Hy Naight is nats heh sch, ey t Y iene aah OM rsd i ats Fle seuss takie 1 ih aay ast pg at vy ; Greist ¥ 2 He i / valsenie ort 4 abtae} if Sab vey sary} vf bio ph Hh rst Naesaris ti Shab sbed a iea it ebebas sinind tei ay Rome stat Bete Hts sal atin é y oho hay: SAI ea ME ran ama > “ ry ai ko t hae Suan Hit Ty BB HAY Ets ’ thy LP Orbhed cagatae Sash He tedalrytageety 4 by HS EY, Saat Hate rs si wy ists at i ee} 0 64 at) ih 94 teste rie HN Rory iy oil oh a f ' ist ih } ote " 7 4 Hrtpeak ride a ay ’ by Sab Abate Hes erie ed Pris u | : wNiasrsnoniahe sto ia bi bi : leilebachothayie pat sert of deka tt ; J f Ph) >) bl ebst aol oF HES StsLasteory red 44404 phat bakes abet iia atic dry if peutan tiled Lapin bedaty 6 Satteans Hires t * rhb Per revestcitin batts jebebpriconebeessesente h 4 feb tr ba ith , f 44 Tspeul bh “ rd if Hui nD aon eae . yb! iy j reahitt i) a Hy5 tt Uae inte} “i 11 sisted! y " Rabid if ae at 7 Ay of 4 re BAH: AREER) fhe i Sie, s teed il oe sad rates ne ag iy ear aseh + nt aN jee oy hg Latent H inter: hi . * sese fers re geataUne ROR nt ee iba hae SULSe Ae ott ne 4 Leb Ht dd 3 My) Ae E ey ihre beytheted shy et a fa eek fi: guatgtTends ab 94 op PSOE HW oF sy 33 400s obse -* bye bess 1 1 444afhs yy! ; f ok +) uel ts 7 ; ais pbdveahignees . he id " od 51 VOM Ape Aad ad Be Lbaee al shehitel eh | FOR THE PEOPLE | FOR EDVCATION | | FOR SCIENCE LIBRARY OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY aL gn Lee ee we, cP eY 4 t ¥ ‘ A ; 4 me wate om * ’ A 7 ‘ rt ci t Mal: * i ed rn ; ' i A ined " rt) , . a ee : i % } i «7 Wat A £ + ar Va’ i rr) P 4 pat a ' ; ha ? Hig % ai! ° v ib ht 16 ving ; ‘ a a) iat fate ‘i eae: wy ue Le ve we ANNE ‘ Bi, rw ny: Rectan trae Landy Thine! vie HEN at ot Mae A das rn May at aid ‘ Dx eng VA n Baca i. a) SYNOPSIS OF THE ACCIPITRES (Diurnal Birds of Prey) Comprising Species and Subspecies described up to 1920, with their Characters and Distribution BY H. KIRKE SWANN, F.Z.S., M.B.0.U. Corresponding Fellow, Amer. Orn. Union. SECOND EDITION REVISED AND CORRECTED THROUGHOUT LONDON : WHELDON & WESLEY, LTD., 38, GREAT QUEEN STREET, KINGSWAY, W.C.2, AND 28, Essex STREET, STRAND, W.C.2. 1922, ese we | ; Th eh s Nu | a Aor WANNA )YACTELN ae i 1? a a Pwebwer LO SECOND EDITION. THE necessity for a second edition of my work on the Accipitres arose in the first place out of the many corrections called for in the first part of my “‘ Synoptical List,’’ owing to the fact that that first part was rather a compilation than an original work, and in the second place out of the additions and corrections to the whole work that followed upon a more intensive study of the various groups. For this second edition I have had the advantage of consulting Mr. W. Sclater’s MS. list of the Accipitres which he prepared for publication in the interval between my two editions, but kindly placed at my disposal on learning of the preparation of my second edition. From Mr. Sclater’s MS. list I have received some amount of help with the nomenclature and also with the type species of the genera. I owe also a great measure of thanks to Mr. Outram Bangs, Dr. Chapman, Dr. Richmond, Dr. Wetmore, Dr. Oberholser, Mr. J. H. Riley, and other American friends who assisted me in my work at the American museums last autumn, while the authorities at the Brit. Museum (Nat. Hist.) and at Tring have continued to give me every facility for my work. Even now, I am not sure that I can claim that this second edition, practically re-written as it is, is either complete or perfect, but, so far as human exertion can go, I have striven to make it so, and I leave it to my critics to discover its shortcomings. The signs (*) and (fT) I have prefixed to the numbers in this edition denote respectively that I have skins or eggs in my own collec- tion. Of skins I possess now about 1000 of some 200 different forms, while of eggs I have 1200 of 156 different forms. All others, needless to say, are desiderata. Ee Ke Ss March, 1922. ill. uD ia Bre i AW an 7 et it al a ay brah an m Haas ey Peabo AC dOr Biko) ED Ter On). In concluding my work on the Accipitres, a work which I fear has grown far beyond my original intention of publishing a mere list, I have to acknowledge my indebtedness to the sources from which I have received inspiration and help. In the first place I must acknowledge that a good deal of the systematic part and the generic characters have been borrowed from the late Richard Bowdler Sharpe’s “‘ Catalogue of the Accipitres in the Collection of the British Museum” (1874) of which his annotated copy, laid down on sheets and extended, came into my possession after his death, as also his interleaved copy of the Accipitres portion in Gray’s ‘‘ Genera of Birds,”’ upon which he based his 1874 monograph. For permission to make use of the former work I have to thank the Trustees of the British Museum. I have also derived assistance from Mr. W. L. Sclater’s work at the British Museum (Natural History) in so far as his had preceded mine, and his MS. Catalogue of the skins, which he kindly gave me permission to use. I have also to thank Mr. Bannerman, Mr. Chubb and other assistants at the Museum for help rendered during my studies there. To Lord Rothschild and Dr. Hartert for the use of the superb collections at Tring I am grateful, and to Dr. Hartert especially for much personal assistance. The Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain and a number of other friends have also given me help and encouragement in various ways in what, although an arduous and unprofitable undertaking, will I hope be of some permanent help in systematizing this interesting group of birds. March, 1920. ee a ae | AL - 4 it | we ra eo ‘ « ae, 5. Fi ve 4 a ENDEX TO GENERA. Italics indicate a discarded name. PRECIPILEE, ss. ks oss 49 PE AOINIS! (sot se nas ss 6 POM Ye set Sooo a o's 8 107 Archibuteo (see Triorchis) See Nae See 31 PRSPUIGING- cus eid s sh o's 89 Asturinula (see Kaupi- CO) ae EMBACEGA, © Sale s-ceteis ees 167 | 523 Res a ere 166 [Sah qel |b Ce 95 PSIEEASEUE ol ihisio eos 6 6 147 SEREEO ech toterers ale ¥ e's 68 reogallus: ....%)6s<.' 96 TREE COMT I a. hs koe os 3 89 Catharista (see Cora- 2.7105) ioe pico, + eae @athartes ... 6 Palate 3 (5155 E1111) ee 214 (@) vel hi Clu 1\ eae ee 151 @hondrohierax ..3 4... 157 WATCACLUS® .. 4s sloe's s 0% 126 MOTUS ais. t6 vs. ohana he 18 @limacocercus .... 2. 25 SC ORARITOS gk ae a's: «0. 5fe 0s 2 SUNCUMA? 6... . woe 142 WISSOUECTES™ 2... 5. ce sos 230 Weyotriorchis F.¢... 125 PPLAM@IGES: isa ts le c's es ouc 150 Vil. DlANUS a 242. ease ot 160 TEV OPUS) acess steels 17 Erythrotnorchis: ...)... 65 Eutolmaetus (see Hiera- AEEUSIE Air. ease a ate Buatrionchis 4,-6.4 125 Paleo cnet. otto e ale ae 186 Garapsomyx (2.4: aac 163 Geranoaetus sos. oils eas 67 GeranospiziaS ........ 27 Gymmogenys' ........ 16 GyMNOSY PS < ...0'5«: 4 Gy PactUs 6 de seein 105 Gypagus (see Sarcorham- POIUIS) fe es Pocetere ose 8s Gypohierax .. 0% 4 os 145 GyPOIC tia cas wwe 160 GS Foes sd cat tle o oh a2 6 Pralizectus’. 6.1.7 s ees 140 PVAMASTUE t20.<:0:000.72 oor 145 Harpa (see Nesierax) .. | 5.2.1 0) eee ere 104 MAR MASUS Mas soa tase es 165 Harpyhaliaetus ....«. 102 PAupYOPSIS 2 6 s)-s59 6 44 104 letieolestes, .i4 S50 2% 156 Helotarsus (see Teratho- Pils) eels eee as Flenicoperms, 7... 454... 173 Elerpetotheres ... 00+. 123 Heterospizias Hieraaétus Hieracidea (see leracidea) TIQOfGICD . 5 eee ses 207 DEV GEOD 4 ieiisro own a \s a0 2 13 PETRA CLUS. 55.0.4" roel oi wid’ 115 SRN) cn a cgoe 9 3% ye Os 164 RetACMGLED asix.e ses) 00 6:0 211 PEaMIpMtalCOw a. is 0:2 s\n 149 Leptodon (see Odontrior- ORIG) Gale sp A hea gnmialee MEMCOPLENIMS.-.. 6: ee 175 Pithecophaga ........ 105 OMNI apn ae so ee 144 POMINGCIAR” ode vise 183 Polyboroides (see Gym- EIS) +o. 2 5 2 aes DOIIPRI ee 5 so oe be 12 Pseudogryphus (see Gym- 0°. ee FSCUGOPYDS .......... 8 Regerhinus (see Chon- Branietax)........ Riynchodon .......... 198 Rhynchofalco ........ 210 TROSIGAARINIIS 15.5 6 + ecole oie. s 156 [oh 91 SASUTAIMS cS. swiss 5 Sarcorhamphus ...... 2 Serpentarius (see Sagit- J) ere Suc eee 128 Soke Se 116 SOREL. 0c) ein 184 Sova ae 116 Tachytriorchis (see Buteo) WerardOpIOS .... . aleve 193 Thalassoaétus ........ 141 Thrasaetus (see Harpia) Tinnunculus ..... 5. 193 ny nisin 5 ow ia el 9 DneeiEceps’..... ahs - 10 yoo el 2 or 87 RACES cng «0 's)n sa ae 107 WU ReOLGhIS os. . sees 28 eiAITISO, s,s ss)s so 96 AUP EDIIIS © y)ay0 5 6s 3 oh 103 UIE 9 hte b's oa 1 A SYNOPSIS OF THE ACGIPIT RES (DIURNAL BIRDS OF PREY) PART I. ORDER ACCIPITRES. Fam. 1. CATHARTIDA! (New World Vultures). Nostrils perforated; head, neck and forepart of breast bare ; hind toe short and weak. Male larger than female usually. Gen. I. VULTUR Linn. (1758). [ = Sarcorhamphus, auct. plur.] Type by subs. desig. (Allen 1907) V. Gryphus L. Size large, length 38 in.; head with an erect fleshy caruncle ; outer toe about equal to inner. *1. Vultur gryphus (Linn.), Syst. Nat.,i., p. 86 Andes of S. (1758). [Chale.] America, (W. Great Condor. Venezuela to Chile and Pata- Wing ¢ 800-809, 2 787-830 mm.; ad. gonia). plumage black, with a whitish wing patch ; immature brown. *+ A * prefixed to a number denotes that skins are in my collection, and at that eggs are in my collection. I am desirous of obtaining by exchange or purchase sets of eggs or skins of any form not represented in my collections. 2 Gen. II. SARCORHAMPHUS Dum. (1806) [= GypPagus, auct. plur.] Type by subs. desig. Vultur papa L. Size moderate ; head with fleshy caruncle ; outer toe longer than inner. *2. Sarcorhamphus papa (Linn.), S.N.,i., p.86 S. America, N. (1758). [India occidentalis: type loc. subst.: Brazil, Brab. and Chubb. ] King Vulture. Wing ¢ 494-500; bare skin of head and neck brilliantly coloured ; plumage black and cream colour. to Mexico. Gen. III. CORAGYPS Geoffroy (1853). Type by monotypy Vultur atratus Btr. Head without caruncle ; tail square. +3. *3a. Coragyps atratus atratus (Bartr.) Travels N. & S. Carolina, p. 289 (1791). [Carolina]. Black Vulture. [= Catharista urubu urubu, ed. 1.] Wing ad. 443-448 mm.; tail 215 mm. ; tarsus 85 mm.; plumage black; skin of head and neck black. Coragyps atratus brasiliensis (Bonap.) Consp. Av., i., p. 9 (1850). [Ex.Wied—S. Brazil.] S. American Black Vulture. Smaller: wing 405-438 ; tail 213; tarsus 79 mm. ; plumage not differing. N. & Central America, Cuba, Jamaica. S. America. 3 GEN. IV. CATHARTES Illiger (1811). Type by subs. desig. (Vigors 1825) Vultur aura L. Tail rounded. +*4., y 4a, 4b. Cathartes aura aura (Linn.), S.N., 1., p. 86 (1758). [America calidiore: type loc. subst. Vera Cruz, Mexico, apud Nelson. ] Turkey Vulture. Wing 500-530 (¢ largest); tail 253-270 ; tarsus 59 mm. ; crown whitish ; head and neck dark reddish purple to light crimson (in life); iris brown; plumage brownish black, with metallic reflections on mantle and chest ; wing coverts chiefly brown. Cathartes aura meridionalis,+ subsp. nov. [nom. nov. Catharies aura aura (Linn.) ed, 1) et. auct.. plur, Type lec. suge. Colombia}. S. American Turkey-Vulture. Larger, wing 530-550 (example from Colom- bia, 10 YBeM. coll... 550° mmije. tail . 292, tarsus 74mm. ; plumage averaging blacker. Cathartes aura insularis subsp. nov. [ad. Cozumel I., Yucatan, 1885, G. F. Gaumer, BM. reg. no. 87, 5, 1, 962;:type in Brit. Mus., descr. in Biol. Centr. Amer.] Cozumel Turkey- Vulture. Much smaller; wing 470-505 (type, not sexed, 2 ?, 475 mm.); plumage much N. America : 53° N. in Cana- da to Mexico and Guatemala ; Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica. W. South America, from Colombia to Peru, N. Chile and Argentina (S. to Rio Negro ?). Cozumel I., Yucatan. 1 It being apparent that Linnaeus described the N. American and not the S. American race, the former becomes the typical form and the name septentrionalis (Wied) must be dropped. Lack of material renders it doubtful if the examples found in Western S. America are really distinct, but as they certainly average larger and a trifle blacker I have felt it convenient to maintain the separation with a change of name. 4 blacker, and more glossed with green and purple. +4c. Cathartes aura iota Molina, Saggio St. N. Falkland Is., Chile, pp. 235, 343 (1786). [‘‘ Chile” type Magellan Str., loc. subst. Concepcion!, Chile. ] Patagonia, Southern Turkey-Vulture. Chile, (N. at least to Smaller than typical form; wing ad. 486- Concepcion. 500; head and neck “ pink in life” (Sharpe) ; median wing coverts and secon- daries very distinctly shaded and edged with whitish ashy. 5. Cathartes ruficollis Spix, Av. Bras. i., p. 2, Eastern 1824. [Interior Bahia et Piauhy.] S. America Yellow-headed Turkey-Vulture. (Surinam, Brit. [== C. urubitinga, Pelz. & C. permiger, Guiana, Vene- Sharpe. | zuela, Amazonia Brazil, N. Wing ad. 481-500 mm. ; occiput blue, rest Argentina). of head yellow, neck orange ; iris carmine ; entire plumage glossy black (including wing coverts) ; shafts to outer primaries above and below white. ? Gen. V. GYMNOGYPS Lesson (1842). Type by mon. Vultur californicus Sh. Head without caruncle ; tail square. 1 An example from this locality agreeing well with Falkland Is. birds is in the Tring Mus. 2 This yellow-headed and entirely black S. American bird seems to constitute a distinct species from the aura group. Ir is the urubitinga of Pelzeln and Sharpe’s perniger is undoubtedly a synonym. His type was from N. side of River Amazon (Wallace) and was only distinguished by the shafts of primaries being brown above, but although shafts in old birds of ruficollis are generally white they are not invari- ably so, and I have seen N. American examples of C. aura aura with white shafts. Cory, speaking of Bahama birds, says they are yellowish externally in winter. In Tring Museum are examples with both brown and white shafts from Venezuela of the yellow-headed bird ; also an undoubted example from Morovi, Chaco, Argentina. 5 6. Gymnogyps californicus (Shaw & Nodder), Nat. Misc., ix., p. 1, pl. 301 (1797). [Coast California ; type in Brit. Mus.] Californian Condor. Size of Vultur; length 40 in.; wing ad. 760 mm.; plumage black, with brown margins to all the feathers ; a buffy white patch on secondaries. Fam. II. SERPENTARIIDA., S. California to Lower California. Both inner and outer toes connected with middle one by well- developed basel web; tarsus much developed. Gen. VI. SAGITTARIUS Hermann (1783). Head with crest of long spatulate plumes. +7. Sagittarius serpentarius serpentarius (Miller), Var. Subj. Nat. Hist., pl. 28, (1779). [Cape of Good Hope.} Secretary Bird. Wing ad. 645; tail 583; tarsus 342 mm. ; plumage ashy grey ; crest, quills, rump and abdomen black. 7a. Sagittarius serpentarius gambiensts Ogilby, P.Z.S., 1835, p. 105. [Senegambia.] Northern Secretary Bird. Plumage paler. [Doubtfully distinct]. 5. & E. Arica N. to Benguela on W. and Zambesi on E. Senegambia, Sudan to Shoa. Fam. III. AAGYPIIDAE (Old World Vultures). Head and neck bare, or with short down only, no feathers ;_ nostrils not perforated. 6 Gen. VII. AEGYPIUS Savigny (1809). Type by mon. Vultur monachus L. Nostrils rounded. 18. ZEgypius monachus (Linn)., S.N., ed. xii., i., p. 122 (1766). [Ex Edwards-Avabia err. ?] Cinereous Vulture. Size large; length 42 in.; wing ad. 760- 836 mm.; plumage blackish brown; ruff of feathers round hind neck. S. Europe, N. Africa, C. Asia to India and China. Gen. VIII. GYPS Savigny (1809). Type G. vulgaris = fulvus. Nostrils perpendicular, rather oval: tail with 14 feathers +79. 79a. Gyps fulvus fulvus Hablizl, N. Nord. Beytr. iv., p. 58 (1783). [Gilan, N. Persta.] Grifton Vulture. Size large; length 40 in.; wing ad. 690- 748 mm.; plumage stone-buff ; neck ruff of white down; head with white down ; crop patch dark stone colour (in immature birds fawn to chocolate). Gyps fulvus fulvescens Hume, Ibis, 1869, p. 356. [Gurgaon, Punjab, type in B. M.} Indian Griffon. Wing ad. 685-747 mm.; plumage paler and more isabelline reddish. S. Europe (acc. Britain), N. Africa, Arabia, Pales- tine, Persia, Afghanistan, Himalayas, Turkestan. ? Plains of N. India ; Suakim ? 1 Gyps fuluus cinnamomeus Reich. is a synonym based on a young bird apparently. T9b. 10. 11. F(1a. +12. 7 Gyps fulvus coprotheres (Forst.) Naturgesch. African. Vogel, p. 35 (1798). [S. Africa.] Kolbe’s Griffon. Wing ad. 685 mm. ; paler than G. fulvus fulvus, especially below, and shaft stripes nearly obsolete. Gyps himalayensis Hume, Rough Notes, 1., p. 14 (1869). [Szmla, type in Br. Mus.] Himalayan Griffon. Wing ad. 800-810 mm.; plumage above isabelline whitish ; below light buff with broader whitish shaft stripes. Gyps rueppelli ruep pelli (A. Brehm), Naum., 1852, hett 3, p. 44. [Khartoum.] Rueppell’s Vulture. Wing ad. 660-700 mm.; down on head yellow; plumage above blackish brown with whitish edgings ; below creamy built ; crop-patch dark brown. Gyps rueppelli erlangert Salvad., Bol. Mus. Torino, xxiii., No. 576, p. 3 (1908). [Shoa, type in Turin Mus. |] Erlanger’s Vulture. Wing 3 665 mm. ; down on head whitish ; plumage above browner ; below whitish. Gyps indicus indicus (Scop.) Del. Faun. et Flor. Insubr., i1., p. 85 (1786). [ex. Son- nerat, Pondicherry ? | Indian Longbilled Vulture. [ = G. indicus pallescens Hume.] S.Africa’, Nr to Zambesi and Damaraland. Turkestan. Himalayas, Thibet. N.E. Africa (Egypt, Sudan, Nubia), N. Nigeria, Senegambia. Abyssinia, Erythrea, Somaliland. Indian Peninsu- la, S. of Indo- Gangetic Plain, except Sind & Ceylon. 122. 8 Above pale earthy brown; below whity brown; crop-patch dark brown; ruff white (Hume). Gyps indicus tenuivostris Hume (ex. Hodg- son MS.) Stray Feathers, vii., p. 326 (1878). [Khatmandoo, Nepal, type in Brit. Mus.] Himalayan Long-billed Vulture. [ = G. indicus indicus, ed. 1.] Wing ad. 590-600 mm. ; head bare; ruff and upper parts dark brown with fulvous central streaks ; rump white ; below light brown with white streaks; crop-patch brown. Lower Himala- yas, Bengal, Assam, Burma ; Indo-Chinese countries ? Malay Peninsula ? Gen. IX. PSEUDOGYPS Sharpe (1873). Type by subs desig. (Sharpe 1874) Vultur bengalensis Gm. Tail with 12 feathers. +13. rie Pseudogyps bengalensis (Gmel.), S.N., 1., p. 245 (1788). [Bengal.] Indian White-backed Vulture. Size large ; length 30 in.; wing ad. 557- 608 mm.; above and crop-patch back ruff white, rather scanty ; rump white ; below chocolate brown. Pseudogyps africanus africanus (Salvad.), Nat. Stor. R. Accad. Torin., 7th May, 1865, p. 1383. [Sennar.] African White-backed Vulture. Wing ad. 557 mm. ; above and crop-patch dark brown; below pale brown, with yellowish-white shaft lines. India, Indo- Chinese countries, Malay Peninsula. N.E. Africa, Khartoum to Abyssinia & Upper White Nile. 9 14a. Pseudogyps africanus schillingst Erlanger, German Orn. M.B., xi., p. 22 (1903). [Mkomasi, E. Africa. German E. Africa.) Eastern White-backed Vulture. Plumage more greyish. +14b. Gymnogyps africanus fuelleborni Erlanger, Nyasaland Orn. M. B., xi., p. 22 (1903). [Rukwa See, to Angola ; Nyasaland. ] : Transvaal. Southern White-backed Vulture. Plumage paler. l4c. Pseudogyps africanus zechi Erlanger Orn. Togoland. M. B., xi., p. 22 (1903). [Kvratschi, Togo- land. | Western White-backed Vulture Plumage still paler. Gen. X. TORGOS Kaup (1828). Type Vultur auricularis = tracheliotus. Head with fleshy folds and a neck-lappet ; tarsus longer than middle toe. 715. Torgos tracheliotus tracheliotus (Forst.) Le- S. Africa. vaillant, Reise Afr., i11., p. 363, pl. 12 (1791) [Cape Colony.] Sociable Vulture. Wing ad. 747-785 mm. ; above and crop- patch brown; rutf of brown feathers on hind neck; below clothed with white down, with brown lanceolate feathers on breast and abdomen. 10 l5a. Yorgos tracheliotus nubicus H. Smith in Egypt, Griffith’s Animal Kingdom, i., p. 164 (1829). Abyssinia, [ Nubia. ] Upper White Northern Sociable Vulture. Nile, cas. in Europe. With the ear-lappets lacking ; [doubtfully distinct]. 716. Torgos calvus (Scop.), Del. Faun. Insubr., Turkestan, li., p. 85 (1786). [ex. Sonnerat, Pondi- India, Burma, cherry. | Siam,Cambodia. Pondicherry Vulture. Wing ad. 570-608 mm. ; above and crop- patch black; across breast a circlet of of white down; below black; ruff small, black. Gen. XI. TRIGONOCEPS Lesson (Echo du Monde Savant, Dec. 1842). Type (mon.) Vultur occipitalis. Head covered with down ; no neck-lappet. 17. Trigonoceps occipitalis (Burch.), Trav., ii, N.E. Africa & p. 329 (1824). [Makkwari R., Bechuana- S. Africa, land.) Senegal on W. White-headed Vulture. Length ad. about 36 in. ; wing 582 mm. ; plumage blackish brown, rump paler ; ruff dark brown ; crop-patch and under parts white. Gen. XII. NEOPHRON Savigny (1809). Type Vultur percnopterus. L. Forepart of chest bare. +*18. Neophron percnopterus percnopterus (Linn.), 11 S.N., i., p. 87 (1758). [Egyt.] Egyptian Vulture. Length about 25 in.; wing ad. 475-520 mm.; skin of head and neck yellow; Plumage white ; primaries black. 18a. Neophron percnopterus rubripersonatus Zaruday & Harms., Orn. Mb., x., pp. 52-3 (1902). [Persian Baluchistan.] Red-faced Egyptian Vulture. Bare skin of face orange red.? +18b. Neophron percnopterus gingimianus (Lath.), ine Orns 1, 9p. 7 1b7 90)... [Gangee, 3. Arcot dist. ; ex. Sonnerat.] Indian White Vulture. Smaller than typical form ; length 21 in. ; wing 393 mm. ; bill yellow instead of horn brown. S. Europe ; Africa S. to Mashonaland ; Mediterranean region to N.W. India ; Canary Is.) Cape Verde Is: Persian Baluchistan. Indian Peninsula, rare in Ceylon. Gen. XIII. NECROSYRTES Gloger (1842). Type Cathartes monachus Temm. With a fur-like chest-patch. *19. Necrosyrtes monachus monachus (Temm.), Pl. Col., i., pl. 222 (1823). [Senegal, type in Leyden Mus. ] Northern Hooded Vulture. Length 24in.; wing ad. 467 mm. ; plum- age chocolate brown; hind neck covered with whitish down; crop-patch creamy white, encircled with white down. W. Africa. 1 Dr. Hartert draws my attention to the fact that as this race was established from observations only, it must be considered a doubtful one, no skins being available. 12 ‘ 19a. Necrosyrtes monachus pileatus (Burch.), S. Africa, Trav., ii., p. 195 (1824). [Hopetown dist., N.E. & Cape Province. E. Africa. Hooded Vulture. Larger ; length 26in. ; wing 480-510 mm. ; with shorter and stouter bill. Fam. IV. AQUILIDZ. Crown of head always clothed with feathers, its sides either feathered or bare; outer toe not reversible. Female usually larger than male. Sub-Fam. I. POLY BORINE. Toes connected near base by interdigital mem- brane ; sides of face mostly bare. Gen. XIV. POLYBORUS Vieill. (1816). Type ‘‘ Caracara’”’ Buff [= P. plancus]. Nostrils oval. Size large (22-26 in.). +*20. Polyborus plancus (Mill.) Var. Subj. Nat. S. America, Hist., Pl. 17 (1778). [Tierra del Fuego.] Patagonia to Common Caracara. 20° Si "iat. on W. & Amazon Wing 2 405; tail 240 mm.; above and on E. side. below blackish brown with narrow whitish bars; crown and belly uniform; tail whitish with dusky crosslines and a terminal blackish band; face and throat white. +21. Polyborus cheriway cheriway (Jacq.), Beitr., S. United States p. 17, tab. 4 (1784). [Venezuela.] Central and Audubon’s Caracara. Northern S. America. 13 Wing 3 400, 2 418 mm.; above black, mantle only with creamy buff wavy bars ; upper tail coverts white; tail buff with 13 or 14 black bars and a broad terminal band. 2la. Polyborus cheriway pallidus Nelson, Pr. Tres Marias Biol. Soc., Wash., xii., p. 8 (1898). [Tves Is., W. Mexico. Marnias Is.] Tres Marias Caracara. Paler insular race. $22. Polyborus lutosus Ridgw., Bull. U.S. Geol. Guadeloupe Surv. Terr., i., p. 459 (1875). [Guadaloupe.} 1., W. Mexico Guadeloupe Caracara. (now extinct). Wing ¢ 380-400, 2 393-416 mm. ; general plumage marked with transverse bars of brownish black and brownish white ; crown, wing-coverts, terminal portion of primaries and terminal band on tail blackish brown. Gen. XV. IBYCTER Vieill. (1816) Type Falco americanus Bodd. Head generally with recuryed crest. Nostrils round. Size variable (16-25 in.). 23. Ibycter ater (Vieill.), Analyse, p. 22 (1816). Amazon [ Brazil. ] District of Yellow-throated Caracara. S. America. Wing ad. 322 mm.; plumage black with greenish reflections ; a white band across base of tail. *24. *24a. 25. 26. 14 Ibycter americanus americanus (Bodd.), Tropical S. Tabl. Pl. Enl., p. 25 (1783). [Cayenne.] America from Red-throated Caracara. Panama to the Guianas, Brazil, Wing 3 335-59, 2 355-60 mm.; plumage Ecuador and black with greenish reflections, but abdo- Peru. men white ; face and throat deep red. Ibycter americanus guatemalensis subsp. nov. Guatemala fad. 9? Guatemala, T. C. Eyton coll., in coll. and Central H. Kirke Swann, wing 390 mm.] America. Northern Red-throated Caracara. Larger, with longer wings and tail; wing g (B.M. Guatemala examples) 376-82 ; 2 385-90. Ibycter megalopterus (Meyen), Nov. Act. S. America, Ces., xvi., Suppl., i., p. 64, pl. 7 (1834). Pacific side of (Chile. | Andes. Mountain Caracara. Wing ad. 370 mm.; plumage black with © greenish reflections, but upper tail coverts, base and tip of tail and abdomen white. Ibycter albigularis albigularis (Gould),P.Z.S., Patagonia. 1837, p. 9. [Santa Cruz, type in Brit. Mus.] White-throated Caracara. Wing ad. 395 mm. ; above brownish black ; upper tail-coverts, base and tip of tail and entire under parts white ; sides irregularly marked with black. . ILbycter albigularis circumcinctus Scott, Auk, Patagonia, xxvii., 1910, p. 152. [Chubut, Patagonia.] E. of Andes. Scott’s Caracara. Wing 3 410 mm.; plumage black ; rump, upper tail-coverts and base and terminal band on tail white; below white with a variable band of black across lower throat. 28. 29. - 15 Ibycter carunculatus (Des Murs), Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1853, p. 154. [Colombza.] Carunculated Caracara. Wing ad. 392 mm. ; skin of face and throat wrinkled and orange colour; plumage black ; rump, upper tail-coverts, tips of quills, a broad terminal band on tail, and vent white ; breast with drop-shaped white marks. Ibycter australis (Gmel.), S.N., 1., p. 259 (1788). ["‘ Statenland.’’] Forster’s Caracara. Wing ad. 423 mm.; above and below black; nape, outer upper tail-coverts, throat and breast with lanceolate white stripes ; tail broadly tipped with white. Highlands of Ecuador and Colombia. Falkland Is. Gen. XVI. MILVAGO Spix (1824). . Type M. ochrocephalus = M. chimachima. Feathers on back of head erectile, forming 2 tufts ; size small (about 16 in.). *30. 30a. Milvago chimachima chimachima (Vieill.), N. Dict., v., p. 259 (1816). [ex. Azara— Paraguay.] Yellow-headed Caracara. Wing ad. 265 ; tail 183 mm. ; above brown, with pale ashy margins ; head, neck, basal two-thirds of tail, and under parts white. Milvago chimachima cordata Bangs & Pen- ane, bull” M.C.Z:,. Ixi., p. dor (19i8). [Panama. | Panama Caracara. [Not seen]. Brazil and Amazonia to Guiana, Colombia. and Panama. Panama. *31. ola. Outer Gen. XVII. 16 Milvago chimango chimango (Vieill.), N. Dict., v., p. 260 (1816). [ex. Azara— Paraguay.) Chimango Caracara. Wing ad. 292 ; tail 170 mm. ; above rufous brown ; head and neck with black central streaks ; upper tail-coverts white; tail with broad subterminal dark band; below brownish ochre with dark shaft stripes. Milvago chimango temucoensis W. Sclat. Bull. B. O. C., xxxviii., p. 43 (1918). [Palal, near Temuco, Chile, type in B.M.] Chilian Chimango. Wing 280-293 mm.; much darker and more richly coloured. Sub-Fam. II. ACCIPITRINZ. toe connected to middle one by an inter- digital membrane ; tibia and tarsus about equal in length. Type Vultur radiatus Scop. Lores and sides of face bare ; size large (23.50— AY 4n,). *32. Gymnogenys radiatus (Scop.), Del. Faun. et Flor. Insubr., ii., p. 85 (1786). [Mada- gascar. | Madagascar Gymnogene. Wing ¢ 395, tail 305; wing 2 405, tail 305 mm. ; plumage silvery grey, lower back S. America from S.E. Brazil to Tierra del Fuego Chile. GYMNOGENYS Lesson (Traité, livr.i., Feb., 1830). Madagascar. *33. *33a. 33b. 33c. 1 Dr. Hartert tells me the N.E. African examples at Tring have the wing 445-460 mm., but I cannot see any great differences in plumage except in those from the tropical zone which I have separated both as being darker and differing in size. barring is variable in all forms, but the tendency of the tropical zone birds is to show 17 rump and abdomen white, narrowly barred with black; quills and tail chiefly black, latter with broad median band of white. Gymnogenys typicus typicus Smith, S. Afr. Q. J.,1., p. 107 (1830). [East Cape Colony. ] Banded Gymnogene. Wing 3 420-450, tail 291 ; wing 2 4801, tail 305 mm.; general plumage dark grey; breast and abdomen broadly barred with black and white; tail black, tipped with white, with a broad band of dull white and an indistinct one nearer base. Gymnogenys typicus pectoralis Sharpe, Bull. B.O.C., xiii., p. 50 (1902). [£fulen.] Cameroon Gymnogene. Smaller ; wing 9 405 ; rather more heavily barred with black below, the black bars nearly equal to white bars. Gymnogenys typicus kempi subsp. nov. [3 Bo, Sierra Leone, Feb. 1904, R. Kemp., Brit. Mus. Reg. No., 1905, 1, 2, 5, 3.] Sierra Leone Gymnogene. Much smaller; wing ¢ 360, 9 392 mm. ; below as pale as typical form. Gymnogenys typicus grauert subsp. nov. [2 Kissenyz, Lake Kivu, Dec. 26, 1907, more black than white below. 5. Aimea, N.E. Africa (Abyssinia & White Nile). Cameroons. Sierra Leone. E. Africa. The 18 Rud. Grauer leg. No. 1746, type in Tring Mus. } E. African Gymnogene. Wing ¢ 445-450 mm. ; more heavily barred below, black bars wider than white bars. Gen. XVIII. CIRCUS Lacep. (1799). Types by subs. desig. (Lesson 1828) Falco eruginosus L. Sides of face feathered ; with distinct facial ruff ; lores furnished with bristles; nostrils oval with no bony excrescence ; tarsus reticulated behind ; size moderate; length (males) 17-22.50 in. ; females 19-24.50 in KEY TO NATURAL GROUPS AND SPECIES (MALES). A. Above bluish ashy, or greyish. a. Thighs uniform white. $34. Circus cyaneus cyaneus (Linn.), S.N., 1, p. 126 (1766). [ex. Edwards: Europe = London, apud Hartert.] Hen Harrier. Wing ¢ 335-360, 2 380-400 mm. ; throat and chest bluish ashy ; upper tail-coverts white. 7*34a. Circus cyaneus hudsonius (Linn.), S.N., 1., p- 128 (1766). [ex. Edwards—Hudson’s Bay.] Marsh Hawk. Wing ¢ 354, 2 380 mm.; more brownish ashy above and below. Europe and Siberia’; ON.E. Africa, India, China, Japan (winter). N. America, Central America and W. Indies (winter). T*35. +*36. 37. 19 Circus macrourus (S. G. Gmel.), N. Comm. Petropsy xv, p. 439, pls. van., 1. (1771). [Woronez, S. Russia.} Pallid Harrier. Wing 3 340-360, 2 370-390 mm. ; throat and chest white ; upper tail-coverts white, banded with ashy grey. Thighs white, with rufous streaks or spots. Circus pygargus! (Linn.), S.N., 1., p. 89 (1758). [ex. Albin: Europe =England.] Montagu’s Harrier. Wing ¢ 350-375 mm.; throat and chest pale bluish grey ; upper tail-coverts white, tipped with deep ash colour. Thighs white, barred across with orange rufous. Circus cinereus Vieill., N. Dict., iv., p. 434 (1816). [ex. Azara—Paraguay.] Cinereous Harrier. Wing 3310, 2 360 mm. ; throat and chest white, barred with orange tawny ; upper tail-coverts white. d. Thighs rufous, either uniform or spotted 38. and margined with white. Circus assimilis assimilis Jard. and Selb., MPV Orn, set, 15, pl. vob (1828). Near Sydney, N.S.W.] Spotted Harrier. E. Europe and Central Asia to Altar: Africa. India, Burma, China in winter. Europe and Marocco ; Pales- tine, Africa, India, China in winter. S. America, N. to Central Peru and E. Bolivia, migrating to Straits of Magellan and Falkland Is. E. Australia, Tasmania, Celebes. 1 C. pygargus abdulle Floericke is undoubtedly a melanism of this form. Ed 20 Wing ¢ 400, 9 455 mm. ; throat and chest rufous with white spots ; upper tail-coverts ashy brown, tipped and spotted with white. 38a. Circus assimilis rogersi Math., Nov. Zool., N.W. Xviil., p. 244 (1912). [Fitzroy R., N.W. Australia. Australia. Lesser Spotted Harrier. Said to be smaller and darker. B. Above brown. a. Thighs white, with rufous streaks or spots. 39. Circus approximans approximans Peale, Fiji Islands. U.S. Explor. Exped., viii., p. 64 (1848). [Fae Is.]. Fijian Harrier. Throat and chest white streaked with pale rufous brown; upper rail-coverts white, slightly spotted with pale rufous. +39a. Circus approximans gouldi (Bp.), Consp.,1., S. & E. p. 34 (1850). [N.S. Wales.] Australia, Allied Harrier. Tasmania. Larger ; wing ad. 410 mm. 39b. Circus approximans inexpectatus Math., N.W. & N. Nov. Zool., xviii., p. 245 (1912). [Parry’s Australia. Creek, N.W. Australia. ] Little Aled Harrier. Smaller form. ZA a] *39c. Circus approximans drummondi Math. & New Zealand. b. 40. rAd, tla. a. Iredale, Ibis, 1913, p. 419. New Zealand Harrier. [New Zealand. | Said to be smaller and darker than C. a. gouldi ; wing g 398 mm. Thighs rufous, the feathers margined with white. Circus ranivorus (Daud.), Traité, i1., p. 170 (1800). [Ex Levaillant, S. Africa.] S. African Marsh Harrier. Wing ¢ 382, 9 394 mm. ; throat and chest brown, the feathers margined with white ; abdomen rufous ; upper tail-coverts orange rufous, tipped with white. Circus eruginosus eruginosus (Linn.), S.N., i., p. 91 (1758). [Europe: type loc. Swe- den, apud Hartert.] Marsh Harrier. Wing ¢ 385-418, 2 392-435 mm.; throat and chest creamy buff, the latter streaked with brown ; upper tail-coverts white. Circus a@ruginosus harterti, Zedl., J..O., 1914, p. 1383. [N. Algeria and Marocco.] Hartert’s Harrier. Wing ¢ (Andalusia) 380-390 mm. ; ¢ much brighter coloration, more black and white ; head whiter; secondaries and tail light bluish grey; (Q lighter). Above black or blackish. Thighs white. 5.) Aunica,, North to Trans- vaal and Nyasaland. Europe ; Siberia (rare) ; in winter to India, China, Japan, Philippine Is., Africa. NeeAdiacal: S. Spain. 42. 42a. 44, 45. 22 Circus maillardi maillardi Verr. in Maill., l’Tle de la Réun., 11., p. 12 (1863). [Re- union I.| Maillard’s Harrier. Wing ad. 340-357 mm.; secondaries and tail grey, with black subterminal band ; below white; throat , chest and upper breast streaked with black; upper and under tail-coverts white. Circus maillardi macroscelis A. Newton, P.Z.S., 1863, p. 180. [Madagascar). Madagascar Harrier. Larger; wing ad. 407-440; plumage similar. Circus wolft Gurney, Be), 1865, p. 823, pl. xliv. [New Caledonia.) Wolf’s Harrier. Markings on throat and chest browner and broader ; under tail-coverts also streaked. Circus spilonotus Kaup, Contr. Orn., 1850, p. 59. [Asta = E. Siberia.] Eastern Marsh Harrier. Wing ¢ 400, 2 424 mm. ; throat and chest white, streaked with black; upper tail- coverts white with remains of ashy brown bars. Circus spilothorax Salvad. and d’Alb., Ann. Mhis;. Civ..Genov., vil, p. (607 (1875) [Yule I.] New Guinea Harrier. Reunion I., Comoro Is. Madagascar. New Caledonia, New Hebrides. E. Siberia, in winter to E. (China, Burma and Malay Archipelago. S.E. New Guinea. *46, 47, 23 The same, but with distinct transverse spots of dusky cinereous on upper tail- coverts. Circus melanoleucus (Forst.), Indisch. Zool., p. 12, pl. nu. (1781). [Ceylon.] Pied Harrier. Wing 3g 340-365, 2 360-380 mm.; throat and chest black ; upper tail-coverts barred with black. Circus buffont (Gmel.), S.N., 1., p. 277 (1788). [ex. Latham—Cayenne.] Long-winged Harrier. Wing ad. 430 mm.; throat and chest black; upper tail-coverts white with remains of rufous bars. Thighs black. Circus maurus (Temm.), Pl. Col.,1., pl. 461 (1828). [Colonie du Cap du Bonne-Espe- vance. | Black Harrier. Wing'd 342, 2 380 mm. ; throat and chest brownish black ; upper tail-coverts white, the lower ones spotted with black. Ey Siberia, Mongolia, E. & S. India, Burma Malay Pen., Borneo, Philip- pines (winter). E. side of S. America, from Magellan Str) to Brit: Guiana and Venezuela ; Trinidad. S)Adnica:. FEMALES (usually much different from males). Above brown. . Thighs white. Below white, striped with dark brown ; upper tail-coverts white, barred with dark brown. C. melanoleucus. b. 24 Thighs white, with streaks or spots of rufous or brown. Below tawny buff, streaked with brown ; upper tail-coverts white. Below nearly white, streaked with brown. Below creamy butf, with pointed spots of rufous brown ; upper tail-coverts white. Below buffy white, with rufous centres to the feathers ; upper tail-coverts white. Below creamy white, with streaks of brown; upper tail-coverts white, barred with dark brown. . Thighs white, barred with orange tawny. Breast brown with white spots, rest of under parts barred with orange tawny and white ; upper tail-coverts white, barred with reddish. . Thighs rufous. Below dark brown, with a white band, marked with brown, across breast ; upper tail-coverts white, tinged with grey and rufous. Below brown, streaked with white ; upper tail-coverts rufous, tipped with white. . cyaneus. . hudsonius. . Spilonotus. . pygargus. Se ah Foe a - MAaCvourus C. cinereus. C. @ruginosus. C. ranivorus. Gen. XIX. MICRASTUR Gray (1841). Type Falco brachypterus Temm. = M. melanoleucus. Nostrils round, with a bony excrescence ; tarsi and feet large and robust ; tarsus reticulated be- hind ; 49. in front covered with small scutellae. Micrastur melanoleucus melanoleucus (Vieill.) S. Mexico N.D. x., p. 327 (1817). [Paraguay.] Collared Harrier-Hawk. to Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil and Size large; length g 20 in., wing 263 mm.; 2 Paraguay. - about 24 in.; above blackish with white nuchal collar; tail with 3 white bands; 29 below white with black shaft lines; Juv. below barred ; intermediate plumage below pale ochraceous fawn, as well as sides of face and nuchal collar. 49a. Micrastur melanoleucus buckleyi, Swann, Ecuador. Syn. List Accip., ed. 1, p. 15 subst. [ad., 6 ?, Sarayacu, Ec. Feb. 1880, Buckley, B. Mus. coll. No. 87, 5. 1. 122.] Buckley’s Harrier-Hawk. Much smaller ; wing ¢ [?] 217 mm. ; tarsi and feet much smaller and weaker ; white tail bands above partly obscured by brown patches in centre and below less extensive ; those on outer feathers only 4 in number in place of 6 in typical form. 50. Micrastur mirandollei (Schl.), Nederl. Tijd- Upper E. Peru, schr., i., p. 131 (1863). [Dutch Guiana, Guiana, type in Leyden Mus. | Panama. Mirandolle’s Harrier-Hawk. Size medium ; length (9) 17.5; wing 248 mm.; above slate; tail with 3 bands of ashy-brown showing white below ; below white with black shaift lines; no nuchal collar. Gen. XX. CLIMACOCERCUS Cab. (1845). Type C. concentricus = C. gilvicollis. Size small; feet very much smaller ; tarsi more slender, with broad and regular scales in front. *51. Climacocercus ruficollis (Vieill.), N. Dict., Central and x., p- 322 (1817).. [S. America, type in East Brazil; Paris Mus.] Paraguay. Red-necked Harrier-Hawk. N. Argentina. *52. 53. 54. 26 Wing ¢ 175, 2 195 mm.; above slate or rufous (rufous phase) ; tail with 3 greyish white bands ; below greyish white, rather finely but not closely barred with greyish black ; throat white, tore-neck and chest rufous. Climacocercus zonothorax Cab., J.f.O., 1865, p. 406. [Porto Cabello, Venez., type in Berlin Mus. | Barred Harrier-Hawk. Wing ¢ 178, 2 183 mm.; above blackish brown, head blacker with irregular white nuchal collar ; tail blackish, with 3 narrow white bands (4 in immature birds) ; below thickly barred with black and white ; throat white, foreneck brown. Climacocercus gilvicollis (Vieill.), N. Dict., x., p. 323 (1817). |Patr. ign.: Cayenne? type in Paris Mus.] White-throated Harrier-Hawk. Wing ¢ 168, 2 182 mm.; above (male) ashy brown (female blackish) ; tail blackish with 3 irregular white bands (4 in imma- ture ; below whitish, breast finely barred with wavy blackish lines ; lower abdomen white ; throat pale grey. Climacocercus plumbeus (W. Sclat.) Bull. B.O.C., xxxviil., p. 44 (1918). [Cazrondelet, Rio Bogota, piov. Esmeraldas, type in B. M.] Plumbeous Harrier-Hawk. Tail with only one white band; general colour greyer than in gilvicollis; wing 3 (type) 178 mm. Colombia, Venezuela. Guiana & Amazonia to Ecuador E. Peru, N.E. Bolivia, and toc 10° S: Jat ta Brazil. N.W. Ecuador. 27 *55. Climacocercus guerillat, (Cass.), Pr. Phil. Mexico to Acad., 1848, p. 87. [Lalapa, Mex.] Colombia, Grey-throated Harrier-Hawk. Venezuela, Brazil, and Wing 3 176, 2 185 mm.; above blackish; Ecuador. tail with 3 irregular white bands ; throat and cheeks pale grey; below dull white closely barred down to thighs with blackish narrow bands (narrower and closer than in zonothorax. Gen. XXI. GERANOSPIZIAS Sundev. (1873). Type by sub. desig. Chubb (1916) G. gracilis. Tarsus scaled behind ; thighs without overhanging tuft of feathers; ridge of bill greater than half length of middle toe (without claw) ; commissure slightly festooned. Size moderate (length 16.5-24-5 in.). 56. Geranospizias caerulescens cerulescens Venezuela, (Vieill.), N. Dict., x., p. 318 (1817). Amer. Guiana, E. merid. ; type loc. subst. brazil, Brab. and Colombia ; Chubb. } W. Brazil. Grey Crane-Hawk. Wing ¢ 245, 2 270 mm. ; plumage slaty blue, with little trace of white cross bars except on thighs and under wing-coverts ; tail ochraceous white with 2 broad black bands ; immature less blue and with belly ochraceous buff, but not strongly barred. 56a. Geranospizias caerulescens balzarensis W. Ecuador ‘Sclater, Bull. B.O.C., xxxviil., p. 44 (1918). (Guayas Prov. [Balzar Mtins., Guayas Prov., typein B.M.] & Punal.), Ecuador Crane-Hawk. Peru. 1 In revising this group the forms jugularis and interstes appear to be untenable and are therefore omitted. 28 Wing 290 ; rather more barred below than G. c. c e@rulescens. 56b. Gevanospizias ca@rulescens niger (Du Bus), Central America Bull. Ac. Roy. Brux., xiv., p. 103 (1847). from S. Mexico (Mexico, type in B. M.] to Panama. Black Hawk. Wing ¢ 290 mm., 2 310 mm.; like G. c. c erulescens, except that general plumage is slaty black. 57. Geranospizias gracilis (Temm.), Pl. Col.,i., Brazil, E. pl. 91 (1821). [E. Brazil, type in Leyden Bolivia, Para- Mus. ] guay, N. Argen- Wood Hawk. tina. Larger; wing ad. 325-340 mm.; less bluish ; the entire under parts barred with whitish, some bars also appearing on the wings. Gen. XXII. UROTRIORCHIS Sharpe (1874). Type Astur macrourus Hartl. Tail longer than wing, very strongly graduated ; size large (length 24 in’). 58. Urotriorchis macrourus macrourus (Hartl.), W. Africa J.£.0., 1855, p. 353. [ex. Temm. MS.—Gold (Gold Coast). Coast, type in Leyden Mus.] W. African Grey Hawk. Wing ¢ 303, tail 328 mm. ; wing 2 315, tail 354 mm. ; above blue grey, lighter on head and nape; upper tail-coverts white; tail very long, black above, greyish below, irregularly banded and tipped with white ; below chestnut. *58a. 29 Urotriorchis macrourus batesi, subsp. nov. (2 Bitye, R. Ja, Cameroons, April 17th, Poitemeee i, Bates: in Coll, EH. Kirke Swann). Bates’s Grey Hawk. Above darker grey ; below darker chestnut ; wing ¢ 266-80, tail 365-85 ; wing 2 293-306, tail 385-400 mm. ; tail longer and wings shorter than in typical form. Cameroon, Gen. XXIII. PARABUTEO Ridgw. (1874). Type Buteo harris: Aud. Nostrils with bony tubercle near upper margin ; thighs with overhanging tuft of feathers ; tarsus scaled almost right across and feathered further down 59. T59a. than length ot middle toe. Size large (length about 23 in.). Parabuteo umcinctus unicinctus (Temm.), Pl. Col., pl. 313 (1824). [Bvazil, type in Paris Mus. | One-banded Buzzard-Hawk. Wing ¢ 295-332, 2 315-367 mm. ; general colour blackish brown, variegated by lighter spotting ; lesser wing-coverts and thighs rufous ; tip and base of tail and also tail-coverts white. Parabuteo unicinctus harrist (Audub.), B. At. pl-ecexen.,. 1831; Ome biog., v5 p- 30. [Between Bayou Sara and Natchez, Mississippt. | Harris’s Buzzard-Hawk. Wing ¢ 315-340, 2 340-365 mm. ; general colour sooty black, tinged with chestnut on rump. (Female more brownish). S. America, S. to Chile on W. and Buenos Ayres on E. Central and N. America from Panama to Southern U.S. 30 Gen. XXIV. MELIERAX Gray (1840). Type Falco musicus Daud. Tarsus scaled in front, reticulated on outer aspect, not feathered so far down as length of middle toe. *60. *60a. 60b. 61. Melievax musicus musicus Daudin, Traité, ii., p. 116 (1800). [ex. Levaillant—Cape Colony. | Chanting Goshawk. Size large; wing ¢ 333-360, 2 373 mm. ; general plumage bluish ash ; quills black ; wing-coverts and secondaries whitish frec- kled with grey ; upper tail-coverts white ; central tail feathers black, outer feathers white, barred with black; belly white, narrowly barred with greyish-black. Melierax musicus metabates, Heugl., Ibis, 1861, p. 72. [Upper White Nile.] Many-banded Hawk. Smaller ; wing ¢ 298-310, 2 310-325 mm. ; tail-coverts white, with numerous bars of slaty grey; below white, more minutely barred with ashy grey. Melierax musicus neumanni, Hart., Vog. pal. Fauna, i., p. 1165 (1914). [Merowe, Dongola, type in Tring Mus.] Neumann’s Goshawk. Lighter form ; wing ¢ 300-310, 2 328 mm. ; freckling of wing coverts and secondaries developed into bars; tail-coverts rather less barred. Melierax poliopterus Cab., J.f.0., 1868, p. 413. [E. Africa, type in Berlin Mus. | . E. African Goshawk. S. Africa below 156° S. tas. N. E. Africa. Sudan to Mogador, W. Arabia. Nubia to Sudan & Hausaland. E. Africa, Somaliland to Kilimanjaro. 3] Wing ¢ 295-315, 29 323 mm. ; above darker slate, except throat, chest and wings, which are light grey, the wings uniform instead of treckled; below white, with narrow blackish bars; upper tail-coverts white. 62. Melierax mechowi Cab., J.t.O., 1882, p. 229. Angola, [Angola.] Damaraland to Angola Goshawk. Mashonaland, Nyasaland. Wing 3 310, 2330 mm. ; much darker above and below than WM. c. metabates, which has white bars below rather broader than dark bars, reverse being case in this species ; wing-coverts and secondaries uniform ; upper tail-coverts black, barred with white. *63. Melierax gabar (Daud.), Traité, ii., p. 89 S. Africa, E. & (1800). [ex. Levaillant—interior of S. N.E. Africa. Africa. ] Red-faced Goshawk. Size small ; wing g 180, 2210 mm. ; above, throat and chest ashy grey ; rump blackish, upper tail-coverts white; quills and tail ashy brown, latter with 3 bands of black ; below white barred with dusky. (M. niger, a common melanistic phase, is uni- form black). Gen. XXV. ASTUR Lacep. (1801). Type by subs. desig. (Vigors 1824) Falco palumbarius (= gentilis) L. Bill short, cutting edge of upper mandible with a festoon ; nostrils oval, with no bony tubercle ; toes moderate, middle one somewhat longest, outer and inner nearly equal. 32 KEY TO NATURAL GROUPS AND SPECIES (ADULTS). A. With conspicuous line of white on each side of crown, from above hinder ear-coverts. Size large (20-24 in.). 164. Astur gentilis gentilis Linn., S.N., 1., p. 89 (1758). [Alps = Dalecarlian Alps, apud Europe and W. Asia (Asia *64a. T64b. Hartert. ] Common Goshawk. Wing ¢ 315-334, 2 355-380 mm.; crown blackish ; above ashy brown ; below white barred with blackish brown; tail with 4 dark bands.1! Astur gentilis arrigonit Kleinsch., Orn. MB., x1., pp. 152-3 (1903). [Sardinia.] Sardinian Goshawk. Smaller and much darker race; wing ¢ 292-305, 2 335-45 mm. Astur gentilis schvedowi Menz., Orn. Geogr. Eur. Russia, p. 439 (1882). [Zvansbai- kalia. | Siberian Goshawk. Less brownish, purer grey ; markings below rather finer and paler; wing ¢ 290-323, 2 353-359 mm. Minor, Palestine etc.) ; in winter to N. Africa and Himalayas. Sardinia, Corsica ? N. Asia to Thibet ; Japan ; in winter to India and Burma. 1 The young of most species of the genus Astur, both in the typical group and many succeeding ones, are brown above, the feathers more or less margined with ochraceous or rufous, and ochraceous to creamy white (according to age) below with longitudinal markings, usually in the form of streaks on throat and large oval spots on breast and flanks, although in some species the flanks may be barred. Those juvenile examples of A. gentilis which are whitish below are clearly older than those which are ochraceous, as may be seen by lifting a feather, when a rudimentary bar is seen at the base. All birds of prey change a little with their annual moults so itis a fallacy to assume there are only the juvenile and adult plumages. Thecharacters given, as in other genera, are those of average adult birds. 64c. +*64d. 64e. 65. 33 Astur gentilis albidus Menz., Orn. Geogr. Eur. Russia, p. 4388 (1882). [Amurland and Kamschatka. | Kamtschatka Goshawk. “White’’ race; entire colouration more or less obsolete ; wing ¢ 360, 2 370 mm. Astur gentilis atricapillus (Wils.), Am. Orn., me. p. 30, pl 92, fig..3 (1812). [Near Philadelphia. | American Goshawk. Wing $ 325, 2 352 mm. ; above bluish ash, with blackish shaft stripes ; crown deeper black ; below closely freckled or vermi- culated, instead of barred; tail bands more indistinct. Astur gentilis striatulus Ridgw., Hist. N. Am. Birds, i., p. 240 (1874). [Puget Sound. | Western Goshawk. Markings of lower parts fine and delicate and so dense as to present a nearly uniform appearance ; tail bands obsolete. Astur hensti Schl., Mus. P.B. Revue Ac- cipitr., p. 62 (1873). [Madagascar, type in Leyden Mus. ] Henst’s Goshawk. Wing ¢ 280, ¢ 330 mm.; above sepia brown; head, neck and upper mantle blackish slate ; nape varied with white ; tail with 6 irregular darker bands ; below white, thickly and broadly barred with blackish. Kamtschatka. N. America (except Pacific side), acc. in Brit. Isles. W. North America, Sitka to Sierra Nevada. Madagascar. 34 B. Sides of crown uniform with crown itselt ; no distinct red nape band; total length under 20 in. Baga 66b. Astur tachivo tachiro (Daud.), Traité, 11., p. 90 (1800). [ex. Levaillant—Pays d’Au- teniquot. | African Goshawk. Wing 3 215, 2 235 mm.; above brownish or slate; tail with about 3 darker bands ; below white, barred with dark rufous brown . Astur tachivo benguellensis subsp. nov. [2 Kabisombo R., Quilengo, Benguella, Feb. 2, 1895, W. J. Ansorge, type in Tring Mus.] Angolan Goshawk. Much larger ; wing 2 260, tail 230 mm. ; more heavily barred below and on under wing-coverts, with no rufous wash. Astur tachivo sparsimfasciatus Reichen., Orn. M.B., iii., p. 97 (1895). [Zanzibar.] Zanzibar Goshawk. Wing 248-260 mm. ; below lighter; cross bands more distinct; no bars on under wing-coverts. . Astur tachiro nyanse+ Neumann, Orn. M.B. x., p. 188 (1902). [Fort Portal, Victoria Nyanza.] Uganda Goshawk. Smaller ; wing g 210, 2 246 mm. ; stripes below brownish black, wing-coverts barred. S. Africa (Cape Colony, Natal, E: Transvaal). Angola. Zanzibar Is., N. & W. Coasts of Victoria Nyanza ; (Uganda). 1 A. hilgerti Erlanger (J. f. O. 1904, p 173) is, I believe, a melanism of this form. 66d. 66f. #07. 67a. 35 Astur tachivo tenebrosus Lonnberg, Ark. f. Zool. xi., No: 5, p. 2 (1917). [Londianz.| Lénnberg’s Goshawk. Larger and darker than A. ¢. sparsimfascia- tus ; under wing-coverts barred. Astur tachirvo macroscelides Hartl., J.f.O., 1855, pp. 354, 360. [Gold Coast, type in Leyden Mus.] West African Goshawk. Smaller ; wing g 200, 2 222 mm.; thighs rufous, without bars ; under wing-coverts white. Astur tachiro unduliventer (Ripp.), Neue Wirosp. 40, tat. se fie. 1. (1835): [Semien prov., Abyssinia. | Abyssinian Goshawk. Wing ¢ 190-195, 9 215 mm.; thighs and flanks rufous, and transverse bars more richly rufescent. Astur trivirgatus trivirgatus (Temm.), Pl. Col., i., pl. 303 (1824). [Sumatra.] Indian Crested Goshawk. Wing 3 182-198, 9 245 mm.; above slaty grey ; below with breast rufous, or partly so, and rest of under parts white, barred with rufous. Astur trivirgatus rufitinctus McClell., P.Z.S., 1839, p. 153. [Banks of Brahmaputra, Assam. | Larger Crested Goshawk. Larger ; wing 2 268 mm. Brit. E. Africa. W. Africa (Gold Coast to Sierra Leone). N.E. Africa (Abyssinia). Hilly parts of India and Ceylon, Malay Archipelago. E. Himalayas to Assam, Indo- Chinese countries, Formosa. 68. 36 Astur griseiceps Schl., Mus. P.B., Astures, p. 23 (1862). [North Celebes, type in Ley- den Mus. | Grey-headed Goshawk. Wing 2 205 mm.; above brown; head bluish grey ; tail with about 4 dark bars ; below white, with broad streaks of brown ; thighs barred with blackish brown. . Astur brutus (Poll.), Nederl. Tijdschr., 111., p. 80 (1866). [Mayotte I.] Least Goshawk. Smaller ; wing ¢ 142, 2 163 mm.; above brownish ash; sides of head and of neck rufous; tail with 6 dark bars; below white, barred with rufous. Astur toussenelli toussenellii (Verr.). Rev. et Mag., 185+, p. 538. [Gaboon, type in Br. Mus. | Toussenell s Goshawk. Wing ¢g 200, 2 220 mm.; above blackish slate or slate; tail with 3 more or less regular white bands ; below pale vinous to rufous, with indications of white bars; throat greyish white. . Astur toussenellit lopezi Alex., Bull. B.O.C., xili., p. 49 (1903). [Fernando Po., type in B. M.] Fernando Po Goshawk. Smaller ; wing 2 185 mm.; thighs chest- nut. Celebes. Mayotte Is. (Comoro Group) W. Africa (Gaboon). Fernando Po. ras 7a. ipa 73. 74. 37 Astur castanilius castanilius (Bp.), Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1853, p. 578. ["" Amerique de Sud ’’’—err. =Gaboon, type in B. M.] Chestnut-sided Goshawk. Wing ad. 185-230 mm. ; below banded with white and dark chestnut from throat to vent ; flanks, bright rufous. Astur trinotatus trinotatus (Bp.), Consp., 1., p. 33 (1850). [Celebes.] N. Celebean Goshawk. Wing 3 160, 2 170 mm.; below delicate rufous fawn, without white bars; thighs white. Astur trinotatus hesitandus (Hart.), Nov. Zool., iii., p. 162 (1896). [Bonthain Peak.] S. Celebean Goshawk. Size similar ; paler below, with more white on abdomen. Astur henicogrammus Gray, P.Z.S., 1860, p. 343. [E. Gilolo, type in B. M.] Gray’s Goshawk. Wing ¢ 205, 2 230 mm. ; above deep slate grey; tail with 8 or 9 dark bars; below wholly chestnut with a few whitish cross bars. Astur hiogaster hiogaster (Mull. et Schl.), Natuurl. Gesch., p. 110 (1841). [Ambon.] Rufous-bellied Goshawk. Wing 3 195, 9 215 mm. ; above slate grey ; bars on tail nearly obsolete ; below cinna- mon rufous, without bars. W. Africa ; Cameroons, French and Portuguese Congo. N. Celebes. S. Celebes. Moluccas (Halmahéra, Morotai). Moluccas (Ceram and Amboina). 74a. gil Tod. 75b. Foc. 38 Astur hiogaster rooki Rothsch. & Hart. Nov. Zool., xxi., p. 288 (1914). [Rook J., type in Tring Mus. ; Rook Island Goshawk. Smaller ; wing 3 192-195 mm. Astur etorques etorques (Salvad.), Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov., vil., p. 901 (1875). [Salawatti f.] New Guinea Goshawk. Larger ; wing § 208, 2238-260 mm. ; above browner; below more vinous red; tail with about 10 darker bars. Astur etorques rufoschistaceus Rothsch. and Hart., Nov:; Zool.,) ig yp. S90; q1902): [Ysabel I.] Ysabel Is. Goshawk. Whole under side deep rufous ciimamon. Astur etorques rubiane Rothsch. and Hart., Nov. Zool., xi1., pp. 250-1 (1905). [Rubia- na I.| Solomon Island Goshawk. Smaller and darker form. Astur etorques bougainviller Rothsch. and Hart. Nov. Zool., xi., pp. 250-1 (1905). [Bougainville I.] Bougainville I. Goshawk. Plumage lighter above. Rook I. New Guinea, Salawati and Jobi Is., Bismarck Archipelago. Ysabel I., Solomon Archipelago. Solomon Is. (Rubiana, Rendova, Gizo). N. Solomon Is. (Shortland Group and Bougainville I.). 39 75d. Astury etorques misoriensis (Salvad.), Ann. 75e. 76. #77, $*77a. Mus. Civ. Genov., vii., p. 904 (1875). [Misori I.] Misori Goshawk. Smaller and more delicate grey above. Astur etorques pulchellus Ramsay, Jnl. Linn. Soc., xvi., p. 131 (1881). [Solomon Is.) Ramsay's Goshawk. Under wing and _ tail-coverts whitish ; thighs reddish white. Astur sylvestris (Wall.), P.Z.S., 1863, pp. 484,487. [flores, type in B. M.] Flores Goshawk. Wing ¢g 187, 2 205 mm. ; above paler ashy grey ; crown bluish; tail uniform; below paler salmon colour, with remains of white bars on breast, more numerous on abdomen. Astur badius badius (Gmel.), S.N., 1., p. 280 (1788). [ex. Brown—Ceylon.| Ceylonese Shikra. Wing ¢ 172-177, 2203 mm. ; above darkish blue grey ; tail with 5 or 6 blackish bars ; , below salmon rufous, with white cross bars. Asiur badius dussumiert Temm., Pl. Col., livr. 52, pl. 308 (1824). |Jndia = Bengal, type in Paris Mus.] Shikra. Larger; wing g 180-200, 2 210 mm.; _ above lighter grey, below paler rufous. Is. of Misori, N.W. New Guinea, Jobi I. (?) Solomon Is. (CapesBitt; Florida I., Guadalcanar, Ysabel I.) Lesser Sunda Is. (Flores). Ceylon. Travancore. Whole of Indian Peninsula. *77bs wc. 78. 7I2, 40 Astur badius poliopsis (Hume), Stray Feathers, ii., 1874, p. 325. [N. Pegu.} Hume’s Shikra. above with broader and Larger than A. badius badvus ; darker grey; below brighter vinous bands. Astur badius cenchroides Severtz., Turkist. Jevotn., p. 63 (1873). [Russian Turkestan]. Severtzow s Shikra. Wing 3 198, tail 165 mm.; wing 2 215, tail 180 mm. ; tail slightly longer and more definitely barred ; below with paler cross bars. Astur brevipes Severtz., Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, xxili., p. 234, tab. 1.-1ii. (1850). [Govt. Woronesch, S. Russia.) Levant Shikra. Larger ; wing ¢ 215-222, 2 230-240 mm. ; mantle blackish slate; bars below paler salmon colour; under wing-coverts dis- tinctly barred. Astur sphenurus sphenurus (Rupp.), Neue Wirb., p. 42 (1835). [Dahlak I., near Massaua, Red Sea. Riippell’s Goshawk. Wing ¢ 178, 2 192-204 mm. ; above clear bluish ashy, below as in 4. badius badius, but under wing-coverts buffy white, with faint dusky cross bars; tail with 7 black bands instead of 6. Assam, Burma, Tenasserim, Siam, Indo-China, Formosa. Central Asia (Turkestan), Baluchistan, E. Persia and Punjab, Sind (winter). Central Russia, Dalmatia, Greece, Turkey, Asia Minor, Persia, Syria, Egypt. N.E. Africa, Sudan to Senegambia, Sierra Leone, Nigeria. 79a. *80. 81. 82. 41 Astur sphenurus riggenbachi Neumann, Bull. B.O.C., xxi., p. 69 (1914) [Gassam, E. of Thiés. Senegal type in Riggenbach coll.] Riggenbach’s Goshawk. Wing 3¢ 177 mm.; much darker above, more like A. soloensis; below vinous buff, throat and upper breast uniform in adult, below barred with white. Astur polyzonoides (Smith), Ill. Zool. S. Air, pl. xi: (1838)... [S. Ajrica; type im B. M.] Little Barred Goshawk. Smaller; wing ¢ 160, 2 190 mm.; above slaty brown ; tail (including centre feath- ers) with 6 darker bars; below white, narrowly barred with rufous brown; wing quills all banded with black below. Astur butleri Gurney, Bull. B.O.C., vii., p. xxvu. (1898). [Car Nicobar f., type in Norwich Mus. |] Butler’s Goshawk. Wing ¢ 173 mm. ; tail with only one indis- tinct subterminal bar ; under wing-coverts white. Astur soloensis Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc., xui., p. 137 (1821). [Java.] Chinese Goshawk. [A. cuculoides a synonym. ] Wing ad. 180-200 mm. ; tail with 5 bars ; body below, pale buffy vinous without bars. Senegal. S. Africa, N. to Nyasaland. Car Nicobar I., Bay of Bengal. China, S. in winter to Maiay Archipelago and New Guinea. 83. 84. *85. 85a. *86. 42 Astur pallidiceps (Salvad.), Orn. d. Papu- asia, etc., i., p. 64 (1879). [Bouru.] White-headed Goshawk. Head, neck and upper part of mantle light greyish white; rest of upper parts slate grey, tail uniform ; below vinous rusty red. Astur poliocephalus (Gray), P.Z.S., 1858, pp. 170, 189. [Azu Is., type in Br. Mus.] Grey-headed Goshawk. Wing 3 198, 2213 mm. ; above as last, but tail with blackish bars ; below white. Astur francescii francescii (Smith), Afr. Q. Jnl., ii., p. 280 (1834). [Madagascar, type in B. M.] Frances’s Goshawk. Smaller; wing ¢ 154-158, 2 173 mm. ; above uniform dark slate; tail with 7 darker bars ; below bufty white, with faint concealed cross bars on chest. Astur francescii pusillus Gurney, Ibis, 1875, p. 258. [Joanna I.] Joanna Island Goshawk. Smaller and darker above. Astur vaii raii Vig. & Horst., Trans. Linn. Soc., xv., p. 180 (1827.) [N.S. Wales.] Grey Goshawk. [Astur clarus clarus. ed. 1.} Much larger ; wing 2 305-318 min. ; above brownish ash colour ; below white barred with dull ashy. Bouru, New Guinea, Salawati, Mysol, Waigiou and Aru Is. Madagascar. Joanna or Anjuan I. (Comoro Group). E. side of Australia. 43 86a. Astur rait cooktowm (Math.), Nov. Zool., N. Queensland. Xvill., p. 245 (1912). [Cooktown, N.Q.] Northern Grey Goshawk. Smaller ; wing 2 261 mm. 86b. Astur rai robustus Zeitz.S. A. Orn.,i., pt.1, Melville I., p. 13 (1914). [Melville I.) N. Territory Melville Island Goshawk. Insular race. [Not seen. ] *87. Astur novehollandie novehollandie (Gmel.) Tasmania, SNE at, p. 264 (1788)-" lex: Forster: N.S. Wales, Australia =Tasmania, apud Math. |] S. Australia White Goshawk. Wing ¢ 260, 2310 mm. ; above and below pure white. 87a. Astur novehollandie leucosomus Sharpe, New Guinea, Cat. Bds. B.M., i., p. 119 (1874). [New Waigiou, Guinea. | N. Queensland ? Lesser White Goshawk. Smaller ; wing g 198 mm 88. Astus buergersi Reich., Orn. M.B., xxii., Mountains of p. 29 (1914) [Mdomoboberg]. New Guinea. Black-and-White Goshawk. 2 Mr. O. Neumann informed me recently that A. buergerst was in his opinion the same as A. eudiabolus Rothsch. & Hart., and that a second specimen of A. buergersi received was in his opinion adult (although the first was not) and was “‘ nearly black all over, with a few white marks on wing and tail.’”’ Dr. Hartert has since written me that birgersi was the juvenile and eudiabolus the adult, but he concurs in the identity of the two birds, so eudiabolus becomes a synonym. Astuy planes of Reichenow (J.f.0. 1910, p. 412, Neu Pommern) I have still been unable to place or identify, nor is Mr. Neumann certain of it. 44 Above slate black; below white streaked and barred with black; wing ¢ 295, ¢ 325 mm. 89. Astur haplochrous (Sclat.), Ibis, 1859, p.275 New Caledonia pl. vii. [Nu JI., New Caledoma.] Black-throated Goshawk. Wing ad. 245 mm. ; above, also throat and chest, blackish slate ; below white. 90. Astur albigularis albigularis+ (Gray), Ann. Solomon N.H., (4) v., p. 327 (1870). [Recherche Bay, Islands (S. S. Christoval, type in B. M.] Christoval, Ugi, White-throated Goshawk. Guadalcanar). Wing ad. 254 mm.; above black, or blackish slate; tail unbanded; below white, with or without slight greyish shading or vermiculations on sides of chest. 90a. Astur albigularis meyerianus Sharpe,! Jnl. Jobi I. N.W. Linn. Soc., xili., p. 458, pl. xxi. (1877). New Guinea, [Jobi I.] Ceram-Laut. Meyer’s Goshawk. Larger; wing 315 mm.; cheeks white ; below with some black shaft streaks and cross bars. 91. Astur poliogaster (Temm.), Pl. Col., i., pl. Brazil 264 (1824). | Brazil, type in Leyden Mus.] (Ypanama), Grey-bellied Goshawk. Paraguay, [Astur jardinei a synonym. ] Brit. Guiana. 1 Dr. Hartert, who examined the description of Oustalet's Astur sharpet (Bull. Soc. Philom. (6), xi., p. 25, 1875) with me, thinks it is merely an example of A. a'bigularis albigularis, and I have therefore omitted it. 45 Wing ¢ 248 mm. ; 2 278 mm. ; above dark lead grey ; below greyish white ; tail with 3 ashy bands. C. An ill-defined white collar on hind neck ; thighs nearly uniform brown, with. slight remains of white cross bars. sy Astur collaris! (Kaup), MS. in Mus. Brit. Colombia, unde ; Scl., Ibis, 1860, p. 148, pl.6. [“ Nova Venezuela Granada’’ = Bogota, type in Brit. Mus.} (Mérida). Semi-collared Sparrow-hawk. Wing ad. 180 mm.; immature ¢ (?) 162 mm.; above sooty brown; head black ; tail with 5 darker bands; below white, broadly barred with rufous brown. Im- mature chestnut above ; head chocolate ; tail with 6 bands ; below paler chestnut, with obsolete bars. D. With a well-defined rufous nuchal collar. 93. 94. Astur pectoralis Bp., Rev. et Mag. de Zool., Brazil, Guiana, 1850, p. 490. [ Brazil.) Ecuador. Red-collared Goshawk. Wing ¢ 230, ° 278 mm.; above brown ; crown black, crested; tail with 4 black bands ; below, chest rufous, rest of under parts white barred with black. Astur natalis Lister, P.Z.S., 1888, p. 523. Christmas I. [Christmas I.] Christmas Island Goshawk. 1 The adult bird has the foot and wing of Astuy rather than Accipiter, and as I am unable to unite the two genera (both on account of the difference in the foot and the already unwieldly size of each genus) I have transferred this bird to Acetptter. 95. 96b. 46 Above brownish slate ; inner webs of tail- feathers obscurely barred; below, breast rufous brown barred with slate, rest paler barred with white. Astur rufitorques Peale, U.S. Explor. Ex- ped., p. 68, pl. 19 (1848). [Fiji Is.] Fijian Goshawk. Wing 3 205, 29242 mm. ; above light bluish grey; tail not visibly barred; throat white ; below pale vinous red. Astur torquatus torquatus (Temm.), Pl. Col., i., pl. 43 (1821) [New Holland and Timor : terra typica Timor. ] Collared Goshawk. Wing 3 202-215, 2 240-248 mm.; above slate brown; tail with numerous darker bars ; below white, barred with pale rufous ; thighs and under tail-coverts less barred. Astur torquatus sumbaensis (A. B. Meyer), Abhandl. Ber. Mus., Dresd., 1892-3, p. 3. [Sumba I.] Sumba Goshawk. Wing ¢ 220, 2 255 mm. ; bars below wider and darker brown. Astur torquatus wallacit Sharpe, Cat. Bds. B.M., i., p. 128, pl. 5 (1874). [Lombok, type in Brit. Mus. ]} Wallace’s Goshawk. Wing 3 210, 2 237 mm.; below much richer vinous salmon colour with narrow white cross bars, the chest nearly uniform salmon colour. Fiji Islands. Timor, Savu, Alor, Samao. Lesser Sunda Is. (Sumba, Waingapo). Lesser Sunda I:. and S.W. Islands. *96c. 96d. 96e. 961. 97. 47 Astur torquatus griseigularis Gray, P.Z.S., 1850, p. 343. [Batchian, type in B. M.] Grey-throated Goshawk. Larger; wing g 250, 2 265-285 mm. ; above darker, except head; below with some white bars; throat bluish grey. Astur torquatus buruensis, Streseman, Nov. Zool., xxi., p. 381 (1914). [Fakol, Buru, type in Tring Mus. ] ~Bouru Goshawk. Browner above ; wing & 259-270 mm. Astur torquatus albiventris Salvad., Ann. MarnCiv., (Genov., vil, p. 982: (1875). [Ker I.] White-bellied Goshawk. Smaller ; above as A. rufitorques ; below pale vinous red ; belly white. Astur torquatus polionotus Salvad., Mem. Accad., Torino, xl., p. 147 (1889). [Timor Laut. | Tenimber Is. Goshawk. Plumage above lighter. Astur melanochlamys melanochlamys (Sal- vad.), Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov., vii., p. 905 (1875). [Mt. Arfak.] Black-backed Goshawk. tail barred on inner webs throat Above black ; only; below vinous chestnut ; black. Molucca Is. (Halmahera, Ternate, Gebe, Batchian, Morotai ?‘ Obits). Bouru, S. Moluccas. Ké or Kei I., Mangegur. Timor Laut or Tenimber, Banda, Babber and Dammer Is. N.W. New Guinea. *08. 98a. 98b. 48 ., Astur melanochlamys schistacinus Rothsch. and Hart., Nov. Zool., xx., p. 482 (1913). [Mt. Goliath.] Mt. Gohath Goshawk. Above more slaty black ; below paler. Astur fasciatus fasciatus Vig. & Horst., Tr. Linn, Soc., xv p: 181 (1827): [NS aes, type in Brit. Mus._ Australian Goshawk. Wing 3 260-272, 2 310 mm. ; above slate brown ; tail with numerous darker bars ; below dull rufous, narrowly barred with white and ashy; under wing-coverts dull rufous barred with fulvous. Astur fasciatus didimus (Math.), Austral Avian Rec., 1., p. 33 (1912). [Melville I. Northern Goshawk. Smaller: “ wing 236 mm.”’ Astur fasciatus cruentus Gould, P.Z.S., 1842 p. 113 (1843). [York dist. W. Austral. West Australian Goshawk. Wing 2 (?) 317 mm. ;_ below paler ; under Wwing-coverts barred with vinous grey. Astur fasciatus polycriptus Rothsch. and Hart. Nov. Zool:; xxil., p.-Jo3, (1905): [Sogeri dist. Brit. New Guinea, type in Tring Mus. | New Guinea Barred Goshawk. Wing ¢ 230 mm.; above slightly more Mount Goliath, Dutch New Guinea. E. Australia, S. to Tasmania, Norfolk I. N.W. Australia, Northern Territory. W. Australia. New Guinea, New Britain, New Ireland, D’Entrecas- teaux Group, Waigiou I. 49 bluish ; below more reddish and lighter, with narrow and nearly obsolete whitish bars. 98d. Astur fasciatus insuliris, F. Sarasin, Nove New Caledonia, Caledonia Zool. Aves, p. 8 (1913). [New New Hebrides, Caledonia. | Loyalty Is. New Caledonia Goshawk. Wing 225-230 mm.; under wing-coverts reddish isabelline, barred with blackish brown. Gen. XXVI. NISOIDES Pollen (1866). Type N. moreli Poll. Hinder aspect of tarsus scaled; commissure of bill pertectly straight. 99. Nisoides moreli Pollen, Bull. Soc. Sc. Réun., W. Coast of 1866, p. 62. (Madagascar, typein Leyden Madagascar. Mus. | Morell’s Goshawk. Wing 3 152 mm. ; above slaty black ; nape and base of scapulars mottled with white and upper tail-coverts tipped with same ; tail with about 8 darker bands; below white barred with rufous brown; throat streaked with black. Gen. XXVII. ACCIPITER Briss. (1760). Type by taut. Accipiter accipiter Briss. [= A. nisus.] Bill with distinct festoon to cutting margin of upper mandible; nostrils oval; tarsus long, slender and smooth ; toes long and slender, par- ticularly the middle one, which is more than twice ridge of bill (without cere). Maximum age ¢, 15.8; 9, 1S ins Minimum ¢ 838; =, 10.5 in. 50 KEY TO THE NATURAL GROUPS AND SPECIES (ADULTS). A. Thighs banded; no collar round neck. +*100. 100a. 100b. *100c. Accipiter nisus nisus (Linn.), S.N., i., p. 92 (1758). [Europe =Sweden, apud Hartert]. Common Sparrow-Hawk. Wing ¢ 190-208, 2 230-242 mm.; above bluish slate ; nape more or less mottled with white ; tail with about 4 darker bands; below white, breast barred with rufous or brown ; flanks rulous. Accipiter nisus wolterstorf/i Wleinschm., Orn. MB., ix., p. 168 (1901). [Sardinia, type in Kleinschmidt’s Coll.] Sardinian Sparrow-Hawk. Smaller; wing ¢ 183, 9 215-223 mm. ; darker above, more closely and thickly barred below. Accipiter nisus punicus Erlanger, Orn. MB., v., p. 187 (1897). [Ain-bou-Dries, Tun- sia]. North African Sparrow-Hawk. Larger ; wing ¢ 203-213, 2 243-255 mm. ; above bluer. Accipiter nisus nisosimilis Tickell, Jnl. As. Soc. Beng. ii., p. 571 (1833-34). [Borab- hum, India. ] Indian Sparrow-Hawk. Larger form of A. 7. nisus ; wing 3 205-215, 2 240-257 mm. Europe? and W. Asia; in winter to Algeria, N.E. Atrica, India, China. Sardinia. Tunis, Algeria, Marocco. N. and Central Asia, from Tur- kestan to Japan; in winter to India, Kashmir, Assam, Burma. 4 Kleinschmidt (Falco xiii., p. 24, 1918) has separated the French race as 4. nisus gallia. 51 100d. Accipiter nisus pallens Stejn., Pr. U.S. Nat. Kamschatka, Mus., xvi., p. 625 (1893). [Prov.of Hitachi, Japan. Japan, type in Sci. Coll. Mus., Tokyo.] Kamtschatkan Sparrow-Hawk. Above lighter and greyer, with dark shatt stripes ; dark tail bands nearly obsolete ; below barred with greyish. *100e. Accipiter msus teneriffe Laubmann, Ver- Teneriffe. aed Orn. Ges., xi, p. 164 (1912). (Teneriffe, type in Laubmann’s Coll.] Teneriffe Sparrow-Hawk. Insular race [with light and dark phases. ] wing ¢ 197, 2 231 mm. 100f. Accipiter nisus melanoschistus Hume, I|bis, Himalayas,from 1869, p. 356. [| Kotgarh, Simla. | Kashmir to Himalayan Sparrow-Hawk. Assam, Thibet, + Kansu, Burma. Larger ; wing g 203-213, 9 245-259 mm. ; blackish slaty above, darkest on head and nape ; bars on tail broad and pronounced ; below with bars broad and decided. 100g. Accipiter nisus granti Sharpe, Ann. & Mag. Madeira. N.H.. (6), v., p. 483 (1890). [Madeira, type in B. M.] Madeiran Sparrow-Hawk. Smaller ; wing 3 188-198, 2 221-231 mm. ; above blackish brown ; below white, barred with greyish black. ‘ 1fA. n. ladygini Bianchi (Ann. Mus. St. Petersb. viii., p. 11, 1903) seems to be identical with melanoschistus. +*101. 1Ota- 101b. 101c 52 Accipiter fuscus fuscus (Gmel.), S.N., 1, p- 280 (1788). [America : North America. | Sharp-shinned Hawk. Wing ¢ 167-180, 2 205-210 mm.; above slaty blue ; below white, barred with pale rufous ; the flanks barred like breast. Accipiter fuscus fringilloides (Vig.), Zool. Jni., ii., p. 434 (1828). [Cuba.] Cuban Sparrow-Hawk. Smaller and more slender; wing ¢ 158 mm. ; cheeks rufous ; below nearly white, especially the thighs; no white spots on outer tertials. Accipiter fuscus striatus Vieill. Oiseaux Amér. Sept. i., p. 42, pl. 14 (1807). [Mal- fim, Saint Domingue. ] St. Domingo Sparrow-Hawk. Wing ad. 149-181 mm. ; darker grey above; centre of abdomen and thighs white ; sides barred with brown; a large concealed white spot on 3 outer tertials. Accipiter fuscus venator Vetomre, Pr. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxvii., p. 119 (1914). [Man- cao, type in U.S. Nat. Mus.] Porto Rico Sparrow-Hawk. Wing ¢ 145 mm.; similar to A. fuscus striatus, but much darker above and more deeply coloured below ; upper side of tail with sharply defined black bars. N. America, in winter S. to Guatemala. Cuba. St. Domingo. Porto Rico. +102. 102a. 102b. 103. 53 Accipiter cooperi cooperi (Bp.), Am. Orn., 1., pl. 10, f. 1 (1828). [Near Bordentown, New Jersey.] Cooper’s Hawk. Larger ; wing ¢ 230-238, 2 260-273 mm. ; below rufous, the feathers spotted on both webs or barred with white ; upper breast more or less uniform rufous. Accipiter coopert mexicanus Swains., Faun. Bor. Am.,. ii., p. 45, footnote (1831). [Mexico.] Mexican Sparrow-Hawk. Wing 3 224-230, 9 255-262 mm. ; female with markings of lower parts denser and rather deeper in colour ; more rufous on thighs. Male scarcely differs from typical form. Accipiter coopert gundlachi (Lawr.), Ann. Lyc. N.Y., vil., p. 252 (1862). [Cuba.] Gundlach’s Sparrow-Hawk. Wing ¢ 218, 2 265 mm ; sides of neck, a band running to hind neck, and upper part of breast greyish ash. Accipiter superciliosus (Linn.), S.N., i., p- 128 (1766). [Surinam.] [ =A. tinus, auct. plur.] Eyebrowed Sparrow-Hawk. Wing 3 140-145, 2 160-167 mm.; above slaty grey; below white, throat un- spotted, rest minutely banded or vermi- culated with greyish brown. N. America (Middle and Southern WS.) W. United States to C. America. Cuba. Tropical S. America, N. to Panama. *104. 104a. 104b. 105. 54 Accipiter minullus minullus (Daud.), Traité, ii., p. 88 (1800). [ex. Levaillant—Rives du Gamtoos. | Little Sparrow-Hawk. Wing 3 147, 2168 mm. ; above slaty black ; upper tail-coverts tipped with white ; tail with 2 faint paler bands, and 2 large spots of white on inner webs ; below white (sides bright chestnut), narrowly barred with rufous. Accipiter minulus intermedius Erlang., J. f. Orn., p. 173 (1904). [Abela, S. Abys- sinia. | Abyssinian Sparrow-Hawk. Sides paler; bars darker and broader. Accipiter minullus erythropus J.1.0., 1855, p. 354. Leyden Mus. ] Red-legged Sparrow-Hawk. (Hartl.), [Gold Coast, type in Wing ¢ 152 mm. ; upper tail-coverts con- spicuously white ; barrings below blackish brown with very little rufous. Accipiter ovampensis Gurney, Ibis, 1875, p. 367, pl. vi. [Okavango River, type in Norwich Mus. ] Gurney’s Sparrow-Hawk. Wing ¢ 232, 9 264 mm. ; above dark ashy grey ; tail with 4 darker bars, alternated with paler bands, in centre of each of which is a white spot ; below white with narrow grey bands. S. Africa, to Brit. E. Africa on E. and Angola on W.? N.E. Africa, from Egyptian Soudan and Abyssinia to Uganda. W. Africa, Gold Coast to Cameroons. Ovampo Land, S.W. Africa, to Zambesi, Nyasaland, S. Abyssinia, Gambaga (Gold Coast). 1 A. minullus tropicalis Reich. (J. f. O. p. 139, 1908) from E. Africa does not after careful comparison appear to be separable. 55 *106. Acicpiter madagascariensis Verr.,S. Air. Q. Madagascar. Jnil., ii.. p. 282 (1834). [Madagascar, type in Brit. Mus. | Madagascar Sparrow-Hawk. Wing ¢ 181, 2 205 mm.; above blackish brown; tail uniform above, with paler bands beneath; below white, thickly barred with greyish black. B. Thighs barred; red collar on hind neck. *107.