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EDITED BY THE Natura fiistToryY SECRETA RY, i a a we «Tt will flourish, if naturalists, chemists, antiquaries, philologers, and men of science in different parts of Asza, will commit their observations to writing, and send them to the Asiatic Society at Calcutta. It will languish, if such communications shall be long intermitted ; and it will die away, if they shall entirely cease.” SIR WM. JONES. ee eeoeESEePeeeeeeeeeees eee eee eRe eee GALCU EEA: o~ PRINTED AT THE BAPTIST MISSION PRESS, Sid AND PUBLISHED BY THE Ce ASIATIC SOCIETY, 57, PARK STREBT. ad y Born, LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. Atcock, Anrrep ;—An Instance ia the Natural Baath > Effect of “ Warning Colades” Se seh Eee euae ap Mcntaliite of a new species “of Bianoteinets from Calceutia. (Plate X) . “a ;—Materials ‘re a sGoPoidaloadeak Sieg of nde No. 2. The Brachyura Oxystoma. (Plates VI-VIII) ......... ;—Natural History Notes from H. M, Indian Marine Survey Steamer ‘ Investigator,’ Commander C. F. Oldham, R. N., commanding. Series II. No. 23. A Supple- mentary Inst of the Marine Fishes of India, with Descriptions of 2 New Genera and 8 New Species occecsccccedcccaccecceseoesceces —————_—— , and Finn, F.;—An Account of the Reptilia col- lected by Dr. F. P. Maynard, Captain A. H. McMahon, C. I. £., and the Members of the Afghan-Baluch aaah Commission of 1896. (Plates XI-XYV) .. Anperson, A. R. 8. ;—Natural History Notes nate fhe BR. Be M. Survey Steamer ‘ Investigator, Commander QO. F. Oldham, R.N., commanding. Series II. No. 21. An Account of the Deep Sea Crustacea collected during the season 1894-95 ......... BHaADuRI, JYoTIBHUSHAN ;—WNote on the Decomposition of Mercwrous Ohloride and Estimation of Free Chlorine ......... ;—On the Transformation of Bimsahines to Chlorates: being the Elliott Prize Hssay for 1595. (Plates en eri nen = ee HI-Y) . sone Finn, F bs Se ennehatvens cs ne. Theory of tiieenina Conti ‘nts Miwvicr y, No. II. Fe ST with a Inzard. (Calotes versi- color) ., —_——— cae of the Birds salisated os a ‘i gan re Boise dary Commission of 1896 . - Henperson, J. R. ;—Natural aderd Notes chee HL. M. Into Marine Survey Steamer ‘ Investigator, Commander C. F. Oldham, R. N., commanding. Series II. No. 24, Report on the Paguride collected during the Season 1893-94 ....... yee Kine, Grorar ;—Descriptions of some New Indian Trees .........++446 —— ;:—Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula —— ;—Notes on the Indian Species of Vitis, Lint v1, s0ve0 Page. 134 30] 590 88 84, 66 42 566 516 114 339 108 iv List of Contributors. Kine, Grorcr, and Pantiuinc, R.;—A second series of New Orchids from Sikkim .. m alee age , and PRAIN, D. Hie se ‘Croftia, a new “Indo. Ohee genus of Soin (Plate IX)... ae Nac, Nacenpra CHANDRA ;—Notes from ties Ohemieal tubo of the Presidency College, Calcutta. Notes on New Salts of Cobalt and Nickel. vases “a Peper, A., and eau J ponunkeean NEN on jie: ce of Nitric Owide on Alkalies .. ott Pratn, D. ;—Novicie: Indice xX. Gaon: canes Teiiersceee s—Novicix Indice XI. Two additional species ve Lagos (Plates ITand II) . - sddeaew sabe woe ;—Novicix Didier X10 Description ante a new genus of Orchidacee .. oe oouicatide sc Nobo Tisthtbes ‘XII | Farther N béehe on Talon Ca volvulacex: ; with descriptions of three additional species ......+0 ———_— ;— Novicie Indice XIV. Some additional Solanacez..... Rankine, G. S. A. ;—A Note on the Nature of the Substance formed during fermentation, from which Indigo Blue is eventually formed in Indigo Manufacture; and on Indigo Brown Ray, P. C.;—On Mercurous Nitrite ...csscceeases Co ORF OO HOR HOE BCeO BOE OHe OED Page. 118 297 548 545 Dates of Issue. Part II, 1896. No. I.—Containing pp. 1-56, was issued on May Ist, 1896. IJ.—Containing pp. 57-800, with Plates I-V and IX, was issued on July 21st, 1896. II1.—Containing pp. 301-544, with Plates VI-VIII and X, was issued on October Ist, 1896. , 1V.—Containing pp. 545-567, with Plates XI~XV, was issued on April 12th, 1897, 99 >] LIST OF PLATES. No. I —Lagotis pharica. oe EE ,, crassifolia. RET — ies AE — }on the Transformation of Hypochlorites to Chlorates. V.i— a9 id ( Calappa pustulosa. 5 wood-masont. Pseudophilyra wood-masont. » VIL.—-< Leucosia corallicola. a suma. truncata. Pseudophilyra blanfordi. f Philyra corallicola. ~ » sexangula. Ebalia wood-masont. » VIl—4 », dradumena. | Nursia blanfordt. 1 5 mnasuta. persica. : Heteronucia vesiculosa. eh ce Pariphiculus rostratus. Actxomorpha morum. Tlos patella. » 1LX.—Oroftia spectabilis. : X.—Branchipus bengalensis. Sexy: ( Map showing roughly the route traversed by the Baluch- ( Afghan Boundary Commission of 1896. 5 XIL—Phrynocephalus euptilopus. ., XII1.—Scaptira aporosceles. 5» XIV.—Lytorhynchus maynard. » XV.—Hristicophis macmahonii { _ i “ c, i . ' % | : dit Hake a ee 4) : : i :, eeee & dy Ue Wy o DELP RAPAGS aay 4a) é +s , iy =F a yAPRTS a~ - ip * v3 shad ih soe (eke 7 ‘ : " ba y¥ ‘ 2 j Saved 4 i ts bss 4 j 7 oe ey og Se Bes iey a > ey a ao oy i « a ; 3 : ’ v4 cf Vy eet 4 ~ os. Lan 3 7 i ‘ ** thee eae il £ ; 5 | | / o vt ae ees ‘ fie ‘ tno . ae i 4 Prey iy Tnerat rh oe eos . ‘ ; why genie “sical gva Pam i E > at). é uh aghast, pa et) “he he Fa? + ak SST Cire Pht Re Yee aaleh se «Map ie Ons hyd id hehe i a ais ; “a sheer ; ham . Se ‘on é Nai wre, Ri ; . , ‘9 Bet cs p @ ’ fie F | ‘Mine i } i Cae yon ie hi: . pis Mula seu Gans vit ale omiphcrs, wat Sink ‘9 wo i ee gids el a eS £0, sok uaangt) ¢ esis ae Jie a. a . yh oe ia Arif : wy ©) ba ec } t § ar) Gitta feeciuy Br Sa Whi (ens } a Wyo \yom Ade " fala +, sal shin an an pera ; vi ¥ JOURNAL ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL. Vol. LXV. Part II—NATURAL SCIENCE. No. I.—1896. =~ On Mercurous Nitrite.— By P. C. Ray, D. Sc. (Read December, 1895.) Preliminary. Having recently had occasion to prepare mercurous nitrate in quantity by the action of dilute nitric acid in the cold on mercury, I was rather struck by the appearance of a yellow crystalline deposit. At first sight it was taken to be a basic salt, but the formation of such a salt in a strongly acid solution was contrary to ordinary experience. A preliminary test proved it, however, to be at once a mercurous salt as well as a nitrite. The interesting compound promised thus amply to repay an investigation. Historical. Lefort, Gerhardt and Marignac, especially the last, have studied and described in detail the action of nitric acid on mercury under - varying circumstances. We have to labour here under the serious dis- advantage of not having access to the original memoirs of these French chemists. Fortunately, a complete resumé of Marignac’s work is to be found in Fremy’s Encyclopédie Chimique. The information as regards mercurous nitrite, however, is scarcely worth anything.* Roscoe and * The words which have a direct bearing on the present subject are quoted here: “L’azotite mercureux se forme .. en meme temps que l’azotate mercurique, d’apres Lefort, chaque fois que l’on attaque du mercure par de l’acide nitrique. D’autre part, Gerhardt n’admet pas l’existence de l’azotite mercurenx et il considére les produits obtenus comme de l’azotate mercuroso-mercurique.” Tome III., p 240. Aa ae | 2 P, C. Ray— On Mereurous Nitrite. | Nae de Schorlemmer in their well-known treatise do not so much as mention this compound, nor is there any reference to it to be found in the latest edition of Watt’s Dictionary of Chemistry. Method of Preparation. Yellow nitric acid, sp. gr. 1°410, is diluted with water in the pro- portion of 1 to 3 in a flask or beaker. A large excess of mercury is at once poured into the liquid. The heat of solution of the acid in water helps to start the reaction. A gentle effervescence of gases at once takes place, and in the course of about an hour yellow needles, resembling prismatic sulphur, begin to appear on the surface of mercury. After a few hours the liquid together with the mercury is carefully decanted off, and the salt shaken out of the vessel over porous tiles to remove the adhering mother-liquor. For purposes of analysis, etc., it is preferable to collect the first day’s or at most the second day’s crops only, partly because minute globules of mercury get entangled among the mass of the crystalline deposit, which it is tedious to get rid of, and partly because the com- position of the salt varies on standing in the liquid. Thus it is found that if the salt instead of being removed is allowed to remain in con- tact with the mercury and the mother-liquor, it gradually disappears and inits place transparent, perfectly colourless, crystals are formed, which grow in size with time. These latter will be described under the name of ‘‘ Marignac’s salt,” which is a basic mercurous nitrate. Qualitative tests. The new compound among others answers to the following tests :— 1. Dilute sulphuric acid slowly evolves nitrous fumes: more readily on heating. 2. On warming with a large excess of water, globules of mercury separate out. In the cold the decomposition is only partial. The perfectly clear mother- liquor, decanted off the mercury, gives ‘the following reactions :— (a) Boiled with an excess of pure caustic soda solution, it yields a black dense precipitate, the filtrate from which, after acidification with dilute sulphuric acid, rapidly decolorizes potassium permanganate solution and instantly sets free iodine from potassium iodide. (6) Sodium chloride throws down a copious white precipitate ; after removal of the calomel, the filtrate is now divided into several portions; to one is added caustic soda and a yellow precipitate is the result, another portion treated with potassium iodide gives an orange precipitate; whilst a third portion on addition of hydrochloric and phosphorous acids yields a further quantity of mercurous chloride. 1896. ] P, C. Ray— On Mercurous Nitrite. 3 It is thus evident that in the clear solution we have both a moercu- rous and a mercuric salt as well as a nitrite. Urea does not give the faintest opalescence to the liquid, showing the absence of mercuric nitrate. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS. A. Estimation of Mercury. In determining the composition of the salt, the amount of mercury in it will have the predominating voice, on account of its high atomic weight; the nitrogen playing only a minor part. The estimation of this metal will therefore be described somewhat in detail. ‘It has already been shewn that when the salt is heated with a large bulk of water, metallic mercury separates out, leaving in solution both an ows and an ic salt. The mercury thus liberated sometimes collects readily into a single globule; sometimes it remains as a grey powder, the whole of which it is difficult to aggregate into globules, even after continued heating with hydrochloric acid. For estimation, the mercury is now transferred to a tared crucible and kept under a dessicator, The mercury weighed in this form will be termed “ free’’ mercury all along. The solution decanted off the mercury with the rinsings of the vessel is considerably diluted with water and an excess of hydrochloric and phosphorous acids added to it. The mixture is now allowed to stand overnight and the precipitate of mercurous chloride weighed in the usual way. When, however, it is desired to estimate the ous and the ic salts separately, treatment with sodium chloride is resorted to previous to the addition of hydrochloric and phosphorous acids, and the calomel then weighed in two instalments. Although this method yields accurate results, it often proves a very tedious one. After removal of the calomel by HC1+H,PO,, and further dilution of the filtrate with water, a small quantity of precipitate, varying from a few centi- to milligrams is generally obtained the succeeding day, and so on, Pro- bably it was the nitrous acid necessarily present in the liquid which caused this kind of retardation in the precipitation of calomel.* dn afew cases the mercury in the zc salt was estimated as the sulphide. But this method is almost equally troublesome on account of the large quantity of sulphue set free. The pores of the filter-paper get choked up and the filtration, though carried on under reduced pressure with the aid of Bunsen’s pump, proceeds very slowly. More- over the precipitate has to be digested with a strong solution of sodium * Tn the estimation of mercurous nitrate no such retardation occurs. 4 P. C. Ray—On Mercurous Nitrite, [No ], sulphite, thoroughly washed with hot water, dried and re-washed with carbon bisulphide, purified by being kept over mercury and re-distilled. Unless the precipitate is treated once more with carbon bisulphide, the result is apt to be too high. There is thus not much to choose between these methods. Both, however, give satisfactory results when conduct- ed with care and patience. Prepiration I.—0°8695 gram. substance gave 0:274 gram. “ free ” mercury = 31°'5 per cent. “free”? mercury. 1:1895 gram. substance kept over H, SO, in the dessicator; July 27th 1895. July 30th, wt.=1184 gram.; after a month’s stay in the dessicator, the wt. was constant= 1184 gram. 1:184 gram. substance gave 0°3485 gram. “free” Hg, = 29°43 per cent. “free”? He; 0°246 gram. Hg,Cl, from the ous salt in solution=17°7 per cent. He.; and 0°422 gram. Hg,Cl, from the ic. salt = 30°27 per cent. Hg. Preparation II.—1°2865 gram. substance gave 0°3957 gram. “ free” Hg,=30°76 per cent.; 0°25 gram. Hg,Cl, from the ous salt=16°5 per cent. He; and 0°46405 ae He Cl, from the ic salt=30°69 per cent. Hg. 1:224 gram. substance gave 0°3575 gram. ‘“‘ free” Hg, =29°2 per cent.; 0:243 gram. Hg,Cl, from the ous portion=16°86 per cent. Hg; and 0°437 gram. Hg,Cl, from the zc portion =30°31 per cent. Hg. Preparation III.—1:641 gram. substance gave 0°5025 gram. “free” He, =30°62 per cent.; 0348 gram. Hg,Cl, from the ous salt=17°8 per cent. Hg; and 0°5965 gram. HgS from the ic salt=31:33 per cent. Hg. The results are presented here in a tabulated form for convenience of reference. hit A |e of AE Mercury. ic Salt. ous Salt. Mercury. | i: 315 2. [29°4:3 ] 30°27 Mid 78°67 5 We) 3. 30°76 30°69 165 77:95 5 I~ 4. [29-2] 30°31 16:86 77°87 3 A 5. 30°62 31:33 17:8 79°: ae The percentage of “free mercury” inanalyis (2) and (4) respectively comes out too low. ‘I'he cause of this has been already explained. 1896. | P. C. Ray—On Mercurous Nitrite. 5 Whenever the mercury separates ont as fine grey powder it is difficult to collect the whole of it into globules; during the decantation of the liquid a part of it is carried off, and during the process of boiling with hydrochloric acid to induce coagulation another portion is lost by volatilisation. As Fresenius himself remarks: ‘in general a little mercury is lost.” In analysis (5) the percentage of mercury in the ic salt is a little too high, because this was estimated as HgS (see ante p- 4). It would be safe to take 30'7 as the percentage of mercury both in the “free” state as well as in the ic salt, and this number has been actually taken in calculating the percentage in (2) and (4). B. Estimation of Nitrogen. The salt was boiled with water and after separation of “free” mercury, the clear liquid was made up to a definite volume and gene- rally 4.¢.c, of it treated in the nitrometer. In the case of very dilute solutions of alkaline nitrites and nitrates itis generally the custom to take a larger volume of the liquid, evaporate it fo dryness and then dissolve the residue in the minimum quantity (say 2c.c.) of water. Bat unfortunately this could not be done in the present case, as thereby insoluble basic salts were formed. In dealing with small quantities any experimental errors would no doubt be hiyhly magnified and thus tend to vitiate the result; but the method is one which admits of rigorous exactitude, as was proved by blank experiments with dilute solutions of protassium nitrate.* Preparation IV. (a) Substance=0'2554 gram.; Volume of solution =65 c.c. 4¢.c. Sol.=1:5 cc. NO; t=33°C; p=760 mean (mean of 4 cocor- dant estimations ). Whence NO = 11:46 per cent. (b) Substance=2:008 gram.; Vol. of Sol. = 226 c.c. 4c.c. Sol. =3°5 c.c. NO (mean of 3 estimations); t=31°C; p= 760 m.m. Whence \O = 11°87 per cent. (ce). Substance = 2°299 gram.; Vol. of Sol. =234 c.c. 4 cc. Sol. =3°9 cc. NO (mean of 4 estimations) ; t=32°C; p= 760 m.m. Whence NO =11°93 per cent. | * One who has made the estimation of nitrites and nitrates almost his life- long study testifies as regards the Crum-Frankland process, ‘ that in the absence of organic matter and with proper manipulation in the shaking tube, the method is one of great accuracy, and capable of determining extremely small quantities of nitrates or nitrites.’ Warington—Chem. Soc. Jour. 1879, page 387. 6 P. C. Ray— On Mercurous Nitrite. [No. ], Hvidence as to the salt being a nitrite pure and simple. As the Crum-Frankland does not enable us to discriminate between the nitrate and the nitrite, use was made of the well known reaction between urea and nitrous acid.* : It was found that the solution of the ous and dc salt was only slowly and imperfectly acted upon by dilute sulphuric acid, it was therefore treated with pure caustic soda and warmed, In this way the nitrite was converted into an alkaline salt. Substance = 0°7285 gram.; Vol. of Sol. =100 a.c, After absorption of CO, by strong lye: 4, c.c. sol. = 2°85 c.c. N (t=32°C. - 5 ‘do. =3°'d9 do. LO! elon 8 == 7710 do; p=756 m.m. Whence NO =11°'7 per cent. . As the urea also gives up the whole of its nitrogen according to the equation given below, the experimental error is thus diminished by half, 2 HNO, + CON,H,=CO, +2N,+38H,0. Dunstan and Dymond’s method of estimating nitrites was also applied ; but in this case itis extremely difficult to prevent leakage of traces of air. The result in general was rather high. The mean of the several estimations of nitric oxide is 11*74. Discussion of the Results and Theoretical Considerations, The results accord well with the formula: HeNO,+ 1/2 H,0. + Theory. Found. Hg = 200:00 18:43 73°55 ha = . 30°00 1177 11°74 Ome 10:00 6°27 1/280 =) 00 3°53 250°00 100:00 On dilution with a sufficiently large quantity of water, the salt moreover undergoes ‘dissociation; thus : Hg,(NO,),= Hg + Hg(NO,),. * For details of this process see ‘‘ A gasometric method of determining nitrous acid,” by P. F. Frankland. Chem. Soo. Jour. LIII, 364. + While correcting the proofs I may as well mention here that the salt has the formula Hg,NO,g. Since the memoir was presented to the Society, I have made repeated analyses of it, the mercury being estimated as sulphide, as phosphorous acid gives very low results in presence of nitrous acid. ‘The percentage of “ free”’ mercury has been found to be 31°41, that in the ic salt, 31°41 and that in the ous salt, 17°38: total 80°62. Theory for Hg,NO, requires 81°3. 1896. | P. C. Ray— On Mercurous Nitrite. 7 The amount of mercury set free being equal to that contained in the ic salt, quantitative proof of which has been given above. The dissociation of mercurous nitrite is analogous to that of calomel :* Hg,Cl, = He + HgCl,. Diminution of pressure in one case playing the rédle of dilution in the otiier; nearly 22 per cent. of the salt, however, dissolves as such, and dilution has no further effect in increasing the proportion of dissocia- tion. (Vide table, p. 4). The present compound throws additional light on the action of ‘nitric acid on the copper-mercury group of metals. It is now admitted by chemists that “in their relation to nitric acid metals must be divid- ed into two classes.” To the former belong those which produce ammonia and hydroxylamine from it; e.g. Tin, Zine, Cadmium, Iron, Aluminium, Potassium, &c., while the latter includes Copper, Silver, Mercury and Bismuth. ‘These seem to enter into direct union with the nitrogen of the acid, instead of displacing its hydrogen. The formation of the nitro compounds of the fatty series by V. Meyer’s method lends additional support to this theory. This nitronic constitution of nitrous acid, as Divers puts it, also explains the advantage of red or yellow nitric acid in dissolving metals of the silver-mercury class.t AS 4H | NO,+HO | NO, = i No? + HOH. Indeed, the presence of nitrous acid seems to be sine qué non for the dissolution of metals like silver, mercury, &c., as was first pointed out by Russell.f This chemist also showed that when silver dissolves in nitric acid, ‘‘silver nitrite is formed in quantity, partly in solution in the silver nitrite liquor, partly as crystals.” The stability of silver nitrite in presence of strong nitric acid is noteworthy, as ordinary nitrites are decomposed even by the weakest acids. The nitronic nature of silver nitrite affords a ready explanation of this apparent anomaly. Acworth and Armstrong in their classical researches found “that “the amount of gas [NO] obtained by decomposing silver nitrite by “nitric acid varies according to the strength of the acid, being greater “the weaker the acid” (the italics are ours)...... again “no amount of * Harris and V. Meyer’s recent experiments fully bear out the conclusion arriy- ed at by Odling years ago. See ‘“‘ Ueber den Molekularzustand des Calomedamp- fes” Berichte : 27 (1894) p. 1482. + Divers: Chem. Soc. Journ. for 1888 Trans., p. 443; also ibid. Trans. for 1885, p. 231. t “On the action of Hydrogen on Silver Nitrate,” Chem. Soc. Journ. Trans . F Deli xit,-S. 8 P. C. Ray— On Mercurous Nitrite. [Nort heating will effect this [decomposition] if the acid be concentrated.” * Mercurous nitrite seems to behave exactly like silver nitrite. The traces of nitrous acid, present in the yellow nitric acid, no doubt, start the reaction, but how to account for the continued forma- tion of mercurous nitrite? For, this small quantity is soon used up according to the equation given above. There must be a parallel reaction going on to keep up the supply of nitrous acid. Acworth and Armstrong thus explain the action of copper on nitric acid. + Cu+2 HNO, = 2 H+Cu(NO,), | 2H+HNO, = HNO,+ 0H, 3 HNO, = 2 NO+HNO,+08,. Adopting this view, the mercurous nitrite would continue to be formed for some time, and being insoluble in the menstruum, would be precipated; whilst mercurous nitrate would remain in solution. The strength of the acid also would go on diminishing, till a time arrives when mercurous nitrite is no longer stable in this liquid, the nitrous acid decomposing according to the equation : 3 HNO, =2 NO+HNO,+0H8, and Marignac’s salt begins to be formed. The transformation of the nitrite into nitrate is however very slow, the process extending over weeks. j During the initial stages of the reaction the reverse change seems to take place; for, on the surface of the mercury somewhat brisk effer- vescence goes on, but proportionally very little nitric oxide escapes. During its upward ascent most part of it is absorbed, thus :— 2NO+HNO,+H,0 =3 HNO,. A strong proof in favour of this view seems to be the fact that as soon as the superincumbent liquid is poured off, torrents of red fumes appear on the surface of mercury.f * On the Reduction of Nitric Acid, &c., Chem. Soc. Journ., Vol. LI. (1877 ), p. 54 et seq. + Whether NO is formed through the agency of nascent hydrogen, or by the direct action of the metal on nitric acid must be left at present an open question. Cf. Deville: De l'état naissant, Compt. Rend., 1870, LXX., 22, 550. { Veley also arrives at this conclusion. ‘If the conditions are such that “these metals [Copper, Mercury and Bismuth] dissolve, it would appear that the *“metallic nitrite is at first formed, together with nitric oxide. The former is de- “composed by the excess of nitric acid to liberate nitrous acid, whilst the latter “reduces the nitric acid to form a further quantity of nitrous acid.” “Eventually the net result is the product of two reverse chemical changes “represented by the equations — (1) 2NO+HNO,+ H,0=3 HNOs,. (2) 38 HNO,=2 NO+ HNO; + H,0.” Proc. Royal Soc. (1890), 48, page 458. 1896. | P. C. Ray — On Mercurous Nitrite. 9 The place of mereury in the Periodic System would naturally justify the expectation that it would yield the analogue of silver nitrite, and the present compound is a realisation of it. Although the compounds of monatomic mercury resemble the corresponding ones of silver, there is a sharp distinction between them. Silver never gives basic or hydrated salts, whilst the compounds of mercury with nitric or nitrous acids seem to be almost invariably basic or hydrated or both. It has already been said that for purpose of analysis the first or second day’s crop should be collected; after a longer time a granular mass of yellow rhombic tabular prisms (?) is obtained, which is rather richer in the percentage of mercury and at the same time much less stable. When this salt, after being dried on the porous tile, is kept in the bottle, it constantly evolves nitrous fumes. Temperature also seems to have important bearing on the forma- tion of the present salt. The ordinary temperature of the Laboratory in the summer season, 31° to 30°C., seems to be very favourable for the growth of the needles. The different mercurous nitrites and nitrates and mercuric nitrite, as also an attempt to prepare nitro-ethane with the aid of the com- pound now described, will form the subject of subsequent communica- tions. Jo. thy 2 10 D. Prain— Some additional Fumariacee. [No. 1, Novicize Indice X. Some additional Fumariacee.—By D. PRrain. {Read 4th December, 1895. ]. The remarks made at the commencement of the ninth contribution of species new to the Indian Flora apply to the present one also. The Fumariacee form in reality only a suborder of Papaveracex. The limitation of genera here has given even greater trouble than in the case of Papaveracee proper, while of late years systematists have had to contend with a complicated synonymy due toa well-meant but, the writer believes, too rigid application of the rules regarding priority of nomenclature. As in the present paper the writer adheres both to the generic limits and the generic names of the Flora of British India, and as no new genera belonging to the group have been reported from India, no new generic key is required. 1. HYPECOUM Tovurner. Key to the Indian species. * Leaf segments linear; flowers yellow; fruits pendulous thickish sae so eae =f w. 1, H, parviflarum. ** Leaf segments oblong; flowers pale purple or white with purple streaks, rarely yellow ; fruits ascending narrow ... 2. H. leptocarpum. 1. Hyprcoum parvirtoruM Kar. & Kir. Bull. Soc. Mose. xv. 141 (1842). H. procumbens H.f. & T. Flor. Ind. 275 (1855); Flor. Brit. Ind. i. 120 (1872) nec Linn. H. pendulum Boiss. Flor. Or. i. 125 (1867) in parte, syn. H. caucasicum Koch eaclus. via Linn. Add to localities of F. B. I.:—N.-W. Hrmataya; Gilgit, Giles! Substitute for distrib. of F. B. I,:—Beluchistan, Afghanistan, Western Persia, Turkestan, Yarkand, Soongaria. This species comes just within the western border of the Indian region. It is a plant with precisely the habit of Hypecoum pendulwm, with which species M. Boissier has identified it but differs so markedly in certain respects that Sir J. D. Hooker and Dr. Thomson, in both their treatises on the Indian species, have preferred to include it in H. procumbens. It does not agree in habit with this latter species nearly so well, but its fruits, being more decidedly dehiscent into joints than those of true H. pendulum are, agree better with those of H. procwmbens. It will be noted that Hooker and Thomson include the plant in a species that has 3-lobed outer petals, while Boissier includes it in one that has entire outer petals. Both courses are justifiable because in the Indian plant this character breaks down; some of the specimens have entire, others have 3-lobed petals. The original Soongarian specimens on which Karelin and Kirilow’s species was founded have entire outer petals as in H. pendulum ; the characters on which they have relied in distinguishing their plant are the greater tendency to dehiscence of capsule seg- 1896. | D, Prain—Some additional Fumariacee. 1] ments and the fact that the epidermis remains entire after the segments have fallen away. This is characteristic of the Indian specimens also, whether the outer petals be lobedor entire, and it is on this account that the writer makes the identi- fication noted above. Thus considered the plant is seen to be a very distinct geographical form occupying the eastern portion of the Mediterranean and Central Asian region. The differences implied by their fruit-characters are however so decidedly only differences of degree, that in a monographic review of the genus it would probably be preferable to unite H. parviflorum with H. pendulum as M. Boissier has proposed. For the purposes of a local Flora it is obviously better to follow Sir J. D. Hooker and Dr. Thomson in separating them. 2. Hyprcoum teprocarpum H. f. & T. Flor. Ind. 276 (1855) ; Flor. . Brit. Ind. 1. 120.(1872); Franchet, Bull, Soc. Bot. Fr. xxxiii. 391 (1886); Maxim., Flor. Tangut. 37; Hnum. Mongol. 36. Add to localities of F. B. I.:—Badakshan, Giles! Pangi, Heyde! Kamaon, Duthie! Bootan, Chumbi and Phari, Dr. King’s Collectors ! Distris. H. Tibet (Zhorold !) 8S. EK. Tibet (King’s Collectors !) N. Tibet (Przewalski !) China; Kansu (Potanin!) Szechuen (Pratt!) Yunnan (Delavay !) This very distinct species comes just within the northern border of the Indian region. Its area lies to the east of that occupied by the preceding but without overlapping it. Very nearly related to this and perhaps only varietally distinct is H. chinense Franchet, [Pl. David. i. 27 (1884)]. This differs somewhat from H. leptocarpum in foliage and differs moreover in having yellow petals. The colour noted for the petals of H. leptocarpum are “pale purple” (Hooker) and “pink,” “rose,” ‘‘slate-coloured,” ‘‘bluish-white,’ “white with purple-streaks ” (various collectors sent by Dr. King); in one gathering from Chumbi, the petals have been noted as “yellow.” This gathering therefore, agrees with M. Franchet’s plant, which comes from the neighbourhood of Pekin, as to flowers; at the same time it has the foliage of the other specimens and could not be separated, even as a variety, from H. leptocarpum. The existence of this form strongly supports M. Franchet’s suspicion (loc. cit.) that H. chinense is merely a variety of HZ. leptocar- pum. In Northern Tibet and Mongolia the flowers, Mr. Maximowicz says, are always pale-yellow, never blue. DICENTRA Borkg. Key to the Indian species. * Bracts elongate, capsules narrow linear, coriaceous :— + Bracts as long as pedicels; ec torulose, seeds opaque ... an . 1. D. torulosa. ++ Bracts shorter than pedicels ; prc Has ree be tabalode, seeds shining : es .. 2 D. Royle. ** Bracts very small, Guantue broad Gone pcp + Capsule membranous, acute at both ends, early dehis- cent a Ce ee Aa seeeeceeas 2 a ae ret tt) SanGGhamAw ae aor Bake + Ame HE aes : pp et eee Pe ae ee Se ree RE LR ad A XT EIA TP 2 29 Gn 1G BV TT ea Ba —— -— * 1896. | Hypochlorites to Chlorates. 67 gained in this direction by the researches of Lunge and Landolt (Society of Chemical Industrial, Journal 1885, 722) on the transformation of bleach-liquor into calcium chlorate—a subject vitally connected with the manufacture of potassium chlorate—yet the circumstances under which the change takes place have not been satisfactorily explained. To throw light on them the following investigation has been undertaken. The instability of the hypochlorites, &c., and the absence of charac- terestic tests for their presence, render their detection, separation and direct estimation extremely difficult. Hypochlorites and chlorates when present in a mixture had always been indirectly estimated. Before the present investigation was undertaken the methods that have been employed were tested as to their correctness. Ag measuring of liquids by means of pipettes, even when very carefully graduated, is attended with several sources of error, all the test solutions were made by weight. Estimation of chlorates. Three distinct methods were employed :— (i). Reduction of chlorates by zinc copper couple. The solution was filtered, and as the residue invariably contained traces of chloride in the form of insoluble zine oxychloride, it was acidified with pure dilute nitric acid and thoroughly washed. The precipitated zinc hydrate (there being always free alkali present) was dissolved by the addition of more acid, and then the solution was digested with precipitated calcium carbonate and estimated gravimetrically as silver chloride, or volumetrically by standard silver nitrate solution. (11). (a) Digestion with stannous chloride in hydrochloric acid solution, and titration of the excess by permanganate. (b) Digestion with ferrous sulphate precipitated by alcohol, and titration of the residual iron by bichromate or permanganate. The purity of the ferrous sulphate was tested by igniting the salt in a platinum crucible and weighing as oxide. The results were highly satisfactory. Thus :— elm mmr ineemeeeeatemeeenidededmteebanetemmmmainemmmmmmeenll Vtemiemmieeeitamma f Percentage of Fe | Calculated per- Weight of Salt. | Wt. of Fe, Os. as determined. centage of Fe. 18710 grams ...| 0°5400 gm. 20°20 POT |, 53 Su OOlO1t 20°19 20°15 see ft O4560 7a 20°20 The slightly higher result was due to slight efflorescence of the salt. Tn actual analysis the salt was dissolved in dilute sulphuric acid, the 68 J. Bhaduri—Transformation of [No. 2, trace of “ic” iron reduced by a small crystal of sodium sulphite and the solution freely boiled to expel every trace of sulphur dioxide. After the precipitation of iron as ferrous hydrate, by pure sodic hydrate, the alkaline chlorate was added. The whole was then boiled for a few minutes. When the reduction of the chlorate was complete, hydro- chloric acid was added to redissolve the precipitate. Reduction in alkaline solution was found imperative. Many experiments were lost owing to the evolution of distinct amounts of chlorine in the attempt to effect the reduction in presence of free sulphuric and hydrochloric acids. In all cases, however, the boiling of solutions and subsequent cooling and titration were effected in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide. Objections have been raised by Fresenius that titrations by per- manganate are not admissible in presence of free hydrochloric acid, or chloride and sulphuric acid. They have, however, been. disputed by Dr. Fleischer. The liberation of free chlorine can be entirely prevented, according to Zimmermann, by the presence of a sufficient quantity of manganous sulphate, so that the determinations are rendered more exact. My own observations have led me to believe that the results are perfectly concordant when the titrations are made in cold dilute solutions and in presence of not too large an excess of free hydrochloric acid. When excess is suspected, it is to be partially neutralised with pure sodic carbonate, but care must always be taken to maintain the solution acid, otherwise the volume of permanganate required will be appreciably higher. To establish the above points the following experiments were performed :— A. Without hydrochloric acid (that present being in stannous chloride). (i) 10°230 gms. of Sn Cl, =51:20 c.c. Permanganate (i) 5897, » =2940 ,, ” Gii) 825864) «5 Sul += AG L2S enon Es . 10 gms. Sn Cl, =49°97 c.c. Permanganate. B. With 1 c.c. strong hydrochloric acid for 5 c.c. stannous chloride solution present. (i) 5°39 gms. of Sn Cl,=26°90 c.c. Permanganate (11) 75 ” ” =3745 ,, ” (iii)" 8°32 — ,, » =t41:50 ,, as .. 10 gms. Sn Cl, =49°91 c.c. Permanganate. It is evident from the results given above, that the difference between two series of experiments (0:06 in 50) is very slight, and can be accounted for as errors of experiments. The following analysis of ferrous ammonium sulphate shows strik- ing concordance of the results :-— (i) 11054 gms. of the double salt in presence of 2 c.c. concen- 1896. | Hypochlorites to Chlorates. 69 trated sulphuric acid and 2 c.c. hydrochloric acid, required 28°2 c.c. per- manganate, or 0'0392 gm=1 c.c. permanganate. (ii) 1:4874 ems. of the double salt in presence of dilute sulphuric acid only required 37°9 c.c. permanganate, or 0°03924 gm.=1 c¢.c. per- manganate. These two numbers are very nearly the same, and in fact agree more than might be expected. Other estimations gave precisely similar results. Having thus convinced myself of the applicability of the perman- ganate method in hydrochloric acid solution, a solution of pure potas- sium chlorate containing 0'01 gm. of available oxygen per gram of the solution was made, and the following test experiments performed. Two grams of the dried chlorate when ignited left a residue of 1:2176 grams of KCl. Therefore oxygen present is 39:12 °/, while the calcula- ted quantity is 39:16 °/,. Also 1 c.c. Sn Cl, is equal to 6°35 c.c. perman- ganate, and 1 grm. permanganate is equal to 0°00554 gm. Iron. (3) 15°68 gms. Sn Cl,+5°055 gms. KC1O, required 35°8 c.c. per- a manganate. .. Available oxygen= (15°68 x 6:35 — 35:8) x =0:05047 om. (ii) 16:149 gms. Sn Cl,+5:014 gms. KC1O,= 39:1 ¢.c. permanganate. .. Available oxygen =0'05026 om. (iii) 3°41 gms. double salt+5:047 gms. KC10, = 24-2 c.c. perman- ganate = 242 x 0 0054=0°1841 gm. Iron. “. 5047 gms. KC1O,=0'05043 gms. oxygen. (iv) 312 gms. double salt-+5°039 gms. KC10O,=17 c.c. perman- ganate. | 00554 7 “. 5039 gms. KC]O, =0°05036 oxygen. Ferrous Ammonio- METHOD OF EXPERIMENT. | Sn Cl, method. Sulphate sasehoa. No. of experiment ave LP | I | II | III IV Estimated value aos te 0°05047 0°05026 0°05043 0°05036 Calculated value a ne 0°05055 0'05014. 0°0504.7 0°05039 (iii) The solution of the chlorate was distilled with pure concen- trated hydrochloric acid in Bunsen’s distilling bulb. Various other acids (boric acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid, sulphuric acid) were tried. The first three failed to decompose the chlorate. As calcite was used to carry off the chlorine, &c., from the bulb to the absorption apparatus, 70 J. Bhaduri— Transformation of [No. 2, the apparatus had to be modified. In one form the solution of chlorate and pieces of calcite were introduced into the bulb and then a thin test tube filled with hydrochloric acid and sufficiently narrow to pass through the mouth, was introduced. The apparatus was adjusted, and then slightly inclined to allow the acid to decompose the chlorate, &c. In the second form, pieces of calcite were introduced in the leading tube and the chlorate in the bulb, both being held ina horizontal position. The acid was then rapidly introduced and immediately afterwards the stopper was replaced, the apparatus being still in horizontal position. The other end was then introduced into the absorption bulb and the whole apparatus made vertical. The results obtained by these methods are perfectly concordant, but the second method is more expeditious than the first. The quantity of acid must be in éxcess (about 5 c.c. strong hydrochloric acid for 2 to 3 e.c. of potassium chlorate solution). When marble was used, the small quant- ity of chlorine which oxidised the “ ous” iron to “ic” iron was calculated + and added to the available oxygen. The liberated iodine was transferred to a porcelain dish, and titrated by thiosulphate standardised by solid iodine purified by Stas’s method. 1 c.c. Thiosulphate=0:01272 om. Iodine. WT: Number of experiment. | ig | iH: IV. | Vv. | Weight of KC10; solution used ... | 2°5 gms.) 2°5 gms.| 3 gms. | 3 gms. | 3 gms. Vol. of strong HCl added -- | 5 CC. 5 cc. 5 c.c. 5 ¢.c. 5 c.c. Vol. of Thiosulphate required «. |31°25c.c.'31°15 c.c.| 37°3 c.c.| 87°4 c.c.| 37°83 c.c. = ae Ai v- —LSY 31'2 37°33 Mean ine oan Hence 1 gm. of KCIlO,=12°48 c.c. of thiosulphate solution from I and Il, and 12°44 cc. from III, IV and V. Thus taking 12°46 as the mean the amount of available oxygen=12°46 x ‘01272 x =8,-=0:01002 gm. The actual quantity of available oxygen=001 gm. Hence all the three methods gave equally accurate results and preference was given to one or the other, as circumstances required. Estimation of hypochlorites. Hypochlorous acid as well as hypochlorites can be estimated in exactly the same way as chlorates. In this case ferrous sulphate and not the double salt should be used, asa part of the ammonia might be completely decomposed liberating free nitrogen, thus causing a loss of chlorine. Chlorates may be expected to liberate nitrogen, but my own experiments prove that no such decomposition actually takes place. 1896, | Hypochlorites to Chlorates. 71 The preparation of hypochlorites in a weighable state, so that the available chlorine can be calculated, is almost impossible. Kingzett obtained crystals of very nearly pure calcium hypochlorite (Journ. Chem. _ Soe., [2]. 18, 404) containing an unknown number of molecules of water. The greatest precautions as to increase of temperature, contact with dust and exposure to actinic rays, can not prevent decomposition when hypochlorites are evaporated im vacud over sulphuric acid. No direct evidence can therefore be adduced to test one method or the other. Concordance of results as obtained by different methods is the only test. It has already been stated that phosphoric acid failed to decompose chlorates. Similar experiments were performed with the result that the whole of the hypochlorous acid was carried along with carbon dioxide into the absorption apparatus, and liberated iodine from potassium iodide. The residue (when chlorate was likewise present) when distilled with pure hydrochloric acid gave the chlorine of the chlorate. Direct estim- ation of chlorate and hypochlorite in a mixture containing the same is thus rendered possible and practicable. ; Hypochlorites can also be estimated by the action of potassium iodide in acid (HCl or Hz, PO,) solution. To test whether any free oxygen is lberated from the decomposi- tion of hypochlorous acid, the apparatus, as given in the annexed diagram (Plate III) was used. The distilling bulb, parts of which were all fitted by grinding, contained water and pieces of marble or calcite (freed from air by boil- ing with water) introduced through A. Through B, a solution of potassium iodide was introduced in C, so that the level was slightly below the open end of the tube C. The YY tube contained a more dilute solution of the same. Air from the apparatus was expelled by passing carbon dioxide though D, and when the bubbles were perfectly absorbed by potash solution contained in the gas measuring tube in the mercurial trough, the stop cock S was closed, and the solution of hypo- chlorite introduced in the bulb E. As the pressure inside the apparatus was greater than the atmospheric pressure, the solution was introduced by a very careful blowing, and then the sides carefully washed down. Pare syrupy phosphoric acid was similarly introduced, the stop cock S closed, and the bulb slowly heated to boiling on an asbestos board. The hypochlorous acid along with the carbon dioxide generated inside the apparatus passed through the solution. Iodine was thus liberated. Evolution of carbon dioxide was kept steady, but even after an hour no oxygen was found in the measuring tube. Hence no loss of chlorine takes place when hypochlorous acid is distilled with phosphoric acid in dilute solution. 79 J. Bhaduri— Transformation of [No. 2, Action of acids on potassium iodide. Having had frequent occasion to notice the slight colouration of potassium iodide, both in the solid state and in solution, the action of dilute acids such as had been used in previous estimations was tried. Potassium iodide as ordinarily sold for medicinal purposes is decom- posed by most acids—pure dilute phosphoric, hydrochloric, sulphurie, acetic acids, &c, It has been asserted (Fresenius’s Quantitative Analysis, seventh edition, p. 104) that the pure iodide should not liberate iodine by the action of dilute sulphuric acid. This statement appears to be incorrect. Various samples, purified according to different methods, to remove the iodate (reduction by sodium amalgam, fusion with and without charcoal, and crystallization from alcohol) gave invariably the blue colouration with starch paste and dilute sulphuric acid. Water boiled and cooled in absence of air was used to prevent the action of dissolved oxygen. The amount of iodine which was thus liberated, when the titrations were made in dilute solutions, was however too small to affect the accuracy of results, and hence no blank experiments were necessary. The distillation (with hydrochloric acid) method is equally applic- able, but greater precautions are necessary owing to the ready decom- position of hypochlorites. The hypochlorite which I had to use being mixed with excess of free alkali, previous acidification was necessary. When dilute hydrochloric acid was used, free chlorine was liberated, a small portion of which escaped before potassium iodide was added. Hence the operation was performed in a closed vessel. A mixture of a solution of potassium iodide and dilute phosphoric acid was found to act equally well, and gave results identical with the first. It also simplified the operation. When however the iodide was added first, and then the acid, invariably a greater quantity of iodine was liberated. Mixtures containing different quantities of chloride, chlorate, hypochlorite and free alkali were analysed, and the following results obtained :— a. | b. Volume of [Volume of thiosulphate used) Volume of thiosulphate used solution used. (first KI and then acid (a mixture of KI and being added.) acid being added). Te ree 1h 0.0. ... | 83:1 c.c. (mean of three)... | 32 8 c.c. (mean of three). Bs hl Oawe: ... | 28°88 c.c. (mean of five) ... | 28°6 c.c. (mean of three), TITS cae | POG. ... | 29°00 c.c. (mean of two ... | 288 c.c. (mean of two). DY,” oo | LOG; ... | 37°50 c.c. (mean of three)... | 87'2 c.c. (mean of three). 1896.] Hypochlorites to Chlorates. 73 It is evident from the above table that results from operations (a) and (b) differ to a small extent, about 1 to 15°/,. The cause of this disagreement has not been investigated. Most of the methods described above give the available chlorine in a mixture of chlorate and hypochlorite. Direct titration by potas- sium iodide and dilute acid originally introduced by Bunsen, but modi- fied by Wagner, is said to give chlorine of the hypochlorite even in presence of chlorates. Experiments prove the contrary. In fact, tacit assumption of the accuracy of the method gave me the greatest trouble. Higher results were always obtained with thiosulphate than with arsenite or distillation (with H, PO,) method. The following table gives the results of some of the analyses :— Vol. of thio- ‘ Vol. ‘sulphate with i ndirtcnaet * or weight of | a mixture of b Panos REMARKS. solution. KI Dane and H3PO,. ; I ..| 5ec. ... | 17°66 c.c.... | 17°28 cc.... | The solution was kept fora few days in diffused light. iieeeNtO 6.05% \l dvs | 2ES Cece: ‘00, 2ET CC.) 0s aL so. | LO C.c. Cerae 7 c.cr te | eu 4 Gc. 8. ay, .... |) 10-ems..-... |,266.6.c.. ... |26°45 c.c. .« V «..t{ lee ../198ec. ...|194e0c. ... | The solution was kept for a month in the dark. VI ...}10cc; .../109 cc. ... | 108'4cc.... | A strong solution kept for five days in the dark. VII ...|/10cec. .../171cc. ...|171¢.c. ... | Freshly prepared solution of hy- pochlorite which contained only a trace of chlorate. Hypochlorites in presence of chlorates, best estimated by Penot’s method. The method then can give approximate but not accurate results. Iodine separates out from an acid solution of potassium iodide in pre- sence of a chlorate, the quantity increasing with duration of contact, temperature, amount of free acid and of chlorate, and other circum- stances. The conditions are rather too numerous to be maintained unchanged during the course of several analyses. In fact, at the boiling temperature in a sealed tube, the decomposition is complete, and chlo- rates may be estimated from the free iodine, a blank experiment being made for the iodine separated owing to the action of the acid on potas- * The volume of thiosulphate is calculated from its determined relation with arsenite. di; ro 10 . 74 J. Bhaduri— Transformation of [No. 2, sium iodide. Alkaline solutions on the other hand remain perfectly unaltered in a boiling solution of a chlorate. In this respect the be- haviour of potassium iodide as to liberation of iodine is exactly similar to the oxidation of arsenious oxide (arsenites) to arsenic oxide (arseni- ates). Arsenites in alkaline solution are readily oxidised by hypochlo- rites, but are without any action upon chlorates. Hence only Penot’s method was found applicable. The solution which had been used being strongly alkaline owing to the presence of free sodic hydrate, separation of the latter was necessary before potassium iodide could be added. This was attempted to prevent the spotting operation in Penot’s process. Direct estimation however proved abortive. Mercuric chloride, copper sulphate, &c., were used to separate the alkali in the form of insoluble hydrates or oxides, but part of the hypochlorite seemed to be decom-. posed precipitating oxychlorides. When magnesium sulphate was used, magnesium hydrate was precipitated, but on subsequent addition of potassium iodide, the liberated iodine combined with the hydrate, ren- dering the process useless. ACTION OF CHLORINE ON SODIC HYDRATE. Preparation of sodic hypochlorite. The hypochlorite was made by passing washed chlorine through a solution of sodic hydrate made from metallic sodium. Its strength in different experiments varied from 1:5 to 25°/,. The temperature at which absorption took place also varied from 25° C. to 33° C., and the passage of the gas continued in some experiments for four to five hours. The solution in dilute condition was colourless, but hada greenish yellow colour in a more concentrated form. It had a distinct and peculiar smell unlike chlorine. This was so characteristic that the intensity of odour gave an appoximate idea of the strength of hypochlo- ¢ rite present in a solution. Though the solution was strongly alkaline owing to the presence of free alkali, yet immediate liberation of iodine from a solution of potassium iodide took place. The solution instantly turned the brilliant surface of mercury yellowish red, oxychloride of mer- cury being produced. In connection with this it was further observed that the colour changed in the course of few hours from greenish yellow to purple, even when kept in the dark. This was due to the powerful oxidising and solvent action of hypochlorites in alkaline solution, The manganous silicate contained in the glass was oxidised, even in the strongly alkaline solution, and in presence of a chloride, and converted into sodium permanganate. A solution of sodic hydrate however did not under like conditions turn purple. As these experiments were performed in the dark room, the transformation (see pp. 76-79), had there been any, must have been insignificant. | 75 Hypochlorites to Chlorates. 1896.] ‘op ‘og ‘sanoy F “= 0806.0 | = 9026.0 | “000.0 “ $h18.0 > 08-13 a Sot ‘op ‘0d ‘s1n0y 3Z “= Tabi - Reed | “ $280.0 | ‘“ 68&¢.0 - OT-12 AA ‘op ‘od ‘sanoy fp “ T6sro} “ 6L8F-0| “ 0820.0 | “ ZeEgr.o a 00-2T | * ITA Bos Sah cc ‘c “ toe 943 Url wordzosqe ‘oc ‘sanoy £z “ g61e-0 | “ 4418.0 $100.0 LS18-0 86-8 IA ‘IOpuUly -£9 ouiz e fq 44381] wm01} psqoojzord uo “DIOS 04} 4nq “QYsIT y . z pesugip ur uordiosqe ‘og ‘sinoy $¢ “1961-0 | “ S6T-O | ‘WS Zg00.0 9061.0 LER A ‘op ‘od ‘od “SOleeo |e foe "9089 “ 161Z.0 OT-L a ‘4451, Moped ur uoryds0sqe “ ‘ystueers Ajjourystp uolynfog | ‘“sanoy g “9843-0 | “ 9248.0 | ‘M2 ¢9100.0| “ Fe22.0 | 00-8 =, ET ‘qq 51] soled ut uor4dz0sqe ‘ ‘ystueei3 AYWYsIs uoynjog ‘od “ gsct.o; “ g¢eT.0 "90814 “ LPST.O “4 OF. se 8 ‘940|d -ur0d Ajrevau AreA uol4ds0s “qe Sqysy mMojef ut uoy -diosqe ‘ssapanojoo uoI4ynfog | ‘sanoy 2 ‘MS OCZT.O | ‘WS FFEZT.O ‘9014 ‘m3 1PZT-0 °0'O OT 03.T “— 5 "(poy ‘97eBIOTYO pus ; ; ‘uotyonpat ; -0UL 8. Joudg : euLIo[yo worjdat0sqe £q Ba wae se a oree0n? o4LIo[ yo ) Rear Sutssed eof | ‘ojdues "‘SHUVNAY | jo md 1 -odAy oy4 | Jo ourz0[4O -odly any Wor}nIOS Jo |, 4 HO eN Jol JO ‘oN uolyerng Jo eurIo[yO 0 euLIO dread eSejue010 2 ‘ayouphay apogy fo woynjog v wo auruojpyQ fo woyon oy burmoys a1quy, | ae J. Bhaduri—Transformation of [No. 2,. In order to study the action of chlorine on a solution of sodic hydrate, a certain volume of freshly prepared solution of sodium hypo- chlorite, prepared as before, was reduced either by zinc copper couple or alkaline ferrous hydrate, and the total chlorine estimated volume- trically by standard silver nitrate. The hypochlorite and chlorate were then estimated separately as detailed in previous sections. The per- centage of alkali was estimated by (i) titration with semi-normal hydro- chloric acid (before passing chlorine), and (ii) converting into anhydrous sodium sulphate and weighing as such. These experiments were re- peated at least twice with the same solution. On page 75 the results of analyses (about fifty) are given in a tabular form. Results from columns (d) and (e)—available chlorine of hypochlorite and chlorate, have been added, and put in (f), side by side with (g) which represents the total chlorine. Solutions from iii. to ix. all turned purple when kept in litre flasks. The colour was due to the formation of permanganate, the glass of the vessels used furnishing the manganese. The last five sets of experi- ments were performed at temperatures which were decidedly lower (some 5° C) than the temperatures of the first four sets of experi- ments. It is clear from the above table that the amount of chlorate which is formed in solution up to 7 °/, of concentration (free NaOH) | is insignificant, and hence the following equation represents under the above mentioned circumstances the action of chlorine on sodium hydrate :— 2 NaOH + Cl, =NaOCl+NaCl+ HOH. Above 10 °/, concentration, the secondary reaction—transformation _ —becomes more distinct, and when the concentration exceeds 20 °/,, time becomes an important factor in bringing about the change. In the course of one series of experiments such a solution which was kept in the dark showed a change of only 6 °/, in twenty-four hours. When, however, chlorine was passed for about an hour the change in another part of the same solution amounted to 15 °/,. Evidently then the presence of free alkali retards the transformation. This fact will be | noticed in the next section, dealing with the transformation in the dark. Transformation of the cold solution in the dark. Temperature 25-28°C. A number of tubes containing definite volumes of hypochlorite solution of known strength was sealed and kept in closed drawers in the photographic room of the laboratory in which sometimes yellow and 1896. | Hypochlorites to Chlorates. 77 sometimes red rays entered. Some of them were exhausted, and some contained air. Several stoppered bottles and flasks were also used, and the experiments lasted for three months. They were dividedinto three sets :-— (i) Those exposed in orange yellow rays. (1) Those exposed to ruby rays. (iii) Those kept in absolute darkness. The solution in all the three sets of experiments, on examination, was found to change colour, from colourless and pale yellow to colourless , and distinct pink. Flakes of silica separated in those tubes in which, the contact was prolonged. On shaking, the solution turned milky owing to the separation of minute air-bubles (capable of rekindling a glowing chip of wood—hence oxygen). They, however, disappeared after few minutes leaving the solution clear. The following preliminary experi- ment was performed. In a 250 c.c. flask closed with an india-rubber stopper and provided with a delivery tube, 200 c.c. of a strongly alkaline solution of sodium hypochlorite was introduced, care being taken not to allow any trace , of the solution to come in contact with the stopper. The open end of the delivery tube dipped under mercury ina mercurial trough above , which a measuring tube filled with mercury was placed. The apparatus | was kept in situ for two weeks. After the expiration of the above period | the solution was examined. The colour did not sensibly change, al- though the temperature varied from 28° to 33° C.: No gas was found in , the tube. On shaking, however, minute bubles of gas were liberated, . but the quantity of oxygen was too small to overcome the, mercurial pressure. . 10 c.c. original solution contained 0°2191 gram of available chlo- rine of hypochlorite and 0:0045 gram of chlorate, making injall 0°2236 | gram. The sample contained 0:2245 gram of chlorine (total). Con- siderable difference, however, was observed when the solution was ana- lysed after two weeks, 0:1987 gram of chlorine of hypochlorite and | 0:0242 of chlorate were found. The total available chlorine was thus | 0:2229 gram, a quantity very nearly the same as before. The experi- ment was repeated with fresh solution, the duration in this case being | a week. Exactly similar results were obtained. Liberation of oxygen was beyond doubt. Several other qualitative experiments were made , by keeping solutioys in the so-called condensation tubes provided with | stopcocks. All these have led me to the same conclusion. The follow- ing table contains some of the results of the analysis (expressed in grams)« In order to simplify comparison the available chlorine has been expressed in terms of oxygen. on of 78 J. Bhaduri—Transformat “ amnoy & *sINOY OA OJ FSI] moppod ut ydoy « ‘ ts ‘Lep @ 10} ssouyiep ut ydey -kep @ IOs 4YySt] morad ut ydoxy “ é 66 66 ‘poaowlar ATBUOIseO -00 sem Joddojs ey} “QySi, moped ut 4ydoy ‘sfep g pue q}UuOUL rays £0) cc 6c 66 ‘sfvp GZ €¢ (79 66 ‘YJUOUL B OJ SsouyIep oj0[du00 ur ydoy ‘SHAVNGY 0°09 G.0 0'0 Z 00 PE 0'D p ‘uasXxo Jo QUINOA ¢¢00-0 [960-0 9800-0 8¢400-0 9100-0 "mas xo Te9O.L £700.0 €200-0 €000-0 €000-0 000.0 4000-0 8700-0 PLO0-0 T¢80-0 900-0 9900-0 98700-0 4500-0 9100-0 00-0 6200-0 ‘aod kxo ‘ues fxo o01,7 SB oFVIO[TO *NOILVAXOMSNVUL YALAY F6IT-O T61T-0 TSZ0-0 €6€0-0 ‘uasfxo 81-0 8T-0 L61T-0 L6IT-0 L6IT-0 G0L0-0 G040-0 G0L0-0 . [040-0 £0L0-0 G020-0 ‘uasfxo se 100 ®N ¥8-0 ¥8-0 6855-0 6899-0 68SS-0 86&-0 82-0 8Z8-0 868-0 ~ 9ze@.0 8¢&-0 ‘100 ®N ST-T e SLT PPT PPT PVT TS.0 TS.0 TS-0 TS-0 TS.0 TS.0 "HO ®N ELD af “NOILVNYOASNVUL WAOAAA LOd ANIYOIHO ONISSVd YALIV 1896. ] Hypochlorites to Chlorates. 79 From the above it is evident that a solution of sodium hypochlorite slowly decomposes even when kept in absolute darkness. The rate of decomposition increases with the refrangibility of the rays. Yellow rays are far more powerful than red rays. The transformation is one into clilorate and free oxygen. The experiment was repeated with a 5 per cent. solution of sodic hydrate. It was saturated with chlorine and the excess of chlorine carefully removed by bubling dry air (free from carbonic acid) through the solution. A solution of hypochlorite containing free alkali was then cautiously added drop by drop so long as the smell of chlorine persisted. Non-existence of free chlorine was proved by the mercury reaction. The solution was so unstable that no systematic experiment was found possible. Jn the course of an hour it changed its titre by several per- cents. It was kept in a brown stoppered bottle in the dark room. After some three hours the stopper was removed, when a distinct smell of chlorine was perceived. The liberation of chlorine increased with time, but there seemed to bea limit. On shaking, however, the smell very nearly disappeared, but the absorption of chlorine by the free alkali which must have been simultaneously formed was never complete. The behaviour of sodium hypochlorite in aqueous solution is very peculiar. Under ordinary circumstances in presence of free alkali it decomposes into free oxygen and a chloride, a chlorate being at the same time formed. In the other case it seems to dissociate into free chlorine and free alkali. Influence of pressure. The action of pressure on a solution of sodium hypochlorite is interesting. Minute bubbles of oxygen are given up when diffused light acts on it for some time. Since sodium hydrate dissolves notable quan- tities of free oxygen, these bubbles are not seen until after some time. When, however, a tube containing some of the above solution is exhaust- ed of air (pressure 5-6 cm. of mercury) the decomposition is accelerated and a regular evolution of oxygen begins, so much so as to render the solution slightly milky. TRANSFORMATION IN THE DARK AT A TEMPERATURE OF 100° C. The methods adopted in these experiments were very nearly identi- cal with the previous ones. The tubes were, however, stouter, as a good deal of internal pressure was produced in some of these experiments owing to the generation of a comparatively large volume of gas. In fact, when the duration of heating was prolonged to some fifteen to twenty hours, some of the tubes exploded, thus rendering a whole set t 80 J. Bhaduri—Transformation of [No. 2, (c) (Before : (d) (e) oo (a) (b) transforma- Weight of | Weight of Percentage tion.) : Percentage of Z hypochlorite | transformed ve Na 0, Oki 4] eeeees. not hypochlo- free Na OH. ? hypochlorite Lencreee yp , in gms. as re mo oxygen. eB | After one j|hour’s heating in the |steam bath |(temperature 1. 1 12°400 5°520 0°12400 0°06690 005710 2 6°200 2°760 0:06200 0°05240 0°00960 3 _ 3'100 1°380 0°03100 0:02690 0°004.10 4 1550 0°690 001550 0°01224 0°00330 5 0775 0°345 0°00775 0:00579 0°00196 A. ii. |After threejhours’ heating in the |steam bath |(temperature 12°400 5°520 0°12400 0°03610 0:0879 6°200 2°760 0°06200 0°04080 0°0212 3°100 1°380 0°03100 0°02230 0°0087 1°550 0°690 0°01550 0°00971 0:00579 0775 0°345 000775 0°00455 0:00320 A. iii. [After six jand a half; hours’ heating in the | steam bath 12°400 5'520 0°12400 0°01324 0°11076 6°200 2°760 0°06200 0°0294 0:0326 3°100 1°380 0:03100 0:01737 0°01363 1550 0°690 0°01550 0°00711 0:00839 0775 0345 0:00775 0°00253 000522 B. i. |After one |and a half; hours’ heatjing in the| steam bath 8:400 8°72 0°1956 0:0764 0°1192 4°200 4°36 0°0978 0°0703 0°0275 2°100 2:18 00489 0°0395 0°00935 1:050 1°09 0:02 144, 0°0189 0:0055 0575 0°545 0:01222 0°00794 0:004.28 B. ii. |After two {hours’ heating in the |steam bath |(temperature 8'400 8°72 0°1956 0°0637 0°1319 4200 4°36 0°0978 0:0670 0:0308 2°100 2°18 0:0489 0°366 0°0123 1:050 1:09 0°024.4.4. 0:0175 0:00691 0°575 0545 0°01222' 0:00715 0:00507 C.i. |After four jhours’ heating in the j|steam bath |(temperature 51 } 3°3 00705 0°0852 0:0353 D. After one jand a half} hours’ heating in the|water bath 3200 6°9 0°1545 0°11696 0°03754 1600 3°45 0°0774 006625 001115 1:065 2°30 0°0515 0°0463 0°0052 0°800 1:72 0°0387 0:03705 0:00165 0°640 1°38 0°0309 0'02815. 0°00275 0°400 0°86 0'01931 0°01545 0:00386 1896. | Hypochlorites to Ohlorates. 81 (f) q) (h ; Ratio of oxygen Percentage |Volume of free |Weight : oxygen Tevte oe Oe once of chloress decomposition. oxygen. of chlorate. “ve to free oxygen. 100° to. 100°5°\C). 46 95 cc. 0:04.45 00136 1 to 0°306 15°5 26 cc. 0°0059 0:0037 1 to 0627 129 21° 25°3 100° to 100°5/°C). 70°9 ‘ 19°2 c.c. 0:060 14 0°02746 1 to 0°454 34°2 6'5 c.c. 0°0119 0°0093 1 to O781L 29° 3°1 c.c. 0:0043 00044, 1 to 1:02 36°8 41°3 ‘(temperature 1/00° to 100°5°\C). 89:4: 29 cles 0°0693 0°0415 1 to 06 526 LES.c.c; 0:0160 0:0166 1 to 1°04 44:7 5°5 C.C. 0°00577 0:00786 1 to 1°36 54°7 42 c.c. 0:00239 0:0060 1 to 2°51 67°4 (temperature 100° to 100°C). 61° 17 cue: 00949 00243 1 to 0 256 28'4 5 c.c. 0°0203 0:0072 1 to 0'°355 19°3 4 c.c. 0°00363 0:00572 1 to 1°57 22°7 2°5 c.c. 0:00193 0:00357 1 to 1°82 35° 100° to 100°5°\C). Gi 22°5 c.c. 0:0997 0°0322 1 to 0°323 30°7 yee 0°0208 O-ol 1 to 0-481 25° 5'5 ¢.c. 0:00444 0°:00786 1 to 177 27°5 4.2°5 100° to 100°5°C), 50° 11 c.c. 0:0196 0°'0157 1 to 0'8 (temperature 98° to 100°C.) 243 Uic.c, 0:02467 0:01287 1 to 0514 144 6 c.c. 0:00257 0:00858 1 to 3:34 101 3c. 0:0009 1 0:004.29 1 to 471 43 1 c.c. 0°000224 0°00143 1 to 6°39 8:9 20° a inetd: 82 J. Bhaduri—Transformation of [No. 2, of experiments useless. As the solution of hypochlorite invariably contained free alkali, chloride and traces of chlorate, the amount of hypochlorite could not give results which might be compared. In order that the experiments should be strictly comparable the same sample of hypochlorite was diluted to requisite strengths, and then the tubes were partially filled. As in most cases preliminary experiments were made to know approximately the volume of oxygen disengaged from solutions of similar strength, the volumes of the tubes were so regulated that the internal pressures were very nearly the same in all. Duplicate experiments were in almost all cases made. The operation of filling | was done as quickly as possible in the dark room, and the already narrow end of the tube drawn to a capillary bore in the blowpipe flame. When perfectly cold the end was sealed. Inno case, however, did the time of complete operation exceed ten minutes. When the required number of tubes was ready they were at once introduced into the steam chamber heated to 100°C. After the required number of hours they were re- moved to the dark room and allowed to cool. The time required to heat the tubes to 100°C was thus very nearly the same as the time, to cool down to the original temperature. Caustic soda dissolves oxygen to an appreciable extent, and the solubility, as with all gases, increases with pressure. The gas thus dissolved escapes slowly when the pressure is relieved, and as sufficient time could not be allowed for fear of decom- position, a small quantity was generally lost. The loss had no effect when the total volume of oxygen was considerable. Hence the volume of oxygen and therefore its weight should be taken as approximate, and not strictly accurate when the quantity was small. The ratio of the chloratic oxygen to free oxygen should also be taken in the same light under similar circumstances. The preceding table contains the results of numerous analyses performed at different times with solutions of different strength heated to different periods of time. Comparing the percentage decompositions of a number of solutions - in which relative quantities of free alkali, chloride, chlorate and hypo- chlorite are the same, but with gradually diminished absolute quantities, the following peculiarities are observed. The decomposition diminishes with dilution up to a certain point when it is minimum. Further dimi- nution in concentration instead of diminishing increases the decomposi- tion. This peculiar deportment of the hypochlorite solution is seen not only with similar solutions heated for different periods of time, but also in all solutions which have been examined some of which only are given. The ratios of hypochlorite to free alkali in the three solutions mentioned in the table are approximately in (A) 2: 5,in (B)2: 2, -and in (C)2: 1. The relation between concentration and percentage de- composition is very strikingly shown in Plate IV. 1896. | Hypochlorites to Chiorates. 83 The decomposition curves A. i, ii and iii of similar solutions are very nearly similar. There is aclose resemblance between the curves B. i and ii. Special stress need not be given tothe curve D because the solutions to which it corresponds were not heated to the same temperature as the other solutions. Referring however, to all the curves it is seen that the greatest depressions — minimum decompositions—lie very nearly in the same vertical line. The exact strength of the solution which de- composes least has not been determined, but it appears to lie interme- diate between 1°5 and 17 per cent of Sodium hypochlorite. The influence of the other constituents can be neglected, as all the solutions contain- ing widely different quantities of chlorate, chloride and free alkali lead to the same general conclusion. ‘l'aking 1°6 per cent to be the approximate number, the ratio between the number of molecules of water to sodium hypochlorite is easily calculated : NaOCl (molecular weight 74:5) =1°6 °/, H, O (molecular weight 18) =98°4 °/, .”. no. of molecules of water: no. of molecules of sodium hypochlorite 98:4 1:6 A aa 263 : 1. In other words an aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite is most stable when the number of molecules of the salt in solution is approxim- ately 0:4 °/,. As the electric conductivity of such a solution has not been determined I cannot venture to offer any opinion as to what bearing it has on Arrhenius’ theory of electrolytic dissociation. It seems probable that this number is different for different hypochlorites and from these numbers the ratio of the molecular weights of these compounds may be determined. Leaving the curves of percentage decomposition in relation to concentration, the other curves of percentage decomposition with the duration of heating may be shortly noticed (Pl. V). All these lead to the same conclusion, namely the actual increase of decomposition during any interval diminishes as the time from which the initial decom- position began increases. The data however, for the present, are not sufficiently numerous for comparison of the different curves. Referring to the columns (g) and (h) in the table,! it is seen that in all cases oxygen and achlorate are simultaneously produced. The last column shows in the clearest manner that at the end of the first hour the amount of oxygen that is disengaged varies from one-fourth to one half of the quantity of oxygen fixed in the chlorate. As the duration of heating is prolonged the quantity of free oxygen increases, but in no case is this quantity greater than the oxygen of the chlorate, although 1 Ante, p 81. B84 J. Bhaduri— Decomposition of [ No. 2, the strength of the solution varies from 3 to 87 per cent. and the duration of heating from one to six hours anda half. As the strength of the solution diminishes the liberation of free oxygen increases. Comparing the ratios of the decomposition products in Ai, 11, iii and Bi and i? with D,' the nature of the decomposition is seen to vary perceptibly. The solutions in D are gradually heated, and it is doubtful whether at all they attain the temperature of 100°C. For the same weight of chlorate formed the quantity of oxygen diminishes with the rapidity with which the solutions are heated. In all probability, therefore, the first application of heat on a rather strong solution of sodium hypo-’ chlorite causes it to be entirely transformed into chlorate acdoeeaims to the generally accepted equation 3 NaClO = NaClO,+9 NaCl. As the quantity of chlorate increases another reaction sets in: 2 NaClO=2 NaCl+ O,. These two equations being interdependent, I have not found it possible to express the transformation by a simple equation. Note on the Decomposition of Mercurous Chloride and Estimation of Free Chlorine.— By JyotipavusHaN Buapurt, M.A. Communicated by the President. [Recd. 25th March, Read 1st April, 1896. ] In the previous paper “ On the transformation of hypochlorites ” mention was made of the fact that under certain circumstances a solu- tion of sodium hypochlorite gave out chlorine. More recent quantita- tive experiments* prove that in very nearly alkali-free solutions oxygen and chlorine are simultaneously liberated. The analysis of such a mixture without loss of unaltered hypochlorite is not an easy matter. The solution contains, to begin with, a chloride, hypochlorite and a trace of chlorate. It may at the very beginning contain a small quantity of free alkal, but after decomposition, especially when heated from 150° to 160°C., the silica of the glass is dissolved by the alkali, forming soluble silicates. Moreover, free alkali and free chlorine can not exist side by side in the same solution. In neutral or alkaline solutions chlorides and chlorates of the elials Separation of chlorine metals have no action on mercury, Free and hypochlorous acid. ¢hJorine combines with it, when the mercury is present in excess, forming mercurous chloride. Hypochlorites form 1 Plate IV. 2 The results of which will be communicated later on. 1896. | Mercurous chloride. 85 mercuric oxide.! Sometimes, however, chlorine and a hypochlorite by their mutual decomposition form free hypochlorous acid.? This acid combines with mercury and forms mercuric oxychloride, a substance as insoluble in water as mercurous chloride. When, therefore, such a solution, containing mercurous chloride, mercuric oxide or oxychloride, free mercury, and soluble chloride and chlorate, is filtered, the first three remain on the filter paper. The residue is then thoroughly washed and then treated with the least excess of dilute hydrochloric acid and the residue of mercurous chloride and free mercury thoroughly washed. The quantity of mercury existing as mercuric chloride in tlie second filtrate’ will give the amount of hypochlorous acid. Free chlorine is represented by mercurous chloride. The chlorine of the last named substance is generally estimated by decomposing the com, Action of coldalkalion Pound after gentle digestion with alkali mercurous chloride, hydrate (fixed). Some volumetric determina- tions having given tolerably accurate. results,’ the following analyses were made to see whether the decomposition is complete or not. The sample of chloride was first treated with hot water and then repeatedly with cold water and finally with rectified spirit in the filter pump. It was then dried in the steam bath for two hours when its weight was found constant. Absence of any soluble mercury salt was proved by treating a small quantity with hot water and passing sulphuretted hydrogen through the filtrate. a PR I I FE ES ET I OI ETE SEL) Wt. of Wt. of Corres- No Hg Cl rere ponding | °/, of Cl. REMARKS. g . . grams. chlorine. D. 1°5600 a "2300 14°75 | Excess of Ag NO, added and titrated by Vohlard’s method, EK. 3°1958 1°9358 4.805 15°02 | Gravimetric method. F. 2 2351 1°3577 °3358 15°02 3 : (Gooch’s toate 8 “iG. 19444 11800 2919 15°02 | Gravimetric method (Gooch’s erncible). 1 According to the following equation :—Na O Cl+Hg=Hg 0+Na Cl. 2 The reaction is most pera? Na (O Cl)+Cl, +H,O=NaCl+2HOCI, (S.C. J. 1885, 722). 8 For Hg O, HgCl,+2HCl.=2H¢ Cl, +H, O. 4 Watt’s Dic. Chem. (new edition) ‘Vol. ii. p. 316. Fresivius, Quant. Anal. 7th Ed, p. 360. Fremy in his Hncycl. Chem. does not mention anything. 5 For these I am indebted to my elder brother, Babu Chandrabhushan Bhadari, B.A. The silver solution was weaker than it was supposed to be, so the value of chlorine was very near the truth. On recalculation the difference is sound to be about 2 per cent. J. Bhaduri— Decomposition of [No. 2, 10.2) Oe Wt. of Wt. of Corres- No. Hg Cl mf ponding | °/, of Cl. REMARKS. g Cl. : grams. chlorine. FH: 1°6022 ‘9721 °2405 15°01 Jt 3°7957 2°2822 5646 14°87 K. 1°5163 "9219 "2281 15°04 | Solution heated. L. 24107 1°4410 *3565 14°79 M. 2°6857 1'6017 *3962 14°75 7. 1°4826 at *2219 14°97 A’: 1°8000 ate *2659 14°77 Volumetric method with B’. 3°9362 ’ | "5837 1483 chromate indicator. The theoretical percentage of chlorine is 15°07. The estimation. of chlorine has been made in the gravimetric way at least twenty times. In each case the result has been found to be lower than the theoretical quantity, The final washing was in each case tested for chlorine. Some of the results, however, agree among themselves. Hence it appears that the decomposition is never complete and is dependent upon other circumstances, It is also evident from the previous experiments that the amounts which are obtained when the solutions are heated agree more with the theoretical quantity than those obtained from cold solu- tions. In some of these experiments the alkali remained in contact overnight with no better results. The action of heat was next tried. The weighed quantity of sath mercurous chloride was treated with an excess Action of boiling caus- a : tic-soda on mercurous of pure sodic hydrate solution and the whole chloride. Me 3 heated nearly to the boiling point for about fifteen minutes and when cold filtered. The residue was once more treated with caustic soda and then thoroughly washed. The chlorine in the filtrate after acidification was determined as before. In titrating this liquid with standard silver nitrate solution, I have found it con- venient to slightly acidify the solution with dilute nitric acid and then evaporate to a small bulk, say 25 to 30 c.c, with excess of pure preci- pitated calcium carbonate. The following table contains some of the results of the analyses :— Wt. of Wt. of - Wt. of No. | Hg Cl. Ag Cl. |g). grams. °/, of Cl. REMARKS. grams. N "9634. ae °1452 15:06 | Volumetric process. Q 1'4.466 “8800 “2177 1505 |Gravimetric ,, R 1°7190 1°0465 "2589 15°06 4h M3 Ss 1°7648 1:0748 ‘2659 15:07 ie V “8927 fe “1346 15:08 | Volumetric 4, 1896. | Mercurous chloride. 87 These results closely agree not only among themselves but also with the theoretical quantity. But they appear to be very slightly low. he reason probably appears to be this. Mercurous oxide dissolves to a small extent in water and caustic soda solution. When, however, such a solution is acidified with dilute nitric acid, slight opalescence is sometimes noticed. On subsequent addition of silver nitrate, silver chloride is precipitated, and this carries down with it traces of mercurous chloride. Silver chloride before it is weighed is heated to incipient fusion, a temperature sufficient to volatilize traces of mercurous chloride. Thus a trace of chlorine is lost. Sufficient stress cannot be given to this explanation, as the difference between actual and theoretical quan- tities can be reduced to a trifling amount by careful manipulation. It is evident from the above experiments in conjunction with those mentioned before, that neither gentle warming nor prolonged contact in the cold is sufficient to bring about complete decomposition of the mercurous chloride by solution of caustic soda. The coating of mer- curous oxide and the repellent tendency of mercurous chloride to become moistened with water prevent intimate contact with the solu- tion. Complete decomposition is only obtained when the solution is heated to the boiling point and, to be certain, repeating the operation once more with fresh solution of the alkali. When the precipitate of mercurous oxide is heated with water or Solubility of mercurous solution of caustic soda and then filtered in oxide in water. the hot state, the filtrate after acidification with pure hydrochloric acid is at once turned brownish black when sulphuretted hydrogen is passed through. On heating, the precipitate settles rapidly and this black substance gives all the reactions of mercury. As already mentioned, there was no soluble salt of mercury in the residue. It dissolved with slight separation of mercury in pure dilute nitric acid and this solution gave no precipitate, not. even opal- escence with silver nitrate. It is therefore evident that the whole of chlorine must have been eliminated in the form of soluble chloride, and the presence of mercury in the filtrate is due to the solution of mer- curous oxide in water (mercuric oxide and metallic mercury, the pro- ducts of decomposition being practically insoluble, the former 1 in 1,50000). In cold water too, mercurous oxide dissolves to a small exten. The best method of procedure, therefore, is to decompose the mer- curous chloride by the alkali at the boiling temperature but to filter when cold and wash with cold water. Volumetric estimations of chlorine and silver have been tried but they appear to me to be less trustworthy than these estimations obtained gravimetrically. Summary. Nh Oe ee ae oe ee ee a ae 83 A. R. 8. Anderson— Deep Sea Crustacea, [No. 2, Natural History Notes from the R. I. M. Survey Steamer ‘ Investigator,’ Commander C. F. Oldham, R. N., commanding. Series II, No. 21. An Account of the Deep Sea Crustacea collected during the season 1894-95,—By A. R. S. Anperson, B. A., M. B., Surgeon Naturalist to the Survey. [Received 28th April—Read 6th May. ] The following paper gives a description of the 56 species of Crustacea, excluding Cirripeds, Amphipods and Pagurids collected by the R. I. M, S. ‘ Investigator’ during the working season 1894-95. From the middle of October 1894 to the beginning of January 1895, while at work in the Arabian Sea between Cape Monza—some 20 miles to the west of Karachi and Bombay—four hauls of the trawl were made between 100 and 200 fms. ; but, with the exception of large numbers of Selenocera hextii, no crustaceans were obtained. In the same area, two hauls were effected at 890 and 947 fms. and resulted in the capture of respectively 8 and 11 different species of crustaceans; of these only four are new to the Indian fauna, wiz. Acanthephyra cristata, Faxon, Nephropsis Suhmi, Bate, Calastacus tnvestigutoris and Galacantha trachynotus, the two last being hitherto undescribed species. One Isopod, dAega sp., was also obtained at 947 fms., and is new to our record and apparently new to science. On the passages between Bombay and Trincomali and vice versé 6 trawls, varying in depth from 637 to 931 fms. were made and resulted in the capture of 0, 4,6, 5, 7 and 8 species of crustaceans. Four of tliese species were new to the Indian fauna, but of these two, Nephropsis Suhmi and Galacantha trachynotus, were also obtained this season between Karachi and Bombay: the remaining two species were EHucopia sculpticauda and Bentheuphausia amblyops. In four trawls between 180 and 406 fms. 5, 7, 3 and 2] species of crustaceaus were obtained, of which 5 only are new to the Indian record, and of these one had also been captured at 951 fms. this season ; 3 of the remainder, Pandalus aicockt and Munidopsis wardeni, both from 406 fms., and ’richopeltariow ovale from 180 fms. prove to be new species. The fifth, Lithodes agasizit from 406 fms., is the first recorded specimen of a Lithodes from Indian waters. | List of the stations, over 200 fms. from which crustaceans were obtained. — oo * 1896. ] A. R. 8. Anderson— Deep Sea Crustacea. 89 ; Depth /|Corrected _ Lat. N. Long. E. in bottom eas Se of ; fathoms. | temp. F. 5 bie pens oi 183 23°08’22"" | 65°49/45” 890 40°.5 72° Soft gray mud. 184 | 22°14/25” | 67°08’55’’ 947 40°.5 75°.5 | Soft gray mud. 192 | 15°11’ 72°28) Be goes | Bo Ngeet pr 1 931 : gray mud. 193 pt’ 72°28’ 931 39°.5 81° Soft gray mud. 194 13°47’ 72°3'45"" 891 41° 81° Soft gray mud. 197 9°34’57”" 75°36’30” 406 48° 81°.8 Green mud. 198 8°55’ 81°17’30” 764: 42° .25 81° Green mnud. WT avZ COpyrary 800- 41° 3 199 8°40 81°27'35 637 42°.25 83°.5 | Green mud. 20- : °, 201 | 8729/05” | 81°31’35’ Sees We aeoan fees | Cpe ake 203 5°50’30" 80°25/380’’ 364 48° 85°.5 Green mud. 204 | 6°50'20” | 79°36" 2 Sa ee 84°.8 | Broken coral. MALCOSTRACA. Order SCHIZOPODA. Family Lophogastride. GwaTHOPHAUSIA, W.-Suhm. 1. Gnathophausia brevispinis, Wood-Mason. Wood-Mason, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) VII, 1891, p. 188, and Oct. 1891, pp. 269, 270; Faxon, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. XVIII., pp. 216-218, pl. J. Arabian sea; Station 184; 947 fms. 2. Gnathophausia zoxea, Suhm, G. O. Sars. G. O. Sars, Challenger Schizopoda, p. 44, pl. vi., figs. 6-10; A. Milne Edwards Rec. Fig. Crust., pl. 7; Alcock and Anderson, J. A. S. B., Vol. LXIIL., pt. ii., 1894, p. 143; Faxon, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. XVIII, p. 215. ? G. Sarsii, Wood-Mason, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Feb. 1891, p, 187. Colour in life, bright scarlet. Arabian sea, Station 183, 890 fms. J. um. 12 90 A. R. S. Anderson— Deep Sea Crustacea. [No. 2, Family Eucopiide. Kvucorra, Dana, G. O. Sars. 3. Hucopia australis, Dana, Sars. Dana, U.S. Explor. Exped., Crustacea, pt. i., p. 609, pl. 40, fig. 10 a-m; G. 0. Sars, ‘ Challenger’ Schizopoda, p. 55, pls. ix. and x.; Wood-Mason Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Oct. 1891, p. 270; Faxon, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. XVIII., pp. 218, 219. Six specimens were obtained, 5 of these being captured in the same haul with an equal number of Hucopia sculpticauda. Stations 183 and 198; 890 and 764 fms. 4. Hucopia sculpticauda, Faxon. W. Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. XXIV., No. 7, 1893, p. 218; Id., Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. XVIII., pp. 219-221, pl. k., fig. 2, 2d, pl. liii., fig. 1-1d. Hight specimens, varying in Jength from 21 to 75 millim., were captured at depths ranging from 406 down to 931 fms. Unfortunately all the specimens, owing to the great delicacy of their tissues and the tenuity of their legs, are more or less imperfect, although in some the deficiency merely amounts to an abbreviation of the antennal flagella. This species differs from H'ucopia australis and from Sars’ definition of the genus in the presence of small branchiz at the base of the last pair of legs. Colour in life, dark crimson lake. Eyes brown in spirit. New to the Indian fauna. Stations 193, 197, 198 and 199; 931, 406, 764 and 800—637 fms. respectively. Family Euphausiide. BentHevpuausia, G. O. Sars. 5. Bentheuphausia amblyops, G. O. Sars. G. O. Sars, ‘ Challenger’ Schizopoda, pp. 109-114, pl. xix. New to the Indian. fauna. Station 198; 764 fms. Order DECAPODA. Sub-order MACRURA. Tribe PENAIDE A. Family Peneide. Sub-family Parapenxina. Parapenazus, 8. I. Smith. 6. Parapenxus fissurus, (Sp. Bate.) Penzus fissurus, Sp. Bte., ‘Challenger’ Macrara, p, 263, pl. xxxvi, fig. 1; Para- 1896. ] &. B.S. Anderson— Deep Sea Crustacea. 91 penxus fissurus, Alcock and Anderson, J. A.S. B., Vol. LXIII., Pt. ii, 1894 p- 144. Colours in life, white mottled mith red. Off west coast of Ceylon, Station 204; 180-217 fms. Sub-family Solenocerina. SoLENOCERA Lucas. 7. WSolenocera hextii, Wood-Mason. Wood-Mason, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Feb. 1891, p. 188, and Oct. 1891, p. 275 Alcock and Anderson, J. A. S. B., Vol. LXIII. Pt. ii., 1894, p.145; and Ill. Zoo. R. I. M.S. ‘Investigator,’ Crustacea, Pt. iv., pl. xxvi. fig. 5 (to be published in 1896). Hitherto this species has only been recorded from the Bay of Bengal ranging as far east as Chittagong. This season it was obtained in large numbers in the Arabian Sea off the mouths of the Indus at depths varying from 35 to 170 fms. on a muddy bottom. Hatiporus, Spence Bate. 8. Haliporus xqualis, Sp. Bate. Spence Bate, ‘Challenger’ Macrura, p. 285, pl. xli., fig. 1; and Alcock and Anderson, J. A. S. B., Vol. LXIII, pt. ii., 1894, p. 140. Off Cochin coast, Station 197, 406 fms. Sub-family Aristeina. Aristzus, Duvernoy, Wood-Mason. 9. Aristsus crassipes, Wood-Mason. Wood-Mason Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Oct. 1891, pp. 281, 282. fig.7; Alcock and Anderson, J. A. 8. B., Vol. LXIII, pt. ii., 1894, p. 147. Many specimens, exhibiting the marked sexual differences previous- ly described, were trawled off the Cochin coast at Station 197, 406 fms. 10. Aristeeus semidentatus, Sp. Bate. Hemipenzus semidentatus, Spence Bate, ‘Challenger’ Macrura, p. 305, pl. xlix. fig. 1; Aristzus semidentatus, Wood-Mason, Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist., Oct. 1891, p. 280 and Alcock and Anderson, J. A. 8. B., Vol. LXIII., pt. ii., 1894, p. 146, Colour in life, red. Station 201 ; 320-296 fms. Sub-family Benthesicymina. GeENNADAS, Spence Bate. 11. Gennadas parvus, Spence Bate, Spence Bate, Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) viii., p, 191, and ‘ Challenger’ Macrura, 92 A. R. §. Anderson— Deep Sea Crustacea. [No. 2, p- 340, pl. lix.; Wood-Mason and Alcock, Ann. Mag, Nat. Hist., Feb. 1891, p. 189 and Oct. 1891, p. 286. Stations 193, 194 and 198; 931, 891 and 764 fms. respectively. Family Sergestide. Sercestes, Edw. 12. Sergestes rubroguttatus, Wood-Mason. Wood-Mason, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Nov. 1891, pp. 354, 355, i 10. South of Ceylon, Station 198, 764 fms. 13. Sergestes robustus, Smith. 8. I. Smith, Rep. U.S. Fish. Comm., 1892, (1894), p. 416, pl. viii., figs. 83-6, and 1885 (1886), p. [93], pl. xx., fig. 6; and Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., X., p. 97, pl. xvi., figs. 5-8; Alcock and Anderson, J. A. 8. B., Vol. LXIII., pt. ii., 1894, p, 148. Colour in life, crimson dots on a colourless background, the in- testinal tract showing through the transparent body-wall as a crimson tube. Stations 194, 197 and 203; 891, 406 and 364 fms. Tribe CARIDEA. Family Glyphocrangonide. GiypHocrANGoN, A. Milne-Edwards. 14. Glyphocrangon unguiculata, Wood-Mason. Wood-Mason, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Feb. 1891, pp. 193, 194; and Ill. Zool. ‘Investigator,’ Crustacea, Pt. ii., pl. vii., fig. 2. Five females from the Arabian sea, Station 184; 947 fms. 15. Gilyphocrangon prionota, Wood-Mason, Wood-Mason, Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist., Feb. 1891, p. 192; Alcock and Anderson, J.A.S.B., Vol. LXIIL, Pt. ii., 1894, p. 151; and Ill. Zool. ‘ Investigator,’ Crustacea, Ph. iis pl. vi. fig. 1: Many male and female specimens, both young and adult, were taken in the Arabian sea at Stations 183, 184 and 193; 890, 947 and 931 fms. respectively. Family Pandalide. Panpatus, Leach. 16. Pandalus alcockt, n. sp. This species bears a considerable resemblance to Nothocaris binoculus, | Sp. Bte., but differs from it in the following particulars. The 1896. ] A. R. 8. Anderson— Deep Sea Orustacea. 93 dorsal carina begins near the middle of the carapace and in the gastric region supports four movable spines which gradually increase in length from behind forwards. The rostrum, about 1} as long as the carapace, is armed dorsally with 2 fixed teeth, the posterior situated midway between its fellow and the anterior movable spine and above the centre of the cornea. In front of these teeth the rostrum slopes downwards as far as the extremity of the first antennal base; thence it becomes straight and ascends slightly to near its tip where it again assumes a gentle downward curve. Except for the two teeth near the base it is dorsally unarmed, while its lower margin is 4-7 toothed, the number of teeth increasing with the size of the specimen. The eye bears no ocellus distinct from the large cornea. The meri of the last three thoracic legs are armed on their lower margins with a few teeth, that of the 5th leg bears the fewest or none, that of the 38rd the largest number of teeth, while the 4th bears an intermediate number. . The telson is shorter than the caudal plates, Colour in life red. Hggs very minute and numerous. Many specimens, both males and ovigerous females, from Station 197 ; 406 fms. PLEsIonIKA, Spence Bate. 17. Plesionika bifurca, Alcock and Anderson. Alcock and Anderson, J. A. S. B., Vol. LXIII., pt. ii., 1894, pp. 155 and 156. Station 97; 406 fms. Family Acanthephyride. ACANTHEPHYRA, A. Milne-Edwards. 18.. Acanthephyra brachytelsonis, Sp. Bate. Spence Bate, ‘Challenger’ Macrura, p. 753, pl. cxxvi., fig. 7; Wood-Mason, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., May 1892, pp. 362, 363, fig. 4; Alcock and Anderson, J. A. S.B., Vol. LXIII., pt. ii, 1894, p. 156; and Ill. Zool. R. I. M.S., ‘Investigator,’ Crustacea, pl. iil., fig. 2. The largest specimen obtained this year measured 157 millim, from tip of rostrum to the end of telson. Stations 183, 184, 192, 193, 194 and 199; 890, 947, 912-931, 9381. 891 and 800-637 fms. respectively. 19. ~—so9,: CATAPACE ne oe dot ae Trgeg » 9) eye-Stalk adh wit 4: Jdj't Bie 3+ yy Chelipede cs ee wes 13 Pg » 9, orst leg He as aoe of AG » +», Second leg a aS 8 MO Via » 3, dactylus of second leg ty wel vee! FOO »» 9) propodus of same al? Tegrity Some of the specimens are irifadted by ‘is different Bopyrid parasites—one living in the branchial cavity, the other attached to the abdomen—but occurring in different hosts. 1896. | J. R. Henderson— Some “Investigator” Paguride. 599 The species is chiefly characterised by the shortness of its eye- stalks, and the great reduction of the cardiac area of the carapace. It is apparently allied to P. setosus, a species from New Guinea, insufficiently described by H. Milne-Edwards, but if Ortmann (Zoolog. Jahrb., Bd. vi., Abth. f. Syst., p. 281, taf. xii., fig. 9, 1892) is correct in his identification of the latter, the two are distinct. The species figured by Ortmann has slightly longer eye-staliks, a longer antennal acicle, and an entirely different configuration of the cardiac area of the carapace ; in his description there is but slight reference to the ‘other characters. According to Milne-Edwards ‘the colour of his species was reddish yellow. - Genus Parapacurts, S. I. Smith. 12. *Parapagurus andersoni, n. sp. Station 150, off the north Maldive Atoll, depth 719 fathoms. An adult male ina shell of Bathybembiz woodmasoni, H. A. Smith, invested by an anemone. is " , The anterior portion of the carapace is moderately convex, both from side to side, and from before backwards; the surface is slightly uneven, with a few tufts of hair near the lateral and anterior margins. The median frontal projection is fairly prominent, while the lateral projections are scarcely indicated at all. The portion of the carapace behind the cervical grooves is membranous, and even the cardiac area is uncalcified. The eye-stalks are slightly concave on their inner surface, and a few rather long hairs are found on the upper surface of each; the corneae are small, but deeply pigmented. The ophthalmic scales are small and laterally compressed, each terminating in four small apical denticles. The antennal peduncles are broad, and exceed the eye-stalks by about the length of the last peduncular joint; the acicle has a slight sigmoid curve, and extends to the end of the peduncle, while its inner margin is provided with a row of spinules. The external prolongation of the second joint of the antennal peduncle is acute, but very short; the terminal joint of the peduncle is broad, and flattened from above downwards. The antennal flagellum is more than twice the length of the body. The antennular peduncles exceed the eye-stalks by the whole of their terminal joint, and about two- thirds of the length of their penultimate joint. The chelipedes are elongated and slender, with the joints faintly pubescent, and armed with subspiniform granules. The carpus is about one-fourth of its length longer than the merus; it is practically cylin- drical, and the whole surface is uniformly granulated, but the granules or spinules as they might almost be termed, are most marked on the * Ill, Zool. Investigator, Crustacea, pl. xxxii. fig. 2 (in preparation}. 530 J. R. Henderson— Some “ Investigator” Paguride. [| No. 3, upper surface. The propodus is slightly flattened when compared with the carpus, though both its surfaces are really somewhat convex; the granules are practically confined to its inner and outer margins, where they have assumed a distinct spinose character; they are strongly marked also on the corresponding margins of the fingers. The upper surface of the hand is pubescent, but otherwise almost smooth. The left chelipede extends to a point opposite the middle of the carpus of the larger chelipede. It is everywhere clothed with rather long hairs, and the upper margin of the carpus is carinated. The ambulatory legs are very long and slender, even exceeding the chelipedes, and they are everywhere glabrous. The anterior margin of all the joints, but especially the meri, carries a few setose hairs, and there is a small spinule at the anterior distal end of the carpi. The dactyli are slightly bent, and flattened towards their apices; their apical portions carry long setose hairs. . The single specimen measures as follows :-— Length of carapace sve ase ied OO Ns MO am » » Tight chelipede — on iu iio) BE, » sy left chelipede ... «ve bie Ns OP mae 35 Merus of right chelipede ... ee ccs T LGRVG ss gy, Carpus of same ov oe ie Fy > 4) Propodus of sante tt U% 53 Boy s 35 dactylus of same fii i vi: ah 09 Gara ss) Second right leg. bi HAE ote 1 ol gre mt 3 33 propodus of same | eva is a? WPS ;; ,, dactylus of same 20°: The gill-filaments are somewhat “flattened, anid arranged, as usual in the. genus, in four rows; the filaments of each outer row are about two-thirds the length of, and at the same time somewhat narrower than, those of the inner row. The present species, which I have pleasure in associating with the name of Surgeon-Captain A. R. S, Anderson, is in some respects similar to P. pilosimanus,* S. I. Smith, but is more slender, and distinguished at once by the different nature of its ophthalmic scales, In the latter respect it is more like P. affinis, Henderson, but this latter is a much stouter species, and differs from the one just described i in many respects. * According to MM. A. Milne-dwardd and Bouvier, the Parapagurus diovan of my Report on the “ Challenger’ Anomaura, is identical with P. pilesimaviws; At the time the Report was written I had compared the “ Challenger” specimens, with those taken by the “Talisman,” to which A. Milne-Edwards had given the, name of Pagurus abyssorum, and finding them identical, described the species under the latter specific name. The Ewpagurus jacobii, A. Milne-Edwards, is also identical with P. pilosimanus, = | er . Te ee a ee re. i tha Salt a -,, 1896. | dR Henderson — Some “. Investigator a Payuridex. 531 From the same locality— station 150—there are two small individuals (male and female), which I consider as undeveloped individuals of P. andersont; one is in a similar shell to that which holds the adult type, with an investing anemone, while the other is in w Natica. In the larger specimeu the carapace measures only 7 mm. in length. Both exhibit much less relative elongation of the chelipedes and ambulatory legs, rendering it probable that elongation is a special character of adult males. The joimts of the right chelipede are more definitely subspinose, especially the under surface of the merus and the edges of the hand and fingers, but the subspiniform granulation can of course only be made out with a lens. The hand is broader than in the adult, and more ovate in shape. In one specimen only two denticles can be made out at the apices of the ophthalmic scales, but in the other specimen there are three denticles. 13. *Parapagurus minutus, n. sp. Station 150, off the north Maldive Atoll, depth 719 fathoms. Nine specimens—all living in Dentaliuwm shells—including two females with ova. The shell tenanted by the largest example is covered by a colony of Hpizoanthus, composed of four polyps. In this minute species, which appears to be fully adult, as shown by the presence of eggs, the largest example has the carapace, chelipedes, and legs glabrous with a white porcellanous aspect. In the smaller specimens there is a slight pubescence on all the above named -parts, including the eye-stalks, where the hairs may be rather long. Hairs are met with in this last situation even in the largest specimen. The anterior portion of the carapace is glabrous and regularly convex, with the exception of a slight wrinkling antero-laterally. The median frontal projection is scarcely indicated. The eye-stalks exhibit considerable basal dilatation, and the narrowed apex carries a reduced but deeply pigmented cornea. The ophthalmic scales are minute, and terminate in a subacute point. The antennal peduncles slightly exceed the eye-stalks; the acicle is almost straight, ciliated, and faintly spinose on its inner margin; the external prolongation of the second joint exhibits considerable depth, and its apex can scarcely be termed acute. The antennular peduncles exceed the eye-stalks by more than the length of the last peduncular joint—this however is almost a generic character. The antennal flagellum is apparently not longer than the body, if as long. The right chelipede has the joints of a white porcellanous aspect. The hand (omitting the fingers) is slightly longer than the carpus, but the proportion seems to vary slightly in different specimens. * Ill. Zool. Investigator, Crustacea, pl. xxxii. fig. 3 (in preparation), 532 J. R. Henderson — Some “ Investigator” Puguride. [No. 3, The length of the hand is not quite twice its breadth. In the largest specimen the joints of the chelipede are almost smooth, there being only a faint denticulation, or almost granulation, visible on the margins of the hand and fingers, but in other specimens there is a regular minute serration, and in these cases the margins are thinner or less rounded. In some cases minute granules are visible on the under surface of the hand and wrist. In one or two examples-the tip of the dactylus is bent under that of the immobile finger. The smaller or left chelipede extends to about the middle of the hand of the larger chelipede, and in some cases even to the articulation of the dactylus. The ambulatory legs are unarmed, though faintly pubescent, especially the terminal portions of the dactyli. The dactyli are not quite twice the length of the propodi. The gills are similar to those of P. andersoni, but the lamellae are narrower. The eggs are moderately large, and the oviducal opening of the female is, as usual in the genus, present only on the left side. The largest specimen is a female with ova, which measures as follows :— Length of body* coe ae 2 [Cae 5 »» carapace Bsc owe ue oe.) i », right chelipede = << con Seer » 9 first right leg .. a oe The chief feature of Ené species is its ioaai'e size. Although the fact that some of the females carry ova is not in itself sufficient to indicate that they have attained their maximum size, yet I think it may be safely assumed that by this time they have developed all the leading specific characters. In some Pagurids, notably the common European Hupagurus bernhardus, (Linn.) considerable differences may be observed in the size of egg-bearing females. Genus Sympacourvs, S. I. Smith. This genus according to A. Milne-Edwards and Bouvier, is distin- guished from Parapagurus solely by the arrangement of the gills, which are biserial and not quadriserial, and in the opinion of these obervers the two genera ought probably to be united. A connecting link occurs in the S. nudus, A. Milne-Edwards, taken by the ‘‘ Hirondelle,” in which at the base of each branchial lamella there is an external rudimentary lamella, and if the Jatter were somewhat larger the gill would resemble that of a Parapagurus. The evidence furnished by this species, tends at * Owing to the species inhabiting a Dentalium shell, the body—unlike that of most Pagurids—is fully extended. AE ee are ae. eee se eee ee ee 1896.) J. R. Henderson — Some “ Investigator” Paguride. 533 least to show that characters derived from the gills are of somewhat doubtful value in the classification of the Paguridae. On the other hand the species of Sympagurus do not appear as a rule to reach the great depths at which species of Parapagurus are found, and in some of the species, including the one about to be described, the eye-stalks, unlike those of the last named genus, exhibit a certain amount of dilatation. Moreover the gill-branches of Parapagurus are more or less filamentous, while those of Sympagurus are lamellate. For the present the two genera may therefore I think be kept separate. 14. *Sympagurus monstrosus, (Alcock). (?) Parapagurus monstrosus, Alcock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xiii. 1894, p. 243. Station 151, off the coast of Ceylon, depth 142 to 400 fathoms. Four specimens. Station 162, off the Madras Coast, depth 145 to 250 fathoms. A large number of specimens, the majority inhabiting Rostellaria shells, some of which have an investing Hpizoanthus, others an Actinia. The anterior portion of the carapace is slightly convex, with a curved line on either side terminating behind the basal joint of the antennal peduncle. The three frontal projections are slight, but the median one exhibits a faint dorsal carina. The eye-stalks are stout, with the upper surface slightly pubescent, and the corneae consider- ably dilated. The ophthalmic scales are broad basally, but acute and spinulous at the apex. The antennal peduncle only slightly exceeds the. eye-stalk ; the acicle is moderately curved, with its inner margin dentate ; the external prolongation of the second peduncular joint is spinulous. The antennular peduncle exceeds the eye-stalk by slightly more than the length of the terminal peduncular joint. The chelipedes are slightly pubescent, and yet glabrous, with the terminal joints of the larger one regularly dentate. The right cheli- pede has the merus provided with a serrated lobe on its lower distal margin, while the upper margin is more faintly serrated, and the outer surface is obscurely tuberculate. The carpus is considerably swollen below, and all its projecting margins are dentate, the denticles being best marked on the outer margin, and on the lower and inner margin. The upper surface of the hand is regularly arched or convex from end to end, the curvature showing clearly on the thin outer margin; both inner and outer margins are regularly dentate, the thick inner margin showing a double line of denticles. The upper surface of the hand is smooth and glabrous, only a few minute granules being present, but it is at the same time more or less pubescent. The fingers are strongly * Tl. Zool. Investigator, Crustacea, pl. xxxii, fig. 4 (in preparation). o. 147'68 534 J. R. Henderson— Some “ Investigator” Paguride. [No. 3, incurved, and the upper margin of the dactylus is strongly dentate. The left chelipede is slender and almost smooth, with the carpus con- siderably longer than the hand, and the fingers about equal in length to the palm. The ambulatory legs are practically smooth, only afew marginal © hairs being present. The anterior margin of the meriis faintly tuber- cular, and in some specimens there is a denticle at the anterior distal end of the carpus. The dactyli are about one and a half times the length of the propodi, The gills are biserial, without any trace of outer lamellae; the inner lamellae are long and somewhat narrow, resembling those of S. ptlimanus, A. Milne-Kdwards, as figured by Milne-Edwards and Bouvier, in their Report on the “ Blake’ Pacuridae. An adult male gives the following measurements :— Length of body Aes oa a .. a See fi » right cheliped sa eae i a e ,»» left chelipede 3 ee i) » » thirdrightleg — An aa . » eye-stalk ry tie Pos +, ne This species is closely allied to Parapagurus gracilis, Henderson (which is probably a Sympagurus), taken by the “ Challenger” off Pernambuco, at a depth of 350 fathoms. It agrees with the latter in the character of its eye-stalks, bat the dilatation of the corneae is somewhat greater in 8. monstrosus. It differs, however, in the more regu- lar dengiculation of its hand, while this part is also considerably broader in the ‘‘Challenger ” species. It also bears considerable resemblance to S. arcuatus, A. Milne-Edwards and Bouvier, from the West Indies, in which however, the larger hand is more distinctly granulated on the 23 upper surface, and the carpus presents a row of denticles on its upper surface, bordering the articulation of the hand. Subsequent investiga- tion may possibly show that all three species are identical. UNDETERMINED SPECIES. 15. Clibanarius sp. Great Sober Island, Trincomallee Harbour. Four small speci- mens. The largest example measures only 20 mm. in total length, and all are obviously very young. They probably belong to some common litoral species. 16. Hupagurus sp. Station 151, off the coast of Ceylon, depth 142 to 400 fathoms 1896. | J. R. Henderson — Some “ Investigator” Paguiide. 535 A female apparently adult, and a very young individual in shells (Murex ?), overgrown by an Hpizoanthus, The larger specimen has lost its abdomen, but the carapace mea- sures 10 mm, in length. Both the median and lateral frontal projections are prominent and subacute, the mediau being somewhat better marked than the lateral. The eye-stalks are rather short, while the narrow and acute ophthalmic scales are separated by a somewhat narrow interval. The external prolongation of the secondejoint of the antennal pedun- cle, and the antennal acicle, are both well developed; the antennal flagellum is not twice the length of the carapace, aud is fringed with long hairs. The chelipedes and ambulatory legs have a dense covering of long yellowish hairs on their upper surface. The right chelipede is stouter but only slightly longer than the left; its fingers move in a horizontal plane, and have horny tips. The carpal and propodal joints show a few acute denticles scattered among the hairs on the upper surface. The dactyli of the ambulatory legs are provided with yellow horny apices. | I hesitate to describe this species under a new name as the sing'e adult specimen is very incomplete, and it is impossible to ascertain whether sexual appendages were present or not. If the species is an Hupagarus, as is seems to be, it is probably new, and is chiefly charac- terised by the form of its chelipedes, and the strongly marked pubescence. e 17. GLAUCOTHOE. Station 150, off the North Maldive Atoll, depth 719 fathoms. A single example measuring about 20 mm. in length. The right chelipede is granulated and cousiderably larger than the left. The abdomen is slighly folded on itself perhaps accidentally, bat is not spirally twisted. The species agrees with G. peronit, Milne- Hdwards (Ann. Sci. Nat, t. XIX. p. 334, pl. VIII. 1830), in its un- equal chelipedes, whereas in G. rostrata, Miers, and G. carinata, Hen- derson, they are equal. It is distinguished from Milne-Edwards’ species by the granulation of the larger chelipede, the presence of a rather broad median frontal projection, and by the greater length of the ambulatory (or possibly swimming) dactyli, which in Milne- Edwards’ figure are represented as about equal in length to the propodi, while ith our example they are fully one and a half times as long. Milne- Edwards’ example was also considerably smaller. 7 Glaucothvé has been regarded both as an adult, and as an imma- . 536 D. Prain— Indian Convolvulacee. [No, 3, ture form, but the balance seems in favour of the latter view. No trace of sexual openings cau be made out in the ‘ Investigator’ speci- men, nor do they appear to have been described in any of the preyvi- ous records. It is apparently very rare, and it is difficult even to sur- mise what Pagurid it can be the normal larva of, soit may possibly be an arrested larval form. If Miers’ theory as to the nature of Grimothea gregaria, Leach, be correct, viz., that this Galatheid is merely a pelagic larval form of Munida subrugosa (White), we would have a similar parallel, but there is no evidence to show that Glaucothoé leads a pelagic life. eae eee eee SO Novicie Indice XIIf. Further Notes on Indian Convolvulacese ; with descriptions of three additional species.—By D. PRAIN. [Recd. 24th June, Read 1st July. | Since the presentation of the notes on Convolvulacexe published as Noviciew Indice VIII, in August 1894, three more species have been added tothe Indian Flora, Descriptions of these are now given for the convenience of field-botanists aud the present opportunity is taken of adding notes regarding several species already dealt with. ]. ERYCIBE Roxs. 10. HERyYcIBE cortacea Wall. % . While at work in the Prodromus Herbarium of M. Casimir de Candolle at Geneva, the writer was able to compare examples of H. fragrans (agreeing with Wall. Cat. n. 1836) with the apparently unique specimen of LH. coriacea Wall. (Cat. n. 1337) which has not been lost but is safely preserved in the cover in which M. Choisy had placed it. Its flowers are exactly identical with those of Wall. Cat. n. 1336 nor do its leaves differ sufficiently, in the writer’s opinion, to admit of the two plants being treated even as distinct varieties. 15. EryciBe Festiva Prain, Nov. Ind. viii. 76. In the description, for “‘ cymes many-fid.” read “ cymes 7-12-fld.” 17. EryciBe srricosa Prain; branchlets round densely covered with a black adpressed tomentum, leaves rather long-petioled thinly coriaceous glabrous above densely covered with a black adpressed tomentum beneath, elliptic, base cuneate apex rather long-acuminate, lateral nerves visible beneath not above, cymes few-fld. in long narrow axillary panicles with densely rusty tomentose rachis, peduncles and pedicels. Matay Peninsuta: Perak, at Taaipeng 500-800 feet elev., Kunstler ~ n. 8461! 1896. | D. Prain— Indian Convolvulaces. 537 A creeper 40-60 feet long with stems 1-2 in. in diam. Leaves 2-4 in. by 1} in., dark green above dark brownish-black beneath as are the branches; lateral nerves 5 pairs oblique, secondary veins not visible. Panicles 3-6 in. long, } in. wide, pedun- cles of individual cymes { in. or less, pedicels short, bracteoles linear deciduous. Sepals rusty pubescent, orbicular. Corolla-lobes apparently white, interlobular portion brown tomentose externally, lobules ovate margins subentire. Fruit not seen. . Pes ee mca This species is very distinct from any of the others by reason of the black tomentum on the leaves beneath. 2. RIVEA Caolsy. 1. Rrivea ornata Choisy. var. Griffith Clarke. Further large suites of this very distinct variety (i.e, of Dr. Roxburgh’s original Lettsomia ornata) have been brought to Calcutta from the Duars by Mr. Haines. These make it more probable than ever that Roxburgh’s plant is specifically distinct from Convolvulus candicans Roth. Mr. Haines has demonstrated that the plant is quite common in the Sub-Himalayan region far to the Hast of the Sivoke Sal Forest and that it extends at least as far as the Assam Frontier. More interesting still is the fact that, since the previous paper was written, Dr. King’s native collectors have sent large suites of specimens from, and report the plant to be quite common in, the Southern Shan States. From no part of its wide area, (from the Sivaliks to the Shan Hills) come any specimens showing ' the slightest tendency to connect Roxburgh’s plant with Roth’s one from Southern India. 5. [TPOM@A Livny. 21b. Ipoma@a sctnpica Stapf, Decades Kewenses ix, n. 87 in Kew Bulletin, September 1894, 346; hairy, leaves triangular-hastate acute or acuminate, cymes few-fld. often reduced to 1-2 flowers, axillary short- peduncled, bracts short linear or linear-subulate, corolla small funnel- shaped, capsule globose glabrous, seeds thinly grey-velvety. : SoinpeE: Cooke ! Stems prostrate slender hispid. Leaves $-2} in. long, glabrescent above, hirsute but at length also glabrescent beneath ; petiole 4-1 in. Peduncles } in., sepals 1 in., in fruit 1 in. long. Corolla } in. long. Capsule + in. long. Nearly related to I. eriocarpa but with glabrous in place of hairy capsules and hairy in place of glabrous seeds; also to I. Stocksii but with different hairs on seeds and with very different leaves. 6. LEPISTEMON Btvme. 2. LupisvpMon LerocaLyx Stapf, Decades Kewenses xviii, n. 172 in Kew Bulletin, May 1895, 113; tawny-hirsute, leaves ovate-cordate acuminate entire or casually obscurely 3-lobed, cymes congested umbel- ‘late, sepals ovate-rotund quite glabrous, corolla urcevlate. 538 A. Alcock— New species. of Branchipus. [ No. 3, TRAVANCORE: near Keni, in secondary forest, Bourdillon ! Stem scandent tawny-hirsute. Leaves 2 in. long, 14-25 in. wide, tawny-hirsute as are the petioles 1-1; in. long. Pedwncles 1-2} in., tawny-hirsute: cymes many- fid.; pedicels }in. Calyx in. quite glabrous. Corolla 4 in., yellow, tnbe urceolate limb short; filaments glabrous ; basal processes papillose. Ovary 2-locular, locules 2- ovuled ; base surrounded by a deep disk. The presence of this genus in Southern India is interesting as the locality is mid-way between its Malayan and its African habitats. The present species is somewhat intermediate in structure as well as in locality between the wide-spread African, and the almost equally wide-spread Indo-Chinese and Malayan species, | though it perhaps approaches more closely to the latter. Is is however abundantly distinet by reason of its quite glabrous obtuse sepals. 9. CONVOLVULUS Laiyy. 7b. CONVOLYULUS TENELLUS Stocks. Add to localities of Noviciae Indice viii. 102 :— N.-W. Himataya: Kashmir, Bargila, Winterbottom ! It is interesting to find that this was collected in Kashmir by Winterbottom during his 1847 journey; it is remarkable that no one has reported it from Kashmir since. Description of a New species of Branchipus from Calcutta.—By A. ALcooK, M.B., CM.Z.S., Superintendent of the Indian Museum. Plate X. [ Received 19th August, 1896. | The species here described and figured. was found in flooded rice- fields near Calcutta, by Museum fimployées Moti Ram and Seorutton. Twelve males and six egg-laden females were taken. It belongs to the section Streptocephalus of the genus Branchipus, aud is most closely related to Branchipus rubricaudatus, Klunziuger, from the south coast country of Arabia, and, through the female, to Branchipus torvicornis, Waga, from the neighbourhood of Warsaw. Branchipus (Streptocephalus) bengalensis, n, sp. The body in life is rather over an inch long, and is of a semi- transparent hyaline colour flecked with grey, except the tail-fork which is bright red. Spirit specimens are a good deal shrunken, and are uniform white. Behind the head are twenty segments, namely, 11 thoracic, each with a pair of swimming feet, and 9 abdominal, legless. Wach fork of the tail is over one-cighth of an inch long, and has beautifully plumose edges. uj 1896.] A. Aleoeck — Warning Oolowrs. 539 The antennules are well developed, and the eyes are large globular and stalked. The “ rostrum” is a small fleshy foliaceous excrescence, situated in front of the mouth, and furnished with a shovt median finger-like papilla: its free edge is thus somewhat trilobed, The antenne in the male are more than half as long as the body, Their basal joint has on the ventral surface, at the distal end, a curved rather rigid antenniform filament. The doubly-curved second joint has (1) at its proximal end, dor- sally, four curved flagella, one of which is much larger than the others and has its concave edge serrated ; and (2) along its outer and upper surface a row of long acicular spinelets. . The third segment, which joins the second almost at a right angle, bifurcates from its base into (1) a short upstanding (dorsad) branch, and (2) an obliquely-directed (ventrad) branch. The outstanding dorsad branch itself soon bifurcates into (1) a stout downcurved hooklet; and (2) a slender slightly eurved flagellum. The long veitrad branch consists of (L) a slender basal piece; and (2) two long slender flagella : the outer flagellum is elegantly euryed and hook-like; the inner flagel- Inm, which has its dorsal edge armed with a row of short spinelets, again bifurcates—the outer (longer) branch of this last bifurcation being also curved and hook-like. The antenne im the female form a pair of short broad leaf-like lobes—-usually with a thickened fleshy midrib—bending over the eyes in repose, like curtains. Tn the above description the antennz cf the male are supposed to be fairly well extended, not flexed in repose; and the animal is sup- posed to be in morphological position, not swimming on its back as in life. A male and an ege-laden female were liberated in the Museum tank in the hope of establishing a supply of this large and beautiful species. An Instance of the Natural Repellent Effect of “* Warning Colours.” —By A. ALCOCK, M.B., 6.M.Z.8., Superintendent of the Indian Museum. [ Received 19th August, 1896.] The observation here recorded appears to be noteworthy as corro- borative evidence in favour of the protective value of ‘ Warning Colours.” I have in my possession a very docile young Himalayan bear, one of whose most strongly marked appetites is for grasshoppers. He seizes 540 A. Aleock— Warning Colours. [ No. a greedily, and crunches with every sign of relish, the common bright- green and dull-brown grasshoppers found in Calcutta; and one of the few displays of real ill-temper of which he has been guilty was occa- sioned by my attempting to pick up a large grasshopper that had dropped from his mouth. ~ Recently I offered him a specimen of the glaring-coloured and evil- pee Aularches miliaris (Linn.) which, as soon as he smelt it, he re- fused in a most comical way, but without any show of anger or violent distrust. (It may be re-called to memory that, in life, Awlarches miliaris has the abdomen broadly cross-striped in alternate black and scarlet, and the forewings black with large canary-yellow spots, and also. that it secretes a most peculiarly pungent-smelling frothy fluid.) A little after the first refusal I again forced the insect upon him, when he stood up on his hindlegs and violently struck it out of my hand, in exactly the same way as—after a single experience of their nature—he is accustomed to treat the offer of a burning cigar-end or a lighted match. Whenever now I show him this grasshopper (Auwlarches miliaris), he first endeavours to move off; but if he is compelled to face it, he rises and strikes one’s hand such a hearty cuff that the insect is nan out of one’s grasp. The bear also has certain amount of objection to a very large spiny- legged species of Acridiwm and to a species of Huprepocnemis ur. robusta Serv. with spiny legs, if these are offered to him alive and with their legs intact. In these cases the dislike is not to the insect, but only to its hard spiny legs, and it is not accompanied by any gesture of fear or appre- hension—for it is these emotions, rather, perhaps, than blind anger, that the bear’s cuff seems to be meant to express. I may mention that the bear lives, as far as is possible, in a state of nature: it is never confined, and is only chained up when nobody can be spared to watch it. I offer this note as a simple record of fact. So far as it goes it appears to support the almost universally accepted though now by no means unquestioned beliefs (1) that when an insect has been found by experience to be unpleasant to (taste and) smell it has only to be seen to be avoided: and (2) that any conspicuous markings that lead to the immediate recognition of such an insect by eyesight and at a distance are likely to be of such vital benefit to the insect as to be acted on by Natural Selection. 1896. | D. Prain— Some additional Solanacez. 541 Noviciz Indice XIV. Some additional Solanacee.-- By D. Pratn. [Recd. 24th June Read Ist July. } The present paper contains descriptions similar to those in the Flora of British India of a few species that have been recorded as Indian since the account of the order contained in that work was published, 1. SOLANUM Liyy. 6b. Soranum Kurz Brace MSS. in Herb. Calcutta ; leaves ivregu- larly ovate, with subtruncate base acute apex and deeply triangularly lobed margin, densely tomentose beneath, more sparingly above, ra- cemes lateral 8-12-fid., calyx-teeth ovate-lanceolate, corolla violet-purple. S. pubescens var.? lobata C. B. Clarke in Flor. Brit. Ind. iv. 231. S. pubescens Kurz ex C. B. Clarke loc. cit., not of Willd. Sikkim; at 4000 feet elevation 7’. Thomson! King! Kuasia: G. Mann! A small tree (Thomson) quite unarmed; branches densely stellately woolly. Leaves 3-4 in. long, 2-2°5 in. across; lobes *75-1 in. deep, ‘5 in. across, sabacute or acute, base unequally truncate stellately woolly, above sparsely beneath very densely ; lateral nerves about 5 pairs prominent beneath ; petiole 1-1'25 in., densely stellately woolly. Racemes densely woolly, peduncles 1 in. pedicels ‘25-5 in. Calyx shortly campanulate, lobes ‘15-"2 in. in flower, ‘25 in. in fruit. Corolla violet-purple (Thomson) ‘5 in. across, closely tomentose without. Berry ‘4 in. in diam. globose smooth. This very distinct species appears to be rare. It was first collected by Dr. T. Thomson in 1857 and again by Dr. G. King in 1874, both times in Sikkim ; Mr. Gustav Mann collected it in the Khasia Hillsin 1877. No other botanist appears to have met with it before or since in either locality. The solitary specimen seen by Mr. Clarke had no fruit; it was therefore referred tentatively in the Flora of British India to S. pubescens. Mr. Brace, when Curator of the Herbarium at the Royal Botanic Garden, having seen excellent fruiting specimens collected by Dr. King was able to decide that the plant is a distinct species; he has noted it as intermediate, in his opinion, ‘“ between S. verbascifolium and S. pubescens.” 7, SoOLANUM sUBTRUNCATUM Wall. Add to localities of F. B. I. :-— Matay Peninsuta: Perak, Kunstler n. 4709! n. 10260! Wray n. 3409 ! 3968! Scortechini ! 16. SoLANUM BARBISETUM Nees, var. Griffithii, var. nov.; all parts densely shortly softly stellate woolly. Assam: Grifith n. 5911/1 [K.D.]! Jenkins! Upper Burma: at Poneshee, J. Anderson ! | J. mu. 69 542 D. Prain-— Some additional Solanacew. [ No. 3, In general appearance and in leaves this resembles S. indicwm just as much as typical S. barbisetum resembles S. ferox ; so unlike are the two plants that it is at first sight difficult to realize that they are conspecific. The calyx, corolla and fruit are, however, exactly alike in both. 17. SoLanuM KHASIANUM Clarke. Add to localities of F. B. I. :— Naga Hitts : Kohima, etc., common; Watt! Clarke! Prain! Urrer Burma: Maymyo, King’s Collector! Hotha; J. Anderson ! 93b. SoLanum sisyMBRiroLiuM Lamk Illust. 2386 ; glandular hairy ; leaves oblong pinnatifid or 2-pinnatifid prickly, peduncles extra-axillary and terminal many-fid.; berry subglobose glabrous, when young over- topped by the inflated 5-angled often armed calyx-tube which ultimately becomes reflexed and exposes the edible fruit. Dunal, Sol. 232 and in DO. Prodr. xiii. pt. 1. 326. 8S. inflatum Hornem. Hort. Hafn. i. 221. S. Balbisii Dun. Sol. 232; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2568, t. 2828. Lower BrenGaL: occasionally, as an escape, in waste places and on river banks. Nuiteurris: at Coonoor, apparently naturalized. KHaAsta Hints: at Shillong quite naturalized and rapidly spreading. A villous viscous undershrub with simple gland-tipped hairs; prickles long straight slender subulate yellow or reddish-yellow. Leaves 6-12 in. long, 4-7 in. wide, lobes acute sinuate-dentate the terminal exceeding the others, softly sub- viscously hairy, lateral nerves 4-5 pairs prominent, like midrib beneath, beset with long hairs and armed on both surfaces; petiole 1°5-7 in. slightly decurrent prickly. Calyx 5-partite tube ovate cupular, lobes lanceolate acute sparingly armed. Corolla 1 in. across slightly hirsute externally, white or violet. Berry ‘5 in. diam., red. A rather variable species, frequently cultivated, readily escaping and, at least in the Khasia Hills, thoroughly naturalized. The form from Coonoor has violet flowers, that usually met with in Lower Bengal has white flowers. Both forms are sent from Shillong but the form that has become so completely naturalized is the white-flowered one. The berry in Indian specimens is always red. The species is a native of S. America, but it has of late years been so frequently sent to Cal- cutta Herbm. for identification, with the remark that it could not be found in the Flora of British India, that a description is now given. 256. Sovanum, scinpicum Prain; all parts closely white woolly, leaves ovate or elliptic irregularly sinuate or lobed without prickles, cymes lateral and terminal 6-8-fld., corolla blue, berry globose much exceeding the calyx-lobes, Cutcu: Stoliczka! Scinpe: Stocks! Cooke! Raspurana: Jessole King! ‘ An undershrub, stems and branches beset with short stout much com- pressed and much recurved prickles; leaves ‘5-1'5 in. across irregularly obtusely sinuate or lobed, base cordate, petiole ‘25-5 in. Peduncles 1 in. and slender pedicels ‘6 in. long always unarmed: Calyz-lobes ‘15 in. wide, triangular, hardly enlarged in fruit. Corolla ‘6 in. across externally densely woolly, lobes triangular almost as long as tube. Berry *3 in. indiam.; seeds “15 in. diam. smooth. 1896. | D. Prain—Some additional Solanacez. 543 This plant has long been known in Herbaria; it has been issued ag S. gracilipes from Herb. Calcutta and as 8. indicum var. from Herb. Poona but obviously is not referable to either species. It stands very nearly intermediate between S. gracilipes and 8. trilobatum. With S. gracilipes it agrees in having the leaves unarmed and cordate at the base and in having unarmed peduncles and pedicels; it differs in having more deeply lobed leaves, more numerous flowers, broader and shorter calyx-lobes, shorter stouter and compressed not conical prickles. With S. trilobatwm it agrees in having lobed leaves and in having compressed prickles; it differs in having the leaf-bases cordate; in having the leaves, peduncles and pedicels unarmed aud in being densely persistently woolly in all its parts. In tomentum and general appearance it closely resembles 9. albicaule Kotschy with which it agrees in flower and in fruit. But the leaves of S. albicaule are less deeply lobed, and are rather narrower and more acute ; its prickles too are conical as in S. gracilipes not compressed as in S, trilobatum and 8S. scindicum. The whole facies of S. scindicwm is quite unlike that of S. indicum, the other species with which it has been compared; the prickles on the branches are much less recurved in S. indicum; the leaves sre armed on the nerves beneath in that species, and the peduncles and calyx-lobes are beset with long straight slender prickles. 8. SCOPOLIA Jaca. 1. Scoroxuta LuRIDA Dunal. Add to localities of EF. B. I. :— Kamaon: Kutti valley, Duthie n. 3215! n. 5834! 10. HYOSCYAMUS Luiyy. 2b. Hyoscyamus reticuLatus Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 257; cauline leaves sessile ovate-lanceolate acute pinnatifid lobes acute, flowers subsessile, calyx sparsely pubescent teeth large triangular mucronate, corolla dirty yellow purple-veined.. Dunal DC. Prodr. xiii. 1. 547; Boiss. Flor. Orient. iv. 295. H. Camerarii Fisch. & Mey. Ind. Sem. Petrop. iv. 38; Dunal, DC. Prod. xiii. i. 547. H. pinnatifidus Schlecht. Linnea (1843), 127. British Betucwistan: Quetta, Stocks! Lace! Duthie! Kurram VALLEY: Attchison ! Densely pubescent with short glandular tomentam and long white hairs inter- mixed. Leaves 5 in. long, 1-15 in. wide. Lower pedicels in fruit ‘3 to ‘din. Calyx in flower °65 in. teeth longish triangular, in fruit 1:25 by ‘5 in. subcontracted in the middle, teeth ‘5 in. long rigid. Capsule ‘5 in. in diam. seeds ‘05 in. in diam, Nearest to H. néyer but easily distinguished by its much larger calyx-teeth. ‘ ss + ~ 4 2 . ra D * H r a r- ’ . _ - Me i ‘ 2 - ~ . Hib 7 Sa) . - = i " id * I * an - 4 i 4 . ee i JOURNAL OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL. aS ume Vol. LXV. Part I1—NATURAL SCIENCE. No. IV.—1896. Notes on the action of Nitric Oxide on Alkalies—By A. Pupier, F.R.S., and JYOTIBHUSHAN Buaport, M.A. [Received Oct. 5th, 1896; Read 4th Nov., 1896.] . Gaylussac* found that when nitric oxide was kept for three months in contact with a concentrated solution of potash, it was resoly- ed into one-fourth of the original volume of nitrous oxide gas, and into nitrous acid, which latter combined with the potash. Cooke,+ Russellf and Lampraik and others have also come to the same conclusion. They have moreover found that nitrogen is in addition liberated. Sabatier and Senderens§ more recently have also studied the action of nitric oxide on metals and metallic oxides. The action of nitric oxide on such substances as potassic or sodic hydrate might take place in three directions. It is possible, that according to the analogous case of the action of nitrogen tetroxide on -potassic hydrate, which as is well known yields a mixture of an equivalent amount of nitrite and nitrate, nitric oxide under the same circumstances might yield equivalent amounts of nitrite and hyponitrite, according to the equation :— 2NO0+2 KOH=NOOK+NOK+H,0. If this occurred the gas would be wholly dissolved by the alkali. * Gm. 2, 378. + O. N. 58, 115. t C. J. Trans. 32, 35 and 37. § Comptes Rendus. 114, 1429 and 1476; 120, 1158. Juan 40 546 A. Pedler— Action of Nitric Oxide on Alkalies. [No. 4, But if the nitrite only were formed the equation would be, 4NO+2KOH =2NOOK+N,0+H,0, or out of eight volumes of nitric oxide, two volumes of nitrous oxide would remain, and an absorption of three-fourths of the volume of the gas would take place. On the other hand, a direct combination of nitric oxide and the hydrate with the formation of a single salt might occur as in the supposed case, , -.2NO+2KOH=N,0,K,+ H,O, and thus the potassium salt of a nitrogen acid corresponding to hypo- vanadic acid might be produced. In this case also, the whole gas would combine with the alkali and no residual gas would be left. The work done in the researches alluded to previously having given no very positive proof as to whether either of the above reactions will occur, a series of experiments was commenced and had been brought to partial completion when salts of the missing acid, intermediate between 3 nitrous and hyponitrous acid and corresponding to hypovanadic acid, were obtained by a totally different method by Dr. A. Angeli (Gazetta Chimica Italiana, July 31, 1896), a summary of whose researches is given in “ Nature” for August 20, 1896. Angeli obtained the sodium salt of the new acid H,N,O, by the action of hydroxylamine on ethyl nitrate in presence of sodium ethylate, according to the equation :— C,H;,ONO, + NH,OH =C,H;0H+ H,N,Oz. As the problem was being attacked by us from a different direction, and the results we had obtained appeared to point to the second of the three possibilities occuring, namely the formation of a nitrite and free nitrogen monoxide, while the potassium salt of the new acid does not appear to be formed by the direct union of nitric oxide and potassium hydrate, it is thought of sufficient interest to put some of the experi- ments on record. In order to study the action of nitric oxide on alkalies two methods have been employed. In none of these experiments has solu- tion of alkaline hydrate been used. In order to hasten the absorp- tion the tubes containing the solid hydrate and the nitric oxide were invariably heated to temperatures higher than 100°C, sometimes up to 400°C. The consequence was that the same absorption, which was observed by Gaylussac and others to occur during three months, took place in the course of ten to twelve hours. Some tubes, however, were also exposed to the solar rays, but under these circumstances only slight absorption appeared to take place. The maximum absorption of nitric oxide by the hydrate varied from two-thirds to three-fourths of the 1896. ] A. Pedler— Action of Nitric Oxide on Alkalies. 547 original volume of the gas, and in no case was the gas absorbed as a ‘whole, as would be required if the salt of the new acid were being formed. Indeed in all cases, nitrogen monoxide was left, and this iid showed that the potassium salt of the new acid was not formed. The following will represent two typical experiments of the kind made :— 28th Feb. 1895. (a) A thick combustion tube containing about 11 grams of freshly prepared soda lime, and approximately 50:4 c.c. nitric oxide, containing about 3°/, of free nitrogen, was heated for 6 hours at 100-120°C, 18 hours at 200-210°C and one hour at about 320°C. When cold it was opened under mercury. The residual gas amounted to 15:2 cc. of which about 2°1 c.c. was found to be nitrogen, and the remainder nitrogen monoxide, thus— Original vol. of NO gh agg eels x3 100 But as 2:1 c.c. of nitrogen was found at the end of the experiment, therefore 2:1 c.c.—1°5 c.c. or 0'6 c.c. of nitrogen must have been formed by the further decomposition of nitrogen monoxide. Vol. of N,O+N formed from NO=15:2 c.c.—1°5 ¢.c.=138°7 c.c. = 48°9 «.c. Vol, of N,O jee At2—~ 2: be 13d. i 48:'9-13°7 35:2 Contraction aie raed aoe = 0772; or 72 per cent. of the gas had been absorbed, while theory requires 75 per cent., the remaining 25 per cent. of the volume being nitrogen monoxide, 5th March, 1895. (b). Caustic potash was used and the tube was heated for 13 hours to 200°C. Out of 486 ¢.c., 283 c.c. of gas remained behind. On treating with a concentrated solution of ferrous sulphate only 14°6 c.c, of what appeared to be pure nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen remained. 48°6 x3 Original vol. of nitric oxide sie SO Tana =47°1 c.c. pure NO. Vol. of unacted on nitric oxide ... =28°3 c.c.—14°6 c.c.=13°7 c.c. *, Vol. of NO taking part in the reaction 47:1] c.c.—13°7 c.c. =33°4 c.c. Vol. of nitrous oxide aula nitrogen from nitric oxide 146— 1:5=138:lee. Contraction yaa ae A contraction of 61 per cent. or nearly two-thirds of the volume. In the second method the action was observed in a silver boat within an open tube heated in a combustion furnace or tube heater. 548 N. C. Nag— Notes on New Salts of Cobalé and Nickel. [No. 4, The fused alkali, which to begin with was white, turned faintly yellow and became distinctly crystalline as absorption went on. After the ab- sorption had been completed, in a solution of the substance formed, silver nitrate gave the characteristic precipitate of silver nitrite. A quantita- tive determination of the silver salt gave 70°4 instead 70°71 per cent. of silver, showing that it was silver nitrite. Experiments have already been made with the hydrates of sodium, potassium, barium and calcium and with soda lime, and apparently the same action occurs in each. It is interesting to observe that anhydrous sodium carbonate when heated just to low redness in a current of nitric oxide also gives a small quantity of sodium nitrite. We reserve the full details of the experiments for a future communication. Notes from the Chemical Laboratory of the Presidency College, Calcutta. Notes on New Salts of Cobalt and Nickel.—By NacrenpRA CHANDRA Nac, M.A. Communicated by AtEx. Peper, F.R.S. [Received 22nd September, 1896; Read 4th Nov., 1896. } While examining some samples of bromine, last March, some bromine, mixed with solution of potassium bicarbonate, was added to eobalt chloride solution, with the expectation that it would give a precipitate with the cobalt, but contrary to experience a green solution was formed of a colour just like that of nickel salts. A green cobalt salt solution was naturally very striking, and an attempt was made to isolate this compound. While the experiments were proceeding, a paper was read before the Chemical Society in London, on April 23rd, 1896, by R. G. Durrant, who had noticed the same formation of a soluble green cobalt salt. The abstract of this paper is published at page 96 of the Proceedings, of the Chemical Society for 1896, but though several numbers of the Journal have since appeared, no full description of these experiments has been published. In the abstract the green substance is conjectured to be a cobaltate or cobaltic acid H,CoO,, and the probable reaction from hydrogen peroxide, which was the process used, is given as:— _ CoCO;+,H,O0,= H,Co0O,+ CO,+ H,0. In the absence therefore of any fuller published information, and as the compound obtained here was produced by a slightly different process to that used by Mr. Durrant, a few particulars of the work done are placed before the Society. To get the product free from potassium chloride, it is best to take 1896. ] N. C. Nag—Notes on New Salts of Cobalt and Nickel. 549 cobalt carbonate precipitated with potassium bicarbonate, and then to add to it a solution of potassium bicarbonate in excess and afterwards bromine; there is a rapid effervescence of earbon dioxide, while the pink precipitate of cobalt carbonate gradually goes into a solution of green colour, That the new compound is not a compound of bromine is seen from the fact that when a concentrated solution is shaken with alcohol and ether, the new compound, with excess of potassium bicarbo- nate settles down immediately and adheres to the bottom of the vessel, while the colourless solution with the whole of the bromine in the state of bromide, &c., can be poured off, leaving the new compound with the excess of potassium bicarbonate free from bromine compounds. But after this extraction with alcohol, the substance is liable to decomposi- tion even in watery solution, probably due to the presence of adhering alcohol. Use of filter papers with the substance is also not at all safe ; both of which facts point to the compound being of a highly oxidising nature, and easily decomposable by organic substances. All attempts to isolate the substance have hitherto failed. The compound seems to be an oxidation product corresponding, possibly, to the ferrates. If the aqueous solution of the new compound with the excess of potassium bicarbonate after extraction with alcohol and ether be left for some time, the solution as it becomes reduced exhi- bits dichroism, due probably, to the presence of a violet coloured precipi- tate which comes down. ‘lhe green solution when treated with yellow ammonium sulphide or sulphuretted hydrogen, first gives a dark brown solution, probably going to a lower oxidation product, and then becomes further reduced and precipitated. Solution of ammonia, too, reduces the substance, discharging the green colour, and giving probably cobalt- ammonium compounds. Attempts were made to prepare the corresponding nickel com- pound, but they were unsuccessful. Tf instead of adding potassium bicarbonate and bromine to cobalt carbonate, sodium acetate and bromine be added, a dark brown solution is obtained. The same process for nickel gives a solution of the colour of potassium bichromate solution; but on boiling, a part of the nickel salt comes down as a violet precipitate, whereas in the case of cobalt no such precipitate comes down, These would seem to be lower oxidation products than the one mentioned above ; for when to the brown cobalt solution containing excess of bromine, potassium bicarbonate solution is added, again the green solution referred to above is obtained. That nickel should give only the lower oxidation product, and that, even this should decompose on boiling is accounted for by the more basic nature of nickel. 550 A. Alcock & F. Finn — Afghan-Baluch Reptilia. [No. 4, It is suggested that the formation of these salts may, possibly, be represented by the following equations :-— (1) CoCO,+2Br,+6KHCO;=K,C00,+ 7C0,+ 4KBr+3H,0, | (2) (a) 6NiCO;+2CH,CO.ONa + 3Br,=Na,Ni,O, + 3NiBr,+ (CH,CO.O),Ni+ 6CO,. (b) Na,Ni,O,+ (CH,;CO.0),Ni=3Ni0,+2CH,CO-ONa. It has been said above, that the nickel solution decomposes on boiling, a part only of the nickel coming down, leaving a neutral solu- tion of apple-green colour. An Account of the Reptilia collected by Dr. F. P. Maynard, Captain A. H. McMahon, C.I.E., and the Members of the Afghan-Baluch Boundary Commission of 1896.—By A. Atcocg, M.B., C.M.Z.S., Superintendent of the Indian Museum, and F. Finn, B.A., F.Z.S., Deputy Superinten- dent of the Indian Museum. Plates XI-XV. [Received 10th September, 1896; Read 2nd December, 1896. ] The Reptiles mentioned in this paper were collected by the Mem- bers of the Afghan-Baluch Boundary Commission, in the early part of the present year,in the course of the demarcation of the boundary-line between Baluchistan and Afghanistan. They include several extremely rare, and two new, species of Lizards and two new snakes—a Lytorhynchus, and a Viper which forms the type of a new genus. The nature of the country in which they were collected is briefly described in the following introductory note by Dr. F. P. Maynard, I.M.S., who has also contributed field notes on the habits, colouration, ete., of the several species. All Dr. Maynard’s notes are enclosed between square brackets. [1. Note on the Physical Features of the country traversed by the Com- mission.—By Dr. F. P. Maynarp, I.M.S.] [ Spintijha, where the collecting began, is 6050 feet above sea level, and is situated among the Khwaja Amran mountains south of Chaman. There is here what is stated to be an earthquake crack running north- east to south-west. It runs at right angles to the natural drainage of the country, and is supposed to have opened and partially closed within the memory of man. Captain McMahon had previously traced it as far north as Murgha Chaman, and on this mission it was traced south nearly as far as Nushki, a total length of about 100 miles. The rocks on its western side are igneous and on its eastern sedimentary. ‘ } . Reg. No. 609, R. & A.—Jan. 97.— 380. Aloook & Finn, J, A. S. B. Vol. LXV, pt. 2, 1896. Bag sho THE ROUTE TRAVERSED BY THE BALUG Scale 7 ii | Sekhohao ees 1 j { Kala-t-Fath & RY, Z BZ Ui] be S sayy ft oe Pr ae 0 al “ois n. Ley y That 4K a Riera ry WG% ri & Reg. No. 712, As. Soe.—Jan. 97.— 800. Plate XI, ig roughly \FGHAN BOUNDARY COMMISSION OF 1996. : 40 Miles. SdrguHill\ e@ 3477 Shily ack : ke elie. kare b as fen ne | jae \ ia 6789 - S } Syed Dalbandin py gs 9 Se I 7 Rasko » \ nae = > Lad @ ct a ———— ia) ee a i Sorap, | alechah ; | g ay g | 6/4 Litho., S. I. O., Caleutisa. D (8 mms cw sees Ga see XII. 7 4 PLATE J.A.S.B. Vol.LXV, Pt. 2. 1896. A. Alcock & F. Finn LY ” ~2p2s2> = 2322 FA iz? 22> > ead PS. A.C.Chowdhary del. et. lith. PHRYNOCEPHALUS EUPTILOPUS. A.Aloock & F.Finn J. A.9.B. Vol. LXV, Pt. 2. 1898. OS oS XAOS Sg Career, soy SA AGE SY CTT ee i LL, $e SS ; LS Sy AX Iq) ; > ‘(p AN AP OAR A (] in (Ah / /M\ rf 1a i isi SCAPTIRA. APOROSCELES. — PLATE XII. Q eeeen YAS Not Serie priaecaeaniites CR oy 4 > Me Me vai S.C.Mondul del. et. hth: A.Aleock and F.Finn J-A.S.B. Vol.LXV. Pt.2. 1896. eS == ee LYTORHYNCHUS MAYNARDI et Lith. 5 y de! ihur = ae A. Chow« TE XV. PLA" A.Aleock & F. Finn J. A. S. B. Vol. LXV, Pt. 2. 1898. A.U.Chowdhary del. MACMAHONII. ERISTICOPHIS = ‘ %y: uf f > oo ha: ea 2 te - = ee +2 : ‘ 1 . P . . ’ ao ty ~ a) ‘ ‘ t - 1896. | A. Alcock & F. Finn — Afghan-Baluch Reptilia. 551 From Spintijha we struck the Lora River, and followed its course south to its termination in the plains of Shorawuk and Nushki. Game was abundant all along the river and most of the birds obtained were shot round about Sahib Zada Kili, a village at the northern end of Shorawuk, whichis all Afghan territory. Near this village the waters of the Lora river are diverted into irrigation channels, and used for turn: ing wheat-grinding mills. In February, at the time of our visit, wheat and barley crops were coming on well, and the plain appeared fertile. This appearance was confirmed by the numerous large pukka built villages, After leaving them we practically met with no more in- habitants, a few nomad families being the only people we saw. From Nushki onwards to Robat I, the country was of a more desert character, and water was scarce. Barren rocky mountains alternated with intervening sandy plains. We crossed the northern end of the Lora Hamun. This is a large area of flat desert ‘ pat’ which, having been occasionally flooded with water, has become covered with a thin saline coating, and is now one huge white level plain about 36 miles by 10 miles in area. It is without vegetation save for an occasional low bush. All the same some lizards were caught far from its edge, and we had a magnificent three miles gallop after ‘gad’ (antelope) which seemed to be fairly numerous and very wary and fleet. Robat I is situated just south of the Koh Malik-do-khand, on the bank of a small stream. This Koh is a remarkable granite mountain with a double peaked top which gives it its resemblance to a double crowned tooth,—the meaning of the nameit bears. Although there is said to be a ziarat (shrine) on the summit of the blunter peak, its sides are very precipitous and appear unscaleable, and rise straight up 2500 feet from the plain below, making the hill the most striking looking object for fifty miles round. On some rocks at the foot were scratched several rough sketches of ibex. Near the northern foot were some beds of red and white marble. There was also a hot spring credited with medicinal powers. The water contained chiefly sulphate of magnesium. From Robat I to Robat II (the word robat signifying outpost and being common all over Afghanistan), at the foot of the Koh-i-malik Siah, the country is desert pure and simple. The route skirted along the northern foot of successive barren mountain ranges and crossed alternate gravel plains (dasht) and sand mountains. ‘‘ Sandhill” does not describe these, as they are not composed of sand entirely, but are really rocky hills that have become buried in sand. Vegetation was very scanty and water even more so. Water was only met with in about seven places in the 270 miles, and was always saline and generally scanty, being found either in springs or by digging wells. 552 A. Aleock & F. Finn—Afghan-Baluch Reptitia, [ No. 4, Two salt lakes were seen. The Gaud-i-Zirreh, some 60 by 20 miles in size, is formed by overflow water from the Helmund river. The last flood was in 1884, but the lake is still very large. The water is intensely salt from evaporation. At its western end the lake receives the Shelag river, which is now dry, except near Godar-i-Shah, where a small salt lake still exists in the river bed. We dug wells near its banks and obtained very brackish drinking water. At Robat II, where Baluchistan, Afghanistan, and Persia meet, are the remains of extensive old copper smelting furnaces, and the hills round are said to be rich in metals. The only inhabitants of the desert plains seemed to be wild asses and lizards. Inthe different mountain ranges, Sultan Koh, Kacha Koh, etc., were seen ibex, markhor and oorial, but a few ibex only were obtained. The Sultan Koh are rich in assafcetida, sulphur and some dyes. We experienced great variations in the way of climate. In Febru- ary, while still among the Khwaja Amran and Sarlat mountains, the cold was intense. The thermometer was 15°5° below freezing point, and frozen soda-water, bath water and bread were common occurrences. Snow and hail fell frequently. Later on, in April and May, the heat was equally intense. Shade temperatures read up to 115°, and the solar radiation thermometer often registered 205°, the highest point to which the instrument could rise. Violent dust and sand storms occurred daily and ‘dust devils” literally swarmed. I have counted as many as twenty-six in sight at one time. They varied in size from tiny ones 18 inches high by two or three inches in diameter up to real whirlwinds, a hundred yards across and nearly a quarter of a mile in height, advancing ina grand and destructive manner, whirling everything along with them. Even comparatively small ones were much dreaded and left a line of fallen tents and scattered contents in their track whenever they passed through the camp. They invariably revolved the reverse way to watch hands and behaved generally as miniature cyclones. Mirdges were common, and some of the best were seen in the early chill mornings before the sun had risen, or just as it rose. In the absolute sandy desert a red haze was noticed round the moon: not a halo, but a diffused redness, more intense near the moon, and fading away very gradually into the surrounding sky. It was particularly well marked after sandstorms. The dryness of the air in the desert was extreme, the difference between the dry and wet bulb thermometers being fre- quently 30° to 40°. Thanks to the unusual rain in February—there had been none for two years previously—the hot weather was much delayed, and this it was that enabled the Mission to stay as late as it did. When leaving Robat I in the middle of May, the hot west winds were just 1896. ] A. Alcock & F. Finn— Afghan-Baluch Reptilia. 553 beginning to blow. Usually they begin early in April, and the inhabi- tants much dread their terrific heat, which they say shrivels everything up, and compels them to remain shut up in their tamarisk houses all day. Our slight experience of them before they had reached their full strength quite bore out these statements, and made us very thankful to get out of the country and back to civilisation. The 307 miles march from Robat I back to Quetta (done in 145 days including two days’ halts) was very trying indeed. I take this opportunity of thanking Captain McMahon, C.1L.E., British Commissioner, Captain H. F. Walters, 24th Baluchistan Regi- ment, Mr. G. P. Tate, Survey of India, Lieutenant F. C. Webb-Ware, 7th Bombay Lancers, Mr. Nicol Cumming, Head Clerk, Mir Shamshah, Faqir Ahmed, and others with the Mission for their enthusiastic help in collecting. | 2. Inst of the Species Collected. In this list the principal reference in every case is intended to be to Mr. Boulenger’s Standard Volumes—the British Museum Catalogue of Reptiles, and the Reptilia and Amphibia of the Fauna of British India Series. References are also given to citations of later date than the date of publication of those volumes, and to species figured in Mr. W. T. Blanford’s Zoology of Hastern Persia, although the latter, of course, are to be found in Mr. Boulenger’s synonymies. LACERTILIA. Family Geckonide. 1. Teratoscincus scincus (Schleg.) Teratoscincus scincus, Boulenger, Brit. Mus. Cat. Lizards, I. 12: Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (v) XIX. 1887, p. 384: Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. (ii) V. 1889, p. 94, pl. viii. Reds 8 IS9L, p. 629. Teratoscincus keyserlingit, Strauch, Mem. Ac. Sci. Petersb. XXXV. 1887, Art. 2, p. 68: Boettger, Zool. Jahrbuch., Syst. etc., III. 1888, p. 878. | [Two specimens. One was caught by Captain McMahon, at 2:30 A.M. on a moonlight night, in the desert between Drana Koh and Zeh, elevation 3000 feet. It ran in spurts from bush to bush and was diffi- cult to catch. It was marked with ten broad black cross-bands on the back and upper surface of the tail, with some reddish-brown scales between: abdomen and throat white: head marked above with black and dark brown. Skin very delicate and fragile —like human skin to the touch. The other was caught near Robat I, on the sand by a stream. The natives regard this species as poisonous. | dots #1 554 A. Aleock & F. Finn — Afghan-Baluch Reptilia. [No. 4, 2. Ceramodactylus afinis, Murray. Ceramodactylus afinis, Boulenger, Brit. Mus. Cat. Lizards, I. 14. Three specimens differing from the description (loc. cit.) in having five broken cross-bands across the dorsum, instead of four. {Caught near Robat I. Colour in life the same as in spirit]. 3. Stenodactylus orientalis, Blanford. Stenodactylus orientalis, Boulenger, Brit. Mus. Cat. Lizards, I. 16: Fauna Brit. Ind , Rept., p. 57, fig. 21. Colours in spirit pale sandy ; a dark band along either side from the snout, through the eye, to the thigh; dark brown reticulations on the upper surface. : [Colours in life: three irregular yellow longitudinal bands, with brownish-black stripes intervening, from top of head to tail: under surface of body and limbs delicate pinkish. ] 4. Gymnodactylus, sp. Two small tail-less specimens, apparently near G. Kachhensis, Stol. 5. Agamura cruralis, Blanford. Agamura cruralis, Boulenger, Brit. Mus. Cat. Lizards, I. 50: Fauna Brit. Ind., Rept., p. 71, fig. 23. [ Colours in life: five dark cross-bands with fawn-coloured bands between : similar narrower bands on legs and tail: ventral surface white, chin and throat dotted with black. One caught at Kacha (elev. 3300 ft.) was rich reddish sand-colour, with four dark cross-bands and nu- merous round raised yellow spots on the back; tail with light and dark bands above, yellowish white below ; belly white, throat finely speckled with brown; head sandy-brown with fine yellow dots. Iris greyish brown. It was noticed in this—and subsequently in several other species—that there was no consensual reaction of the pupils to light: each pupil contracted to ight and dilated in shade independently of the other, This species often bit fiercely at one’s finger. | 6. Agamura persica, Blanford. Agamura persica. Boulenger, Brit. Mus. Cat. Lizards, I. 51: Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. (ii) V. 1889, p.95, pl. ix. fig. 2: Strauch, Mem. Ac. Sci. Petersb. XXXV. 1887, Art. 2, p. 53: Werner, Verh. zool. bot. Ges, Wien, XLY. 1895, p. 14, [Ten young specimens of all sizes caught along whole line of march. Nine brownish cross-bars on back; brownish cross-bars on legs: general colour semitransparent: velvety to the touch. Iris with 1896. | A. Alcock & F. Finn— Afghan-Baluch Reptilia. 559 a yellow inner margin. The youngest, which was caught at night, had no definite colouration. | Family Agamide. 7. Agama isolepis, Boulenger. Agama isolepis, Boulenger, Brit. Mus. Cat. Lizards I. 342: Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. (ii) V. 1889, p. 96, pl. x: Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept., p. 147, fig. 43. | A very common species all over the country after leaving Lijji Talao. In general the throat and the under surface of the body and thighs were cobalt blue, fading in the dark but deepening in bright daylight ; a round bright yellow spot, the size of a hemp-seed, on each side of the neck behind the ear; iris brown. Brownish diamond-shaped spots on the back gave the animal, when at rest, some resemblance to au Mchis. ' All the specimens were caught on the ground, and though they some- times hid under bushes, none were seen on bushes. In some specimens eggs were present. | 8. Agama nupta, De Fil. Agama nupta, Boulenger, Brit. Mus. Cat. Lizards, I. 365: Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept., p. 151. Stellio nwptus, Blanford, Zool. HE. Persia, II. 317, pl. xix. fig. 1. [Four specimens, three caught on black rock at the foot of Koh Malik-do-khand, 5000 feet. Colour iron-black, in one alone the ventral surface was white. The tails broke readily. ] 9. Phrynocephalus olivieri, Gray. Phrynocephalus olivieri, Boulenger, Brit. Mus. Cat. Lizards, I. 371: Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. (ii) V. 1889, p. 96, pl. viii. fig. 2: Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept., p. 153, fig. 44: F. Werner, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, XLV. 1898, p. 16. Not uncommon. 10. Phrynocephalus ornatus, Boulenger. Phrynocephalus ornatus, Boulenger, Brit. Mus. Cat. Lizards, III. 496: Trans, Linn. Soc. Zool. (ii) V. 1889, p. 97, pl. viii, figs. 3, 83a-c: Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept., p- 164. [Thirty specimens. Common all along the line of march, from Nushki onwards. | 11. Phrynocephalus maculatus, Anderson. Phrynocephalus maculatus, Boulenger, Brit. Mus. Cat. Lizards, I. 377: Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. (ii) V. 1889, p. 97, pl. ix. fig. 3: Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept, p. 155. Twenty-one specimens. * ° 556 A. Alcock & F. Finn—Afghan-Baluch Reptilia. [No. 4, 12. Phrynocephalus euptilopus, n. sp. Plate XII. Head much depressed, snout extremely short; a row of enlarged projecting imbricate scales borders the supra-orbital region and extends anteriorly nearly to the nasals; upper head-scales small, obtusely keeled, not enlarged on occipital region; nostril turned upwards; nasals in contact or separated by one scale ; about three series of scales between the orbit and the upper labials. Dorsal scales small, homogeneous, imbricate, smooth or keeled, not enlarged on vertebral region ; small projecting spinose scales on the side of the head and neck; a fold along the flanks. Gular scales pointed, smooth or very feebly keeled; pectoral and ventral scales sharply mucronate, the former smooth or feebly keeled, the latter smooth. Scales on limbs smooth or keeled ; fringe at back of thigh not usually present. ‘Tibia longer than skull. The adpressed hind limb reaches the eye or the snout. Toes very long, the second, third and fourth with pro- gressively longer fringes of pointed scales on each side; on the fore-foot the fifth also with a double fringe; remaining toes with a single fringe. Tail depressed, tapering to a point, covered with keeled scales above and at the tip; lower caudal scales for about the proximal half of the tail smooth; the length of the tail about equals that of the head and body. Colours in spirit sandy, greenish on the head, spotted and vermicu- lated with blackish, more strongly on the sides aud limbs. In all the six specimens collected by the Mission there are some large black roundish spots on the vertex of the head and on the anterior part of the dorsum. Of these, five, situated one on the nape, and two on and two just behind the shoulders, aré very large, and are constant. Hnd of tail — black below and generally above. A large specimen measures :— Total length... ah et ons 4:8 in. Head asi ae abs bia ‘Bon oe Width of head sey os aie 35, Snout to vent as sie ih 245, Fore limb ... oe ore aa 1:25 Hind limb ... eee eae oe 2:0, rg Tail oe oe Ti ons 2°35. 5) This species comes nearest to P. interscapularis, Lichtenst. (Brit. Mus. Cat. Lizards, Vol. I, p. 378) but differs chiefly (actual specimens compared) in the following points :— 1. ‘The new species is very much larger. 1896. ] A. Alcock & F. Finn— Afghan-Baluch Reptilia. 557 2. The pectoral and ventral scales are much more sharply mucronate. 3. The digits are very much more strongly fringed. 4, The colouration is strikingly different. [All six were caught in April, near Darband, elevation 3000 feet. Darband is a small hollow in the sandy desert, with a couple of wells — the only water for 80 miles. The lizards were caught on reddish sand, into which, on being approached, they wriggled with such rapidity that they were with difficulty followed. Before burrowing into the sand one would some- times sit and look at you, gently waving its tail in the air, like a cat before making a spring. ‘The colours have much faded in spirit. In life the back was rich golden brown with the jet-black spots standing out like velvet: the throat in one was lavender, in others salmon pink: the belly was a beautiful silvery white. The upper surface of the limbs presented a lovely golden sheen; the top of the head was metallic green ; the distal half of the tail was black. ] 13. Phrynocephalus luteo-quttatus, Boulenger. Phrynocephalus luteo-guitatus, Boulenger, Brit. Mus. Cat. Lizards, III. 497: Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. (ii) V. 1889, p. 98, pl. viii. figs. 4, 4a-c: Faun. Brit. Ind. Rept., p. 155. EF. Werner, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, XLV. 1895, p. 16. ? Twenty-eight specimens. 14. Uromastix asmussit, (Strauch). Uromastix asmussii, Boulenger, Brit. Mus. Cat. Lizards, I. 409. Centrotrachelus asmussii, Blanford, Zool. H. Persia, II. 387, pl. xxi. Two specimens were brought down alive, but they did not thrive. The largest measures just over twenty inches. [ Three others were caught but got away, When caught they were very fat, and the colour of the back was buff with some of the enlarged tubercles orange-colour. When kept in a closed box they turned to an iron-grey colour and the orange faded entirely, but if removed into sun- shine the original colour returned —at first rapidly, but after some weeks captivity only after some hours’ exposure to light. The head and limbs at all times were of a dull grey colour. These lizards live in large wide-mouthed holes in stony ground, at the foot of the Kacha Koh. The burrows, which are altogether about three or four feet long, run obliquely for the first foot or eighteen inches, and then bend sharply at a right angle. The tail of this lizard is a formidable weapon: it is lashed out in defence, and it is probably used to clear the ground while burrowing. 558 A. Alcock & F. Finn— Afghan-Baluch Reptilia. [No. 4, The lizards were only to be seen either im the early morning or in the evening: in captivity they avoided, and appeared to dislike, the hot sun. The natives assert that they eat snakes, which is unlikely. Their stomachs were greatly distended with tamarisk usually. The natives also extract from them an oil which is used for rheumatism and as an aphrodisiac. It is said that the lizards sleep at the mouths of their burrows, and that shikarris catch them by creeping up and break- ing in the roof of the burrow with a large stone so as to block the burrow from behind. | Family Varanide. 15. Varanus griseus ( Daud.) Varanus griseus, Boulenger, Brit. Mus. Cat. Lizards II. 8306: Trans. Linn. Soe. Zool. (ii) V. 1889, p. 99: Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept., p. 163. Boettger, Zool. Jahrbuch. Syst. etc. III. 1888, p. 904. [ One, caught by a sepoy on the Shorawuk plain, was placed, when brought in, near some dead snakes, which it at once attacked, biting one of them savagely. Its colour was brick-red with dark greenish- black cross-bands. Another, 3 feet long, was caught under a bush near Robat I. It made no attempt to escape, but attacked and bit my hunting-crop, raising its head and body off the ground, pnffing itself out and hissing loudly. It had greyish-green cross-bands on the back, with irregularly disposed pink scales between, aud a pink tinge on the throat. | Family Lacertide. 16. wu ‘, > _ iu . } « =i 28 PND eke Names of New Genera and Species have an asterisk (*) prefixed. Ablepharus brandtii, 561 Acanthephyra, 93 - armata, var. fimbriata, 93 a brachytelsonis, 93 - cristata, 88, 94 oe curtirostris, 94 ACANTHEPHYRID, 93 Acanthocarpus, 138 Acanthodactylus cantoris, 558 ACANTHOPTERYGII, 311 Accipiter nisus, 567 Acer caudatum, 115 * ,, Papilio, 115 » pectinatum, 115 Achirus cyanea, 329 » oculus, 329 » wmbratilis, 329 Acridiwm, 540 ACRONURIDA, 315 Acropoma philippinense, 311 Actzxa granulata, 172 Actzcomorpha, 135, 165, 166, 170, 172 AS lepillutus, 172, 173 = > morum, 172, 296 Actinia, 533 Adlumia cirrhosa, 12 Aega, 88, 106 »» ventrosa, 106 Aegialitis dubia, 567 AEGIDA, 106 Agama isolepis, 555 » megalonyx, 566 » nupta, 555 AGAMID&, 555 Agamura cruralis, 554 3 persica, 554 Alaemon desertorum, 567 Albunea dorsipes, 290 ALEPOCEPHALIDA, 334 Alepocephalus, 334 bicolor, 3384 blanfordi, 334 edentulus, 334 Allophylus, 420, 422 a Cobbe, 422 a lanatus, 423 * ornitrophioides, 423 Amblyopus arctocephalus, 320 Ammoperdiz bonhami, 567 AMPELIDEZ, 113, 384 ” ” Ampelocissus, 385 9% Arnottiana, 112 = barbata, 388 = cinnamonea , 390 2 gracilis, 389 = polystachya, 390 thyrsiflora, 391, 392 Ampelopsis, 386 > Cantoniensis, 398 ‘5 compositifolia, 392 = Himalayana, 112, 113, 897 a Neilgherrensis, 118, 397 Amphiprionichthys apistus, 313 ANACANTHINI, 321 ANACARDIACEA, 117, 459, 512 ANACARDIAE, 469 Anacardium, 460, 479 occidentale, 479 Anas hoschuss 567 Anauzanopetalum Schwenkii, 489 Aneectochilus, 124 7 Grifitthi, 125 -s Rozburghii, 125 = es sikkimensis, 124 ANOMOLA, 99, 102 ANoMoRA, 135 Antigonia, 316 capros, 316 Aphania, 420, 425 Danura, 425, 426 3 montana, 425, 426 9 paucijuga, 425 Aphoristia, 330 gilesti, 330 septemstriata, 330 trifasciata, 330 - qwood-masoni, 330 Sorin 128 3 parviflora, 128 Apistus leucogaster, 313 » trachinoides, 313 Aporetica ternata, 423 APTERAE, 483 Aquilicia Ottilis, 415 0 Sambucina, 415 Araneus marinus, 217 Arcania, 135, 165, 167, 171, 201, 262 erinaceus, 264, 268 gracilipes, 262, 264, 270 granulosa, 266 ”? ”» 9 ”? 570 Index. Arcania levimana, 268 » novemspinosa, 264, 267, 268 3 = var. aspera, 266 i orientalis, 262 a pulcherrima, 264, 269 ie quinquespinosa, 263, 266, 268 > septemspinosa, 263, 264, 265, 268, 269 4. var. gracilis, 266 m tuber culata, 264, 268 s undecimspinosa, 264, 266, 267, 268, 269 Arctus, 98 » rubens, 98 Argyropelecus, 331 hemigymnus, 331 ARISTHINA, 91 | Aristzus, 91 of crassipes, 91 semidentatus, 91 Arnoglossus, 327 a brevirictis, 327 macr olophus, 327 Arytera, 421, 446 > littoralis, 446 » var. major, 446 AsTACIDEA, 96 Astronium insigne, 493 Astropetalum, 489 ATELEOPODIDE, 327 Ateleopus, 327 indicus, 327 Athene bactriana, 567 Aularches miliaris, 540 Aulastomomorpha, 335 HA phosphorops, 335 Avicula zebra, 520 AxiIDm, 97 Bartsia, 59, 60 aA Gymnandra, 59, 64 Bathybembizx woodmasoni, 529 Bathyclupea, 334 hoskynii, 384 Bathygadus, 326 a cavernosus, 309 * cottoides, 326 z furvescens, 327 MM longifilis, 326 Bathymyrus, 337 - echinorhynchus, 337 Bathyonus, 323 A glutinosus, 323 Bathypercis, 317° BS platyrhynchus, 317 Bathypier ois, 382 Pe atricolor, 306, 332 %, guentheri, 332 - imsularum, 332 Bathyseriola, 315 cyanea, 315 Bathytr octes, 334. Bathytroctes microlepis, 334 squamosus, 334 Bellidilia, 166 Bembrops, 316 8 caudimacula, 317 » . platyrhynchus, 317 BENTHESICYMINA, 91 Bentheuphausia, 90 amblyops, 88, 90. Berchemia calophylla, 375 BERYCIDA, 314 * Blachia viridissima, 455 * Boopsetia, 305, 329 * wmbrarwm, 305, 329 Bouea, 459, 460, 464 my Brandistana, 465 » burmanica, 464, 465, 466 — . var. er ophatae 465 , ee, diversifolia, 465 » Gandaria, 466 » macrophylla, 464, 465 » microphylla, 465 » myrsinoides, 465 oppositifolia, 465, 466 Brachypleura, 327 ¢ xanthosticta, 327 Bracuyoura, 102 as anchipus, 538 a bengalensis, 538 5 rubricaudatus, 538 os torvicornis, 538 rei seas (Streptocephalus) bengalen- sis, 5388 Brephostoma, 312 carpenteri, 312 Buchanania; 460, 462 acapeinatas 463, 164. arborescens, 464 auriculata, 496 is bancana, 464 florida, 462, 463 var. lucida, 464 Bt petiolaris, 464: +P] 9 wa lucida; 464 a macr ophylla, 495, 496 2 palembanica, 464 55 petiolaris, 464 - platyneura, 462 ° A polybotrya, 464 es sessilifolia, 462, 463 Ss splendens, 462 subobovata, 464 Bulbophyllum, 119, 120, 121 a cylindricum, 118 * e gracilipes, 119 - leptanthum, 118 aA parvulum, 118 xylophyllum, 120 Burbidgea, 297, 298 ae nitida, 297 Buteo ferow, 567 Index. 571 Caceabis sawatilis chukar, 567 Calanthe, 121 As Manni, 122 * Whiteana, 121 Calappa, 135, 137, 138, 139, 140, 149, 152, 153, 174 cristata, 145 depressa, 148 exanthematosa, 141, 146 fornicata, 141, 142 gallus, 140, 146 guerini; 144, 145 hepatica, 141 142, 144 lophos, 141, 144, 145, 148 philargius, 141, 145 * pustulosa, 140, 147, 296 sandwichien, 143 spinosissima, 141, 144 tuberculata, 148, 144 tuberculosa, 143 * wood-masoni, 140, 148, 296 ALAPPIDR, 103, 134, 185, 186, 137, 138, 139, 164 JALAPPIDEA, 137 CALAPPIENS, 137 CALAPPINA, 135, 186, 187, 188, 139 CALAPPINEA, 134 CaLaAPpoiDA, 138 Calastacus, 97 Sr, investigatoris, 88, 97 = stilirostris, 97 Calcinus, 517, 518 elegans, 518, 519 herbsti, 518, 619 « tibicen, 519 CALLIANASSIDA, 97 Callidactylus, 167 Callionymus carebares, 320 Callorhynchus, 311 Calocaris, 97 » macandrez, 97 Calotes, 42, 45, 46, 47, 48 » versicolor, 42 Camara, 139 Cambessedea, 465 Campnosperma, 461 494 auriculata, 494, 495, 497 Grifithii, 494, 496, 497 macrophylla, 495, 496 Wallichit, 494, 495, 496, 497 ”? 39 Canariwm Sajiga, 453 Cancellus anatum primus, 219 # = secundus, 217 ss A tertius, 202 Cancer americanus, 154 anatum, (245 » astutus, 280 » calappa, 142 Ss calappoides, 142 1» .. cancellus, 239 Cancer craniolaris, 231 Ps cylindrus, 271 By dorsipes, 277, 278 a ervnaceus, 268 Pe frascone, 277 * gallus, 146 > globosus, 243 ee globus, 243 = hepaticus, 142 = heracleoticus, 142 - wnconspectus, 145 as lophos, 144, a lunaris, 154, 155, 158, 161 ee philargius, 145 ‘i plicatus, 180 As porcellanus, 243 a punctatus, 202 ap quadridens, 277 Ps septemspinosus, 265 5 tuberculatus, 142 victor, 154, 160 Caphyra, 274 Capnites, 21 Caprimulgus mahrattensis, 567 Caracanthus apistus, 318 CARANGID®, 315 Carcinaspis, 166 Cardiospermum, 420, 421 - canescens, 422 ra Halicacabum, 421 - microcarpum, 422 CaRIDEA, 92 Casarca rutila, 567 Cassine discolor, 341 Catapagurus, 517, 524 australis, 525 ensifer, 525 9 ” | * ss muricatus, 518, 524, | CATAPHRACTI, 320 | _ Catha Benthami, 353 Catopsilia, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47 Cautleya, 297, 299 Ceanothus asiaticus, 377 Celastrina, 455 Celastrinea, 341, 360 CELASTRINES, 339 Celastrus, 340, 352, 354 bivalvis, 342 Championi, 353 robustus, 355 » ” . 9 | Centropristis investigatoris, 311 Centroscyllium, 308, 310 ornatum, 308, 310 Centrotrachelus asmussii, 557 Ceramodactylus Seg 554 Cerastes, 564 ' Cerastias, 318 bispinosus, 318 ” ' Cerithium, 520 . Chetodon triangulum, 312 | Chailletia, 514 Si 572 Chailletia andamanica, 515 a Beccariana, 516 os deflexifolia, var. tomentosa, 515 Griffith, 514, 515 ss Helferiana, 514 A Hookeri, 514, 516 5 Laurocerasus, 514 gee setosa, 514, 515 ~ tenuifolia, 514 gfeters tesselata, 515 CHAILLETIACES, 514 Chalinurus hispidus, 326 Chempsodon, 316 voraz, 316 Chascanopsetta, 327 lugubris, 327 Chauliodus, 332 pammelas, 3382 sloanii, 332 Chawnaz, 318 of pictus, 318 Chelidoperca, 311 ¥ investigatoris, 312 Chiasmodon, 317 Chiasmodus, 317 eS niger, 317 Chemexra, 311 3 monstrosa, 311 Chimeride, 311 Chlorophthalmus, 307, 332 corniger, 332 Chond) ropter yarvi, 310 Circus macrurus, 567 Cirrhopetalum Dyerianum, 118 Cissus, 387, 395, 408 » adnata, 110, 398 » angulata, 110 » aristata, 398 » auriculata, 403 » barbata, 112 » cantoniensis, 398 » earnosa, 403 cerasiformis, 400 » cinerea, 403 », cordata, 398, 400 » erenata, 403 » discolor, 399 » adwversifolia, 398 » edulis, 398 5, elegans, 392 » glaberrima, 401 hastata, 401 », Himalayana, 112, 113, 397 involucrata, 408, 409 » japonica, 408 » lanceolaria, 395 » mollissima, 402 » muricata, 395 Neilgherrensis, 113 » novemfolia, 404 obtusifolia, 403 39 Index. Cissus pentagona, 400 » pubiflora, 393 » pyrrhodasys, 398 » quadrangularis, 39S , yy repanda, 110 » repens, 400 » spicifera, 389 » thyrsiflora, 391, 392 » trsfoliata, 408 », tuberculata, 395, 396 vitiginea, 110 Cleisostoma, 123 " armigera, 123 idea 518, 520, 524, 534 a padavensis, B17, 518, 520 CLUPEIDZ, 334 Celorhynchus flabellispinis, 324 es investigatoris, 325 Bs parallelus, 324 quadricristatus, 325 Coloconger, 337 ‘3 raniceps, 337 . Coluber lineolatus, 568 Pa a ( Taphrometopon) lineolatus, 563 CoLUBRID&, 562 Colubrent 371, 377 Be anomala, 377 P asiatica, 377 iY capsularis, 377 javanica, 377 Columba intermedia, 567 ComposiTt&, 450 Congromurena, 337 A longicauda, 337 9 macrocercus, 337 ‘5 musteliceps, 337 masica, 337 squaliceps, 337 Connarns Jackianus, 449 CoNVOLVULACER, 536 Convolvulus, 588 5 candicans, 537 3 tenellus, 588 Coptis, 61 Coracias garrula, 567 Corallorhiza, 118, 119 Corvus coraz, 566 » wmbrinus, 566 Corycodus, 274 Corydalis, 12, 14, 19, 20, 29, 41 » adiantifolia, 17, 18, 39, 40 Adrieni, 37 us adunca, 17, 39 A albicaulis, 39 ‘5 alpestris, 14, 21 ee Balansz, 25 Fire. balsamiflora, 41 . Boweri, 15, 27 cachemiriana, 14, 18, 22 %9 cashmeriana, 22, 23 var. Hs ; brevicornu, Index. 57: Corydalis aes ii var. ecristata, 22 8 », typica, 22 Y casimiriana, 15, 27, 29 sj chaerophylla, 16, 31, 32, 33 eM Clarkei, 16, 34 pa claviculata, 23 as conspersa, 34 3 cornuta, 16, 31, 32 ms crassifolia, 17, 41 ee crispa, 16, 18, 30, 36 :, crithmifolia, 15, 26 m curviflora, 22 ay cyrtocentra, 14, 19, 20 ss darwasica, 19, 20 Davidi, 25 a decumbens, 31 ne Delavayi, 24 - diphylla, 14, 19, 20, 21, 27, 28, 29 rE ia, Drakeana, 31 99 39 ” bP) rs regularis, 444 ns sumatrana, 448 Cursorius gallicus, 567 Cyanecula suecica, 566 Cyclodorippe, 184, 135, 274, 286 Cycloes, 151 » granulosa, 152 CYCLOMETOPA, 103 Cymonomops, 135, 274, 275, 286 glaucomma, 287 Gyranomie 274, 286 Cymopolia, 274 Cymopolus, 274 Cynoglossus, 330 » carpenteri, 330 melanopterus, 330 BA monopus, 330 os precisus, 330 -s versicolor, 330 Cysticapnos africana, 41 CyTTiIp#, 316 Dactylicapnos, 13 . thalictrifolia, 12, 13 Dactylopterus chirophthalmus, 320 macracanthus, 320 Dalrymplea javanica, 453 pomifera, 453 Danais, 45, 46, 47 chr ysippus, 42, 43, 44, 45 genutia, 43, 44, 45, 46 » vimniace, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47 DECAPODA, 90 Delias eucharis, 47 Dendrocopus sindianus, 567 Dentalium, 531, 532 as apn 323 melampeplus, 305, 323 - melanocephalus, 305, 323 - trichiurus, 305, 323{ Dibranchus, 318 micropus, 318 nasutus, 318 Dicentra, 11, 12, 41 2, Macrocapnos, 11, 12 bs Roylet, 11, 12 Pe scandens, 11, 12, 13 i, thalictrifolia, 13 torulosa, 11, 12 Diclytra scandens, 13 Dicrolene, 309, 322 *, intronigras 309, 322 39 2) 9 bb) ’ DoRIPPIDEA, 273 | DorIPPINm, 185, 1386, 273, 274 Drimycarpus, 459, 461, 512 | Dysomma, 336 Index. Dicrolene multifilis, 322 44 nigricaudis, 822 * Didiceia, 118 . Cunninghami, 119 . Didymococcus Danura, 427 | a verticillatus, 427 : Dimocarpus crinita, 436 } “5 Longan, 435 4h pupilla, 435 undulatus, 435 verticillata, 427 Dinematichthys, 322 . piger, 322 : Diplacanthopoma, 323 brachysoma, 323. rivers-andersoni, 323 Ditielasma, 420, 424 Rarak, 4.24 ”» Dedouen, 421, 450 arabica, 451 Burmanniana, 451 dioica, 451 heterophylla, 451 microcarpa, 451 | pentandra, 451 | spathulata, 451 . viscosa, 451 ; Wightiana, 451 Dorippe, 1385, 274, 275, 282, 286, 287, 289 ss astuta, 276, 280, 281 » atropos, 277 dorsipes, 276, 277, 279, 280 | facchino, 276, 278, 279, 280 granulata, 277, 279 nodulosa, 277 » polita, 277, 281, 286 sima, 278 quadridens, 277, 278 quadridentata, 277 DoripPrps, 102, 134, 135, 136, 273 ) ! angustifolia, 451 : | DORIPPIENS, 273 DoripPInBA, 134 Dracontomelum, 461, 513 3 mangiferum, 513 Drepanospermum, 460 -racemosus, 513 $5 bucephalus, 336 Dysommopsis, 336 muciparus, 837 Dysowylum binectariforwm, 115 5 reticulatum, 114 Ebalia, 135, 165, 166, 170, 185 » bituberculata, 188 *. ., diadwmena, 187, 296 » erosa, 186, 189 » fallaz, 187, 261 Index. 575 Ebalia hypsilon, 189 »» minor, 188 » pfefferi, 187, 191 quadrata, 188 » rhomboidalis, 188 * ,, sagittifera, 186, 188 * |, wood-masoni, 187, 188, 296 55 (Phlyzxia) erosa, 186 EHburna, 250 Eccremanthus eximius, 441 Echis, 555, 564 » carinata, 562, 565 Elzodendron, 340, 356 ne glaucum, 356 * a sub-rotundum, 356 Elasmonotus, 100 s cylindrophthalmus, 100 Elymnias, 43 “A cendularis, 42 7 undularis, 43 Embamma cordigera, 408 ss heterantha, 409 Emberiza buchanani, 567 Ephyrina,. 95 he hoskynii, 95 EPIDENDREA, 118 EpipENDREARUM, 118 Epizoanthus, 527, 533, 5385 Eremias guttulata, 558 a persica, 559 Me velow, 559 * ,, clausa, 121 5 vittata, 121 Erigolosswm, 420, 424 Pe edule, 425 rubiginosum, 425 *Lristicophis, 564 Macmahonii, 564 Er ycibe, 536 » coriacea, 5386 » festiva, 536 » fragrans, 536 » strigosa, 536 EHRYONIDA, 97 ERYONTIDA, 98 ERYONTIDEA, 98 Erythropalum scandens, 455 Hthusa, 94, 102, 185, 274, 275, 281 » andamanica, 283, 284 * ,, desciscens, 283, 286 » gracilipes, 286 » ‘%mdica, 102, 282, 288, 284 * 4, “tnvestigatoris, 288, 285, 286 » orrentalis, 285 » pygmexa, 282, 284 * ., (Ethusina) desciscens, 283, 286 gracilipes, 286 investigatoris, 283, 285, 286 PP) : ” 33 ’3 Ethusina, 103, 274, 281 *Ethusina desciscens, 283, 286 7 gracilipes, 108, 286 lat investigatoris, 283, 285, 286 Eublepharus macularius, 566 Eucopia, 90 PP australis, 90 - sculpticauda, 88, 90 Eucopripa, 90 Eumelanorrhea, 483 Euonymus, 339, 343, 345 o adenophorus, 351 “a capillaceus, 342 4 filiformis, 348 ” garcinifolius, 341 ” Javanicus, 348, 344 “a laeta, 343 Ss mammillaris, 350 5 ovata, 349 if sphaerocarpus, 344 ee sumatranus, 344 yi timorensis, 344 ¥ os Wrayit, 343, 344 Eupagurus, 517, 520, 522, 534, 535 ns bernhardus, 582 rs gacobii, 580 * rs pergranulatus, 518, 520 ie zebra, 517, 518, 520, 523 EUPHAUSIIDA, 90 Euphoria chrysea, 437 . Danura, 427 a glabra, 434 A Litchi, 435 Longana, 435 is Nephelium, 436 fe pupillum, 435 us undulata, 435 verticillata, 427 Euploea, 43, 44, 45, 46 Euprepocnemis nr. robusta, 540 Eurypterus lucurus, 567 EUZINGIBEREAE, 297, 299 Puligula fuliguia, 567 FuMARIACES, 10 GADIDH, 321 Galacantha, 100 ci bella, 100, 101 if imvestigatoris, 100 sf rostrata, 100, 101 * trachynotus, 88, 100 GALATHEIDR, 99 Galerita cristata, 567 Gallinago gallinago, 567 Gallus, 139 Gastonia Naluga, 415 Gavialiceps, 336 i microps, 336 a teniola, 338 GECKONIDA, 553 Gennadas, 91 parvus, 91 Gerberi ia, 61 576 Gerberia Stelleri, 64 Gilibertia Naluga, 415 Glauconia blanfordi, 561 GLAUCONIID#, 561 Glaucothoé, 516, 517, 535 +) carinata, 535 id peronit, 535 a rostrata, 535 Globba, 297, 299 Gluta, 460, 480 » Benghas, 480 3, coarctata, 480, 482, 483 », elegans, 480, 481 se » var. Helferi, 481 » petiolata, 483 » Renghas, 481 » velutina, 482 * ., Wrayi, 480, 482 Glyphocrangon, 92 . prionota, 92 ~ unguiculata, 92 GLYPHOCRANGONIDA, 92 Glyptopetalum, 339, 34.4, 345 sé quadrangulare, 345 * Scortechinu, 345 Glyptophidium, 309, 324 an argenteum, 324 macropus, 324 G@nathophausia, 89 ‘s brevispinis, 89 Sarsit, 89 zoxza, 89 +P] GostpR, 320 Gobius cometes, 320 Gonostoma, 331 Rs elongatum, 331 s microdon, 331 Bondaers, 127 - Andersonit, 127 me cordata, 128 Gouanta, 370, 371, 382, 384 “4 Andamanica, 382 “i Brandisu, 383 ue dasyantha, 384 3 denticulata, 384 a4 discolor, 383 ~ Javanica, 382, 383 . leptostachya, 382, 3838, 384 ee microcarpa, 383, 384 ab Nepalensis, 383 ss pubescens, 384 a Retinaria, 384 tilixfolia, 384 Gr imothea gregaria, 536 Guaia, 167 Guioa, 420, 443 » obijuga, 444 » fuscidula, 443, 445 - s var. glabrescens, 445 » pleuropteris, 443, 444 var, bijuga, 444 > a9 Index. Guioa pubescens, 443, 445 » squamosa, 443, 444 Gymnandra, 59, 60, 61 Ls altaica, 60, 64 BS armena, 66 = borealis, 59, 60, 64 s cashmeriana, 63 55 dentata, 60, 64 A elongata, 60, 64 A globosa, 62 Pe Gmelini, 60 He gracilis, 60, 64 integrifolia, 60, 64 a Korolkowi, 65 8 kunawarensis, 65 as longiflora, 64 a minor, 60, 64 y ovata, 60, 64 3 Pallasii, 60, 64 a reniformis, 60, 64 5 spectabilis, 65 3s Stelleri, 60, 63 stolonifera, 65 Gymnapistus leucogaster, 313 Gymnodactylus, 554 Kachhensis, 554 Gymnosporia, 340, 353, 354 Curtisii, 353 Habenaria, 132, 134 A Bakeri jana, 182 may te Dyeriana, 133 <0. juncea, 132 3 leptocaulon, 133 ” nematocaulon, 132 | > Prainii, 184 pseudophrys, 183 eee 319 « ruber, 319 Halieutxa, 318 55 coccinea, 318 fumosa, 318 ye nigra, 318 Haliporus, 91 mn equalis, 91 Halosaurichthys, 335 HALOSAURIDA, 335 Halosaurus, 335 m affinis, 335 BN anguilliformis, 336 * carinicauda, 336 As hoskyni1, 336 Ms mediorostris, 336 parvipennis, 336 Harpodon, 332 squamosus, 332 Harpullia, 421, 451 ce cupanioides, 451 i fravinifolia, 452 - fruticosa, 452 rupestris, 452 5 thanatophora, 452 Index. 577 Hedera hypoglauca, 398 Hortus Schenbrunnensis; 395 Hepycuinar, 299 ; Houbara macqueenii 567 Helodromas ochr opus, 567 Hyprozoa, 243 245 Hemigyrosa longifolia, 429 Hyoscyamus, 543 Hemipenxus semidentatus, 91 s Camerarii, 543 Heparorpa, 138 ae niger, 543° Hepatus, 138 oe » | pinnatifidus, 543 Hephthocara, 324 reticulatus, 543 simum, 324 In ypecoum, 10 Herminium, 130 “5 caucasicum, 10 5 angustifolium, 180, 131 a) chinense, 11 : - angustilabre, 131 9 leptocarpum, 10, 11 ei at. gracile, 131 ” parviflorum, 10 M4 \s graminium, 131 DEER ong ” pendulum,.10 PA Jaffreyanum, 130 9 procumbens, 10 5° orbiculare, 131. . Hypericinea angustata, 464 * quinquelobum, 130 a? lucida, 463 HeterolithaWic, 135, 167, 171, 261 : Hypopeltarion, 104 fallaz, 261 Hypsicometes, 316 *Heteronucia, 135, 166, 170, 177 Hypsophrys, 102 ‘ vesiculosa, 177, 296 : ‘ superciliosa, 102 Himantopus himantopus, 567 Ilia, 165, 167, 187; 201; 260, 261 Hippa dorsipes, 290 Hiacantha, 167 erat, 340, 356, 360 Inns, 135, 166, 167 .. i Andemanide) 357, 359 — In101pA, 167 ; » Arnottiana, 361 Ione, 120 ‘ 352 barbata, 360 * ,, intermedia, 120 . a Cumingii, 357, 358 IPHICULOIDA, 167 i disperma, 360 Iphiculus, 135, 165, 167,171, 256, 257, = - enonymoides, 360. 259 ** » ferruginea, 357 : spongiosus, 256 ay Grahamit, 361 Iphis, 167, 262 » grandiflora, 358, 360 .. »» novemspinosa, 267 y< amdica, 357, 359 » septemspinosa, 265 sy lanceolata, 358, 361 Ipomeea, 537 - macrantha, 357, 360 » \ ertocarpa, 537 A Maingayi, 357, 361 » scindica, 587 % Nicobarica, 357, 359 » Stocksii, 537 ay obtusifolia, 358, 360, 361 Trina alnifolia, 443 3 rigida, 360 », diplocardia, 441 a tortuosa, 360, 361 » glabra, 441 volubilis, 360 », integerrima, 457 Hippocratea, 340 re Isoropa, 106 Holacanthus alternans, 312 ‘ Iza, 135, 165, 167, 171, 259, 270 var. meleagris, 303. » canaliculata, 271 Hotigarna, 459, 512 » cylindrus, 271, 273 a Bib ebbens, 512 » imermis, 271, 272 Fe albicans, 512 5. megaspis, 272 e Grahami, 512 Johnia coromandeliana, 367 a Kurzu, 512 ‘| Junonia, 42, 48, 44,45 - longifolia, 512 ; pe 339, 346 racemosa, 513 » coriacea, 346 Holocentrum, 315 ,» littoralis, 346 punctatissimum, 315 « * ,, Scortechinii, 346, 347 Horogrossa, 132, 133 Kurrimia, 340, 354 ‘Homaripa, 96 0 calophylla, 855 Maingayt, 355 Homouip#&, 102 2 Hoplophorus, 94 > ee ‘ f paniculata, 354, 355 gracilirostris, 94: ” pulcherrima, 354 ‘Hoplostethus, 314 robusta, 355° rr mediterranewm, 314 : LACERTID2, 558 578 Inde. LACERTILIA, 553 Lops, 328 5 guentheri, 328 Lagotis, 57, 59, 62 an brachystachya, 62, 66 brevituba, 62, 63, 65 - cashmeriana, 58, 61, 63 a Clarkei, 58, 61, 62 mo a crassifolia, 61, 63, 66 - decumbens, 58, 61, 62 ue glauca, 58, 59, 60, 62, 63, 64 subspecies australis, 62, 63, 65 borealis, var. Gmelini, 60, 64 37 3) 33 9 ? ” 9 99 9 + Var. Pallasiz, 60, 64 27 99 ry) var. Stelleri 1, 60 var. cashmeriana, 63 », kunawarensis, 58, 65 », stkkimensis, 57, 58, 63, 65 Ps 1» Pallasii, 60, 64 9 e ' Stelleri, 64 ” é EP ae 60, 64 sy globosa, 58, 61, 6 oe Rorcikane 62, 65 at kunawarensis, 58 as Pallasii, 64 : pharica, 61, 62, 66 , ramalana, 66 i spectabilis, 57, 58, 62, 65 ‘p Stelleri, 58, 60, 61, 63, 64 stolonifera, 62, 65 Lamprogr ammus, 309, 324. ae fragilis, 324 niger, 324 Lanius isabellinus, 566 » vittatus, 566 Lantana, 42 Leea, 384, 385, 409, 413 » aculeata, 414 » acuminata, 410, 415 » aequata, 410, 418 », amabilis, 416 » angulata, 410, 413, 414 » aspera, 417, 418 » serrata, 415 » cinerea, 411 »» coccinea, 417 », cordata, 109 » coriacea, 411 * ., Curtisii, 410, 416 » diffusa, 417 » gigantea, 410, 412, 415 » grandifolia, 409, 411 » herbacea, 418 » hirsuta, 419 Leea hirta, 419 » horrida, 414 9» javanica, 410, 418 », leta, 416 » latifolia, 409, 410, 411 » macrophylla, 411 », Malayana, 414 » Ottilis, 415 » parallela, 417, 418 * ., pauciflora, 410, 412 » polyphylla, 417 » robousta, 410, 417, 418 » rubra, 410, 416 » Sambucina, 410, 412, 4138, 414, 415, 416 me - var. biserrata, 415 » sanguinea, 416, 417 », simplicifolia, 410, 411, 412 », Staphyiea, 412, 415 » sundiaca, 418 », tuberculo-semen, 413 viridiflora, 415 Lepidopetalum, 421, 448 Jackianum, 449 Lepidéprigia, 319 f Ss spiloptera, 319 [319 var. longipinnis, Lepisanthes, 420, 427 xd andamanica, 427, 428 - cuneata, 427, 428 * ; Kunstleri, 427 § longifolia, 427, 429 7 montana, 428 * 5! Scortechinti, 427, 429 Lepistemon, 537 oy leiocalys, 537 Leptoderma, 335 = macrops, 335 Lettsomia ornata, 537 , Leucosia, 135, 165, 167, 168, 200, 201, 209, 234, 248 254 = affinis, 224 a chevertii, 225 ae corallicola, 212, 224, 296 a craniolaris, 213, 231, 282, 233, 234, “5 sd var. levimana, 231 Pe cumingti, 214, 226, 227 as cylindrus, 271 a elata, 214, 228 S erinaceus, 268 » fugaz, 208 os globosa, 243 So hzmatosticta, 214, 229, 230 . . haswelli, 212, 222, 224 ‘ longifrons, 212, 217, 219, 220, ” 221, 222, 223, 224 ” 3 var. neocledonica, 218, 219, 220 > 2 > pulcherrima, 219 er ——— ee. Indew. O79 Leucosia maculata, 234 Lophopetalum fimbriatum, 348, 349 ” margaritata, 214, 230 - fuscescens, 348, 352 Y marmorea, 212, 221, 222 or javanum, 349 cea moresbiensis, 223 "9 littoralis, 346 es neocaledonica 212, 218, 220 * ‘s oblongifolium, 348, 351, 352 ss obscura, 223 * - oblongum, 348, 350 3 obtusifrons, 211, 216 “ ovatum, 349 9 29 var. unidentata, 215 | * is pachyphyllum, 348 ' 4, \- -ornata,-217 © pallidum, 348, 350, 351 as pallida, 212, 222, 224, 225 a reflerum, 347, 348, 352 a # var. obscura, 223 é ‘s Scortechinii, 348, 350 9 parvimana, 223 > = subobovatum, 348, 349 oe perlata, 223 Lophos, 189 a phyllochira, 214, 235 Lyreidus, 94, 102, 185, 289, 290, 294 xs polita, 217 «i channeri, 294 . tongicaulis, 126 : rs hextis, 326 Lithadia, 166, 261 sy s hoskynit, 326 Lithodes, 99 $9 99 lophotes, 325 agasizii, 88, 99 ” ” macrolophus, 325 Daaaie. 99 ” ” petersonit, 325 Lophius, 317 ” ” polylepis, 325 is indicus, 317 » ‘3 pumiliceps, 325 a lugubris, 318 - ” SEN UANCUNCHEENS * mutilus, 317 320 ; LopHoGAstTRID, 89 Macrurus (Macrurus) wood-masoni, 326 (Malacocephalus) levis, 326 Lophopetalum, 339, 340, 346, 348, 352 | 2s oeitiae f (Mystaconurus) cavernosus, 309 Curtisii, 348, 351 ” oP) 580 Index. Macrurus (Mystaconurus) heterolepis, 309, 326 Matrip#, 105 Malacocephalus levis, 326 Malacosteus, 334 o9 imdicus, 334 MALAcostRACA, 89 Malthopsis, 319 +9 Mangifera, 460, 466, 479 MANGrrFRA®, 460 Mantisia, 297 MaANTISIEAE, 299 Mareca penelope, 567 Matapa aria, 47 Matuta, 135, 138, 139, 153, 289 ” luteus, 319 andamansea, 466, 470 caesia, 468, 477, ‘478 domestica, 473 foetida, 467, 474 fragrans, 467, 475 gracilipes, 467, 474 Grifithii, 466, 468, 479 Horsfieldi, 47 5 indica, 467, 470, 472 lenge 468, 477 lagenifera, 468, 476 longipes, 467, 471, 473, 479 longipetiolata, 467, 470 macrocarpa, 476 v Maingayi, 466, 469,470 microphylla, 466, 468 oblongifolia, 467, 473, 474. odorata, 467, 474, oppositifolia, 465 Parih, 474 pentandra, 467, 472 policarpa, 477 quadrifida, 467, 470, 471 sclerophylla, 466, 469 superba, 468, 478 appendicylata, 162 banksii, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 163 circulifera, 162 distinguenda,, 154, 159 granulosa, 154, 156, 159 inermis, 157 laevidactyla, 162 | leswueurti, 155, 160 linerfera, 162 lunaris, 155, 156, 158, 161, 163 maculata, 156, 160 miersit, 155, 157, 163 obtustfrons, 154, 159 peronvi, 165, 160, 163 picta, 154, 155,156,158 planipes, 154, 156, 158, 161, 162 rubro-lineata, 156, 162 victor, 154, 155, 156, 158, 160, 162 » Var, prima, 160 Matuta victor, var. quarta, 159, 162 93 » gquinta, 158, 169 » secunda, 160 sexta, 158, 159 © tertia, 162 - ~~ ~~ 33 ~ 29 39 victriz, 156, 160 var. crebrepunctata, | 160 Marurips, "187, 139 MatuTin#&, 135, 136, 137, 188, 139 a * 9 9 3) MaturoipA, 138 MatvutTorpEA, 137 Melamphaés, 314 mizolepis, 314 Melanochyla, 461; 502 502, 506,607, . 608 . aurtculata, 502, 505, 506 bracteata, 502, 506 densiflora, 502, 503 Kunstleri, 502, 504 Maingayr, 502, 504: nitida, 503, 507 ig rugosa, 502, 505 a ss tomentosa, 502, 503 angustafatin, Melanorrhea, 459, 460, 483, 487 aptera, 4838, 484, 487, 488 Curtisii, 483, 486 : Dutiicamn 486 inappendiculata, 483, 484, 488 Maingayi, 483, 484, 485 torquata, 483, 484, 486 Wallichit, 483, 484: Woodsiana, 488, 485 Melanonoesn 311. MELIACES, 114 | Meliosma, 454, 455, 459 Colletiana, 116 elliptica, 455, 456 ferruginea, 116 lanceolata, 456, 458, 459 “) vai. pubescens, 458 lancifolia, 455, 456 . levis, 455, 457 nitida, 455, 457 pungens, 117 Ridley?, 456, 458 simplicifolia, 456 sumatrana, 457 Wightit, 117 Merocryptus, 165, 166 Micropus, 313, unipinna, 313 Microstemon, 461, 497 Curtisu, 498 officinale, 500 velutina, 498 7 Mierostylis saprophyti, 118 Microtropes, 339, 340 bivalvis, 340, 341, 343 coriacea, hi . Index. aaa opis discolor, 340, 341 na elliptica, 340 a filiformis, 340, 34.2 tongifolia, 369 Mildea, 450 Millingtoma sumatrana, 457 Milvus migrans, 567 Minous, 313 és coccineus, 314; 7" imermis, 314 zs trachycephalus, 313 Mischocarpus, 421, 447 » . Suscescens, 447, 448 a sumatranus, 447, 448 3 sundiacus, 447 Molinaea, 448 Monomitopus, 308, 321 is conjugator, 304, 309 nigripinnis, 305, 309, 322 Motacilla alba, 567 oa heen: eel; 567 » feldeggit, 567 Ss personata, 567 Moulinsia cupanioides, 425 rubiginosa, 425 Munida, 99 » microps, 99 » subrugosa, 5386 Munidopsis, 99, 100 6 margarita, 100 in stylirostris, 99, 100 _ trifida, 99 wardeni, 88, 99 Murzneson, 338 MuR2NIDA, 336 Murezx, 520, 535 Mursia, 108, 135, 188, 139, 148, 151, 152 » bicristimana, 103, 150 » hawariensis, 149 Myctophum pterotus, 333 Myra, 135, 165, 167, 168, 200, 254 ah es afinis, 202, 205, 206 » australis, 205, 206 ‘ao ee brevimana; 202, 206, 208 » carinata, 203 » coalita, 203 » adarnleyensis, 202, 207 », dubia, 203 » elegans, 202, 208 » eudactyla, 255 » jugax, 199, 201, 202, 204, 205, 206 = woo. | wal Goldtita’ 203 » mamillaris, 205, 206 * ,, pentacantha, 202, 204 » punctata, 205 subgranulata, 205 Myrodes, 135, 165, 167, 171, 254, 257, 259 se eudactylus; 255 3 gigas, 255 Myropoipa, 167 Myroipa, 167 551 Myropsis, 167, 200 Mystaconurus cavernosus, 309 os heterolepis, 809, 326 Narcetes, 335 » erimelas, 335 Naseus vlamingii, 315 Natica, 531 NEMATOCARCINID, 95 Nematocarcinus, 95 -" gracilis, 95 Nemichthys, 336 acanthonotus,336 Neobythites, 308, 309, 321 6 conjugator, 304, 322 < macrops, 324 is nigripinnis, 305, 322 ‘is pterotus, 309, 321 i squamipinnis, 321 9 steatiticus, 321 Sty, (Monomitopus) conjugator, 304 Pr = nigripinnis, 305 Neophron ginginianus, 567 Neoscopelus, 333 macrolepidotus, 333 Neorrtes, 106, 107, 124 Nephelium, 420, 432 ei Bengalense, 435 = chryseum, 433, 437 Pr costatum, 433, 436 Ws echinatum, 436 sf eriopetalum, 433, 438 33 eximium, 441 - glabrum, 433, 440 i hamuiatum, 433, 437 43 hypoleucum, 435 a lappuceum, 433, 434, 436 “1, 5 var. glabrum, 434 ss Longana, 433, 434 var. hypoleuca, 434, 435 = Maingayi, 434 * a Malaiense, 433, 4389 rE Mora, 435 * muricatum, 432 “ ophiodes, 433, 438 a pupillum, 435 + rubescens, 433, 435 ‘i sufferugineum, 433, 439 - verticillatum, 427 Nephropsis, 94, 96 S atlantica, 96, 97 i carpenteri, 97 # Stewarti, 96, 97 93 Suhmt, 88, 96 Nettastoma, 338 és teniola, 338 Nettion crecca, 567 Nothocaris binoculus, 92 Nothocissus spicigera, 389 ”? ”? 582 Nothocnestis sumatrana, 355 Notopoides, 289 Notopus, 135, 289, 290, 291 A dorsipes, 290 Nucia, 135, 167, 169, 187, 190, 198 » pfeferi, 191 «- 3 speciosa, 190, 191 Nuciorpa, 167 Nursia, 135, 165, 166, 170, 178, 184, 260 » abbreviata, 180, 183, 184, 185 * ,, bdblanfordi, 179, 182, 183, 296 »» hardwickii, 180, 181, 182 * 4, nasuta, 179, 183, 296 * 5, persica, 180, 183. 185, 296 » plicata, 179, 181, 182, 183 ie a nec auctorum, 180 rubifera, 180, 185 Nur silia, 135, 165, 167, 171, 259, 261 8 dental '260 ae yy tonsor, 261 NouRsILio1pa, 167 Norsio1pa, 166 Nyroca africana, 567 Ochthodromus geoffroyi, 567 mongolus, 567 Odina, "461, 501 = Wodter. 501 Odontochilus, 125 a Elwesii, 125 * - tortus, 125 Odontostomus, 307. 333 oF atratus, 333 Oncychomorpha, 135, 165, 167, 169, 235 lamelligera, 236 Oputvta, 561 OpnipiIpm, 304, 308, 321 Ophiomorus tridactylus, 561 OPHRYDEA, 130 Ophrys, 184 ORCHIDACES, 106, 107 OREOPHOROIDA, 166 Oreophorus, 135, 165, 166, 170, 172, 173, 75 » . reticulatus, 174 “amma 5» -var. alcicornis, 175 Orithyia, 138 ORITHYIOIDA, 138 Ornitrophe Aporetica, 423 a asiatica, 423 ag Cobbe, 422 3 glabra, 423 ss Malabarica, 423 es Schmidelia, 423 > serrata, 423 villosa, 423 Osachila, 138 Ostracion, 338 ys fornasini, 338 Otophora, 420, 429 5 erythrocalyx, 4380 ‘ paucijuga, 426 Index. * Otophora sessilis, 480 Ottilis zeylanica, 415 Ozxypleurodon, 106 stimpsont, 106 Oxyruynena, 105 OXxyYsToMA, 134, 135, 274, 289 OXYSTOMATA, 102, 135 Paederota, 59 i borealis, 64 PaGurRiIna&, 516 Paguristes, 517, 526 me hians, 527 gh OAee puniceus, 517, 527 Ps pusillus, 518, 526 setosus, 529 ee Pagur us, 518 = abyssorum, 530 » dearmatus, 517, 518 » deformis, 518 » elegans, 519 » pedunculatus, 518 » spiriger, 524 » tsbicen, 518 varipes, 518 Palzmonella, 95 laccadivensis, 95 PALEMONIDA, 95 Panax micr anthum, 113 Pancovia rubiginosa, 425 PANDALIDE, 92 Pandalus, 92 eee alcocki, 88, 92 * S Bapengte, 107 paradoxa, 107 nian 10 Papilio, 44 » aristolochiz, 43, 47 » demoleus, 45, 46, 47 » eurypylus, 44, 47 Paracelastrus, 342 Paracentroscyllium, 308, 310 ue ornatum, 308, 310 Paracyclois, 138 Paradicrolene, 309, 322 53 multifilis, 322 - nigricaudis, 322 3 vaillanti, 322 Paralepis, 307 | Ese anephelium, 421, 449 > macrophyllum, 449, 450 * nitidum, 449, 450 Parawaguree 516, 517, 529, 582, 533 | rv abyssor um, 530 | RS afinis, 530° q * s! andersoni, 517, 529, 581, 582 si - gracilis, 584 * RS minutus, 517, 531 a monstrosus, 533 pilosimanus, 630 PARAPENSINA, 90 Parapenxus, 90 ' a Index. 583 Parapenxus fissurus, 90 Parascombrops, 311 pellucidus, 811 Parilia, 135, 165, 167, 169, 191, 197, 198 = alcocki, 198 * Pariphiculus, 135, 167, 171, 257 es coronatus, 258, 259 * rostratus, 258, 259, 296 Parishia, 461, 492 insignis, 492 var. pubescens, 492 Be » tomentosa, 493 on Maingayi, 492, 493 pubescens, 492, 493 Paromolopsis, 102 bousi, 102 Paroneirodes, 318 9 ” a glomerosus, 318 Parthenocissus cuspidifera, 113 os semicordata, 113, 397 PAsIPHHIDE, 95 PepDIcuLatTI, 317 Pediculus marinus, 290 PreasipH, 320 Pegasus natans, 320 PENZID&, 90 Prenmipea, 90 Penaeus fissurus, 90 Pentacheles, 98 * gibba, 98 phosphorus, 98 Pentaspadon, 461, 499 fs officinalis, 499 35 velutinus, 498 Percis, 316 » tetracanthus, 316 Periphaneta americana, 42 Peristethus murrayi, 320 rivers-andersont, 820 Persephona, 167 Philyra, 135, Bee 167, 168, 201, 234, gar 248, reels 238, 253 * £ corallieola, 238, 247, 296 globosa, 199, 238, 242, 243, 245, 246 globulosa, 238, 245, 247, 253 heterograna, 245 » longimana, 242 platychira, 237, 238, 241, 242 polita, 243, 245 ‘ porcellana, 243 punctata, 242 scabriuscula, 238, 239, 240, 241 * 4, sewxangula, 238, 241,296 verrucosa, 288, 240, 247, 248 Phlywia, 166 © » erosa, 186, 189 Phoberus, 96 cxcus, var. sublevis, 95 Photostomias, 309 Photostomias guernei, 310 *Phrynocephalus euptilopus, 556 o interscapularis, 556 ‘a luteo-quttatus, 557, 561 ia maculatus, 555 mo olivieri, 555 ~~ na ornatus, 553 Phye, 95 » alcocki, 95 Physacheus, 106 ctenurus, 106 Physiculus, 321 3 argyropastus, ” roseus, 321 Paysostomt, 331 Physwurus, 124 es Blumei, 124 ee herpysmoides, 124 Pica rustica, 566 Platymera, 137, 138, 151 321 x gaudichaudii, 151 Platytroctes, 335 - apus, 335 PLECTOGNATHI, 338 Plesionika, 93 bifurca, 93 Pleuronectes, 305 PLEURONECTIDR, 305, 327 Pecilopsetta, 328 maculosa, 328 prelonga, 328 Pogonia, 129 2, falcata, 129 . “3 Hookeriana, 129 a macroglossa, 1380 Moog, Prainiana, 129 velutina, 130 Polyipnus, 331 spinosus, 331 Polymévia, 315 3 nobilis, 315 Pomaderris capsularis, 377 Pometia, 420, 440 oe alnifoliar 440, 442 Wy Curtisii, 443 exinia, 441 * gracilis, 440, 441 macrocarpa, 440 pinnata, 440, 441, 443 * Ridleyi, 443 ternata, 423 tomentosa, 441 Poner odon, 317 ~ vastator, 317 Pratincola maura, 566 Priacanthus, 311 is far, 311 macracanthus, 311 Pri inia "lepida, 566 Prionotus alepis, 319 Promyllantor, 337 » ” D84, Index. Promyllantor purpureus, 337 Prosopodasys leucogaster, 313 a trachinoides, 313 Psettyllis, 328 i ocellata, 328 cm pellucida, 328 Pseudophilyra, 135, 165, 167, 168, 234, 248 pia “35 ue blanfordi, 249, 252, 296 “A hoedtii, 233, 234 y melita, 249, 253 Ls pusilla, 249, 251 : tridentata, 249, 250, 252 3 wood-masoni, 249, 250, 251, 296 Pseudoscopelus, 317 Ptelea viscosa, 451 Pterisanthes, 384,407, 408 93 cissoides, 407, 408 A coriacea, 407 uh var. araneosa, 408 = heter antha, 407, 408, 409 anvolucrata, 408 a pedata, 407,409 polita, 407 Pterocles arenar ius, 567 . a coronatus, 567 Pteroclurus sendqablue, 567 Pteroidonus, 309 Pterois, 3138 * 4, macrura, 303,313 Ptyonoprogne obsoleta, 567 Pycnocraspedum, 321 squamipinne, 321 Pylopagurns, 5149, 522 ‘ magnimanus, 517, 518, 522° Pyrospermum calophyllum, 355 Raja, 310 » mammillidens, 310 RaJip#&, 310 Randallia, 103, 1385, 165, 167, 169, 191 198. be coronata, 258 ste eburnea, 193, 197 wee ae glans, 1938, 195 Me granulata, 190, 194 granulosa, 194 x lamellidentata, 190, 192, 195 * - lanata, 192, 193 197 pustulosa, 103, 190, 192, 196 Ranella, 520 Ranilia, 289 Ranina, 135, 289 » dorsipes, 290 RANINIDA, 102, 134, 135, 186, 25m RANINIDEA, 135, 288 RANINIENS, 135, 288 RANINOIDEA, 288 Raninoides, 135, 289, 290, 292 pustulélabres, 192, 198,,.195, | Raninoides personatus, 293 serratifrons, 293 Raninops, 289 Retinaria scandens, 384 RHAMNEA, 370 Rhamnus acuminata, 377 ME i a Jujuba, 372 i. Enoplia, 373 y Rhesa Moja, 355 Tabs Ne { » paniculata, 355 Rhodospiza obsoleta, 567 RHOIDEA, 460 h My Rhomboidichthys, 328 is angustifrons, 328 a azureus, 328 ‘ polylepis, 328 Ps valde-rostratus, 328 Rhus, 461, 500 », Cobbe, 422 » ° Perakensis, 500 Rhynchanthus, 297, 298, 299 bie eee 297 Rivea, 537 » ornata, var. Grigithen 537 Rostellaria, 522, 524,'527, 583 Ruticilla erythr onota, 566 rufiventris, 566 Sabie, 454, 455 ; og Or ibunda, 456 » lUWmonacea, 454 » sumatrana, 454 » viridissima, 455 SABIACEA, 116, 453 Saccogaster, 323 55 maculata, 323 Saccolabiwm, 122 ,, acuminatum, 122 * : lancifoliwm, 122 Sacculina, 164 Szlanthus quadragonous, 398 Salacia, 340, 361, 362 * alternifolia, 362 * 4, campanuloidea, 361, 363 re » flavescens, 362, 366, 368, 369. * ” Wi. var. dwmosa, 369.. » grandiflora, 362, 363, 365 % sf var. longifolia, 361,366 » Griffithn, 361, 364 * 4, Kunstleri, 362, 368 5 - - laevigata, 360 » latifolia, 362, 366 » Lawsoni, 362, 369 e. », Lobbii, 362, 370 » longtfolia, 365, 366 » macrantha, 366 33-- macrophylla, 367 » Maingayi, 361, 363 » ovalis, 369 * 4, Perakensis, 361, 364 » platyphylla, 366 ee » podopetala, 867-~ ...-.* id Scam 3S 28) ll ne ee —.— - = Se ee ee ee ee ee E i Index. 585 Salacia polyantha, 362, 367 prinoides, 362, 366 var. macrophylla, 367 mibra, 362, 370 * Scor techinii, 361, 364 terminalis, 361 viminea, 361, 362 Wightiana, 367 Wrayi, 362, 367 , 327 BS cristatus, 327 SAPINDACEA, 446 SAPINDACES, 115, 419 Sapindus adenophyllus, 446 bengalensis, 435 Danura, 427 fraxinifolius, 425 longifolius, 425 monogyna, 435 montanus, 426 pinnatus, 424 Rarak, 424 rubiginosa, 425 saponaria, 424 squamosus, 444 Sarcanthus, 123 es > bambusarum, 123 Sarcogrammus indicus, 567 Sawromurenesox, 338 vorax, 338 %9 99 Saurus, 307 Sawicola albinigra, 566 4s deserti, 566 Scalpellum, 281 Scaptira acutirostris, 560, 561 aa aporosceles, 559, 563 ts scripta, 559 Schembra Valli, 112 ScuizopopA, 89 Schmidelia adenophylla, 423 Aporetica, 423 Cobbe, 423 dentata, 423 distachya, 423 glabra, 423 Kobbe, 423 orientalis, 423 ornitrophioides, 423 racemosa, 423 Rheedi, 423 ternata, 423 timorensis, 423 wvestita, 423 villosa, 423 (Allophyllus) ornitrophioides, 423 Scizna ophiceps, 315 Scianectes, 329 lophoptera, 329 macrophthalmus, 329 SctLunipa, 315 ”? Scincipa#, 561 SciTaMINEAR, 297, 298 SCLERODERMI, 338 ScCoPELARCHINA, 306 , Scopelarchus, 306, 332 Guentheri, 307, 332 Scopelengys, 333 3 tristis, 333 Scorriipa, 306, 332 Scopelus, 307, 333 5 engraulis, 333 He macrolepidotus, 333 ‘5 pterotus, 333 7 pyrsobolus, 333 3 (Myctophum) pterotus, 333 Scopolia, 543 i lurida, 543 Seaee, 313 a bucephalus, 302, 313 ie erostris, 302, 313 ScoRPHNIDA, 302, 312 SCROPHULARINE®, 61 ScYLLARID®, 98 ScCYLLARIDEA, 98 ScyLiipa, 310 Scyllium, 310 canescens, 310 ss hispidum, 310 Scyphopetalum, 449 Scyramathia, 105 rivers-andersoni, 105 Scytalia bengalensis, 485 “ Danura, 427 Longan, 435 . Ramboutan, 436 2 verticillata, 427 Sebastes, 312 iy bougainvillii, 302 A hexanema, 312 muciparus, 312 Se serrulatus, 312 SELAGINER, 57 SEMECARPES, 461 Semecarpus, 117, 461, 491, 508, 512 albescens, 512 Anacardium, 509 * Curtisii, 508, 509 glauca, 512 Grahami, 512 grandifolia, 496, 497 heterophyllus, 510, 511 9 * 4a Kurzii, 508, 510 * aj lucens, 508, 510 eS lurida, 491 * *s Prainti, 508, 511 ee subracemosa, 117 * BS subspathulatus, 117 * : velutina, 508 > Sergestes, 92 robustus, 92 rubroguttatus, 92 ”? ” 586 Index. SERGESTIDA, 92 SERRANIDA, 311 Sirembo nigripinnis, 322 Smythea, 371, 380 6 calpicarpa, 381, 382 ya macrocarpa, 381 Te i reticulata, 381 SoLANACER, 541 Solanum, 541 es albicaule, 548 Pe Balbisii, 542 Fs barbisetum, 541 ane 95 var. Grifithii, 541 os ferox, 542 es gracilipes, 543 5 indicum, 542 my i var. 543 ss inflatum, 542 A khasianum, 542 os Kuran, 541 a pubescens, 541 var. lobata, 541 39 99 s scindicum, 542 ie sisymbriifolium, 542 ae subtruncatum, 541 rr tribolatum, 543 43 verbascifolium, 541 Solea, 329 » cyanea, 329 » oculus, 329 » wmbratilis, 329 », (Achirus) cyanea, 329 bs “f oculus, 329 - . umbratilis, 329 Solenocera, 91 = hextit, 88, 91 SOLENOCERINA, 91 Spatula clypeata, 567 Spelzophorus, 166 SPINACIDS, 808, 310 Spiropagurus, 524, 526 3 spiriger, 517, 518, 524 Sponpia, 461 SQUAMIPINNES, 308, 312 Stagmaria verniciflwa, 481 Staphylea indica, 415 Stellio nuptus, 555 Stenodactylus orientalis, 554 STERNCPTYCHIDA, 831 Sternoptyx, 331 7 diaphana, 331 Stigmaria verniciflua, 485 Stomias, 333 ss elongatus, 333 5 nebulosus, 383 STOMIATIDA, 809, 333 Streptocephalus, 538 bengalensis, 588 Str eptostigma viridiflorum, 452 Swintonia, 460, 488, 492 = floribunda, 490, 492 *Swintoma lurida, 489, 491 sheers Penangiana, 489, 490 » , Schwenkii, 488, 489, 492 - spicifera, 489, 490 var. Scortechinit, 491. Sympagur WS, 517, 532, 534 i avewatus: 534 E monstrosus, 517, 583, 584 6 nudus, 5382 pilimanus, 534 Synagrops, 311 a philippinense, 311 Synaptura, 829 3 altipinnis, 329 ” quagga, 329 Syndesmis elegans, 481 Tachybaptes minor, 567 Teniolabrus, 320 ue cyclograptus, 320 Taphrometopon lineolatum, 563 Taphrometopum lineolatum, 563 Tauredophidium, 323 a hextii, 823 TELEOSTEI, 311 Teratoseincus keyserlingii, 553 scincus, 553 T erebinthacea, 463 Tetragonopterus triangulum, 312 Tetrastigma, 386 a lanceolarium, 395 * pedunculare, 393 Thaumastomias, 309, 334 re atrox, 310, 334 Thealia, 149 Thyrsites, 315 iy bengalensis, 315 > prometheoides, 315 Tinnunculus alaudarius, 567 Tipularia, 118, 119 Tlos, 1385, 165, 166, 170, 175, 184: * ,, patella, 176, 296 », petreus, 176, 177 Tonsella disperma, 360 » prinoides, 367 Toxicodendrum Cobbe, 423 Trachichthys darwinii, 314 - intermedius, 314 japonicus, 314. TRACHINIDA, 316 Triacanthodes, 338 ethiops, 388 TRICHIURID®, 315 TRICHONOTIDA, 320 Trichopeltarion, 103, 104 ee nobile, 104 * ovale, 88, 103 Trigla hence 319 Trigonachras, 421, 445 ia acuta, 445 Trigonocarpus littoralis, 346 Trochisandra indica, 355 Index. Turpinia, 421, 452 - latifolia, 453 martabanica, 453 microcarpa, 453 nepalensis, 453 pomiferea, 452 var. 453 ae sphaerocarpa, 453 TyMOLINE, 135, 136, 273, 274, 289 Tymolus, 274 Uhlias, 166 Upupa epops, 567 Uranoscopus, 316 Pr, cognatus, 316 y, crassiceps, 316 Uroconger, 338 +5 vicinus, 338 Uromastia asmussti, 557 Uroptychus, 94, 101 a nitidus, 101 Usubis triphylla, 422 VANDEA, 122 VARANIDA, 558 Varanus griseus, 558 Ventilago, 371, 378, 381 = bracteata, 379 ce calyculata, 378, 379 8 denticulata, 379 . leiocarpa, 378, 380 lucens, 380 ~ macrantha, 379 i macrocarpa, 382 9 var. pubescens, 382 y Madraspatana, 378, 380 : Maingayi, 378, 379 fs silhetiana, 879 ss Smithiana, 372 BS sulphurea, 879 Veronica, 52, 60 Vipera, 564 VIPERID&, 564 Vitis, 108, 384, 395, 400, 408 5, adnata, 109, 110, 887, 398, 405 * 5, andamanica, 386, 393, 396, 406 » angulata, 110 » aquosa, 110 » assamica, 109 » assimilis, 113 » barbata, 110, 385, 387, 405 Wee 5 var. trilobata, 388 », bracteolata, 114 », campylocarpa, 113 » cantoniensis, 386, 397, 407 »» carnosa, 403 » cerasiformis, 108, 109, 387, 400, 402, 405 2 ay var. Wallichii, 400, 401 - ie sphaerocarpa, » cerifera, 108 » cinnamonea, 385, 389, 391, 405 587 Vitis cinnamonea, var. compositifolia, 392 », compositifolia, 386, 391, 392, 407 », cordifolia, 111 », coriacea, 404 », costata, 110, 112, 399 » crenata, 403 » diffusa, 108, 401 », discolor, 112, 387, 399, 405 », diversifolia, 399 » dubia, 113 » elegans, 386, 392, 407 » eroclada, 112 » furcata, 387, 399, 405 a aM var. pubescens, 399 » gigantea, 110 » glaberrima, 108, 109, 387, 400, 401, 405 » glauca, 109, 110, 400 » gracilis, 385, 389, 405 », hastata, 108, 401 » lHeyneana, 109, 111, 114 » Himalayana, 112, 113, 397 var. semicordata, 112, 113, 397 ” 19 », wmequalis, 399 » wndica, 112 »» japonica, 387, 403, 406 », Kleiniana, 109 », Kunstleri, 386, 396, 406 59 Laetay 410 », lanata, 111, 112, 388 », lanceolaria, 113, 386, 395, 406 », latifolia, 109, 112 », Lawsoni, 386, 394, 406 » Linnaei, 110 », macrostachya, 385, 388, 405 », mollis, 403 mollissima, 387, 402, 406 5, montana, 112 Mottleyi, 391 5, muricata, 395 neilgherrensis, 112 » nitida, 391 novemfolia, 387, 394, 403, 406 », oeyphylla, 113 pallida, 109 parvifolia, 111, 112 pedata, 403 pedicellata, 114 penduncularis, 386, 393, 394, 406 pentagona, 109 polita, 407, 408 polystachya, 386, 389, 390, 406 polythyrsa, 386, 390, 407 Pterisanthes, 408 pubiflora, 393 pycnantha, 113, 396 pyrrhodasys, 110 quadrangularis, 387, 398, 405 repanda, 110, 112 588 Index. Vitis repens, 109, 110, 112, 387, 398, 400, LB) 405 riparia, 110 rufula, 409 rugosa, 111, 112, 388 rumicisperma, 395 sagittifolia, 108, 109, 401 Scortechinii, 386, 392, 405 var. pubescens, 392 semicordata, 112,113, 386, 396, 406 te var. Roylet, 113, 397 ” 2 Scortechinis, Vis; 397 serrulata, 114 specifera, 389 tenuitfolia,:403 thyrsiflora, 386, 390, 391, 407 trifolia, 387. 402, 406 tuberculata, 395, 396 vitiginea, 110 Wightiana, 110, 112 Wrayi, 386, 394, 406 ee ovalifolins, 369 Xenodermichthys, 335 ” Xenomystax, 338 guentheri, 335 * trucidans, 338 Xerospermum, 420, 431 he laevigatum, 431 ee muricatum, 431 ‘ Norhonianum, 432 ‘i Wallichit, 431, 432 Zamenis diadema, 563 29 Karelinu, 568 Zamenis ladacensis, 563 is rhodorachis, 563 Zanclifer, 289 Zeuxine, 125 os goodyeroides, 127 * , pulchra, 127 ZINGIBERER, 297, 298 Zizyphus, 371 “i affinis, 372, 375 i albens, 373 Ps calophylla, 372, 374, 375 » celtidifolia, 373 - elegans, 371, 374 a ferruginea, 373 2 glabra, 372, 375, 376, 377. glabratus, 376 ¥ Horsfieldii, 872, 373, 376 3 Jujuba, 371, 372 ee, Kunstleri, 371, 373 5 mauritiana, 372 fe Napeca, 373 = Oenoplia, 371, 372 ‘ ornata, 375 . pallens, 373 » pedicellata, 373 ip rufula, 373 - rugosa, 376 : scandens, 373 A Sororia, 372 as subquinquenervis, 374 : trinervia, 376 Bs trinervius, 372, 376 39 99 venulosa, 376 var. glabratus, 376 JOURNAL 4 hee cs ‘ j ‘TITLE PAGE AND INDEX ae. 1896. BOR s =? OS ie dk eka a ed 3 ee, 2 } ‘ . , wae mn PY i JOURNAL OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL Vol. LXV, Part II,-No, 1.—1896. 7 EDITED BY JHE Natura ftisToRY PECRETARY. = S996 iii nnn NS = SSS SSS Se SS 2 iriastt dt == MUSEUM ASIATIC ROCILTY CALCU TTIA= “ The bounds of its investigation will be the geographical limits of Asia: and within these limits its inquiries will be extended to whatever is performed by man or produced by nature.”—Sir WILLIAM JONES. *,* Communications should be sent wnder cover to the Secretaries, Asiat. Soc., to whom all orders for the work are to be addressed in India; or care of Messrs. Luzac ¥ Co., 46, Great Russell Street, London, W. C., or Mr. Otto Harrassowitz, Leipzig, Germany. -_ aby CALCUTTA: PRINTED AT THE PAPTIST MISSION PREss, “_ AND PUBLISHED BY THE PSIATIC “SOCIETY, 57, FARK STREET. 1896. Price (exclusive of postage) to Members, Re. 1-8.-T’o Non-Members, Rs, 2. : Price in England, 3 Shillings, Issued 1st May, 1896. CONTENTS. eo On Pea, Nitrite —By P. C. Riy, D. So. ae ae ) Noviciee Indicee X. Some additional Fuavneon —By D Pr I fom hich Indigo | Blue is een bee Mm ) Mant ture; and on Indigo Brown.—By Sure.-Lr.- Cot. Mises Raywme, B.A. M.D, MBA Bo one og ee ON NNN Se S F “ \ * 5 : tae NOTE ON THE PUBLICATIONS OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY. : : + a > ® ‘ ne = | et a Be rae +. ~