aa) ay aan ot eee 7 RARE VASCULAR PLANTS IN THE CANADIAN ARCTIC "1 Cheryl McJannet, George Argus, Sylvia Edlund and Jacques Cayouette 7 Museum of Nature a ee J Canad Musée ACADE i Oe canadien de la nature Syllogeus is a publication of the Canadian Museum of Nature, designed to permit the rapid dissemination of information pertaining to those disciplines and educational functions for which the Canadian Museum of Nature is responsible. In the interest of making information available quickly, normal publishing procedures have been abbreviated. Articles are published in English, in French, or in both languages, and the issues appear at irregular intervals. A complete list of the titles issued since the beginning of the series (1972) and individual copies of this number are available by mail from the Canadian Museum of Nature, Direct Mail Section, P.O. Box 3443, Station "D", Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1P 6P4. La collection Syllogeus, publiée par le Musée canadien de la nature, a pour but de diffuser rapidement le résultat des travaux dans les domaines scientifique et éducatif qui sont sous la direction du Musée canadien de la nature. Pour assurer la prompt distribution de cette publication, on a abregé les étapes de la rédaction. Les articles sont publiées en français, en anglais ou dans les deux langues, et ils paraissent irrégulièrement. On peut obtenir par commande postale la liste des titres de tous les articles publiés depuis le début de la collection (1972) et des copies individuelles de ce numéro, de la Section des commandes postales, Musée canadien de la nature, C.P. 3443, Succursale D, Ottawa, (Ontario) Canada K1P 6P4. Previous titles in the Rare Plants Project / Titres précédents dans le projet des plantes rares: Argus, George W. and/et David J. White (1977), Syllogeus 14 THE RARE VASCULAR PLANTS OF ONTARIO / LES PLANTES VASCULAIRES RARES DE L'ONTARIO Argus, George W. and/et David J. White (1978), Syllogeus 17 THE RARE VASCULAR PLANTS OF ALBERTA / LES PLANTES VASCULAIRES RARES DE L’ALBERTA Maher, Robert V. David J. White, George W. Argus, and/et Paul A. Keddy (1978), Syllogeus 18 THE RARE VASCULAR PLANTS OF NOVA SCOTIA / LES PLANTES VASCULAIRES RARES DE LA NOUVELLE- ÉCOSSE Maher, Robert V. George W. Argus, Vernon L. Harms, and/et John H. Hudson (1979), Syllogeus 20 THE RARE VASCULAR PLANTS OF SASKATCHEWAN / LES PLANTES VASCULAIRES RARES DE LA SASKATCHEWAN White, David J. and/et Karen Johnson (1980), Syllogeus 27 THE RARE VASCULAR PLANTS OF MANITOBA / LES PLANTES VASCULAIRES RARES DU MANITOBA Argus, G.W., K.M. Pryer, D.J. White and/et C.J. Keddy (eds). 1982-1987. ATLAS OF THE RARE VASCULAR PLANTS OF ONTARIO / ATLAS DES PLANTES VASCULAIRES RARES DE L'ONTARIO. 4 Parts /4 parties. National Museum of Natural Sciences / Musée national des sciences naturelles, Ottawa. Bouchard, André, Denis Barabé, Madeleine Dumais and/et Stuart Hay (1983), Syllogeus 48 THE RARE VASCULAR PLANTS OF QUEBEC / LES PLANTES VASCULAIRES RARES DU QUEBEC Hinds, Harold R. (1983), Syllogeus 50 THE RARE VASCULAR PLANTS OF NEW BRUNSWICK / LES PLANTES VASCULAIRES RARES DU NOUVEAU BRUNSWICK Straley, Gerald B., Roy L. Taylor and/et George W. Douglas (1985), Syllogeus 59 THE RARE VASCULAR PLANTS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA / LES PLANTES VASCULAIRES RARES DU COLOMBIE- BRITANNIQUE Argus, G.W. and/et K.M. Pryer. 1990. RARE VASCULAR PLANTS IN CANADA: OUR NATURAL HERITAGE / LES PLANTES VASCULAIRES RARES DU CANADA: NOTRE PATRIMOINE NATUREL. Canadian Museum of Nature / Musée canadien de la nature, Ottawa. 191 pp. Bouchard, André, Stuart Hay, Luc Brouillet, Martin Jean and/et Isabelle Saucier (1991), Syllogeus 65 THE RARE VASCULAR PLANTS OF THE ISLAND OF NEWFOUNDLAND / LES PLANTES VASCULAIRES RARES DE L’ILE DE TERRE-NEUVE Day, Robin and Paul M. Catling (1991), Syllogeus 67 THE RARE VASCULAR PLANTS OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND RARE VASCULAR PLANTS IN THE CANADIAN ARCTIC Cheryl L. McJannet, George W. Argus, Research Division Canadian Museum of Nature P.O. Box 3443, Station D Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1P 6P4 Sylvia A. Edlund, Geological Survey of Canada 601 Booth St. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0E8 and Jacques Cayouette Agriculture Canada Centre for Land and Biological Resources Research William Saunders Bldg., C.E.F. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada KIA 0C6 Syllogeus No. 72 1993 / D Canadian Museum @ oof Nature Musée Canadien de la nature (c) 1993 Canadian Museum of Nature Published by the: Canadian Museum of Nature Ottawa, Canada K1P 6P4 Catalogue No. NM95-20/72E Available by mail order from: Canadian Museum of Nature Direct Mail Section P.O. Box 3443, Station "D" Ottawa, Canada K1P 6P4 Syllogeus Series No. 72 Printed in Canada ISBN 0-660-13071-8 No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, including any storage or retrieval system, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photographic, or recording, without permission in writing from the publisher. Cover photograph taken by Sylvia Edlund, Eureka (Ellesmere Island), Northwest Territories. Several rare arctic endemics occur nearby, including: Braya thorild-wulffii, Geum rossii, Puccinellia bruggemannii, and Puccinellia poacea. Publié par le : Musée canadien de la nature Ottawa, Canada K1P 6P4 Catalogue No. NM95-20/72E L’éditeur remplet les commandes postales adressées au : Musée canadien de la nature Section des commandes postales C.P. 3443, succursale D Ottawa, Canada K1P 6P4 Serie Syllogeus No. 72 Imprimé au Canada ISBN 0-660-13071-8 l 2 13 15 TH TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Definitions Methods Criteria Format of the list Distribution patterns of rare plants in the Canadian Arctic Future research requirements References LIST OF RARE VASCULAR PLANTS IN THE CANADIAN ARCTIC APPENDICES I: Family List of Rare Vascular Plants in the Canadian Arctic II: Phytogeographical List of Rare Vascular Plants in the Canadian Arctic Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from California Academy of Sciences Library http://www.archive.org/details/syllogeus /2nati ABSTRACT / RESUME The flora of the Canadian Arctic contains 236 rare vascular plant taxa. These arctic taxa represent a unique part of Canadian biodiversity. The recognition of these taxa is an important step toward the recognition and conservation of Arctic ecosystems. The majority of these rare taxa have boreal or montane affinities and occur in the Arctic as peripheral populations. These species are important in that they can be used to identify treeline ecosystems that require conservation. There is a small, but very critical, number of species that occur only in the Canadian Arctic and as such require conservation. This list of rare species includes an introduction in which terms are defined, most important are those associated with rarity and the limits of the Canadian Arctic. As well, the criteria used to determine a taxon’s rarity are described. For each taxon a comment is included on phytogeography, occurrence in the Canadian Arctic, and rare status in other parts of Canada. A distribution map showing known occurrences in the Canadian Arctic is included for each species. La flore vasculaire rare de l’Arctique canadien est représentée par 236 taxons lesquels constituent une composante unique de la biodiversité à l’échelle canadienne. La reconnaissance de ces taxons est une étape cruciale dans la caractérisation et la conservation des écosystèmes arctiques. La majorité de ces taxons montre des affinités avec des espèces boréales ou alpines et se retrouve en secteur arctique à titre de populations périphériques. Ces espèces sont importantes puisqu'elles permettent l’identification des écosystèmes de la limite des arbres pour lesquels une conservation s’impose. Il y a un petit nombre d’espèces qui ne se retrouvent que dans l’Arctique canadien et qui méritent d’être conservées. À cette liste d’espèces rares s’ajoute une introduction où la terminologie y est définie, surtout les termes les plus importants associés à la rareté et les limites de l’Arctique canadien. Les critères utilisés pour définir la rareté d’un taxon sont également expliqués. Pour chacun des taxons, des commentaires sont formulés quant à la phytogéographie, la présence dans l’Arctique canadien, le niveau de rareté dans les autres provinces du Canada ainsi qu’une carte de la répartition montrant les présences vérifiées dans l’Arctique canadien. INTRODUCTION Preserving the biodiversity of plant and animal life is of increasing concern to Canadians. Rare plants are an important aspect of Canadian biodiversity. The occurrence of rare plants often reflects unique habitats or important evolutionary situations such as refugia or centres of evolution (Argus & McNeill 1975). Rare plants also often have genetic characteristics worth preserving because of their contribution to biodiversity. The loss of rare plants and their habitats forewarn of deleterious environmental changes that may eventually have serious human con- sequences. There are many places in Canada that are rich in rare plants but have little or no effective protection. If plants and habitats are to be given legislative protection, it is desirable to have well-documented lists of candidate plants to be considered for such protection. This list has been compiled to identify the rare vascular plants of the Canadian Arctic as part of the Canadian contribution to the International Circum- polar Agreement on the Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna. In” 1973; “the” “Systematics and Phytogeography Section of the Canadian Botanical Association formed the Rare and Endangered Plants committee. The goal of this committee was to make an inventory of the rare and endangered vascular flora of Canada. Since 1975, as part of this effort, the Botany Division’s Rare and Endangered Plants Project has been involved in compiling rare plant lists for the Canadian provinces and territories. This work has been undertaken with the cooperation of Canadian and American botanists. Rare plant lists have been published for all of the provinces and the Yukon Territory. A list of rare vascular plants in the Northwest Territories is in preparation at the Canadian Museum of Nature (McJannet & Argus, in prep.) and the flora of Labrador is being studied by R. Day (pers. comm.). A national list of Canadian rare plants has been published recently (Argus & Pryer, 1990). An inventory of the rare flora of the Canadian Arctic will be useful in contributing to the preservation of individual species, but, more importantly, it will aid in the recognition of habitats and ecosystems that require conservation. Some plants that were once a part of the Canadian flora have become extinct or have been extirpated during the past 75 years. As well, certain habitats that were once widespread have been so extensively modified, that the continued existence of some plant species is threatened. While it is sometimes asserted that endangered plants can be protected as individual species, often by transplantation to other sites, growing them in botanical gardens, or by cryogenic seed storage, this is rarely sufficient to ensure the long-term survival of these species. For the long-term conservation of flora it is necessary to preserve natural areas sufficiently large to protect the habitats of unique plants. Rare plants by definition are very susceptible to the effects of environmental change, which are often caused by human activities. Today many regions of the Canadian Arctic are relatively little affected by human activities, but the landscape and flora is very sensitive to destructive human activities. À comprehensive system of ecosystem reserves is essential to ensure that the rare flora of the Canadian Arctic does not become endangered. DEFINITIONS A rare taxon is one that has a small population within the region under consideration. The taxon may be restricted to a relatively small geographical area (but may be locally common) or it may occur sparsely over a wide area. This definition is essentially the one given by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) (Lucas & Synge 1978), except that their definition is based on the taxon’s total world population, whereas, we have based our definition on the taxon’s Canadian populations. There are sound reasons for taking a national approach to conservation. First, we believe that each nation should be responsible for flora at risk within its jurisdiction irrespective of its occurrence and status elsewhere, since the required legislation is usually enacted at the national level. Second, global distributional infor- mation on arctic flora varies from country to country in quality, accessibility and taxonomic nomenclature. With our present information it is not possible to assess the status of rare Canadian Arctic flora world- wide. A peripheral taxon is one that, in the region under consideration, occurs at the edge of its main range. In the Canadian Arctic, many of these are boreal taxa but others are arctic taxa that have their main ranges outside of Canada. An endemic taxon is one that has a small world population and occurs in a relatively small geographical area within the region under consideration. A disjunct taxon is one separated from its main population by at least 1000 km. The Arctic is that region north of the northern limit of continuous forest. In this paper the boundary of the Canadian Arctic (Figure 1) is the treeline published by Yurtsev et al. (1978) and modified in the Quebec-Labrador Peninsula by Payette (1983). METHODS In the preparation of this list we first defined the Canadian Arctic (Figure 1). Second, we compared the Arctic line with distribution maps published in the Flora of the Continental Northwest Territories (Porsild & Cody 1980), The Illustrated Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (Porsild, 1964), Géographie Floristique du Quebec/Labrador: Distribution des Principales Espèces Vasculaires (Rousseau, 1974), Flore du Québec Nordique et des Territoires Adjacents (Lavoie & Morisset, unpublished), and The Flora of Alaska and Neighboring Territories (Hultén 1968). By overlaying the "Arctic line" on these maps we obtained about 400 candidate taxa. From these candidates we selected 236 taxa that occurred in very few localities (often only one or two), or those concentrated in a relatively small part of the Canadian Arctic. In addition, consideration was given to previous publications on Canadian rare plants, including: the Canada list Figure 1. Delimitation of the Canadian Arctic approximating the northern limit of continuous forest (after Yurtsev et al. 1978, Payette 1983). (Argus & Pryer 1990), Yukon (Douglas, et al. 1981), Northwest Territories (Cody 1979, McJannet & Argus, in prep.), Manitoba (White & Johnson 1980), Ontario (Argus et al. 1982-1987), and Quebec (Bouchard et al. 1983, Lavoie 1992), and to taxonomic monographs (Crow 1978, Gillett 1963) and papers (Blondeau 1986, 1989, Blondeau & Cayouette 1987, Dutilly et al. 1958, Fleurbec 1985, Hultén & Fries 1986, Johnson 1987, Lepage 1966, Little 1971, Raup 1943, Riley & McKay 1980, Sabourin et al. 1991, Soper & Heimburger 1985). The rarity of habitat and the total range of the taxon were also taken into consideration as was the field experience of the junior authors. The distribution maps were partially updated by an examination of herbarium specimens (CAN, DAO) for the rare taxa of the Northwest Territories. This was done in connection with research on the rare vascular plants in the Northwest Territories (McJannet & Argus, in prep.). The flora of northern Quebec and Labrador was studied in connection with an, as yet, unpublished flora (Lavoie & Morisset). Deciding if a species is rare from published maps is not a completely reliable method. Maps often contain large gaps in distribution, resulting from incomplete mapping, or from undercollecting. The data on which published maps are based soon become obsolete as new collections are made. Furthermore, it is well known that distribution maps are more indicative of where collectors have been rather than the total range of the species. Also, common species collected infrequently may appear rare, whereas, some populations of rare plants have been collected so frequently that they appear common. As well, the delimitation of the Arctic needs refinement at a reasonable geographical scale in order for sound decisions about distribution to be made. Understanding these limitations, we selected 236 taxa that seem to be quite rare in the Canadian Arctic. The list, however, should be regarded as provisional until herbarium specimens can be verified and mapped and further botanizing done to fill in apparent gaps. CRITERIA Taxa included in this list are native and rare in the Canadian Arctic, however, they need not be restricted to this geographic area. Taxonomic ranks of species, subspecies, and varieties are included, but forms and hybrids are not. The list consists only of rare taxa because we do not yet have sufficient data to evaluate the threatened or endangered status of the flora of the Canadian Arctic. All rare taxa, however, maybe regarded as potentially vulnerable to human activities. Commonly, the species on this list occur in very few localities or are restricted to a very small part of the Canadian Arctic. Under certain conditions taxa were allowed a larger range than our criteria specified. For example, taxa (1) restricted to specialized habitats within the Canadian Arctic, e.g., Geum rossii; (2) relatively narrowly endemic to the Canadian Arctic, e.g., Braya thorild-wulffii and Puccinellia bruggemannii; (3) with very small ranges outside the Canadian Arctic, e.g., Artemisia furcata var. furcata and Phlox richardsonii ssp. richardsonii; or (4) significantly disjunct in the Canadian Arctic, e.g., Carex rufina. Some plants on this list may appear rare because they are undercollected, but may be more common. For example, some aquatic species, such as Potomogeton friesii, are often infrequently collected because they are difficult to collect. Other aquatics, such as, Subularia aquatica ssp. americana and Limosella aquatica, are inconspicuous and easily overlooked. Some species of grasses, for example, Puccinellia ssp., are taxonomically obscure and difficult to identify in the field and therefore undercollected. As well, some taxa may not flower every year and therefore are not collected because they are unidentifiable without flowers or fruits. Further field study of rare arctic plants is certain to demonstrate that some taxa listed here as rare are more common than we now believe. Peripheral taxa, namely, taxa whose main range lies outside the Canadian Arctic, were included on our list if they were rare in the Canadian Arctic. Examples of such taxa include: (1) boreal forest species that extend into the northern and northwestern corner of the Yukon and Northwest Territories and into northern Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec and Labrador, e.g., Calla palustris and Ranunculus sceleratus var. multifidus, and (2) arctic- alpine taxa that have their major range in the cordillera and just extend into the Arctic, e.g., Carex macloviana _ ssp. macloviana and Poa leptocoma var. paucispicula. It may be argued that peripheral species should not be included on rare plant lists, since these species are simply artifacts of the relationship between subjective and natural boundaries. But peripheral species, because of their potentially unique genetic characteristics, are an important part of the biological diversity of the Arctic and must be considered in any conservation program. FORMAT OF THE LIST Taxa are listed alphabetically. For each taxon the following information may be given: 1. Scientific name and authority. The nomenclature follows, as much as possible, a computerized database of the 1985 draft revision of Kartesz & Kartesz (1980) A Synonymized Checklist of the Vascular Flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. In other cases, the nomenclature follows the Flora of North America, Volume 2 (in press), or taxonomic monographs. 2. Synonymy. Synonyms are included in parentheses following the accepted name only if they are necessary to locate the taxon in our original sources. These synonyms are cross referenced in the main list. 3. Family Name. 4. Phytogeography. This section indicates the main phytogeographic region or habitat in which the taxon occurs. The categories used are: arctic, arctic-alpine, boreal, montane, coastal, and aquatic. These units have been interpreted rather broadly. 5. Canadian Arctic. The taxon’s occurrence in the three major ecosystems in Canadian Arctic is given in terms of Low, Mid, and High Arctic (Figure 2). These zones are used as mapped by Edlund (1984). The division between the eastern and western portions of the Low and Mid Arctic is the 100th meridian, as indicated ti it by a lower case "e" or "w", respectively. 6. Rare Status. This section includes information on the rare status of the taxon in other parts of Canada. The rare occurrence of taxa in the provinces and territories, or throughout Canada as a whole, is documented in the following: Canada (Argus & Pryer 1990), Alberta (Packer & Bradley 1984), British Columbia (Straley et al. 1985), Manitoba (White & Johnson 1980), New Brunswick (Hinds 1986), Newfoundland (Bouchard et al. 1991), Northwest Territories (McJannet & Argus, in prep.), Nova Scotia (Maher et al. 1978), Ontario (Argus et al. 1982-1987), Prince Edward Island (Day & Catling 1991), Quebec (Bouchard et al. 1983, and Lavoie 1992), Saskatchewan (Harms et al. 1992), and Yukon Territory (Douglas et al. 1981). The rarity of a taxon in other parts of Canada is an indication of the significance of its rarity in the Canadian Arctic. 7. Comment. This section comments on whether a species is an endemic, a possible hybrid, or a disjunct. The habitat of a species may be mentioned when that is the reason for its rarity. 8. Distribution Maps. The maps show the range of each taxon within the Canadian Arctic. The hatched line represents the Arctic line. Most species have ranges outside of the Arctic, however, we have mapped occurrences of these taxa only in the Canadian Arctic. Reference to the sections on Phytogeography and Comments will identify those taxa restricted to the Canadian Arctic. Nn Figure 2. Major ecosystems in the Canadian Arctic (after Edlund 1984). The separation between the eastern and western Low and Mid Arctic is the 102nd meridian Appendices Two appendices follow the main lists. Appendix I is a list of the rare vascular plants in the Canadian Arctic arranged alphabetically by family. Appendix II is a list of the rare vascular plants in the Canadian Arctic arranged phyto- geographically (i.e. arctic, arctic-alpine, boreal, montane, coastal, and aquatic). DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS OF RARE PLANTS IN THE CANADIAN ARCTIC The distribution patterns of the 236 rare plant taxa in the Canadian Arctic can be considered in terms of their occurrence in (1) phytogeographic zones, (2) geographical regions, (3) political jurisdictions, and (4) their national significance, either as endemics or as being rare throughout all of Canada. 6 Phytogeographic Zones. Of the 236 rare plant taxa that we have recognized in the Canadian Arctic, 29 occur mainly in the Arctic. Of these, only eight taxa occur in the High Arctic, two of which are restricted to that region; the others also occur in the Low Arctic and/or the Mid Arctic. There are 77 taxa that we have defined as arctic- alpine, many of which have _ ranges extending southward in the North American cordillera. ©The most common phyto- geographic affinity among the arctic rarities is boreal or montane, with 100 taxa occurring in these categories. These are largely peripheral taxa that, although rare in the Arctic, are usually common southward. Finally, we have recognized 14 taxa as not clearly belonging to any one phyto- geographic zone but occurring, sometimes rather widely, in coastal and aquatic ecosystems. Geographic Regions. Seven of the 236 taxa were entirely restricted to the Arctic Archipelago. An additional 16 taxa occur in the southern part of the Archipelago and on the adjacent mainland. The majority of taxa (89), however, occur in the extreme northwestern Canadian Arctic (northern Yukon and adjacent Northwest Territories). In the eastern Canadian Arctic, 56 taxa are located along the shores of Hudson Bay, some extending into northern Quebec and Labrador. There are also 47 taxa that range widely along the treeline. The majority of Canadian rare arctic taxa occur in northern Yukon and in the Northwest Territories in the vicinity of the Mackenzie River delta and the Richardson Mountains. The rare plants of this region are a rich melange of arctic, arctic-alpine, boreal, and coastal taxa. Many of these taxa have beringian connections and have reached the Canadian Arctic via Siberia and northern Alaska or evolved in the far northwestern refugia. The arctic species Artemisia glomerata, the arctic-alpine species Anemone drummondii, and Geum glaciale, the boreal species Valeriana capitata, and the coastal species Primula borealis are examples of taxa with beringian affinities. There are also a number of widespread boreal taxa that reach their northern limits in this region, e.g., Populus tremuloides, Calla palustris, and Arctostaphylos uva-ursi. Generally, boreal taxa in the Arctic occur at or just north of the treeline. There are concentrations of rare boreal taxa in both northwestern Canada and along the shores of Hudson Bay from the Northwest Territories to northern Quebec and Labrador. In the central Canadian Arctic there appears to be few rare taxa of any kind but that may be a collecting artifact. Political Jurisdictions. Many taxa that are rare throughout the Canadian Arctic also appear on provincial and territorial lists of rare plants. A review of published lists of rare plants (see Methods for references) reveals the following statistics for the number of rare arctic taxa: Northwest Territories (53), Yukon Territory (51), Newfoundland (island) (30), British Columbia (25), Saskatchewan (25), Manitoba (21), Ontario (16), Alberta (13), Quebec (12), Nova Scotia (11), Prince Edward Island (10), and New Brunswick (8). Information on rarity in Labrador is not yet available. Most of the rare arctic taxa occur in the two northern territories: but a surprisingly large number are rare in provinces outside of the Arctic. Many of these taxa are boreal and are rare along both their northern and southern limits; others are wideranging coastal or aquatic taxa. To protect the genetic resources represented by these taxa, it will be necessary to protect ecosystems along both the northern and southern limits of their ranges. Nationally Significant Taxa. There are 18 taxa that are narrowly endemic to the Canadian Arctic (Table 1) and 37 taxa that are rare throughout their entire range in Canada (Table 2). These nationally significant taxa deserve special attention to ensure their continued existence in the Arctic. The glacial history of far northwestern and northern Canada may offer some explanations for these endemics and some of the more widespread rarities. During the Wisconsinan glaciation, there were major coastal shelves exposed in the Queen Elizabeth Islands and in Beringia (Fulton 1989). The saline and alkalai tolerant arctic endemic species (Braya thorild-wulffii, Puccinellia bruggemannii, P. deschamps- ioides, P. poaceae, Linum lewisii ssp. lepagei, and Salicornia borealis) currently found on raised marine deposits, weathered limestone and dolomite outcrops, or areas of sulfate crusts, may represent remnants from larger populations that occurred on the coastal shelves. High mountain plateaus were also ice free in the Yukon and central Alaska throughout the Pleistocene. Such refugia may have led to isolation and to endemism. Protection. The protection of eco- systems occupied by Canada’s rare arctic flora seems, for the foreseeable future, to be the purview of our national and provincial parks systems. At the present time the national and provincial parks in the Arctic seem to include the ranges of many rare arctic taxa. In the northern Yukon, Ivvaik National Park contains many rare arctic- alpine taxa and the two national parks in the Arctic Archipelago, Ellesmere Island National Park and Auyuituq National Park, include a number of rare taxa that occur in that region (Finkelstein 1990). Plans for national parks on Banks Island (Aulavik National Park) and on north Baffin Island are well advanced (Halfyard 1993). Many rare taxa found on the Hudson Bay coast in northern Ontario appear to occur within Polar Bear Provincial Park. At present there are no parks along the treeline; but several have been proposed. National parks are planned for a number of areas along the treeline, including the Torngat Mountains, Labrador; Richmond Gulf, Quebec; Churchill, Manitoba; and Thelon River, East Arm of Great Slave Lake, and Bluenose Lake, Northwest Territories (Finkelstein 1990). These and other proposed parks in the Arctic Archipelago, including Banks Island, central Bathurst Inlet and Bylot Island, Northwest Territories, will do much to set a firm basis for conservation in the Canadian Arctic. It is important to remember that because of the size of the Canadian Arctic and difficulty of access, our knowledge of the Table 1 Narrow Endemics occurring in Arctic Canada Artemisia arctica ssp. comata Braya glabella Braya thorild-wulffii Castilleja yukonis Douglasia arctica Erigeron muirii Erigeron yukonensis Gentianopsis detonsa ssp. raupii Linum lewisii ssp. lepagei Mertensia drummondii Phlox richardsonii ssp. richardsonii Puccinellia bruggemannii Puccinellia deschampsioides Puccinellia poacea Salicornia borealis Salix ovalifolia var. arctolitoralis Smelowskia calycina var. media Thlaspi arcticum Table 2 Canadian Arctic Rarities rare throughout Canada Anemone multiceps Antennaria friesiana ssp. alaskana Artemisia arctica ssp. comata Artemisia globularia Artemisia glomerata Betula nana ssp. nana Botrychium ascendens Braya pilosa Braya thorild-wulffii Carex adelostoma Carex laxa Carex rufina Deschampsia cespitosa ssp. alpina Dianthus repens Dryas integrifolia ssp. chamissonis Erigeron hyperboreus Erigeron muirii Festuca lenensis Gentiana nivalis Gentianopsis detonsa ssp. detonsa Koeleria asiatica Linum lewsii ssp. lepagei Mertensia drummondii Platanthera albida var. straminea Polygonum caurianum ssp. caurianum Puccinellia bruggemannii Puccinellia deschampsioides Puccinellia poacea Ranunculus turneri Salicornia borealis Salix ovalifolia var. arctolitoralis Salix ovalifolia var. ovalifolia Saxifraga eschscholtzii Saxifraga stellaris Smelowskia calycina var. media Thlaspi arcticum Trisetum sibiricum ssp. litorale phytogeography of this region is very incomplete. As further field work is done some species now thought to be rare may prove to be more common than we thought and, undoubtedly, other rare taxa will be discovered. The challenge is to protect sufficiently large, representative ecosystems so that the consequences of this lack of information will be minimized. FUTURE RESEARCH REQUIREMENTS 1. The flora of the Canadian Arctic urgently requires taxonomic and phyto- geographical study. a. The known distribution of the flora, based on herbarium specimens, needs to be updated and expanded. Canadian Arctic specimens in Canadian herbaria, and in critical herbaria in other countries, should be verified and mapped. Specimen label data should be computerized and coordinates determined so that localities can be plotted on large scale maps. b: » Field: study “is needed) ftomsall collecting gaps and to relocate rare taxa known only from one or two _ localities. Voucher collections of such rarities should be made only when they are not a threat to the populations. 2. The Arctic boundary needs to be more precisely defined and mapped. 3. Areas of the Canadian Arctic in which rare taxa are concentrated should be recognized and correlated with protected areas and other land uses. 9 4. In order to permit the circumpolar comparison of rare flora, the Panarctic Flora initiative should be adequately supported. This flora, by rationalizing taxonomic nomenclature on a circumpolar basis and by computerizing specimen label data, will allow the assessment of rarity on a world-wide basis, as well as the direct comparison of circumpolar floras. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank Dr. Bill Cody, Agriculture Canada, for reviewing an early draft of the manuscript and Dr. David Murray, University of Alaska, for reviewing an early draft of the manuscript and for providing information and stimulating discussion. REFERENCES Argus, G.W., and J. McNeill. 1975. 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Bulletin 146, 218 pp. Porsild; (AVE. and? sWaks ‘Cody... 1980. Vascular Plants of Continental Northwest Territories, Canada. National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa. 667 pp. Raup, H.M. 1943. The Willows of the Hudson Bay region and the Labrador Peninsula. Sargentia IV. 127 pp. Riley, J.L. and S.M. McKay. 1980. The Vegetation and Phytogeography of Coastal Southwestern James Bay. Life Sciences Contributions, No 124. Royal Ontario Museum. Toronto, 81 pp. Rousseau, C. 1974. Géographie floristique du Québec-Labrador: Distribution des principales espèces vasculaires. Les Presses de L'Université Laval, Québec. 99 pp: Sabourin A., M. Bertrand, P. Auger, M. Bonkowski, and D. Paquette. 1991. Guide des crucifères sauvages de l’est du Canada. Montréal, Québec. 249 pp. Soper, J.H., and M.L. Heimburger. 1985. Shrubs of Ontario. 2nd edition. A Life Sciences Miscellaneous Publication, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, 495 Pp. Straley, GB RL) Waylor, and AGW: Douglas. 1985. The Rare Vascular Plants of British Columbia. Syllogeus S9MIGSIPP: White, D.J. and K.L. Johnson. 1980. The Rare Vascular of Plants of Manitoba. Syllogeus 27. 52 pp. Yurtsev, B.A., A.I. Tolmatchev, and O.V, Rebristayays 1978, They floristic delimitation and subdivisions of the Arctic. Pp. 9-104, in B.A. Yurtsev. The Arctic Floristic Region. NAUKA, Leningrad. LIST OF RARE VASCULAR PLANTS IN THE CANADIAN ARCTIC Aconitum delphinifolium DC. ssp. delphinifolium RANUNCULACEAE Phytogeography: Arctic-alpine Canadian -Arctic: wLow Arctic Aconitum delphinifolium DC. ssp. paradoxum (Rchb.) Hultén RANUNCULACEAE Phytogeography: Arctic Canadian Arctic: wLow Arctic Agoseris glauca ssp. scorzonerifolia = Agoseris glauca var. dasycephala Agoseris glauca (Pursh) Raf. var. dasycephala (Torr. & Gray) Jepson (Agoseris glauca ssp. scorzonerifolia (Schrad.) Piper) ASTERACEAE Phytogeography: Boreal Canadian Arctic: wLow Arctic Comment: Disjunct RES it Sa Te Agoseris glauca dasycephala Agropyron trachycaulum = Elymus trachycaulus Alchemilla glomerulans Buser ROSACEAE Phytogeography: Arctic-alpine Canadian Arctic: eLow Arctic Allium schoenoprasum L. var. sibiricum (L.) Hartman LILIACEAE Phytogeography: Boreal Canadian Arctic: Low Arctic Status: Rare in Newfoundland. Alnus incana (L.) Moench BETULACEAE Phytogeography: Boreal Canadian Arctic: wLow Arctic Amerorchis rotundifolia (Banks ex Pursh) Hultén (Orchis rotundifolia Banks ex Pursh) ORCHIDACEAE Phytogeography: Boreal Canadian Arctic: Low Arctic Status: Rare in Newfoundland and New Brunswick. Amerorchis rotundifolia Anemone drummondii S. Wats. RANUNCULACEAE Phytogeography: Arctic-alpine Canadian Arctic: wLow Arctic Anemone multiceps (Greene) Standl. RANUNCULACEAE Phytogeography: Arctic-alpine , Canadian Arctic: wLow Arctic Status: Rare in the Yukon Territory and > Canada. Anemone narcissiflora L. ssp. interior Hultén RANUNCULACEAE Phytogeography: Arctic-alpine Canadian Arctic: wLow Arctic A \ Antennaria friesiana (Trautv.) Ekman ssp. alaskana (Malte) Hultén (Antennaria neoalaskana Porsild) ASTERACEAE Phytogeography: Arctic-alpine Canadian Arctic: wLow Arctic Status: Rare in the Yukon Territory, the Northwest Territories, and Canada. Antennaria friesiana alaskana Antennaria microphylla Rydb. (Antennaria nitida Greene) ASTERACEAE Phytogeography: Boreal Canadian Arctic: Low Arctic Status: Rare in Ontario. Antennaria neoalaskana = Antennaria friesiana ssp. alaskana Antennaria nitida = Antennaria microphylla Aquilegia brevistyla Hook. RANUNCULACEAE Phytogeography: Boreal Canadian Arctic: wLow Arctic Arabidopsis salsuginea (Pallas) N. Busch (Thellungiella salsuginea (Pallas) O.E. Schulz) BRASSICACEAE Phytogeography: Coastal Canadian Arctic: wLow Arctic Status: Rare in the Yukon Territory, the Northwest Territories, Alberta, and British Columbia. Comment: Disjunct Arctagrostis arundinacea (Trin.) Beal POACEAE Phytogeography: Boreal Canadian Arctic: wLow Arctic Status: Rare in Alberta. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi var. coactilis = Arctostaphylos uva-ursi € 4. = à i ae = CT aa aN ar 44) im ©: AN Pel LA EAU JAE TD PRO Phytogeography: Arctic Canadian Arctic: wLow Arctic Status: Rare in the Northwest Territories A = Saxifraga eschscholtzii Sternb. SAXIFRAGACEAE 4 Phytogeography: Arctic-alpine Canadian Arctic: wLow and High Arctic Status: Rare in the Yukon Territory, the Northwest Territories, and Canada. JT FRE Saxifraga eschscholtzii 62 Saxifraga nelsoniana D. Don ssp. nelsoniana (Saxifraga punctata ssp. nelsoniana (D. Don) Hultén) SAXIFRAGACEAE Phytogeography: Arctic-alpine Canadian Arctic: wLow Arctic an \3 Saxifraga punctata ssp. nelsoniana = Saxifraga nelsoniana ssp. nelsoniana Saxifraga radiata = Saxifraga sibirica Saxifraga serpyllifolia Pursh SAXIFRAGACEAE Phytogeography: Arctic-alpine Canadian Arctic: High Arctic Status: Rare in British Columbia. eles Saxifraga sibirica L. (Saxifraga radiata Small) SAXIFRAGACEAE Phytogeography: Arctic-alpine Canadian Arctic: wLow Arctic Saxifraga stellaris L. SAXIFRAGACEAE Phytogeography: Arctic Canadian Arctic: eLow Arctic Status: Rare in the Northwest Territories and Canada. Saxifraga stellaris ‘3 Scheuchzeria palustris L. ssp. americana (Fern.) Hultén SCHEUCHZERIACEAE Phytogeography: Boreal Canadian Arctic: eLow Arctic Status: Rare in the Yukon Territory and 4 Saskatchewan. ® Ÿ 705 Scirpus rufus (Huds.) Schrad. var. oe neogaeus Fern. (Blysmus rufus (Huds.) Link) _ CYPERACEAE Phytogeography: Coastal Canadian Arctic: eLow Arctic Status: Rare in the Northwest Territories, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, Â K (Kk @: Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Ja ia) Alberta. aa Sedum integrifolium (Raf.) A. Nels. ssp. integrifolium (Rhodiola integrifolia Raf., Sedum rosea (L.) Scop. ssp. integrifolium (Raf.) Hultén) CRASSULACEAE Phytogeography: Arctic-alpine Canadian Arctic: wLow Arctic Status: Rare in the Northwest Territories. i ee Sedum rosea ssp. integrifolium = Sedum integrifolium ssp. integrifolium Sedum rosea (L.) Scop. (Rhodiola rosea L.) CRASSULACEAE Phytogeography: Boreal Canadian Arctic: eLow and eMid Arctic Status: Rare in the Northwest Territories. Sedum rosea 64 za oe 4 À Selaginella sibirica (Milde) Hieron. SELAGINELLACEAE Phytogeography: Arctic-alpine Canadian Arctic: wLow Arctic Senecio cymbalaria Pursh (Senecio resedifolius Less.) ASTERACEAE Phytogeography: Arctic-alpine Canadian Arctic: wLow Arctic Status: Rare in Newfoundland. Senecio fuscatus Hayek (Senecio lindstroemii (Ostenf.) Porsild, Senecio tundricola Tolmie) ASTERACEAE Phytogeography: Arctic-alpine Canadian Arctic: wLow Arctic Status: Rare in British Columbia. Senecio lindstroemii = Senecio fuscatus Senecio tundricola = Senecio fuscatus Senecio pauciflorus Pursh ASTERACEAE Phytogeography: Boreal Canadian Arctic: eLow Arctic Status: Rare in Newfoundland and Saskatchewan. fy [Sass Senecio pauciflorus 65 Senecio pauperculus Michx. ASTERACEAE Phytogeography: Boreal Canadian Arctic: eLow Arctic Senecio resedifolius = Senecio cymbalaria Senecio yukonensis Porsild ASTERACEAE Phytogeography: Arctic-alpine Canadian Arctic: wLow Arctic Silene acaulis L. var. subacaulescens (F.N. Williams) Fern. & St. John CARYOPHYLLACEAE Phytogeography: Arctic-alpine Canadian Arctic: wLow Arctic Silene repens Patrin ex Pers. ssp. purpurata (Greene) C.L. Hitche. & Maguire CARYOPHYLLACEAE Phytogeography: Arctic-alpine Canadian Arctic: wLow Arctic Re Silene repens purpurata 66 Silene taylorae (B.L. Robins.) Hultén (Melandrium taylorae (B.L. Robins.) Tolm.) CARYOPHYLLACEAE Phytogeography: Boreal Canadian Arctic: wLow Arctic Sisyrinchium montanum Greene IRIDACEAE Phytogeography: Boreal Canadian Arctic: eLow Arctic Status: Rare in the Yukon Territory. Smelowskia calycina (Steph. ex Willd.) C.A. Mey. var. media Drury & Rollins BRASSICACEAE Phytogeography: Arctic-alpine Canadian Arctic: wLow Arctic Status: Rare in the Northwest Territories and Canada. Comment: Endemic Solidago decumbens var. oreophila = Solidago simplex var. nana Solidago macrophylla Pursh ASTERACEAE Phytogeography: Boreal Canadian Arctic: eLow Arctic Status: Rare in Prince Edward Island. cE XG peli + 0 Un Lad sr A À Solidago macrophylla 67 Solidago simplex Kunth var. nana Gray x K PS: (Solidago decumbens var. oreophila DER ut ey (Rydb.) Fern.) Ca a We ASTERACEAE D M) 17 Phytogeography: Boreal S + rm Canadian Arctic: wLow Arctic Sparganium angustifolium Michx. re (Sparganium emersum var. multipedunculatum (Morong) Reveal, Sparganium multipedunculatum (Morong) Rydb.) SPARGANIACEAE Phytogeography: Aquatic Canadian Arctic: Low Arctic Status: Rare in Nova Scotia, Quebec, and Ontario. Sparganium emersum var. multipedunculatum = Sparganium angustifolium a Sparganium minimum (C.J. Hartman) Wallr. SPARGANIACEAE Phytogeography: Aquatic Canadian Arctic: Low Arctic Status: Rare in the Yukon Territory. Sparganium multipedunculatum = Sparganium angustifolium Spergularia canadensis G. Don CARYOPHYLLACEAE Phytogeography: Coastal Canadian Arctic: eLow Arctic Status: Rare in Ontario. Spergularia canadensis 68 Suaeda calceoliformis (Hook.) Mog. (Suaeda depressa auct. non (Pursh) S. Wats.) CHENOPODIACEAE Phytogeography: Coastal Canadian Arctic: wLow Arctic Status: Rare in the Yukon Territory, the Northwest Territories, Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, and Ontario. Suaeda depressa = Suaeda calceoliformis Subularia aquatica L. ssp. americana Mulligan & Calder BRASSICACEAE Phytogeography: Aquatic Canadian Arctic: Low Arctic Status: Rare in the Yukon Territory, the Northwest Territories, New Brunswick, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan. Taraxacum lyratum (Ledeb.) DC. (Taraxacum sibiricum Dahlst.) ASTERACEAE Phytogeography: Arctic-alpine Canadian Arctic: wLow Arctic Taraxacum sibiricum = Taraxacum lyratum Thalictrum alpinum L. RANUNCULACEAE Phytogeography: Arctic-alpine Canadian Arctic: eLow Arctic Status: Rare in Quebec. Comment: Disjunct Thellungiella salsuginea = Arabidopsis salsuginea cru Thalictrum alpinum 69 Thelypteris phegopteris = Phegopteris connectilis Thlaspi arcticum Porsild BRASSICACEAE Phytogeography: Arctic-alpine Canadian Arctic: wLow Arctic Status: Rare in the Yukon Territory and Canada. Comment: Endemic Trientalis borealis Raf. PRIMULACEAE Phytogeography: Boreal Canadian Arctic: eLow Arctic Trisetum sibiricum Rupr. ssp. litorale (Rupr. ex Rosh.) Rosh. POACEAE Phytogeography: Arctic Canadian Arctic: wLow Arctic Status: Rare in the Yukon Territory and Canada. Utricularia ochroleuca R.W. Hartman LENTIBULARIACEAE Phytogeography: Aquatic Canadian Arctic: eLow Arctic 70 De ER x A TA Utricularia ochroleuca Valeriana capitata Pallas ex Link VALERIANACEAE Phytogeography: Boreal Canadian Arctic: wLow Arctic Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf. CAPRIFOLIACEAE Phytogeography: Boreal Canadian Arctic: Low Arctic Status: Rare in Nova Scotia. Viola selkirkii Pursh ex Goldie VIOLACEAE Phytogeography: Boreal Canadian Arctic: eLow Arctic Status: Rare in the Yukon Territory, Newfoundland, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. Viscaria alpina = Lychnis alpina var. alpina Zannichellia palustris L. POTAMOGETONACEAE Phytogeography: Aquatic Canadian Arctic: eLow Arctic Status: Rare in the Yukon Territory, Newfoundland, and British Columbia. a SS ieee Zannichellia palustris 71 Zostera marina L. ZOSTERACEAE Phytogeography: Coastal Canadian Arctic: eLow Arctic Status: Rare in the Northwest Territories, Ontario, and Manitoba. Lo Zostera marina APPENDIX I FAMILY LIST OF RARE VASCULAR PLANTS IN THE CANADIAN ARCTIC ADIANTACEAE Cryptogramma stelleri ALISMATACEAE Sagittaria cuneata APIACEAE Heracleum lanatum Ligusticum scoticum var. scoticum ARACEAE Calla palustris ASPLENIACEAE Asplenium trichomanes-ramosum Phegopteris connectilis ASTERACAE Agoseris glauca var. dasycephala Antennaria friesiana ssp. alaskana Antennaria microphylla Arnica angustifolia ssp. tomentosa Arnica chamissonis ssp. foliosa Arnica lessingii Artemisia arctica ssp. arctica Artemisia arctica ssp. comata Artemisia furcata var. furcata Artemisia globularia Artemisia glomerata Aster alpinus ssp. vierhapperi Crepis elegans Erigeron alpiniformis Erigeron glabellus ssp. pubescens Erigeron grandiflorus ssp. arcticus Erigeron hyperboreus Erigeron lonchophyllus Erigeron muirii Erigeron yukonensis Senecio cymbalaria Senecio fuscatus Senecio pauciflorus Senecio pauperculus Senecio yukonensis Solidago macrophylla Solidago simplex var. nana Taraxacum lyratum BETULACEAE Alnus incana Betula nana ssp. nana BORAGINACEAE Eritrichium aretioides Mertensia drummondii Mertensia paniculata var. paniculata Myosotis asiatica BRASSICACEAE Arabidopsis salsuginea Braya glabella Braya pilosa Braya thorild-wulffii Draba aurea Draba borealis Draba cana Draba incana Draba incerta Draba nemorosa var. leiocarpa Draba palanderiana Parrya nudicaulis Smelowskia calycina var. media Subularia aquatica ssp. americana Thlaspi arcticum CALLITRICHACEAE Callitriche anceps CAPRIFOLIACEAE Lonicera villosa var. calvescens Viburnum edule CARYOPHYLLACEAE Cerastium maximum Dianthus repens Lychnis alpina var. alpina Minuartia arctica Minuartia macrocarpa Minuartia obtusiloba Minuartia yukonensis Sagina saginoides Silene acaulis var. subacaulescens Silene repens ssp. purpurata Silene taylorae Spergularia canadensis CERATOPHYLLACEAE Ceratophyllum demersum CHENOPODIACEAE Atriplex gmelinii Chenopodium capitatum Chenopodium salinum Salicornia borealis Suaeda calceoliformis CRASSULACEAE Sedum integrifolium ssp. integrifolium Sedum rosea CYPERACEAE Carex adelostoma Carex albonigra Carex arcta Carex deflexa Carex diandra Carex disperma Carex laxa Carex leptalea Carex limosa Carex livida var. radicaulis Carex macloviana ssp. macloviana Carex media Carex michrochaeta Carex paleacea 74 Carex petricosa Carex podocarpa Carex praticola Carex rufina Carex trisperma Eleocharis kamtschatica Eriophorum gracile Scirpus rufus var. neogaeus DIAPENSIACEAE Diapensia lapponica var. obovata DRYOPTERIDACEAE Polystichum lonchitis EQUISETACEAE Equisetum palustre Equisetum pratense ERICACEAE Arctostaphylos uva-ursi FABACEAE Astragalus bodinii Astragalus umbellatus Oxytropis nigrescens var. nigrescens Oxytropis splendens Oxytropis viscida var. subsucculenta GENTIANACEAE Gentiana nivalis Gentianella amarella ssp. acuta Gentianopsis detonsa ssp. detonsa Gentianopsis detonsa ssp. raupii GROSSULARIACEAE Ribes glandulosum HALORAGACEAE Myriophyllum alterniflorum Myriophyllum verticillatum IRIDACEAE Sisyrinchium montanum JUNCACEAE Juncus alpinoarticulatus ssp. nodulosus Juncus subtilis LEMNACEAE Lemna trisulca LENTIBULARIACEAE Utricularia ochroleuca LILIACEAE Allium schoenoprasum var. sibiricum Lloydia serotina LINACEAE Linum lewisii ssp. lepagei NYMPHAEACEAE Nuphar lutea ssp. polysepala OPHIOGLOSSACEAE Botrychium ascendens Botrychium minganense ORCHIDACEAE Amerorchis rotundifolia Coeloglossum viride var. virescens Cypripedium guttatum ssp. guttatum Cypripedium passerinum Listera borealis Platanthera albida var. straminea OROBANCHACEAE Boschniakia rossica PLANTAGINACEAE Plantago eriopoda POACEAE Arctagrostis arundinacea Bromus pumpellianus Calamagrostis holmii Deschampsia cespitosa ssp. alpina Elymus trachycaulus Festuca altaica Festuca lenensis Festuca vivipara ssp. glabra Koeleria asiatica Phleum alpinum Poa eminens Poa lanata Poa leptocoma ssp. paucispicula Puccinellia bruggemannii Puccinellia deschampsioides Puccinellia kurilensis Puccinellia poacea Trisetum sibiricum ssp. litorale POLEMONIACEAE Phlox richardsonii ssp. richardsonii POLYGONACEAE Polygonum alpinum Polygonum amphibium var. stipulaceum Polygonum caurianum ssp. caurianum Polygonum caurianum ssp. hudsonianum Rumex aquaticus var. fenestratus POLYPODIACEAE Polypodium virginianum POTAMOGETONACEAE Potamogeton friesii Potamogeton pectinatus Potamogeton richardsonii Potamogeton strictifolius Potamogeton zosteriformis Zannichellia palustris PRIMULACEAE Dodecatheon frigidum Douglasia arctica Lysimachia thyrsiflora Primula borealis Primula incana Primula mistassinica Trientalis borealis RANUNCULACEAE Aconitum delphinifolium ssp. delphinifolium Aconitum delphinifolium ssp. paradoxum 15 Anemone drummondii Anemone multiceps Anemone narcissiflora ssp. interior Aquilegia brevistyla Caltha natans Caltha palustris var. palustris Delphinium glaucum Ranunculus karelinii Ranunculus sceleratus var. multifidus Ranunculus turneri Thalictrum alpinum ROSACEAE Alchemilla glomerulans Dryas integrifolia ssp. chamissonis Dryas integrifolia ssp. crenulata Dryas integrifolia ssp. sylvatica Dryas octopetala ssp. octopetala Fragaria virginiana ssp. glauca Geum glaciale Geum rossi Potentilla biflora Potentilla diversifolia var. ranunculus Potentilla multifida Potentilla pensylvanica var. pectinata Potentilla uniflora RUBIACEAE Galium boreale Galium labradoricum SALICACEAE Populus tremuloides Salix argyrocarpa Salix bebbiana Salix brachycarpa ssp. brachycarpa Salix cordata Salix exigua ssp. interior Salix hastata Salix ovalifolia var. arctolitoralis Salix ovalifolia var. ovalifolia Salix pedicellaris Salix phlebophylla Salix sphenophylla 76 SAXIFRAGACEAE Boykinia richardsonii Saxifraga eschscholtzii Saxifraga nelsoniana ssp. nelsoniana Saxifraga serpyllifolia Saxifraga sibirica Saxifraga stellaris SCHEUCHZERIACEAE Scheuchzeria palustris ssp. americana SCROPHULARIACEAE Castilleja hyperborea Castilleja septentrionalis Castilleja yukonis Lagotis minor Limosella aquatica Pedicularis macrodonta Pedicularis verticillata SELAGINELLACEAE Selaginella sibirica SPARGANIACEAE Sparganium angustifolium Sparganium minimum THELYPTERIDACEAE Gymnocarpium disjunctum VALERIANACEAE Valeriana capitata VIOLACEAE Viola selkirki ZOSTERACEAE Zostera marina APPENDIX II PHYTOGEOGRAPHICAL LIST OF RARE VASCULAR PLANTS IN THE CANADIAN ARCTIC ARCTIC Aconitum delphinifolium ssp. paradoxum Artemisia arctica ssp. comata Artemisia furcata var. furcata Betula nana ssp. nana Braya pilosa Braya thorild-wulffii Calamagrostis holmii Carex rufina Dryas integrifolia ssp. chamissonis Erigeron alpiniformis Erigeron hyperboreus Erigeron muirii Gentianopsis detonsa ssp. detonsa Linum lewisii ssp. lepagei Lychnis alpina var. alpina Mertensia drummondii Platanthera albida var. straminea Potentilla diversifolia var. ranunculus Puccinellia bruggemannii Puccinellia deschampsioides Puccinellia poacea Ranunculus turneri Salicornia borealis Salix ovalifolia var. arctolitoralis Salix ovalifolia var. ovalifolia Salix sphenophylla Saxifraga stellaris Trisetum sibiricum ssp. litorale ARCTIC-ALPINE Aconitum delphinifolium ssp. delphinifolium Alchemilla glomerulans Anemone drummondii Anemone multiceps Anemone narcissiflora ssp. interior Antennaria friesiana ssp. alaskana Arnica angustifolia ssp. tomentosa Arnica lessingii Artemisia arctica ssp. arctica Artemisia globularia Artemisia glomerata Aster alpinus ssp. vierhapperi Astragalus umbellatus Boykinia richardsonii Braya glabella Carex albonigra Carex laxa Carex macloviana ssp. macloviana Carex michrochaeta Carex petricosa Carex podocarpa Castilleja hyperborea Castilleja yukonis Cerastium maximum Deschampsia cespitosa ssp. alpina Dianthus repens Diapensia lapponica var. obovata Dodecatheon frigidum Douglasia arctica Draba borealis Draba incerta Draba palanderiana Dryas integrifolia ssp. crenulata Dryas octopetala ssp. octopetala Erigeron grandiflorus ssp. arcticus Eritrichium aretioides Festuca altaica Festuca lenensis Festuca vivipara ssp. glabra Gentiana nivalis Gentianopsis detonsa ssp. raupii Geum glaciale Geum rossii Koeleria asiatica Ti Lagotis minor Lloydia serotina Minuartia arctica Minuartia macrocarpa Minuartia obtusiloba Minuartia yukonensis Myosotis asiatica Oxytropis nigrescens var. nigrescens Oxytropis viscida var. subsucculenta Parrya nudicaulis Phleum alpinum Phlox richardsonii ssp. richardsonii Poa lanata Poa leptocoma ssp. paucispicula Potentilla biflora Potentilla uniflora Ranunculus karelinii Salix hastata Salix phlebophylla Saxifraga eschscholtzii Saxifraga nelsoniana ssp. nelsoniana Saxifraga serpyllifolia Saxifraga sibirica Sedum integrifolium ssp. integrifolium Selaginella sibirica Senecio cymbalaria Senecio fuscatus Senecio yukonensis Silene acaulis var. subacaulescens Silene repens ssp. purpurata Smelowskia calycina var. media Taraxacum lyratum Thalictrum alpinum Thlaspi arcticum BOREAL Agoseris glauca var. dasycephala Allium schoenoprasum var. sibiricum Alnus incana Amerorchis rotundifolia Antennaria microphylla Aquilegia brevistyla Arctagrostis arundinacea Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Arnica chamissonis ssp. foliosa Asplenium trichomanes-ramosum 78 Astragalus bodinii Boschniakia rossica Botrychium minganense Bromus pumpellianus Calla palustris Caltha natans Caltha palustris var. palustris Carex adelostoma Carex arcta Carex deflexa Carex diandra Carex disperma Carex leptalea Carex limosa Carex livida var. radicaulis Carex media Carex praticola Carex trisperma Castilleja septentrionalis Chenopodium capitatum Chenopodium salinum Coeloglossum viride var. virescens Crepis elegans Cryptogramma stelleri Cypripedium guttatum ssp. guttatum Cypripedium passerinum Delphinium glaucum Draba aurea Draba cana Draba incana Draba nemorosa var. leiocarpa Dryas integrifolia ssp. sylvatica Elymus trachycaulus Equisetum palustre Equisetum pratense Erigeron glabellus ssp. pubescens Erigeron lonchophyllus Erigeron yukonensis Eriophorum gracile Fragaria virginiana ssp. glauca Galium boreale Galium labradoricum Gentianella amarella ssp. acuta Gymnocarpium disjunctum Heracleum lanatum Juncus alpinoarticulatus ssp. nodulosus Juncus subtilis Listera borealis Lonicera villosa var. calvescens Lysimachia thyrsiflora Mertensia paniculata var. paniculata Nuphar lutea ssp. polysepala Oxytropis splendens Pedicularis macrodonta Pedicularis verticillata Phegopteris connectilis Polygonum alpinum Polygonum amphibium var. stipulaceum Polygonum caurianum ssp. caurianum Polypodium virginianum Polystichum lonchitis Populus tremuloides Potentilla multifida Potentilla pensylvanica var. pectinata Primula incana Primula mistassinica Ranunculus sceleratus var. multifidus Ribes glandulosum Rumex aquaticus var. fenestratus Sagittaria cuneata Salix argyrocarpa Salix bebbiana Salix brachycarpa ssp. brachycarpa Salix cordata Salix exigua ssp. interior Salix pedicellaris Scheuchzeria palustris ssp. americana Sedum rosea Senecio pauciflorus Senecio pauperculus Silene taylorae Sisyrinchium montanum Solidago macrophylla Solidago simplex var. nana Trientalis borealis Valeriana capitata Viburnum edule Viola selkirkii MONTANE Botrychium ascendens Sagina saginoides COASTAL Arabidopsis salsuginea Atriplex gmelinii Carex paleacea Eleocharis kamtschatica Ligusticum scoticum var. scoticum Plantago eriopoda Poa eminens Polygonum caurianum ssp. hudsonianum Primula borealis Puccinellia kurilensis Scirpus rufus var. neogaeus Spergularia canadensis Suaeda calceoliformis Zostera marina AQUATIC Callitriche anceps Ceratophyllum demersum Lemna trisulca Limosella aquatica Myriophyllum alterniflorum Myriophyllum verticillatum Potamogeton friesii Potamogeton pectinatus Potamogeton richardsonii Potamogeton strictifolius Potamogeton zosteriformis Sparganium angustifolium Sparganium minimum Subularia aquatica ssp. americana Utricularia ochroleuca Zannichellia palustris 79 APRA av be. ACTE al a ey Lans Den 1Wan z bang os j es Mie whitest s ty Tr Recent Syllogeus Titles / Titres récents dans la collection Syllogeus No. No. No. NO. No. . 56 57 . 58 159 . 60 61 . 62 . 63 . 64 65 . 66 . 67 68 . 70 Th McAllister, Don E., Brad J. Parker and Paul M. McKee (1985) RARE, ENDANGERED AND EXTINCT FISHES IN CANADA. 192 p. Harington, C.R., editor (1985) CLIMATIC CHANGE IN CANADA 5. 482 p. Brodo, I.M. (1985) ; GUIDE TO THE LITERATURE FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF NORTH AMERICAN LICHENS. 39 p. Vladykov, Vadim D. (1985) DOES NEOTENY OCCUR IN HOLARCTIC LAMPREYS (PETROMYZONTIDAE)? 13 p. Schriever, G., H.K. Schminke and C.-t. Shih, editors (1985) PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF COPEPODA, OTTAWA, CANADA, 13-17 AUGUST 1984. 662 p. Straley, G.B., R.L. Taylor and G.W. Douglas (1985) THE RARE VASCULAR PLANTS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 165 p. Frank, P.G., J.A. Fournier and J. Madill (1985) TYPE SPECIMENS OF INVERTEBRATES (MOLLUSCA AND ARTHROPODA EXCLUDED) IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL SCIENCES, NATIONAL MUSEUMS OF CANADA. 147 p. Noble, W.J., T. Ahti, G.F. Otto and I.M. Brodo (1987) A SECOND CHECKLIST AND BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE LICHENS AND ALLIED FUNGI OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 95 p. Ireland, R.R. and G. Bellolio-Trucco (1988) ILLUSTRATED GUIDE TO SOME HORNWORTS, LIVEWORTS AND MOSSES OF EASTERN CANADA. 205 p. Soper, James H., Claude E. Garton, and David R. Given (1989) FLORA OF THE NORTH SHORE OF LAKE SUPERIOR (VASCULAR PLANTS OF THE ONTARIO PORTION OF THE LAKE SUPERIOR DRAINAGE BASIN). 61 p. McAllister, Don E. (1990) A LIST OF THE FISHES OF CANADA / LISTE DES POISSONS DU CANADA. 310 p. Bouchard, André, Stuart Hay, Luc Brouillet, Martin Jean and Isabelle Saucier (1991) THE RARE VASCULAR PLANTS OF THE ISLAND OF NEWFOUNDLAND / LES PLANTES VASCULAIRES RARES DE I’LLE DE TERRE-NEUVE. 165 p. Youngman, Phillip M. (1991) A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MUSTELIDS: PART IX: EUROPEAN MINK. 45 p. Day, Robin, and Paul M. Catling (1991) THE RARE VASCULAR PLANTS OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. 65 p. Coad, Brian W. (1991) FISHES OF THE TIGRIS-EUPHRATES BASIN: A CRITICAL CHECKLIST. 49 p. Wong, Pak Yau and Irwin M. Brodo (1992) THE LICHENS OF SOUTHERN ONTARIO, CANADA. 79 p. Ireland, Robert R. and Linda M. Ley (1992) 138 p. ATLAS OF ONTARIO MOSSES Balkwill, Darlene McCuaig and Stephen L. Cumbaa (1992) A GUIDE TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF POSTCRANIAL BONES OF BOS TAURUS AND BISON BISON. 277 p. 0 EN AE CALIF ACAD (I 3 1853 040 i vy : % j | dv ire “ 1 i 5 Moe a t Î £ res wy ‘ f “ . \ À j | Le ; } By ey À a : 4 t ¥ \ } ft i : Ty L i ' j 1 4 A x ‘5 { à 4 i LA f eater ‘ ‘ C i r, < ET | H ; ke ; E ”] P| à gg À ER y ‘ A ul ? \ } > * te #6 3 MA © . ae à, y â ‘ : k } 7 * À : + \ = Û ¥ à v \ Ww vi \ ry ul \ ul ke ‘ Won i" ( y }-* ” k Z » 3 a. x a fn, : # t = f ( 1 45, ; : A i ¥ f { i) + k | “if | 1 à 1 i 4 + À #. pole bar i + ‘ \ À ile | r une ¥ Au À ~ ‘ he eet 4 À 4 r \ "1 À 4 ! | y At hae \ i JL PURE EA ERAN HRN 6 EN EEE AE NO SS ay a ie | cue ’ à HE