

Snai lax officinalis, .... 25-177

in Nerbudda val-

syphilitica, .... 25

ley, 108

medica, .... 25-177

Behar, .... 118

cumanensis, .... 25

Dacca, .... 134

china, .... '25

Sumach tree, .. .... 175

macalucha, .... 25

Sun pat, .. .... 132

lanceofolia, .... 25

Swartzia myrtifolia, .... 12-33

ovalifolia, .... 68

tomentosa, .... 12

Soap-nut trees, .... 13

grandiflora, ... 33

Society, Azimghur agricultu-

Sweet bay, .. ... 175

ral, .. .... 100

Swietenia Mahogoni, ... 12

Soils of India,51-72-77-84-103-114-118-

senegalensis, . . 12

150

chickrassia./ ... 12

Solandra grand iflora, ....

trilocularis; ... 12

Solanum tuberosum, .... 59

febrifuga, . .. 26-74

pseudo-quina, ..... 25

Syetalia Rambutan, ... 20

paniculatuvn, .... 25

Symplocos racemosa, ... 12

Solena grandiflora,

Syringa chinensis, . .. 188

Soondry trees, .... 143

vulgaris, ... 188

Soulamea amara, .... 25

Syzygium jambolana, ... 67

Soymida febrifuga, .... 1 10

Spartium, ....

T.

Spathodea gigantea, .... 33

Sphwrocarya edulis, .... 20

Taberna^montana macrocapa, 34

Sphoerosacme spectabilis, .... 33

utilis, 20

Spigelia anthelmia, .... 25

coronaria, .. 187

Spiloma roseum, .... 32
Spiranthera odoratissima, .... 33

Tacamahac gum tree, .... 12
Tachia guianensis, .... 26

Spondias tuberosa, .... 15

Tacsonia adulterina, .... 33

lutea, .... 20

Talauma braziliana, .... 34

mombin, .... 20

Tanaecium jaroba, .... 34

purpurea, .... 20

Tapioca, . . ....

myrobalanus, .... 20

Tarplaris Americana, .... 34

dulcis, — . 20

Taxodium of Douglas, .... 14

Stachytarpheta mutabilis, .... 1 87

Taxus nucifera, .... 20

Stadmannia sidoroxylon, .... 35

Teak and other plantations, 5

Stagmaria verniciflua, .... 12

African, .... 8

Stalagmitis Cambogioides, .. 12-185

Tectona Hamiltoniana, .... 12

Sterculia Tragacantha, .... 12

Teel seed, 52-106-130

acuminatate chicha,20-33-177

Telfaira volubilis, .... 177

alata ....

pedata. ....

Stifta chrysantha, .... 33
Stillingia sebifera, .... 177

Telopea speciosissima, ....
Tenures,landedhowheld,85-104-114-]50

INDEX.

'207

Tephrosia senna,
Terininalia vernix, ...

latifolia,

citrina,

alata,

argentea,

procera,

belrica,
Tetracera potatorum,

jamaicensis, ...
Tetranthera nitida,

sebifera,

Thalictrum raajus, ...

Thea oleosa,

viridis, . .
Theobroma cacao,
Theophrasta j ussiaei,

longifolia, ...
Thespcsia grandiflora,
Thuja articulata, . . .

Thunbergia alata, . . .

grandiflora, . . .
Thuya oriantalis,
Tibouchina aspera,
Ticorea febrifuga,
Tillandsia usneoides,
Tingulon, ...

Tobacco,

Tolu Balsam tree, ...

Tonquin bean, ....

Tonsella pyriformis,
To or.

Torch-wood tree of Bowdich,
Tovomita fructipendula, . . .
Trapa bispinosa,
Trapaeolum maj us,

tuberosum,
Treveriana coccinca,
Trewia nudittora, . . .

Trichilia odorata, —

moschata,

Trichopteris excclsa,
Trichosauthcs heteroclita, ...
cordata, ...
Trifolium Alexaiidriiium, ...
Tringo of 1'carce,
Tripmnaria africana,
Triticum durum, ...

Trixis noriifolia,
TropoDolum tuberosum,
Trophis Americana, . . .

Tulip tree, .... . . .

of Bowdich,

Turnback, ...

Turmeric, .... . . .

U.

Ulc tree,
Umbelliferac,

Uucaria gaiubir,
insignia,

Page.

Page.

.

26

Uncaria guianensis, ....

34

,.

12

acida, ....

31

,

12

Unona aromatica, ....

12-26

12-33

jEthiopica & undulata,

20

12

xylopioides, ....

26

12

latifolia, ....

34

.

33

ligularis, ....

35

.

111

Upas tree, . . ....

26

,.

33

Urceola elastica, ....

8-12

h t

33

Urtica tenacissima, ....

12

12

Useful plants into India, the

12

introduction of on a large

26

scale, . . ....

3

,.

21

Uvaria tripetaloides, ....

20

185

aromatica, ....

•^o

B

20

grandiflora, ....

20

.

20

febrifuga, ....

26

33

odorata, ....

35

.

33

••

12

188

V.

188

•

188
33

Vadgaior Cucurito palm, ....
Vahea gummifera, ....

35
13

26

Valcriaua rubra, ....

188

33

Lamberti ? ....

188

22

Vandnllia diffusa, ....

26

48

Vanilla aromatica, ....

20

60

plant, ....

20-177

.'l 0-1 6- 178

Valeria Koxburghians, ....

15

20

Vatica Indica, ....

13

57

laccifera, ....

13-15

13

Vernonia anthelmintica, ....

fll

,.

34

Victoria regalis, ....

34

( ,

44

Vidoricum, ....

21

33

Vilfa dulcis, .

15

33

Vines India, ....

8'2

,.

33

Viola Ipecacuanha, ....

26

34

Violaria: of Brazil, ....

34

, ,

33

Virola sebifera, ....

13-20

33

Vismia guianensis, ....

34

33

Vitex litoralis, ....

15

, .

35

Vitis caribxa, ....

34

,.

26

vinifera, ....

184

.

13

Voandezia subterranea, ....

20

^

31

m

34

W.

9

20

.

33

Wages of labour how paid in

,

20

India, 40-71-87-'J7-100-122-156

21

Wallich, Dr. ..

8

,

176

Wallichia spectabilis,

35

31

Walnuts, black,

176-186

26

Walters, Mr. letter of,

14'J

,

107

Wauzatra gum, ....

13

Wheat of Western India

56

Bukhshce, ....

56

daood khance, ....

56

12

Talavera, ....

57

.

8'2

of Northern India, ....

75

9

12-31

Jululia, ....

108

31

Wight, Dr.

8

'2 1

208

INDEX.

Williams, liev. Mr. letter ol
Willughbeia edulis,

martabanica
Witheringia montana,
Wittelsbachia insignis,
Wormia excelsa,
Wrightia caryotoides,
gigantea,

X.

Xanthochymus dulcis,

Xanthophylluin aromaticum
virens,

Xanthoxylum caribeeum, *.
hiemale,
clava Herculi

Xylocarpus granatum,

Xylophylla latifolia,

Xylopia sericea,

Page.

Page.

of

•149
20

Xylopia glabra,
f'rutescens, . .

34

34

20

2(J

Y.

34

14

Yams,

107

34

Yucca superba,

34

35

Z.

in

. 2U-61
21

Zamang mimosa,
Zanen or red dye wood, . .
Zanthoxylon piperitum a

34

13

. .

31

aromaticum,

21

26

alatum,

34

li

26
26

emarginatum,
Zizyphus Joazeiro,

34
15

33

lotus,

21

34

jujuba,

45-61-184

20-26

Zolacca Rumphii,

21

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES

THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY
This book is DUE on the last date stamped below

JAN 1 1 1952
VIAY 9 1952

OCT 1 6 1952:

rm L-0
1-1, '41(1122)

OF CATJPOBftX*

AT

LOS AI^GELfiS
LIBRARY

A 001 121 737 9

S279
A27s