THE SWISS
IN THE
UNITED STATES
"L I B RARY
OF THE UN IVLR.SITY Of ILLINOIS
325.2494 5w6s
llllnoli Historical Survcf
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2012 with funding from
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
http://www.archive.org/details/swissinunitedstaOOswis
THE SWISS IN THE UNITED STATES
A Compilation
Prepared for the Swiss-American
Historical Society
as the
Second Volume
of its Publications
By
John Paul von Grueningen
Editor
SWISS-AMERICAN HISTORICAL SOCIETY
MADISON, WISCONSIN
1940
Copyright 1940 Swiss-American Historical Society
j
3 310.
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
Emil John Schaefer, President
3216 Thorpe St., Madison, Wis.
Prof. J. P. von Grueningen, Vice-President
2025 Madison St., Madison, Wis.
Robert M. Rieser, Recording-Secretary
1 W. Main St., Madison, Wis.
Jacob Kruesi, Corresponding-Secretary
140 Kenilworth Ave., Villa Park, 111.
Rev. Theodore P. Bolliger, Treasurer
1918 W. Lawn Ave., Madison, Wis.
August Ruedy, Secretary Research Committee
9808 Harvard Ave., S. E., Cleveland, Ohio
Franz X. Amrein New York, N. Y.
Albert Bartholdi Passaic, N. J.
Dr. R. C Buerki Madison, Wis.
Paul O. Brandenberger Portland, Oregon
Mrs. J. Holinger Chicago, 111.
Prof. Ernest Howald Woodhaven, L. I., N. Y.
John D. Hutter San Francisco, Cal.
Prof. E. A. Kubler Charleston, S. C
tCAPT. C. Theo. Schwegler Oakland, Cal.
EDITORIAL COMMITTEE
Emil J. Schaefer, Chairman Madison, Wis.
Prof. J. P. von Grueningen, Editor Madison, Wis.
Rev. Theodore P. Bolligeri Madison, Wis.
August Ruedy Cleveland, Ohio
Prof. Alfred Senn Bala-Cynwyd, Penna.
4
t Deceased.
[3]
I i 55383
A Swiss Evening Song
Softly from mountain and vale Steal the last sunbeams so pale; Over the meadows entrancing Shadows are slowly advancing; Rosy the mountain tops grow. Oh, how the glaciers do glow!
Silently yielding to night, Fades the last range from our sight ; Over the vapors endearing, Twinkles a starlet so cheering; Greetings bright starlet of love, Tell me how fares it above ?
"Greetings from heavenly skies," Now the fair starlet replies,
"Does not the Father sustain us, Lovingly watch and maintain us? I shall not fall from his light." Starlet, dear starlet, good night.
— Translated by the Editor.
[4]
Sueget, t)o Serge ♦ ♦ ♦
Sueget, t>o 93erge unb £ctl gliefjt fd)o ber ©utmeftrc$t, Sueget uf ?tuen unb SWatte SBadjfe bte bunfele ©dfjatte, 3y©unn uf be 93erge erftof)t, O tote finb b' ©letter fo rot!
©till a be 93erge totrb'3 Sftadfjt, 2lber ber -gerrgott, bet toad)t; ©fefmber felb ©ternli bort ©d^ine? ©ternli, tote btfdfj bu fo frine! ©fefmber am 9?abel bort ftol)f 3? ©ternlt, ©ott griieft hi, tote govt's?
Sofet, e3 fett t$: „@ar guet; §et mi nit ©ott t ber §uet? grtlt, ber S3ater t)on alle ?of)t mi gtoiift tocrtjrli nit falle, SSater im £>immel, ba toadfjt." ©ternli, liebS ©ternli, guet Sftadjt!
— g, §uber
[5]
FOREWORD
UNDER the auspices of the Swiss-American Historical Society there was published in 1932 a volume entitled Prominent Americans of Swiss Origin, containing seventy-two encyclopaedic biographies.1 The compilation was announced as the first of a series to be devoted to "historical and biograph- ical information about Swiss settlers in the United States." Since then numerous additional biographies of Swiss settlers and their offspring have been prepared for publication. How- ever, it seems to be desirable, pending their appearance in print, to issue without further delay the present second volume of other material.
With reference to its contents the following should be stated: The statistical survey based on government census reports was originally prepared by Mr. August Ruedy of Cleveland, Ohio, and later extended and checked by the editor.
1The table of contents of the book, published by James T. White & Co., New York, reads as follows: Pioneers — The Ancestry of President Hoover, Jean Jacques Dufour, Christopher de Graff enried, Charles Gratiot Sr., Henry Gratiot, George H. Hermann, Jacob Nageli, Alexander Negley, Jacob Negley, James Scott Negley, Jean Pierre Purry, John August Sutter, Emanuel Zimmermann (Carpenter) ; Theologians — John Martin Henni, Martin Kuendig, Philip Schaff, Michael Schlatter, John Joachim Zubly; Soldiers — Henry Louis Bouquet, August Louis Chetlain, Edward Walter Eberle, Charles Gratiot Jr., Hermann Lieb, Felix Kirk Zollicoffer; Statesmen — Albert Gallatin, James William Good, Emanuel Lorenz Philipp, Henry Wisner, William Wirt; Physicians and Surgeons — Henry Banga, Henry Detwiller, Samuel Nickles, Albert J. Ochsner, Nicholas Senn, Martin Stamm, Adelrich Steinach; Industrialists, Merchants, Bankers — Gustav Baumann, Nicholas Gerber, Jacob Karlen, Gottlieb Beller, Leon de Montreux Chevalley, The Delmonicos, Henry Clay Frick, Jacques Huber, Adrian George Iselin, John Luchsinger, Jacob Manz, John B. Meyenberg, Henry Rosenberg, Robert J. F. Schwarzenbach, Peter Staub, Jacob Weidmann, Albert Charles Wittnauer; Scientists, Journalists, Engineers — Alexander Agassiz, Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz, Adolph Francis A. Bandelier, Jacob Boll, C. Hermann Boppe, Florian Cajori, John Friedrich, Albert Samuel Gatschet, Arnold Henri Guyot, William Nicholas Hailmann, Hermann Kruesi, Samuel Stehman Haldeman, Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler, Fridolin Joseph Heer, Julius Hurter, John Heinrich Kruesi, Leo Lesquereux, John Ulric Nef, Carl Gutherz.
[7]
An attempt is here made to set forth in accurate numerical and geographical perspective what may be called the entire spread of the Swiss element in the United States. The data includes numerous tables showing native Swiss population by states and counties after 1870, thus revealing an authentic picture of recent Swiss immigration and settlement.
Interesting is the fact that California registered the largest native Swiss population by states in the census of 1930. This circumstance is due in part to a considerable emigration from Ticino (or Tessin) directly to the Pacific coast and in part to the westward movement of settlers from eastern states. It should be said, however, that although California leads in the enumeration by states, actually the largest geographical popula- tion center of native Swiss is the metropolitan area in and about New York City, which includes a contiguous but separately enumerated section of New Jersey. In view of these circumstances — together with the fact that both Califor- nia and New York at their expositions of last year and this have been and are commemorating significant historic events — the present volume in a number of its chapters takes special cognizance of these two now so prominent states. On the one hand, it is a century and a year ago since Johann August Sutter, on August 16, 1839, founded his fateful empire, New Helvetia, in the Sacramento valley; on the other, it is just fifty-one years ago that Adelrich Steinach set down a wealth of names and identifications reflecting considerable Swiss activity in New York and elsewhere.
The selected passages from the hitherto untranslated diary of the young adventurer, Heinrich Lienhard, who so vividly recorded the thrilling details of that hazardous migration of a party of Swiss to Sutter's Fort in New Helvetia in 1846, were translated in part by Captain C. Theo. Schwegler of Oakland, California, author of the Kyburz biography, and in part by the editor. The substance of the chapter entitled "The Italian Swiss in California," was kindly furnished by Mr. Clay Pedrazzini, publisher of the Italian-Swiss journal La Colonia Svizzera of San Francisco. Of interest not only in Greater New
[8]
York but in many sections which have been the goal of migra- tions from there, should be the chapter devoted to Steinach's recordings of names for the states of New York and New Jersey. Despite all their typographical inaccuracies and other shortcomings,2 they remain the source of information which no doubt many descendants in all parts of the country will read with gratification today.
The closing chapter invites attention to the spiritual con- tributions made by some native Swiss, including both Catholic and Protestant missionaries to American Indian tribes.
The editor herewith gratefully acknowledges the help and collaboration of his associates on the Editorial Committee, as well as the cooperation of numerous correspondents and those present and former directors who through their encouragement and support helped materially to lighten his work. He wishes to thank, moreover, his colleague at Wisconsin, the historian, Professor Chester V. Easom, who carefully read parts of the manuscript and offered constructive suggestions, and Professor Edwin Gudde of California for the Revere illustration of Sut- ter's Fort and the Street View of Coloma; furthermore, Fr. Andrew Kolbeck, O.S.B., of St. Anthony, North Dakota, who kindly checked the material concerning Bishop Marty and made available the illustrations from The Bulletin of the Dio- cese of Fargo; and lastly, Superintendent Benjamin Stucki of the Winnebago Indian School at Neillsville, Wisconsin, for his courtesy in granting the editor access to his files at the mis- sion school and for providing the illustrations for the last part of the sixth chapter.
As this volume goes to press word is received of the death of our indefatigable and helpful collaborator and member of the Board of Directors, Capt. C. Theo. Schwegler. The map of The Hastings Cut-Off on page 73, submitted by Captain Schwegler shortly before his death, is his last contribution to this volume. Only the names of the states and the designa- tion of the Hastings' Cut-off were added by the editor.
2 See Introduction to the first volume published by the Society: Prominent Americans of Swiss Origin.
[9]
A brief account of the founding of the Swiss-American Historical Society appeared in the first volume. An invitation to communicate with the Editorial Committee or members of the Board of Directors, is extended to every one who may be in possession of records or authentic information which may lead to further studies of interest to the Society.
J. P. v. G.
[10]
CONTENTS
PAGE
Foreword 1
CHAPTER I A Statistical Survey of Swiss Immigration
Registration of native-born Swiss beginning in 1870 — As compared with total population by decades — Swiss enumerations in twelve dif- ferent states — Survey of all states in 20-year periods — Types of immi- gration— Decline of native Swiss population 15
CHAPTER II
An Early Migration to New Helvetia
The diary of Heinrich Lienhard — Its table of contents — The journey across the prairies — The "Hastings Cut-Off" — Crossing the Great Salt Desert — At the Sierras ahead of the Donner party — Arrival at Sutter's Fort — The portrayal of Sutter — Military service — Sutter's empire — Discovery of gold — The transformation of 1849 71
CHAPTER III
Kyburz of Kyburz
Eldorado today — The village of Kyburz — Samuel Kyburz in New Helvetia — The migration of 1846 — Kyburz as Sutter's right-hand man — Selecting the mill site at Coloma — The Kyburz family — The Swiss element in New Helvetia 88
CHAPTER IV
The Italian Swiss in California
First records — Arrivals via Panama — Immigration up to 1880 — Italian Swiss in San Francisco — Development of dairying — San Luis Obispo — Napa — Sonoma — Descendants in various parts of the state — The Swiss-American club of Monterey — Relief and benevolent societies 93
[ii]
CHAPTER V
PAGE
Steinach's Lists of Swiss Settlers in New York and New Jersey
The nature of Steinach's compilations — Records for New York and New Jersey — Swiss industry and social life reflected — Lists for New York City — Brooklyn — College Point — Rochester — Buffalo — Syracuse — Utica — Troy — Albany — Amsterdam — New Jersey 102
CHAPTER VI Swiss Spiritual Leadership
Switzerland's less tangible gifts to America — The founding of con- gregations and denominational colleges — The Gospel in Menominee Indian — The ministry of Bishop Martin Marty and of Rev. Jacob Stucki among American Indians — The Gospel in Winnebago Indian — Some evidences of the transplanting of Swiss culture 129
Index 139
[12]
ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGE
The Title Page of Lienhard's California 72
An Old Engraving of Sutter's Fort 78
Heinrich Lienhard . 82
Sutter's Fort — New Helvetia 88
Coloma — Street View 92
St. Michael's Indian Mission, Fort Totten, N. D. __ 124
Bishop Marty, Vicar Apostolic of the Dakotas 126
Indian Boys at the Sisters' School, Fort Totten, N. D 128
Rev. Jacob Stucki and His Assistant, John Stacy ___ 130
Winnebago Indian Camp Scenes 132
The Winnebago Indian School at Neillsville, Wis. 136
[13]
MAPS
PAGE
Native Swiss Population in the United States
in 1930 16
State Totals in 1930 18
State Maps Showing Swiss Belts and Centers
Ohio 22
Illinois 25
New York 27
Missouri 29
Wisconsin 33
Pennsylvania 35
Indiana 38
Iowa 41
California 43
Minnesota 46
Michigan 48
New Jersey 50
Captain Schwegler's Map of the Hastings' Cut-Off 73
[14]
CHAPTER I A STATISTICAL SURVEY OF SWISS IMMIGRATION
I INDISPENSABLE for an adequate understanding of the history of the Swiss and their descendants in the United States, is authentic information concerning the extent and the goals of the various waves of immigration. Although Swiss colonization in America began in the second half of the seventeenth century, the scope of the present survey is restricted to the period after 1850, when the national origin of immi- grants was first taken into account in the census reports. Early enumerations offered little more than a "count of the population by sex and color."
When census enumeration of foreign-born inhabitants began in 1850, the number of native Swiss in the United States was but 13,358. Classifications were at first indicated only by territories and states. Tabulations of joreign-born citizens by cities and counties did not appear before the census of 1870. Hence, the following tables for counties necessarily begin with that year.
Figures showing the number of native Swiss in the United States as compared with the total population from 1850 to 1930.
Native Swiss Continental United States
1850 13,358 1850 23,191,876
1860 53,327 I860 31,443,321
1870 75,145 1870 38,558,371
1880 88,621 1880 50,155,783
1890 104,069 1890 62,947,714
1900 115,593 1900 75,994,575
1910 124,848 1910 91,972,266
1920 118,659 1920 105,710,620
1930 113,010 1930 122,775,046
[15]
[16]
In I860, 53,327 residents of Swiss birth were recorded. The figure reveals the extent of the immigration in the fifties, when the central and far-western states were rapidly being settled. Subsequently, Swiss immigrants increased steadily until 1910. In 1920 a decrease had set in.
The following is a tabulation showing the number of Swiss in the states in which at least 2,000 were settled in 1870, according to the census reports from 1870 to 1930.
States 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930
Ohio 12,727 11,989 11,070 12,007 10,988 9,656 7,624
Illinois 8,980 8,881 8,115 9,033 8,660 7,837 7,315
New York 7,911 10,721 11,557 13,678 16,312 15,053 16,571
Missouri 6,597 6,064 6,765 6,819 6,141 4,934 3,578
Wisconsin 6,069 6,283 7,181 7,666 8,036 7,797 7,669
Pennsylvania 5,765 6,343 6,149 6,707 7,484 6,875 5,649
Indiana 4,287 3,695 3,478 3,472 2,765 2,334 1,624
Iowa 3,937 4,587 4,310 4,342 3,675 2,871 2,096
California 2,927 5,308 9,743 10,974 14,520 16,097 20,063
Minnesota 2,162 2,828 3,745 3,258 2,992 2,720 2,041
Michigan 2,116 2,474 2,562 2,617 2,780 2,755 2,834
New Jersey 2,061 3,040 4,158 6,570 7,548 8,165 8,765
States having more than 1,000 in representative years:
In 1870: Kansas, 1,328; Kentucky, 1,147.
In 1890: Kansas, 3,820; Nebraska, 2,542; Oregon, 2,083; Kentucky, 1,892; Utah, 1,336; Washington 1,324; Colorado, 1,225; Mas- sachusetts, 1,052; Tennessee, 1,027.
In 1920: Oregon, 4,166; Washington, 3,671; Kansas, 2,238; Con- necticut, 1,863; Nebraska, 1,808; Texas, 1,590; Utah, 1,566; Colorado, 1,510; Massachusetts, 1,368; Idaho, 1,347; Kentucky, 1,315; Montana, 1,151.
In 1930: Oregon, 4,034; Washington, 3,578; Connecticut, 1,774; Kansas, 1,594; Utah, 1,419; Texas, 1,410; Nebraska, 1,364; Massachusetts, 1,272; Colorado, 1,202; Idaho, 1,038.
It is apparent that before 1870 many Swiss immigrants headed for the farms of Ohio, Illinois, New York, Missouri, Wisconsin, and Pennsylvania — the only states having more than 5,000. On the other hand the attraction of the cities was also considerable. In Ohio, for example, about 3,700 of the 12,000 Swiss were found in or near the cities of Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus, Toledo and Canton. In New York 4,600 of the 7,900 Swiss enumerated in 1870 were in or near
[17]
[18]
Buffalo, Brooklyn, Rochester, New York, and Syracuse. In Missouri 3,200 of a total of 6,500 were in St. Louis. In Illinois 1,400 of 8,900 lived in Chicago; however, there were more Swiss in Madison County (Highland) in 1870 than in Cook County (Chicago) ; similarly, in Indiana there were almost twice as many Swiss in Tell City as in the city of In- dianapolis. In Wisconsin in 1870 only 440 of 6,000 Swiss were found in Milwaukee. In California 775 of 2,900 lived in San Francisco. It is not possible to determine the number of prospective farmers employed or detained temporarily in the larger cities. About 1870 the number may have been compara- tively large. In that year St. Louis, a hub town for land seekers, had attracted 3,200 native Swiss, whereas New York and Brooklyn together had but a total of 2,922. Early German and Swiss immigrants in St. Louis included large numbers of land seekers, many of whom came by way of New Orleans and the Mississippi,1 later finding employment in the city.
In Ohio Swiss dairy farmers and cheese makers settled in at least a dozen counties in the northern and central parts of the state. In the period from 1850 to 1900, the middle- western states of Ohio, Illinois, Missouri, Wisconsin, Indiana, Minne- sota, and Michigan continuously attracted Swiss farmers ; while New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and the New England states even then gave employment to a moderately large number of mechanics, artisans, factory workers, and common laborers.2 Many of the farmers, dairymen, and laborers, espe- cially before 1890, preferred to settle in rural communities of their own; then, after the great industrial development and the expansion of large cities in all parts of the country, thou- sands of Swiss who had migrated from the rural sections, as well as new immigrants, formed colonies in the urban and industrial centers.
1 It was this route which was advocated by Dr. Casper Koepfli of Highland, who, in 1831, had found the overland journey from New York prohibitively expensive and tedious.
3 In the decade following 1880, for example, several thousand Swiss, mostly from Appenzell and St. Gall, settled in Hudson County, New Jersey, opposite New York, where they found employment in the silk and embroidery industries previously introduced there by Swiss manufacturers.
[19]
The flux of Swiss migration to the Pacific Coast states be- comes phenomenal after 1890. In California, for example, the native Swiss population rose from 2,927 in 1870 to 20,063 in 1930. In Washington and in Oregon also there are striking increases.
The tables are given in descending numerical order by states as of 1870 and in alphabetical order by pertinent counties; exception is made in instances of geographical grouping, such as Massachusetts and Connecticut, Oregon and Washington, Georgia and Florida. In some few reports figures were not available for every county mentioned, owing either to incom- plete enumeration, or to the reorganization of old and the establishing of new counties. In such cases an asterisk is inserted.
Ohio
The following table gives the number of native Swiss in those twenty-four of the 88 counties of Ohio which have 100 or more in any of the reports before 1920.
Ohio Counties 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930
Allen (Lima) 280 306 303 246 211 171 112
Columbiana 196 56 336 286 250 193 153
Cuyahoga (Cleve- land) 916 935 1,122 1,592 1,574 1,549 1,363
Erie (Sandusky) __ 238 250 106 153 117 90 42
Fairfield 180 114 59 53 40 23 15
Franklin (Co- lumbus) 282 284 299 417 380 389 331
Fulton 458 312 228 255 254 161 85
Hamilton (Cincin- nati) 1,300 1,029 726 827 856 735 574
Hardin 365 325 236 225 169 128 63
Holmes 333 350 285 251 155 94 74
Lucas (Toledo) ___ 608 923 834 936 927 881 645
Monroe 814 585 371 327 212 126 60
Montgomery (Day- ton) 159 215 168 194 172 180 143
Putnam 100 152 173 144 131 86 48
Richland (Mans- field) 151 153 97 156 136 115 94
Sandusky 211 205 69 110 83 73 45
Seneca 281 203 120 99 101 71 43
Shelby 135 39 21 18 17 13 4
Stark (Canton) ___ 793 881 1,253 1,167 1,174 1,070 896
Summit (Akron) __ 188 201 275 381 389 527 409
Tuscarawas 1,475 1,113 1,004 854 704 495 451
Wayne 761 758 647 682 569 454 338
[20]
Ohio Counties 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930
Wood 176 181 234 203 135 91 78
Wyandot 197 157 142 118 89 64 44
All other 2,130 2,262 1,963 2,313 2,143 1,877 1,514
Totals 12,727 11,989 11,070 12,007 10,988 9,656 7,624
Counties which rose to 50 or more: In 1920: Adams, 171; Ashtabula, 57; Belmont, 61; Butler, 112; Clark, 62; Crawford, 69; Defiance, 51; Hancock, 82; Lorain, 180; Mahoning, 342; Medina, 57; Portage, 66. In 1930: Lorain, 177; Mahoning, 299.
In 1870 Hamilton county (with the city of Cincinnati) was the most populous with 1,300 Swiss; however, the number in the almost entirely rural county of Tuscarawas exceeded Hamilton by 175.
A Swiss belt extends through northern and central Ohio beginning with Columbiana, thirty miles northwest of Pitts- burgh, thence following the Tuscarawas and Cuyahoga river valleys over Tuscarawas, Stark, Summit, and Cuyahoga coun- ties, thence westward through Holmes, Wayne, Richland, Erie, Sandusky, Wood, Lucas, and Fulton; and south-westward through Seneca, Wyandot, Hardin, Allen, and Shelby. Roughly paralleling it in the south is a less pronounced secondary line extending westward from Monroe on the Ohio river (thirty miles below Wheeling) to Fairfield and Franklin (Columbus), and southwestward to Hamilton.
The townships of Switzerland and Ohio in Monroe county were settled as early as 1819 by Bernese Mennonites; others of the same faith early settled in Wayne, Holmes, Allen and Put- nam counties. In 1930 only sixty Swiss were recorded in Monroe county. American-born descendants of the second, third, and fourth generations are, of course, to be found there in considerable numbers.
With the turn of the century Tuscarawas county lost its preeminence to the adjacent Stark County on its north border. The cities of Canton, Alliance, and Massillon, with their com- paratively large Swiss populations, were evidently the goal of migrations from the farms or directly from Switzerland. At the same time a considerable number of Swiss farmers, dairy-
[21]
OHIO (Censu9 of 1930)
i
L_ -J •
J* / ,OTT»W» \ A / I , • / VJ^ ym icuuw i
r • i-iT «.^H
. (as— | • | •J | ;• r^-(
• i (_ _J I5*55"! L * I J \
i
J
'-1
Explanation: - 500 native Swiss • — 50 " " (For treatment of frac- tional remainders eee New York.)
[22]
men, and cheese makers settled in the rural sections of Stark County.
Perhaps it is safe to state that about two-thirds of the Swiss in Ohio in 1870 were farmers, dairymen, and country business men, while the remainder were settled in the cities; in 1920 the ratio is reversed. Of the numerous descendants, especially of the Swiss farmers who in 1840 settled in Tuscarawas, Stark, Holmes, and Wayne counties, there are today many who still remain partly Swiss in their language, customs, and habits.
Up to 1880 Ohio had a larger Swiss population than any other state in the Union. Since then both New York and California have surpassed it. Notable is the uniform distribu- tion in Ohio. In the census of 1910, for instance, only two of its eighty-eight counties reported no Swiss.
Illinois
Census figures for thirty-five of 102 counties, in five different enumerations:
Illinois Counties 1870 1880 1890 1920 1930
Adams (Quincy) 149 103 100 48 26
Bond 336 305 174 64 30
Bureau 57 65 35 18 9
Calhoun 86 80 50 13 9
Christian 40 63 45 27 13
Clinton 244 262 141 35 18
Cook (Chicago) 1,435 1,728 2,446 3,877 4,228
Du Page 118 49 56 76 122
Fayette (Vandalia) 107 112 78 38 25
Hancock 291 153 99 26 18
Iroquois 35 80 100 100 75
Jersey 66 56 45 15 5
Jo Daviess (Galena) 280 152 68 65 54
Kane (Elgin, Aurora) 115 119 260 305 299
Kankakee 88 57 65 70 59
Lake 13 17 22 91 115
La Salle 145 133 94 55 40
Lee 26 23 80 77 71
Livingston 175 328 282 202 137
Logan 17 0 16 8 6
McLean (Bloomington) 153 143 197 106 70
[23]
Illinois Counties 1870 1880 1890 1920 1930
Macoupin 74 68 89 52 43
Madison (Highland) 1,502 1,405 955 372 187
Marion 54 59 48 24 8
Monroe 92 108 17 14 8
Montgomery 46 71 48 28 20
Peoria 306 301 262 387 305
Randolph 122 46 41 23 16
Rock Island 216 156 115 119 90
St. Clair 450 427 197 168 103
Sangamon (Springfield) 67 150 92 58 43
Stephenson (Freeport) 37 89 63 158 234
Tazewell 282 192 181 185 138
Will (Joliet) 256 212 172 124 76
Woodford 230 226 207 112 103
All other 1,270 1,343 1,175 697 512
Totals 8,980 8,881 8,115 7,837 7,315
In 1930 almost two-thirds of the 7,315 Swiss in Illinois lived in Chicago and adjacent areas. Of the 8,980 enumerated in 1870, however, only one in six lived in that metropolis. Here, as in Ohio, the shifting of the population centers from the agricultural to the urban sections is clear. A considerable Swiss element is consistently maintained in the rural counties of Peoria, Tazewell, and Woodford for which the city of Peoria is the metropolis.
Particularly noticeable is the gradual decline in Madi- son county, where New Switzerland — later Highland — was founded by the Koepflis and Suppigers in 1831-32. In 1870, when Madison county exceeded Cook county in Swiss popula- tion, Highland was the largest rural Swiss colony in the United States. The general settlement pattern for the state was fixed in 1870 and suffered no essential change later. There are three clusters of counties that may be termed immigration centers: (l) Madison, Bond, Fayette, Marion, Clinton, St. Clair, Monroe, and Randolph, all within fifty miles of St. Louis, (2) Peoria, Tazewell, Woodford, McLean, and Livingston in the Peoria-Bloomington center of the state, (3) Cook, Lake, Kane, Du Page, and Will in the Chicago area. Then there are the scattered counties along the Mississippi: Hancock and
[24]
ILLINOIS (Census of 1930)
i ,o(u.c n — i t i .
Explanation:
• — 1000 native
• — 50 ■ " (For treatment of
fractional remainders see New York,)
[25]
Adams in the west, Rock Island and Jo Daviess, opposite the Iowa settlements, in the northwest, and Grundy between Chi- cago and Peoria, where there was once a New Aargau, now known as Centerville.
New York
New York, as the main port of entry for European immi- grants, always received and held a comparatively large num- ber of newcomers from Switzerland. In fact, the Swiss in that city and its suburbs have as a rule constituted about one-half of the total Swiss population of New York state.
The spread of Swiss immigration in twenty-one of the sixty- one New York counties is seen in the following table based on four representative enumerations.
New York Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930
Albany (Albany) 116 87 110 120
Bronx (New York City) * * 1,255 1,561
Chautauqua 110 77 81 70
Dutchess 45 50 113 142
Erie (Buffalo) 798 646 787 678
Kings (Brooklyn) 744 1,492 1,765 1,492
Lewis 187 280 127 99
Monroe (Rochester) 655 643 584 537
Nassau (Long Island) * * 289 671
New York (New York City) 2,178 4,953 4,802 4,234
Oneida 397 483 552 542
Onondago (Syracuse) 318 347 408 441
Orange 77 123 124 151
Queens (Long Island) 256 421 1,172 2,328
Rensselaer 106 91 83 85
Richmond 68 139 239 280
Schenectady 24 44 162 158
Suffolk (Long Island) 28 130 299 398
Sullivan 388 154 81 70
Wayne 103 43 35 31
Westchester 318 303 583 1,005
All other 995 1,051 25 1,478
Totals 7,911 11,557 13,676 16,571
* No report.
[26]
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[27]
It will be seen that Greater New York in 1930 claimed 68 per cent of the state's native Swiss.
In New York state, it is noticeable, that the Swiss settled mainly in urban centers. Oneida in the central part of the state, where Swiss dairy farmers arrived in the fifties, is the only county which maintained appreciable numbers after 1870.
Missouri
Most of the native Swiss in Missouri were from the first concentrated in and about St. Louis. Its accessibility by way of New Orleans and the Mississippi attracted thousands of Ger- mans and Swiss in the thirties and forties before overland transportation was practicable. Immigration to Missouri was also stimulated by the founding in 1831 of the Swiss colony, New Switzerland — later Highland — thirty miles east of St. Louis, in southern Illinois.
With the exception of a few agricultural colonies: Mont- rose in Henry county, the town of Swiss in Gasconade county, New Conception in Nodaway county, and later a few scattered settlements in Andrew, Barry, and Green counties, no larger Swiss settlements were established in the rural districts of Missouri. Kansas City and St. Joseph give evidence of Swiss colonies in 1870.
The following tabulation includes figures for twenty-seven of Missouri's 115 counties in five different enumerations.
Missouri Counties 1870 1880 1890 1920 1930
Andrew 180 168 280 146 120
Barry 1 7 131 18 10
Bates 21 84 53 35 24
Buchanan (St. Joseph) 303 295 418 297 220
Callaway 27 40 51 34 25
Cape Girardeau 67 46 37 13 5
Chariton 86 56 50 19 5
Cole 125 130 93 52 32
Cooper 53 58 100 35 33
Franklin 203 172 137 44 30
Gasconade 328 265 210 72 55
[28]
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[29]
Missouri Counties 1870 1880 1890 1920 1930
Greene 17 28 165 82 51
Henry 59 71 86 46 33
Holt 43 51 57 33 23
Jackson (Kansas City) 197 142 365 382 330
Jefferson 141 118 131 61 41
Marion 47 53 43 19 9
Moniteau 103 176 417 187 129
Montgomery 72 51 27 0 13
Nodaway 32 74 97 61 44
Osage 103 105 35 23 16
Pettis 69 61 76 31 22
Phelps 37 37 155 69 45
Schuyler 50 36 12 4 1
St. Charles 65 72 31 29 20
St. Francois 72 52 53 27 16
St. Louis (St. Louis) 3,265 2,566 2,383 2,402 1,768
All Other 831 1,050 1,072 713 458
Totals 6,597 6,064 6,765 4,934 3,578
The peak for Missouri was 6,765, reached in the census of 1890. In 1930 the number had diminished to 3,578. The coun- ties of St. Charles, Montgomery, Gasconade, Franklin, Jeffer- son, and St. Francois are within a radius of about fifty miles from St. Louis. Phelps, Osage, Callaway, Cole, Moniteau, Cooper and Pettis are in the central part of the state. Nodaway, Holt, Andrew, Buchanan, and Jackson are in the northwest, the last named being on the Missouri River near St. Joseph and Kansas City. Greene and Barry are in the extreme south- west, near the Ozarks.
It will be seen that in 1870 St. Louis had more native Swiss than New York City and Brooklyn combined; together with its neighboring counties St. Louis accounted for three-fifths of those reported for the state. In 1930, the larger Swiss centers of the state were St. Louis, St. Joseph, and Kansas City. Only Andrew and Moniteau counties registered more than 100. A comparison of the population in these three urban centers with that in the rural areas seems to indicate that but one-third had settled on Missouri farms.
[30]
Wisconsin
Swiss settlement in Wisconsin really began in 1845, with the founding of New Glarus, in Green County; to be sure, individual Swiss pioneers had ventured into various parts of the state previously. A number of migrations quite independent of the one frdln Glarus soon followed. Thus in 1847 a group of farmers from the canton of St. Gall settled in Fond du Lac county, on the southwest shore of Lake Winnebago. The influx there continued up to 1865 when settlements are found to extend to the east and to the south into Washington county.
Another early agricultural settlement was made in Sauk county, northwest of Madison, the state capital. Even today its townships of Troy, Honey Creek, and Prairie du Sac con- tain a considerable Swiss population. The first settlers were mainly from the cantons of the Grisons, Zurich, and Berne. An area stretching along the Mississippi river in Buffalo county, containing the towns of Tell, Alma, and Fountain City was settled by Swiss farmers in the fifties.
With the exception of California, Wisconsin has a higher percentage of Swiss than any other state in the Union. The migration headed chiefly for farms and smaller towns. Although Milwaukee, the metropolis of the state, has had a rather sizable Swiss colony for the last fifty or sixty years, it has never held more than a small part of the total number of Swiss in the state. Even in 1930 when there were 1,400 native Swiss in Milwaukee, Green county alone recorded 1,700 of the 7,600 in Wisconsin.
Figures for 1880, unfortunately, could not be obtained. The largest total number 7,797, was reached in 1920. In 1930 there is a slight decrease. Four enumerations in thirty-two of seventy-one counties follow:
Wisconsin Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930
Barron 14 47 138 132
Buffalo 941 680 283 124
Chippewa 35 130 134 98
Clark 1 20 124 121
Columbia 67 82 55 49
Dane (Madison) 216 265 481 666
[31]
Wisconsin Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930
Dodge 97 86 175 259
Dunn 44 68 103 72
Eau Claire 39 103 81 58
Fond du Lac 193 103 107 86
Grant 118 60 45 44
Green 1,246 1,866 1,724 1,703
Iowa 31 45 195 206
Jefferson 144 40 41 40
La Crosse 271 294 154 103
Lafayette 21 58 346 366
Manitowoc 153 64 32 28
Marathon 3 105 162 116
Milwaukee 447 764 1,122 1,414
Monroe 43 35 60 46
Outagamie 54 76 49 35
Pierce 76 103 46 35
Racine 67 60 60 41
Rock 59 74 214 244
Sauk 601 346 164 88
Sheboygan 99 64 79 72
Taylor * 129 112 85
Walworth 40 53 59 50
Washington 79 86 89 78
Waukesha 96 100 115 101
Winnebago 300 274 193 175
Wood 23 154 163 135
All other 551 747 892 799
Totals 6,069 7,181 7,797 7,669
* No report.
All but Milwaukee are primarily farming counties, and even in the county of Milwaukee farms are to be found. Green county, with its towns of New Glarus and Monroe, claims the largest number. The four contiguous counties — Dane, Rock, Iowa, and Lafayette — have had a perceptible increase in the last two or three decades. These five counties represent an area in southwestern Wisconsin which may be designated as the largest center of Swiss agriculture and dairy farming in the United States; the region has been facetiously nicknamed "Swissconsin."
[32]
WI3C0H8IH (Census of 1930)
Explanation:
# — 1000 native Swiss
• — 100 " - — (For treatment of frac- tional remainders see
New York.)
[33]
Next in importance is the Swiss farming district in Buffalo county, which had little short of 1,000 Swiss in 1870. How- ever, for want of good opportunity for further expansion, there followed a steady decline in every subsequent census. In 1930 but 124 native Swiss were recorded in that county. Much the same may be said of the third important Swiss agricultural colony, Sauk county. In 1870 it had 601 native Swiss, but by 1930 the number had dwindled to less than 90. In Green county the decline has been relatively slight, owing to the con- tinued immigration occasioned largely by the specialized de- velopment of the cheese and dairy industry of that section of the state. Lincoln county had 81 in 1930.
Six counties: Dane, Dodge, Iowa, Lafayette, Milwaukee, and Rock show an actual increase. The cities of Madison (in Dane county) and of Milwaukee have attracted a considerable proportion. The new wave of Swiss immigration to the south- ern part of the state during the last twenty-five years is responsible for the fact that Wisconsin a decade ago ranked fourth in native Swiss population among the states of the Union.
Pennsylvania
To Pennsylvania belongs the honor of being the first state actually to turn over its lands to Swiss settlement in America. It was in the fall of 1710, that the first Swiss settlers, a group of ten families of Mennonites, were granted lands for new homes there. True, some of the de Graffenried colonists had landed in North Carolina in the course of the preceding sum- mer; but they were bolters ahead of the officially stipulated date for opening that territory to the colonists. De Graffen- ried himself, who founded New Bern, did not officially take possession until 1711, the date agreed upon with the settlers.
Once the first Swiss nucleus of Mennonites had been estab- lished in Pennsylvania, other emigrants of the same religious faith soon followed. Most of them were from the cantons of Zurich and Berne, where they had been persecuted. Many had settled first in Alsace along the Rhine, in the Palatinate, and in
[34]
[35]
Holland, finally deciding to venture the long journey across the sea to Pennsylvania.
Census figures for twenty-four of forty-nine Pennsylvania counties in four representative enumerations:
Pennsylvania Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930
Allegheny (Pittsburgh) 1,588 1,454 1,523 1,229
Beaver 79 105 92 62
Berks (Reading) 95 55 72 81
Bucks 35 35 90 87
Butler 49 139 28 28
Clinton 189 154 73 40
Columbia 10 4 9 9
Delaware 6 59 160 172
Elk 16 243 230 161
Erie (Erie) 179 137 193 156
Fayette 13 68 64 31
Lackawanna (Scranton) * 440 369 288
Lancaster 248 68 142 147
Lehigh (Allentown) 96 47 180 156
Luzerne (Wilkes-Barre) 348 91 123 96
Montgomery 49 63 175 214
Northampton (Easton) 74 42 86 85
Philadelphia 1,791 1,710 1,889 1,487
Potter . 9 76 57 34
Schuylkill 84 53 29 19
Tioga 32 98 64 71
Warren 18 300 220 190
Washington 8 28 47 36
Westmoreland 32 85 124 106
All other 717 680 836 664
Totals 5,765 6,149 6,875 5,649
* No report.
The table reflects to what extent Philadelphia and Pitts- burgh are Swiss population centers, as well as the attraction of the anthracite coal belt in Lackawanna (Scranton) and Luzerne (Wilkes-Barre) counties, and the purely rural counties of Elk and Warren in the northwest. Few of the later immigrants settled on farms, for the state had become industrialized, and good farm land could no longer be bought at a reasonable price.
[36]
Indiana
In Indiana the Swiss population attained its maximum, 4,287, in 1870; each succeeding census shows a steady decline. In 1930 only 1,624 were recorded in the state. Twenty-three of the ninety-two counties in five enumerations report as follows:
Indiana Counties 1870 1880 1890 1920 1930
Adams (Berne) 359 413 726 303 230
Allen (Ft. Wayne) 311 306 281 274 189
Clark 130 97 72 34 26
DeKalb 74 61 43 26 16
Elkhart 109 100 116 89 75
Floyd 139 82 54 57 42
Huntington 76 67 35 17 10
La Porte 78 62 57 45 49
Lake (Gary) 27 27 111 127 101
Marion (Indianapolis) 243 284 269 267 187
Marshall 97 77 55 52 30
Noble 67 52 72 20 12
Perry (Tell City) 474 245 229 62 28
Ripley 80 54 46 22 9
St. Joseph (South Bend) 79 70 70 95 87
Spencer 103 72 55 14 10
Switzerland (Vevay) 55 29 20 0 0
Tippecanoe 45 41 51 33 18
Vanderburg 157 238 122 105 54
Vigo 64 68 56 50 35
Wabash 42 61 47 35 20
Wells 151 142 131 76 50
Whitley 124 88 66 22 13
All other 1,203 959 694 509 333
Total 4,287 3,695 3,478 2,334 1,624
There were a number of cities containing a nucleus of Swiss settlers in Indiana in 1870, among them: Evansville, Fort Wayne, Terre Haute, South Bend, New Albany, and the state capital, Indianapolis.
The state has two outstanding Swiss colonies: Tell City on the Ohio river some forty miles east of Evansville, and Berne in Adams county about thirty miles south of Fort Wayne, both founded in the fifties, the former by both Swiss and
[37]
INDIANA (Census -of 1930)
Explanation:
Each dot representi 50 native Swiss. (For treatment of fractional remainders see New York.)
[38]
Germans, the latter by Bernese Mennonites. Tell City has declined in a manner similar to that of Highland, Illinois. Until 1880 it had been the banner Swiss settlement in Indiana, but was then replaced by Berne. In 1930 Berne still had 230 native Swiss, whereas Tell City had less than 30. In Marshall county, not far from South Bend, Swiss farmers early settled in and about the town of Bremen, while in Switzerland county, Vevay, the first Swiss colony in the state, was founded as early as 1803. In Spencer and Du Bois counties there were a num- ber of early settlements at Mariah Hill, Ferdinand, Jasper, and the monastery of St. Meinrad, founded by the abbot of Einsiedeln.
Iowa
In the first census of 1850 Iowa had a total population of 192,214 inhabitants; in 1930 it had 2,470,939. The Swiss population, specified here in twenty-five of the state's ninety- nine counties in four enumerations, is only one-tenth of one per cent.
Iowa Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930
Allamakee 150 48 30 18
Black Hawk 43 52 37 35
Clayton 354 218 110 74
Crawford 23 33 51 47
Davis 62 91 55 32
Delaware 0 67 88 68
Des Moines 144 108 87 65
Dubuque (Dubuque) 640 596 308 216
Fayette 196 258 144 105
Henry 24 50 57 38
Howard 17 66 57 40
Humboldt 15 62 48 41
Iowa 137 140 91 77
Johnson 126 77 41 38
Jones 163 242 177 100
Kossuth 10 69 40 32
Linn 43 82 88 75
Marshall 11 53 33 27
Muscatine 187 115 63 53
Plymouth 0 179 63 37
[39]
Iowa Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930
Polk (Des Moines) 119 115 101 89
Pottawattomie 70 80 48 29
Scott (Davenport) 261 139 113 104
Webster 14 69 31 21
Woodbury 25 81 74 66
All other 1,103 1,220 936 569
Totals 3,937 4,310 2,871 2,096
It will be noticed that Dubuque county on the Mississippi river in the northeastern part of the state led in every census from 1870 to 1930, the adjacent and neighboring counties of Clayton, Jones, and Fayette also maintaining a lead over most of the others. Aside from the Swiss in the city of Dubuque, most of those in the counties listed are apparently farmers.
Allamakee, Scott, Muscatine, and Des Moines counties are also on the Mississippi. Pottawattomie and Woodbury on the Missouri, and Plymouth on the Big Sioux are on the western edge of the state. Humboldt, Webster, Polk, Marshall, Iowa, Linn, Johnson, Washington, and Henry are in the central or southeastern part in the Iowa and the Des Moines river valleys.
On the whole, the Swiss element is fairly evenly distributed throughout the state, which isy agriculturally, one of the richest in the country. There is hardly a county which does not contain some Swiss. In 1870 there were 11 counties with 100 or more. Dubuque, an early commercial point in the state, and its hinterland in Clayton, Fayette, Jones, and Delaware counties, represents the most compact section of Swiss settlement. Here many emigrants from St. Gall and the Grisons settled in the forties and early fifties. Similarly, in southwestern Des Moines county there are to be noted early settlements, including Des Moines, the state capital.
As in many other western states — there are in Iowa a num- ber of settlements of Swiss Mennonites, such as Sharon Spring and Sharon Center. Some of the adherents of this faith came from southeastern Pennsylvania, others, directly from Switzerland.
[40]
[41]
California
Owing in part to the emigration of large numbers of Italian Swiss from the canton of Ticino and in part to other migrations, including those from eastern states, California today has a larger Swiss population than any other state in the Union. In 1920 it outstripped New York by 1,000; in 1930 it had in- creased its lead to 3,500. California then had 20,063 as compared with 16,571 in New York.
For a century, California has steadily and increasingly at- tracted Swiss immigrants. It was in 1839 that John A. Sutter first settled near Sacramento to found his New Helvetia. The historic migration of other Swiss to Sutter's Fort in the decade before the discovery of gold is noted elsewhere in this volume. Almost three thousand settled in California between 1848 and 1870; the census of 1870 accounts for 2,927. Twenty years later there were 9,743; in 1910 there were 14,520; in 1920, 16,097; and in 1930, 20,063 or almost seven times the num- ber given in the census of 1870.
In California the German, French, and Italian elements of Switzerland are all strongly represented. The Ticinese Swiss form a considerable colony, particularly in San Francisco and its neighboring territory. Many are settled in various agricul- tural, grape, and fruit growing areas. French-speaking Swiss have long been at San Francisco and Los Angeles. German- Swiss are distributed throughout the state. There are 58 coun- ties, 40 of which are tabulated below. It may be noted that San Mateo, Santa Clara, Alameda, Contra Costa, Solano, Napa, Sonoma, and Marin cluster about the San Francisco and San Pablo Bays. The counties of Santa Clara, Stanislaus, San Joaquin, and Sacramento are within a radius of 70 miles from the city of San Francisco. Together with that city, these twelve counties, in 1930, contained 9,710 Swiss, a little less than half of the total for the state. In the extreme north are the counties of Del Norte, Siskiyou, Lassen, and Humboldt. Somewhat farther south are the inland counties of Plumas, Butte, Sutter, Yuba, Nevada, Placer, and Mendocino on the coast. In the southern part of the state, where Los Angeles is the metropolis,
[42]
CALIFORNIA (Census of 1930)
Explanation: 9 — 1000 native Swiss • — 100 ■ ■
(For treatment of fractional remainders eee New York.)
[43]
the counties of Los Angeles, Ventura, Santa Barbara, San Luis
Obispo, Kern, San Bernardino, Orange, Riverside, San Diego, and Imperial, are the home of many Swiss. Figures for forty of fifty-eight counties:
California Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930
Alameda (Oakland) 70 408 1,135 1,318
Amador 81 87 56 44
Calaveras 79 86 43 31
Contra Costa 15 71 256 229
Del Norte 3 81 75 72
El Dorado 188 245 125 80
Fresno 5 90 290 277
Humboldt 15 300 513 550
Imperial * * 245 431
Kern 10 80 188 191
Lassen 2 41 60 53
Los Angeles 44 439 2,001 3,747
Marin 361 662 471 544
Mendocino 21 77 155 115
Merced 40 37 149 151
Monterey 46 433 652 1,207
Napa 48 454 357 329
Nevada 66 95 54 36
Orange * 30 108 155
Placer 76 96 68 66
Plumas 56 150 89 119
Riverside * * 88 130
Sacramento 131 347 593 665
San Benito * 97 102 101
San Bernardino 3 78 153 282
San Diego 5 161 300 376
San Francisco 775 1,696 2,806 3,120
San Joaquin 70 172 419 602
San Luis Obispo 12 517 511 454
San Mateo 22 274 323 541
Santa Barbara 6 294 402 471
Santa Clara (San Jose) 133 412 641 671
Santa Cruz 84 216 142 161
Siskiyou 66 64 100 157
Solano 21 164 200 195
Sonoma . 125 779 879 843
Stanislaus 5 20 405 492
Sutter 11 9 90 109
[44]
California Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930
Tulare 21 72 128 112
Yolo 52 44 122 184
All other 205 365 603 657
Totals 2,927 9,743 16,097 20,063
* No report.
Contributing some 20,000 of its native sons and daughters to a single state in the American republic, is no mean distinction for so small a country as the republic of Switzerland.
Minnesota
In the first United States census Minnesota was shown to have a population of 6,077; twenty years later in 1870 the num- ber had increased to 493,706; in 1890 it was 1,301,826; and in 1930, 2,563,953. The Swiss population since 1870 has been between 2,000 and 3,000.
1870 1880 1890 1920 1930
2,162 2,828 3,745 2,720 2,041
In 1930 only two of the 86 counties of the state had as many as 100 native Swiss. Almost half the entire number for the state were living in the Twin Cities. Tables for eighteen counties:
Minnesota Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930
Blue Earth 64 83 50 28
Brown 74 74 42 19
Carver 131 93 23 10
Dakota 44 77 52 51
Dodge 178 274 119 82
Goodhue 96 55 47 40
Hennepin (Minneapolis) 186 563 417 357
Houston 57 39 27 13
Isanti 10 355 9 5
Le Sueur 103 101 31 14
Olmsted 59 43 48 37
Ramsey (St. Paul) 100 614 597 526
Redwood 6 44 54 44
St. Louis (Duluth) 24 39 98 86
[45]
Explanation:
0— 500 native S>7lee
• — 50
(For treatment of frac- tional remainders see New York. )
I I. I L L
[46]
Minnesota Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930
Stearns 121 92 65 43
Wabasha 167 129 63 37
Washington 215 136 76 39
Winona 121 121 52 41
All other 397 813 850 569
Totals 2,162 3,745 2,720 2,041
St. Louis County is on the Canadian border; all the others are in the more fertile southern half of the state. Washington, Carver, and Dakota are near the cities of St. Paul and Min- neapolis. Isanti is some thirty miles north. Houston, Winona, Olmsted, Wabasha, Dodge, Goodhue and Le Sueur are in the southeast. Blue Earth, Brown, and Redwood are on the south banks of the Minnesota in the south central and southwestern part of the state.
Inexplicable is the figure 355 in 1890 for Isanti county, which has practically no Swiss before and after that date. As no other record of Swiss settlement in the agricultural area so near to Minneapolis seems to exist, the possibility of an error in the census tabulation is suggested.
It will be noted that in 1870 Minnesota had nine counties with 100 or more native Swiss.
Michigan
Michigan has not drawn as many Swiss immigrants as have its neighbors to the south and west. The largest settlement has always been in Detroit. Rural colonies, however, have been developed in numerous agricultural areas; to be noted are Berne, Huron county; Luzerne, Oscoda county; and Appenzell, Crawford county.
In no other state have distribution figures maintained them- selves so uniformly as in Michigan. Since 1870 each census has shown a slight increase for the state, but the totals have always remained between two and three thousand:
|
1870 |
1880 |
1890 |
1900 |
1910 |
1920 |
1930 |
|
2,116 |
2,474 |
2,526 |
2,617 |
2,780 |
2,755 |
2,834 |
[47]
Explanation:
• — 1000 native Swiss.
• — 50 " n (For treatment of fraotional remainders see New York.)
[48]
The total population of the state was 1,184,059 in 1870, and 4,842,325 in 1930; by way of comparison thus the Swiss element constitutes but a small and declining percentage.
Reports from eighteen of Michigan's eighty-three counties:
Michigan Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930
Allegan 74 63 35 23
Antrim 71 196 74 41
Bay (Bay City) 48 85 58 58
Berrien 54 52 61 71
Calhoun 44 38 46 46
Genesee (Flint) 26 15 38 77
Houghton 112 79 68 36
Isabella 18 51 33 19
Kent (Grand Rapids) 39 186 171 146
Lenawee 48 40 43 35
Monroe 99 41 34 31
Oakland 31 59 58 114
Saginaw 101 103 77 76
St. Clair 112 72 30 17
St. Joseph 54 40 30 22
Shiawassee 44 33 33 24
Washtenaw 52 35 30 26
Wayne (Detroit) 531 468 994 1,253
All other 549 871 842 719
Totals 2,116 2,526 2,755 2,834
New Jersey
The most populous section of the predominantly industrial state of New Jersey, is a block of contiguous counties including Hudson, Essex, Bergen, Passaic, and Union, in the northeast, immediately west and north of New York City. This region is, so to speak, the workshop of the great metropolis and the residence of thousands of its businessmen and workers.
The increase of the Swiss population in New Jersey is clearly the result of the industrial and commercial expansion within the state during the last sixty or seventy years. Before 1870 comparatively few Swiss had settled there. Then, however, hundreds migrated to several of its smaller towns: Guttenberg, Union Hill, West Hoboken, Weehawken — all in Hudson
[49]
NEW JERSEY (Census of 1930)
Explanation: A — 100Q native Swiss
7 — 100
(For treatment of fractional remainders see New York.)
[50]
county, where (as well as in Pater son and Passaic) silk and em- broidery manufactories were inviting skilled workmen from Appenzell, St. Gall, and Zurich. The increase in the number of native Swiss has been from 2,061 in 1870 to 8,765 in 1930. The following tabulation indicates their distribution in fourteen of the twenty-one counties in which they are most numerous.
New Jersey Counties 1870 1880 1890 1920 1930
Atlantic (Atlantic City) 33 89 125 157 160
Bergen (Hackensack) 92 124 134 784 1,486
Burlington (Mount Holly) ___ 21 32 31 65 67
Camden 37 73 87 165 215
Essex (Newark) 660 753 625 1,027 1,056
Hudson (Hoboken, Jersey City) 549 844 1,448 2,921 2,648
Mercer 41 48 53 103 115
Middlesex 57 68 124 204 237
Monmouth 29 29 93 104 138
Morris 22 32 58 175 250
Passaic (Paterson) 187 632 991 1,819 1,499
Somerset 23 52 43 67 109
Union (Elizabeth) 232 140 242 355 457
All other 78 124 104 219 328
Totals 2,061 3,040 4,158 8,165 8,765
Hudson county, as the figures show, has the largest Swiss settlement in the state. Its towns, Jersey City, Hoboken, and Union City were long reputed to be the Swiss embroidery center of the United States.
The only other larger Swiss colony in New Jersey is in Passaic county, where many years ago Swiss introduced and developed the silk industry in the towns of Paterson and Pas- saic. In the census of 1920, it will be noted the county had 1,819 Swiss; a decade later, the number had dropped to 1,419.
Although fifty or sixty years ago, the heart of Swiss life in New Jersey was to be found in Newark and Paterson, today it is to be sought rather in Hudson county. With Newark and Paterson still important rivals, though outnumbered, the state of New Jersey maintains its position as one of the foremost Swiss centers in the United States.
[51]
Massachusetts and Connecticut
With the completion of the twelve most important states for our purposes, it may not be amiss to consider at this point, instead of proceeding in strict numerical order, those two New England states which absorbed most of that comparatively small part of Swiss immigration which pressed into this in- dustrial section. Obviously, there was no great incentive here for the farmers of the nineteenth century. The figures for the twentieth century correlate with the upward curve for industrial centers elsewhere. There are but fourteen counties in the former and eight in the latter state, all of which are given here.
Massachusetts Counties 1870 1890 1920* 1930
Barnstable 0 2 8
Berkshire 87 99 149
Bristol 10 33 75
Dukes 0 0 1
Essex 8 59 59
Franklin 10 29 23
Hampden (Springfield) 33 69 117
Hampshire 27 34 62
Middlesex (Boston) 67 160 234
Nantucket 0 0 2
Norfolk 27 64 126
Plymouth 2 22 25
Suffolk (Brookline) 203 444 317
Worcester 17 37 74
Totals 491 1,050 1,272
* No report.
Connecticut Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930
Fairfield (Bridgeport) 84 231 393 454
Hartford (Hartford) 103 127 315 280
Litchfield 36 134 363 337
Middlesex 24 25 65 53
New Haven (New Haven) 140 315 485 400
New London 48 76 49 64
Tolland 44 74 162 165
Windham 13 16 31 21
Totals 492 998 1,863 1,774
[52]
Kansas and Nebraska
Kansas and Nebraska are in the main agricultural states with many features in common; however, the former has ab- sorbed more Swiss than the latter, owing perhaps to its earlier settlement. The census of I860 gave Kansas a total popula- tion of 107,206 over against 28,841 for Nebraska. The last census showed 1,880,999 for the former and 1,377,963 for the latter.
Enumeration of Swiss by decades:
1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930
Kansas 1,328 2,668 3,820 3,337 2,853 2,238 1,594
Nebraska 598 1,203 1,711 * * 1,690 1,410
Here too a gradual rise until 1890 is followed by a recession up to 1930.
Five enumerations in twenty- five of the 105 counties of Kansas:
Kansas Counties 1870 1880 1890 1920 1930
Atchison 106 94 50 38 34
Brown 52 98 111 75 73
Butler 3 20 135 87 45
Clay 44 125 101 62 34
Coffey 1 55 50 18 15
Dickinson 108 261 358 156 108
Doniphan 94 87 78 34 28
Douglas 67 58 55 21 15
Geary * * 93 55 49
Greenwood 5 43 102 53 35
Jefferson 72 34 53 16 9
Johnson 54 30 27 36 34
Leavenworth 136 114 135 59 41
Lyon 19 70 40 33 26
Marshall 12 49 189 77 58
Nemaha 83 165 276 164 101
Osborne 0 61 72 25 19
Pottawatomie 17 85 74 43 34
Riley 43 56 48 41 22
Saline 17 39 56 34 24
Sedgwick 5 39 90 74 51
Shawnee 31 28 52 65 59
Wabaunsee 32 27 68 18 11
[53]
Kansas Counties 1870 1880 1890 1920 1930
Washington 19 47 142 56 51
Wyandotte 19 54 122 131 87
All other 289 829 1,242 767 533
Totals 1,328 2,668 3,820 2,238 1,594
* No report.
In the earlier period of settlement Leavenworth, Dickinson, Atchison, Doniphan, Nemaha, Jefferson, Douglas, Johnson, and Brown led in Swiss population in the order given. With the exception of Dickinson a little to the west, these counties are located in the extreme northeast. Dickinson, Doniphan, and Nemaha are almost entirely agricultural with some small Swiss colonies of farmers, stock raisers, and dairymen.
Other counties in the northeast into which there was later an appreciable immigration are: Washington and Marshall along the Nebraska border, Shawnee, Wabaunsee, Geary, and Saline mostly on the south banks of the Kansas river, and Pottawatomie, Riley, and Clay, contiguous counties north of the river. Greenwood, Coffey, Butler, and Sedgwick form a belt in the southeast. In the northwestern part of the state are Osborne and Rooks, in the latter of which is Zurich with its small colony of Swiss farmers. Kansas City, Kansas, a suburb of Kansas City, Missouri, is situated in Wyandotte county.
Early Swiss agricultural colonies in Dickinson are: New Berne, New Basel, and Enterprise. Bernese farmers took up land in Marshall and Nemaha counties, naming their post- office Berne. In the latter county there were also immigrants from Zurich. Although Swiss may be found in every part of the state, they are more numerous in the fertile eastern half, where many of them have become prosperous.
Four enumerations in eleven of Nebraska's ninety- three counties:
Nebraska Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930
Buffalo 0 56 27 18
Cass 27 73 37 24
Dodge 16 56 39 16
Douglas (Omaha) 56 267 241 161
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Nebraska Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930
Lancaster (Lincoln) 12 75 89 71
Pawnee 40 75 47 35
Platte (Columbus) 156 397 231 206
Polk 0 52 35 28
Richardson 71 189 74 60
Sheridan * 105 68 57
Webster 0 90 31 17
All other 215 1,107 889 671
Totals 593 2,542 1,808 1,364
* No report.
In Nebraska the Swiss population is largely confined to three counties: Douglas, Platte, and Richardson. The first two con- tain the cities of Omaha and Columbus, respectively, while the last is the extreme southeastern county of the state, opposite Holt county, Missouri, where Swiss settlements have been noted. Buffalo county is in the south central section of the state, on the Platte river. Cass and Dodge are some thirty miles from the city of Omaha. Webster county is in the south central part of the state. Polk is south of Platte, opposite Columbus. Sheridan is in the panhandle in the sandy northwest. (It may be noted that it was Jules Ami Sandoz, a French-Swiss from Neuchatel who was largely responsible for Swiss settle- ment in Sheridan county. He is the "old Jules" of the well- known prize biography written by his daughter, Marie.) Platte county was settled in the sixties and seventies by Swiss pioneers who founded the colony of Gruetli, near Columbus. The city of Omaha was the destination of many Swiss from the very beginning, while the town of Humboldt, in Richardson county has a colony of native Swiss farmers. A sharp decline is evident in the census of 1930.
Kentucky and Tennessee
Kentucky contains only two or three counties with a Swiss population exceeding 100. Louisville, in Jefferson county, has had a moderately large Swiss element for over eighty years. Campbell and Kenton counties, containing respectively the
[55]
cities of Newport and Covington, opposite Cincinnati, formerly had a considerable Swiss element. In the early eighties the flourishing towns of Bernstadt and East Bernstadt were founded in Laurel county. In Lincoln county, forty miles north- west of Laurel, Swiss colonists founded Gruenheim, Crab Orchard, Lutherheim, and Highland.
Five enumerations in six of Kentucky's 120 counties:
Kentucky Counties 1870 1880 1890 1920 1930
Campbell (Newport) 106 189 60 83 55
Daviess 32 61 46 19 10
Jefferson (Louisville) 697 581 768 798 581
Kenton 68 69 43 60 37
Laurel 0 0 563 103 56
Lincoln 10 3 118 52 41
All other 235 227 294 200 135
Totals 1,147 1,130 1,892 1,315 915
Tennessee, like Kentucky, has comparatively few Swiss settlers. They are to be found in several city counties and in one distinctly agricultural settlement: Gruetli, Grundy county, about thirty-five miles northwest of Chattanooga. Gruetli was founded in the early fifties and flourished for some thirty years. In 1880 it was the largest Swiss center in Tennessee, outnum- bering even those of Memphis, Knoxville, and Nashville. By 1920, however, there were less than 50 in Grundy county, and by 1930, only thirty-five.
In Franklin county, Tennessee southwest of Grundy, Swiss settled at Belvidere, Dercherd, and at Winchester, the county seat. In Morgan county, Wartburg, which had been founded in the fifties by arrivals from Germany, attracted emigrants from the Grisons and St. Gall. It is about forty-five miles west of Knoxville and is now the county seat. Although no Swiss have been recorded there since the census of 1880, there are numerous descendants of the original settlers in this section. In Dyer county, on the Mississippi river, Bernese families founded Newbern.
Swiss population in Tennessee in seven of eighty-one counties:
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Tennessee Counties 1870 1880 1890 1920 1930
Davidson (Nashville) 151 203 225 135 100
Franklin 40 152 133 46 32
Grundy 142 227 140 55 35
Hamilton 16 38 58 44 38
Knox (Knoxville) 123 136 208 106 76
Lewis 0 0 0 53 26
Shelby (Memphis) 184 92 113 76 55
All others 144 178 150 101 81
Totals 800 1,026 1,027 616 443
In Hamblen county, forty miles northeast of Knoxville, fifty- five Swiss were recorded in 1920 but none in 1930.
Georgia and Florida
Georgia and Florida are perhaps typical for that part of the South which numbers comparatively few Swiss. Figures for Florida in the nineteenth century are not available. The rise in the last decade probably indicates little more than the fact that among the Swiss, too, there is a certain percentage of settled tourists. The number of individual adventurers, home seekers, and explorers who went directly to Georgia or Florida in the hope of finding a new land of promise is probably very small.
Four enumerations in nine of the 148 counties of Georgia:
Georgia Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930
Bibb 5 11 1 0
Chatham 23 12 22 18
Dade 0 7 0 0
Dekalb 0 9 10 7
Fulton (Atlanta) 13 49 50 38
Habersham 0 37 13 8
Muscogee 11 5 2 2
Richmond 3 12 10 8
Thomas 15 2 5 2
All other 30 34 48 31
Totals 103 178 161 114
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Three enumerations in eight of Florida's fifty counties:
Florida Counties 1910 1920 1930
Dade (Miami) 7 38 76
Duval (Jacksonville) 11 37 49
Hillsboro 40 52 70
Orange 10 7 23
Palm Beach 6 40 30
Pinellas * 26 46
St. John 6 10 7
Volusia 9 13 24
All other 57 124 175
Totals 146 357 500
* No report.
Texas
In 1850, Texas had a population of 212,592; in 1880 it had 1,591,749; in 1930, 5,824,715. Compared with these totals, the numbers below must seem insignificant. It is interesting to note that there were Swiss settlers in Texas before its admission to the Union. A number of families including the Amslers and the Hermanns had settled there in the thirties, while others, such as the Hoeslys and Rosenbergs arrived in the forties.
Totals for ten counties of 251 in Texas:
Texas Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930
Austin 59 132 16 15
Bexar (San Antonio) 83 166 173 136
Dallas (Dallas) 0* 192 203 183
Galveston 78 61 58 52
Harris (Houston) 29 57 133 167
McLennan (Waco) 5 44 59 27
Tarrant 6 35 49 41
Travis (Austin) 32 69 67 54
Washington 27 56 14 7
Williamson 0 62 110 75
All other 279 837 808 653
Totals 598 1,711 1,690 1,410
During the late fifties many Swiss settled in the city of Dallas. Some of them had been members of Re-Union, the nearby French Socialist colony organized by Victor Considerant,
* Error in classification? See Introduction to Prominent Americans, p. v.
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which had experienced an early collapse. More came in 1868 and in 1872 when John Meisterhans brought forty persons.
Seguin and New Braunfels, in Guadaloupe and Comal coun- ties respectively, had small Swiss settlements, as did the town of Brenham, in Washington, and the city of Austin, in Travis county. Fayette, which borders Washington in the west, had 109 in 1890; by 1920, however, the number had dwindled to seven.
Utah
First settled by Mormons in 1846, Utah, when organized as a territory in 1850, had a population of 11,380. This number rose, after the admission of the territory to statehood in 1896 to a total of 276,749 in 1900 and 507,847 in 1930. Its Swiss element numbered 1,500 in 1920.
Nine counties of twenty-seven in six enumerations:
Utah Counties 1870 1880 1890 1900 1920 1930
Box Elder 15 15 48 35 42 33
Cache 127 208 307 338 358 328
Salt Lake (Salt Lake City) 84 221 369 486 721 708
San Pete 41 68 85 80 45 27
Sevier 0 56 37 28 22 15
Utah 46 88 75 82 72 62
Wasatch 37 101 117 139 74 51
Washington 85 137 133 92 50 28
Weber 12 24 28 20 51 53
All other 52 122 137 609 151 114
Totals 509 1,040 1,336 1,469 1,586 1,419
With the exception of Washington in the extreme south- western corner of the state, all the above named counties are in the central or north central part of the state near Salt Lake City. This section is, on the whole, mountainous with rich fertile valleys, extending east and south of Great Salt Lake.
Oregon and Washington
These two coastal states north of California were not settled until the Pacific railroads were built. In 1850 Oregon had a population of only 13,294, while in I860 the population of
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Washington was but 11,594. However, by 1930 that of Oregon had increased to 952,691 and that of Washington had reached 1,561,967.
Undoubtedly, there were few Swiss in Oregon before 1850 when some prospectors for gold had strayed north of Cali- fornia; but when Portland was being settled in the early fifties, German and Swiss immigrants arrived in larger num- bers. In 1857 a number of Swiss, mainly Mennonites from Berne, founded colonies at Cedar Mills, Bethany, and West Union in Washington county. In 1885 Neu-Engelberg, a settlement of Benedictine monks, was built up under the leadership of Bishop Frowin Conrad. Later Mount Angel Col- lege was founded by Fr. Adelhelm Odermatt, native of Unter- walden. The brothers of the order came from the historic original cantons, Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden. Their success in agriculture induced many farmers from these cantons to settle in the neighborhood. In so far as proportion to total population is concerned, Swiss immigration in Oregon and Washington is comparable to that of Wisconsin.
Census figures for Oregon, giving thirteen of thirty-four counties:
Oregon Counties 1870 1880 1890 1920 1930
Clackamas (Oregon City) 16 83 188 367 341
Columbia 1 3 37 72 100
Coos 1 4 13 64 52
Lane 5 20 52 62 60
Linn 1 11 39 70 56
Marion 19 108 345 390 364
Multnomah (Portland) 23 152 788 1,756 1,725
Polk 3 12 25 39 63
Tillamook 0 4 31 255 273
Umatilla 0 7 36 49 38
Wasco 9 29 40 57 50
Washington 15 185 217 477 439
Yamhill 8 13 35 82 57
All other 59 99 237 426 416
Totals 160 730 2,083 4,166 4,034
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There is a steady growth in the years from 1870 to 1920 — particularly in Multnomah, Washington, Marion, Clackamas, and Tillamook; all show a drop in 1930. The largest body of Swiss immigrants are thus to be found in the counties of which the city of Portland is the geographical center. Dairying, gardening, and truck farming are the main occupations of the Swiss in the rural areas. Here as elsewhere the figures for the metropolis are conspicuously high.
In Washington state there were no Swiss colonies before 1870.
Enumerations for seventeen of thirty-nine counties:
Washington Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930
Clarke 16 120 186 234
Cowlitz 0 19 42 59
Jefferson 1 34 18 20
King (Seattle) 1 190 815 913
Kitsap 0 9 78 52
Lewis 3 64 165 149
Pacific 8 42 133 113
Pierce (Tacoma) 0 232 619 678
Skagit * 26 80 70
Snohomish 2 12 181 145
Spokane (Spokane) * 161 325 251
Stevens 3 10 104 88
Thurston (Olympia) 4 18 57 57
Walla Walla 3 51 63 60
Whatcom 0 60 152 128
Whitman * 96 108 87
Yakima 1 18 86 85
Allother 8 180 459 389
Totals 50 1,324 3,671 3,578
* No report.
The western parts of Oregon and Washington, because of their topography, climate, and fertility, have been found espe- cially desirable by Swiss farmers, dairymen, and fruit growers, while its larger cities have given employment to a correspond- ingly large number of skilled and other industrial laborers. Settlements in the central and eastern sections of these states are sparse.
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Colorado
Accurate statistics on Swiss immigration by counties in the Rocky Mountain states are not always available; in instances new counties were organized upon the comparatively recent admission of some of the western territories into statehood. In some of the early enumerations persons were not always properly classified according to nationality by counties. It is safe to assume that before 1870 Swiss settlers in the Rocky Mountain states were numerically negligible. In I860 Colorado territory had a population of 34,277; it was admitted to the Union in 1874 and in the census of 1880 registered a population of 194,327. In 1930 it reported 1,035,791.
Figures for twelve Colorado counties having a noticeable Swiss element among the sixty-two of that state:
Colorado Counties 1870 1880 1890 1900 1920 1930
Arapahoe (Denver) 39 152 516 523 41 54
Boulder 13 30 30 49 45 27
Clear Creek 6 32 20 23 14 4
Denver (Denver) * * * * 509 437
El Paso (Colorado
Springs) 0 3 25 66 70 55
Gunnison * 26 27 42 32 27
Jefferson 18 20 38 37 54 63
Lake (Leadville) 6 73 47 73 28 14
Larimer 0 15 30 27 17 23
Pueblo 9 5 61 54 69 43
Teller (Cripple Creek) * * * 69 17 5
Weld (Greely) 4 8 22 34 47 29
All other 47 187 439 482 587 410
Totals 140 551 1,255 1,479 1,510 1,202
* No report.
Before the census of 1930, the city of Denver was a part of Arapahoe county, then the present county of Denver was created from territory ceded by Adams and Arapahoe counties. In 1930, Adams county had 85 Swiss. More than one-third of the Swiss of Colorado are resident in Denver or its vicinity. With the exception of Lake and Gunnison to the southwest,
[62]
all counties listed above are within a radius of fifty miles from Denver. A few Swiss, however, found their way into every county, some no doubt from the adjacent panhandle of Nebraska.
Montana
The first census taken in Montana was that of 1870. There were 20,595 inhabitants. In 1920 the state reached a high of 548,889, which number in the course of a decade dropped slightly to 537,606, according to the census of 1930. This cir- cumstance reflects in part, the influx, check, and exodus of a portion of that mobile population which was attracted by the mining and smelting industries as well as by grants, farming, and sundry prospects of ready fortune. The enumeration of native Swiss by counties is fragmentary before 1920. In 1870, 97 persons are so entered. In 1900, 796, in 1920, 1,151, and ten years later only 901.
Reports for thirteen of forty counties:
Montana Counties 1870 1920 1930
Beaverhead * 43 21
Cascade (Great Falls) * 100 65
Custer * 30 28
Deer Lodge 17 39 45
Fergus (Lewiston) * 106 54
Flathead * 45 37
Gallatin 6 46 42
Jefferson __ 6 47 35
Lewis & Clarke 18 55 45
Missoula 15 63 57
Ravalli * 26 32
Silver Bow (Butte) * 171 128
Yellowstone * 56 44
All other 35 324 268
Totals 97 1,151 901
* No report.
Beaverhead, Silver Bow, Gallatin, Deer Lodge, Jefferson, and Ravalli in the southwest are important mining counties. The same is true of Lewis and Clarke, Cascade, and Missoula
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counties in the central west and of Flathead in the northwest. On the other hand, Custer, Fergus, and Yellowstone — in the eastern, central, and southern parts, respectively — are agricul- tural. The tabulation for Montana reveals the interesting fact that in recent decades the migration of Swiss to farms has continued despite the lure of the mining towns.
Arizona, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico and Wyoming
These five mountain and desert states are sparsely settled and account for but few Swiss. Census figures by counties are incomplete.
The total Swiss population of these five states is indicated in
the following tabulation according to the census years specified:
1870 1880 1890 1900 1920 1930
Arizona 23 117 144 199 293 279
Idaho 52 225 528 1,017 1,347 1,038
Nevada 247 709 429 344 378 387
New Mexico 42 54 122 123 148 117
Wyoming 60 49 106 199 302 250
Arizona
The first census was taken in Arizona territory in 1870, when it had a population of 9,658; in 1930 the increase had reached 435,573, of which number only 279 were Swiss. Five of fourteen counties have the following distribution:
Arizona Counties 1870 1890 1900 1920 1930
Cochise * 35 38 42 38
Gila * 3 15 22 14
Maricopa (Phoenix) * 18 35 101 116
Pima 9 18 15 16 17
Yavapai 12 36 50 58 51
All other 2 34 46 54 43
Totals 23 144 199 293 279
* No report.
It is the city of Phoenix which evidently explains the one conspicuously larger number and the only one which shows an increase rather than a decline.
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Idaho
Distribution of Swiss in ten of the thirty-three counties of Idaho:
Idaho Counties 1870 1890 1900 1920 1930
Ada 8 26 0 82 79
Bannock * * 78 75 45
Bear Lake * 249 362 265 167
Bingham * 88 0 23 20
Fremont * * 15 32 31
Idaho 3 3 0 61 46
Kootenai * 48 65 46 35
Madison * * 0 114 67
Oneida 9 23 45 36 20
Shoshone 2 25 61 59 58
All other 30 66 401 554 470
Totals 52 528 1,017 1,347 1,038
*-No report.
In 1930 there were 42 Swiss reported in Canyon county, which in 1920 had 38. In 1920 Bonneville had 47; Franklin and Latah each had 49. Idaho itself had a population of but 14,999 in 1870. In 1930 the total had increased to 445,032. Notable is the enrollment of Swiss in Bear Lake county with its towns of Bern and Geneva. In 1890 it had more Swiss than the entire state had in 1880. Up to 1930 it led all other counties. Of interest also is the fact that in Lincoln county, Wyoming, which abuts Bear Lake in the east, there were 58 Swiss, indicating an apparent connection between these two counties in 1920.
Nevada The Swiss in seven of sixteen Nevada counties:
Nevada Counties 1870 1890 1900 1920 1930
Douglas 2 39 32 25 32
Elko 15 35 27 25 15
Lyon 27 11 11 40 45
Ormsby 24 64 34 18 12
Storey 82 53 34 12 3
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Nevada Counties 1870 1890 1900 1920 1930
Washoe (Reno) 22 55 88 107 142
White Pine 38 6 9 15 22
All other 37 166 109 136 116
Totals 247 429 344 378 387
Nevada territory had a population of but 6,857 in I860. The state of Nevada in 1870 recorded 42,491; following some fluctuations, its population rose to 91,508 in 1930, over half of which is in three counties: Washoe (Reno), in the northwest, White Pine and Elko in the northeast. The figures for the Swiss in Reno seem to correlate normally with the distribution trend of the rest of the population of the state.
New Mexico
Enumerations of native Swiss in six of New Mexico's fourteen counties:
New Mexico Counties 1870 1890 1900 1920 1930
Bernalillo 0 25 17 24 23
Chaves * * 17 19 18
Eddy * * 27 21 10
Grant 6 14 12 16 4
Santa Fe 5 14 8 5 10
Socorro 8 23 10 7 3
All other 23 46 32 56 49
Totals 42 122 123 148 117
* No report.
In 1850 the population of New Mexico territory was 61,547 including many persons who had been citizens of Old Mexico before the annexation of the territory by the United States. The population of the state of New Mexico, admitted to the Union in 1912, according to the census of 1930 was 423,317. The highest number of Swiss reported for any county in New Mexico is 27.
Wyoming
For Wyoming the census of 1870 recorded a population of 9,118; that of 1930, 225,565. In 1870 only sixty Swiss were resident in the territory; Laramie had 26; Albany, 16; Sweet-
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water, 8; Carbon, 7; and Uintah, 3. Population figures indicat- ing Swiss settlement between 1870 and 1920 are not available. In 1920 and 1930 Swiss were resident in the following twelve counties of Wyoming's twenty- two:
Wyoming Counties 1870 1920 1930
Albany 16 13 6
Big Horn * 29 21
Carbon 7 11 13
Fremont * 24 16
Goshen * 10 9
Laramie 26 24 19
Lincoln * 58 42
Natrona * 20 15
Niobrara * 24 14
Sheridan * 15 11
Sweetwater 8*9
Uintah 3*2
All other 74 73
Totals 60 302 250
* No report.
A portion of the Swiss migrations to Wyoming is apparently an overflow of the stream to neighboring states. Big Horn and Sheridan counties are on the Montana state line, the latter touching corners with Custer County, Montana, where Swiss settlers are recorded. Niobrara, Goshen, and Laramie are not far from the Nebraska settlements along both the Niobrara and Platte river valleys. Albany and Carbon are but a little farther west on the Colorado state line. Possibly some moved from Sheridan and other counties of northwestern Nebraska to Wyoming. Lincoln county lies between Fremont county in the west central part of Wyoming and the state of Idaho with its Swiss settlements in the extreme southeastern corner.
Omitted Tabulations
The states for which no tabulations have been given are those in which the Swiss element is less pronounced or quite negligible; they are: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and
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Rhode Island of the New England group; Delaware, Mary- land, Virginia, West Virginia, and the Carolinas of the Atlantic group; Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana at the Gulf; Arkansas and Oklahoma in the middle and southwest and the Dakotas in the north. In instances counties which were omitted above may be found to have more Swiss than some counties of the sparsely settled western states, which were included because their very remoteness seemed to invite the interest of the reader in the degree of Swiss penetration there. Every state at some time or other registered native born Swiss in- habitants, as the following table giving totals at thirty-year intervals proves.
A survey of states and territories giving enumerations of native Swiss at thirty-year intervals:
State 1870 1900 1930
Alabama 168 200 150
Arizona 23* 199 279
Arkansas 104 679 518
California 2,927 10,974 20,063
Colorado 140* 1,479 1,202
Connecticut 492 1,499 1,774
Delaware 33 59 75
Dist. of Columbia 175* 244 360
Florida 14 113 500
Georgia 103 180 114
Idaho 52* 1,017 1,038
Illinois 8,980 9,033 7,315
Indian Territory 63
Indiana 4,287 3,472 1,624
Iowa 3,937 4,342 2,096
Kansas 1,328 3,337 1,594
Kentucky 1,147 1,929 915
Louisiana 873 523 260
Maine 9 45 51
Maryland 297 320 497
Massachusetts 491 1,277 1,272
Michigan 2,116 2,617 2,834
Minnesota 2,162 3,258 2,041
Mississippi 266 83 53
Missouri 6,597 6,819 3,578
Montana 97* 796 901
Nebraska 593 2,340 1,364
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State m 1870 1900 1930
Nevada 247 344 387
New Hampshire 11 96 82
New Jersey 2,061 6,570 8,765
New Mexico 42* 123 117
New York 7,911 13,678 16,571
N. Carolina 80 77 87
N. Dakota 33" 374 369
Ohio 12,727 12,007 7,624
Oklahoma 361 493
Oregon 160 2,677 4,034
Pennsylvania 5,765 6,707 5,649
Rhode Island 74 166 204
S. Carolina 45 36 26
S. Dakota __" 585 618
Tennessee 800 1,004 443
Texas 598 1,709 1,410
Utah 509* 1,469 1,419
Vermont 19 98 158
Virginia 148 229 191
Washington 50* 1,825 3,578
West Virginia 325 696 398
Wisconsin 6,069 7,666 7,669
Wyoming 60* 199 250
Totals 75,145 115,593 113,010
* territory.
" N. and S. Dakota computed together.
In their entirety, beyond any doubt, the figures support the generally accepted assumption that successive waves of immi- gration brought two important groups of workers and builders: (1) chiefly in the nineteenth century, a large body of farmers and homemakers, who, in the main, took part in developing our rural communities, and (2) toward the close of the nine- teenth and in the twentieth century, a significant army of technicians, factory workers, and specialists, who were drawn to the centers of industry and business. The first group, to be sure, did not always "stay put"; in the main, however, the farmers and small tradesmen who came in the second half of the nineteenth century brought considerable stability to our rural communities, where they maintained their homesteads,
[69]
shops, or business ventures for several generations to the present day. During the formative periods of our communi- ties there was considerable settlement by homogeneous na- tionals who invited others of their group. To what extent this is true of the Swiss here enumerated is readily apparent. The census figures are everywhere significantly high for the years 1890-1920.
With the death of the older immigrants and the omission from the Swiss columns in the census reports of their American born children, a phenomenal decline in the twentieth century was of course due, as it could be only in part offset by new im- migration. Thus the figures for 1930 show the greatest decline of native Swiss population in the rural communities of prac- tically all sections. On the other hand, there is in 1930, a pronounced high ratio of native born Swiss in practically every county listed in which there is a larger city. This circumstance reflects not only the general industrial trend of the twentieth century but also the more recent influx of specialists of superior training received in Switzerland. With the vanishing of avail- able lands, immigration to the farms has practically ceased. Even in the agricultural areas where occasional farm hands still arrive from Switzerland, there have been developed today highly specialized processes in the preparation and marketing of dairy and other farm products, calling for expertness and skill, which in instances only native Swiss possess. In southern Wisconsin, for instance, where there has been a new wave of Swiss immigration to the so-called "strictly" agricultural coun- ties, cheese makers, (and there is one for every 10 to 20 farmers) are practically without exception native Swiss. Thus rural and urban industries now draw types of workers includ- ing chemists, electro-technicians, engineers, makers of precision instruments and machinists possessing a high degree of talent, specialization, or managerial skill of the kind Switzerland has for some time been developing in its economic trend toward higher quality.
[70]
CHAPTER II AN EARLY MIGRATION TO NEW HELVETIA
WHEN in 1846 at the age of twenty-four Heinrich Lien- hard set out on his adventurous journey to Sutter's Fort, he opened a diary into which he made entries with more or less regularity throughout that historic period in which he came to be the partner and trusted friend of John Augustus Sutter, founder of New Helvetia.1 Unfortunately, a portion of this diary was later destroyed. However, in 1870 Lienhard completed an autobiography of some 1000 folios based in part on the remaining records and in part on his memory, excerpts from which were published in the German language in Zurich in 1898. They contain two vivid portrayals: one, a panorama of a band of sturdy pioneers westward bound in the spring of 1846; and the other, a close-up of the founder and "king" of
1 A brief biography of Sutter, in whose colorful career there has been so much interest of late, appears in Prominent Americans of Swiss Origin, pp. 36-42. An excellent survey of German Sutter literature up to 1935 was prepared for the Monatshefte fur Deutschen Unterricht (27: 121-129) by Director E. A. Kubler of the Swiss- American Historical Society. In 1925 the French-Swiss writer Blaise Cendrars published his more or less fictitious L'Or, Merveilleuse histoire du general J. A. Suter, known in English translation under the title Sutter's Gold. Stephan Zweig's essay Die Entdeckung Eldorados, which appeared in 1927, is largely based on Cendrars. Other popular Sutter literature includes Casar von Arx Die Geschichte vom General Johann August Sutter, Bruno Frank Der General und das Gold, and sundry items in newspapers and magazines. To correct many miitaken notions which had gained currency, investigators con- tributed a number of more exhaustive studies. Among them are Julian Dana's Sutter of California, Al'b pp., 1934, and Edwin Gudde's 244-page volume, Sutter's own Story, The Life of General John Augustus Sutter and the History of New Helvetia in the Sacramento Valley, 1936. Gudde rewrites the whole narrative on the basis of the reminiscences of Sutter, as depicted to H. H. Bancroft in 1876, and other sources, including the New Helvetia Diary kept at Fort Sutter in the forties, and the General's own notes of 1856. More re- cently the noted work of James Peter Zollinger, Johann August Sutter — der Konig von Neu Helvetien, Zurich, 1938, aroused considerable attention. It has now become popular in three languages including the English. Some readers may be familiar with the chapters recently reprinted in the Amerikanische Schweizer Zeitung.
[71]
New Helvetia, from the time it was a Mexican outpost under Governor Alvarado to the period when California was the center of world interest and the stage for that drama of world ruthlessness and greed known as the gold rush.
It was Lienhard who in 1850 brought Sutter's wife and children from Switzerland to Sacramento. His career, especially in the years immediately preceding this date, is of considerable interest. Furthermore there is apparently no other existing record describing the line of travel followed by the intrepid emi- grants who left Independence, Missouri, for California in 1846, two years before the discovery of gold in Sutter's mill race. The route described by John C. Fremont is via Oregon. Lien- hard's party was one of the first to cross with wagons, taking the then unknown "Hastings' Cut-off", reaching Great Salt Lake where Ogden now stands, under the personal direction of Captain Hastings. Courageously traversing unexplored waste lands, mountain ranges, and the Great Salt desert, the small group, which included among other Swiss the Samuel Kyburz family, reached the High Sierras shortly before the arrival of the ill-fated Donner party. Immediately effecting the passage over the summit, Lienhard's unit escaped the doom of those who came later and were hopelessly trapped by that disastrous snowfall which brought death by exposure and starvation to forty-two emigrants, and unspeakable horrors to those who survived by practicing cannibalism.
The recordings in Lienhard's 318 page volume invite interest moreover, because they deal with a time when important migra- tions were going on. A bit of evidence in this connection is reflected incidentally in a letter written by Mrs. George Don- ner, June 16, 1846, and published in the Springfield Journal, (Illinois) July 30. She says that a party from Oregon "going to the states" reported counting 478 emigrant wagons before meeting their own train of "over 40 wagons" at the South Fork of the Nebraska.2 It was in the same year that the Mormon exodus from Nauvoo, Illinois, took place.
The complete title of Lienhard's book in English translation reads: California immediately before and after the discovery of
2McGlashan, C. F. History of the Donner Party, Sacramento, 1902.
[72]
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The Title Page of Lienhard's California.
LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
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gold. Pictures from the life of Heinrich Lienhard of Bilten, Canton Glarus, now residing in Nauvoo, North America. A contribution to the anniversary of the discovery of gold and to the cultural history of California. Reprinting prohibited. 1898. Fasi & Beer, Zurich. As the chapter headings are in themselves full statements, in instances summarizing the contents, they are deserving of translation in full.
Table of Contents: I. I resolve to equip myself for a six months' journey by means of oxen, from St. Louis through the wilderness, for- ests primeval, dangerous Indian territories, over the Rocky Mountains to California.
II. Beginning of the Journey; main assembly of the emigrants at
Indian Creek. HI. Departure of the entire emigrant train of twenty-six wagons.
Journey to Fort Laramie. IV. From Fort Laramie to Fort Bridger. V. From Fort Bridger to the last fresh-water spring. VI. From the last fresh-water spring to the first one beyond the Desert of Salt and Sand. The three hardest days of the entire trip. VII. A merry encampment at the first fresh- water spring beyond the Salt Desert and continuation of the journey to the hotsprings. A dangerous affair because of Indian attacks. They steal five of our oxen. VIII. From the hotsprings to the crossing of the Sierra Nevada. Fate of earlier emigrants. IX. Crossing the summit and journey to the settlements. X. Sutter's Fort or New Helvetia. I meet Sutter. His earlier life.
I volunteer for Mexican service.3 XI. My experiences as a volunteer. Three days on board the battle- ship. Trip to San Jose. XII. Journey of the volunteers to Monterey, where I am left behind in the hospital because of illness. The cat-o' -nine-tails.4
XIII. Discharge of the volunteers. Return trip to Sutter's Fort.
XIV. Employment in Sutter's prospective horticultural garden in Minal. Intercourse with Indians and their mode of living. I start a prairie fire.
3 The original reads: Ich werde Freiwilliger im Dienste Mexikos. The Fore- word says: in der mexikanischen Armee. From the content of Chapter X, however, it is clear the army represents "Unkel (sic) Sam, in dessen Dienste wir uns batten anwerben lassen."
4 Lienhard calls the flogging lash a cat-o' -twelve- tails.
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XV. The Indians steal my belongings. I wound one of them. The
Indians on the warpath to capture women. XVI. Opinions, customs, and practices of the first settlers. Experi- ences in Minal. Card oracle of two lovers. XVII. My stay at Sutter's Fort. As overseer and door tender, I get
to know Sutter's character. XVIII. Causes of Sutter's economic difficulties. The discovery of gold. XIX. I try placer mining. My experiences in the mines. Corruption
at every turn. XX. In lieu of money, I get from Sutter his herd of sheep. Mis- fortune and trials of patience. Trade with the Indians. Thiev- ery and murder. An expedition of vengeance on the part of the Whites against the Indians. Interment (cremation) of Chief Koenoek. Nightly lamentations of mourning. XXI. Captain Sutter's son makes me an offer to get his mother, sister, and brother from Switzerland. My departure for Switzerland. XXII. My voyage from Acapulco to Panama. Trip through the primeval forest. Voyage in canoes on the Chagres River. Ex- tortion by the ship's purser. Dangerous two-faced coachmen.
XXIII. Arrival with Sutter's family in San Francisco. Trip to Sacra- mento. Changed conditions within eight months. Sutter can- not pay me.
XXIV. Jolly life in Eliza City. Elopement of a girl.
XXV. I finally get my money. High lawyer's fee. I leave California forever.
At Highland (New Switzerland), Illinois, Lienhard and four other young unmarried men of Swiss and German extrac- tion entered into a partnership for the journey to New Hel- vetia, California. Proceeding to St. Louis, they purchased a wagon and two teams of oxen which they shipped on the river steamer John Gollang up the Missouri to Independence, where they disembarked on April 26, 1846. The three Swiss, Lienhard, Thomann, and Rippstein, here met a fourth, Samuel Kyburz (Lienhard spells it Kiburz), accompanied by his "American wife" and two children as well as her father and his two sons, John and Samuel Barben,5 who all agree to join the party. After further preparations they set out two days
6 The name Barben is Swiss and can be found in early parish records of Saanen in the Bernese highland. What Lienhard no doubt wishes to convey here is that Barben's daughter was a native-born American.
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later, taking the usual route to Indian Creek, their first camp site, where they were joined by Peter Weimer, later often men- tioned by Captain Sutter, together with his wife and children. At Indian Creek, a general point of assembly for California- bound emigrants, a larger caravan heading for Fort Laramie was soon organized. Upon electing a captain and determining upon a rotation for guard duty, regulations were drawn up for the twenty-six wagons that now made up the train. Says Lien- hard, "The wagon which headed the train on any given day was required to be the last in the order of arrangement on the following day, so that in twenty-six days each of the twenty- six wagons would only once have to lead or trail behind. In the evening after a camp site had been chosen, the first thirteen wagons were placed in the form of a semicircle, usually on the right-hand side of the line of march, while the remaining thirteen wagons completed the circle on the other side, leaving a ten-to-fifteen-foot opening both in front and in the rear. In this manner we obtained inside our line of wagons a fairly spacious open center into which we could drive and hitch up our cattle in the morning. In case of annoyance by the Indians this space would serve as a place of assembly and defense."
On the first day of the journey, May 12, 1846, Lienhard started "a sort of journal," of which later, however, some parts were lost, so that it became necessary for him to rewrite ma- terial at a later date when he could not vouch for accuracy in the sequence of events described.
His immediate party now had three yoke of oxen and some cows that were soon to calve and freshen. The train then meets Indians, first the Shawnees and Delawares, who are friendly, and later a party of 150 Pawnees returning from a hunting expedition and armed with bows and arrows. There are no hostilities. The rate of progress is about fifteen miles per day. They are ferried across the Kansas in a flat-boat, proceed in a northwesterly direction through Kansas, then ford the Little Blue river, continuing to the northwest until they reach the south bank of the Platte. Six miles above the confluence of the Platte and the South Fork they ford the South Fork and fol- low the North Platte to Fort Laramie and onward, continuing
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to the Sweetwater river and across the Great Divide to the Green river via the trail to Fort Bridger.
Here, while other companies departed via the old Fort Hall road, they and some other companions allowed themselves to be persuaded by one Captain L. W. Hastings to follow under his direction a new, supposedly shorter route to the south of Great Salt Lake, thereby bringing upon themselves untold hardships and delays that all but proved disastrous. Upon leaving Fort Bridger, the several companies which made up the larger emigrant train soon found themselves confronted by the unexpected necessity of blazing trails and of crossing, first, the dreaded salt desert, and then, with super-human effort in fear of an impending storm, the High Sierras.
In his History of the Donner Party, McGlashan accuses Bridger and Vasques, who had charge of the fort, of having a direct interest in the Hastings' Cut-off, as they furnished emi- grants with supplies and had employed Hastings "to pilot the first company over the road to Salt Lake." Crossing the Bear river, Hastings led his followers into a narrow canyon, evi- dently the Echo. Here they struggled for days, cutting twelve miles of wagon road through a dense growth of trees and underbrush. This canyon was found to open into the Weber river valley. A few miles farther on it was noted that this valley narrows to an impassable gorge five miles in length. The emigrants now had to prepare a trail over forbidding rocks and here and there were forced to hoist their wagons over spurs and boulders.
Emerging from these rough stretches, the companies pres- ently came upon a great expanse of water, which in its crystal clear appearance presented a most attractive and welcome spectacle. It was Great Salt Lake the eastern and southern end of which they skirted to continue their journey across almost one-hundred miles of the dreaded desert.
From the edge of the desert they traveled in a southwesterly direction over various passes and valleys, in the Toano range and Ruby mountains, one of them with innumerable springs. Following the South Fork of the Humbolt to its sink, they
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crossed over to the Truckee, which they ascended, crossed, and recrossed twenty-seven times to the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. The ascent to the summit was difficult. Near the top they overtook another company which by means of twenty yoke of oxen was pulling its wagons over, one at a time. As Lienhard's group of eleven men with nine yoke of oxen were unable to move their wagons across, they unloaded everything and carried over their goods piece by piece. On the fifth of October the first snow fell. In feverish haste they moved on, thus escaping in the nick of time the snow blockade which a few days later sealed the fate of the Donner party. Once safely across the Sierras, the Lienhard party made its way via Bear valley to Sutter's Fort in New Helvetia.
The story is an enduring monument to the men and women who with dauntless courage, unbelievable perseverance, and marvelous resourcefulness, set out on their perilous journey in the spring of 1846 with the avowed purpose of extending the frontier and fashioning new homes out of the raw materials offered by nature. For gold had not been discovered, and California had not yet become the great magnet which was to draw men from all nations in the spring of 1848.
The rest of the story pertaining to that focal period in the history of California, that is to say, from the autumn of 1848 to the summer of 1850, merits attention because it is in fact historical source material. Lienhard's personal contact with Sutter, whose confidence he enjoyed, enabled him to paint what is in all probability a faithful likeness of that most interesting and colorful personality.
The appointment of Lienhard to the responsible position of overseer at Sutter's Fort was delayed by his enlistment in the army, for a fellow emigrant, desirous of having a small debt paid up as soon as possible, had urged this step with its promise of ready cash for the debtor, who quickly seized the oppor- tunity not surmising Sutter's intention. However, his term of service was cut short, owing to illness. In recording his experi- ence and impressions, the writer adds revealing bits of descrip- tion of San Francisco, San Jose, and Monterey, reflecting not
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only conditions as he found them but, at times, the character of the man as well.6
Upon his return to Sutter's Fort, he found the position previ- ously offered him filled by Kyburz; but Sutter had other plans for utilizing the services of his unemployed countryman. It will be remembered that Sutter had been granted liberal land rights in the Sacramento valley by Juan Bautista Alvarado, Governor of California, when in 1839 the bold adventurer had appeared before this magistrate at Monterey. Provided by the Mexican government with some cannons and muskets, Captain Sutter promptly erected a fort and succeeded in establishing himself on the Sacramento river about half a mile below the confluence of the American and the Sacramento rivers. There with the help of a few white men and a large number of Indians he had brought much of the surrounding land under his control and was developing extensive projects for its cultivation. His wise Indian policy contributed greatly to his success.7 The rich bottom lands of the American river were yielding great wheat harvests, and now a newly established horticultural project on the Yuba river at Minal was to produce fruit and vegetables. It was to the position of manager of this project that Sutter assigned Lienhard, whose general good judgment coupled with a practical knowledge of gardening seemed to qualify him for the place. With equipment entirely inadequate for the purpose, conditions were very unpromising. Lienhard' s few white co-workers soon became discouraged and left; consequently ere long he found himself alone with the Indians in his employ.
During this time he came in intimate contact with the Indians and learned to understand and value them. From this close
"When asked to accompany six raiders dispatched to procure horses and equipment from neighboring ranches, Lienhard is scorned for asking whether money would be provided for indemnifying the ranchers' losses. His indignant reply is, "Nun dann mache ich nicht mit, denn ich habe mich nicht anwerben lassen, um zu stehlen." p. 136.
7 "He taught the Indians not only how to behave in the white man's land, but also how to make an honest living there and through a real industrial training to better their economic welfare and that of their dependents and to add to their self-respect thereby." Clarence J. Du Four, John A. Sutter, His Career in Cali- fornia before the American Conquest.
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association and appreciation there developed some interesting observations. He overhears some young Indians who voice most interesting understanding and penetrating criticism of the Whites. The Indians of the Sacramento and Feather river val- leys he describes, physically, finding them of fine build and well proportioned but noting that the arm muscles of the men are seldom well developed because of the lack of that strenuous labor which their women folk carry on — such as grinding the acorns into meal between heavy stones and carrying the heavier burdens. The men who busy themselves with fishing and catch- ing ducks, geese, and other birds, dislike even to hunt, though California with its abundance of wild animals was then a para- dise for hunters. Geese and ducks he says were decoyed into convenient sloughs where nets were ingeniously spread out and so arranged that they could be drawn to trap birds feeding close at hand in great numbers. Thus they were bagged by the thousands. But there was no waste of game. What was not immediately consumed was preserved by smoking for a future time of need. In summer innumerable grasshoppers "of the large variety called locusts" were adroitly caught. Funnel shaped holes into which they could be driven or brushed were constructed in such a trap-like manner that escape was im- possible. The catch was removed in covered baskets to be roasted in hot ashes and thereby transformed into what was, to an Indian at least, a delicious morsel.
There were to be found in this region two types of Indian houses, a very substantial winter dwelling and a more lightly built summer house. The former was constructed in the fol- lowing manner: in the center of an excavation three or four feet deep, a number of posts were set up. Around the outer edge pliable rods were fastened and bent over so as to rest on the tops of the posts, where they were affixed by means of a tough plant fiber. More flexible rods were then placed across the top and fastened to those underneath, and the interwoven framework was covered with a layer of clay generously applied both inside and outside and smoothed off. Usually a hole was left in the roof to allow smoke to escape, and in the front there was an opening for entering. The house furnishings con-
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sisted of a number of baskets and some beds attached to the wall. The summer house was similarly constructed but less substantially so, as it was covered only with reed grass. Unlike the winter dwelling, the summer house was placed on top of the ground.
Toward the close of the summer in 1847, Sutter released Lienhard from his post to become a sort of supervisor and right-hand man at the Fort. Lienhard's duties included locking the gate at night and opening it in the morning, after which he went to the office for the day's instructions from his chief. Being also in charge of the workmen, Lienhard soon found his responsibilities greatly multiplied, for Sutter was building a cornmill on the American river and a sawmill at Coloma about fifty miles away.
Besides Lienhard, Sutter, and Kyburz, two other Swiss were then at the Fort, Schmidt and Huggenberger. In the winter of 1846-1847 there were only two women at the Fort: Mrs. Kyburz and Mrs. Kaseburg, the latter a rescued member of the Dormer party, joined in April by her husband, the last of the wretched survivors.8 During this period of close association with Sutter, Lienhard reports making the discovery, painful to him, that Sutter frequently drank to excess and while intoxi- cated often became the victim of designing flatterers who were well aware of his weaknesses.
Primitive and effective methods entered into every phase of the activities in the isolated Fort. Wheat was threshed by placing layers of sheaves on the hard ground of an enclosure into which wild horses would be driven. Baited by the wild outcry of Indians stationed nearby, the frightened animals would race about and thus force the grain from the straw. Upon removal of the straw and wheat, fresh sheaves were brought in, and the process was repeated. When the horses showed signs of tiring others were substituted.
In reference to the discovery of gold, Lienhard's chief con- tribution is his vivid description of the unexpected and decisive
s Upon hearing from his own lips the story of the much abused and despised Kaseburg, suspected of robbery and murder as well as cannibalism, Lienhard vindicates him in the belief that he did "absolutely nothing to warrant the loss of respect for him on the part of his fellow men."
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changes in men's thoughts and actions, hopes and goals, as they were eagerly digging for wealth. Life at the mines he depicts in rather dark and unpleasant hues. He sees with pain the abandonment of good and virtuous habits and is shocked at the turn and the curse of greed.
His story of the discovery of gold follows the order of events as he noted them. Wittmer, a teamster employed at Sutter's sawmill, one day exhibited a few yellow kernels he had picked up at the mill and which he contended were gold. On Lien- hard's suggestion, the kernels were taken for a testing to Tri- field, a blacksmith at the Fort, who brought them to white heat over his fire and then hammered the malleable substance out to leaflike thinness, the first preliminary proof that it was gold. The joyous outburst of the men communicated the news to all in the Fort. But Wittmer, Lienhard adds, was only posing as the discoverer, whereas the honor belonged to Marshall, co-owner with Sutter of the sawmill at Coloma, and to Weimer or "Weemer," a hired man. While inspecting the sluice-bed after water had been allowed to pass through it, they noticed sparkling yellow particles. Sutter at once had some of the kernels sent to Monterey for examination. But before any report could be received, the test had been made by the smith.
Gold he tells us was discovered on his birthday, January 19, 1848, but kept secret until Wittmer' s visit to the Fort on February 8. As Trifield and Hudson yearned to see and share in the new-found wealth, they hurriedly equipped them- selves with provisions and the necessary implements and hastened to Coloma. From this small beginning, as though over night, a restless army of placer miners sprang up. Men from far and near left their employment. Sailors deserted their vessels in the Bay of San Francisco. Mechanics closed their shops. Professional men terminated their careers. And all headed for the foothills in quest of gold. Sutter's Fort stood on the line of travel, so that it became a favorite assembling place for departing and returning miners, where "gambling, deception, robbery, carousing, and suicide" had become the order of the day. Many successful miners stopped there, and many in one way or another were parted from their easily
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Heinrich Lienhard.
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acquired gold. The timid and desperate loser sought to end his life; the courageous and resolute returned to the mines and applied himself with renewed efforts.
For months Lienhard wavered between continuing his attrac- tive horticultural partnership with Sutter and going himself to the mines, where it was reported gold was being found in great quantity with incredible ease. An unexpected frost that killed all his promising young plants nearly settled the matter for the undecided horticulturist. But Sutter once again persuaded him to carry on a while longer on the basis of a new agreement by which Lienhard was no longer to be a partner but merely Sut- ter's hired gardener, who was to be provided with all needed supplies and to receive $900 at the end of a stipulated number of months. The amount, Lienhard believes, seemed reasonable in consideration of Sutter's possible returns at the mines and his further enrichment by the appreciation in value of his ex- tensive lands after the discovery of gold. But the party of the first part was dilatory in forwarding the agreed garden equip- ment, whereupon the gardener appeared at the Fort to deliver an indignant protest climaxed with the accusation that the em- ployer had broken the contract. But the King of New Helvetia remained politely unperturbed. With fatherly kindness he requested his most trusted hand to help himself to whatever he needed, since he knew where everything was. In an instant the wrath of the accuser was dispelled, who confesses he was bound to like his employer and former partner as before.9
Among other visitors whom Lienhard was glad to greet at the Fort was his old acquaintance, Charles Cleaveland, whom he had met at Minal on the Yuba river, and whose life is so intimately interwoven with the founding of Marysville and its
'This charming sidelight on Sutter's character deserves to be quoted in the original: Ich begab mich daher personlich ins Fort and stieg ihm auf die Bude. Trotz meiner Beschwerden, dass er auch den schriftlichen Vertrag nicht halte, blieb Sutter gelassen und voll Hoflichkeit und Giite. Kommen Sie und suchen Sie das ganze Fort aus, Sie wissen ja am besten, wo alles ist, nehmen Sie davon, was Sie brauchen. Sie wissen ja, dass wir uns in einem neuen Land befinden, wo man nicht alles so haben kann, wie man es sich wiinscht etc. Dies hatte er in so vaterlicher Weise gesprochen und mich iiberhaupt so freundlich zu beruhigen gewusst, dass mein ganzer Groll, mit welchem ich gekommen war, sich legte und ich ihn wieder gern haben musste.
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early history. It was he who first selected the site of Marys- ville in anticipation of the present-day thriving rural center, naming it in honor of his wife. Cleaveland, a cooper by trade, was an ambitious young Frenchman, who had crossed the Rockies and hired out to Cordua, a rancher on the Yuba, to make barrels for packing salted beef. When gold was dis- covered, Cleaveland for a time panned industriously. With $1,500 in earnings and loans he went to San Francisco, where he bought a supply of glass beads, knives, handkerchiefs, tobacco, and other commodities with which he returned to the mines to carry on a profitable business. A twenty-five-cent knife sold for an ounce of gold — sixteen dollars; a handker- chief might also bring in the same amount of gold.
Once Sutter had enlarged his field of activity to include mining, he devoted to this enterprise the same degree of energy and vigor he had bestowed on other undertakings. Thus the horticultural project was soon abandoned and Lienhard was sent to the mines. A new contractual relationship between the principals replaced the old: Lienhard might take along as many Indian boys as he pleased for whom Sutter would supply provisions and tools in return for half of all the gold found. In time Sutter's steadiness of purpose became impaired by his growing habit of intemperance and his susceptibility to flattery, which unscrupulous persons were quick to take advantage of. Genial and generous, he unknowingly became the victim of swindlers, who over glasses persuaded him to invest his dwindling fortune in unwise and illusive ventures.
After Lienhard had by observation learned something of the method of placer-mining, he began producing at the maximum rate of an ounce of gold a day. Realizing that phenomenal re- turns were to be had only in rare cases, he contented himself with this moderate success and an incidental initial profit from the sale of some watermelons he offered as a substitute for drinking water. These melons Indian miners bought from him for an ounce of gold apiece.
Lienhard observes with understanding the varied complexion of the checkered community of the miners. All types of men were thrown together there, and each enforced his rights with
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his own weapon, ignoring the law. Not infrequently, Sutter would appear on the scene personally to inspect new locations and to create good will among the miners who purchased sup- plies from him. Repeatedly he directed and transported Lien- hard and his helpers to promising new locations, knowledge of which had somehow come to him. On one such occasion, we are told, he confidentially disclosed to his trusted friend the fact that he expected shortly to welcome his eldest son, August, junior, and naturally desired to have as much gold as possible on display to surprise and impress him on his arrival. There- upon the amiable co-worker dutifully advanced one thousand forty dollars, over the amount already due him, in return for the promise that the sum would not be touched and could be called for at the Fort any time. However, the pressure of creditors soon made it impossible for Sutter to keep his promise, and thus the amount could not be returned upon request.
Finally, becoming discouraged over his meagre returns, Lienhard decided to quit the mines and to return to Sutter's Fort to collect his money. The creditor agreed to accept sheep in lieu of money in payment of his claim and wages due. As the flock numbered about 1,100 sheep priced at three dollars a head, Lienhard now found himself owing his recent debtor $900. As Sutter himself was planning on leaving the Fort for a year, he gave his son unlimited authority in handling his busi- ness, who made arrangements with Lienhard for liquidating his indebtedness by March, 1849.
While Sutter was away, Lienhard was destined to have a share in two far-reaching decisions. One day young Sutter asked him what he thought of the suggestion of one Branon, a former Mormon elder, not to found a city where Captain Sutter had tentatively laid out Sutterville, since it would require a canal a mile long to provide the proposed city with a landing place, the construction of which at the rate of current wages at sixteen dollars a day would be prohibitive. The young man further confided that he was considering rather the plot- ting of a city on the Sacramento river. Work could begin immediately, as an engineer was then available. Upon Lien-
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hard's approving reply, young Sutter began construction. Thereupon Lienhard suggested the new city be named Sacra- mento City rather than Sutterville, a suggestion which young Sutter accepted. Lienhard later regretted giving the latter advice, for it deprived Sutter of immortalizing his name at the place of his greatest service to California and contributed greatly to the ensuing sad break between father and son.
Lienhard herded his sheep until spring of 1849. Then he sold half of the flock to a recently made acquaintance, a com- patriot by the name of Diirr, and drove the rest to the mines, where the hungry miners — especially the Indians — gladly bought them at twelve dollars and more per head. With $6,000 safely tucked away, Lienhard returned to Sutter's Fort, where a new commission awaited him.
The Captain and his son urgently requested him to journey to Switzerland and to bring from there Mrs. Sutter and the remaining members of the family. Young August protested that he would prefer to go himself but feared to leave the Fort, lest there would be nothing left for his mother upon his return. Furthermore he knew that his father trusted no one as he trusted Lienhard and would offer him $2,000 and expenses for the service. Lienhard in view of what he might make in the meantime if he remained in California, drove the bargain to $4,000 for pay and $8,000 for expenses "also . . . dies zusammen 12,000 Dollars," and set sail June 20, 1849 on his six-to-seven-months trip. It was a hazardous voyage, as he carried with him about $7,000 in cash and traveled across the Isthmus of Panama, where he would be exposed to the dread Chagres fever.
Fortune accompanied him, however, and at last on the 21st of January, 1850, he returned to San Francisco with Mrs. Sut- ter, a daughter, Eliza, and two sons, Alphonse and Emil. Other immigrants in the group were a Mr. and Mrs. Kramer. The party remained in San Francisco, while Lienhard went to Sacramento City to report to Captain Sutter. As August, junior, was not there at the time, the elder Sutter alone returned with his envoy to the family at San Francisco, a circumstance that brought about the subsequent ill-will of the son.
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Surprising to Lienhard were the all but unbelievable trans- formations that had gone on during his absence. The old San Francisco had been destroyed by fire and new wooden struc- tures were arising in place of the old. Everywhere there were tremendous changes in value; the price of food and real estate had risen markedly. The Sacramento had flooded its banks and the water was but then receding after having wrought great damage. Carcasses of horses and cattle were still in the forks of trees where the water had swept them.
Among other things Lienhard learned that Sutter had in the past months been campaigning for the governorship of Cali- fornia. That was the last straw. Evidently the contrast of the present with the past, or that of conditions as he found them in California with those in Switzerland was too great for him to endure; therefore, upon accomplishing his last service for Sutter, he disposed of his property (some of it to August, junior, who first defaulted in his payments and later made settlement) and determined to leave California forever. He returned to his fatherland, got married and bought himself the estate in Kilchberg which later passed into the hands of the poet Conrad Ferdinand Meyer. The memory of the active and adventurous years he had spent in America, how- ever, did not long permit his being contented with his quiet, peaceful home in Switzerland. Presently he came back to America, spending the remainder of his life in Nauvoo, Illinois, where in time he was elected mayor and died in 1903 at the age of eighty-one years.
Originally the account of his experiences was intended solely for his family. Because of the general interest in the period he portrays, the portions that are here reviewed were published in Zurich in commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of the discovery of gold in California. It should be added that Lien- hard, a keen observer of nature, noticed everywhere the pres- ence of wild life. His notes may indeed be as invaluable to students of records concerning flora and fauna, as they are interesting to investigators of frontier types.
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CHAPTER III KYBURZ OF KYBURZ
COMING from Sacramento, the motorist of today speeds eastward along the Lincoln highway, through the lowlands flanked by blossoms and upwards along foothill orchards. In the first hour he reaches Clarksville, passes Shingle Springs and Placerville, which in the turbulent days was known as Hangtown. To the left a road leads to nearby Coloma, where gold was first discovered in 1848. From Placerville he may follow the south fork of the American river for thirty miles to stop at the village of Kyburz, a well-known summer resort. Inquiry as to the name would reveal that an Albert Kyburz was appointed postmaster there on January 13, 1911, and that he was the third son of a pioneer family identified with these parts, the parents and their six children now lying buried in one or the other of the towns mentioned. It is the heart of a beautiful land of Alpine character with peaks nearer at hand up to 7,000 feet and others in the distance up to 10,000 feet, a vast region carpeted by an almost unbroken sweep of pine forest with little spots of shimmering mountain lakes and threads of sparkling streams which grow into torrents in ravines far below. This is Eldorado county, the land of gold and pines, now memorializing a name indigenous to the ancient canton of Aargau, Switzerland,1 from whence Samuel Kyburz had migrated, settling in New Helvetia in 1846, at a time when Captain Sutter was consolidating his first outpost of civiliza- tion in the then interior wilderness. It was Kyburz who sub- sequently became the faithful and trusted aid of the founder of New Helvetia.
1 Godet und Tiirler, Hist, Biog. Lexikon der Schweiz. Neuchatel. 1927. See Kyburz.
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Born June 26, 1810, in Oberentfelden, in the canton of Aargau, Switzerland, he was a son of Daniel and Maria Kyburz nee Baumann. The family, consisting of father Daniel, a widower, two sons and two daughters, departed from their home for America, arriving in New York in September, 1833- The events are recorded in the Kyburz family Bible. Seven years later while farming in the township of Spring Prairie, Wal- worth county, Wisconsin, Samuel was united in marriage with Rebecca Sophie Barben, a native of Ohio, probably also of Swiss descent. With his family he then moved to East Troy of the same state, where there came to his notice the news of the grand colonization on the Sacramento river in California undertaken by a native Swiss, a certain Captain Sutter. Ameri- can and Swiss journals, among them the German-American newspapers of St. Louis, in glowing terms informed prospective emigrants of the salubrious climate and of the marvelous fertility of the soil of New Helvetia. This propaganda aug- mented by Captain John C. Fremont's official reports of his explorations in Oregon and California induced numerous emigrants to migrate to the Pacific coast. The alluring pros- pects of the far West also prevailed upon Samuel Kyburz to undertake the hazardous journey across the endless prairies, unknown deserts, and mountains.
Departing on April 2, 1846, with his wife and two chil- dren, Samuel Elliot, aged four years, and Sarah, aged two years, Kyburz joined the Lienhard group at Independence, Missouri, on or soon after April 26. This town was then a small but very busy frontier post for emigrants and traders to and from Taos and Santa Fe in Mexico and points in Oregon. In May 1846, thousands of emigrants passed through Independence, making needed purchases for their great overland journey across prairies and mountains in their covered wagons. An important function here was the organization of so-called emi- gration companies and the selecting of competent leaders or captains. A census of one of the companies shows that it con- sisted of 119 men, 59 women, 110 children, 700 head of cattle, and 150 horses. The journey from Independence to New Hel- vetia via the Hastings Cut-off is described in detail by Heinrich
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Lienhard, the subject of the preceding chapter. After a week's travel the Lienhard-Kyburz party left the larger emigration company of which they had been a part, to advance more rapidly and independently through Kansas and Nebraska. Upon reaching the upper North Platte and the Sweetwater river on July 17, 1846, Kyburz appears as captain, a post he seems to have held for the remainder of the journey.
The belief that Lienhard or Kyburz were members of the Dormer or the Harlan parties is erroneous. Lienhard and Kyburz encamped at Bear River on July 27; on August 2, they reached the Weber river. The Donner party did not arrive there until August 3. The Swiss and German party was thus a day ahead of the Donner party; in fact it took Lienhard and Kyburz but eleven days to travel from Fort Bridger to the shore of Salt Lake, while the Donner party, which had avoided the difficult stretch of Weber canyon, was twenty-seven days in reaching the Lake. On August 15, Harlan and Peter Weimer (Weemer or Wimmer) joined or caught up with Kyburz; however, Lienhard inserts on that day's record that Harlan had not been their captain. Harlan himself in his memoirs makes no claim of any captaincy.
After a journey of four months and twenty-three days Kyburz and his family, including also the father and two brothers of Mrs. Kyburz, arrived hale and hearty at Sutter's Fort, where they were received most cordially. Sutter, who recognized in Kyburz a man of reliability and competence, appointed him to the post of overseer of the fort. Equally wel- come was Mrs. Kyburz, the first white woman at the fort, where Sutter promptly erected a two-room addition to accommodate the family.3 Upon entering his duties, Kyburz assumed all man- ner of important functions. This is reflected in the diary which Sutter kept for a number of years. Kyburz was majordomo and had charge of the keys of the fort and as Sutter's adjutant carried out the orders of the chief. He serves as building inspec- tor and selector of building sites and of timber in the hills
8 In the state-owned "Sutter's Fort and Museum" these rooms are today marked by a door plate reading, "Kyburz Rooms," and are used as the office of the curator.
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Samuel Kyburz.
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needed for lumber; he is driver after strayed or stolen stock and chief of expeditions to punish refractory Indians. He is superintendent of the workers in the wheatlands and directs the purchasing and exchanging of cattle. Acting also as cap- tain or supercargo of shipping, he navigates the Sacramento, the San Joaquin, and the Great Bay. It is a tradition in the Kyburz family that it was he who first selected the site of the now famous saw-mill at Coloma.4 At any rate it was Kyburz and John Bidwell who prepared and witnessed the contract between Sutter and Marshall for the erection of the mill where gold was discovered in January, 1848, by Marshall.
On February 9, 1848, a son, who died in his infancy, was born at Sutter's Fort to Samuel and Rebecca Sophia Kyburz and was named John Augustus, evidently in honor of the cap- tain. On May 22 of the same year Sutter entered the laconic note in his journal: "Mr. Kyburz left my services and estab- lished himself a boarding house in the vaquero home." Evi- dently the discovery of gold had brought about conditions up- setting old relationships forever. The rush was on, the world had changed. Exactly what circumstances had impelled Kyburz to enter the business he set up may never be known. Owing to the then prevailing lawlessness in the community, the new venture did not prosper. Later, upon losing his investments and savings, Kyburz removed to San Francisco, where a child, Maria, was born November 12, 1849. Thereafter he is to be found in Sacramento, where the dates of the birth of two sons are recorded, Albert B. on June 30, 1852, and John Daniel on October 10, 1854.
After another attempt at managing a hotel and store, this time at Whiterock, the Kyburz family settled at Clarksville, where they engaged in stock raising and dairying. There Kyburz held office as justice of the peace for many years until his retirement. He died January 15, 1898, at Shingle Springs and was buried at Folsom. In the Mountain Democrat of Placerville he is celebrated as a "Pioneer of pioneers . . . who
4 Sutter later definitely says it was James W. Marshall who selected the site but may err in this as in other statements he made later: examples are given by Erwin Gudde in his Sutter's Own Story.
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brought with him to America the stalwart manhood and sturdy virtues of his Alpine home."
Numerous descendants of Samuel Kyburz today live in Eldorado county. One son, Samuel Elliott served in the Civil War as corporal in the Second Regiment of Cavalry, California Volunteers. He was born at East Troy, Wisconsin, January 27, 1842 and died at Shingle Springs, October 25, 1917. There were five other children: Sarah (Sally whose married name was Mrs. Kent), also born at East Troy, on March 10, 1844, she died at Placerville, May 1935; John Augustus, born at Sutter's Fort, February 9, 1848, where he died December 23, the same year; Maria Elizabeth (Mrs. Edwin Ball) born November 12, 1849, in Sacramento, date of death unknown; Albert B. born at Sacramento June 30, 1852, died at Placer- ville, December 7, 1936; and John Daniel born October 10, 1854, died at Clarksville.
In the century that has elapsed since Johann August Sutter took possession with provisional title of the empire he named New Helvetia, California has become the destination of an ever swelling stream of Swiss immigration. The immigrant population of the San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys in 1846, according to Lienhard's estimate did not exceed sixty males. The Swiss arrivals before the close of the decade besides the Kyburz family and their three relatives, the Barbens, who were probably Swiss, include the following, mentioned by Lienhard: Thomann, Rippstein, Schmidt from Appenzell, Huggenberger from Aargau, Wittmer from Solothurn, "Herr Fahndrich von Laufenberg" also from Aargau, David Engler from St. Gall, "Berner Jakob," Diirr from Basel, "Baumeister Bader" from Baselland, and the Kramers, who came with Sutter's family. Other known contemporaries were J. J. Viojet, a surveyor, and Brunner, who cared for the orphaned Donner children.
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CHAPTER IV THE ITALIAN SWISS OF CALIFORNIA
THE first record of immigration from the canton of Tessin (or Ticino) to California dates from 1849, when a certain Giannini and a Delmonico from Val Leventina joined the colony of General Sutter at New Helvetia after a long and perilous journey of seven months around Cape Horn. They dis- embarked from the S. S. Brooklyn at San Francisco August 12, 1849. A month later another Italian Swiss, by the name of Angelo Beffa, arrived in San Francisco, opened a liquor store on Kearney street near Jackson, and painted on its door the Swiss national emblem. Before the close of the year two more Tessiners or Ticinese1 arrived: a Jelmini of Fiesse and a Monti of Lorengo, both of whom had come from Peru.
On November 15, two other Ticinese, C. Scalmanini and B. Frapolli, whose descendants are today living in California, arrived from Algiers. They first went to the gold mines in northern California but soon returned to San Francisco, where they opened a boarding house at the Long Wharf, at the foot of Commercial street, and soon became wealthy.
In December 1849 more immigrants arrived from Val Leventina, who helped settle the first colony of Ticinese in California. This group constitutes the original pioneers, whose settlements contributed to the coming of many thousands of their countrymen, to form what is today the largest Italian Swiss colony in the world.
Very few Ticinese arrived in 1850. Cyrus Delmonico, a nephew of the well-known Delmonicos of New York, in that year opened a restaurant in San Francisco, which he sold in 1852 to Giocondo Giannini. Another immigrant, Giuseppe
1 Although the Italian plural form is Ticinesi, the regular invariable English plural in — ese as in Japanese, Portuguese, Bernese, etc., is here preferred.
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Gianella, also of Val Leventina, the same year opened an earthenware and porcelain store in San Francisco, which how- ever failed in 1886, with debts amounting to $800,000.
In 1851 there arrived from Ticino by way of the Isthmus of Panama various groups of immigrants who went to the gold mines in the north in the hope of becoming wealthy immedi- ately; however, after working ceaselessly and suffering untold hardships for several years, they abandoned their mining claims and with better success dedicated themselves to farming.
In 1852 more immigrants from Ticino came to in California. Among them the Sartoris from Giumaglio in Valle Maggia, some of whose descendants are well-known doctors, bankers, and dairy-men of California; the Stefanis, the Pedrinis, the Bullettis, the Giandonis, and the Zocchis, all from Val Leven- tina. From various townships in Valle Maggia came the fol- lowing: Charles Martinoia (the family name is now Martin), whose children and grandchildren are living in various parts of the state; James Fiori, whose name was changed to Bloom, and whose descendants are today engaged in dairying and other enterprises in and about Petaluma; the Giacominis and the De Martinis, who first worked on the dairy ranch of Mar- shall Brothers on the coast and later took up dairying for themselves; and John and Rocco Cheda, who in the same industry in Marin county acquired fortunes and later returned to Switzerland. Some of the children and grandchildren of these pioneers are still settled in Marin and Sonoma counties. Of the five Garzoli brothers, William, Peter, Clay, Frank, and Basil, who settled in Chileno valley, Marin county, as dairy men, two later returned to Switzerland. Children and grand- children of those who remained occupy the old settlements and other pieces of land acquired by them later.2
Between the years 1853 and 1854 many more immigrants from the canton of Ticino arrived in California, still attracted by the discovery of gold. Among those from Val Leventina were the families: Juri, Croci, Dobbas, Giamboni, and Celio. From the towns of Pedemonte came the families : Peri, Monotti,
2 The grandson of Clay Garzoli is the Clay Pedrazzini, president of the Swiss Publishing company of California, mentioned in the Foreword.
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Galgiani, Selma, Monaco, Pellandini, Cavalli, Maestretti, Ni- chelini, and Leoni. The first Italian Swiss physician in San Francisco was Dr. Anthony Rottanzi, from Val Leventina, who arrived in 1855; his son was the late Dr. T. A. Rottanzi.
Many of the pioneers who bought lands in the forties and fifties became quite wealthy. In 1856 Charles Martin and Giuliano Moretti purchased a large scale dairy ranch in Chileno valley, which was later divided by the descendants. The brothers Matteo and Luigi Tomasini purchased extensive tracts of land near Point Reyes on the coast, while Desiderio Garzoli who settled near Bolinas, also on the coast, as well as Pietro Maggetti, Louis Pedrazzini, S. Grandi, M. Berri, and many others became land owners. Among the arrivals in San Fran- cisco in 1855 are the families: Gendotti, among whose de- scendants there are lawyers and real estate salesmen active today; Mariani, merchant, whose sons and grandsons are still established in various parts of California; Pioda, whose chil- dren are engineers and businessmen in California;3 a certain Berri, immigrant from Vogorno, who in 1856 sold, presumably at a small profit, a piece of real property in San Francisco to a buyer who shortly afterwards received $200,000 for it.
Between 100 and 200 immigrants continued to arrive in California yearly from the canton of Ticino until I860; then the immigration became much larger, particularly in the years from 1864 to 1868 ; this was occasioned perhaps by the return of several immigrants to Valle Maggia with considerable for- tunes. The first to leave was Giuseppe Leoni, nicknamed "Tengar", of Verscio, District of Locarno, who in 1856 took to his home town several thousand dollars earned in the gold mines.
In I860 a certain Giovanari of Intragna planted grape vines in Napa Valley on land belonging to General Vallejo; these vineyards were later acquired by Salmina, Gambetta, and others, who cultivate them today.
In 1856 Louis Juri of Val Leventina had a dairy at the Laguna near the Presidio in San Francisco. He paid $2,000
8 Among them is L. Pioda, attorney at Salinas, a nephew of Dr. Pioda, former Swiss minister to the United States.
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for ten cows; milk was selling at fifty cents per gallon. Many Ticinese owned and operated restaurants in San Francisco, among them: H. G. Giannini, manager of the Irving hotel in 1854; the Juri brothers, who in 1862 opened a restaurant on Merchant Street, which enjoyed the reputation of being one of the most popular in the city. Somewhat later Campi's restau- rant was opened on Clay Street, and managed until the time of the earthquake and fire by Natale Giamboni, who enjoyed the title "King of Hosts". In 1864 Louis Baccala, who had re- cently immigrated from Intragna, became co-owner of the well- reputed Sorbier restaurant. Other Swiss restaurants were those operated by Perini and Ferini, Sartori and Fantina, Frank Guglielmetti, Cherubino Lombardi, Marco Vanoni, F. Berta, and Giuseppe Galli, whose death occurred in 1938.
Italian Swiss boarding houses in San Francisco were rather numerous. After Scalmanini and Frapolli, the next to open an Italian Swiss boarding house was G. Giandoni, located on Green street near Dupont. It was later sold to Carlo Antonio Peverada. With Peverada was associated for some time a cer- tain Zanoni, who later opened the Ticino hotel on Pacific street, which years afterwards was acquired by Battista Morganti and Lucia Brignoli, who had first gone to Australia from Canton Tessin in search of fortune. About 1875 the William Tell house, operated by Guglielmo Juri on Pacific street near Kearny, was a popular rendezvous of the Ticinese. Then Carlo Scheggia was operating the Federal hotel on Stockton street, while Cherubino Lombardi managed the Saint Gothard hotel on Broadway street. It and the Ticino hotel were the best known boarding houses for Ticinese in California. Other boarding houses were those of C. Magistra, B. Toroni, and Mrs. Chiesa.
A directory of dealers, importers, merchants, and those in other branches of commerce and trade in nineteenth century San Francisco, would have to include many Ticinese. Men- tioned here are: Charles Martin, head of the commission house of Martin, Feusier & Co., in which firm Camillo Stefani and N. Giacomini held interests; the general merchandise firm of Stefani and Mariani (later G. D. Mariani) ; P. A. Giannini,
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jeweler; Buletti and Selma, grocers; A. Pallenghi and F. Maestretti, monuments; Rea Brothers, painters and decorators; and Angelo Beretta, wholesale grocer, all of whom were in business prior to 1870. Wine and liquor importers and dis- tributors at various times included: Leon Selan, Giosue Rot- tanzi, M. Gianettoni, A. Mona, Emilio Martinoni, L. Juri & Co., Carlo Sciaroni, Louis Gendotti, Frank Mazzi, A. Bonnetti, G. G. Bontempi, G. Buzzini, G. Giannettoni, Bulotti & Perini.
In the various commission houses of San Francisco, so called because they took butter, cheese, eggs, and cream from the Italian-Swiss dairymen to be sold on the market for a com- mission, were employed numerous Italian Swiss, among them: Candido Righetti of Someo Valle Maggia, G. Bonaita of Cerentino, and later on George F. Cavalli of Verscio, all work- ing for Brigham, Whitney & Co., Wheaton and Luhrs was represented for many years among the Italian Swiss by Capt. Giuseppe Bontempi of Menzonio, Valle Maggia, and by Gottardo Giubbini of Intragna.
Among the dairymen who came when lands were no longer available in San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, and Sonoma counties and who therefore settled in Humboldt county, were the families: Moranda, Decarli, Genzoli, Calanchini, Minetta, Bernardi, Martella, Tonini, Mazzetti, Spaletta, and Bognuda, most of whom came from Val Verzasca and from around Bel- linzona. Later on numerous immigrants from these localities settled in Stanislaus, Santa Cruz, and Monterey counties, particularly in Salinas valley. Some immigrants from Val Leventina and Pedemonte settled in the vicinity of Stockton as early as I860, while in 1863 some immigrants from Cevio, including the families: Respini, Mattei, Gianoni, Filippini, Scaroni, and Moretti settled on the coast north of the city of Santa Cruz. Giuliano Moretti became the owner of 40,000 acres of land in that region and founded the town of Daven- port. Today some 10,000 acres of this land are controlled by the Coast Dairies and Land Company, which is owned by his two sons, who returned to Switzerland, and the children of a deceased daughter, one of whom, Ig. R. Respini, was president of the Swiss club of Santa Cruz county. About 1880 there was
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some immigration from the town of Moghegno, to Gonzales and Soledad, Monterey county, today the most populous Italian-Swiss colony of California. At the beginning of the eighties hundreds of immigrants from Val Leventina settled in the Sierra valley near the Nevada line. Among the pioneers were the families: Trosi, Giudici, Defanti, Ramelli, Pedrini, Lafranchini, and Galeppi.
Some of the most prominent and active leaders of the Italian-Swiss colony of California during the period 1890 to 1910 were the following: the late P. Righetti, architect and son of one of the Righettis who immigrated from Someo to San Luis Obispo county and who was the first president of the Swiss club of San Francisco; A. Monotti, native of Cavigliano and an immigrant in 1880, who at his death in 1931 was the president of the Swiss Relief society and of the Swiss Mutual Benevolent society; F. J. Rea, sole member of the San Fran- cisco board of supervisors not indicted for bribery in the notorious graft scandal of 1906; Dr. Henry J. Sartori, son of an immigrant from Giumaglio, former secretary of the Swiss Publishing Company of California; Angelo Campana, an im- migrant in 1890 from Val Colla, and former president of the Loyal Elvezia Lodge and of the Swiss Sharpshooters ; George F. Cavalli and Victor Rianda, both newspaper publishers; David De Bernardi, an immigrant from Maggia, who opened a wholesale importing house in San Francisco in 1864, which is still operated by a descendant; State Senator E. B. Martinelli, whose father had immigrated from Maggia; G. Giannini, who came to San Francisco from his native Val Onsernone in 1890, and at his death in 1931 was president of the United Swiss Societies; C. E. Antognini, born at Lugano, who came to San Francisco in 1890 where he was editor until his death in 1917, of the newspaper, La Colonia Svizzera; V. Papina, another editor of this publication who died in 1923; Victor Piezzi, born at Giumaglio, who came to California in 1869, and is still at the time of this writing living near Santa Rosa upon extensive vineyards he planted and developed; Desiderio Garzoli, who came from Maggia in the sixties, settled near Bolinas, Marin county, where he acquired extensive land holdings and raised
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a large family. He died in 1930. Mrs. Vittoria Mariani, now well over eighty years old, "mother" to the Italian-Swiss colony of San Francisco and honorary president of the Ticino club.
In 1871 several immigrants from Valle Maggia, among them Pietro Righetti, Roberto Righetti, Clemente Filipponi, and Giacomo Moretti, went to San Luis Obispo in search of better lands for pasturage at low prices. The entire sixty-mile length of the Pacific coast between San Simeon and the county of Santa Barbara they found wonderfully rich in pasturage where barley grew wild. These lands, known as "Spanish grants", were owned by a few Spanish families who had obtained title to them from the government when California was ceded to the United States. The owners had been cultivating only small portions of the land, while their horses, cattle and sheep ran wild in the rich meadows. As a rule the offers of the Italian- Swiss dairymen desirous of buying or leasing portions were gladly accepted. A migration of Italian Swiss to San Luis Obispo county resulted. Among the first, arriving in 1872, were: Battista Pezzoni, and J. Muscio of Someo; a year later Antonio Tognazzini settled near Cayucos. The development near San Simeon, Cambria, Cayucos, Morro Bay and San Luis Obispo of a large and wealthy colony of Italian-Swiss dairymen was phenomenal. The lands were fenced and cultivated, a net- work of roads and wharves were constructed, so that by 1880 the romantic Pacific coast between Post Harford and San Simeon had become all but unrecognizably transformed. In that year more than 100 Italian-Swiss families were settled in this area where the dairy industry was flourishing. Italian Swiss purchased most of the real property in the locality, which was steadily appreciating in value.
In addition to the above named pioneers the following also acquired lands in San Luis Obispo county: Abramo Muscio, P. A. Tognazzini, Peter Tognazzini, M. Righetti, B. Turri, Sam Donati, Alex Tomasini, P. Bernardasci, William Danini, G. Matasci, Storni and Biaggini, D. Perinoni, D. Filipponi, B. C. Matasci, Placido Tartaglia, B. G. Tognazzi, D. Gamboni,
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Antonio Lucchessa, G. Fiscalini, J. C. Ferrini, M. Tonini, Louis Tomasini, G. Moretti, B. Miossi and John Scaroni.
When lands were no longer available near San Luis Obispo, new arrivals settled in the adjacent Santa Barbara county, in the valley of the Santa Maria, an area of some 500 square miles, between the mountains of Nipomo and those of Point Sal. The soil is very fertile, producing abundant grass, and suitable for general farming. Some of the early buyers acquired land at $15 and $25 per acre. It was not long before the entire territory was settled by compatriots of the first arrivals.
Numerous Ticinese were also engaged in viticulture in vari- ous sections of the state, particularly in the valleys of Napa and Sonoma counties and in the vicinities of Stockton and San Jose. Others were operators of wineries or dealers in the cities. Among those who developed and cultivated vineyards were: John Capella at Woodside ; Giosue Rottanzi, Perini and Papine at Lawrence Station; Gottardo Bustelli at Livermore; Frank Sciaroni, B. Salmina & Co., and Carlo Scheggia at St. Helena; L. Juri & Co. at Napa; Bulotti and Bulotti at Sonoma; and John Rea at Gilroy.
In 1897 there was founded in San Francisco the Swiss- American Bank through the initiative of Henry Brunner and Antonio Tognazzini, the latter an immigrant from Someo. The San Francisco office was managed by members of the Tognaz- zini family, one of whom, Tilden, is still vice-president. (The bank, however, has now been acquired by the Anglo-California National Bank) . At Petaluma it had a flourishing branch which was managed by Rinaldo Righetti, who came from Someo in 1902.
Descendants of the families here named are now settled in various parts of California. A recent investigation to ascertain types of participation in the professions and public offices on the part of these descendants disclosed the following rep- resentation in twenty-two California counties:4 bank directors
4 The counties are: Alameda, Humboldt, Imperial, Kern, Marin, Mendocino, Monterey, Napa, Sacramento, San Francisco, San Joaquin, Santa Cruz, San Luis Obispo, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Sierra, Solano, Sonoma, Tulare, Stanislaus, and Ventura.
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and officials, councilmen, dentists, doctors, high-school teachers, a judge and a justice of the peace, lawyers, municipal com- missioners, pharmacists, supervisors, and a veterinarian.
The largest Ticinese organization is the Swiss-American club of Monterey county. With its membership of 1,500 it is able to wield considerable political influence in the county. The Swiss club of Stanislaus county, an old established organ- ization of more than 500 members, is second in size and significance. Others are the Swiss- American social club of Santa Clara county, The Swiss club of Santa Cruz county, the Sonoma-Marin Swiss club, the Italian-Swiss club of Greenfield, the Monterey county Swiss rifle club, and the Italian-Swiss club of Humboldt county.
The Swiss club of San Francisco has in its membership not only Ticinese but German and French Swiss as well. In San Francisco there are several other smaller clubs and societies, such as the Swiss Sharpshooters, founded in 1863; the Loyal Elvezia Lodge, organized in 1904; the Swiss Athletic club, and the Ticino club.
The Italian-Swiss newspaper, La Colonia Svizzera, was established in 1879. The present editor is L. Bottinelli of Lugano.
The Swiss Relief Society, founded in 1886, and the Swiss Benevolent society, organized in 1854, are the most important charitable and benevolent organizations of the Swiss colony of California, and their membership is made up largely of Italian Swiss.
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CHAPTER V STEINACH'S LISTS OF SWISS SETTLERS
FIFTY years ago Swiss life in New York and its neighbor- ing towns in New Jersey had reached a point of consider- able activity. The civic and social consciousness of the Swiss colonists is evident in the many organizations for cultural and charitable, as well as explicitly political purposes, which had thriven there for a generation and more. The year 1940 marks the fifty-first anniversary of the publication of a volume in which there are preserved for posterity hundreds of names of Swiss settlers at that time, not only in the neighborhood of New York but also in various parts of the United States.1 In fact Steinach devotes some fifteen pages to Swiss settlers in the New England states, 168 pages to those in the Atlantic and "Southern Inland" states (including Missouri), a dozen to the Gulf states, 117 pages to the Middle Western states, and fifty or so to the states of the "Prairies and Mountains" including the Pacific.
The volume, which has not appeared in English translation, must be comparatively unknown to the present generation. It should be said that the author received the bulk of his informa- tion from the various Swiss societies and from correspondents and agents of the Amerikanische Schweizer Zeitung of New York. The excerpts here presented are confined to the states of New York and New Jersey, which together constituted the most populous Swiss center in the United States as shown by the census of 1890.
The names as Steinach records them are sometimes entered in full, sometimes with or without the initials of given names.
1 Steinach, Adelrich, Geschicbte und Leben der Schweizer in den Vereinigten Staaten, unter Mitwirkung des Nord-Amerikanischen Griitli-Bundes. Im Selbstverlag des Verfassers, New York, 1889.
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Occasionally there are identifications; frequently there are names of business firms set down indiscriminately among lists of personal names. To be sure this haphazard recording would be of immeasurably greater value if it had been done with a little more method and care; none the less, it is a gratifying preservation of a wealth of names and a genuine reflection of that veritable bee-hive of Swiss industry and social life which played its small but by no means insignificant part in the densest of American population centers. The extent to which "mutual-aids", charitable groups, and privately supported organizations for relief functioned is quite impressive. On page after page there are enumerations of substantial dona- tions by dozens of societies apparently vying with one another in supporting needy individuals, worthy causes, and victims of disaster at home and abroad.
As a rule Steinach does not attempt any deeper analysis and offers no criticial evaluation: his job is putting on record what he sees and knows and has at hand. Occasionally he rises to some generalizations. He notes, for instance, that it is due to American appreciation of advanced development of electro- technics in Switzerland that so many Swiss technicians were imported and given responsible positions here. Incidentally he notes that Edison used a Swiss foreman. Numerous branch factories of Swiss industries were established in New York and New Jersey and manned by specialists trained at home. There were makers of tools, hand and machine embroiderers, makers of musical and precision instruments, chemists, machin- ists, makers of artificial eyes, silk manufacturers, designers, electricians, and other specialists including glass painters, graphic and plastic artists, engineers, and architects.
In the following paragraphs the spelling and abbreviations follow Steinach, except in cases of very obvious error such as Bosshbrt for Bosshart. Apparent repetitions are as a rule not deleted, for the inclusion of the names in certain lists and variant spellings may be of some interest. Crauzat and Cranzat, Hilfiker and Hilsiker are entered as Steinach spells the names.
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New York
The first list of business and professional men of Swiss origin in New York, recorded by Steinach reads: P. de Luce, (for many years Swiss Consul), Lawrenz Delmonico, J. J. Keller, Oskar Zollikoffer, August Richard, A. Iselin, A. Merian, the Benziger Brothers, Brunner, Deppeler, Lienherr, Mouquin, Mathey, Rothlisberger & Gerber, M. Gasser, J. Manz, M. Schinz, and Jakob Schiess. Practicing physicians included: D. Francis Staheli {sic), Hermann Boppart, Chr. Cavelti, Ad. Steinach.
After the Crimean war, in 1856, a number of young Swiss who had served in the English foreign legion came to the United States; among them were: Von Arx, Trepp, Wirz, Werner. Von Arx, an educated man, held a position on the New Yorker Staats-Zeitung for some time. Trepp, who built a theater and one of New York's hotels, fell in "one of the battles in Virginia," in his regiment was an entire company of Swiss sharpshooters. Another Swiss company was in the regi- ment of Colonel Mosch. Army physicians from New York were Dr. Staeheli {sic) , Dr. A. Steinach, and Dr. Tissot, all in the 103rd regiment.
Charter members of the Swiss Aid Society, (Schweizerische Hilfs-Gesellschaft) founded in 1832 and incorporated April 14, 1851 were Louis P. de Luce, August Gerber, Charles Pil- lichodc, Henry C. de Rahm, Cesar A. Robert, Wilh. Merle, Antoin Rossire, Samson Boiceau, J. G. Escher, A. Iselin, Paul de Brez, J. J. Merian, Oscar (sic) Zollikoffer, John Syz, L. Decoppet, E. Burkhard, Ferdinand Rusch. In the seventies the names of E. Robert, H. Escher, H. Abegg, A. Rappart, E. de Crauzat, C. A. Hubler, A. Engelhard, and W. P. Molo occur. A list of committee members in 1886 contains the following names of "prominent Swiss in New York": Henry Abegg, J. Bertschmann, Consul; Alfred Merian, Ernst Keller, Alf. Von- dermuhl, Henry Beguelin, Henry Escher, Wm. Piquet, W. C. Molo, C. Altheer, Mrs. Henry Abegg, Rud. Raetzer, Etienne Gillet, Mrs. Alfred Meriam, Mrs. Eugene Robert, Mrs. Alf. Vondermuhl, E. Allisson, J. D. Brez, J. Bovey, H. J. Abegg,
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Jas. Billwiller, Henry Brunner, Louis Benziger, J. Buzzini, W. Calame, C. P. Dubois, Chas. C. Delmonico, H. E. Droz, Geo. W. Dubois, L. F. Delisle, Emile Durr, Henry Engelhardt, J. H. Escher, Henry Fatio, John Friederich, A. Fillippini, P. G. Frauenfelder, F. Grosjean, Henry Ginnel, Chas. Glatz, A. Gor- don, Chas. Gagnebin, John Gerber, H. L. Grandlienard, John G. Gerber, Chas. Hirzel, Aug. Honriet, Adrian Herzog, Adrian Iselin, Jr., Henry de Coppet, A. Jeannot, B. Kriisi, Louis Linder, J. J. Merian, L. C. Lambelet, August Mathey, Louis Mathey, Fritz Mathey, C. H. Meylan, Alf. W. Merian, H. Monquin, P. A. Merian, J. G. Neeser, Louis Meystre, Rud. Nageli, L. Perrelet, Chas. Perret, H. Pestalozzi, Alf. C. Pail- lard, A. Rappard, August Richard, A. Reinhart, J. Eug. Robert, J. Rosselli, Jules Racine, R. Strieker, J. J. Stapfer, C. Seitz, Hermann Spahn, J. Simoni, J. C. Schlachter, H. Sallenbach, E. Solari, E. Scheitlin, C. Schuhmacher, E. F. Stutzer, John Zimmermann, Peter Schmid, Chas. Taller, H. De Val- liere, C. Vicarino, A. Weber, W. A. de Wattewil, Chas. Zimmermann, and Oscar Zollikoffer.
"Ladies: The wives of the aforementioned, then also Miss Billon, Mrs. Bruck, Mrs. Biirgi, Mrs. Daniker, Mrs. Chadik- Groschel, Mrs. Colin, Mrs. Aug. Cordier, Mrs. H. G. Eil- hemius, H. Ginnel, Mrs. Greuter, Mrs. Guedin, Mrs. H. Hand- richs, Mrs. Horstmann, Miss Huguenin, Mrs. P. Humbert, Mrs. Jeanneret, Mrs. Lecoultre, Mrs. L'Eplattenier, Mrs. L'Huilier, Mrs. Charles Perret, Miss Pilet, Mrs. Quinche, Mrs. S. Rey, Mrs. Rob. Rothlisberger, Miss Jeanne Roulet, Mrs. Adolph Rush, Mrs. August Saltzmann, Mrs. and Miss Schnitz- pahn, Mrs. Siebenmann, Mrs. H. Weckherlin, Mrs. Wiske- mann, Mrs. and Miss Zollikoffer."
In 1871 there was founded the "Swiss General Mutual and Benevolent society," incorporated March 15, 1872, of which the following were presidents, presumably in the order given: W. P. Molo, Chas. Taller, F. Buxdorf, Louis F. Delisle, Leon Perrelet, Frank Daulte, Th. Bluntschli, O. C. Hubler, G. Schwarz, O. Weber, Frank S. Stoklin, Jacob Kopp, H. Wirz, Otto Goldschmid. Officers in 1889 were: Ulrich Christen, Gottlieb Kaiser, and Robert Fischer. Special recognition for
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services is accorded: E. de Cranzat (sic), Aug. Cusa, Mathey and Robert.
In 1869 (the order is Steinach's) the "Griitliverein" of New York was founded by: Conrad Bryner, J. Miiller, Heinrich Brandenberger, "three Bodmer brothers", "two Scharr bro- thers", Fr. and Jacob Vetterli, C. Hosli, "and nine other Swiss". In 1886 at the quincentenary of the Battle of Sempach J. Friedrich, editor of the Schweizer Zeltung was the guest speaker and J. Griininger arranged a tableaux representing por- trayals by Vogel and Deschwanden. In 1889 the Verein had 152 members who kept a library of 300 volumes. Presidents were: Conrad Bryner, Johann Hauser, B. Buxdorf, Conrad Lohbauer, Jakob Fischer, and Franz Holer. Committee mem- bers in 1888 were: Dr. Ad. Steinach, B. Teodor, and Jakob Hanhart. Jakob Feierabend directed a number of men's choruses. Honorable mention is given J. Nageli, A. Vonfelten, M. Gasser, Chas. Gerber, G. Kupper, J. Schiess, F. Fischer, Fried. Elsinger, Emil Walchli, J. Niedermann, Jos. Holer, and Johann L. Delisle, Hermann Grob and Conrad Fatzer.
In 1849 the second Swiss Aid Society, "Helvetia Lodge No. 1", was founded by J. Wartmann. Members listed are: W. Hauenstein, J. Senn, Jakob Meyer, A. Thiirkauf, Krebs, Schinz, Gasser, Deppeler, Jakob Feierabend, Bernh. Meyer, G. Bosshard, John Hauser, C. Vonfelten. Members of Union forces in the Civil War were: Captain J. Deppeler, G. Jannot, G. Kupper, and Jos. Ricklin. Presidents mentioned are: George Feldmann, Rudin, J. Wehrli, St. Hauenstein, G. Mul- ler, A. Thiirkauf, J. Meyer, M. Krebs, Vonfelten, J. Fischer, F. Holer, and G. Feldmann. A Miss Tanner embroidered a flag which brought in $300 for charity.
In 1868 the society voted 1400 Francs for flood relief in Switzerland, $200 for charity in Chicago, and $200 for the Swiss Home.
In 1871 "Helvetia Lodge No. 2" was organized. Officers were: August Egloff, president; Karl Hohmann, secretary; Rob Fischer, treasurer. Two members who died in 1887 were Strebel and Joh. Rohner.
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A society of Tessiners founded in 1869 had the following members: W. P. Molo, president, Joh. Simoni, Giovanni Roselli, the Delmonico Brothers, "whose employees largely belong to this society," and the members, Solari, Buzzini, Cusa, and Barca, "to whose generous support this organization's success is due."
At the first meeting of "Helvetia Lodge No. 217" (A.O.U.W.) in 1887, there were present: Aug. Calame, Jean Roth, Gust Chappuis, Fred Montandon, and "eleven others".
In other connections are recorded the names of George Feldmann and Heinrich Schlatter, president and secretary of a Swiss baker's club 1871-1880; Alb. Sellmann, president of a union of 200 embroiderers, and the "factory of Sturzenegger in Melrose." Furthermore, John Hauser, organizer of the Dufour Gun club, of which J. Miiller and G. Schwarz were captains and August Egloff and H. Hochuli, officers.
A Swiss Ladies Aid society founded in 1873 by "eighteen Swiss women, among them: C. Bereuter, Marie Meier, A. Miil- ler, Elis. Krebs, Anna Alder, R. Corrodi, L. Schinz," had seventy-four members in 1888. Officers were: Mrs. C. Bereuter, president; Mrs. A. Frechen, secretary; and Mrs. R. Fischer, treasurer.
Founded in 1849, the Helvetia Rifle club, reorganized in 1853 with two-thirds of its members French-Swiss, reports the following officers at the celebration of the twenty-ninth anni- versary of its founding: Honorary President, Consul Bertsch- mann; president of the day, Mattmann; president of the club, E. Eggimann; treasurer, Alex Gordon; and members Mattmann, Rothlisberger, Eggimann, "and the late Jak. Schiess, Baumgartner, and Kubli", who are called "enthusiastic promotors of the club," which contributed generously to the Swiss Home and for fire relief in Meiringen.
A Swiss athletic club organized in 1871 was directed by Heinrich Hof acker; the presidents named are: T. Chappuis, L. Epplatinier, Th. Hintermann. The club's prize-winners were Paul Feierabend, Gschwind, Colomb, and Rickenbach.
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Anthony and Runk, owners of a riding academy, have gone down in Steinach's history for providing horses free of charge for the parade of the Swiss youth celebration in 1888.
The first Swiss male chorus, "Helvetia Mannerchor", of New York, was organized in 1858 by J. Iselin, L. Hohl, Jordan, Clemens, H. Egli, Dreyfuss, Keller, Adams, Kiinzli, Dr. Steinach, Leuthy, Schlatter, Hindelang, Giirtler, Ziillig, Zell- weger, "and a few others". Von Arx was the first director, followed by R. Schmelz. Presidents were: Durr, Leuch, A. Weber, A. Bryner; outstanding soloists E. Methfessel, Burkhard, Hemmy; other members: Bosshard, Raetzer and Garnjost.
The French-Swiss male chorus, "Helvetienne", was or- ganized in 1877 by Jak. Jakard, Eug. Langetin, Louis F. Delisle, Chs. Taller, Jean Rusterholz, Jules Kupfer, Bernard Melijia, Fr. Schindler, Forni and A. Aubin. "The first year Dupuis was director, since then Dr. E. Vicarino." Chas. Tal- ler was the president since its inception. "The ladies: Taller, E. and B. Schopper, and Calame", are named as donors of a flag in 1888.
Other musical organizations recording names of members are: 1) "Grutli Mannerchor", founded 1869. Its directors were Geiger, Chas. Miiller, Sauer, Jacob Feierabend, Rob. Gmiir, and J. Werschinger; presidents: Johann Hauser, R. Schweizer, J. Zollinger, and A. Kaiser; and members H. Hof acker, B. Teodor, Jak. Hanhard, and Oswald; 2) "Jura Mannerchor" founded in 1869 with H. Florian Gschwind as director; Fridolin Trumpi, Pletscher, W. Stamm, Kasp. Wild, A. Walte, and H. Gassermann, presidents; and secretaries "for many years", Christ Burkhardt, Fritz Schwarz and A. Nuss- baumer; 3) "Mannerchor Santis", founded in 1881. Its presi- dents were Charles Oswald, A. Reis, A. Meier, and Heinrich Brunner. 4) "Winkelried Mannerchor" founded in 1887, with Xaver Holer as president; A. Weiss, secretary; R. Gmiir, di- rector; and Pastor Lang, guest speaker. 5) The mixed chorus, "Alpina", founded in 1871. Joseph Gruber was president and Karl Buol, Jakob Feierabend, Paul Pinkert, and Florian
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Gschwind were directors. 6) The mixed chorus, "Helvetia", founded in 1884, had J. Oehninger and J. Stahl as presidents.
A Swiss dramatic club, which was organized in 1887, in- cluded among its members: Heinrich Hof acker, M. Meissner, Mr. and Mrs. Thiele, Mr. and Mrs. Schweizer, Ehrsam, Ho- nesta, Gremli, and Hofacker as stage manager. The acting of Martha Hofacker, aged nine, taking the part of Walther Tell, won for her a place on the stage of the Academy of Music.
A political club, organized in I860 by F. Buxtorf, "was dis- solved after the election of A. Lincoln to the presidency of the United States". Another, founded in 1876, which "the Ameri- can, J. B. Hodgskin, strongly supported with words and a check for $100, and which Prof. J. Ahrens gave the benefit of his erudition and experience", elected C. A. Hubler, president; J. Hauser, treasurer; Dr. A. Steinach, vice-president; and J. Hippenmeier, secretary. The aim was to unite all Swiss voters and "the better elements of the native and immigrated popula- tion" to fight corruption and "the political rings, which are ruining the country."
The "Societa Patriotica Liberale Ticinese" had as its presi- dent B. Malijia. The officers of the "Club of former Tech- nicians of Zurich" were Colonel Briistlein and A. Reiser of New York and S. Heinzen of Boston.
Finally, and certainly in some respects, most significant, is the Swiss social and literary society, "Schweizer Club", founded by Rob. Strieker and Joh. Friedrich and others in 1884. It num- bered among its members architects, engineers, army officers, journalists, physicians, government officials, clergymen, educa- tors, and other professional and business men. The founder and chairman, Rob. Strieker, was an engineer. Many of the names are familiar from the rosters of other societies. Those recorded include: Colonel Briistlein of the Swiss army and Major Brupacher; Abraham Speich, journalist; physicians: Dr. von Wattenwyl, Dr. Tiegel, Dr. Stutzer, Dr. S. Fischer, Dr. Salathe, and Dr. Aeschmann; Pastor B. Kriisi; Consul Bertschmann; Vice-consul Roberts, Muhlemann and Oskar Zollikofer^/Vj; Professors L. Perrelet and Lemp of Hartford, Stager and Lador of Brooklyn, and A. Ziillig of Princeton;
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hotel directors: Mouquin and the Delisle Brothers; importers: Abegg, Daeniker, the Benziger Brothers, Bilwyler, Galle & Co., J. Gerber, J. Iselin, Iselin Neeser & Co., Alfr. Merian, A. Rap- pard, Roethlisberger, and Simon. The Benziger Brothers and Consul Korrodi of Philadelphia are celebrated for presenting books to the library. The club was no doubt an influential one in the city of New York and even beyond the confines of the city. It published a monthly "Review" and sponsored popular lectures.3
"Prominent officials, military personages, scholars, artists, business- and tradesmen of New York" reads the heading of a special section presenting a mass of names in these different groups, sometimes without full identification, sometimes in form of a kind of Who's Who.
Public officials: Louis P. de Luce (Swiss Consul 1844-74), in New York since 1816, died in 1877 at the age of 84, and was succeeded by Hr. Jak. Bertschmann; Vice-consul Adrian Iselin, who was succeeded by J. C. Robert; M. L. Miihlemann, assistant in the treasury department; J. Handrich, postal serv- ice; Dr. A. Ruppaner, assistant commissioner; Jac. Koenig, customs official; A. Girard, steamboat inspector; Dr. Theo. Walser, harbor quarantine service; Fred R. Condert, attorney at law; G. Washington Gastlin, police captain; Ernest Dreher, school trustee; J. Naesch, fire department; Oskar Zollikoffer, city councilman; Robert Strieker, public school architect; Chas. Sporry and "the late" A. C. Hubler, notaries.
Soldiers: The list begins with Major John Andre, executed as a spy in the Revolutionary war, and greatly honored by the British with burial in Westminster abbey. His parents were natives of Geneva. Civil-war soldiers of Swiss descent include: Colonel J. A. Mosch, of the 83rd regiment of the New York volunteers; Trepp, Zurfluh, Komli, Morelli, Gerber, who were
8Steinach gives the topics of some of these lectures: by the Rev. Mr. Kriisi, "Jeremias Gotthelf", "Mirabeau", and "Ulrich Zwingli"; by Professor Lemp, "iiber thierischen Magnetismus" ; by Dr. de Wattewyl, "uber den Mesmeris- mus" ; by Doctor Tiegel, "fiber Infektions-Krankheiten" ; by Professor Lador, "La Literature de la Suisse franchise" ; by C. L. Miihlemann, "Wie das Geld von der V.-St.-Regierung gemacht wird" ; by Prof. L. A. Stager, "uber die Pflege der Muttersprache" ; by J. Friedrich, "uber hervorragende Schweizer in Amer- ica"; and by J. Ziillig, "uber die Faustsage".
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all killed in action, and Captains Aeschmann and Fellmann, who were wounded.
Clergymen: B. Kriisi, officer of the Swiss Aid society; Pastor Lang in Melrose; Pastor Grandlienard of the French- Swiss church ; Pastor Schlegel of the Avenue B and Fifth street church; Pater Frey, St. Joseph's, who introduced the order of Capuchins into America, and Pater Bonaventura, founder of many Capuchin monasteries in America.
Physicians: Drs. Felix Nordemann; Christ Cavelti; Jakob Fischer; E. Wyler; Wolfermann; J. Wattewyl, and Vicarino. Two physicians Drs. Buscher and Tiegel returned to Switzer- land.
Dentists: J. L. Miller and Robert Grob.
Lawyers: the Coudert Brothers and Charles Hassler.
Teachers in private and in public schools: Math. Nieder- mann; Jakob Feierabend; Nothiger; Dr. Rudolph Hirzel; L. Perrelet; E. de Crauzat (sic); C. A. Hubler; Heinrich Hof acker.
Journalists and literati: Adolf Ott; Jakob and John Feiera- bend; J. J. Friedrich; Abraham Speich; Friih, who returned to Switzerland, and Frank Daulte.
Publishers: Benziger Brothers, originally from Einsiedeln, with offices in New York, Philadelphia, Cincinnati, and Chi- cago, directed by Adelrich Benziger, who died 1878; Swiss Publ. Co.: Konrad Bryner; Chr. Krebs & Co. Printers and employees: Ehrsam; Stager; Burkhardt; Rusterholz.
Officials of the consulate: Dr. Pestalozzi; Farner; Kubli.
Musicians: Oskar Grisch, Emil Kuenzli, Pfannenschmidt, Rosa Miiller, Chr. Emil Buol, director of an orchestra; Peter Rotschi, A. von Arx, first director of the Swiss male chorus; Col. Xaver Zeltner, R. Grmir, Dr. Vicarino.
Plastic and graphic artists : Johann Moser, sculptor ; Buss and Grob, monuments and ornamental fire places; Madam Vouga, painter of flowers; J. Gubser, immigrant from Solothurn; Adolph Miiller, portrait painter; Vogeli, landscape painter; Xaver Meyer, sceneries; Graf, embroidery designer; Bachmann, photographer; Rud. Schweizer, glass painter.
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Electro-technicians: Kriisi of Appenzell, foreman in Edison's plant, and "others in the factories of New York and Menlo Park, New Jersey."
Engineers and architects: Otto Griininger, Jos Eisenring, Louis Dreyer. Griininger, a railroad and bridge builder in America and Switzerland, constructed the Eigi railway on the model of the White Mountain railroad.
Manufacturer of dentists' instruments, later associated with Thomas Edison in Schenectady, Aug. C. Weber of Zurich. Maker of artificial eyes, P. Gouglemann. Manufacturers of musical instruments: Paillard & Co. and Theod. Hintermann.
Embroiderers: Jacob Schiess, J. Sturzenegger, J. Deppeler, H. Roggwiller, Mrs. Schiess and Niederer.
Silk manufacturers: Jos. Deppeler; Kammerer, Joh. Schlat- ter, Gust, and Gottlieb Brunner, Htirlimann, Alb. Thomann, Heidenrich and Matter, Sam Bertschi.
Maker of textile machines: John Huber.
Importers of silk and textiles: C. Iselin, Neeser & Co., J. Iselin, Escher, Abegg, Ruesch & Co., Merian. The "old veteran Neukom" is an employee of Iselin's.
Importers of watches and clocks: Robert, Matthey.
Manufacturers and importers of cheese and dairy products: Roethlisberger & Gerber, J. Gerber, Manz, Galle & Co.
Exchange brokers: A. Zwilchenbart & Co.; H. Georg Ehrat, who returned to Switzerland; Arnold Imobersteg.
Owners or managers of hotels and restaurants: M. Gasser, Spaus, Gustav Gasser, Edw. Pflugi, Mrs. Niedermann, M. Schinz, Steinhausli, Jos. Keller, A. Stehli, Jacob Wahrenberger, Jacob Niedermann, Ferd. Stossel & Hindelang, Mouquin, Delisle, Weber & Engel, and the Delmonicos.
"With other firms" are: Ch. Aug. Weber, Rudin, Meyer & Bryner brothers, manufacturers of shoe-maker's machinery.
Upon paying tribute to the practical sense of the American, who knows how to value the Swiss-trained technician and has enough foresight to place him to best advantage, Steinach cites the following examples:
"Hoe's & Co. employs a number of Swiss as machinists: Mathias Krebs, Gottlieb Miiller, and Jak, Kiindig; elsewhere
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J. Christ, is similarly employed; Jos. Ungerer, is head chemist at Colgates; and Lorenzo Hohl is foreman in a piano factory. Jul. Wirz is the secretary of a German Baker's union."
At this point Steinach is constrained to put in a good word for the Swiss tavern keepers, too. However, he apologizes for not printing a complete directory of their places of business "for want of space and also because we are not acquainted with many of them". As to the rogues' gallery — he is openly de- sirous of doing the gentlemen full justice. Devoting a para- graph to the various crooks and criminals among his compa- triots, he rejoices in the fact that there are so few. "Nur selten wirft auch ein geflecktes Schaf einen Schatten auf die Landsleute".
"In the state of New York", he continues, "we still find large Swiss colonies in Brooklyn, College Point, Rochester, Buffalo, Syracuse, Utica, Troy, and Salamanca, and individual Swiss in almost all counties." Towns are then briefly described, sometimes historic points of interest are summarized, followed by an account of Swiss organizations and activities in the places mentioned together with rosters of names.
Brooklyn
Formerly a separate municipality, now a borough of New York, Brooklyn during the seventies and eighties was the home of many prominent Swiss. Its oldest mutual-aid society was the "Grutliverein", founded in 1867, and of which Joh. A. Meier was president; Rudolph Briner, vice-president; Tobias Wenzinger, secretary; and Joh. A. Voigt, treasurer.
The officers of the "Schweizerbund", founded in 1885, were: Gottlieb Miiller, president; Hermann Thomann, vice- president; Tobias Wenzinger, secretary; and Jakob Hofer, treasurer.
Officers of the "Wilhelm Tell Mannerchor" were: Johann Spiess, president; Rud. Ruckstuhl, secretary; A. Meier, treas- urer; and J. W. Meyer, director. A speaker at one of the banquets was A. Bryner.
The "Schweizer Mannerchor", organized in 1886, cultivated the singing of Swiss folksongs and the production of works of
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such Swiss composers as J. Heim, G. Weber, C. Attenhofer, and Ph. Gaugler. The director was Ed. Haussener; president, Eugen Schneider; vice-president, Heinrich Corrodi; secretary, Johann Brodmann; and treasurer, Basil Hof.
A dramatic club, the "ABC Club", founded in 1886, made no notation of its list of members.
Officers of the mixed chorus, "Alpenrosli", were: Jakob Walter, president; Sophie Briitsch and Rob. Haussener, secretaries; Josephine Kohl, treasurer; and Ed. Haussener, director.
The "Schweizerischer Volksfestverein" listed as its officers: Jos. Hauser, president; Joh. Miiller and J. Wetter, secretaries; and Andreas Meier, treasurer.
Other Swiss organizations included the French Swiss chorus, "Les Amis reunis", and the "Wilhelm Tell Schiitzenkorps" a gun club under Captain R. Wegener. Names of members are not given.
Then there are entered: Heinrich Hanselmann of St. Gall, supervisor of the sixteenth ward, whose four sons were all or- dained into the priesthood; L. A. Staeger and "the French- Swiss Lador", professors at Polytechnic Institute; C. Schlatter and Max Schuler, practicing physicians ; N. Sprenger, veterinary surgeon; J. Brandenberger of Zug, and Stampfli of Bern, pharmacists; J. Frey, musician and composer of repute; Jean- nout & Scheibler, manufacturers of watch cases; Fr. Ecaubert, "an excellent physicist and mathematician and an expert in the manufacture of scientific instruments"; Adolph Bryner, "a manufacturer of music boxes and an expert watchmaker"; S. Sporry, coppersmith; Wegmann and Jakob Hertlein, furniture manufacturers; and J. Johann Keller, who had emigrated from Basel in 1840 and had become head of Bnistlein, Koop, and Co., importers of drugs. He was active in the Swiss aid-societies and died in 1885.
Rev. John Meury, ordained into priesthood in Switzerland, was converted to Protestantism and accepted the pastorate of the German Reformed congregation at Melrose. In 1870 he became pastor of the Presbyterian church at Hopkinson street, Brooklyn, where he remained for many years and built up a
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large congregation. University trained, a lover of music and cultural refinements, the Rev. Mr. Meury, through his energetic personality, exerted a strong influence in Brooklyn.
Other well-known Swiss of the period were: John Sutter, Andreas Meyer, Hof & Murbach, J. J. Weber, Jac. Hofer, cap- tain of a rifle company; Karl Frankhauser, Jos. Rickli of St. Gall, Jos. Benziger of Einsiedeln, who died in 1888; and Felix Jaeggi.
College Point
In this New York suburb, then of Queens county, there was a colony of some 150 Swiss, who in 1885 organized a mixed chorus which was directed by Albert Steinfeld. Other officers were: Joh. Graflin, president; August Pfenninger, secretary; and Gottlieb Platz, treasurer. Others named are: J. Oettiker; Louis Winnistorf er ; Hiltikerfszc), and Simmen, a veterinary surgeon. The silk manufacturers Funke & Staempfli employed a large number of Swiss. In 1887 there was effected a further expansion of the industry under the direction of Staempfli and Felix Jaeggi.
Rochester
Rochester was a city of 90,000 inhabitants when Steinach made his report. He estimates the size of the Swiss colony at 1,000. There were four major Swiss organizations: (1) The "Schweizer-Verein," founded in 1861, which on the Fourth of July, 1888, sponsored an elaborate pageant of Swiss heroes in armor, horsemen and crossbowmen in parade, twenty-two girls in costume representing the cantons, and tableaux commemo- rating the five-hundredth anniversary of the battle of Nafels — and incidentally the hundred-twelfth of American inde- pendence; (2) The "Swiss Club," founded in 1885, which had as its president Alois Wirth, and as secretary, Karl Meier. At one of its festivities it invited the speakers: Dr. Richard Bleuler, from Glarus, and Rudolph Holliger; (3) The "Schweizer Mannerchor," founded in 1880 and directed by H. Gaugler; and (4) the "Helvetia Mannerchor," also founded in 1880, and directed by Gaugler. In 1885 the last two named
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clubs were consolidated. The president was L. Bohrer, and the secretary, Emil Hirt. In 1888 there was also formed a Swiss rifle club.
Individuals identified are the following: In the postal serv- ice: Johann Buchmuller and J. Sutter; members of the city council as aldermen and supervisors: Louis Bohrer and Samuel Dubelbeis; clergyman: the Rev. Mr. Oberholzer of St. Gall at the Rodoman church; physician: Dr. Richard Blueler; superintendent of the Cunningham Wagon Works: Samuel Kiinzi; inn-keepers and miscellaneous tradesmen: Strucken, builder; Spielmann, harness maker; and Hilsiker, baker.
Inns and Taverns: Christ. Galli, Jos. Kaufmann, Sam Luscher, Dominik Oeschger, Christ. Gfeller, J. J. Jenni, Bohrer and Stierlin.
In 1888 the death of three settlers who had come in the fifties is recorded: M. Isermann and Johann Kohler from Berne, and Caspar Suter from the canton of Aargau. Other deaths were those of Anton Riiegg, St. Gall; Christ. Sutter, from Solothurn, a veteran of the 140th New York infantry; Andreas Huber, from Thurgau; and Math. Luchsinger, from Glarus.
Buffalo
In Buffalo, then a city of 157,000 inhabitants, there were 3,000 Swiss scattered over various parts of the city. There were four Swiss organizations, two of which were mutual-aid socie- ties, and two musical and social clubs. Stephan Reimann was president, and U. Indermaur, secretary, of the "Schweizer Unterstiitzungs Verein," which supported flood relief in Swit- zerland in 1872, gave aid to victims of the Chicago fire, sup- ported sufferers of the Memphis fever epidemic, and raised funds for those stricken by disaster elsewhere. Members men- tioned include: Johann Kiener and Johann Munger, the founders; and M. Blend. Officers of the "Grutliverein" were: Joh. Dubs, president, and H. Vaterlaus, secretary; those of the "Gesangverein Helvetia" were: J. O. Meyer, president, and Hegar, secretary. The president of the "Helvetia Mannerchor" was J. Lutz; the secretary, Rebhuhn; and the director, F. Federlein.
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Mention is also made of the following: Jac. Matter, "for sixteen years in the city comptroller's office"; J. J. Aeschbach, from Basel, who died in 1887, clerk in the assessor's office and the department of public charity; Wm. Gisel, from Schaff- hausen, a member of the city council; Frank Spoerry, from the canton of Aargau, who arrived in the fifties, and at his death in 1887 was known as "Schweizer-Vater" and noted for his benevolence; the brothers Jakob and Stephan Reimann also of Aargau, the latter a superintendent of the building and construction firm, Churchyard & Co.; John Wampfler, a teacher; Eugene Schulthess, car inspector; Ulrich Indermaur of St. Gall, superintendent of "a large painter's concern"; Fr. Sporri, brewer; John Kiener, Jos. Brunner, Felix Besancon, Bach, Miihlebach, and Huber.4
Swiss families in the vicinity of Buffalo were: Mr. and Mrs. John Schweigert, who had arrived from the canton of Thurgau in 1885 and who celebrated their golden wedding anniversary in 1884; Jacob Eberhardt, who died in 1888, an immigrant from Freiburg; Dr. George Seiler, a practicing physician at Alma, where there was a settlement of Swiss farmers; and George Stoll, of Suspension Bridge, for many years the proprietor of the Niagara House.
Syracuse
There were about 300 Swiss in Syracuse in 1889- The benevolent society "Griitliverein" was organized in 1866. Its officers were: Fr. Knobel, president; and Jos. Hefti, secretary. Other names listed for Syracuse include: J. Kocher of Zurich, designated as the owner of a wagon shop; Mich. Aner, super- visor; and Jos. Wallier, who has "a prominent position" in Onondago county, where 150 Swiss are reported to have settled.
In Jefferson county, some forty miles north of Syracuse, Swiss are employed "in almost all cheese factories," among them
4 Names recorded elsewhere which might be added here are: the Bernhard brothers, and John and Fred Huber. Among those who settled during the sev- enties and eighties were: Jos. and John Biihlmann, Peter Egloff, Alois Eichhorn, John Gisel, Henry Keller, Wm. Lutz, Conrad Mettauer, Chas. Schuerpf, John Schlupp, Jos. Alois Vogt, John Meier, Mathias Spiegel, Xaver Schifferli, Henry Keller, Benj. Steg, and Thos. Marrer.
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John Schlaeppi with Baumert & Co. Another report states, "Gerber in New York has seven cheese factories". The cheesemakers of Jefferson county are from Simmenthal.
Utica
The first Swiss benevolent society of Utica, a town of 33,000 including but 300 Swiss, was founded in 1867. The officers were: Peter Knutti, president; and Christian Miiller, secretary. Other individuals mentioned are: Nikol. Sigrist, member of the city council, and J. Werren, dairy farmer, who died in 1888 at the age of 83 years.5
Troy
In this Mohawk Valley city, a Swiss benevolent society was organized in 1870. Two of the charter members living in 1888 were Nik. Tschumi and Joh. Seeberger. Others not mentioned by Steinach were: Gust Geiser, J. Christen, B. Lenzlinger, Jos. Keel, Fritz Kohler, Louis Martin, Rud. Miiller, and Franz Tobler.
Albany
There were but a few Swiss settlers in the state capital, where, however, a Swiss society was organized as early as 1809. Pioneers reported for Albany but not given by Steinach were: Joh. Glass, Jac. Kuhn, Martin Kaelin, Frank Kilcher, Amanz Wiggli, Rud. Schaffner, and Fritz Rauch.
Amsterdam
A number of Swiss settled in Amsterdam in the eighties. In 1892 they formed a benevolent society. Pioneers included: Carl Biirki, Gottlieb Geiger, Nic. Kiinzli, Carl Bosshard, Andrew Eschler, Peter Jud, and David Siegenthaler.
6 Names recorded elsewhere which might be added here are: Caspar Ammann, Chris. Abbuehl, Jacob Eschler, John Frey, David Hiltbrand, Fritz Johr, John Jonngen, Christian Klopfen, Christian Urfer, Xaver Wyss, and Ulrich Huggler.
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Elsewhere in New York State
A Swiss social club existed in Salamanca, where the members were mostly employed by the Salamanca Embroidery company. In Elmira there were in the eighties about thirty or forty Swiss families; among them, S. Frey, mentioned as director of a tobacco company. Other settlers are: J. Feldmann, proprietor of the Schuyler hotel in Richfield Springs; the brothers John and Gottlieb Frey, owners of vineyards in Hammondsport ; Joh. Huber, music director and superintendent of the county home for the poor, who was robbed and murdered in 1885; Kornel Uster, a noted painter, who died in 1885; Christian Klossner, a Bernese, reported to have started the first cheese factory in Highmarket, Lewis county, in the early sixties, and who died in 1884 at 72; and Professor Ludwig of Bern, "an excellent pulpit orator and linguist".
NEW JERSEY
Hudson County
Today Hudson county, in which Jersey City and Hoboken are situated, contains the largest Swiss colony in the eastern part of the United States. Fifty years ago there were Swiss settlements in Guttenberg, Union Hill, West Hoboken, Hudson City, Jersey City, and Greenville. Since then other towns, like West New York and Weehawken, have grown up, while Union Hill, West Hoboken, and Hudson City were consolidated to form Union City.
Guttenberg
When Steinach made his compilation half a century ago the town of Guttenberg opposite New York City had only about a score of Swiss, some of them members of Swiss organizations in the metropolis. Mention is made of: Fridolin Triimpi of Glarus, owner of brass works; Heinrich Kiibeli, wood-carver; H. Baumann, milk distributor; E. Eckert, owner of a furniture store; and the Bernhard brothers, employed in a lumber mill, one as foreman, the other as machinist.
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HOBOKEN
Union Hill, West Hoboken, and Hoboken, three contiguous towns, contained many Swiss, both French and German, who were employed in the local silk and embroidery factories. They organized several clubs, among them a benevolent society, a rifle club, and in May, 1887, a male chorus. Officers of the latter club were: Johann Tobler, J. M. Ott, Erh. Schmidt, H. Hauenstein, and Sebastian Locher. Officers of the rifle club were: Captain J. Tobler and Jakob Aeschbach. Others who receive mention are: Leo Borner, Emil Durr, and Eugen Baen- ziger. Members of the "Swiss Harmony club" include: "President Miiller, Secretary Kohler, and Director R. Gmiir".
The silk industry of West Hoboken was one of considerable importance. In Union Hill the factory of Lukmayer and Schafer was managed by a Swiss named Stapfer. In West Hoboken the silk factory of Peter Freitag and Rob. Siegfried was destroyed by fire, July 2, 1887. The firm of Schwarzen- bach-Landis located in Thalwyl, Zurich, maintained a branch in West Hoboken, the Schwarzenbach Silk Co., an affiliate of the silk-importing firm Schwarzenbach, Huber, & Co., in New York, whose managing director was Jul. Mahler. This firm was the successor of E. Otz. Rob. Otz, architect, and Mahler, both from the canton of Zurich, were killed in a building col- lapse while supervising extended construction at the plant. Then there are John Tobler, gunsmith; Jul. Abegg of Zurich, who is an expert in the manufacturing of silk, and died in 1886; Peter Schmied of Glarus, who is "a capable etcher"; "Nageli's Hotel" in Hoboken "near the boat landings"; H. Zellweger's Cassino; Leo Borner, and the inn-keepers of West Hoboken and Union Hill: And. Dennler, Fr. Kienast, A. Loop, Jos. Studli, Rud. Altorfer, Sim. von Bruns, J. Strasser, Fred. Lieber, Joh. Immer.
Hudson City and Jersey City
A Swiss benevolent society, founded in Hudson City, March 19, 1887, elected J. Bar, president, and J. Gisling, secretary. In Jersey City the names of Fried. Hauser, a building con-
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tractor from Berne, member of the city council, and J. B. Schmiedhauser, are deemed worthy of note.
Newark
In 1889 Newark had a population of 175,000 and a Swiss colony of some 800. It had a "Grutliverein" founded in 1864, and several musical societies. Among the names given by Steinach were the following: Peter Blumer, Joh. Diirr, Ch. Richiger, Emil Uebelmann, George Kagi, "Dirigent Berge" of the Helvetia Mannerchor, Eduard Heer, the Rev. Mr. Girtan- ner, H. Mantel, R. Nageli, Jak. Hunziker, Dr. Charles Zeh, Dr. A. Herzog, Dr. Mager, and Dr. Max Tissot of Neuchatel, practicing physicians; J. Widmer, owner and operator of a machine shop; and Wyss & Sons, cutlery works, where several hundred helpers were employed. There are Swiss jewelers, watchmakers, workers in leather and silk, and dealers in liquor. Ch. Richiger, formerly of Columbus, Ohio, in 1884 became manager of a watch factory in Newark. Deaths reported for 1886 are those of: Joh. Hasler of Zurich, an officer in several Swiss societies; Jos. Seiler, from Aargau, a machinist and charter member of the "Griitliverein" and the male chorus; Jos. Stocker, who had come to America in 1848 ; and Jak. Rodel, a Civil- War veteran and resident of Newark for forty years. Others who died in the following year, 1887, are: Nikol. Babi, painter; Daniel Vetter of Zurich, and Jakob Ruschli of Canton Basel.
Paterson
At the falls of the Passaic river the "Society for Establishing Useful Manufactories" early encouraged the development of industry. The first silk factory was established there by John Ryle in 1840. When the reporter visited Paterson in 1855 he found in the city of 16,000 only three Swiss: Tanner, a brewer; Jos. Jackli of Lucerne, machinist; and Jos. Jost, a tinsmith. In 1889 Paterson had a population of 75,000 and a Swiss colony of 2,500, the majority of whom were employed in the ninety- three silk factories the city could then boast of. Members of the Swiss mutual-aid society included: Jak. Horand, Joh. Sie-
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grist, F. Jaggi, Jak. Walder, Birsfelden, Miesch, Scheibler, Massmiinster, and Dr. Hengeler. In 1878 the society supported compatriots during the yellow-fever epidemic in New Orleans.
Another benevolent society of the Swiss had among its officers and members: Jak. Grieder, Arnold Renz, August Rahm, Jak. Riischlin, W. Schmidt, and A. Seliner. A third, had the following members and officers: Chr. Pfister, Emil Tschopp, Jos. Meyer, and Arnold Fluhbacher. Three musical organizations list: Jos Ruegg, J. Sigrist, Germain Wiestlisbach, J. Koch, Heinrich Weiler, director; Miss Sprich, A. Strehli, Jakob Steiner, Reinhard Opitz, J. Brauch, J. Gross, E. Kuhn, F. Massminster, H. Streiff, Herr Weise, director; J. H. Weiler, Phill. Rheiner, Miss Elise Kaufmann, Ernst Bartel, Miss Emma Scheller, Rudolf Glaser, Jos. Sigrist, Albert Seliner, Michael Saal, director; Jak. Walder, Albin Wietlisbach, Grossenbacher, J. Grieber, Dietrich, Kunzli, Haberli, Zimmer, and Dr. Henggeler from Zug.
Identifications and short biographical notes supplement the lists as follows: Germain Wietlisbach from Aargau, an edu- cated young man of literary ability, died at the age of twenty- eight years in 1887. He was editor of the Wanderer am Passaic. Albin Wietlisbach, brother of Germain, began manufacturing silk thread and ribbons in 1879, and came to be one of the members of the Neuburger Braid company. "Jakob Horand and Son" from Basel, "in America since 1872", established a silk ribbon factory. The company then specialized in moire textiles. Friedrich Grossenbacher from Bern was manager of a silk manufacturing concern in Centreville. Jakob Sigrist and J. Misch held leading positions at Johnson, Cowdin and Co., silk factories. Jakob Weidmann was president of the Weidmann Silk Dyeing Co., 'one of the largest establishments of its kind in America." Johann Grisch began making silk handkerchiefs in 1879. Jakob Walder of Zurich was employing a hundred workmen in his factory for the production of textile equipment. Joh. Straub established a similar manufactury in 1874.
In the trades and mercantile shops: Jos. Schadegg and Jak. Vogel, meat cutters; Jos. Kunzi and Schropfer, grocers; Louis Piguet, jeweler; M. Antoni, manager of a shoe shop; Arnold
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Scherrer from St. Gall, founder of a number of Swiss societies, and returned to Switzerland; Konrad Straub, Civil-War vet- eran, manager of the St. Charles hotel and the hotel in the Lackawanna railroad station; Johann Sutter from canton Basel, silk weaver, who died in 1887; Peter Tanner, a Swiss war veteran, who died in 1888; Jakob Giebel, "well-known gardener", who died in 1888; and Jos. Savory, a dealer in wines.
Elsewhere in the State
The compiler then informs his readers that in addition to those mentioned, there are residing in the state of New Jersey "many estimable Swiss" who "as professors or business people" occupy positions of honor, for example: Emil Zahner, pharma- cist in Arlington, and Merz of Sommerville, jeweler, both of St. Gall; Arnold Guyot, the Princeton geologist,7 who died in 1884; Arnold Ziillig, professor of modern languages; and Seb. Messmer of St. Gall, professor of theology at Seaton Hall Seminary, Newark, who was later appointed archbishop of Milwaukee.
Elizabeth, formerly called Elizabeth City, and Elizabeth Port, was the home of many Swiss employed in the Singer sewing machine plant. There were several Swiss societies. Among the officers and members mentioned are: Heinrich Wethli, Robert Naf, Elias Strieker, Nikol Suter, George Schottlin, H. Graber, Mrs. C. Strieker, Mrs. Sutter, Mrs. Heim, Mrs. Dubs, Mrs. Graber, and H. Graber, leader of a dramatic club. Then there was the zither trio composed of Phill. Rheiner, Marks Schottlin, and Rob. Naf; Johann Sutter, an immigrant in 1849, who died in 1886, and Gottlieb Bachofen of Zurich.
Egg Harbor, a small community in Atlantic county in the southern part of the state, where settlers were mainly engaged in grape-growing, horticulture, and truck gardening for the Philadelphia and New York markets, had among its 1,500 inhabitants in 1889 some 200 Swiss. A carpet factory also gave employment. Swiss grape-growers were: Jak. Furrer, Joh. Michel, Jak, Gysell, J. J. Fritschi, Jak. Henni, "J. Datwiller,
7 See Prominent Americans, p. 214.
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Father & Son," Jakob Kanzing, Jak. Weber, Hermann Welti, Gottlieb Durr, J. Naf, U. Geugis, J. Schadler, Joh. Kappeler, A. Blattner, and A. Weber. Recipients of prizes at an agricul- tural fair were: Jak. Furrer, Hanselmann, Schadegg, Bub, Wiithrich, Bauer, and Wettstein.
Swiss societies were formed as early as 1874. Some officers and members were: Jak. Datwiller, J. Gubler, Jak. Weber, Jos. Kappeler, J. J. Fritschi, Dr. Elmer, and Dr. Kunz-Merian.
Greenville: A Bernese named Detwiler, who was the owner of a fire- works factory employing a number of Swiss, and Jak. Schauble, a cigar manufacturer, murdered in 1887, are the only ones mentioned.
The section devoted to New Jersey is concluded with a review of the rise of the silk industry under German and Swiss leadership up to 1885. The material is based upon an article that had appeared in the Amerikanische Schweizer Zeitung.
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CHAPTER VI SWISS SPIRITUAL LEADERSHIP
AN ADEQUATE treatment of the less tangible spiritual and - cultural gifts of Switzerland to America would have to go far beyond the pale of this chapter. The influence of Pestalozzi in American educational thought alone is worthy of a major investigation. The curricular enrichment of our courses of study through Swiss literature would lend itself to an im- portant study. The place of Gottfried Keller in our schools is in itself noteworthy. There are rich contributions in the arts and scholarship. Swiss missionary activity and the part played by the early organizers of congregations and denominational colleges might constitute a separate chapter.
In the first volume of this series appear the biographies of five theologians — John Martin Henni, Martin Kuendig, Philip Schaff, Michael Schlatter, and John Joachim Zubly.1 Many others could be mentioned. The presence and activity of native Swiss clergymen in New York and New Jersey is noted by Steinach who lists: the Rev. B. Kriisi, an officer in the Swiss aid- society; Pastors Lang of Melrose, Grandlienard of the French- Swiss church, Schlegel of Avenue B and Fifth street church, Girtanner of Newark, N. J., where Messmer taught at Seaton Hall, and Meury of Brooklyn. Fathers Frey and Bonaventura introduced the order of Capuchins into America and founded many monasteries. On the Pacific coast there is the Benedictine settlement, Neu-Engelberg, (Mt. Angel) Oregon, established under Bishop Frowin, and Mount Angel college founded by Abbot Adelhelm Odermatt. A complete catalog of Swiss spir- itual leadership in the nineteenth century would be rather ex- tensive in the Catholic, Evangelical, and Reformed churches. In
xSee Prominent Americans, pp. 48-64.
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some instances the memoirs of early pastors furnish interesting source material. Thus, in the documents left by Rev. Oswald Ragatz, an immigrant from the Grisons in 1841, who set- tled in Sauk county, Wisconsin, we have "the only extended record dealing with the Sauk Swiss known to exist".2
The first minister of the gospel sent to the German Reformed settlement in Sheboygan county, Wisconsin, about the middle of the forties was a young Swiss named C. Pluss, who had been a pupil of De Wette in Basel.3 Before the middle of the next decade there had arrived three pupils of Dr. Philip Schaff in Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, among them Dr. J. J. Bossard, a native Swiss, who became one of the founders of the Mission House college and seminary near Plymouth, Wisconsin, where he held an important professorship for many years. No less than four hundred new congregations have been organized by graduates of this seminary. The German Presbyterian congre- gations and their schools were to a considerable extent sup- ported and developed by Swiss who were familiar with the presbyterial system at home. Thus in the Swiss center at Dubuque, Iowa, Christian Loetscher was for many years an elder and a director of the seminary, an institution now known as the University of Dubuque. A son of Dr. Bossard became dean and professor of theology at this seminary. Among other religious and cultural leaders of Swiss origin were Archbishop Messmer of Milwaukee, whose largeness of heart won the plaudits of admirers regardless of creed; J. B. Singenberger, the noted composer and reformer of church music; Dr. J. J. Staub, late religious leader of Portland, Oregon, and finally a goodly company of missionaries. Unique are the services of Rev. Jacob Stucki, Father Antoine Marie Gachet, and Bishop Martin Marty among native American Indian tribes.
It was in the late fifties of the last century that Gachet, a member of the Capuchin branch of the Franciscan order, and a native of Greyerz, was sent by his provincial supervisors "to
2 Ragatz, Lowell Joseph. Documents, Memoirs of a Sauk Swiss in the Wis- consin Magazine of History, 19:182-227, Dec. 1935.
3 Praikschatis, Louis and Meier, Heinr. A. Das Missionshaus der Deutsch- Reformierten Synode des Nordwestens und der Deutschen Synode des Ostens. Cleveland, 1897.
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Bishop Martin Marty, Vicar Apostolic of the Dakotas.
— Courtesy The Bulletin of the Diocese of Fargo.
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help two young secular priests of Switzerland, Rev. Gregory Haas and Rev. John Frey, in their efforts to introduce the Capuchin order in the United States."4 Born April 8, 1822, in Freiburg, he was admitted to the Capuchin order in 1841 and appointed guardian of the monastery of Freiburg. A well edu- cated and highly cultured man who had been trained in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, Father Gachet also mastered several modern languages, speaking English, French, German, and Hindustani. In 1857 he arrived in the United States and two years later was sent as missionary to the Menominee Indians on the Keshena reservation, Wisconsin, in which state he is remembered as founder of the monastery of Mount Calvary, as translator of the Gospel into the Menominee Indian tongue, and as author of a grammar of the Menominee Indian language. In 1862 he returned to Switzerland to accompany Mgr. Anastase Hartmann to India, where, upon the death of Bishop Hartmann, he declined an appointment as bishop of Patna-Bombay. Upon the advice of his physician he returned to his native Switzerland, where he died November 1, 1890. Among his works are contributions to the Revue de la Suisse catholique, the Biography of Mgr. A. Hartmann, and Cinq ans en Amerique et en Asie.
Another Catholic missionary to the American Indians was Bishop Martin Marty, O. S. B., first Vicar Apostolic of Dakota, to whose memory the faithful Indians at Yankton, South Da- kota, erected a statue of heroic size. He was born January 12, 1834, in the canton of Schwyz, the son of a shoemaker and sa- cristan of the local church. After studying at the Jesuit school at Freiburg and at the Benedictine monastery at Einsiedeln, he was admitted to the Order of St. Benedict on May 20, 1855. His first appointment was to a professorship of rhetoric at Einsiedeln, where he directed the school theater, a task for which he possessed special talent and in which he attained distinction.
In 1852, the Abbot of Einsiedeln delegated two missionaries to North America for the purpose of establishing new settle-
4 See Gachet's "Journal of a Missionary among the Redskins" 1859 in the Wisconsin Magazine of History, 18:66-76, Sept. 1934.
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merits for his order. The first Benedictine monastery of the Swiss-American congregation was founded two years later at St. Meinrad, Indiana. An attempt was made to organize a school, the development of which, however, was beset with many difficulties, until the enthusiastic Marty in I860 devoted his special attention to the enterprise. His ability and zeal were soon recognized, and in consequence he was given charge of a school in Terre Haute, which had to be abandoned a few years later for lack of workers.
In 1865 St. Meinrad was organized as a priory with Father Martin as its first prior. On September 30, 1870, Pope Pius IX elevated the institution to an abbey, which then became the mother-house of the Helveto-American congregation of Bene- dictines under the leadership of Abbot Martin, who faced the task of adapting the monastery to American conditions, super- vised the construction of a number of new buildings, and be- came instrumental in founding also the abbeys at Conception, Missouri, and Subiaco, Arkansas, and several convents for sisters.
Upon the establishment of the Indian bureau in Washington, Abbot Martin turned his attention in 1876 to the safeguarding of missionary interests in the Indian reservations. Accom- panied by Father Chrysostom Foffa, O. S. B., and a lay brother, he proceeded in the spring of that year to the Indian agency at Standing Rock, Dakota. Shortly after his arrival came the news of the massacre of Custer and his men and of the efforts then made by the government to induce the Indians to settle on res- ervations. Thereupon Abbot Martin undertook two journeys fraught with great danger to the Indians in Montana and Canada, to prevail upon Sitting Bull, Chief of the Dakota Sioux Indians, to retire to the reservations assigned to them.
A series of tasks facing Marty and his missionaries included the mastering of the language of the Indians, the training of teachers, and the preparing of a grammar, dictionary, cate- chism, and hymnal for use among the Indians. These books were printed at St. Meinrad, while a school for Indian children was opened at Standing Rock, whence new missionaries were sent from the mother-house. In the course of three years the
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new mission had become firmly established. The service of Martin was recognized when on September 22, 1879, Pope Leo XIII appointed him Apostolic Vicar of Dakota and Titular Bishop of Tiberias. A decade later he became first bishop of Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Educational institutions, agricultural and convent schools for Indian boys and girls were established at Standing Rock, Fort Totten, and Devil's Lake. Impairing his health by arduous and absorbing work and privations, Bishop Martin died September 19, 1896. At a gen- eral congress of Catholic Indians at Standing Rock on July 4, 1892, Indians of the Crow Creek tribe sang chants in Latin and Indian school children recited English poetry. Bishop Marty is also remembered as the author of the works: St. Benedict and His Order, and The Catholic Church in the United States of America.
The comparatively recent work of the Protestant Indian missionary, educator, and Bible translator, Jacob Stucki (1857- 1930), sent by the Reformed Church to the Winnebago Indians, affords a close-up picture of the life and work of a missionary and Bible translator in many respects not unlike some great prototypes, the details of whose trials and workaday achievements are forever lost to our view. Among them might be mentioned John Eliot, the Indian Apostle, who in 1663 translated the Bible into the primitive Algonquin tongue, the linguistic treasures of which wrere thus preserved for the scholarship of our day, which collected them in a great Algonquin dictionary and grammar;5 or Bishop Ulfilas, who in the fourth century devoted his life to missionary work among the Goths and about 375 A. D. translated the Greek Bible into the Gothic language, thus giving the world a priceless docu- mentation of a significant language. Beside these two imposing monuments Stucki's may well take an honorable place. The details of his life known to us so well by their proximity in time, must shed some light on parallel experiences of many great, more remote predecessors. For forty-six years a mis- sionary among the Wisconsin Winnebago Indians, who re-
6Cf. Trumbull, J. H. Bulletin 25. Bur. of Am. Ethnol. Washington.
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f erred to him as "Angel White Man", Stucki, with the help of his convert, John Stacy, translated into their primitive language, the four Gospels, the Acts of the Apostles, the Book of Genesis, and chapters of the Book of Exodus and of the Psalms.6 He was the director of the Winnebago Indian school opened in 1878 and now situated at Neillsville, Wisconsin.
Born January 23, 1857, at Diemtigen, Canton Berne, Swit- zerland, Jacob Stucki spent his childhood in the Bernese high- lands, where he early learned to know the rigors of Alpine life and the pinch of poverty. On a duly signed official tran- script of baptismal record made for the twelve-year-old boy, presumably on the occasion of his entering a secondary school, Sept. 6, 1869, is the brief but telling comment: We gen Armuth ohne Stempel. A portrayal of some of his childhood experi- ences is to be found in the brief biographical sketch by Cassel- man.7 Mention is there made of the child's early passion to emigrate to America for the purpose of fighting the Indians, and his subsequent vision of working with them. Little is known of his father. When Jacob was thirteen he was left quite alone upon the death of his grandmother, with whom he had been living while his mother was employed elsewhere. On Good Friday, 1872, he was confirmed.
There were three men who at different stages in the young man's life helped to shape his career by their unbounded confi- dence in his ability and character. The first was his village school-master, who in 1873 advanced a sufficient sum of money to enable the sixteen-year-old boy to emigrate to America. The passport is dated April 19, 1873. Full American citizenship papers were granted the immigrant September 30, 1882. Soon after his arrival at Toledo, Ohio, May 22, 1873, he was given employment in a florist and nursery business owned and oper- ated by a Mr. and Mrs. E. Suder, who later stated in a letter that Jacob was the best helper they had ever had. The confi- dence of the school-master who had advanced his fare was vindicated when the young laborer made good his determina-
6 American Bible Society, New York, 1907.
7 Casselman, Arthur V. The Winnebago Finds a Friend. Heidelberg Press, Philadelphia, 1932.
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tion to pay the debt out of his first savings. The second influ- ence was that of Rev. Christopher Schiller, pastor of the First Reformed church at Toledo, who recognized the talent and devotion of the earnest youth and encouraged him to prepare for the ministry. Accordingly, on September 4, 1877, Jacob was matriculated as divinity student at the Mission House, Ply- mouth, Wisconsin. The third influence was that of Rev. H. Kurtz, professor of theology at the Mission House, a former Roman Catholic priest and an excellently trained scholar and composer. On one occasion he is said to have been rescued by Wisconsin Indians in a blizzard, and in fulfillment of a vow later became instrumental in establishing the Winnebago Mission near Black River Falls, Wisconsin, under the auspices of the Sheboygan classis.9 It was at this mission that Stucki later completed forty-six years of hard, faithful and fruitful life. The story of the Winnebagoes has been repeatedly told. The tragedy of the outrages they suffered at the hands of the unscrupulous Whites is as touching as that of the Incas or anything in imaginative literature. The shameful consequences of thirteen successive treaties, violated and broken at every turn by the Whites, and the exploitation and gradual degrada- tion of the tribe is briefly summarized by Bolliger.10 Exten- sive ethnological researches have been conducted by the Win- nebago authority, Paul Radin.11 The removal of the Winne- bagoes from the Rock River valley, 1832-1833, is briefly told by Louise P. Kellog.12 Casselman denounces the treaty of 1837 as one of "force, fraud, faithlessness, and hypocrisy."13 Under its terms the tribe lost all its possessions east of the
9 The term classis as employed in the Reformed church denotes a convocation or body having judicatory authority lower than the synod.
10 Bolliger, Theodore P. The Wisconsin Winnebago Indians and the Mission of The Reformed Church. Central Publishing House, Cleveland, 1922.
11 Radin, Paul. The Winnebago Tribe, 37th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology 1915-16, Washington, 1923; The Influence of the Whites on Winnebago Culture, in Wisconsin Historical Society Proceedings 1913; Crashing Thunder (the autobiography of a Winnebago Peyote convert) ; Apple- ton, 1926. Mr. Radin has also contributed numerous briefer articles on Winne- bago mythology and tales; see Journal of American Folklore, 39:18; 44:143.
"Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, vol. 24, 1924.
18 Casselman, p. 21; Cf. P. V. Lawson, The Winnebago Tribe, Wisconsin Archeologist, 1907, pp. 77-160.
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Mississippi river. The treaties were brutally enforced; the Winnebagoes were driven from Wisconsin and subsequently crowded from reservation to reservation, until they had become pitifully reduced by exposure, starvation, and disease. Many "strays" ventured back to their beloved Wisconsin, but the gov- ernment used cruel methods as late as 1873 to evict them. Finally recognizing the futility of its policy and as a result of considerable public indignation, the government in 1875 pro- vided some aid for these unfortunate and homeless Indians in a homestead law allowing them to take up land in units of forty acres in Wisconsin.
In their utmost extremity, about 1875, the Winnebagoes called a council of their old and young warriors. It is reported that the former were ready to resort to war, but that the latter, strange as it may seem, opposed the suggestion. Among other things the question was naively raised: "What makes the Whiteman so strong?" upon which Indian wisdom answered: "It is what he knows that makes the Whiteman strong. If we want to help our children, we must give them the Whiteman' s learning. Only so can they stand side by side with the Whiteman' s children and no longer be dogs."14
It was consequently decided by these Indians in council at the end of their trail to build, not a palisade, but a school house, and to employ a teacher. The building was duly erected of logs, and an offering of moccasins, bead work, and trinkets was raised and given as advance payment to a blacksmith's appren- tice in Black River Falls, who offered to teach this broken rem- nant of a great tribe the learning of the White man. One of the children who attended the first school was John Stacy, who later became Stucki's invaluable helper and today lives within gunshot of the all but vanished little mound on which the building stood. But the school was soon forced to close its doors, for the teacher, versed in the ways of the White man, had found it expedient to resign.
Now it was to this abandoned school that the Sheboygan classis of the Reformed church in 1878, thanks to the interest
Casselman, p. 60.
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Winnebago Indian Matron and Girls at Their Wigwam Camp Near Black River Falls, Wisconsin.
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of Professor Kurtz, sent as missionary Rev. Jacob Hauser, to whom Jacob Stucki came as an assistant in 1884. A year later Stucki became the successor to Hauser and sole missionary and teacher.
In an undated brochure15 Stucki succinctly describes the diffi- culties faced by any would-be student of the Winnebago tongue, and incidentally reveals his grasp of the problem of helping the Indians to help themselves. His profound understanding of Winnebago mentality and his knowledge of their habits and customs supported his faith in their latent talents and potential dependableness. But thirteen long years of trial elapsed before he could win a single convert. That he did not lose heart was owing to the fact that he was not so much con- cerned with forms and conventions as with deeper spiritual loyalties. To the carrying out of this hard and beautiful work, he consecrated his life and talents, and with untiring energy, he clung to his task.
The study of the language that culminated in the translation of the Gospel proceeded systematically and intelligently. The vocabularies which he laboriously wrote down and the slowly evolved grammatical aids in his own hand are a testimony of the fact. The translation itself is not a servile or lifeless ren- dition of the original, but rather quite -unique in its appreciation of the instinctive linguistic sense of Winnebago Indian. A significant appraisal is voiced by the well-known linguist Professor Alfred Senn, who investigated the Stacy-Stucki text and the manuscripts available in Stucki' s personal library. He says, "The Bible is the most frequently translated book of all times. Not all of the 952 translations of one or more of its books, however, are of the same quality. In many instances the translators, regarding the text of the Holy Scriptures as sacred did not dare to give a real translation, instead present- ing a piece of writing that is generally called an 'interlinear version' i.e. a translation word by word without regard for the linguistic feeling. Jacob Stucki's translation certainly does not belong to this group. It is undoubtedly one of the rare
15 Stucki, J. Die Winnebago Indianer, Ihre Religion, Sitten und Gebrduche. Central Publishing House, Cleveland, O., n. d. (1895?)
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examples where a translator succeeded in rendering the Word of God into the idiomatic expressions of a non-civilized tribe and at the same time preserving the sincere tone of the original. The few shortcomings that could not be avoided in a first attempt, such as this was, help only to recognize the almost insurmountable difficulties of the enterprise".
A few telling paragraphs in Stucki's brochure make clear some of the obstacles the translator had to encounter as a be- ginner, and perhaps for many years. He says, "The language of the Winnebagoes is still quite undeveloped and therefore extremely hard to learn. It is, as I have been told by members of the Historical Society of Wisconsin, one of the most difficult of Indian languages, so that even the Jesuits are said to have given up learning it.
"There are three principal reasons why the learning of this language is not easy. The first may be said to be an external and accidental one and exists in the circumstance that the Indians for the most part speak very softly, so that it requires rather long continued practice to accustom the ear to the sounds; then also in the circumstance that they slur many syllables, rarely pronouncing words completely. The second reason is that it is no written language, and that therefore there are no aids whatsoever for learning it. The third reason and at the same time the greatest is a grammatical one and exists in the imperfection of the language itself. This imperfection shows itself first of all in the paucity of vocabulary. For many abstract ideas they have no words ; therefore such ideas must be expressed by circumlocution. The personal pronoun in the form of an independent word is almost entirely lacking; on the other hand it is expressed by means of individual letters or syllables compounded or divided as verbal prefixes, suffixes, or infixes — all manner of circumstances in which the action is performed, whether sitting, standing, or lying, whether by means of falling, pushing, or striking etc., all this is expressed in the verb, by means of one word. It is owing to this practice that the words are so extremely long — for example, I shall give you (a single object) : Hornikunkjanena, (more than one) Wornikunkjanena. We shall give you several objects: Worni-
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kunkjanihawina."16 It is perhaps more than a meaningless accident that the first random example that so beautifully sug- gested itself to the good missionary should voice the promise, "I shall give you — we shall give you."
During the trying years when there were no signs of con- verts, Stucki, who was an exceptionally gifted pulpit orator and in every respect gave promise of becoming a most desirable type of city pastor, repeatedly received invitations from churches at an attractive increase in salary. "The greatest inducement for accepting these calls to more favorable fields was the prospect of easing the lot of his wife, who had given herself almost to the limit of personal endurance to the service of the Winnebago women.17 Once when he was on the point of accepting a tempting offer elsewhere, it was his devoted wife, nee Marie Reineck, who herself induced her husband not to forsake the Indians whose faith in the tried White teacher and his wife, the mission-mother, was just beginning to take root. The missionary together with his wife and two small boys remained at their post. With the birth of the third child the tragedy of Rachel once more reenacted itself, and it became the hard duty of the bereaved father to bury his faithful co-worker. He named the child Benjamin and resolved to continue his work. It is this Benjamin who is the subject of Casselman's book, The Winnebago Finds a Friend, the present super- intendent of the Winnebago Indian school at Neillsville. It was through this death that the depth of the love and respect of the Indians who had been so hesitant about becoming con- verts made itself unmistakably clear. Day after day as the sad tidings spread, there came from far and near silent Winne- bago women with shawls over their heads to sit for hours without uttering a word beside the body of the mission-mother in the house of "waxopini" or "Angel Whiteman", as the mis- sionary had come to be called. On the day of the funeral a long procession of Winnebagoes followed the body seven miles to Black River Falls for burial, where the villagers marvelled at the strange sight. This was in 1894. Finally,
16 Ibid., p. 14.
" Casselman, p. 78.
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in 1897, four souls: David Decorah, King-of-Thunder, John Stacy, and his wife asked to be baptized. After twenty years of service in 1917 Stucki opened a free boarding school for Indian children in connection with the Mission. Children from the wide territory between the preaching stations of Green- wood in the north, Mauston in the south, Wisconsin Rapids in the east, and Trempealeau in the west came to the school.
In 1919 the Winnebago Mission and its property was trans- ferred to the Board of Home Missions of the three western German synods of the Reformed Church in the United States, this Board having assumed the entire responsibility of support- ing and directing the work among the Winnebagoes in Wisconsin.
When Benjamin, the son of Missionary Jacob Stucki, re- turned from the World War, he was appointed as teacher of the school, with the father continuing in full charge of the religious activities in the school, the community, and the out-lying settlements. The requests for admission soon exceeded the capacity of the school, so that the Board decided to erect a new building at Neillsville. The first session at the new location opened in 1921. In 1928 it was necessary to enlarge the building.
Upon the death of Jacob Stucki, May 10, 1930, the same Board elected his son, Benjamin, known as Mr. Ben in the Indian congregation, as successor to the beloved missionary who had served them so long. On July 27, 1930, the Sheboygan classis ordained Benjamin into the ministry of this congrega- tion, which now has a number of additional preaching stations served by a staff of evangelist assistants.
Both the mission on the original site and the school at Neills- ville have preserved unmistakable traces of Swiss traditions and values. They are to be seen not only in such outward touches as woodpiles of a certain neat form reminiscent of the Bernese highlands; fence openings of the peculiar, zigzag, cattle-proof type, that are common in Switzerland; the tender cultivation in the fields about the mission of wild Alpine heather imported by the elder Stucki from the land of his childhood because of his sentiment for its flora ; or the pictures of Zwingli and Calvin
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UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
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on the walls; but also in such characteristics of deeper signifi- cance as the unfailing spirit of service and thrift, a matter-of- fact acceptance of the dignity of common labor in field and kitchen that is suggestive of the household of Attinghausen in Wilhelm Tell or of the world in which Ernst Zahn's Helden des Alltags live and move.
According to a recent statement made by Superintendent Stucki, more than half of the teachers and employees who have served at the mission school have been of Swiss descent, although there has been no preference in selection on the score of national ancestry. It is simply an instance of natural gravitation on the part of men and women of common ideals born largely of common traditions.
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INDEX
ABC Club, Brooklyn, N. Y., 114.
Aargau, canton of, 26, 89, 92, 116, 117, 121, 122.
Abbuehl, Chris., 118.
Abegg, 110, 112; — H., 104; — H. J., 104; — Henry, 104; — Henry (Mrs.), 104; —Jul., 120.
Adams, 108.
Aeschbach, J. J., 117; —Jakob, 120.
Aeschmann (Dr.), 109; — (Capt.), 111.
Agassiz, Alexander, 7; — Jean, L. R., 7.
Ahrens, J. (Prof.), 109.
Akron, Ohio, 20.
Alabama, 68.
Albany, N. Y., 26, 118.
Alder, Anna, 107.
Algonquin, 129.
Allentown, Pa., 36.
Alliance, Ohio, 21.
Allisson, E., 104.
"Alpenrosli" mixed chorus, Brooklyn, N. Y., 114.
"Alpina" mixed chorus, New York, 108.
Altheer, C, 104.
Altorfer, Rud., 120.
Alvarado, Juan B., 72, 79.
American Indian tribes, 126.
American river, 79.
Amerikanische Schweizer Zeitung, 102, 106, 124.
Ammann, Caspar, 118.
Amsler family, Tex., 58.
Amsterdam, N. Y., 118.
Andre, John (Major), 110.
Aner, M., 117.
Angelo-California Nat. Bank, 100.
Anthony, 108.
Antognini, C. E., 98.
Antoni, M., 122.
Appenzell, canton of, 19, 112; — Michi- gan, 47.
Architects, 112, 120.
Arizona, 64.
Arkansas, 68.
Arlington, N. J., 123.
Artificial eyes, maker of, 112.
Arx, von, 104, 108; —A., Ill; —
Casar, 71. Atlanta, Ga., 57. Atlantic City, N. J., 51. Attenhofer, C, 114. Aubin, A., 108. Aurora, 111., 23. Austin, Tex., 58.
B
Babi, Nikol, 121.
Baccala, Louis, 96.
Bach, 117.
Bachmann, 111.
Bachofen, Gottlieb, 123.
Bader (Baumeister), 92.
Baenziger, Eugen, 120.
Baliere, H., de, 105.
Ball, Edwin (Mrs.), 92.
Bancroft, H. H., 71.
Bandelier, Adolph F. A., 7.
Banga, Henry, 7.
Barben family, 75; — Rebecca Sophie,
89. Barca, 107. Barr, J., 120. Bartel, Ernst, 122.
Basel, 92; canton of, 114, 121, 123. Bauer, 124.
Baumann, H., 119; — Gustav, 7. Baumert & Co., 118. Baumgartner, 107. Bay City, Mich., 49. BefTa, Angelo, 93. Beguelin, Henry, 104. Beller, Gottlieb, 7. Bellinzona, 97.
Benedictine, 125; — monastery, 127. Benevolent society, Hoboken, N. J., 120. Benziger, Adelrich, 111; — Brothers,
104, 110, 111; —Jos., 115; —Louis,
105.
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Beretta, Angelo, 97.
Bereuter, C, 107; — C. (Mrs.), 107.
Berge (Dirigent), 111.
Bern, 114, 119, 122.
Bernardasci, P., 99.
Bernardi, 97; — David, de, 98.
Berne, canton of, 31, 34, 56, 60, 116,
119, 121. Berne, Ind., 37; —Kan., 54; —Mich.,
47. Berner, Jacob, 92. Bernese, 124; — highlands, 136. Bernhard Brothers, 117, 119. Bernstadt, Ky., 56. Berri, M., 95. Berta, F., 96. Bertschi, Sam, 112. Bertschmann (Consul), 107, 109; —].,
104; — H. J., 110. Besancon, Felix, 117. Biaggini, 99. Bible, 127, 129, 133. Bidwell, John, 91. Billon (Miss), 105. Billwiller, Jas., 105. Bilwyler, Galle & Co., 110. Birsfelden, 122.
Black River Falls, Wis., 131, 132, 135. Blattner, A., 124. Blend, M., 116. Bleuler, Richard (Dr.), 115. Bloom, 94. Bloomington, 111., 23. Blueler, Richard (Dr.), 116. Blumer, Peter, 121. Bluntschli, Th., 105. Board of Home Missions, Reformed
church, 136. Bodmer Brothers, 106. Bognuda, 97. Bohrer, Louis, 116. Boiceau, Samson, 104. Boll, Jacob, 7. Bolliger, T. P. (Rev.), 131. Bonaita, G., 97. Bonaventura (Fr.), Ill, 125. Bonnetti, A., 98. Bontempi, Giuseppi (Capt.), 97; —
G. G., 98. Boppart, Hermann, 104. Boppe, C. Hermann, 7. Borner, Leo, 120. Bosshard, 108; —Carl, 118; —Dr.,
126; — G., 106; —J. J., 126. Boston, Mass., 52.
Bottinelli, L., 101.
Bouquet, Henry L., 7.
Bovey, J., 104.
Brandenberger, Heinrich, 106; — J., 114.
Branon, 85.
Brauch, J., 122.
Brewer, 117.
Brez, J. D., 104; —Paul, de, 104.
Bridgeport, Conn., 52.
Brigham, Whitney & Co., 97.
Brignoli, Lucia, 96.
Briner, Rudolph, 113.
Brodmann, Johann, 114.
Brookline, Mass., 52.
Brooklyn, N. Y., 19, 26, 113, 125.
Bruck (Mrs.), 105.
Brunner, 104; — Gottlieb, 112; — Gust.,
112; —Heinrich, 108; —Henry, 100,
105; —Jos., 117. Bruns, Sim., von, 120. Brupacher (Maj.), 109. Brustlein, 114; —(Col.), 109. Brutsch, Sophie, 114. Bryner, 112; —A., 113; — Adolph, 114;
— Conrad, 106; — Konrad, 106. Brynet, A., 108. Bub, 124.
Buchmuller, Johann, 116. Buffalo, N. Y., 19, 26, 113, 116. Buhlemann, John, 117; — Jos., 117. Bulletti, 94, 97. Bulotti, 100; — & Perini, 98. Buol, Chr. Emil, 111; —Karl, 108. Biirgi (Mrs.), 105. Burkhard, 108; — E., 104. Burkhardt, 111; —Christ, 108. Biirki, Carl, 118. Buscher (Dr.), 111. Buss, 111.
Bustelli, Gottardo, 100. Butte, Mont., 63. Buxdorf, B., 106; — F., 105. Buxtorf, F., 109. Buzzini, 107; — G., 98; —J., 105.
Cajori, Florian, 7.
Calame, Aug., 107; — W., 105.
Calanchini, 97.
California, 8, 17, 20, 23, 31, 42-45, 68,
71-87, 89, 99; —map of, 43. Calvin, 136. Cambria, 99- Campana, Angelo, 98.
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Campi, 96.
Canton, Ohio, 17, 20, 21.
Capella, John, 100.
Capuchin order, 111, 125, 129.
Carolinas, 68.
Carpet factory, 123.
Casselman, A. V., 131, 135.
Catholic church, 125.
Cavalli, 95; —George F., 97, 98.
Caveltti, Chr., 104; —Christ (Dr.), 111.
Cavigliano, 98.
Cayucos, Calif., 99.
Celio, 94.
Cendrars, Blaise, 71.
Centerville, 111., 26; — N. J., 122.
Cerentino, 97.
Cevio, 97.
Chadik-Groschel (Mrs.), 105.
Chappuis, Gust., 107; — T., 107.
Cheda, John, 94; — Rocco, 94.
Cheese industry, 19, 70, 112.
Chetlain, August L., 7.
Chevalley, Leon de Montreux, 7.
Chicago, 19, 23-26.
Chiesa (Mrs.), 96.
Christ, J., 113.
Christen, J., 118; — Ulrich, 105.
Churchyard & Co., 117.
Cincinnati, Ohio, 17, 20, 21, 56.
Civil-War veteran, 121, 123.
Cleaveland, Charles, 83, 84.
Clemens, 108.
Clergymen, 111, 114, 125-137.
Cleveland, Ohio, 17, 20.
Clocks, importers of, 112.
Club of Former Technicians of Zurich,
109. Coast Dairies & Land Co., 97. Colgates, head chemist, 113. Colin (Mrs.), 105. College Point, 113, 115. Coloma, Calif., 9, 91, 92. Colomb, 107. Colorado, 17, 62-63, 68. Columbus, Neb., 55; —Ohio, 17, 20. Composers, 114. Conception, Mo., 128. Condert, Fred. R., 110. Connecticut, 17, 52, 68. Conrad, Frowin (Bishop), 60, 125. Considerant, Victor, 58. Coppersmith, 114. Copper, Henry, de, 105. Cordier, Aug. (Mrs.), 105. Cordua, 84.
Corrodi, Heinrich, 114; — R., 107.
Coudert Brothers, 111.
Cowdin, 122.
Crab Orchard, Ky., 56.
Crauzat, E., de, 104, 106, 111.
Croci, 94.
Crow Indians, 129.
Cusa, 107; —Aug., 106.
Custer, massacre of, 128.
Cutlery, 121.
D
Daeniker, 110.
Dairy products, 112; see also Swiss
cheese making. Dakota, 68, 127; — Sioux Indians. 128. Dallas, Tex., 58. Dana, Julian, 71. Daniker (Mrs.), 105. Danini, William, 99. Datwiller, J., 123; — Jak., 124. Daulte, Frank, 105, 111. Davenport, la., 40. Dayton, Ohio, 20. Decarli, 97. Decoppet, L., 104. Decorah, David, 136. Defanti, 98. Delaware, 68. Delisle, 112; — Brothers, 110; — Johann
L., 106; —Louis F., 105, 108. Delmonico Brothers, 7, 107, 112; —
Chas. C, 105; —Cyrus, 93; — Law-
renz, 104. Dennler, And., 120. Denver, Colo., 62. Deppeler, 104, 106; —J., 112; —J.
(Capt.), 106; —Jos., 112. Des Moines, la., 40. Deschwanden, 106. Detroit, Mich., 49. Detwiler, 124. Detwiller, Henry, 7. Devil's Lake, N. D., 129. Diemtigen, Canton Berne, 130. Dietrich, 122.
Director, tobacco company, 119. District of Columbia, 68. Dobbas, 94. Donati, Sam., 99. Donner, George (Mrs.), 72. Donner party, 72, 81, 90. Dreher, Ernest, 110. Dreyer, Louis, 112. Drevfuss, 108.
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Droz, H. E., 105. Dubelbeis, Samuel, 116. Dubois, C. P., 105; —Geo. W., 105. Dubs, Joh, 116; —(Mrs.), 123. Dubuque, la., 39, 126. Du Four, Clarence J., 79. Dufour Gun club, 107 ; — Jean Jacques, 7. Duluth, Minn., 45. Dupuis, 108.
Durr, 108; — Emil, 120; — Emile, 105. Diirr, 86, 92; —Gottlieb, 124; —Joh., 121.
East Bernstadt, Ky., 56.
Easton, Pa., 36.
Eberhardt, Jacob, 117.
Eberle, Edward W., 7.
Ecaubert, Fr., 114.
Eckert, E., 119.
Edison, Thomas, 112.
Egg Harbor, N. J., 123.
Eggimann, E., 107.
Egli, H., 108.
Egloff, August, 106, 107; —Peter, 117.
Ehrat, H. Georg, 112.
Ehrsam, 109, 111.
Eichhorn, Alois, 117.
Eilhemius, H. G. (Mrs.), 105.
Einsiedeln, 115, 127.
Eisenring, Jos., 112.
Electro-technicians, 112.
Elgin, 111., 23.
Eliot, John, 129.
Elizabeth City, N. J., 51, 123.
Elizabeth Port, N. J., 123.
Elmer (Dr.), 124.
Elmira, N. Y., 119.
Elsinger, Fried., 106.
Embroiderers, 107, 112.
Embroidery designer, 111.
Engel, 112.
Engelhard, A., 104.
Engelhardt, Henry, 105.
Engineers, 112.
Engler, David, 92.
Enterprise, Kan., 54.
Epplatinier, L., 107.
Erie, Pa., 36.
Escher, 112; —Henry, 104; —J. G.
104; —J. H., 105. Eschler, Andrew, 118; — Jacob, 118. Etcher, 120.
Evangelical church, 125. Exchange brokers, 112.
Fantina, 96.
Farner, 111.
Fatio, Henry, 105.
Fatzer, Conrad, 106.
Federlin, F., 116.
Feierabend, Jacob, 108; — Jakob, 106, 108, 111; —John, 111; —Paul, 107.
Feldmann, G., 106; — George, 106, 107; —J., 119.
Fellmann (Capt), 111.
Ferdinand, Ind., 39.
Ferini, 96.
Ferrini, J. C, 100.
Fiesse, 93.
Filippini, 97.
Filipponi, Clemente, 99; — D., 99.
Fillippini, A., 105.
Fiori, James, 94.
Fiscalini, G., 100.
Fischer, F., 106; — Jakob, 106; —Jakob (Dr.), Ill; — R. (Mrs.), 107; — Robert, 105, 106; — S. (Dr.), 109.
Flint, Mich., 49.
Florida, 57-58, 68.
Fluhbacher, Arnold, 122.
Foffa, Chrysostom (Fr.), 128.
Forni, 108.
Fort Bridger, Wyo., 73, 90.
Fort Hall Road, 73.
Fort Laramie, Wyo., 73, 76.
Fort Totten, N. D., 129.
Fort Wayne, Ind., 37.
Franciscan order, 126.
Frank, Bruno, 71.
Frankhauser, Karl, 115.
Frapolli, 96; — B., 93.
Frauenfelder, P. G., 105.
Frechen, A. (Mrs.), 107.
Freeport, 111., 24.
Freiburg, 127; — canton of, 117; — mon- astery of, 127.
Freitag, Peter, 120.
Fremont, John C, 72, 89.
French-Swiss, 120; —chorus, 108, 114; — church, 125.
Fresno, Calif., 44.
Frey (Fr.), Ill, 125, 127; —Gottlieb, 119; _j.? n4; —John, 118, 119; — S., 119.
Frick, Henry C, 7.
Friederich, John, 105.
Friedrich, John, 7; —J. J., Ill; — Joh., 109.
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Fritschi, J. J., 123, 124.
Frowin, see Conrad.
Friih, 111.
Funke, 115.
Furniture manufacturers, 114.
Furrer, Jak., 123, 124.
Gachet, Antoine Marie (Fr.), 126. Gagnebin, Chas., 105. Galena, 111., 23. Galeppi, 98. Galgiani, 94. Gallatin, Albert, 7. Galle & Co., 110, 112. Galli, Christ, 116; —Giuseppe, 96. Gambetta, 95. Gamboni, D., 99. Garnjost, 108. Gary, Ind., 37.
Garzoli, Basil, 94; —Clay, 94; — De- siderio, 95, 98; — Frank, 94; — Pete, 94; —William, 94. Gasser, 106; — Gustav, 112; — M., 104,
106, 112. Gassermann, H., 108. Gastlin, G. Washington, 110. Gatschet, Albert S., 7. Gaugler, 115; — H., 115; —Ph., 114. Geiger, 108; —Gottlieb, 118. Geiser, Gust., 118. Gendotti, 95; — Louis, 98.
Genzoli, 97.
Georgia, 57-58, 68.
Gerber, 104, 110, 118; —August, 104; —Chas., 106; —J., 110, 112; — John, 105; —John G., 105; —Nicho- las, 7.
German Presbyterian congregations, 126.
German Reformed settlement, 126.
German Swiss, 120.
German synods of the Reformed church, 136.
Gesangverein Helvetia, Buffalo, 116.
Geugis, U., 124.
Gfeller, Christ, 116.
Giacomini, 94 ; — N., 96.
Giamboni, 94 ; — Natale, 96.
Giandoni, 94; — G., 96.
Gianella, Giuseppe, 94.
Gianettoni, M., 98.
Giannettoni, G., 98.
Giannini, 93; — G., 98; — Giocondo,
93; —P. A., 96; — H. G., 96. Gianoni, 97. Giebel, Jakob, 123. Gillet, Etienne, 104. Ginnel, H., 105. Giovanari, 95. Girard, A., 110. Girtanner (Rev.), 121. Gisling, J., 120. Giubbini, Gottardo, 97. Giudici, 98. Giumaglio, 94, 98.
Glarus, canton of, 115, 116, 119, 120. Glaser, Rudolph, 122. Glass, Joh., 118. Glass-painting, 111. Glatz, Chas., 105.
Gmiir, R., 108, 111, 120; —Rob., 108. Goldschmid, Otto, 105. Gonzales, Calif., 98. Good, James W., 7. Gordon, A., 105; —Alex, 107. Gospel, see Bible. Gouglemann, P., 112. Graber, H, 123; —(Mrs.), 123. Graf, 111.
Graffenried, Christopher de, 7, 34. Graflin, Joh., 115. Grand Rapids, Mich., 49. Grandi, S., 95.
Grandlienard, H. L., 105; —Pastor, 111, 125.
Grape-growing, 98, 100, 123. .
Gratiot, Charles, 7; — Henry, 7.
Graubiinden, see Grisons.
Greenville, N. J., 119, 124.
Greenwood, Wis., 136.
Gremli, 109.
Greuter (Mrs.), 105.
Grieber, J., 122.
Grieder, Jak., 122.
Grisch, Johann, 122; — Oskar, 111.
Grisons, 31, 56, 126.
Grob, 111; — Hermann, 106; —Robert, 111.
Grocers, 122.
Grosjean, F., 105.
Gross, J., 122.
Grossenbacher, 122; — Friedrich, 122.
Gruber, Joseph, 108.
Gruenheim, Ky., 56.
Gruetli, Neb., 55.
Griininger, J., 106; —Otto, 112.
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Griitli Mannerchor, New York, 108; — verein, Buffalo, 116; — verein, Brook- lyn, 113; — verein, New York, 106; — verein, Newark, 121; — verein, Syracuse, 117.
Gschwind, 107; — H. Florian, 108; — Florian, 108.
Gubler, J., 124.
Gubser, J., 111.
Gudde, Edwin, 9, 71.
Guedin (Mrs.), 105.
Guglielmetti, Frank, 96.
Gulf states, 102.
Gurtler, 108.
Gutherz, Carl, 7.
Guttenberg, N. J., 49, 119.
Guyot, Arnold, 123; —A. H., 7.
Gysell, Jak., 123.
H
Haas, Gregory (Rev.), 127.
Haberli, 122.
Hackensack, N. J., 51.
Hailmann, William N., 7.
Haldeman, Samuel S., 7.
Hammondsport, N. Y., 119.
Handrich, J., 110.
Handrichs, H. (Mrs.), 105.
Hanhard, Jak., 108.
Hanhart, Jakob, 106.
Hanselmann, 124; — Heinrich, 114.
Harlan party, 90.
Hartmann, Anastase (Mgr.), 127.
Hasler, Joh., 121.
Hassler, Charles, 111 ; — Ferdinand R., 7.
Hastings, L. W. (Capt.), 77.
Hastings' Cut-off, 72, 77, 89.
Hauenstein, H., 120; —St., 106; — W.,
106. Hauser, 133; —Fried., 120; —J., 109;
—Jacob (Rev.), 133; — Johann, 106,
108; —John, 106, 107; —Jos., 114. Haussener, Ed., 114; —Rob., 114. Heer, Eduard, 121; — Fridolin J., 7. Hefti, Jos., 117. Hegar, 116. Heidenrich, 112. Heim, J., 114; —(Mrs.), 123. Heinzen, S., 109. Helvetia Lodge, N. Y., No. 1, 106;
—No. 2, 106; —No. 217, 107. Helvetia Mannerchor, N. Y., 108, 115;
—Buffalo, 116; —Newark, 121.
Helvetia mixed chorus, N. Y., 109.
Helvetia Rifle club, N. Y., 107.
Helvetienne, N. Y., 108.
Helveto— American congregation, 128.
Hemmy, 108.
Hengeler (Dr.), 122.
Henggeler (Dr.), 122.
Henni, Jak., 123; — John Martin, 7, 125.
Hermann family in Texas, 58 ; — George H., 7.
Hertlein, Jakob, 114.
Herzog, A. (Dr.), 121; Adrian, 105.
Highland, 111., 19, 24, 28, 75; — Ky., 56.
Hilfiker, 115.
Hilsiker, 116.
Hiltbrand, David, 118.
Hindelang, 108, 112.
Hintermann, Th., 107; — Theod., 112.
Hippenmeier, J., 109.
Hirt, Emil, 116.
Hirzel, Chas., 105; —Rudolph (Dr.), 111.
Hoboken, N. J., 51, 119, 120.
Hochuli, H., 107.
Hodgskin, J. B., 109.
Hoe's & Co., 112.
Hoesley family in Texas, 55.
Hof, 115; —Basil, 114.
Hofacker, 109; — H., 108; —Heinrich,
108, 109, 111; —Martha, 109. Hofer, Jac, 115; —Jakob, 113. Hohl, L., 108; —Lorenzo, 113. Hohmann, Karl, 106. Holer, F., 106; —Franz, 106; —Jos.,
106; — Xaver, 108. Holliger, Rudolph, 115. Honesta, 109. Honriet, Aug., 105. Hoover, Herbert, ancestry of, 7. Horand, Jak., 121; — and Son, 122. Horstmann (Mrs.), 105. Horticulture, 79, 123. Hosli, C, 106. Hotels, managers of, 112. Houston, Tex., 58.
Huber, 117, 120; —Andreas, 116; — F., 5; — Fred, 117; — Jacques, 7; —Joh., 119; —John, 112, 117. Hubler, A. C, 110; — C. A., 104, 109,
111; — O. C, 105. Hudson City, 119, 120. Huggenberger, 81, 92. Huggler, Ulrich, 118.
[144]
Huguenin (Miss), 105. Humbert, P. (Mrs.), 105. Hunziker, Jak., 121. Hurlimann, 112. Hurter, Julius, 7.
Idaho, 17, 64, 65, 68.
Illinois, 17, 19, 68; —map of, 25.
Imobersteg, Arnold, 112.
Importers of silk and textiles, 112.
Independence, Mo., 89.
Indermaur, U., 116; — Ulrich, 117.
Indian boys, Ft. Tottem, N. D., 128.
Indian Territory, 68.
Indiana, 17, 37-39; — map of, 38.
Indianapolis, Ind., 37.
Intragna, 95, 97.
Iowa, 17, 39-41; — map of, 41.
Iselin's, 112; — A., 104; — Adrian, Jr.,
105; — Adrian, Vice-consul, 7, 110;
— C, 112; —J., 108, 110, 112; —
Neeser & Co., 110. Isermann, M., 116. Italian Swiss, 8, 93-101.
J
Jackli, Jos., 121.
Jacksonville, Fla., 58.
Jaeggi, Felix, 115.
Jaggi, F, 122.
Jakard, Jak., 108.
Jannot, G., 106.
Jasper, Ind., 39.
Jeanneret (Mrs.), 105.
Jeannot, A., 105.
Jeanout, 114.
Jelmini, 93.
Jenni, J. J., 116.
Jersey City, N. J., 51, 119, 120.
Jewelers, 112, 121, 122, 123.
Johr, Fritz, 118.
Johnson, Cowdin and Co., 122.
Joliet, 111., 24.
Jonngen, John, 118.
Jordan, 108.
Jost, Jos., 121.
Journalists, 111.
Jud, Peter, 118.
Jura Mannerchor, 108.
Juri, 94; — Brothers, 96; — Guglielmo,
96; — L. & Co., 98, 100; —Louis,
95.
K
Kaelin, Martin, 118.
Kagi, George, 121.
Kaiser, A., 108; —Gottlieb, 105.
Kammerer, 112.
Kansas, 17, 53-55, 68, 69.
Kansas City, Mo., 30.
Kanzig, Jakob, 124.
Kappeler, Joh., 124; —Jos., 124.
Karlen, Jacob, 7.
Kaseburg (Mrs.), 81.
Kaufmann, Elise, 122; — Jos., 116.
Keel, Jos., 118.
Keller, 108; —Ernst, 104; —Gottfried,
125; —Henry, 117; —J. J., 104; —
J. Johann, 114; —Jos., 112. Kent (Mrs.), 92. Kentucky, 17, 55-57. Keshena reservation, Wis., 127. Kiburz, see Kyburz. Kienast, Fr., 120. Kiener, Johann, 116; — John, 117. Kilcher, Frank, 118. King-of -Thunder, 136. Klopfen, Christian, 118. Klossner, Christian, 119. Knobel, Fr., 117. Knoxville, Tenn., 56, 57. Knutti, Peter, 118. Koch, J., 122. Kocher, J., 117. Koenig, Jac, 110. Koepfli, Caspar, 19, 24. Kohl, Josephine, 114. Kohler, 120; —Fritz, 118; —Johann,
116. Kolbeck, Andrew, contributor, 9. Komli, 110. Koop, 114. Kopp, Jacob, 105. Korrodi (Consul), 110. Kramer, and — (Mrs.), 86, 92. Krebs, 106; — Chr. & Co., Ill; — Elis.,
107; — M., 106; — Mathias, 112. Kruesi, Hermann, 7 ; — John Heinrich, 7. Krusi, 112; — B., 105, 111; — B.
(Rev.), 109, 125. Kiibeli, Heinrich, 119. Kubler, E. A., 71. Kubli, 107, 111. Kuendig, Martin, 7, 125. Kuenzli, Emil, 111. Kuhn, E., 122; —Jac, 118.
[145]
Kiindig, Jak., 112.
Kunz-Merian (Dr.), 124.
Kiinzi, Samuel, 116.
Kiinzli, 108, 122; —Jos., 122; — Nic, 118.
Kupfer, Jules, 108.
Kupper, G., 106.
Kurtz, H., 131; —(Prof.), 133.
Kyburz, 8, 75, 88-92; —Albert, 88; — Albert B., 91, 92; — as captain, 90; — Daniel, 89; — John Augustus, 91, 92; — John Daniel, 91, 92; — Maria, 89, 91, 92; —(Mrs.), 81; —Rebecca, 91; —Samuel, 72, 89, 91; —Sarah, 89, 92; — town of, 88.
La Colonia Svizzera, 8, 98, 101.
Lador, 114; —Prof., 109.
Lafranchini, 98.
Lambelet, L. C, 105.
Landis, 120.
Lang (Rev.), 108, 111, 125.
Langetin, Eug., 108.
Latin, 127.
Laufenberg (Fahndrich von), 92.
Leadville, Colo., 62.
Leather industry, 121.
Lecoultre (Mrs.), 105.
Lemp (Prof.), 109.
Lenzlinger, B., 118.
Leoni, Giuseppe, 95.
L'Eplattenier (Mrs.), 105.
Les Amis reunis, 114.
Lesquereux, Leo, 7.
Leuch, 108.
Leuthy, 108.
Lewiston, Mont., 63.
L'Huilier (Mrs.), 105.
Lieb, Hermann, 7.
Lieber, Fred., 120.
Lienhard, Heinrich, 71-87, 89, 92.
Lienherr, 104.
Lincoln, Abraham, 109.
Lincoln, Neb., 55.
Linder, Louis, 105.
Literati, 111.
Locarno, 95.
Locher, Sebastian, 120.
Loetscher, Christian, 126.
Lohbauer, Conrad, 106.
Lombardi, Cherubino, 96.
Long Island, N. Y., 26.
Loop, A., 120.
Lorengo, 93-
Los Angele-,. Calif., 42, 44.
Louisiana, 68.
Louisville, Ky., 56.
Loyal Elvezia Lodge, N. Y., 101;
and Swiss Sharpshooters, 98. Luchsinger, Math., 111. Luce, Louis P., de, 110; — P., 104. Lucerne, canton of, 121. Ludwig (Prof.), 119. Lukmayer, 120. Lumber mill, 119. Luscher, Sam, 116. Lutz, J., 116; — Wm., 117.
M
Machinists, 121.
Madison, Wis., 31.
Maestretti, 95 ; — F., 97.
Mager (Dr.), 121.
Maggetti, Pietro, 95.
Maggia, canton of Ticino, 98.
Magistra, C, 96.
Mahler, 120; —Jul., 120.
Maine, 67, 68.
Male chorus, Hoboken, N. J., 120.
Malijia, B., 109.
Mannerchor, Santis, New York, 108.
Mansfield, Ohio, 20.
Mantel, H., 121.
Manufacturer of music boxes, 114; — of
musical instruments, 112; — of watch
cases, 114. Manz, 112; —J., 104; —Jacob, 7. Maps, Calif., 43; Hastings' Cut-off, 73;
la., 41; 111., 25; Ind., 38; Mich., 48;
Minn., 46; Mo., 29; N. J., 50; N. Y.,
27; Ohio, 22; Pa., 35; U. S., 16, 18;
Wis., 33. Mariah Hill, Ind., 39 Mariani, 95; — G. D., 96; Vittoria, 99. Marrer, Thos., 117.
Marshall Brothers, 94; — James W., 91. Martella, 97. Martin, 94; — Charles, 95, 96; — Feu-
sier & Co., 96; — Louis, 118. Martinelli, E. B., 98. Martini, de, 94. Martinoia, Charles, 94. Marty, Martin (Bishop), 126, 127. Maryland, 68. Massachusetts, 17, 52, 68. Massillon, Ohio, 21. Massminster, F., 122.
[146]
Massmiinster, 122.
Matasci, B. C, 99.
Mathey, 104, 106; — August, 105; —
Fritz, 105; —Louis, 105. Mattei, 97.
Matter, 112; — Jac, 117. Matthey, 112. Mattinoni, Emilio, 98. Mattmann, 107. Mauston, Wis., 136. Mazzetti, 97. Mazzi, Frank, 98. Meier, A., 108, 113; —Andreas, 114;
— Joh. A., 113; —John, 117; —
Karl, 115; —Marie, 107. Meiringen, fire relief, 107. Meissner, M., 109. Melijia, Bernard, 108. Memphis, Tenn., 56, 57. Mennonites, in Indiana, 39; — in Iowa,
40; — in Ohio, 21; — in Oregon, 60;
in Pennsylvania, 34. Menominee Indians, 127. Mercersburg, Pa., 126. Meriam, Alfred (Mrs.), 104. Merian, 112; —Alfred, 104, 105, 110;
—J. J., 104, 105; —P. A., 105. Merle, Wilh., 104. Merz, 123.
Messmer (Archbishop), 123, 126. Methfessel, E., 108. Mettauer, Conrad, 117. Meury, John (Rev.), 114, 125. Meyenberg, John B., 7. Meyer, 112; — Andreas, 115; — Bernh.,
106; Conrad Ferdinand, 87; — J.,
106; —J. O., 116; —J. W., 113;
—Jakob, 106; —Jos., 122; — Xaver,
111. Meylan, C. H., 105. Meystre, Louis, 105. Miami, Fla., 58. Michel, Joh., 123. Michigan, 17, 47-49; map of, 48. Miesch, 122. Miller, J. L., 111. Milwaukee, Wis., 19, 32, 123. Minetta, 97. Minneapolis, Minn., 45. Minnesota, 19, 45-47; map of, 46. Miossi, B., 100. Misch, J., 122. Mission House college, Plymouth, Wis.,
126, 131. Mississippi, 68, 69.
Missouri, 17, 19, 28, 68, 102; — map
of, 29. Mixed Chorus, Alpina, N. Y., 108. Moghegno, 98. Moire textiles, 122. Molo, W. C, 104; — W. P., 104, 105,
107. Mona, A., 98. Monaco, 95. Monotti, 94; — A., 98. Monquin, H., 105. Montana, 17, 63-64, 68, 128. Montandon, Fred, 107. Monti, 93. Moranda, 97. Morelli, 110. Moretti, 97; — G., 100; — Giacomo, 99;
— Giuliano, 95, 97. Morganti, Battista, 96. Mormon exodus, 72. Morro Bay, Calif., 99. Mosch, J. A. (Col.), 104, 110. Moser, Johann, 111. Mount Angel, Ore., 125; —college, 60,
125. Mount Holly, N. J., 51. Mountain Democrat, Calif., 91. Mouquin, 104, 110, 112. Muhlebach, 117. Miihlemann, 109; — M. L., 110. Miiller, 120; — Adolph, 107, 111; —
Chas., 108; —Christian, 118; — G.,
106; —Gottlieb, 112; —J., 106, 107;
—Joh., 114; —Rosa, 111; — Rud.,
118. Munger, Johann, 116. Murbach, 115. Muscio, Abramo, 99; — J., 99.
N Naesch, J., 110. Naf, J., 124;— Rob., 123. Nafels, anniversary of battle, 115. Nageli's Hotel, 120. Nageli, J., 106; —Jacob, 7; —Rud.,
105, 121. Napa, 100.
Nashville, Tenn., 56, 57. Nauvoo, 111., 72, 87. Nebraska, 17, 53-55, 68. Neeser, 110; — & Co., 112; —J. G.,
105. Nef, John Ulric, 7. Negley, Alexander, 7; — Jacob, 7; —
James Scott, 7.
[147]
Neillsville, Wis., 130, 135.
Neuburger Braid Company, 122.
Neuchatel, 55, 121.
Neu-Engelberg, see Mt. Angel.
Neukom, 112.
Nevada, 64, 65, 68.
New Aargau, 111., 26.
New Basel, Kan., 54.
New Bern, N. C, 34.
New Berne, Kan., 54.
New England States, 19, 52, 68, 102.
New Glarus, Wis., 31, 32.
New Hampshire, 67, 68.
New Haven, Conn., 52.
New Helvetia, Calif., 42, 78, 88, 89, 93 ;
— Lienhard's migration to, 71-87; —
commemoration, 8. New Jersey, 8, 9, 17, 19, 49, 69, 102,
103, 119; —map of, 50. New Mexico, 64, 66, 68. New Orleans, La., port of entry, 19, 28. New York, 9, 17, 19, 23, 26-28, 69,
102-104, 115; —map of, 27. New York City, 8, 19, 26. New Yorker Staats-Zeitung, 104. Newark, N. J., 51, 121. Newbern, Tenn., 56. Newport, Ky., 56. Nichelini, 95. Nickles, Samuel, 7. Niederer, 112. Niedermann, J., 106; — Jacob, 112; —
Math., Ill; —Mrs., 112. Nordemann, Felix (Dr.), 111. North Carolina, 69. North Dakota, 69- Nothiger, 111. Nussbaum, A., 108.
o
Oakland, Calif., 44.
Oberholzer (Rev.), 116.
Ochsner, Albert J. (Dr.), 7.
Odermatt, Adelhelm (Fr.), 60, 125.
Oehninger, J., 109.
Oeschger, Dominik, 116.
Oettiker, J., 115.
Officials of the Swiss consulate, 111.
Ogden, Utah, 72.
Ohio, 17, 19, 23, 69; —map of, 22; —
tables, 20, 21. Oklahoma, 69. Olympia, Wash., 61. Omaha, Neb., 54. Opitz, Reinhard, 122.
Order of St. Benedict, 127.
Oregon, 17, 20, 59, 60, 69, 89; —route,
72; — tables, 60. Oregon City, Ore., 60. Oswald, Charles, 108. Ott, Adolf, 111;— J. M., 120. Otz, E., 120; —Rob., 120.
Pacific Coast, Swiss migration to, 20.
Paillard, Alf. C, 105; — & Co., 112.
Pallenghi, A., 97.
Papina, V., 98.
Papine, 100.
Passaic, N. J., 51.
Paterson, N. J., 51, 121-123.
Pedrazzini, Clay, 94; — as contributor,
8 ; — Louis, 95. Pedrini, 94, 98. Pellandini, 95. Pennsylvania, 17, 19, 34-36, 69; — map
of, 35. Peri, 94.
Perini, 96, 98, 100. Perinoni, D., 99. Perrelet, L., 105, 111; — L. (Prof.),
109. Perret, Chas., and — (Mrs.), 105. Pestalozzi, 125; —Dr., Ill; — H., 105. Peverada, Carlo Antonio, 96. Pezzoni, Battista, 99. Pfannenschmidt, 111. Pfenninger, August, 115. Pfister, Chr., 122. Pflugi, Edw., 112. Pharmacists, 114, 123. Philadelphia, Pa., 123. Philipp, Emanuel Lorenz, 7. Phoenix, Ariz., 64. Physicians, 7, 95, 109, 114, 117, 121,
124. Piezzi, Victor, 98. Piguet, Louis, 122. Pilet (Miss), 105. Pillichodc, Charles, 104. Pinkert, Paul, 108. Pioda (Dr.), 95; — L., 95. Piquet, Wm, 104. Pittsburgh, Pa., 36. Plastic and graphic artists, 111. Platz, Gottlieb, 115. Pletscher, 108. Pliiss, C, 126. Plymouth, Wis., 126. Polytechnic Institute, 114.
[148]
Portland, Ore., 60, 126.
Portrait painter, 111.
Princeton, N. J., 123.
Prominent Americans of Swiss Origin,
7, 9, 71, 125. Public officials, N. Y., 1889, 110. Purry, Jean Pierre, 7.
Q
Queens, N. Y., 115. Quinche (Mrs.), 105. Quinq', 111., 23.
R
Racine, Jules, 105.
Radin, Paul, 131.
Raetzer, 108; — Rud., 104.
Ragatz, Oswald (Rev.), 126.
Rahm, August, 122; — Henry C, de,
104. Ramelli, 98.
Railroad and bridge builder, 112. Rappard, A., 105, 110. Rappart, A., 104. Rauch, Fritz, 118. Rea, F. J., 98; —John, 100. Reading, Pa., 36. Rebhuhn, 116.
Reformed church, 125, 126, 129. Reimann, Jakob, 117; — Stephan, 116,
117. Reineck, Maria, 135. Reinhart, A., 105. Reis, A., 108. Reiser, A., 109. Reno, Nev., 66. Renz, Arnold, 122. Respini, Ig. R., 97. Restaurants, managers of, 112. Re-Union, Tex., 58. Rey, S. (Mrs.), 105. Rheiner, Phill., 122, 123. Rhode Island, 68. Rianda, Victor, 98. Richard, August, 104, 105. Richfield Springs, N. Y., 119. Richiger, Ch., 121. Richtiger, Ch., 121. Rickenbach, 107. Rickli, Jos., 115. Ricklin, Jos., 106. Righetti, Candido, 97; — N., 99; —P.,
98; — Pietro, 99; — Rinaldo, 100; —
Roberto, 99.
Rigi, 112.
Rippstein, 75, 92.
Riverside, Calif., 44.
Robert, 106, 112; —Cesar A., 104; —
Robert E., 104; —Eugene (Mrs.),
104; —J. C, 110; —J. Eug., 105. Roberts (Vice-consul), 109. Rochester, N. Y., 19, 26, 113, 115. Rocky Mountain States, 62. Rodel, Jak., 121.
Roethlisberger, 110; — & Gerber, 112. Roggiwiller, H., 112. Rohner, Joh., 106. Roselli, Giovanni, 107. Rosenberg family in Texas, 58; —
Henry, 7. Rosselli, J., 105. Rossire, Antoin, 104. Roth, Jean, 107. Rothlisberger, 107; — & Gerber, 104;
—Rob. (Mrs.), 105. Rotschi, Peter, 111. Rottanzi, Anthony (Dr.), 95; — Giosue,
98, 100; — T. A., 95. Roulet, Jeanne, 105. Ruckstuhl, Rud., 113. Rudin, 106, 112. Riiegg, Anton, 116. Ruegg, Jos., 122. Ruesch & Co., 112. Runk, 108.
Ruppaner, A. (Dr.), 110. Rusch, Ferdinand, 104. Ruschli, Jakob, 121. Ruschlin, Jak., 122. Rush, Adolph (Mrs.), 105. Rusterholz, 111; — Jean, 108. Ryle, John, 121.
Saal, Michael, 122.
Sacramento, Calif., 8, 44, 86; — river,
79. St. Gall, 19, 31, 56, 92, 114-116, 117,
123. Saint Gothard hotel, San Francisco, 96. St. Joseph, Mo., 28. St. Louis, Mo., 19, 28, 30. St. Meinrad, Ind., 39, 128. St. Michael's Indian Mission, illus., 124. St. Paul, Minn., 45. Salamanca, N. J., 113, 119. Salathe (Dr.), 109. Salinas valley, Calif., 97. Sallenbach, H., 105.
[149]
Salmina, 95; — B. & Co., 100.
Salt Lake City, Utah, 59.
Saltzmann, August (Mrs.), 105.
San Antonio, Tex., 58.
San Bernardino, Calif., 44.
San Diego, Calif., 44.
San Francisco, Calif., 19, 42, 44, 86, 93,
95, 96, 101. San Jose, Calif., 44, 100. San Luis Obispo, Calif., 44, 97, 99. San Simeon, Calif., 99. Sandoz, Jules Ami, 55. Sandusky, Ohio, 20. Santa Barbara, Calif., 44, 97, 99. Santa Cruz, Calif., 97. Santa Maria, Calif., 100. Sartori, 94, 96; —Henry J. (Dr.), 98. Sauer, 108.
Sauk County, Wis., 126. Savory, Jos., 123. Scalmanini, 96; — C, 93. Scaroni, 97. Scaroni, John, 100. Schadegg, 124; —Jos., 122. Schadler, J., 124. Schafer, 120.
Schaff, Philip, 7, 125, 126. ScharThausen, 117. Schaffner, Rud., 118. Scharr Brothers, 106. Schauble, 124. Scheggia, Carlo, 96, 100. Scheibler, 114, 122. Scheitlin, E., 105. Scheller, Emma, 122. Scherrer, Arnold, 123. Schiess, J., 106; —Jacob, 112; —Jakob,
104, 107; —(Mrs.), 112. SchifTerli, Xaver, 117. Schiller, Christopher (Rev.), 131. Schindler, Fr., 108.
Schinz, 106; — L., 107; — M., 104, 112. Schlachter, J. C, 105. Schlaippi, John, 118. Schlatter, 108; — C, 114; — Heinrich,
107; — Joh., 112; Michael, 7, 125. Schlegel, 125; —(Rev.), 111. Schlupp, John, 117. Schmelz, R., 108. Schmid, Peter, 105. Schmidt, 81, 92; — Erh., 120; — W.,
122. Schmied, Peter, 120. Schmiedhauser, J. B., 121. Schneider, Eugen, 114.
Schnitzpahn (Miss), 105; — (Mrs.), 105.
Schopper, B., 108; — E., 108.
Schottlin, George, 123; —Marks, 123.
Schropfer, 122.
Schuerpf, Chas., 117.
Schuhmacher, C, 105.
Schuler, Max, 114.
Schulthess, Eugene, 117.
Schwarz, Fritz, 108; — G., 105, 107.
Schwarzenbach, Huber & Co., 120; — Landis, 120; —Silk Co., 120.
Schwarzenbach, Robert J. F., 7.
Schwegler, C. Theo., 8, 9, 73.
Schweigert, John, 117.
Schweizer Club, N. Y., 109.
Schweizer Mannerchor, Brooklyn, 113; —Rochester, 115.
Schweizer (Mr.), 109; —(Mrs.), 109; — R., 108; —Rud., 111.
Schweizer Unterstiitzungs Verein, Buf- falo, N. Y., 116.
Schweizer-Verein, Rochester, N. Y., 115.
Schweizerbund, Brooklyn, N. Y., 113.
Schweizerische Hilfs-Gesellschaft, N. Y., 104.
Schweizerischer Volksfestverein, Brook- lyn, N. Y., 114.
Schwyz, canton of, 60, 127.
Sciaroni, Carlo, 98; —Frank, 100.
Scranton, Pa., 36.
Seaton Hall Seminary, Newark, 123.
Seattle, Wash., 61.
Seeberger, Joh., 118.
Seiler, George (Dr.), 117; —Jos., 121.
Seitz, C, 105.
Selan, Leon, 98.
Seliner, Albert, 122.
Sellmann, Alb., 107.
Selma, 95, 97.
Sempach, quincentenary celebration, 106.
Senn, Alfred, 133; —J., 106; —Nicho- las, 7.
Sharon Center, la., 40.
Sharon Spring, la., 40.
Sheboygan classis, Wis., 132, 136.
Siebenmann (Mrs.), 105.
Siegenthaler, David, 118.
Siegfried, Rob., 120.
Siegrist, Joh., 121.
Sigrist, J., 122; —Jakob, 122; —Jos., 122; — Nikol., 118.
Silk, industry, 121, 122, 124; —manu- facturers, 112; — weaver, 123.
Simmen, 115.
[150]
Simon, 110.
Simoni, J., 105; — Joh., 107.
Singer sewing machine plant, 123.
Sioux Falls, S. D., 129.
Singenberger, J. B., 126.
Sitting Bull, 128.
Society for Establishing Useful Manu- factories, 121.
Societa Patriotica Liber ale Ticinese, 109.
Solari, 107; — E., 105.
Soledad, Calif., 98.
Solothurn, canton of, 92, 111, 116.
Sommerville, N. J., 123.
Sonoma, Calif., 97, 100; Sonoma-Marin Swiss club, Calif., 101.
Sorbier restaurant, San Francisco, 96.
South Bend, Ind., 37.
South Carolina, 69.
South Dakota, 69.
Southern Inland states, 102.
Spahn, Hermann, 105.
Spaletta, 97.
"Spanish grants", 99.
Spaus, 112.
Speich, Abraham, 109, 111.
Spiegel, Mathias, 117.
Spielmann, 116.
Spiesz, Johann, 113.
Spiritual Leadership, 125-137.
Spoerry, Frank, 117.
Spokane, Washington, 61.
Sporry, Chas., 110; — Fr., 117; — S., 114.
Sprenger, N., 114.
Sprich (Miss), 122.
Springfield, 111., 24.
Springfield, Mass., 52.
Stacy, John, 130, 132, 136.
Staeger, L. A., 114.
Staeheli, Dr., 104.
Staempfli, 115.
Stager, 111; —Professor, 109.
Staheli, D. Francis, 104.
Stahl, J., 109.
Stamm, Martin, 7; — W., 108.
Stampfli, 114.
Standing Rock, Dakota, 128.
Stapfer, J. J., 105.
Statistical Survey of Swiss Immigration, 15-70.
Staub, J. J. (Dr.), 126; —Peter, 7.
Stefani, 94, 96; — Camillo, 96; —and Mariani, 96.
Steg, Benj., 117.
Stehli, A., 112.
Steinach, Adelrich (Dr.), 7, 8, 102,
104, 106, 108, 109; — 's lists of
Swiss settlers, 102-124. Steiner, Jakob, 122. Steinfeld, Albert, 115. Steinhausli, 112. Stierlin, 116. Stocker, Jos., 121. Stockton, Calif., 97, 100. Stoklin, Frank S., 105. Stoll, George, 117. Storni and Biaggini, 99. Stossel, Ferd., 112. Strasser, J., 120.
Straub, Joh., 122; — Konrad, 123. Strebel, 106. Strehli, A., 122. Streiff, H., 122. Strieker, C. (Mrs.), 123; — Elias, 123;
— R., 105; —Robert, 109, 110. Strucken, 116. Stucki, Benjamin, 9, 135; — Jacob
(Rev.), 126, 129, 130. Studi, Jos., 120.
Sturzenegger, factory of, 107 ; — J., 112. Stutzer, Dr., 109; — E. F., 105. Subiaco, Ark., 128. Suder, E., and — (Mrs.), 130. Sulzbach, Jac, 115. Suppiger, 24.
Suter, Caspar, 116; — Nikol, 123. Sutter, Alphonse, 86; — August, Jr., 86,
87; —Christ, 116; —Eliza, 86; —
Emil, 86; — 's Fort, 8, 73; — General
Johann August, 7, 42, 68, 71, 89,
92; —John, 115, 123; —(Mrs.), 86,
123. Sutterville, 85.
Swiss Aid Society, N. Y., 104, 106. Swiss- American Bank, Calif., 100. Swiss-American club of Monterey, Calif.,
101. Swiss-American congregation, O. S. B.,
127. Swiss-American social club, Santa Clara,
Calif., 101. Swiss Athletic club, San Francisco, 101. Swiss baker's club, N. Y., 1871-1880,
107. Swiss Benevolent society, N. Y., 102;
—Troy, 118. Swiss cheese making, 19, 70, 112. Swiss club, N. Y., 115; —Santa Cruz,
Calif., 97, 101; —Stanislaus, Calif.,
101.
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Swiss Colonization in America, begin- ning of, 15.
Swiss dramatic club, N. Y., 109.
Swiss General Mutual and Benevolent society, N. Y., 105.
Swiss Harmony club, Hoboken, N. J., 120.
Swiss Ladies Aid, N. Y., 107.
Swiss missionary activity, 125.
Swiss mutual-aid society, Paterson, N. J., 121.
Swiss Mutual Benevolent Society, Calif., 98.
Swiss in U. S. compared with total pop- ulation, 15.
Swiss Publishing Company, N. Y., Ill ; —Calif., 98.
Swiss rifle club, Rochester, N. Y., 116; — Monterey, Calif., 101.
Swiss Sharpshooters, San Francisco, 101.
Swiss societies, N. J., 121, 123.
Swiss Relief Society, San Francisco, 102.
"Swissconsin", 32.
Syracuse, N. Y., 19, 113, 117.
Syz, John, 104.
Tacoma, Wash., 61.
Taller, Chas., 105, 108.
Tanner, 121;— (Miss), 106;— Peter, 123.
Tartaglia, Placido, 99.
Technicians, 112.
Tell City, Ind., 19.
Tell, William, House, San Francisco, 96.
Tell, Wilhelm Schutzenkorps, 114.
Tennessee, 17, 55-57, 69.
Teodor, B., 106, 108.
Terre Haute, Ind., 37, 128.
Tessin, see Ticino.
Tessiners, see Ticinese Swiss.
Texas, 17, 58-59, 69.
Thalwyl, 120.
Thiele, and —(Mrs.), 109.
Thomann, 75, 92; —Alb., 112; —Her- mann, 113.
Thurgau, canton of, 116, 117.
Thurkauf, A., 106.
Ticinese Swiss, 42, 93-101 ; — in New York, 107.
Ticino, canton of, 8, 42, 93, 95 ; —club, 99, 101 ; —hotel, 96.
Tiegel (Dr.), 109, 111.
Tilden, 100.
Tiscsot, Max (Dr.), 104, 121.
Tobler, Franz, 118; —J. (Capt.), 120; — Johann, 120.
Tognazzi, B. G., 99.
Tognazzini, Antonio, 99, 100; — fam- ily, 100; —P. A., 99.
Toledo, Ohio, 20, 130, 131.
Tomasini, Alex, 99; — Louis, 100; — Luigi, 95; — Matteo, 95.
Tonini, 97; — M., 100.
Toroni, B., 96.
Tradesmen, 122.
Trepp, 104.
Trosi, 98.
Troy, 113, 118,
Triimpi, Fridolin, 108, 119.
Tschopp, Emil, 122.
Tschumi, Nik., 118.
Turri, B., 99.
U Uebelmann, Emil, 121. Ulfilas (Bishop), 129. Ungerer, Jos., 113. Union City, N. J., 119. Union Hill, N. J., 119, 120. University of Dubuque, la., 126. Unterwalden, 60. Urfer, Christian, 118. Uri, 60.
Uster, Kornel, 119. Utah, 17, 59. Utica, N. Y., 113, 118.
Val Colla, 98.
Val Leventina, 93-95, 97, 98.
Val Onserone, 98.
Val Verzasca, 97.
Valle Maggia, 94, 95, 97-99.
Vandalia, 111., 23.
Vanoni, Marco, 96.
Vaterlaus, H., 116.
Vermont, 67, 68.
Verscio, 95, 97.
Vetter, Daniel, 121.
Vetterli, Fr., 106; —Jacob, 106.
Vevay, Ind., 37.
Vicarino, C, 105; —(Dr.), Ill
(Dr.), 108. Viojet, J. J., 92. Virginia, 68.
Viticulture, see Grape-growing. Vogel, 106; — Jak., 122. Vogeli, 111. Vogorno, 95. Vogt, Jos. Alois, 117. Voigt, Joh. A., 113.
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von Arx, see Arx.
Vondermiihl, Alf., 104; —(Mrs.), 104. Vonfelten, A., 106; — C, 106. Vouga (Madam), 111.
w
Waco, Tex., 58.
Wahrenberger, Jacob, 112.
Walchli, Emil, 106.
Walder, Jakob, 122.
Wallier, Jos., 117.
Walser, Theo. (Dr.), 110.
Walte, A., 108.
Walter, Jakob, 114.
Wampfler, John, 117.
Wanderer am Passaic, N. J., 122.
Wartmann, J., 106.
Washington, D. C, 68; — state of, 17,
20, 59-61, 69. Watches, importers of, 112. Watchmakers, 114, 121. Wattenwyl, (Dr.), von, 109. Wattewil, W. A., de, 105. Weber, 112; —A., 105, 108, 124; —
Aug. C, 112; — Ch. Aug, 112; —
G, 114; —J. J, 115; — Jak, 124;
— O., 105. Weckherlin, H. (Mrs.), 105. Weehawken, N. J., 49. Weemer, see Weimer. Wegener, R. (Captain), 114. Wegmann, 114. Wehrli, J, 106. Weidmann, Jacob, 7; — Jakob, 122; —
Silk Dyeing Co, 122. Weiler, Heinrich, 122; —J. H, 122. Weimer, 82 ; —Peter, 76, 90. Weise (Director), 122. Weiss, A, 108. Welti, Hermann, 124. Wenzinger, Tobias, 113. Werner, 104. Werren, J, 118. Werschinger, J, 108. West Hoboken, N. J, 49, 119, 120. West Virginia, 69. Wethli, Heinrich, 123. Wette, De, 126. Wetter, J, 114. Wettstein, 124. Wheaton and Luhrs, 97. White Mountain railroad, 112. Whitney, 97. Widmer, J, 121. Wietlisbach, Albin, 122 ; —Germain, 122.
Wiggli, Amanz, 118.
Wild, Kasp, 108.
Wilkes-Barre, Pa, 36.
Wimmer, see Weimer.
Winnebago Camp, Wis, 132; — Indians,
129; —Indian school, 130, 136; —
Mission, 136. "Winkelried Mannerchor", N. Y, 108. Winnistorfer, Louis, 115. Wirt, William, 7. Wirth, Alois, 115.
Wirz, 104; — H, 105; —Jul, 113. Wisconsin, 17, 19, 31-34, 60, 69; —
map of, 33. Wisconsin Rapids, 136. Wiskemann (Mrs.), 105. Wisner, Henry, 7. Wittmer, 82, 92. Wittnauer, Albert Charles, 7. Wolfermann (Dr.), 111. Wuthrich, 124. Wyler, E. (Dr.), 111. Wyoming, 64, 67, 68. Wyss & Sons, 121. Wyss, Xaver, 118.
Yankton, South Dakota, 127.
Zahner, Emil, 123.
Zanoni, 96.
Zeh, Charles (Dr.), 121.
Zellweger, 108; — H, 120.
Zeltner, Xaver (Col.), 111.
Zimmer, 122.
Zimmermann, Chas, 105; — (Carpen- ter), Emanuel, 7; — John, 105.
Zocchi, 94.
ZollicofTer, Felix Kirk, 7.
Zollikofer, Oskar, 109.
ZollikofTer, Oscar, 104, 105; —(Miss), 105; —(Mrs.), 105; —Oskar, 104, 110.
Zollinger, J, 108; —James P, 71.
Zubly, John Joachim, 7, 125.
Zug, 122.
Zullig, 108; —A. (Prof.), 109; —Ar- nold, 123.
Zurfluh, 110.
Zurich, 31, 34, 54, 71, 87, 112, 117, 120-123.
Zwilchenbart, A. & Co, 112.
Zwingli, 136.
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