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V.
ST
THE SU SITE EXCAVATIONS AT A MOGOLLON VILLAGE
WESTERN NEW MEXICO 1939
BY
PAUL S. MARTIN
CHIEF CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY WITH REPORTS ON POTTERY AND ARTIFACTS
BY
JOHN RINALDO
AND
APPENDIX ON SKELETAL MATERIAL BY
MARJORIE KELLY
THE LIBRARY OF THE
JUL 19 1940
UNIVERSITY OF ILUNOIS
ANTHROPOLOGICAL SERIES
FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
VOLUME 32, NUMBER 1
JUNE 29, 1940 PUBLICATION 47fi
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Map 1. MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF SU SITE
THE SU SITE
EXCAVATIONS AT A MOGOLLON VILLAGE
WESTERN NEW MEXICO 1939
BY
PAUL S. MARTIN
CHIEF CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY WITH REPORTS ON POTTERY AND ARTIFACTS
BY
JOHN RINALDO
AND APPENDIX ON SKELETAL MATERIAL
BY
MARJORIE KELLY
18 1)1
,^ 1 8 I) 1 ,-4
^^ "mRY or THl
JUL 1 9 ,940
ANTHROPOLOGICAL SERIES
FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
VOLUME 32, NUMBER 1
JUNE 29, 1910 PUBLICATION 476
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS
V.
CONTENTS
PAGE
List OF Illustrations 5
j Preface 7
|j I. Introduction 9
e II, Description of Architectural Details 14
5 Pit House A 14
'^ Pit House B 18
^ Pit House C 20
j; Pit Houses D and D-1 22
Pit House E 26
"". Pit House F 28
^ Pit House G 30
u Surface Room 1 32
0
III. Artifacts, by John Rinaldo 34
Manos 38
Rubbing Stones 40
Metates 42
Mortars 48
Stone Bowls 48
Pitted Pebble 48
Pestles 52
Hammer Stones 54
Choppers 54
Mauls 56
Polishing Stones 58
Paint Grinding Stones 60
Abrading Stones 62
Stone Balls 62
Cylinder 6:3
Disks 62
Projectile Points 64
Knives 66
Scrapers 66
Pendants 68
Bracelets 68
Beads 68
Dice 68
Awls 70
Pins or Skewers 70
Needle 70
Antler Flaker 72
Antler Rubber or Polisher 72
Worked Sherds 74
Pipes 74
Jar Cover 74
Locations and Associations of Artifacts by Pit Houses 76
Identification of Unworked Bone 76
Glossary 77
M
Q
rt (0
3
4 Contents
PAGE
IV. Pottery, by John Rinaldo 78
Unpolished Brown 78
Alma Plain 80
Polished Red 80
Miscellaneous and Later Types 83
V. Summary 85
Appendix: Report ON THE Skeletal Material, by Marjon'eXeiZi/ . . 88
Bibliography 94
Index 96
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
TEXT FIGURES
PAGE
1. Pit House A; showing rock-lined firepit(?) in center, pits around it, log-
shaped grooves in periphery, and stubby entrance-way at left. Arrow (50 cm. long) points north; meter stick in background . . 15
2. Pit House A; showing central, rock-lined firepit and adjacent large
central post-hole. Arrow (50 cm. long) points north 16
3. Pit House A; showing double log-shaped grooves in floor of periphery.
Looking northeast; meter stick in background 17
4. Pit House B; showing pits, post-holes, and eastern lateral entrance.
Arrow (50 cm. long) points north; meter stick in background . . 19
5. Pit House C; showing pits, post-holes, and eastern lateral entrance (at
left). Arrow (50 cm. long) points north; meter stick in background . 21
6. Pit Houses D and D-1; in background, earlier pit house (D-1), burned
roof logs of later pit house, and metates; in foreground, later pit house (D) before complete excavation, and mortar; entrance to left. Arrow (50 cm. long) points north; meter stick in background ... 23
7. Pit Houses D and D-1, completely excavated. In background, pits dug
by later inhabitants, post-holes of later pit house, and pit (with meter stick) which antedated both houses. In foreground, storage pit, post-holes, and entrance (at left) to antechamber. Arrow (50 cm. long) points north; meter stick in background 24
8. Pit House D; showing antechamber. Arrow (50 cm. long) points north;
meter stick in background 25
9. Pit House E; showing pits, post-holes, and eastern lateral entrance.
Arrow (50 cm. long) points north; meter stick in background ... 27
10. Pit House F; showing pits, post-holes, eastern lateral entrance, and
mortar and metate in situ. Arrow (50 cm. long) points north. Meter stick in background 29
11. Pit House G; showing pits and post-holes. Arrow (50 cm. long) points
north; meter stick in background 31
12. Surface Room 1 ; showing pits and post-holes. Arrow (50 cm. long) points
north; meter stick in background 33
13. Manos. Upper left, turtleback type; upper right, pebble type; middle
right, disk type; lower left, oblong type; lower right, wedge- shaped type. Scale 1:3 39
14. Rubbing stones. Left column, oval or roundish in outline; right column,
rectangular with slightly rounded ends. Scale 1:2 41
15. Metates, slab type. Scale 1:4 43
16. Metates, slab type. Scale 1:5 44
17. Metates, basin type. Scale 1:3 45
18. Metates, trough type. Scale 1:5 46
19. Metates, basin type, with secondary depression. Scale 1:5 47
20. Mortar, boulder type. Scale 1:4 49
21. Mortars, pebble type; center, stone bowl. Scale 1:4 50
22. Upper left, pitted pebble; upper right, pebble mortar; remainder, stone
bowls. Scale 1:4 51
23. Pestles. Upper row, angular and cylindrical types (second from left,
cylindrical type); lower row, multifaced type. Scale 1:4 53
24. Upper two rows, hammer stones; lowest row, choppers. Scale 3:8 ... 55
25. Mauls. Scale 3:10 57
26. Polishing stones. Scale 3:8 59
27. Paint grinding stones. Scale 1:2 61
5
6 List of Illustrations
PAGE
28. Upper left, cylinder; upper and lower right, abrading stones; center, disk;
lower left, ball. Scale 7:8 63
29. Projectile points. Upper row, notched, expanding stem; middle row,
leaf-shaped; lower row, notched, straight stem. Scale 1:1 .... 65
30. Knives and scrapers. Upper and middle left, core implements; upper and
middle center, longitudinal flakes; right column, notched blades; lower left, scraper; lower center, fragment of oblong type. Scale 6:7 . 67
31. Ornaments. Upper left, disk bead and dice; upper center, turquoise
pendants; upper right, tubular bone beads and stone bird-effigy; lower two rows, shell bracelets. Scale 2:3 69
32. Bone tools. Upper left, first two, awls, type c; upper right, last four,
awls, type a; lower left, first three, pins; lower center, awl, type b; lower row, fifth object, needle; lower row, last two, awls, type d. Scale 1:2 71
33. Antler tools. Left, fiaker; right, polishers. Scale 1:1 73
34. Miscellaneous objects. First and second columns, worked sherds; third
column, pipes; fourth column, miniature vessels. Scale 1:2 .. . 75
35. Upper left, Unpolished Brown, globular jar; remainder. Alma Plain,
globular jar, bowl, and wide-mouth jar. Scale 1:2 79
36. Polished Red narrow-mouth jar. Scale 1:3 81
37. Left, Alma Scored wide-mouth jar; right, x\lma Plain wide-mouth jar.
Scale 1:3 82
38. Three Circle Red-on-White bowl. Scale 1:2 83
39. Postulated method of pit-house construction, showing roof supports and
layers of brush and adobe on roof and walls 86
40. Flexed burial, in pit 1, Pit House B. Young adult female. Shell
bracelets on left arm (see Fig. 31). Arrow (30 cm. long) points north 89
41. Flexed burial, in fill. Pit House C. Adult male. Arrow (30 cm. long)
points north 90
42. Flexed burial, in pit 2, Pit Houses D and D-1. Pit antedates both
houses. Arrow (30 cm. long) points north 92
MAPS PACING
PAGE
1. Map showing location of SU site 1
2. Topographic map of SU site. New Mexico 8
3. Enlarged drawing of rectangle outlined on Map 2, showing excavated
area 10
4. Ground plan and sections of Pit House A 16
5. Ground plan and sections of Pit House B 18
6. Ground plan and sections of Pit House C 20
7. Ground plan and sections of Pit Houses D and D-1 22
8. Ground plan and sections of Pit House E 26
9. Ground plan and sections of Pit House F 28
10. Ground plan and sections of Pit House G 30
11. Ground plan and sections of Surface House 1 32
PREFACE
During the summer of 1939, research was carried on by the Field Museum Archaeological Expedition to New Mexico in the Apache National Forest, about seven miles west of Reserve, in western central New Mexico (Township 7 S., Range 20 W., N.M.P.M., Catron County). This expedition, under my leadership, excavated part of an early-type Mogollon village, named "SU" after a near-by canyon and ranch ("SU" is also a local brand mark).
It gives me the greatest of pleasure to be able to state that the results of our work more than exceeded our expectations. This has brought much satisfaction to me and to Mr. Stanley Field, who again most generously financed and thus made possible our whole season's work. Mr. Field, President of Field Museum and staunch supporter of its many activities, has been an invaluable friend in our work in the Southwest, and his sincere interest and enthusiasm have added impetus to our work.
To Mr. Clifford C. Gregg, Director of the Museum, I owe a lasting debt. In the tedious work of organizing and preparing for our expedition, he helped in every way possible. And during the summer, when help was most needed, his support was always present.
My staff of assistants, without whose constant aid the expedi- tion would have been less successful, was made up of the following:
Joe Weckler, who designed and helped build our camp, was in charge of cartography and excavations.
John Rinaldo, Associate in Southwestern Archaeology at Field Museum, washed, classified, and catalogued all pottery and stone and bone artifacts. His reports appear in this volume.
Marjorie Kelly, Associate in Southwestern Archaeology, was entrusted with the care of and notes on the twenty-six burials which were found. Before writing the brief report, which is in- cluded herein as an appendix, she held conferences with Mr. Georg Neumann of the University of Michigan, Dr. W. M. Krogman, of the University of Chicago, and Dr. Wilfrid D. Hambly and Dr. Henry Field of the Field Museum staff, in order to check her work, observations, and conclusions.
Robert Yule, Assistant in the Department of Anthropology at Field Museum, secured the extraordinarily good photographs used as illustrations in this report. The pictures of pit houses were taken with a wide-angle lens with an Eastman 5x7 view camera
8 Preface
from a specially built twenty-foot tower. All negatives were de- veloped immediately in the camp dark room and, when dry, filed in standard 5x7 envelopes, numbered, and fully catalogued in the field.
Frances Weckler was an invaluable assistant, who acted as my secretary and stenographer.
Towards the close of the summer, Mr. Alexander Spoehr, now Assistant Curator of North American Archaeology and Ethnology at Field Museum, joined the expedition, supervised the back- filling, and helped close camp.
In the fall of 1938, I visited Gila Pueblo for the purpose of keep- ing abreast of the work done by its staff and of obtaining counsel on the choice of new sites for study. The magnificent sherd collec- tions, survey maps, and notes were all made freely available to me. Over the sherd boards showing only plain wares from the Mogollon area many conferences were held. I am extremely grateful for all the help, suggestions, courtesies, and hospitality which I received there in abundance. Nowhere else could I have found the extensive collections of sherds of the type in which I was interested.
Mr. Harold S. Gladwin, Director of Gila Pueblo, very kindly offered to study all specimens of wood that we might obtain during the summer. We sent more than one hundred samples to him at his Santa Barbara Laboratory. Unfortunately, this wood turned out to be juniper and cannot be dated by present techniques. How- ever, I am very grateful for Mr. Gladwin's careful work.
I would not be content unless I thanked Mrs. Crackel, her daughter, Betty, and her son, Danny. Mrs. Crackel fed our guests, furnished us with free water, and permitted us to use her telephone.
Mr. Benton S. Rogers, ranger of the Hood Ranger Station of the Apache National Forest, and Messrs. Ewing and Stuart, his immediate superiors of the Springerville, Arizona, office, were unfail- ingly kind, courteous, and helpful to us. Our excavations were carried on under a permit granted the Museum by the Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Mr. Rogers and Mr. Stuart inspected our digging and our back-filling work and expressed their satisfaction with our job. I am grateful for their help and co-operation.
I wish especially to mention with gratitude the loyal services of Miss Lillie Wayman, cook, and of Messrs. Hugh Pigg, Luke Lancaster, Charles Phinny, Eduardo Naranjo, and Luis Martinez.
Paul S. Martin
Mai- 2. TOPOGRAPHIC MAP OF SU SITE, NEW MEXICO
THE SU SITE
I. INTRODUCTION
Up to fifteen or twenty years ago, archaeologists generally assumed that the ancient culture of the vast Southwest was of one origin and was fairly uniform throughout. This culture was known as "Puebloan." Peculiarities, specialties, and divergences were all attributed to local variations and to chronological differences. Pottery which differed from the orthodox Gray ware and Black-on- White wares, and architecture that varied from the standard Ana- sazi (Basket Maker Puebloid) culture, were called "peripheral," "special developments," or "aberrations."
It is now known that this assumption was incorrect. Kidder suspected (1924, p. 105) and Kroeber (1928, pp. 378 380) suggested that the ancient culture of southern Arizona did not conform to the well-known late Pueblo trends or traits (for example: Black-on- White, corrugated and glazed pottery; altars, kivas, masks, terraced houses of several stories). The culture of southern Arizona, now known as the Hohokam, has since been thoroughly investigated and well described by Gila Pueblo (Gladwin, Haury, Sayles, and Gladwin, 1937). This monograph from Gila Pueblo demonstrated that this culture was a separate complex and was utterly non- Puebloan in origin and in character. The studies carried on by Gila Pueblo also indicated that the beginnings of Hohokam culture were earlier than those of the Anasazi (Basket Maker Pueblo) and that in the thirteenth or foftrteenth .q^fur^. Puebloan people peacefully moved in and lived side by side with the Hohokam.
But soon after the Hohokam culture was delineated, a third and also separate cultural entity in the Southwest was outlined by Gladwin (1934, pp. 5 and 30), namely, the Mogollon Root. Later, Gladwin (1935, pp. 221 227) stated more explicitly what he knew and thought about the Mogollon culture. It is true that Bradfield suspected that there was an earlier stage of pottery-making under- lying his materials, and he had worked out a developmental sequence, although this unfortunately was not published. I have never seen Bradfield's material, but judging from his report on Cameron Creek (1931) I think that his earliest phase at Cameron Creek was probably what Haury (1936a, p. 3) later called the San Francisco phase. Hough (1923, p. 8) also believed that the Mimbres material may have had
10 The SU Site: Western New Mexico
earlier antecedents and that it was not strongly affiliated with the Pueblo culture. Cosgrove (1932, p. 112) realized that the origins of the Mimbres culture were unknown, although Kidder in the same report (Cosgrove, 1932, p. xix) implied that from the point of view of the San Juan nucleus, the Mimbres culture was peripheral. Kid- der's point of view was not unreasonable at that time, because only late Mimbres sites had been reported upon. We now know that the Mogollon roots of the Mimbres culture were probably not connected with those of the Anasazi.
After Gladwin's published remarks about the Mogollon culture, the next report on this subject to appear was by Haury (1936a, b). Haury names and defines three distinct Non-Puebloan phases which were earlier than the so-called classic Mimbres phase. Some questioned his evidence and his conclusions; I felt that his state- ments were sound and his speculations good. Haury, with his archaeological evidence, was able to back up the earlier published statements of Gladwin (1934 and 1935, loc. cit.). Haury 's main points were that the early stages of the culture called Mogollon were neither Anasazi (Basket Maker) nor Hohokam, as then de- fined; that the separateness of the Mogollon culture could not be denied; and that the mixture of Anasazi and Hohokam traits (about A.D. 900) with the original Mogollon traits produced what has long been known as the Mimbres Classic phase. Several authorities have doubted the validity of both of these statements, and Nesbitt (1938, pp. 8 and 132) stated that the Mogollon culture, as currently known, did not represent a new basic pattern. Since then, Nesbitt has modified his point of view concerning the separateness of the Mo- gollon culture, on the basis of his own, Haury's, and our recent work.
Thus far, I have presented the history of the Mogollon problem up to the autumn of 1938. At that time, I had finished for Field Museum ten years of research in all the known periods of the Ana- sazi culture in southwestern Colorado (Martin, 1936, 1938, 1939). We had found a polished Red-on-Orange pottery which had pre- viously been found by Morris (1939, pp. 156, 161, 270-272), and by Brew (Martin, 1939, pp. 487-492) and others. Brew named this ware Abajo Red-on-Orange. The origin of this pottery, which is atypical of Basket Maker wares, has been guessed at. Some thought it was an independent invention and local development of the Basket Maker people. I concurred in this conjecture at one time. But the more Rinaldo and I studied this red ware the more we felt inclined to agree with the verbal suggestion made by Dr.
PiTHOUSE I
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n grinding ^ unescovot hmit
0 oms StOK
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a«i5 slokes (in'erval =iomeler5)
Map a. ENLARGED DRAWING OF RECTANGLE OUTLINED ON MAP 2 SHOWING EXCAVATED AREA
Introduction 11
Emil Haury— that Abajo Red-on-Orange pottery was somehow tied up with Red-on-Brown Mogollon pottery. This possibiHty looked even better after we found in the Field Museum collections an Abajo Red-on-Orange bowl from a ruin just a few miles west of Zuiii, which lies between the Mogollon country and southwestern Colorado, where we had worked. Furthermore, the sherds of Mo- gollon pottery which had turned up in our excavations in the Ackmen-Lowry area interested me.
The idea of starting work in a little-known culture (Mogollon) and in a new region fascinated me. I felt I had worked long enough in one area on one set of problems and I did not want to become a slave of the Anasazi culture. Further, I wanted to study new problems so that I would have a better perspective of the Southwest as a whole. Then, too, if the Mogollon culture were merely a peri- pheral development of the Anasazi, I thought that I would recognize the Anasazi elements very quickly and perhaps be of some help in settling the struggle between those who were in favor of setting up the Mogollon culture as a new and separate cultural root or division and those who were against this idea.
In addition to the desire to search for the possible origin of Abajo Red-on-Orange pottery, to investigate the major charac- teristics of the Mogollones, and to find out if the Mogollon culture was a peripheral satellite thrown out from the San Juan "nucleus," other considerations were important.
We felt that we could obtain a much better idea of the Mogollon culture, its beginnings and affiliations, if any, by digging several small sites which yielded supJ[a<oe ^sherds orJ|',p|. plain, undecorated wares. It seemed safe to assume that if the ^logollon culture had had a more or less independent development, the earliest pottery would be unpainted, plain wares.
With this thought in mind, I went to Gila Pueblo in liie fall t)f 1938 to look over the Mogollon and related sherds collected by the various archaeological surveys of the Pueblo. After considerable study, I selected for excavation in the following summer two or three sites which, according to the survey notes, were small and probably early and unmixed (because they yielded surface sherds only of brown and red plain wares). These sites were situated about seven miles west of Reserve, New Mexico. I finally chose one which seemed the most interesting and I named it the SU site, because it is near the SU canyon and ranch. SU is also a local brand mark.
12 The SU Site: Western New Mexico
The results of the co-operation and conversations on mutual problems between the staff of Gila Pueblo, Dr. Emil W. Haury, Chairman of the Department of Anthropology of the University of Arizona, and myself were beneficial; and the results of our "dig" — the SU site — were successful.
Furthermore, in addition to the pressing and interesting prob- lems which I have discussed, two others arose during the summer:
(1) If the Mogollon culture could be given the status of an independent complex, when did the Basket Maker-Pueblo traits (which everyone recognized in late Mogollon-Mimbres periods) filter into the Mogollon stronghold?
(2) When did the Mogollon culture start? Was it earlier or later than the Hohokam or the Anasazi cultures? If earlier, what contributions did Mogollon make to their development?
The importance of our moving into the Mogollon country was partly gauged by the host of new problems which unfolded, and the new vistas which opened up.
II. DESCRIPTION OF ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS
PIT HOUSE A, SITE 1 (Figs. 1-3 and Map 4)
Shape. — Kidney-shaped; greatest diameter, 10.4 meters.
Walls of native, gravelly earth; plaster found only on north side of lateral entrance.
Floor of smoothed adobe; depth below old ground level, 56 cm. to 84 cm.
Firepit circular, sides lined with small stones; little ash found.
Deflector. — None.
Lateral Entrance on east side; very short floor (88 cm. long) rises sharply towards east.
Pits. — Three in number; one (gourd-shaped) directly south of firepit; one in southwest quadrant; and one in northwest quadrant. These contained nothing.
Burials. — None found.
Post-holes five in number. Four in uneven row in front of entrance; one in corner of largest storage pit; diameters range from 12 cm. to 28 cm.; depths all about 12 cm. One large post-hole north of firepit; diameters, 45 cm. and 55 cm.; depth 30 cm. None found on old ground level outside pit house.
Grooves (log-shaped). — Five in number, placed in outer zone, next to wall; more or less evenly spaced; the one on the east side and the one on the west side doubly wide. No logs found in any of these troughs; but in similar grooves at Forestdale ruin (1939), Arizona, Dr. E. W. Haury found rotted logs lying hori- zontally (verbal statement to me). Since there were not enough post-holes to support a roof, it is probable that these grooves formerly contained horizontal logs on which upright posts stood.
Roof. — Exact character unknown. See remarks under Grooves.
Pottery. — Only types found: Alma Plain, Unpolished Brown, and Polished Red.
Phase. — Pre-Georgetown .
General Comments. — This pit house, the largest one excavated, did not burn.
14
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SECTION 00'
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SECTION A4
SECTION BB'
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SECTION 00
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Map 4. GROUND PLAN AND SECTIONS OF PIT HOUSE A
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17
PIT HOUSE B, SITE 1 (Fig. 4 and Map 5)
Shape. — More or less round; greatest diameter, 5.55 meters.
Walls of native, gravelly earth.
Floor of smoothed adobe; depth below old ground level, 25 cm.
Firepit. — Gourd-shaped? A few ashes found in eastern portion of pit.
Deflector. — None.
Lateral Entrance. — On east side; 2.8 meters long; width approximately 1 meter; floor rises gradually towards east.
Pits. — Five in floor; depths range from 20 cm. to 60 cm.; diameters range from 60 cm. to 1.45 meters; one pit in northwest quadrant and one in southwest quadrant possibly contemporaneous with house (i.e. in use when house was occu- pied), remaining pits probably dug through fill after house was deserted. Three pits contained burials.
Burials. — Five in number: one in pit 1, two in pit 2, one in pit 3, and one lying on the ground west of the firepit. Burial No. 3 in pit 1 had four shell brace- lets on left arm; burial No. 4 in pit 2 had obsidian projectile point on pelvis. All burials placed after house was abandoned. Fill over burials very soft.
Post-holes. — Six in number. Depths range from 17 cm. to 32 cm.; diameters, from 17 cm. to 27 cm. None found on old ground level outside pit house.
Roof. — Exact character unknown.
Pottery. — Alma Plain, Unpolished Brown, and Polished Red.
Phase. — Pre-Georgetown .
General Comments. — Pit House B did not burn.
18
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Map 5. GROUND PLAN AND SECTIONS OF PIT HOUSE B
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19
PIT HOUSE C, SITE 1 (Fig. 5 and Map 6)
Shape. — Pear-shaped; greatest diameter (north-south), 7.75 meters.
Walls of native, gravelly earth; no plaster found.
Floor of smoothed adobe and gravel; depth below old ground level, 40 cm.
Firepit{1). — Shallow depression in middle of house might be firepit.
Deflector. — None.
Lateral Entrance on east side; width at east end, 1.7 meters; length, 2.15 meters; floor gradually rises towards east.
Pits. — Twelve in number; two pits contained burials. Shape of pits, round; walls, vertical. It is possible that all these pits existed while the house was occupied.
Post-holes. — Nineteen found in main portion of house; nine, in entrance-way. Diameters ranged from 10 cm. to 36 cm.; depths ranged from 10 cm. to 48 cm. None found on old ground level outside of pit house.
Roofs. — Exact character unknown.
Pottery. — Alma Plain, Unpolished Brown, and Polished Red.
Phase. — Pre-Geor getown .
General Comments. — Pit House C did not burn.
20
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S ECTION A A
SECTION BB'
Map 6. GROUND PLAN AND SECTIONS OF PIT HOUSE C
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21
PIT HOUSES D AND D-1 (Figs. 6-8 and Map 7)
Shape. — Round; greatest diameter (northeast-southwest), 8.25 meters.
Walls of native gravelly earth; no plaster found.
Floors of smoothed adobe in south half and gravel in north half; depth below old ground level, 32 cm. to 50 cm.
Firepit. — Not definitely located.
Deflector. — None.
Lateral Entrance. — On east side; consists of narrow passageway leading into round antechamber. Passageway, 2 meters wide; diameter of antechamber, 5.6 meters north and south and 4.1 meters east and west.
Pits. — Twelve in number; diameters range from 45 cm. to 1.6 meters; depths, from 16 cm. to 50 cm. Four of these pits contained burials.
Burials. — Five in number; one each in pits 1, 2, 3, and 4; one on floor in ante- chamber. With burial No. 22 in pit 3 were a bone bead, a stone pipe, and a bone awl; with infant burial No. 25 in pit 4 were 19 turquoise beads.
Post-holes. — Seventeen in number; diameters ranged from 16 cm. to 65 cm.; depths, from 9 cm. to 48 cm. (some of these post-holes may have belonged to earlier Pit House D-1).
Roof. — Exact character unknown.
Pottery. — Unpolished Brown, Polished Red, Alma Plain, Three Circle Red-on- White, Forestdale Smudged, Alma Scored, Alma Neck Banded. (Note: these pottery types are later and correspond to what Haury and Nesbitt have reported.)
Phases. — Late Three Circle and Pre-Georgetown?
General Comments. — Pit House D burned. On the ground plan it is evident that we found one house inside another. The smaller, earlier one has been called D-1. It is certain that Pit House D-1 is the earlier one because the floor of the larger, later pit house partly covered the smaller house and also partly covered pit 2. It should be noted that pit 2 certainly belongs to the earlier pit house or perhaps antedated it. That would also apply to burial No. 24 found in pit 2. Pit House D-1 had a short, eastern entrance-way. Beyond stating that and noting that Pit House D-1 was approximately 6 meters in diameter it is impossible to say more because many of the earlier features (post-holes, pits, firepits) were destroyed by the later occupants or covered by their floor.
22
M,
SECT ION A A
Map 7. GROUND PLAN AND SECTIONS OP PIT HOUSES D AND D- 1
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25
PIT HOUSE E, SITE 1 (Fig. 9 and Map 8)
Shape. — Roundish; greatest diameter, 9.28 meters.
Walls of native, gravelly earth; no plaster found.
Floor of smoothed adobe and gypsum; depth below old ground level, 1 meter.
Firepit. — Oval in shape; lined with burned rocks and native clay.
Deflector. — None.
Lateral Entrance on east side; length, 2.8 meters; width at east end, 1.4 meters; floor slopes gradually upwards toward east end.
Pits. — Seven in number; diameters range from 54 cm. to 1.55 meters; depths range from 15 cm. to 1 meter; largest pit in southwest quadrant, lined with gravel.
Burials. — None found.
Post-holes. — Ten found; diameters ranged from 7 cm. to 35 cm.; depths ranged from 6 cm. to 37 cm.
Roof. — Exact character unknown.
Pottery. — Alma Plain, Unpolished Brown, and Polished Red.
Phase. — Pre-Georgetown.
General Comments. — Pit House E did not burn.
26
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Map 8. GROUND PLAN AND SECTIONS OF PIT HOUSE E
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27
PIT HOUSE F, SITE 1 (Fig. 10 and Map 9)
Shape. — Roundish; greatest diameter (north to south), 6.24 meters.
Walls of native, gravelly earth; no plaster found.
Floors of smoothed, gravelly adobe; depth below ground level, about 40 cm.
Firepit. — Round; slight trace of ashes.
Deflector. — None.
Lateral Entrance on east side; shaped like a Gothic arch; greatest width, 2.2 meters. Floor rises gradually toward the east.
Pits. — Four in number; diameters range from 47 cm. to 1.32 meters; depths range from 15 cm. to 1.44 meters. Bottom of largest pit in southwest quadrant (the deepest one) lined with slabs; under the slabs, 2 inches of ashes. On the slabs two small pots, one basin-shaped metate, a clay pipe, and burned animal bones found. Stone figurine found in pit D.
Burials. — None found.
Post-holes. — Ten in number; diameters range from 14 cm. to 34 cm.; depths, from 14 cm. to 53 cm.
Roof. — Exact character unknown.
Pottery. — Alma Plain, Unpolished Brown, and Polished Red.
Phase. — Pre-Georgetown.
General Comments. — Pit House F burned.
28
M ETERS
• posthole
• doubtful posthole Dm) humus
T771 undisturbed cloy
SECTION /I /I'
MAf 9. GROUND PLAN AND SECTIONS OF PIT HOUSE I-
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29
PIT HOUSE G, SITE 1 (Fig. 11 and Map 10)
Shape. — Roundish; greatest diameter, 7 meters.
Walls. — Of native, gravelly earth; no plaster found.
Floor of smoothed adobe; depth below old ground level.
Firepit. — None located.
Deflector. — None.
Lateral Entrance not found, although two entire days were devoted to search- ing for it; possibly one on north side.
Pits. — Eight in number; diameters range from 56 cm. to 1.43 meters; depths, from 10 cm. to 78 cm.
Pot-rests. — Five found.
Burials. — None found.
Post-holes. — Eight in number; diameters range from 8 cm. to 33 cm.; depths, from 7 cm. to 40 cm.
Roof. — Exact character unknown.
Pottery. — Alma Plain, Unpolished Brown, and Polished Red.
Niches. — One found in northeast quadrant, running north into wall; 12 cm. below floor level; 22 cm. in width; 30 cm. high.
Phase. — Pre-Georgetown .
General Comments. — Pit House G burned.
30
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f floor
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• doubtful posthole
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Map 10. GROUND PL
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• doubtful posthol<
f773 undisturbtd cloy
limit* of e«cava«oo
possible form of house
bottom of bell-sliaped pit
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31
SURFACE ROOM 1, SITE 1 (Fig. 12 and Map 11)
Shape. — Roundish; greatest diameter, 5.46 meters.
Walls. — Of native, gravelly earth; no plaster found.
Floor. — Of smoothed adobe and gravel. Depth below old ground level on south side, 36 cm.; on east side, flush with old ground level.
Fire pit. — Round; greatest diameter, 1 meter; depth, 18 cm.; coping of large stones set around periphery.
Deflector. — None.
Lateral Entrance. — None.
Pits. — Two in number; diameters range from 64 cm. to 1 meter; depths, from 32 cm. to 50 cm.
Burials. — None found.
Post-holes. — Fourteen in number; diameters range from 10 cm. to 27 cm.; depths, from 6 cm. to 35 cm. Post-holes 1 and 2 set at an angle of 70° so as to tilt inward.
Roof. — Exact character unknown.
Pottery. — Alma Plain, Unpolished Brown, and Polished Red.
Phase. — Pre-Georgetown .
General Comments. — This room burned, and was the only one which could not truly be called a pit house. Although the entire floor was not depressed as in the case of the pit houses, this house contained most of the features found in a typical pit house.
32
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Map 11. GUOUND PLAN AND SECTIONS OF SURFACE HOUSE 1
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33
III. ARTIFACTS
BY
John Rinaldo
On pages 38-76 the details of the artifacts are given in outline form. For convenience the artifacts have been grouped as follows:
Number Object excavated
Ground and Pecked Stone Hand stones
Manos 63
Rubbing stones 36
Milling stones
Metates 25
Mortars 28
Pestles 21
Polishing stones 29
Hammer stones 5
Mauls 14
Pitted pebble 1
Stone bowls 6
Paint grinding stones 6
Abrading stones 3
Ball 1
Cylinder 1
* Disk 1
Chipped Stone
Projectile points 30
Knives 11
Scrapers 3
Choppers 5
Crystals 3
Pigments '. • 4
Pendants 20
Shell Bracelets 5
Bone
Beads 3
Dice 2
Needle 1
Awls 19
Pins or skewers 3
Antler
Flakers 2
Rubbers 4
Clay
Worked sherds 37
Pipes 7
Jar cover 1
Total artifacts 400
34
Artifacts 35
From the evidence afforded by the number of implements used in an agricultural economy, such as milling stones, in comparison with the quantity of unworked bone, bone implements, projectile points, and other implements directly related to a hunting economy, it would seem that the people who inhabited the SU site had advanced somewhat beyond the stage where they depended entirely on hunting and seed-gathering for their livelihood. Milling stones and hand stones were found in sufficient numbers and in such well- developed types that it is evident that these people had begun to practice agriculture; and this fact is further borne out by the dis- covery of a few bits of charred corn in the dwellings. However, the majority of milling stones and hand stones were of simple types such as are used by historic seed-gathering peoples, and the quantity of corn recovered was so small as to indicate that the Mogollon peoples had only begun to practice agriculture at this stage.
A small minority of the metates and manos were worked all over. The rest were unshaped stones which could be differentiated from other stones in the fill only by faceted surfaces, pecking, and other marks of use. The majority of the metates were of the slab and basin kinds which are typologically early and which are anal- ogous to those types used by hunting and seed-gathering peoples such as the Mohave. (Specimens in Field Museum collections.) Only a small number of troughed metates were found. Most of the manos from the SU site are also of simple types. Those manos belonging to the turtleback type and other developed types are in a minority when compared with the simple oval types. Further- more, relatively few rubbing stones were found of the rectangular type found at Mogollon Village (Mogollon 1:15; Haury, 1936a, pp. 34 35). Most of the rubbing stones from the SU site are simple, oval, utilized stones differing from the simple, oval manos only in size.
A fairly large number of rough stone bowls were found. None of these were carved with any kind of jiattern and few were finished on the exterior as are those from the Mogollon Milage site. The number of these exceeds that reported from any other known Mo- gollon site and may indicate a continuation of dependence on stone for vessels from an earlier phase which was without pottery. The number of mortars and pestles compared with the number of me- tates and manos furnishes even more evidence that seed-gathering still played an important part in the economy of these peoples.
A few objects were recovered from Pit Houses C, D, and E which possibly might be considered as intrusive from the Basket
36 The SU Site : Western New Mexico
Maker horizon inasmuch as they are characteristic Basket Maker artifacts and occur only in single instances at this site. These are bone dice, a bone disk bead, a stubby metapodial awl, and a frag- ment of a bone needle. However, with the accumulation of more evidence from early sites, all these may prove to be equally charac- teristic of Mogollon.
As might be expected, certain types of artifacts which were found frequently in late Mogollon horizons at the Mogollon and Harris villages, appeared relatively infrequently at the SU site. For example, only two notched bone awls and none of the short, broad, diagonal-notched projectile points were found. On the other hand, the scarcity of these types of artifacts might be explained as a local peculiarity.
It is interesting to note that the only shell work from the SU site consisted of thin shell bracelets which could have come in only by trade. This type of shell bracelet is the common type through- out the early stages of Mogollon. I cannot explain the absence of other shell work.
The pipes recovered are also of interest inasmuch as the stone pipes are of the cylindrical, or tubular, two-piece variety, consisting of stone bowl and bone stem, whereas the clay pipes are of the single-piece, conical, "cloud blower" type. The tubular type occurs most frequently in Mogollon, the "cloud blower" type most fre- quently in Basket Maker-Pueblo; it is, therefore, possible that the clay pipes represent the diffusion of an idea from the Basket Makers (Roberts, 1931, p. 150).
The identification of materials in the stone objects was made by Mr. Sharat K. Roy, Curator of Geology at Field Museum. The identification of the unworked bone and the bone used in the bone implements was made by Mr. Edmond N. Gueret, Curator of Anatomy and Osteology at Field Museum.
MANOS
(Fig. 13)
Manos with single grinding surfaces:
(a) Oblong, surfaces parallel, grinding surface convex 14
From Pit Houses C, D, F, and Grinding Bin
Length: maximum, 23 cm.; minimum, 13.9 cm.; average, 17 cm. Width: maximum, 12.2 cm.; minimum, 9 cm.; average, 10 cm. Thickness: maximum, 6.3 cm.; minimum, 3 cm.; average, 3.5 cm.
(b) Disk type, roundish in outline, surfaces parallel, grinding surface
convex 6
From Pit Houses B, C, E, and Surface House Length: maximum, 13.2 cm.; minimum, 9.6 cm.; average, 11 cm. Width: maximum, 11.3 cm.; minimum, 9.2 cm.; average, 10.5 cm. Thickness: maximum, 7 cm.; minimum, 3 cm.; average, 5 cm.
(c) Pebble type, oval in outline, surfaces parallel, grinding surface convex . . 14 From Pit Houses B, D, E, F
Length: maximum, 17.6 cm.; minimum, 10.7 cm.; average, 14 cm. Width: maximum, 14 cm.; minimum, 7.5 cm.; average, 11 cm. Thickness: maximum, 9.8 cm.; minimum, 3.7 cm.; average, 6 cm.
(d) Oblong with rounded ends, surfaces parallel; grinding surface slightly
convex 12
From Pit Houses C, D, E, G
Length: maximum, 18.4 cm.; minimum, 12.3 cm.; average, 17 cm. Width: maximum, 12.8 cm.; minimum, 8.6 cm.; average, 10 cm. Thickness: maximum, 4 cm.; minimum, 2.7 cm.; average, 3.5 cm.
(e) Turtleback type, squarish with rounded ends in outline, surfaces
parallel, upper surface convex, grinding surface convex lengthwise, slightly convex crosswise 10
From Pit Houses C, D, E, F, G, and Surface House
Length: maximum, 16 cm.; minimum, 10.7 cm.; average, 13 cm.
Width: maximum, 12.6 cm.; minimum, 9 cm.; average, 11 cm.
Thickness: maximum, 6.8 cm.; minimum, 3.4 cm.; average, 4.5 cm.
(f) Oblong in outline, with one rounded end and one squarish end, wedge
shape in cross section, grinding surface convex 1
From Pit House D
Length, 12.9 cm.; width, 9.2 cm.; thickness, 4.1 cm.
Manos with two grinding surfaces:
(a) Oval to roundish in outline, tendency to wedge shape in cross section;
surfaces slightly convex 4
From Pit House C
Length: maximum, 13.7 cm.; minimum, 11.5 cm.; average, 13 cm. Width: maximum, 11.5 cm.; minimum, 9.8 cm.; average, 10 cm. Thickness: maximum, 4.5 cm.; minimum, 3.2 cm.; average, 3.5 cm.
(b) Oblong in outline, surfaces parallel, smooth, flat 2
From Pit House G and Grinding Bin
Length, 20.5 cm.; width, 10.5 cm.; thickness, 3.5 cm. Length, 18 cm.; width, 12.2 cm.; thickness, 3 cm.
Materials: limestone, granite, quartzite, trachyte
Manos with one edge curved inward for grip 2
Manos with pit in upper surface for finger grip 5
38
Fig. 13. Maiios. Upper left, turtloback type; upper right, pebble type; middle right, disk type; lower left, oblong type; lower right, wedge-shaped type. Scale 1:3.
39
RUBBING STONES
(Fig. 14) Rubbing stones with single grinding surfaces:
(a) Oval or roundish in outline, surfaces parallel; grinding surface gen-
erally flat 29
From Pit Houses B, C, D, E, F, G, and Grinding Bin Length: maximum, 11.5 cm.; minimum, 7.1 cm.; average, 9 cm. Width: maximum, 10.3 cm.; minimum, 5.5 cm.; average, 7.3 cm. Thickness: maximum, 5.3 cm.; minimum, 2.2 cm.; average, 3 cm.
(b) Ball shape, with one surface smooth and flat 1
From Trench 3
Diameter, 6.2 cm.; thickness, 5.5 cm.
Rubbing stones with two grinding surfaces:
(a) Rectangular, with ends slightly rounded in outline, surfaces parallel,
smooth, slightly convex 6
From Pit Houses D, F, G
Length: maximum, 12 cm.; minimum, 7 cm.; average, 10 cm. Width: maximum, 9.5 cm.; minimum, 7.8 cm.; average, 8 cm. Thickness: maximum, 5.6 cm.; minimum, 3 cm.; average, 5 cm.
Materials: limestone, sandstone, quartzite, trachyte
40
Fig. 14. Rubbing stones. Left column, oval or roundish in outline; right column, rectangular with slightly rounded ends. Scale 1:2.
41
METATES (Figs. 15-19)
(a) Slab type, large slab, generally oblong or oval in outline with slightly
concave, smooth, upper surface; bottom and sides of boulder unworked;
concavity usually less than 1.5 cm. deep 10
From Pit Houses C, D, G, and Grinding Bin Length: maximum, 80 cm.; minimum, 25 cm.; average, 40 cm. Width: maximum, 45 cm.; minimum, 20 cm.; average, 23 cm. Thickness: maximum, 18 cm.; minimum, 4 cm.; average, 7 cm.
(b) Basin type, irregularly shaped boulder with concave upper surface; basin
fills all of upper surface and is about 3 cm. deep 5
From Pit Houses B, F, and Surface House Length: maximum, 47 cm.; minimum, 27 cm.; average, 37 cm. Width: maximum, 35 cm.; minimum, 23 cm.; average, 27 cm. Thickness: maximum, 18 cm.; minimum, 8 cm.; average, 10 cm.
Cc) Trough type, made from unshaped blocks of stone, trough open at one end only; sides of trough slightly constricted at this end; trough slopes up steeply at other end 8
From Pit Houses A, D, F, G
Length: maximum, 52 cm.; minimum, 38 cm.; average, 46 cm.
Width: maximum, 42 cm.; minimum, 27.5 cm.; average, 8 cm.
Thickness: maximum, 18 cm.; minimum, 8 cm.; average, 15 cm.
Length of trough: maximum, 48 cm.; minimum, 30 cm.; average, 39 cm.
Width of trough: maximum, 28 cm.; minimum, 14 cm.; average, 21 cm.
Depth of trough: maximum, 12 cm.; minimum, 1.5 cm.; average, 8 cm.
(d) Basin type with secondary depression, oval slabs with basin in upper
surface and conical secondary depression in center of basin 2
From Pit House G, Trench 5 Length, 42 cm.; width, 30 cm.; thickness, 14 cm. Length of basin, 30 cm.; width, 18.5 cm.; depth, 3 cm. Diameter of secondary depression, 10 cm.; depth, 3 cm. Materials: granite, trachyte
42
43
44
45
46
47
MORTARS
(Figs. 20-22)
(a) Boulder type, large, roundish or rectangular, unshaped boulders with
conical-shaped depression pecked in center of flattish face 4
From Pit Houses D, F, G
Length: maximum, 45 cm.; minimum, 43 cm.
Width: maximum, 45 cm.; minimum, 34 cm.
Thickness: maximum, 27 cm.; minimum, 9 cm.
Diameter of depression: maximum, 17 cm.; minimum, 10 cm.
Depth of depression: maximum, 7 cm.; minimum, 1.5 cm.
Materials: granite, trachyte
(b) Pebble type, large, rough, roundish pebbles with deep, cup-shaped depression
in one face, depression pecked; pebble unworked except for depression ... 24 From Pit Houses A, B, D, E, F, G
Length: maximum, 26.3 cm.; minimum, 16 cm.; average, 20 cm. Width: maximum, 21.3 cm.; minimum, 12 cm.; average, 18 cm. Thickness: maximum, 16 cm.; minimum, 7.4 cm.; average, 11 cm. Materials: limestone, tuff
STONE BOWLS
(Figs. 21-22)
Roundish or oval pebbles with depression in one face, depth of depression
variable, generally worked all over 6
From Pit Houses D, E, F
Length: maximum, 16 cm.; minimum, 8 cm.; average, 10 cm. Width: maximum, 13 cm.; minimum, 7 cm.; average, 9 cm. Thickness: maximum, 5 cm.; minimum, 2.1 cm.; average, 3.5 cm. Material: tuff
PITTED PEBBLE
(Fig. 22)
Rough, roundish boulder with small, pecked depression in one face 1
From Pit House D
Length, 13.5 cm.; width, 13.5 cm.; thickness, 9.7 cm. Diameter of depression, 5 cm.; depth, 2.5 cm. Material: tuff
48
■>?^
Fig. 20. Mortar, boulder type. Scale 1:4.
49
Fig. 21. Mortars, pebble type; center, stone bowl. Scale 1:4.
50
9
Fig. 22. Upper left, pitted pebble; upper right, pebble mortar; remainder, stone bowls. Scale 1:4.
51
PESTLES (Fig. 23)
(a) Multifaced type, roundish pebbles with some pecked and battered flat
surfaces 11
From Pit Houses B, C, E, F, G, and Grinding Bin Length: maximum, 12.6 cm.; minimum, 7.7 cm.; average, 10 cm. Width: maximum, 11.8 cm.; minimum, 7.5 cm.; average, 9 cm. Thickness: maximum, 9.6 cm.; minimum, 6.4 cm.; average, 9 cm.
(b) Angular type, handy, long, angular stones, not especially shaped except
at one end, which is round and pecked 6
From Pit Houses D, E, F, G
Length: maximum, 25.3 cm.; minimum, 16.8 cm.; average, 20 cm. Width: maximum, 9.8 cm.; minimum, 6.5 cm.; average, 8.3 cm. Thickness: maximum, 8.6 cm.; minimum, 5 cm.; average, 7 cm.
(c) Cylindrical type, long roundish, generally cylindrical stones, with pecked
surfaces and ends 4
From Pit House F and Grinding Bin
Length: maximum, 25.2 cm.; minimum, 8.4 cm.; average, 7 cm. Width: maximum, 9.3 cm.; minimum, 7 cm.; average, 8 cm. Thickness: maximum, 7 cm.; minimum, 4.5 cm.; average, 6 cm. Material: trachyte
52
c
€"
a
ci S
53
HAMMER STONES (Fig. 24)
Irregularly shaped, battered and pitted pebbles, mostly roundish and angular ... 5
From Pit House D
Length: maximum, 10.7 cm.; minimum, 4.6 cm.
Materials: flint, quartzite
CHOPPERS (Fig. 24)
Irregularly shaped pebbles, crudely chipped and battered, plano-convex in
cross section, one end of core intact 5
From Pit Houses B, C
Length: maximum, 13 cm.; minimum, 6.6 cm.
Material: flint
54
Ik
•*
u
B
a
CO
2
o
.•■-1».
a
55
MAULS
(Fig. 25)
(a) Oval roundish pebbles with full groove around middle, two laterally
flattened 10
From Pit Houses A, B, C, D, E, F, G
Length: maximum, 15.3 cm.; minimum, 12 cm.; average, 12.5 cm. Width: maximum, 12.1 cm.; minimum, 7.5 cm.; average, 9.5 cm. Thickness: maximum, 8.6 cm.; minimum, 5.9 cm.; average, 7 cm.
(b) Oval roundish pebbles with three-quarters groove around middle 2
From Pit Houses C, D
Length, 11.8 cm.; width, 8.5 cm.; thickness, 6.5 cm. Length, 11 cm.; width, 7.5 cm.; thickness, 7 cm.
(c) Oblong in outline with notched sides, otherwise unshaped . . . 2
From Pit House B
Length, 16.5 cm.; width, 11.6 cm.; thickness, 6.8 cm. Length, 8.6 cm.; width, 7.9 cm.; thickness, 3.9 cm. Materials: limestone, trachyte
56
Fig. 25. Mauls. Scale 3:10.
57
POLISHING STONES (Fig. 26)
Oval or roundish polished pebbles with smooth, faceted surfaces 13
From Pit Houses B, C, D, E, F, G
Length: maximum, 8.8 cm.; minimum, 4.6 cm.
Materials: quartzite, trachyte, limestone
58
^ HO
C
Fig. 26. Polishing stones. Scale 3:8.
59
PAINT GRINDING STONES
(Fig. 27)
Oblong stones with smooth, slightly concave upper surfaces generally showing
traces of pigment, surfaces parallel 6
From Pit Houses A, D, E, F
Length: maximum, 23 cm.; minimum, 13.5 cm.; average, 15.1 cm. Width: maximum, 11.6 cm.; minimum, 10.5 cm.; average, 10.6 cm. Thickness: maximum, 9.2 cm.; minimum, 1.7 cm.; average, 3 cm. Material: trachyte
60
Fig. 27. Paint grinding stones. Scale 1:2.
61
ABRADING STONES
(Fig. 28)
(a) Oblong pebble with rounded ends, upper surface concave, lower surface
flattish 1
From Pit House G
Length, 8.4 cm.; width, 4 cm.; thickness, 2.1 cm.
Material: limestone
(b) Roughly triangular stone with grooves which show use for grinding 1
From Pit House E
Length, 8 cm.; width, 8 cm.; thickness, 1.9 cm. Material: sandstone
STONE BALLS
(Fig. 28)
Stone spheroids, possibly natural formations 2
From Pit House F Diameter, 4.2 cm. Material: trachyte
CYLINDER (Fig. 28)
Cylindrical stone, one end roundish, the other end squarish, possibly a pipe blank 1
From Pit House F
Length, 8.4 cm.; diameter, 3.6 cm.
Material: scoria
DISKS
(Fig. 28)
(a) Small stone disk with edges ground smooth 1
From Pit House B
Diameter, 3.8 cm.; thickness, 0.6 cm. Material: fine-grained sandstone
(b) Thin stone slab, roughly oval in outline, surfaces flattish, edges slightly
rounded 1
From Pit House D
Length, 21.2 cm.; width, 17.5 cm.; thickness, 2.3 cm.
Material: trachyte
62
I
\
Fig. 28. Upper left, cylinder; upper and lower right, abrading stones; center, disk; lower left, ball. Scale 7:8.
63
PROJECTILE POINTS
(Fig. 29)
(a) Notched, expanding stem narrower than shoulder, base slightly rounded,
or straight, rarely rounded 10
From Pit Houses B, C, D, F, G, and Trenches 3, 5
Length: maximum, 5.3 cm.; minimum, 2.7 cm.; average, 4 cm.
(b) Notched, with straight stem; slender, relatively thin specimens with
straight edges 2
From Pit Houses D, E Lengths: 3.2 cm., 3.5 cm.
(c) Leaf-shaped, with straight or rounded base 12
From Pit Houses B, C, D, G, Trench 3, and Grinding Bin
Length: maximum, 4.9 cm.; minimum, 2.8 cm.; average, 4.2 cm.
(d) Projectile point tips, mostly with convex edges, one with deeply serrate
edges 6
From Pit Houses A, B, C, and Surface House Materials: flint, jasper, chert, quartz, obsidian
64
-^s.
Fig. 29. Projectile points. Upper row, notched, expanding stem; middle row, leaf-shaped; lower row, notched, straight stem. Scale 1:1.
65
KNIVES (Fig. 30)
(a) Longitudinal flakes, oblong in outline, with secondary retouch along
edges, one spoon-shaped in outline, all plano-convex in cross section 4
From Pit Houses A, B, D, and Trench 3 Lengths: 2.7 cm., 3.2 cm., 3.5 cm., 3.6 cm.
(b) Core implement, leaf shape in outline with rounded base, retouch along
edges, percussion chipping on surfaces, made from small core 2
From Pit Houses C, E Lengths: 4.9 cm., 5 cm.
(c) Finely chipped, notched blades, with secondary chipping on all major
surfaces, expanding stem narrower than shoulder, base slightly convex ... 2 From Pit House E Lengths: 7.4 cm., 7.5 cm.
(d) Oblong fragments of blades with secondary chipping on all surfaces 3
From Trenches 2, 3
Lengths: 3 cm., 3.4 cm., 4 cm.
Materials: flint, chert, jasper, chalcedony, quartz, obsidian
SCRAPERS
(Fig. 30)
Flake implements with percussion chipping on surfaces and retouch along
one edge 3
From Pit Houses B, E, F Lengths: 3.9 cm., 5 cm., 6.7 cm. Materials: flint, jasper, quartzite
66
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Fig. 30. Knives and scrapers. Upper and middle left, core implements; up- per and middle center, longitudinal flakes; right column, notched blades: lower left, scraper; lower center, fragment of oblong type. Scale 6:7.
67
PENDANTS (Fig. 31)
(a) Zoomorphic image, carved in round, wings folded, head crested, incisions
on wings and tail to represent feathers, hole drilled through body for suspension 1
From Pit House F
Length: 5 cm.; width, 2 cm.; height, 2.5 cm.
Material: soapstone
(b) Tabular pendants, rectangular in outline, perforated near one end or in
center, hole drilled from one side 19
From Pit House D and Antechamber Length: maximum, 1.3 cm.; minimum, 7 mm. Width: maximum, 1.3 cm.; minimum, 5 mm. Material: turquoise
BRACELETS
(Fig. 31)
Thin sections of shell 5
From Pit Houses B, C, with burials Diameters: 6.5 cm., 7.2 cm., 8.2 cm.
Material: Petunculiis giganteus Reeve. (Identified by Dr. F. Haas, Curator of Lower Invertebrates at Field Museum.)
BEADS (Fig. 31)
(a) Disk of bone perforated through center, hole drilled from one side, scratched
across one surface, other surface smooth 1
From Pit House E Diameter: 1.2 cm.
(b) Short sections of hollow shaft of long bone, ends polished smooth 2
From Pit Houses D, E
Lengths: 2 cm., 3 cm. Diameters: 1.4 cm., 9 mm.
DICE
(Fig. 31)
Elliptical slips of bone with scratches across one surface, the other surface
smooth and polished 2
From Pit House E Lengths: 2.2 cm., 2.6 cm. Widths: 1 cm., 1.2 cm.
68
KiG. 81. Ornaments. Upper left, disk bead and dice; upper center, tur- quoise pendants; upper right, tubular bone beads and stone bird-efligy; lower two rows, shell bracelets. Scale 2:3.
69
AWLS
(Fig. 32)
(a) Head of bone unworked except by original splitting, other end ground
and polished to sharp point, two with side notch, remainder without 9
From Pit Houses C, D, E
Length: maximum, 20.5 cm.; minimum, 4.9 cm.; average, 16 cm.
Materials: Odocoileus hemionus (mule deer); Cards?
(b) Head of bone almost wholly removed, other end ground and polished
to sharp point, made from split bone 1
From Pit House C, with burial 13 Length: 13 cm. Material: Canis?
(c) Section of split long bone, head of bone wholly removed, other end ground
and polished to sharp point, two with blunt end cut off at angle, three with squarish blunt end 5
From Pit House C and Trenches 3, 5
Length: maximum, 12.5 cm.; minimum, 10 cm.; average, 11 cm.
(d) Sharpened bone splinters 2
From Pit House C, Trench 3
Lengths: 6.8 cm., 7.7 cm.
PINS OR SKEWERS
(Fig. 32)
Split long bone, carefully worked, head wholly removed, worked to blunt rounded end, other end ground and polished to point, roundish in cross section 4
From Pit House C
Lengths: 20.7 cm., 18.8 cm., 12.1 cm., 9 cm. (fragment)
NEEDLE
(Fig. 32)
Flattish section of split long bone with eye drilled through from one side;
3 mm. from rounded blunt end, other end broken 1
From Pit House C Length: 8.8 cm.
70
Fig. 32. Bono tools. Upper left, first two, awls, type c; upper right, la.st four, awls, type a; lower left, first three, pins; lower renter, awl, type b; lower row, fifth object, needle; lower row, last two, awls, type d. Scale 1:2.
71
ANTLER FLAKER
(Fig. 33)
Ends of antler tines which show use as flakers 2
From Pit House C
Lengths: 5.2 cm., 12.9 cm.
Material: Odocoileus hemionus (deer antler)
ANTLER RUBBER or POLISHER
(Fig. 33)
Section of antler, one end of which is slightly beveled and polished; one speci- men includes basal portion and burr 4
From Pit Houses C, D, G, and Surface House Lengths: 7.3 cm., 6 cm., 5.6 cm., 4.6 cm. Widths: 3.1 cm., 2.8 cm., 2.7 cm., 2.3 cm. Material: Odocoileus hemionus (deer antler)
72
Fig. 33. Antlor tools. Left, fiaker; right, polishers. Scale 1:1.
WORKED SHERDS (Fig. 34)
(a) Small pottery disks with edges ground smooth 25
From Pit Houses A, C, D, E, F, and Trenches 2, 6
Diameter: maximum, 4.5 cm.; minimum, 2.7 cm.; average, 3 cm. Materials: Unpolished Brown, Polished Red, Alma Plain
(b) Large pottery disks with edges ground smooth 3
From Pit Houses C, D
Diameters: 6.3 cm., 6.6 cm., 7.2 cm. Material: Alma Plain
(c) Pottery disks perforated through center, edges ground smooth 5
From Pit Houses C, D, F, G, and Trench 3
Diameters: 3.7 cm., 3.4 cm., 4.1 cm., 2.7 cm., 3.7 cm. Material: Polished Red
(d) Irregularly shaped sherds with large number of holes drilled through,
possibly from bottom of colander 2
From Pit House D, Trench 3 Lengths: 5.7 cm., 2.8 cm. Widths: 2.4 cm., 4.4 cm. Material: San Francisco Red
(e) Keystone-shaped sherds with edges ground smooth, possibly scoops 2
From Pit House D
Lengths: 8.3 cm., 7.9 cm. Widths: 7.7 cm., 6.2 cm. Material: San Francisco Red
PIPES
(Fig. 34)
(a) "Cloud Blower" type, conical or funnel shape, greatest diameter at bowl
end, tapering from bowl to stem end, minute hole at stem end, bowl and stem in one piece, one with bowl decorated with punctate design 3
From Pit Houses C, G, F
Lengths: 3.5 cm., 4.5 cm., 5.8 cm.
Diameters: 2.6 cm., 3.7 cm.
Material: Alma Plain
(b) Cylindrical or tubular, tapering slightly towards bowl end, greatest
diameter about seven-eighths distance from stem end 4
From Pit Houses C, D, E, F
Lengths: 7.7 cm., 5.3 cm., 3 cm., 6.7 cm. (broken) Diameters: 5.4 cm., 5.3 cm., 4.6 cm., 2.3 cm. Material: scoria, rhyolite
JAR COVER
(Not illustrated)
Lump of clay which has been pressed into jar mouth, mushroom shape, shows
impression of jar rim 1
From Surface House
Diameter, 10.6 cm.; thickness, 4.5 cm.
Material: baked clay
74
th,r/iSiu^„l„, p!iJr."Src£t-n,i^iS'ur?^cS."'sS',"cTI: ""'^'' ^---^^
75
LOCATIONS AND ASSOCIATIONS OF ARTIFACTS BY PIT HOUSES
Pit House A: Metate, pebble mortar, maul, paint grinding stone, projectile point,
knife, worked sherd. Pit House B: Mano, rubbing stone, metate, pebble mortar, pestle, chopper, maul,
polishing stone, disk, projectile point, knife, scraper, bracelets. Pit House C: Mano, rubbing stone, metate, pestle, chopper, mauls, polishing
stone, projectile point, knife, bracelet, antler flaker, antler rubber, awls,
pins, needle, worked sherd, pipe. Pit House D: Mano, rubbing stone, metate, boulder mortar, pebble mortar, stone
bowl, pestle, hammer stone, mauls, polishing stone, paint grinding stone,
projectile points, knife, pendants, beads, antler rubber, awls, worked sherds,
pipe. Pit House E: Mano, rubbing stone, metate, pebble mortar, stone bowl, pestle,
maul, polishing stone, paint grinding stone, abrading stone, projectile point,
knife, scraper, beads, dice, awl, worked sherds, pipe. Pit House F: Mano, rubbing stone, metate, boulder mortar, pebble mortar, stone
bowl, pestle, maul, polishing stone, paint grinding stone, stone ball, cylinder,
projectile point, scraper, pendant, worked sherd, pipe. Pit House G: Mano, rubbing stone, metate, boulder mortar, pebble mortar,
pitted pebble, pestle, maul, polishing stone, abrading stone, projectile point,
antler rubber, worked sherd, pipe. Surface House: Mano, metate, projectile point, antler rubber, jar cover.
IDENTIFICATION OF UNWORKED BONE
Canis latrans (coyote) Felis sp. (possibly lynx)
Canis familiaris (domestic dog) Thomomijs sp. (possibly pocket gopher)
Odocoileiis hemionus (mule deer) Meleagris gallopavo (turkey)
Odocoileus virginianus (white-tailed deer) Some fragments, possibly sage hen Ovis catiadensis (mountain sheep)
76
GLOSSARY
Abrading stone. A grooved stone of granular texture, probably used for grinding
arrow and atlatl-dart shafts smooth. Antler flaker. An antler tip tool, the tip of which shows the sort of bevel and
wear that results from chipping flint. Antler polisher. A section of antler, one end of which has been rounded, beveled,
and polished by use in polishing hides. Awl. A bone implement with a fine point, usually made from bird or animal
long bones. Bead. A small, ornamental object, perforated through the center and possibly
strung in a necklace. Boui (stone). A small, deeply concave stone object, characteristically worked
all over. Bracelet. A ring of large enough diameter to be slipped over the hand and used
as an arm, or wrist, ornament. Chopper. A crudely chipped core implement with a sharp edge and point, shaped
much like the earlier forms of European coup-de-poing. Hammer stone. A small, rough, rounded, battered pebble which shows marks
of use. Mano. The upper milling stone used in conjunction with the metate. It has
one or more flat or slightly curNang grinding surfaces, with a minimum
length of about 10 cm. and a width of about 8 cm. Maul. A stone implement with rounded blunt ends, grooved or notched for
hafting in the middle. Metate. The nether milling stone used in conjunction with the mano; a large
slab of stone with a troughed or shallow basin, grinding surface usually
running lengthwise of the slab. Milling stone. Any stone implement used in grinding grain, seeds, nuts, pigments,
tempering material for pottery, etc. Mortar. A stone with a concavity large enough to contain the material to be
ground and which shows marks of use in conjunction with the pestle. Paint grinding stone. A stone about the size and shape of a mano with a slightly
concave upper surface which usually shows signs of pigment. Pendant. A small, perforated, ornamental object to be worn hanging from a cord.
The perforation is usually off center. Pestle. A hand stone with a rounded blunt end, the upper milling stone usually
used in conjunction with the mortar. Pin {bone). A long, straight, slender, pointed object, usually round or oval in
cross section. Pitted pebble. A large, roundish pebble with a small depression in one face. Rubbiyig stone. A small mano usually less than 10 cm. and more than 7 cm. long.
IV. POTTERY
BY
John Rinaldo
Three main types of pottery were found at the SU site: Alma Plain, already well-known and described, and two new types.
I have not assigned permanent names to these new types because they may be identical with types first found but not yet described by the staff of Gila Pueblo. It is contrary to the dictates of com- mon sense and to the ethics of responsible archaeologists to call one pottery type by two different names. Therefore, since the staff of Gila Pueblo has not yet made public its names and descriptions of these types, and since the identity of these types has not been estab- lished to the satisfaction of all concerned, we have decided that it is better temporarily to call our types as follows: Unpolished Brown Pottery and Polished Red Pottery. Then, when the identity of these types has been either established or disproved and more complete descriptions published, we shall adopt permanent names. When I say that the SU pottery is "identical" with undescribed types, I am basing that statement on the careful study of our 12,000 sherds and on direct comparison with the sherds at Gila Pueblo. The accom- panying descriptions are only of the pottery found at SU site and should not be construed as applying to the pottery at Gila Pueblo until this identity has been established.
Slightly over one-half of all the pottery recovered was Alma Plain, a little more than one-quarter Unpolished Brown, and the remainder Polished Red. The exact percentages may be learned by consulting the table on page 84.
The color standards herein used are from Maerz and Paul (1930).
Unpolished Brown
(Temporary Name) Paste:
Color: The color of the core, when not uniform throughout, changes from gray to brown about 2 mm. from the surface. Typical color is Cork (12B7); the range is through the browns such as Beaver (15A6) to black.
Inclusions: Coarse, rounded and angular fragments ranging over 1 mm. in diameter, typically white, silver, and black. The white fragments are dull and opaque, the silver and black highly lustrous.
Texture: Granular and slightly friable, paste heavily tempered.
Fracture: Devious; fragments break off at slight angle to the vessel's surface.
78
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79
80 The SU Site: Western New Mexico
Surface Features:
Color: Typical color Cork (12B7), range to lighter browns and tans and to darker browns such as Beaver (15A6), also to gray and black. Fire clouds occur frequently.
Hardness: 3.5-4.5 (Mohs' scale).
Evenness: Surfaces are not slipped or polished, but they are smoothed and the coiling lines are obliterated. They present a matte surface through which the tempering material protrudes. Brush and scraping marks show frequently on the interiors of jars and occasionally on the exteriors.
Texture: Slightly granular, uneven. No intentional scoring or texturing.
Lustre: Dull.
Slip: None. Thickness of Vessel Walls: 5 mm. to 11 mm., average 7 mm.
Forms: Globular jar without neck, hemispherical bowls, wide-mouth jars, ladles (Fig. 35).
Comparison: Unpolished Brown differs from Alma Plain in the following characteristics: it is unpolished, is tempered with coarser material, is provided with thicker walls, and has no textured variants.
Alma Plain
This type has already been described in great detail by Haury (1936b, p. 32) and others. The pottery of this type from the SU Canyon site corresponds in every particular, except possibly form, to that described. Certain forms appear more frequently in this period than in later periods. These forms are globular jars without necks, hemispherical bowls, narrow-mouth jars with oral part drawn out from the body, and wide-mouth jars with flaring rims (Fig. 35).
Polished Red
(Temporary Name) (Fig. 36) Paste:
Color: Typical color Army Brown (6A10), or a brown with more red in it (6Ali). A thin gray core 2 mm. in thickness, changing to brown towards the surface, was found in about one-third of the sherds examined.
Inclusions: Both rounded and angular fragments, generally opaque white in color, but there are also some silvery, lustrous, semi-trans- parent fragments.
Texture: Granular, moderately tempered with occasional very coarse fragments more than 1 mm. in diameter. Most of the inclusions are smaller.
Fracture: Devious, but the edges are not friable.
Surface Features:
Color: Typical color rosy red (5H8, 7H8), ranging through brownish red (6110).
Pottery
81
Hardness: 3.5 to 4.5 (Mohs' scale).
Evenness: Occasional slightly undulating surface, but dimpled surface
lacking. Interior surfaces of jars show scraping marks. Texture: Smooth, polished. Lustre: Medium lustrous.
Fig. 36. Polished Red narrow-mouth jar. Scale 1:3.
Slip: A thin layer of clay of different color from the body clay is apparent
on examination with a ten-power lens. Defects: Abrasion of slip quite frequent. Thickness of Vessel Walls: 4 mm. to 9 mm., average 6 mm.
Forms: Shallow bowls, narrow-mouth jars with oral part drawn out from the body. Lip surfaces rounded, rims direct.
Comparison: The following characteristics of Polished Red diflerentiate it from San Francisco Red: lack of finger-denied surfaces, deeper rose color, rarity of marks of polishing tool, coarser paste, less highly polished and less lustrous surface, narrow-mouth jar form.
.B
03
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82
Pottery Miscellaneous and Later Types
83
In the reoccupied pit house (Pit House D), sherds and portions of vessels of three other pottery types were found. These pottery types are transitional variants of Three Circle Red-on-White, Alma Scored, and Alma Neck Banded.
A half bowl and twelve other sherds of Three Circle Red-on- White were found. The half bowl presents a quartered design
Fig. 38. Three Circle Red-on-White bowL Scale 1:2.
made up of non-interlockinjz scrolls (Fig. 38). The colors are the gray and red firing variants of the usual colors. The design and colors of these sherds indicate that they were made in a transitional period between Three Circle Red-on-White and Mimbres Rold-face times when curvilinear designs were being introduced, but before the inter- locking scroll came into use, and when the Mogollon people were still experimenting at producing Black-on-White. The other sherds (all
84
The SU Site: Western New Mexico
from one jar), also show a curvilinear design, with one exception. This sherd shows a solid element with a serrate edge. The color in these sherds corresponds more closely to the usual Red-on-White.
Half of a wide-mouth jar of Alma Scored and half a jar of Alma Neck Banded were also recovered from this same pit house.
One large sherd showing a basketry impression was found in Pit House E. With the exception of this basketry-impressed sherd, all sherds which did not fall into the three main categories were found within Pit House D. No other painted, scored, or decorated sherds were recovered from any of the other pit houses, the surface house, or the trenches. All of the sherds from these locations are plain and undecorated and fall within the three categories of those pottery types thought to be basic to the later Mogollon types.
Table 1
Alma Plain Unpolished Brown Polished Red
Trench No. Per cent No. Per cent No. Per cent Total
1 78 64 33 27 11 9 122
III 326 41 337 43 125 16 788
IV 6 43 4 28.5 4 28.5 14
V 82 74 17 15 12 11 111
VI 4 44.5 5 55.5 9
VII 54 43 57 45 15 12 126
VIII 36 57 19 30 8 13 63
IX 27 41 21 32 18 27 66
Pit House A
Fill 260 30.5 415 48.5 179 21 854
Floor 20 10.5 132 68.5 40 21 192
Pit House B 1087 68.5 162 10 339 21.5 1588
Pit House C
Fill 1063 65 222 13.5 349 21.5 1634
Floor 183 70 22 8 58 22 263
Pit House D
Fill 431 55 244 31 111 14 786
Floor 384 67.5 97 17 87 15.5 568
Pit House E
Fill 692 42.5 574 35 364 22.5 1630
Floor 465 72 55 8.5 127 19.5 647
Pit House F
Fill 190 34 280 49.5 93 16.5 563
Floor 97 43 83 37 46 20 226
Pit House G
Fill 430 43.5 310 31.5 246 25 986
Floor 40 49 17 21 25 30 82
Surface Room 122 28 248 57 65 15 435
Grand total 6077 52 3354 28.5 2322 19.5 11,753
V. SUMMARY
The excavation of the SU site (named after a near-by canyon and ranch) during the 1939 field season revealed seven pit houses, one surface house, several burials located outside as well as inside the houses, and a number of pits. Numerous bone and stone arti- facts and about twelve thousand sherds of plain, undecorated pottery were recovered.
The shapes of the pit houses were round or variations of round; none were square. Every house (except G) was provided with a side entrance on the east. House floors consisted generally of gravel and adobe. In the floors of all houses were pits of various shapes and varying depths. In these pits were calcined stones and bones. It is assumed that some of these pits were used for cooking. The lower portions of the walls of all houses were of native earth. A few firepits were uncovered, but none of them showed much use or contained much ash. Deflectors of any sort, such as are found in early Anasazi houses and later kivas, were entirely absent.
The arrangement of upright roof supports of the pit houses did not correspond to that of houses of later periods, so far as is now known. The main posts were set well out from the walls, generally with one post to each quadrant. The top layers of the roof, as shown by burned bits of adobe, consisted of mud and branches. In Pit House A, the upright roof-supports may have stood on horizontally laid logs placed in special grooves located in the outer zone.
Two new types of pottery were recovered. Temporarily we refer to them as Unpolished Brown and Polished Red. Unpolished lirown is a thick, undecorated, coarse-textured pottery occurring most com- monly in the shapes of globular jars without neck, and hemispherical bowls. Polished Red is also an undecorated pottery of coarse tex- ture. It occurs most commonly in the shapes of narrow-mouth jars and shallow bowls. These vessel shapes (with the exception of the narrow-mouth jars) appear to be the prototypes of later Mogollon pottery shapes.
It is certain that Three Circle Red-on-White, Alma Scored, and Alma Xeck Banded are later than our Unpolished Brown and Polished Red potteries. This was proven by the stratigraphic evidence obtained in Pit Houses D and D-1.
The majority of bone and stone artifacts recovered were of simple, unspecialized types such as basin and slab metates, simple oval manos, and split bone awls.
85
86
Summary 87
The other types of artifacts recovered fall into two groups. The first group is composed of such types as the notched bone awls, rectangular rubbing stones, and trough-type metates, examples of which are found in greater numbers for succeeding periods. The second group is represented by a few singular specimens, such as the bone dice, bone needle, and carved stone pendant. On the whole this latter group shows greater finish, a finer degree of workmanship, a little more care in shaping, than the general run of artifacts. Objects that show modification other than a little essential shaping, and abrasion through use are the exception rather than the rule. In gen- eral, then, the material culture represented is relatively crude and shows that its makers were inclined to use the shapes of stone and bone objects that they found at hand.
Twenty-six burials were discovered: five outside of houses; nine on or near house floors; and twelve in sub-floor pits. These burials were made by the inhabitants of the site, but some of them may have been placed shortly after the houses were deserted. The physical type appears to be Puebloid (see Appendix).
The charred wood obtained from several houses was sent to Mr. Harold S. Gladwin for examination and possible dating. Un- fortunately, all the wood was juniper, a type which does not lend itself (at present) to dendrochronological techniques. Therefore, no dates were secured. I would guess that the SU site (except Pit Houses D and D-1) would belong to a pre-Georgetown phase and would date at about a.d. 500 or before. How much earlier, I cannot at i)resent state.
I have refrained from making any synthesis or reconstruction in this rei)ort because more datii must be obtained before the aflilia- tions and history of the SU site can be stated.
APPENDIX: REPORT ON THE SKELETAL MATERIAL
BY
Marjorie Kelly
Twenty-six burials were uncovered at the SU site during the summer of 1939. Five of these were located outside the pit houses and were found while digging the test trenches. The other twenty- one burials were located in the houses, twelve in the large pits that had previously been used for cooking and storage purposes, and nine on the floor, or in the fill only two or three inches above the floor. All were surrounded by the normal fill containing charcoal and miscellaneous sherds. Bracelets were found on two of the skeletons; also a pipe and bone awl in association with one of them. Small turquoise pendants were found with a child burial in the antechamber of the reoccupied pit house (Pit House D). A minia- ture clay bowl was associated with another burial in this same ante- chamber. No objects had been placed with the remaining skeletons. The burials were flexed. Those in the pits seem to have been placed leaning against the wall of the pit. The majority of those on the floor, or in the fill, lay on their backs. There was apparently no customary direction of orientation.
There had been considerable posthumous shifting of the bones, apparently by burrowing animals, and in several instances many parts of the skeletons were missing (Burial Nos. 2, 7, 10, 16, and 17). Their location in pits and pit houses with clay and gravel floors and walls (which readily hold the frequent rains in this mountainous country) only served to increase their state of decay. In still more instances the roots of trees and shrubs hastened their destruction. These combined circumstances made the skeletal material so frag- mentary that of the twenty-six burials uncovered only thirteen were complete enough to be sent back to the Museum laboratory for further study. The material was cleaned and mended at the laboratory but it was broken in too many pieces to allow of many measurements. Consequently, it is not deemed advisable to publish a complete series of measurements and observations on so small and shattered a series of crania. A more complete report on the skeletal material will be made subsequent to further excavations at the SU site whereby it is hoped that the series may be supplemented.
All that can be said at this time is that these skulls differ markedly from the skull from the Mogollon Village which was excavated by Haury and described by Woodbury (Haury, 1936a, pp. 111-115).
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Skeletal Material
91
Woodbury set up the Mogollon Village skull as a type skull and on the basis of similarities with historic Caddo and Wichita material postulated a Caddoan type for the inhabitants of the Mogollon and Harris villages. When a comparison is made between this skull and those from the SU site it is at once apparent that there is very little resemblance either morphologically or metrically between them. The SU skulls are brachycranial, with a mean cranial index of 83.5 (taken on five skulls), are hypsicranial, and conform in these features as well as in facial characters to skulls of the Pueblo type. Some of the crania exhibit a slight amount of occipital cradle- board deformation. Mr. Georg Neumann of the Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, agrees with my conclusions.
I wish to thank Mr. Neumann and Dr. Wilton Krogman of the University of Chicago for the help they gave me while I was working over the material.
|
Table 2 |
||||||||
|
Skull No. |
Slx |
Age according to sutures |
At'P according to teeth |
('radlebourd deformation |
Warping due to natural causct |
! Vault |
Parts missing |
|
|
1 |
d^ |
45- |
-47 |
45-50 |
Slight |
Slight |
High |
Basilar and facial bones |
|
2 |
7 |
Under 2 |
7 |
7 |
7 |
Fragmentary |
||
|
3 |
9 |
29- |
-35 |
30 |
7 |
7 |
7 |
All except skull cap and mandible |
|
4 |
cT |
47- |
-51 |
50 |
None |
None |
High |
All except skull cap |
|
5 |
& |
45-50 |
All except skull cap |
|||||
|
and mandible |
||||||||
|
6 |
d" |
35- |
-41 |
40 |
Slight |
7 |
All except skull cap |
|
|
7 |
& |
35- |
-40 |
All except skull cap |
||||
|
8 |
9 |
29- |
-35 |
30-35 |
None |
Marked |
High |
Nasal bone, one-half of mandible |
|
9 |
d^ |
47- |
-51 |
40 |
Trace |
Little |
High |
Basilar and facial bones, mandible |
|
12 |
d' |
26- |
-35 |
35 |
None |
None |
High |
Basilar bones |
|
14 |
& |
51 + |
Ca. 50 |
None |
Slight |
High |
Basilar bones, orbits, nasal bone |
|
|
18 |
cT |
Ca. |
, 35 |
35-40 |
Small |
None |
High |
Basilar and nasal bones |
|
24 |
9 |
35- |
-41 |
35-40 |
Trace |
None |
High |
Lower facial and nasal bones |
fo
_* ^•s**^
92
Skeletal Material
93
Table 3
Burial
No. Location
1 Trench I, pit
2 Trench III, refuse
3 Pit House B, pit
4 Pit House B, pit
5 Pit House B, pit
6 Pit House B, floor
7 Pit House B, pit
8 Trench V, refuse
9 Pit House C, fill
10 Trench VIII, pit
11 Trench VIII, pit
12 Pit House C, fill
13 Pit House C, fill
14 Pit House C, fill
15 Pit House C, fill
16 Pit House C, floor
17 Pit House C, pit
18 Pit House C, pit
19 Pit House C, pit
20 Pit House C, pit
Position
Flexed
|
Flexed |
W |
Ca. 30 |
|
Tightly flexed |
s |
Ca. 50 |
|
Tightly flexed |
NE |
Ca. 45 |
|
Flexed |
ne |
Ca. 40 |
|
e? |
Ca. 37 |
Flexed
Flexed
Flexed Flexed
Flexed
Flexed Flexed
7
Flexed Flexed
21 Pit House C, post-hole Flexed
22 Antechamber— Pit
House D, fill Semi-flexed
23 Antechamber — Pit House D, pit
24 Pit House D, pit
25 Antechamber — Pit House D, pit
26 Pit House C, fill
Flexed
9
W
S
N
7 NE NW
?
Ca. 45
Skull Associated
facing Age artifacts
SE Ca. 47 Sherds, flint
chips NW Infant Turkey bones, sherds
4 shell bracelets Sherds, projec- tile point Sherds Sherds Sherds Sherds, bone awl, projectile point
Sherds, projec- tile point None Sherds
Sherds, crystal drill, bone awl Shell bracelet, sherds
Sherds, bone awl Sherds Sherds Sherds None Sherds
Dog skull, 2 pro- jectile points, bone awl SE Young Sherds, clay pipe
? Adult W Ca. 45 E Ca. 30
Adult
Ca. 50
Adult
Infant
Adult
Ca. 37
Adult
Adult
Middle- aged
W Child
E Adult
? Infant
? Infant
Bone awl, bone bead, stone pipe, sherds Sherds, clay bowl (miniature) Sherds
18 turquoise
beads
None
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bradfield, Wesley
1931. Cameron Creek Village. El Palacio Press. Santa Fe, New Mexico. COLTON, H. S., and Hargrave, L. L.
1937. Handbook of Northern Arizona pottery wares. Museum of Northern Arizona, Bulletin 11. Flagstaff, Arizona.
CosGROVE, H. S. and C. B.
1932. The Swarts Ruin. Papers, Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, vol. 15, No. 1. Cambridge, Massa- chusetts.
Gladwin, Winifred and Harold S.
1934. A method for designation of cultures and their variations. Medallion Papers, No. 15. Globe, Arizona.
1935. The eastern range of the Red-on-Buff culture. Medallion Papers, No. 16, pp. 221-233. Globe, Arizona.
Gladwin, Harold S., Haury, Emil W., Sayles, E. B., and Gladwin, Nora
1937. Excavations at Snaketown. Medallion Papers, No. 25. Globe, Arizona. Haury, Emil W.
1936a. The MogoUon culture of southwestern New Mexico. Medallion Papers,
No. 20. Globe, Arizona. 1936b. Some southwestern pottery types. Series IV. Medallion Papers,
No. 19. Globe, Arizona.
Hawley, F. M.
1936. Field manual of prehistoric southwestern pottery types. University of New Mexico, Bulletin. Albuquerque, New Mexico.
Hough, Walter
1923. Pit dwellings and square kivas of the upper San Francisco River. El Palacio, vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 3-9. Santa Fe, New Mexico.
Kidder, A. V.
1924. An introduction to the study of southwestern archaeology. Papers of the Phillips Academy Southwestern Expedition, No. 1. New Haven, Con- necticut.
1932. The artifacts of Pecos. Papers of the Phillips Academy Southwestern Expedition, No. 6. New Haven, Connecticut.
, and Shepard, Anna O.
1936. The pottery of Pecos, vol. 2. The glaze paint, culinary, and other wares. Papers of the Phillips Academy Southwestern Expedition, No. 7. New Haven, Connecticut.
Kroeber, a. L.
1928. Native culture of the southwest. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, vol. 23, pp. 375-398, 1926-28. Berkeley, California.
Maerz, a., and Paul, M. R.
1930. A dictionary of color. New York. March, B.
1934. Standards of pottery description. University of Michigan, Museum of Anthropology, Occasional Contributions, No. 3. Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Martin, Paul S., Roys, Lawrence, and von Bonin, Gerhardt
1936. Lowry ruin in southwestern Colorado. Field Museum of Natural History, Anthropological Series, vol. 23, No. 1. Chicago.
94
Bibliography 95
Martin, Paul S., Lloyd, Carl, and Spoehr, Alexander
1938. Archaeological field work in the Ackmen-Lowry area, southwestern Colorado, 1937. Field Museum of Natural History, Anthropological Series, vol. 23, No. 2.
Martin, Paul S., and Rinaldo, John
1939. Modified Basket Maker sites, Ackmen-Lowry area, southwestern Colorado, 1938. Field Museum of Natural History, Anthropological Series, vol. 23, No. 3. Chicago.
Morris, Earl H., and Shepard, Anna 0.
1939. Archaeological studies in the La Plata District, southwestern Colorado and northwestern New Mexico. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D.C.
Nesbitt, p.
1938. Starkweather Ruin. Logan Museum Publications in Anthropology, Bulletin No. 6. Beloit, Wisconsin.
Roberts, Frank H. H., Jr.
1931. Ruins at Kiatuthlanna, eastern Arizona. Bulletin 100, Bureau of American Ethnology'. Washington, D.C.
INDEX
Abajo Red-on-Orange, 10-11 Abrading stones, 62, 77 Ackmen-Lowry area, 11 Agriculture, beginning of, 35 Alma Plain, 80 Anasazi, 9-11
Antechamber-entryway, 22 Artifacts, 34-77: locations and associa- tion of, 76 Awls, 36, 70, 77, 85, 87
Balls, stone, 62
Basket Makers, 9-12, 36
Beads, 36, 68, 77_
Bone, identification of unworked, 76;
implements, 68-70 Bowls, stone, 35, 48, 77 Bracelets, 36, 68, 77 Bradfield, W., 9 Brew, J. O., 10 Burials, 18, 20, 22, 87, 88-93; associated
artifacts, 88; conclusions about,
88, 91; location of, 87, 88; position
of, 88
Cameron Creek, 9
Chopper, 54, 77
Chronology, 87
Corn, 35
Cosgrove, H. S., 10
Culture periods, Mimbres phase, 9-10,
12; pre-Georgetown phase, 87; San
Francisco phase, 9 Cylinders, 62
Dates; see Chronology Dice, 36, 68, 87 Disks, stone, 62
Firepits, 14, 18, 20, 22, 26, 28, 32, 85 Flakers, antler, 72, 77 Floors, 14, 18, 20, 22, 26, 28, 30, 32, 85 Forestdale ruin (1939), 14
Gila Pueblo, 9, 11, 12 Gladwin, H. S., 9-10, 87 Glossary, 77 Grooves (log-shaped), 14, 85
Hammer stones, 54, 77
Harris village, 36
Haury, E. W., 9-12, 14, 35, 88
Hohokam, 9-10
Hough, W., 9
Jar cover, 74
Kidder, A. V., 9, 10 Knives, 66 Kroeber, A, L., 9
Lateral entrance, 14, 18, 20, 22, 26, 28, 30, 85
Maerz, A., and Paul, M. R., 78
Manos, 35, 38, 77, 85, 87
Mauls, 56, 77
Metates, 35, 42, 77, 85, 87
Milling stones, 77
Mimbres phase; see Culture periods
MogoUon, 9-12, 36
Mogollon village (1:15), 35, 36
Mortars, 35, 48, 77
Needle, 36, 70, 87 Nesbitt, P., 10 Neumann, G., 91
Paint grinding stones, 60, 77
Pendants, 68, 77, 87
Pestles, 35, 52, 77
Phases; see Culture periods
Pins, 70, 77
Pipes, 36, 74
Pit House A, 14
Pit House B, 18
Pit House C, 20, 35
Pit House D, 22, 35
Pit House D-1, 22
Pit House E, 26, 35
Pit House F, 28
Pit House G, 30
Pitted pebble, 48, 77
Pits, 14, 18, 20, 22, 26, 28, 30, 32, 85
Polished Red, 80-81, 85
Polishing stones, 58
Polisher, antler, 72, 77
Post-holes, 14, 18, 19, 22, 26, 28, 30, 32, 85
Pottery, 78-84; comparison of types, 80, 81; forms, 80, 81, 83, 85; later types: Three Circle Red-on- White, Alma Scored, Alma Neck Banded, 83-85; paste of, 78, 80; surface features of, 80, 81; thickness of vessel walls, 80, 81
Pre-Georgetown phase; see Culture periods
Problems, 11-12
Projectile points, 36, 64
Pueblo, 9-12, 36
Reserve, 7, 11 Roberts, F. H. H., 36 Roofs, 14, 85 Rubber, antler, 72, 77 Rubbing stones, 35, 40, 77, 87
San Francisco phase; see Culture periods Sayles, E. B., 9
96
Index
97
Scrapers, 66
Shape (pit house), 14, 18, 20, 22, 26, 28,
30, 32, 85 Sherds, worked, 74 Skeletal material, report on, 88 Skewers, 70, 77 Stone implements, 34-68 SU Canyon, New Mexico, 7 Surface Room 1, 32
Three Circle Red-on-White, 83, 84, 85 Trends, Pueblo, 9
Unpolished Brown, 78, 85
Walls, 14, 18, 20, 22, 26, 28, 30, 32, 85 Woodbury, G., 88, 91
Zoomorphic image, 68
THE LIBRARY OF THE
JUL 19 1940
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
\'» .^
THE SU SITE
EXCAVATIONS AT A MOGOLLON VILLAGE
WESTERN NEW MEXICO
SECOND SEASON 1941
BY
PAUL S. MARTIN
CHIEF CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY
imfiir
ANTHROPOLOGICAL SERIES
FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
VOLUME 32, NUMBER 2
FEBRUARY 24, 1943 PUBLICATION 626
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