=e

7 Se

ae

aS
ee

a

£32
ap ee te

aac

Pomersesar

ee

fam Hy) |
i ae
gi ne

ai

tr

x ae
prewet os
Fes wuss a . :
apt nota ape Re Sat aie ip
(I LS Se ES és

Pe
Reo arena

eth 3
ie cane
i ¥ vs ied
ie

cs

i bh

teoliigin

ace

outa ad

at ie
ba

i Lat shaky ghey
BHAT IGOM ec irinatte chtvlgare
eat Roonunpnnnreai

aan siete! Pores:

i

To,
ae Sn os
Sas

if

nun

aE are

A i iN
ae
Sat
ie

Tats

Bors
as

SS >, : ia % ype © € "4 < ¢ ( “C (6 i¢ CC ee ae
4@ €¢ Ce © € ¢ <C CHEE Che €

a9 < . ¢ Go & ( ~ @ i « ¢ «eg « a Ca Ce
@i ( o> ae ( (Cig
a ane. Gu © cam < aap at Gc

CC CMOS Qe
CAC Cee
ae COM a’
| a7,

aAD@DAnas

A~AA,
~ o~ a 4 ‘ f 2 ul \ r » ¥

-~ -——&

aos

, C ‘< ‘care \

"e
= f =. ee =
R Pi nt _ = .
“¢ ex C UG ° OC mm {oe
ee i) wae “a N S ©
Se ¢ : . £
i f of #4 (

© aS a. > @ = ae 1G.
fi LES @ aac
COQ, « |
fo eG qi a

\.

a;

Sy gD

-

r

~
~~
Ss

_

par

ana
~

le

~
YY. Valen

~

<a

la

PN
AX XA

ay,

¥ 4
Aan ei
bap
A ty
oo:
&

TE ay
wy
xt
n

os

C
Gi
e
&.
€

iY

As a™

me
aA

as

na AR

Navan
AAAS

~

AAA AS

4 ca cies r€ @ %

CECE CRG

XE CC & mw a é

daa C am $3:
aa UG pe

(e UC

(

-~

~
AD
vy.
A~AA
VA

=-

(~~
i,

~
~
F Na
PY an and

Am
=~
aN
z
yA >

Lat
_ =aFP

we ~ TP

~

Cae
ee Kwa
a ce € ie

SAN
~*~ fr
iN

~
Valin
Aa:
N
_A
~

ee
fh

| a |
FS
t=

anttal
aes

ee ,

aa
=m,
~
Gm i

AAA
~~ a

4 LQ. @€ — ne ¢C
Ge iC § 5 56, G, €€

\
PTL VY PTY

a

3
i
ie
1)

— nf
3

PEE

AMERICAN NATURALIST

A MONTHLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE
NATURAL SCIENCES IN THEIR
WIDEST SENSE

REPRING

FROM

Vou. XX XV, No. 412. APRIL, Igor

a4)

BOSTON 255 qo5

GINN & COMPANY | SS brig, mo)
The Atheneum Press ——
IQOI

r

.

‘
oF
-
yi
{ -
AY
é
- x
»
. 1G
.
. s
.
,
Cty
. » .
‘ *
1
is
R 7

SYNOPSES OF NORTH-AMERICAN
INVERTEBRATES.

XIV. THe Hypromepus@ — Part I.
CHARLES W. HARGITT.

INTRODUCTORY.

Tue following’ synopsis was undertaken more than a year
ago as a section of the “Synopses of North-American Inver-
tebrates ”’ now in course of publication. Various interruptions
have delayed its completion at an earlier date.

While compiled largely from the author’s notes and observa-
tions made upon the Hydrozoa of the Atlantic coast during a
period of more than ten years, the form and method of pres-
entation are patterned after the systematic works of Hincks,
Allman, Haeckel, and von Lendenfeld. For many of the
descriptive notes recourse has been had to L. Agassiz’s Con-
tributions to the Natural History of the United States and to
A. Agassiz’s Catalog of the Acalephe of North America, as
well as to those of the authors just named.

The synopsis is confessedly incomplete in several of ‘the
orders, specially upon the Campanularidz and Leptomeduse.
It is, moreover, limited to a comparatively small range of hydro-
zoan life of American waters, chiefly of the northeastern
Atlantic coast. Of that of the Pacific coast our present
knowledge is still too limited to warrant even a provisional
synopsis.

The Hydromedusz comprise one of the three generally
recognized classes of Ccoelentera, of which the others are the
Scyphomedusze and Anthozoa. While the first two classes have
been regarded as much more intimately related phylogenetically
than has the third, it may be doubted whether after all their
relation may not be quite remote, at least so much so as to

warrant separate consideration. Hence slight, if any, reference
301

302 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. [VoL. XXXV.

will be made to the Scyphomedusz in considering possible
relationships or phylogeny among the Hydromedusz.

The Hydromedusze may be distinguished by the following
somewhat broad characteristics. In typical cases there is a
more or less well marked alternation of generations, z.¢., a non-
sexual, hydroid stage and a sexual, medusoid, stage. The latter
are derived by a process of budding from the stem or hydranth
of the hydroid as gonophores which may become free as
medusze or may exhibit varying phases of degeneration as
medusoids or mere sporosacs, as in Clava, Campanularia, etc.

In many cases there may be exhibited proliferous medusz
from various portions of the parent medusa, as in Hybocodon.
In rare cases one or other of these phases may be entirely
lacking, as in Hydra, in which the medusa phase is wholly
absent, or as in Rhegmatodes and many others the hydroid
stage is apparently lacking.

Perhaps in no phylum of the animal world is there a more
striking exhibition of polymorphism than among the Hydro-
medusz. This seems to reach its climax in the Siphonophora,
though in such forms as Hydractinia it is also evident.

In general the hydroid exhibits a sedentary habit quite in
contrast with the free-swimming habit of the medusa. But
here again are numerous exceptions. Hydra is capable of
locomotion, as are also other hydroid forms, while as already
indicated many medusz are sessile and degenerate, and in the
Siphonophora the entire polymorphic colony is free-swimming.
In general the hydroids are colonial though with notable
exceptions, as in Hydra and many others. While in general
form the hydroid and medusoid present rather striking mor-
phological differences, they may yet be reduced to a common
and fundamental likeness. Both are of diploblastic structure,
having a definite ectoblast and entoblast separated by a middle
lamella, or mesogloea, which is a delicate, structureless mem-
brane in the hydroid and in the medusa a rather massive, gelati-
nous structure, making up the bulk of the body and giving it
the characteristic glassy appearance.

In the absence of definite knowledge concerning details of
the life history of many of the Hydromeduse, it is as yet

No. 412.] MORTH-AMERICAN INVERTEBRATES. 303

impossible to formulate any scheme of classification which
shall bring into a single view the complete ontogenetic rela-
tions of the various hydroid and medusoid phases. In the
present synopsis I have followed in the main that of Allman
and Hincks for the hydroids and that of Haeckel for the medusz,
though in each there is not a little variation both as to the order
of presentation as well as the nomenclature used.!

SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS OF HYDROMEDUS-€.

I. HypDRARIA.

Polyps solitary, never forming colonies; no medusoids; sex-cells pro-
duced in ectoderm of polyps.

Of this order only a single well-defined genus is recognized, Hydra.
The genera Protohydra and Microhydra are probably allied genera, but
their affinities are too uncertain as yet to warrant definite classification.
The former is of marine habit, the latter of fresh-water habit. Both are
devoid of tentacles, and sexual reproduction, at least in the former, seems
unknown.

Of the genus Hydra there are two well-distinguished species: HW. fusca
and 7. viridis. Both abound in fresh waters of small lakes, ponds, and
sluggish streams, associated with various aquatic plants, notably Lemna,
various algze, pond lilies, etc.

Il. HypROCORALLINA.

Colonial. Hydrosome comprising polyps of two forms, gastrozoids and
dactylozoids, supported from a network of ccenosarcal hydrorhize, from the
ectoderm of which is secreted a calcareous mass which is deposited over
the spaces or meshes of the network. The colonies form incrusting, often
arborescent, masses over shells, stems of Alcyonaria, or other support,
often forming massive and fantastic shapes, as in the so-called “stag’s
horn coral.” Only one genus is likely to come within the range of
the present synopsis, namely, Millepora; and of this a single species,
alcicornis.

III. TusuLarr# (Gymnoblastea).

The Tubularie are for the most part colonial hydroids, producing free
medusz, or medusoid gonophores, by budding. Hydroids devoid of

1 Just as these notes were being put into final form for the press, I have been
permitted to consult the manuscript of a forthcoming Handbook of the Hydroida of
the Woods Hole Region, by Professor C. C. Nutting, for the privilege of which I am
under grateful obligations.

304 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. [VoOL. XXXV.

hydrothece and gonangia. Sexual individuals when set free are known
as Anthomeduse. Medusz ocellate, z.e., the sensory bodies, are visual in
character, and are located usually at the bases of the tentacles. Gonads
borne in the tissues of the manubrium.

IV. CAMPANULARI£ (Calyptoblastea).

Hydroids with hydrothece and gonangia. Colonial; propagating by
budding both in development of hydrosome and in formation of gonosomes,
the latter of which may become free as medusz, or only partially develop
as medusoids, with only rudimentary medusan organs. Medusz with sen-
sory organs of the vesiculate type, otocysts, borne upon the margin of the
bell, usually between bases of tentacles. Gonads borne under the radial
canals. Medusz when free are Leptomeduse.

V. TRACHOMEDUS.

Hydromeduse devoid of hydrosome (hypogenic), medusa developing
directly from the egg; no alternation of generations known. Sensory
organs chiefly tentaculocysts, containing endodermal otoliths. Gonads
borne under radial canals. Medusze generally somewhat hemispherical
in shape, with thick mesogleea. Radial canals, four, six, or eight, often
centripetal.

VI. NARCOMEDUS.

Hydromeduse devoid of hydrosome (hypogenic), development of medusa
being direct with no alternation of generations. Medusa rather flat in
shape, and with radial canals in form of broad gastric pouches, which vary
in number, as do also the tentacles, which are usually set at some distance
up on the outer surface of the umbrella.

VII. SIpPHONOPHORA.

Hydromeduse with free-swimming, polymorphic colonies, produced by
differential budding. The colonies of this order are characterized by an
extreme specialization of the several types of individuals which comprise
them. Reproductive products borne in gonophores which seldom become
free.

KEY TO FAMILIES OF TUBULARIA:

Hydranth devoid of specialized receptacles, hydrothece. Sexual
products not borne in closed gonangia.
1. Hydranths with scattered, filiform tentacles . . . . CLAVIDA, I
2. Hydranths with single whorl of filiform tentacles :
a. Hypostome conical, not abruptly differentiated.
4, Colony regularly branched . . . . . . BOUGAINVILLIDA, 3

No. 412.| MORTH-AMERICAN INVERTEBRATES. 305

é’. Colony not branched. Hydrorhiza of anastomosing canals, form-
ing an incrusting base, overlaid with ectodermal ccenosarc.

c. Hydranths with sessile, fixed gonophores . HyYDRACTINIDA, 5
c’. Hydranths producing free meduse . . . PODOCORYNID&, 6
a’. Hypostome trumpet-shaped or hemispherical . . EUDENDRID&, 4

ca)

Hydranths with more than a single whorl of filiform tentacles :
a. Stem provided with definite sheath of horny perisarc.
b. Distal tentacles in two whorls . . . . . HYBOCODONID#, Io
&’. Distal tentacles not in two whorls . . . . . TUBULARIDA, 9
a’. Stem not provided with definite sheath of perisarc, more or less
definitely marked with longitudinal flutings or ccenosarcal channels
CORYMORPHIDA, §
4. Hydranths with scattered, somewhat spirally disposed, capitate tentacles
COL ORE aes oneal ae veiled yieyhy “gmt ia CORYNID&, 2
5. Hydranths with proximal circle of filiform tentacles, and with distal
capitate tentacles on hypostome . . .. . . . . PENNARIDE, 7

I. CLAVIDA.

Colonial, stems simple or branching, hydranths elongate, clavate, with
numerous filiform tentacles irregularly disposed over the body. Gono-
phores borne upon hydranth, or on special branches, or occasionally arising
from the hydrorhiza. Medusoids never free.

GENERA.

1. CLAVA. Colony of simple, unbranched individuals, devoid of peri-
sarc, except near the base.

2. RHIzOGETON. Colony very similar to Clava. Gonophores arising
from hydrorhiza.

3. CoRDYLOPHORA. Colony profusely
branched and with definite sheath of perisarc.

Clava leptostyla Ag.

Trophosome: Hydranths simple, with slen-
der basal portion which arises from a filiform
hydrorhiza protected by a delicate perisarcal
covering, which extends slightly upon the
bases of the polyps. Tentacles numerous,
filiform, and scattered over the hydranth.

Gonosome: Gonophores in clusters at base Fic. 1.— Clava leptostyla Ag.
of tentacles, medusoids never becoming free. Cdeped ron alan)
Male gonads of a bright pinkish hue, similar, in general, to that of the
colony. Female gonads of a rather distinctly purple color.

Habitat: Shallower waters on fucus, docks, sea wall, etc., at Cold Spring
Harbor, Woods Holl, Hadley Harbor, etc.

306 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. [VOL. XXXV.

Rhizogeton fusiformis Ag.
(Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., vol. iv.)

Trophosome: Colony much as in Clava. Hydranths of about inch in
height, tentacles about twelve in number, borne on distal half of polyp.

Gonosome: Gonophores oval, arising from hydrorhiza on short pedun-
cles, the whole invested by filmy perisarc.

Habitat: Rocky pools between tide marks, Massachusetts Bay.

Cordylophora lacustris Allman.

Trophosome: Colonial, profusely branching, hydranths with scattered
filiform tentacles.

Gonosome: Gonophores borne on branches, ovate and with definite
investment of perisarc.

Habitat: Brackish, and fresh
waters in lagoons, ponds, etc.

2. CORYNID.

Colonial, hydranths with capitate
tentacles only, scattered over the
elongated bodies, or growing in
indefinite whorls. Gonophores usu-
ally borne among the proximal ten-
tacles, or from body of polyp and
producing medusz, which may be-
come free or remain attached.

GENERA.

I. SYNCORYNE. Stem invested
by definite perisarc; hydranths clavi-
form.

2. CoryNiTiIs. Stem devoid of
definite perisarc ; hydranths sessile,
with long, cylindrical bodies.

Fic. 2.— Syncoryne mirabilis Ag. Syncoryne mirabilis Ag.
(After Agassiz.) :
Trophosome: Branched, perisarc

smooth or with only slight indication of annulations. Hydranths with
numerous capitate tentacles.

Gonosome: Medusz borne on hydranth body. These are of two forms,
one free and developing earlier, hemispherical, with well-developed ten-
tacles, with an ocellus at their base; the other fixed, tentacles rudimentary,
and devoid of ocelli.

No. 412.] MORTH-AMERICAN INVERTEBRATES. 307

Corynitis agassizi McCr.

Trophosome: Colonial, not branched, hydranths with cylindrical, highly
contractile bodies, and spirally arranged, capitate tentacles.

Gonosome: Gonophores growing low on body of hydranth or among
the proximal tentacles. Medusz almost spherical, the surface dotted with
clusters of nematocysts. Marginal tentacles two or four, nodulated and
swollen with batteries of nematocysts.

Habitat: Shells of Mytilis, usually overgrown with incrustations of
Membranopora.

3. BOUGAINVILLID.

Colonial, branching, with distinct perisarc. Hydranths with conical
hypostome and a single whorl of filiform tentacles. Gonophores borne
just below the hydranth. Medusz with four radial
canals, marginal tentacles either single or in clusters,
and with ocelli at their bases.

GENERA. sk

I. BOUGAINVILLIA. Hydrocaulus with dense
perisarc. Medusz with clustered marginal tentacles
and with branching oral tentacles.

2. PERIGONIMUS. Stems with gelatinous peri-
sarc. Meduse with two marginal tentacles and
without oral tentacles.

Bougainvillia superciliaris Ag.

Trophosome: Colony attaining a height of about
two inches. Stem irregularly branched, branches
annulated proximally. Hydranths with inconspicu-
ous hypostome and from fifteen to twenty tentacles.

Gonosome: Gonophores borne mostly on pedicels yg. 3, — Bougainvillia

from ultimate branches. Mature medusz with heavy superciliaris Ag.
(After Agassiz.)

manubrium and branched tentacles, those of margin
arising from conspicuous sensory bulbs. Colony light color with greenish
tinge, hydranth light rose tint. _Medusz with yellowish manubrium tipped
with red, sensory bulbs reddish orange.

Bougainvillia (Margelis) carolinensis McCr.

Trophosome: Colony sometimes eight to twelve inches high, usually
much smaller. Stem profusely branching, with hydranths freely dis-
tributed on both stem and branches, and of elongate and flexible, sub-
conical form. ‘Tentacles about twelve.

Gonosome: Gonads borne on both stem and branches, often in clusters.

308 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. [VOL. XXXV.

Meduse much as in previous species, but with narrower and shorter hypo-
stome. Colony light grayish tinged with dull green, hydranths with red-
dish tint. _Medusz with brick-red manubrium and sensory bulbs, ocelli
black.

Habitat: Piles of docks, occasionally on seaweed and floating timbers.

Perigonimus.

Colonial, rarely attaining a height of more than ¥% of an inch, simple or
branched, perisarc usually gelatinous and extending to base of tentacles.
Hydranths relatively large and with conical hypostome. Medusz borne on
hydranths or on stem or branches, bell-shaped and with two to four
tentacles with bulbous bases.

Perigonimus jonesit.

(American Naturalist, vol. xxviii, p. 27.)

Trophosome: Colonial, branching freely, with thick, gelatinous perisarc,
often wrinkled, extending to, or even including, the bases of tentacles.
Hydranths with subconical hypostome,
with about sixteen filiform tentacles,
alternately elevated and depressed.

Gonosome: Meduse ovoid or hemi-
spherical, with four radial canals and
ocelli, but having only two tentacles,
which are often spirally coiled and dis-
posed within the subumbrellar cavity.

Habitat: Found only upon the
abdomen and legs of the spider crab,
Labinia marginata, Cold Spring
laGborp ole

4. EUDENDRID&.

Colonial, often branching with great
profusion, becoming quite arborescent.
Perisarc distinct, more or less annulated, attached by creeping hydro-
rhiza. Hydranths flask-shaped, with sharply differentiated, trumpet-shaped
hypostome. Tentacles filiform, forming a single whorl about the base
of the hydranth. Male gonophores borne in a verticil just beneath the
tentacles of hydranth, which in some species become directly metamor-
phosed into gonophores. Female gonophores not verticillate, usually borne
on body of hydranth, which often becomes transformed into gonophores
with their peculiar spadiceous, finger-like coils enclosing the ova. The_
family includes a single genus, Eudendrium, fairly characterized in the
accompanying cut. The following species are designated:

Fic. 4.— Perigonimus jonesii.

No. 412.] MORTH-AMERICAN INVERTEBRATES. 309

Liudendrium ramosum inn.

Trophosome: Colony arborescent, much branched, attaining a height of
from four to six inches. Branches rather symmetrical, pinnate and some-
what alternate, with similar sub-branches. Hydranths somewhat ovoid,
with trumpet-shaped hypostome, and with
single verticil of about twenty tentacles,
some of which are often atrophied in male.

Gonosome: Sexes distinct, though often
growing in approximate colonies. Gono-
phores of female somewhat pyriform and
scattered, springing from body of hydranth
or occasionally directly from stem. Male
gonophores spring from base of hydranth
close beneath the tentacles in moniliform
clusters, each from three to four chambered.
Color of male reddish, of
female orange. Abundant
on piles of docks, on racks,
etc., in shallower waters.

Eiudendrium dispar Ag.
(Cont. Nat. Hist. U.S., vol. iv.)

Trophosome : Colony large,
from three to five inches in

Fie. 5. :
o
Eudendrium ramosum Linn. Bera, stems more slender
(After Allman.) than in former, somewhat
Fic. 5. — Colony. fascicled, extensively and

Fic. 6. — Hydranth with gonophores. variously branched and an-

nulated. Hydranths vasiform, with about twenty-eight tentacles.

Gonosome: Sexes distinct. Gonophores of female of pinkish orange
hue, variously clustered about the base of the more or less atrophied
hydranth and from distal portion of stem. Habitat in deeper waters in
Vineyard Sound, attached to rocks, shells, etc.

Ludendrium tenue A. Ag.

(Vo. Am. Acalephe, p. 160.)

Trophosome: Colony very small, rarely exceeding an inch in height,
branching irregularly, hydranths vasiform, borne on slender pedicels.

Gonosome: Male gonophores from two to four chambered, of pinkish
color, clustered from bases of tentacles. Female gonophores bright orange
in color, scattered over the branches and stem. Habitat on seaweed, etc.,
in shallower waters. Not abundant.

310 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. [VOL. XXXV.

Etudendrium capillare Alder.

Of the distinctness of this species and £. a/bum, listed by Professor
Nutting, I have grave doubts. It seems to me that Alder’s diagnosis of
capillare coincides so closely with that of /. ¢ezwe as to render their identity
highly probable. So also of &. album. Specimens taken at Woods Holl
seem almost certainly identical with £. ¢ewwe, and therefore both should
probably be merged under £. capzl/are, whatever slight differences there
are being hardly greater than varied environment would easily explain.

5. HyYDRACTINIDA.

The Hydractinidz are so closely allied to the following family that it
seems unfortunate that they were not originally merged ; the only easily
distinguishable difference being in the free medusz of the latter in contrast
with the fixed sporosacs of the former. In size, general habit, and mor-
phology they are so closely identical that but for the gonosomes no differ-
ence would be recognizable, though in Podocoryne the hydrorhiza seems less
definitely covered with naked ccenosarc, — but even this differs greatly in
specimens from different localities.

In both polymorphism is a marked feature, at least three types of polyps
being distinguishable :

1. Feeding hydranths (trophopolyps), whitish in color and with numer-
ous filiform tentacles, frequently appearing in alternately elevated and
depressed order.

2. Reproductive individuals (gonopolyps), more slender-bearing gono-
phores in clusters below the tentacles, which are fewer in number than in
the first and imperfectly developed.

3. Spiral polyps, elongated individuals,
wholly devoid of tentacles and with apex
of body thickly beset with nematocysts.

The entire colony arises from an in-
crusting base which is thickly beset with
jagged spines, the latter sometimes con-
sidered a fourth type of individual.

fydractinia echinata Fleming.

(Hydractinia polyclina Ag., Cont. Wat.
LLISE. 8 Sy)

Trophosome: Colony composed of
Fic. 7.— Aydractinia echinata. numerous polyps, as given above.
Cees SS 2) Gonosome: Gonads as sessile sporo-
sacs borne on distinct hydranths, gonopolyps, having but few tentacles.
Medusoids never free.

No. 412.] MORTH-AMERICAN INVERTEBRATES. 311

Habitat: Usually found upon shells occupied by the hermit crab, but
occasionally found upon fucus and occasionally also upon piles of docks.

6. PODOCORYNID®.

Colony very similar to that of the Hydractinide, as given above.
Hydranths with single whorl of filiform tentacles surrounding base of the
conical hypostome.

Podocoryne carnea Sars.

Trophosome: Hydranths slender, pinkish-white in color, and with filiform
tentacles.

Gonosome: Medusz borne in clusters about the hydranth just below
the whorl of tentacles. When set free the medusa is of marked bell-shape,
with definite velum, short manubrium of reddish color, four radial canals
from the bases of which arise eight marginal tentacles.

Habitat as in Hydractinia.

Stylactis.

Under this generic name Sigerfoos describes (American Naturalist,
Vol. XXXII] a hydroid having many points in common with the Podoco-
rynid, and it should probably be classed under this family. He has given
to it the specific name Hooperi (cf of. cét.). The following definitive
characters have been given of it:

Trophosome: Hydranths slender, with a length when fully expanded of
about 3( of an inch. ‘Tentacles in single whorl, filiform, and of variable
number, eighteen to twenty-five.

Gonosome: Gonophores borne upon specialized hydranths just below
tentacles, and set free as meduse having four radial canals, eight tentacles
which are somewhat rudimentary, devoid of ocelli. Sexual products borne
upon manubrium. Found on shells of Stygzassa (Illyanassa) odsoleta.

7, PENNARIDZ.

Colony arborescent, pinnately branched, hydranths with two sets of
tentacles, one proximal composed of ten to twelve, filiform, the other borne
upon hypostome in two indefinite whorls, short and capitate.

fennaria tiarella McCrady.

Trophosome: Colony attaining a height of from five to six inches,
usually smaller in colonies attached to eelgrass or seaweed. Regularly
branching, stem somewhat undulating, or geniculate in young colonies,
regularly annulated just above branches, as are also the latter at point
of origin. Hydranths large and flask-shaped, those terminating stem or
branches appreciably larger than others.

312 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. [VoOL. XXXV.

Gonosome: Meduse borne on hydranth body above the whorl of
proximal tentacles. Medusz liberated during early evening and dis-
charging the sex products immediately thereafter. In many cases the ova
are discharged before the liberation

of, of the medusz, as indeed are also
Nall the sperms.
if Habitat: Abundant on piles of
docks, floating timber, eelgrass, fucus,
' etc., usually in shallower waters.
i +, Y Development from June to October.
\ if Rey 8. CORYMORPHID.
, NY if .
ee | ares Usually solitary, though I have
Rey, | occasionally found definite colonial
> NS
e. \V tvZ
Oo ea. (
4&8 | mo \\
iy 4 f
\¥ ‘
ae . =
= saa =———
Fic. 8. FIG. 9.

Fic. 8.— Pennaria tiarella McCr.
Fic. 9.— Hydranth enlarged, showing origin of medusz.

buds arising direct from the hydrorhiza. Hydranths with proximal and
distal whorls of filiform tentacles. Gonophores as free medusz with four
radial canals and with one to four marginal tentacles, one of which is usually
much the larger.

Corymorpha pendula Ag.
(Cont. Nat. Hist. U.S., vol. iv.)

Trophosome: Hydrocaulus from two to four inches in height, the fleshy
coenosarc traversed by longitudinal canals which ramify more or less near
the base. Hydrorhiza an indefinite root-like expansion of the base, by
which the whole is attached to the sandy substratum.

Hydranths flask-shaped, sharply distinct from stem. Proximal tentacles
large, forming a single whorl at base of hydranth. Distal tentacles very
contractile, forming alternating verticils about the base of the hypostome.

No. 412.] WORTH-AMERICAN INVERTEBRATES. 313

Gonosome: Medusz borne on branched peduncles, arising just above
the proximal tentacles, ovoid hemispherical, with single large and usually
three rudimentary tentacles.

Hydroid bright pink in color, meduse light yellowish, manubrium,
tentacles, and bulbs pinkish.

Habitat: Sandy bottom in rather deep waters at
various points in Vineyard Sound, Muskegat Chan-
nel, etc.

g. TUBULARID&.

Hydrocaulus with definite perisarc, simple or ir-
regularly branched. Hydranths flask-shaped, with
proximal and distal whorls of filiform tentacles.
Gonophores in form of fixed sporosacs, borne on
branched peduncles.

Tubularia.

Generic description as given for family. The
following species are given:

Tubularia couthouyt Ag.
(Cont, Nat. Hist. U. S., vol. iv.)

Trophosome: Stems unbranched, attaining aheight ,, ., ly sila bha
of from four to six inches. Hydranths large, often pendula Ag.
expanding an inch or more in diameter, with proximal Modified from Allman.)
whorl of thirty to forty filiform tentacles and a distal one of much smaller.

Gonosome: Gonophores as numerous, densely crowded racemes of
pendulous sporosacs. Larve escaping as actinula. Hydranth and gonads
bright pinkish red.

Habitat: On sandy bottoms dredged off Nobska Point, Vineyard
Sound, and other similar places in the same locality.

Tubularia larynx Fllis and Solander.

Trophosome: Stems clustered, more or less branched, annulated. Height
one to two inches. Stem forming a collar-like expansion just below
hydranth, the latter bearing sixteen to twenty proximal filiform tentacles
and a distal whorl of about the same number.

Gonosome: Gonads in pendulous clusters, similar to last. Color of
hydranth and gonads rosy. Perisarc yellowish.

Tubularia spectabilis Ag.
(Thamnocnidia spectabilis Ag., Cont. Nat. Hist. U.S.)
Trophosome: Colony irregularly branched and sparsely annulated.
Height three to four inches. Hydranths much as in former.
Gonosome: Comparable with former.

314 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. [VOL. XXXV.

Lubularia tenella Ag.
(Thamnocnidia tenella Ag.)

Trophosome: Colony very small, rarely exceeding a height of one and
one-half inches. Stem loosely branched and with indefinite annulations.
Hydranths with tentacles about as in former.

Gonosome: Compare 7. Zarvyxx. Color and habitat much as in last.

Fic. 12. — Single hydranth
enlarged.

\ (After Agassiz.)

Fic. 11.— Tubularia tenella Ag.

Fic. 14.— Hydranth with pendulous
gonophores.

Fic. 13.— 7ubularia crocea Ag.

No. 412.| MORTH-AMERICAN INVERTEBRATES. 315

Tubularia crocea Ag.

(Parypha crocea Ag.)

Trophosome: Colonies growing in dense tufts of tangled stems of from
three to four inches in height. Stems sparingly branched, with occasional
indications of annulations. Hydranths with tentacles much as in former
species, but numbering from twenty to twenty-four in each whorl.

Gonosome: Much as in the first species. Hydranths and gonads of rosy-
red color, stem pale, whitish. Habitat. Growing in dense masses on piles
of docks, floating timbers in harbors, and shallower waters.

Hypolitis perigrinus Murbach.

Under this name Murbach describes a hydroid taken at Woods Holl
(Quar. Journ. Mic. Sci., Vol. XLII), which would seem to have some
affinities with the Tubularide. The fol-
lowing characters are summarized :

Trophosome : Colony consisting of sim-
ple hydranths with long hypostome and
with distal and proximal whorls of filiform
tentacles. Polyp free.

Gonosome: Gonads borne on hypo-
stome just above proximal tentacles and
occur singly in the type specimen. Sessile
medusoids, somewhat terete in form and
devoid of tentacular processes.

1o. HyBOCODONIDA.

Hydrocaulus unbranched, solitary, with

definite perisarc and hydrorhiza. Hy-
dranths large, with proximal and two

: 2 Fic. 15. — Hybocodon prolifer Ag.
distal whorls of filiform tentacles. (ites Aces)

Hybocodon prolifer Ag.
(Cont. Nat. Hist. U.S., vol. iv.)

Trophosome: Stems longitudinally striated, occasioned by ccenosarcat
canals. Perisarc enlarged and annulated just below hydranth. Hydranth
similar to those of the Tubularidz, but with oral tentacles in two distinct
whorls.

Gonosome: Gonophores closely attached to hydranth body just above
proximal tentacles. Free medusz with four radial canals, and with a single
greatly enlarged tentacle from whose base a number of secondary medusz suc-
cessively bud, and from these still other groups of similar meduse may arise.

SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY.

\

“8.

*

a te icesus Fires bi aw hdsra) ts 4c i x ’ PO a at vee

te aenane mee

I
- a tap, 35 7 7 vr)
*

‘ ‘ igs aay te arn ‘ Fg " hn)

: ; ‘ i. : Aree ay al “ys me, ora gree a>

ane 4 Pa ee AGE bhai VEC do leds hey a
‘sts aa at ean ae | ON fe hn

o '* j

¥ i ‘a a van Fel | :
wy “ba Oly we ah Sie ar d Veoh fy LP Ay siete, ot Bett Fad ae
mie Be ren fs eed Pe ot Petit A ie REIS Aa oe

’ >

ttn} teh ey et piles is ep acs ia SO oated 1) Als peal 7 re
- - ee at 7

NY i hg Hats Ce Tata ager” Ba eee rein

a a - ’ : A] | ; :
3 Mir - ; ; a j ee

eg Gap wy 8 vi ; = kaye | i ain! ee el OE

op . : 7 "i Loe :
ae ee ce enh, tutay 1 bd eae ea kle hae | ae Sea
¥ ¥ - F a
co A if ih es oy eel TORE ° et Pa ha 7
=. ae
: F
“ire et tetera 05 ty) Al “ge
M ’ “ rad 7 of 7 ;
‘i a ' a '
riot Ai na Auk i ME Oh
Ld < t j F d - sue car A ed ta
a er NS gle
By =f + } i
= a ? oi tae) a ile Se anes
J ; :
; re » e2¢ ear ines
i) ‘ae
* i ' 4 ; ; ‘: ;
; 4 -_ ee fe en Anret<A5r
‘ A i
. ry ead A) Bs 4) S| Fo 6 ee OAS _
+A bs Dn
j “ eye hye a ' 1h
‘
’ 2 ’ ;
r jet ihe 77 Ng hs
. 4
- 5 7
: f : aye? +
. cin Jo ‘ ey ee | Wr CEE
+ as : +4) |
a al od fees < Tay ;
4 ; v4! “Abies Ey ele re ae, * ie
‘ ' * a a! : .
4 j r ' ;
al ‘ = .4
sa (ioe e* : - <a! i) ek Pi 7
va tate A . i
: :_ ir 54 ‘¢ ;
2 ; ae
’ ae if 7 3! ow ’ :
—aih> 4 1 % af io ures ¥i'< ; = a
: & — way’ r
on it , . ye hd , q

a Mapa et Mbit gs spetsldie hake cape saan aaa maneer
“se . aa Vi

7 pT Po Nas yf ee sas cere anal * he ah ALIN “sem ‘ae
ous. he th ~ y , ‘ Mi
be eS ane ais rere Le ome $8 aa eee AE A it cage tn aS 0
Te a hae :
Ll { ; - ‘ ;
apy Aa ap ee eats Myo latea, Sy bay KGa “Jae
7 ys if 7 os 7 : od a FP
shi e er as det i, A Ml ee ne ay pac: b

at Hee es

wat hid br plete aie CC “he ths We is = ; Lay oh seid

Poy py . —t See ae a pac

‘ 4 YRRG iy FR sashehiit Adee Aine ity ark Teint | aoe

.

ag vs (el ae
na Fi Pe fi clans me

\

THe

AMERICAN NATURALIST

A MONTHLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE
NATURAL SCIENCES IN THEIR
WIDEST SENSE

REP REN

FROM

VoL. XXXV, No. 413. May, tgor

BOSTON
GINN & COMPANY

The Atheneum Press
IQOI

SYNOPSES OF NORTH-AMERICAN
INVERTEBRATES:

XIV. THe Hypromepus& — Part II.
CHAS. W. HARGITT.

THE CAMPANULARLE (CALYPTOBLASTEA).

Tue Campanulariz are distinctively colonial Hydromeduse,
many of them most exquisitely beautiful and graceful forms.
In size they vary from very minute forms barely visible to the
‘unaided eye, to forms like Halecium, measuring from twelve
to twenty inches or more in height. Thehydranths are provided
with specialized receptacles, hydrothece, into which they are
capable of more or less complete retraction. Gonophores are pro-
duced by budding, and are provided with specialized receptacles,
gonangia, similar in morphological features to the hydrothece.
The gonophores may be liberated as free medusz, or may
remain fixed as medusoids, the sexual products maturing within
the gonangium and later escaping as free larve or planule.
When free, the medusze are known as Leptomedusz, charac-
terized generally by a low, flat bell, marginal sense organs
usually of the vesiculate type, with the gonads usually borne
along the underside of the radial canals.

A classification of the Campanularide is almost, if not quite,
impossible without the presence of the gonosome, which in
many genera is the most distinctive differentiating feature.
In the following synopsis this feature will be in constant requi-
sition, and where it is absent in specimens the student is admon-
ished as to the doubtful character of purely morphological
determinations.

379

380 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. [VoOL. XXXV.

SYNOPSIS “OF EAMIETES.:

CAMPANULARID&. Hydrothece campanulate, terminal, borne on dis-
tinct pedicels ; gonophores fixed or free-swimming. Hydranths with large
and somewhat trumpet-shaped hypostome.

Lara@ip&. Hydrothece deep tubular, sessile or pedicellate ; hydranths
with conical hypostome.

HALEcIDA. Hydrothece usually reduced to shallow, disk-like recepta-
cles (hydrophores). Hydranths with conical hypostome. Gonophores as
imperfectly developed medusoids.

SERTULARID&. Hydrothece borne in double rows, adnate to hydro-
caulus. Gonophores sessile.

PLUMULARID&. Hydrothece arranged in single row only on side of
hydrocaulus.

CAMPANULARIDE.
Synopsis of the Genera.

CLyTIA. Stems simple or rarely branched. Hydrothecz deeply bell-
shaped, with toothed margins, borne on long pedicels. Gonangia pro-
ducing free medusze having four marginal tentacles.

OBELIA. Stems regularly branched, hydrothece bell-shaped, with entire
margins. Gonangia borne on stems and branches and producing free
meduse having numerous marginal tentacles.

CAMPANULARIA. Stems simple or branched. Hydrothecze campanu-
late, with margins entire or variously toothed. Gonangia, medusz as mere
sporosacs, within which the sexual products develop and escape as free
planule.

GONOTHYRAA. Stems branching ; hydrothece campanulate and with
toothed margins. Gonangia producing well-developed medusoids, which,
while often furnished with tentacles and capable of protruding beyond the
orifice of the gonangium, never become free, thus exhibiting an interesting
intermediate stage between the first two genera and Campanularia.

Clytia Lamx. (in part).

Generic characters : Stem usually simple, attached by creeping hydro-
rhiza. Hydrothece devoid of operculum. Gonangia produced from stem
or hydrorhiza and borne on pedicels which are usually beautifully annulated.
Gonosome. Medusez deeply bell-shaped and with four marginal tentacles
when first liberated. Otocysts eight, two in each interradius. Both these
and the tentacles increase in number with the age of the medusa.

No. 413.] MWORTH-AMERICAN INVERTEBRATES. 381

1, C. bwophora Ag. (Fic. 16).

Trophosome : Colony rarely attaining a height of more than an inch,
composed of simple or sparingly branched stems. Hydrothece deeply bell-
shaped and numerously and sharply toothed,
borne on elongate pedicels which have terminal
annulations.

Gonosome: Gonangia symmetrically annu-
lated and usually arising from the hydrorhiza.
Medusz when first liberated of hemispherical
shape and with four tentacles and eight otocysts.

Habitat : Usually on fucus, occasionally on
shells or other hydroids.

2, C. cylindrica Ag.
(Cont. Nat. Hist. U. S., vol. iv.)

Trophosome : Stems simple, hydrothece tubu-
lar, small, deep, with sharply pointed teeth. Pedi-
cels short, with proximal and distal annulations.

Gonosome : Gonangia oblong, somewhat flat-

tened, devoid of annulation, producing free
meduse. Fic. 16.— Clytia bicophora Ag.
(After Agassiz.)

Habitat : Similar to last species.

3, €. grayt Nutting.

Trophosome : Stem simple or irregularly branched, strongly annulated
except in middle branch. Hydrothece very large, cylindrical. Numerous
marginal teeth, rounded and not deeply cut. Hydranth with about twenty
tentacles.

Gonosome : Gonangia oblong, conspicuously and regularly annulated,
attached to creeping rootstocks.

Habitat : Growing on living worm tubes, composed of sand. Dredged
from depth of 3t fathoms. The largest Clytia yet found in American
waters.

Obelia Peron and Leseur.

Generic characters : Colony often plant-like, of whitish color, attached
by creeping hydrorhiza ; hydrothecee campanulate and devoid of operculum.
Gonangia borne on stems and branches, producing free medusz character-
ized by numerous marginal tentacles, four radial canals, and eight otocysts
symmetrically disposed on the inner margin of each interradial quadrant.

' Condensed from Professor Nutting’s original description.

382 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. [VOL. XXXV.

i, O. commisuralis McCr. (Fic. 17).

Trophosome: Colony long, slender, profusely branching, branches spread-
ing in graceful curves on each side of the main stem, which may attain
a height of six to eight inches.

Gonosome: Gonangia elongate, slen-
der, obconical, opening by terminal,
circular orifice arising from the base
of the cone on a short conical neck.
Medusz when first liberated have six-
teen marginal tentacles, four radial
canals, beneath which later the gonads
develop.

2, O. adichotoma Linn.

Trophosome: Colony rather small,
stem slender, irregularly branched, an-
nulated just distal to origin of branches,
the latter annulated at irregular inter-

Fic. 17.— Obelia commisuralis McCr. vals. Hydrothecze large, deeply cam-

(After Agassiz.) ; .
panulate, borne on annulated pedicels.

Gonosome : Gonangia axillary, slender and smooth, somewhat obconical,

and similar to those of former species. Medusz with sixteen tentacles,

manubrium somewhat trumpet-shaped.

3, O. flabellata Hincks.

Trophosome: Stem filiform, alternately branching, giving the stem a
somewhat zigzag character. Both stem and branches variously annulated.
Hydrothece alternate, short, widely open and with entire margins, borne
on tapering annulated pedicels.

Gonosome: Gonangia axillary, obovate, with tubular orifice. Medusa?

4, O. geniculata Linn. (FIG. 18).

Trophosome: Colony inconspicuous, rarely attaining a height of more
than an inch. Stem somewhat zigzag in form as in former species, but
apparently jointed at each bend. Hydrothece obconical, rather short,
with plain orifice, borne on short annulated pedicels.

Gonosome: Gonangia axillary, urceolate, borne on short pedicels.
Medusz discoid, with twenty-four tentacles when liberated, greatly increas-
ing in number with age.

Habitat : Common along Massachusetts and north Atlantic coast, on
Fucus and Laminaria.

No. 413.]| MORTH-AMERICAN INVERTEBRATES. 383

5, O. gelatinosa Pallas.

Trophosome: Stems fascicled, rising from a fibrous hydrorhiza to a
height of eight to ten inches. Branches opposite in pairs, which alternate
with each other in vertical arrange-
ment, presenting a verticillate appear-
ance. Hydrothece small, borne on
long slender, ringed pedicels, and hav-
ing notched margins of a somewhat
castellated form.

Gonosome : Gonangia axillary, ovate,
flattened at distal end and provided with
raised orifice. Medusz with sixteen
tentacles when liberated from gonan-
gium.

6, O. longissima.

7, O. bicuspidata. Be oe

8, O. bidentata. Fic. 18.— Obelia geniculata Linn. a, go-
F ’ nangium of same enlarged.
Species 6, 7, 8 are listed from Pro-

fessor Nutting’s records, but have not been taken by the present writer.

Campanularia Lamx. (in part).

The generic characters are fairly explicit under the synopsis of genera.

1, C. caliculata Hincks.
(Clytia poterium Ag.)

Trophosome : Stem simple, of variable length, bearing a single hydro-
theca which is campanulate, with entire margin, and with a thick wall form-
ing a sort of diaphragm within the lower part, thus giving the appearance
of a double-walled cup.

Gonosome: Gonangia irregular, oval in shape, with undulating outline
and with wide circular aperture. Medusoids extremely degenerate. Larve
escaping as free-swimming planule.

Habitat : Massachusetts Bay, Nahant, Nova Scotia, on seaweed, etc.

2, C. hincksi Alder.

Trophosome: Stems rather long, mostly simple; hydrothece large,
deep, almost tubular, the margins scalloped with castellated teeth.

Gonosome: Gonangia ovate, elongate, somewhat narrowed toward ex-
tremity, irregularly annulated throughout, borne on short, smooth pedicels.
Medusoids degenerate; ova forming a central mass within the capsule.

384 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. [VOL. XXXV.

3, C. volubiiis Linn.

Trophosome: Stems usually simple, long and somewhat twisted. Hydro-
thecae deep and sub-tubular, margins with shallow undulations.

Gonosome: Gonangia flask-shaped, smooth, with an elongate neck
borne on short pedicels.

Habitat: Frequently found growing upon other hydroids, usually in
deep water. Gulf of St. Lawrence, Massachusetts coast, etc.

4, C. neglecta Alder.

Trophosome : Stems regularly branched, delicate, filiform, branches pin-
nate, both stem and branches more or less annulated. Hydrothecz narrow,
deep, borne on annulated pedicels and with marginal teeth bimucronate.

Gonosome : Gonangia axillary or on short pedicels which are annulated,
pear-shaped.

The colony is very minute and inconspicuous.

5, C. verticillata Linn.

Trophosome: Colony composed of erect, fascicled stems, irregularly
branched. Hydrotheca bell-shaped, rather large, deep, with from ten to
twelve teeth about the margins,

MM borne on annulated pedicels.

EE Gonosome: Gonangia flask-
£<-< shaped, smooth, borne on_ short
pedicels and terminating in narrow

orifice.

6, C. amphora Ag. (FIG. 19).

Trophosome : Colony resembling
in general aspects that of Odelia
commisuralis, attaining in some
cases a height of four to six inches.
Hydrothece campanulate, with en-
tire margins, borne on annulated
pedicels.

Gonosome: Female gonangia elon-
gate, somewhat obconical, borne on
short annulated pedicels and opening
by a terminal aperture. Male gonan-
gia elongate, oval or spindle-shaped.
Medusoids more or less degenerate,
never becoming free ; the male, ac-
cording to Agassiz, attaining a higher stage of development than the female.
The embryo escapes from the gonangium as a free-swimming planula.

Fic. 19. — Campanularia amphora Ag.
(After Agassiz.)

No. 413.] WORTH-AMERICAN INVERTEBRATES. 385

7, C. angulata Hincks (Fie. 20).

Trophosome : Stems slender, slightly branched, strongly geniculate or
undulate in habit. Hydrothece alternate, campanulate, with entire margins,
borne on long slender pedicels which arise at each flexure of the stem or
branch.

Gonosome : Gonangia somewhat ovate, obscurely wrinkled, and termi-
nated by a broad aperture. Colony small, varying from Jz to 3 inch.

FIG. 20. Fic. 21.

Fic. 20. — Campanularia angulata Hincks. (After Hincks.)
Fic. 21.— Campanularia flexuosa Hincks. (After Hincks.)

8, C. flexuosa Hincks (Fic. 21).

Trophosome: Stem flexuous, irregularly branched, annulated near the
base and above the origin of branches. Hydrothece large, subcampanulate
with plain margins, borne on long annulated pedicels.

Gonosome: Gonangia axillary, large, elongate, smooth, and borne on
short annulated pedicels. Male gonangia sensibly smaller.

386 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. [VoOL. XXXV.

Professor Nutting has recorded the following species of which I have
no data, and which therefore are merely noted.

C. minuta ; C. Edwardsii Nutting ; C. calceolifera.
Gonothyrza Allman.
1, G. fovént Allman (Fic. 22).

Trophosome: Stems erect, somewhat flexuous, irregularly branched, and
with annulations above each branch. Hydrothecz deeply bell-shaped and

I, with toothed margins, borne on_ short

S Y annulated pedicels.
ie Gonosome : Gonangia borne on short
XE\~ annulated pedicels, axillary, broadly ob-

‘i conical in outline.
i a Habitat: On fucus and other alge,
Ae, \ x rocks, etc. Cold Spring Harbor, Woods

NN (aa: Y Holl, etc.
iN \ ly 2, G. hyalina Hincks.

ies SW Yy- Trophosome: Colony elongate, clustered,

¢,
S
=

yes

profusely branched, with flexuous stems
Re \ giving off branches at each bend,

Mn
y,

“Branches erect, very tender and hyaline,

>
cs
5
=

sometimes of great length and much rami-
fied.” Hydrothecz elongate, of delicate
texture, with numerous marginal teeth and

SS
y

WE
y
oo
AN
ie
4)

borne on annulated pedicels.

CH
{) *<

Gonosome: Gonangia oval, axillary,

ES
Q

borne on annulated pedicels.
Habitat : On various hydroids, Tubula-
ria, Halecium, etc. (Hincks).

wu

j 3, G. tenuis Clark.

Fic. 22. — Gonothyrea lovent Allman. Noted from Nutting’s list.
(After Hincks.) =

LAFCID.

This family has been variously modified of late and by some replaced
entirely. In the present synopsis I have chosen to follow in general the
classification of Hincks, though recognizing its doubtful reliability in some
respects.

Lafcea Lamx.

Stems simple or fascicled, attached by filiform hydrorhiza. Hydrothece
tubular, with or without operculum. Gonangia oblong, often forming
encrusting masses about the stem.

No. 413.] WORTH-AMERICAN INVERTEBRATES. 387

t, £. dumosa Flem. (Fic, 23).

Trophosome: Stem creeping, sometimes erect and fascicled ; hydrothece
tubular, margins devoid of teeth or operculum, usually sessile.
Gonosome: (?)

D2 DG HCAT IE AN. NORE IG. 24),

Trophosome: Stems creeping, simple; hydrothecz tubular, sessile.

Gonosome: Gonangia large, elongate, obovate or oblong, somewhat
resembling those of certain campanula-
rians. Medusz large, transparent, with

Fic. 23.

Fic. 23.— Lafea dumosa Flem. (After Hincks.)
Fic. 24.— Lafea calcarata A. Ag. (Adapted from A. Agassiz.)

gonads suspended in folds beneath the radial canals; marginal tentacles
numerous in mature specimens, only two when first set free.
Habitat: Usually parasitic upon sertularian hydroids.

3, L. pygmea Alder.

Trophosome: Stem creeping; hydrothecz minute, tubular, elongate,
borne on very short annulated pedicels.

Gonosome : (?)

Habitat: Parasitic on various hydroids.

HALECID&.

Of this family a single genus comes within the range of this synopsis :
namely, the type genus, Halecium (Oken), the characters of which may be
summarized as follows:

Trophosome: Colony more or less branched, attached by a creeping
hydrorhiza. Hydrothece often shallow and disk-like, or funnel-shaped
(hydrophores). In many species with double or triple margins due to

388 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. [VoL. XXXV.

subsequent secretions as the hydranth grows, leaving the old hydrophore. In
many cases the everted rim has on its inner margin a circle of small bright
dots which are rather characteristic of the genus. Hydranths imperfectly
retractile, elongate, and with conical hypostome.

Gonosome: Gonangia of varying aspects, showing distinctive differences
between male and female and affording easy means of distinguishing the
sexes. Medusoids imperfectly developed, never free.

1, H. halecinum Linn. (Fic. 25).

Trophosome: Colony erect, rather rigid, subflabellate in form. Hydro-
thece alternate, somewhat tubular in form, and with everted rims.

Gonosome : Gonangia borne in a series on the upper side of the branches ;
those of the male elongate, slender, somewhat spindle-shaped, tapering below

Fic. 25.—Halecium halecinum Linn. a, male; 4, female gonangia of same
(enlarged). (After Hincks.)

to their attachment by very short, slightly ringed pedicels. Female gonan-
gia somewhat oblong, broader toward the distal end, and with tubular
aperture nearer one margin.

2, Hf. beanii Johnston.

Trophosome: Colony of delicate, graceful form, somewhat dendritic,
attaining a height of about two inches. Hydrothece with everted
rims.

Gonosome: Gonangia arising from near the base of hydrothece ; male,
elongate oval; female, somewhat curved, with the aperture situated near
the middle of the upper side.

No. 413.] MORTH-AMERICAN INVERTEBRATES. 389

3, Hf. tenellum Hincks.

Trophosome: Colony minute, extremely delicate; stems slender, often
strongly annulated, branching irregularly. Hydrothece funnel-shaped and
with everted margins.

Gonosome : Gonangia ovate, pedicellate.

4, Hf. muricatum Ell. and Sol.

Trophosome: Colony stout, dendritic, profusely branched, and with
joint-like divisions, alternately from below which the hydrothecz arise.

Gonosome : Gonangia ovate, borne on short pedicels, roughly marked
with linear ridges of spinous processes.

Eastport, Me. (Verrill).

SERTULARID&.
Synopsis of Genera.

SERTULARIA. Colony plant-like, stems more or less branching, jointed,
attached by creeping hydrorhiza. Hydrothece in double rows, strictly
opposite, usually devoid of operculum. Gonangia with plain margins.

SERTULARELLA. Colony resembling somewhat the former. Hydro-
thece in double rows, but distinctly alternate, with toothed margins and
with an operculum composed of several pieces. Gonangia strongly annu-
lated throughout, slightly dissimilar in the two sexes.

DipHAsta. Colony more or less branching, stem jointed, hydrothece
opposite, a pair to each internode and often with a valve-like operculum.
Gonangia scattered, differing in shape in the two sexes, those of female
large, often divided into segments above, male smaller and with central
tubular aperture.

THUIARIA. Stem somewhat plant-like, jointed ; hydrothece in double
series sub-opposite, but deeply immersed in the substance of stem and
branches.

HYDRALLMANIA. Stems flexuous or somewhat spirally inclined. Hydro-
thece alternate, placed on front of branches, and curved alternately to
right and left.

Sertularia Linn.

Generic characters given above.

1, S. pumila Linn. (Fic. 26),

Trophosome: Stems straight or slightly curved, simple or branched ;
branches opposite ; both stem and branches divided into short internodes,
each bearing a pair of hydrothece, the latter opposite, tubular, and some-
what contracted toward the aperture, which faces outward and is more or
less cleft or notched.

390 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. [VoL. XXXV.
Gonosome : Gonangia more or less oval, sessile, with marginal rim.
Male gonangia somewhat more slender, and regular in outline.
Habitat: One of our commonest sertularians, found attached to fucus,
etc., between tide marks and in tide pools.

2, S. cornicina McCr.

Trophosome : Colony very small, composed chiefly of unbranched stems,
which rarely attain a height of more than % inch. Hydrothecz appearing
as lateral emarginations with slightly diver-
gent apertures. Hydranths slender, with
about. sixteen tentacles.

Gonosome: Gonangia ?

The above description is condensed and
modified from that of McCrady (Proc.
Elliott Soc., Vol. 1, p. 204).

3, S. argentea Ell. and Sol.

Trophosome : Colony of bushy and slightly
wavy stems, perisarc dark and horny; branch-
ing, alternate, and somewhat dichotomous.
Hydrothecz short, urn-shaped, tapering to-
ward the free and divergent aperture, which

Fic. 26.— Sertularia pumila Linn. is small and oblique.
(After Agassiz.)

Gonosome: Gonangia broad, obovate,
tapering toward the base; aperture circular, and usually with two
divergent spines.

Habitat : Usually from deeper waters, growing on shells, stones, etc.,
sometimes found near tide marks. Recorded from various points along the
New England coast.

4, S. cupressina Linn.

Trophosome : Colony slender, elongated. Stems rather stout and straight,
alternately branched and dichotomously sub-branching. Hydrothece tubu-
lar, transparent, somewhat alternate, and adherent throughout most of their
length, slightly divergent toward the aperture, which is wide and bilabiate.

Gonosome: Gonangia elongate, tapering toward base, and with promi-
nent spine at each side of the aperture, which is slightly raised and central.

Habitat : Less abundant than the former species, though with similar
distribution.

Sertularella Gray.

Generic characters given in above synopsis.

No. 413.] MWORTH-AMERICAN INVERTEBRATES. 391

1, 8. rugosa Linn.

Trophosome : Colony small, simple, or sparingly and irregularly branched ;
stems annulated. Hydrothece crowded, strongly annulated transversely,
and with four marginal teeth.

Gonosome : Gonangia large, ovate, strongly annulated, and with a four-
toothed aperture.

2, 5. gayt Lamx.

Trophosome: Stems erect, with alternate branches, somewhat obliquely
jointed. Hydrothece somewhat urn-shaped, one to each internode, usually
wrinkled, and with narrower, diver-
gent, four-toothed aperture.

Gonosome : Gonangia elongate,
ovate, tapering toward the small,
two-toothed aperture. Usually
strongly annulated in upper por-
tion, the lower smooth.

3, S. tricuspidata.

Trophosome: Stems slender,

Fic. 27.— Diphasia fallax Johnst. (After Hincks.) a, 2 gonangium of same (enlarged).

alternately branched, often bipinnate near the ends. Hydrothece cylin-
drical, smooth, slightly everted, with a three-toothed orifice.

Gonosome : Gonangia large, with strongly transverse ridges and with a
plain, funnel-shaped opening.

Diphasia Ag.
1, D. fallax Johnston (Fic. 27).

Trophosome : Stems thick, sparingly branched, branches alternate, often
terminating in tendril-like bodies. Hydrothece short, tubular, with upper
part slightly divergent, and with wide, smooth orifice.

392 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST, [VoOL. XXXV.

Gonosome : Gonangia differ in the two sexes. Male elongate, slender,
tapering toward base and expanding toward orifice, which bears four stout
spines. Female gonangium oval, deeply cleft above into four leaf-like seg-
ments, larger than male.

2, D. rosacea Linn.

Trophosome: Stems slender and delicate, branches alternate and with
internodes constricted at the base. Hydrothece long, tubular, with upper
portion free and divergent toward
the aperture, which is oblique and
entire.

Gonosome : Gonangia slightly
different in the sexes; female pear-
shaped, elongate, borne on short
pedicels and marked with eight lon-
gitudinal ridges, each terminating
above in a spinous process. Male
somewhat curved toward base, with
similar longitudinal ridges terminat-
ing in spinous teeth about the slender
tubular orifice.

Thuiaria Flem.

A single species of this genus
comes within the present synopsis.

Thuiaria thuja Flem.

Trophosome : Stem and branches
rather rigid, somewhat zigzag in
shape, and annulated near the base.
Perisarc black or very dark in color.
Hydrothece smooth, ovate at base
and tapering toward the distal end.

Gonosome: Gonangia smooth,

pyriform, and with circular slightly

Fic. 28. — Hydrallmania falcata Linn, c
(After Hincks.) emarginate aperture.

Hydrallmania Hincks.
Hydrallmania falcata Linn. (Fics. 28, 29).
(Sertularia falcata.)

Trophosome: Stems flexuous, slender, sometimes spirally inclined.
Branches alternate, regularly pinnate and plume-like, arising just above

No. 413.] MORTH-AMERICAN INVERTEBRATES. 393

each joint. Hydrothece tubular, closely appressed, arranged in rows along
the pinne, and with plain oblique aperture.

Gonosome: Gonangia ovate, tapering toward the base, and with a
tubular orifice.

Habitat : Shells, stones, etc., generally distributed
from Grand Manan, Massachusetts Bay, and south-
ward.

PLUMULARIDA.

Synopsis of genera. Modified and
condensed from Nutting’s Mono-
graph of the Plumularide.

ANTENNULARIA. Colony more or
less arbuscular, stem simple or branch-
ing, jointed, attached by massive
hydrorhiza. Branching somewhat

Fic. 29. — Hydrallmania falcata Linn. verticillate or scattered . hydrothec
a, hydrothece ; 4, gonangium.

cup-shaped ; nematophores_ trumpet-
shaped. Gonangia borne in axils of branches, unilateral.

MonastT&CHAS. Colony dichotomously branched, stem not fascicled,
hydrocladia arising from upper sides of branches, otherwise resembling
Plumularia, from which it differs in the entire absence of cauline hydrothece.
Gonangia oval in shape and with terminal aperture.

SCHIZOTRICHA. Colony branching, branches pinnately arranged, hydro-
cladia often forked. Gonangia borne on stem or hydrocladia.

CLADOCARPUS. Stem simple or fascicled. Nematophores not trumpet-
shaped, definitely fixed to hydrothece or branches. Gonangia borne on
stem or hydrocladia.

Antennularia Linn.
1, Antennularia antennina Linn. (FIG. 30).

Trophosome : Colony growing in dense clusters of upright stems, often
eight to ten inches high,
stems simple or sparingly
branched, obscurely jointed,
each internode bearing a
cluster of hydrocladia. Hy-
drothecz small, cup-shaped,
and with slightly everted
margins.

Gonosome: Gonangia

ovate, borne singly in axils

of hydrocladia. Aperture Fic. 30.— Axtennularia antennina Linn. Portion of
subterminal. stem and hydrocladia (enlarged). (After Nutting.)

394 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. [VoL. XXXV.

2, d. americana Nutting.

Similar to former, but usually from deeper water and apparently of
exceedingly variable character.

3, A. rugosa Nutting.

Trophosome: Colony unbranched, attaining a height of six inches.
Hydrocladia in verticils of six or eight, borne on stout processes of the
stem and with proximal ends reinforced on the lower sides by a thickening
of the perisarc. Internodes long and irregular, further subdivided by
numerous irregularly disposed septal thickenings, which resemble joints,
giving the appearance of many internodes, where in reality there is but one.
Hydrothece small, short, cylindrical, and supported below by a thickening
of the internode.

Monastechas quadridens McCr.

Trophosome : Colony subflabellate in form, dichotomously branched,
attaining a height of about six inches. Stem not fascicled, with indistinct
internodes and branching at irregular intervals, those bearing hydrocladia
being divided into long internodes, each of which bears a hydrocladium at
its distal upper side. Hydrothece large, campanulate.

Gonosome : Gonangia sac-like, borne on short processes below hydro-
theca, and each protected by a pair of nematophores.

Habitat: Various stations along the North Atlantic coast, and from
Marthas Vineyard southward.

Schizotricha Allman.

Hydrocladia pinnately disposed, often branching once or more. Two
species come within the range of this synopsis.

1, S. zenella Verrill.

Trophosome: Colony branched dichotomously, attaining a height of
about two inches. Stems clustered or fascicled, divided into alternately
longer and shorter internodes, the latter bearing each a hydrotheca and a
hydrocladium. Hydrocladium slender, often branched, proximal internodes
short, and without hydrothece, which are subcylindrical.

Gonosome : Gonangia of curved shape, tapering at base and gradually
enlarged toward the distal end, somewhat resembling cornucopiz.

Habitat : Gay Head, Vineyard Sound, New Haven, Greenport, R. I.,
Woods Holl, Vineyard Haven.

No. 413.] MWORTH-AMERICAN INVERTEBRATES. 395

2, S. gracillama Sars. (FIG. 31).

Trophosome : Stem sparingly branched, having a height of about two
inches and somewhat fascicled. Branches divided into regular internodes,
each of which bears a hydrocladium on a short, stout process near its distal

end. Hydrocladia alternate, branching

ay” q dichotomously twice or more beyond its

Aa (> / proximal internode. Hydrothe-
a cz small, cup-shaped.

, Gonosome : Gonangia borne

in pairs on the stems in the

axils of the hydrocladia, and

also at the forks of the latter,
cylindrical in shape, tapering at
proximal ends, sessile.

Habitat: Shallower waters,
New England coast.

Cladocarpus Allman.

Stem simple or fascicled.
Hydrothece deep and with
smooth margins or with lateral
sinuations, and with one or two
anterior teeth. A single species

Freese. Bienes! comes within the range of this

Fic. 31.— Schizotricha gracillima Sars. Branched SBie USSG

hydrocladium (enlarged). (After Nutting.)

Fic. 32. — Cladocarpus flexilis Verrill. Portion of & flexilis Verrill (Fic. g2yr
hydrocladium (enlarged). (After Nutting.)
Trophosome: Colony long,

slender, sparsely branching, stem not fascicled, attaining a height of about
nine inches. Hydrocladia distinct, slightly sinuous, divided into rather
slender internodes, each with a number of septal ridges back of hydrothece,
which are deep, tubular, nearly straight, and with a single anterior tooth at
the aperture.

Gonosome : Gonangia numerous, borne on stem and bases of hydro-
cladia, oblong-ovate, with latero-terminal orifice.

eMail D

AMERICAN NATURALIST

A MONTHLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE
NATURAL SCIENCES IN THEIR
WIDEST SENSE

REPRIN®

FROM

VoL. XXXV, No. 415. JULY, 1901

BOSTON
GINN & COMPANY

The Atheneum Press
IQOI

47.

— y

LJ a

ma

iy ‘ .

5
2 5 *
. 4
"

lag we” ae E
eA}? ent Ma
> j ee. Kee que
a A) 5 ee Unt ae Se ye ’¢
: 4
$7 shy we ae
F A ek SO
: -
ie
‘
‘
~ ¥ %
'
;
’
: »
2 ae Se ay
% rs . AP ie rad aoe . ,
pe ae Oe re een nee ar (|
:
o }
eons
t ?
7 i + > - “ae
truth SAUER SA: Ae Se See aes
' ;
‘
ae
i 3 .
’ .
‘a ‘
: - aed
x :
1 7 = = >
A s ‘
5
¥ ane neem he plete
x
: '
at :
.
oh -
Pe i ,
AD : a4
‘ ‘
= a +

Pa Mae Sart ens ‘
’ 7 ; oe « ; 7 : 4 Pre ; _
he ‘EE RRR =) TE

wi

: 14 -_
ta

7 4
is
5
rl 5
i

i, ow

ee *
)
'
1c

SYNOPSES OF NORTH-AMERICAN
PN Vi Pe Bis.

XIV. THe Hypromepusm — Part III.
CHARLES W. HARGITT.
MEDUS&.

THe Medusz (medusoids, medusiform persons, gonophores,
gonozooids) of this class of ccelenterates may be designated
as in general of the form of a more or less transparent bell, or
saucer-shaped disk, varying in size from the almost microscopic
to organisms of fifteen inches‘or more in diameter.

The comparison of the medusa with a bell is fairly good, its
body being similar in form in typical cases to the body of the
bell, the manubrium corresponding to the clapper. A similar
comparison with an umbrella is almost equally appropriate, if
not superior. In this case the body of the medusa would cor-
respond to the extended disk of the umbrella, the manubrium
to the handle, and in some respects the radial canals are
comparable with the ribs of the umbrella, while the numerous
tentacles of some species are somewhat comparable with the
marginal fringe often seen upon a lady’s parasol. In further
keeping with this comparison the outer, aboral portion of the
medusa bell has been designated as the exumbrella, the inner,
concave portion of the bell as the subumbrella. The mouth is
located at the terminal, pendent portion of the manubrium, and
through the tubular canal as an cesophagus communicates with
the gastric pouch or stomach, from which radiate the gastric or
chymiferous canals, by means of which the digested food matter
is distributed over the body and through the circular or cir-
cumferential canal to the marginal organs.

At first sight there might seem to be little in common
between the medusa and hydranth, either as to form, structure,

SWS)

5 76 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. [VoL. XXXV.

habit, etc. ; but a closer scrutiny will reveal so intimate a
fundamental likeness in all essentials as to demonstrate clearly
the homological equivalent of every feature, some of the acces-
sory or sensory structures alone excepted ; and since these are
not constant features they may clearly be disregarded in the
comparison. Differences as to form and habits may be con-
sidered as adaptations to the characteristic functions of a free
and motile organism.

In keeping with the synopsis of orders already given, that
of the several families and genera of Medusze will be taken up
in their respective order.

ANTHOMEDUS.

The Anthomeduse are generally of more or less hemispheri-
cal form or sometimes of an elongate or subconical outline.
All are possessed of a definite, muscular velum ; sensory
organs or ocelli borne on bulbs located at the bases of the
tentacles, about which there is usually a colored pigment ren-
dering them quite conspicuous, are usually present ; otocysts are
not present. The radial canals are generally four in number,
rarely six or eight ; gonads are developed and borne on the
walls of the manubrium.

SYNOPSIS OF FAMILIES:

I. Coponip#. Mouth-opening simple, devoid of. tentacles or lobings ;
gonads not radially divided, but forming a circular, continuous tissue about
the manubrium ; marginal tentacles unbranched.

II. T1raArip#. Mouth-opening provided with simple or frilled oral
lobes; with four or eight distinct manubrial gonads; marginal tentacles
unbranched.

II]. MARGELIDA. Mouth-opening surrounded with four or more simple
er branched oral tentacles; four or eight manubrial gonads; marginal
tentacles unbranched.

IV. CLADONEMID&. Mouth-opening rarely simple, usually provided
with oral lobes or tentacles; marginal tentacles variously feathered or
branched.

No. 415.]| MWORTH-AMERICAN INVERTEBRATES. 577

Key to the Genera.

CODONID&.

A. With two or four marginal tentacles, equally developed.

1. Tentacles and manubrium long and slender, the latter extending

much beyond the velum; bell hemispherical . . .». Coryne
2. Tentacles rather short, stout, and capitate; manubrium extending
but slightly beyond velum; bell conical . . . . . Dipurena
3. Tentacles rather stout and closely coiled, bell elongate hemispherical
and with eight rows of nematocysts . . . . . . Ectopleura
4. Tentacles only two at liberation, four in maturity . . Hydricthys
5. Tentacles very rudimentary, bell oblong . . . . . . Pennaria

6. Bell hemispherical, with slight conical apical projection, tentacles
two, often coiled within bell when disturbed . . . Perigonimus

B. With a single conspicuous tentacle, others unequally developed or
rudimentary.

1. Large tentacle stout and triangular, other three rudimentary ; manu-

brmumyshortiand thick .{ 9. “<>: ne eit Spy Sa.

2. A single large and long tentacle, two very small, and one rudi-
mentary ; bell hemispherical and slightly asymmetrical

Corymorpha

3. Bell evidently asymmetrical; a single very large tentacle with

enlarged base, from which bud proliferously secondary meduse,

other tentacles very rudimentary . . . . . . . Hybocodon

TIARID&.

A. Marginal tentacles two, opposite.

1. Bell with rather pointed apical projection . . . . . Stomotoca

B. Marginal tentaeles numerous.

1. Bell with large, globular, apical process. . . . . . . Turris
2. Bell without globular apical process . . . . . . Turritopsis
MARGELID&.
1. Marginal tentacles eight, symmetrically distributed Pysmew bess
Podocoryne
2. Marginal tentacles eight, rudimentary . .. . . . Stylactis
Tentackesrm e1etelusters wh, a leh) ae. & 02y 4.2. Ligzia
Tentacles in four clusters . . . . . . Bougainvillia

aeta. Gs

Tentacles in four clusters, each an an erect élavate pair

Nemopsis

578 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. [Vou. XXXV.

CLADONEMID&.
A. Radial canals simple.
1. Marginal tentacles two, fringed with stalked nematocysts, bell with
subconical apical projection .-... % . s, a. )Gemmana
2. Tentacles as in 1, bell hemispherical, without projection Corynitis

B. Radial canals branched.

Marginal ‘tentacles in eight pairs: "2 or ss 2 oe oe ave

Coryne mirabilis Ag. (FIG. 33).

Bell elongate hemispherical, four to six mm. in diameter; manubrium
very long, protruding far beyond the velum, but highly contractile; tenta-
cles likewise very long and filamentous, but capable of
great contractility ; gonads borne upon body of manu-
brium and at maturity filling
entire bell cavity or even pro-
truding beyond the velum.
Fairly common during early
spring and summer, swimming
near the surface. Hydroid
generation, — /dzd.

Dipurena conica A. Ag.

(FIG. 34).
FIG. 33- FiG. 34. Bell conical or subhemi-
Ss Neen ieee iN spherical; marginal tentacles

Fic. 34. — Dipurena conica A. Ag. four nrathers shiek wand asin
7 a

knob-like ends, and with prominent basal bulbs, each with a single
ocellus ; manubrium elongate, often extending beyond the velum, the basal
portion constricted or narrowed, gastric cavity small, oral opening plain.
Size from three to four mm. Common during midsummer. Buzzards Bay,
Vineyard Sound, etc.

McCrady (Proc. Elliott Soc., Vol. 1) describes from Charleston Harbor
two other species of Dipurena, namely, D. strvangulata and D. cervicata,
but I find no record of them as occurring elsewhere.

Ectopleura ochracea A. Ag. (FIG. 35).

Bell elongate hemispherical, of nearly uniform thickness, except at the
aboral pole, which becomes somewhat conical and correspondingly thicker.
In size the medusa varies from four to six mm. Marginal tentacles four,

No. 415.] MORTH-AMERICAN INVERTEBRATES. 579

from the base of which lines of nematocysts extend over the bell to the apex ;
tentacular bulbs of purplish orange color and each with an ocellus; manu-
brium rather large and spindle-shaped, of yellowish color.

flydricthys mirus Fewkes.

Bell oval or subspherical, its outer surface dotted with nematocysts ; radial
canals four, wide; marginal tentacles four in mature specimens, only two
in specimens at liberation; tentacular
bulbs reddish in color but without
ocelli. The original description was
from specimens taken from a colony
attached to a fish taken at Newport;
other than this I find no records of it.
(Cf. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol.
POT p. 222.)

n - Fic, 35. Fic. 36.
Pennaria tiarella McCr. (FIG. 36). aren ey
Fic. 35. — Ectopleura ochracea A, Ag. (After
Bell oblong oval, of small size, ss)

x f Fic. 36. — Pennaria tiarella McCr.
about two mm. in height and half as

broad ; radial canals four, narrow, but rather conspicuously marked by lines
of pinkish pigment; marginal tentacles very rudimentary from the four
tentacular bulbs, which are devoid of ocelli; gonads borne on the walls of
the manubrium, and as they approach maturity filling the entire cavity of
the bell. The eggs and sperms are discharged promptly upon the medusa
becoming free and even before; indeed, in many cases the medusz are
never liberated, as I have elsewhere shown. Color
of a general reddish pink or rosy, manubrium a
chocolate brown ; ova vary in color from pale creamy
white to rather bright orange.

Specimens of P. gzbbosa from Florida and Porto
‘Rico seem to me to be scarcely distinguishable from
P. trarella. Hydroid, — Pennaria.

Perigonimus jonesit Osborn and Hargitt
(Fic. 37).

(American Naturalist, 1894, p. 27.)

Bell hemispherical, with slight conical apical pro-
jection; marginal tentacles two, with four marginal
bulbs; tentacles highly retractile and often with-
drawn and coiled within the bell cavity when the
medusa is irritated. Though these meduse were kept under observation
for several weeks, no gonads were developed.

Fig. 37. — Perigonimus
Jonesit.

580 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. [VoOL. XXXV.

Habitat: Found upon the legs and abdominal somites of the common
crab, Labinia, from which it was repeatedly taken during several seasons.
Hydroid, — Perigonimus.

Euphysa virgulata A. Ag.

Bell elongate oval, or quadrangular in outline; tentacles rather heavy
and unequally developed, one being much longer and heavier than the
others ; bases with a pinkish band extending upward
along the radial canals for a short distance; manu-
brium cylindrical with simple oral margins and of
yellowish color; gonads upon the sides of manu-
brium. In size the medusa is from ten to twelve
mm. in diameter, of rather active habit and fairly
common. Nahant, Massachusetts Bay, and south-
ward.

Corymorpha pendula Ag. (Fic. 38).

Bell somewhat unsymmetrical, oblong with sub-
conical apex; tentacles unequally developed, one
being quite long and heavy, the others much smaller ;
manubrium similar to the preceding, both in form
and color; bases of tentacles

Fic. 38. — Corymorpha of pinkish color ; size from
pendula Ag. (After
Agassiz.)

five tosixmm. Common along
the coast, hydroids dredged
from waters of Vineyard Sound, Massachusetts Bay,
etc. Hydroid generation, — Corymorpha.

Hybocodon prolifer Ag. (FIG. 39).

Bell similar to preceding, but with marked asymme-
try; a single marginal tentacle of large size, with very
thick basal portion, from which there bud _ prolifer-
ously secondary medusz, which in turn similarly bud
tertiary meduse, several generations in this way being Fic. 39.— Hybocodon
present upon the parent medusa. In other aspects meee:
very similar to the preceding. Hydroid generation, — Hybocodon.

Stomotoca apicata Ag. (FIG. 40).

Bell rather open and shallow, with an elongate conical projection at the
apex; radial canals four; marginal tentacles two, which are long and
slender and highly retractile ; manubrium also retractile, with a four-lobed

No. 415.] WORTH-AMERICAN [NVERTEBRATES. 8I
5

oral margin. Color: manubrium, yellow or cream-color, base of tentacles
purplish. Male often with green manubrium. Hydroid (?).

Stomotoca rugosa Mayer.

General form of the medusa similar to the preceding; apical projection
sometimes long, sometimes short and blunt; size about five mm. in height
by three mm. broad; two long marginal tentacles and
fourteen rudimentary ones; radial canals four; velum
well developed. Distinguished from .S. afzcata in part
by the distinctively different color, which in this
species is of a brick-red at tentacular bases and manu-
brium, while in the preceding (.S. afzcata) the manu-
brium is greenish or straw-colored in the male and
dull ochre in the female, and the tentacle bases in
male are purplish and in female ochre. Hydroid
generation, —a Perigonimus.

Habitat: Common at Newport, R. I., and south-
ward.

(Condensed from Mayer’s description. zl. Mus.
Comp. Zodl., Vol. XX XVII, No. 1, p. 4.)

Fic. 40. — Stomotoca
apicata Ag. (After

Turris vesicaria A. Ag. (FIG. 41). SG ee Hi)

Bell hemispherical, with large globular projection
at its apex; marginal tentacles numerous; bases
broad and with a single ocellus on each; tentacles
tapering rapidly from the base and becoming delicate
and filamentous; manubrium large and with four
fimbriated oral lobes; gonads borne upon the base
of manubrium and even extending somewhat upon
the radial canals, the walls of which are notched and
variously irregular, as are also the walls of the mar-
ginal canal.

(Condensed from description of A. Agassiz, /Vo.
Am. Acalephe, p. 164.)

Hydroid generation, —a Turris (?).

Fic. 41.— Turris vesicaria
A. Ag. (After A. Agassiz.)

Turritopsis nutricula McCr. (Fic. 42).

Bell high-hemispherical or subspherical ; radial
canals four ; velum broad; marginal tentacles
varying from four to thirty or more, depending
upon stages of maturity; a reddish ocellus at he EE San A pie ues
bases of tentacles; manubrium large but not McCr. (After McCrady.)

552 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. [VoOL. XXXV.

reaching beyond the velum ; gonads of reddish orange color and arranged in
four masses upon the manubrium. Hydroid generation, —a Dendroclava.

Dysmorphosa fulgurans A. Ag. (FIG. 43).

Bell subhemispherical, with slight conical apical projection ; radial canals
four; marginal tentacles eight, symmetrically disposed; manubrium of
medium size, its oral end provided with four
rather prominent tentacles ; from the body
of the manubrium secondary meduse bud
off with great profusion, their numbers
at times becoming so great as to afford
a splendid phosphorescence (A. Agassiz).
Ilydroid (°).

Fic. 43. — Dysmorphosa fulgurans :
A. Ag. (After A. Agassiz.) fodocoryne carnea Sars (FIG. 44).

Medusa oval or bell-shaped or subglobular, form variable; exumbrella
surface dotted with nematocysts ; size about five mm. in height by slightly
more than half as broad ; marginal tentacles eight, four
radial, four zz¢erradial, instead of all vadza/l, as stated
in Part I in describing the gonosome of Podocoryne,
the latter shorter; pinkish ocelli at bases of tentacles ;
manubrium of medium size, though extensible to velum,
of quadrangular form, with four oral lobes tipped with
nematocysts ; gonads borne on base of manubrium.

This medusa has been confused with the preceding,
which has usually been designated as the product of

Fic. 44.— Podocoryne Podocoryne. This is,
carnea Sars.

however, a mistake.
Podocoryne, so far as I am aware, never
produces proliferous meduse from the manu-
brium, as is the case with Dysmorphosa. I
have often followed the direct liberation of
the meduse from the hydroid, and they have
even at that time sex products well developed.
Bunting has also noted the same thing. (Cf.
Journ. Morph., Vol. IX.)

Lizzia grata A. Ag. (FIG. 45).

Fic. 45.— Lizzia grata A. Ag.
(After A. Agassiz.)

Bell subconical, its apex obtusely rounded ;
radial canals four; marginal tentacles in eight clusters, the radial groups
with five each, the interradial groups with three, in mature specimens ;
young with only radial tentacles, one at each radius; there are no ocelli ;

No. 415.] MORTH-AMERICAN INVERTEBRATES. 583

manubrium of medium size, with four prominent and branched oral tentacles ;
gonads form prominent masses on body of manubrium. Hydroid (?).

Bougainvillia (Margelis) carolinensis Ag. (¥1G. 46).

Bell subspherical, wall becoming very thick over the aboral part; radial
canals four, inconspicuous; marginal tentacles in four clusters, of about ten
each; in young specimens just liberated there are but two in each group
and the bell is less globular, while the oral
tentacles are simple; later these become
dichotomously branched about three tjmes ;
ocelli are grouped about the base of each of
the four triangular sensory bulbs. One of
the commonest of our Meduse, reaching
at maturity a size of about eight mm. Color
greenish or greenish-blue. Hydroid, — /dzd.

Bougainvillia superciliaris Ag.

In general form and aspect very much like
the preceding species, but of larger size and ao aoe tnay Wade
different shape, being somewhat obovate ;
the marginal tentacles are also more numerous as well as longer, a character
common also to the oral tentacles, while the manubrium is broader and

shorter. Ocelli as in the former. Of yellowish color. Hydroid, — /ézd.

Bougainvillia gibbsit: Mayer.

Very similar to the preceding, distinguished according to Mayer by, the
relatively greater height and smaller width, and by the short and broad
manubrium, which in cross-section is cruci-
form. (Cf. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol.
XXXVII, No. 1, p. 5.) Hydroid (?).

Nemopsis bachet Ag. (Fic. 47).

In general characters Nemopsis has many
features in common with Bougainvillia, such
as shape, mode of development, etc. The
more distinctive differences are to be found

Fic. 47.— Nemopsis bachei Ag. i the number and character of the marginal

tentacles, more particularly in the pair of erect,
clavate ones which spring laterally from the tentacular bulbs, as shown in
the figure. Again, the gonads present characteristic differences, arising
from the basal portion of the manubrium and extending beneath the radial

584 THE AMERICAN NATORALIST: [VOL. XXXV.

canals, in some cases almost the entire length. Ocelli are present and like
those in the preceding genus. In color the sensory bulbs are yellowish or
orange, as are also the gonads. In size mature specimens vary from six
to tenmm. Hydroid (?).

Stylactis hooperit Sigerfoos.
(American Naturalist, vol. xxxiii, p. 801.)

Bell globular, slightly elongate, about one mm. in long diameter ; radial
canals four; marginal tentacles eight, very rudimentary, symmetrically dis-
tributed about the margin; ocelli absent; manubrium large, devoid of oral
tentacles or lobes; velum narrow; gonads borne in a general mass about
the manubrium; genital products discharged at once on liberation of the
medusa, which is quite active for a brief time following its liberation, but
dies soon after discharge of eggs or sperms.

Habitat: Colony taken from shell of live snail, 7//yanassa obsoleta.
Hydroid, — /dzd.

Gemmaria cladophora A. Ag.

Bell hemispherical or subconical, walls rather thick, but varying in dif-
ferent regions, giving to the bell cavity a shape different from that of the
external outline; radial canals four; marginal tentacles four, but two rudi-
mentary, the larger abundantly provided with nematocysts, many of which
are stalked; tentacular bulbs brownish, with orange pigment at bases;
manubrium large, with basal conical portion separated by a sharp con-
striction from the oral portion, which
has a flaring, quadrangular opening.
Hydroid (?).

Corynitis agassizit McCr.
(Fic. 48).

, (Gemmaria gemmosa McCr.)

Bell elongate-hemispherical or obo-
vate; marginal tentacles two, thick
and fringed with an abundance of
stalked nematocysts and batteries scattered over the tentacles from base
to tip; radial canals four, with clusters of nematocysts at their marginal
termini; velum well developed; manubrium of medium size, somewhat
conical in shape. Mature specimens from one to two mm. in diameter.

Habitat: Taken from shells of Mytilis, etc. Hydroid, — Zézd.

Fic. 48.— Corynitis agassizit McCr.
(Adapted from McCrady.)

No. 415.| MWORTH-AMERICAN INVERTEBRATES. 585

Willia ornata McCr. (FIG. 49).

Body of medusa bell-shaped or conical, with blunt apical projection ;
marginal tentacles sixteen in mature specimens, arising from the terminals
of the branched radial canals; pri-
mary canals four in young specimens,
which by repeated branching become
sixteen, and the development of the
tentacles follow the same course of
development, appearing after the
several divisions of the canals ; manu-
brium rather stout and with lobed oral

margins. Intermediate between each Fic, 49-— Wellia ornata McCr.
(After A. Agassiz.)

pair of tentacles an undulating line
of nematocysts, ‘‘ knotted cords,”’ passes upward on the bell. Hydroid (?).
(Adapted from McCrady’s description, Proc. Elliott Soc., Vol. 1, p- 149.)

LEPTOMEDUS.

As compared with the Anthomeduse, the Leptomeduse are generally
flatter and more disk-like; the velum is usually smaller, and the texture of
the bell is softer. Ocelli may or may not be present; otocysts may or may
not be present ; the gonads are borne upon the radial canals.

SYNOPSIS OF FAMILIES.

I. THAUMANTID&. Ocelli present, but no otocysts; radial canals four
or eight (rarely more), always simple and unbranched.

II. CANNoTID#&. ‘Without either otocysts or ocelli; radial canals four
or six, which are branched or pinnate.

III. Eucopip#. Otocysts always present, eight or more ; ocelli usually
absent ; radial canals usually four, simple and unbranched.

IV. A:QquorIDA. Otocysts always present; radial canals numerous, at
least eight, often a hundred or more, usually simple, rarely branched.

Key to Genera.
THAUMANTID.

A. Radial canals four; marginal tentacles numerous, and with basal
Ginnie ae Meee tie ACT eh acetal wey ante Wey eke nk Bite uakeee
B. Radial canals eight; marginal tentacles numerous, but without basal
Clits ae ete en eee eee We ae, eee ttre ee Melicéntuim

586 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. [VoL. XXXV.

CANNOTID&,

Radial canals four, each with lateral, sometimes pinnate, branches which
end blindly. A single genus within the range of this synopsis so far as
known to the writer’. 45-2 pale Gls oi ied Se Cee vena

EUCOPID&.

A. Marginal tentacles four, sometimes with lateral basal cirri.

1. Manubrium very long, extending much beyond velum . Eutima
2. Manubrium short, tentacles with basal cirri . . . . Eucheilota

3. Manubrium short, tentacles devoid of basal cirri . . Clytia (Juv.)

B. Marginal tentacles sixteen or more.

1... Manubrium Jong, bell-hemispherical \). 9-73 Ye ) . 3 ; 0, ia
2. Manubrium short, bell disk-like, otocysts on bases of tentacles
Obelia
3. Manubrium short, mouth plain, bell hemispherical, otocysts between
bases ot tentacles<... 1% Hes aa. woo Mel ydia
4. Manubrium short and with fenloriated ‘oral igbes uses sD tatOpsis
(2) With 16 tentacles . . . ower, eo Ae Epenthesis
5. Manubrium short and with oral jawes plain.
(6) Wath more than’ 16) tentacles sen) ane Oceana
ZEQUORID.

A. Radial canals eight or more, often lobed or divided at their bases
Halopsis
&. Radial canals numerous, twelve to one hundred or more.
1. Manubrium very short, often Peet be and with crenulated
oralmargin . . ~ a « « Rheematodes
2. Manubrium well Hovelevedt eal margin lobed but plain A®quorea
3. Manubrium large and with complex and fimbriated oral lobes
Zygodactyla

Lafwa calcarata A. Ag. (FIG. 50).

Bell broad, somewhat conical or dome-shaped, marginal tentacles numer-
ous, somewhat swollen at base, long and filamentous, and interspersed with
tentacular spurs, clubs, and cirri; gonads suspended in convoluted masses
beneath radial canals, of milky or yellowish color; manubrium short and
with convoluted oral lobes. When first liberated, the medusa is small and
with only two tentacles, others appearing with growth; ocelli are located
upon the bases of the tentacles. Size about 20 mm. in diameter. Hydroid,
— lbid.

No. 415.] MORTH-AMERICAN INVERTEBRATES. 587

Melicertum campanula Esch.

Medusa bell-shaped or subconical; marginal tentacles very numerous,
long, and filamentous, but devoid of basal cirri; radial canals eight at
maturity, four in young specimens; gonads suspended in sinuous folds
beneath radial canals; manubrium much as in preceding, with
oral lobes sinucusly convoluted; color of bell light ochre,
tentacles and gonads much darker. Re-

ported from Greenland, Grand Manan, a
Nahant, etc., A. Ag. Newport Harbor, ; ABI
: =
May Mayer. Hydroid (?). My TW m .
oe

Ptychogena lactea A. Ag.
Bell the small segment of a sphere, |
walls rather thick; radial canals four,

but with sides variously notched and in |

the medial portions increasing to extended
lateral diverticula; tentacles very numer-

Fic 50.— Lafea calcarata A, Ag.

5 a, a young medusa of same.
ous and filamentous; gonads variously (After A. Agassiz.)

folded and disposed beneath radial canals; devoid of either ocelli or otocysts.
According to A. Agassiz (p. 137, V. A. Acalephe), from whose account both
this and the preceding description are condensed, this medusa. lives chiefly
at considerable depths, and exposure to light or increased temperature
rapidly disintegrates it. Hydroid (?).

Eutima mira McCr. (Fic. 51).

Medusa broadly bell-shaped, tending to conical; marginal tentacles four,
long and tapering from an enlarged base; numerous minute tentacular
processes distributed about the margin; otocysts eight,
symmetrically disposed; manubrium very long, extend-
ing far beyond the velum, and terminating in an everted,
somewhat frilled margin; gonads disposed beneath radial
canals. Hydroid (?).

Eutima limpida A. Ag.

Medusa much as in preceding species, but with both
: manubrium and tentacles shorter, the latter without the

Fic. 51.— Eutima 3 :
mira McCr. basal swellings of the former and the oral margin less
(After McCrady-) filled; broad diameter one to two inches, height much

less; otocysts large and with numerous lithocysts. Hydroid (?).

588 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. [VOL. XXXV,

Euchetlota ventricularis McCr.

Bell of medusa hemispherical; radial canals four, wide and with the
gonads extending their entire length; marginal tentacles twelve to twenty
in mature specimens, only four at liberation of medusa; manubrium short,
tubular, of yellowish color with reddish central portion; gonads similar in
color; otocysts eight, with lithocysts arranged in an arc. Hydroid (?).

Eu. duodecimalis A, Ag. (FIG. 52).

Medusa similar to preceding species, but with twelve otocysts and with
only four long tentacles, each with a pair of lateral cirri atthe base; gonads
borne on distal half of radial canals. Hydroid (?).

Clytia bicophora Ag. (FIG. 53).

Medusa variable in appearance with age; when first liberated, the bell is
rather globular, later becoming flattened and finally at maturity being hemi-
spherical; diameter about five mm,; radial canals four, beneath which the
gonads, which are dull brown in color, extend from
base of the short manubrium about to their middle
portion; marginal tentacles eight, with intermediate
tentacular buds; otocysts eight. Hydroid, — /ézd.

—~—

Fic. 52.

Fic. 54.

Fic. 52. — Luchetlota duodecimalis A. Ag. (After A. Agassiz.)
Fic. 53. — Clytia bicophora Ag. (After A. Agassiz.)
Fic. 54. — Tima formosa Ag. (After A. Agassiz.)

C. nolliformis McCr.

Medusa much as in preceding; marginal tentacles four in young speci-
mens, increasing in number with age; otocysts eight, between bases of
tentacles; manubrium short and with four oral lobes. Hydroid (?).

Tima formosa Ag. (FIG. 54).

Medusa bell-shaped or elongate hemispherical; marginal tentacles
numerous, long, filamentous, and with bulbous bases; radial canals four,
and with convoluted, pouch-like gonads extending their entire length ;

No. 415.] MWORTH-AMERICAN INVERTEBRATES. 589

otocysts symmetrically distributed about the margin, between the tentacular
bases; manubrium large and long, extending beyond the velum, and ter-
minating in a series of fringed, lip-like lobes. Hydroid (?).

Obelia Per. & Les.

Generic characters: Medusa flat and disk-like; marginal tentacles
numerous, projecting slightly inward at the base; otocysts eight, borne on
base of tentacles at the inner portion; manu-
brium short and somewhat quadrate. Medusz
often swimming with everted bell.

O. geniculata Linn. (FIG. 55).

Medusa flat ; marginal tentacles twenty-four
at liberation; gonads as oval bodies beneath
middle of radial‘canals. Hydroid, — /dzd.

O. longissima Pallas.

Fic. 55. — Obelia geniculata Linn.

Very similar to preceding. Hydroid, — /ézd.

O. flabellata Hincks.
(Eucope polygena A, Ag.)

In general aspects indistinguishable from the preceding species. Hydroid,
— Lbid.
O. gelatinosa Pallas.

(Laomedia gigantea A. Ag.)

In general feature similar to former, but with only sixteen tentacles at
liberation. Hydroid, — Jdzd.

O. dichotoma Vinn.

Indistinguishable from O. gelatinosa. Hydroid, — fbzd.

O. commisuralis McCr.

In general features very like the preceding species, but with tentacles
somewhat more slender and elongated. Hydroid,— /ézd.

Tiaropsis diademata Ag. (FIG. 56).

Medusa ovoid when young, becoming hemispherical at maturity ; radial
canals four ; marginal tentacles very numerous, the larger with swollen bulbous
bases ; otocysts eight, situated between bases of tentacles and with otoliths
in form of arc; gonads extending beneath radial canals; manubrium short,
with terminal lobes complexly fimbriated. Hydroid (?).

590 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. [VoL. XXXV.

Oceania languida A. Ag. (FIG. 57).

Medusa ovoid when set free, becoming hemispherical at maturity ; radial
canals four; marginal tentacles numerous in adult specimens ; otocysts
eight, situated near bases of tentacles in young specimens, but becoming
numerous as medusz mature, increasing in number according to A. Agassiz
by subdivision of the primary otocysts; gonads of brownish or pink or
green color, and borne on distal portions of canals. Hydroid (?).

Oceania caroline Mayer.

Bell less than a hemisphere, about 14 mm. in diameter; marginal tenta-
cles sixteen, with large hollow basal bulbs, also numerous rudimentary ten-
tacular bulbs interspersed ; otocysts 64, symmetrically disposed; manubrium
flask-shaped, and with four simple oral lobes ;
gonads borne on distal portions of radial
canals; tentacular bulbs bright yellow-green.
Charleston Harbor.

(Condensed from Mayer’s description, Az/7.
Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. XXXVII, No. 1.)

Fic. 56. Fic. 57.

Fic. 56. — Tiaropsis diademata Ag. (After A. Agassiz.) @, young medusa of same.
Fic. 57.— Oceania languida A. Ag. (After A. Agassiz.)

O. singularis Mayer.

Bell about two mm. in diameter, with lens-shaped apical projection ;
marginal tentacles 16, with hollow basal bulbs, and with 16 rudimentary
tentacles symmetrically disposed ; otocysts 32; gonads borne on upper por-
tion of radial canals ; colors of tentacular bulbs and radial canals in region
of gonads turquoise-green. Newport Harbor, R. I.

(Condensed from Mayer’s description ; cf. op. czt.)

Epenthests foleata McCr.

(Oceania foleata Ag.)

Medusa with low, subhemispherical bell, about five mm. in diameter ;
marginal tentacles sixteen, rather slender and with well-developed basal

No. 415.] MORTH-AMERICAN INVERTEBRATES. 591

bulbs ; otocysts alternating with bases of tentacles ; manubrium short and
with four recurved oral lobes; gonads borne upon lower portions of canals.
Manubrium, gonads, and sensory bulbs light greenish in color, Hydroid (?).

Flalopsis ocellata A. Ag.

Bell low and flat in mature specimens, though somewhat hemispherical
in young medusz; radial canals twelve to twenty in mature specimens ;
marginal tentacles very numerous and highly contractile, and with inter-
spersed cirri; otocysts numerous and with numerous otoliths arranged in
double rows; manubrium short, with four recurved sinuous oral lobes.
Hydroid (?).

(Condensed from description of A. Agassiz, VV. A. Acalephe, p. 99.)

ff, cruciata A. Ag.

Under this name A. Agassiz briefly describes a medusa having but-four
radial canals, a hemispherical bell, comparatively few tentacles, and other-
wise so unlike the preceding as to render its generic, if not family, affinities
wholly distinct. Not having access to specimens, it is merely listed without
further comment. Hydroid (?).

Rhegmatodes tenuis A. Ag. (FIG. 58).

Bell low, with rounded aboral surface and with margins distinctly incurved ;
radial canals numerous, varying from twenty to forty or more in specimens
examined; canals usually simple, but with many variations exhibiting con-
necting branches and anastomoses ;
marginal tentacles numerous, rather
long and filiform, tapering rapidly
from a somewhat broad base, above
which is a tubular spur-like flap ; tenta-
cles, like the radial canals, increase o£

with age, the larger extending from
the termini of the canals, while inter- .
mediate are smaller ones with still
smaller intermediate tentacular rudi-
ments; gonads suspended in double
rows aleng the surface of the canals;
manubrium extremely short, often in-
distinguishable from the very shallow gastric pouch, and with its oral margin
delicately crenulated ; otocysts numerous.

In habit these medusz are rather sluggish, swimming or floating near the
surface and rarely exerting more than two or three pulsations of the bell or
small velum in succession. Hydroid (?).

Fic. 58. — Rhegmatodes tenuis A. Ag.

592 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. [VoL. XXXV.

R. floridanus Ag.

Very similar to the preceding, though smaller, and of southern range.

“Eiguorea albida A. Ag.

Bell subhemispherical, tending to conical above; radial canals very
numerous, and with two or three marginal tentacles borne between each ;
otocysts also numerous, spherical, and containing several small otoliths ;
above the base of each of the larger tentaclesis a tentacular spur, similar to
those of Rhegmatodes; manubrium short and with simple oral lobes. In
size mature specimens vary from one to two inches in diameter. Not
uncommon in the vicinity of Buzzards Bay during later summer. Hydroid (?).

Zygodtaciyla grentandica Ag.

This is one of the largest of the Hydromeduse, sometimes measuring
twelve to fifteen inches in diameter; bell rather low and flat; radial canals
very numerous; marginal tentacles long and very contractile, and several
between the terminals of the radial canals; above the bases of the tentacles
are conical spurs quite similar to those of the two preceding genera; manu-
brium large and elongated, extending beyond the velum when fully ex-
panded, and with densely frilled or fimbriated oral lobes; gonads borne
along the lines of the canals as in the former genera. Habitat from Green-
land, Maine, Massachusetts, southward. Hydroid ().

TRACHOMEDUS.

The synoptic characters of this order have already been given. Of
representatives there are comparatively few which come within the range of
the present synopsis. No details of arrangement
under appropriate families will therefore be
undertaken in this connection, but the genera
and species will be noted so far as known, and
some placed provisionally under the order, of
whose exact affinities there is doubt. Hydroid
generation suppressed.

Trachynema digitale A. Ag. (FIG. 59).

Medusa elongate bell-shaped, the apex rather

Fic. 59.— Trachynema digitale sharply conical; radial canals eight, rather wide;
A. Ag. (After A. Agassiz.)

tentacles numerous and somewhat fragile; oto-

cysts four, rather large, and with colored otoliths ; gonads eight, finger-like

and suspended from the upper portions of the radial canals. Size of

No. 415.]| WORTH-AMERICAN INVERTEBRATES. 593

mature specimens about one inch in long diameter and about half as broad.
Reported from Baffins Bay, Massachusetts Bay, Nahant, A. Ag.; Newport
Harbor, April, Mayer.

Gonionemus murbachii Mayer. (FIG. 60).

Medusa with low hemispherical bell when in repose, but subconical when
in active motion and contraction ; radial canals four, prominent and with
line of brownish pigment over their course ; marginal tentacles numerous,
varying from sixteen to eighty or more, rather long but capable of being
greatly contracted; rather prominent basal bulbs of brownish color tinged
with pale green ; a characteristic of the tentacles is the presence of adhe-
sive or suctorial pads a short distance from the tips, beyond which they

Fic. 60 BiG. 61

FiG. 60.— Gontonemus murbachi? Mayer.
Fic. 61. — Persa incolorata McCr. (Modified from McCrady.)

often are bent at a sharp angle ; manubrium of moderate size, quadrate in
form and with prominent frilled oral lobes ; gonads suspended in sinuous
folds beneath the radial canals ; otocysts present in variable numbers and
disposed between the bases of the tentacles.

fersa incolorata McCr. (FIG. 61).

Bell thimble-shaped, walls thin, the entire medusa colorless except the
pale yellowish gonads, which are oval and attached to the walls of two
opposite radial canals, of which there are eight, only two of which are very
definite ; margin of the bell devoid of tentacles, but nodulated by the
presence of batteries of nematocysts.

(Condensed from McCrady’s account, Gymn. Charl. Harb., p. 104.)

Liriope scutigera McCr.

Described by McCrady (of. cz¢., p. 106) from Charleston Harbor, and
noted by Mayer from Florida (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. XXXVII,
No. 2, p. 64). Also from Newport Harbor, by latter observer.

594 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. [VoL. XXXV.

NARCOMEDUS.

No representatives of this order have been taken by the present writer
along our northeastern coast, and but few have been even reported from
within the range of this synopsis. The following records and references
may therefore suffice :

Cunoctantha octonaria McCr. Charleston Harbor. Proc. Elliott Soc.,
Vol. I.

Cunoctantha incisa Mayer. ‘Tortugas. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., Vol.
XXXVII, No. 2, p. 66.

Aginella dissonema Heck. Tortugas. Of. czz., p. 66.

SIPHONOPHORA.

Of Siphonophora recorded from northeastern Atlantic waters, by far the
larger number are products of the Gulf Stream, very few, if any, being
indigenous faunal elements. Those more familiar and of commoner record
may be grouped under the following sections :

A. DIscONECT&. Siphonophora with discoidal pneumatophore, but
devoid of nectophores or bracts.

1. Velella mutica Bosc. Pneumatophore an elliptical or oblong disk,
usually with an oblique vertical crest, and with the several zooids
attached to the lower surface. Common in subtropical regions
and in Gulf Stream, upon the latter of which they are occasionally
borne northward to the New England coast.

2. Porpita linneana Less. Pneumatophore a circular disk, but with-
out a vertical crest. Otherwise similar to former and of similar
habits and distribution.

B. CALCYONECT#. Siphonophora without pneumatophore, but with
one or more nectophores.
1. Diphyes pusilla McCr. Polygastric, with two nectophores at the
apex of a long tubular trunk.
2. D. formosa Fewk. Cf. Report on Meduse of Gulf Stream Region.
Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, 1884, p. 963.
3. D. bipartita Costa. Reported by Mayer (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zobl.,
Vol. XXXVII, p. 74) from Newport, R. I.
4. Agalmopsis carum A. Ag.
Nanomia cara A. Ag. Polygastric, with long tubular trunk and
with numerous siphons and bracts.
5. Agalma okenit Esch.
6. Spheronectes gracilis Haeck. Reported by Fewkes from New-
port, R. I. (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zobl., Vol. VIII, p. 166.)
7. Gleba hyppopus Forsk. Reported by Fewkes off Marthas Vine-
yard. (Rept. U. S. Comm. Fish and Fisheries, 1884, p. 963.)

No. 415.] MORTH-AMERICAN INVERTEBRATES. 595

C. CysToNecTt&. With large vesicular pneumatophore only, no necto-
phores or bracts.

Physalia pelagica Bosc. Common along the coast, occasionally
taken at the Bay of Fundy. The well-known Portuguese-man-of-
war. One of the most conspicuous of the siphonophores, and with
long graceful tentacles which are loaded with batteries of nemato-
cysts of highly venomous character.

In the foregoing synopsis only. incidental notice has been made of
synonomy, any details on this line being incompatible with the purpose
and limits of the paper.

It is a pleasure to acknowledge in this connection my obligations to
Dr. Alfred G. Mayer, of the Brooklyn Institute, who has kindly reviewed
the manuscript of Part III of this synopsis, and offered suggestions, and
from whose various recent papers on Medusz I have been able to extend
the list of species in several cases.

I desire also to acknowledge the services of my son George, who has
copied most of the figures and has under my direction drawn most of those
made directly from nature.

BIBLLOGRAPHY.

The following bibliographical references, in addition to those cited in the
introductory paragraph, may also be a convenience to those concerned.

Bronn. Klassen u. Ordnungen d. Thierreichs. Bd. ii. 1860.

CuuN. Klassen u. Ordnungen d. Thierreichs. / progress.

Brooks, W. K. The Life History of North-American Hydromeduse.

ALLMAN, J. G. Report on the Hydroida of the Gulf Stream. 1877.

ALLMAN, J. G. Report of Hydroida of Challenger Expedition.

ForBES, Epw. British Naked-Eyed Meduse.

HERTWiG, R. AND O. Ueber das Nervensystem u. die Sinnesorgane
der Medusen. 1877.

KOLLIKER, A. Icones Histologice. 1865.

McCrapy, J. Gymnophthalmata of Charleston Harbor. 1859.

NuttTinG, C. C. Monograph of American Plumularidz. 1900.

LENDENFELD, R. v. Australia Hydromeduse. Proc. Linn. Soc., New
South Wales. Vol. ix.

Mayer, A. G. Bull Dfus: Comp. Zool. Vols. xxv, NO. 11 5 Xxxil,
NOs. 2;.9 3 xxxvil, Nos: 1.2:

STIMPSON. Invertebrates of Grand Manan.

CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE ZOOLOGICAL
LABORATORY OF SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY, February, rgot.

Bal aa

- 7.4 ia q fh: 125 3 ‘= > Stee a ty, 20, Pi Gard ‘; au en

“aie

ie aie Bo ole
= ov rot) ey eh tet,

“igs St) Lid Regee Seed eT aa Ganions +

NPM ENT eC Mere mms Ss hes raphe WNT =s0 - pphéy, Naa ced She agen ore ae
ath ottishen ities, seer irene: F-ck Gy cir ebene cat Zar habia, 2h)
a ie (Mina: Gite aun pasa G7 Ruppattnc’ es had attr 4 oa | ae

~ Een Wie eae es bhs Ht, a eae oa aie rit sb fats 28 Me sik g
r \

4 iT)
a
fe Mi et at 2 ives pa oe P the ‘At tga’ x
_ e a : ine d x
: ¥ ’ 7 . = - ; q , z b . ie
- “ 1 ia 7 tat ‘ — ¢ 4 ° = a ~ ,
aes Mebaaoiga sitet are ae PE a) eas * iy iss a i BE SOT) aaah ache
is

caeth vee agtht Vitter ayiigens its VAM maths iiss STEAL inde Ure iaienonee

aay anit iss

- ¢ gn s bie S ete r : <y id .
or aaa RETR SIY 3 Ti unite. (eis a & Bins, Ss a

; :
*Henvedues Ghai fake ere On iy tt ; i aT ey

BAPE? ort ley at actA s Lan oschaveta | eae
hl : f a yf eri 5
Ae rie’ ; ~ £ oa | 7 Sud sh & 4
* rab) by 1 aarie , £4 POL sete x

Heth tase

be F 2 A P ; a ; Oe ae ey . i“
ot. ery eet itt. Vl e SE) talk gear) eee mate apeenseash cal) 5-40, OEE Oy
at nm * 7 y , 7] 7 my 7
Pel thes ch phy orth +S she nds Sanat a as mee ark) ci hire hay rae
e ,

.

‘ i y Dist her, ull: a indeegn

Wty Dele whkaisay sorties 4) aes aie iis aes Hire. de sheixyt MANE

Le SHRM VR ded? co Tote ere a hoe Kieu ott alti aah Of Deven he

: 4,

.

j . i .
Teter LbR STE ~ Sy le v WOT (hte tPF te NOL ee

‘ igi aati B bs gh geil feat aye are oP | ae”

a7! inn zo pe vif fs Lau bt, at
maces is : a 2° enya

"RUG M4 72 0h Py

cet arth pashiea ieee
1 Cb i ake ale

“dR SR EI E
ie .

at a . ee a oe aie - 2:
: > 7k. Be ae VASA tes: Sepa oe
ent SEAN oma Sac ares Hire cy Fe ay aak , ae yeyd be: - a
ust! rs 2s Sahin otresetitins 2 BS) rt, “favs Leg ane oe : Si SEVER DRS a :
fe AUR ERR EES haa aovactting me Sina de eae ERIN Gate ote
+ ss 7 hel ;

| - ; ast griaes pe ivew. - o :
Thee! PEt are Cie EAM ee ote oh, wth MOG ar ceed
oo an A cenit ran ole eae
. € Zh ike cy tt valerate eons.

~ os

a ‘ . “

gists ue a sich eae ‘orate Ma

cbebe

AMERICAN NATURALIST

A MONTHLY JOURNALS DEVOTED! TO THI
NATURAL SCIENCES IN THEIR
WIDEST SENSE

Ree REN

VoL. XXXVII, No. 437. May, 1903

BOSTON
GINN & COMPANY, PuBLisHERS
The Athenzum Press

Sho)

SYNOPSIS OF NORTH. AMERICAN INVERTE-
BRAES:

XIV. Parr IV. THE ScYPHOMEDUSZ.
CHAS. Wo HAG iba

Tue following synopsis is a continuation of that upon Hydro-
medusee which appeared as XIV of the American Naturatst
series, during April, May and July, 19or.

As in the preceding parts, while depending largely upon my
own records of the Scyphomeduse, I have at the same: time
drawn freely upon the literature wherever found, but. chiefly
Heckel’s “System der Medusen”’ and to a less extent Mayer’s
numerous papers. (Pull. Mus. Comp. Zool.) Fewkes papers,
chiefly of the same series, including also L. Agassiz, “ Condér.
Nat. Hist. United States,’ 1862, and A. Agassiz’, “Catalog
ING Av eAcalephee 1365.

In only a few cases has any attempt been. made. to present
accounts of the synonymy of the several species, and then only
so much as might serve to obviate ambiguity.

In general form, habit, structure and distribution the Scypho-
medusze have much in common with the Hydromeduse and
probably sustain a more intimate relation to them than to any
other coelenterate Class. :

They may however be somewhat sharply distinguished by the
following characters : |

i, Absence of a true velum. [he velarium of the Cubo-
medusee has important structural differences, though doubtless
serving an identical function. :

2. Sense organs when . present ‘are ‘modified tentacles,
variously designated as tentaculocysts, rhopalia, etc.

3. Entodermic origin of sexual products.

In development there is general, correspondence, between this
and the preceding Class, In.some. the medusa arises: by direct

ht ster 4

moos

3232 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. [Vou. XXXVII

(hypogenic), development from the egg ; while in others, and by
far the larger number, development is indirect (metagenic),
exhibiting perfectly evident alternation of generations ; in this
case however, involving a distinct metamorphosis, the polyp
giving rise to a free-swimming ephyra which is in tum trans-
formed directly into a medusa. It should also be noted that
asexual budding is, unlike that of the former class, by the
transverse fission of the polyp body into a series of disks which
become free as ephyre, as already noted. Direct asexual
budding from medusoid organs, common in many Hydromeduse,
is unknown among the Scyphomeduse.

SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS.

I. STAUROMEDUS&. Scyphomeduse with vasiform or sub-conical
umbrella. In some cases sedentary, attached by an aboral peduncle or
stalk. Wholly devoid of sensory organs, but with eight tentacles. or
tentacular organs which serve as anchors. Stomach with four wide
gastric pouches which communicate with a marginal canal. Gonads in
four crescentic loops on the floor of the gastric pouches.

Il. PEROMEDUS&. Scyphomeduse with bell more or less conical in shape
and with a usually well-developed horizontal constriction which divides it
into two regions ; an aboral, resembling quite remarkably the apical projec-
tion of the bell of certain Hydromeduse; the marginal portion, which
is eight or sixteen lobed and bearing tentacles and rhopalia or tentacu-
locysts. Stomach capacious with four gastric pouches which are separated
by narrow septa, and extending into a circular sinus. Gonads much as
in the former order.

II]. Cusomepus&. Scyphomeduse with a distinctively quadrate
umbrella, provided with a well-defined velarium, which is supported at the
radial angles by thickenings or frenula. Marginal tentacles four,
interradially disposed, and with four perradial rhopalia. Bases of
tentacles often provided with wing-like expansions, pedalia.

IV. DiscomMEDuS&. Scyphomedusz with shallow, or disk-shaped, eight

lobed umbrella. Marginal sense organs eight, per- and interradially dis-
posed about the margin. Tentacles often very numerous. Manubrium
often very large, pendulous and complexly frilled or plaited. Stomach
with four to eight or more gastric pouches, within which are borne
the gonads.
The meduse of this order are often of large size. Specimens of Cyanea
reaching a diameter of from four to six feet in some cases and with ten-
tacles having an extent of more than fifty feet when fully extended. The
average size however, even of this species, is very much smaller, as will
be noted later.

No. 437-| WORTH AMERICAN INVERTEBRATES. ee

SYNOPSIS OF FAMILIES OF STAUROMEDUS&.

I. ‘TESSERID#. Margin of umbrella devoid of definite lobes or anchors ;
the umbrella at-
tenuated at the
apex into a hol-
low stalk, which
in some genera
Sieiavielse, sash aya
means of attach-
ment; eight ten-
tacles, four of
which are perra-
dial and four in-
terradial.

SOs tates as
known no. rep-
resentatives of
this family come
within our

range.

Fic. 1. Halichystus auricula Clark.

II. LucerNArtp&. Margin of umbrella definitely lobed, each terminat-
ing in tufts of delicate knobbed tentacles; exumbrella attenuated at the
apex as an organ of attachment; margin of umbrella with eight tentacles,
arranged as in previous family, but sometimes modified as anchors.

KEY TO THE GENERA.

A. Without gastrogenital pockets in the sub-umbrella wall of the radial

pouches.
1. Umbrella with 8 marginal anchors - . Haliclystus.
2. Umbrella without marginal anchors . . Lucernaria.

B&B. With four perradial gastrogenital pockets in the subumbrellar wall
of the four radial pouches.
3- Margin of umbrella with 8 anchors . . Halicyathus.

Flaliclystus auricula Clark. 1863.

Boe. 0:
Haliclystus auricula, Clark, 1863, 1878.
us ue A. Ag. 1865.
& primula, Heckel, 1877.
Lucennaria “6 u 1865.
Haliclystus auricula, o 1880.

234 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. [VOL. XXXVII.

Umbrella octangular-pyramidal, umbrella stalk quadrate-prismatic, approx-
imately as long as the bell height. Eight arms, arranged in pairs; four
perradial sinuses broader and deeper than the four interradials; each arm
with from 100-120 tentacles; eight large marginal anchors.

Color.— Very variable, often including almost every tint of the spectrum,
though generally having a single color.

Szze— Broad diameter 20-30 mm. Height, including stalk, 20-30 mm.

Distribution — From Massachusetts Bay northward to Maine, etc.

Haliclystus salpinx Clark. 1863.

H. salpinx Clark, 1863.
H. salpinx A. Ag. 1865.
Lucernaria salpinx Heckel, 1865.
Haliclystus salpinx Heckel, 1880.

Umbrella octangular, stem quadrate, prismatic, with four interradial longi-
tudinal muscles; eight arms, symmetrically disposed, each with a tuft of
60-70 slender tentacles. Marginal anchors very large about as long as the
arms.

Distribution. — Chiefly Northeastern Atlantic coast.

Lucernaria quadricornis O. F. Miill. 1776.

Umbrella flat funnel-shaped or quadrate-pyramidal, approximately twice
as broad as high. Stem cylindrical, single-chambered, about as long as the
bell-height and with four interradial longitudinal muscles. Eight arms
arranged in pairs, the four perradial sinuses of the bell margin as broad and
deep as the four interradials. Each:arm with from 1oo—120 tentacles.

Color.— Variable, gray, green, yellowish brown to red-brown.

Size-— Umbrella 50-60 mm., height including ‘stalk, 502-70 mm.

Distribution. — As in Haliclystus.

Halicyathus lagena Heckel. 1880.

Lucernaria auricula Fabr. 1780.

L. typica Greene 1858.

I. fabriciisl. Ag. 1862

L. lagena Heckel 1865.

Manania auricula Clark, 1863.

M. auricula A. Ag. 1865.
-M. lagena Heck. 1877.

Halicyathus lagena Heck. 188o.

Bell deep flask-shaped, about twice as high as broad ; stalk slender cylin

No. 437.| WORTH, AMERICAN INVERTEBRATES. 235

drical, single chambered, much longer than height of bell. Arms eight,
arranged in pairs, not longer than broad; each arm with 60-70 delicate
tentacles. Eight marginal anchors.
Color. — Black or dark brown, occasionally reddish- or yellowish-brown.
Stze.— 5-7 mm., height including stem, 20-30 mm.
Distribution. — Eastport, Me. (Stimpson), Swampscott, (Ag.), Greenland.

SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES AND GENERA OF PEROMEDUS&.

Family PERIPHYLLID&. Rhopalia 4, marginal lobes 16, tentacles 12.
Family Pericolpide. Rhopalia 4, marginal lobes 8, tentacles 8.

A single genus only of the Peromedusz is represented within
the range of the present synopsis, namely, Periphylla and under
this three species have been recorded.

Generic characters :— Umbrella with four perradial, buccal pouches and
with four basal funnels; gastric
pouches with two rows of filaments.

Periphylla, hyacinthina Steenstrup.

1837.

Umbrella bell-shaped, about as
broad as high; marginal lobes nearly

right-angled truncated below; the
eight tentacle lobes with about the
same marginal dimensions as the
rhopalial lobes; tentacles about
double the length of the bell-height.
Manubrium extending to the base of
the marginal lobes, and about double
as broad as high.

Color—Exumbrella reddish, pedalia
and marginal lobes red to violet, tenta-
cles bluish. (Heckel.) (

Distribution. — Greenland, Steen-
strup, Gulf Stream go—roo miles S. E. ( f
off Martha’s Vineyard (Fewkes). Fig. 2. Periphylla peronii Heckel.

336 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. [Vou. XXXVII.

Periphylla humilis Fewkes. 1884.

Bell low conical, diameter twice that of height. Rhopalia 4, provided
with protecting hood; marginal tentacles 12, of yellow color. Color of
exumbrella brown, rough and opaque; central disk and corona rather uni-
form brownish in color.

Distribution.— Off Martha’s Vineyard as for previous species.

Periphylla perontt Heckel, 1880.

Charibdea periphylla, Per. & Les. 1809.
C. periphylla, L. Ag. 1862, Cont. Nat. Hist. U. S.
Stomolophus periphylla, Fewkes?

Umbrella low conical, about as broad as high. Marginal lappets 16,
eight tentacular and eight ocular. Tentacles long and stout, about as broad
at the base as the marginal lappets. Manubrium about as broad as high,
somewhat cubical.

Distribution. Tropical Atlantic, (L. Agassiz), St. George’s Bank (S. I.
Smith).

FAMILIES OF CUBOMEDUS& :

Of the Cubomedusz only a single Family has been represented by spe-
cies within the range of this synopsis, namely Charibdeida, and under this
but a single genus and species.

Charybdea verrucosa Hargitt, 1902. Fig. 3.

Several specimens were taken at Woods Holl during the
summer of 1902 and have been
described by the present writer, Azz.
Nat. July, 1902. Bell ovoid in out-
line, as seen in profile, cuboid viewed

ee

is

from the aboral pole. Size from 2 to

e

3 mm. in short diameter by 4 to 5 mm.
in the height. Surface dotted irregu-

larly with light brownish, warty clus-
ters of nematocysts. Rhopalia 4, pre-
radially located, set in rather deep
pockets, and shielded by projecting
hoods. Tentacles short and spindle-

like, with deep annulations, interra-
dially situated. Velarium well-devel-

Fic. 3. Charybdea verrucosa Har-
gitt.

No. 437.| WORTH AMERICAN INVERTEBRATES. 337

oped, but without distinguishable canals, supported by frenulze
on the inner perradial corners of the sub-umbrella. Gonads
were undeveloped, and no distinguishable gastric filaments were
present.

In color the specimens were light amber being darker on the
tentacles.

As pointed out in the description before cited, the specimens
under consideration show many points of difference or contrast
as compared with typical Charybdea species. Mayer who has
described a similar species from the Tortugas ascribes this to
immaturity. This has seemed to me somewhat doubtful, and
some hesitancy was entertained as to whether they probably
come within the Charybdeidz ; but in the absence of specimens
in sufficient numbers or undoubted maturity it seems impossi-
ble to more definitely settle the problem.

-Mayer has described two species from the Tortugas, namely,
C. aurifera and C. punctata. Both species were based on single
specimens and both seemed immature. Hence the same doubt
rests upon these as upon the previous species. A comparison
of Mayer’s figures, Bull. Comp. Zool, XXXVII, No. 2, will
show many points of similarity and suggests close relationships.

SYNOPSIS OF SUB-—ORDERS AND FAMILIES OF DISCOMEDUS&.

Sub-order 1. CANNOSTOM.

Discomedusz with simple, quadrate mouth, devoid of oral lobes or tenta-
cles ; marginal tentacles short, solid.

Family EPHyRID#. Radial pouches usually 16, broad and simple; no
marginal canal. Chiefly deep-sea forms, occasionally taken at the surface.

Family LINERGIDA. Radial pouches broad, terminating in numerous

branching, blind distal canals.

Sub-order 2. SEMOSTOM.

Discomeduse with quadrate mouth, and with elongated, oral arms, or
lobes, which are often complexly folded and frilled: marginal tentacles
hollow, often very long. Marginal lobes usually 8.

Family ULMARID#&. Radial canals of small size, but usually numerous
and branching, the branches often anastomosing into an intricate network
and finally uniting with a definite marginal canal.

338 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. [Vou. XXXVII.

Family CyANEID#. Radial canals broad and pouch-like, and with
numerous ramifying, blind, lobular canals; no circular canal; 8-16, rarely
more, marginal lobes.

Family PELAGID#. Radial canals rather broad but simple and without
ramifying branches ; no marginal canal; usually 16 marginal lobes.

Sub-order 3. RHIZOSTOM.

Discomeduse in which the mouth early becomes more or less overgrown
and obliterated by the 8 root-like oral arms; gastric cavity extending into
the oral arms and opening by funnellike mouths on the edges and sur-
faces. Devoid of marginal tentacles.

Family ToREUMID&. Radial canals 8-16, narrow and with anastomos-
ing branches; devoid of marginal canal; rhopalia 8-16. Suctorial fun-
nels on the outer (dorsal) surface of the oral arms.

Family PILeEMIp#. Radial canals 8-16, occasionally more, variously
branching and anastomosing; rhopalia 8. Suctorial funnels on both outer
and inner surfaces (dorsal and ventral), of the oral arms.

KEY TO THE GENERA.
EPHYRID.

1. Gonads four, simple, horse-shoe-shaped ; devoid of marginal lobes or

lobular pouches . . . ; Boot aver oo) oe oe ode Ep aihe

2. Gonads 4, Lobular nouches iG 8 ocular, 8 tentacular, Bathyluca.
3. Gonads 8, symmetrically disposed; 16 lobular pouches, ocular,

Nausithoé.

4. Gonads 8, symmetrically disposed ; 32 lobular pouches, 16 ocular, 16

tentaculan: 2 3 ie Ls eee) Be eee eee eee Nauphanita:

5. Gonads 8, arranged in pairs; lobular pouches 64-128, number indefi-

MAGS, CEA k sak ese ar pe Sy Rete I ek ears roc 1 acc me EO Lea

6. Gonads 4, two-lobed, with interradial septum . . . . . Linerges.

ULMARID.

Rhopalia 8; tentacles numerous, short, borne on under margin of the
umbrella without the velar lappets; oral arms 4, simple but with the
margins fringed with nematocysts, . . . i Aeon Aurelia.
8. Rhopalia 16; tentacles numerous, long, in ‘e meee s on the lower mar-
gin within the velar‘lappets . . . : .. . . . ., Phacellophora.

“I

CYANEIDE.

9g. Rhopalia 8; tentacles very numerous, long, arranged in 8 clusters,
each comprising several rows. Oral lobes four, but highly folded and
fringediac "Rye 2 il Si 5 A rene 6 eee aU ee Summer

No. 437.] . VORTH AMERICAN INVERTEBRATES. 339

PELAGID/.
10. Marginal tentacles 8; marginal lobes 16, . . . . - - Pelagia.
11. Marginal tentacles 24; marginal lobes 32, . . . - - Chrysaora.

12. Marginal tentacles 40; immature specimens, often less in younger
individuals maremal lobes 46, 795°. = = 2 4 - Dactylometra.

Ephyroides rotaformis Fewkes. 1854.
Report U. S. Fish Commission, p. 949:

Among meduse of the Gulf Stream Fewkes has described what is con-
sidered by him a new genus and species of an Ephyra-like medusa.

The generic characters given are somewhat indefinite, no mention being
made as to gonads, radial pouches, sense organs, etc. The following brief
notes are condensed from the above cited report:

Umbrella flat discoid, and viewed from the aboral pole comprises three
zones:——‘« Discus centralis; Zona coronalis; Zona marginalis.” The
last named zone is marked by definite marginal lappets of large size with
rounded outlines twice as long as broad, and 16 in number. Interposed
between the lappets are a similar number of gelatinous elevations, ‘“ socles,”
ending a short distance from the deepest point of the marginal incision and
abutting the line of junction of the discus centralis and zona coronalis. The
marginal lappets are supported at their base by a pair of gelatinous “ socles.”

Distribution. —

Nausithoé punctata Koll.
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Vol. XXXVII, p. 67.

Umbrella flat, g-10 mm. broad. Marginal tentacles 8, stiff, about 7 mm.
long. Rhopalia 8, alternating with the tentacles. Marginal lappets 16,
long and flexible; gastric pouches 16, simple, and extending to the lappets.
Mouth simple, quadrate, devoid of lobes or tentacles.

Distribution. — Bahama and Tortugas Islands. (Mayer.)

Nauphantopsis diomedee Fewkes. 1884.
Op. cit. p. 946.

From a fragmentary specimen collected by the Albatross in the Gulf
Stream Fewkes has proposed the new genus and species here mentioned.
The following very brief synopsis of characters are condensed from his
description. Report U. S. Fish Commission 1884.

Umbrella high disk-shaped, with marginal walls probably somewhat ver-
tical. Marginal lobes 32. Tentacles 24, rhopalia probably 8.

Distribution. — Lat. 38° N., long. 69° W.; depth 2.033 fathoms.

340 THE AMERICAN NATCRALIST.. (MOET ee IE

Atolla bairdit Fewkes. 1884.
Report U. S. Fish Commission, p. 930.

Umbrella disk-like with aboral center convex. Marginal lappets 44.
Marginal tentacles 22, each supported by a gelatinous “socle.” Rhopalia
22, situated in notches between the lappets. Manubrium large, with simple
mouth. Gastric pouches 22.

Color.— Slightly bluish, with rust-colored patches, especially on the border
of the coronal furrow.

Distribution — Gulf Stream, between N. lat. 35-38; W. long. 72-75.
One specimen from the depth of gg1 fathoms, the other from surface.

Arolla verrilti, Fewkes. 1884.

OP. cit. p. 939.

Umbrella flat discoid, six to eight times broader than high.

Marginal tentacles 22 to 28, with same number of interposed rhopalia.

Marginal lappets same number as the combined number of tentacles
and rhopalia.

Distribution — Between lat. 38-40; long. 68-71; from depth of from
373 to 2,369 fathoms.

Linerges mercurius Heckel. 1880. Fig. 4.

OP: Cit.1p. 952.

Umbrella mitre-shaped, with
JZ arched crown and usually verti-
cal sides, diameter about twice
that of height. Lobular canals
bowed and rounded out. Ten-
tacles cylindrical. Gonads
horseshoe-shaped. Size 12 to
16 mm. broad. 6 to Io mm.

high.
Distribution — Bahama and
Tortugas Islands (Mayer). Gulf

of Mexico. Straits of Florida
Fic 4. Linerges mercurius Heckel. (Fewkes).

Bathyluca solaris Mayer. 1900.
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XX XVII, p. 2.

Umbrella flat and rather thick, aboral surface dotted with batteries of
nematocysts. Marginal lappets 24; tentacles 16, long and hollow. Rho-

Noi 437.) WORTH AMERICAN INVERTEBRATES. 341

palia 8. Manubrium cruciform, simple, devoid of arms cr appendages.
Gonads 4, horseshoe-shaped, beneath which on the subumbral wall are four
open sub-genital pits. Stomach large and with 16 gastric pouches, eight of
which extend to the ocular lobes and eight to the tentacular lobes.

Color. Disk translucent, slightly biuish; clusters of nematocysts dull
yellowish-brown ; tentacles slightly greenish.

Aurelia flavidula Per. & Les. Fig. 5.

TURD
hi Unt

Fic. 5. Aurelia flavidula Per. & Les.

Umbrella flat and disk-like, somewhat arched above; margin normally
eight-lobed and with eight rhopalia located in the marginal sinuses. Many
variations from the normal octamerous form are found in some collections
reaching as high as 25%.

Marginal tentacles numerous, short, forming a delicate fringe about the
entire margin except at the rhopalial sinuses. Radial canals 16, of three
sorts, per- inter- and adradial; the first two series branching and anastomos-
ing freely, the last usually straight and simple from its origin to its junction
with the marginal canal.

Manubrium cruciform in cross section, and with four long oral arms which
are more or less fimbriated and the margins bearing numerous batteries of
nematocysts. Gonads crescentic in form, borne upon the floor of the four
gastric pouches.

Color —Aurelia is among the duller colored of the Scyphozoa, the bell
being quite transparent, but with a bluish opalescence. The gonads present
a pale pinkish hue, though the ova are almost clear white as examined singly.

Distribution —Aurelia is one of the commonest of the Atlantic coast
medusz and ranges from the coast of Maine to Florida. It is most abun-
dant during the early summer or spring along most of the New England
coast, though fairly abundant northward till late in summer. Its breeding
habits seem to be somewhat continuous during most of the summer. The
scyphistoma stage is a somewhat extended one, probably lasting over the
entire winter season. Kept for weeks in aquaria they showed no signs of
metamorphism. I have taken them in all stages of strobilization during

342 THE AMERICAN WATCORALIST. NOU, XXXVIL

April and early May, when ephyre were being discharged in great numbers.
During the summer season the polyps bud and stolonize very freely, from a
single scyphistoma a colony of many individuals arising within a space of
ten days. Figure shows such a colony reared within a watch-glass aquarium.

Aurelia marginata L. Ag. 1862.

Cont Nats Hast. (GF. States. Viole IV

Umbrella flat dome-shaped to hemispherical, three times as broad as high.
Mouth-arms relatively small, considerably shorter than the umbrella radius.
Gonads very large.

A southern medusa, reported by Agassiz from Key West, Florida.

Callinema ornata, Verrill. 1869.

Umbrella flat and disk-shaped, rather thick and aborally rounded; the
exumbrella surface covered with wartlike papilla; walls transparent and
with prominent radial canals which are of two sorts, one branching and
anastomosing, the other simple and straight, each 16 in number. Margin
with 16 lobes deeply incised within which is located a conspicuous rhopalium.
Tentacles numerous and of varied size and length, arising from the under
surface of the margin beneath the marginal canal. Manubrium large and
pendulous and with prominent folded oral lobes, somewhat like those of
Cyanea. Gonads 8, in prominent pouches within the gastric cavity. In
size specimens vary from 10-18 inches in diameter. Distribution, taken at
Eastport, Maine, by Verrill, and later by Fewkes, from whose account this
description is condensed. Cf Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Vol. XIII, No. 7.

Cyanea arctica, Per. & Les.

Umbrella flat and disk-like, with a central aboral convexity, with 8 prin-
cipal lobes and 16 or more secondary lappets; ocular pouches small sub-
triangular, tentacular pouches two or three times as broad as the ocular.

Color. — Radial pouches purplish to brownish; oral lobes deep chocolate
brown ; gonads yellowish white ; tentacles variably colored, yellowish, orange,
purplish or brown.

Size. — From 100 to 50c mm. in diameter, though in many cases larger.
A. Agassiz notes one having a size of seven feet and with tentacles more
than 100 feet in length.

Distribution. — Almost the entire Northeast coast of the United States.

L. Agassiz has described two additional species, namely, C. /z/va, and
C. versicolor. These are of doubtful distinctness, variation in size and
coloration being the chief differences clearly recognizable. Collections

No: 4374) “WORTH AMERICAN INVERTEBRATES. 3243

made from a wide range of New England coast waters show every feature
of intergradation between the several extremes and sufficiently establish the
fact that at most only C. versicolor, of the Carolina coast, has possibly a
varietal distinctness.

In this connection it is pertinent to refer to the morphological variation
in the common species. C. arctica, which is nearly as marked as in Aurelia,
including variation in the radial symmetry, number of gonads, oral arms,
etc. Variation in color is sufficiently indicated in the references just given.

Pelagia cyanella Per. & Les. Fig. 6.

Fic. 6. Pelagia cyanella Per. & Les.

Umbrella disk-like, with rather highly arched aboral surface; marginal
lobes 16, and with 8 rhopalia and 8 tentacles symmetrically and alternately
disposed at the lobular sinuses. Gonads 8, forming conspicuous pouch-like
masses within the gastric pouches of the tentacular radii. Manubrium
large and pendulous, with four frilled oral arms approximately as long as
the tentacles.

Color.— Disk translucent bluish tint, sprinkled with reddish-brown, pig-
ment spots over the entire exumbrellar surface, the more numerous near

344 THE AMERICAN NATORA LISI MNNVOE. Xk OV ils

the margin and forming crescents at the marginal lobes; manubrium
similarly mottled on the outer edges of the arms, inner edges and frills
delicate flesh-colored ; tentacles a dull, madder-red; gonads pale purplish.

Two specimens of this medusa have been taken in the Woods Holl region
recently, the last in July, 1902, some 65 miles south of Marthas Vineyard.
According to Agassiz, Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., the development of this
medusa is direct, skipping the fixed polyp and strobila stages. .

Dactylometra quinguicirri L. Ag.

Umbrella rather high and arched aborally much as in Pelagia, disk three
to four times as broad as high. Manubrium long and pendulous with
slender oral arms, which are more or less frilled as in P. cyanel/. Rhopalia
8, marginal tentacles 40, marginal lobes 48. In arrangement five tentacles
are located between each pair of rhopalia in adult specimens, though in some
cases only three are present, particularly in small specimens. Gonads in
four masses within the gastric pouches, and beneath each gonad in the sub-
umbral wall is a prominent subgenital pit.

Color.— In general much like Pelagia, though less brilliant, the various hues
being paler and somewhat more delicate. Exumbrella delicate bluish,
mottled with reddish brown fading into yellowish; tentacles reddish to
orange; oral arms pale pinkish with bluish tint variously blended, making
this medusa one of the most beautiful among the Pelagide.

Distribution — \s less extended than that of Aurelia or Cyanea. It is
quite common in Buzzard’s Bay, Vineyard Sound, Nantucket.

Like several of the preceding Dactylometra exhibits considerable varia-
tion. According to Mayer, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Vol. XXXII, No. 7,
the tertiary tentacles arise on either side of the ocular lappets. In several
specimens examined during the past summer this was not found to be the
case. On the contrary they sprang in every case examined between the
primary and secondary sets. Again according to the same observer the
tertiary tentacles only appear when the meduse approximate maturity, and
after attaining a size of 130 mm. in diameter. On the contrary I found
them well developed in specimens having a size of only 40 mm. and where
no gonads were developed. There was also noted the same variation in
the marginal lobes and other organs which have been noted in connection

with species previously noted.

Dactylometra lactea L. Ag. 1862.

This is a southern medusa, no record of its occurrence north of Florida
having come to my notice. In general aspects it is much like the preced-
ing species, though of smaller size. Its color is milk-white with a purplish
iridescence, and with yellowish dots over the exumbrella. It has been
reported from the Bahama and Tortugas Islands, from the Gulf of Mexico,
and from the coast of South America.

No. 437.| WORTH AMERICAN INVERTEBRATES. 345

Casstopea frondosa Lamarck. 1817.
Polyclonia frondosa L. Ag. Cont. Nat. Hist. U. S. 1862.

Umbrella disk-like, arched, about three times as broad as high, with 12
distinct, broad, ocular radial stripes. Margin with 12 broad velar lobes.
Manubrium approximately as long as the bell-radius, very stout, pinne of
mouth arms variously parted and distally plumose or frondose.

Co/or.— Bluish to olive-green; arms greenish or yellowish, with whitish
terminal filaments.

Distribution. Coast of Florida, Tortugas Islands, etc.

Stomolophus meleagris L. Ag. 1862.
Contr. Wats list. = Si:

Umbrella high, arched, more than hemispherical, with 8 deep ocular
incisions, and with g6 marginal lappets.

Color.— Whitish-blue, the margins becoming yellowish-brown, margin
lappets dark-brown.

Szze.— About five inches broad by about three inches high.

Distribution. Southern Atlantic coast, Savannah, Charleston, etc.
SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY,
The Zodlogical Laboratory,
Feb. 10, 1903.

“G- « SS
rs eae
;
:
‘
’
>
:
;
: 2 a
.
>» | my
'
if
=
S46 >
: r
7 by
Soke
R °7
= j
i
~
7 n
‘
‘

a A i ; ‘ as
¥, st! ona Mi Wh Py: }
‘bb ha ne ~~ re 1
a Mie, | ? i
ne ae
y j } a a ' if : :
i) a © , ah tia) ‘ i
- iOS Ua as
PEL ey:

k i ary : eh ¥
ar 4 in Li = “i? ‘

fae
Phun

ie Y stk ;
Ss Ss “See eee 7
= 2 Z, i >
e Scores, > a
oo ee ee ©

w

Yue
: > “‘ypyy
7) > yD SD) 2»
DJ ® > »?) P-
c )) a » a >»). YP» >»)
eae 7) ) > S55 »» >») a
. p> Se D2) FH
pre >’ —_e J » oD

>> Dap >

» > ay: |
> > wel
pe) >» oD 2D % he Dp f-

NS
&

~~ we ~/

wT
nd
A, Ses
. ye
Xe NO
VV.

|

~\ sees Tes et eae pag d,
Ww ee Ne |

Vl
=

Ne

seu

Ie Sid

wa —
—
~ iw

oS
FA

uate VUUS
j ey

ww
vuiw

> Jae )
Py D)) DPE
P »)) BD 2D
~~) DD> DPD i
> 2P> PPD I *
> iam +B PPP WB)?

AIAN RS

BS Yd

ew
oe

ee wy

A wv

aa

WS
vy *y

wi wWwVyvye- es =F
-

wy) i
gise

> ED WD) = | £455 >
> > Cel ee > Di >) Dd WD
> Pw» P»DyYP>»)
py») DP Bw)
S >») »» PRD?)
mvp PLY IW»)?
. p>

tt:

ee

~
we
w

™“

sow ~

VU EUV ECU Cu ve

Rees

Kg

See, Na toe
wad

—_

Ve - =

VW
\

> \a

QD ne 2
DP DDD

2D bd

§ b,
; f :
_ eS, oe wN
ww —

~ ©

¥
wre
Yu

oa \ www
4 — 5 y S . y
> ) a >
y = , . |

we $

ee AS
os
Swe

4
we
ww v
id VIN vw

Ve
v

-—Se
WR
ad

GF VV SOVUU UY Tie ~ LY.
Nt
Ss

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES

ii