Museum of Nature POW se of Canad Musée canadien de la nature THE RARE VASCULAR PLANTS OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND Robin Day and Paul M. Catling __ LALIT i PW We B\Yy Pt AVAL AVE JF SYLLOGEUS No. 67 SYLLOGEUS is a publication of the Canadian Museum of Nature, designed to permit the rapid dissemination of information pertaining to those desciplines and educational functions for which the Canadian Museum of Nature is responsible. In the interests of making information available quickly, normal publishing proceedures have been abbreviated. Articles are published in English, French, or in both languages, and the issues appear at irregular intervals. A complete list of the titles issued since the beginning of the series (1972) and individual copies of this number are available by mail from the Canadian Museum of Nature, Direct Mail Section, P.O. Box 3443, Station D, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1P 6P4. 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Les pages du texte sont imprimés sur un papier contenant des fibres recyclés. ISBN 0-660-13058-0 Catalogue No.: NM95-20/67E The RARE VASCULAR PLANTS OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND Robin Day! and Paul M. Catling? Syllogeus No. 67 1991 112-404 Elgin St. Ottawa, Ontario K2P 1N3 28 Scrivens Drive R. R. #3, Metcalfe Ontario KOA 2P0 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from California Academy of Sciences Library htto://www.archive.org/details/syllogeus6/nati TABLE OF CONTENTS 5 Abstract 7 Introduction A. Definitions 7 B. Preparation of the list 7 C. Criteria 8 D. Format of the list 8 E. Distribution patterns of rare plants in Prince Edward Island 10 F. Rare Canadian plants in Prince Edward Island 11 G. Regionally rare plants on Prince Edward Island 11, 13 H. Protection of plants in Prince Edward Island 11 I. Synopsis 11 J. Acknowledgements 12 17 List of rare vascular plants of Prince Edward Island with maps 53 References Cited 58 Appendices I. Excluded Species 58 II. Rare hybrids on Prince Edward Island 61 III. Taxonomic checklist of rare plants 62 ABSTRACT Information on range, habitat and regional status is provided for 191 plants that are rare on Prince Edward Island. Distribution maps for each rare species are included along with a list of locations on PEI. Documentation supporting rare status is also provided. Six species present on the island are considered rare in Canada, and 78 are rare in one or more adjacent provinces. The rare island flora includes some species that are universally rare as well as four species of sandy shores that are endemic to the Gulf of St. Lawrence region, but the majority of rare plants are species near the edge of their ranges. Thirty-four percent of the native flora is rare, and this is a relatively high percentage, but not surprising since over 90% of the natural landscape has been altered. The Hillsborough estuary, West Point, East Point and the sandy islands and strands of the north shore all harbour significant concentrations of rare plants. This study provides the basis for a systematic approach to the protection of the rare plants of Prince Edward Island, but it also identifies the need for more work to investigate and document rarity. hais | Let iy a + =f ea AX BST | Gites be barrage “ dar tre | ca INTRODUCTION Since protection of natural resources is largely a matter for provincial jurisdictions, rare plant lists have been prepared now for most Canadian provinces and territories. With current vascular plant inventories, these lists enable rare species and their habitarts to be taken into account in land- use planning. They also enable an evaluation of the extent to which a system of protected reserves is adequate (by checking those rare species officially listed with those that exist in fully protected habitats). Priorities for protection sometimes depend upon status in adjacent areas, so that it is important for all provinces to have such lists so that comparisons can be made. This is the 12" in the series of rare plant compilations for Canadian provinces and territories, completed as part of the Rare and Endangered Plants Project of the Canadian Museum of Nature (Argus and Pryer 1990). A. Definitions A "rare" plant is one that exists in low numbers or in very restricted areas in the region under consideration. Rare species include those that are sparse over an extensive geographic area, those that are restricted to a very limited geographic area (but may be locally common), and those that are sparse due to climatic and other constraints. Species that are rare on the edge of their range are often referred to as "peripheral", and they are sometimes of considerable importance in being genetically different from the plants that occur in the main portion of the species range where it is common. A "taxon" (plural "taxa") is any taxonomic grouping. For example the taxon Lechea maritima (a species) includes subordinate taxa, one of which is the variety subcylindrica. Concern over the protection of rare plants is extended to the infraspecific taxa, i.e. subspecies and varieties, but infraspecific taxa are not recognized in all species. Consequently a list of rare plants will include species, subspecies and varieties, and if some of the species contain more than one infraspecific taxon, then the list of rare taxa will be longer than the list of species. The word "endemic" refers to taxa that are confined to a relatively small geographic area. B. Preparation of the list There has been only one comprehensive study aimed at cataloguing the flora of Prince Edward Island. This is the work of Erskine (1960), originally published by Agriculture Canada in 1960, and reissued with an introductory update by Catling et al. in 1985. Erskine’s 1952-53 survey resulted in 1800 numbered collections. Prior to that the most extensive collection was that of M. L. Fernald and colleagues made in 1912 and 1914 which included 713 numbered collections. No other Canadian province has had such a limited botanical field survey, and no other Canadian province relies so heavily on the work of a single botanist for information on its flora. Fortunately Erskine’s (1960) work is very good, but nevertheless, it was not designed specifically to determine which species are rare, and consequently it is not entirely reliable in determining rarity. Common plants collected infrequently may appear to be rare, and rare plants that always exist in small populations, but are widespread and collected frequently, may appear to be common. Furthermore Erskine’s work is neither complete nor up-to-date, because it represents the efforts of a single individual some 30 years ago. Nevertheless, the compilation of a rare plant list for Prince Edward Island has to start somewhere, and a less than ideal information base cannot be allowed to be an obstacle. It should be understood, however, that that the present list is largely a first approximation. There are probably some cases in which species that we did not consider to be rare on the basis of 1960 information, are in fact rare due to destruction of habitat since then. There are also undoubtedly rare native vascular plants on the island that have not been discovered yet. As additional information becomes available, some of the rare species listed here will probably be excluded from the list. There is much work to be done to produce a fully reliable and up-to-date flora, and the study of a flora is to a large degree an ongoing process as the status and names of plants change over time. The present list builds largely on the work of Erskine, but includes a good deal of additional information (e.g. additional taxa and additional locations) and is updated with regard to recent taxonomic literature. While it serves its own specified purpose, it will also hopefully contribute to a better understanding of the flora of Prince Edward Island generally. C. Criteria A taxon is included if there is evidence in the form of either a verified specimen or an acceptable literature report (e.g. a specimen-based report in an authoritative monograph or in Erskine’s list) for its presence at three or fewer locations on the island and if there are fewer than four additional sight records. Sight records include both literature reports and personal communications. We have tried to find and check specimens; an herbarium acronym in the references indicates the location of material that we have checked. Erskine’s "master set" of collections is at DAO (where he produced the flora under the direction of W. G. Dore), with duplicates distributed to ACAD, and smaller incomplete sets to CAN, BM, GH, MT, NY, and US. In some cases specimens sent elsewhere are not duplicated in DAO. Thus when Erskine indicated a specimen- based record on his map, and we were unable to find it at DAO, there is a reasonable possibility that it exists in another collection. Since Erskine’s work is generally reliable, his specimen-based reports should not be rejected without a good reason, such as a concerted unsuccessful attempt to find the justifying specimen. We have checked CAN and DAO for specimens of all species listed, and the precise basis for inclusion in the list will be clear from the references field. In some cases we have searched many herbaria for justifying specimens. Readers should refer to Appendix 1 for an explanation for the exclusion of various taxa from the final list. Given the current level of information, the criteria described above seem appropriate, but as more information becomes available, other criteria corresponding to the definition of rarity (see above) may be applied. D. Format of the list The plant taxa, including species, subspecies and varieties, are listed alphabetically by their scientific names. Only native vascular plants of Prince Edward Island are included. A list of hybrids that are rare in the province is included in Appendix II. Forms are not dealt with. Each taxon listed may have six data fields: Field 1. Scientific Name and Synonymy In most cases the scientific names used are either generally accepted or are the ones proposed in recent studies. In the latter case, the author and year are cited. Synonyms are listed only in cases where more than one scientific name has been recently applied to a taxon in relevant literature. Common names have not been listed because they are inprecise due to the current lack of standardization. Field 2. Reference This field includes the acronyms of herbaria containing specimens that we have seen and checked. If we have not seen and checked a specimen, no acronym is listed. In a case where there are three specimen- supported locations, a listed acronym means only that one or more specimens have been seen and checked; it does not mean that vouchers for all three locations have been checked. The following acronyms have been used: ACAD = Acadia University; CAN = National Museum of Canada; DAO = Agriculture Canada, Ottawa; MT = Herbier Marie-Victorin, Université de Montreal; UPEI = University of Prince Edward Island; GH = Harvard University; US = Smithsonian Institution; NY = New York Botanical Garden; UNB = University of New Brunswick. More information on these herbaria is available from Index Herbariorum (Holmgren & Keuken 1974). Where a relevant and recent monographic study is available, which refers to presence in Prince Edward Island or provides important distributional data or taxonomic information, we have cited it here. References to literature are occasionally used in other fields to document statements. Field 3. Range in North America The primary sources for this field are Boivin (1966-67), Scoggan (1978-79), Fernald (1950) and recent monographs (when cited). Range is expressed as a northern limit (usually across Canada) from west to east, followed by the southern limits again from west to east. In most cases only standard abbreviations for provinces, territories or states are used to indicate range, but reference is occasionally made to regions such as "New England". A hyphen indicates continuous distribution, whereas a comma indicates discontinuous distribution. Field 4. Range in Prince Edward Island Place names, which correspond to locations shown on the map are listed here wherever possible. In some cases no nearby place name was available, so that the number of places listed is sometimes less than the number of map symbols. Field 5. Habitat The habitat field is based on either habitat notes on the label of a PEI specimen, or as suggested by our own field experience, or in the absence of the preceding sources, as indicated in the literature. Field 6. Status In the status field we note rarity in the surrounding region, i.e. Nova Scotia (Maher et al. 1978), New Brunswick (Hinds 1983), the island of Newfoundland (Bouchard ef al. 1991) and Quebec (Bouchard ef al. 1983). We also note several cases in which the plant listed is considered rare in all of Canada (Argus and Pryer 1990). This information on regional status will help to assign priorities for protection. Field 7. Notes Comments are provided here on classification, recent studies, misidentifications, and on any other matters requiring explanation. Maps Dots indicate an occurrence based on a specimen seen by us or an acceptable literature report based on a specimen that we have not seen. Circles indicate reports for which no justifying specimen is currently known, and they represent either sight records or literature reports that are not based on specimens. Appendices Three appendices follow the main text. The first of these includes a listing of candidate species which we considered, but left out of the final list for the reason specified. The second appendix includes a list of hybrids that are rare in Prince Edward Island. While hybrids are not a high priority for protection because they can be created as long as the parent species survive, they are nevertheless of interest. In some cases the distinction between a hybrid and a species that evolved as a hybrid is a difficult one. The third appendix is a listing of the rare plants of Prince Edward Island in the taxonomic sequence of 10 Fernald (1950). E. Distribution Patterns of Rare Plants in Prince Edward Island The size of an area may have something to do with whether or not particular plants occur there. Larger areas are larger targets for dispersing seeds and other reproductive parts, and are likely to have a greater diversity of habitats than smaller areas. It appears that a number of plants on this rare list are abundant or widespread in New Brunswick, but rare in Prince Edward Island only because of factors relating to either the extent of a particular habitat or to the rate of dispersal. The rare plants of Prince Edward Island do not seem to be as concentrated in particular regions of the province as is sometimes the case in other Canadian provinces. Concentrations of rare species, however, do exist. A scarcity of nutrient-poor lakes may explain the rarity of several plants characteristic of that particular habitat. Lake Verde, O’Keefe’s Lake and Mermaid Lake contain an impressive number of provincially rare plants, including Elatine minima, Eriocaulon septangulare, Isoetes macrospora, Juncus militaris, Lobelia dortmanna, and Sagittaria graminea. The Hillsborough River estuary has a number of provincially rare plants of saline shores including Bidens connata, Bidens heterodoxa, and Distichlis spicata. The general region of North Point contains a variety of habitats ranging from sea-cliffs, to acid swamps, bogs and open wind-swept meadows. The provincially rare species here include Andromeda glaucophylla, Botrychium simplex, Draba incana var. confusa, Carex folliculata, Parnassia parviflora, Rubus chamaemorus, Vaccinium uliginosum, Viola conspersa and Viola lanceolata. West Point is also rich in rare species including Danthonia compressa and Spiranthes ochroleuca. Finally the strands, dunes and interdunal meadows on the sandy islands extending from Alberton to Grand Tracadie on the north shore are home to the endemic Aster laurentianus and Lechea maritima var. subcylindrica as well many provincially rare plants including Arctostaphylos uva-ursi var. coactilis, Carex rugosperma, Empetrum eamesii ssp. eamesit, Hudsonia ericoides, Hudsonia tomentosa, Polygala sanguinea, Polygonum oxyspermum ssp. rai, Rumex maritimus var. fueginus and var. persicarioides, and Suaeda calceoliformis. F. Rare Canadian Plants in Prince Edward Island There are some species in Prince Edward Island that are rare throughout their Canadian range, as well as being rare on the island. These include Aster laurentianus, Bidens heterodoxa, Lechea maritima var. subcylindrica, Myriophyllum quitense, Spiranthes ochroleuca, and Triglochin gaspense. The three former species are endemic to a portion of the Gulf of St. Lawrence region. Spiranthes ochroleuca is peripheral and becomes abundant furthur south in the Appalachian Mts. Myriophyllum quitense is widely distributed in North America but sparse. Triglochin gaspense is largely confined to the Gulf region. The Canadian status of some other species on Prince Edward Island is not altogether clear. Atriplex littoralis, for example is believed to be introduced (Basset et al. 1983), but if subsequent study suggested that it was a native amphi- Atlantic disjunct, it would have to be considered rare in Canada since it is restricted in Canada to Prince Edward 11 Island and the coast of Northumberland Strait. G. Regionally Rare Plants on Prince Edward Island Plants that are rare on the island as well as in one of the adjacent provinces are listed in Table 1 which is a summary of entries in the "status" field. This list includes 75 taxa. Approximately equal numbers of rarities are shared with each adjacent province, 26 with New Brunswick, 26 with Nova Scotia, 29 with Newfoundland and 20 with Quebec. H. Protection of Rare Plants in Prince Edward Island Under the discussion of distribution a number of sites are mentioned which harbour concentrations of provincially rare plants. These sites should be protected and an attempt should be made to find others like them. Currently rare native flora is protected in a National Park, in Provincial Parks and in protected Natural Areas, the latter designated under the Natural Areas Protection Act (Prov. Statutes, Chap. 46, 1988). However, there is an opportunity for a more systematic approach to protection now that a rare plant list is available. There is also an urgent need for field study to further document rare flora on the island. Additional information on rare flora of Prince Edward Island should be sent to the Island Nature Trust, P. O. Box 265, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, C1A 7K4. I. Synopsis The vascular flora of Prince Edward Island includes approximately 700 native taxa (Erskine 1960, Catling et al. 1985, Catling unpub.) of which 191 (27.3 %) are without his help and without the fine work of Erskine himself, a reasonable listing of the rare plants would not have been here listed as rare. This number is similar to that of NS and NB but much smaller than that of Nfld and Que. It is however, an unusually high percentage. The greatest number of rarities occur in the grass family (Poaceae), the sedge family (Cyperaceae) and the Aster family (Asteraceae). possible at this time. J. Acknowledgements For helpful reviews of the draft manuscript we are grateful to Dr. George Argus of the Botany Division of the Canadian Museum of Nature, Mr. Harold Hinds of the University of New Brunswick, Mr. Dan Brunton of Ottawa and Dr. Luc Brouillet and Mr. Stuart Hay, both of Université de Montreal. Ms. Diane Griffin of the Island Nature Trust kindly commented upon portions of the manuscript and contributed some valuable plant records. Mr. Mike Shchepanek and Mr. Albert Dugal of the Botany Division of the Canadian Museum of Nature provided valuable records from their 1981 collecting expedition to Kings Co. Mr. Harold Hinds of the University of New Brunswick also shared records from his recent collecting trips to the island. Ms. Barbara Kobolak searched the National Museum’s data base and provided printouts of relevant information. Mr. Stephen Darbyshire, Mr. Fred Beales, and Mr. Bill (W. J.) Cody, all of the Biosystematics Research Centre of Agriculture Canada, provided useful comments. Ms. Sharon Helman of the Canadian Museum of Nature assisted in the preparation of the final manuscript. It is also to be noted that Dr. Bill (W. G.) Dore assisted David Erskine with the production of the first authoritative list, and 12 Table 1. Rare vascular plants of Prince Edward Island that are rare in Canada, or in adjacent regions. CAN = Canada, NS = Nova Scotia, NB = NEW Brunswick, Nfld = Newfoundland, Que = Quebec. Family/Species CAN NS NB Nfld Que OPHIOGLOSSACEAE Botrichyium dissectum Botrychium simplex Ophioglossum vulgatum var. pseudopodum X x mx BLECHNACEAE Woodwardia virginica X X POTAMOGETONACEAE Potamogeton filiformis var. borealis Potamogeton filiformis var. macounii Potamogeton foliosus var. foliosus Potamogeton pectinatus rm rm HYDROCHARITACEAE Elodea nuttallii xX X POACEAE Agrostis perennans X Calamogrostis stricta ssp. inexpansa X Distichlis spicata p< Elymus virginicus Oryzopsis canadensis X Puccinellia ambigua x mx xX CYPERACEAE Carex annectens Carex argyantha Carex chordorrhiza X Carex cumulata Carex folliculata Carex lacustris X HN KM 15 Family/Species Eleocharis nitida Eleocharis ovata Eleocharis pauciflora Eriophorum gracile Scirpus rufus Var. neogaeus JUNCAGINACEAE Triglochin gaspense LEMNACEAE Spirodela polyrhiza ORCHIDACEAE Arethusa bulbosa Goodyera repens var. ophioides Platanthera blephariglottis var. blephariglottis Spiranthes ochroleuca BETULACEAE Betula pumila var. pumila SANTALACEAE Commandra umbellata POLYGONACEAE Polygonum arifolium var. pubescens Polygonum oxyspermum ssp. raii Rumex maritimus vat. persicarioides AMARANTHACEAE Suaeda calceoliformis PORTULACACEAE Claytonia caroliniana Montia fontana RANUNCULACEAE Anemone canadensis Ranunculus pensylvanicus Ranunculus recurvatus 14 CAN NS X ~ xX NB ~ xX x xX xX Nfld Que x x x xX x x x x x x x X Family/Species BRASSICACEAE Draba incana var. confusa CRASSULACEAE Crassula aquatica SAXIFRAGACEAE Parnassia parviflora ROSACEAE Amelanchier fernaldii Crataegus chrysocarpa Geum laciniatum POLYGALACEAE Polygala sanguinea - EMPETRACEAE Corema conradii Empetrum eamesii ssp. eamesii ry PERICACRAE Hypericum majus ELATINACEAE Elatine minima CISTACEAE Hudsonia ericoides Hudsonia tomentosa Lechea maritima var. subcylindrica VIOLACEAE Viola fimbriatula Viola lanceolata Viola nephrophylla Viola septentrionalis 15 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Family/Species HALORAGIDACEAE Myriophyllum quitense Myriophyllum verticillatum PYROLACEAE Pyrola asarifolia subsp. asarifolia Pyrola minor ERICACEAE Vacciniun uliginosum var. alpinum Gaylussacia dumosa vat. bigeloviana MONOTROPACEAE Pterospora andromedea PRIMULACEAE Samolus valerandi ssp. parviflorus ASCLEPIADACEAE Asclepias incarnata LENTIBULARIACEAE Utricularia minor RUBIACEAE Mitchella repens ASTERACEAE Aster lanceolatus Aster laurentianus Bidens heterodoxa Gnaphalium obtusifolium var. obtusifolium Lactuca hirsuta var. sanguinea 16 mx ~ xX ~~ xX ALPHABETICAL LIST OF RARE PLANTS WITH MAPS Actaea pachypoda Ell. REFERENCE: DAO, Erskine 1960. RANGE: Man-NS; s Ga and Okla. PEI: Hunter R., Hazel Gove, Richmond. HABITAT: Rich woods and thickets. Agropyron trachycaulum (Link) Malte var. majus (Vasey) Fern. REFERENCE: Erskine 1960. RANGE: s BC-Lab; s to Oreg and New England. PEI: Indian River. HABITAT: Dry, open places. Agropyron trachycaulum (Link) Malte var. novae-angliae (Scribn.) Fern. REFERENCE: Erskine 1960. RANGE: BC-Nfld; s to New England, w to Nev. PEI: Bloomfield, Dundee. HABITAT: Dry, open places. Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Ont-Que; s to NC. PEI: Ellerslie Brook, Lake Verde, Selkirk (Armedale). HABITAT: Periodically dry, open places. STATUS: Rare in Nfld. Alopecurus aequalis Sobol. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Alaska and BC-Nfld; s to N Mex and New England. PEI: Wellington, Southport. HABITAT: Shallow water, shores. Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Med. REFERENCE: DAO. RANGE: Ont-NS, s to GA. PEI: Bristol, Bothwell. HABITAT: Blueberry barrens, fencerows. i? Amelanchier fernaldii Wieg. REFERENCE: Erskine 1960. RANGE: Gulf of St. Lawrence region. PEI: Cavendish, Bothwell. HABITAT: Damp to dry open barrens, thickets, ravines or shores. STATUS: Rare in Nfld. Andromeda glaucophylla Link REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Man-Nfld; s to Va. PEI: Waterford, East Bideford. HABITAT: Floating bog mats. Anemone canadensis L. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: BC-NS; s to N Mex and New England. PEI: between O’Leary and Coleman. HABITAT: Thickets, meadows and shores. STATUS: Rare in Nfld and NS. Antennaria howellii Greene subsp. canadensis (Greene) Bayer (Antennaria neodioica subsp. canadensis) REFERENCE: ACAD, CAN; Bayer & Stebbins 1982, Bayer 1989. RANGE: Ont-Nfld; s to Va. PEI: Heatherdale. HABITAT: Dry fields, pastures, open woods and rocky barrens. Aralia racemosa L. REFERENCE: Erskine 1960. RANGE: Man-NS; s to Ala. PEI: Dunk River, Hunter River. HABITAT: deciduous or mixed woods. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. var. coactilis Fern. & MacSwain REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Yukon-Nfld; s to Calif and Va. PEI: West Point, Dalvay, Bothwell, Hog Island. HABITAT: Dry, open dunes, sandy slopes. 18 Arethusa bulbosa L. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Ont-Nfld; s to Okla and SC. PEI: Black Banks, Waterford. HABITAT: Sphagnous bogs, peaty meadows. STATUS: Rare in Que. Asclepias incarnata L. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Man-NS; s to Tex. PEI: Avondale. HABITAT: Wet thickets. STATUS: Rare in NS. Aster borealis (T. & G.) Prov. (A. junciformis Rydb.) REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Alaska-PE]I; s to Colo, Ind and New England. PEI: Mount Stewart, Dundee. HABITAT: Wet, quaking marsh. Aster lanceolatus Willd. (A. simplex Willd.) REFERENCE: CAN. RANGE: Sask-Nfld; s to Kans and NC. PEI: St. Charles, Forest Hill. HABITAT: Alder swamp, damp clearings. STATUS: Rare in Nfld. Aster laurentianus Fern. REFERENCE: CAN, DAO; Erskine 1960, also see Catling & McKay 1980 under A. brachyactis, Houle & Brouillet 1985. Houle 1988 (Ph D Thesis, Univ. de Montreal). RANGE: PEI & Magdalen Is. PEI: Tignish, Brackley Beach, Dalvay. HABITAT: Open brackish sands or mud. STATUS: Rare in Canada, NB and Que. NOTES: The type (GH) was collected at Brackley Point. bd Aster nemoralis Aït. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960, Brouillet & Simon 1981. RANGE: Ont-Nfld; s to Mich and New England. PEI: Bloomfield, Peterville. HABITAT: Sphagnous bogs, peaty shores. NOTES: The hybrid A. x blakei was collected w of Tignish. Aster radula Ait. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Que-Nfld; s to Va. PEI: Dingwells Mills. HABITAT: Low woods, swamps and bogs. Atriplex franktonii Taschereau REFERENCE: DAO: Bassett et al. 1983. RANGE: Que-NS and Nfld. PEI: Cardigan, Victoria. HABITAT: Sandy sea beaches. Betula pumila L. var. pumila REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Lab-Nfld and NB-NS. PEI: Miscouche Woods, St. Andrews, Dundee. HABITAT: Swamps and bogs. STATUS: Rare in NS. Bidens cernua L. var. elliptica Wieg. REFERENCE: Erskine 1960. RANGE: Que; Wash to New England, s to Colo and NC PEI: Southport HABITAT: Swamps. NOTES: Differing from the typical variety and var. integra principally in its more prominently narrowed leaves. This taxon deserves more taxonomic study. 20 Bidens cernua L. var. oligodonta Fern. & St John REFERENCE: CAN; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Magdalen Islands and PEI; s to Mass, also Minn. PEI: Tracadie, North Lake (Rhodora 17: 24. 1915). HABITAT: Brackish sand. NOTES: Differing from the other varieties in being a matted fleshy halophyte with round-tipped leaves, but requiring more taxonomic study. Bidens connata Muhl. REFERENCE: DAO, GH. RANGE: Ont-NS; s to Ohio and Del. PEI: O’Leary, Cherry Valley. HABITAT: Wet shores & swamps. Bidens heterodoxa (Fern.) Fern. & St. John REFERENCE: CAN; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Magdalen Islands and PEI. PEI: Bunbury. HABITAT: Fresh, brackish or saline marshes. STATUS: Rare in Canada and Que. Botrychium dissectum Spreng. REFERENCE: Roland & Smith 1969. RANGE: Ont-NS; s to Miss and NC. PEI: West Point. HABITAT: Thickets, woods, meadows. : STATUS: Rare in NS. Botrychium simplex E. Hitchc. REFERENCE: DAO, UNB. RANGE: BC-Nfld; s to N Mex and Va. PEI: North Point. HABITAT: Open windswept turf at clifftop. STATUS: Rare in Nfld and NS. Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb.) Beauv. var. septentrionale Babel REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Ont-Nfld; s to La and Ga. PEI: McNeill’s Mills. HABITAT: Dry stream banks. 21 Calamogrostis stricta (Timm) Koeler subsp. inexpansa (Gray) C.W. Greene var. inexpansa (Calamagrostis inexpansa Gray) REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960, Greene 1980. RANGE: Alaska-Greenland, BC-NS; s to Calif and Maine. PEI: Mt. Stewart, Brackley Beach, Summerside. HABITAT: Border of ponds. STATUS: Rare in NS. Carex annectens Bickn. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Ont-PEI; s to Va. PEI: McNeills Mills. HABITAT: Moist open places. STATUS: Rare in Que. Carex aquatilis Wahl. var. altior (Rydb.) Fern. REFERENCE: Erskine 1960. RANGE: BC-Nfld; s to Oreg, Miss and NJ. PEI: Portage, Lake Verde. HABITAT: Calcareous marshes. Carex argyrantha Tuckerm. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Ont-NS; s to NC. PEI: Alliston, Indian River. HABITAT: Dry woods, thickets and clearings. STATUS: Rare in Que. Carex chordorrhiza Ehrh. REFERENCE: CAN, DAO, UNB. RANGE: NWT-Nfld, Sask-NS; s to Indiana. PEI: Portage, Blooming Point. HABITAT: Bogs and bog pools. STATUS: Rare in Nfld. Carex cumulata (Bailey) Mackenzie REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Sask-NS; s to Ohio and Penn. PEI: Bristol HABITAT: Burned blueberry barren. STATUS: Rare in Que. 22 Carex deflexa Hornem. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Yukon and BC-Nfld: s to Minn and NY. PEI: Charlottetown, Brackley Point, Glencorradale Corner. HABITAT: Woods, clearings and turfy slopes. Carex flava L. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960, Crins & Ball 1989. RANGE: Alaska and BC-Nfld; s to Mont and NJ. PEI: Portage, Cherry Valley, Bay Fortune. HABITAT: Wet meadows, swales and shores. Carex folliculata L. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Ont-Nfld; s to NC. PEI: North Point. HABITAT: Acid, swampy woods. STATUS: Rare in Que. Carex gracillima Schwein. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: MdM-Nfld; s Miss and NC. PEI: Tignish, e to Ellerslie, Valleyfield, Mt. Albion. HABITAT: Woodlands, thickets and meadows. NOTES: Common (D. Griffin, pers. comm.). Carex lacustris Willd. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Man-NS; s to Ill and Va. PEI: Alberton, O’Leary, New Glasgow. HABITAT: Swamps, marshes in shallow water. STATUS: Rare in Nfld. Carex limosa L. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Alaska and BC-Nfld; s to Calif and Ill. PEI: Bloomfield, East Bideford, Stanhope. HABITAT: Bogs, pond margins. 25 _ Carex mackenziei Krecz. REFERENCE: UNB; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Alaska-Nfld. PEI: Rocky Point, Summerside, Blooming Point. HABITAT: Saline or brackish marshes and flooded shores. Carex pallescens L. var. neogaea Fern. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Ont-Nfld; s to Ohio and Penn. PEI: O’Leary, Charlottetown, Bear River, Georgetown. HABITAT: Meadows, grasslands, thickets and glades. Carex recta Boott REFERENCE: CAN, MT, NY, US (J. Cayouette pers. comm.). RANGE: n Ont-Nfld; s to Maine. PEI: McWilliams Cove. HABITAT: Saline, brackish shores. NOTES: Other specimens mapped for PEI by Erskine (1960) have been revised. Carex rugosperma Mackenzie REFERENCE: DAO. RANGE: Ont-NS; s to Minn and Va. PEI: Brackley Beach, Brackley Point. HABITAT: Wooded dunes, sandy roadsides. NOTES: This and C. tonsa require more taxonomic study. Carex tonsa and C. abdita are rare in Nfld. Carex stricta Lam. REFERENCE: Standley 1989. RANGE: Ont-NS; s to Tex and SC. PEI: Prince Co. near Portage. HABITAT: Marshes, swamps and shores. Carex tincta Fern. REFERENCE: Erskine 1960. RANGE: Alta-NB; s to Wash and NY. PEI: Hunter River. HABITAT: Rich woods, thickets and fields. 24 Carex vesicaria L. var. jejuna Fern. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Ont-Nfld; s to Wis and NY. PEI: Tignish, Wellington. HABITAT: Meadows, swales, shores. Carex vulpinoidea Michx. REFERENCE: Erskine 1960. RANGE: BC-Nfld; and s. PEI: Bunbury, Tignish, Wellington. HABITAT: Open, wet meadows. Carex wiegandii Mack. REFERENCE: DAO; Reznicek & Ball 1980, Catling et al. 1985. RANGE: Ont-Nfld; s to Penn. PEI: Murray River. HABITAT: Open bogs, boggy thickets. NOTES: The basis of earlier reports of C. atlantica. Ceratophyllum demersum L. REFERENCE: CAN, DAO, GH, MT; Erskine 1969. RANGE: Alaska and BC-NS; and s to Central Amer. PEI: Tracadie, St. Charles, Pisquid Pond. HABITAT: Quiet water. Chenopodium macrocalycium Allen REFERENCE: DAO; Bassett & Crompton 1982. RANGE: PEI and NS s to FLa. PEI: Borden, Wood Is. HABITAT: Sand-gravel sea beaches, wastelands. Circaea lutetiana L. ssp. canadensis (L.) Asch. & Mag. REFERENCE: ACAD, DAO; Erskine et al. 1985, Boufford 1982. RANGE: Ont-NS; s to Tenn and Ga. PEI: Savage Harbour. Cavendish. HABITAT: Rich hardwoods. 25 Claytonia caroliniana Michx. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Sask-Nfld; s to Tenn and NC. PEI: Hunter River, Campbell’s Mills, Wheatley River, Morel River. HABITAT: Mixed woods. STATUS: Rare in Nfld. Commandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. (C. richardsiana Fern.) REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Man-Nfld; s to Kans and NY. PEI: n shore from Cavendish to Bothwell. HABITAT: Dry open places. STATUS: Rare in NS. Corema conradii Torr. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Nfld-NS; s to NJ. PEI: Bothwell, Murray River, Bristol Hog Island, Little Harbour/Black Pond. HABITAT: Sandy pine-barrens, sandhills and siliceous rocks. STATUS: Rare in NB and Que. Crassula aquatica (L.) Schonl. (Tillaea aquatica L.) . REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Que-Nfld; s to Mex. PEI: Mount Stewart, Grand Tracadie. HABITAT: Margins of pools. STATUS: Rare in Nfld, NS, and Que. NOTES: This species is widespread in Canada, but generally rare (Cody 1954). Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Que-Nfld; s to N Mex and NY. PEI: Mt. Albion. HABITAT: Thickets and rocky ground along streams. STATUS: Rare in Nfld. 26 Crataegus holmesiana Ashe var. villipes Ashe REFERENCE: DAO. RANGE: se Canada and New England s to Minn. PEI: Hunter River, Brackley Point, Charlottetown. HABITAT: Open woods and thickets. Cuscuta gronovii Willd. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Man-NS; s to N Mex and Fla. PEI: Plat River, Pleasant View. HABITAT: Parasitic on many hosts in wet places. Cypripedium calceolus L. var. pubescens (Willd.) Correll REFERENCE: DAO, UNB. RANGE: Yukon-Nfld; s to Oreg and Ga. PEI: Miscouche, Mount Royal. HABITAT: Open Tamarack swamp. Danthonia compressa Austin REFERENCE: Erskine 1960. RANGE: Que-NS; s to Tenn and Va. PEI: Elmira, East Point HABITAT: Dry open woodlands and clearings. Dentaria diphylla Michx. REFERENCE: DAO; Catling et al. 1985. RANGE: Ont-NS; s to Ky and SC. PEI: Morell River below Indian Bridge. HABITAT: Rich woods. NOTES: First discovered on the island in 1983 and consequently not mapped on PEI by Montgomery (1955). Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv. var. glauca (Hartm.) Lindm. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Yukon and BC-Nfld; s to Calif, Ariz and NJ. PEI: Kensington. HABITAT: Muddy, brackish river banks. 27 Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. REFERENCE: DAO; Catling et al. 1985. RANGE: Ont-NS; s to Kans and Ga. PEI: Dunk river below Stanchel. HABITAT: Rich hardwoods. Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: PEI-NS; s to Tex and Fla, Pacific coast. PEI: Charlottetown, North River Bridge. HABITAT: Saline marshes. STATUS: Rare in NB. Draba incana L. var. confusa (Ehrh.) Lilj. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Arctic, s to Que-Nfld, Magdalen Islands, and NB. PEI: North Point. HABITAT: Ledges and crests of sea cliffs. STATUS: Rare in NB. Drosera intermedia Hayne REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Ont-Nfld; s to Ohio and SC. PEI: Mt. Stewart, Mermaid Lake, Red Point. HABITAT: Mucky depressions in bogs. Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britt. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: BC-Nfld; s to Calif and Fla. PEI: Lake Verde, Watervale. HABITAT: Swamps and margins of pools and streams. NOTES: A specimen from Portage has been revised to Carex chordorrhiza. Elatine minima (Nutt.) Frish & Mey. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Ont-Nfld; s to Mich and Va. PEI: Glenfinnan Lake, Lake Verde. HABITAT: Sandy, peaty, or (rarely) muddy margins and shores of ponds, sometimes in shallow water. STATUS: Rare in NB and Nfld. 28 Eleocharis nitida Fern. REFERENCE: DAO RANGE: Alaska-Nfld; s to New England. PEI: Cavendish Narrows. HABITAT: Damp peaty, or sandy shores. STATUS: Rare in Nfld and NS. Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) Schult. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: BC, Ont-NS; s to Calif, Tex and Fla. PEI: Tignish, Murray River. HABITAT: Muddy or wet shores. Eleocharis ovata (Roth) R. & S. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Ont-NB; s to Minn, Ind and Conn. PEI: Wellington. HABITAT: Muddy bottom of former millpond. STATUS: Rare in Nfld. Eleocharis pauciflora (Light.) Link REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Yukon and BC-Nfld; s to Calif and NJ. PEI: Nail Pond. HABITAT: Damp, sandy hollows behind dunes. STATUS: Rare in Nfld and NB. Elodea nuttallii (Planch.) St. John REFERENCE: UNB; Catling & Wojtas 1986. RANGE: BC, Man-Que, PEI-NS; s to Colo, Ala, and NC. PEI: Blooming Point. HABITAT: Shallow water. STATUS: Rare in NB and Que. NOTES: Not mapped in PEI by Catling & Wojtas (1986), but recently collected at Blooming Point by H. Hinds (pers. comm.). Elymus virginicus L. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: BC-Nfld; s to Wash, Ariz and Fla. PEI: Selkirk. | HABITAT: Wet bottomland woods. STATUS: Rare in Nfld. 29 Empetrum eamesii Fern. & Wieg. ssp. eamesii (E. rubrum Vahl ssp. eamesii (Fern. & Wieg.) R. Good, E. nigrum L. var. eamesii (Fern. & Wieg.) Boivin) REFERENCE: ACAD, DAO; Catling et al. 1985. RANGE: Que-Nfld, PEI-NS. PEI: Stanhope. HABITAT: Dry, open places. STATUS: Rare in NS and evidently in Lab (Léve 1969). It is confined to the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Nfld-Lab region , and is apparently common only in Nfld. NOTES: Classification requires more study. Epifagus virginiana (L.) Barton REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Ont-NS; s to La and Fila. PEI: w Prince Co., Charlottetown. HABITAT: A parasite under beech trees. Equisetum scirpoides Michx. REFERENCE: Erskine 1960. RANGE: Alaska and BC-Nfld; s to Wash and NY. PEI: Mt. Stewart. HABITAT: Woodlands, on mossy knolls. Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. var. intermedia Fern. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Ont-PEI; s to Tex and Fla. PEI: Tignish, Bunbury, Eldon, Wood Is. HABITAT: Clearings, damp woods and burns. Erigeron philadelphicus L. REFERENCE: Erskine 1960. RANGE: BC-Nfld; s to Tex and Fla. PEI: Pleasant View, McNeill’s Mills. HABITATS: Shores and springy slopes. Eriocaulon septangulare With. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Ont-Nfld; s to Minn and Va. PEI: Lake Verde, O’Keefe’s Lake. HABITAT: Shallow pools or streams. 30 Eriophorum gracile Roth REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Alaska and BC-Nfld; s to Calif, Colo and Del. PEI: Bristol. HABITAT: Quaking marsh. STATUS: Rare in NB, NS and Nfld. Eriophorum viridi-carinatum (Engelm.) Fern. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Alaska and BC-Nfld; s tolll. PEI: Grand Tracadie, Bristol. HABITAT: Peatlands, wet meadows and swampy woods. Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh var. subintegerrima (Vahl) Fern. REFERENCE: Erskine 1960. RANGE: Que-NS; s to Tex and Fla. PEI: w Prince Co. HABITAT: Rich upland or lowland woods. Gaylussacia dumosa (Andr.) T. & G. var. bigeloviana Fern. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960, Gauthier 1983. RANGE: Que-Nfld and NB; s to Va. PEI: Black Banks, Village Green, Murray River, Miscouche Bog. HABITAT: Peat bogs. STATUS: Rare in Que. Geranium robertianum L. REFERENCE: CAN, DAO, UPEI; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Man-Nfld; s to Ill and W Va. PEI: Campbellton, Indian Bridge, Bear River station, Hermanville. HABITAT: Rocky woods. Geum canadense Jacq. REFERENCE: ACAD. RANGE: Ont-NS; s to Tex an Ga. PEI: Savage Harbour HABITAT: Dry or moist woodlands. 31 Geum laciniatum Murr. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Ont-NS; s to Kans and NC. PEI: Winter River, Brackley Station, Pisquid Pond. HABITAT: Alder thickets. STATUS: Rare in Que. Geum macrophyllum Willd. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Alaska and BC-Nfld; s to Calif, Minn and New England. PEI: w Prince Co., Hunter River valley, ne Kings Co. HABITAT: Rich woods, damp openings. Glyceria canadensis (Michx.) Trin. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Sask-Nfld; s to III and NC. PEI: Portage, Bristol. HABITAT: Damp places, shallow water. Glyceria borealis (Nash) Batchelder REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Ala and BC-Nfld; s to Calif, Ill and Penn. PEI: Tignish, Sea View, Upton, St. Peters Lake, Selkirk. HABITAT: Wet, open places, shallow water. Gnaphalium viscosum H.B.K. (G. macounii Greene) REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: BC-NS; s to Mex and Penn. PEI: Pisquid Pond, Commercial Cross. HABITAT: Dry clearings, pastures, woodland edges. Gnaphalium obtusifolium L. var. obtusifolium REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Ont-NS; s to Tex and Fla. PEI: Brackley Beach, Commercial Cross. HABITAT: Clearings, old fields, dunes. STATUS: Rare in NB. 32 Goodyera repens (L.) R. Br. var. ophioides Fern. REFERENCE: Erskine 1960, Kallunki 1976. RANGE: Ala and BC-Nfld; s to Mich and NC. PEI: Brackley Point, Wood Islands West. HABITAT: Hummocks in damp mossy woods. STATUS: Rare in NS. Habenaria blephariglottis see Platanthera blephariglottis Hamamelis virginiana L. REFERENCE: DAO. RANGE: Ont-NS; s to Mo, Tenn and Ga. PEI: Murray River. HABITAT: Dry woods, in warm sites. STATUS: Possibly rare in Que. Hieracium canadense Michx. REFERENCE: DAO, UNB; Erskine 1960. RANGE: BC-Nfld; s to Oreg, Iowa and NH. PEI: Summerside, New Glasgow, Southport, Greenwich Dunes. HABITAT: Thickets, woodland edges, clearings. NOTES: The var. hirtirameum Fern. is reported from Summerside. Hudsonia ericoides L. REFERENCE: CAN, DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Nfld-NS; s to Del. PEI: Bothwell, Brackley Beach. HABITAT: Sand dunes and acid rocks. STATUS: Rare in Nfld. NOTES: The forma leucantha (white-flowered) is also known from Bothwell. Hudsonia tomentosa Nutt. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Alta-NB; s to Ill and and NC. PEI: Malpeque Beach, Brackley Beach, Bothwell, Greenwich. HABITAT: Sand dunes. STATUS: Rare in NS and Que. Hypericum majus (Gray) Britton REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960, Gillet & Robson 1981. RANGE: BC-NB; s to Colo and NJ. PEI: McNeills Mills, Dalvay. HABITAT: Periodically wet, open soil. STATUS: Rare in NS. Isoetes macrospora Dur. REFERENCE: ACAD, DAO, NSPM. RANGE: Ont-Nfld; s to Minn and Va. PEI: Lake Verde, Glenfinnan Lake. HABITAT: Shallow water of fresh pools, lakes and streams. Juncus dudleyi Wieg. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: BC-Nfld; s to Ariz, Tenn and Va. PEI: Skinners Pond, Wellington. HABITAT: Moist, open places. Juncus filiformis L. REFERENCE: CAN, DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Ala and BC-Nfld; s to Oreg, Mich and Penn. PEI: Mt. Pleasant, Wellington, Charlottetown, Connaught Station, Wood Islands. HABITAT: Wet shores and bogs. Juncus militaris Bigel. REFERENCE: DAO, Roland & Smith 1969. RANGE: Ont-Nfld; s to Mich and Del. PEI: Keefe’s Lake. HABITAT: Shallow water and shores. Lactuca hirsuta Mubhl. var. sanguinea (Bigel.) Fern. REFERENCE: Erskine 1960. RANGE: Ont-NS; s to Tex and Va. PEI: Southport, Mount Stewart. HABITAT: Dry open woods and clearings. STATUS: Rare in Que. Laportea canadensis (L.) Gaud. REFERENCE: DAO; Catling et al. 1985, Bassett et al. 1974. RANGE: Man-NS; s to Mont and Fla. PEI: Dunk River. HABITAT: Moist thickets and swampy woods. NOTES: Erskine’s report from Dunk River is probably reliable, although the specimen was lost. Known from St. Pierre-Miquelon but not Nfld. Lechea maritima Leggett var. subcylindrica Hodgdon REFERENCE: DAO, UNB; Hogdon 1938, Catling et al. 1985. RANGE: PEI and e NB. PEI: Hog Island. HABITAT: sand dunes. STATUS: Rare in Canada and NB. Lemna trisculca L. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: BC-NS; s to Mex and Ala. PEI: Souris, Dingwell’s Mills. HABITAT: Ponds, quiet streams and rivers. Listera cordata (L.) R. Br. REFERENCE: CAN, DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Alaska and BC-Nfld; s to Oreg, N Mex, and NJ. PEI: Harmony. HABITAT: Mossy knolls in boggy conifer woods. Lobelia dortmanna L. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: BC-Nfld; s to Oreg, Wis and NJ. PEI: O’Keefe’s Lake, Glenfinnan Lake, Lake Verde. HABITAT: Shallow fresh water. Maianthemum stellatum (L.) Link (Smilacina stellata (L.) Desf.) REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960, LaFrankie 1 RANGE: Alaska and BC-Nfld; s to Calif and Va. PEI: Cavendish, West Point, Bothwell. HABITAT: Old dunes, dry open meadows. 35 Mimulus ringens L. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Sask-NB; s to Colo, Tex and Ga. PEI: Winter River, Brackley Beach, Wellington. HABITAT: Shores and wet meadows. Mitchella repens L. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Ont-Nfld; s to Tex and Fla. PEI: Portage. HABITAT: Woodlands. STATUS: Rare in Nfld. Monotropa hypopithys L. REFERENCE: Erskine 1960 RANGE: BC-Nfld; s to Calif, Mex and Fla. PEI: Bedeque, Brackley Point, Kilkenny Road, Harmony. HABITAT: Sands and needle litter in pine forest. Montia fontana L. REFERENCE: Erskine 1960. RANGE: Alaska and BC-Nfld; s to Calif and Maine. PEI: Green’s Shore at Summerside. HABITAT: Pools and ditches. STATUS: Rare in NB. Muhlenbergia glomerata (Willd.) Trin. var. cinnoides (Link) F. J. Hermann. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Alta-Nfld; s to Nev, Mich and NY. PEI: Indian River, Hillsborough River. HABITAT: Bogs, fens. Myriophyllum quitense H.B.K. REFERENCE: DAO; Ceska et al. 1986. RANGE: BC, PEI; Wash-Mex (Couch & Nelson 1988). PEI: Winter River, ne of Charlottetown. HABITAT: Lakes and rivers. STATUS: Rare in Canada; not known in the surrounding region. 36 Myriophyllum verticillatum L. REFERENCE: Erskine 1960. RANGE: Alaska and BC-Nfld; s to Calif, Tex and Md. PEI: Tignish. HABITAT: Ponds and lakes. NOTES: The PEI plant was referred to var. intermedium Koch, which seems to require more study. STATUS: Rare in Nfld. Oenothera parviflora L. REFERENCE: Erskine 1960. RANGE: BC-Nfld; s to Mont, ILL, and NJ. PEI: Charlottetown, Brackley Beach, Fortune Bridge. HABITAT: Dry, open places, wastelands. NOTES: We have assumed that Erskine’s (1960) reports of O. cruciata are based on the var. stenopetala (Bickn.) Fernald, a synonym of O. parviflora. Ophioglossum vulgatum var. pseudopodum (Blake) Farwell REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: BC, Ont-NS; s to Mex and Fla. PEI: Brackley Point, Dalvay House. HABITAT: Grassy swales, damp sands. STATUS: Rare in NB and Que. Orobanche uniflora L. REFERENCE: Erskine 1960. RANGE: Que-NB; s to Tex and Fla. PEI: Langley Beach near Southport. HABITAT: Woodlands. Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx. REFERENCE: UPEI. RANGE: BC-Nfld; s to Va. PEI: Greenwich. HABITAT: Open, sandy woods. 37 Oryzopsis canadensis (Poir.) Torr. REFERENCE: Erskine 1960, Raymond 1953. RANGE: Alta-Nfld; s to Mich, W Va and NY. PEI: Bristol. HABITAT: Sandy barrens, dry open woods. STATUS: Rare in Nfld and NS. Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. REFERENCE: ACAD. RANGE: Alta-NS; s to N Mex, Ky and Va. PEI: Savage Harbour. HABITAT: Rich, often alluvial hardwoods. Osmunda regalis L. var. spectabilis (Willd.) Gray REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Sask-Nfld; s to Mex and Fla. PEI: Wellington. HABITAT: Swampy woods. Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch REFERENCE: DAO; Catling et al. 1985. RANGE: Man-NS; s to Okla and Va. PEI: Cavendish. HABITAT: Rich hardwoods. Panax trifolius L. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Ont-NS; s to Nebr and Ga. PEI: ne uplands only, Mt. Stewart, Fortune Bridge to Glencorradale. HABITAT: Rich hardwoods. Panicum depauperatum Muhl. var. involutum (Torr.) Wood REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Man-NS; s to Tenn and NC. PEI: Pisquid West, Morell, Wood Is. HABITAT: Dry open places. 38 Parnassia parviflora DC. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Alaska and BC-Nfld; s to Colo. PEI: Nail Pond. Cape Wolf. HABITAT: Wet calcareous seepage. STATUS: Rare in NS. Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel (P. communis Trin.) REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: BC-NS; s to Mex. PEI: Dunk River estuary, Cavendish Narrows, Lennox Is. HABITAT: Fresh to alkaline marshes ponds, and ditches. Pilea pumila (L.) Gray REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960, Bassett et al. 1974. RANGE: Ont-PEl; s to Tex and Fila. PEI: Dundee, Mt. Stewart, Tignish. HABITAT: Moist shaded places. Pinus banksiana Lamb. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: NWT and Alta-NS; s to Ind and NY. PEI: Tignish, East Bideford. HABITAT: Rocky or sandy soil, occasionally bogs. Platanthera blephariglottis (Willd.) Torr. var. blephariglottis (Habenaria blephariglottis (Willd.) Hooker) REFERENCE: DAO, Erskine 1960. RANGE: Ont-Nfld; s tolll and NJ. PEI: Mount Stewart, Black Banks, Wood Islands. HABITAT: Wet, open bogs. STATUS: Rare in Que. 39 Polygala sanguinea L. REFERENCE: Erskine 1960, Gillet 1968. RANGE: Ont-NS; s to Tex and NC. PEI: Cavendish. HABITAT: Sandy, open ground. STATUS: Rare in NB and NS. Polygonum allocarpum Blake REFERENCE: Erskine 1960. RANGE: James Bay, Que-Nfld; s to Maine. PEI: Mt. Stewart, Bunbury. HABITAT: Sandy, gravelly or rocky seacoasts. NOTES: Included in Polygonum fowleri Robins. by some authors. Polygonum arifolium L. var. pubescens (Keller) Fern. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Ont-PEl, s to Minn, Ind and Penn. PEI: Beach Grove, Lake Verde, Watervale, Cherry Valley, Wood Is. HABITAT: Moist thickets and swamps. STATUS: Rare in NB. NOTES: all PEI plants are of this species are referrable to var. pubescens, as in New Brunswick (Hinds 1986). Polygonum punctatum Ell. var. confertiflorum (Meisn.) Fassett REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: BC-PEI; s to Mex and New England. PEI: Mt. Stewart, Tracadie. HABITAT: Wet places, shores, swamps, bogs. 40 Polygonum oxyspermum Mey. & Bunge ssp. raii (Bab.) Webb & Chater (P. rai Bab.) REFERENCE: Erskine 1960. RANGE: Que-Nfld-NS. PEI: Brackley Beach, Grand Tracadie, North Lake. HABITAT: Sandy or gravelly sea beaches, strands or dune hollows. STATUS: Rare in NB and Nfld. NOTES: Largely resticted to the Gulf of St. Lawrence region in North America, but also in nw Europe. Polygonum scandens L. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Sask-Nfld; s to Tex and Fla. PEI: Campbell’s Mills near New Glasgow HABITAT: Alluvial meadows and thickets. Polypodium virginianum L. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: BC-Nfld; s to Ark, Tenn and Ga. PEI: Dunk River above Central Bedeque. HABITAT: Steep wooded slopes and sandstone ledges. Pontederia cordata L. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Ont-PEI; s to Okla and Fla. PEI: Lake Verde, Southport. HABITAT: Muddy shores or in shallow fresh water. Potamogeton alpinus Balbis var. tenuifolius (Raf.) Ogden REFERENCE: DAO, UNB; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Alaska and BC-Nfld; s to Calif, Colo and Penn. PEI: Pleasant View, Watervale. HABITAT: Shallow alkaline water. NOTES: This variety may not be worthy of recognition, but regardless the species is represented in PEI only by material that has been referred to this variety. Thus the species is rare. 41 Potamogeton filiformis Pers. var. borealis (Raf.) St. John REFERENCE: UNB; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Alaska and BC-Nfld; s to Colo, Mich and Penn. PEI: Brackley Beach, Bloomong Point. HABITAT: Calcareous or brackish waters. STATUS: Rare in NS. Potamogeton filiformis Pers. var. macounii Morong REFERENCE: Erskine 1960. RANGE: Alta-PEI; s to Calif and Wis. PEI: North Lake. HABITAT: Calcareous or brackish waters. STATUS: Rare in NS. Potamogeton foliosus Raf. var. foliosus (P. foliosus Raf. var. macellus Fern.) REFERENCE: CAN, K, NY, US; Erskine 1960, Haynes 1974. RANGE: Yukon and BC-NS; s to Mex and the Carribean. PEI: Southport. HABITAT: Alkaline waters. STATUS: Rare in Nfld. Potamogeton pectinatus L. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Alaska and BC-Nfld; s to Calif and Fla. PEI: North Lake, Black Pond, Clark’s Pond at Cavendish, Lower Sea Cow Pond. HABITAT: Saline, or calcareous waters. STATUS: Rare in Nfld. Potamogeton vaginatus Turcz. REFERENCE: Erskine 1960. RANGE: Alaska and BC-Nfld; s to Oreg, Minn and NJ. PEI: Selkirk. HABITAT: A clear brook. 42 Pterospora andromedea Nutt. REFERENCE: Erskine 1960 refers to three reports. Mapped for PEI by Bakshi 1959. RANGE: BC-PE]; s to Calif and Vt. PEI: Prospect Creek. HABITAT: Root parasite in pine woods. STATUS: Rare in NB and Que. NOTES: Despite the fact that no specimens are known, the reports of this distinctive plant are probably reliable. Puccinellia ambigua Sorensen REFERENCE: CAN. RANGE: Ont-Nfld s to NB. PEI: Alberton. HABITAT: Brackish sands in salt marshes. STATUS: Rare in NB and Nfld. Puccinellia americana Sorensen REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Que-NS; s to Del. PEI: Bunbury. HABITAT: Coastal sands and saltmarshes. Pyrola asarifolia Michx. ssp. asarifolia REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Alaska and BC-Nfld; s to Oreg, N Mex and New England. PEI: Pleasant View, Skinner Pond, Dundee. HABITAT: Calcareous woods and swamps. STATUS: Rare in NS. NOTES: Plants from Dundee represent the poorly defined var. purpurea (Bunge) Fern. Pyrola chlorantha Sw. REFERENCE: Erskine 1960. RANGE: Alaska and BC-Nfld; s to Calif, Ariz and Pa. PEI: w Prince Co., Alberton (includes report of forma paucifolia (Fern.) Camp) HABITAT: Dry coniferous woods. 43 Pyrola minor L. REFERENCE: Erskine 1960. RANGE: Alaska and BC-Nfld; s to Calif, N Mex and New England. PEI: Hunter River, Harmony. HABITAT: Conifer woods. STATUS: Rare in NS. Ranunculus pensylvanicus L. f. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: BC-Nfld; s to Wash, Ariz and Del. PEI: Tignish. HABITAT: Mucky alder thickets. STATUS: Rare in Nfld. Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. REFERENCE: Erskine 1960. RANGE: Ont-Nfld; s to Tex and Fla. PEI: Harmony. HABITAT: Damp or swampy woods, stream banks. STATUS: Rare in Nfld. Rosa nitida Willd. REFERENCE: Erskine 1960. RANGE: Ont-Nfld; s to n New England. PEI: Mount Stewart region to Dundee, De Sable, Murray River. HABITAT: Bogs, thickets, pond margins, in acid soil. Rubus chamaemorus L. REFERENCE: Erskine 1960. RANGE: Alaska and BC-Nfld; s to NY. PEI: Black Banks, Black Marsh, East Bideford, Murray Harbour, Miscouche Bog. HABITAT: Moist, acid peat bogs. Rubus elegantulus Blanchard REFERENCE: Erskine 1960. RANGE: Que-Nfld; s to NJ. PEI: Mt. Stewart. HABITAT: Thickets and clearings. 44 Rubus pensilvanicus Poir. (R. pergatus Bailey) REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Ont-Nfld; s to Minn, Ark and Ala. PEI: Huntley River, Murray River. HABITAT: Clearings and woodland edges. Rubus tardatus Blanchard REFERENCE: Erskine 1960. RANGE: Ont-NS; s to Mich and Del. PEI: South Lake near Bothwell. HABITAT: Meadows and clearings. Rumex maritimus L. var. fueginus (Philippi) Dusén REFERENCE: Erskine 1960. RANGE: Alaska and BC-NS; s to Calif, Ark and NY. PEI: Brackley Beach, Bunbury. HABITAT: Saline marshes and shores. Rumex maritimus L. var. persicarioides (L.) R. S. Mitchell REFERENCE: UNB; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Alaska and BC-NS; s to Calif, Ark and NY. PEI: Malpeque, Grand Tracadie, Greenwich Dunes. HABITAT: Sandy beaches and borders of coastal marshes. STATUS: Rare in NB and NS. Rumex pallidus Bigel. REFERENCE: Erskine 1960. RANGE: Que-Nfld; s to NY. PEI: Plat River (on Malpeque Bay). HABITAT: Saline or brackish marshes, beaches. Sagina nodosa (L.) Fenzl subsp. borealis Crow REFERENCE: CAN, DAO, GH, NY, UNB, US; Erskine 1960, Crow 1978. RANGE: NWT and BC-Nfld; s to Minn and Maine. PEI: North Shore to Greenwich Dunes around to Bothwell HABITAT: damp rocky, gravelly or peaty soil. 45 Sagittaria graminea Michx. var. graminea REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960, Bogin 1955, Wooten 1973. RANGE: Ont-Nfld; s to Tex and Fila. PEI: O’Keefs Lake. HABITAT: Wet sand, shallow water. Salix petiolaris Sm. REFERENCE: CAN. RANGE: BC-NS; s to Nebr and NJ. PEI: Freetown. HABITAT: Moist, open areas. Samolus valerandi L. ssp. parviflorus (Raf.) Hultén (Samolus parviflorus Raf.) REFERENCE: Erskine 1960. RANGE: Alaska and BC-NS; s to CA, Mex and Fla. PEI: Selkirk. HABITAT: Edges of streams, ditches and pools. STATUS: Rare in Que, NS and NB. Sanicula marilandica L. REFERENCE: ACAD, CAN, DAO, MT; Erskine 1960, Pryer & Phillipe 1989. RANGE: BC-Nfld; s to Nfld and Fla. PEI: Hunter River, Dundee, Tignish, Pleasant View. HABITAT: Thickets, shores, meadows and open woods. Schizachne purpurascens (Torr.) Swallen REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Alaska and BC-Nfld; s to n Mex and W Va. PEI: Indian River, St. Charles (f. albicans Fern., without purple colouring). HABITAT: Thickets and woods. STATUS: The var. pubescens is rare in Que. 46 Scirpus rufus (Huds.) Schrad. var. neogaeus Fern. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Alaska and BC-Nfld and NS. PEI: Summerside, North Rustico, Brackley Beach. HABITAT: Brackish marshes. STATUS: Rare in NS. Senecio aureus L. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960, Kowal 1975. RANGE: Man-Nfld; s to S Dak, Ark and Fia. PEI: vicinity of Tignish HABITAT: spruce-cedar swamp Senecio schweinitzianus Nutt. (Senecio robbinsii Oakes) REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960, Kowal 1975. RANGE: Que-NB; s to Tenn and NC. PEI: Summerside, Winsloe Rd., St Charles. HABITAT: Meadows and swamps. Smilacina stellata - see Maianthemum stellatum Solidago altissima L. REFERENCE: UNB; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Ont-NB; s to Tex and Fla. PEI: Greenwich Dunes. HABITAT: Meadows and fields. Solidago flexicaulis L. REFERENCE: CAN, DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Ont-NS; s to Kans and NC. PEI: Glencorradale, Hermanville. HABITAT: Rich sugar maple woods. Solidago hispida Muhl. REFERENCE: Erskine 1960. RANGE: Sask-Nfld; s to Ark and Ga. PEI: St.. Peters: HABITAT: Dry, open places. 47 Solidago juncea Aït. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Sask-NS; s to Mo, Tenn and Ga. PEI: Kilmuir. HABITAT: Dry open places. Solidago macrophylla Pursh REFERENCE: Erskine 1960. RANGE: Ont-Nfld; s to NY and Mass. PEI: Tignish, Harmony. HABITAT: Cool, damp woods and thickets. Sphenopholis intermedia Rydb. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Alaska and BC-Nfld; s to Colo and Fla. PEI: Dunk River. HABITAT: Shaded floodshore of river. STATUS: Rare in Nfld. Spiranthes cernua (L.) L.M.C. Rich. REFERENCE: DAO; Sheviak 1972. RANGE: Ont-NS; s to Tex and Fila. PEI: Heatherdale. HABITAT: Moist open places. NOTES: Reported as S. lucida by Erskine (1960). Spiranthes ochroleuca (Rydb. ex Britton) Rydb. REFERENCE: TRT, Catling 1980, Sheviak & Catling 1980, Catling & Brown 1983. RANGE: Ont-NS; s to NC. PEI: East Point. HABITAT: Dry, open sandy ground. STATUS: Rare in Canada and NB. Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: BC, Ont-NS; s to Mex and Fla. PEI: Grand Tracadie, Pisquid Pond, Watervale pond. HABITAT: Ponds. STATUS: Rare in NB. 48 Stellaria humifusa Rottb. var. oblongifolia Fenzl REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Alaska and BC-Nfld, NB, NS; s to Oreg. PEI: Souris, Rocky Point, Alberton. HABITAT: Damp, brackish sand. Suaeda calceoliformis (Hook.) Mpq. (Suaeda americana (Pers.) Fern.) REFERENCE: Erskine 1960, Bassett & Crompton 1978. RANGE: Yukon-NS; s to Maine. PEI: Cape Aylesbury. HABITAT: Salt marshes and sea strands. STATUS: Rare in Nfld. Teucrium canadense L. REFERENCE: DAO. RANGE: Ont-NS; s to Tex and Fla. PEI: Cavendish Narrows. HABITAT: Upper salt marsh, shores, moist thickets. Thalictrum venulosum Trel. var. confine Fern. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Ont-NS; s to Minn and VT. PEI: Campbellton. HABITAT: Alluvial, calcareous shores. Tillaea aquatica see Crassula aquatica Triglochin gaspense Lieth & D. Love REFERENCE: Ford & Ball 1988. RANGE: Que-Nfld, NB; s to Maine. PEI: Souris. HABITAT: Mudflats of salt marsh. STATUS: Rare in Canada and NB. NOTES: Previously thought to be a hybrid of T. maritimum and T. palustre. The justifying specimen for the report of Catling et al. (1985), i.e. Erskine 1467, appears to be T. maritimum L., but T. gaspense is nevertheless recently reported from Souris by Ford & Ball (1988). 49 Triglochin palustris L. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Alaska and BC-Nfld; s to Calif and Pa. PEI: Grand Tracadie, Mount Stewart, Cape Wolf. HABITAT: Wet, open, brackish or calcareous places. Typha angustifolia L. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Man-NS; s to Calif and SC. PEI: Wood Islands, Village Green, Vernon, Dunk River. HABITAT: Brackish marshes, river margins. NOTES: Becoming increasingly common in roadside ditches in parts of its range. Urtica procera Muhl. REFERENCE: Erskine 1960. RANGE: Sask-NS; s to La and NC. PEI: Hunter River, Brackley Point, York. HABITATS: Clearings, moist meadows. Utricularia cornuta Michx. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Man-Nfld; s to Tex and Fla. PEI: East Bideford, Mermaid Lake. HABITAT: Moist, sandy or peaty shores. Utricularia minor L. REFERENCE: CAN, DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Alaska and BC-Nfld; s to Calif and NJ. PEI: Watervale, Mount Stewart, Murray Harbour. HABITAT: Shallow calcareous pools. STATUS: Rare in NB. 50 Vacciniun uliginosum L. (incl. var. alpinum Bigel.) REFERENCE: Erskine 1960, Vander Kloet 1988. RANGE: (of the species) Alaska and BC-Nfld; s to Calif, Mich and Vt. PEI: Waterford. HABITAT: Exposed heathlands, cliffs. STATUS: Rare in NS and NB. NOTES: The PEI material was referred to var. alpinum Bigel., which is not recognized by Vander Kloet (1988). Veronica scutellata L. REFERENCE: Erskine 1960. RANGE: Alaska and BC-Nfld; s to Calif, Ill and Va. PEI: Prince Co. w of Summerside. HABITAT: Wet shorelines and swamps. Viburnum lantanoides Michx. (V. alnifolium Marsh) REFERENCE: Erskine 1960. RANGE: Ont-NS; s to Tenn and Ga. PEI: Surrey. HABITAT: Acid woods. Viola conspersa Reichenb. REFERENCE: DAO, UNB RANGE: Man-NS; s to Tenn and Ga. PEI: North Point. HABITAT: Damp woods and meadows. Viola fimbriatula Sm. REFERENCE: Erskine 1960. RANGE: Ont-PEI; s to Okla and Fla. PEI: Charlottetown, Rocky Point. HABITAT: Dry, open woods and clearings. STATUS: Rare in Que and NB. Viola lanceolata L. REFERENCE: DAO, UNB. RANGE: Ont-Nfld; s to Tex and Fla. PEI: North Point. HABIATAT: Moist shores and thickets. STATUS: Rare in Nfld. 51 Viola nephrophylla Greene REFERENCE: Erskine 1960. RANGE: NWT and BC-Nfld; s to Calif and New England. PEI: O’Leary, Milo. HABITAT: Calcareous cedar swamps. STATUS: Rare in NS. Viola pubescens Ait. REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: Man-NS; s to Okla and NC. PEI: Hunter River, Alberton. HABITAT: Moist deciduous woods. STATUS: Rare in Que. NOTES: Reported by Erskine (1960) as V. pensylvanica Michx. var. leiocarpa (Fern. & Wieg.) Fern. Viola septentrionalis Greene REFERENCE: DAO; Erskine 1960. RANGE: BC-Nfld; s to Wash and Va. PEI: Wellington Centre, Summerside, Hunter River. HABITAT: Open woods and clearings. STATUS: Rare in Nfld. Woodwardia virginica (L.) Sm. 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Standley, L. A. 1989. Taxonomic revision of the Carex stricta (Cyperaceae) complex in eastern North America. Can. J. Bot. 67: 1-14. Thanheiser, D. 1981. Die Küstenvegetation Ostkanadas. Munstersche Geographische Arbeeitern. 10. Schoningh. Vander Kloet, S. P. 1988. The genus Vaccinium in North America. Agriculture Canada Publication 1828: 201 pp. Wooten, J. W. 1973. Taxonomy of seven species of Sagittaria from eastern North America. Brittonia 25: 64-74. 56 APPENDIX I. List of excluded taxa. Amelanchier stolonifera Wiegand - Revised to A. canadensis (L.) Med. Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Ell. - Widespread. Artemesia biennis Willd. - Introduced. Aster macrophyllus L. - Widespread. Aster novi-belgii L. var. littoreus Gray = A. novi-belgii L. Atriplex laciniata L. - Believed to be introduced (Bassett et al. 1983). Atriplex sabulosa Rouy = A. laciniata L. Atriplex subspicata (Nutt.) Rydb. - Widespread, see Bassett et al. 1983 and Thannheiser (1981, 1984). Bidens cernua L. var. integra Wieg. - Erskine (1960) apparently never saw a specimen, although Fernald’s (1950) report may be based on a specimen at GH. Nevertheless the variety is not well differentiated and requires more study. Carex angustior Mack. - Revised to C. interior Bailey. Carex atlantica Bailey ssp. atlantica - Revised to C. wiegandii Mack. (Catling et al. 1985). Carex atlantica Bailey ssp. capillacea (Bailey) Reznicek - Revised to C. interior Bailey (Catling et al. 1985). Carex howei Mack. - Revised to C. interior Bailey. Carex interior Bailey - Widespread. Carex umbellata Schkuhr - Revised to C. rugosperma Mack. (Catling et al. 1985). Carex vulpinoidea Michx. - Widespread. Crataegus jonesii Sarg. - Revised to C. holmesiana Ashe var. villipes Ashe. Cypripedium reginae Walt. - Although rare outside western Prince Co., 9 stations are known. This species was once considered by some to be the floral emblem of PEI until 1965 when an amendment to the floral emblem act stipulated Cypripedium acaule (Catling et al. 1985). Dalibarda repens L. - Unconfirmed (see Erskine 1960, p.176). Diervilla lonicera Mill. - Widespread. Echinocystis lobata L. - Introduced. Eleocharis palustris (L.) R. & S.- Widespread. Euphorbia supina Raf. - Introduced. Euphrasia randii Rob. var. randii (E. randii var. reeksii Fern.) - Reported by Erskine (1960), Sell & Yeo (1970), Catling et al. (1985), but the recent taxonomic study of Downie and McNeill (1990) suggests that the recognition of infraspecific taxa in E. randii is unwarranted. Euphrasia randii Rob. var. farlowii Rob. - Reported by Erskine (1960), Sell & Yeo (1970), but the recent taxonomic study of Downie and McNeill (1990) suggests that the recognition of infraspecific taxa in E. randii is unwarranted. Euphrasia stricta Wolf ex J.F. Lehmann - Probably introduced (Sell & Yeo 1970). Euphrasia tetraquetra (Biebisson) Arrondeau - Revised to E. nemorosa (Catling et al. 1985). Fraxinus americana L. - Revised to Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh var. subintegerrima (Vahl) Fern. Glyceria laxa Scribn. - The sterile hybrid of G. canadensis and G. striata. Hieracium scabriusculum Schwein. - Revised to H. canadense. Isoetes riparia Engelm. Revised to I. macrospora Dut. 57 Isoetes echinospora Dur. - Revised to I. macrospora Dur. Juncus canadensis J. Gay - Widespread. Juncus gerardii Loisel.- Widespread. Lepidium virginicum L. - Widespread. Listera convallarioides (Sw.) Nutt. - Widespread. Lobelia spicata L. Reported to be introduced (Erskine 1960, p. 240). Lycopodium tristachyum Pursh - Widespread. Myriophyllum tenellum Bigel. - No specimen found (Catling et al. 1985). Nasturtium officinale R. Br. - Revised to N. microphyllum (Boenn.) Reichnb., the latter probably widespread. Nymphoides cordata (Ell.) Fernald - Revised to Nymphaea odorata (Catling et al. 1985). Nymphaea odorata Ait. - Widespread. Panicum subvillosum Ashe (P. lanuginosum Ell. var. implicatum) - Revised to Dichanthelium ovale (Ell.) Gould and Clark var. addissonii (Nash) Gould and Clark (Catling et al. 1985). Pinus resinosa Soland. - Widespread. Plantago juncoides Lam. var. laurentiana Fern. = P. maritima L. Plantago maritima L. - Widespread. Plantago oliganthos R. & S. = P. maritima L. Plantago rugelii Decne. - Reported by Erskine 1960, but no specimen seen by us and not mapped in PEI by Bassett (1973). Possibly introduced to North America. Platanthera grandiflora (Bigel.) Lindley - Revised to P. x andrewsii (Niles) Luer (Catling et al. 1985). Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) Ell. - A specimen at UPEI may be this species, but it was collected late in the season and may also be referable to P. canaliculatum (Muhl.) Pursh. Polygonum cilinode Michx. - Widespread. Potamogeton gramineus L. - No specimen found (Catling ef al. 1985). Potamogeton natans L. - Widespread. Potamogeton pusillus L. var. tenuissimus Mert. & Koch - Widespread. Potentilla egedit Wormsk. - Reported by Thannheiser (1981) and Scoggan (1978, as an aggregate species), but no specimen seen. Ranunculus hispidus Michx. var. nitidus (Ell.) T. Duncan (Ranunculus septentrionalis Poir.) - Reported by Erskine (1960) on the basis of a photo (DAO) of specimen at MT (duplicated at GH, Fernald 7487 and St. John). The range of var. nitidus shown by Duncan (1980) does come near to PEI, and consequently we suspect that the specimen is better placed with var. caricetorum (Greene) Duncan. Rubus allegheniensis Porter - Widespread. Rubus amicalis Blanchard - Revised to R. canadensis L. Rubus kennedyanus Fern.- recorded from PEI in Roland 1947 as R. quaesitus Bailey but omitted from Roland & Smith 1969, Scoggan 1978 includes it within R. canadensis. Rubus perinvisus Bailey - Revised to R. vermontanus Blanchard. Rudbeckia laciniata L. - Introduced. Salix eriocephala Muhl. (Salix rigida Muhl.) - Widespread. Scirpus atrovirens Willd.- Widespread. Scirpus paludosus A. Nels. var. atlanticus Fern. - Revised to S. maritimus L. var. paludosus (A. Nels.) Kuek., which is widespread. Scirpus validus Vahl - Widespread. 58 Silene cucubalis Wibel = S. vulgaris (Moench) Gracke - Introduced. Solidago gigantea Ait. - Widespread. Sparganium minimum (Hartm.) Fries - Listed by Erskine (1960) for Tignish and mapped by Roland & Smith (1969) for Brackley Point road and North Point, but no voucher specimens were found. Sparganium multipedunculatum (Morong) Rydb. - Cook and Nicholls (1986) treat this as a synonym of S. angustifolium, but without an explanation. More research on the classification of this group is needed. Specimens from Prince Edward Island referred to S. multipedunculatum are at CAN, DAO, and GH. Spiranthes lucida (H. H. Eaton) Ames - Revised to S. cernua (Catling et al. 1985). Stellaria crassifolia Ehrh. - Widespread. Thelypteris simulata (Davenp.) Nieuwl. - No specimen found (Catling et al. 1985). Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. - Widespread. Viola adunca Sm. var. minor (Hook.) Fern. - No specimen found, nor had Erskine (1960) seen a specimen. Zizania palustris L. var. palustris - Reported by Erskine (1960) to have been introduced as duck food. 59 APPENDIX II. Hybrids that are rare on Prince Edward Island. Amelanchier x neglecta Eggleston (A. arborea var. laevis x bartramiana) Aster x blakei (Porter) House (A. acuminatus x nemoralis) Aster x tardiflorus L. Betula x caerulea-grandis Blanchard (B. populifolia x papyrifera) Circaea x intermedia Ehrh. (C. alpina x C. lutetiana) Euphrasia x aequalis Callen (E. americana x canadensis) Glyceria x laxa (Scribn.) Scribn. (G. canadensis x striata) Hudsonia x spectabilis L.E. Morse (H. ericoides x tomentosa) Lysimachia x conmixta Fernald (L. terrestris x thyrsiflora) Mentha x gentilis L. (M. arvensis x spicata) Solidago x asperula Desf. (S. rugosa x sempervirens) Solidago x erskinei Boivin (S. canadensis x sempervirens) Spartina x caespitosa (S. pectinata x patens) 60 APPENDIX III. The rare vascular plants of Prince Edward Island in taxonomic sequence. EQUISETACEAE Equisetum scirpoides Michx. ISOETACEAE Isoetes macrospora Dur. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE Botrychium dissectum Spreng. Botrychium simplex E. Hitchc. Ophioglossum vulgatum L. var. pseudopodum (Blake) Farwell OSMUNDACEAE Osmunda regalis L. var. spectabilis (Willd.) Gray POLYPODIACEAE Polypodium virginianum L. Woodwardia virginica (L.) Sm. PINACEAE Pinus banksiana Lamb. TYPHACEAE Typha angustifolia L. POTAMOGETONACEAE Potamogeton alpinus Balbis var. tenuifolius (Raf.) Ogden Potamogeton filiformis Pers. var. borealis (Raf.) St. John Potamogeton filiformis Pers. var. macounii Morong 61 Potamogeton foliosus Raf. var. foliosus (P. foliosus Raf. var. macellus Fern.) Potamogeton pectinatus L. Potamogeton vaginatus Turcz. JUNCAGINACEAE Triglochin gaspense Lieth & D. Love Triglochin palustris L. ALISMATACEAE Sagittaria graminea Michx. HYDROCHARITACEAE Elodea nuttallii (Planch.) St. John POACEAE Agropyron trachycaulum (Link) Malte var. majus (Vasey) Fern. Agropyron trachycaulum (Link) Malte var. novae-angliae (Scribn.)Fern. Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm. Alopecurus aequalis Sobol. Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb.) Beauv. var. septentrionale Babel Calamogrostis stricta (Timm) Koeler subsp. inexpansa (Gray) C.W. Greene (Calamagrostis neglecta (Ehrh.) Gaertn., Mey & Scherb.) Danthonia compressa Austin Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv. var. glauca (Hartm.) Lindm. Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene Elymus virginicus L. Glyceria canadensis (Michx.) Trin. Glyceria borealis (Nash) Batchelder Muhlenbergia glomerata (Willd.) Trin. var. cinnoides (Link) F. J. Hermann. Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx. Oryzopsis canadensis (Poir.) Torr. Panicum depauperatum Mubhl. var. involutum (Torr.) Wood Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel (P. communis Trin.) Puccinellia ambigua Sorensen Puccinellia americana Sorensen Schizachne purpurascens (Torr.) Swallen Sphenopholis intermedia Rydb. CYPERACEAE Carex annectens Bickn. Carex aquatilis Wahl. var. altior (Rydb.) Fern. Carex argyantha Tuckerm. Carex chordorrhiza Ehrh. Carex cumulata (Bailey) Mackenzie Carex deflexa Hornem. Carex flava L. Carex folliculata L. Carex gracillima Schwein. Carex lacustris Willd. Carex limosa L. Carex mackenziei Krecz. Carex pallescens L. var. neogaea Fern. ERIOCAULACEAE Eriocaulon septangulare With. PONTEDERIACEAE Pontederia cordata L. JUNCACEAE Juncus dudleyi Wieg. Juncus filiformis L. Juncus militaris Bigel. LILIACEAE Maianthemum stellatum (L.) Link ORCHIDACEAE Arethusa bulbosa L. Cypripedium calceolus L. var. pubescens (Willd.) Correll Goodyera repens (L.) R. Br. var. ophioides Fern. Listera cordata (L.) R. Br. Platanthera blephariglottis (Willd.) Torr. var. blephariglottis (Habenaria blephariglottis (Willd.) Hooker) Spiranthes cernua (L.) L.M.C. Rich. Spiranthes ochroleuca (Rydb. ex Britton) Carex recta Boott Carex rugosperma Mackenzie Carex tincta Fern. Carex vesicaria L. var. jejuna Fern. Carex vulpinoidea Michx. Carex wiegandii Mackenzie Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britt. Eleocharis nitida Fern. Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) Schult. Eleocharis ovata (Roth) R. & S. Eleocharis pauciflora (Light.) Link Eriophorum gracile Roth Eriophorum viridi-carinatum (Engelm.) Fern. Scirpus rufus (Huds.) Schrad. var. neogaeus Fern. LEMNACEAE Lemna trisulca L. Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. 62 Rydb. SALICACEAE Salix petiolaris Sm. BETULACEAE Betula pumila L. var. pumila Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch URTICACEAE Laportia canadensis (L.) Gaud. Pilea pumila (L.) Gray Urtica procera Muhl. SANTALACEAE Commandra umbellata (L.)Fern. POLYGONACEAE Polygonum allocarpum Blake Polygonum arifolium L. var. pubescens (Keller) Fern. Polygonum punctatum Ell. var. confertiflorum (Meisn.) Fassett Polygonum oxyspermum Mey. & Bunge ssp. raii (Bab.) Webb & Chater (P. raii Bab.) Polygonum scandens L. Rumex maritimus L. var. fueginus (Philippi) Dusén Rumex maritimus L. var. persicarioides (L.) R. S. Mitchell Rumex pallidus Bigel. CHENOPODIACEAE Atriplex franktonii Taschereau Chenopodium macrocalycium Allen Suaeda calceoliformis (Hook.) Mog. CARYOPHYLLACEAE Sagina nodosa (L.) Fenzl subsp. borealis Crow Stellaria humifusa Rottb. var. oblongifolia Fenzl PORTULACACEAE Claytonia caroliniana Michx. Montia fontana L. CERATOPHYLLaCEAE Ceratophyllum demersum L. 63 RANUNCULACEAE Actaea pachypoda Ell. Anemone canadensis L. Ranunculus pensylvanicus L. f. Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. Thalictrum venulosum Trel. var. confine Fern. PAPAVERACEAE Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. BRASSICACEAE Dentaria diphylla Michx. Draba incana L. var. confusa (Ehrh.) Lilj. DROSERACEAE Drosera intermedia Hayne CRASSULACEAE Crassula aquatica (L.) Schonl. (Tillaea aquatica L.) SAXIFRAGACEAE Parnassia parviflora DC. HAMAMELIDACEAE Hamamelis virginiana L. ROSACEAE Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Med. Amelanchier fernaldii Wieg. Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe Crataegus holmesiana Ashe var. villipes Ashe Geum canadense Jacq. Geum laciniatum Murr. Geum macrophyllum Willd. Rosa nitida Willd. Rubus chamaemorus L. Rubus elegantulus Blanchard Rubus pensilvanicus Poir. (R. pergatus Bailey) Rubus tardatus Blanchard GERANIACEAE Geranium robertianum L. POLYGALACEAE Polygala sanguinea L. EMPETRACEAE Corema conradii Torr. Empetrum eamesii Fern. & Wieg. ssp. eamesii (Fern. & Wieg.) R. Good GUTTIFERAE Hypericum majus (Gray) Britton ELATINACEAE Elatine minima (Nutt.) Frish & Mey. CISTACEAE Hudsonia ericoides L. Hudsonia tomentosa Nutt. Lechea maritima Leggett var. subcylindrica Hodgdon VIOLACEAE Viola conspersa Reichenb. Viola fimbriatula Sm. Viola lanceolata L. Viola nephrophylla Greene Viola pubescens Ait. Viola septentrionalis Greene ONAGRACEAE Circaea lutetiana L. ssp. canadensis (L.) Asch. & Mag. Oenothera parviflora L. HALORAGIDACEAE Myriophyllum quitense H.B.K. Myriophyllum verticillatum L. ARALIACEAE Aralia racemosa L. Panax trifolius L. APIACEAE Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC. Sanicula marilandica L. PYROLACEAE Pyrola asarifolia Michx. Pyrola chlorantha Sw. Pyrola minor L. ERICACEAE Andromeda glaucophylla Link Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. var. coactilis Fern. & MacSwain Gaylussacia dumosa (Andr.) T. & G. var. bigeloviana Fern. Vaccinium uliginosum L. MONOTROPACEAE Monotropa hypopithys L. Pterospora andromedea Nutt. PRIMULACEAE Samolus valerandi L. ssp. parviflorus (Rat.) Hultén (Samolus parviflorus Raf.) OLEACEAE Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh var. subintegerrima (Vahl) Fern. ASCLEPIADACEAE Asclepias incarnata L. CONVOLULACEAE Cuscuta gronovii Willd. LAMIACEAE Teucrium canadense L. SCROPHULARIACEAE Mimulus ringens L. Veronica scutellata L. OROBANCHACEAE Epifagus virginiana (L.) Barton Orobanche uniflora L. LENTIBULARIACEAE Utricularia cornuta Michx. Utricularia minor L. RUBIACEAE Mitchella repens L. CAPRIFOLIACEAE Viburnum lantanoides Michx. (V. alnifolium Marsh) CAMPANULACEAE Lobelia dortmanna L. ASTERACEAE Antennaria howellii Greene ssp. canadensis (Greene) Bayer Aster borealis (T. & G.) Prov. Aster lanceolatus Willd. Aster laurentianus Fern. var. Aster nemoralis Ait. Aster radula Ait. Bidens cernua L. var. elliptica Wieg. Bidens cernua L. var. oligodonta Fern. & St. John Bidens connata Muhl. Bidens heterodoxa (Fern.) Fern. & St. John Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. var. intermedia Fern. Erigeron philadelphicus L. Gnaphalium viscosum HBK (G. macounii Greene) Gnaphalium obtusifolium L. var. obtusifolium Hieracium canadense Michx. Lactuca hirsuta Muhl. var. sanguinea (Bigel.) Fern. Senecio aureus L. Senecio schweinitzianus Nutt. (Senecio robbinsii Oakes) Solidago altissima L. Solidago flexicaulis L. Solidago hispida Muhl. Solidago juncea Ait. Solidago macrophylla Pursh Recent Syllogeus Titles / Titres récents dans la collection Syllogeus No. . 50 1 ne . 53 . 54 ep) . 56 A oe . 58 . 59 . 60 . 61 62 . 63 . 64 . 65 . 66 Hinds, Harold R. (1983) THE RARE VASCULAR PLANTS OF NEW BRUNSWICK. / LES PLANTES VASCULAIRES RARES DU NOUVEAU-BRUNSWICK. 38, 41 p. Harington, C.R., editor (1984) CLIMATIC CHANGE IN CANADA 4. 368 p. Hunter, J.C., S.T. Leach, D.E. McAllister and M.B. Steigerwald (1984) À DISTRIBUTIONAL ATLAS OF RECORDS OF THE MARINE FISHES OF ARCTIC CANADA IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUMS OF CANADA AND ARCTIC BIOLOGICAL STATION. 35 p. Russell, D.A. (1984) A CHECK LIST OF THE FAMILIES AND GENERA OF NORTRH AMERICAN DINOSAURS. 35 p. McAllister, Don E., Brad J. Parker and Paul M. McKee (1985) RARE, ENDANGERED AND EXTINCT FISHES IN CANADA. 192 p. Harington, C.R., editor (1985) CLIMATIC CHANGE IN CANADA 5. 482 p. Brodo, I.M. (1985) GUIDE TO THE LITERATURE FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF NORTH AMERICAN LICHENS. 39 p. Vladykov, Vadim D. 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