A Surgical

Operating Table

foR THE 'Horse.

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The Operating Table.

A SURGICAL

OPERATING TABLE

FOR THE

HORSE.

JNO. A. W. DOLLAR, M.R.C.V.S.,

Corresponding Afcinhcr of the Central Soe/ety of I'etcriiiary Medieine of Paris ;

Life Member of the Royal Italian Soeiety of Hygiene :

Corresponding; Assoeiafe of the Royal Spanish Soeiety of Hygiene ;

Corresponding Mtinber of the Soeiety of Veterinary RIedieine of Brabant {Belginin)

Honorary Associate of the Spanish Soeiety of Arts ;

Corresponding Associate of the Spanish Gyncecological Society [J'etej-inary Section) :

Ant ho/- of Horse-shoeing and the Horse's Foot,'' ' An Atlas of Veterinary

Surgical Operations,'

Translator and Editor of ^ M'oller" s J'eterina/y Snrgeiy,' etc.

EDINBURGH

DAVID DOUGLAS, lo, CASTLE STREET.

1900.

BY THE SAME AUTHOR.

Koyal 'Sto, 43S /rti.i'.f, 406 illuslratioiis.

A HANDBOOK OF HORSE-SHOEING,

With Introductory Chapters on the Anatomy and
Physiology of the Horse's Foot.

60 layi:;c pa;^cs (14I x 10 iihhc.i^. 31 ^ illustrations.

AN ATLAS OF VETERINARY SURGICAL

OPERATIONS.

Roynl "iT'o. 1 'i,i pages, 142 illiistratioiis.
OPERATIVE VETERINARY SURGERY,

H. M()LLER.

Translated and Edited from the 2nd Improved and
Enlarged Edition bv

JNO. A. W. DOLLAR, M.R.C.V.S.

PREFACE.

While introducing to the notice of the reader this brochure on
a somewhat neglected subject, I take the opportunitx' of acknow-
ledging my indebtedness to Messrs. l^euch and Toussaint fcjr
liberty to reproduce from their well-known ' Precis de Chirurgie
Veterinaire ' the figures on p. 7, and to Herr Ch. Trapp for the
illustrations numbered respectively 3 and 4 from his pamphlet
entitled ' Neuer Apparat zum Niederlegen der Thiere.' In
justice to Herr Trapp's apparatus which I notice under the title
of " The German Operating Table," I should state that it has had
a limited application in one of the larger slaughterhouses in
Strassburg, of which Herr Trapp is the veterinary inspector. The
fact, however, of its proving suitable for casting oxen in no way
removes my objections to it so far as the horse is concerned.

The apparatus with which I am principally concerned was first
suggested by M. Vinsot of Chartres. During 1892-3 I had
frecjuent opportunities of studying it, and of coming in contact
with its inventor.

Before, howexer, finalU' adopting; this model and erecting- an
operating table of my own, I communicated with, and in many
cases visited, those persons in Europe who were using such
apparatus. The visits were made during 1892-3-4-8 and '9,
usually while inspecting or studying at foreign veterinary schools,
and extended to France, Germany, Italy, Austro-Hungary, Spain,
l^elgium, Switzerland, and Holland. My own operating machine
was installed early in i 899, since which time it has been frequently
used and has proved very satisfactory.

The full-page process-work illustrations of it are from m\' own
photographs made during actual progress of operations in hospital
here.

Jx\0. A. W. DOLLAR.

56, Nkw Boxi) Stkekt,

London. W :

February, I 900.

A SURGICAL OPERATING TABLE FOR
THE HORSE.

Present Methods of Controlling Horses for Operation.

Notwithstanding; the urgent need for a means of efficiently
controlling horses during operation, and the inconvenience and
real danger of throwing down valuable animals on which opera-
tions must be performed, no important advance on old systems
has been reported in this country for the past fifty years. The
" stocks " or " trevis," having undergone no improvement for a
century, have practically disappeared, and at the present time
" hobbles " may be said to constitute the only means of restraint
for serious operations. That casting with hobbles exposes the
patient to serious risks will scarcely be questioned by any person
of experience. For my own part I may confess to having had
cases of broken back produced in this way, while the references in
professional journals to similar accidents, and the long discussions
as to their exact cause, leave no doubt that broken back has been
seen by most practitioners. No important veterinary surgical
text-book is without a reference to it. From time to time,
moreover, ingenious forms of harness have been devised to prevent

1

horses breakint^' their backs when cast ; but thouLjh in theory these
appliances fulfil their object, few practical men regard them
seriously. Of this nature is the back strap for keeping the head
extended, which formed an accessory of Rarey's " hippo-lasso."

From the appearance of those cases I have seen I agree with
Moller * that fracture usually results from ( i ) violent arching of
the back after the horse has been thrown down and is struggling
to free his feet, or (2) from lateral curvature of the spine when
the animal attempts to rise. In the first instance the great
muscle {longissiiiins dorsi) extending along the whole of the back
contracts with extreme force, fracture sometimes being accom-
panied by the occurrence of a dull, crunching sound. The body
of the vertebra is then usually found to be crushed. In the
second case the muscles of one side of the body contract simul-
taneously, causing so marked a curvature of the spine that fracture
results. This is most to be feared in aged animals, in which the
separate vertebra:; of the loins and back have become fixed
together by new bony growth, and where in consequence the spine
has become rigid.

One observer (Dieckerhoff) has alone reported fourteen cases,
so that the number of fractures annually occurring must be con-
siderable, especially as the total would be swollen by the rarer
though nevertheless tolerably frequent cases of broken ribs and
broken neck, and by the still less common fracture of the skull
consequent on rearing up and falling over backwards.

A further danger consists in the horse moving just before being
thrown, and thus falling on an unpadded spot. This is certainly
very dangerous, and cannot always be provided against.

* See my translation of Moller's 'Veterinary Surgery,' p. 411.

In short, the risks are so real and so well recognised that no
veterinary surgeon of experience will undertake operation involving
casting without first warning his client of them.

The occurrence of such accidents is not, however, the only or
even the chief reason for seeking a more satisfactory means of
control. The peculiar nervous shock which sometimes follows
the throwing down of high-couraged horses, and appears after-
wards to deprive them of all pluck and energy, is well recognised
both by owners and veterinary surgeons, and has gone far to
favour the practice of operating without restraint. In such
operations the veterinary surgeon often runs no less risk than his
patient, and virtually pits his own agility against the strength and
cunning of the animal. The smallest failure on the operator's
part may result in a broken leg or worse ; the smallest oversight
during a necessarily rapid examination may end in his being
confronted with an opened hernial sac, the protrusion of a mass
of bowel or omentum, or even the severance of an important
vessel, causing dangerous if not fatal bleeding. In the face of
complications the surgeon is helpless ; he has absolutely no con-
trol over the animal. That such accidents occur but seldom is a
tribute to the ability of operators — it is no defence of the system.
I do not go so far as to deny that this method of operation is
sometimes of value, or that it will continue to be employed in
certain eventualities ; but I do believe that in the great majority
of all surgical operations efficient control should form the necessary
precedent to any interference. I base this opinion not only on
the unquestionable duty of the veterinary surgeon to observe all
rules necessary for his own safety, but on the equally unquestion-
able duty to so conduct operations as to spare the animal all

unnecessary risk and pain. And this, I contend, cannot always be
done when animals are cast with hobbles, still less when painful
operations are performed standing-. In the former case the
anxiety and shock consequent on the fall and subsequent struggles
cannot be avoided even though the operation which follows be
conducted under an anaesthetic ; while, in the latter, anaesthesia
(other than local) is utterly out of the question. Some years ago
I made a number of experiments to settle the point of general
anaesthesia without control, and shall not readily forget the
spectacle of a heavy cart-horse, which I had attempted to chloro-
form for shoeing, breaking loose and scattering men and imple-
ments far and wide. Before being secured he had displaced
heavy anvils, broken windows, thrown bars of iron in all directions,
and pushed down a 4|-inch brick wall. Singularly enough, he
damaged himself but little. This was the decisive termination
of a number of experiments.

Without anaesthesia important operations are performed but ill,
some cannot be performed at all. In no case can the operator
observe that nicety in checking haemorrhage, cleansing the wound,
and applying dressings which so often determines between success
and failure. But, as I have shown, general anaesthesia presupposes
casting, and casting involves its own dangers. Many conditions,
moreover, fall to be treated where frequently repeated attention is
necessary. I need only recall operations on the sole for canker,
on the lateral cartilage for quittor, on the feet for wounds due to
picked-u{) nails, on the facial sinuses for the cure of nasal gleet,
on fistuhe of the jjoll and withers, on necrosed ribs or scapukv, on
the teeth, on salivar)' fistuhe, etc. E\ery practitioner can supple-
ment the list. Restraint is (jften recjin'rcd, simple methods fail,

5

and casting is the only resort. As casting is not only risky but
troublesome, the cases are apt to recei\'e less attention than they
otherwise would. Furthermore the straw beds on which horses
are cast give rise to clouds of microbe-charged dust, rendering
it a matter of the greatest difficulty to entirely exclude organisms,
and frustrating attempts to bring about primary union of wounds.
For the above reasons, and to facilitate new operations, imprac-
ticable by the old methods, a new means of restraint has become
urgentl}' needful. I believe it has been found. On account of
the danger to the operator, his attendants, and the patient, both
during and after casting, the inconvenience and surgical dis-
advantages of using straw beds, the humanitarian reasons for
requiring anaesthesia, and lastly the impossibility of performing
certain operations like that on the knee, later mentioned, without
it, I consider the invention of the machine now to be described of
the greatest importance. No apology is therefore necessary for
introducing it to the notice of the reader.

The Evolution of the Operating Table.

Considering the facts of England's supremacy as a stock-
breeding country, and the well-earned reputation of English
veterinary surgeons for general knowledge of animals and
practical skill in their profession, it is not a little surprising that
surgical technique and the development of aids to practice have
so far lagged behind, and that for many greatly demanded im-
provements we have to thank foreign colleagues. This is
strikingly true in regard to improved operating tables, of which,

on the continent, several ha\e been produced, and, moreover, have
come into fjiirl)- common use. We in this country seem to have
been too much of opinion that new ideas would " not pa}-," or
still more were " not practical." We have therefore waited for
the fullest demonstration of their value abroad before accepting
them at home, forgetting that the rewards of enterprise are for
the first in the field. In France, for instance, where the most
strenuous efforts have been made to improve apparatus and
technique, one veterinary surgeon is now making a generous
income by one operation alone — that namely, for removing the
scar from blemished (" broken ") knees, and has as many patients
as he can well accept. But without improved apparatus this
operation would have been impossible.

Daviau's Operating Table.

Excluding the " stocks " or " trevis," the first apparatus of an\-
practical value for controlling horses for operation was that shown
in the accompanying illustrations. It consisted of a large oak
table about 8x6 feet, the upper part of the front padded with
horse-hair and covered with stout leather, the lower portion and
the ends perforated with holes for the passage of ropes, the whole
pivoted on a horizontal axis, to which was attached a rackwork
quadrant. At the back was a stout framework about 2 feet
6 inches in height, with four legs, so arranged that the upright
table could fold back upon it, when the whole had somewhat the
appearance of an extremely massive and rather low kitchen table.
In practice the horse, already provided with a powerful head-

collar, was led up to this arrangement, the strong ropes attached
to the head- collar were passed through holes in the table and
secured at the back to belaying-pins. At the same time the

Fig. I. — Daviau's operating table. Horse secured.

Fig. 2. — Daviau's table. Horse in position for operation.

broad horizontal strap (attached at each end to the table) was
brought round the chest and flank, and fastened by drawing the

buckles tii^ht. The vertical straps were secured, the hobbles ad-
justed on the feet, and the ropes controlUni; them tit^htened and
fastened to belaying--pins behind the table. Thus secured, the
horse and table were turned through the arc of a circle b)-
working the crank handle seen at the left side.

For minor operations this table served a very useful purpose, but
a patent defect was the inaccessibility of one side of the horse, and
the need, when both sides had to be operated on, of releasing,
turning round, and refastening the animal. To this must be
added the difficulty of drawing tight the straps, a work depend-
ing entirely on the strength of the operator ; the trouble in
reaching the ropes, which were behind (and at times beneath) the
table ; the large amount of play allowed to the feet, and the close-
ness of the head to the fixed part of the table — a serious objection
when operating on the middle line of the face. This table is still
employed at the great French veterinary school of Alfort, where
during the years 1892-3 I had man)- opportunities of testing its
value.

DaVIAU'S iMrROVED TAI'.LE.

To remedy the most apparent defects the inventor, M. Daviau,
afterwards constructed a much larger and more complicated table,
on which, by erecting standards in the centre, it was possible to
turn the horse over without allowing him to regain his feet ; but
apart from the risk involved in this act, the cost, siz.e, and weight
of the table rendered its use almost impracticable. I have only seen
two of these tables, and I fancy very few have ever been built.
The first is owned by a French colleague at Chantilly, who some

years a^^o ver\' nblii^iiii^h' sliowed it me in action ; the second I
saw in Spain at the Ro)-al Veterinar)' College, Madrid, during
April, 189S. It was about to be installed in position.

The German Operatinc, Table.

The next table, of which I am able to give an illustration, is a
German in\ention, and, although \-cr\- alluring in appearance,
would, I fear, prove much less satisfactor\' in practice than it
looks on paper.

Fig. 3. — The German operating table.

lO

At rest, the table proper, which consists of strong" lattice-work,
is upright ; the two standards (vertical in the illustration) form feet,

Fig. 4. — The German operating table. Patient in position.

and between them lies the lattice bottom piece, which is then
horizontal. The horse is walked on to the bottom piece and

1 1

secured to the upright table. In this lies much of the difficult}%
for, unless the animal is unable to mo\e to an}- great extent, the
struggling, which al\va)'s ensues when he feels himself losing his
balance, will have disastrous results. Once fixed to the table, the
horse can readily be turned over, as the table and horse are, even
at first, in a position closely approaching unstable equilibrium.
Replacing the horse on his feet is a more difficult operation, and
calls for the assistance of several men. Not only has this table
all the defects of the Daviau, save, perhaps, a portion of its
expense, but the working out of its details is much less perfect.
Hitherto it has not come into common use even in Germany.

The New Apparatus (Early Form).

I now come to the early form of the apparatus of which this
little book is intended to treat. At the commencement of m}-
work at the French (Alfort) Veterinary College it had only just
been installed, having recentl}' been invented b)^ M. Vinsot, an
alumnus of Alfort. As will be seen from the illustrations, this
early form presented a rather complicated appearance, the portion
in which the horse was secured being controlled and supported
by an independent upright.

Commencing with Fig. 5, the main portion of the apparatus,
which now lies prone, is seen roughly to consist of two rectangular
end pieces, connected at the top by a strong steel girder, and at
the bottom by a strong iron rod of circular section. These
rectangular frames are further connected at 2 feet 6 inches
from the ground by two moveable rods, adapted to swing open.

W

M If

14

A double cushion, intended to support the horse when lying, is
capable of attachment to either of these side rods.

The purpose of the various ratchet wheels and chains will be
better understood by reference to Fig. 6. Here we see the
horse in position for turning over. His head, secured by a strong
head-collar and side-ropes, rests within the padded upper portions
of the front frame. Under his body passes a strong " bed-piece "
reinforced with leather straps, the extremities of which carry iron
eyes for the reception of two chains, by tightening which he is
lifted almost off his feet just before turning over. In front this
" bed-piece " is secured in position by a strap passing round the
chest, and behind by a crupper attached to the back chain. The
two chains are wound on spindles, turned, through the medium of
gearing, by the crank handles shown. The horse's feet are fixed
by hobbles to a strong chain running along the whole length of
the bottom of the apparatus, and tightened by turning the lower
of the two crank handles seen to the right.

The method of introducing and securing the horse continues
almost the same, and the latest pattern of this machine will there-
fore be given at a later stage.

A comparison of this and the succeeding illustration (where the
horse is seen turned over) with the later photographs will suffi-
ciently prove how greatly the apparatus is now simplified, and
how nearly perfect it has become in every mechanical detail.

i6

The New Operating Table.

Although in most respects a great advance on any of its prede-
cessors, the original form of the operating machine presented at
least one great disadvantage, viz. the difficulty in handling the
apparatus when once the horse had been introduced. To turn
the animal over demanded that the whole machine be once more
set upright, and inclined dc novo, of course, in the opposite direc-
tion. The difficulty of this procedure is manifest, the time
occupied was considerable, and the need for an accessory standard
rendered the apparatus little, if at all, preferable to Da\iau's
table.

After long thought and frequent alteration of models it was
determined to make the whole machine revolve about a central
horizontal axis, a change in design which has now been effected,
more than doubling the efficiency of the apparatus.

A glance at the frontispiece and Figs. 13 and 14 will show
how great an improvement this has been, and how simple the
machine has become. To support the revolving part, which
weighs 7 cwt. and is capable of accommodating horses of any
size, two strong iron standards 4 feet 6 inches in height, pro-
vided with stays of 2-inch iron, are sunk in the earth, where
they are surrounded by masses of concrete weighing five tons.
This provides a practically immoveable base, on which an)- acci-
dental shocks can have no effect. Each standard carries at its
upper part a carefully turned bearing to receive the axes of the
revolving part.

As in the old model, the main body of the machine consists of

two [jowerful end pieces connected at the top by a stout rolled
t^irder. In place, however, of being rectangular these end pieces
curve sharply inwards at top and bottom, and carry at their lower
extremities a two-inch circular iron rod fastening them together
and giving necessary rigidity to the whole machine. About
2 feet 3 inches from the ground the end pieces are again con-
nected by stout iron rods of circular section, arranged to swing
open and allow of the horse entering. The forward end piece
(right hand of the picture) is padded inside to prevent the horse
accidentally injuring his head, and is perforated throughout its
upper part with one-inch holes to permit the head collar ropes
being passed through and fastened to spring belaying pins seen
projecting in front. The back end piece carries crank arms, gear
wheels, and spindles by which the chains are drawn tight. It will
be noticed that only two crank arms are necessary as compared
with three in the older forms, an ingenious compensating chain
piece having been introduced enabling one chain to give a per-
fectly vertical pull at both ends of the " bed," by which the horse
is lifted. This compensating arrangement seen hanging from the
chain in the middle line of the upper part of the machine indeed
does more, for it enables the harness to adapt itself exactly to
the animal's form, and in every position gives a vertical pull.

The rods suspended from either end of the upper girder are
telescopic, and automatically stop the machine when tilted at
whatever point desired by the operator.

The double cushion seen about the centre of the picture is
intended to sustain the major part of the animal's weight, and
can be fixed at either side. By an ingenious arrangement it
locks on the bar, and once fixed it cannot be displaced without

20

the intervention of the person in chari^^e. To avoid excessive
strain on the side bars the cushion is parti}' skmg from the upper
girder, so that \\-hen the animal is King flat a portion of the
weight is sustained by the girder and onK' a part b)' the side
bar.

The very strong cliain which runs the length of the lower part
of the machine is proxided with four strong rings for securing
the horse's feet. To these are attached independent hobbles, so
arranged that any foot may at once be released for operation, and
as readily be resecured. For operations like plantar neurectomy
the leg may be drawn forward and secured by webbing to the
front frame or to the bottom bar. For greater convenience the
latter is arranged to rotate around the horizontal axis of the
machine, thus permitting a foot or leg to be secured in any posi-
tion or at any height desired.

Lastly, the revolving portion of the apparatus in which the
animal is fixed is secured against premature movement by four
" safety chocks " or catches secured to the standard, and locking
with the end frames. These catches are seen in the lower part of
the picture. The lever arm shown at the back and on the left
side of the figure can be affixed to either end of the machine, and
gives the operator the necessary purchase for moving the animal
when in position.

In Figs. 13, 14, and 15 the machine is seen in profile. The
bottom chain, the locking catches, spindles and gearing, sjjring
belaying-pins and standards are there well shown.

The disposition of weight has been so carefull)' planned that
when ready for rotation horse and machine form a mass whose
Cfjmmon centre of gravit}- is within an inch or two of the

Fig. io. — The horse secured for operation.

23

horizontal axis around which the whole moves. Very little
exertion is therefore required in handling even a heavy horse, and
no undue strain is thrown on the machine, whate\'cr the point at
which it may be brought to rest. As shown by Figs. 8 and i i ,
the machine swings equally freely to the right or left, and is
readily controlled by one person.

In these figures the locking catches have been cast off, and the
machine is commencing its phase of rotation. The cushions in
the end pieces, designed to prevent injury to the horse's head,
are very distinctly visible. The telescopic stop rods are seen to
be swinging with the machine, and as arranged will check move-
ment when the machine is horizontal. To prove, however, that
if necessary a still greater degree of movement is possible, Fig. 14
is given. The machine is now very nearly inverted, the horse's
feet are high in the air, his neck and head near the ground.
Needless to say, such a position is seldom required, though
for such operations as the reduction of . hernias, etc., it might
be necessar}'. From the above description it may be thought
the machine is complicated and troublesome to use. Such, how-
ever, is not the case, two persons usually being quite sufficient
to control and rotate any ordinary horse. The advantage of
this is obvious, for I can scarcely be accused of exaggeration in
declaring that by any other method four persons at least would be
needed.

The Machine in Use.

Coming now to the actual business of operation, the horse is
first provided with a strong head collar carrying two stout lines,
and the " bed-piece " strapped tightly round his body like a horse-

24

rug. One of the side rods is swuiil;" open, i;'i\'ini:^ admission to
the machine, and the liorse is \\alked forward until his head comes
within the front frame (Fig. 9). At the same moment the assistant
follows up with the side bar, and, as the horse enters, drops the
bar in place, ^vhere it locks of itself The groom passes the head
collar lines through holes in the front frame, and drawing them
tight winds them in a figure of 8 round the spring bela)-ing-pins,
while the " bed-piece " is hooked on to the hanging " compensa-
tion bar" (Fig. 10). If a comparativeh- simple operation is to be
performed nothing further is needed. A hind foot may be drawn
up and fixed for examination or dressing, and the horse be set at
liberty again in less than a couple of minutes.

If, however, an\' serious operation is required four hobbles are
affixed to the feet, the winch handles are turned (both together)
until the horse's feet begin to leave the ground, when the safet)'
chocks are cast off, permitting the apparatus to revolve, and de-
positing the horse without shock or pain in a horizontal position
(Figs. I I and i 2). Here he rests, extended on cushions, and in-
capable of an)' dangerous struggle, his feet being in their normal
position, and not " bunched up," as the}' must necessaril}- be in
hobbles. It is this position, with the feet closely drawn together,
which in ordinary " casting " seems specially to favour broken
back. The back and loins are bent, and the dorsal muscles are
acting to the greatest possible advantage. That broken back is
often due to muscular effort is shown by the reported cases where
certain vertebra,- appear actually to have been crusJicd, a result
only explicable on the theor}- of a longitudinal strain produced b)-
muscular contraction. As stated, the feet are ne\"er drawn to-
gether in the machine, and so far as m\- knowledge goes no case

M^^

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^ o

"i ^

o °

CO -Q

27

of broken back has ever been recorded in consequence of its
use.

In this position all ordinary operations may be performed,
either with or without an.nesthesia. The use of chloroform, how-
ever, becomes so easy, it prevents suffering so completely, and
facilitates operation to such a degree, that I do not think pro-
fessional men would neglect its administration in a case of any
magnitude.

In operations involving both sides the animal is swung over
with only a very short pause, and the operation completed.

To remove the horse from the machine the above-described
process is reversed. Having returned the machine to its normal
(upright) position, the operator secures it by throwing into gear
the four " safety chocks," lifts the pawls on the winches, allowing
the animal to come to his feet, and slackens the foot chain. The
hobbles are then removed, the body-piece unhooked, the head
collar ropes loosened, and, on the side bar being swung outwards,
the horse is at liberty. The procedure is simple, and occupies
little time, while risk of the animal injuring itself is reduced to a
minimum.

A New Operation for removing Scars from Blemished

Knees.

Although in a brochure of this kind there is neither space nor
reason for dealing at length with the man}- operations facilitated,
or those for the first time rendered possible by the machine
described, I may be permitted to refer at some length to an

28

operation of the hi\L;"hcst interest, which, thouLjh ah-cad\- attempted
in this countr}', lias hitherto al\va\'s failed.

How often does it not happen that a valuable horse, irre-
proachable in other respects and a great favourite of its owner,
has to be discarded and sold for a trifle on account of an accident
resulting in " broken knees " ? The character of the injur}' gener-
all}' prevents the resulting scar being linear ; as a rule the wound
is broad, contused, and indefinite. It has no geometrical shape,
its edges are prone to slough, and howexcr careful the treatment
the resulting cicatrix is irregularl}- circular or oval, de\-oid of hair,
and painfull)- conspicuous to the most careless observer. The
attempts subsequenth' made to induce a growth of hair on the
scar must necessarily fail, inasmuch as the hair-follicles are
destro}-ed, and after trying in succession all the resources of the
\'eterinar\' pharmacopteia, and often in addition those of the too
plausible quack, the owner is forced to acknowledge that the
horse is permanent!}- blemished, and for its original purpcxse
worthless.

An experience of such cases induced Mr. Cherr}-, sevent}- }'ears
ago, to attempt surgical interference. He excised the scar,
but owing to lack of surgical appliances and a knowledge of
antiseptics, failed to obtain satisfactor}- union of the new wound.
He discarded the operation. Ten }'ears ago Mr. Hunting re\-ived
it. A disciple of Gamgee, he has often rendered \eterinar}'
surgery valuable service by his originality and readiness to attack
new problems. Unfortunately, as he himself states, he " had not
much success," and does not appear to have repeated the opera-
tion, in 1892 I described Mr. Hunting's procedure to Professor
("adiot, of the Kcole W'terinaire dWlfort, and furnished him with

31

a number of the mas^azine in which details are given. He, it
appears, induced Monsieur Vinsot to study the matter, with the
result that the latter has carefully worked out the details, and
with the aid of the machine just described has rendered it a
brilliant success. The matter was of such interest that two years
ago I undertook a special visit to Chartres to study the operation,
and to fully acquaint myself with the details of procedure.

The object of the operation is to permanently remove the scar
left by accident, substituting at first a mere linear cicatrix, which,
once covered by hair, is almost imperceptible, even to the trained
senses of an expert.

To render operation successful the strictest asepsis or, failing
this, antisepsis is necessary, and for a considerable time the per-
sonal attention of the operator is indispensable. To facilitate
operation and ensure uninterrupted recovery a series of novel and
ingenious appliances have been produced, due reference to which
will later be made.

The new operating machine forms one of the most important
of these ; without it, in fact, success is always doubtful and gener-
ally unattainable. Not only is it necessary during operation, but
on account of the dressing and bandage afterwards applied fixing
the knee in position, there would, in the ordinary way, be great diffi-
culty in replacing the animal on its legs. Finally, the use of the
new machine greatly facilitates the use of antiseptic precautions,
and entirely avoids the need for a straw bed, a fruitful source of
infection in surgical operations on the horse.

The instruments and materials required are — clipping machine,
razor, scalpels, artery forceps, lion forceps, suture needles, " silk-
worm-gut " ligature, carbolic gauze sponges, icxloform gauze, [jieces

of freshly boiled linen, cibsorbent wacklinL;', tarlatan bandai;es, cotton
bandai^es, plaster bandat^es, nail brush, soap, boiled water and
se\eral \-essels for holding- it, 2^ per cent, carbolic solution, i per
cent, permanganate solution, 12^ percent, bisuljjhite of soda solu-
tion, sulphuric ether. All dressing materials must pre\iousl\' ha\"e
been sterilised. A convenient form of steriliser is the tall copi:)er
c\'linder shown in Figs. 10 .ct scq It consists of an outer and an
inner vessel, in the latter of which the dressings are placed. After
sterilisation the bandages, absorbent wool, etc., may be ke[)t for
some da)\s without danger.

.All the instruments should be of metal and have metal handles.
The\- should be boiled for at least twent}' minutes, and be placed
in sterilised, shallow, enamelled iron tra)\s containing a little
boiled carbolic solution.

The operation is divided into four stages :

1. Control of the animal and aseptic precautions.

2. Excision of the scar.

3. Suturing the operative wound.

4. Adjustment of the antiseptic dressing and s})lint.

I. A dressing saturated with 5 per cent, carbolic solution is
applied to the seat of operation overnight. Xext morning the
animal is placed in the operating machine as before described, and
brought under the influence of an aiiiesthetic ; chloroform is usu-
ally employed. Having been rotated until horizontal, the limb
intended for operation is freed, drawn forwards as far as possible,
and fixed to the lower bar of the machine b)- means of broad
strips of webbing. To ensure the limb being fulh' extended
another strip of webbing is passed round the forearm and drawn
forcibl\- backwards ; the knee is thus fulK" extended. It will be

35

found of scrx'icc to appK' an Esmarch bandage above the knee,
with the object of controlhnt:^ bleeding at a later stage.

The limb, if not prexiousl)- clipped, is di\csted of all long hair,
using the clipping machine. The seat of operation and a liberal
space on either side (about twelve inches above and below the
scar) are then whetted with warm water, rubbed with soap, and
briskly cleansed with the brush. Following on this the parts are
shaved, a lozenge-shaped area corresponding to the part to be ex-
cised being left, however, so as to guide the operator at a later
stage. To ensure this area being of the correct shape a special
spring calliper is used. The lather is washed away and the parts
rinsed carefully with permanganate of potash solution, followed
by bisulphite of soda solution, which removes the discoloration
caused by the permanganate. (A variation of this method may
be made by substituting for the permanganate and bisulphite
solutions, boiled water, tinged a deep sherry colour by the addi-
tion of iodine tincture.) Finally the parts are washed with ether
to remove fatty substances from the skin, and immediately
covered with pieces of linen removed from boiling water, so as to
ensure their being aseptic.

In the meantime the operator and his assistant have thoroughly
cleansed their hands, arms, and finger-nails in a similar wa}-, and
with similar solutions. The operation, properly so called, then
begins.

2. The importance of the unshaven area now becomes appa-
rent. Having been traced around the edges of a special spring
callii^er, the shape of which always remains symmetrical, though
its sides can be made to recede from one another, the unshaven
area is necessarily itself s)'mmetrical, so that when brought

tog-ctlicr in the subsequent operation of suturing- tlie ed^x-s of the
wound exactl)' coincide, forming a straiglit hue. It has furtlier
been found advantai;-eous to trace this area, not in a Hne w ith the
long axis of the Hmb, nor at right angles, but inclined obliquely
to it. The final linear cicatrix is then extremely difificult to dis-
cover. In this way it is possible to remove scars as large as
a five-shilling piece, leaving a very trifling cicatrix. Scars of
a larger size may be greatly diminished, though not entirel)'
removed.

The operator, armed with a sharp scalpel, held after the manner
of a pen, next proceeds to make the first incision. If possible this
should be effected without stoppage, as it is extreme!)- important
to produce clean-cut edges ; the scalpel should penetrate the
entire thickness of the scar, stopping just short of the synovial
sacs. The second incision, completel)' delimiting the tissue to be
removed, is made in a similar manner. Grasping the upper edge
of the partially detached fragment of skin, etc., b\- means of
forceps, the operator carefully dissects it away from the underl}-ing
tissues, removing at the same time as much of the thickened
(cicatricial) material as possible, but taking great care not to open
the synovial sacs. This operation finished, the remaining fibrous
tissue must be removed, so as to leave the base of the wound per-
fectly level, and any trifling haemorrhage checked b)- picking up
and ligaturing bleeding vessels. If the piece of tissue thus
removed is so broad as to render it difficult to bring together the
edges of the wound, the skin may be dissected from subjacent
tissues over the entire front of the knee. It will then glide
easily, and offer much less resistance to the coaptation of the
wound ederes.

Fig. i6. — Showing details of apparatus for lifting hind feet. If required the foot may be drawn

much further backwards.

39

3- When bleeding lias ceased the surface of the wound is care-
full}' dried with pledgets of aseptic or carboHscd gauze, care being
taken to a\-oid the formation of blood-clots, which check healing.
In a few minutes the wound is dry, and the edges can be brought
together with interrupted sutures of silkworm gut, each inserted
about \ inch from the line of incision, and about | inch from its
neighbour. It is better to commence at, say, the upper extremit}'
of the wound, and proceed downwards, rather than to commence
at the centre or at an intermediate point. The surgical knot
should be employed, /. c. the free end of the silk should be twisted
twice round the attached portion instead of once as in making an
ordinary knot, in order to avoid loosening. Silkworm gut is b}-
far the best material to employ ; it is solid, aseptic, non-porous,
does not irritate the tissues, and is readily removed at a later
stage.

4. The wound being perfectly closed is powdered with iodo-
form, carefully covered with iodoform gauze, and afterwards with
a large pad of surgical cotton wool. This dressing is retained in
position by tarlatan bandages, previously boiled. The slightl)-
moist tarlatan readily adapts itself to the form of the limb, and is
preferable to any other material. Bandaging should commence
low down on the cannon-bone, and be gradually continued upwards
over the knee.

It being absolutely essential to prevent all movement in the
limb after operation, some form of splint is necessary. Plaster
bandages have been tried with good effect, but a much simpler
and more effective apparatus consists of a " legging " of \er}' stout
leather, reinforced by ribs of spring steel, and capable of being
tightened by straps. This serves all the purposes of a plaster

40

bandat^e, is sHL,ditl)- flexible, will not crack, and is less likel}- to
injure the skin. Moreover it ]:)erinits of the occasional ins[)ection
of the dressing, shf)uld this become necessar)- — a procedure which,
in the case of the plaster bandage, calls for the total destruction
of the bandage itself. The legging extends from just above the
fetlock to 8 inches, more or less, above the knee.

All going well, the "legging" and dressings are remo\-ed about
the twelfth da)' after operation, when, if all details of the operation
have been thoroughl)^ carried out, the operative wound is found
cicatrised without the most trifling formation of pUs. The threads
ma\- then be cut with scissors and removed with aseptic forceps.
A light bandage of iodoform gauze, retained in place by tarlatan
bandages, is applied for another week to permit healing of the
orifices left b)' the sutures, after which time the animal ma)' be
exercised in hand or put to light work. Slight swelling over the
seat of operation occasionally persists for a week or two, but soon
disappears, the hair grows again, and, instead of a large conspicuous
blemish, an almost imperceptible linear cicatrix remains. This is
soon covered by the growth of hair, and nothing can be distin-
guished except b)' the closest examination.

In the ])erformance of this operation observance of the follow-
ing precautions is essential :

Complete asepsis of the operator's hands, of the region of
operation, of all instruments, and of all dressings.

Sufficientl)' extensive dissection of the skin adjacent to the
wound to permit of perfect apposition of the lips of the
wf)und.

Care in inserting sutures at equal distances apart, and in

41

drawing the sutures sufficient!}' tight to secure perfect

coaptation of the lips of the wound.
Thorough ch-j-ing of the seat of operation and remo\al of all

blood-clots, so as to avoid moistening the dressings.
The free use of padding over bony prominences of the knee,

without which rubbing is certain to occur.
Non-removal or disturbance of dressings before the twelfth

day, or of sutures before the sixteenth or seventeenth.

Painful swelling of the limb, or discharge or smell from the
dressing during the j^rogress of treatment, points to suppuration.
In such case the dressing must be removed, the parts irrigated
thoroughl}' with some antiseptic solution, and the dressing
renewed. Where local suppuration occurs around one or two
sutures, it is sometimes sufficient to touch these lightly with
nitrate of silver.

Though originally proposed more than half a century ago,
the above operation has only become practicable within the past
five years. The advances of antiseptic surgery and the inxention
of the new operating machine have placed in the hands of veteri-
nary surgeons a means of overcoming obstacles hitherto regarded
as insuperable. Between these two factors, however, an important
difference exists, inasmuch as while we all recognise with a fair
degree of precision the requirements and capabilities of antiseptic
surgery, it is at present impossible to accurately forecast the
benefits to be obtained from a new means of controlling animals
during operation. In important operations the disadvantages
inherent to the old method not infrequent!}' form a fatal bar to
success, or even to experiment. While fully recognising, there-

42

fore, the immense importance and possibilities of antiseptic
surger\-, I venture to predict for it an extended scope and ^f^reatl}'
increased success in veterinar\' operations, since its application
has been so t^reatl\- facilitated b\' the invention of this operating
table.

PRINTED BV ADLAUD AND SOX,
I.OXDON : BAKTHOLOMKW CI.OSR, E.G., AN'D 20, HANOVF.R SOl'ARE, W.

Jitst published, ^-i,i pages, 406 Illustrations, pn'cc 155. net.

A HANDBOOK OF HORSE-SHOEING

WITH INTRODUCTORY CHAPTERS ON THE ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HORSE'S FOOT.

JNO. A. W. DOLLAR, M.R.C.V.S.,

Jiaiiilald) and Editor of M'nller's ' Veterinary Surgery,' ' An Atlas nf Veterinary Surgical Operations,' etc.
Membre Correspondant de la Societe de Medecine VetMnaire de Paris.

W^ith 54 full page plates and descriptive notes supplied by

ALBERT WHEATLEY, F.R.C.V.S.,

Late Examiner in Farriery to the Berks County Council.

CONDENSED SYLLABUS.

INTRODUCTION. HISTORY OF HORSE-SHOEING.
PART I.

Sect. I. — The Structure of the Foot {with chapters on the bones, ligaments, muscles, elastic tissues

blood-vessels, nerves, skin, and horn).
Sect. II. — The Functions of the Foot. 72 illustrations.

PART II.

Sect. I. — Materials for and Methods of making Shoes (chapters on aluminium, bronze, paper, and naiUess
shoes, shoes and their properties, forging the shoe, varieties of shoes, rough nailing, sharp heels
and toes, frost screws, frost cogs, removable toe-grips), with 70 illustrations.

Sect. II. — Chapters on normal and abnormal limbs, feet and action; how the shoe and hoof are
worn, control of horse during shoeing, choosing shoe, preparing hoof for shoeing, and working
witliDut shoes.

The Shoeing of (1) Hacks, (2) Hunters, (3) Race-horses, (4) Trotting Horses, (5) Carriage
Horses, (6) Omnibus Horses, (7) Cart Horses, (8) the Charlier Shoe, (9) Tips, etc. etc., with
56 Large Plates.

Shaping and fitting the shoe, the nails, nailing on the shoe, examination after shoeing,
disadvantages of shoeing, etc.

Shoes for Forging and Cutting, with 20 Large Plates.
Sect. 111.— The Shoeing of Diseased Feet and of Lame Horses (with chapters on fever in the
feet, contracted foot, sandcrack, pricks in shoeing, picked-up nails, treads on the coronet, corns,
horn tumours, canker of the sole and frog, sidebone, navicular disease, curb, strained tendons
and capped elbow), with 90 illustrations.

SOME PRESS NOTICES OF THE ABOVE WORK.

" A masterly work, most exhaustive and
elaborate in every detail, and most copiously
and beautifully illustrated. It is the magnum
opus of one of the most erudite and most re-
spected leaders of the veterinary profession." —
North British Agriculturist.

" A singularly exhaustive and admirably
analytical Handbook. ... It deals in minute
detail with every phase of the ancient craft. . . .
The diagrams accompanying the book are of
exceeding value." — Daily -telegraph.

" They have certainly produced the best
printed, the best illustrated, and the most scien-
tific book on Horse-shoeing in the English
language. . . . Our general impression of the
work is that it contains probably all that is
worth knowing about shoeing and the foot. . . .
No pains and no expense have been spared to
reach the highest possible standard, and success
has attended the effort." — Veterinary Record.

" Is throughout written in a clear and
business-like fashion. ... A standard book, to
be used with equal confidence for purposes of
study and of research." — Scotsman.

" This book is a very full and complete
treatise; and its authors, and especially Mr.

Dollar, bring to its elucidation a large fund of
practical knowledge." — OUisgoiu Herald.

" This work, beautifully printed on thick
paper, and illustrated with a very large number
of excellent and instructive woodcuts, is un-
questionably the most complete which has been
issued upon this special subject." — Manchester
Guardian.

" Thoroughly exhaustive yet skilfully con-
densed in treatment, . . . the Handbook, which
is beautifully and profusely illustrated, deserves
a cordial welcome." — Dundee Ad-vertiser.

"A Handbook of Horse-shoeing is in itself a
final proof, if such were needed, of the high im-
portance and the complex dilhculties of a very
ancient craft. . . . The subject is exhaustively
treRted."— Yorkshire Post.

"An attractively written, voluminous, and
practical publication, . . . profusely illustrated
in a high-class style. . . . Should at once be
found on the bookshelf of every go-ahead horse-
owner." — Irish Farming World.

" Mr. Dollar's work will add to the reputation
which his former publications have won for him.
. . . The work is, in short, a credit alike to the
author and publisher." — Aberdeen Daily Free Press.

Edinburgh: DAVID DOUGLAS, 10, CASTLE STREET.

In One J'o/taiiL, Royal Svc, y 22 pages. Priee 21/-, Post Free for 16/3.

MOLLER'S OPERATIVE VETERINARY SURGERY,

TRANSl.ATKD AM) EDITED FROM THE SECOND ENLARGED AND IMPROVED

EDITION OK 1894.

By JNO. A. W. DOLLAR, M.R.C.V.S.

^A/ITH 142 ILLUSTRATIONS.

" No practitioner who aspires to keep abreast of the times, or who means to keep
in touch with the advances of modern Veterinary Surgery, can afford to do without
it." — Veterinarian.

" Mr. Dollar has done good service to English-speaking Veterinarians all over the
world by bringing Midler s Veterinary Surgery within their reach. To say that the
work is comprehensive is to give but a faint indication of its scope, yet its special
feature is its concise treatment of each subject — in the sense, that is to say, of
economy of diction. It is impossible to read a page in any part of the book without
being impressed with the conviction that the author has something to say, and is
determined to say it in such a manner as to leave no doubt of his meaning."— /•7<'/rf.

" Mr. Dollar has done a great service to Veterinary Science by this translation of
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of every member of the veterinary profession." — Edinburgh Medical Journal.

" Both common and obscure diseases are treated with a degree of detail which
onlv the most experienced and acute observer could command. ... A text-book
which both students and busy practitioners will find of inestimable value."- — Liverpool
Daily Post.

" The book gives a full and complete account of all the operative procedures which
the veterinary surgeon is likely to be called upon to undertake. The descriptions are
precise, and the science of the book is excellent ; and being drawn from a very large
experience, is on that account likely to be the more helpful to practitioners." — Glasgow
Herald.

60 large pages (145 x 10 ii/e/ies), 315 illustrations.

AN ATLAS OF VETERINARY SURGICAL OPERATIONS.

Edi.xbuugh; DAVID DOUGLAS, 10, CASTLE STREET.

Royal Srw. Subscription 18/- per year, post free.

"THE VETERINARIAN."

The oldest established Journal of Veterinary Medit^al Soience and

Pra<-ti<-e.

FOUNDED 1828.

"Thk Vetkkin.vkiax " is the most catholic of all the professional journals, and
devotes itself especially to questions immediateiv interesting veterinary surgeons,
medical men, sanitarians and breeders, rearers, and users of animals. Its monthly issue
comprises original papers on scientific subjects, clinical studies, a review of the dis-
coveries made during the month throughout Europe, editorial articles, reviews of home
and foreign literature, reports of important law decisions, and a chapter on current
topics. It is handsomely printed on high-class paper, freely illustrated, and numbers
among its contributors some of the most eminent members of the veterinary profession.

London: .Mk.s.sks. ADLARD .\ni) SON, 2i\, BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE, E.C.

tec