Ill MONTANA STATE LIBRARY 3 0864 1001 6092 1 SUPPORT OF AQUATIC LIFE USES IN PAINTED ROBE CREEK BASED ON PERIPHYTON COMPOSITION AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE Prepared for: State of Montana Department of Environmental Quality Monitoring and Data Management Bureau P.O. Box 2 0 0901 Helena, Montana 59620-0901 Project Officer: Carol Endicott DEQ Contract No. 200012 Prepared by: Loren L. Bahls, Ph.D. Hannaea 1032 Twelfth Avenue Helena, Montana 59601 ^'Tf\TE DOCUmm COLLECn ' 0 2002 ''°^['^J',\STATE LIBRARY HFi CM , ^ ^- 6th AVE HELENA, MONTANA 59620 October 1999 Printed on Recycled Paper Hannaea 1032 Twelfth Avenue • Helena. MT 59601 • (406) 443-2196 e-mail: lbahls0selway.umt.edu October 26, 1999 Ms. Carol Endicott Monitoring and Data Management Bureau Montana Department of Environmental Quality P.O. Bdx. 2\)0901 Helena, MpnKana 59620-0901 RTP, CG Ur\t C ^ 1 i i i 1 RLE Am. WfH. AIR Re Final Redwate id Robe Creek Report and Invoice ;r Electronic Data Report Dear Carol, Enclosed is the f printed on recycl Also enclosed is a di Painted Robe Creek and Mike Field regarding ^Painted Robe Creek periphyton report ;r. containing raw diatom data for sdwater"' River . I have consulted with lat for electronic data reports . incentive of 2.3% for the 23 bmitted "an advance of the f our- up the ^samples on July 20, so The enclosed invoice incl days that the final report month contract deadline. I the deadline was November 20. \ Thanks again for the wbj-k. Sincerely, \_ / Loren L. Bahls, Ph.D. Phycologist Enclosures : Final Painted Robe Creek Report Diskette with raw diatom data for P^>^^d Robe Creek and the Redwater River (with disk^^e directory) Invoice for Painted Robe Creek Report/i^^etronic Data and for Redwater River Electronic Dat^\ Frustulia bahlsii Edlund and Brant RECEIVED OCT 2 8 1999 DEQ / PPA iVIrniV^ri- ^ -^^s ^^^-^.-o-ncnt Bureau SUMMARY In June 1999, composite periphyton samples were collected from natural substrates at 4 sites on Painted Robe Creek in southcentral Montana. Samples were collected following MDEQ standard operating procedures, processed and analyzed using standard methods for periphyton, and evaluated following modified USEPA rapid bioassessment protocols for wadeable streams. The benthic algal flora at the uppermost site at Lehfeldt (PRl-3) indicated perennial flows and cool waters with somewhat elevated salt concentrations. An abundance of motile species here, led by Navicula gregaria, indicated moderate impairment by silatation with partial support of aquatic life uses. The benthic algal flora at Paulson (PR2-1) resembled that of a mountain stream and was very different from floras upstream and downstream on Painted Robe Creek. Algae at the Paulson site indicated fresher waters and much less sedimentation than at the Lehfeldt site. The pollution index at Paulson was acceptable even for a mountain stream. Diatom metrics here indicated full support of aquatic life uses, however dominance by Rhoicosphenia curvata resulted in a rating of minor impairment. R. curvata is a common epiphyte on the filamentous green alga Cladophora, which was the dominant taxon at the Paulson site. The two downstream stations on Painted Robe Creek were dominated by Rhizoclonium and brackish water species of Synedra. Although salinity levels were higher here than at the upstream sites, they were still within acceptable levels for prairie streams. Both sites also had pollution and siltation index values that were within the normal range for prairie streams. Both sites provided full support of aquatic life uses with minor impairment . • INTRODUCTION This report evaluates the support of aquatic life uses, and probable causes of impairment to those uses, in Painted Robe Creek in southcentral Montana. This evaluation is part of a larger assessment that was conducted by Warren Kellogg of the Natural Resources Conservation Service, USDA. This assessment was performed at the request of local producers who are concerned about water quality, primarily salinity. Several bulls have died recently, potentially due to alkali poisoning (Carol Endicott, MDEQ, personal communication) . Evaluation of use support in this report is based on the species composition and community structure of periphyton (benthic algae) communities at 4 stream sites that were sampled in June of 1999. The periphyton or phytobenthos community is a basic biological component of all aquatic ecosystems. Periphyton accounts for much of the primary production and biological diversity of Montana streams (Bahls et al . 1992). Plafkin et al . (1989) and Stevenson and Bahls (1999) list several advantages of using periphyton in biological assessments of streams : • Algae are universally present in large numbers in all streams and unimpaired periphyton assemblages typically support a large number (>30) of species; • Algae have rapid reproduction rates and short life cycles, making them useful indicators of short-term impacts,- • As primary producers, algae are most directly affected by physical and chemical factors, such as temperature, nutrients, and toxins,- • Sampling is quick, easy and inexpensive, and causes minimal damage to resident biota and their habitat; • Standard methods and criteria exist for evaluating the composition, structure, and biomass of algal associations; • Identification to species is straightforward for the diatoms, for which there is a large body of taxonomic and ecological literature; • Excessive algae growth in streams is often correctly- perceived as a problem by the public. • Periphyton and other biological communities reflect the biological integrity^ of waterbodies ; restoring and maintaining the biological integrity of waterbodies is a goal of the federal Clean Water Act; • Periphyton and other biological communities integrate the effects of different stressors and provide a measure of their aggregate impact; and • Periphyton and other biological communities may be the only practical means of evaluating impacts from non-point sources of pollution where specific ambient criteria do not exist (e.g., impacts that degrade habitat or increase nutrients). Periphyton is a diverse assortment of simple photosynthetic organisms called algae, and other microorganisms that live attached to or in close proximity of the stream bottom. Most algae, such as the diatoms, are microscopic. Diatoms are distinguished by having a cell wall composed of opaline glass-- hydrated amorphous silica. Diatoms often carpet a stream bottom with a slippery brown film. Some algae, such as the filamentous greens, are conspicuous and their excessive growth may be aesthetically displeasing, deplete dissolved oxygen, interfere with fishing and fish spawning, clog irrigation intakes, and cause other problems. The federal Clean Water Act directs states to develop water pollution control plans (Total Maximum Daily Loads or TMDLs) that ^ Biological integrity is defined as "the ability of an aquatic ecosystem to support and maintain a balanced, integrated, adaptive community of organisms having a species composition, diversity, and functional organization comparable to that of natural habitats within a region" (Karr and Dudley 1981) . set limits on Dollll^ s r-,T-, i .-^-,^ ■ support their beneficxal uses Th. r, "°' '""^ reflations re^..e each s ate .o U ^L:"" ^" ^"^^ ^- water-quality limited ,5, „ ■ identify waters that are ™-. an. ,1. .jL" ^.;":;s":ra:::ir"r ""-= ^- ^anty sta„.ar.s .or all .L.-Jl^Z^ Z:^ """- . Will zi;zTz:: it: "^°" ^^ ^° ^^°^^'*^ ^-°™"-" -at CreeK is water ^ality 1 ^ H " '"^^'"^ "'^"^" ^^^"-^ ''o.e er quality limited and in need of tmdLs . PROJECT AKEA AMD SAMPLING SITES S0...2: ="itn"v:::eV:o::t:°:r"" r""-- ^°-'^ -^ -- CreeK heads aboul B ^ s^"„ ."rol^r^I^^ "°"""^- ""^^'^ flows northeasterly about 25 miles to the ''"^'^^ ^"' the Musselshell .iver about s ^ Is ea oH".""' '' "^^" "ixes east of Lavma, Montana. -ore:oV:::::,:iv:ai::::t :; -e .orth„ te™ .eat ...... -'-:-;»3- o. cretaceous z...:'::^-^ - -^ ve.etatio: i" ^^d^ irriLTrjr"^ ^-^ ^^^-^ — - juniper forest in th! hLtat ' Lt^eT:; 'T"^^ ^"^ ^'^^ are livestock grazing and dryland falin" ' ™'" ''"' "^^^ Periphyton samples were collected ar 4 o ■^ Creek in June 1999 (Table l, pn ' °" ''""""'^ "^e range from about 4, 0 ee at tT""" " ""' ^^"'""^ =^^^^ the lowest Site Paintedp t ""'"' "" " '■"" ^^^^ -' -tana Surf ace ^atrriLTsttdt::;^^^^"^^^ ^^ ^ ^^ METHODS Periphyton samples were collected following standard operating procedures of the MDEQ Planning, Prevention, and Assistance Division. Using appropriate tools, microalgae were scraped, brushed, or sucked from natural substrates in proportion to the rank of those substrates at the study site. Macroalgae were picked by hand in proportion to their abundance at the site. All collections of microalgae and macroalgae were pooled into a common container and preserved with Lugol ' s solution. Samples were examined to estimate the relative abundance and rank by biovolume of diatoms and genera of soft (non-diatom) algae according to the method described in Bahls (1993) . Soft algae were identified using Prescott (1978) , Smith (1950) , and Whitford and Schumacher (1984) . These books also served as the main references on the ecology of the soft algae. After the identification of soft algae, raw periphyton samples were cleaned of organic matter using sulfuric acid, and permanent diatom slides were prepared in a high refractive index mounting medium following Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (APHA 1998) . For each slide, between 400 and 414 diatom cells (800 to 828 valves) were counted at random and identified to species. The following were used as the main taxonomic and autecological references for the diatoms: Krammer and Lange-Bertalot 1986, 1988, 1991a, 1991b; Patrick and Reimer 1966, 1975. Lowe (1974) was also used extensively as an ecological reference for the diatoms. The diatom proportional counts were used to generate an array of diatom association metrics (Table 2) . A metric is a characteristic of the biota that changes in some predictable way with increased human influence (Barbour et al . 1999) . One additional metric was calculated for this study: percent of cells in the diatom family Epithemiaceae . This family is represented in rivers by two genera, Epithewia and Rhopalodia, that commonly harbor endosymbiotic nitrogen- fixing bluegreen algae (cyanobacteria) within their cells. A diatom association that contains a large percentage of cells in these genera may indicate nitrogen-limiting conditions, that is, low nitrogen to phosphorus ratios (Stevenson and Pan 1999) . Metric values from Painted Robe Creek were compared to numeric biocriteria developed for streams in the Great Plains Ecoregions of Montana (Table 3) . These criteria are based on metric values measured in least-impaired reference streams (Bahls et al . 1992) and on metric values measured in streams that are known to be impaired by various sources and causes of pollution (Bahls 1993) . The criteria in Table 3 distinguish among four levels of impairment and three levels of aquatic life use support: no impairment or only minor impairment (full support) ; moderate impairment (partial support) ,- and severe impairment (nonsupport) . These impairment levels correspond to excellent, good, fair, and poor biological integrity, respectively. Only periphyton samples collected in summer (June 21- September 21) can be compared with confidence to reference stream samples because metric values change seasonally and summer is the season in which reference streams and impaired streams were sampled for the purpose of biocriteria development. However, late spring is an acceptable time to sample prairie streams because flows often become depleted in summer. Quality Assurance. Several steps were taken to assure that the study results are accurate and reproducible. Upon receipt of the samples, station and sample information were recorded in a laboratory notebook and samples were assigned a unique number compatible with the Montana Diatom Database, e.g., 1806-01. The first part of this number (1806) designates the sampling site (Painted Robe Creek at Buffalo Highway) ,- the second part of the number (01) designates the number of periphyton periphyton samples that have been collected at this site to date for which data have been entered into the Montana Diatom Database. Sample observations and analyses of soft (non-diatom) algae were recorded in a lab notebook along with station and sample information provided by MDEQ . A portion of the raw sample was used to make duplicate diatom slides. On completion of the project, station information, sample information, and diatom proportional count data will be entered into the Montana Diatom Database. One set of diatom slides will be deposited in the University of Montana Herbarium in Missoula. The other set of slides will be retained by Hannaea in Helena. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results are presented in Tables 4 and 5, located near the end of this report following the Literature Cited section. Spreadsheets containing completed diatom proportional counts, with species pollution tolerance classes (PTC) and calculated percent abundances, are attached as Appendix A. SAMPLE NOTES Painted Robe Creek at Lehfeldt (PRl-3). This sample was very silty. The Vaucheria was covered with diatom epiphytes. About half the diatom cells were empty. Painted Robe Creek at L. Paulson Road (PR2-1) . The sample from this site contained very little silt. The Cladophora here was densely covered with the diatom Rhoicosphenia curvata. About 10% of the diatom cells were empty. Painted Robe Creek at Buffalo Highway (PR2-3) . The sample was very silty. About 20% of the diatom cells were empty. Painted Robe Creek near mouth (PR2-14) . The sample was relatively free of silt. The bulk of this sample was an unidentified macrophyte . About 10% of the diatom cells were empty . NON-DIATOM ALGAE The uppermost site at Lehfeldt (PRl-3) was dominated by the filamentous chrysophyte Vaucheria (Table 4) . Vaucheria is a cool season taxon that grows on moist soil or on rocks in flowing water. The presence of this alga indicates a persistent source of water at this site. The site at Paulson (PR2-1) was dominated by the filamentous green alga Cladophora , with a lesser amount of the filamentous red alga Audouinella (Table 4) Dominance by Cladophora and the presence of Audouinella indicate cool and relatively fresh water at this site. Rhizoclonium replaced Cladophora as the dominant alga at the Buffalo Highway (PR2-3) . These are closely related genera that differ primarily in the degree of branching. Rhizoclonium tends to be found in slower, warmer, saltier and siltier waters than Cladophora . The appearance of Oedogonium and Anabaena at this site also indicate warmer water than upstream. Painted Robe Creek near the mouth (PR2-14) supported an algal flora that was similar to the one at the Buffalo Highway. DIATOMS The diatom association at Lehfeldt (PRl-3) was dominated by Navicula gregaria (Table 5) . This widely distributed diatom is motile, which allows it to live in waters that are subject to siltation. It prefers cool and somewhat brackish waters ranging from 500 to 10,000 mg/L salinity (Lowe 1974) . An abundance of Navicula gregaria and other motile diatoms at this site resulted in a siltation index that indicated moderate impairment and 8 partial support of aquatic life uses . The diatom association at Paulson Road (PR2-1) was very- different from the diatom association upstream at Lehf eldt . The two sites had only about 15 percent of their diatom associations in common (Table 5) . The dominant diatoms here- -Rhoicosphenia curvata and Achnanthes minutissima- -are freshwater species that do not tolerate large amounts of salt. They also prefer firm attachment sites such as bare rock or other algae {Cladophora) . Diatom metrics at Paulson Road indicated minor impairment but full support of aqxiatic life uses. The sites at the Buffalo Highway (PR2-3) and near the mouth of Painted Robe Creek (PR2-14) had similar diatom floras, both dominatated by species of Synedra that tolerate moderate amounts of salt (Bahls and Bahls 1976) . These brackish water diatoms-- Synedra famelica, S. fasciculata, and S. pulchella- -indicate increasing salt concentrations in the lower reaches of Painted Robe Creek. Nevertheless, diatom metrics at these sites indicated full support of aquatic life uses with only minor impairment (Table 5) . LITERATURE CITED APHA. 1998. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 20th Edition. American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C. Bahls, L.L. 1979. Benthic diatom diversity as a measure of water quality. Proc . Mont. Acad. Sci. 38:1-6. Bahls, L.L. 1993. Periphyton Bioassessment Methods for Montana Streams (Revised) . Montana Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Helena. Bahls, L.L., Bob Bukantis, and Steve Tralles. 1992. Benchmark Biology of Montana Reference Streams. Montana Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Helena. Bahls, L.L., and P. A. Bahls. 19 76. An Algal Survey of Surface Waters in Eastern Montana Suspected to be Influenced by Saline Seep, with Special Emphasis on Salinity Indicators and Potentially Toxic Species. Montana Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Helena. Barbour, M.T., J. Gerritsen, B.D. Snyder, and J.B. Stribling. 1999. Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Streams and Wadeable Rivers: Periphyton, Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Fish. Second Edition. EPA/841-B-99-002 . U.S. EPA, Office of Water, Washington, D.C. Karr, J.R., and D.R. Dudley. 1981. Ecological perspectives on water quality goals. Environmental Management 5:55-69. Krammer, K., and H. Lange-Bertalot . 1986. Bacillariophyceae, Part 2, Volume 1: Naviculaceae . In Ettl, H., J. Gerloff, H. Heynig, and D. Mollenhauer (eds.). Freshwater Flora of Middle Europe. Gustav Fischer Publisher, New York. Krammer, K., and H. Lange-Bertalot. 1988. Bacillariophyceae, Part 2, Volume 2: Bacillariaceae, Epithemiaceae, Surirellaceae. In Ettl, H., J. Gerloff, H. Heynig, and D. Mollenhauer (eds.). Freshwater Flora of Middle Europe. Gustav Fischer Publisher, New York. Krammer, K., and H. Lange-Bertalot. 1991a. Bacillariophyceae, Part 2, Volume 3: Centrales, Fragilariaceae, Eunotiaceae. In Ettl, H., J. Gerloff, H. Heynig, and D. Mollenhauer (eds.), Freshwater Flora of Middle Europe. Gustav Fischer Publisher, Stuttgart. Krammer, K., and H. Lange-Bertalot. 1991b. Bacillariophyceae, Part 2, Volume 4: Achnanthaceae, Critical Supplement to Navicula (Lineolatae) and Gomphonema , Complete List of Literature for Volumes 1-4. In Ettl, H., G. Gartner, J. Gerloff, H. Heynig, and D. Mollenhauer (eds.). Freshwater Flora of Middle Europe. Gustav Fischer Publisher, Stuttgart. Lange-Bertalot, Horst . 1979. Pollution tolerance of diatoms as a criterion for water quality estimation. Nova Hedwigia 64:285-304. Lowe, R.L. 1974. Environmental Requirements and Pollution Tolerance of Freshwater Diatoms. EPA-670/4-74-005 . McFarland, B.H., B.H. Hill, and W.T. Willingham. 1997. Abnormal Fragilaria spp . (Bacillariophyceae) in streams impacted by mine drainage. Jour, of Freshwater Ecology 12 (1) : 141-149 . Omernik, J.M., and A.L. Gallant. 1987. Ecoregions of the West Central United States (map). U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon. 10 Patrick, Ruth, and C.W. Reimer. 1966. The Diatoms of The United States Exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii. Volume 1: Fragilariaceae, Eunotiaceae, Achnanthaceae , Naviculaceae . Monograph Number 13, The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Patrick, Ruth, and C.W. Reimer. 1975. The Diatoms of The United States Exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii. Volume 2, Part 1: Entomoneidaceae, Cymbellaceae , Gomphonemaceae , Epithemiaceae . Nonograph Number 13, The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Plafkin, J.L., M.T. Barbour, K.D. Porter, S.K. Gross, and R.M. Hughes. 1989. Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Rivers and Streams: Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Fish. EPA 440-4-89-001. Prescott, G.W. 1978. How to Know the Freshwater Algae. Third Edition. Wm. C. Brown Company Publishers, Dubuque, Iowa. Smith, G.M. 1950. the Fresh-Water Algae of The United States. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. Stevenson, R.J., and L.L. Bahls. 1999. Periphyton Protocols. Chapter 6 in Barbour, M.T., J. Gerritsen, B.D. Snyder, and J.B. Stribling. Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Streams and Wadeable Rivers: Periphyton, Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Fish. Second Edition. EPA/841-B-99- 002. U.S. EPA, Office of Water, Washington, D.C. Stevenson, R.J., and Y. Pan. 1999. Assessing Environmental Conditions in Rivers and Streams with Diatoms. Chapter 2 in Stoermer, E.F., and J. P. Smol (eds.). The Diatoms: Applications for the Environmental and Earth Sciences. Cambridge University Press, New York. Taylor, R.L, and J.M. Ashley. Undated. Geological Map of Montana and Yellowstone National Park. Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman. USDA. 1976. Climax Vegetation of Montana (map). U. S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Cartographic Unit, Portland. Whitford, L.A., and G.J. Schumacher. 1984. A Manual of Fresh- Water Algae (Revised) . Sparks Press, Raleigh, North Carolina. Whittaker, R.H. 1952. A study of summer foliage insect communities in the Great Smokey Mountains. 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Parent ERDWATER.3EF 9, 356 LDRYCRK .2 00 8, 881 PROBECRK.1-3 6, 827 PROBECRK.2-1 5, .538 PROBECRK.2-3 6, .523 PROBECRK.214 5, .749 REDWATER .1-3 4, ,057 REDWATER.1-9 6, ,633 REDWATER. 2 -B 11, ,975 REDWATER. 2 -D 6, , 866 REDWATER . 2 - F 8, ,333 REDWATER. 3 -A . 10, ,708 REDWATER. 3-D 8, ,676 REDWATER . 3 - F 10, , 068 10-22-99 12:15a 10-22-99 12:16a 10-22-99 12:06a 10-22-99 12:07a 10-22-99 12:07a 10-22-99 12:08a 10-22-99 12:17a 10-22-99 12:19a 10-22-99 12:21a 10-22-99 12:19a 10-22-99 12:20a 10-22-99 12:22a 10-22-99 12:24a 10-22-99 12:23a