C\ iSf?,'!!?."* STATE LIBRARV 3 0864 1001 6089 7 SUPPORT OF AQUATIC LIFE USES IN THE REDWATER RIVER BASED ON PERIPHYTON COMPOSITION AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE Prepared for: State of Montana Department of Environmental Quality- Monitoring and Data Management Bureau P.O. Box 200901 Helena, Montana 59620-0901 Project Officer: Carol Endicott DEQ Contract No. 200012 Prepared by: Loren L. Bahls, Ph.D. Hannaea 1032 Twelfth Avenue Helena, Montana 59601 TATE DOCUMENTS COLLECTION OCT 1 :> 2002 MONTANA STATE LIBRARY 1515 E. 6th AVE. HELENA, MONTANA 59620 October 1999 Printed on Recycled Paper SUMMARY In late May 1999, composite periphyton samples were collected from natural substrates at 8 sites on the Redwater River and 1 site each on Little Dry Creek and the East Redwater River in eastern Montana. Samples were collected following DEQ standard operating procedures, processed and analyzed using standard methods for periphyton, and evaluated following modified USEPA rapid bioassessment protocols for wadeable streams. The benthic algal flora indicated elevated salinity and organic loading in the headwaters of the Redwater River, causing moderate impairment and partial support of aquatic life uses at the uppermost site (Gackle) . Salinity and organic loading decreased downstream to Circle., Below the Circle STP, an increase in organic and inorganic nutrients (but not salts) again caused moderate impairment with partial support of aquatic life uses'. Deformed diatoms below Circle also indicated the possible presence of toxins in the water. Recovery was complete in the next 15 miles of stream. A peak in the number of cells in the diatom family Epithemiaceae indicated a low N:P ratio below Bluff Creek. Aquatic life uses were fully supported from Bluff Creek downstream to Nickwall Crossing near the mouth of the Redwater. Both Little Dry Creek and the East Redwater River fully supported aquatic life uses with minor impairment from organic loading and elevated nutrients. All of the sites on the Redwater River also exhibited at least minor impairment from organic loading and elevated nutrients. This may be the normal background condition for streams in this area. INTRODUCTION This report evaluates the support of aquatic life uses, and probable causes of impairment to those uses, in the Redwater River, the East Redwater River, and Little Dry Creek in eastern Montana. This evaluation is based on species composition and community structure of periphyton (benthic algae) communities at 8 sites on the Redwater River and 1 site each on the East Redwater River and Little Dry Creek that were sampled in May 1999. Plafkin et al . (1989) list several reasons why biological surveys are superior to water quality analyses for determining use support. The first of these reasons is that biological communities measure our success' at protecting the biological integrity^ of waterbodies, which is a goal of the federal Clean Water Act . The periphyton or phytobenthos community is a basic biological component of all aquatic ecosystems. Collectively, periphyton accounts for much of the primary production and biological diversity of Montana streams. Stevenson and Bahls (1999) list several advantages for using periphyton in biological assessments of streams: • Algae are universally present in large numbers in all streams and unimpaired periphyton assemblages typically support a large number (>30) of species; • Algae have rapid reproduction rates and short life cycles, making them useful indicators of short-term impacts; ' Biological integrity is defined as "the ability of an aquatic ecosystem to support and maintain a balanced, integrated, adaptive community of organisms having a species composition, diversity, and functional organization comparable to that of the natural habitats within a region" (Karr and Dudley 1981) . • As primary producers, algae are most directly affected by physical and chemical factors, such as temperature, nutrients, and toxins; • Sampling is quick, easy and inexpensive, and causes minimal damage to resident biota and their habitat; • Standard methods and criteria exist for evaluating the composition, structure, and biomass of algal associations; • Identification to species is straightforward for the diatoms, for which there is a large body of taxonomic and ecological literature; and • Excess algae in streams is often correctly perceived as a problem by the public. Periphyton is a diverse assortment of simple photosynthetic organisms called algae, and other microorganisms that live attached to or in close proximity of the stream bottom. Most algae, such as the diatoms, are. microscopic . Diatoms are distinguished by having a cell wall composed of opaline glass- - hydrated amorphous silica. Diatoms often carpet a stream bottom with- a slippery brown film. Some algae, such as the filamentous greens, are conspicuous and their luxuriant growth may be aesthetically undesirable, deplete dissolved oxygen, interfere with fishing and fish spawning, clog irrigation intakes, and cause other problems. The federal Clean Water Act directs states to develop water pollution control plans (Total Maximum Daily Loads or TMDLs) that set limits on pollution loading to water-quality limited waters. Water-quality limited waters are lakes and stream segments that do not meet water-quality standards, that is, that do not fully support their beneficial uses. The Clean Water Act and USEPA , regulations require each state to (1) identify waters that are water-quality limited, (2) prioritize and target waters for TMDLs, and (3) develop TMDL plans to attain and maintain water- quality standards for all water-quality limited waters. The purpose of this report is to provide information that will help the State of Montana to determine whether the Redwater River, the East Redwater River, and Little Dry Creek are water- quality limited and in need of TMDLs . PROJECT AREA AND SAMPLING SITES The project area is in McCone, Dawson, and Garfield counties in eastern Montana. The Redwater River begins in southern McCone County and flows northeast for about 80 miles, joining the Missouri River south of Poplar, Montana. The East Redwater River, a major tributary, enters the Redwater River about 15 miles upstream from its mouth. Little Dry Creek was included in this study as a least- impaired reference stream against which to compare sites on the Redwater River. Little Dry Creek is a tributary of Big Dry Creek and flows north through Garfield County into Fort Peck Reservoir. Little Dry Creek is the next major drainage to the west of the Redwater River. The project area is located in the Northwestern Glaciated Plains Ecoregion (Omernik and Gallant 1987) . The watersheds of all three streams overlie the Fort Union Formation, a coal- bearing sedimentary deposit of Paleocene age (Taylor and Ashley, undated) . Vegetation is primarily grassland and the main land use is cattle grazing with some dryland farming. The town of Circle (pop. 716) is located near the headwaters of the Redwater River and is the only community along the three streams. Periphyton samples were collected in late May 1999 at 8 sites on the Redwater River, and 1 site each on the East Redwater River and Little Dry Creek (Table 1) . Elevations of the sampling sites range from about 3,000 feet near the head of the Redwater River to 2,000 feet near the mouth. All three study streams are classified C-3 in the Montana Surface Water Quality Standards. METHODS Periphyton samples were collected following standard operating procedures of the MDEQ Planning, Prevention, and Assistance Division. Using appropriate tools, microalgae were scraped, brushed, or sucked from natural substrates in proportion to the rank of those substrates at the study site. Macroalgae were picked by hand in proportion to their abundance at the site. All collections of microalgae and macroalgae were pooled into a common container and preserved with Lugol ' s solution. Samples were examined to estimate the relative abundance and rank by biovolume of diatoms and genera of soft (non-diatom) algae according to the method described in Bahls (1993) . Soft algae were identified using Prescott (1978) , Smith (1950) , and Whitford and Schumacher (1984) . These books also served as the main references on the ecology of the soft algae. After the identification of soft algae, raw periphyton samples were cleaned of organic matter using sulfuric acid, and permanent diatom slides were prepared in a high refractive index mounting medium following Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (APHA 1998) . For each slide, between 400 and 500 diatom cells (800 to 1,000 valves) were counted at random and identified to species. The following were used as the main taxonomic and autecological references: Krammer and Lange- Bertalot 1986, 1988, 1991a, 1991b; Patrick and Reimer 1966, 1975. The diatom proportional counts were used to generate an array of diatom association metrics (Table 2) . A metric is a characteristic of the biota that changes in some predictable way with increased human influence (Barbour et al . 1999). One additional metric was calculated for this study: 5 percent of cells in the diatom family Epithemiaceae . This family- is represented in rivers by two genera, Epithemia and Rhopalodia, that commonly harbor endosymbiotic nitrogen- fixing bluegreen algae (cyanobacteria) within their cells. A diatom association that contains a large percentage of cells in these genera may indicate nitrogen-limiting conditions, that is, low nitrogen to phosphorus ratios (Stevenson and Pan 1999) . Metric values from the Redwater River, East Redwater River, and Little Dry Creek were compared to numeric biocriteria developed for streams in the Great Plains Ecoregions of Montana (Table 3) . These criteria are based on metric values measured in least- impaired reference streams (Bahls et al . 1992) and on metric values measured in streams that are known to be impaired by various sources and causes of pollution (Bahls 1993) . The criteria in Table 3 distinguish among four levels of impairment and three levels of aquatic life use support: no impairment or only minor impairment (full support) ; moderate impairment (partial support) ; and severe impairment (nonsupport) . These impairment levels correspond to excellent, good, fair, and poor biological integrity, respectively. Only periphyton samples collected in summer (June 21- September 21) can be compared with confidence to reference stream samples because metric values change seasonally and summer is the season in which reference streams and impaired streams were sampled for the purpose of biocriteria development. However, summer begins earlier on the plains than it does in the mountains and late spring is often the best time to sample prairie streams because flows often become depleted in the summer. Quality Assurance. Several steps were taken to assure that the study results are accurate and reproducible. Upon receipt of the samples, station and sample information was recorded in a laboratory notebook and samples were assigned a unique number compatible with the Montana Diatom Database, e.g., 0745-02. The first part of this number (0745) designates the sampling site (Little Dry Creek at Highway 200) ; the second part of the number (02) designates the number of periphyton periphyton samples that have been collected at this site to date for which data have been entered into the Montana Diatom Database . Sample observations and analyses of soft (non-diatom) algae were recored in a lab notebook along with station and sample information provided by MDEQ . A portion of the raw sample was used to make duplicate diatom slides. A subcontractor (E. Weber of PhycoLogic) selected one sample at random from the sample set and performed a reanalysis of the soft algae and an independent count of diatoms on the duplicate slide for that sample. The reanalysis is a check on taxonomic accuracy and on the reproducibility of the sample processing and analysis methods. Common algal taxa should be the same for the two analyses of soft algae. The percent community similarity index (Whittaker 1952) calculated from the two diatom counts should exceed 75%. Major diatom taxa (>10% relative abundance) should be identified similarly by both analysts. Synonyms are acceptable. Counts completed on the two duplicate slides, and the resulting metrics and bioassessments , should both yield the same use support category (full support, partial support, nonsupport) for the site in question. On completion of the project, station information, sample information, and diatom proportional count data will be entered into the Montana Diatom Database. One set of diatom slides will be deposited in the University of Montana Herbarium in Missoula. The other set of slides will be retained by Hannaea in Helena. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results are presented in Tables 4 and 5, located near the end of this report following the Literature Cited section. Spreadsheets containing completed diatom proportional counts, with species pollution tolerance classes (PTC) and calculated percent abundances, are attached as Appendix A. Results of quality assurance analyses are presented in Appendix B. SAMPLE OBSERVATIONS Little Dry Creek at Highway 200. Sample was very silty. The bulk of the sample was a root wad. Branching was observed in the Rhizoclonium, but it was rare. About 20% of the diatom frustules were empty. Two species of Oedogonium were observed. Redwater River at Gackle. This sample was relatively free of silt. Two species of Anabaena were observed: one with straight filaments and the other with tangled filaments. Chara was the visual dominant in this sample. Redwater River at Kurtz. Stigeoclonium consisted of short, tapering but unbranched filaments growing on Rhizoclonium. Redwater River at Union Bridge. Sample was in process of decomposition; general aspect was black; smelled of hydrogen sulfide. Bulk of sample consisted of a root wad and amorphous black organic material. Soft algae were in poor condition, but identifiable. Redwater River below Circle STP . Sample was very silty. Much of the sample consisted of aquatic macrophytes. Redwater River below Bluff Creek. Sample was very silty. The bulk of the sample consisted of a root wad and macrophytes [Myriophyllum) . Algae did not visually dominate this sample. Redwater River above Pasture Creek. Bulk of sample was a root wad and a small piece of Myriophyllum. Rhizoclonium was entangled in the root wad and much of it was covered with diatom epiphytes. Less than 10% of the diatom frustules were empty. Sample was not very silty compared to others in this series. Redwater River at Highway 201. The bulk of this sample consisted of a root wad, bits of grasses and twigs, and a piece . of Myriophyllum . Algae were significantly less common than at the next upstream site (3A) . Sample not very silty compared to others in this series. Although abundant, Rhizoclonium was not conspicuous in the root wad. Redwater River at Nickwall Crossing. Bulk of sample consisted of a few stems and a small root wad, among which were entangled Rhizoclonium, Vaucheria and tube-dwelling diatoms {Nitzschia filiformis?) . Sample somewhat silty. Rhizoclonium more branched than specimens from other sites. East Redwater River near mouth. Bulk of sample consisted of a few stems covered with ciliated protozoans on branched stalks. Algae were relatively sparse. Sample not very silty. . Sample was collected about 0.25 miles above confluence with the Redwater River. The correct name, according to the USGS hydrologic map, is East Redwater River, not East Fork Redwater River (sample label) or East Redwater Creek (Montana DOT county map book) . 8 NON- DIATOM (SOFT) ALGAE Little Dry Creek The periphyton community of Little Dry Creek was dominated by diatoms, with a mix of euglenoid algae and filamentous green and bluegreen algae (Table 4) . The soft algal flora indicates moderate nutrient enrichment, warm water, and slow current velocities. Redwater River The upper site on the Redwater (RWl-3) was dominated by the macroscopic green alga Chara. This alga is common in standing, alkaline waters. The cyanobacterium Anajbaena, typlically a planktonic alga, also indicated ponding in this reach. The chrysophyte Trihonema indicated cool water temperatures and the appearance of the green alga Stigeoclonium indicated nutrient enrichment. Nutrient enrichment appeared to increase downstream at Kurtz (RWl-9) , where Stigeoclonium became more abundant and the flora was dominated by Rhizoclonium . Rhizoclonium is a sparsely branched filamentous green alga closely related to Cladophora. Anabaena and Tribonema were also present at this site. The site above Circle (RW2-D) had the lowest genus richness of all the sites- -only 2 genera of soft algae were recorded. However, this sample had partially decomposed before it was analyzed and some soft algal taxa may have been lost. Below the Circle STP (RW2-F) , Enteromorpha was the most abundant alga, followed by diatoms and Rhizoclonium (Table 4) . Enteromorpha is a green alga of marine origin that prefers constant flows of nutrient-rich water with moderately high conductivity. Free-living bluegreen algae (cyanobacteria) were conspicuously absent here and at the next downstream station (RW2-B) , although endophytic cyanobacteria may have been present (see diatom disscussion) . Below Bluff Creek {RW2-B), diatoms were again dominant and the number of soft algal genera increased from 3 to 8 (Table 4) , perhaps indicating recovery from disturbances upstream. Diatoms continued as the most abundant algae at sites downstream. An abundance of filamentous green algae indicated moderate nutrient enrichment here. The site a±>ove Pasture Creek (RW3-A) supported the largest number of non-diatom algal genera (11) of any study site. Free- living bluegreen algae returned', along with occasional euglenoid algae. These euglenoid algae and an abundance of Rhizoclonium and the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria indicate moderate nutrient enrichment and some (internal?) organic loading. Genus richness remained high at Highway 2 01 (RW3-F) with 9 genera of soft algae recorded. Rhizoclonium remained abundant and Stigeoclonium was common, indicating moderate nutrient enrichment. Free-living cyanobacteria were represented by 5 genera, the most recorded at any site. Genus richness declined to 4 at Nickwall Crossing (RW3-D) . The coenocytic chrysophyte Vaucheria appeared here for the first time. This alga is common on moist soil and in springs and seeps in the spring of the year. Rhizoclonium continued to be abundant here, indicating moderate nutrient enrichment. East Redwater River The East Redwater supported a mix of diatoms, green and 10 euglenoid algae, and cyanobacteria (Table 4). After the diatoms, Rhizoclonium and Stigeoclonium were the most common algae, indicating moderate nutrient enrichment and some (internal?) organic loading. DIATOMS Little Dry Creek Little Dry Creek proved to be a suitable reference site; diatom metrics indicated full support of aquatic life uses. Other than minor impairment from a low pollution index (Table 5) , all metrics were normal for prairie streams. All of the sites in this study exhibited at least minor impairment due to a slightly depressed pollution index, leading one to suspect that this is the nominal condition for streams in this part of the state. Redwater River The upper Redwater River site at Gackle (RWl-3) supported a large percentage (58%) of pollution tolerant species. Amphora delicatissima and Cymhella pusilla were the two most abundant pollution tolerant species (Table 5) . These are mesohalobous (brackish water) diatoms (Krammer and Lange-Bertalot 1986) . Amphora delicatissima is closely related to Amphora coffeiformis, which tolerates moderate organic loading (Lowe 1974) . Also abundant here were two species of Synedra-. Synedra famelica and Synedra pulchella. Both of these species prefer waters with moderately high conductivity (Krammer and Lange-Bertalot 1991a) . The depressed pollution index and small number of species indicate moderate impairment and partial support of beneficial uses at the Gackle site. The probable causes of impairment here are elevated salinity and loading by organic nutrients. 11 Although intended primarily as a measure of organic loading (Lange-Bertalot 1979) , in practice the pollution index responds to a variety of disturbances and pollution types, including salts, organics, temperature extremes, toxics, inorganic nutrients, and siltation (Bahls 1993) . Taxa that tolerate one of these types of pollution also tend to tolerate one or more of the other types. Knowing the autecology of the dominant species helps to identify which type or types of pollution is the most probable cause of impairment. The pollution index and the number of diatom species increased at Kurtz (RWl-9) , where diatom metrics indicated full support with only minor impairment of beneficial uses. The brackish water taxa recorded at Gackle were much less abundant here, indicating fresher water than upstream. The dominant species at Kurtz was Synedra famelica (Table 5) . At Union Bridge (RW2-D), Diatorna tenue replaced Synedra famelica as the dominant diatom species (Table 5) . Diatoma tenue is halophilous, meaning that it is stimulated by small amounts of salt (Lowe 1974) . In a survey of saline seeps in eastern Montana (Bahls and Bahls 1976) , Diatoma tenue preferred waters with lower conductivities than those preferred by Synedra famelica. This indicates that the Union Bridge site probably had fresher water than the Kurtz site, which in turn had fresher water than the Gackle site upstream. Diatom metrics indicated full support of uses at Union Bridge with minor impairment caused by salts and organic loading. The site below Circle (RW2-F) and the site upstream at Union Bridge had very similar floras (similarity index = 66%) , in spite of the intervening presence of the Circle STP . Diatoma tenue accounted for almost 70% of the diatom cells below Circle. In addition to being stimulated by small amounts of salt, Diatoma tenue is typically found in waters where the oxidation of 12 v.. biodegradable compounds is nearly complete, where concentrations of inorganic nutrients are high, and where nitrogen is present in the form of ammonia (Lowe 1974) . Dominance by Diatoma tenue and the resulting depressed species diversity index indicated moderate impairment with partial support of aquatic life uses below Circle. One may conclude from the autecology of Diatoma tenue that the primary cause of impairment here was nutrient, primarily nitrogen, enrichment, with salts playing a minor role. The most likely source of this enrichment is the Circle STP, perhaps exacerbated by background loads of salts and nutrients from upstream. Deformed valves of Diatoma tenue also indicated moderate impairment and partial support of uses below Circle (Table 5) . Diatom deformities may result from a variety of stressors, including heavy metals (McFarland et al . 1997). Given that j:iiato;T7a tenue is typically found in waters where ammonia is present, ammonia is a possible cause of the diatom deformities observed below Circle. While Union Bridge and the site below Circle had the largest similarity index, the site below Circle and the next downstream site below Bluff Creek (RW2-B) had the smallest similarity index of any pair of adjacent stations on the Redwater River (Table 5) . In the 15 miles between these two sites, there was a significant improvement in water quality. The dominant diatom below Bluff Creek {Fragilaria construens) is a sensitive species and it accounted for less than 10% of the cells at this site, and at other sites, hence it is not listed in Table 5. Another indicator of recovery here is the increase in cells of the family Epithemiaceae {Epithemia and Rhopalodia spp . ) , which indicates a decline in available nitrogen relative to phosphorus (Stevenson and Pan 1999) . The site below Bluff Creek had the largest diversity index and probably the best overall water quality and 13 ' biological integrity of any of the sites in this study. Water quality and biological integrity remained good at all of the downstream sites in the Redwater River. Minor impairment was indicated by some organic loading and by an occasional deformed cell or a slightly elevated percent dominant species value. Diatom diversity remained high all the way to the mouth of the Redwater and the siltation index was within acceptable limits for prairie streams (Table 5) . East Redwater River The East Redwater River fully supported its aquatic life uses. Minor impairment was indicated by some organic loading and by a slightly elevated percent dominant species value (34.5%). The dominant diatom species here was Thalassiosira pseudonana, a quasi-planktonic centric diatom that is common in eastern Montana streams (Bahls, unpublished data) . The East Redwater had slightly more than half of its flora in common with the site on the Redwater below their confluence (RW3-F) , indicating that it had a significant influence on the biota and water quality in the main Redwater River. QUALITY ASSURANCE Both analysts found four common algal genera in the sample from below the Circle STP (Appendix B-1) . Diatoms were rated as very abundant and ranked second in volume by both analysts. The dominant ^enus in the sample was identified as Enteromorpha by Hannaea and as Schizoweris by PhycoLogic. These two genera are closely related and have similar water quality preferences (Prescott 1978, Smith 1950) . Both analysts identified Diatoina tenue as the dominant diatom in replicate slides prepared from the periphyton sample collected below the Circle STP (Appendix B-2) . Diatom metrics generated from the replicate counts were very close. However, the slightly larger percent abundance of the dominant diatom in the slide counted by PhycoLogic resulted in a rating of severe and nonsupport of uses at the site below the Circle STP. The _ similarity index for these two replicate counts was 83.29, which is acceptable. 14 LITERATURE CITED APHA. 1998. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 20th Edition. American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C. Bahls, L.L. 1979. Benthic diatom diversity as a measure of water quality. Proc . Mont. Acad. Sci . 38:1-6. Bahls, L.L. 1993. Periphyton Bioassessment Methods for Montana Streams (Revised) . Montana Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Helena. Bahls, L.L., Bob Bukantis, and Steve Tralles . 1992. Benchmark Biology of Montana Reference Streams. Montana Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Helena. Bahls, L.L., and P. A. Bahls. 1976. An Algal Survey of Surface Waters in Eastern Montana Suspected to be Influenced by Saline Seep, with Special Emphasis on Salinity Indicators and Potentially Toxic Species. Montana Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Helena. Barbour, M.T., J. Gerritsen, B.D. Snyder, and J.B. Stribling. 1999. Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Streams and Wadeable Rivers-. Periphyton, Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Fish. Second Edition. EPA/841-B-99-002 . U.S. EPA, Office of Water, Washington, D.C. Karr, J.R., and D.R. Dudley. 1981. Ecological perspectives on water quality goals. Environmental Management 5:55-69. Krammer, K., and H. Lange-Bertalot . 1986. Bacillariophyceae, Part 2, Volume 1: Naviculaceae . In Ettl, H., J. Gerloff, H. Heynig, and D. Mollenhauer (eds.). Freshwater Flora of Middle Europe. Gustav Fischer Publisher, New York. Krammer, K., and H. Lange-Bertalot. 1988. Bacillariophyceae, Part 2, Volume 2: Bacillariaceae, Epithemiaceae, Surirellaceae . In Ettl, H., J. Gerloff, H. Heynig, and D. Mollenhauer (eds.), Freshwater Flora of Middle Europe. Gustav Fischer Publisher, New York. Krammer, K., and H. Lange-Bertalot. 1991a. Bacillariophyceae, Part 2, Volume 3: Centrales, Fragilariaceae, Eunotiaceae. In Ettl, H., J. Gerloff, H. Heynig, and D. Mollenhauer (eds.). Freshwater Flora of Middle Europe. Gustav Fischer Publisher, Stuttgart. • :l 15 V Krammer, K., and H. Lange-Bertalot . 1991b. Bacillariophyceae, Part 2, Volume 4: Achnanthaceae, Critical Supplement to Navicula (Lineolatae) and Gowphonema, Complete List of Literature for Volumes 1-4. In Ettl, H., G. Gartner, J. Gerloff, H. Heynig, and D. Mollenhauer (eds.), Freshwater Flora of Middle Europe. Gustav Fischer Publisher, Stuttgart. Lange-Bertalot, Horst . 1979. Pollution tolerance of diatoms as a criterion for water quality estimation. Nova Hedwigia 64:285-304 . Lowe, R.L. 1974. Environmental Requirements and Pollution Tolerance of Freshwater Diatoms. EPA- 670/4 - 74-005 . McFarland, B.H., B.H. Hill, andW.T. Willingham. 1997. Abnormal Fragilaria spp . (Bacillariophyceae) in streams impacted by mine drainage. Jour, of Freshwater Ecology 12 (1) : 141-149 . Omernik, J.M., and A.L. Gallant. 1987. Ecoregions of the West Central United States (map). U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon., Patrick, Ruth, and C.W. Reimer. 1966. The Diatoms of The United States Exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii. Volume 1: Fragilariaceae, Eunotiaceae, Achnanthaceae, Naviculaceae . "Monograph Number 13, The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia . Patrick, Ruth, and C.W. Reimer. 1975. The Diatoms of The United States Exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii. Volume 2, Part 1: Entomoneidaceae, Cymbellaceae, Gomphonemaceae, Epithemiaceae . Nonograph Number 13, The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Plafkin, J.L., M.T. Barbour, K.D. Porter, S.K. Gross, and R.M. Hughes. 1989. Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Rivers and Streams: Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Fish. EPA 440-4-89-001. Prescott, G.W. 1978. How to Know the Freshwater Algae. Third Edition. Wm. C. Brown Company Publishers, Dubuque, Iowa. Smith, G.M. 1950. the Fresh-Water Algae of The United States. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. Stevenson, R.J., and L.L. Bahls. 1999. Periphyton Protocols. Chapter 6 in Barbour, M.T., J. Gerritsen, B.D. Snyder, and J.B. Stribling. Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Streams and Wadeable Rivers: Periphyton, Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Fish. Second Edition. EPA/841-B-99- 002. U.S. EPA, Office of Water, Washington, D.C. 16 Stevenson, R.J., and Y. Pan. 1999. Assessing Environmental Conditions in Rivers and Streams with Diatoms. Chapter 2 in Stoermer, E.F., and J. P. Smol (eds.), The Diatoms: Applications for the Environmental and Earth Sciences. Cambridge University Press, New York. Taylor, R.L, and J.M. Ashley. Undated. Geological Map of Montana and Yellowstone National Park. Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman. Whitford, L.A., and G.J. Schumacher. 1984. A Manual of Fresh- Water Algae (Revised) . Sparks Press, Raleigh, North Carolina. Whittaker, R.H. 1952. A study of summer foliage insect communities in the Great Smokey Mountains. Ecological Monographs 22:6. 17 CTl .-H QJ c^ cr\ IX> U) \D in in UD in ^^ •H OiiJ (N (N (N CM rs OJ (N fN) (N OJ (U Pi e m ■\. ^^ ^^ ^ ^■^ ^^ -^ '~~~. ^^ ■^-^ u x: 0) fC Q m Lfl LD LD IT) m ID in in in (u 4J x; J-) vi C/3 o O O O O o O o o o iJ OJ W QJ n3 c (0 jj s -H c cd m -O 0 s QJ ^ 0) T) a; (U m x: 0) ^ Q PQ u U < Q < § u ^ (u H cc; c U U u Q U Q D u QJ g 4-) ^ o en . 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W JJ U-H ^ rc! p !h O ■H c fc 'D I, rO p X o -r;^ -H ^ •r-.'O w f^ ;z; cij Dj Oi CO Little Dry Creek at Highway 200 10/5/99 Sample Genus/Species/Varlety PTC Count Percent 074502iAchnanthes minutissima 3 75 9.35 074502 Amphipleura pellucida 2 9 1.12 074502 Amphora dusenii 2 4 0.50 074502 Amphora inariensis 3 2 0.25 074502 Amphora libyca 3 2 0.25 074502 Caloneis bacillum 2 2 0.25 074502 Caloneis schumanniana 2 6 0.75 074502 Cylindrotheca gracilis 2 4 0.50 074502 Cymbella affinis 3 61 7.61 074502 Cymbella cymbitormis 3 10 1.25 074502 Cymbella microcephala 2 27 3.37 074502 Cymbella minuta 2 3 0.37 074502 Cymbella muelleri 2 14 1.75 074502 Cymbella pusilla 1 6 0.75 074502 Cymbella silesiaca 2 1 0.12 074502 Diatoma tenue 2 15 1.87 074502 Diploneis pseudovalis 2 10 1.25 0745021Diploneis puella 2 142 17.71 074502 Entomoneis alata 2 4 0.50 074502 Entomoneis paludosa 2 44 5.49 074502 Fraqllaria vaucheriae 2 36 4.49 074502 Gomphonema parvulum 1 2 0.25 074502 Gyrosigma spencerii 2 2 0.25 074502 Navicula accomoda 1 1 0.12 074502iNavicula capitata 2 4 0.50 074502 Navicula capitatoradiata 2 1 0.12 074502 Navicula caterva 2 10 1.25 074502 Navicula cincta 1 5 0.62 074502lNavicula cincta v. rostrata 1 32 3.99 074502 Navicula circumtexta 1 1 0.12 074502 Navicula cryptocephala 3 2 0.25 074502 Navicula cryptotenella 2 16 2.00 074502;Navicula cuspidata 2 4 0.50 074502(Navicula durrenberqiana 1 3 0.37 074502iNavicula erifuqa 2 13 1.62 074502 Navicula qregaria 2 5 0.62 074502 Navicula minuscula 1 7 0.87 074502 Navicula notha 2 3 0.37 074502 Navicula odiosa 1 2 0.25 074502 Navicula reichardtiana 2 2 0.25 074502 Navicula veneta 1 5 0.62 074502 Navicula viridula v. rostellata 2^ 3 0.37 074502lNltzschla amphibia 2 8 1.00 074502 Nitzschia apiculata 2 10 1.25 074502 Nitzschia berqii 1 8 1.00 074502 Nitzschia filiformis 2 7 0.87 074502 Nitzschia frustulum 2 0 0.00 074502 Nitzschia frustulum v. subsalina 2 5 0.62 074502 Nitzschia gracilis 2 4 0.50 074502 Nitzschia levidensis 2 4 0.50 074502 Nitzschia microcephala 1 6 0.75 074502 Nitzschia palea 1 68 8.48 074502 Nitzschia paleacea 2 21 2.62 074502 Nitzschia perminuta 3 2 0.25 074502 Nitzschia perspicua 1 5 0.62 074502 Nitzschia recta 3 3 0.37 074502 Nitzschia reverse 2 4 0.50 074502 Nitzschia siqma 2 2 0.25 074502 Nitzschia solita 1 0 0.00 074502 Nitzschia valdestriata 2 6 0.75 Page 1 Little Dry Creek at Highway 200 10/5/99 Sample | Genus/Species/Variety PTC Count 1 Percent 1 074502iPinnularia microstauron 2 4 0.50 074502jRhoicosphenia curvata 3 4 0.50 074502ISimonsenia deloqnei 2 4 0.50 074502iStauroneis tackei 2 2 0.25 074502'Stephanodiscus hantzschii 2 6 0.75 074502 Surirella brebissonil 2 16 2.00 074502[SYnedra delicatissima v. anqustissim 2 1 0.12 074502 Synedra fasciculata 2 2 0.25 Page 2 APPENDIX A: DIATOM PROPORTIONAL COUNTS •v Redwater River at Gackle (Reach 1, Site 3) 10/5/99 Sample I Genus/Species/Varietv PTC Count Percent 180701 |Amphora coffeaeformis 1 32 3.95 180701 Amphora delicatissima 1 132 16.30 180701 Amphora holsatica 1 0 0.00 180701 Chaetoceros elmorei 1 2 0.25 180701 Cymbella perpusilla 3 1 0.12 180701 Cymbella pusllla 1 125 15.43 180701 Demicula sp. 3 1 0.12 180701 Entomoneis paludosa 2 1 0.12 180701 Navicula cincta v. rostrata 1 47 5.80 180701 Navlcula odiosa 1 17 2.10 180701 Navicula pelliculosa 1 2 0.25 180701 Navlcula pereqrina 2 4 0.49 180701 Navicula protracta 2 8 0.99 1 80701 iNavicula salinarum 1 34 4.20 180701 Navicula veneta 1 12 1.48 180701 Navicula viridula 2 1 0.12 180701 NItzschIa acicularis 2 4 0.49 180701 NItzschIa aurariae 1 62 7.65 180701 NItzschIa bergii 1 0 0.00 180701 NItzschIa frustulum 2 5 0.62 180701 NItzschIa frustulum v. subsalina 2 26 3.21 180701 NItzschIa llebetruthli 3 1 0.12 180701 NItzschIa obtusa 1 1 0.12 180701 NItzschIa palea 1 4 0.49 180701 NItzschIa reversa 2 3 0.37 180701 Pleurosiqma delicatulum 2 1 0.12 180701 Synedra famelica 2 157 19.38 180701 Synedra tasclculata 2 8 0.99 180701 Synedra pulchella 2 119 14.69 Page 1 Redwater River at Kurtz (Reach 1, Site 9) 10/5/99 Sample I Genus/Species/Varietv PTC 1 Count Percent 1 80801 Achnanthes minutissima 3 2 0.25 180801 Amphora coffeaeformis 1 4 0.49 180801 Amphora delicatissima 1 5 0.61 180801 Amphora holsatica 1 2 0.25 180801 Amphora inariensis 3 0 0.00 180801 Amphora libyca 3 0 0.00 180801 Bacillaria paradoxa 2 1 0.12 180801 Caloneis amphisbaena 2 1 0.12 180801 Cocconeis placentula 3 1 0.12 180801 Cyclotella meneqhiniana 2 4 0.49 180801 Cymbella pusilla 1 13 1.60 180801 Diatoma tenue 2 43 5.28 1 80801 lEntomoneis paludosa 2 1 0.12 1 80801 lEpithemia adnata 2 1 0.12 180801 Gyrosiqma macrum 2 1 0.12 180801 Gyrosiqma peisonis 2 1 0.12 180801 Mastoqioia smithii 2 3 0.37 1 80801 Melosira varians 2 1 0.12 1 80801 iNavicula anqusla 2 2 0.25 1 80801 INavicula capitata 2' 6 0.74 1 80801 Navicula caterva 2 41 0.49 1 80801 Navicula cincta v. rostrata 1 16 1.97 18080VNavicula circumtexta 1 0! 0.00 1 80801 iNavicula enfuqa 2 6 0.74 1 80801 Navicula qreqarla 2 1o' 1.23 180801 INavicula halophila 2 3| 0.37 180801 INavicula odiosa V 5' 0.6l| 1 80801 iNavicula pelliculosa 1 2< 0.25 1 80801 Navicula pereqrina 2 2 0.25 1 80801 INavicula salinarum 1 12 1.47 1 80801 INavicula slesvicensis 2 2 0.25 180801 Navicula sp. 2 1 0.12 180801 Navicula veneta 1 5 0.61 1 80801 iNavicula viridula V. rostellata 2' 2 0.25| 1 80801 iNitzschia amphibia 2 1 0.12 1 80801 Nitzschia filiformis 2| 0 0.00 1 80801 INitzschia frustulum 2j 8 0.98 1 80801 jNitzschia frustulum v. subsalina 2: 111 13.64 1 80801 Nitzschia hunqarica 2 2| 0.25| 1 80801 Nitzschia inconspicua 2 6 0.74 1 80801 INitzschia liebetruthii 3 15 1.84 1 80801 iNitzschia microcephala 1 17' 2.09 18080VNitzschia palea Il 28 3.44 1 80801 Nitzschia paleacea 2: 9 1.11 1 80801 INitzschia valdestriata 21 6 0.74 1 80801 iRhoicosphenia curvata 3 9 1.11 1 80801 iRhopalodia brebissonii il il 0.12 1 80801 iRhopalodia qibba 2 3 0.37 1 80801 IRhopalodia operculata 1, 0 0.00 180801 Stephanodiscus hantzschii 2 1 0.12i 1 80801 iSynedra famelica 2 251 30.84 1 80801 jSynedra fasciculata 2 159 19.53 1 80801 ISvnedra pulchella ' 2 25 3.07 Page 1 Redwater River above Circle at Union Bridge (2D) 10/5/99 Sample | Genus/Species/Variety PTC Count Percent 180901 Achnanthes hauckiana 2 7 0.78 180901 lAchnanthes minutissima 3 54 6.03 1 80901 lAmphipleura pellucida 2 5 0.56| 180901 Amphora libyca 3 6 0.67 180901 Amphora pediculus 3 0 0.00 1 80901 iCaloneis bacillunn 2 2 0.22 1 80901 iCocconeis placentula 3 3 0.33 180901 Cyclotella nneneqhiniana 2 8 0.89 1 80901 iCymbella affinis 3 10 1.12 180901 Cymbella pusilla 1 9 1.00 180901 Diatoma tenue 2 427 47.66 1 80901 jDiploneis pseudovaiis 2 1 0.11 180901 Entomoneis paludosa 2 1 0.11 1 80901 Ipraqilaria brevistriata 3 19 2.12 180901 ;Fraqilaria construens v. venter 3 8 0.89 1 80901 iGomphonema oiivaceum 3 60 6.70 180901 iMastoqIoia smithii 2 1 0.11 1 80901 Navicula capitata 2 2 0.22 1 80901 ;Navicula caterva 2 9 1.00 1 80901 Navicula cincta v. rostrata 1 6 0.67 180901 Navicula cryptoteneila 2 2 0.22 1 80901 Navicula durrenberqiana 1 1 0.11 1 80901 Navicula erifuga 2 2 0.22 1 80901 JNavicula qoersii 2 2 0.22 1 80901 iNavicula qreqaria 2 5 0.56 1 80901 Navicula halophila 2 1 0.11 1 80901 INavicula minuscula 1 2 0.22 1 80901 Navicula pereqrina 2 6 0.67 1 80901 Navicula pyqmaea 2 2 0.22 180901 Navicula salinarum 1 0 0.00 180901 Navicula sp. 2 2 0.22 1 80901 INavicula veneta 1 6 0.67 1 80901 Nitzschia amphibia 2 1 0.11 1 80901 iNitzschia apiculata 2 6 0.67 180901 'Nitzschia berqii 1 6 0.67 1 80901 jNilzschia frustulum v. subsalina 2 15 1.67 1 80901 iNitzschia qracilis 2 4 0.45 180901 Nitzschia liebetruthii 3 12 1.34 180901 INitzschia microcephala 1 2 0.22 1 80901 iNitzschia palea 1 14 1.56 180901 Nitzschia paleacea 2I 4 0.45 180901 Nitzschia perminuta 3 5 0.56 180901 Nitzschia sp. 2 2 0.22 180901 Nitzschia valdestriata 2 3 0.33 180901 Pinnularia microstauron 2 1 0.11 1 80901 iPleurosiqma delicatulum 2 9 1.00 180901 Rhoicosphenia curvata 3 11 1.23 180901 Rhopalodia qibba 2 1 0.11 180901 Surirella brebissonil 2 0 0.00 180901 Synedra delicatissima v. anqustissim 2 15 1.67 180901 Synedra famelica 2 79 8.82 180901 Synedra fasciculate 2 12 1.34 180901 Synedra pulchella 2 20 2.23 180901 Synedra ulna 2 3 0.33 180901 Thalassiosira pseudonana 2 2 0.22 Page 1 Redwater River below Circle WWTP (2F) 10/5/99 Sample Genus/Species/Varietv PTC Count Percent 181001 Achnanthes minutissima 3 18 2.19 181001 Amphipleura pellucida 2 2 0.24 181001 Amphora inariensis 3 0 o.ool 181001 Amphora libyca 3 2 0.24 181001 Amphora pediculus 3 4 0.49 181001 Asterionella formosa 3 1 0.12 181001 Bacillaria paradoxa 2 0 0.00 181001 Caloneis bacillum 2 0 0.00 181001 Cocconeis placentula 3 0 0.00 181001 Cyclotella meneqhiniana 2 7 0.85 181001 Cymbella affinis 3 7 0.85 181001 Cymbella cymbiformis 3 0 0.00 181001 Cymbella mexicana 3 0 0.00 181001 Cymbella minuta 2 1 0.12 181001 Cymbella muelleri 2 0 0.00 181001 Cymbella pusilla 1 3 0.36 181001 Cymbella sileslaca 2 2 0.24 181001 Denticula subtilis 2 1 0.12 181001 Diatoma tenue 2 573 69.71 181001 Diploneis pseudovalis 2 4 0.49 181001 Diploneis puella 2 2 0.24 181001 Entomoneis paludosa 2 3 0.36 ' 181001 Epithemia adnata 2 0 0.00 181001 Fraqilaria brevisUiata 3 5 0.61 181001 Gomphonema olivaceum 3 6 0.73 181001 Mastoqioia smithii 2 0 0.00 181001 Navicula arvensis 2 2 0.24 181001 Navicula capitata 2 6 0.73 181001J Navicula caterva 2 6 0.73 181001 Navicula cincta v. rostrata 1 5 0.61 181001 Navicula circumtexta 1 4 0.49 181001 Navicula erifuqa 2 11 1.34 181001 Navicula qreqaria 2 3 0.36 181001 Navicula odiosa 1 1 0.12 181001 Navicula peregrina 2 0 0.00 181001 Navicula pyqmaea 2 0 0.00 181001 Navicula salinarum 1 1 0.12 181001 Navicula slesvicensis 2 2 0.24 181001 Navicula sp. 2 0 0.00 181001 Navicula veneta 1 3 0.36 181001 Nitzschia amphibia 2 5 0.61 181001 Nitzschia apiculata 2 2 0.24 181001 Nitzschia berqii 1 0 0.00 181001 Nitzschia filiformis 2 7 0.85 181001 Nitzschia frustulum 2 2 0.24 181001 Nitzschia frustulum v. subsalina 2 5 0.61 181001 Nitzschia levidensis 2 0 0.00 181001 Nitzschia liebetruthii 3 4 0.49 181001 Nitzschia microcephala 1 0 0.00 181001 Nitzschia obtusa 1 1 0.12 181001 Nitzschia palea 1 6 0.73 181001 Nitzschia paleacea 2 2 0.24 181001 Nitzschia perminuta 3 5 0.61 181001 Pinnularia microstauron 2 2 0.24 181001 Pleurosiqma delicatulum 2 2 0.24 181001 Rhoicosphenia curvata 3 0 0.00 181001 Rhopalodia qibba 2 1 0.12 181001 Rhopalodia operculata 1 0 0.00 181001 Surirella breblssonii 2 3 0.36 181001 Synedra delicatissima v. anqustissim 2 10 1.22 Page 1 Redwaler River below Circle WWTP (2F) 10/5/99 Sample Genus/Specjes/Variety PTC Count Percent 181001 Synedra famelica 2 20 2.43 18100l!Synedra fasciculata 2 49 5.96 181 001, Synedra pulchella 2 11 1.34 k. Page 2 Redwater River below Bluff Creek (2B) 1 0/5/99 Sample | Genus/Species/Variety PTC Count Percent 181101 Achnanthes minutissima 3 13 1.63 181101 Amphipleura pellucida 2 2 0.25 181101 lAmphora coffeaeformis 1 1 0.13 181101 lAmphora delicatisslma 1 7 0.88 181101 Amphora inariensis 3 0 0.00 181 101 Amphora libyca 3 12 1.50 181101 Amphora ovalls 3 2 0.25 181101 Amphora pediculus 3 1 0.13 181101|Caloneis bacillum 2 8 1.00 181101 Caloneis schumanniana 2 1 0.13 181 101 'Cocconeis placentula 3 4 0.50 181101 iCyclotella atomus 2 2 0.25 181101 !Cyclotella meneqhiniana 2 16 2.00 181101 Cyclotella sp. 3 0 0.00 181101 tCymatopleura elliptica 2 0 0.00 1 81 1 01 iCymbella affinis 3 1 0.13 181 101 Cymbella cistula 3 0 0.00 181101 Cymbella muelleri 2 8 1.00 181 101 Cymbella pusilla 1 46 5.75 181 101 Cymbella silesiaca 2 5 0.63 1 81 101 Diatoma tenue 2 30 3.75 1 81 1 01 Diploneis pseudovalls 2 27 3.38 181101 Diploneis puella 2 15 1.88 181101 Entomoneis alata 2 2 0.25 181101 Entomoneis ornata 1 2 0.25 181101 Entomoneis paludosa 2 10 1.25 181101 Epithemia adnata 2 12 1.50 181101 Epithemia arqus 2 8 1.00 181101 Epithemia turqida 3 1 0.13 181101 Fraqilaria brevistriata 3 51 6.38 181101 Fraqilaria construens v. venter 3 78 9.75 181101 Fraqilaria crotonensis 3 2 0.25 181 101 Gomphonema olivaceum 3 0 0.00 181101 IMastoqloia elliptica 2 12 1.50 1 81 1 01 'Mastogloia smithii 2 23 2.88 181101 iNavicula capitata 2 3 0.38 • 1 81 101 jNavicula caterva 2 16 2.00 181101 jNavicula cincta v. rostrata 1 56 7.00 1 81 101 iNavicula circumtexta 1 6 0.75 1 81 101 INavicula constans 2 2 0.25 181101 jNavicula cryptotenella 2 2 0.25 181101 INavicula durrenberqiana ■ 1 2 0.25 181 101 Navicula erifuqa 2 8 1.00 181101 'Navicula qoersii 2 2 0.25 181101 iNavicula qreqaria 2 10 1.25 181101 Navicula halophila 2 2 0.25 181101 Navicula monoculata v. omissa 1 2 0.25 181101 Navicula notha 2 0 0.00 181101 Navicula odiosa 1 2 0.25 181 101 INavicula pereqrina 2 10 1.25 181101 Navicula pyqmaea 2 0 0.00 181101 Navicula reichardtiana 2 2 0.25 181101 Navicula salinarum 1 0 0.00 181 101 'Navicula sp. 2 3 0.38 181 101 Navicula tenera 1 2 0.25 1 81 101 Navicula veneta 1 0 0.00 181101 JNitzschia acicularis 2 4 0.50 1 81 1 01 iNitzschia amphibia 2 12 1.50 1 81 1 01 iNitzschia apiculata 2 0 0.00 181101|Nitzschla berqii 1 4 0.50 Page 1 Redwater River below Bluff Creek (2B) 10/5/99 Sample I Genus/Species/Varietv PTC Count Percent 181101 JNitzscfiia dissipate 3 2 0.25 181101 iNitzschia filiformis 2 8 1.00 181101 INItzschia frustulum 2 4 0.50 181 101 jNitzschia frustulum v. subsalina 2 23 2.88 18n0l|Nitzschia qracllis 2 14 1.75 181 101 iNitzscfiia hunqarica 2 11 1.38 181101 NItzschia incognita 2 2 0.25 181101 Nitzschia inconspicua 2 0 0.00 181101 Nitzschia liebetruthii 3 32 4.00 181101 Nitzschia linearis 2 1 0.13 181101 Nitzschia microcephala 1 21 2.63 181101 Nitzschia obtusa 1 5 0.63 181101 Nitzschia palea 1 13 1.63 181101 Nitzschia paleacea 2 4 0.50 181101 Nitzschia perminuta 3 1 0.13 181101 Nitzschia recta 3 1 0.13 181101 Nitzschia siqma 2 1 0.13 181101 iNitzschia sociabills 2 2 0.25 181101 Nitzscfiia supralitorea 2 10 1.25 181101 [Nitzschia valdecostata 2 2 0.25 181101 Nitzschia valdestriata 2 20 2.50 181101 Nitzschia vitrea 1 0 0.00 181101 Pinnularia ignobilis 2 1 0.13 181101 jPleurosigma deiicatulum 2 6 0.75 1 81 101 iRhopalodia qibba 2 25 3.13 181101 |Rhopalodia musculus 2 4 0.50 181101 iRhopalodia operculata 1 6 0.75 1 81 101 jStephanodiscus hantzschii 2 0 0.00 181101 Surirella brebissonii 2 1 0.13 18V101 Sunrella briqhtwellii 2 0 0.00 181101 Surirella sp. 2 0 0.00 181101 Synedra delicatissima v. anqustissim 2 1 0.13 181101 Synedra famelica 2 16 2.00 181101 Synedra fasciculate 2 3 0.38 181101 Synedra pulchella 2 4 0.50 181101 Synedra ulna 2 2 0.25 181101 Thalassiosira pseudonana 2 2 0.25 Page 2 Redwater River above Pasture Creek (3A) 10/5/99 Sample Genus/Species/Varietv PTC 1 Count Percent 1 81 201 Achnanthes minutissima 3| 42 4.68 181201 Amphipleura pellucida 2 1 0.11 181201 Amphora coffeaeformis 11 2 0.22 1 8120l!Amphora holsatica 1 2 0.22 181 201 (Amphora libyca 3 10 1.11 1 81 201 iAmphora peciiculus 3; 4 0.45 181201 Bacillaria paradoxa 2 1| 0.11 181201 Caloneis bacillum 2 2! 0.22 1 81 201 iCaloneis schumannlana 2 4 0.45 181201 Caloneis silicula 2 4 0.45 181201 Cocconeis placentula 3| 6 0.67 1 81 201JCYclotella meneqhiniana 2 2 0.22 18120i:Cyclotella sp. 3 1 0.11 181201 Cylindrotheca qracilis 2 4 0.45 181201 Cymbella affinis 3 14 1.56 1 81 201 iCymbella cymbiformis 3i 0 0.00 181201ICymbella muelleri 2 2 0.22 181 201 iCymbella pusllla V 4 0.45 18120VDiatoma tenue 2 255 28.40 1 81 201 (Oiploneis pseudovalis 2 24 2.67 18120liDiploneis puella 2 9 1.00 1 81 201 lEntomoneis alata 2 1 0.11 181201 Entomoneis paludosa 2 4 0.45 181201 Epithemia adnata 2, 5 0.56 181201 Epithemia arqus 2[ 2 0.22 1 81 201 Fraqilaria brevistrlata 3 40| 4.45I 1 81 201 iFraqiiaria construens v. venter 3 9 1.00 1 81 201 IFraqiiaria vaucheriae 2 11 1.22 1 81 201 Gomphonema anqustatum 2 1 0.11 1 81 201 IGomphonema parvulum ij 2 0.22 1 81 201 iGomphonema subtile 3 2i O.22I 1 8'1 201 iMastoqIoia smithii 2 2| 0.22 181201 Navicula capitata ; 2 141 1.56 18120l!Navicula caterva 2 21 2.34 18120l!Navicula cincta 1 2 0.22 181201 Navicula cincta v. rostrata 1 31 3.45 181201^^ Navicula circumtexta 1 4 0.45 1 81 201 iNavicula durrenberqiana 1 1 0.11 181201!Navicula erifuqa 2 8| 0.89| 1 81 201 iNavicula qcersh 2 0 0.00 1 81 201 iNavicula qreqaria 2 14 1.56 181 201 INavicula halophila 2 1 o.n 1 81 201 INavicula monoculata v. omissa 1| 2 0.22 181201 Navicula oblonqa 2l 0 0.00 1 81 201 iNavicula odiosa ! i; 1 O.n 1 81 201 JNavicula pereqrina t 3 0.33 181201 Navicula pupula 2i 5 0.56 181201 Navicula pyqmaea 2 ll 0.11 181201 Navicula salinarum 1 4 0.45 181201 Navicula tenelloides 1 2 0.22 181201 Nitzschia amphibia 2 0 0.00 1 81 201 INItzschia anqustata 2 4 0.45 181201 Nitzschia apicuiata 2 5 0.56 181201 Nitzschia berqii 1 2 0.22 181201 Nitzschia dissipata 3 2 0.22 181201 Nitzschia filiformis 2 4 0.45 1 81 201jNitzschia frustulum 2! 1 0.11 181201 Nitzschia frustulum v. subsalina 2! 36 4.01 181201 Nitzschia hunqarica 2! 7 0.78 181201 Nitzschia incoqnita 1 2' 2 0.22 Page 1 Redwater River above Pasture Creek (3A) 1 0/5/99 Sample | Genus/Species/Variety | PTC Count 1 Percent 181201 Nitzschia inconspicua 2 1 0.11 181201 Nitzschia levidensis 2 4 0.45 181201 Nitzschia liebetruthii 3 10 1.11 181201 Nitzschia linearis 2 1 0.11 181201 Nitzschia microcephala 1 10 1.11 181201 Nitzschia palea 1 24 2.67 181201 Nitzschia paleacea 2 26 2.90 181201 Nitzschia permlnuta 3 59 6.57 181201 Nitzschia persplcua 1 2 0.22 181201 Nitzschia siqma 2 3 0.33 181201 Nitzschia siqmoidea 3 1 0.11 181201 Nitzschia supralitorea 2 8 0.89 181201 Nitzschia valdestriata 2 3 0.33 181201 Plaqiotropis lepidoptera v. proboscid 2 0 0.00 181201 Pleurosiqma delicatulum 2 5 0.56 181201 Rhoicosphenia curvata 3 5 0.56 181201 Rhopalodia qibba 2 3 0.33 181201 Rhopalodia operculata 1 2 0.22 181201 Stephanodiscus hantzschii 2 7 0.78 181201 Synedra famelica 2 97 10.80 181201 Synedra fasciculata 2 57 6.35 181201 Synedra nana 3 3 0.33 181201 Synedra pulchella 2 10 1.11 181201 Synedra ulna 2 2 0.22 1 81 201 IThalassiosira pseudonana 2 6 0.67 Page 2 Redwater River at Highway 201 (3F) 10/5/99 Sample Genus/Species/Variety PTC Count Percent 107307 Achnanthes lanceolata 2 2 0.23 107307 Achnanthes minutissima 3 51 5.93 107307 Amphipleura pellucida 2 2 0.23 107307 Amphora coffeaeformis 1 0 0.00 107307 Amphora delicatissima 1 6 0.70 107307 Amphora libyca 3 2 0.23 107307 Caloneis silicula 2 6 0.70 107307 Cocconeis placentula 3 1 0.12 107307 Cyclotella atomus 2 1 0.12 107307 Cyclotella meneqhiniana 2 5 0.58 107307 Cymatopleura solea 2 2 0.23 107307 Cymbella affinis 3 36 4.19 107307 Cymbella minuta 2 1 0.12 107307 Cymbella muelleri 2 9 1.05 107307 Cymbella pusilla 1 12 1.40 107307 Cymbella silesiaca 2 6 0.70 107307 Diatoma tenue 2 64 7.44 107307 Diploneis pseudovalis 2 51 5.93 107307 Diplonels puella 2 47 5.47 107307 Entomoneis alata 2 2 0.23 107307 Entomonels ornata 1 1 0.12 107307 Entomoneis paludosa 2 17 1.98 107307 Epithemia turqida 3 2 0.23 107307 Fraqilaria brevistriata 3 4 0.47 107307 Fraqilaria capucina v. qracilis 2 6 0.70 107307 Fraqilaria construens v. venter 3 6 0.70 107307 Fraqilaria vaucheriae 2 42 4.88 107307 Frustulia vulgaris 2 2 0.23 107307 Mastoqioia elliptica 2 13 1.51 107307 Mastoqioia smithii 2 13 1.51 1 07307 Navicula capitata 2 1 0.12 107307 Navicula caterva 2 19 2.21 107307 Navicula cincta v. rostrata 1 8 0.93 107307 Navicula cryptotenella 2 3 0.35 107307 Navicula durrenberqiana 1 5 0.58 107307 Navicula erifuqa 2 4 0.47 107307 Navicula qoersii 2 2 0.23 107307 Navicula qreqaria 2 19 2.21 107307 Navicula minuscula 1 2 0.23 107307 Navicula notha 2 2 0.23 107307 Navicula pyqmaea 2 1 0.12 107307 Navicula salinarum 1 2 0.23 107307 Navicula tenera 1 0 0.00 107307 Nitzschia amphibia 2 0 0.00 107307 Nitzschia anqustatula 2 0 0.00 107307 Nitzschia apiculata 2 4 0.47 107307 Nitzschia aurariae 1 2 0.23 107307 Nitzschia bergii 1 4 0.47 107307 Nitzschia dissipata 3 2 0.23 107307 Nitzschia filiformis 2 7 0.81 107307 Nitzschia frustulum v. subsalina 2 34 3.95 107307 Nitzschia qracilis 2 11 1.28 107307 Nitzschia hunqarica 2 0 0.00 107307 Nitzschia incoqnita 2 4 0.47 107307 Nitzschia inconspicua 2 0 0.00 107307 Nitzschia levidensis 2 0 0.00 107307 Nitzschia llebetruthii 3 16 1.86 107307 Nitzschia linearis 2 7 0.81 107307 Nitzschia microcephala 1 8 0.93 107307 Nitzschia palea 1 22 2.56 Page 1 Redwater River at Highway 201 (3F) 1 0/5/99 Sample Genus/Species/Variety PTC Count Percent 107307 Nitzschia paleacea 2 41 4.77 107307 Nitzschia perminuta 3 12 1.40 107307 Nitzschia reversa 2 2 0.23 107307 Nitzschia supraiitorea 2 2 0.23 107307 Nitzschia valdestnata 2 15 1.74 107307 Rhoicosphenia curvata 3 1 0.12 107307 Rhopalodia qibba 2 19 2.21 107307 Rhopalodia operculata 1 5 0.58 107307 Simonsenia deloqnei 2 3 0.35 107307 Stephanodiscus hantzschil 2 3 0.35 107307 Stephanodiscus nninutulus 2 2 0.23 107307 Surirelia brebissonii 2 0 0.00 107307 Synedra delicatissima v. anqustissim 2 5 0.58 107307!Syneclra famelica 2 34 3.95 107307 Synedra fasciculata 2 7 0.81 107307|Synedra nana 3 4 0.47 107307 Synedra pulchella 2 15 1.74 107307 Synedra ulna 2 1 0.12 1 07307!Thalassiosira pseudonana 2 88 10.23 Page 2 Redwater River at Nickwall Crossing (3D) 10/5/99 Sample Genus/Species/Variety PTC Count Percent 030506 Achnanthes minutissima 3 10 1.15 030506 Amphipleura pellucida 2 51 5.85 030506 Amphora delicatissima 1 2 0.23 030506 Amphora libyca 3 1 0.11 030506 Amphora pediculus 3 2 0.23 030506 Caloneis bacillum 2 4 0.46 030506 Caloneis schumanniana 2 2 0.23 030506 Caloneis silicula 2 4 0.46 030506 Cyclotella atomus 2 2 0.23 030506 Cymbella affinis 3 50 5.73 030506 Cymbella minuta 2 7 0.80 030506 Cymbella muelleri 2 0 0.00 030506 Diatoma tenue 2 32 3.67 030506 Olploneis pseudovalis 2 58 6.65 030506 Diploneis puella 2 51 5.85 030506 Entomonels alata 2 7 0.80 030506 Entomoneis paludosa 2 48 5.50 030506 Epithemia turqida 3 0 0.00 030506 Fraqilaria construens v. venter 3 2 0.23 030506 Fraqilaria vaucheriae 2 194 22.25 030506 Gomphonema clavatum 2 1 0.11 030506 Gomphonema olivaceum 3 1 0.11 030506 Gomphonema parvulum 1 16 1.83 030506 Mastoqioia smithii 2 2 0.23 030506 Navlcula capltata 2 3 0.34 030506 Navlcula caterva 2 4 0.46 030506 Navlcula cincta v. rostrata 1 13 1.49 030506 Navlcula clrcumtexta 1 2 0.23 030506 Navlcula constans 2 2 0.23 030506 Navlcula cryptotenella 2 4 0.46 030506 Navlcula durrenberqiana 1 3 0.34 030506 Navlcula erifuqa 2 3 0.34 030506 Navlcula qoersii 2 2 0.23 030506 Navlcula qreqaria 2 3 0.34 030506 Navlcula monoculata v. omissa 1 4 0.46 030506 Navlcula veneta 1 4 0.46 030506 Nitzschia amphibia 2 6 0.69 030506 Nitzschia apiculata 2 8 0.92 030506 Nitzschia aurarlae 1 2 0.23 030506 Nitzschia berqil 1 18 2.06 030506 Nitzschia disslpata 3 5 0.57 030506 Nitzschia filitormis 2 33 3.78 030506 Nitzschia frustulum v. subsalina 2 4 0.46 030506 Nitzschia qracllls 2 6 0.69 030506 Nitzschia hunqarica 2 2 0.23 030506 Nitzschia incoqnita 2 6 0.69 030506 Nitzschia linearis 2 4 0.46 030506 Nitzschia microcephala 1 4 0.46 030506 Nitzschia palea 1 5 0.57 030506 Nitzschia paleacea 2 36 4.13 030506 Nitzschia permlnuta 3 8 0.92 030506 Nitzschia recta 3 1 0.11 030506 Nitzschia siqma 2 1 0.11 030506 Rhoicosphenia curvata 3 1 0.11 030506 Rhopalodia gibba 2 19 2.18 030506 Rhopalodia operculata 1 1 0.11 030506 Stephanodiscus hantzschli 2 2 0.23 030506 Surlrella brebissonii 2 12 1.38 030506 Surlrella ovalls 2 4 0.46 030506 Synedra delicatissima v. anqustissim 2 21 2.41 Page 1 Redwater River at Nickwall Crossing (3D) 10/5/99 Sample Genus/Species/Variety 030506 Synedra famelica O305O6jSYnedra fasciculata 030506|Synedra nana 030506 Synedra pulchella 030506 Synedra ulna 030506 Thalassiosira pseudonana PTC Count Percent 25 0.92 0.11 0.69 2.87 20 1.03 2.29 • Page 2 East Redwater River near mouth (3EF) 1 0/5/99 Sample I Genus/Species/Variety PTC Count Percent 1 57702. Achnanthes minutissima 3 47 5.73 1 57702, Amphipleura pellucida 2 0 0.00 157702, Amphora delicatissima 1 5 0.61 157702;Amphora libyca 3 5 0.61 1 57702iAmphora pediculus 3 8 0.98 1 57702 Caloneis bacillum 2 2 0.24 1 57702 Caloneis schumanniana 2 4 0.49 1 57702;Cyclotella atomus 2 2 0.24 1 57702;CYclotella meneqhiniana 2 6 0.73 157702!Cvmatopleura elliptica 2 0 0.00 157702lCYmbella affinis 3 8 0.98 157702 Cymbella silesiaca 2 0 0.00 157702iDiatoma tenue 2 24 2.93 157702 Diplonels pseudovalis 2 28 3.41 1 57702 Diploneis puella 2 27 3.29 1 57702iEntomoneis paludosa 2 7 0.85 1 57702, Fraqilaria construens v. venter 3 8 0.98 157702Traqilaria vaucheriae 2 11 1.34 1 57702lGomphonema olivaceum • 3 2 0.24 157702iGomphonema parvulum 1 9 1.10 1 57702;6vrosiqma spencerii 2 1 0.12 157702iMastoqloia elliptica 2 0 0.00 157702iMastoqloia smithii 2 1 0.12 157702 Navicula capitata 2 0 0.00 157702 Navicula caterva 2 23 2.80 157702:Navicula cincta 1 1 0.12 1 57702iNavicula cincta v. rostrata 1 7 0.85 157702 Navicula circumtexta 1 6 0.73 157702 Navicula cryptotenella 2 0 0.00 1 57702 Navicula erifuqa 2 6 0.73 1 57702 Navicula qoersii 2 2 0.24 15.7702 Navicula qreqaria 2 4 0.49 157702, Navicula monoculata v. omissa 1 14 1.71 1 57702iNavicula odiosa 1 4 0.49 1 57702'Navicula pereqrina 2 0 0.00 1 57702:Navicula reichardtiana 2 2 0.24 1 57702iNavicula salinarum 1 1 0.12 157702;Navicula tenelloides 1 2 0.24 157702lNavicula tripunctata 3 0 0.00 157702:Navicula veneta 1 0 0.00 157702 Nitzschia acicularis 2 0 0.00 157702iNitzschia amphibia 2 4 0.49 157702lNit2Schia apiculata 2 4 0.49 1 57702 Nitzschia aurariae 1 2 0.24 157702INitzschia filiformis 2 1 0.12 1 57702lNitzschia frustulum v. subsalina 2 37 4.51 1 57702INitzschia gracilis 2 0 0.00 1 57702iNitzschia incoqnita 2 0 0.00 1 57702 Nitzschia inconspicua 2 2 0.24 157702iNitzschia levidensis 2 0 0.00 157702 Nitzschia liebetruthii 3 22 2.68 157702lNitzschia microcephala 1 7 0.85 157702iNitzschia palea 1 31 3.78 157702 Nitzschia paleacea 2 12 1.46 1 57702 Nitzschia perminuta 3 75 9.15 157702 Nitzschia pusilla 1 4 0.49 1 57702, Nitzschia supralitorea 2 4 0.49 157702 Nitzschia valdestriata 2 7 0.85 1 57702IRhoicosphenia curvata 3 7 0.85 157702iRhopalodia qibba 2 6 0.73 Page 1 East Redwater River near mouth (3EF) 1 0/5/99 Sample Genus/SpeciesA/ariety PTC Count Percent 1 57702 Rhopalodia musculus 2 6 0.73 157702jRhopalodla operculata 1 4 0.49 1 57702!Simonsenia deloqnel 2 2 0.24 1 57702|Stephanodlscus hantzschii 2 2 0.24 157702jSurirella brebissonii 2 0 0.00 1577021Surirella brlqhtwellii 2 0 0.00 157702 Synedra delicatissinna v. anqustlssim 2 2 0.24 157702 Synedra famelica 2 11 1.34 157702 Synedra fasciculata 2 5 0.61 157702 Synedra pulchella 2 1 0.12 157702 Thalassiosira pseudonana 2 283 34.51 1 57702lThalassiosira weissfloqii 2 1 0.12 • Page 2 APPENDIX B: QA/QC RESULTS V Appendix B-l. Estimated relative abundance of algal cells and rank by volume of diatoms and genera of non-diatom algae in a periphyton sample collected from the Redwater River below the Circle STP in May 1999. Replicate analyses of the same sample by Loren Bahls, Hannaea, and Erich Weber, PhycoLogic . R = rare, C = common, VC = very common, A = abundant, VA = very abundant. Taxa Hannaea PhycoLogic Chlorophyta Closteriurn R Enteromorpha VA(1) Oedogonium R Rhizoclonium A(3) A(3) Scenedeswus C(4) Schizomeris VA(1) Chrysophyta Diatoms VA(2) VA(2) Vaucheria C(4) Appendix B-2. Percent abundance of major diatom species^ and values of selected diatom association metrics for a periphyton sample collected from the Redwater River below the Circle STP in May 1999. Diatom counts performed on replicate diatom slides by Loren Bahls, Hannaea, and Erich Weber, PhycoLogic. Underlined values indicate full support of aquatic life uses with minor impairment; bold values indicate partial support of aquatic life uses with moderate impairment ; vmderlined and bold values indicate nonsupport of aquatic life uses and severe impairment based on criteria for wadeable prairie streams in Table 3 . Species /Me trie Hannaea PhycoLogic Diatoma tenue 69.71 75.83 Number of Cells Counted Shannon Species Diversity Pollution Index Siltation Index Disturbance Index Number of Species Counted Percent Dominant Species Percent Abnormal Cells Percent Epithemiaceae Similarity Index 411 2.32 2 .03 10.44 2.19 46 69.71 1.58 , 0.24 !3 .29 422 1.95 2.02 9.01 1.30 45 75.83 0.24 ^ A major diatom species is here defined as one that accounts for 10.0 percent or more of the diatom cells that were counted at one or more stations in a sample set . ^ PhycoLogic did not count abnormal diatom cells, but did observe deformed valves of Diatoma tenue in the sample (Erich Weber, personal communication) . Hannaea 1032 Twelfth Avenue • Helena. MT 59601 • (406) 443-2196 e-mail: lbahlsPselway.urnt.edu October 6, 1999 Ms. Carol Endicott Monitoring and Data Management Bureau Departrnen.^ of Environmental Quality P.O. B^x 2-00901 Helena, Hont^ana 59620-0901 Re; Final MDEQ Co ^ater River Report and Invoice ict No. 200012 Dear Carol, Enclosed is the recycled paper per Redwater River periphyton report printed on .contract.. Also enclosed is an i per sample from the t files to DEQ. I'm not consult with your compu :e for* this work. I have deducted $25 mding transfer of electronic data ready to do this and I need to Dple regarding proper format. Sincerely, RECEfVED OCT 0 7 1999 DEQ / PPA '"•^X Bureau After this deduction I adde that the final report was per the incentive clause in Redwater River samples, on July November 20 . \ of the '-total for the 43 days d in advance of the deadline ract . I picked up the p the contract deadline was I am also enclosing a copy of a letl developing a diatom IBI foir-.^ Idaho Ri-^ like to know her opinion of 'diatoms as Thanks again for the work. I'll_get bus^ samples . rom Leska Fore, who is ■ I thought you might cators of disturbance. our remaining Loren L. Bahls, Ph.D Phycologist Enclosures Frustulia bahisii Edlund and Brant jr^S I