ffniumitg fff CaJifflt j " I ' No. ., Division Range Shelf.. Received. SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS. SYNOPSIS OF THE DESCRIBED LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. Part L— DIURNAL AND CREPUSCULAR LEPIDOPTERA, COMPILED FOR THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BY JOHN G. MORRIS. WASHINGTON: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. FEBRUARY, 1862. ADVERTISEMENT. THE present " Synopsis of North American Lepidoptera" has been compiled by the Rev. Dr. J. Gr. Morris, of Baltimore, at the request of the Institution, to serve as a companion to the Cat- alogue published in 1860. The work is necessarily incomplete, claiming to be nothing more than a compilation of the published descriptions of the species of the same order ; but its publication has been earnestly urged, as tending to facilitate a knowledge of an order of insects of great economical importance. Dr. Clemens, of Easton, Pa., has made a number of important additions and corrections while the work was passing through the press, besides furnishing an original Appendix. The Institution is also under obligations to Dr. J. L. Leconte, Prof. S. S. Haldeman, Mr. W. H. Edwards, and Dr. B. Clemens, for assistance in correcting the proofs of the work. JOSEPH HENRY, Secretary S. I. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, WASHINGTON, February, 1862. ACCEPTED FOR PUBLICATION, OCTOBER, 1860, PHILADELPHIA: COLLINS, PRINTER, PREFACE. IT is a gratifying fact that the science of entomology is making rapid progress in our country, and that so much has already been accomplished by industrious students. There is an increasing demand for books on this subject, but as yet none has been pub- lished professing to describe all the species of any one order of our insects. Admirable monographs of some families and genera of Coleoptera have been published by Dr. Leconte and others, and of our Sphingidae by Drs. Harris and Clemens. Other entomologists, as Say, Melsheitner, Peale, Fitch, Ziegler, Halde- man, TJhler, and a few others, have contributed essentially to the discrimination of the species of various orders, but thus far no more comprehensive work has been attempted. Dr. Harris's inval- uable book on the insects of New England injurious to vegetation, approaches the nearest to such a work of any that have appeared in our country. The splendid and costly volume of Boisduval and Leconte on our diurnal butterflies, published in Paris, 1833, has never been finished, and contains but twenty-one genera and nine- ty-three species. Foreign naturalists have described hundreds of our species, but their descriptions are scattered through a number of journals and other works not easily accessible to the American student. I have attempted in this work to bring together in as narrow a compass as possible all our described Lepidoptera, embracing the Rhopalocera and the first two tribes of the Heterocera. Thus all our known diurnals, Sphinges and Bombyces, are included, down to the NoctuidaB proper. The latter will probably be taken up at some future time. I have collected the descriptions from many different authors, to whom due credit is given, but I have omitted some of the references to books, having given them in full in my catalogue IV PREFACE. of North American Lepidoptera, published by the Smithsonian Institution, which students will, of course, consult, if they desire to know the literature of the species. For the same reason, I have also omitted the list of abbreviations. With the generous permission of Dr. Clemens, of Easton, Pa., I have incorporated nearly the whole of his admirable synopsis of North American SphingidaB, published in the Journal of the Aca- demy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 1859, only omitting some minor details and the references to other authors. I have also added his descriptions of Arctiidae, published in the Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy for Nov., 1859. He has himself furnished an appendix containing many new and original views in regard to the classification of our Lepidoptera, with descriptions of genera and species. In a supplement will be found a notice of such species as have come to my notice up to the present date, principally from the publications of Mr. S. H. Scudder and Mr. Edwards. The latter gentleman has also supplied some important rectifications of synonymy. I have inserted descriptions of what are deemed by some to be distinct species, but which are regarded by others as mere varieties, in order to give their authors an opportunity of being heard, and that readers may conveniently compare them. As regards the classification, I have chiefly adopted that of Dr. Herrich-Schaeffer, of Ratisbon, with some modifications of Walker, of the British Museum. No doubt, changes will hereafter be found necessary. J. G. MORRIS. BALTIMORE, December, 1861. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Advertisement ii CONCHILOPODID A E . xxi, 126 Preface .... iii ZYGAENIDAE . xxi, 132 Table of Contents . . vii GLAUCOPIDIDAE . xxi, 133 Introduction . ix JEGERIADAE . xxii, 137 Definition of Lepidoptera xiii THYRIDAE . xxii, 141 External Structure . XV PSYCHIADAE . xxii, 142 Head . xvii SPHINGIDAE . xxii, 143 Thorax . . xvii DREPANULIDAE . . xxiv, 217 Abdomen . xvii SATURNIDAE . xxiv, 219 Legs . xvii BOMBYCIDAE . xxiv, 232 Wings . xvii NOTODONTIDAE . . xxiv, 238 Table of Families . . xvii ARCTIIDAE . xxv, 248 Description of Specie^, etc . . 1 LlTHOSIIDAE . xxv, 252 RHOPALOCERA . PAPILIONIDAE . xvii, 1 xvii, 1 Appendix, by Dr. B. Clemens . 259 ZYGAENIDAE . 259 PlERIDAE xviii, 15 GLAUCOPODIDAE . 262 DANAIDAE xviii, 36 CTENUCHIDAE . . xxvi, 282 HELICONIDAE . . . xviii, 38 LYCOMORPHIDAE . xxvi, 288 NYMPHALIDAE . xix, 40 PERICOPIDAE xxvii, 293 LlBYTHEIDAE xix, 63 NYCTEMERIDAE . xxvii, 296 SATYRIDAE xix, 70 LlTHOSIIDAE . 299 LYCAENIDAE xx, 81 HYPSIDAE . 306 ERYCINIDAE xx, 103 HESPERIDAE xx, 105 ARCTIIDAE . 312 HETEROCERA . xx, 122 Supplement, by Dr. J. G. Morris. EPIALIDAE xxi, 122 PlERIDAE . . 315 COSSIDAE . xxi, 123 NYMPHALIDAE . . 324 VI TABLE OF CONTENTS. SATYRIDAE . . . 327 I Notes, by W. H. Edwards . 350 LYCAENIDAE . . . 328 Notes, by Dr. B. Clemens . 352 . . . 330 I Errata ..... 352 NOTODONTIDAE . . . 336 j Index of Genera . . . 353 AECTIIDAE . . . 33G Index of Species . . .355 INTRODUCTION. (FROM THE GERMAN OF V. HEINEMANN ' ) BUTTERFLIES are insects having six feet and membranous wings covered with minute scales. They undergo a perfect transforma- tion ; the caterpillar or larva, furnished with ten to eighteen feet, is hatched from the egg, and after various moulting, is changed into the pupa, from which after a longer or shorter period, the perfect butterfly comes forth. It performs its destined office, the female deposits her eggs and dies. The butterfly consists of the body and members ; the former is Fig. 1. composed of head, thorax, and abdomen ; the members are the feet and wings. 1 Die Schmetterlinge Deutsclilands und der Schweiz. Systematise!! bearbeitet von H. v. Heinemann. Braunschweig. 1859. F. Vieweg und Sohn. viii INTRODUCTION. HEAD, caput. Figs. 3 to 7. .Fig. 3. The head is located in front of the thorax and separated from it, in most instances, by a very indistinct segment. On both sides are situated the large globular reticulated eyes, oculi, b ; between them and above is the vertex, c ; in front is the frons, d ; and be- low at the end is the mouth, os. The orbits of the eyes, orbita, fig. 4, e, are often distinguished by color and the character of the scales. Between the vertex and frons are the feelers, antenna, a, near the eyes, behind them at the orbita, or at a little distance from them in many species, are two small, round, smooth elevations, which are called simple eyes, ocelli, f. The parts of the mouth are but little developed in butterflies. The proboscis or tongue, lingua, g, is composed of the two lower jaws (maxillce} grown together as a double tube and usually sepa- rated only at the end, and which, for the most part, is corneous and spiral. It is seldom absent, or consists only of two slender, soft threads. Under the tongue are placed the two palpi, h, which are three jointed ; above these in many nocturnal moths there are in addition two palpuli, figs. 5 and 6, i. The palpi are of various form and size, sometimes scarcely visible, sometimes as long as the head and thorax together; the scales on the palpi are also of vari- ous density; the second joint is usually the longest and most densely scaled, the terminal joint is, for the most part, slender and pointed, frequently setaceous. INTRODUCTION. IX The feelers (antenna) vary also in length ; sometimes not ex- ceeding the breadth of the head, and sometimes much longer than the length of the body. They are filiform (thread-like) when the shaft is of equal thickness throughout the length, fig. 8 ; setiform (bristle shaped), when it becomes thinner towards the point, fig. 9 ; fusiform (spindle shaped), when it is thickest in the middle and thin at the root and point, fig. 10; clavate (club form), fig. 1, a, when it gradually thickens towards the summit, and capitate (knob form), fig. 11, when it suddenly enlarges at the end. .8. 9. 10. LL With regard to their covering, the antennae are either naked, or finely or compactly ciliated, fig. 12, or furnished with two single hairs on each segment, fig. 13, or tufted, fig. 14. Pig. 12. Fig. 13 Kg. 14. The processes of the antennae are either in the form of obtuse pyramidal teeth, fig. 15, or serrate, fig. 16, or pectinate, fig. 18. Pig. 15. Pig. 16. Kg. 17. Kg. 18. INTRODUCTION. A comb-like or pectinate process from the under side of the anten- nae is called lamellate, fig. It. Frequently the processes themselves are ciliated, the pectinations equal on both sides, and the pyra- midal teeth usually furnished at their summit with short cilise. THORAX. Figs. 1, 2, k. Fig. 1. Tig. 20. all The thorax in front, bears the head ; behind, the abdomen ; be- neath, the legs, and on the sides, the wings; the fore part, collare, 1, and the shoulder-covers, scapula, m, which cover the roots of the wings, are often prominent. Besides this, the scales above often form peculiar elevations. ABDOMEN. Figs. 1, 2, n. This consists of six to seven rings, the segments of which are for the most part discernible under the scales. These segments often have above, or on the sides or behind, tufts of hair. LEGS, pedes. Figs. 2, 19. There are three pairs of legs, pedes antici, A, pedes medii, B, and pedes postici, C. They are composed of the coxa, by means of which the leg is inserted into the body, o, the trochanter, p, which unites the coxa and the femur, q; the tibia, r, and the feet, tarsi, s. The tibia have usually two spurs, calcares, t, at the end ; the hind tibiae often have two behind the middle, u ; the fore tibia INTRODUCTION. xi occasionally have an emargi nation on the inner side, the upper edge of which is often prolonged into a spur, v. . 19. WINGS, alee. Figs. 1, 20—28. There are two pairs of wings, the fore wings, alee anteriores, fig. 20, and hind wings, alee posterior es, fig. 21, indifferently called pri- maries and secondaries, or superiors and inferiors — sometimes rudi- mentary or imperfect in the females, very seldom entirely wanting. The primaries lie with their hind edge on the fore edge of the secondaries, and cover the latter entirely in most of the nocturnal moths when in a state of repose. The secondaries are often folded together when at rest, and in that case usually have on the upper edge near the root, a strong elastic, sometimes double hair or bris- tle, which draws itself through a hook on the under side of the primaries and serves to maintain or render more easy the expansion of the secondaries. This is called thefrenulum, fig. '21, fr. This instrument is wanting in nearly all butterflies, which do not fold the secondaries when at rest. The wings have three edges or margins, the anterior margin, mar go anterior, on the upper side, A, the interior margin, mar go interior, opposite the anterior, B, and the posterior margin or seam, margo posterior or limbus, C, which is opposite the root of the wing, basis, and binds the two other margins. The angle made Kg. 20. Fig. 21. xii INTRODUCTION. by the anterior margin and the posterior, is called the anterior an- gle, D, on the secondaries ; on the primaries, this angle is called the apex; the angle between the posterior and interior margins E, is called the posterior angle on the primaries, and the anal angle on the secondaries. In many of the Tineidae, the interior margin and posterior angle are wanting, because the wings are very narrow and lanceolate, the edge proceeding in a regular curve from the apex to the base, figs. 21, 28. The external limit or boundary of the wing is the linea limbalis, the scales extending beyond that are called the fringe, cilice, fig. SO, F. In some micro-lepidoptera, especially in those with narrow wings, these cilice are hair form and very long, and often longer on the secondaries than the breadth of the wing. A line of darker shade, parallel with the margin, often runs through the fringe. The margin is straight, rectus, when it proceeds in a straight direction ; curved, when it forms a concave curve towards the base, fig. 20 ; sinuate, when it makes a convex curve towards the base, fig. 24 ; entire, when it forms an even, straight, curved or sinuate line, fig. 24 ; undulate, when it makes small rounded indentations, fig. 20 ; dentate, when there are sharp, angular, closely connected, teeth- like projections, fig. 21 ; cucullate (hood shaped) when small, rounded emarginations run into sharp angles toward the base, and lobate, when these emarginations are larger, fig. 23. . 24. The wings themselves consist of a skin-like membrane which are held in a state of expansion by the ribs or nerves, costce, running across or through them. The structure and arrangement of these costce are of great importance in the systematic division of butter- flies, and hence a special description of this structure and the de- termination of each costa are necessary, figs. 22 — 28. l 1 [This nervular system of classification is of comparatively recent date, and is not closely followed in the present work. — M.] INTRODUCTION. liu From the middle of the root of each wing two ribs proceed, which usually are united in or behind the middle of the wing, by an interrupted or curved short cross nerve q, thus inclosing a field between it and the root or base. These are called the anterior median nerve, also the subcostal, sc, and the posterior median, or subdorsal, sd. From them and the cross nerve, a number of others proceed which terminate on the anterior and posterior margins. These are counted on the posterior margin from the posterior an- gle toward the anterior angle and are designated. by the numbers 2, 3, 4, &c. &c., without any regard to the fact whether they arise separately from the median and cross nerves, or whether two or more unite towards the base and proceed from the common branch. Besides these, there exist on the interior margin of the wings from one to three nerves (on the primaries usually only one, seldom two), which arise from the base or root, and end on the posterior or interior margin ; these are called dorsal nerves. These all bear the figure 1, and are distinguished by la, Ib, Ic. On the anterior margin of the primaries and for the most part on that of the se- condaries, a nerve springs from the root, which is called the costal nerve, and which always bears the highest number, as No. 8, fig. 22. On the secondaries of many Noctuida, this costal nerve unites with the anterior median for a short distance, fig. 21, or it is en- tirely united with it at the base, so that it seems to proceed from the anterior median itself. Thefrenulum mentioned above is es- sentially also a nerve, which has remained free from the membrane of the wing. In most butterflies, which have nofrenulum, there are in the place of it, on the anterior margin, one or more short curved nerves terminating on it, fig. 22. Nerve 5 of the second- aries is often wanting or is less distinct ; this is also the case with nerve 5 of the primaries ; their position is, however, easily deter- mined by the larger space between 4 and 6, and they as well as other occasionally obsolete nerves are counted, so that each nerve, if possible, may always have the same numerical designation. That nerve at the apex of the primaries on the one terminating nearest to it, is called the apical nerve, fig. 24, 8. The two median nerves with their ramifications, and the costal and dorsal nerves, are most prominent in the structure. Each of the medians runs off into three branches, the anterior of the se- condaries into two, so that the individual branches, one after the other, proceed from the principal bough. A more extensive rami- X1Y INTRODUCTION. fication does not occur on the secondaries, and all the branches terminate in the outer margin ; so also with the branches of the posterior median of the primaries. On the other hand, the two first branches on the primaries end on the anterior margin, nerves 11 and 10; the third proceeds as nerve 6 to the outer margin, but at or behind the cross nerve it furcates, and nerve 8, which here arises out of it, proceeds usually to the apex or near it, after it has again branched off, and nerve 7 is sent off to the outer margin and nerve 9 to the anterior, fig. 24. Nerve 10 also frequently furcates, in sending one branch towards the outer margin, impinging on nerve 8, usually at the place where nerve 7 originates, so that this is the continuation of that branch, which then cuts nerve 8. There are some deviations from this structure, especially in the micro- lepidoptera, of which the neuration of the primaries is more simple. It is not to be denied that the anterior margin and the apex of the primaries, on which the power of sustaining flight chiefly depends, acquire a greater strength from the complicated nerve structure, whilst the secondaries do not require it, inasmuch as they are closely united with the primaries ; but on the other hand, on the interior margin they are furnished with more simple dorsal nerves, which are sufficient to sustain the wider superficies of the wings. The dorsal nerve of the primaries and the costal of the secondaries also appear to bear a mutual relation to each other, and this may also be true with regard to the corresponding margins. Both these nerves often have an inclination to furcate toward the root of the wings. .In those cases, for instance, where the costa3 of the infe- riors after its origin unites with the anterior median, it is essentially a furcation, in which case, however, the one branch constitutes part of the median, or coincides with it. The spaces between the nerves are called cells, cellulce, and are so distinguished by numbers, that the cell always contains the number of the nerve which it follows, counted from the interior margin. Thus the cell between the nerves 2 and 3 is called cell 2; the one between the nerves 3 and 4 is called cell 3, &c. &c. In fig. 25, they are distinguished by Roman letters. The cells, on the contrary, between the interior margin and nerve 2 are distin- guished as cell la, Ib, Ic, Id, fig. 26. The cell between the cross nerve and the two medians is called the median cell, cellula media, cm. Occasionally it is divided by one or two longitudinal nerves, in which case the distinct parts are called the anterior median cell INTRODUCTION. and the inferior median cell, fig. 25, am and era. In some genera, the cross nerve between nerves 4 and 5 is obsolete, so that the median cell is here open and passes into cell 4. There are also Pig. 26. la :uiTbi£r~2 sometimes small inclosed cells at the median, called accessory cells, which are either situated at the root of the secondaries, fig. 22, r, or intrusive cells, as fig. 25, s, or appendicular cells, as fig. 25, x. In the family of Tineidce with lanceolate secondaries, the nerve structure declines. The median cell is indistinct or entirely obso- lete, for all the nerves arise either from the root or other nerves, or lose themselves in the membrane in the vicinity of the cross Fig. 27. Fig. 28. nerve. The number of nerves, especially in the secondaries, also diminishes. In order to distinguish the wings lengthwise, they are divided into three fields or areas, the basal area, figs. 1 and 20, ba, the middle area, ma, and the limbal area, la. In many genera, these areas or fields on the primaries are marked or distinguished by simple, double or triple cross lines or narrow bands, which are called, fig. 20, sa, transverse anterior (extra basillaire) or posterior, sp (ligne coudee). These transverse bands or streaks are most distinct and common in the Noctuida, fig. 20. In these, there is in addition a cross line between the base and the anterior line, which does not extend down to the interior margin, and which is called the basal half line, sd (demi-ligne of the French); and ano- ther conspicuous cross line between the posterior line and the limb, called the undulate line, rr (ligne-subterminal). In the field or area, between these two, there are often arrow-shaped spots, which XVI INTRODUCTION. are called sagittate spots. Besides these, the Noctuida or moths, have three distinguishing marks in the middle area; one in the cell, Ib, called the dentiform spot ; a small, usually round one in the median cell, called the orbicular, mo, and behind it, a larger, kidney-shaped spot, called the reniform, mr. The two latter are often surrounded by a double edge, lighter than th%e ground color. Between both, there is usually drawn across the whole wing, a darker band, which is called the transverse median shade, am. Some spe- cies have a dark square spot between the two spots in the median cell, which often extends itself in a pyramidal form over the orbi- cular towards the root, so that both spots form a sort of recumbent pyramid, and is called the pyramidal spot. The posterior trans- verse streak alone is for the most part continued over the second- aries, which is then called, on both sides of the wing, the arcuated line. The reniform mark appears on the under side as the median lunule, and all the dark spots on the cross nerve of both sides of the secondaries bear the same name, fig. 21. In general, the structure of the several parts of the butterfly, as far as this is necessary to the determination of the species, genus, etc. , can easily be recognized, without dissection. Difficulties some- times occur in the frequently indistinct simple eyes, palpuli and frenulum. The last is usually present in species which fold their wings, when in a state of rest. A careful examination with a magnifying glass will readily detect the presence of this member. Much more difficult is a discrimination of the nerve structure, inas- much as the nerves are frequently so covered with scales, that with- out removing them, the nerves cannot be seen. In this case, the under side of the wings should be particularly examined, inasmuch as the nerves on this side are more distinct than on the other. But if this will not suffice to determine all the points desirable to be known, the scales must be removed. In order to accomplish this, either take a sharp, fine penknife and move the blade or back gen- tly over the nerves on the under side of the wings, until the nerves become distinct, or rub the whole wing with a soft, blunt hair pen- cil until all the scales are removed, but on the upper side only, when you wish to observe the furcation of the dorsal nerves of the primaries. This operation can be most satisfactorily performed when the specimens are fresh. SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA* SECTION I. RHOPALOCERA. Antennae filiform, terminating in a knob or club. Wings, at least the primaries, elevated in repose; no bristle or frenulum ; no stemmata or simple eyes — flight diurnal. Fam. I. Papilionidae. Larva with two retractile tentacles on first segment. Eyes promi- nent ; palpi short ; six feet adapted for walking ; wings wide, nerves distinct, abdominal edge of the secondaries concave, discoidal cell in both wings closed, hooks of the tarsi simple, abdomen free. A. Club of antennae arcuate ; Wings wide, secondaries with long tails or lobed. Papilio. B. Club straight ; Primaries transparent at the summit, two black ocelli in the discoidal cellule, abdomen of the female with a corneous pouch. [No species east of the Rocky Mountains.] Farnassius, * [The present synopsis is believed to be approximately correct and generally agrees with the body of the book as far as the Rhopalocera are concerned, but in the Heterocera the conformity is not so rigid, owing to the indistinctness of some of our new American genera and an indisposi- tion to create new families in which to place them. Further investigation will be required to determine their proper place in the system. The sy- nopsis, however, gives a tolerably fair exhibit of our Lepidopteral Fauna, exclusive of the Noctuidx proper, which may, however, hereafter be some- what improved. The Genus Pirnela, p. 129, belongs to Bombyridir, inadvertently placed where it now stands. — J. G. M.] B XV111 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. Fain. II. Pieridae. Antennae truncate'd at the extremity or clubbed. Secondaries with no concavity on abdominal edge, abdomen received into a groove, color whitish or orange to greenish-white on the upper side. A. Antennae abruptly terminating in an ovoid club ; a. Wings narrow, elongate. * Secondaries wider than the primaries. [Mexican.] Leptalis. b. Wings of ordinary width. f Palpi with long fascicled hairs, last article shorter than the preceding. a. Antennae rather long. [Mexican.] Euterpe. B. Antennae very short. Nathalis. ff Last article of the palpi at least as short as the pre- ceding. «. An auroral spot at the summit of the primaries, at least in the males. Anthocaris. 0. No auroral spot. Pieris. B. Antennae truncated at the summit or terminating insensibly in an obconic club ; a. Wings robust. * Primaries angulate. Rhodocera. ** Primaries not angulate, secondaries entire. a. Antennae rather long, terminating insensibly in a club. Callidryas. £. Antennae short, terminating in an obconic club. Colias. 6. Wings thin and delicate. Terias. Fam. III. Danaidae. Palpi remote, not extending much beyond the head, club of an- tennae formed insensibly ; wings wide, with the edges somewhat sinuous, discoidal cell of the secondaries closed, thorax robust, pectus with white dots, four walking feet. Secondaries of the males with a black spot in relief. Danais. Fam. IV. Helicon idae. Abdomen slender, elongate ; wings narrow, oblong, abdominal edge scarcely embracing the lower part of the abdomen, discoidal cell closed. Antennae longer than the head and abdomen, nearly filiform, in- sensibly thickening towards the extremity, four walking feet. [Only one species ; southern.] • Heliconia. SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. XIX Fam. V. Nymphalidae. Palpi nearly connivent, porrect, scaly, their anterior face as wide as the sides, discoidal cell nearly always open, nails of tarsi strongly bifid. A. Antennse with a flattened club, primaries sinuous. Agraulis. primaries not sinuous. Argynnis. Under side of wings without nacred spots. Melitaea. B. Club of antennae not flattened ; a. Primaries excised, angular, secondaries with a pale, silvery or golden mark like the letter L or C. Grapta. b. Primaries subtriangular, less excised, apex truncate, palpi very hairy. Vanessa. c. Primaries less angular, palpi less hairy. Pyrameis. d. Eyes naked, anterior legs less hairy. Junonia. e. Primaries rounded at the summit, proboscis very long. Anartia. /. Primaries dentate, sometimes prolonged to a tail. Nymphalis. g. Primaries, fore margin arcuate, angle acute, tail prominent, color coppery. Paphia. h. Primaries slightly dentate, secondaries with ocelli. Apatura. i. Primaries not dentate, subfalciform — no ocelli. Aganisthos. Fam. VI. Libytheidae. Larva without spines ; palpi very long, contiguous, in the form of a beak, parallel to the axis of the body; wings angular, rather ro- bust ; discoidal cellule of secondaries open. Libythea. Fam. VII. Satyridae. Wings robust, abdominal edge of the secondaries forming a groove ; discoidal cellule closed ; nervures of the primaries often dilated at their origin. Costal nervure feebly inflated at base ; color pale, dull, livid. [Extreme north.] Chionobas. Veins delicate, color uniform. Neonympha. Costal nervure much inflated, color dark brown ; wings ocellate or with black spots. Erebia. One or two veins of primaries inflated ; limb of secondaries dentate ; secondaries marbled beneath ; primaries ocellate. Satyrus. Eyes hairy ; base of costal and median nerves of primaries dilated ; secondaries lobed. Calisto. Costal nervure inflated ; secondaries emarginate, slightly caudate. Debis. The three principal nerves inflated, no ocelli. Coenympha. XX SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. Fam. VIII. Lycaenidae. Larva onisciform ; discoidal cellule closed apparently by a small nerviform prominence. Small ; under side with small spots or ocellated points ; often a marginal band of yellow spots ; color of males usually blue. Argus. Under side ocellate ; color fulvous. Folyommatus. Secondaries with filiform tails ; sometimes simply dentate. Thecla. Fam. IX. Erycinidae. Small ; six walking feet in the males, four in the females. Antennae long, annulated with whitish ; abdomen shorter than the secondaries. Nymphidia, Antennae shorter, not annulate. Lemonias. Fam. X. Hesperidae. Head wide, transverse ; antennae often terminated by a hook. Primaries triangular, often with pellucid spots ; anal angle with no lobe, no silvery spots beneath. Hesperia. Anal angle with a short tail turned outwards, or an obtuse point, silvery spots beneath. Goniloba. Anal angle rounded. Nisoniades. Wings with orange-colored spots ; color dark brown. Cyclopaedes Primaries only erect in repose ; disk in many species with an ob- lique velvety patch. Pamphila. Color brownish, with numerous translucent, angular and square whitish spots. Syrichthus. SECTION II. HETEROCERA. Antennae variable, prismatic, pectinate, serrate, moniliform or filiform; wings deflected in repose, secondaries mostly frenate; stemmata or false eyes in many genera. Flight diurnal, crepuscu- lar, most frequently nocturnal. SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. XXI Fam. I. Epialidae. Proboscis short or obsolete ; palpi nearly obsolete ; antennae mo- niliform, shorter than the thorax ; wings deflected, long, narrow, secondaries semi-hyaline. No stemmata. Thorax not crested ; body pilose ; last abdominal annuli of the fe- male forming an elongated oviduct. Epialus. Fam. II. Cossidae. Body stont, pilose, head small, antennae shorter than half the length of the wings, palpi small, eyes naked, proboscis short or ob- solete, wings strongly veined, deflected ; flight nocturnal ; stemmata none. Abdomen long, extending beyond the anal angle ; hind tibiae with two pair of spurs ; palpi shorter than the head. Cossus. Hind tibise with only terminal spurs. Zeuzera. Fam. III. Conchilopodidae. Body rather stout ; proboscis not visible ; antennas of $ simple, rather serrated, pilose at the apex, which is acute ; legs stout, pilose ; hind tibise with four spurs ; wings moderately broad, deflexed ; abdo- men a little tufted at the extremity. Larva onisciform, or flat. Fore wings, subcostal veins exterior to the disk, bifid, with two nervules from the disk. Limacodes. With one nervule from the disk. Adoneta. Fore wings, subcostal trifid, exterior to the disk. Empretia. Fore wings, subcostal quadrifid, exterior to the disk. Nochelia. Fam. IV. Zygaenidae. Antennae fusiform cylindric, often pectinate ; proboscis long, con- volute ; wings longer than the body, primaries more narrow, se- condaries rounded ; stemmata present. Costal vein bifid at base ; antennae fusiform. Zygaena. Without costal vein. Procria ? Clemens. Antennae not pectinate, thicker in the middle than at the apex. Alypia. Fam. V. Glaucopididae. Wings narrow, often limpid or with limpid spots; hind wings short ; antennae pectinated ; flight diurnal. B* XXli SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. Hind wings without a discal nervule ; median vein of hind wings bifid; wings usually hyaline. Glaucopis. Median vein of hind wings trifid ; subcostal vein with a marginal branch ; discal vein vertical. Ormetica. Hind wings with a discal nervule ; median vein of hind wings bifid. Euchromia. Median vein 3-branched.. Cyanopepla. Fam. VI. JEgeriadae. Primaries narrow, usually vitreous to the margin; secondaries shorter, altogether vitreous ; abdomen often with a caudal tuft. Antennae gradually thickened nearly to the end, curved ; proboscis nearly obsolete ; male, with a caudal tuft. Trochilium, Fam. VII. Tliyridae. Antennas feebly thickened in the middle, first article inflated ; no stemmata ; wings broad, subtriangular, more or less angulate and indented, opaque with semitransparent spots. Body short and thick, abdomen conical, tufted at the end. Thyris. Fam. VIII. Psycliidae. Proboscis obsolete, palpi hirsute, antennas pectinate or ciliate, wings more or less rounded. Female mostly apterous. Antennas of the male pectinated more than half the length ; abdo- men of the male very long. Female wingless. Oiketicus. Antennas of the male pectinated almost to the apex ; abdomen ex- tending beyond the wings. Female wingless. Thyridopteryx. Primaries acuminate at the apex. Female winged. Ferophora. Fam. IX. Spbingidae. FORE WINGS ENTIRE. A. Terminal margin obliquely convex ; Antennaa clavato prismatic, with hook and seta ; Tongue twice or nearly twice as long as the body. Macrosila. Tongue as long as the body, or somewhat longer. | ( Dolba. f Pachylia. Tongue two-thirds as long as the body. •( Darapsa pars. ' Lapara. Tongue about one-third as long as the body. j Ceratomia. ' Daremma. Tongue as long as palpi. Ellema. SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. XXI II Antennae slender, minutely serrate-setose; Abdomen more or less tufted ; Tongue moderate. Oenosandra. Tongue rather short. Perigonia. Tongue one-half as long as body. Macro glossa. Antennae subclavate or fusiform ; Abdomen not tufted at the tip. j Arctonotas. ( Deilephila. Abdomen tufted at the tip. ( Macroglossa. B. Terminal margin wavy. Anceryx.* C. Terminal margin nearly straight or slightly sinuate ;f Antennas with a long hook ; Tongue two-thirds as long as the body. Pachylia. Tongue as long as the body. Philampelus. Antennae somewhat fusiform, rather short ; Tongue as long as the body. Chaerocampa. D. Terminal margin excavated by the tip, convex from the middle ; Abdomen without apical tuft ; f Ambulyx. Tongue not quite as long as body or as long. ~{ Pergesa. <• Chaerocampa part. Tongue nearly obsolete. S. Juglandis $ . Tongue about half as long as the body. Darapsa. Abdomen with apical tuft ; Fore wings with silvery streaks. . Calliomma. FORE WINGS NOT ENTIRE. Fore wings indented above interior angle ; Abdomen with apical tuft. Proserpinus. Abdomen without apical tuft. Unzela. Fore wings excavated near tip and anterior angle. Thyreus pars. Fore wings truncate at the tips ; Angulated and denticulated. Tongue nearly as long as the body. Thyreus para. Angulated in the middle. Abdomen with apical tuft. { Eny°- ' Perigonia. Abdomen without tuft or scarcely tufted ; Tongue about as long as palpi. Smerinthus pars. Tongue two-thirds as long as the body. Deidamia. Not angulated in the middle. Perigonia pars. * M. anticus and the 9 °f &• Juglandis. f A. caicus. SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. Fore wings denticulated ; With, silvery streaks and angulated. Calliomma pars. Without silvery streaks, not angulated. Smerinthus. Fam. X. Drepanulidae. Body slender ; proboscis inconspicuous, palpi very short, antennae longer than the thorax, feet slender, naked ; wings wide, primaries falcate ; antennse of the males moderately pectinated — of the female scarcely longer. Drepana. Fam. XI. Saturnidae. Antennae setiform, bipectinate in the male ; no steinmata ; se- condaries wide, fringe short, without a frenulum ; body thick, densely pilose. Antennae of males bipectinate, females unidentate. Saturnia. Antennse of both sexes strongly pectinate ; wings with vitreous, diaphanous spots. Attacus. Antennae of the male deeply pectinated to much beyond half the length, minutely serrated from thence to the tips — of the female, simple. Dryocampa. Antennae of the male merely serrated for more than one-third ; of the female, simple. Ceratocampa. Fam. XII. Bombycidae. Antennae in both sexes pectinated, strongly in the males ; body robust, pilose ; wings strong ; cocoons of the larvae silky, hence called spinners. A. Limb of the wings denticulate ; A. Antennae very short. a. Body thick. Gastropacha. B. Limb of the wings not denticulate ; A. Antennae of the male equally pectinate, f Primaries with veins not punctate. o Primaries with no pale discal spot ; subacuminate at the apex. Clisiocampa. — Primaries rounded at the apex. Pimela. ft Primaries, veins punctate. Artace. Fam. XIII. Notodontidae. Body usually robust, pilose, extending beyond the wings ; anten- nae of the male usually pectinate, rarely simple — of the female, simple, rarely pectinate ; wings entire, often long. v SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. XX? Antennae of the female pectinate. Cerura. Antennae of the female serrate. Notodonta. Antennae of both sexes pectinate. Ichthyura. Antennae of the male pectinate, naked at the apex. Heterocampa. Antennae of the male not pectinate to the apex. Edema Antennae setaceous, minutely ciliated. Budryas. Antennae of male minutely pectinated ; of female minutely serrated. Datana. Antennae moderately pectinated. Nadata. Fam. XIV. Arctiidae. Stature robust ; stemmata conspicuous ; maxillae short ; antennas moderate, those of the female, when not nearly obsolete, bipectinate or ciliate, sometimes serrate or simple ; abdomen thick, often macu- late ; frenulum conspicuous ; flight often heavy, nocturnal. Thorax not fasciculate, wings rounded. Arctia. Primaries not dilated ; body maculate. Spilosoma. Wings rather long, third article of palpi very short. Lophocampa. Body slender, third article of palpi globose. Nemeophyla. Antennae simple, ciliate ; abdomen not extending beyond the wings ; costa of primaries straight. Fhragmatobia. Primaries long. Ecpantheria. Antennae in both sexes simply ciliate, with two strong setas at each joint. Callimorpha. Body fusiform ; antennae minutely pectinate. Apantesis. Antennae deeply pectinate ; tibiae with only terminal spurs. Orgyia. Antennae simple in both sexes — those of the male subpilose below. Deiopeia. Antennae of male deeply pectinate — of female moderately so. Dasychira. Fam. XV. Lithosiidae. Body slender, elongate ; no stemmata. Antennae usually ciliate or simple. Thorax not crested. Abdomen not extending beyond the wings, or very little. Wings often subelliptical, primaries nar- row, secondaries often twice as wide as the primaries. Frenulum conspicuous. In repose, the primaries plicate. Antennae setaceous, simple ; wings not long. Eustixia. Antennae setaceous, simple, shorter than the body ; wings narrow. Eubaphe. Antennae setaceous, simple, minutely pubescent ; wings long, narrow. Mieza. XXVI SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. Antennae of the male setaceous. Gnophris. Antennas deeply pectinated. Lagoa. Antennas setiform, scarcely ciliated in the males ; wings rather broad, semi-diaphanous, rounded. Nudaria? Antennas rather deeply pectinated ; wings narrow, rather long. Lerina. Antennas moderately pectinated ; wings moderately long and broad. Apistosia. Antennas moderately pectinated ; wings rather long and narrow. Ardonea. Wings moderately broad, not long. Hypoprepia. Wings very narrow, somewhat pointed. Lymire. Wings narrow, not long. Percote. Hind wings much broader than the fore wings. Lithosia. Fam. XVI. Ctenuchidae. Hind wings without costal vein ; subcostal bifid from the origin of the discal ; discal vein simple, angulated usually beneath the middle of the disk ; median vein 4-branched. Wings very narrow ; hind wings broader than the fore wings ; an- tennas moderately pectinated in the male. Acoloithus. Hind wings narrower than the fore wings ; rather deeply pectinated in the male. Aglaope. Wings broad or narrow, elongate-trigonate ; antennas deeply pecti- nated in the male. Ctenucha. Fore wings rather broad, obovate ; antennas rather thick, tapering at the tips, pectinated. Malthaca. Fam. XVII. Lycomorphidae. Hind wings without costal vein ; subcostal bifid ; median 3- branched. Wings narrow ; fore wings nearly fusiform ; antennas biserrated or very minutely pectinated. Lycomorpha. Fam. XVIII. Melameridae. This family has much affinity to the Glaucopididae, and also to the Pyralites. Wings generally more or less black, occasionally with a metallic hue, frequently adorned with bright colors or partly lim- pid. All the species are Mexican or West Indian. Body nearly linear and cylindrical ; wings black, generally narrow, with yellow, luteous or white stripes, bands or spots. Josia. Wings mostly limpid ; generally long and narrow. Dioptis. Wings rather broad ; fore wings not angular. Uraga. SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. Fam. XIX. Pericopidae. Species large, often with pale dots on the head and thorax ; wings ample, more or less vitreous. Mexican and West Indian. Wings long, rather broad, more or less semi-hyaline. Pericopus. Wings long, rather narrow, with semi-hyaline spots. Composia. Wings ample ; fore wings with a semi-hyaline baud. Eucyane. Fam. XX. Nyctemeridae. Some of the genera, like a few of the Pericopidce, have much re- semblance to the Rhopalocera. The body is slender and the wings ample, and they have likewise a general resemblance to some of the Geometrites. They are nearly all Mexican and West Indian. Wings moderately broad ; fore wings straight in front, rounded at the tips, oblique along exterior border ; antennae moderately pec- tinated. Caralisa. Wings long and narrow ; antennae of £ minutely pectinated. Eubule. Wings short, somewhat triangular; antennae of $ pectinated on both sides. Fsycomorpha. Wings broad, not long, generally black with semi-hyaline 'white spots. Melanchroia. LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. SEC. I. RHOPALOCERA. Antennae filiform, terminating in a knob or club. Wings, at least the primaries, elevated in repose : no bristle or frenulum at the anterior edge of the secondaries. No stem- mata or simple eyes on the vertex. Flight diurnal. FAM. I. PAPILIONIDAE. Larva elongated, with two retractile tentacles on the first ring. Perfect insect with the abdominal edge of the second- aries concave. Discoidal cellule closed. Hooks of the tarsi simple. Six feet adapted to walking in both sexes. PAPILIO LINN. Head large; eyes prominent; palpi very short, joints scarcely distinct ; antennas elongate, club pyriform ; body, more or less hairy, free from the wings ; wings robust, borders more or less dentated, often terminated by a tail ; central cell closed ; nerves prominent. Larva smooth, or bearing fleshy tubercles ; provided with ' two retractile tentacles protruding from the first segment ; emitting a strong odor when alarmed. Chrysalis without metallic spots, moderately angular, occasion- ally a horn on the back ; head square, bifid, or truncate ; fastened by the tail and suspended by a thread across the back. 2 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. • 1. Papilio turnus Linn. Boisd. et Lee. pi. 6, 7. Say's Amer. Ent. pi. 1. Pal. de Beauv. VII, pi. 2. Lucas, Hist. Nat. des Pap. Exot. pi. 118. Cram. Pap. Exot. pi. 38. P. alcidamas Gr. Wings pale yellow, border black — that of the primaries divided by eight or nine yellow spots; wings traversed by four unequal black bands. Secondaries with a marginal range of six lunules, two rufous, four yellow ; anal emarginations bordered with yellow. These lunules are surmounted with groups of bluish atoms. Emargina- tions large, obtuse ; tail black, bordered with yellow within. Under side of primaries similar to the upper, the marginal points forming nearly a continuous ray, preceded by a range of grayish atoms. Under side of secondaries has the border sprinkled with grayish yellow, with all the marginal lunules rufous in the middle ; a range of bluish lunules above the border, three or four of which are sur- mounted with a little rufous. Body blackish above ; two yellow rays on the thorax, yellowish ray below. Larva green above, whitish below ; sides with seven oblique greenish stripes ; between the fourth and fifth segments, a trans- verse band, yellow before, black behind ; on the third segment a lateral, ocellated spot, with two blue pupils ; head flesh-color, neck yellow ; feeds on various species of Primus. The chrysalis is brown, more or less deep, with a conical point on the breast. The perfect insect measures from three to four inches across the wings, and is found in the United States generally. BOISD. 2. P. glaucus Linn. (Most probably a Southern female variety of P. turnus.) Boisd. et Lee. pi. 8, 9. Cram. Pap. Exot. pi. 139. Pal. de Beauv. VI, Liv. pi. 1. Size and habits, and when held towards the light, showing the markings of P. turnus; varies from pale brown to deep black. Wings blackish brown ; primaries, with a marginal series of eight oblong, yellowish spots, preceded by arcuated groups of bluish atoms. Secondaries sprinkled with blue, except at the base ; outer limb divided by a range of seven lunules, some yel- low, others rufous, surmounted by cuneiform spots of pulverulent PAPILIO. 3 blue, forming one wide arcuated band; outer border dentated; tail spatulate, bordered with yellow inside, as well as all the emar- ginations of all the wings. Beneath primaries paler brown, with three blackish bands, pro- ceeding from the anterior margin, the two outer abbreviated, the basal continuous. Secondaries brown; a transverse line gradually narrowing towards its end. Marginal lunules, rufous, slightly bordered with yellow ; the band of bluish atoms (in the fresh sub- ject) surmounted by four or five triangular russety spots. Body black, with two yellow spots on the sides. Larva similar to that of P. turnus. Inhabits the Southern States. BOISD. 3. P. rutulus Boisd. The figure, size, and fades of P. turnus, of which it is perhaps only a modification. Ann. Soc. ent. de France, X, 2me ser, 279. Upper side ochry yellow, with the extremity of all the wings rather widely bordered with black ; primaries cut by the nerves, and marked with five unequal transverse black bands, the first continuing from the base the whole length of the abdominal edge of the secondaries.; the second descending to the anal angle of the latter, and abruptly bending to unite with the first; the third a little divided, and ending on the first branch of the median ; the fourth at the extremity of the discoidal cellule an-d not passing the median ; the fifth somewhat shorter ; the border of the primaries is divided by a ray of ochry yellow oblong points ; secondaries with a streak or blackish arc on the extremity of the discoidal cellule; a marginal row of six crescents, of which the anal is fulvous and the other five yellow ; anal emargination bordered with fulvous, surmounted as well as the internal crescent with a group of blue atoms ; the exterior edge with wide obtuse teeth, and a spatulate black tail, edged with yellow within, as well as all the emargina- tions. Under side similar to the upper, the marginal points forming a •continuous ray, preceded by a ray of grayish atoms ; that of the secondaries has the border powdered with yellowish gray, the marginal crescents being ochry as above. A row of bluish cres- cents on the anterior edge of the border. Body blackish above, yellowish below, with two black ventral rays. It differs from P. turnus in that the upper side of the secondaries 4 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. have not the fulvous crescent on the internal angle, and the under side has not the fulvous crescent in the border, nor the sagittate spots between the border and discoidal cellule of P. turnus. California. — In the spring and summer. BOISD. 4. P. eurymedon Boisd. Ann. Soc. ent. 2me ser. 280. The general appearance of turnus, but the black predominates more, and the bands are nearly white. Ground color very black ; primaries with four bands, white a little yellowish ; the first at the base; the second before the discoidal cellule ; the third, very short, represented by a simple streak at the end of the cellule ; the fourth bifid at its summit and united below to the second ; a row of marginal oblong points diminishing before the internal angle. Secondaries with two wide whitish bands, or rather with a whitish disk, cut by a black ray as in P. turnus ; the border divided by a row of five crescents, and two fulvous anal ones; anal emargination fulvous, surmounted, as well as the internal crescent, with a group of blue atoms ; tail black, spatulate, edged with whitish as well as the emarginations. Under side of primaries, nearly like the upper. That of the secondaries similar to turnus but much more black ; the border sometimes divided by fulvous crescents, and sometimes of the ground color, except the two anal and the anal emargination which are always fulvous ; all the crescents are surmounted by a row of blue spots. Body black above, with two white rays on the thorax ; whitish below, with two black ventral rays. California. Gray regards P. eurymedon as a mere variety of P. rutulus. Catalogue of Lep. Ins., in collection of Brit. Mus., pt. 1, p. 24. BOISD. 5. P. zolicaon Boisd. Ann. Soc. ent. 2me ser. 280. Primaries black, traversed by an oblique, yellow band, divided into eight spots by the black nerves ; this band is preceded by two streaks and a spot of the same color ; the border divided by eight yellow points. Secondaries with a black arc at the end of the discoidal cellule ; abdominal edge black, powdered with yellow, tail linear, black, obtuse, bordered with yellow on one side. The anal eye bright fulvous, circled with yellow fulvous, body black, with a lateral yellow band. California. BOISD. PAPILIO. 6. P. troilus Linn. Boisd. et Lee. pi. 10. Sm. Abb. vol. I, pi. 2. Cram. Pap. Exot. pi. 207. Herbst, pi. 17 (mas.) pi. 20 (foem.). Drury, I, pi. 2. Lucas Hist. Nat. des Pap. Exot., pi. 19. P. ilioneus, Sm. Abb. Wings blackish, dentate, emarginations yellowish white. Prima- ries, wi'th a range of seven or eight spots of pale yellow on the outer margin, gradually decreasing in size upwards. Secondaries, with a marginal range of seven greenish lunules, the upper one, orange yellow. Above these, a wide bluish gray baud divided by the nervures. The lunule of the anal angle, is orange yellow inside greenish gray outside, tail black. Under side of primaries, deep brown, two marginal series of yel- low spots, besides one or two towards the upper edge. Under side of secondaries, has two series of rufous lunules, sepa- rated by a band of bluish atoms ; anal spot rufous. Body black, with yellow spots on the thorax and a line of yellow points on each side. Expands three inches. Larva green, with a yellow marginal band ; two series of blue points on the sides and in the fourth segment two carneous spots, on the third, a carneous ocellated spot, pupilled with deep blue, on the first, a black band ; the under side ferruginous, at the base of the membranaceons feet, a series of seven blue points. Feeds on Laurus sassafras and other species of Laurus. Chrysalis a little gibbous, pale ferruginous striated with a deeper tint. BOISD. 7. P. asterias Fab. Sm. Abb. I, pi. 1. Cram. Pap. pi. 385. Boisd. et Lee., pi. 4. Lucas Hist. Nat. des Pap. Exot. pi. 20. Haldeman, in Stansbury's Expl., p. 366. P. troilus, Sm. Abb. Wings deep blackish brown, with two macular pale yellow bands ; the first, composed of eight spots, nearly triangular, traversing the middle of the secondaries ; the second is marginal, and the spots are smaller, eight or nine of which are on the primaries and six on the secondaries, mostly lunular. Besides these, the primaries have one or two spots toward the upper margin, and the second- aries, six or seven blue lunules between the spots. At the anal angle, a rufous spot, with a black point — emargination yellowish — tail black. I 6 LEPIDOPTERA OP NORTH AMERICA. Under side of primaries, paler ; the first band is pale rufous, except the first two or three triangular spots, which are yellow. Under side of secondaries, orange, except the two last of the marginal band, which are yellow. In the female the spots of the first band are smaller, sometimes obsolete on the secondaries. Body black, rufous points on the thorax, and three series of yel- low spots on the sides. Expands four inches. United States. Larva apple green, with a transverse band on each segment formed of alternate bands of black and yellow, excepting on the first three, where the black band is interrupted by the yellow points only towards the spiracles ; whilst on the back, the yellow are placed before the black band ; three black points on the anterior part of the first segment and two black lines on the head. The feet have black points at their base. Feeds on Daucus carota, Anethum fceniculum and other umbelli- ferous plants. Chrysalis grayish, with ferruginous wavy streaks. BOISD. 8. P. philenor Fab. Boisd. et Lee. pi. 11. Sm. Abb. I, pi. 3. Say's Amer. Ent. pi. 1. Cram. Pap. pi. 208. Drury I, pi. 2. Herbst, pi. 19. Lucas Hist. Nat. des Pap. Exot. pi. 8. P. astinous, Cram. Primaries black, with a greenish reflection towards the outer border — emarginations, whitish ; in some specimens, a series of whitish spots along the outer border, obsolete in others. Secondaries blackish, with a greenish hue except towards the base, a range of six whitish lunules — tail black, whitish at the base. Under side of primaries, dull black ; a marginal range of five or six whitish spots. Under side of secondaries has a brilliant greenish reflection, ex- cept at the base, where there is a whitish spot. Seven lunules of bright rufous, surrounded with black. Four or six of those above bordered with white on one side ; expands three and a half inches. North America. Larva brown, with two lateral series of smaller reddish tubercles. The first segment has two long processes — nine of moderate length below and others in the three last segments. — Feeds on Aristolo- chia serpentaria. Chrysalis grayish violet, back yellowish ; head truncate. BOISD. PAPILIO. 9. P. chalcas Fab. Boisd. et Leo. pi. 5. Herbst, pi. 62 ; Drur. I, pi. 19. Cram. Pap. Exot. pi. 93. P. palamedes Drur. Cr. Wings olive black, traversed by an interrupted, pale yellow band, continued over the secondaries, formed of triangular spots in the primaries — a yellow spot near the upper edge and nearer the base, a short, yellow, narrow line. Towards the outer edge, a marginal range of roundish, yellow lunules ; anal angle, with a bluish crescent ; a little dusty yellow between the base and the mar- ginal points. Emarginations, yellow. Tail black, with a yellowish ray in the middle. Under side of primaries, paler ; near the base, a transverse line of grayish atoms. Under side of secondaries is traversed by a rufous line. The transverse band, macular, whitish within, rufous without. The marginal lunules are whitish — the middle rufous, and the interval sprinkled with yellowish dust; a band, also, of blue crescents. Body black ; a yellow line on each side of the thorax and abdo- men. Southern States. — Expands four and a half inches. Larva green, punctured with pale blue ; under size and feet, car- neous ; head, yellow, ferruginous with a black arc ; the third segment has a lateral, carneous eyelet with a blue pupil, surmounted with a blue point. The fourth has a lateral, carneous spot. The green is se- parated from the reddish, by a marginal, yellow line. Feeds on Laurus. Chrysalis, uneven, or humpbacked; ferruginous on the back, roseous beneath and four ranges of small bluish points. BOISD. 10. P. thoas Linn. Boisd. et Lee. pi. 12. Cram. Pap. Exot. pi. 167. Drur. pi. 22. Herbst, pi. 39. Lucas, Hist. Nat. des Pap. Exot pi. 15. P. cresphontes Cram. P. oxitus Hbnr. Wings deep black above, traversed by a yellow macular band, extending across the base of the secondaries. The third spot is oblong, surmounted by two or three others. The primaries have besides, four yellow lunules near the inner angle. The secondaries have a curved series of six or seven yellow lu- nules ; the anal angle has a rufous crescent with a group of blue atoms above it ; dentate and the emarginations of both, yellow. Tail black, with an oval yellow spot. 8 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. Under side of primaries much paler ; on the base, a lar£e, radi- ated yellow spot, which fills the discoidal cellule and eight marginal spots. Under side of secondaries, yellow, divided by six or seven blue lunules, three or four of which are associated with as many ferrugi- nous spots. The anal spot corresponds with that of the opposite side. Expands five inches. Body yellow; back black; thorax, black above, with two yellow lines. Southern States. Larva brownish below, back covered with large, whitish blotches, irregular, spotted with brown, Chrysalis brown, marked with blackish points. Feeds on the orange tree. BOISD. 11. P. ajax Sm. Abb. Boisd. et Lee. pi. 1. Sm. Abb. I, pi. 4. Pal. de Beauv. IV, pi. 2. Upper side of the wings, blackish brown, with bands, whitish yellow ; the first, which is at the base of the primaries, is very small ; the second is wide and descends beyond the middle of the secon- daries; the third is only a whitish line ; the fourth is wide, bifid above, and descends on the disk of the secondaries ; the fifth and sixth are short and of unequal length ; the seventh is marginal and interrupted. The secondaries have fewer whitish lunules, two other bluish lu- nules, and at the anal angle a bilobed red spot, resting on a black crescent, which is cut transversely by a blue line and surmounted by a group of grayish atoms. Emarginations whitish. Tail black, linear, white at the extremity and on the sides. Under side paler, a narrow grayish baud on the internal side of the marginal band of the primaries. Under side of secondaries differ considerably from the upper. The white marginal lunules are preceded by a black streak and the blue lunules by an equal number of grayish crescents. A slightly flexuous scarlet line, bordered with white, separates the two whitish bands. The bilobed spot is surmounted with white. Expands three inches. Southern States. Body blackish, with two whitish lines on the sides; antenna brown, with the lower side of the club blackish. Its flight is low, rapid, not sailing. PAPILIO. 9 Larva green, with the stigmata yellow and a tricolored transverse band in the fourth segment, black in the middle, and yellow behind. Feeds on Porcelia pygmaea and Anona palustris. Chrysalis ferruginous, with clearer lines and darker striae. BOISD. 12. P. marcellus Cram. Boisd. et Lee. pi. II. Cram. Pap. Exot. pi. 98. Esper, Pap. Eur. Part 1, pi. 51. P. ajax Hbnr. Resembling ajax but somewhat larger. Wings deeper black, transverse bands more narrow; secondaries more elongate; tail longer, the posterior half of which is whitish. The red anal spot is not bordered with white in front as in ajax. It sometimes forms a large round spot, sometimes a transverse ray, and again bilobed, or divided into two spots ; no blue crescent between this red spot and the anal emargination ; all the whitish bands, more narrow on both sides, excepting that along the abdominal border, which is wider. All the other characters as in P. ajax. Southern States. Flight more graceful than that of P. ajax. The larva differs much from that of P. ajax. It has a whitish ground, striated transversely with violet, with a yellow semi-cir- cular band on the middle of each ring ; the band of the fourth ring is bordered before with black. Chrysalis ferruginous. Feeds on Porcelia pygmcea. Gray in Cat. Lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. considers P. ajax and P. mar- cellus to be varieties of the same insect. This is now the opinion of all the collectors in this country. One of them declares that P. ajax is the spring, and P. marcellus the fall brood of the same species. J. G. M. 13. P. sinon Fab. Boisd. et Lee. pi. 3. Cram. pi. 318. Herbst, pi. 45. Drur. 1, pi. 22. (Drury's fig. is not exact ; Cramer's, too green.) P. protesilaus Drur. P. celadon Lucas. Size of P. ajax, and analogous. Wings deep black, with the bands yellowish white, ordinarily a little greenish. The first, at the base, is linear and descends on the secondaries, even to the red spot ; the second, of the same width, a little bent, widening on the se- condaries ; after this, there is a small, very narrow line, sometimes obsolete ; then, a band wide in the middle, bifid above, and termi- nating in a point on the disk of the secondaries; then, a small, short band, a whitish or greenish point, and finally, a marginal, 10 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. raacular band composed of eight lunules. The secondaries have six whitish crescents, marginal, and a large, red, bilobed anal spot, placed a little obliquely and wider internally. Tail black, linear, whitish at the end. Under side of primaries, brownish, on which all the characters of the upper side are visible. Under side of the secondaries also presents the same bands as the opposite surface, but there is, besides, a red line placed on the black band between the two principal white bands ; near the anal angle, this line is bent, as in P. ajax, but instead of widening, as in the latter to form two red lunules, it continues in the same width on the disk ; this line is bordered with white, but only in the place where it corresponds to the red spot above. Some grayish atoms above the two last white crescents. Body blackish, with two whitish rays on the thorax ; abdomen blackish, annulated with white above, grayish below. Antennas blackish. Southern States. Larva unknown. P. sinon is easily distinguished from the neighboring species by its greenish bands, the macular posterior band ; the red line on the under side not forming a crescent and the body annulated with white. BOISD. 14. P. celadon Lucas. Guer. Rev. Zool. 1852, 130. A little smaller than P. sinon, with which it has been con- founded by Cramer. Upper side of wings, black, with bands of a clear green thus disposed ; the first, linear, common, running along the abdominal edge of the secondaries, nearly to the red spot of the anal angle ; the second, also common, descends a little lower on the secondaries ; the third, very wide, principally in the secon- daries, common, and sending out on them two prolongations, which reach the costal edge; on the secondaries it does not extend beyond the intermediary band ; the fourth, narrow, not passing the me- dian nervure of the secondaries; the fifth, smaller than the fourth, is placed beyond the summit of the discoidal cellule, and is divided into three spots by the nervures, which are of a russety brown ; the sixth, macular, forming, on the second, a range of spots, more or less rounded, nearly marginal, but sinuous and not touching the posterior edge of the primaries, as in P. sinon. Under side, like PAPILIO. 1 1 the upper, with the black inclining towards russety.- The seconda- ries, besides the characters already mentioned, present a marginal range of lunules of a clear green and an anal spot of red vermilion, but much smaller than in P. sinon. The external edge is denta- ted as in sinon by a tail less long and entirely black ; ernargina- tions less bordered with whitish than in sinon. Under side rus- sety white, with the red spot more narrow than above. There is also a reddish, feeble line, which goes from the middle of the edge, without passing the superior nervure of the discoidal cellule ; an- tennae black; palpi clothed with white hairs; head black, with a yellowish ray on each side, which continues on the sides of the tho- rax, thorax black: abdomen black, annulated with yellowish white on the sides; below, of this color, with a longitudinal narrow black ray. Expands 58 mill. California — Oregon ? LUCAS. 15. P. arcesilaus Lucas. Ghier. Rev. Zool. 1852, 131. Male, a little smaller than P. ajax. Upper side brown black, with bands of a pale yellowish white thus disposed ; first, linear, common, touching the abdominal edge of the secondaries so as nearly to join the red spot of the anal angle, from which it issepa- rated only by a small line of black; the second is a little wider; the third, more narrow, not passing the discoidal cellule ; the fourth, very wide, bifid in parting from the median nervure : the fifth, very short, wider and less elongated than the third ; the sixth, nearly marginal, feeble, interrupted by the nervure ; under side of a black more clear, with the same designs as above ; upper side of secondaries deeper black, with the spot of yellowish white very large, occupying all the centre and losing itself posteriorly in a space powdered with yellowish ; anteriorly, it is interrupted by a black band very short, which proceeds from the middle of the edge; the red spot is large, transverse, oblique and supported behind on two yellowish spots ; the exterior edge presents a marginal space of yellow lunules, dentated ; tail black, yellow at the extremity. Under side resembles the upper, and has besides in the middle, a red sinuous ray, bordered with black on the internal side at its an- terior part, and slightly edged with this color on the external side ; the red transverse band is more narrow than on the upper side, edged with white behind, with the lunules of the anal angle pow- 12 LEPIDOPTERA OP NORTH AMERICA. clered with whitish atoms ; tail much more edged with yellow on the internal side than above ; palpi yellowish white ; this color con- tinues on the sides of the thorax, which is black. Abdomen black above, yellow in the sides or below — a ray in each side. California — Oregon ? Expands 62 mill. LUCAS. 16. P. machaon Linn. Figured by most European authors. Upper side yellow, with a rather wide black border, sinuate within, divided on the primaries by a row of eight yellow marginal points and in the secondaries by a marginal row of six lunules of the same color, of which four or five of the intermediary are largest ; all these lunules are preceded by an orbicular spot formed of blue atoms ; the anal angle is marked by a reddish yellow ocular spot, surmounted by a whitish violet crescent. Primaries with four black spots along the upper edge, of which the outer one is the smallest and nearly round ; the two following are transverse, not passing the median nervure ; the fourth is very large, occupying all the base, and powdered with yellowish gray, as well as that part of the border comprised between the marginal points and the ground color ; the branches of the median nerve black and dilated. Secondaries have a black arc at the extremity of the discoidal cel- lule ; the abdominal edge black, powdered with yellowish ; the con- tour with short teeth and a black linear tail of moderate length, obtuse at the extremity, bordered with yellow in the internal side ; emarginations bordered with yellow as well as the sinus of the pri- maries. Under side nearly similar to the upper with all the nervures black and the yellow more mingled with the black and occupying more space. The blue spots of the secondaries are more narrow, somewhat lunulate ; the second, third, and sometimes the sixth are each surmounted with a russety spot. Body yellow, with a dorsal band ; antennae black. California — Europe — Asia. BOISD. 17. P. villiersii Boisd. Boisd. et Lee. pi. 14. P. devilliersi Godt. Nearly same size as P. troilus. Wings greenish blue, shining, dentated, emarginations white, a marginal range of bluish lunules, much smaller on the primaries than on the secondaries. Tail moderate, spatulate. PARNASSIUS. 13 Under side of primaries, shining, blackish bronze to the middle, with an arc of white spots at the end of the discoidal cellule, and a marginal range of silver white triangular spots. Under side of secondaries, brown, with the origin of the base and outer border, yellowish white ; in the middle, three large, sil- ver spots. Towards the edge, a range of five to seven silver spots, separated from the external border by a black zigzag line, sur- mounted by ferruginous crescents, reposing on a deep bronze ground. Body black bronze, with white points on the prothorax, breast and sides of the abdomen. Southern States. BOISD. 18. P. polydamas Linn. Boisd. et Lee. pi. 15. Cram. Pap. pi. 211. Drury I, pi. 17. Herbst, pi. 10. Seba Mus. p. 39. Merian, Surin. pi. 31. Lucas Hist. Nat. des Pap. Exot. pi. 17. Size of P. asterias. Wings greenish black, traversed towards the extremity by a band of yellow more or less pale, of moderate width, somewhat macular; formed, on the primaries, of cuneiform, point- ed spots, and on the secondaries, of cuneiform, truncated spots. The primaries sinuate, slightly dentate ; the secondaries dentate. Emarginations yellow. Under side brown ; that of the primaries more clear towards the base, with the same markings as above ; that of the seconda- ries is more obscure towards the extremity, with a marginal range of seven reddish brown spots, linear, transverse, a little flex- uous, of which the 4,hree outer* are usually bordered with silver white. At the base, there is also a reddish spot. Body black, the prothorax, the sides of the breast, and of the ab- domen, with rufous spots or streaks. Georgia. Larva which lives on Aristolochia, is brown, with fleshy spines of the same color ; the body radiated with red and each segment having, besides, four ocellated spots, half yellow, half red. BOISD. PARNASSIUS LATH. Head rather small j eyes not prominent : palpi longer than the head, elevated beyond the front, furnished with long and fine hairs, and composed of three distinct, equal articles ; the first arcuate. 14 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. the second straight, the third linear; antennas short, terminating- in a straight, ovoid, elongated club. Body thick, hairy ; abdomen of the female provided with a pouch or horny valve. Wings, parchment like, nerves prominent, not dentated, and nearly destitute of scales on the under side and to- wards the summit on the upper side. Secondaries have the abdo- minal edge sloped, leaving the abdomen entirely free. Larva smooth, cylindroid, thick, with small tubercles, a little hairy. The first ring provided with a furcate tentacle of the shape of a Y. Head small, round. Chrysalis cylindrico-conical, powdered with a bluish efflores- cence, enveloped between leaves in a light tissue of silk and sus- tained by transverse threads. 1. P. clarius Eversm. Bullet, de Moscou, XVI, 539, fig. 1. Primaries white, with two black streaks in the discoidal cellule ; the extremity semitransparent, gray, divided by a row of white spots; internal angle sometimes without spots and sometimes marked with a small blackish spot. Secondaries white, with two small red ocelli ; anal angle with a black arc, often obsolete in the males. Under side of the secondaries with two ocelli as above ; the base usually with the impression of red obsolete spots ; the arc of the anal angle black or red. Body blackish, with whitish hairs, very short on the thorax ; palpi covered with yellow hairs. The female has the anal arc distinct, reddish on the under side ; wings divided above by a blackish marginal festooned line ; the horny pouch of the under side of the abdomen, large, entirely white and bordered with yellow hairs. Northern California. EVERSM AN. 2. P. nomion Fisch. Fisch. Entomograph. de la Russie, II, pi. 6. Boisd. Icon. pi. 4, fig. 3. Godt. Dup. Suppl. pi. 43. Boisd. Spec. Gen. pi. 2. Gray. Cat. Lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. fig. 316, 409, 410. Base of the wings black ; transverse sinuous ray of the extremity well defined on all the wings ; two spots between the discoidal cel- lule and this ray, on the primaries, marked with reddish ; the spot on the middle of the internal edge has the middle of it reddish ; PARNASSIUS. 15 secondaries with a reddish spot at the base ; abdominal edge covered with a space more deeply blackish, ascending in the form of an anchor or hook, to the extremity of the discoidal cellule ; fringe intersected with black ; antennae strongly annulate with black. Female a little larger than the male, wings powdered with blackish ; pouch of the under side of the abdomen small, brownish, not prominent, formed of two wrinkled valves, separated by a longitu- dinal groove. Rocky Mountains. BOISD. 3. P. clodius Menetries. Voyage de M. Wosnesjensky. P. clarius, Boisd. Very near to P. clarius Eversm. but larger ; wings of a dead white, a little yellowish (the transparent part and the row of spots on the external edge as in clarius.) On the under side, the primaries have the same black spots as in clarius, but the two discoidal spots of the anterior edge are very narrow ; the base is widely powdered with black ; near the internal edge there is a well defined small black spot. The secondaries have the base powdered with black, the two ocelli are small and irregularly round, pale reddish, with a deep black edge ; no anal spot. Under side paler white and glossy ; with the same markings as above but less distinct. The four spots at the base of the secondaries are pale red, each one limited outwardly by a black trait. (These spots do not occur in P. clarius.) Towards the anal angle, there is a cuneiform spot of a similar red, with a black line above and below it, and near it and more outwardly, there is a black point. The whole body is covered with long, yellowish hairs, which on the front, the anterior of the thorax and under the abdomen are shorter, closer and russety. Expands three inches and a half. California. MENETRIES. V FAM. II. PIERIDAE. Larva slightly pubescent, somewhat attenuated at the extremity. Perfect insect with the abdominal edge of the secondaries without a concavity. Discoidal cellule closed. Hooks of the tarsi nnidentate. 16 LEP1DOPTEIIA OF NORTH AMERICA. PIERIS SCHR. Head rather small, short ; eyes naked, moderate ; palpi rather long, somewhat compressed, a little cylindrical, clothed with rigid hairs, slightly fasciculate ; the last article slender, nearly as long as the preceding, forming a small acicular point ; antenna moderate, the joints distinct, the club ovoid compressed. Abdomen not ro- bust, a little shorter than the secondary wings. Wings moderately strong, the discoidal cellule closed; the internal edge of the secondaries convex, embracing more or less the lower part of the abdomen. Larva cylindrical, elongate, pubescent, marked with longitudinal rays and small granules more or less visible. Chrysalis angular, terminated before by a point more or less long, sometimes nearly smooth, and sometimes furnished with tubercles more or less sharp, attached by the tail and a transverse line. Pieris may easily be distinguished from the neighboring genera by the antennae not being truncated, the palpi less compressed, of which the last article is always nearly as long as the preceding ; by the less robust body and the wings more thin. They never have those central silver or ferruginous spots which are always present on the discoidal cell of the under side of the wings of the true Colias. The prevailing color is white, more or less spotted with black. 1. P. monusta Hubn. Samml. Exot. Boisd. et Lee. pi. 16. Hiibn. Pap. Exot. Cram. 151. P. orseis Godt. P. cleomes Boisd. Male. Upper surface of primaries, white with a black border, wider at the summit, serrated within. Upper surface of seconda- ries, entirely white in the males. Under surface of primaries white, with the border pale brown, or yellow ochre. Under surface of secondaries, yellow ochry, more or less pale, with the border pale brown, and a saffron spot at the base. The female has an arcuated black line on the middle of the primaries, and a marginal series of black triangular spots in the secondaries. PIERIS. 17 Body white ; thorax obscure ; shoulders grayish ; neck ferrugi- nous. Antennae black, annulated with white ; tip of the club greenish. Expands two to three inches. Larva violet, with longitudinal bands of citron ; *head, feet, and lower part of the body yellow — a little greenish. Chrysalis pale, yellowish, shaded with blackish, with a raised point on the back. Feeds on Cleome pentaphylla. Georgia to Brazil. BOISD. 2. P. protodice Boisd. Boisd. et Lee. 45, pi. 17. Male. Primaries white, with a large black trapezoidal spot near the upper edge, and an oblique, macular, black band ; the summit, near the border, has four or five black triangular spots on the nervures. The upper side of the secondaries entirely white, sometimes with a small group of blackish atoms near the internal angle. The under side of the primaries resembles the upper, but the black markings are paler — a little greenish at the summit. The under side of the secondaries white, slightly tinted with yellow or greenish, with the nervures more pale or ochry ; a slight blackish spot on the border of the discoidal cellule, besides a mar- ginal impression of dark atoms scarcely distinct frojn the ground color. The female has the black of the primaries more intense ; the secondaries are white, tinted with • grayish ; exterior edge dark, with five or six white trapezoidal spots. Under side washed with greenish brown in the nervures, and a subnmrginal band of the same color. Expands two and a half inches. United States. BOISD. P. sisymbrii Boisd. Ann. Soc. ent. 2me s6r. X, 284. Upper side white ; primaries with a subcostal spot ; a trans- verse, interrupted ray, and some longitudinal streaks at the end of the nerves, blackish brown ; secondaries without spots. Under side of primaries similar to the upper, except the streaks, which are powdered with greenish brown. 18 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. Under side of secondaries white, with the nerves widely edged with greenish brown, dilated towards the marginal edge, and nearly united between this edge and the cellule by a transverse ray ; obsolete, more or less interrupted. California — rare. BOISD. P. leucodice Eversm. Figured in Bulletin, Moscow, XVI, pi. 7, f. 2. Wings on both sides white ; nerves black ; primaries on both sides, with the usual median spot, occupying the transverse nervure and external fascia, black ; secondaries below, with the external fascia, blackish. Northwestern America. EVERSMANN. P. autodice Hiibn. Samml. Exot. Boisd. Spec. Gen. 539. Upper side of the male white ; primaries, with some marginal triangular blackish marks at the summit, preceded by a macular transverse ray of the same color ; a black oblong spot in the form of a transverse ray on the extremity of the discoidal cellule. Upper side of female white, a little yellowish, with a marginal row of black triangular marks on the four wings, nearly touching, preceded by a sinuous row of sagittate spots, of which the con- cavity is turned inwards ; the black spot of the discoidal cellule of the primaries is large, quadrangular, and a little prolonged on the upper edge. Under side of the primaries -differs from the upper in having the discoidal spot cut by a white vein ; in having the summit of a pale yellow, with the marginal marks less distinct, paler, and each one divided by a whitish gray nervure. Under side of secondaries pale yellow in both sexes, with the nervures whitish gray, slightly edged with blackish, a little dilated on the posterior edge ; a transverse ray of six sagittate spots, blackish, corresponding to those on the upper side of the female ; the upper edge, and two points at the base, saffron yellow ; a vein of the same color, but paler in the discoidal cellule, and another not far from the abdominal edge, a little mingled ; a small white space on the extremity of the discoidal cellule, and a small black- ish, oblong spot, pupilled with whitish, situated between the costal and subcostal nervure. PIERIS. 19 Body whitish ; head saffron yellow ; antennae black, annulated with white, with the club greenish white. California — Chili. 3, P. oleracea Ilarr. Ins. Mass. (1842), 214. All the wings white ; base of the primaries dusky. Under side of primaries yellowish at apex ; nervures darkish. Under side of secondaries straw color, with br.oad dusky nerv- ures ; base, deep yellow. Body black ; antennae blackish, annulated with white ; ochry at the end of the club. Northern States. — Expands two inches. HARRIS. P. casta Kirby. — P. cruciferarum Boisd. Spec. Gen. 519. Figured in Kirby Faun. Bor. Amer., IV, pi. 3. Antennae black, annulated with white ; wings white ; primaries, at the anterior margin, sprinkled with blackish ; secondaries, under- neath, with a few scattered black scales accompanying the nervures ; wings rounded and very entire. KIRBY. P. menapia Fdder. Wiener Entom. Monatschrift, III, No. 9, 271. Wings tender, white ; veins black at the base ; elongate ; con- colored ; costal streak and apical edge bla'ck ; this edge profoundly sinuate within, and divided on the under side with six (in the male five) large white spots. Secondaries of the male with a subraarginal streak, flexuous ; blackish above, with black points situated at the extreme of the veins ; below more distinct. Secondaries of the female with the same streak, but much more distinct and obscure ; below, the veins widely margined with fus- cous ; the costa, the basal and other spots a little livid ; abdomen above blackish, below whitish. Utah. FKLDER. 20 LEPIDOPTERA OP NORTH AMERICA. ANTHOCARIS BOISD. Head rather small, short ; eyes moderate, a little prominent ; palpi rather long, somewhat divergent, bristled with 'stiff hairs, somewhat fasciculate ; last article thin, very distinct, acicular, scarcely as long as the preceding; antennae rather short, joints distinct, terminated more or less abruptly by an ovoid, compressed club. Abdomen not robust, a little shorter than the secondaries. Wings delicate, discoidal cellule closed ; the secondaries lightly embracing the under part of the abdomen. Larva slender, pubescent, attenuated at both extremities. Chrysalis naked, navicular; rings immovable, carinated, more or less arcuated, destitute of lateral points ; attached by the tail and a transverse line. Anthocaris differs from Pieris in the form of the chrysalis, which is navicular, equally attenuated at both ends, and in the antennae of the perfect insect. It can easily be distinguished from the allied genera by the delicate texture of the wings and the auroral or reddish spot which covers more or less of the summit of the primaries, at least of the males in two of our species. 1. A. genutia Fab. Ent. Syst. Ill, 1, 193. Lherminieri (fern.) Godt. A. Midea? Hiibn. Wings white ; primaries, with external border concave, and the summit pale orange ; upper edge near the base, sprinkled with grayish, a small black point near the middle. The fringe of the secondaries bordered with a range of small black spots. Under side of primaries white, with the summit greenish, small black point in the middle. Under side of secondaries marbled with green. Expands an inch and an eighth. The female is destitute of the orange summit, but has blackish spots along that edge. The black spot on the middle of the primaries is larger than in th'e male. Southern States. BOISD. NATHALI8. 21 2. A. lanceolata Boisd. Ann. Soc. ent. 2me ser. X, 284. A little larger than A. genutia, but destitute of the auroral spot in the male as well as in the female. Upper side white ; primaries with a black spot at one end of the discoidal cellule, and at the other, some brownish black streaks. Under side of primaries with the costal spot as above, and the summit reticulated with greenish gray. Under side of secondaries entirely marbled and finely reticulated with greenish gray, with the edge marked with some small white spots, of which one is largest. California — rare. BOISD. 3. A. sara Boisd. Ann. Soc. ent. 2me ser. X, 285. Upper side white, or white slightly tinted with yellow ; that of the primaries marked at the summit with a large triangular orange red spot, bordered with black ; the black spot of the discoidal cellule is connected with the black border. Upper side of the secondaries transparently showing the mark- ings of the opposite side, and with some blackish, marginal spots, more or less distinct. Under side of primaries a little more pale than above. Under side of secondaries finely pointed, and marbled with white and greenish, like A. genutia. The females with a paler spot, not edged with black, and divided at the extremity by a series of sulphury white marginal points. California. BOISD. NATHALIS BOISD. Head rather large, bristled ; palpi long, separate, extending beyond the eyes, covered with stiff hairs ; second article long, the last much shorter than the preceding ; antennae very short, joints distinct, terminated abruptly by an oval, flattened club, a little truncated at the summit; body moderate. Abdomen as long as the secondaries. Wings not robust, discoidal cellule closed ; the secondaries embrace a portion of the under side of the abdomen ; the anterior border, in the male, with a small, oval, glandular, naked impression. 22 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. It differs from Terias by its long, separate, and bristly palpi ; from Anthocaris and Pieris, by the shortness of the antennae, and especially by the small glandular space mentioned above. 1. N. iole Boisd. Spec. Gen. I, 589. Wings saffron yellow; the primaries have at the summit a black, rather large, triangular space, marked on the side with two small yellow streaks. Below this space, not far from the internal angle, a spot of the same color, surmounted by a small black point. Secondaries without spots, or with the border, with small, blackish, separate lines, nearly obsolete ; the costal border blackish, marked with a lenticular space of dull gray, partly denuded. The under side of the primaries differs from the upper, the ground color being paler, except along the side, where it is orange yellow ; there is a small, discoidal, black point, and below the apical blackish space there are three blackish spots. The under side of the secondaries is greenish yellow, strongly powdered with obscure atoms, especially towards the base, with two transverse obsolete lines, formed by the condensed atoms. Body blackish, powdered with yellowish atoms ; antennae short, blackish, annulated with whitish, with the club much compressed, and of a russety tint. Expands one inch. Texas. BOISD. 2. N. Irene Fitch. "Differs from N. iole in having the under side of the primaries destitute of a blackish central dot, and of the three blackish spots towards their inner angle, the hindmost one is here prolonged into a broad stripe extending to the base of the wing, and slightly separated from its inner edg^ ; and the base of the wing instead of its outer edge is orange yellow. " Mississippi Valley. FITCH. RHODOCBRA BOISD. Head small, retracted ; eyes naked, not prominent ; palpi much compressed, contiguous, furnished with short hairs, scaly; last article very short ; antennae rather short, truncated, more or less RHODOCERA. 23 arcuated, enlarging from the middle to the extremity ; thorax rather robust, covered with fine silky hairs. Wings rather robust, dis- coidal cellule closed. The primaries always have the summit more or less sharp and angular ; the secondaries sometimes furnished with a prominent angle, forming a groove, which embraces the lower part of the body ; body shorter than the secondaries. Larva feebly pubescent, attenuated at both extremities, green, with a paler lateral ray. Chrysalis much arcuated, spindle-shaped at both ends ; always attached by the tail, and a transverse line over the body. Rhodocera strongly resembles the next genus, Cattidryas ; but it differs from that in the arcuated antennaB and angular wings. The ground color is yellow, more or less pale. Ordinarily, there is a ferruginous spot at the extremity of the cellule of each wing. The median nervure of the secondaries is more prominent than in the other genera. The males differ from the females in the more lively yellow of the wings. • In the American species, the costal border of the primaries of the males is hispid, and rough to the touch. 1. R. maerula Fab. E. S. Ill, 1, 212. Figured in Grain. Pap. II, pi. 129. Ilbst. Pap. pi. 103. Donov. Gen. illust. of Ent. pi. 2. Boisd. et Lee. 71, pi. 23. • R. edipsis Cram. Hbst. Yellow citron above, with a black point on the middle of the primaries, and one of pale orange, slightly circled with black on the secondaries. The primaries are somewhat falcate at the summit; along the outer border, a range of small orange points ; secondaries, angular. Under side paler than the upper ;• discoidul spot of each wing ferruginous, and marked with a white point. Body of same color as the wings ; antennae reddish, Female, more lively yellow than male. Expands three and a half inches. Southern States. BOISD. 24 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. 2. R. lyside Godt. Encyc. Method. IX, 93. Upper side whitish green ; primaries, with the base, yellowish orange, and the summit washed with yellow russety. Secondaries, without spots. Under side of primaries a little paler than the upper, with the summit somewhat broader russety. Under side of inferiors yellowish, without spots, the median nervure very prominent ; antennae short, grayish rosy, with the end of the club ferruginous. Female whiter, with the upper side of the secondaries ochry yellow, and the base of the primaries deprived almost entirely of the yellow spot. Southern States. GOD ART. 3. R. rhamni Linn. Figured in Boisd. Spec. Gen. pi. 2, B. fig. 7. Upper side of the male citron yellow, that of the female greenish white, with an orange point on the extremity of the discoidal cellule of each wing, and some very small indistinct ferruginous points on the fringe. Under side of the male paler than the upper; the discoidal orange spot is replaced in both sexes by a ferruginous point, a little whitish in its centre. Body blackish above, yellowish below, with white silky hairs on the thorax and at the base of the abdomen. Expands over two inches. California. BOISD. CALLIDRYAS BOISD. Inferior palpi much compressed, with short hairs ; last article conical, much shorter than the preceding ; antennaa of moderate length, neatly truncated at the extremity, slightly arcuated, enlarg- ing insensibly from the base to the extremity. Prothorax rather long. Body robust. Abdomen much shorter than the secondaries. Wings robust, discoidal cellule closed ; secondaries forming a groove which embraces the under side of the body. The Callidryas vary in color from orange yellow to pale saffron. Their wings, always destitute of angles, ordinarily have on the CALLIDRYAS. 25 under side, at least in the females, one or two silvery or ferruginous points. They are distinguished from Colias and Rhodoceras by the absence of the rough costal edge of the primaries of the males, of the prominent angles, and by the form of the antennae The sexual difference is very striking, and this has led some writers to describe the two sexes as different species. 1. C. eubule Linn. Figured in Boisd. Spec. Gen. pi. 2, B. fig. 6. Cram. 120. A. B. 163. A. B. C. Boisd. et Lee. 74, pi. 24. Sm. Abb. I, pi. 5. C. marcellina Cram. Boisd. in Boisd. et Lee. p. 15, following the example of the old authors, confounded this species with C. marcellina, making the latter the male; but a subsequent comparison of the larvce con- vinced him of his error. Male. — Upper side yellow citron, with a thin indistinct border of yellow,. more dull and dentated on the primaries; the fringe of all the wings is marked by distant ferruginous small points. Under side more deeply yellow ; primaries, with two ferruginous, geminate points at the end of the discoidal cellule, followed by a transverse, brownish, zigzag ray. Under side of secondaries, with two discoidal, silvery points, circled with ferruginous, situated on a sinuous, brownish line, pre- ceded by red ferruginous points, more or less distinct, and followed by a tortuous, brownish, indistinct line. Female, or C. eubule of authors, of a more vivid yellow ; se- condaries rounded, fringe orange, interrupted by transverse brown lines or spots. Primaries, with a large brown spot on the middle, cut by an orange arc ; border narrow, brown, crenulate, preceded towards the summit by a tortuous, blackish, indistinct ray. Under side more intensely yellow than the male, with the same markings more prominent and more ferruginous ; the primaries have two discoidal, united silvery points; the secondaries have a part of the points of the base united in a tortuous line, so that they have three tortuous, transverse rays, of which the middle one is joined with that of the primaries. Body yellowish, with greenish hairs on the thorax; antennav and under side of the last article of the palpi, rose brown. Ex- pands about two and three quarter inches. Florida. BOISD. 26 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. 2. C. marcellina Fab. E. S. Ill, 1, 209. Figured in Donov. Nat. Repos. pi. 6. Stn. Abb. I, pi. 5. Boisd. et Lee. pi. 24. C. eubule et mar- cellina Godt. It is almost impossible to distinguish this species from C. eubule. The most positive character is, that the secondaries are less rounded, and the anal angle more prominent. The upper side of the male is similar to that of C. eubule; but the under side has the points and tortuous lines more obsolete ; the geminate ferruginous points of the primaries are replaced by a red or ferruginous point, cut by a small yellow nervure ; and the two discoidal, silvery points of the secondaries, are a little smaller. The upper side of the female has the same designs as Eubule, only that the secondaries have the posterior border very indistinctly marked by small brown lines or spots. Under side similar to C. eubule, only that it is ordinarily strewed with small ferruginous atoms. Larva deep citron yellow, punctured with black, and a blue transverse ray on each segment ; abdomen below and feet yellow, with a lateral range of small blue lines above the feet. Feeds on Cassia. Southern States. BOISD. COLIAS FAB. Inferior palpi much compressed, covered with short silky hairs, rose red; last article much shorter than the preceding; antenna? straight, short, rose red, terminating in an obtuse cone, which extends more than a fourth of their length. Abdomen shorter than the secondaries; thorax robust; color more or less lively yellow ; border blacK. Colias differs from Pieris in the shorter antennas, insensibly terminating in an obconical club ; in the black border common to all the wings ; in the primaries, usually having a black discoidal point, and the secondaries a central point, orange above and ordinarily silvery below, accompanied by another small point, in a small reddish or ferruginous spot on the insertion of the median nerve, at the base of secondaries below. COLIAS. 27 Larva smooth, slightly pubescent, a little attenuated at the extremities. Chrysalis carinated above, not arcuate, destitute of lateral points, terminating anteriorly in a point ; always attached by the tail, and a transversal line placed below the middle of the body. 1. C. caesonia Godt. Encyc. Method. IX, 98. Figured in Boisd. et Lee. 67, pi. 22. Stoll. Suppl. Cram. pi. 41. Lucas, Hist. Nat. des Pap. Exot. pi. 39. C. philippa ? Fab. Wings beautiful yellow ; primaries, with the summit, very sharp, sometimes a little falcate. Primaries blackish at the base, a large black point in the middle ; a wide black border, sinuate, or rather emarginate inte- riorly, making the yellow part bear a rude resemblance to a dog's head, of which the black point forms the eye. On the upper edge, near the summit, are three whitish oblong streaks. Fringe rosy. Secondaries with a black border strongly dentated within ; two large geminate discoidal orange spots, and some streaks of the same color near the border. Fringe yellow, washed with rosy. Under side of the primaries dull yellow, except in the middle ; a black eye with a silvery pupil. Under side of secondaries deep yellow, with two silvery, dis- c*oidal, geminate points, circled with ferruginous ; besides this, a transverse line of ferruginous points, as in most of the species. Body blackish above ; yellowish below ; antennae reddish. The female is of yellow, less bright; the border of the primaries is of black, less deep, with some indistinct yellow streaks ; the border of the secondaries is interrupted, and the surface here and there presents some traces of rosy. Expands two inches and a half. Larva green, with a lateral white band, punctured with yellow; besides this band, there is on each segment a transverse black band, bordered with yellow. Feeds on different species of Trifo- lium. Southern States. BOISD. 2. C. edusa Fab. Ent. System. Godt. Encyc. IX, 103. Figured in most of the European works on this subject. Wings yellow, inclining to fulvous, more or less mingled with greenish on the secondaries. 28 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. The primaries have a large black point at the extremity of the discoidal cellule, and a wide border of the same color, sinuated interiorly, a little dilated at the summit, and divided at this part by fine yellow nervures; the secondaries have on the disk an orange spot, and at the extremity a black border following that on the primaries, more or less sinuated within, and terminating in a point a little before the anal angle. Under side of the primaries differs from the upper in being a little more pale ; all the part corresponding to the border is yellowish green, preceded by a transverse line of points, of which the three inferior are black, and the others ferruginous and smaller. The under side of the secondaries is yellowish green, with two geminate, discoidal, silvery points, bordered with ferruginous cor- responding to the orange spot, of which the outer is the smaller ; besides this, there is a reddish line at the base, on the insertion of the median nerve ; a small ferruginous spot on the costal edge, followed by a transverse line of ferruginous points in a line with those of the primaries. The fringe of all the wings is yellow, interrupted with brown above and rosy below. Body yellow greenish ; back black ; antennae and feet rosy. The female differs from the male in having the border divided by a yellow band, macular, interrupted on the primaries. Larva, which feeds on Trifolium, is green, with a lateral ray mingled with white and yellow, marked with a fulvous point on each ring. Chrysalis green, with a lateral yellow line and some ferruginous points. Inhabits the four quarters of the globe. BOISD. 3. C. chrysotheme Hiibn. Pap. 426-8. Figured in Boisd. Spec. Gen. pi. 2, B. fig. 5. Boisd. Icones, pi. 9, fig. 34. Hiibn. Europ. Schmett. pi. 85. Resembles C. edusa, but paler; border browner, divided by fine yellow nervures. The primaries are broadly yellow on the edge ; the discoidal point more narrow, transverse, surrounded with ferru- ginous. The discoidal spot on the under side of the primaries has a silvery pupil. In the female the yellow orange occupies only the disk of the COLIAS. 29 primaries, and the yellow spots which divide the border are larger, more distinct, and paler. Inhabits North America and Europe. BOISD. 4. C. philodice Godt. Encyc. Meth. IX, 100. Figured in Boisd. et Lee. 64, pi. 21. Swains. Zool. Illust. 1st series, pi. 60. Lucas, Hist. Nat. des Pap. Exot. pi. 39. C. anthyale Hiibn. Upper side canary yellow, with a black border, slightly sinuous within, and terminating on the secondaries, a little before the anal angle. Primaries, with a black point near the upper edge. Secondaries, with a pale orange point on the disk. Under side of primaries canary yellow, with the edge and ex- tremity a little russety ; the discoidal point usually pupilled with white. The under side of the secondaries is yellow, a little russety, with two geminate, discoidal, silvery points, bordered with ferruginous, of which the outer one is the smaller ; parallel to the outer edge of both wings there is a series of ferruginous points. The fringe of the four wings is rosy below ; more dull above. Body and antenna? as in the other species. , The female has the border less black, a little wider, a little dilated at the summit, divided on the primaries by a macular band interrupted by the ground color ; the discoidal point pupilled with whitish above. A female variety is sometimes found with wings nearly white. Inhabits the United States. BOISD. 5. C. amphidusa Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. 2me se"r; X, 286. Wings with the border of the same form and width as edusa ; slightly powdered with yellowish atoms, and divided at the summit of the primaries by three or four fine yellow nerves. The upper edge slightly powdered with citron yellow. Female, sulphury white. California. BOISD. 6. C. eurytheme Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. 2me ser. X. Perhaps only a variety of 0. chrysotheme. Usually much larger, of a brighter orange fulvons, with the yellow nervures less numerous. The spots which divide the border 30 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. of the secondaries in the females are less neat and less distinct than in C. chrysotheme. California, Mexico, and some of the States. BOISD. 7. C. pelidne Boisd. Boisd. et Lee. 66, pi. 21. Upper side of all the wings yellow, inclining a little to greenish, with a black border, regularly sinuated on the internal side, and ending on the secondaries towards the middle of their outward seam. Under side of the primaries is paler, with the edge powdered with darker atoms, and an oval, central, elongated point, pupilled with reddish. Under side of the secondaries is greenish yellow, with a rounded, central, reddish point, surmounted by another much smaller point of the same color. The base also has a reddish point. The fringe of all the wings is red ; antennae yellowish rosy, with the knob brownish above and yellowish below. Labrador. BOISD. 8. C, phicoxnone Godt. Encyc. Method. IX, 100. Upper side greenish yellow in the male ; greenish white in the female, covered in both sexes with a blackish powder, usually less abundant in the disk of the primaries, marked with a black dis- coidal point ; a rather wide blackish border, and divided by a range of spots of the ground color. Secondaries have also a black border, divided by a band of the ground color ; but the black often disappears, especially in the female, so that the border is formed by a yellow or whitish band ; a discoidal yellow spot. Under side of the primaries white, more or less greenish, with the summit russety yellow; a silver discoidal point, bordered with ferruginous, sometimes united to a smaller point ; a small ferrugi- nous spot on the insertion of the median nervure and the costal edge. Labrador. BOISD. 9. C. nastes Boisd. Spec. Gen. I, 648. Smaller than C. phicomone, but very similar to it. Under side yellow, a little greenish, powdered as in phicomone, with the fringe and the edge of the primaries a little more rosy ; COLIAS. 31 primaries with a blackish border, insensibly mingling with the yellow, divided by small elliptical yellow spots, placed on the nervures ; a black discoidal point, sometimes ocellated. Seconda- ries nearly like phicomone. Under side of the primaries white, more or less greenish, with the summit yellowish, and a black discoidal point, pupilled with whitish. Under side of the secondaries greenish yellow, covered with a fine blackish dust from the base to beyond the middle, and marked at the extremity of the discoidal cellule with a solitary small spot of a ferruginous reddish, pupilled with russety white. Antenna? red, with the under side of the club yellow. Female whitish above, less powdered with blackish atoms than the female of O. phicomone, with the border of the primaries divided by regular elliptical spots. Labrador. BOISD. 10. C. hyale Linn. Figured in Fischer Entom. de la Russie, pi. 11. C. palaeno Fisch. Upper side saffron yellow, with a large black point at the end of the discoidal cellule of the primaries, and a pale orange spot, a little bilobed, on the disk of the secondaries. Primaries with a black border at the extremity, widened at the summit; cut its whole length by a suite of spots of the ground color, of which the two intermediaryare'less distinct, and the following ones some- times mingled with the general tint. Secondaries with a blackish border, narrow, often macular, and sometimes nearly obsolete, especially in the males. Under side of the primaries has 'no border, summit yellow, a little russety, preceded by a transverse line of blackish points. Under side of secondaries entirely russety yellow, with two geminate points, discoidal, silvery, bordered with ferruginous, cor- responding to the orange spot of the upper side, of which the exterior is the smallest ; besides this, a small reddish mark at the base, a small ferruginous spot on the costal edge, followed by a transverse line of ferruginous points, on a line with those of the primaries. Fringe reddish, as well as the upper edge. Body yellow, with the head ferruginous ; palpi, antenna?, and feet reddish. 32 LEPIDOPTERA OP NORTH AMERICA. Female pale saffron yellow, and nearly white above. California — Europe — Africa — Siberia. BOISD. 11. C. vosnesenski MJnJtriJs. Figured in Cat. Petersburg Imper. Acad. Sci. 77. Nearly the size of C. caesonia; but the primaries are much more pointed at the summit, and the external edge more falcate. The primaries have a beautiful, vivid, yellow spot on the disk ; a violet reflection over all the wing ; base powdered with black, as well as the whole length of the anterior edge ; a black discoidal point ; the black border of the external edge is wider than in (7. caesonia ; it is emarginated, square, somewhat, as in this species, but it encroaches more on the yellow spot so as to nearly touch the discoidal point, which completely destroys the likeness to a dog's head, so distinctly marked in G. caesonia. The fringe is rosy, with some yellow spots on each side of the summit. The secondaries are beautiful citron yellow, covered over with orange yellow without any spot, only that the trace of the dis- coidal point of the under side is indicated by an orange point. The under side of the four wings as in C. caesonia, only that the discoidal point of the primaries is smaller, and the second silver point of the secondaries is larger. Head black ; antenna reddish; thorax black, with some scattered yellow hairs. Body black, a little yellowish below. / California. TER1AS SWAINS. Head short, inclined, somewhat concealed under the costal edge of the primaries ; eyes naked ; palpi very short, covered with short hairs, scaly ; last article small, thin, naked, much shorter than the preceding ; antenna slender, articulation distinct, terminating in an ovoid or conic club, a little arcuate, slightly compressed late- rally. Body rather slender; prothorax very short. Abdomen com- pressed, extending the length of the secondaries. Wings thin, TERIAS. 33 delicate, rather wide, discoidal cellules closed; primaries having the costal edge strongly arcuate towards the base ; the seconda- ries embracing the abdomen below. This genus has been sometimes confounded with Pieris and again with Colias. It differs from the first in having the palpi furnished will) shorter and more closely set hairs, and the last article very short. It differs from the second in the delicate texture, the arcuate antennaB, the laterally compressed club, and the wings destitute of the discoidal silvery spots below. The thin and delicate wings are usually yellow, with the summit of the primaries deep black, contrasting agreeably with the ground color. 1. T. nicippe Fab. Ent. Sjst. Ill, 1, 208. Figured in Cram. Pap. pi. 210. Herbst. Pap. pi. 107. Boisd. et Lee. 55, pi. 20. Say's Amer. Ent. pi. 30. Lucas' Hist. Nat. des Pap. Exot. pi. 38. I Upper side lively yellow orange, with a wide black common border, sinuate within, wider at the summit of the primaries, where it is surmounted on the upper edge with three or four small yellow streaks. The primaries also have on the extremity of the discoidal cellule a small black crescent, and the upper edge towards the base is densely sprinkled with black. Under side of primaries paler. Under side of secondaries yellow, with brown atoms ; a small discoidal black dot ; a brownish spot on the middle of the costal edge ; then a transverse band, undulate, more or less brownish. female differs from the male in being paler and often of a yellow color ; the black border of the primaries suddenly ceases a little before the internal angle, and that on the secondaries is partly effaced towards the anal angle. Larva, which feeds on Cassia and Trifolium, is pale green, with a dorsal ray jn ore obscure, and a lateral white band, marked before with five yellow points. Chrysalis green, a little arcuate, sprinkled with ferruginous spots. United States. — Expands a little over two inches. BOISD.- 34 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. 2. T. lisa Boisd. Boisd. Spec. Gen. I, 661. Figured in Boisd. et Lee. 53, pi. 19. Boisd. Spec. Gen. pi. 2. T. smilax Godt. Wings citron yellow above. Primaries have the base powdered with blackish ; a small black discoidal point ; a black border, beginning at the middle of the upper edge, dilated at the summit, and dentated within the whole length. Secondaries have a narrow black border, dentated within, obso- lete towards the anal angle. Fringe of all the wings rosy above. Under side of primaries yellow, with a small black discoidal point, and the upper edge embroidered with reddish. Under side of secondaries yellow, sprinkled with obscure atoms, with three small blackish points, of which one is on the base, and two on the disk; a blackish, undulate, transverse, macular ray, followed on the external angle by a roundish, ferruginous spot. The four wings are edged with red ferruginous, interrupted by small black points, and separated from the fringe by a thin line of silver white. Female pale saffron yellow, with the base of the superiors more densely powdered with blackish. Larva, which feeds on Cassia and Glycina, is green, with four longitudinal whitish rays. Chrysalis green. Southern States. — Expands nearly two inches. BOISD. 3. T. delia Cram. Figured in Cram. Pap. Exot. pi. 273. Herbst. pi. ] 7. Boisd. et Lee. pi. 18. T. daira Godt. Primaries citron yellow, with a wide black border, dentated within, ending abruptly before reaching the internal angle. Upper edge sprinkled with blackish ; a blackish longitudinal band, rather wide, parallel to the internal edge, bordered with marigold below, and not extending to the internal angle. Secondaries yellow ; a black, marginal, triangular spot on the outer angle, in a line with some small, indistinct, marginal points or streaks of the same color, situated on the extremity of the nervures. Fringe of all the wings above rosy. Under side of primaries yellow, with the edge and summit wine red, and two small black discoidal points. TERIAS. 35 Under side of secondaries wine red, two small blackish discoidal points, and a transverse, undulate, brownish, interrupted band. The female is destitute, or nearly so, of the black longitudinal band, and of the marginal, marigold line. The base is sprinkled with blackish. Larva, which feeds on Trifolium, Cassia, and Glycine, is green, with a longitudinal white line on each side above the feet. Chrysalis green. Southern States. — Expands an inch and a half. • BOISD. 4. T. jucunda Boisd. Boisd. Spec. Gen. 1, 665. Figured in Boisd. et Lee. pi. 19. Primaries like those of T. delia, except that the fringe is white, •and the ground color of a less lively yellow. Secondaries yellow saffron, with a blackish border, a little sinu- ated within, and nearly obsolete before reaching the anal angle. Under side of primaries yellow in the middle ; other parts whitish, sprinkled with grayish atoms. Under side of secondaries white, finely aspersed with grayish. Female paler ; primaries densely powdered with blackish, desti- tute of the marigold line ; border of secondaries a little wider, and sometimes interrupted by yellow streaks. N. America. — Expands about an inch. % 'Boise. T. proterpia Boisd. -Boisd. Spec. Gen. 654. Figured in Lucas' Hist. Nat. des Pap. Exot. pi. 38. Upper side orange red in the male, and russety yellow ochre in most of the females ; nervures black towards the extremity. Pri- maries, with a black border along the upper edge, rather wide, continuing more or less on the outer edge. Secondaries without a border, or with a blackish border effaced ; outer edge angular in the middle. Under side of all the wings paler than on the upper; that of the primaries without border or spots, that of the secondaries more or less sprinkled on the disk with spots or atoms a little more obscure, sometimes nearly obsolete. The nervures of the ground color, or only those of the primaries blackish at the extremity. Secondaries without any border, with the exterior angle much more prominent and prolonged, in the form of a tail. 36 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. Under side of secondaries more densely sprinkled or speckled with atoms and ferruginous spots. Texas — Mexico. — Expands 18 to 22 French lines. BOISD. T. mexicana Boisd. Boisd. Spec. Gen. 679. Figured on pi. 3, C. fig. 1, of Boisd. Spec. Gen. Wings brilliant citron yellow ; primaries with a black border at the extremity, rather wide, ending squarely at the internal angle, showing near the middle a rather deep quadrangular sinus ; the outer edge slightly sinuate, and whitish ; secondaries, with the middle of the exterior edge prolonged to a prominent angle, in the form of a tail ; a black border of moderate width, a little dentated on its internal side, not reaching the internal angle ; costal edge washed with orange yellow, mingling with the ground color. Under side of the primaries pale citron yellow, with a black central point, the edge intersected with brown points ; the outer edge reddish near the fringe. Under side of secondaries yellow, sprinkled with ferruginous atoms, with a blackish central point ; edge intersected with ferru- ginous points, and marked near the external angle with a spot of the same color ; the posterior half having four or five other spots of the same color, of which two or three are in a line, and tending to form a transverse band ; the middle of the outer edge more or less washed with ferruginous. Female differs from the male in the upper side being yellowish white, with a wider border, the quadrangular sinus more profound; the anterior edge of the secondaries widely orange yellow, and below, three ferruginous posterior spots form on the secondaries a narrow, transverse, ferruginous band. Texas — Louisiana — Mexico. BOISD. \ FAM. III. DANAIDAE. Larva smooth, cjlindric, with five pairs of simple, fleshy, flexible processes. Chrysalis rather short, cylindric, with brilliant golden spots. Perfect insect; palpi separated; thorax and pectus with spots. Wings wide, discoidal cellule closed. Hooks of the tarsi simple. DANAIS. 37 DANAIS BOISD. Head a little more narrow than the thorax ; antennae rather long, insensibly terminating in a club ; palpi remote, with the last article short, acicular, and straight ; - white points on the head, prothorax, thorax, and breast. Abdomen rather thin, nearly as long as the secondaries. Wings wide, with the outer edge some- what sinuate. Secondaries of the males have usually, towards the anal angle, a very black spot or tubercle, divided by a grayish ray in relief, placed on the extremity of the nervure. Our two species have two ranges of whitish points on the blackish border of the wings. 1. D. berenice Cram. Figured in Cram. Pap. pi. 205. Sm. Abb. vol. I, pi. 7. Boisd. et Leo. pi. 39. D. erippus Godt. Fab. D. gilippus Sm. Abb. Godt. Wings rufous brown, often more obscure at the base, with a black border extending from the upper edge of the primaries to the anal angle of the secondaries. The primaries have on both sides a number of white spots on the upper edge and disk, forming usually two marginal ranges, of which the outer divides the border. The secondaries have sometimes the black border without any points, and sometimes it is divided by one or even two ranges of white points. The under side of the primaries differs very little from the upper; but the under side of the inferiors is divided by wide black veins, bordered with whitish. The disk has three or four white points, situated, on the edge of the discoidal cellule. The black marginal border is divided by two rows of white points. The nervures on" the upper surface of the secondaries in the female are finely lined with grayish white. The larva, which feeds on Nerium, Asclepias, &c., is whitish violet, with transverse stripes of a deeper color; a transverse band of reddish brown, on each ring, divided in its length by & narrow yellow band. Along the feet a longitudinal band of yellow citron. Long, fleshy processes, of brown purple, disposed in pairs on the second, fifth, and eleventh rings. Ctirysalis green, with golden points on the anterior side, and a 38 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. semicircle of the same color on the dorsal side, a little beyond the middle, separated from a blue band by a row of small black dots. Southern States. — Expands three and three quarter inches. BOISD. 2. D. archippus Sm. Abb. Figured in Sm. Abb. vol. I, pi. 6. Cram. 206. Hiibn. Exot. Samml. Say's Amer. Ent. Ill, pi. 54. Boisd. et Lee. 137, pi. 40. D. megalippe Hiibn. The four wings somewhat sinuate, fulvous above, with a rather brilliant reflection ; all the wings entirely margined with deep black, having, in fresh specimens, a bluish reflection ; nervnres same color. The summit of the primaries has three oblong, fulvous spots, preceded by eight or ten smaller, white or yellowish white extending to the middle of the upper edge. Two rows of white spots on the outer borders of all the wings; occasionally the inner row is ferruginous. The fourth nervure of the secondaries has a large black spot or tubercle. The under side presents the same markings as the upper, but the points of the posterior edge are larger and all white. The ground color of the secondaries is nankin yellow, with the nervures slightly bordered with whitish. The emarginations of all the wings white. Body black, with yellowish points on the thorax and breast. The female has wider nervures, and is destitute of the black tuberculous spot on the secondaries. Larva whitish, transversely fasciated with black and yellow. It has two pairs of fleshy processes, blackish, of which the anterior pair are situated on the second ring, which are much longer than the other pair, situated on the eleventh ring. Feeds on Asclepias. Chrysalis pale green, with golden points before ; a semicircle of gold behind, bordered below by a range of small black dots. Middle and Southern States. — Expands four and a half inches. BOISD. FAM. IV. HELICONIDAE. Larva cylindric, spinose the whole length. Perfect insect; palpi short, separate, not much elevated. Abdomen thin, elongate. Wings oblong, narrow, elongate. Abdominal edge of the secondaries scarcely embracing the under side of the abdomen. Discoidal cellule closed. HELICONIA. 39 HELICONIA FAB. Palpi extending a little beyond the clypeus ; second article much longer than the first; antennae filiform, gradually enlarging towards the extremity. Wings oblong, narrow. Abdomen elon- gate ; four walking feet in both sexes. 1. H. charitonia Linn. Linn. Syst. Nat. II, 757. Figured in Cram. pi. 191. Boisd. et Lee. 140, pi/ 41. Lucas' Hist. Nat. des Pap. Exot. pi. 50. Wings black, with bands of citron yellow. The primaries have three, of which the two outer are transverse and oblique ; the inner one proceeds directly from the base to the middle, where it makes an elbow to gain the posterior edge above the internal angle. The secondaries have two transverse bands, of which the upper is the wider, straight and continuous; the lower is curved, and formed of spots of different sizes. The posterior edge, which is slightly sinuate, has, towards the anal angle", a range of six or seven small yellow points, and near the base there are one or two points of carmine. The under side resembles the upper, except that the yellow bands are paler ; the primaries have the upper edge reddish at the base ; the secondaries have four blood red points, disposed two by two near the abdominal edge, and separated by the upper band ; and, finally, the marginal points of these secondaries are whitish, and extend to. the summit. Body black, with yellow points on the head and thorax, and lines of the same color on the sides of the breast and abdomen. Georgia and Florida. — Expands three inches and a half. . BOISD. 2. H. diaphana Drury. (Westwood's Ed.) Figured in Jardine's Nat. Libr. vol. IV, pi. 12, fig. 3. Drury, vol. II, pi. 7. Upper side: antennae black and very long; thorax and abdo- men dark brown. Wings transparent, vitreous. Primaries with the anterior edges bending inwards. A small narrow border of dark brown runs entirely round the edges of these wings, and on the anterior edges about a third from the tips, runs a dark brown streak towards the middle of the wings, close to which is a small white spot, joining 40 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. to the anterior edge. Secondaries having also a very narrow border, running about two-thirds round them,- and stopping at the abdominal edges. Some long yellowish hairs are placed on the anterior edges near the body. Under side : palpi, sides, breast, ash colored. The dark brown borders surrounding the wings appear on this side orange brown ; the rest as on the upper side ; margins of the wings entire. Texas. WESTWOOD'S DKURY. FAM. Y. NYMPIIALIDAE. Larva cylindric, spinose the whole length, or only on the head. Chrysalis variable. Perfect insect; palpi usually close, elevated, very scaly ; the anterior face of their first two articles nearly as wide or wider than their sides. Abdominal edge of the secondaries forming a deep groove to receive the abdomen. Discoidal cellule nearly always open. Hooks of the tarsi bifid. ACRAULIS BOISD. Head large, at least as wide as the thorax ; antenna rather long, terminated by a flattened club, more elongate, and less rounded than in Argynnis ; palpi ascending, a little divergent at the summit, covered with close-set hairs ; the first article very short, obtuse. Abdomen shorter than the secondaries ; discoidul cellule of th'e latter always open ; primaries elongate, with the posterior edge sinuate ; the secondaries denticulate. 1. A. vanillae Linn. Linn. Syst. Nat. II, 787. Figured in Cram. pi. 212. Stoll. Suppl. pi. 1. Sulz. Gesch. pi. 18. Clerck, Icon. pi. 40. Boisd. et Lee. 143, pi. 42. A. passiflorae Fab. Male, bright fulvous; female, more dull; primaries elongate, posterior border a little concave, divided at the summit by the veins, and lower down by streaks, widest at the edge, black. Disk, with some black spots, of which two or three of those situated in the discoidal cellule are pupilled with white. In some specimens, these pupils are obsolete. The secondaries are bordered by a black band, crenated on the ' outside, and divided by large spots of the ground color. Between the centre and outer edge there are three or four black spots. ARGYNNIS. 4 1 The under side of the primaries differs from the upper in having the summit dull yellow (the color of dead leaves), with six or seven silver spots, and the costal spots pupilled with silver. The under side of the secondaries is dull yellow, with about seventy-two very brilliant silver spots, elongate, of which the marginal are smaller. The upper edge at the base is also silvery. Among the spots in the middle, one is strongly emarginate, or nearly separated in two. Body fulvous above, yellowish below, with white dots on the head, and silvery lines on the breast. Larva cylindric, pale, fulvous, with four blackish longitudinal bands, of which the two dorsal are sometimes obsolete ; furnished with ranges of blackish ramose spines, of which two are placed on the summit of the head. Head with a whitish ray on each side, lined with black ; feet black. Chrysalis ' russety brown; with some paler shades. Feeds on Passiflora. Southern States. — Expands four inches. BOISD. ARGYNNIS FAB. Head large, at least as wide as the thorax ; antennae rather long, abruptly terminated by a flattened club, grooved; palpi pilose, somewhat remote ; the first article slender, naked at its extremity, and pointed like a ne-edle. Abdomen shorter than the secondaries. Wings sinuate or denticulate. Ground color fulvous, usually with black points, forming sinu- ous, transverse lines, and sometimes with a blackish border, more or less wide ; the under side usually has nacred spots, or violet or ferruginous nacred reflections. 1. A. idalia Fab. Fab. Ent. emend. Ill, 145. Figured in Cram. pi. 44. Drury I, pi. 13. Herbst. pi. 252. Boisd. et Lee. 147, pi. 43. Lucas' Hist. Nat. des Pap. Exot. pi. 56. Upper side of primaries fulvous, with about fifteen black spots, of which the upper are linear, situated in the discoidal cellule ; below these they form a zigzag, transverse line ; the others are round, smaller, and disposed in a line parallel to the outer edge ; this edge is covered by a wide black band, dentated within, and 42 LEPIDOPTERA OP NORTH AMERICA. divided, in the male, by a range of yellowish crescents ; and in the female, by a row of white spots. The female has also some white spots on the summit, where the border dilates considerably. The upper side of the secondaries is steel blue, with the base russety, traversed by two rows of large white points, of which the outer are yellow in the male. The under side of the primaries resembles the upper, except that the terminal band is less deep, and the spots which divide it are nacre. The under side of the secondaries is dull brown (dead leaves), with about twenty-eight nacred spots, pf which the seven marginal are crescents ; those of the disk are conic, divided or bordered by a black line ; the edge at the base nacre. Emarginations of the wings whitish. Body blackish, with yellow hairs on the thorax. United States. — Expands nearly five inches. BOISD. 2. A. diana Cram. Grain. II, 4. Figured iu Cram. pi. 98. Herbst. pi. 253. Say's Amer. Ent. pi. 17. Wings slightly dentate ; black brown from the base to the middle, then fulvous to the edge. The fulvous forms a wide band, crenate within, having on the primaries two transverse rows of black points, and on the secondaries only one row. The black points are obsolete on the under side of the primaries ; the dark part is marked with two nacre spots, preceded within by three fulvous streaks, and outwardly by three small yellowish spots. Under side of secondaries much paler than the upper, with nine nacre spots, of which three are triangular, situated between the base and the middle of the outer edge ; the seven others are cres- cent, on a line with the posterior edge. Southern States. • SAY. 3. A. cybele Godt. Godt. Encyc. Method. IX, 283. Figured in Cram. pi. 57. Herbst. pi. 255. Boisd. et Lee. 151, pi. 45. A. daphnis Cram. A. aphrodite Fab. Upper side obscure from the base to the middle ; deeper in the female ; then fulvous, with three transverse rows of black spots, of which the interior are in a zigzag line. Those intermediary are ARGYNNIS. 43 round; the exterior crescent. In the discoidal cellule there are some marks as in the analogous species. The outer edge is pre- ceded by a black line crossed by nervures of the same color. Under side of the primaries like the upper, except that the base is fulvous ; and opposite the summit there are some silvery spots, of which four or five rest on the black crescents. Under side of the secondaries brown ferruginous, with the base and about twenty-four spots, nacre ; the spots at the base are small ; those of the middle larger ; those of the edge triangular, and separated from the preceding by a yellowish band, losing itself in the ferruginous. Body brownish ; antennae blackish ; club black, tipped with fulvous. This species is usually confounded with A. aphrodite, but is different, as will be seen from the description. .United States. — Expands nearly three inches. BOISD. 4. A. aphrodite Fab. Fab. Syst. Ent. Ill, 1, 144. Similar to A. cybele, for which it is usually taken. Primaries tawny orange brown at base, spotted, inscribed and reticulated with black ; at the posterior margin, a deep orange band, edged with black ; above this, a series of black crescents, succeeded by one of round spots ; the costal margin is barred with black, the three anterior bars being angular, and the fourth shaped like the letter P ; this is followed by three others less distinct ; the reticulations of the disk terminate posteriorly in a zigzag black band ; underneath, at the external angle, are five silver marginal series of crescents, above which the wing is spotted with black, with a few paler spots surmounted by a black crescent; underneath they are reddish brown, with a pale, tawny, marginal band. A marginal series, consisting of seven silver triangular spots, edged with black, next follows ; and a second series, consisting of the same number, differing in shape, edged also with black, the inter- mediate one being the smallest ; a third series of four spots suc- ceeds, that next the costal margin is crescent-shaped ; the second is subtriangular, divided by a black line ; the third is oblong ; the fourth minute. At the base are five spots, varying in form ; on the shoulders is also a silver spot, and the inner margin is silvered, but less conspiculously. Fringe pale, barred with black. Fabricius does not mention the two costal silver spots of the 44 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. prone surface of the primaries. In some specimens these appear not silvered. United States — Canada. — Expands 2J to 2J inches. KlRBY. Doubleday, in lit., says,: "A. aphrodite is smaller and rather brighter than A. cybele. It has the outer margin of the primaries quite black, instead of the fulvous markings of A. cybele. The margins of the secondaries have an additional black line ; flight also different." 5. A. columbina Godt. Godt. Encyc. Method. IX. Figured in Cram, pi. 209 et 69. Boisd. et Lee. 153, pi. 4i. A. hegesia Cram. A. claudia Cram. Wings bright fulvous above, paler in the female, with a trans- verse, posterior row of black points ; outer edge black, divided by a range of fulvous crescents ; the four wings are traversed by two black zigzag lines. The primaries have, besides, two annular black spots on the discoidal cellule. The under side of the primaries has the upper edge fulvous ; the second zigzag line is obsolete, and at the summit there is a. grayish triangular space more or less distinct. Under side of secondaries yellow russety, tainted with brownish ; two whitish transverse bands, of which the anterior is discoidal, extending somewhat on the nerves; the second is marginal, narrow, dentated within, separated from the first by a row of black spots pupilled with grayish. Body of same color as the wings. This species varies much according to localities. There are some on which the second zigzag ray is obsolete ; others, on which the first is apparent only in the primaries ; others again, which show scarcely any trace of the whitish transverse on the under side of the secondaries. Larva spiny, reddish yellow, with two lateral bands, and a series of dorsal spots, white ; abdomen whitish, with the head and feet black; spines blackish, and the two on the first ring are much larger, and directed towards the front like antennoB. Chrysalis white, moderately angular, scattered with black dots and streaks ; dorsal points yellow. Southern States. — Expands three inches. BOISD. ARGYNNIS. 45 6. A. myrina Cram. Cram. Encyc. Method. IX, 268. Figured in Cram. pi. 189. Herbst. pi. 255. Boisd. et Lee. 155, pi. 45. Say's Amer. Ent. pi. 46. A. myrissa Godt. Upper side fulvous with black spots, some irregular, disposed confusedly towards the base ; the others are in the form of points or dots, in a line parallel with the outer edge, which has a black band, divided by a series of fulvous crescents. Under side of primaries paler, except at the summit, where it is a little ferruginous, and marked with two or three nacre spots. The outer edge also has a range of triangular silver lunules. The under side of the secondaries is red ferruginous, with two or three yellow spaces, and about twenty-four silver spots, some irregular and unequal towards the base, the others disposed in two transverse series, of which the one forms marginal crescents; these two rows are separated by a series of brownish black points. Towards the base of the wings there is a black silvery circle. Body blackish above,' grayish yellow below; antennaB black, and annulated with white, and the extremity of the club yellow. Female with a taint a little less vivid than the male. United States. — Expands one and three quarter inches. BOISD. 7. A. bellona Godt. Godt. Encyc. Method. IX, 271. Boisd. et Lee. 164, pi. 45. Size and form of A. myrina, but the primaries are a little more sinuous. Wings fulvous, with a large number of black spots, some placed confusedly towards the base, where the ground color is more obscure, the others forming two parallel rows on the outer edge, which is sometimes a little intersected with black. Under side of primaries fulvous and spotted, as above, with the summit washed with brown and pale yellow, and marked with a small transverse line of whitish violet. The anterior half of the under side of the secondaries is yellow russety, with ferruginous undulations and atoms, a bifid spot of whitish violet towards the base, inclosing in its angle an orbicular spot of reddish yellow. The other half is violet or coppery purple, with a transverse row of six or seven brown points pupilled with whitish, followed on the terminal edge with obscure lunules, more or less distinct, and forming nearly a continuous marginal ray. 46 LEPIDOPTERA OP NORTH AMERICA. Body and antennae as in the analogous species. Southern States. — Expands an inch and a half. BOISD. 8. A. freya Godt. Godt. Encyc. Method. IX, 273. Figured in Herbst. pi. 272. Stalk of the antennas yellow, with a large compressed brown knob, red underneath, at the base and tip. Wings tawny, dark brown at the base, with a narrow black band occupying the posterior margin, followed by a series of black arrow-headed spots, next to which in the primaries is a zigzag, angular, discoidal, black band, and at the anterior margin, five transverse spots of the same color. The under side of the primaries is tawny, variegated with black and white spots and lines. Under side of the secondaries is reddish, variegated with white and yellow spots and band, with a discoidal, arrow-headed, white spot in the centre. Fringe of the wings alternately white and yellow. Canada. XIRBY, FAUX. BOR. 391. 9. A. aglaia Linn. Syst. Nat. II. Figured by many European authors. Reddish yellow with black marks. Under side of the secondaries greenish, yellow near the seam ; no reddish spots with silver pupils ; the nacred spots usually small and round, in number about twenty-one, not including thpse at the origin of the upper edge and internal edge, which are also silvery. In the females, the. marginal lunules of the upper side of the primaries are yellow, not fulvous. California and Europe. GODAKT. 10. A. calippe Boisd. Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. 2me sur. X, 302. Upper side fulvous, traversed by a black zigzag ray, preceded from the side of the base by black sinuous streaks, and followed by a row of black points ; all the exterior contour blackish, divided by a line of lunules more pale than the ground color. Under side of primaries reddish fulvous, paler at the extremity, with the same markings as above, and a series of silvery marginal lunules, preceded by two or three apical spots of the same color. ARGYNNIS. 47 • Under side of secondaries brownish, with about -twenty silver spots, the edge of the wings towards the abdomen silvery. In the female the ground color is paler, with the other markings blacker ; on the under side the general tint is paler, and nearly yellowish. California — rare. BOISD. 11. A. ashtaroth Fisher. Figured in Proceed. A. N. S., Phila., 1858, p. 180, pi. 8. In the place cited, this species is named astarte, but was afterwards changed to ashtaroth by Dr. Fisher. Upper wings with both surfaces fulvous ; above with a broad, black exterior margin, containing a range of seven small whitish spots, parallel with the margin ; four large oblong spots of black proceeding from the exterior margin, the two intermediate ones reaching beyond the middle of the wing, the others shorter, with each a small fulvous spot near the tip ; and four spots of black descending from the subcostal nervure, of which the one nearest the body is linear, the next square, the third roundish, with a fulvous spot in the centre, and the fourth connate with the fourth of the before-mentioned spots proceeding from the exterior margin. The lower wings are above bluish black, changing to brownish fulvous near the base, with an indistinct whitish spot below the centre. The under side of the upper wings has seven spots of pearly white parallel with the outer margin, of which the five exterior ones are linear, and the two others round ; from these two round spots proceed two oblong black spots to the middle of the wing, and the two next have each a round black spot above them. From the subcostal nervure proceed four black spots, of which the two nearest the body are linear, the next triangular, inclosing a fulvous spot, and the fourth is' almost confounded with the black upper margin. The under side of the lower wings is brown, with four white sublunate spots, bounded above and below by black, and parallel with the lower margin. There are, likewise, two long black spots outside of the outer one of these spots; the whole base of the wing is occupied by six large pearly spots, radiating from the axilla, one of which occupies the precostal portion ; between the second and third (which are very wide) is a smaller spot, and the third is 48 LEPTDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. crossed near its base by a short black bar. The emarginations of the wings are margined with white. Body black ; thorax thickly covered with brownish fulvous hairs. The above described butterfly so nearly resembles the Argynnis idalia, that at first sight it may easily be taken for a mere variety. The want of a double row of white spots on the upper surface of the lower wings, although a remarkable difference, would not perhaps constitute a specific mark ; yet, when we come to examine the under surface, instead of the twenty-four or twenty- five spots of white, which are observed over its whole surface, we find but two near the margin, and six large ones occupying nearly the whole of the base, and radiating from the axilla, we cannot hesitate to pronounce it distinct and certainly new. The larva is unknown. The interesting fact of so large a species of butterfly being found at this time in New Jersey, and having heretofore escaped the researches of all entomologists, has led me to offer this short communication for publication in the Proceed- ings. It was found by me in July of this summer, on Succasunna Plains, near Schooley's Mountain, in Morris County. FlSHEK. Most probably a variety of A. idalia. (Morris.) 12. A. ossiamiB Herbst. Boisd. et Lee. p. 157. Figured in Boisd. Icon. Hist. pi. 19. Herbst. pi. 270. A. trichlaris Hiibn. Small ; upper side fulvous, inclining to yellowish. Under side of the primaries deeper fulvous ; summit washed with ferruginous ; the lunules of the extremity are scarcely indicated. Under side of secondaries reddish ; all the spots are nacred, except the transverse ray, which precedes the ocellated ones ; mar- ginal lunules small, not very triangular, bordered by a brown arc. The nacred spots of the under side of the female are more dull and smaller than in the male, and the transverse black points of the primaries are nearly all pupilled. Labrador. 13. A. polaris Boisd. Boisd. et Lee. p. 159. Figured in Boisd. Icon; Hist. pi. 20. Size of A. myrina. Primaries have nearly the same design as A.frigga, of Europe. The base is less obscure, an$ the points which precede the terminal edge are smaller. Under side of secondaries ferruginous brown. The base is ARGYNNIS. 49 marked with four small white spots. Towards the middle, there is a transverse, irregular white band, slightly powdered with brown, and divided by the nervures, which are russety. Beyond this band, there is another white band nearly macular, of which each spot is bordered by a clear yellowish space, and is marked by a black- brown point, corresponding to those of the opposite surface ; the terminal edge is divided 'by small white lines or streaks, inflated at their anterior extremity. These wings are bordered with white. Fringe alternately white and black, and the white part forms below with the small white marginal lines, a kind of T. The female differs from the male only in having the spots and white bands of the secondaries a little clearer. Labrador. BOISD. 14. A. chariclea Godt. Encyc. Meth. IX, 273. Figured in Herbst, pi. 272. Nearly the size of A. myrina. Upper side fulvous, traversed by black zigzag lines and by a row of black points, situated before the marginal lunules. Under side of primaries fulvous, with the apical extremity yel- lowish, and a terminal row of small streaks of yellowish-white, which intersect the fringe and terminate in a small blackish arrow- shaped spot. Under side of the secondaries purple-brown, d'eeper towards the base, which is marked with three small nacred spots ; a little before the middle is another nacred band, sinuous, bordered with black-brown, and often powdered with ferruginous, especially in the mates ; between the spots of the base and this band, there is an isolated silver point, usually pupilled with brown. The poste- rior half of these wings is of a clearer tint, with some whitish reflections, especially near the transverse band — a row of purple- brown points, corresponding to the black points of the upper side, and at the extremity a terminal series of nacred triangular lunules, pointed with brown. Often in the males, all these lunules are strongly powdered with brown, and then are only indicated by a small white line, similar to those of the primaries. Female a little larger than the male, sometimes a little more sombre above. On the under side, the nacred spots forming the 4 50 LEPIDOPTERA OP NORTH AMERICA. transverse band and the marginal lunules are more brilliant and more rarely powdered with ferruginous brown. Labrador. BOISD. MELITAEA FAB. In generic characters nearly similar to Argynnis, Wings usually blackish and fulvous, sub denticulate, spotted like a chess- board. The nacre on the under side of the secondaries of Argynnis is here replaced by yellow or violet pearly reflections. Discoidal cellule of the secondaries always open. 1. M. phaeton Fab. Syst. Ent. 481. Figured in Cram. pi. 193. Drury I, pi. 21. Herbst, pi. 3. Boisd. et Lee. pi. 47, p. 167. Wings obscure black, with a marginal series of fulvous spots, more or less triangular, preceded by two transverse rows of yellow points. The primaries have, besides, two fulvous spots in the dis- coidal cellule, followed outwardly by some yellow dots. On the under side, the base of each wing is marked with fulvous spots intermingled with yellow dots. Body black ; palpi and feet fulvous ; abdomen spotted with yel- low below, and pointed with yellow on the sides; antennce blackish; club a little ferruginous. United States. — Expands two and three-eighths inches. BOISD. 2. M. ismeria Boisd. Boisd. et Lee. pi. 46, p. 168. Upper side yellowish fulvous, with a large number of black spots ; some placed confusedly towards the base, forming zigzag rays ; others forming two transverse sinuous rays on the primaries and a single one on the secondaries, where it is followed by a row of points of the same color. The outer edge of the four wings is black, divided on the primaries by fulvous spots and on the secondaries by a line of crescents, which are yellowish-white. Besides these, the summit of the primaries is marked by four or five white dots. The under side of the primaries has a whitish macular band before the outer edge, preceded by three or four spots of the same color. MELITAEA. 51 Under side of the secondaries fulvous, with white spots towards the base ; then a median, transverse, irregular band, and finally marginal lunules of the same color. These last are separated from the transverse band by a series of blackish points corresponding to those of the upper side. Fringe of all the wings blackish, intersected by white. Body and antennce as in the analogous species. Larva yellow, with spines and three longitudinal rays, blackish. Head black, as well as the scaly feet and abdomen on under side; other feet yellow. Chrysalis ash-gray, with some clearer spaces ; the small dorsal tubercles nearly white. Southern States. — Expands one and three-eighths inch. BOISD. 3. M. tharos Cram. M. tharossa Godt. Encyc. Method. IX, 289. Figured in Cram. pi. 169. Drury, I, pi. 21. Boisd. et Lee. pi. 47, p. 170. Wings fulvous, with black wavy lines, more or less wide, often confluent or interlaced. A wide black border on the outer edge, a little sinuous within, marked on the primaries with a fulvous yellow spot, and divided on the secondaries by a regular sinuous line of grayish, preceded by a row of black ocular dots. The upper edge of primaries black ; from which, at the end of the discoidal cellule, there proceeds a black streak, which loses itself in the sinuous lines. Under side of the primaries fulvous, with ferruginous wavy lines, very fine and indistinct. The border is more brown, mingled with the fulvous and marked with a yellow spot larger than that on the upper side. The under side of the secondaries is ochre yellow, with a large number of wavy, brown'ferruginous lines ; a brown border, touch- ing neither the anal nor external angle, marked by a yellow crescent. This border is preceded by a row of small brown dots, correspond- ing to those on the upper side. Body black above, yellowish below. United States. — Expands an inch and an eighth. BOISD. 4. M. editha Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. 2me ser. X, 305. Boisduval says, it is possible that this species is the same which Doubleday and Hewitson have figured in pi. 23 of their work as 52 LEPIDOPTEEA OP NORTH AMERICA. M. anicia, but unfortunately they have not represented the under side, which in many species it is important to know. The upper side of the secondaries of their M. anicia has a marginal series of three fulvous bands, whilst in this species the intermediary range is pale yellow. Upper side blackish-brown, with the fringe whitish, some spots of bright fulvous and some yellow spots disposed in transverse bands ; the four bands of the secondaries alternately yellow and fulvous, interrupted ; the one before the last yellow and that which precedes it fulvous, the spots slightly pupilled with. yellow; the upper edge of the primaries reddish. Under side fulvous, with bands ochry yellow, more or less edged with brown ; that of the secondaries, with each spot of the ante- penultimate band, pupilled with ochry yellow. The female is nearly similar to the male, with the primaries a little more rounded at the summit. California. BOISD. 5. M. palla Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. 2me ser. X, 305. M. nycteis Double- day. Upper side bright fulvous. Under side of primaries fulvous, with a terminal band of ochry yellow. Under side of secondaries fulvous, with two bands of ochry yel- low, edged with brown, and some basal spots of the same color, forming an irregular band ; posterior band nearly terminal, formed by crescents more or less large ; that which precedes it is cut longitudinally by two irregular blackish lines. The female is very different from the male ; the spots of the under side are usually of a pale ochry yellow, except the small marginal crescents and the antepenultimate band of the seconda- ries, which are fulvous. On the under side the ochry yellow bands cover nearly the whole surface, and the fulvous is reduced on the secondaries to marginal crescents, a row of five or six large points, and some basal spots. California. BOISD. GRAPTA. 53 6.* M. zerene Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. 2me ser. X. Upper side bright fulvous, as in M. cybele, with the black mark- ings as in the species of the same group. Under side of primaries fulvous, with the markings of the upper. The summit has spots of a yellowish- white, and the edge is divided by small crescents of the same color. Under side of secondaries ferruginous gray, with spots of yel- lowish-white, as in the neighboring species, but riot silvery ; the spots of the middle and the marginal crescents are environed and surmounted with ferruginous, more obscure than the general tint. Female a little larger than the male, with the under side ferru- ginous gray, paler, and sometimes the marginal crescents a little silvery. California. BOISD. GRAPTA KIRBY. Nearly allied to Vanessa, from which it may be distinguished by its more excised and angular wings, and its less hairy palpi. All the known species have the upper surface more or less brightly fulvous, spotted with black ; lower surface crowded and veined with different shades of brown ; the secondaries have a more or less angular silvery or pale golden mark, resembling sometimes the letter L or C, whence the name C-album, &c. &c. The larvae, like those of the neighboring genera, have the second and third thoracic and also the abdominal segments armed with spines, which are set round with whorls of delicate bristles. Pupa angular and tuberculated ; head rather deeply notched, generally brown or grayish-brown, with silvery or golden blotches. 1. G. interrogationis F. E. S. Ill, 1, 78. G. aureum Cram. Figured in Cram. pi. 19. Sm. Abb. I, pi. 2. Boisd. et Lee. pi. 51, p. 192. Upper side of all the wings fulvous or ferruginous fulvous, with seven or eight unequal black spots, and the outer edge sometimes brown, obscure, and sometimes of a ferruginous tint, mingling in- sensibly with the ground color. 54 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. Upper side of secondaries deep Jbrown, with a greenish blue reflection and the base red ferruginous. Under side of all the wings grayish, marbled with brown; some- times ferruginous or brownish, with the extremity a little more clear ; often brown, slightly glossed with greenish white, especially on the secondaries. On the disk, a silvery spot, sometimes in the form of a C, sometimes in the form of an interrupted C or mark of interrogation. In most of the varieties, there is a row of black points on the terminal edge of each wing. The secondaries are furnished with prominent tails. Larva deep brown, with the body pointed and striated with yellowish and whitish. Head and feet reddish, spines blackish. Along the feet a ray of citron yellow, and above the stigmata another ray of the same color, marked with a row of red spots. Chrysalis angular, obscure, with golden spots. Feeds on Ulmus and Tilia. United States. — Expands two and three-quarter inches. BOISD. 2. G. comma Harris. Ins. Mass. 221 (1842). Upper side tawny orange ; fore wings bordered behind and spotted With black ; hind wings shaded behind with dark brown, with two black spots on the middle and three more in a transverse line from the front edge, and a row of bright orange-colored spots before the hind margin ; hind edges of the wings powdered with reddish-white. Under side marbled with light and dark brown, the hinder wings with a silvery comma in the middle. The caterpillar has a general resemblance to that of G. inter- rogationis. Chrysalis brownish gray, or white variegated with pale brown and ornamented with golden spots ; there are two conical ear-like projections on the top of the head, and the prominence on the thorax is shorter and thicker than that of G. interrogations, and more like a parrot's beak in shape. Expands from two and a half to two and three-eighths inches. — Harris, Insects of Mass., p. 221. Harris thinks that his G. comma is different from the European G. C-album, which Boisd. et Lee., p. 190, describe as occurring VANESSA. 55 here, and for the purpose of comparison, their description is inserted : — 3. G. C-album Linn. Nearly the size of G. progne. Upper side fulvous or ferruginous, with scattered black spots ; outer edge more or less obscure. Under side sometimes brownish-black, sometimes brownish- yellow, with green atoms on the outer half, which, with the excep- tion of the costal margin, is always lighter. Under side of secondaries has a G or C of pure white on the disk. Body blackish, with greenish hairs on the thorax. Antenna black above, brown below, with white rings ; extremity of the club reddish. Environs of Philadelphia only. Bois. ET LEG. VANESSA FAB. Clothed with long hairs, eyes densely hairy; labial palpi porrect, projecting beyond the forehead, scaly and densely hairy all round ; first joint much curved, second swollen beyond the middle, third nearly acicular. Antennae about three-fourths the length of the body, with two distinct grooves below; club rather short, last joint minute, pointed: Thorax clothed with long hairs. Prima- ries subtriangular, apex truncate. Anterior margin but little curved, sometimes deeply emarginate ; inner margin nearly straight, costal nervure rather stout, extending about to the middle of the anterior margin. Secondaries somewhat obovate. Inner margin the longest ; outer margin more or less sinuate, dentate, prolonged into a tooth or short tail at the termination of the third median nervule. Abdomen about two-thirds the length of the inner mar- gin of the posterior wing. Larva cylindric, head and first thoracic segment unarmed, the rest armed with long spines, set with setae in whorls. Pupa very angular and tuberculate ; head deeply bifid, often adorned with golden spots. Vanessa differs from Grapta in the palpi, which are much less, 56 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. hairy, and in the wings in not having the inner margin of the primaries emarginate. The larva of Vanessa differs in wanting the spines on the head. 1. V. J-album Boisd. Figured in Boisd. et Lee. pi. 50, p. 185. Upper side dull yellow or fulvous, with the base of the prima- ries and a part of the secondaries more obscure. A little before the outer edge, there is a brown ferruginous or blackish ray, which on the primaries of the male often blends with the terminal edge, which is nearly always powdered with blackish. The primaries have four or five unequal spots on the middle and on the upper edge, three short transverse bands of the same color, of which that on the summit is separated by a white spot. The secondaries have the upper edge black, divided by a white spot. Under side of the wings brown, from the base to the middle, with waves more pale and others more obscure ; then, grayish- white reticulated and a marginal interrupted ray of ashy blue. On the middle of the inferiors, there is a small grayish mark in the form of a J. North and West. — Expands three inches. BOISD. 2. V. milberti Godt. Encyc. Method. IX, 307. V. furcillata Say. Boisd. et Lee. pi. 50, p. 187. Say, Amer. Ent. II, pi. 27. Upper side brownish-black, traversed between the middle and the extremity by a wide fulvous band, a little sinuous within, where it has a paler tint, followed on the secondaries by a marginal row of violet-blue crescents. The primaries have two fulvous spots in the discoidal cellule, a black spot in the band on the costal edge, and a white spot besides. Under side blackish, with waves more obscure, and a band of paler tint corresponding to that of the upper side. Body blackisli-brown. Northern States. — Expands an inch and a half. BOISD. 3. V. progne Cram. Figured in Cram. pi. 85. Boisd. et Lee. pi. 50, p. 188. Upper side bright fulvous, a little paler at the extremity of the primaries. These have five black spots, of which two are in the discoidal cellule and three below the median nervure ; two short VANESSA. 57 brown bands along the upper edge, one at the end of the discoidal cellule and the other near the summit, from which it is separated by three or four crescents paler than the ground color. Towards the internal angle, there is a brown spot slightly united to the border, which is deep brown. The secondaries .have the extremities blackish, insensibly mingling with the fulvous, which is marked with two small black spots. A little before the outer edge, there is a row of fulvous spots, some- times indistinct. The angulated tails of the secondaries are tinted with grayish-violet, and the emarginations of all the wings are bordered with yellowish-gray. Under side brown, striated with blackish, with a paler band towards the outer edge, angulated on the primaries ; a white mark on the disk of the secondaries, which has a faint resemblance to the letter L. Some female specimens have along the marginal edge on the under side some shining greenish crescents, more or less distinct, and nearly united in a continuous line. These have the upper side of a less brilliant fulvous. United States. — Expands two inches. BOISD. 4. V. antiopa Linn. Syst. Nat. II, 776. Figured in most of the Euro- pean works. Upper side velvety black chestnut, with a yellowish terminal band, the internal side of which is a little sinuous, preceded by a line of seven or eight dots of violet-blue. The primaries have the upper edge finely interrupted with yel- lowish-white, and marked between the middle and the bluish points with two transverse and parallel spots of the same color as the border. Under side obscure black, with wavy lines of deeper color, and a small central grayish point. Body and antennce black ; club ferruginous. United States and Europe. — Expands three inches. BOISD. 5. V. lintneri Fitch. Third Report to N. Y. State Agr. Soc., p. 485 of Trans. Wings of the same form and color of V. antiopa, but their pale border is twice as broad, occupying a third of the length of 58 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. the wings, and is wholly destitute of the row of blue spots which occur in ,F". antiopa forward of the border. Ground color deep rusty brown, much more tinged with liver reddish than in V. an- tiopa. The fore margin of the anterior wings is black, freckled with small transverse white streaks and lines, but is destitute of the two white spots of the other species. The broad outer band is of a tarnished pale ochre yellow hue, speckled with black, and becomes quite narrow at the inner angle of the hind pair. Wings beneath similar to those of V. antiopa, but are darker and without any sprinkling of ash-gray scales or any whitish crescent in the middle of the hind pair, and the border is speckled with gray and whitish in wavy transverse streaks, without forming the distinct band which is seen in V. antiopa. FITCH. [Probably a variety of V. antiopa. — J. Gr. M.] 6. V. californica Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. 2me ser. X, 306. Upper side bright fulvous ; primaries with three black bands on the upper edge, as in the allied species, and only three large points on the disk ; a white ante-apical streak ; the edge of all the wings blackish, but destitute of blue crescents. Under side paler, with the transverse band very angular. California. BOISD. FYRAMEIS DOUBLED. & HEWITS. Differs from Vanessa in having the wings less angular, palpi less hairy, and in somewhat different form ; the club of the antennas is rather more pointed ; larvae have all the segments except the head and prothorax armed with long spines, set round with whorls of stiff bristles. They differ also in habits ; those of Pyrameis are always solitary, drawing together the sides of a leaf with silken threads, and thus forming a cylindric dwelling ; the pupae are similar in shape and markings. 1. P. atalanta Linn. Syst. Nat. II, 779. Figured in most European works on Lepidoptera. Upper side black, with a red band. The band of the seconda- ries is marginal, with four black dots on it, terminated at the anal PYRAMEIS. 59 angle by a double bluish spot. The band of the primaries is arcuate, slightly interrupted in the middle. Summit slightly bluish, with six white spots, of which the interior, in the form of a transverse band, rests on the costal edge. Under side of the primaries nearly similar to the upper, but the summit is brown mixed with gray. The red band is paler at each extremity, and separated from the white spots by a bluish ring. At the base there are several streaks of the same color. Under side of secondaries brown, slightly marbled with gray ; a yellowish spot on the middle of the costal edge, and some bluish atoms on the lower edge, which is more or less grayish. Emar- ginations white. Body of same color as the wings. Antenna annulated with white and black ; club yellowish. Larva differs in its tints — sometimes of a yellowish-green, some- times violet powdered with gray ; spines moderate, and a sinuous, lateral band of citron yellow. Feeds on Urtica, and is almost constantly enveloped between several leaves, drawn together by silk threads. Cttrysalis blackish, moderately angular, covered with a grayish efflorescence, and ornamented with golden spots. United States and Europe. — Expands two inches and a half. BOISD. 2. P. cardui Linn. Syst. Nat. II, 776. Figured in most European works. Upper side of primaries at the base and internal edge russety brown ; the middle fulvous, nearly cherry-red ; border black, transverse and angulate. Summit widely black, with five white spots, of which the interior is largest, and rests transversely on the edge ; the four others are in the form of unequal dots, and ranged in an arc. Posterior edge entirely black, with white emarginations. Upper side of secondaries fulvous, more or less reddish, with the base, the internal edge and disk russety brown, and three pos- terior and parallel rows of black points, of which the intermediary are oblong and smallest ; the exterior are marginal, the interior only four in number, and sometimes slightly ocellate. The under side of the primaries has the same markings as the upper, but the fulvous of the middle still more approaches red. The black band which divides it is marked with white near the costal edge, and the summit is greenish-brown. 60 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. Under side of secondaries marked with brown, white and yel- lowish, with a row of four ocular spots, separated from the edge by a grayish line, along which there is a series of small bluish crescents formed by atoms. Body russety brown above, whitish below, with black rings on the abdomen. Larva spinous, brownish or gray, with lateral and interrupted yellow lines. Feeds on various species of Carduus, Serratula, and Cirsium. Chrysalis grayish, moderately angular, scattered with golden spots, which sometimes cover nearly the whole surface. Inhabits the four quarters of the globe. — Expands two and a half inches. 3. P. huntera Sm. Abb. P. virginiensis Drury. P. iole Cram. Figured in Sm. Ab"b. pi. 9. Cram. 12. Drury I, pi. 5. Boisd. et Lee. pi. 48, p. 180. Size of P. cardui, and in many respects similar, but the outer edge of the primaries is usually more emarginate ; the summit has a slight blue reflection, and it is browner on the under side. The interior white spot is more narrow and bent outwards. There is a white point between the extremity of this band and the internal angle. Upper side of secondaries also very similar to P. cardui. The under side is brown, slightly obscure, with nervures of a yellowish-white, crossed near the base by two lines of this color. In the middle, there is a transverse band of white, a little grayish, or of a rosy white, followed exteriorly by two ocellated spots. Near the posterior edge, there is a marginal band of nearly the same tint, divided in its length by a violet undulated line. In the females, the tint of the upper side is sometimes carmine or brick color. Larva blackish-gray striated with yellow, with the segments more clear, and the first rings more obscure. Along the feet, and below the stigmata, a yellow lateral ray, and above these another yellow ray, marked with a small orange spot above each stigma. The spines are yellow. Feeds on Gnaphalium obtusifolium. Chrysalis yellowish, of the same form as that of P. cardui, scat- tered with a large number of golden spots. United States. BOISD. JUNONIA. 61 JUNONIA DOUBLED. & HEW. This may be distinguished from the allied genera by the naked eyes and less hairy anterior legs. In the other genera, these legs are densely clothed with long hairs, and this is also the case with the females of Vanessa and Pyrameis, but in Junonia, though the legs of the males are thickly set with fine hairs, they are short, and do not so entirely cover the legs as to make it difficult to detect their form and even their articulations. The cells of both pairs of wings are always open, except in a few aberrant species. LarvaB, with the head and all the segments armed with spines, which make them resemble the larvae of 'Argynnis rather than those of Vanessa. Pupa tuberculated, scarcely angular, 1. J. coenia Hubn. J. orythia Sm. Ab. J. larinia, var. Godt. J. junonia Hiibn. Figured in Hubn. Exot. Samml. Sm. Abb. I, pi. 8. Boisd. et Lee. pi. 49, p. 182. Upper side obscure brown, with two black ocellated spots ; iris grayish-yellow ; pupil blue — the lower one much the larger. They are preceded by a fulvous ray, followed by a double grayish mar- ginal ray, almost obsolete in the primaries. These have towards the base two fulvous streaks bordered with black, and between the two ocellate spots a white band or yellowish-white, going from the summit to the termhial edge. There is also a small white spot above the upper ocellus. The two ocelli of the secondaries are also of unequal size. The upper one is in part encircled by fulvous, in part by black. It is nearly covered with violet-blue atoms. The inferior one is similar, but much smaller. The under side of the primaries is fulvous towards the base, with some grayish lines bordered with black ; paler towards the end, with the two ocelli and the separating band as on the upper side, and ordinarily a second small eye above that of the summit. The under side of the secondaries is ferruginous gray, with more obscure wavy lines and a transverse ferruginous brown band, marked with two or three small eyes and two blackish points. Body of same color as the wings. Antenna whitish, with the club blackish. Expands two inches and a half. 62 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. Larva blackish, pointed with white ; lower side of abdomen and feet fulvous. It has two lateral white lines, of which the upper is marked with a row of fulvous spots. . Spines blackish. Chrysalis like those of P. cardui and P. huntera, but blackish, varied with whitish, without any metallic spots. Southern United States. BOISD. ANARTIA DODBLEDAT. Head rather small, scaly ; eyes round, a little prominent ; pro- boscis twice the length of the body ; labial palpi scaly ; antennae nearly as long as the body ; club short, compressed, pointed ; thorax oval, rather robust ; primaries subtriangular, rounded at the summit ; external edge a little emarginated towards the mid- dle ; internal edge slightly emarginate, external edge of seconda- ries sinuous, dentate, and forming a tooth at the end of the third median nervure ; internal edge emarginate before the anal angle ; feet of the first pair of the male scaly, femurs scarcely more robust than the tibiaB ; tarsi subcylindrical, thin ; those of the female scaly, more robust, femurs nearly cylindrical ; tarsi of five joints nearly as long as the tibiae ; feet of the second and third pairs rather elongate ; abdomen thin, rather short. 1. A. jatrophae Linn. Syst. Nat. II, 779. Figured in Cram. pap. pi. 202. Herbst, tab. 172. Upper side with a more or less livid tint, with brownish, trans- verse, undulated lines, and three black, ocellate spots, of which one is on the primaries towards the internal angle, and the other two on the secondaries. Some specimens have the extremity of the wings russety, and the line which divides it forms parallel to the edge, a double row of lunules of this color. Under side paler, and the ocellate spots have a small whitish pupil. Antenna black, with the club ferruginous. Body dark above, whitish below. Texas — Brazil. GODT. LIBYTHEA. 63 FAM. VI. LIBYTHEIDAE. Larva without spines, slightly pubescent, finely shagreened. Chrysalis short, a little angular. Perfect insect; palpi very long, contiguous, in the form of a beak, parallel to the axis of the body. Wings angular, rather robust; discoidal cellule of the secondaries open. LIBYTHEA Fab. Inferior palpi in the form of a rostrum or beak. Primaries angular. Antennae short, stiff, fusiform. 1. L. motya Boisd. Figured in Boisd. et Leo. pi. 64. Wings brown ; middle of primaries fulvous, beginning at the base ; towards the upper angle three white spots, one near the costal edge, oval, the other two smaller and square. Secondaries with a large pale yellow space in the centre, com- mencing at the base, and a whitish one on the side. Under side of primaries similar to the upper, excepting that the fulvous part and the spots are intersected by the nerves, black. Under side cinereous, with a darker band extending over half the wing, and a crescent streak near the outer edge. United States Expands nearly two inches. BOISD. 2. L. bachmani Kirtland. Var? of L. motya. Figured in Silliman's Journ., XIII, New Series, 356. Body, dark brown ; upper surface of primaries brownish, with three white spots placed in a triangle near the tip, the superior and interior spots oblong and irregular, the exterior smallest and oval, the inferior quadrangular. An ochry yellow band is situated on the humerus, and a second on the posterior margin, but does not reach the tip of the wing. A similar band extends across the lower half of the secondaries. Under side of primaries similar to the upper ; that of the secon- daries reticulated with brown. Expands one and five-eighths of an inch, while L. motya expands more than two inches. 64 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. The form and size of the white spots in the primaries differ ; the absence of a large white quadrangular spot and a different arrangement of the yellow bars mark this as a new species. Ohio. KlKTLAND. NYMPHALIS LATR. Head a little more narrow than the thorax ; eyes large, promi- nent; palpi moderate, a little longer than the head; last article much shorter than the preceding, obtuse ; antennce nearly the length of the body, insensibly enlarging in an elongate club; wings wide, rather robust, dentate, always destitute of ocelli and prolongations in the form of a tail. 1. N. Ursula Fab. Ent. Syst. Ill, 1, 82. N. ephestion Godt. N. astyanax Fab. Figured in Stoll, suppl. a Cram. pi. 25. Sm. Abb. I, pi. 10. Boisd. et Lee. pi. 53, p. 199. Wings slightly dentate ; blackish-brown above, glossed with a bluish tint, much more deep towards the extremity of the secon- daries. These have parallel to their terminal edge a double fes- tooned black line, preceded by a bent transverse ray of the same color ; three rows of bluish crescents, of which the interior are much the largest. In the female, the blue occupies less space, and the crescents which form the first row are truncate, less marked, smaller, and each one supported behind by a fulvous point. The primaries have the summit more brown than the rest of the surface, and marked by one or two small white spots. The pos- terior edge has two rows of blue or slate-colored crescents, preceded within by a row of fulvous points often indistinct, and existing sometimes only on the half of the wing nearest the upper edge. Under side is brown, a little reddish, glossed, in the male by a violet-blue tint, except at the summit of the primaries. The base of these is marked in the cellule by two fulvous spots, surrounded with black and environed with blue ; the base of the secondaries has three nearly similar spots ; the origin of the upper edge of all the wings is fulvous; the terminal edge of all has two rows of blue crescents, preceded within by a row of fulvous spots bordered with black behind. Body blackish, with the under side of abdomen whitish. NYMPHALIS. 65 Larva whitish or russety white with green shades, which cover a part of the back ; the second ring is armed with two long ferru- ginous horns, a little arcuate ; the fifth bears two roundish tuber- cles, of the same color. The other tubercles are greenish and not prominent. Chrysalis russety, with the under side of the abdomen whitish, and a prominent projection on the back. Feeds on Salix, Vac- cinium, and Oerasus. United States. — Expands three and a half inches.. BOISD. 2. N. arthemis Drury. N. lamina Fab. Godt. Figured in Drury, II, pi. 10. Boisd. et Lee. pi. 54, p. 202. Say Amer. Ent. II, pi. 23. Upper side brownish-black, with a common white band a little beyond the middle, and a double series of blue marginal crescents on the secondaries, and only one on the primaries. These have at the summit two or three small white spots, and the secondaries, in the males, a bent row of seven roundish spots, or large fulvous dots, situated between the band and the blue crescents. The lower side differs from the upper in having the ground color more pale, excepting on the outer edge where it remains blackish; at the base of each wing there are some bluish spots, accompanied by large reddish points ; the primaries have a series of reddish points before the double line of blue lunules of the extremity. Emarginations of all the wings white. Body black, with three white lines along the abdomen. Antennae black. The female is larger than the male ; the bent row of large ful- vous points is replaced above by lunuies formed of bluish atoms ; below, it has the same markings as the male. Northern States. — Expands three and a half inches. BOISD. 3. N. disippus Godt. Encyc. Method. IX, 392. N. misippus Fab. N. archippus Cram. Figured in Cram. pi. 16. Boisd. et Lee. pi. 55, p. 204. Upper side fulvous, with nerves and edges black ; the terminal edge has two rows of white points, the exterior are the smaller, and placed in the emarginations ; near the summit of the primaries, where the black dilates sensibly, are three white points, followed by a macular and transverse band of four fulvous spots. The secondaries are traversed beyond the middle, reaching from the external edge to the anal angle, by a bent, black ray. 5 66 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. Under side has the ground color and fulvous spots of the summit more pale ; the interior points of the terminal edge are replaced by a double series of white lunules ; there are two white spots on the costal edge towards the base, and sometimes a point near the base of the cell. Antenna black as well as the body ; the latter is pointed with white on the head and breast. The female is somewhat larger than the male, and the second row of crescents on the under side of the wings is a little bluish. Larva green, varied with white ; the first rings are russety. The second ring bears two spiny horns, a little arcuate in front ; the third, fifth, sixth, seventh and tenth has each a small spiny process, and the eleventh two short spines. Feeds on Salix and Prunus. Chrysalis russety, with the sides of the abdomen varied with white, and a prominent projection on the back. United States. — Expands from two inches and a half to four inches. BOISD. 4. L. lorquini Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. 2me ser. X, 301. L. eulalia Doubled. Upper side brown-black, traversed toward the middle by a white macular band, preceded on the primaries in the discoidal cellule by a spot of the same color; primaries, with the summit very widely ferruginous red, separated from the brown part by three or four white spots. Secondaries with two large fulvous points towards the anal angle. Under side brown, with the same band and the same white spots as above ; the common band followed by a ferruginous space, divided by a series of whitish sagittate crescents, bordered with black at the summit; that of the primaries with two ferruginous streaks in the cellule ; that of the secondaries with the edge whitish, and the base intersected by whitish-gray spots. California. BOISD. PAPHIA DOUBLEDAY. Wings with a metallic gloss, under side indistinctly reticulated; female with the upper side more variegated with brown or pale- colored spots than the male. Head not tufted in front; eyes large, APATURA. 67 prominent. Labial palpi thickly squamose, broad in front. An- tennae short, slender j'club slender, obliquely rounded off at tip. Primaries large, fore margin strongly arched, somewhat elbowed near the base, apical angle more or less acute; apical margin sometimes deeply emarginate near the tip. Secondaries subovate, costal margin rounded, outer margin sometimes scolloped; the extremity of the third branch of the median vein being extended into a tail. Abdomen rather small and subovate. 1. P. glycerium Doubleday. Figured in Doubleday and Hewitson's Genera, pi. 50. Upper side copper red ; margin of all the wings brownish inte- riorly, powdered with the same color ; primaries with two short brownish bands commencing on the costal, the one nearest the apex undulate ; the brownish margin extends about one-third on the anterior edge, with a deep emargination near the summit. Under side paler, of the color of dead leaves ; the bands on the primaries longer than above, and a transverse band on the secon- daries separating the deeper shade of the base from the other part; an indistinct white spot near the upper edge. Female larger, paler, markings in the primaries more distinct and wide ; similar below. Texas — Illinois. APATURA FAB. Eyes large, prominent ; antennae rather long, terminated by an elongated cylindrical club, the end of which is yellow ; palpi con- tiguous ; thorax long and robust; abdomen proportionately small; wings slightly dentate, often with a bluish reflection, the seconda- ries with the cellule open and having at least one ocellus on the under side; the primaries always have the outer edge more or less concave, and in the discoidal cellule on the under side two or three black transverse streaks. The secondaries are also somewhat con- cave above the anal angle. The Apaturce resemble Satyri in the form of the larva and in 68 LEPIDOPTEEA OF NORTH AMERICA. the ocelli on the under side of the wings, but differ in habits ; the former live on trees, the latter on low grounds and grasses. 1. A. clyton Boisd. Boisd. et Lee., 209, pi. 56, p. 208. Primaries reddish-yellow or fulvous, with the extremity brown- ish, marked with two rows of small spots and a marginal interrupted ray, ochry yellow. The fulvous portion has two black streaks on the discoidal cellule, and is separated from the brownish by a sinuous blackish ray. The secondaries are obscure rufous, gradually becoming brown- ish towards the extremity. This part is divided by a row of five black points ocellated with rufous, preceded by a series of quad- rangular spots a little more clear than the ground color and fol- lowed by a yellowish marginal ray, as a continuation of that on the primaries. Besides these, there is near the middle a blackish, sinuous, transverse ray, very distinct at its origin on the upper edge. Under side of all the wings is russety gray, with a violet reflec- tion ; an obscure marginal ray, and a median, black, transverse, flexuous ray, corresponding to that on the upper side, more distinct on the primaries, where it is preceded by two black streaks and followed by the same spots as above, but paler. This same ray is preceded, in the discoidal cellule of the secondaries, by two black streaks. The ocellated points have the pupil bluish-white. The emarginations of all the wings are feebly white. Larva, which feeds on Primus and other drupaceous plants, is green, with four rays of greenish yellow. Head yellowish-green, marked with two black spots and surmounted by two short ramose yellowish spines ; the two small anal points are a little elevated. Chrysalis green, with the envelopment of the wings and some indistinct dorsal rays greenish-yellow. Southern States.— Expands nearly two inches and a half. BOISD. 2. A. celtia Boisd. Boisd. et Lee., p. 210, pi. 57. Same size and form of A. clyton. Upper side pale russety gray. Outer half of the primaries brownish, marked with about a dozen small white spots disposed in two lines a little sinuous, of which one or two near the summit AGANISTHOS. 69 are ocellated with black and very small. The exterior edge has a russety line, preceded near the external angle by a black eye ocel- lated by yellowish-red, on a line with the white spots of the second row. There are two black transversal streaks in the discoidal cellule. The secondaries are traversed, towards the middle, by two indis- tinct curved lines of blackish-gray, and near the marginal edge by two parallel undulated lines of the same color, very distinct. These lines are preceded by a curved row of six black eyes, of which the second, counting from above, is the largest ; the others sensibly diminish in size. The anal is very small and often wanting. The under side is whitish, and has nearly the same markings as the upper. On the secondaries, the two curved lines of the middle are preceded, towards the base, by two or three small annular brownish spots. The ocelli are pupilled with white, and sur- rounded by a small yellow iris. Upper side of the body brownish-gray. Under side whitish- gray. Antenna brownish, with the club yellowish. Larva, which feeds on Celtis occidentalis , is yellowish, with the sides more pale and nearly whitish. The back has a ray yellowish- green, bordered on each side by an obscure green line. The whitish part is also divided longitudinally by a green obscure ray. Head green, surmounted by two small bifid spines. The small anal points are a little raised. Chrysalis yellowish-green, a little bifid. Southern States. BOISD. AGANISTHOS BOISD. Head nearly as wide as the thorax ; eyes large, prominent ; an- tenna long, terminated by an elongated cylindrical club ; palpi near together, converging at the extremity ; thorax long, thick, very robust ; abdomen proportionately small ; wings not dentate, very strong and robust ; the primaries have the outer edge very emarginate and the summit prolonged, which gives them a falcate form ; the secondaries are rounded, without tails, the anal angle a little prominent ; loth sides destitute of ocelli. 70 LEPTDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. 1. A. Orion Fab. Syst. Ent. 457. A. odius Sulz. A. danae Cram. Figured in Cram. pi. 84. Sulz. Gesch. pi. 13. Boisd. et Lee. pi. 52, p. 195. Expands about five inches. Upper side of primaries brownish- black, with a fulvous, longitudinal band, which covers the anterior surface, terminating a little distance from the outer edge. On the upper edge there is an oblong white spot of moderate size. The upper side of the secondaries is brownish-black, with the base obscure fulvous. The under side of all the wings is brown shaded with gray, with two transverse bands more deep near the base ; then two black lines equally transverse, which unite towards the internal edge of the secondaries. A white spot on the primaries, corresponding with that on the upper side ; the terminal edge of all the wings is grayish-white on each side. Upper side of the body fulvous, with the extremity brownish ; under side, color of the wings. Antennce ferruginous. Florida. [Most probably not found in the United States. — Major Leconte teste, M.] BOISD. FAM. VII. SATYRIDAE. Larva attenuate at the extremities and nearly pisciform, terminated by two anal points more or less prominent ; head sometimes rounded, sometimes emarginate or bifid, or sur- mounted by two spines. Chrysalis cylindroid, not much angular. Perfect insect; palpi close, elevated, very hairy; body moderate; wings rather robust, abdominal edge of the secondaries forming a groove ; discoidal cellule always closed ; nervures of the primaries often much dilated at their origin. CHIONOBAS BOISD. Head not quite so wide as the thorax, closely connected with it; antenna terminating in an elongated club, forming insensibly and occupying nearly the half; palpi remote, covered with fine hairs; last article very short ; wings rounded ; primaries, with the costal nervure feebly inflated. The species of this genus differ from the other Satyridce in CHIONOBAS. 71 their pale, dull, livid, and, as it were, diseased color, indicating their far northern habitat. 1. C. also Boisd. et Lee., p. 222. Figured in Boisd. Icones, pi. 40. Wings of a dirty grayish tint, mixed with yellow, slightly trans- parent with some small brownish atoms, a little more dense near the fringe. The primaries have a little more uniform color, deeper at the base, with an oblique shadow on the median nerve. The secondaries are sufficiently transparent to observe the markings on the opposite side. The under side of the primaries is more deeply powdered with brownish than the upper, with the upper edge and summit varie- gated with grayish and blackish. The under side of the secondaries is brownish to the middle, with some grayish atoms, and marbled with the same color near the external edge. The posterior portion is grayish violet, with blackish atoms and small undulations. The fringe is grayish-white, interrupted with blackish. Rocky Mountains of New Hampshire. BOISD. [Most probably Sat. semidea Say. — M ] 2. C. balder Boisd. et Lee., p. 216. Figured in Boisd. Icones, pi. 39. Boisd. Iconograph. du Regne Animal, pi. 80. Upper side livid yellowish-brown, with the border a little more obscure. Primaries at the extremity have three pale yellow spots, of which two have a central black point. Secondaries, near the extremity, have a row of four or five pale yellow spots, cuneiform ; the one nearest the anal angle usually has a black point. "Under side of primaries is more yellow than the upper, with the costal edge, apical point, and a part of the extremity, pale ash, sprinkled with brown. Under side of the secondaries brownish, varied with ash-gray ; a little bluish. It is traversed in the middle by a broad band, dentated, and forming a suite of nearly equal angles. The edge of this band and the extremity of the wing are more gray than the rest. Fringe white and black. Body brown ; antenna? grayish at the base, pale testaceous to the end. North Cape — Greenland — Labrador. BOISD. 72 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. 3. C. bootes Boisd. et Lee., p. 218. Figured in Boisd. Icon. pi. 37. Upper side yellowish-brown, mixed with gray; primaries towards the extremity with a blackish marginal ray, interrupted or indis- tinct. The arc which closes the discoidal cell is blackish, followed by a brownish angular impression. Upper side of secondaries yellowish, with an obscure impression on the middle and towards the base. The border is of the same color as that of the primaries, and separated from the yellowish by a blackish macular ray. Fringe grayish-white divided by black. Under side of primaries yellowish, with the summit and costal margin whitish, with brown points. The cellule is traversed by a blackish ray ; beyond this, there is another blackish ray, more dis- tinct, and bent into an acute angle on the median nerve. Under side of the secondaries is whitish, the base varied with black — a wide, sinuous band traversing the middle. Extremity russety, pointed with brown ; a macular, blackish ray ; nerves white. Body brown ; antennae fulvous ; base gray. North Cape — Labrador — Greenland. BOISD. 4. C. oeno Boisd. Figured in Boisd. Icones, pi. 39. Wings thin and delicate ; color livid brown, mixed with yel- lowish. Primaries nearly transparent at the extremity, which is more yellowish ; apex and edge with some blackish atoms. Secon- daries transparent, with some black atoms towards the edge. Under side of the primaries more yellowish, with the snmmit and costal edge pointed with brownish. Under side of the secondaries is marked with white and black, traversed by a blackish band, crenate. The extremity, with black- ish atoms, forming a macular ray. Fringe white and black. Body brown. Antenna} as in the preceding species. Lapland — Siberia — Labrador. BOISD. NEONYMPHA HUBNEK. Body small, hairy; wings large, not diaphanous, uniformly colored above, more or less ocellated and strigose, especially be- neath. Head small and slightly hairy. Antenna very short, annulated with white, joints short, club robust, elongate ; labial NEONYMPHA. 73 palpi densely clothed in front with long, straight, bristly hairs. Thorax oval, very finely hairy. Primaries large, entire, fringed with fine hairs; costal margin slightly arched, veins delicate. Secondaries sub-triangular, costal margin arched, outer angle rounded, anal angle rather obtuse, outer margin entirely fringed with long hairs. Fore legs of the males small and feathery ; fore legs of the females very small, slightly feathery. Four hind legs short, scaly. Femurs slightly clothed with hairs, tibial spurs dis- tinct, claws much curved, entire, slender. Larvae elongate, thickest in the middle, longitudinally strigose, tail bifid. Chrysalis short and thick, with the head case rather incurved and obtuse. 1. N. eurythris Fab. Ent. Syst. Ill, 1, 137. N. cymela Cram. Figured in Herbst, pi. 196. Cram. pi. 132. Boisd. et Lee. pi. 61. Wings entire, slightly brown on the upper side ; primaries, at the extremity, with two black ocelli ; iris yellow ; double silvery pupil. These spots are separated from the outer edge by a triple blackish line. Upper side of secondaries with three ocelli ; the upper one small and widely separated from the two below ; the middle one the largest, and it alone having the double silvery pupil. The female has but two spots on the upper side of the secon- daries. Under side paler, with two brown wavy lines traversing the middle. Between the two ocelli, corresponding to those on the upper side, there are two double silver points. Under side of secondaries has four spots, the upper and lower of which are the smallest. There are also two intermediary silver points, sometimes with an iris. Behind these spots are three blackish lines. Body brownish ; antennae annulated with white and black ; club ferruginous. United States. — Expands an inch and a half. BOISD. 2. N. gemma Hiibner. Figured in Boisd. et Lee. pi. 62. Wings entire ; upper side uniform pale brown, except on the lower edge of the secondaries, where there are three or four crescent-shaped black spots. 74 LEPIDOPTERA OP NORTH AMERICA . Under side paler. From the base of all the wings to the middle, there are short brown streaks. The primaries with two transverse brown lin.es, the outer one wavy, and the edge with a black ray. The secondaries are traversed by two wavy lines ; towards the outer border, an irregular violet spot surrounded with black, en- closing two small silver points, one at each end. Between this and the edge is a series of silver points, confluent towards the anal angle. "United States.— Expands an inch and a half. BOISD. 3. N. sosybius Fab. Ent. Syst. Ill, 219. N. camertus Cram. Herbst. Figured in Cram. pi. 293. Herbst, pi. 195. Boisd. et Lee. pi. 63. Wings entire, brownish ; upper side without spots ; round the outer edge of all are three darker lines. Under side, which is lighter, has three transverse, obscure, un- dulated lines. Discoidal cellule with a curved streak, and on the secondaries a similar streak extending obliquely from one line to the other, besides three fine lines round the edge. The primaries have four or five ocelli, and the secondaries six. The latter are black, with a simple white pupil and yellow iris; some of them are less distinct than others, and sometimes almost obsolete. United States. — Expands an inch and a quarter. BOISD. 4. N. areolatus Godt. Encyc. Method. IX, 494. Figured in Sm. Abb. I, pi. 13. Boisd. et Lee. pi. 63. Wings entire, brownish ; upper side without spots. Under side paler, with two ferruginous transverse lines. Be- tween these lines there is an elongated, ferruginous circle, in which the primaries have three or four ocelli, with a bluish pupil and yellow iris ; the secondaries inclose in this circle six ocelli, of which the third, fourth and fifth are oblong, with the pupil oval. Southern States.— Expands an inch and a half. BOISD. 5. N. canthus Linn. Syst. Nat. 768. N. boisduvalli Harris. Figured in Boisd. et Lee. pi. 60. Wings entire ; bright brown above, darker towards the ex- tremity, with four ocelli, two of which are not always distinct. EREBIA. 75 The secondaries have six ocelli ; the anal one is of the ground color, with a black pupil, indistinct. Under side paler, crossed with irregular wavy lines. The pri- maries have four ocelli, with the pupil white. The secondaries have six ocelli, five of which are contiguous. United States. — Expands nearly two inches. BOISD. [Fabricius has united the following with the preceding, but Godart maintains that it is a distinct species. — J. G: M.] 6. N. cantheus Fab. Ent. Syst. 486. Nearly the same size as JV". canthus. Upper side blackish -brown, without spots. Under side lighter, with two ferruginous, oblique, common lines. The primaries have three small indistinct eyes. The secondaries have six, of which the fifth is large ; the sixth, which is at the anal angle, small. North America. GODART. EREBIA DALMAN. Club of the antennae gradual. Eyes naked. Tibia shorter than the tarsus. Only the costal of the primaries inflated. Species rather small in size ; color dark brown ; usually a ferruginous band or spots with small black eyes, pupils white. Sometimes the eyes are obsolete and in their stead only black spots. Under side paler ; a dark band marbled. Outer edge rounded. Palpi with long hairs at the last joint; antennae not annulated. 1. E. discoidalis Kirby. Faun. Bor. Am. IV, 298, pi. 3. Body brown ; antennas annulated with white ; wings entire, brown ; costa spotted with gray ; a triangular obscure reddish tawny discoidal stripe extends from the base to the posterior mar- gin of the primaries, and is discoverable also on the under side, where the wing is faintly clouded with gray at the tip ; the secon- daries underneath are indistinctly marbled and clouded with gray or whitish ; fringe whitish and brown alternately. Canada. — Expands an inch. KIRBY. 76 LEPIDOPTERA OP NORTH AMERICA. 2. E. nephele Kirby. Faun. Bor. IV, 299. Color brown above and beneath, but paler beneath. • Antennae annulated with white ; knob slender. Upper side is marked with an obsolete but broad submarginal band, in which there are two eyelets with a clouded white or bluish-white pupil, and a small black iris with a very indistinct brown ring. The posterior wings are crenate, and marked with a minute or obsolete black spot. Under side, the belt of the anterior wings is much more distinct, eyelets bright, and the outer ring of brown plain ; margin of the wing traversed with two or three lines parallel to the edge. Outer half of the hind wing paler and marked with six small eyelets, which form three rows, the largest eyelet being in the middle ; the anal angles divaricate, leaving a wide triangular space. Canada. KIRBY. SATYRUS FAB. Eyes naked. Tibia long, with a spur at the end. One or two veins on the primaries inflated. Wings wide, limb of the prima- ries seldom rounded, that of the secondaries dentate. Upper side brown or black, usually with a broad whitish or yellowish band before the limb, and with ocelli in the primaries. Under side of secondaries marbled. [Westwood, in second volume of Doubleday's, Hewitson's, and Westwood's Genera, proposes to limit the genus Satyrus to those species generally of large size, which are distinguished by having the costal and median veins of the primaries dilated at the base, the sub-median being simple, and by having the eyes naked. — J. G. M.] 1. S. alope Fab. E. S. Ill, 229. Figured in Boisd. et Lee. pi. 59. Upper side blackish-brown ; under side paler and finely undu- lated with black. Primaries on both sides, with a wide, yellow ochry band, concave behind, sinuous before, touching neither the upper nor lower edge. This band bears two ocelli, with blue pupils, the lower one sometimes indistinct or obsolete. SATYRUS. 77 The upper side of the secondaries, usually towards the anal angle, has a similar ocellated spot. The under side has a row of six ; iris yellow, pupil blue, of which the two extreme and th^ intermediary are smallest. Body of the color of the wings ; antennas annulated with white and black. The S. pegala of Fab. is most probably only a variety which has but one eye on the primaries. United States. — Expands two and a half inches. BOISD. 2. S. ariane Boisd. Upper side blackish-brown ; primaries with two black ocelli pupilled with white, the iris a little paler; secondaries with a smaller eye often preceded by another small one without a pupil. Under side brown, with the markings more obscure ; the eyes of the primaries with a fulvous iris, preceded by a transverse brown line, and followed near the fringe by three very fine parallel lines ; that of the secondaries is traversed in the middle by two sinuous brown lines, followed by an irregular row of six small black ocelli and more or less marked with blue. The female is much larger than the male ; the ocelli of the pri- maries are larger, circled with fulvous yelfow ; the small ocelli of the under side of the inferiors much less distinct than in the male. California. BOISD. 3. S. sthenele Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. 2me ser. X, 308. Upper side brown, with the fringe ash-gray, intersected with black ; that of the primaries with two small black ocelli with white pupil ; that of the secondaries without spots. Under side ash-gray, deeper at the base ; that of the primaries with two larger ocelli circled with fulvous yellow, that of the secondaries traversed by a wide brown angular band and marked towards the anal angle by two small black ocelli with white pupil. California. BOISD. 4. S. pegala Fab. Ent. Syst. Ill, 494. Body brown ; primaries obscure brown, with a wide russety band which does not reach the edge. On both sides an eye with a white pupil. 78 LEPIDOPTERA OP NORTH AMERICA. Upper side of the secondaries obscure brown, with a black eye, white pupil and yellow iris. Under side of various colors, with six eyes, of which three are united, the fifth very large. These eyes, which vary in number and form, are black, pupil whitish, and iris ferruginous. North America. GODT. DEBIS BOISD. Body rather small, wings large; secondaries generally angulated in the middle with a row of large ocelli ; eyes prominent, hairy ; labial palpi rather elongated, clothed in front with moderately short fine hair. Antennae slender, club slender, with short joints. Thorax short, thick, hairy. Primaries triangular, ovate; fore margin strongly curved, apical angle rounded, apical margin but little if at all emarginate, costal vein dilated at the base. Secon- daries subovate, more or less scolloped along the outer margin, which is generally deeply angulated or rather shortly tailed at the extremity. Fore legs very minute and thickly clothed with long silky hairs ; tarsus slender, as long as the tibia, and destitute of joints or claws. Fore legs of the females rather larger than those of the males, slender, scaly, destitute of hairs ; tarsal articulations concealed by scales, obliquely truncate at tip, where there are a few short spines. Tibial spurs of the hind legs rather long. 1. D. andromacha Hiibn. Figured in Say, Amer. Ent. II, pi. 36. Body above and the superior surface of the wings brown ; pri- maries beyond the middle, with a broad paler band, bifid before, and including a series of /our fuscous oval spots or epupillate ocelli, of which the second and sometimes the third are small and the posterior one largest ; between the band and the exterior edge is a single narrow pale line, sometimes obsolete ; exterior edge alternately white and black ; secondaries with a narrow fuscous, angulated line across the middle, and a broad pale band beyond the middle, in which is a series of five fuscous epupillate ocelli with a yellow iris, the third smallest, then the fifth, the first being largest, DEBIS. 79 exterior margin slightly tinged with rufous and with -one or two fuscous lines. Under side perlaceous, with a brown narrow baud before the middle ; beyond which is abroad lighter perlaceous band, in which on the primaries are four epupillate ocelli, two or three anterior ones small, and on the secondaries are six ocellate spots, consisting of a fuscous spot surrounded by a yellow line and having a white pupil ; first spot distant, third small, fifth double ; exterior margin with a yellow line. Larva long, subcylindric, striate ; head with two erect horns ; body terminating in two porrected points. Chrysalis short, thick, constricted across the abdomen. North and West. SAT. 2. D. portlandia Fab. Ent. Syst. Ill, 103. Figured in Boisd. et Lee. pi. 58. Upper side pale livid brown, inclining to russety, with three large black eyes on the primaries and five on the secondaries. These eyes have no pupils and are surrounded with a yellow iris. Sometimes the primaries have a small intermediate eye between the first and second, and the secondaries have a sixth small anal eye. The under side is paler sthan the upper, with a violet reflection, traversed by two brown sinuous rays, between which there is a discoidal arc of the same color. The eyes are neater and blacker than above, with the iris yellow ; those of the primaries are in- closed in an oblong white ring, and the first is often pupilled with white ; those of the secondaries are nearly all pupilled with white, the anal is double and the pupils oblong. Besides this, the eyes are preceded on all the wings by a white sinuous band, and fol- lowed by a line of the same color, which is double in the secon- daries. The marginal edge is fulvous yellow. Antenna? yellowish ; body of the color of the wings. Larva feeds on grasses ; green, with two white dorsal lines and a lateral band of the same color. The anal points are prominent, rosy white ; head surmounted by two points of the same color, which are elevated in the form of ears ; the under side of the abdo- men and the feet are whitish-green. Georgia. BOISD. 80 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. COEONYMPHA WESTWOOD. Body small, wings entire, rounded, sometimes entirely destitute of ocellated spots ; the three principal nerves of the primaries inflated at the base ; fringe long, costal edge moderately arcuated ; secondaries oval and triangular, fringe long, external edge convex and entire, internal edge usually emarginate towards the end ; antennaB thin, not annulated with black, club ovoid, elongate ; labial palpi much compressed, straight, hairy in front; head small, hairy, without a frontal tuft ; eyes prominent, naked ; abdomen moderately long, thin. 1. C. semidea Say. Amer. Ent. Ill, pi. 50. Body black, immaculate ; antenna fuscous, beneath bright ru- fous toward the tip, the club very gradually formed ; primaries brown, the costal margin with alternate black and white spots ; beneath dull ochreous, with obsolete, transverse, abbreviated, blackish lines ; costal and broad tip margin alternated with vivid black and white lines ; secondaries dark brown ; towards the pos- terior margin obscure ochreous, with obsolete abbreviated, black- ish, transverse lines ; posterior margin with a slender black line and dirty white edging ; beneath marbled with black and white, the black prevailing across the middle and base of the wing. White Mountains of TsTew Hampshire. SAT. 2. C. galactina Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. 2me ser. X, 309. Upper side white, a little yellowish ; without any other spot than by the transparency of the other side. Under side of the primaries with a small black eye at the sum- mit, most frequently without a pupil, preceded from the side of the base by a ferruginous transverse line a little bent ; that of the secondaries washed with gray, and this part more obscure is sepa- rated from the other by a sinuous ray, followed by one, two, three or four small black eyes, often without pupils. California. BOISD. I * CALISTO. ARGUS. 81 CALISTO HUBN. The hairy eyes, the dilatation of the base of the costal and median veins of the primaries, the insertion of all the branches of the post-costal veins beyond the extremity of the discoidal veins, the strongly angulated middle disco-cellular vein and the lobed secondaries, distinguish this genus. 1. C. zangis Fab. E. S. Ill, 218. C. agues Cram. Figured in Cram. pi. 325. Herbst, pi. 203. Upper side brownish-black velvety, a little paler towards the tip ; a small black eye with a yellow iris at the lobe of the se: condaries. Under side ferruginous, with four black transverse and undulated lines, of which two are between the base and the middle, the other two near the terminal edge. Primaries, opposite the summit, have a large black eye, with a russety iris and a double white pupil. Secondaries have two eyes, of which the anal one is like that on the upper side, the other similar to that of the primaries, but a little oblong and surmounted with three white points. Body of the color of the wings. Carolina. — Expands an inch and a half. ENCYC. M^TH. FAM. VIII. LYCAENIDAE. Larva in the form of Oniscus (wood-louse.) Chrysalis short, obtuse at both ends. Perfect insect; abdominal edge em- bracing a little portion of the abdomen. Discoidal cellule closed apparently by a small nerviform prominence. Hooks of the tarsi very small. ARGUS LINN. Head smaller than the thorax ; palpi bent ; second article co- vered with short and thick-set hairs ; the last article naked, thin and filiform; antenna moniliform, terminated by fusiform club, compressed laterally at its extremity. The color of Argus is usually blue. The under side presents a number of small spots 82 LEPIDOPTERA OP NORTH AMERICA. or ocellated points, and often a marginal band of yellow spots. The females differ from the males in being often brown or blackish. Wings rounded, and ordinarily without tails. Some species have a small filiform process. • 1. A. filenus Poey, Cent. A. Hanno ? Hubn. A. ubaldus Grodt. A. pseu- doptiletes Boisd. Figured in Hubn. Exot. Samml. Cram? 390. L. M. Boisd. et Lee. pi. 35, p. 114. Upper side of the male blue, with a slight black border ; fringe whitish. In both sexes there is a small black round spot near the marginal edge of the secondaries. Under side ash-gray, usually more pale in the male than in the female, with a discoidal crescent on the middle of each, and three sinuous, common bands, formed of small black spots circled with white, of which the posterior are a little less distinct and somewhat sagittate. The space which separates the internal band of the median is usually whiter than the rest, and forms a band of small white quadrangular spots. The base of the secondaries has a transverse row of three very black points, circled with white ; of which the external is largest. The secondaries have on the mar- ginal edge and near the anal angle, a black eye, more or less circled with yellow, sprinkled behind with golden-green atoms. Southern States. — Expands three-fourths of an inch. BOISD. 2. A. pseudargiolus Boisd. et Lee. Figured in Boisd. et Lee. pi. 36, p. 118. Upper side of the male tender violet blue, with a slight black edge, often widened on the primaries. Fringe whitish and black. Upper side of the female paler blue and less violet, a wide black border on the primaries, and a marginal row of black points ; a small black arc at the extremity of the discoidal cellule. Under side obscure gray, with a brown discoidal streak, a trans- verse sinuous line of black points a little circled with white, and a . marginal row of brownish triangular crescents, each one supported by a point more obscure. At the base of the primaries, a trans- verse row of three distinct black points. Larva green, pubescent; back yellowish; a median interrupted ray, cut transversely by a wide arc ; oblique streaks on the sides ; near the feet a marginal ray, dark green ; head black. POLYOMMATUS. . 83 Chrysalis reddish ; wing envelopes greenish ; back with four rows of obscure spots. United States. — Expands an Inch. BOISD. , • POLYOMMATUS LATH. Palpi vfery straight ; last article naked, rather long and subu- late ; head more narrow than the thorax ; antenna long, terminated by a fusiform elongated club ; anal angle of the secondaries in most males a little prolonged ; posterior edge usually somewhat emarginate before this angle, in the females. Ground color of the wings more or less lively fulvous, at least in one of the sexes. The females always have some black points on the upper side. 1. P. comyntas Godt. Encyc. Method. IX, 660. Figured in Boisd. et Lee. pi. 36, p. 120. Upper side of the male violet blue, posterior edge blackish. Upper side of the female blackish-brown, sometimes uniform, sometimes with the base covered with bluish dust. Fringe white in both sexes ; secondaries, with a marginal row of small round spots, of which one or two, near the filiform tail, are 'surmounted with a reddish arc. Under side gray, with a central arc, then a flexuous line of small ocellate points, circled with' white, and two marginal lines of small brownish spots. Secondaries, with a row of two or three basal black points, and two anal triangular crescents, reddish- yellow, with black ends, each supported on a very black point, but separated from it by a small arc of shining gold-green atoms. Larva dirty greenish-white ; an interrupted dorsal ray, and oblique lateral russety streaks ; near the head, a transverse streak blackish, and near the tail, two greenish triangular spots. Head black. % Chrysalis yellowish ; wing envelopes paler, and four dorsal rows of obscure points. United States. — Expands a little over an inch. BOISD. 84 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. 2. P. phlaeas Linn. Syst. Nat. 793. Figured in most European authors. Upper side of the primaries in both sexes shining fulvous, with the upper and side edge blackish-brown, and eight large black points. Secondaries blackish-brown, with a central arc and some deeper points ; then a fulvous crenated band, sometimes surmounted by a row of four or five blue points. Under side of the primaries grayish-ash, with fifteen small scat- tered points, and a flexuous line. Larva, which feeds on Rumex, is green, pubescent, with a rosy dorsal and marginal line, or sometimes pale green. Chrysalis grayish, with obscure points on the back. United States, Europe, Africa, &c. — Expands over an inch. BOISD. 3. P. hypophlaeas Boisd. Ann. Soo. Ent. 2me ser. X, 293. Closely resembles P. phleas, but is smaller, with the points more distinct, the wings more rounded ; under side of the secondaries white-ashy, with the yellow marginal band strongly marked. North of California and Northern United States. BOISD. 4. P. thoe Boisd. et Lee. Figured in Guer. Reg. Anim. pi. 81. Boisd. et Lee. -pi. 38, p. 125. Upper side of the male brownish, with a violet reflection and a light blackish border ; three black points, of which two are in the discoidal cellule. Secondaries have on the terminal edge an orange fulvous band, erenated behind, and a blackish arc on the end of the discoidal cellule. Upper side of the primaries of the female fulvous, with a blackish border, and some black discoidal points, of which two or three are in the cellule, and the others disposed in a transverse line. That of the secondaries brownish, with some scattered brownish points disposed nearly as on the primaries, and a fulvous marginal band as in the male, but paler. Under side in both sexes the same. Primaries fulvous, with the posterior edge ashy, two or three sinuous rows of black points, and four similar points between the base of the wing and the internal row. POLYOMMATUS. 85 Under side of secondaries pale ashy, with a fulvous band as above ; some black points circled with white, without order, to- wards the base, but regular towards the extremity. Fringe of secondaries white and black. United States. — Expands over an inch. BOISD. 5. P. epixanthe Boisd. et Lee. Figured in Boisd. et Leo. pi. 38, p. 127. Upper side brownish-black, with scattered black points. Pri- maries with the costal edge a little reddish ; secondaries with a narrow marginal fulvous band, crenated behind. Fringe grayish. Under side yellowish ; primaries, with about fifteen black points disposed as in the analogous species ; secondaries, with black points, but small ; a crenated band of a more lively tint than that on the upper side. Western States. — Expands about an inch. BOISD. 6. P. crataegi Boisd. et Lee. P. tarquinius Fab. Figured in Boisd. et Lee. pi. 37, p. 128. Wings, blackish-brown ; primaries, with a longitudinal sinuous yellow band, irregular at its extremity, and marked towards the base by a blackish interrupted line. Secondaries, with the lower limb bright yellow, and a marginal series of black points. Primaries of the female yellowish, with a crenate black border and two longitudinal interrupted black bands, the anterior the longer, and divided into three parts. Secondaries with the ex- tremity yellowish, and four to six black points disposed in two rows. The under side is reddish-yellow, glossed with whitish, with deeper spots slightly circled with white on the secondaries ; pri- maries, with all the disk, of a yellowish tint. Larva, which feeds on Crataegus, is green, with three dorsal white rays, and one at the base of the feet. Chrysalis grayish ; back darker, marked with prominent tuber- cles. Hind extremity pointed and a little arcuate. United States. — Expands an inch and a half. BOISD. 86 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. 7. P. helloides Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. 2me ser. X, 292. Upper side smoky yellow, with a beautiful violet reflection in the male. Markings nearly as in P. phleas, except that the latter has only one black point towards the base of the primaries, whilst this species has two. Under side of primaries nearly similar to P. phleas ; that of the secondaries reddish-gray, with a row of marginal lunules bright ferruginous. San Francisco. BOISD. 8. P. gorgon Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. 2me ser. X, 292. Upper side with a bright violet reflection, a small black border, and the fringe intersected with white ; primaries with a small sub- costal black point ; secondaries with a fulvous anal streak. Upper side of the female dull brown, spotted with fulvous, as in the allied species, but of a paler tint. Under side of both sexes russety on the primaries, pale grayish on the secondaries, with a great number of ocellate black points on each wing, and a row of fulvous marginal spots on the secon- daries. Mountains of California. BOISD. 9. P. xanthoides Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. 2me ser. X, 292. Size and general appearance of P. gorgon. Under side of the male pale ashy-brown, rather glossy, with a black edge and white fringe slightly cut by the black of the nerves. Primaries with a small subcostal black streak, preceded by a small point of the same color ; secondaries with a fulvous marginal streak towards the anal angle, and marked with two or three mar- ginal black points in a line, and united with the border. Under side russety gray, with a great number of black points ; that of the secondaries with two or three fulvous lunules towards the anal angle, preceded by a ray paler than the general tint. Mountains of California. Rare. BOISD. 10. P. arota Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. 2me ser. X, 293. Upper side of the male brown, with a glossy red reflection, and some small points which are transparent from the opposite surface ; POLYOMMATUS. 8Y anal angle of secondaries with two small black marginal points, one on each side of the tail. Upper side of the female brown, with the disk of the primaries and the greater part of the secondaries fulvous, spotted with black. Under side of the primaries fulvous, the extremity ashy, with a great number of ocellate black points. Under side of secondaries ashy, with smaller points and less dis- tinct, a whitish band, terminal, sinuous within, deeper towards the fringe, and marked on each side of the tail with a black point. Distinguished from the allied species by the small tail. California. BOISD. 11. P. amyntula Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. 2me ser. X, 294. Very similar to P. comyntas, of which it may be only a variety. It differs from it in the male not having fulvous lunules on the upper side, and in the under side of both sexes being more white, with smaller points ; and finally, in having only the anal lunule powdered with golden atoms. California. BOISD. 12. P. exilis Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. 2me ser. X, 295. The smallest species known. Upper side clear brown ; secondaries paler, with a blackish border. Under side of primaries very clear brown, with white interrupted transverse striae, more or less distinct. Under side of secondaries white, with brown striae and a mar- ginal row of seven black ocelli powdered with golden atoms. California. BOISD. 13. P. antaegon Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. 2me se"r. iX, 295. P. acmon ? Westw. and Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. pi. 76, fig. 1. Upper side beautiful violet blue, with a small blackish border and white fringe ; inferiors with ante-marginal border fulvous, resting on a series of black points. Under side ash-gray, with a great number of distinct and neat black points. That of the secondaries has before the border a fulvous interrupted band, resting on a row of black ocelli, pow- 88 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. dered with very brilliant golden atoms ; a black point between the base and the discoidal spot of the primaries. The female is sometimes all blue, sometimes only at the base, and sometimes nearly black. In every case the band of the upper side of the secondaries is always more distinct than in the male. California. BOISD. 14. P. xerces Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. 2me ser. X, 296. Upper side of the male, blue ; that of the female brown, with some blue atoms at the base, without any other spot. Under side of both sexes dark gray, with a central spot and .a sinuous interrupted band, formed of large white points ; no mar- ginal lunules. California. 15. P. saepiolus Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. 2me ser. X, 297. Upper side blue, with a black border, wide on the primaries, more narrow on the secondaries, the primaries having besides a black costal point. Female entirely black, or powdered with blue at the base. Under side ash-gray in the male, dark gray in the female, with a great number of black points as in the analogous species ; that of the secondaries with three or four fulvous marginal lunules, more distinct in the female. Mountains of California. 16. P. icarioides Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. 2me sSr. X, 297. Upper side violet blue, with a small black border and white fringe. That of the secondaries with the border interrupted, forming a series of marginal black points. Under side clear and white ; that of the primaries with a dis- coidal lunule and a transverse sinuous line formed of black ocel- late spots ; that of the secondaries with a central lunule and two sinuous rows of white points scarcely pupilled with black. Female brown, with the under side rather dark brownish-gray, marked with a central lunule and two rows of distinct ocellate black points. Mountains of California, POLYOMMATUS. 89 17. P. pheres Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent, 2me ser. X, 297. Upper side violet blue. Under side ashy-white ; that of the primaries with a small discoidal cellule and a sinuous line of oce-1- late black points ; that of the secondaries with white spots not ocellate. Female brown, with the base more or less bluish. San Francisco. 18. P. heteronea Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. 2me ser. X, 297. Upper side violet blue, with a small blackish edge, white fringe, and very prominent nerves. Under side ashy-white ; that of the primaries with a point and central lunule black, followed by two parallel sinuous lines of black points. Under side of secondaries with two parallel rows of small obso- lete spots, whitish-gray, little distinct from the ground color. Upper side of the female brown, with the disk more or less fulvous, pointed with black, and traversed by a sinuous line of large black points. Under side like that of the male. Mountains of Northern California. 19. P. enoptes Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. 2me ser. X, 298. Upper side violet blue, with a rather wide black border ; the fringe intersected with white and black on the primaries only, entirely whitish on the secondaries. Under side ashy- white, with a great number of black ocellate points ; the two striae of posterior points are separated on the secondaries by a series of five yellow lunules. California. BOISD. 20. P. piasus Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. 2me ser, X, 299. Upper side blue, fringe whitish ; that of the female with a blackish border on all the wings. Under side of both sexes ashy-white, with a multitude of black ocellate points disposed as in the analogous species. Those of the posterior row are followed by one of clear white, which forms a transverse band, and occupies the whole space between it and the crescents of the extremity, which are nearly effaced, and resting 90 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. behind on a grayish marginal band, crenate, more obscure than the ground color. California. BOISD. 21. P. antiacis Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. 2me ser. X, 300. Upper side violet blue, with a slender black margin and whitish fringe. Under side ash-gray, with the base greenish-blue ; a transverse line of black points strongly ocellate with white, near the ex- tremity, preceded on the primaries by a central lunule and on the secondaries by a central lunule and two ocellate points. Female blackish above, with the base more or less bluish.' San Francisco. BOISD. 22. P. dorcas Kirby. Faun. Bor. IV, 299. Figured in Kirby Faun. Bor. Amer. IV, pi. 4, fig. 1. Body black above, white below. Antennae black, with white rings. Knob tipped with orange; wings brown, with a reddish tint, underneath tawny ; primaries with an angular band, formed by faint black spots ; behind these nearer the costa is a black bar, above which are two more spots ; between the band and the pos- terior margin are three more black spots, arranged transversely, and above the base are three more black spots forming, a triangle ; the secondaries have a slight sinus near the anal angle, the fringe of which projects so as to assume the appearance of a short tail ; across the disk runs an angular band formed of faint black spots, above which is a crescent of the same color ; at the anal angle is an orange-colored angular bar, of abbreviated band ; underneath, these wings have several indistinct black dots, the three external ones of which form an obtuse angle with the four internal ones. ";This species seems to be the American representation of P. phlceas, but its color is much less vivid." Canada. KlRBT. 23. P. lucia Kirby. Faun. Bor. IV, 299. Figured in Kirby Faun. Amer. Bor. IV, pi. 3, fig. 8, 9. Wings above silvery blue, terminating, especially at the poste- rior margin, in a very slender black line ; fringe white, barred THECLA. 91 with black; primaries underneath ash-colored, mottled with white; in the disk is a black crescent and a curved macular band, consist- ing of mostly oblique black crescents edged with white, especially on their under side. The wing terminates posteriorly in a broadish brown band, formed chiefly by obsolete eyelets; secondaries brown, underneath spotted and striped with black and white ; towards the posterior margin the white spots are arranged in a transverse band parallel with it, and as in the primaries ; the wing terminates in several obsolete eyelets. Canada. — Expands one inch. KIRBT. 24. P. americana Harris MS. The fore wings on the upper side are coppery-red, with about eight small square black spots, and the hind margin broadly bor- dered with dusky-brown ; the hind wings are dusky-brown, with a few small black spots on the middle, and a broad coppery-red band on the hind margin. The wings expand from ly1^ to 1J inch. The caterpillar is long oval, and slightly convex above, and of a greenish color ; it probably lives like the P. phleas, on the leaves of dock and sorrel. The chrysalis, which is usually suspended under a stone, is light yellowish-brown and spotted with black dots. Massachusetts. HARRIS. THECLA FAB. Palpi nearly straight, sometimes longer than the head ; last article naked, rather long, subulate or a little acicular ; head more narrow than the thorax ; eyes rather prominent ; antenna of mode- . rate length, terminated by a club usually elongate and sometimes nearly fusiform ; secondaries prolonged in one or more thin tails, sometimes but rarely simply dentate. 1. T. halesus Fab. Syst. emend. Ill, 273. T. dolichos Hiibn. Figured in Cram. 98. Herbst, pi. 295. Hiibn. Zutr. 219. Boisd. et Lee. pi. 25, p. 83. Upper side of the males, beautiful glossy blue.. Primaries have at the extremity a black border of moderate width. Secondaries 92 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. terminated by two black tails, of which the external one is much shorter. At the external angle, near the summit, there is a wide black border, which does not reach the anal angle. The latter is extended somewhat in the form of a spatule, powdered on both sides with golden atoms, which extend to the base of the tails. The upper side of the females is pale greenish-blue, and this color extends scarcely beyond the middle of the wings ; spatule and base of the tails, as in the males. Under side of all the wings in both sexes is brownish-black, with three red spots, of which one is at the base of the primaries, and the two others at the base of the secondaries. The latter have besides, towards the 'anal angle, a macular ray of golden green, followed by several white spots, powdered with some golden atoms. The males often have along the edge of the superiors, a blue ray, more or less distinct. Body and thorax above of the color of the wings. Abdomen red below and on the sides, and in some specimens this color extends to the back. Under side of the breast black, with some white points which extend to the base of the primaries. Head pointed with white ; antennae black, with the club more fusiform than in most of the species of this genus. Larva, which feeds on Quercus, green, slightly pubescent. Head and scaly feet testaceous. On the back, there is a small ray, and on the sides nine oblique bands of obscure green. At the base of the feet, a marginal ray of greenish-yellow. Chrysalis russety, pointed with brown. Southern States. — Expands an inch and a half. BOISD. 2. T. M-album Boisd. et Lee. Figured in Boisd. et Lee. pi. 26, p. 86. A size smaller than T. halesus. Upper side of the male blue, a little violet, with a wide black border commencing at the base of the primaries and extending nearly all round. The upper side of the female is a little morejpale, and the black border is usually wider. In both sexes, the secondaries are furnished with two small black tails, of which the external one is shorter. The under side of the wings is cinereous ; that of the primaries is traversed towards the middle by a small white ray which begins THECLA. 93 on the upper edge and ends on the median nervure. The secon- daries have beyond the middle a whitish line, straight in its first half, angular towards the anal angle, where it describes a kind of M, and then continuing to the side. Between this line and the outer edge there is another line, less distinct, shaded outwardly with blackish, interrupted by a red spot, situated in the space between the two tails. The anal angle has a black spatule, sepa- rated from the internal tail by a square pale blue spot. At the base of the tails there is a small white or grayish line which sepa- rates the fringe, which is also white in this part of the wings. The base of .the upper edge of the primaries is reddish, and the middle of the secondaries, near the upper edge, is marked with a whitish point. Body, bluish above ; ashy gray below. Antennae blackish, annulate with white ; club blackish, tipped with fulvous. In some specimens there is a small red spot on the spatule of the anal angle. Larva slightly pubescent, pale green, a little yellowish, with a dorsal ray and seven oblique streaks, green. Head black ; marginal ray yellow, slightly shaded with obscure green on its upper side. Feeds on Quercus. Chrysalis brownish-gray, with the anterior part and envelope of the wings pale gray, a little greenish. Southern States. BOISD. 3. T. psyche Boisd. el Lee. p. 88. Figured in Boisd. et Leo, pi. 27. Same size as T. M-album, and most probably a mere variety. The four wings glossy blue, a little violet, with a wide black border as in T. M-album. The primaries sometimes have the costal margin a little reddish at the origin. Secondaries with two tails ; generally a small red spot at the anal angle ; sometimes a small white spot on the disk of the pri- maries, in the male. Under side dark, cinereous. Primaries traversed in the upper half by two whitish rays, meeting at their lower extremity. Secon- daries traversed to the middle by a white ray describing a sort of M. Between this ray and the external edge there is another, which is interrupted between the two tails by a red spot. Near 94 . LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. the larger tail there is a bluish space, bordered interiorly with black. Southern States. BOISD. 4. T. hyperici Boisd. et Lee. p. 90. T. favonius ? Boisd. Figured in Boisd. et Lee. pi. 28. Probably a variety of T. favonius. Upper side blackish-brown, uniform in the female, a more obscure tint in the disk of the male, forming a sort of indistinct spot. The secondaries have two tails, of which the internal is the longer. They are preceded by one or two fulvous crescents, sup- ported by a black spot, separated from the fringe by a pale bluish- gray ray. The edge of the anal spatule is also a little bordered with fulvous. The under side of the wings is ash-gray. The primaries are traversed in their posterior half by two rather wavy rays, of which the anterior one is white, bordered with reddish-brown, and the other brown, feebly lined with whitish. The secondaries are traversed by two white rays, shaded with brown before. The anterior one is angular towards the anal angle, and the other is interrupted between the two tails by a fulvous spot, marked with black behind. The anal spatule is more widely fulvous than above, >and between this and the other fulvous spot there is a space of pale blue. Besides these, the four wings have at the origin of the fringe a small brownish line more or less appa- rent, arid the costal edge is a little marked with fulvous at its origin. Body like the wings ; lower side of the head and the extremity of the abdomen of the female a little fulvous. Antennce blackish, with white rings ; club tipped with reddish. Breast and under side of abdomen white. » Larva above reddish, with three brown rays, of which one is on the back. Lower side of abdomen, head and feet, green. Feeds on Hypericum. Chrysalis yellowish, with the rings of the abdomen a little violet, marked with four rows of black points. Southern States.— Expands a little over an inch. BOISD. THECLA. 95 i 6. T. falacer Godt. Encyc. Method. IX, 633. T. calanus Hiibn. Figured in Boisd. et Lee. pi. 29, p. 92. Upper side uniform brownish-black. Primaries with a small, oval, grayish shining spot on the disk of the males. Secondaries terminated by two small tails, a little whitish at the extremity, of which the internal one is much the longer. At the base of these tails, near the fringe, there is a small grayish-white line, sometimes preceded by an indistinct fulvous spot. Under side ashy brown, with a short, geminate, bluish ray on the disk of each wing. The primaries are traversed by two small rays of bluish-white, shaded with brown on one of their sides, of which the exterior 4s indistinct. The secondaries are traversed by two similar rays which form an angle towards the abdominal edge. Between the tails there is a fulvous spot, bordered with black on the outer side, followed by one or two small spots of the same color — an ashy blue space, bordered with a black spatule. The anal emargination is also bordered with fulvous ; a small white marginal line at the fringe. Body, like the wings ; breast, with some bluish hairs ; abdomen whitish. Antennce blackish, with white rings ; club blackish. Larva, which feeds on Crataegus, pale russety; a little greenish on the sides, which are marked with oblique brown streaks ; a wide brown band on the back, which disappears on the middle rings, where it is replaced by two parallel brown lines; the brown band reappears on. the posterior rings. Chrysalis yellowish-brown, powdered with brown atoms. Southern States. — Expands a little over an inch. BOISD. 6. T. favonius? Godt. Encyc. Method. IX, 635. T. melinus? Hubn. T. humuli Har. ' Figured in Sm. Abb. pi. 14. Boisd. et Lee. pi. 30. Form and size of T. falacer. "Upper side dusky brown, with a tint of blue gray ; and in the males there is an oval darker spot near the front edge ; the secondaries have two short thread-like tails, the inner one the longer and tipped with white ; along the hind margin of these same wings is a row of little pale blue spots, interrupted by a large orange-red crescent, inclosing a small black spot; under side slate gray, with two wavy streaks of brown, edged on one side with white ; and on the secondaries an orange- 96 LEPIDOPTERA OP NORTH AMERICA. colored spot near the hind angle, and a larger spot of the same color inclosing a black dot just before the tails. It expands one inch and one-tenth." Larva feeds on Humulus (Hop). HARRIS, INS. MASS., p. 217, ed. 1842. l 7. T. liparops Boisd. et Lee. p. 99. T. favonius Sm. Abb. Figured in Boisd. et Lee. pi. 31. Form and size of T. falacer. Upper side clear brown ; on the disk of the primaries a fulvous, oblong spot, transversely disposed and mingling more or less with the ground color. In the female? this fulvous space is preceded by a small black spot. Secondaries terminated by two tails, of which the internal is the longer. Between these tails, usually a fulvous spot in the female. In both sexes, there is a small black spot at the base of each tail, separated from the fringe by a whitish or bluish ray. The anal spatule is also marked by a blackish spot surmounted with a little white. Under side pale ash-gray; primaries traversed by four white lines, more or less distinct, after uniting towards the lower edge. Between these lines and the outer edge there is another sinuous white line. Secondaries traversed by two double rays, of which the anterior form a sharp angle below. Behind these rays, there is a fulvous macular band, formed of from three to six spots, bor- dered slightly with black. Anal spatule is marked with a little black, and between it and the long tail there is a bluish space. Under side of the body like the wings. Breast, abdomen below, and feet grayish-white. Antennae black, with white rings ; club tipped with fulvous. Larva yellowish-green, with a dorsal line and eight oblique streaks of dark green. Marginal ray green, yellow below. 4 There is an almost inextricable confusion in the determination of these species. T. humulus Harr. has been mistaken for T. favonius Sm. Abb., but is different. Boisd. has figured this species as F. favonius in Boisd. et Lee. pi. 30, but he is doubtful himself of its correctness. He says, " I am by no means certain that Abbot's Favonius is the same as the one I give. After having carefully examined my specimens and attentively compared them with the original drawings and notes of Abbot, I have come to the conclusion that my Hyperici is the same as my Favonius .... and that T. lipafrops is the true Favonius." THECLA. 97 Chrysalis ash-gray, with two rows of blackish .points on each side of the abdominal rings. Southern States. BOISD. 8. T. iris Godt. Encyc. Method. IX, 674. Figured in Boisd. et Lee. pi. 31, p. 101. Upper side of the male blackish-brown, with a small grayish ovoid spot near the costal edge ; the female is deeper brown, with the extremity more or less russety. Wings denticulate ; fringe whitish. Under side brown, with a white transverse line, sinnons. Ex- tremity of the wings a little russety, divided by an indistinct ray, divided by the nervures. The extremity of the secondaries are powdered with ash-gray, and divided by a transverse interrupted line of brown purple, often marked by one or two small brown spots. The base is slightly powdered with gray, and separated from the tint of the middle by a wavy transverse line. Larva, which feeds on Vaccinium, is yellowish-green, with two dorsal interrupted rays ; one lateral ray and eight oblique streaks pale green. Chrysalis ferruginous, pubescent; two longitudinal obscure rays. Georgia. — Expands an inch and an eighth. GODART. 9. T. arsace Boisd. et Lee. Figured in Boisd. et Lee. pi. 32, p. 103. Same size as T. iris, and in some respects similar. Upper side of the male brownish-black, with a small ovoid spot near the costal edge ; the female is deeper brown, with the ex- tremity reddish-yellow, forming on the primaries a large spot mingling with the ground color, and on the secondaries a smaller spot situated near the anal angle. Wings denticulate as in T. iris.. Under side brown, traversed in the middle by a sinuous brown line ; extremity of the primaries paler, divided by two transverse rays more obscure and indistinct ; extremity of the secondaries is powdered with gray as in T. iris, divided by a row of indistinct brownish spots, and forming nearly a curved ray. Larva reddish ; back white from the second to the ninth ring, and divided by two parallel interrupted lines of obscure green. Near the base of the feet, there is a marginal ray of the same color, 7 98 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. bordered with white below, and between that and the dorsal rays a row of seven or eight oblique streaks. Chrysalis reddish before, and the wing envelopes greenish. Southern States. BOISD. 10. T. nlphon Hiibn. Figured in Hiibn. Zutr. fig. 203. Boisd. et Lee. pi. 33, p. 105. Size, color, and upper side markings of T. iris and T. arsace. Under side rather clear russety brown ; the discoidal cellule of the primaries has two black transverse streaks, and beyond the middle a black sinuous ray edged with white, followed by a row of black sagittate spots, uniting in a curved wavy line, separated from the fringe by small grayish spaces. The secondaries are traversed by two tortuous black rays, of which the one towards the base is edged with white within and the other with white without, and connecting with the ray of the primaries. Between these two rays there is a black streak, and the outer one is followed by an angular black ray, of which the posterior concavity is filled by a pale tint, which separates it from a marginal purple line, more or less mingling near the fringe, with an ashy tint. Larva green, pubescent, with three longitudinal rays on the back, the middle one pale yellow, the other two white. Near the feet, usually a small marginal white line. Head brown. Feeds on Pinus. Chrysalis grayish, with four rows of small spots, of which the two middle ones are blackish and indistinct, and the others ferru- ginous. Georgia and Florida. BOISD. 11. T. smilacis Boisd. Figured in Boisd. et Lee. pi. 33, p. 107. Upper side blackish-brown, with a pale whitish spot near the middle of the costal edge ; the secondaries have two thin tails, as in the analogous species. Under side greenish, often washed with a little reddish, with a transverse whitish ray sinuous on the primaries, tortuous on the secondaries, bordered in front by a ferruginous tint; Between this ray and the base, the secondaries have another short transverse sinuous ray of the same color. The extremity is marked by two or three ashy crescents, of which the intermediary is black in front, THECLA. 99 and the third in a line with two or three small ferruginous spots, more or less distinct. The anal palette is black, and near the fringe there is a small white marginal line. Larva, which feeds on Smilax, is green, with the head and feet blackish. It has four rows of red spots, of which the two dorsal are formed of smaller spots, and one on each side composed of spots somewhat larger. Chrysalis grayish-brown, with the abdomen more clear and reddish. • BOISD. 12. T. sylvinus Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. 2me ser. X, 287. Upper side brownish-black in both sexes, with a stigma on the primaries of the male, and one or two fulvous spots near the anal angle of the secondaries of the female. Under side pale ashy, with a small discoidal spot on each wing, and two sinuous striae of points of the same color towards the extremity ; the anal angle of the secondaries with a space of bluish ashy, preceded before the tail by a yellow lunule supported by a black point. California, BOISD. 13. T. auretoram Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. 2me ser. X, 287. Upper side blackish-brown, with a stigma on the primaries and two obsolete fulvous spots towards the anal angle of the seconda- ries. Under side brown, with two wavy rays on the secondaries, blackish, indistinct, of which the posterior is nearly marginal and supported in two small fulvous crescents ; edge of the anal angle black. California. BOISD. 14. T. saepium Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. 2me se>. X, 287. Upper side reddish-brown, without spots, in both sexes ; the male with a stigma on the primaries. Under side brown, a little more pale towards the extremity, traversed a little beyond the middle by a small white line, wavy, and near the extremity by a line more obscure, obsolete, equally sinuous, blending towards the anal angle of the secondaries into a grayish-blue space preceded by a small black crescent. California. BOISD. 100 LEPIDOPTERA OP NORTH AMERICA. 15. T. grunus Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. 2me ser. X, 289. Female ; upper side brown, with the disk obscure fulvous, espe- cially on the secondaries. Under side pale yellowish, traversed a little beyond the middle by an indistinct ferruginous line. On the right and left of the tail there is a small fulvous crescent, sur- mounted by a blackish arc. California. BOISD. 16. T. iroides Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. 2me. ser. X, 289. \ Upper side brown, without spots in the male, the disk a little ferruginous in the female, and angle of the secondaries deeply emarginate. Under side brown. Under side of secondaries fer- ruginous brown, sometimes a little vinous, with the base widely obscure, and the extremity with a row of blackish points, more or less distinct. California. BOISD. 17. T. eriphon Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. 2me ser. X, 289. Upper side brown, with the disk more or less marked with fer- ruginous. Under side paler brown ; that of the primaries with a small central point, an undulated ray, edged with white and mar- ginal sagittate spots, blackish ; that of the secondaries washed with vinous red, and traversed by three black rays profoundly sinuous, edged with white, of which the posterior is serrate, form- ing sagittate spots. California. Rare. BOISD. 18. T. dumetorum Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. 2me ser. X, 291. Wings olive brown, without spots ; anal palette of the seconda- ries nearly obsolete. Under side of primaries russety, a little greenish ; that of the inferiors greenish, with a transverse row of small white points. California. BOISD. 10. T. damastus Godt. Encyc. Method. IX, 640. T. damon Cram. Figured in Cram. pi. 390, fig. C. D. Upper side blackish-brown, with the disk fulvous. THECLA. 101 Under side green, with two black bent lines, and bordered with white to the extremities of the primaries ; with three similar lines, but flexuous, on the surface of the secondaries. The anal angle of secondaries has a suite of three small ocelli with a white iris. ' Virginia. — Expands scarcely half an inch. GODART. 20. T. acis Drury. T. mars Fabr. T. ixion Fabr. Figured in Drury, I, pi. 1, fig. 2. Upper side. Primaries entirely dark brown, without any marks or spots. Secondaries the same, with four tails, the inner ones much longer than the others ; close above which latter are two red spots, edged at the bottom with black, and two more placed at the anal angle. The ciliae white. Under side. All the wings of a dark lead color. A very narrow black and white line crosses the primaries, parallel to the external edges; another indented irregular line crosses the secondaries, beginning near the middle of the anterior edge, and meeting just below the extremity of the body. Four long reddish spots are very visible on this side, below which are four black ones. Jamaica. — Drury gives New York as its habitat. Doubtful. 21. T. strigosa Harr. MS. 11 The streaked Thecla has a long and a short tail on each of the hind wings, and is of a dark brown color, without spots on the upper side ; the wings beneath are ornamented with wavy trans- verse white streaks, and near the hind margin of the posterior wings is a row of deep orange-colored crescents, with a large blue spot near the hindmost angle. It measures ly1^ inches across the wings. In the markings of the under side of the wings it nearly resembles T. liparops." Massachusetts. HARRIS MS. 22. T. aubumiana Harris MS. The outermost of the tails is very short, and often nothing re- mains of it but a little tooth on the edge of the wing. It varies considerably in color; the females are generally deep brown above, but sometimes the wings are rust-colored or tawny in the middle, as they always are in the males; the oval opaque spot which 102 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. characterizes the latter sex is ochre yellow. Upon the under side, the wings in both sexes are green, the anterior pair tinged with brown from the middle to the inner edge ; externally,- next to the fringe, they are all margined by a narrow wavy white line, bor- dered internally with brown ; at some distance from the posterior margin is another broader white line, or series of contiguous spots, bordered internally with brown ; this line, on the fore wings, does not reach the inner margin ; on the hind wings it consists of six spots arranged in a zigzag manner, and the last spot, next to the inner margin, is remote from the rest ; besides these, there are on the same wings three more white spots bordered with brown, be- tween the zigzag band and the base ; and between the same band and the margin three black spots, behind the middle one of which is a rust-red spot with a black centre. The wings expand from laV to 1TV inch. This pretty species is found on the mouse-ear (Gnaphalium plantagineum) in May, and on the flowers of the spearmint in August. Massachusetts. HARRIS MS. 23. T. mopsus Htibn. Figured iu Hiibn. Zutr. fig. 135. Boisd. et Lee. pi. 34, p. 109. Upper side of the male blackish-brown, with the usual ovoid spot on the costal edge. The female is more dull, without the costal spot, but with one or two yellow lunulate spots towards the anal angle of each wing. The secondaries are without tails. Under side of the male is grayish-brown, traversed by a row of black points circled with white, followed on the secondaries by a marginal band of reddish and somewhat macular, and on the primaries by a second row of black points lightly circled with white. Under side of the female is a little more clear. The series of ocellated spots is preceded in the secondaries by a discoidal black streak circled with white ; the red marginal band is more sensibly edged with white in front, and continues a little on the primaries, where it replaces the second row of black points on the male. Larva, which feeds on Eupatorium celestinum, is greenish, with the back a little more whitish. The anterior and dorsal part has a brownish quadrangular space, bifid behind, and marked with four white spots. The three hind rings have a wide white border, edged with brown. Head and feet brownish. NYMPHIDIA. 103 Chrysalis resembles that of Smilacis, but differs in having on each side a row of yellow ferruginous points. Southern States. — Expands an inch and a half. BOISD. 24. T. poeas Hiibn. T. beon Godt. Figured in Boisd. et Lee. pi. 35, p. 109. Upper side blackish-brown, with the base of the primaries and the extremity, or even the whole of the secondaries, pale blue. Some specimens have the base of the primaries entirely blackish, and sometimes even all the wings, without any traces of the blue. The secondaries have tails, white at the summit. Some, which have the extremity blue, have a row of small marginal, unequal lunules, blackish-brown. Under side is russety gray. Southern States. BOISD. 25. T. augustus Kirby. Faun. Bor. IV, 298. Figured in Kirby, Faun. Bor. Amer. IV, pi. 3. Antennae annulated with white ; knob elongated ; wings dusky black, with a dull ferruginous disk ; fringe alternately white and black ; secondaries underneath black at the base ; at the apex dusky ash-colored, with a transverse series of about eight black spots, rudiments of which appear on the lower surface of the primaries. Canada. — Expands one inch. KIRBY. FAM. IX. ERYCINIDAE. Larva very short, pubescent or hairy. Chrysalis short, contracted. Perfect insect; nearly constantly six feet in the females and four in the male. Abdominal edge of the secon- daries not prominent. Discoidal cellule sometimes open, sometimes closed, and sometimes closed apparently by a false nervure. Hooks of the tarsi extremely small. NYMPHIDIA FAB. Erycina Latr. Head of the width of the thorax ; antennae long, annulate with whitish, terminated by a small elongated club; palpi short, 104 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. straight, scarcely extending beyond the eyes ; thorax slender, rather long ; abdomen a little shorter than the secondaries ; the four wings rounded ; discoidal cellule of the secondaries open ; six feet in the female, four in the male, 1. N. pumila BOISD. Figured in Boisd. et Lee. pi. 37, p. 131. Upper side reddish ferruginous, with wavy, blackish, flexuous lines, nearly macular. Besides these black lines, the extremity has two others of a black lead color, separated by a row of black points, of which the internal one is strongly sinuous. Under side fulvous yellow, with the transverse lines more macular. Body above ferruginous, below yellowish. Georgia — Florida. BOISD. LEMONIAS ILL. Head hairy ; eyes naked. Antennae rather long, slender ; club long, slender. Primaries more or less triangular ; costal margin nearly straight ; apical angle subacute, post-costal vein with only three branches. Secondaries subovate; post-costal curved at its base, forked at a moderate distance from* the base. Fore legs of the males very small, densely clothed with soft silky hairs ; fore legs of the females longer, slender, scaly ; tarsus armed beneath with s0me short spines at the tips of the joints. Four hind legs long, slender, scaly. Tibiae not armed beneath with spines. Nails and appendages minute. 1. L. mormo Felder. Wiener Entom. Monatschrift, III, No. 9, 271. Wings subrepand ; cilise widely intersected with white, above obscurely fuscous, beneath paler. Primaries on both sides ferru- ginous fulvous from the base to the disk, with two basal points, a third larger, internal, a discal spot, a macular band, sinuate and seven points, submarginal, surrounded with black and white, the disk paler and the submarginal points much larger, elongate, spotted with black, veins fulvous. Secondaries a little fulvescent above the base, with two points, marked with white ; two discal spots, one larger, the external band macular, much interrupted, repancf, minute white spots surrounded HESPERIA. 105 with white, beneath much paler ; costa white at the base, the spots and points of the upper surface, but much larger and nearly con- fluent. Antenna annulated with white. Thorax and abdomen black above, below with the palpi and feet whitish. Utah. FELDER. FAM. X. HESPERIDAE. Larva cylindric, without spines; first ring small, Lead prominent. Chrysalis cylindroid, elongate, hardly angular. Perfect insect; head wide, transverse. Antennae often ter- minated by a hook. Palpi short, last article very small. HESPERIA LINN. Head broad ; body robust. Labial palpi compressed in front and incurved, with the sides convex and angulated. Antennae of moderate length or elongate, straight, slender, with a subterrninal club, tip hooked. Primaries elongated triangular ; apical mar- gin, more or less convex ; costal margin not reflexed, and the disk in the males not marked with the oblique silky patch ; often marked with pellucid spots. Secondaries subtriangular, with the outer and anal angles rounded, or with the outer margin rounded and sometimes dentated. Anal angle not produced into a -promi- nent lobe or short tail, and the disk beneath not marked with silvery spots. 1. H. cellus Boisd. Figured in Boisd. et Lee. pi. 73. Wings brown ; primaries with a broad yellow band across the middle, the top of which is whitish ; a whitish spot at the upper edge. Secondaries without spots on the disk. Fringe dull yel- low or greenish, more distinct on the upper angle of the seconda- ries. Under side paler ; markings of primaries the same, except that lower edge is yellow. Secondaries with two bands of deep brown. United States. — Expands two inches. BOISD. 106 LEPIDOPTERA OP NORTH AMERICA. 2. H. lycidas Godt. Encyc. Method. IV, 751. Figured in Boisd. et Lee. pi. 71. Wings deep brown, a little yellowish near the base ; primaries with four or five yellow spots, forming a short irregular band ; between this band and the summit are two or three points of the same color. Secondaries without spots. Under side of primaries with a yellow band, narrow at the costal edge, widening "downwards but not reaching to the lower edge ; beyond this, is an interrupted line of yellow spots and a pale purple streak. Under side of secondaries ash-gray, a large silvery spot on the outer edge, surmounted by two points of the same color : fringe white and brown. United States. — Expands two inches. BOISD. 3. H. proteus Godt. Encyc. Method. IX, 730. Figured in Boisd. et Lee. pi. 69. Sm. Abb. I, pi. 39. Cram. pap. pi, 260. Clerck, Icon. Ins. pi. 42. Wings brown ; light green at the base of the primaries, and covering half of the secondaries. Primaries, with four or five white spots oblong or square, and an arcuated line of white points intersected by the nerves. Secondaries extending to long tails. Body greenish above. Under side purplish brown ; markings similar to the upper ex- cept the black border of the spots and arc on the primaries, and two interrupted narrow bands on the secondaries. United States. — Expands over two inches. BOISD. 4. H. bathyllus Sm. Abb. Figured in Sm. Abb. pi. 22. Boisd. et Lee. pi. 74. Wings deep brown, with a narrow, interrupted transverse band of white on the primaries, and three small dots intersected by the nerves, near the summit. Secondaries without spots. Under side paler, with dark brown narrow bands on the secon- daries. United States. — Expands two inches. BOISD. HESPERIA. 10Y 5. H. sylvanus Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. 2me ser. X, 313. Upper side fulvous, with yellowish spots, of which one is situated towards the base; the others forming behind the middle a trans- verse and flexuous range. These spots are more apparent in the female ; the male has on the primaries a black, wide, oblique streak. Under side greenish fulvous, but more bright in the middle of the primaries and at the internal angle of the secondaries, with pale yellowish spots. Secondaries with five spots. Body above pale fulvous, below whitish. Antennae, annulate with whitish ; club, terminated with a black hook ; ferruginous below. California and Europe. BOISD. 6. H. sylvanoides Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. 2me ser. X, 313. Size and form of H. sylvanus. Upper side of the male like H. sylvanus, except that near the oblique black spot there is a black- ish streak which appears to be a prolongation of it, and there are not at the extremity near the border the three or four points a little paler than the ground, which are found in H. sylvanus. Under side of the female has on the disk a black triangular spot, followed by a small white transparent spot, the summit with three yellow points. Secondaries a little sinuous, with the border deep, the base widely blackish. Under side pale yellow, sometimes a little grayish on the .secondaries, and not of a bright yellowish- green as in H. sylvanus. California. BOISD. 7. H. nemorum Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. 2me se"r. X, 314. Upper side of the male as in H. sylvanoides, the border a little wider, the mark of the primaries also wider, prolonged by a streak to the summit. Under side deep yellow ; that of the secondaries without spots ; that of the primaries paler in the middle, with the impression of the mark of the opposite surface. California. BOISD. • 108 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. 8. H. agricola Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. 2me ser. X, 314. Upper side blackish ; that of the primaries having the mark pro- longed to the summit by a blackish streak, a transverse row of yellow points between the border and this mark. That of the secondaries with the black border rather wide, and the base more or less brown. Under side of the primaries yellow, with the mark less definite than above ; that of the secondaries yellow, with a kind of trans- verse band, nearly median, of a paler tone. California. BOISD. 9. H. pratincola Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. 2me ser. X, 315. Upper side bright yellow, nearly without border, having only in certain males some blackish triangular streaks on the nerves ; that of the primaries with the mark as in H. sylvanus, ordinarily sur- mounted towards the summit with a blackish streak more or less distinct. Under side uniform yellow ; that of the primaries having towards the summit, on the edge, a small spot a little palerthan the ground; that of the secondaries without spots. Female larger, with a ser- rate blackish border; that of the primaries having an oblique, blackish ray, surmounted towards the summit by a spot of the same color. Under side of the primaries nearly as in the male ; that of the secondaries with a transverse, irregular row of spots paler than the ground color. California. BOISD. 10. H. ruricola Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. 2me se"r. X, 315. Wings a little sinuous, yellow, with a small brown border ; pri- maries with the mark distinct as in H. sylvanus, marked longitu- dinally with a small whitish line. Under s.ide yellow, with all the surface of the secondaries and the summit of the primaries greenish. California. BOISD. 11. H. campestris Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. 2me ser. X, 316. This species is distinguished from all the other California spe- cies, by the large truncated spot, which forms the mark of the HESPERIA. 109 primaries. Figure and size of H. nemorum. Wings yellow, with' a rather wide brown border; fringe pale yellow. Primaries of the male marked at the summit, with two or three points of the ground color. Secondaries with the disk more or less marked with black in the middle. Under side rather pale yellow, nearly uniform ; that of the pri- maries marked at the summit with three small paler spots ; that of the secondaries with a transverse line of similar smajl spots. California. BOISD. 12. H. sabuleti Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. 2me ser. X, 316. Wings of nearly the same yellow as in H. sylvanus, with a rather wide brown border, serrate on the primaries; the latter Laving the mark shorter and more truncate than in H. sylvanus, joined to a grayish spot ; under side paler yellow, with a row of brown streaks slightly sagittate ; that of the inferiors with a row of similar streaks towards the base. Female larger. Under side paler ; that of the primaries, between the border and the disk, with a row of spots paler than the ground color. California. BOISD. 13. H. ? vestris Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. 2me s6r. X, 317. Upper side russety brown ; that of the primaries with four small white spots somewhat transparent, of which two are punctiform, near the upper edge ; the two others larger, in the ramifications of the median nerve; that of the secondaries without spots. Under side duller, a little more grayish, with the same spots as above. California. BOISD. 14. H. comma Lin. Syst. Nat. Resembles H. sylvanus, but the under side is more greenish and spotted with white. These spots are nine in number, three towards the base, the six others forming a bent row behind the middle. Fringe white, spotted with black below. Club of the antennae terminated below by a large ferruginous point. California and Europe. BOISD. 110 I.EPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. [The following descriptions of new species have been kindly furnished by Mr. Samuel Scudder, of Boston. They were found among Dr. Harris' MSS., and are to appear in the new edition of his work on the insects of New England injurious to vegetation. Not having seen the species, I have placed them all provisionally under this genus. — J. Gr. M.] 15. H. hobomok Harris MS. Dark brown above ; on each of the wings a large tawny yellow spot, occupying the greater part of .the middle, four or five minute spots of the same color near the tips of the fore wings, on which is also a short brownish line at the outer extremity of the central mesh ; under side of the fore wings similar to the upper, but paler; hind wings brown beneath, with a yellow dot near the shoulder, and a very broad deep yellow band which does not attain the inner margin, and has a tooth-like projection extending towards the hinder edge. The male has not the usual distinguishing oblique dash on the fore wings, which differ from those of the female only in the greater size of the tawny portion, which extends to the front margin. Massachusetts. HARRIS MSS. 16. H. leonardus Harris MS. Dark brown above ; fore wings of the male tawny yellow on the front margin from the base to beyond the middle; behind this tawny portion is a short black line, and behind the latter a row of contiguous tawny spots extending from the middle to the inner edge towards the tip, the spots at this extremity small and sepa- rated from the others ; fore wings in the female without the tawny front edge and black line ; hind wings in both sexes with a central curved, tawny yellow band ; wings beneath bright red-brown ; the first pair blackish from the middle to the inner edge, and spotted as on the upper side ; hind wings with a yellow dot in the middle, and a curved row of seven bright yellow spots behind it. Massachusetts. — Expands inch and a half. HARRIS MSS. 17. H. sassacus Harris MS. Dark brown above ; all the wings with a tawny yellow spot occu- pying the greater part of the middle of each, and with two or three HESPERIA. Ill little detached spots of the same color near the extremity of the first pair; beneath, ochre yellow, with small pale yellow spots near the tip, corresponding to those on the upper side of the fore wings, and on the hind wings seven small square pale yellow spots, namely, one before the middle and the others in pairs behind it. Massachusetts. — Expands one and a quarter inch. HARRIS MSS. 18. H. metacomet Harris MS. Dark brown, slightly glossed with greenish-yellow above ; the male with a short oblique black line on the middle of the fore wings, on both sides of which in theTemale are two yellowish dots on the middle, and two more near the front margin and tip ; hind wings, beneath, with a transverse row of four very faint yellowish dots, which, however, are often wanting. Massachusetts. — Expands one three-tenths of an inch. HARRIS MSS. 19. H. ahaton Harris MS. Dark brown above ; fore wings in the male tawny before the middle from the base nearly to the tip, the tawny portion ending externally in three minute wedge-shaped spots ; on the middle an oblique velvet black line, near the outer extremity of which are two or three small tawny spots ; under side spotted as above; hind wings without spot above ; of a greenish or dusky yellow tinge below, with a transverse curved row of four minute yellowish dots, which are often very faint or entirely wanting. In the female there is a tawny dash along the front margin of the fore wings, and the oblique black line is wanting, but the other spots are larger and more distinct. Massachusetts. — Expands from one to one and one- tenth inch. HARRIS. 20. H. wamsutta Harris MS. Dark brown above; fore wings with a broken row of small tawny spots towards the tip, and in the males a large tawny patch, cover- ing the whole of the fore part of the wings from the base to the middle, and an oblique curved black line behind it ; hind wings with a small tawny dot before the middle, and an indented tawny band or row of contiguous unequal spots ; under side of the fore 112 LEPIDOPTERA OP NORTH AMERICA. wings light brown, and with larger yellow spots than on the other side ; hind wings light brown, with two large irregular bright yel- low spots, connected in the middle, and covering nearly the whole surface. Massachusetts. — Expands nearly an inch. HARRIS MSS. GONILOBA WESTWOOD. Head occasionally clothed with red hairs ; labial palpi as seen from above, forming two short square projections in front of the face. Antennae with a long- and slender club, the terminal half of which is reflexed, forming a slender hook, acute at the tip. Pri- maries long, triangular, generally marked on the disk with semi- pellucid spots. Apical margin entire, slightly convex towards the apex ; discoidal cell long and narrow. Secondaries large, sub- triangular ; outer angle rounded, outer margin slightly scalloped, spotted wifti black. Anal angle produced into a short tail turned outwards or into an obtuse point. Upper disk of the wings often unspotted, but the base is yellowish or- metallic-colored. Lower disk often varied with silvery patches. 1. G. tityrtts F. Figured in Boisd. et Lee. pi. 72. Sm. Abb. I, pi. 19. Wings brown ; primaries with a transverse semi-transparent band across the middle, and a few spots towards the tip, of a honey yel- low color ; secondaries, with a short, round obtuse tail on the anal angle. Under side of primaries similar to that above ; that of the secon- daries has a broad silvery band, edged with black. Margin of all the wings below a little paler, with the nerves black. Fringe yellow and brown. Larva, which feeds on Rolinia, "is pale green, transversely streaked with dark green, with a red neck, a very large head roughened with minute tubercles, slightly indented or furrowed above, and of a dull red color, with a large yellow spot on each side of the mouth." United States. — Expands two and a half inches. HARRIS. GONILOBA. 113 2. G. yuccae Boisd. Figured in Boisd. et Lee. pi, 70. . Wings brown, lighter at the base ; primaries, with a yellow spot near the centre, a broad irregular band and two oblong spots of the same color near the summit. The secondaries have four square yellow spots or a macular ray. Fringe broad, yellow and brown, that of the secondaries brighter. Under side of primaries bluish on the outer edge ; the yellow band interrupted by brown, and a whitish spot near the anal angle. Upper edge with an ashy streak, one end of which is furcate. The female is destitute of the spots on the secondaries ; the band on the primaries is not so broad. Body paler than the wings. Southern States. — Expands nearly three inches. BOISD. 3. G. olynthus Boisd. Figured in Boisd. et Lee. pi. 75. Wings blackish-brown, paler on the middle of the secondaries. Primaries with six or seven unequal white spots. Secondaries with three or four white spots or a macular white ray* Under side ochry, except the lower part of the primaries ; mark- ings similar to those of the upper side. Secondaries without spots. Thorax greenish ; abdomen brown above, whitish below ; pectus pale green. United States. — Expands two inches. BOISD. 4. G. antoninus LaVr. Encyc. Method. IX, 746. Club of the antenna? yellowish, abruptly terminating in a sharp hook. Upper side of the body and wings blackish. Primaries with six or seven yellowish transparent spots from the middle to the summit, of which the one near the middle of the upper edge and two or three others are in the form of small lengthened points near the summit ; the others are below, and disposed in an oblique line. Under side the disk is deeper black, and the upper edge from the base to near the middle is yellowish-gray. On the middle of the secondaries there is a transverse range of two small spots, sometimes square, sometimes nearly punctiform, yellowish and vitreous, sometimes obsolete. Under side of secondaries is grayish or yellowish from the base 8 114 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. to near the middle ; then, of a reddish-brown, with the portion of the outer edge contiguous to the outer angle, paler or cinereous. California — Brazil — Surinam. GODT. NISONIADES HUBN. Head and thorax broad, abdomen elongated. Antenna with the club somewhat fusiform, elongate, curved, with the tip gradu- ally acuminated ; that of the males larger and more slender than that of the females. Labial palpi very hirsute. Primaries divari- cating and horizontally extended when at rest, with the costal margin often recurved in the males. Apical margin entire, fringe not spotted. Secondaries broadly triangular, with the outer and anal angles rounded. Fringe not scalloped, nor spotted. Hind legs with the middle spurs distinct. 1. N. juvenalis Sm. Abb. Figured in Boisd. et Lee. pi. 65. Sm. Abb. I, pi. 20. Wings deep brown ; primaries with a'number of black spots, a white spot on the cellule, and an interrupted curved line of white points, three or four of which are near the costal edge. Seconda- ries dull brown, with two or three curved rows of paler points. Under side of the primaries very similar to the upper ; seconda- ries with several spots near the upper edge. United States — Expands an -inch and a half. BOISD. 2. N. brizo Boisd. Figured in Boisd. et Lee. pi. 66. Wings blackish-brown ; primaries with two broad transverse pale bluish lines, edged with black, serrated; on the outer edge, a row of yellowish points. Secondaries with two curved rows of similar points. Under side of all the wings with two rows of yellowish spots near the lower edge. ' The female, besides the bands on the primaries, has a zigzag yellowish transverse near the outer edge. Southern States. — Expands an inch and a half. BOISD. CYCLOPAEDES. 115 3. N. catullus Godt. Encyc. Methpd. IX, 777. Figured in Sm. Abb. I, pi. 24. Small ; body black, head white. Wings deep black, with a transverse line of white points near the posterior edge ; primaries, with other small points of this color, fewer in number on the under side, and that of the secondaries. Var. Wings without spots on the upper side ; secondaries with only one white point before the ray formed by the others ; in some specimens the spots fail entirely. Southern States. ABBOT. 4. N. I'herminier Godt. Encyc. Method. IX, 777. N. pygmsea? Fab. Antenna black, with the rings and a part of the under side of the club whitish; terminal hook brown. Wings blackish, but paler below, inclining to ashy and without spots. Carolina. — Expands nine lines. GrODART. 5. N. tristis Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. 2me ser. X. Figure and size of N.> juvenalis. Wings blackish-brown, with the fringe of the secondaries white. Primaries with some black undulations, on the middle a small whitish point, then a bent line of six similar points, separated into two groups, the one of four near the upper edge, the other of two, beyond the median nerve. Under side paler than the opposite. In this species, as in N. juvenalis, the small points are placed on the most obscure little bands. California. BOISD. CYCLOPAEDES HUBN. Head as broad as the thorax ; labial palpi remote, hirsute, por- rected, as low as the head ; terminal joint very minute, conical, nearly concealed by the hairs of the preceding joint. Antennae short, club stout, slightly curved, not hooked at the tip, which is obtuse. Wings erect when at rest. Primaries long, fringe entire. Disk dark brown, with orange-colored spots, alike in both sexes. Secondaries short, entire ; spotted on the primaries. Hind legs 116 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. with the tibias destitute of a pair of spurs in the middle. Abdo- men, especially in the males, long and slender, with the tip slightly tufted. 1. C. coras Cram. C. aesculapius F. C. otho ? Sm. Abb. Figured in Boisd. et Lee. pi. 77. Sm. Abb. pi. I, pi. 31. Cram. pap. 3, pi. 31, fern. Small, blackish, with the body and base covered with yellowish hairs. AntennaB russety above, whitish or paler below, with the rings black. Wings traversed on both sides by a russety yellow band, formed by a suite of spots. Upper side of secondaries with a russety spot near the centre ; under side with an arcuate band of spots. Male ; the base of the primaries is russety yellow, which is divided in the form of striae ; the blackish line, in the form of a cicatrice, is bordered outwardly by a deep black line. On the under side, the spots are paler and mingle with the yellow. Along the posterior edge a row of small, round, indistinct spots. Southern States. GOD ART. PAMPHILA FAB. Head very broad in the males ; thorax robust ; abdomen as long as the secondaries. Labial palpi porrect, short, densely hairy, remote. Antenna terminated by a thick, nearly straight club, generally with a short slender hook. Primaries alone erect in repose. Apical margin convex in males, fringe entire, not alter- nated in its colors. Disk in the males in many species marked with an oblique velvety patch of scales. Secondaries broadly tri- angular, outer and anal angles rounded, slightly truncated near the anal angle ; margin entire. Discoidal vein nearly obliterated. 1. P. zabulon Boisd. Figured in Boisd. et Lee. pi. 76. Wings brown, but this color almost displaced on the primaries by ochre yellow; a yellow mark on the brown external border. Secondaries with a large circular yellow spot on the disk. Under side ochry, with irregular brown spots and streaks, the latter pro- ceeding from the base. Southern States. — Expands a little over an inch. GODART. PAMPHILA. lit 2. P. origenes F. E. S. Ill, p. 329. P. cernes Boisd. Figured in Boisd. et Lee. pi. 76. Wings greenish-brown ; primaries pale orange at the base, ex- tending along the costal and lower edges ; a spot near the middle. Under side of primaries similar to the upper ; that of the secon- daries greenish-yellow. Thorax greenish ; upper side of abdomen ochry. United States. — Expands a little over an inch. BOISD. 3. P. arpa Boisd. Figured in Boisd. et Lee. pi. 68. Wings blackish-brown, with half of the primaries lighter; a dark band commencing on the middle of the lower edge, and extending obliquely towards the summit, and forming an acute angle with an indistinct streak proceeding from the base. The disk of the secondaries is lighter than the borders. Under side of all the wings ochry yellow, with darker lines proceeding from the base, contiguous on the primaries, forming a dark brown space, which bears two ochry spots. Southern States. — Expands nearly two inches. GODART. 4. P. bulenta Boisd. Figured in Boisd. et Lee. pi. 67. Wings deep brown, occupying the whole extent excepting the half of the costal rim and the outer edge, with honey yellow. Near the summit, a curved streak of brown extending into the yelk>w field. The secondaries have two long oval yellow spots ; the lower one the smaller. fringes yellow; sides of the thorax and of the abdomen the same color. Under side paler ; summit of the primaries pale orange ; lower edge blackish, interrupted by yellow. The primaries of the female are traversed by an irregular yellow band, interrupted near the summit, where it forms a large round spot. The secondaries have but one large roundish yellow spot. Southern States. — Expands nearly two inches. GODART. 118 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. 5. P. brettus Boisd. Figured in Boisd. et Lee. pi. 75. Wings dark brown, greenish towards the base ; primaries with seven or eight yellow irregular spots, forming a curved macular band. Under side of primaries pale brown, clearer towards the outer edge, sprinkled with pale dots. Underside of secondaries pale green, with irregular darker spots. Southern States — Expands one inch. GODART. 6. P. arogos Boisd. Figured in Boisd. et Lee. pi. 76. Wings blackish-brown ; more than half of the primaries pale yellow, with a thin short line of brown near the centre. The secondaries, with a cuneiform spot on the middle. Fringe yellowish. Under side of all the wings greenish, and destitute of spots. The primaries of the female have fine pale yellow streaks on the costal edge, below which there is a furcate streak. Secondaries without spots. Southern States. — Expands an inch. GODART. 7. P. phyleus Boisd. Figured in Boisd. et Lee. pi. 78. Wings deep brown ; primaries varied with yellow, forming an irregular, angular, interrupted band towards the outer margin of the primaries ; a long club-shaped yellow mark proceeding from the base, with a brown streak in the centre of it, and a yellow line near the costal edge. Secondaries with five cuneiform spots, forming a curved row, the second of which is long and reaching to the base, besides a narrow yellow line extending from the base to near the anal angle. Under side ochry yellow ; primaries with sagittate brown spots near the outer edge, and a large irregular spot at the base. The female is ochry yellow, with 'all the edges covered with cuneiform brown spots, as well as the disk of the primaries and the upper edge of the secondaries, some of which are furcate. Southern States. — Expands over an inch. GODART. 8. P. leseur Godt. ^ncyo. Method. IX, 748. Wings black ; ordinary spots of the primaries and those in the form of points on the secondaries of a transparent white ; that of the four anterior spots of the primaries which is nearest the upper PAMPHILA. 119 edge, is emarginate at each end ; those of the secondaries are in the form of points, of which one is isolated, nearly central, and the four others below, in a transverse row ; the antepenultimate is the largest ; beyond the extremity of this series, there is a fifth, very small and indistinct. Wings finely bordered with white. United States. GODART. 9. P. thaumas Fab. E. S. Ill, 327. P. origenes Fab. Foemina ? Small, brownish-black ; anterior half of the primaries, excepting the internal edge, fulvous. The black line of the middle, common to the males, is surmounted at its interior extremity with a fulvous point, and divided abruptly at its posterior edge from the adjacent portion of the surface by a linear incision, followed by a depression; between this depression and the edge and nearly in a transverse line, are four small fulvous points, of which the inferior is a little larger and isolated, and the others in a small line. The female has in this place some white and transparent points, varying from six to eight, but the three superior are constant. United States. GODART. 10. P. drurii Godt. Encyc. Method. IX, 767. Very similar to P. thaumas. Primaries blackish, with a trans- verse row of fulvous spots. The male has only two, of which the interior is divided into two unequal parts ; the black line and dis- tinctive of the sex- form only an oblong point ; it is terminated behind by the lowest of the preceding spots. Between the nerves there are two spaces, of which the scales are elevated in the form of finely striated pencils. Secondaries of a glossy russety brown; under side more dull, traversed by a ray of small pale yellowish spots, obsolete in some specimens. United States. GODART. This species approaches very nearly the P. vitellius Sm. Abb. I, pi. 17. It is also probably the same as lion Fab. Suppl. Ent. Syst. p. 432. " Another species analogous to the preceding as well as to P. thaumas, Fab. names exclamationis Ent. Syst. torn. Ill, pars 1, p. 326, No. 232. Wings, as well as body, blackish ; primaries with a yellowish linear spot, and a point of the same color on the under side. GODART. 120 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. 11. P. peckii Kirby. Faun. Bor. IV, 300. Figured in Kirby, Faun. Amer. Bor. IV, pi. 4. Body brown, paler on the under side. Antennae rufous above ; below the joints a white patch. Knob fusiform, hooked ; wings above tawny brown, with an articulated angular band common to both wings, of pale yellow. Primaries striped and streaked with the same color near the base and in the costal area ; underneath, the wings paler. Primaries have nearly the same marks as above; on the secondaries, the angular band is surmounted by another irregular spot, so as to form two contiguous spots, or rather one large irregular didymous one. Canada. KlKBY. 12. P. numitor Fab. E. S. Ill, 324. Figured in Hiibn. Zutr. f. 275. The smallest of the family. Antennas black, rings white, ter- minating in a small point. Body black above, white below ; upper side of all the wings blackish, but glossed for the greatest extent, with shining yellow ; under side of primaries blackish, with the outer edge and summit yellowish ; under side of secondaries yel- lowish, with the outer edge blackish. United States. GODART. • 13. P. vitellius Sm. Abb. Figured in Sm. Abb. I, pi. 17. Head and thorax of males clothed with greenish, fulvous hairs; club of antennae fulvous, stem brown ; primaries tawny above, with slender black veins ; in the centre of the disk a large black oval spot, the anterior part of which as well as the base within are velvety, and the remainder silky. Outer margin broadly brown and uninterrupted, although irregularly notched within ; two small connected, transverse, fulvous spots near the tip, separating a part of the dark border from the rest. Secondaries above darker tawny, with black veins and a broad irregularly notched dusky border all around the wings, broken near the anal angle by a longitudinal streak of orange, running to the margin. Wings beneath pale tawny ; base of primaries black, with brownish tips, preceded by two small transverse patches of paler buff color, the upper one farthest from the tip. Secondaries marke^ along the margins with some slight dusky spots, indicating the dark border of the upper SYRICIITHUS. 121 side ; a dusky spot in the middle of the disk ; under side of the head and breast pale bulf. United States. — Expands an inch and a quarter. SYRICHTHUS BOISD. Body robust; abdomen not extending- beyond the anal angle of the secondaries ; terminal joint of the palpi inclined ; posterior tibiae with two pairs of spurs. Usually dark brown, with nume- rous translucent angular and square whitish spots, either in rows or scattered. 1. S. oilus Linnt. Syst. Nat. I, 795. S. tartarus Hiibn. S. syrichthus Fab. S. orchus Cram. Figured in Westw. Brit. Butterflies, pi. 38. Wings rounded; primaries varied with black and white. Secon- daries beneath cinereous, with waved black streaks. Antennae black, club cinereous beneath. WESTWOOD. 2. S. ruralis Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. 2me se"r. X, 311. Wings black, with two white spots between the base and the transverse band of the primaries ; secondaries with two bands of spots. Under side of the secondaries mingled with white and brown, the middle and the extremity having a kind of band or brownish shade, with obsolete spots between these two spaces. California. BOISD. 3. S. caespitalis Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. 2me se*r. X, 312. Wings black, with two small white spots between the base and transverse bands of the primaries; secondaries have on the middle a small macular band. Under side of secondaries with a narrow median band, continuous, serrate ; no white spots at the base. California. BOISD. 4. S. scriptura Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. 2me s6r. X, 313. Small ; the white spots small ; two white spots between the base and the transverse band of the primaries. Under side of seconda- ries whitish, with the white spots distinct. California. BOISD. 122 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. / 5. S. ericetorum Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. 2me ser. X, 313. Upper side of the male white, a little sulphury, having no other markings than a festooned terminal line, forming a row of small sagittate spots, resting on a black line at the root of the fringe ; at the summit of the superiors the small spots form two or three rows. Under side of the wings white ; that of the secondaries with two brownish bands, the one covering a part of the base, and the other at the extremity. Upper side of the female blackish, with two white transverse bands ; the first in the middle, wide, sinuous, irregular ; the second, much more narrow, formed of small sagittate spots, except that which is on the upper edge of the primaries, which is quadrangular, and cut by the nerves. California. BOISD. SEC. II. HETEROCERA. Antennce variable; prismatic, pectinate, serrate, moniliform or filiform. Wings never erect when at rest : the posterior pair frequently frenate. Ocelli generally present. Flight sometimes diurnal, sometimes crepuscular, more frequently nocturnal. FAM. I. EPIALIDAE. Proboscis short or none. Palpi obsolete. Antennae moni- liform, scarcely longer than the width of the head. Thorax not crested. Abdomen not barbate. Wings deflected, long, narrow, nearly equal. Primaries opaque, secondaries semi- hyaline. EPIALUS FAB. Antennce shorter than the thorax, moniliform, inserted at the anterior and lateral part of the head, a little above the eyes. Palpi indistinct. Proboscis spiral, but slightly apparent. Wings elon- gated, rather narrow, tectiform. Body more or less pilose — the last abdominal segment of the female forming an elongated oviduct cossus. 123 or sort of tail. Legs simple, more or less pilose. Tarsi composed of five articles, of which the last is terminated by two small hooks. The larva lives in the ground, and feeds on the roots of plants. It is white or reddish- white, soft and naked, or slightly downy, with a brown, horny head ; a spot on the forepart of the body, brown and hard ; sixteen legs. Cocoons imperfect, sometimes made of silk, sometimes of morsels of wood or grains fastened together by gummy silk. 1. E. argenteo-maculatus Harris. Figured in Agassiz' Lake Superior, pi. 7, fig. 6. Superior wings, ashen gray, with silvery white spots near the base. Next to these are three or four brown spots, or an inter- rupted line of brown not extending across, terminating towards the inner angle in an oblong drab spot which extends to the edge. The centre is occupied by an oblique long spot of drab, with an indistinct touch of brown in the middle. On the upper edge there are four drab spots, the one nearest the tip being the largest and rounded below. There is a broad margin of the same color on the outer edge, gradually enlarging from near the tip and narrow- ing at its termination. On this margin there are three indistinct lines of silver white. The inferiors are pale yellow, pilose at the base ; an oblong drab spot on the edge near the tip, and below the tip a large spot of deeper yellow. On the under side the markings are similar, but much less dis- tinct. HARRIS. FAM. COSSIDAB. Body thick, rather densely pilose. Head small. Antennae shorter than half the length of the wings. Palpi small, eyes naked. Proboscis short, or none. Legs short and robust, more or less pilose. Wings' strongly veined. Flight noc- turnal. Wings in repose, tectiform. COSSUS FAB. Body stout. Palpi very short or not visible. Antennae, serrated or pectinated, longer than the thorax. Abdomen extending more 124 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. or less beyond the hind wings. Legs stout, pilose ; hind tibise with four short spurs. Wings rather long, hardly broad. Prima- ries hardly convex along the costa, rounded at the tips, very oblique along the exterior border ; first and second inferior veins almost contiguous at the base ; third near the second and about twice further from the fourth. Female with a serrated oviduct. 1. C. robiniae Peck. Mass. Agric. Soc. Report, V, 67. Male. Dark brown. Primaries paler brown, hoary along the interior border, with irregular blackish reticulations, and with a discal blackish stripe composed of five large irregular spots. Secondaries pale luteous, black to about half the length from the base and along the costa. Female. Hoary, shaded with pale brown. Thorax with three slender black stripes. Primaries with irregular blackish reticulations, and some discal and anterior black streaks. Secondaries dark brown or blackish, paler towards the margin, more indistinctly reticulated. Fringe with black dots. The larva bores the locust tree (JKobinia pseud-acacia"). United States. — Male expands H inch. Female 2 to 2J inches. 2. C. populi Walker. C. B. M., Part VII, p. 1515. Female. Cinereous. Antennae black, very minutely serrated, a little longer than the thorax. Palpi black, extending as far as the head. Legs with whitish bands. Wings slightly reticulated, with very numerous minute transverse blackish streaks. Primaries with two very slender irregular blackish bands ; one at beyond one third of the length ; the other sub-apical and forked in front. Length of the body 14 lines. Wings expand 28 lines. Hudson's Bay. WALKER. 3. C. plagiatus Walk. C. B. M., Part VII, p. 1515. Male. Hoary. Palpi not extending so far as the head ; third joint very minute. Thorax with a slender black stripe along the inner side of each scapula. Tarsi gray, with whitish bands. Pri- maries reticulated with gray, narrower and much more oblique than those of C. populi ; a brown patch with hoary dots on the middle of the interior border, and an irregular, sub-apical oblique band of the same hue. Secondaries gray, hoary and indistinctly reticulated with gray along the borders ; fringe of the four wings ZEUZERA. 125 whitish, with blackish intervals. Length of the body 11 lines, of the wings 28 lines. United States. WALKER. 4. C. querciperda Fitch. Fifth Report, No. 294. " Smaller than C. Rolinice, with thin and slightly transparent wings, which are crossed by numerous black lines, the outer mar- gin only of the forward pair being opaque and of a gray color ; the hind wings colorless, with the inner margin broadly blackish and the hind edge coal black." New York. FITCH. ZEUZERA LATR. Body stout. Palpi very short. AntennaB slender, shorter than the thorax. Abdomen extending far beyond the secondaries. Legs stout, almost bare ; hind tibiae with two very minute apical spurs. Wings narrow. Primaries slightly acuminated, straight along the costa, extremely oblique along the exterior border; discal areolet intersected by a forked veinlet; second superior vein forked at half its length ; second inferior vein more than twice further from the third than from the first; third a little further from the third than from the second. Male. Antennae deeply pectinated, bare from half the length to the tips. Female. Antennae bare. Oviduct exserted. 1. Z. canadensis Ilerr. Schaef. Lep. exot. ser. I, 168. Male. Straw color ; primaries thickly covered with little trans- verse brown streaks; fore part of the disk white, hind part grayish. Secondaries white, with straw-colored veins. Canada. HERE. SCHAEF. 2. Z. pyrina Fab. E. S. 590. Head white, front blue, thorax white, with twelve blue points disposed in the following order : 2, 4, 4, 2. Primaries white, with black points disposed in bands; outer edge ferruginous; anterior tibiaB blue below. North America. FAB. 126 » LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTJI AMERICA. FAM. CONCHILOPODIDAE. LIMACODES DUNCAN. Body rather stout, slender in some species. Proboscis not visible. Palpi porrect, rather stout, covered with scales, extending a little beyond the head ; third joint conical, acute. Antennae of the males simple, compressed, rather serrated, pilose at the apex ; those of the females slender, a little serrated towards the apex, which is acute, extending a little beyond the head. Legs stout, pilose; hind tibiaB with four spurs. Wings moderately broad, deflexed ; primaries elongate, posterior margin rounded. Abdo- men a little tufted at the extremity in both sexes. 1. L. cippus Cram. L. querceti Herr. Scliaef. Figured in Cram. Pap. Exot. I, 84, pi. 53. Sm. Abb. pi. 13. Nat. Libr.,'vol. 37, pi. 21, p. 177. Walker, C. B. M. V, 1144 (1855). Brownish-red. Primaries with a curved dark brown band be- yond two-thirds of the length and with some dark brown marks nearer the base ; each wing with two green spots, which are divided on the outer side by a white and black border from two red spots ; upper green spot transverse, smaller than the other, which is longi- tudinal and attenuated at its tip. Secondaries with testaceous borders and a dark brown spot ori the interior angle. WALKER. Larva destitute of feet, properly so called, their place being supplied merely by a few protuberances ; and along the under side of the body there is a soft pliable membrane, covered with a kind of glutinous matter, by means of which and the protuber- ances, it slides rather than creeps over the surface of a body. The back appears composed of three parts, the intermediate of which is separated from the others by a kind of keel, and is oval, a little pointed at both ends ; the lateral parts projecting a little beyond the edges of the body. The head is entirely retractile. NAT. LIB. 2. L. quercicola Herr. Schaeffer. Lep. exot. I, f. 175. Walker, C. B. M. V, 1144. Brownish-red. Primaries with a curved dark brown band, be- yond two-thirds of the length, and with two dark brown discal LIMACODES. 12 f spots nearer the base ; each wing with two small green spots, which are contiguous on the outer side to two larger red spots ; fore green spot transverse, hind one triangular. Secondaries rather paler than the fore wings. Georgia. WALKER. 3. L ? pithecium Sm. Abb. Figured in Sm. Abb. pi. 74. Nat. Libr. vol. 37, pi. 31, p. 185. Primaries bluish, with transverse waved bands of yellowish- brown, and more or less clouded with dusky ; secondaries entirely brown, with a narrow yellow line within the fringe; body of the female rather thick, thorax and abdomen bluish, the former brown on the side and 'the latter with brown rings. The body of the male is wholly light brown, with clouds of a deeper color, and the abdomen tufted at the apex. The female expands an inch and three lines, the male somewhat less. NAT. LIB. Larva flat, with long projecting appendages on each side, covered with hairs and two other projecting pieces of intermediate size behind the head, and a larger pair over the tail. 4. L ? spinuloides Boisd. Figured in Herr. Schaef. Lep. exot. sp . ser. I, f. 187. Walker, C. B. M., V, 1147. Ferruginous. Primaries with an oblong black discal spot, a row of black marginal dots, and a short white costal sub-apical streak. Secondaries' pale brown, with very pale borders. Male. Antennas slightly pectinated. Primaries with two oblique brown bands, which are connected by the interior border. Female. An- tennse simple. Primaries dingy whitish along the costa near the base, with an oblique dingy whitish band which includes the black discal spot, with a short oblique white streak resting on the inte- rior border, and with a short sub-apical band of black dots. North America. WALKER. 5. L ? fasciola Boisd. Figured in Herr. Schaef. Lep. exot. sp. ser. I, f. 186. Walker, C. B. M., V, 1148. Male. Fawn color. Antennas hardly pectinated. Primaries reddish, with a slightly^oblique white band, which is forked behind and hooked in front, with a white apical spot, and with a blackish 128 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. band which proceeds from the hook of the white band. Seconda- ries testaceous. North America. WALKER. 6. L? textula Doisd. Figured in Herr. Schaef. Lep. exot. sp. ser. I, f. 184. Walker, C. B. M., V, 1148. Female. Pale fawn color. Wings with abbreviated transverse whitish bands, whose borders are partly blackish. North America. WALKER. 7. L? pallida Walk. C. B. M., V, 1148. Testaceous. Antennae nearly simple. Abdomen extending as far as the hind wings. Primaries with two curved gray slender discal bands. North America. WALKER. 8. L ? flavula Boisd. Figured in Herr. Schaef. Lep. exot. sp. ser. I, f. 183. Walker, C. B. M., V, 1149. Male. Primaries pale fawn color. Antennas simple. Seconda- ries whitish. Nova Scotia. WALKER. 9. L. laticlavia Clemens. Proc. A. N. S., Phil. 1860, p. 157. Body and fore wings rather dark ochreous yellow. Fore wings with an oblique silvery band, inclined towards the base of the wings, from the costa to the middle of the inner margin, and toothed toward the base on the sub-median nervure or fold. A rather faint reddish-brown line extends from the costal origin of the silvery band to the hind margin beneath the middle. Hind wings pale ochreous yellow. Abdomen rather reddish ochreous. Larva. Outline elliptical, somewhat pointed behind ; body flat- tened, with the sides curving from a central ridge, flattened above. The ridge has a vertical elevation at its sides, growing less and less before and behind, and terminates in front in a rounded margin, and behind in an obtuse short spine. The body is smooth, with no distinct spined papulaa, but the edges of the ridge and the out- line of the body are thrown into folds, sub-^renated. The body is thickest in the middle, whence it curves anteriorly and posteriorly. PIMELA. ADOXETA. 129 General color of the body is pale green and dotted with numerous yellow points. Central ridge is bordered in front with yellow. The larva feeds on the under side of the leaf of maple in Sep- tember, and the imago appears in the spring. — Clemens, Pro. A. K S., 1860, p. 157. FIMELA CLEMENS. Lagoa? Walker. . P. lanuginosa Clemens. Prbc. A. N. S. Phila. p. 156, 1860. Female ? The wings of my specimen are badly worn and de- nuded. Antennae pale brownish-yellow. Face dark brownish; head and tail dull yellow. The anterior tibiae and all the tarsi are dark brownish. The undenuded portion of the fore wings at the base, is woolly and pale brownish-yellow. Male? Antennae yellowish-white. Face and the fore legs black- ish-brown, the hairs white and all the tarsi blackish-brown toward the ends. Thorax white, very slightly tinted with yellowish. Ab- domen rather deep, dull yellow. Wings white, slightly tinted with yellowish; fore wings woolly toward the base, with a dark brownish discoloration along the upper part of the disk and the costa ad- joining it. CLEMENS. ADONETA CLEMENS. A. voluta Clemens. Proc. A. N. S. p. 158, 1860. Reddish-brown, somewhat paler in the 9 than the $ . Fore wings with a dingy yellow streak along the base of the inner mar- gin, extended toward the disk above the middle of the wing, and on this portion are two or three blackish dots. On the hind por- tion of the disk is a short black streak. In the £ there is another short black streak along the median nervure and its last branch, with a curved row of three black submarginal spots. The lower streak and the spots are as distinct in the 9 as in the £ . In both sexes there is a subapical dingy yellow patch, lightly bordered behind with whitish. Hind margin spotted with black. Hind wing pale reddish-brown. Larva. Body semi-cylindrical, tapering posteriorly, and round- ed obtusely in front. Nearly smooth, but with a subvascular row of small fleshy, minutely spined papulae on each side of the vascular line, three of which, placed anteriorly, are separated and distinct, 9 130 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. and three approximated on the last rings; the intermediate ones are minute. The outline of the body above the ventral surface is furnished with a row of minute spined papulae. Bright green, with a broad dorsal yellow band containing a reddish purple one, which is constricted opposite the second and third pairs of anterior papulae and dilated into an elliptical patch in the middle of the body. This is almost separated from a smaller elliptical patch which is constricted opposite the third pair of pos- terior papulae and ends in a small round patch. The anterior and posterior papulae are crimson and the intermediate ones green. The superventral row of spined papulae are green. In September, on the leaf of apricot. Imago in March. CLEMENS. EMPRETIA CLEMENS. E. stimulea Clemens. Proc. A. N. S. p. 158, 1860. Body and fore wings uniform dark ferruginous, with two small subapical white spots, and in the £ two more near the base of the wing beneath the median nervure. Hind wings pale reddish-brown. Larva. Body semicylindrical, truncated obliquely before and behind, with a pair of anterior long, fleshy, subvascular, slenderly spined horns and a pair smaller beneath them, above the head; a posterior similar pair and a smaller anal pair beneath them. The superventral row of papulae are rather large and densely spined. After the last moulting the longer horns become moderate in length. The portion of the body between the anterior and posterior horns is a fine bright green color, bordered anteriorly and super- ventrally by white, with a central, dorsal, oval reddish-brown patch bordered with white, which color is again edged by a black line. The horns, papulae, and anterior portion of the body are reddish- brown, with a small yellow spot between the anterior horns, while the posterior pair are placed in a yellow patch. The spines with which the horns are supplied produce an ex- ceedingly painful sensation when they come in contact with the back of the hand, or any portion of the body on which the skin is thin. On a great variety of plants; fruit trees, the rose, Indian corn (Zea mays), and a number of other plants. CLEMENS. NOCHELIA. 131 E. paenulata Clemens. Proc. A. N. S. Phila. p. 159, 1860. Body dark reddish-brown. Fore wings dark reddish-brown along all the borders, with a large central pea-green patch, ex- tending from the base of the wing to the subterminal portion, bordered narrowly on the inner side and behind with white, and deeply indented opposite the middle of the inner margin, where there is a bright brown patch in the reddish-brown border. Hind wings yellowish-brown. I do not know the larval state of this species, and have only two specimens, both apparently females. I can perceive no differ- ence in the structural characters of the imago of this and the pre- vious species, and am quite sure that they belong to the same generic group. The discovery of the larval form will, however, determine the question. Illinois. CLEMENS. NOCHELIA CLEMENS. N. tardigrada Clemens. Proc. A. N. S. Phil. p. 159, 1860. Male. Body and fore wings rather dark reddish-brown, with a small, nearly triangular pea-green patch narrowly bordered with dark brown at the base of the wing, beneath the median nervure, slightly excavated behind where it adjoins a bright brown patch. Towards the hind end of the disk, in its middle, is a minute oval dark brown streak; .two small pea-green subapical spots, the one nearest the costa minute. Larva. The body is elliptical, much flattened above. There is on each side a row of subvascular, minutely spined papulaB, of which the three anterior and two posterior are more conspicuous than the rest. The superventral row of papulas are moderate, equal, and form the outline of the body. General color very pale green, with dorsal patches of the general hue beautifully margined by crimson lines, and crimson vascular patches, of which those between the fourth and fifth, seventh and eighth pairs of subvascular papula3 are most conspicuous, although small. All the papulae are pale green. On the apricot in September. Imago in April. The genera Pimela, Limacodes, Adoneta, Empretia, and No- chelia belong to that most anomalous family Limacodidae. Per- 132 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. haps some of the groups described as new have been heretofore established, but I found the effort to identify them from meagre and unsatisfactory diagnoses of the imago an almost futile task. CLEMENS. FAM. IY. ZYGAENIDAE. Front squamose. Palpi cylindrical, barbate, or hirsute ; third article very distinct, sometimes naked. Antennas fusi- form, sometimes cylindric, and rnoniliform, often pectinate. Tongue long, convolute. Tibias armed at the apex with four more or less distinct spurs. Wings deflected, longer than the body; primaries more narrow; secondaries rounded, very rarely angular. Flight diurnal. Larva rather contracted, sluggish; head small, pubescent or pilose. Pupa folliculate. ALYPIA KIRBY. Body short, rather robust. Head small ; eyes moderate. Pro- boscis shorter than half the body. Palpi hairy, extending a little beyond the head ; second article a little longer than the first ; antennae thicker in the middle than at the apex, nearly as long as the body; thorax thick; abdomen more slender. Wings rather wide, not elongate, rounded on the margins. Feet robust, rather hairy, with strong spines. 1. A. octomaculata Fab. A. octomaculalis Hiibn. A. quadriguttalis Hiibn. Figured in Sm. Abb-, pi. 44. Black, with two sulphur-yellow spots on the primaries and two white ones on the secondaries; shoulder-covers and front sulphur- yellow; fore and middle tibiae thickly covered with orange hairs. Larva cylindrical, elongated, yellow, with transverse rows of black points, slightly hairy, without a caudal horn. Lives on the grape- vine, and incloses itself in a cocoon in the earth. Northern States. 2. A. guttata Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. X, 2me ser. 320. Upper side black; secondaries without spots; primaries with about eighteen pale yellow, mostly rounded spots, of which two or, three, towards the upper edge, are small and punctiform. Body black, with the shoulders and shield pale yellow ; end of the PROCRIS. 133 abdomen fulvous, as well as the head. Underside of the primaries like the upper. California. Rare. BOISD. 3. A. McCullochi Kirby. Figured in Kirby, Faun. Amer. Bor. IV, pi. 4, Body and wings very black; orbits of eyes externally clothed with white hairs ; tippets whitish ; primaries with three white spots, one near the base, oblique, obversely wedge shaped, divided into two by a longitudinal black line; next, at a little distance from the anterior margin, is a subtrapezoidal small white spot, between which and the posterior margin is an articulated band, abbreviated at each end, of the same color, consisting of six spots divided by black lines; 'the same spots distinguish the under surface of these wings, and besides, there is a whitish longitudinal one on the costal area. The secondaries have three white spots on both surfaces, viz., a large rectangular one near the base divided longitudinally into four; a longitudinal band divided into five spots; the longi- tudinal costal streak may almost be regarded as forming a sixth. The four anterior legs are covered with orange hairs. Canada. KIRBY. FAM. Y. GLAUCOPIDIDAE HARRIS.* PROCRIS FAB. Aglaope Latr. Wings narrow, elongated, opaque, immaculate. Antenna slen- der, tapering at each end, and bipectinated beneath in the males. Palpi small, short, pendent, and nearly naked. Tongue short, but distinct and spirally rolled. Abdomen slender and nearly cylin- drical in the males, thicker in the females, and tufted at the end. Spurs of the hind tibia3 two in number, and very minute. HARRIS. * The succeeding descriptions by Harris will be found in Silliman's American Journal of Science, vol. xxxvi. 134 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. 1. P. americana Boisd. Figured in Guerin's Iconographie and Griffitli's Cuvier. Blue black, with a saffron colored collar and a fan shaped, some- what bilobed black caudal tuft. Expands from ten lines to an inch. Larva hairy, green, with black bands. It is gregarious and devours the leaves of the grape vine, and undergoes its trans- formations in an oblong-oval, tough whitish cocoon, which is fas- tened to a leaf. 2. P? smithsoniana Clemens. Pr. A. N. S. p. 540, 1860. The entire insect is greenish black; immaculate. Texas. CLEMENS. 3. P. (Acoloithus Clemens) falsarius Clem. Pr. A. N. S: p. 540, 1860. Black. Prothorax fulvous, especially on the sides, with a point on the median line black. Hind wings rather thin. Penna., 111. CLEMENS. MALTHACA CLEMENS. M. perlucidula Clemens. Proceedings Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1860, p. 541. Blackish-brown. Wings slightly transparent. Fore wings with the basal half luteous above the fold. Hind wings luteous along the costa from the base to the middle. CLEMENS. GLAUCOPIS FAB. Wings narrow in some, broad in others, entire, for the most part opaque, and with the body more or less glossed with blue, some- times spotted or partially transparent. Antenna feathered or bi- pectinated in both sexes; the pectinations elongated in the males and short in the females. Palpi more or less elongated and re- curved. Tongue moderate, spirally rolled. Caudal tuft minute or wanting. Posterior tibia? with three or four spurs of moderate size. HARRIS. 1. G. ipomoeae Harris. Fore wings greenish-black, with three yellowish-white dots near the front margin and two others close together beyond the middle ; GLAUCOPIS. 135 hind wings violet-black, with a transparent colorless spot at base ; body tawny orange; antennce and head black, the latter spotted with orange; abroad stripe on the shoulder-covers, a transverse spot on the thorax behind, and the incisures of the abdomen black ; legs violet-black; coxae beneath, and a spot on the thighs, orange colored. Southern States. — Expands an inch and three-quarters. HARRIS. 2. G. (Cosmosoma Hilbn.') omphale Hiibn. (according to Say). Alge- ria omphale Say. Figured in Say Amer. Ent. VII, pi. 19. Scarlet? wings transparent, veined and bordered with black; the first pair with a small black subcostal spot, and the black bor- der very much widened at tip; head azure blue; antenna? black, with the tips white; two terminal joints of the palpi, and a line on each shoulder-cover black; four azure-blue dots in a transverse row on the fore part of the thorax ; last four segments of the abdomen black, with four azure blue spots on each side, and a dorsal black line extending from the middle of the second segment, including in it seven azure blue spots; belly and outside of the second pair of tibise black. Florida. — Expands an inch and a half or more. For a specimen of this beautiful insect I am indebted to Mr. Doubleday. It cannot belong to the genus jEgeria, to which it was referred by Mr. Say, in his American Entomology, where it is figured. United States. HARRIS. 3. G. (Lycomorpha Harris) pholus Fab. Blue-black or deep indigo blue; wings at base and shoulder- covers orange. Expands fourteen or fifteen lines. Larva pale green with- yellowish spots running into the green; head black, covered with a few short whitish hairs ; body sparingly clothed with rather long hairs, which are white at the sides and black on the back, the hairs arising singly from minute tubercles, those on the third segment the longest, and with the others before them directed forwards. It eats the lichens on stone heaps in shady places, and undergoes its transformation in a thin silky cocoon. United States. HARRIS. 136 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. 4. G. semidiapha.ua Harris. G. fulvicollis Hiibn. Slate color. Wings rather narrow and subacute ; first pair brownish slate, with the anterior edge clay-colored ; hind wings semi-transparent in the middle ; head and antenna black ; collar, front edge of the breast, and base of the palpi orange. Expands fifteen to sixteen lines. Middle and Southern States. HARRIS. 5. Gr. latreillana Kirby. Faun. Amer. Bor. Fore wings dusky drab with a silky lustre, and the anterior edge clay color; hind wings rusty black; fringes of all the wings white, interrupted with black in the middle; top of the head, orbits be- hind, base of the palpi, front of the breast, and a spot on the fore part of each shoulder-cover orange ; thorax, abdomen, and coxae glaucous or greenish-blue, with a silky lustre; abdomen beneath and legs light brown. Northern States. HARRIS. 6. G. latipennis Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. X, 2me ser. 320. Wings black, each marked on the disk with a very pale yellow spot, divided into three unequal parts ; primaries near the summit, with an oblique band formed of four yellow spots of the same yel- low. Body bluish-black ; pectus marked with fulvous. California. BOISD. 7. G. epimenis Drury. Vol. III. 39. Probably genus Brepha. Brownish-black. Fore wings sprinkled in spots with light blue scales, which form a narrow band near the hinder margin and marked with a large yellowish-white patch beyond the middle ; hind wings with a broad dark orange red band behind the middle. The white spot of the fore wings is indented toward the middle of the wing, and on the under side there is a small triangular spot near the base of the wing and a short transverse one beyond it, which unites behind with the angular projection of the large white patch. Expands rather more than one inch. North America. HARRIS. TROCHILIUM. 137 FAM. VI. ^EGERIAD^E HARRIS. With false eyes or ocelli. Secondaries wide, entire; fringe short, vitreous, with &frenulum; two or three nerves on the interior margin, besides five others without a costal. Hy- menopterous like insects, whose primaries usually are vitre- ous to the margins, and secondaries altogether. Body large ; eyes naked; antennae longer than half the primaries, gradu- ally enlarging and again diminishing at the tip; seldom fili- form; usually ciliate in the male, more seldom lamellar or pectinate. Palpi strongly developed, erect, hairy below; terminal joint sharp, naked. For the most part a distinct spiral tongue; in Trochilium only two short soft pieces. Legs robust, covered with scales or hairs, with two pairs of long spurs. Abdomen extending far beyond the anal angle, with seven segments (the female has but six), with red, yellow, or white rings, usually with a caudal tuft. Primaries narrow, at least four times longer than wide; interior angle rounded. Secondaries shorter but much wider; anal angle rounded. In a state of rep6se the wings are usually about half erected. Larva usually whitish, with head dark. Lives in the bark or the interior of trees and shrubs, seldom in the roots or stalks of herbaceous plants. TROCHILIUM SCOP. Antennae gradually thickened nearly to the end, which is curved but not hooked; tip -with a pencil of hairs. Two short soft pro- cesses instead of a tongue. Hornet like in appearance. Body stout; antenna of the males with a lamellar process at every joint ; palpi strong, densely pilose ; legs, especially the posterior, clothed with a sort of fur. Male only with a caudal tuft. Primaries often, secondaries always trans- parent. HARRIS. 1. T. marginatum Harris. Black. Wings transparent; first pair with a broad border, the tip and a transverse band beyond the middle pale brown ; hind wings with a broad black fringe; antennae black; two longitudinal lines on the thorax; hind margins of the abdominal segments, 138 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. orbits, palpi, and legs, except at base, yellow. Expands rather more than one inch and a quarter. New Hampshire. HARRIS. 2. T. tibiale Harris. Brownish. Wings transparent; first pair with a narrow border and an abbreviated band beyond the middle pale brown ; hind wings with a narrow brownish fringe; antennae black; orbits, two lines on the thorax, edges of the abdominal segments and tibia3 yellow ; hindmost tibiae covered with yellow hairs. Expands one inch and a half. The yellow bands on the abdomen are much nar- rower and less bright than in marginatum. New Hampshire. — On Populus candicans. HARRIS. 3. T. denudatum Harris. Chestnut brown. Fore wings opaque, with a large triangular transparent spot adjacent to the outer hind angle, a rusty red spot at base, and another near the middle; hind wings transparent, with the margin and fringe brown, and a rust red costal spot; orbits, edges of the collar, incisions of the abdomen, tibiae, and tarsi dull yellow; antennae brownish above, rust yellow at tip and beneath. Expands from one inch and a quarter to more than one inch and a half. HARRIS. T. tricincta Harris. Blue-black. Fore wings opaque; hind wings transparent, with the border, fringe, and a short transverse line near the middle black; palpi at tip, collar, a spot on each shoulder, and three bands on the abdomen yellow; antennae short, black; four posterior tibias banded with orange ; tarsi yellow, tipped with black ; tail flat, with two longitudinal yellow lines. Expands from one inch to one inch and two lines. This species seems to come near to the European T. asiliformis; but the male has only three yellow abdominal bands ; while in the asiliformis there are five bands in the male sex. The antennae are shorter and thicker than in the following species, and are furnished beneath with a double row of short pectinations or teeth, which are thickly fringed with hairs. The sexes were captured together upon the common tansy. North America. HARRIS. TROCHILIUM. 139 T. cucurbitae Harris. Fore wings opaque, lustrous olive brown; bind wings transpa- rent, with the margin and fringe brown; antennae greenish-black; palpi pale yellow, with a little black tuft near the top ; thorax olive; abdomen deep orange, with a transverse basal black band, and a longitudinal row of five or six black spots; tibiae and tarsi of the hind legs thickly fringed on the inside with black and on the outside with long orange-colored hairs; spurs covered with white hairs. Expands from thirteen to fifteen lines. Larva similar in form and color to those of other species. Lives in the pith of squash and pumpkin vines. Forms in the ground a cocoon composed of grains of earth cemented by a gummy matter. Pupa almost entirely excluded from the cocoon during the last transformation. North America. HARRIS. T. caudata Harris. Brown. Male with the fore wings transparent from the base to the middle; hind wings transparent, with a brownish border, fringe, and subcostal spot; antennae, palpi, collar, and tarsi tawny yellow; hind legs yellow ; end of the tibiae and first tarsal joint fringed with tawny yellow and black hairs; tail slender, cylindrical, nearly as long as the body, tawny yellow, with a little black tuft on each side at base. The female differs from the male in having the fore wings entirely opaque; the hind legs black, with a rusty spot in the middle of the tibiae, and fringed with black; caudal tuft of the ordinary form and size. Expands from one inch to one inch and three lines. Larva inhabits the stems of our indigenous currant, Riles floridum. HARRIS. T. syringae Harris. Brown. Fore wings with a transparent line at base; hind wings transparent, with a brown border, fringe, and subcostal spot; an- tennae, palpi, collar, first and second pairs of tarsi, and middle of the intermediate tibiae rust red ; middle of the tibiae and the tarsi of the hind legs yellow. Expands one inch and two lines. Larva lives in the trunks of Syringa vulgaris, the common lilac. HARRIS. 140 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. T. exitiosa Say. Figured in Say, Amer. Ent. VII, pi. 19. Steel blue. Male with the wings transparent; the margins and fringes, and a band beyond the middle of th.e first pair steel blue; palpi, collar, edges of the shoulder-covers and of the abdominal segments, two bands on the tibiae including the spurs, anterior tarsi, and lateral edges of the wedge-shaped tail pale yellow. Female with the fore wings opaque ; the hind wings transparent, with a broad opaque front margin, and the fringe purple-black ; antennae, palpi, legs, and abdomen steel blue, the latter encircled in the middle by a broad saffron-colored band. Male expands from nine to thirteen lines ; female from fifteen to seventeen lines. Larva inhabits the trunks and roots of the peach and cherry trees, beneath the bark. The larva is the well known peach-tree borer, which annually injures to a great extent or destroys numbers of these trees. For the means of preventing its ravages, see Say's Entomology, Yol. II, and my communication in the New England Farmer, Yol. Y, p. 33. The insects above described, though very dissimilar, are really the sexes of one species. I have raised many of them from the larvae, and have also repeatedly captured them, in connection, on the trunks of peach and cherry trees. HARRIS. T. fulvipes Harris. Blue black. Wings transparent; margin and fringes, and a transverse band beyond the middle of the first pair blue-black ; antennae black, yellowish at the end; palpi beneath, a spot on the thorax under the origin of the wings, intermediate and hindmost tibiae, all the tarsi, and the basal half of the under side of the abdomen orange colored; hindmost tibiae somewhat thickened by a covering of tawny hairs. Expands thirteen lines. HARRIS. T. tipuliformis Harris. Blue-black. Wings transparent, with the margin and fringes blackish; the first pair with a transverse blue-black band beyond the middle, and a broad one at tip streaked with copper color ; antennae black; palpi beneath, collar, upper edges of the shoulder- covers, a spot on each side of the breast, three narrow rings on the abdomen, ends of the tibiae, and the spurs pale golden yellow; tail fan-shaped, blue-black. The male has an additional transverse yellow line between the second and third abdominal bands. Ex- THYRIS. 141 pands from seven and a half to nine lines. Larva lives in the pith of the currant bush. This destructive /insect is hot a native, but has been introduced from Europe with the cultivated currant bush. HARRIS. T. scitula Hairis. Purple-black. Wings transparent, with the margins golden yel- low; the first pair with a narrow purple-brown band beyond the middle and a broad one at the tip ornamented with golden yellow lines; fringes blackish; front and orbits covered with silvery white hairs; antennae black; palpi, collar, upper edges of the shoulder- covers, a narrow band at the base of the abdomen, a dorsal spot behind it, a broad band around the middle, the lateral edges of the fan-shaped lail, anterior coxae, sides of the breast, tibiae and tarsi, except at the joints, with the spurs golden-yellow. Expands about eight lines. This beautiful little species is easily distinguished by tlfe prevalence of yellow on the under side of the body and legs. HARRIS. T. pyri Harris. Purple-black. Wings transparent, with the margins, a narrow band beyond the middle of the first pair, and a broad one at tip, purple-black, the latter streaked with brassy yellow ; antennae black- ish ; palpi beneath, collar, edges of the shoulder-covers, a broad band across the middle of the abdomen, a narrow one before it, an indistinct transverse line at base, the posterior half of the ab- domen beneath, the srdes of the breast, anterior coxae, legs except the joints of the tibiae, and the lateral edges of the wedge-shaped tail golden yellow. Expands six lines and a half. Larva lives under the bark of the pear-tree. For some further particulars respecting this species, see my communication in the New England Farmer, Yol. IX, p. 2, .1830. HARRIS. THYRIS ILLIGER. Wings broad, subtriangular, more or less angulated and indented, opaque, with small semi-transparent spots. Antenna fusiform, but slender, and only slightly thickened in the middle ; arcuated and simple in both sexes. Tongue moderate. Body short and thick ; Abdomen conical and tufted at the end. HARRIS. 142 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. T. maculata Harris. * Brownish-black, sprinkled with rust yellow dots; hind margins of the wings deeply scalloped, with the edges of the indentations white ; each of the wings with a transparent white spot, which in the fore wings is nearly oval and slightly narrowed in the middle; in the hind wings larger, kidney shaped, and almost divided in two; palpi beneath, a spot before the anterior coxse, the tips of the tar- sal joints above, and the hind edges of the last three or four ab- dominal segments white. Expands from six to eight lines. Massachusetts. HARRIS. FAM. VII. PSYCHIADAE. THYRIDOPTBRYX STEPH. Body of the male densely pilose. Antennae deeply pe'c- tinated, not longer than the thorax. Abdomen extending beyond the wings. Legs pilose. Wings narrow, bare, vitre- ous, and colorless. Primaries about twice the length of the secondaries, rounded at the tips. Secondaries slightly trunc- ated, with a long and stout frenulum. Female apterous. T. ephemaeraeformis Harris. Black, pilose; wings vitreous; anterior margin of the primaries and interior of the secondaries squamous. HARRIS. PEROPHORA HARRIS. Body stout, thickly clothed with short hairs. Proboscis obso- lete, palpi short ; antennce of the male deeply pectinated to the tips; abdomen extending beyond the hind wings; legs rather short; femora and tibiae thickly pilose ; wings rather long, thickly clothed, opaque. Female winged ; antennce moderately pectinated. P. melsheimerii Harris. Pale ash red ; wings irrorate with minute black points; a com- mon oblique linear fuscous fascia bent backwards before the apex of the primaries, marked with a larger median blackish point. HARRIS. SPHINGIDAE. 143 FAM. VIII. SPHINGIDAE.1 The perfect insects included in this group are characterized by the absence of simple eyes on the vertex at the base of the antenna?. The head is well developed, and well clothed with hairs, that but rarely show a tendency to become tufted; the antennas are prismatic, and more or less thickened towards the tip, where they are recurved in the form of a hook, and surmounted by a ciliated seta; they are doubly .ciliated in the males, on the sides of the plates prolonged beneath from the stalk, and nearly simple in the females: in some genera the terminal seta is obsolete, but the stalk is distinctly pris- matic, and the articles are ciliated or bear short pectinations in the males. The eyes are usually large, hemispherical and salient, and the palpi have the third article reduced to a mere point, placed on the summit of the well developed second article. The tongue is usually well developed, and nearly equal to the length of the body; in some instances it is more than twice longer than the body, and in others it is almost obsolete. The thorax is always well developed and large, containing powerful muscles, that are attached to elongated, narrow and dense wings, the inner border of which is much shorter than the exterior, in consequence of the obliquity of the hind margin, and are attached to each other by a bristle and hook. They are characterized by,the following peculiarities of struc- ture. The basal portions of the marginal and costal nerv- ures are thick and strong, and contiguous to each other and the subcostal nervure; these and the subcosto-marginal nerv- ules proceed towards the apex of the wing almost like a bundle of rods, thus forming an external margin capable of resisting rapid and strong vibrations upon the atmosphere. In addition to the two marginal nervules, given off from near the posterior-superior angle of the disk, the subcostal divides into a subcosto-apical, post-apical and inferior nerv- ules. At the origin of the subcosto-inferior, the discal-nerv- 1 The following monograph of the Sphingidae is the production of Dr. Brackenridge Clemens, of Easton, Pa., and was published in the Journal of the Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., July, 1859. By his kind permission it is inserted here. Everything is retained except the admirable paper on Classification which precedes it, and some minor details, besides a few Brazilian species. — J. G. M. 144 LEP1DOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. ure takes a transverse course, throwing off near its centre, the disco central, and joins the submedian at the origin of the medio-superior nervule; in addition to this, the median throws off more posteriorly the medio-central and posterior nervules. Lastly, near the inner margin is found the sub- median nervure, which is simple and usually bifid at the base. In the posterior, wings, the costal nervure is simple and prolonged to the hind margin, and is connected with the subcostal towards the base, by a short intercostal nervule. The subcostal nervure subdivides into two branches, the apical and -postapical ; the discal nervure arises at the bifur- cation of the subcostal, and emits the disco-central nervule about its centre, and anastomoses with the submedian at the origin of the medio-superior. The median nervure is nearly straight, but angulated at the origin of the rnedio-central, and posterior to this point throws off the medio-posterior. The submedian and internal nervures are both simple. This pterogostic structure, without undergoing any essen- tial variation whatever from the type, is found in all the genera of the group. The abdomen is usually cylindrico-conical, longer than the posterior pair of wings, sometimes tufted at the tip, and each of its segments are furnished on the posterior edges with a row of acute spinules concealed by a covering of scales. The legs are usually long and strong, and the under sur- face of the tarsi roughened with numerous, acute, rigid spin- ules and furnished with a pair of free, simple claws. The anterior tarsi have a long single spur on the inner surface, the middle a terminal pair, and the posterior two pair. The eggs of the perfect insect are deposited singly on the food-plants of the larvas, which are usually conspicuous in size when full grown, and live a solitary life. They have naked, cylindrical bodies, varying slightly in form, arid pre- senting, usually, differences of ornamentation in the several genera. They possess eight pairs of feet, three of which are thoracic, four abdominal, and one terminal ; the latter are large, strong, and almost square, with the plants situated at .the anterior angle. On the dorsum of the eleventh segment is placed a rigid spine, called the caudal horn, and when this is absent it is replaced by a lenticular tubercle. * The pupas are cylindrico-conical, with the extremity of the abdominal case terminating in single, stout, acute spine, and is contained in an imperfect cocoon, or near the surface in a cell, or in a subterranean cell. SPHINGIDAE. 145 Synoptical Table of Genera. A. ANTERIOR WINGS ENTIRE. I.* Terminal margin obliquely convex. f Antennae clavato-prismatic or prismatic, with a short hook and seta. J Abdomen long, cylindrico-conical, not tufted at the tip. 1O Tongue twice, or nearly twice, as long as the body. Macrosila. — Head large ; eyes very large ; wings rather broad, interior angle dilated. S. Leucophaeata. — Head large, eyes very large ; wings- narrow, interior angle rounded. 2O Tongue nearly as long as the body, or somewhat longer. Sphinx. — Head rather long and narrow, eyes small ; wings narrow and long. Macrosila Forestan. — Head large and broad, eyes large ; fore wings broad. Wings rather short and broad, hind margin in middle slightly dilated. Dolba. — Tongue a little longer than the body, eyes small, head broad and obtuse. 3° Tongue two-thirds as long as the body. Pachylia (in part). — Head large, prominent, eyes large; body thick and large. Darapsa, Group II. — Tongue moderately long. Interior border of wings straight. Lapara. — Tongue moderate ; head small and short ; palpi very short ; abdo- men linear. 4° Tongue about one-third as long as the body. Ceratomia. — Body thick ; head small, eyes small ; thorax short, globose ; abdomen long. Daremma. — Body rather slender ; tongue short, distinct ; abdomen taper- ing. 5° Tongue as long as palpi. Ellema. — Body subfusiform ; head small, narrow, subtufted and -sessile ; eyes small. ft Antennae slender, minutely serrate-setose. t Abdomen more or less tufted at the tip. (Enosanda. — Head slightly crested; tongue moderate; palpi long and slender. Perigonia. — Head rounded, smooth; tongue rather short ; palpi very short and stout. Macroglossa. — Head very broad ; tongue one-half as long as body, eyes small ; palpi broad beneath, fit Antennae subclavate or fusiform, with a minute hook. J Abdomen not tufted at the tip. Arctonotus. — Tongue obsolete or very short; Body very pilose ; abdomen hardly longer than thorax. 10 146 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. Deilephila. — Tongue as long, or nearly as long, as body ; abdomen atten- uated at tip. Jt Abdomen tufted at the tip. Sesia. — Wings hyaline in the middle. Macroglossa. — Wings opaque ; tongue as long as the body. II*. Terminal margin wavy between nervules. Anceryx. — Tongue as long as the body; head broad and conical, eyes large ; wings narrow. M. Antaeus. — Tongue nearly twice as long as the body. S. Juglandis 9 • — Tongue nearly obsolete. III.* Terminal margin nearly straight or slightly sinuate. Anceryx Caicus. — Body rather long and slender, wings narrow, f Antennae with a long hook tapering to the end, ciliferous in ^ , simple in £ . it Abdomen thick and large ; wings deeply concave on inner border. Tongue two-thirds as long as the body. Pachylia. — Interior angle of hind wings, covered with white scales ; head broad, eyes large. Tongue as long as the body. Philampelus. ff Antennae somewhat fusiform, rather short, hook minute. t Abdomen oblanceolate, body long and slender. Tongue as long as the body. Anterior wings narrow, tip very acute, often somewhat hooked. Chaerocampa. — Head large, conical ; eyes moderate ; abdomen with a slen- der pencil of hairs. IV.* Terminal margin excavated by the tip, convex from the middle. t Abdomen without apical tuft. Ambulyx. — Wings narrow and very long ; head prominent, conical, ob- tuse ; tongue long. Tongue not quite as long as the body, or as long. Pergesa. — Antennae filiform, longer than thorax; body oblanceolate; wings slightly denticulated. Chaerocampa (in part). Tongue nearly obsolete. S. Juglandis £ . — Antennae subpectinated. Tongue about one-half as long as the body. Darapsa.— Head subtufted, front nearly vertical, eyes small ; antennas with a long hook. JJ Abdomen with apical tuft. Fore wings with silvery streaks. Calliomma, Group II. — Head prominent, conical ; antennae minutely ser- rate setose. B. ANTERIOR WINGS NOT ENTIRE. I.* Terminal margin angulated, denticulated, excised or indented. 10 Fore wings with angular indentations above interior angle. t Abdomen with apical tuft. SESIA. *147 Proserpinus. — Antennae clavate with minute hook; tongue as long as body ; eyes minute. it Abdomen without apical tuft. Unzela. — Antenna rather slender ; tongue moderately long. 20 Fore wings circularly excavated near the tip and interior angle, middle rounded. Thyreus, Group II. — Head small, eyes very small; tongue equal to 3d abdominal ring. 3° Fore wings truncated at the tips. f Angulated and denticulated, t Tongue nearly as long as the body. Thyreus, Group I. Abdomen with apical tuft; head broad and obtuse; eyes small. ft Angulated in the middle, it Abdomen with apical tuft. Enyo. — Antennje subfusiform, short, with angular hook ; tongue equal to 3d abdominal ring. Perigonia. — Antennae slender, setaceous; tongue rather short; head ob- tuse ; palpi short. ttt Abdomen without apical tuft, or scarcely tufted. Calliomma/ Group V. — Fore wings with silvery lines (in note). Smerinthus (in part). — Tongue about as long as palpi. De'idamia. — Tongue two-thirds as long as body; body fusiform. Iff Not angulated in the middle. Perigonia. — Group II. 4° Fore wings denticulated. t Without silvery streaks. Smerinthus. — Tongue about as long as palpi or almost obsolete. tt With silvery streaks and angulated. Calliomma. — Group IV.. SESIA FABR. The body is pilose, stout and more or less oval or elliptical in outline, in the 9 , but more elongate and slender in the male. The thorax is advanced and tapers anteriorly to the head, which is small, but free and prominent, with the front broad ; the eyes are very small ; the palpi exceed the front and terminate acutely in a pencil of hairs ; the tongue when unrolled extends to about the 5th abdominal segment; the antennae are longer than the thorax, slen- der at the base, clavate and furnished with a minute seta at the extremity. The abdomen is tufted at the extremity, and about 148' LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. twice as long as the thorax. The wings are transparent in the middle ; the fore wings with the hind margin entire, obliquely convex, and the inner margin concave beyond the inner angle ; hind wings somewhat acuminated at the tip and short. The legs are slender and the hind tibiae with four moderate spurs. Male, antennae finely ciliferous. Female, nearly simple. The larva tapers anteriorly, has a dorsal and stigmatical stripe, and a short recurved horn. It undergoes its transformation in an imperfect cocoon on the surface of the ground. 1. S. diffinis Boisd. S. fusiformis Abbot & Smith. Figured in Sm. Abb. I, pi. 43. Boisd. sp. gen. pi. 15. Head and thorax pale yellowish-green ; palpi blackish terminally and pale yellow beneath ; breast pale yellow, with blackish hairs beneath the legs, and all the legs black. The abdomen adjoining the thorax has the thoracic hue ; the third and fourth segments, sometimes only the fourth, are black or blackish along the sides of the four first anterior rings, and the fifth and sixth are pale brown- ish mixed with yellow. The ventral surface is bluish-black, with pale yellow patches corresponding to the tufts on the margins of the fifth and sixth segments. The lateral anal tufts are black, the central pale brown. The disk of the anterior wings is transparent almost to the base, with a narrow, dark brownish border along the costa, a patch on the inner margin tapering to the inner angle, and a narrow terminal border in the J" , but rather broad and dentate between the nervules in the 9 , of the same hue ; a ferruginous patch on the apical interspace, sometimes followed by a smaller one in the succeeding, in the ? . The posterior wings are bordered with dark brown on the costa near the base, broadly on the inner margin, the terminal margin in the '<£ very narrow, and moderate in the 9 . There are variations in color ; sometimes the thorax is fawn- colored above and somewhat ochreous beneath : the abdomen fawn- colored at the base, the two middle segments dark reddish-brown, the ends and sides blackish and the two terminal rings fawn-color above, with two large yellow patches on the ventral surface which is black. SESIA. 149 Mature Larva. Pale pea-green, reddish beneath, with a dark green dorsal line, a pale yellow stiginated stripe. Canada; Northern and Southern United States. CLEMENS. 2. S. thysbe Fab. S. pelasgus Cramer. S. cimbiciformis Steph. I. S. ruficaudis Kirby, Walker. Figured in Cram. pi. 248.' Head, palpi above and thorax dark green, mixed with brown ; palpi on the sides blackish, beneath of a light cream color ; the breast and legs, except the tibise of the hind pair, which are brown- ish, have the same yellowish-white hue. The eyes are slightly encircled with white scales. The two basal segments of the abdo- men above are yellowish-brown ; the two middle are deep ferru- ginous or reddish-brown, and the terminal have small ferruginous patches in the middle, the rest of each being a dull, yellowish- brown. The ventral surface is bright ferruginous, with three or four small yellowish tufts between the segments on the line sepa- rating the dorsal and ventral surfaces ; the lateral anal tufts are black, the central reddish-brown and ferruginous beneath. The anterior wings, the basilar space, especially towards the inner mar- gin, is ferruginous, and olivaceous toward the base of costa ; the disk is divided by a dark brown line; the costa is dark brown and the broad terminal band has the same hue, witn a ferruginous patch in the apical interspace. The posterior wings have a bright ferru- 1 S. ruficaudis of Kir-by. — "Body yellow olive, underneath pale yellow. Antennse black ; fore wings reddish-brown, hyaline in the disk, with the hyaline part half divided towards the base, with a costal bar ; covered with yellow olive hairs at the base underneath the costa, the posterior margin and the nervures are dark ferruginous ; there is also a yellow stripe on the inner side of the base ; hind wings hyaline in the disk, base externally and costa yellow; internally the base is ferruginous ; underneath the dark part of the wings is ferruginous and the base pale yellow ; two first seg- ments of the abdomen yellow olive, two next black, the rest ferruginous, with pale yellow lateral spots." S. ruficaudis of Walker. — Fawn-color. Head whitish about the antennse and beneath, with a brown band in front. Pectus testaceous. Abdomen deep red, fawn-color at the base, with testaceous spots along each side ; hind borders of segments black; apical tuft red, with some black hairs on each side. Wings limpid, deep red at the base, and with broad deep red borders. Fore wings deep red at the tips and with a blackish discal streak. Length of the body 9—12 lines ; of the wings 18—24 lines. 150 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. ginous, broad inner border, a moderately broad duller terminal band, the nervules in which are blackish. Mass.; Canada; New York; New Jersey; Pennsylvania. CLEMENS. 3. S. fusicaudis Walker, C. B. M. p. 83. Light fawn-color. Head beneath and pectus whitish testaceous. Palpi prominent. Abdomen deep red; basal part light fawn-color, bordered with white ; a row of testaceous spots along each side. Apical tuft blackish-brown ; middle third part deep red. Wings limpid, deep red towards the base, and with very broad deep red borders. Fore wings fawn-color at the base, deep red towards the tips. Length of the body 13 — 14 lines ; of the wings 25 — 27 lines. Georgia. CLEMENS. MACROGLOSSA OCHS. The body is rather short, stout, and thick. The head is large, broad, and prominent; the antennae with a minute seta and about as long as the thorax ; the eyes small and rather flattened ; the palpi thick and very broad beneath. The thorax is thick, well advanced in front of the anterior wings, and tapering but little to the head. The abdomen is flattened beneath, tufted at the tip, and about twice as long as the thorax. The legs rather slender ; hind tibiae with four moderate spurs. The wings are opaque; the length of the anterior is somewhat less than that of the entire body, rather more than twice longer than broad across the inner angle, and sometimes thrice ; hind margin entire, very obliquely convex, and the inner margin concave above the inner angle. Larva. — The European type of this genus has a small head and a caudal horn on the llth ring, and tapers anteriorly ; the skin is finely shagreened and is marked by a stigmatal and substigmatal line. It undergoes its transformation on the surface of the ground in an imperfect cocoon. The pupa is elongated, with the head- case very salient. § Antennae subclavate; tongue as long as the body.(?) MACROGLOSSA. 151 1. M. flavofasciata Walker, C. B. M. p. 87. Testaceous blackish beneath. Head with a blackish band in front. Abdomen blackish, with a testaceous tuft on each side at the tip. Wings, blackish-brown, with a broad oblique luteous band. Fore wings somewhat luteous beneath toward the base. Length of the body 8 lines, of the wings 20 lines. Albany River; Hudson's Bay. CLEMENS. . §§ Antennae slender, scarcely clavato-prismatic ; tongue about one-half as long as the body; not pilose. 2. M. tantalus Linn. Sphinx ixion Linn. Sphinx zonata Drury. Sphinx titan Grain. M. annulosum Swainson, pi. 132, f. 1. M. balteata? Kirtland. Figured in Cram. pi. 68. Drury, pi. 26. Swains, pi. 132. Head, palpi above and thorax brown, but in the recent specimen tinged with deep olivaceous; palpi beneath whitish, and the breast and legs ash-colored or brownish-white in the male ; in the female these parts have a more or less brownish hue. Abdomen brown or olivaceous brown, with the third segment banded above with white; beneath brown, the upper segments in the males having an ashy hue, with four white points on the lateral, hind portions of the ventral segments; lateral terminal tufts blackish-brown, the central testaceous. Anterior wings ferruginous-brown with a dou- ble row of whitish spots extending from the discal spot to the inner margin ; discal spot blackish surrounded with white ; with three white subterminal spots approximated in the subcosto-inferior, me- dio-superior, and central interspaces, and a terminal dull brownish band. Posterior wings blackish, costal border pale brownish-white, fringe above white and short. South America; Mexico; West Indies; Texas; Ohio. CLEMENS. 3. M. ceculus Cramer II, 80, pi. 146. M. fasciatum Swainson II, pi. 132. Head, palpi and thorax obscure brown; palpi beneath and breast white. Thorax with a blackish patch above the base of the wings. Abdomen brown inclining to blackish posteriorly, with two orange- colored spots on each side of the second and third segments, a blackish-brown patch on the fourth and a pale yellow spot on the fifth, with a lateral tuft beneath it of the same hue. Terminal tufts dark brown. Abdomen beneath brown. Anterior wings obscure purplish-brown, varied with dark brown; a dark brown 152 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. patch at the base, with a line and band of the same hue crossing the disk; a dark brown demi-line extending from the origin of the medio-central uervule to the inner margin, and a line crossing the base of the nervules furcate above, with a subterminal band also furcate toward costa, of the same hue ; a white spot in medio- central interspace. Posterior wings blackish-brown, with a cen- tral pale orange-yellow band. South America; Mexico. CLEMENS. t 4. M. sagra Pocy. Cent, de Lep. de 1'Ile de Cuba, Decade II, with figure. Walker, C. B. M. p. 89. Cinereous brown, testaceous beneath. Thorax with two ferru- ginous stripes on the sides, margined between with hoary. Abdo- men ferruginous, tessellated with hoary, with two pale yellow spots on sides of middle segments, and two rows of white spots beneath. Wings rather broad, with a white line riear the base and varied with ferruginous bands, especially a broad interrupted one near external border ; a white spot toward the end of medio-central interspace. Posterior wings blackish, with an oblique, central, pale yellow band, and the exterior border margined with the same hue. South America; West Indies. CLEMENS. PROSERPINUS HUBNER. The body is rather long, slender and tapering. The head is free, prominent and moderately large ; the front broad, oval and obtuse; the antennas subclavate, longer than the thorax, with a minute terminal setigerous hook ; the eyes minute and shaded with hairs from above; the palpi are pilose, rather thick and equal to the front; the tongue as long as the body. The thorax is advanced and tapers in front to the head, and is smooth. The abdomen is twice longer than the thorax, cylindrico-conical, with an abundant terminal tuft in both sexes ; very sparingly tufted on the sides. The legs are slender and smooth, the posterior tibia with four moderate spurs. The anterior wings are as long as the body with- out the the tuft; three times longer than wide across the inner PROSERPINU8. 153 angle; tip acuminated, the hind margin entire and obliquely con- vex from the tip to the medio-posterior interspace, where it is angularly indented; the inner angle salient and the inner margin concave above it. Hind wings rather short, obtusely rounded at the tip and the hind margin entire. Male. — Antenna finely cili- ferous. Female. — Antenna3 simple. Larva tapers anteriorly from the third segment, body cylindrical, head small and the eleventh segment with a caudal horn. It is ornamented with rows of vascular round spots, and irregularly elliptical subdorsal and lateral spots. The metamorphosis takes place on the surface of the ground in an imperfect cocoon. Duponchel describes the larva of this genus, under the name Pterogon, as having a lenticular tubercle instead of a caudal horn. The outline of the wings,. as given in the diagnosis, differs also from the European type, in which the fore wings are slightly hooked, with two or three distinct dentations. Abbot and Smith represent the wings of P. gaurce with these peculiarities, but my specimens do not correspond. CLEMENS. 1. P. gaurae Abbot fr Smith. Figured in Sin. Abb. 1 pi. 31. Antennas brownish-green and whitish at the tips. Palpi be- neath, white ; the tip£ of the palpi, head and thorax greenish, with a greenish white line on the sides of the head and thorax. Abdo- men greenish or brownish-green, and the apical tuft the same, with the hind portions of. the segments paler. Anterior wings pale yellowish-green, with deep green shades; the basal portion pale yellowish-green, with a broad, median dark green band, the ante- rior edge of which is concave, and its posterior, beginning on the costa at the origin of the post-apical vein, inclines to about the middle of the inner margin. The median band is bordered poste- riorly with pale yellowish-green, and the terminal border is shaded with bright greenish, deepened toward the costa and tip, with a pale streak at the tip and a pale line from the costa to subcosto- inferior vein. The discal spot is dark green on a somewhat lighter ground. Posterior wings orange, with a narrow terminal blackish 154 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. ' , band ; sometimes the orange color is deepened to reddish above the terminal band ; fringes paler. Texas. Mature larva, head green. Body dark green; with the first segment banded with white containing four black points; with a row of vascular black dots, and two rows of semi-elliptical black dorsal patches edged with white, and a row of lateral somewhat oval patches, blackish and crimson behind, also edged with white ; a row of subdorsal dots between this and dorsal patches ; prolegs crimson, with crimson patches on the sides of the tenth and ele- venth segments. Horn yellow at the base and black terminally. (Abbot & Smith.) Pupation. — The larva enters the pupa state in Georgia about the latter part of May, and appears as a perfect insect during the middle of June. (Abbot & Smith.) In Texas there are two broods of perfect insects, according to the dates of capture, one during the entire month of April and another in July. Food-plants. — Gaura biennis. Georgia; Texas. CLEMENS. 2. P. clarkiae Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. X, 2me ser. p. 318. The appearance (port) and size of P. gaurce of Georgia. Supe- rior wings of an olive-green, with the extremity faintly tinted with a little greenish-white and a transverse whitish, nearly straight band. Inferior wings of the same yellow color as the European GEnotherae with a little black border. The four wings of an olivaceous green beneath, with a whitish band on the inferior wings. Body oli- vaceous. California. CLEMENS. UNZELA WALKER. Body fusiform, rather stout. Proboscis moderately long. Palpi as usual. Antennae rather slender. Abdomen much less than twice the length of the thorax. Legs moderately stout ; hind tibiae with four rather short spurs. Wings moderately broad, not long. Fore wings straight along the costa, rounded at the tips ; exterior border slightly oblique, forming a very obtuse and much THYREUS. 155 rounded angle in the middle, with a slight excavation in front and two shorter and more distinct indentations behind. Hind wings rounded at the tips; exterior border slightly denticulated, some- what excavated toward the interior angle. 1. U. ? japyx Cramer, I, 137, pi. 87, f. C. Walker, C. B. M. 162. Ferruginous brown. Abdomen purplish with testaceous bands, on the hind portions of the segments and a white transverse band at the base of the abdomen. Thorax dark brown. Anterior wings dark brown from the base to the middle, with two somewhat roseate, separated, oblique lines crossing the middle of the disk and a round spot at the base margined with roseate; terminal por- tion of the wing greenish with a black spot on costa at about the origin of the post-apical nervule, another beneath the tip on pos- terior margin and a larger one at the inner angle, containing a small blue spot. Posterior wings dark brown, somewhat roseate on inner margin, with a black terminal line. THYREUS SWAINSON. The body is obtuse, broad and stout. The head is moderate, the front obtuse, nearly vertical, uniformly broad and thickly haired; the palpi very hairy, rather short and obtuse; the eyes small : the tongue, when unrolled, reaches to about the fourth or fifth abdominal segment ; the antennae taper at the extremity and end in a long hook without seta. The abdomen is broad and rather short, a little more than once and a half longer than the thorax, s.emi-oval in outline, tufted with terminal and lateral tufts. The thorax is thick, hairy, globosely rounded in front with meta- thoracic sub-tufts. The wings are narrow and rather long. The anterior in length equal to that of the body, truncate at the tips, angulated opposite the medio-superior nervule, excavated from post-apical to superior and doubly excavated from the superior nervule to the inner angle. Posterior wings, tip rounded, hind border denticulated and the inner angle somewhat salient and acute. Male. — Antennae ciliferous. Female. — Almost cylindrical and simple. 156 LEPIDOPTER A OF NORTH AMERICA. Larva, the head is moderate and the body is naked, wrinkled transversely, and tapers gently from the fourth segment, and is fur- nished with a lenticular tubercle on the eleventh segment instead of a caudal horn. Its position when disturbed is not sphinx-like ; it shortens the anterior rings and throws the head from side to side, making at the same time a crepitating noise. When on the ground, *Hs motions under irritation are often violent. It prepares for pu- pation on or near the surface of the ground. 1. T. abbotii Swainson. Figured in Swains, pi. 60. Head, palpi, and thorax, dull chocolate-brown ; prothorax with a blackish-brown transverse line, and two others, crossing the middle of thorax ; abdomen dark-brown, lighter in the middle ; terminal tufts dull yellowish-brown in the male, and female with a large light-yel- lowish central pencil, and small lateral brownish ones. Anterior wings dull-chocolate brown, lighter beyond the middle, even yel- lowish-brown in the female ; an oblique dark-brown line passing behind and near to the minute dark-brown discal dot ; several dark- brown lines on the inner margin, and curving obliquely to the lower part of medio-superior nervule, and proceeding thence to the costa as sharply-angulated lines, and long dark-brown dashes pro- jecting upward in the interspaces ; apical interspace grayish- brown, with a dark-brown sagittal dash on the margin, and others in the three following marginal interspaces : fringes dark-brown. Posterior wings sulphureous, with a dark-brown terminal band, breaking into a series of short lines in a slightly roseate space above anal angle ; fringes brown. Mature Larva. Male, head dark-brown, banded broadly at sides with light-green, and with a narrow central, short greenish band. Body reddish-brown, with numerous patches of light-green, oval on the dorsum, and irregularly triangular on the sides, with an inter- rupted, subdorsal chocolate-colored line. The lenticular tubercle on the eleventh segment is black, encircled at the base by a yellow- ish line and a blackish cordate patch ; anal shield pale green ter- minally, and brown above, crossed by irregular brown lines. Fe- male, body uniform reddish-brown, or blackish-brown, immaculate ; with interrupted dark-brown subdorsal lines, and numerous trans- verse stria?. Length about three inches. Swainson's figure of this larva is erroneous. TUYREUS. 157 Pupation. The transformation of the larva takes place in a superficial cell. The pupa is dark-brown; the head case broad and rounded; the tongue case not apparent, and level with the breast. There is, I think, but one annual brood. The larva reaches its development about the latter part of July, and enters the pupa state to appear in the following spring as an imago. Food-plants. The indigenous and cultivated grape-vines, and Ampelopsis quinquefolia. New York ; Pennsylvania; Georgia; Massachusetts; Ohio. CLEMENS. GROUP II. The thorax tapers on the sides markedly to the head, which is small and prominent. The front is smooth and narrow, the eyes very small, the palpi acutely haired at the extremity, and exceed- ing the front, the antennas with a moderate hook without seta; the tongue extends to about the third abdominal ring. The tip of the anterior wings is rounded, the hind margin circularly excavated beneath tip, and above the inner angle, the middle being convex. Posterior wings, hind margin scarcely denticulated, and slightly excavated near the inner angle. 2. T. nessus. Figured in Cram. pi. 107. Walker, C. B. M. p. 99. The head, palpi, and thorax, dull ferruginous brown, palpi be- neath and breast rufescent; a yellowish-white streak on the sides of the head and thorax, and a transverse ferruginous line on the hind part of metathorax. The abdomen a dark chestnut-brown, with the hind margins of fourth, or fourth and fifth segments, pale yellow, with three or four bright ferruginous, lateral spots, begin- ning on the fourth segment, and two very small pure white tufts on the segments adjacent to the triple apical tuft, which is deep chestnut ; beneath rufescent, with three lateral white dots on the hind portions of the posterior segments. Anterior wings brown, with a purplish hue, costa grayish-brown ; an indistinct dark-brown band and line in basilar space ; a dark chestnut, broad median band, divided above the medio-superior nervule to the costa, and containing a lighter colored discal spot ; a grayish-brown subter- minal line interrupted by the central nervules, and edged anteriorly 158 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. with brownish, with a long, dark-chestnut patch interposed in the raedio-central interspace; a ferruginous patch at the base of apical interspace, with two dark-brown adjacent patches in the succeed- ing interspaces. The fringes dark-brown in the middle, pale yel- low in the excavations, and bordered by dark-brown. Posterior wings bright-red, with a dark-brown terminal band ; fringes from the tip to the centre brownish, and thence to anal angle pale yellow. Canada; Massachusetts; New York; Pennsylvania; New Hamp- shire. CLEMENS. DEIDAMIA CLEMENS. Size moderate. The body is quite fusiform, and the inclination of the sides of the thorax to the head is quite abrupt. . The head is small, almost impacted on thorax, but not depressed ; it is com- pressed laterally and subtufted, the front vertical and moderately broad ; the eyes small, and somewhat sunken ; the labial palpi short and pilose; the tongue extends to the end of the third abdominal segment ; the antennas taper at the end, slightly hooked, and without the terminal seta. The thorax is thick, and well clothed with long decumbent hair. The abdomen is long, rather slender and oblan- ceolate, with an exceedingly slight terminal tuft. The legs are rather slender, and moderately long, the anterior tibhe tufted at the sides ; the posterior with two very short middle and terminal spurs concealed in the tibial hairs. The anterior wings are about equal in length to that of the body, and are a little more than twice longer than broad across the inner angle ; the hind margin angu- lated in the middle, truncate at the tip, excavated from the post- apical nervule to the medio-superior, and angularly indented above the inner angle; the inner margin concave. The posterior wings are rounded at the tips, hind margin slightly denticulated. The submedian nerve is simple at the base. Male, antennas ciliferous. Female, antennae simple. PERIGOXIA. 159 1. D.inscripta. Ptcrogon ? inscriptum Harris. Thyreus? inscriptus Walker, C. B. M. p. 308. The head is grayish-brown, and whitish above the eyes; palpi reddish-brown. Thorax grayish-brown, with a double, curved white line crossing the prothorax, edged behind with brown, and a brown sagittal dorsal patch, with a short whitish line across the middle of tegulae. The abdomen is dull brown above, with three or four subdorsal, deep brown spots ; beneath, a dull ferruginous brown, with the hind portions of the segments of a lead color. Anterior wings ash-gray at the base, in the middle, and towards the tip, banded with brown; a short, obscure, brown costal streak at the base; two brownish bands before the middle, united on the inner margin by blackish-brown ; discal spot ash-gray; a reddish- brown band, arising on the costa at the origin of post-apical ner- vule, convex in the middle, and retreating thence to the inner mar- gin; the subcosto-inferior and medio-superior interspaces pale- brown, as well as the portions of the succeeding interspaces exterior to the band, and marked by reddish-brown lunules ; a deep brown apical patch encircled with white ; and a subterminal one similarly colored in post-apical interspace. Posterior wings dull reddish-brown, with a dusky terminal border tapering to the inner angle ; fringes white.* Indiana ; Long Island ; New York ; Pennsylvania. CLEMENS. PERIGONIA BOISD. Body broad, slightly fusiform. Head obtuse. Proboscis rather short. Palpi very short and stout. Antenna setaceous, slender, a little longer than the thorax. Abdomen much longer than the thorax. Legs rather slender ; hind tibite with four moderately long spurs. Wings opaque, .moderately broad. Fore wings hardly convex toward the tip of the costa, rather oblique along the exterior border, which is slightly angular in the middle and behind the tip ; fourth inferior vein (posterior) remote from the others. Hind wings very slightly denticulate along the exterior border. Male, antennae minutely serrate setose. Female, antennae stmple. ( Walker.) * Pupation. — Larva transformed in a cell. Tongue-case of pupa, an elevated short ridge ; at its cephalic end a short central spine, and on each of the eye-cases, a spinous tubercle. Color, very dark brown. 160 LEPIDOPTERA OP NORTH AMERICA. 1. P. lusca Fabr. Perigonia stulta Boisd. Ferruginous brown, somewhat cinereous and testaceous beneath. Fore wings with three grayish, diffuse bands, and transverse black- ish lines. Posterior wings with variable luteous bands, and streaks along the interior angle. Mexico; South America; West Indies. CLEMENS. GROUP II. Fore wings not angular in the middle of the exterior border, and are excavated behind the sub-apical angle. The exterior border of hind wings convex, and not denticulated. Head conical. 2. P. subhamata Walker, p. 102. Brown (male) or ferruginous (female), paler beneath. Wings with oblique, undulating, pale ferruginous bands, which are most numerous on the fore wings, and the latter have a discal dot of the same hue, and a cinereous sub-apical spot. Length of the body 13—15 lines; of the wings 28—32. Mexico and South America. CLEMENS. GROUP III. Head rounded in front, not conical. Fore wings somewhat rounded at the tips, slightly convex and not excavated along the exterior border, which is very oblique. 3. P. glaucescens Walker, p. 103. Brown, testaceous beneath. Head with a white streak on each side behind the eye. Antennae tawny, very slender, not longer than thorax. Thorax slightly tinged with green. Abdomen fer- ruginous, slightly glaucous ; fifth segment whitish ; sixth and se- venth segment with a whitish tuft on each side ; apical tuft blackish. Wings reddish beneath. Fore wings with a glaucous tinge, and with two oblique bands, the one dark brown and interior, the other ferruginous and exterior, and bordered with dark brown on its outer side. Hind wings dark brown, with a luteous spot by the interior angle, and a white speck near the base of the interior bor- der. Length of the body 12 lines ; of the wings 28 lines. CLEMENS. ENYO. 161 4. P. undata Walker, p. 103. Brown. Head beneath and pectus somewhat hoary. Thorax with a short, broad, posterior, dark brown stripe on each side. (Abdomen and hind wings wanting.) Fore wings cinereous, shin- ing, with a white dot and a black discal streak at the base, with a white streak traversing the black discal spot, and with two broad, irregular, ferruginous bands, which are bordered, and the exterior one interlined with black. Length of the body 9(?) lines, of the wings 18 lines. Jamaica. CLEMENS. ENYO HUBN. The body is long, thick and fusiform. The head large, promi- nent and broad ; front nearly vertical, flattened, and smooth ; eyes large and salient ; palpi smooth, stout and closely applied to the front; tongue extends to the end of the third abdominal segment; antennae rather short, not as long as the thorax, minutely ciliferous, fusiform and ending in an angular hook with seta. The thorax is crested in front, long from the base of anterior wings to the head, and rounded in front. The abdomen is oblanceolate, slightly more than twice longer than the thorax, and sparingly tufted at the apex. The legs are slender, the anterior and middle smooth, the posterior with femora and tibiae pilose, with two short and two moderately long spurs. The anterior wings are very oblique, length much less than that of the body, and somewhat more than twice longer than broad across the inner angle ; the posterior margin truncate at the tip, obtusely angulated opposite medio-superior nervule, excavated from post-apical to superior, and thence excavated and slightly wavy to the inner angle, which is hooked ; inner margin deeply concave. Posterior wings rounded at tip; hind margin doubly excavated from the medio-central to inner angle, which is acute. Larva. Head rather small; body tapers anteriorly, and is wrinkled transversely, with a long, straight, caudal horn. Pupa 11 162 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. rather slender ; head case obtuse ; tongue case not apparent. The larval transformation is subterranean. 1. E. lugubris Drury, I, 61, pi. 28, f. 2. Abbot & Smith, I, pi. 59, pi. 30. Thyreus lugubris Harris. Sphinx fegens Cramer. Head, palpi, thorax and abdomen brown, with an obscure pur- plish or reddish hue ; palpi beneath pale reddish brown. Abdo- men with an indistinct double row of dorsal, dark brownish spots ; beneath as well as the thorax, pale rufescent brown, with a tawny line in the middle of ventral surface ; yellow lateral dots on the hind portions of the segments, and a small lateral, pale yellow pencil of hairs at the base of the first segment. Anterior wings brown, with a rufous tinge in the middle and toward the tip ; an oblique, pale brown line before discal spot, beginning near the origin of subcosto-inferior vein, margined on each side with darker brown ; discal spot blackish, edged with pale brown ; a broad, dark brown, subterminal shade, extending from post-apical vein to the hind margin, and bordered anteriorly by a curved, pale brown line ; a ferruginous brown spot in apical interspace, with its basal portion and the middle of the next interspace pale reddish hue and three indistinct brownish lines crossing the nervules. Posterior wings brownish, deepening toward terminal margin, with indistinct lines above the inner angle, and dark brown marginal spots at the inner angle and on the ends of medio-posterior and central veins. Mature Larva. Head dark green, with a yellow frontal band. Body pale green, with vascular dark green dashes, and a dark green subdorsal line bordered beneath with whitish ; nine short, lateral, pale yellow bands ; horn dark green ; stigmata reddish. (Abbot & Smith.) Food-plants. Ampelopsis hederacea. (Virginian creeper.) Georgia, West Indies, Mexico, South America. CLEMENS. 2. B. camertus Cramer. Mouse color ; abdomen with a double row of blackish brown spots. Fore wings with a testaceous discal spot ; with a blackish oblique .interior line margined with hoary, and a large diffuse exterior blackish patch, with a sub-apical ferruginous spot and a blackish submarginal line edged with white. Posterior wings with dark oblique undulating lines and blackish marginal spots. Mr. Walker's description does not correspond well to Cramer's DEILEPHILA. 1 63 figure, pi. 525, which is dark brown, and the anterior wings lute- ous brown, with a broad dark brown median band tinged obscure purple. The following individual from Brazil, in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, of Philadelphia, appears to me to come nearer to Cramer's figure. Dark brown ; thorax distinctly crested. Abdomen dark brown with a double row of spots on the sides, and a small lateral rufous terminal tuft and a long central one dark brown, with a cinereous ring just above them ; beneath, a dull cinereous central line edged with dark brown. Anterior wings dark brown varied with obscure purplish ; basal portion dark brown, with a dark median patch chiefly beneath the median nerve and intersected by paler lines on the inner margin, and bordered behind and above broadly with a paler hue ; a dark brown patch extending from the origin of sub- costo-inferior vein to the tip of post-apical, excavated on each side beneath, and extended as a line to the margin at the end of medio- posterior vein, inclosing a lighter patch in the middle on the costa, and at the tip mixed with rufous ; a testaceous curved marginal patch. Posterior wings dark brown, paler towards the hind mar- gin-. Posterior legs hairy to the end of the tarsi. Mexico, West Indies, South America. CLEMENS. DEILEPHILA OCHS. The body is usually stout and thick. The head moderate, prominent; the front smooth, rather broad and long, semi-ellip- tical ; the eyes moderate ; the tips of the palpi level with the front ; the tongue as long or nearly as long as the body ; the antennae clavate, terminating suddenly in a minute hook and seta. The thorax is thick, and tapers abruptly to the head. The abdo- men is thick and cylindrico-conical, about twice as long as the thorax, and tapers rather suddenly at the terminal segments, having at the tip a more or less distinct, short pencil of hairs. The wings are entire ; the length of the anterior equal to that of the body, rather more than twice and a half longer than broad, the hind margin obliquely convex; the inner somewhat concave above the interior angle. The posterior wings are rounded at the tip and the hind border slightly excised near the interior angle. 164 LEPIDOPTEEA OF NORTH AMERICA. The legs are long and the two exterior spurs of the hind tibise very short, the two interior long. Male. Antennae ciliferous. Female. Antennae simple. Larva. Head small and elongate-globose, caudal horn rather short, nearly straight and rough. ' Without oblique bands, but with a row of subdorsal spots on each side. The anterior seg- ments are much attenuated, and are capable of being withdrawn or shortened or much extended; none of the segments dilated. When disturbed, they fall from their food-plants, shorten the ante- rior segments and bend the head toward the terminal extremity. In repose, the anterior rings are merely shortened. The larval transformation takes place in a superficial cell excavated from the surface. 1. D. lineata Fabr. Sphinx daucus Cramer. Figured in Cram. pi. 125. Sm. Abb. pi. 39. Palpi white beneath. Head and thorax dark olive with a white line on each side extending to the end of tegulae, where it is edged above slightly with blackish; two white dorsal lines and one on superior edge of the tegulae. Abdomen greenish-brown, tinged with reddish on the sides : a white dorsal line with a double row of black dorsal spots and lateral alternate white and black spots. Anterior wings deep olivaceous, with a straight buff-colored band from the inner margin of the base to the tip, and its basal and apical portion whitish; the olivaceous portions of the wing are bordered and shaded with black ; a white discal line and all the nervules white except the apical ; a marginal bluish-gray space and fringes dark buff. Posterior wings black, costa brownish, with a rose-colored central band, including a white spot near the inner margin and a marginal reddish line ; fingers white. Mature Larva. Head dark green, dotted with yellow dots. Body uniform yellowish-green ; a dorsal patch on first segment darker and dotted with yellowish-white ; a subdorsal row of ellip- tical spo^, connected by an intermediate faint yellow line ; the spots consist of two curved short black lines, inclosing superiorly an orange-yellow dash, and inferiorly the yellow subdorsal line. The stigmatse are reddish-orange, black margined on a yellow base. DEILEPHILA. 1 65 Shield and terminal prolegs roughened with white dots; caudal horn yellowish-orange toward extremity, and rough. Feet yellow. Length about three inches. Pupation. The pupa is light brown, the head-case compressed laterally and prominent; tongue-case not apparent. In Pennsyl- vania the first brood of larvae reach maturity about the latter part of July, and appear as imago about the middle of August. There is doubtless a second brood, but I have never seen them during autumn. In Texas, the first brood of perfect insects occurs from about March 10th to April, and there is another about the middle of July. Food-plants. Portulacca oleracea (purslane) and the turnip. I have, however, fed the larva in confinement on the leaves, of the apple-tree. Mexico ; "West Indies ; Canada ; entire United States ; the western plains to the Rocky Mountains, and California. CLEMENS. 2. D. chamaBnerii Harris. D. intermedia Kirby, Faun. Bor. Am. p. 302. Figured in Agass. Lake Sup. pi. 7. Palpi beneath whitish. Head and thorax olive-brown, with a white line on the sides, margined on the tegulse above with black- ish. Abdomen brownish-olive, with small dorsal white spots, with two lateral alternate white and black patches on the sides at the base, fourth segment immaculate and fifth and sixth white spotted. Beneath, the thorax is testaceous and the abdomen dark brownish with white lines on the hind portions of the segments. Anterior wings deep olivaceous, with a buff-colored band from the inner margin of the base to the tip, sinuous posteriorly and irregularly indented before ; a black patch at the base and one at the origin of disco-ce.ntral nervule, with an indistinct whitish discal spot. The terminal margin dull brown and black, margined before ; fringes brown. Posterior wings black, with a rose-colored central band, deepening toward the inner margin and including a white spot; the hind margin is indistinctly marked with reddish, and the fringes white. Mature Larva. Green, somewhat bronzed, dull red beneath ; with nine round cream-colored spots encircled with black on each side, and a dull red caudal horn. Harris. 166 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. Food-plants. Epilobium angustifolium (great willow-herb). Canada — United States. CLEMENS. [Dr. Clemens regards this species, on the authority of Walker, as identical with D. galii of Europe. — J. G. M.] FERGESA WALKER. Body moderately -stout. Proboscis long. Palpi as usual. Antennae slender, rather longer than the thorax. Abdomen ob- lanceolate, more than twice the length of the thorax. Legs long, slender; hind tibiae with four long spurs. Wings rather long, moderately broad, very slightly denticulated along the exterior border. Fore wings hardly convex in front, acuminated ; exterior border rather oblique, very slightly undulating, its fore part very slightly concave. Hind wings rounded at the tips. In the European Porcellus the head is free, short, obtuse, and broad. The body short and stout. The palpi project beyond the clypeus ; the eyes are quite small but salient ; the tongue scarcely as long as the body ; the antennae rather clavato-prismatic, with a short hook and seta. The thorax is short and obtuse in front. The length of the anterior wings about equal to that of the body, and are a little more than twice longer than broad across the inner angle. The hind margin of the posterior wings is slightly wavy. The individuals were formerly part of the genus Choerocampa. Larva. Smooth, anterior segments retractile, with ocellated spots on the sides of the fifth and sixth, and without a caudal horn. 1. P. thorates Hiibner, Exot. Schmett. f. 525. Green, testaceous beneath.* Head and thorax with a white line on each side. Thorax and abdomen somewhat golden-hued on the sides. Abdomen rufo-fawn color, with green along the dorsum toward the base, and a row of yellow dorsal dots. Anterior wings with interrupted whitish bands curving from inner margin to costa, and tinged with rufescent; with brown lines at base of the nervules, and a greenish patch over the middle of median nervules, with a pale brown apical patch above it j marginal space rufo-brownish. DARAPSA. 161 Posterior wings blackish at base, with a broad, median, luteous band, and a brown marginal band. Var. j3. Male. Fawn-color ; anterior wings gray and brown mixed, with a silvery discal spot. Posterior luteous, interrupted with ferruginous along exterior margin. Var. y. Female. Anterior wings rufescent, banded with gray and brown mixed. Mexico; West Indies. CLEMENS. DARAPSA WALKER. Size moderate, body rather slender and tapering. The head is small, narrow, and almost sessile ; the vertex subtufted, front ver- tical ; the eyes small ; the palpi short and rather slender ; the tongue about one-half as long as the body ; the antennae a little longer than the thorax, slender and almost filiform, with a long hook without seta. The thorax is rather short, almost globosely rounded in front. The abdomen oblanceolate, thrice as long as the thorax. The anterior wings are as long, or somewhat longer than the body, twice and a half longer than broad across the inte- rior angle ; the tips acuminated, the hind margin excavated rather deeply from beneath the tip to medio-superior vein, and thence convex to the interior angle ; the inner margin deeply concave above interior angl-e. Posterior wings with tips rather pointed and hind margin somewhat excavated before the interior angle. Male. Antenna prismatic and ciliferous. Female. Antennas slen- der and almost filiform. Larva. Head very small and elongate-globose. The body tapers suddenly to the head, from the anterior portion of the third segment, which, together with the fourth and fifth, are much swollen. The anterior rings are retractile within the fourth. A caudal horn on the eleventh segment. It is ornamented with a subdorsal line and irregularly oval lateral patches. The larval transformation takes place on the surface of the ground in an imperfect cocoon, consisting of vegetable debris united by silken threads. 168 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. During the day the larva conceals itself beneath a leaf, stretch- ing out the body on the midrib. 1. D. choerllus Cramer, II, 91, pi. 247. Sphinx azalea Abbot & Smith. Choerocampa chcerilus Harris. Figured in Sm. Abb. I, pi. 27. Head, palpi and thorax ferruginous brown, with a spot at the base of anterior wings, and tegula3 behind tipped with brownish- gray. The abdomen fawn color, with the hairs of the hind portions of segments whitish. The anterior wings are fawn color, tinged with reddish from the base to the middle ; a broad ferruginous brown shade crossing the nervules, and composed of three lines having between them two rows of indistinct, fawn-colored spots ; marginal space grayish at the tip, and obscure purplish toward the interior angle ; a ferruginous brown line across the middle of the disk, and another, rather indistinct, near the base. Posterior wings ferruginous, deepening to a ferruginous brown narrow border, on the excavated portion of the hind margin ; fringes whitish. Mature Larva. Head green, with a narrow, central, brownish line. Body green, deepening on the sides and whitish on the dor- sal region, with six oblique, irregularly oval, lateral whitish bands; stigmatse orange; horn bluish-green. A variety is represented by Abbot & Smith in which the green color is replaced by pale fer- ruginous and the bands the same ; horn dark brown. (Abbot & Smith.'} Pupation. Undergoes the larval transformation in an imperfect cocoon on the surface of the ground. Abbot & Smith represent that in Georgia the first brood enter the pupa state about the mid- dle of May and appear as perfect insects during the middle of June; another became a pupa September 16th and an imago on April 16th following. Food-plants. Azalea nudiflora. (Abbot.) Georgia; Massachusetts; Connecticut; New York. CLEMENS. 2. D. myron Cramer, III, 91, pi. 247. Sphinx pampinatrix Abbot & Smith, I. Otus cnotus Hiibn. Choerocampa pampinatrix Harris. Figured in Cram. pi. 247. Head, palpi, prothorax and tegulao dull dark green ; a whitish patch at the base of anterior wings, the tegula3 beneath edged with whitish and a triangular whitish line on dorsum of thorax. Abdo- DARAPSA. 169 men dull greenish. Anterior wings dull pale green from the base to about the middle, with discal spot and a moderate band across the middle of disk dark green ; a broad dark green shade across the nervules, divided in the middle by an indistinct lighter line, and deeply excavated posteriorly, where there is a dull greenish cine- reous marginal patch. Posterior wings ferruginous, with a dusky green patch near the interior angle. Mature Larva. Head pale green, with an indistinct, lateral yellowish line. Body pale green, inclining to yellowish and deep- ening in color beneath the subdorsal lines, which are greenish- white, and curve on the sides from first segment to base of caudal horn, with seven irregularly oval, greenish-white patches inclosing orange-colored stigmatse and bordered beneath with dark green. There are several small crimson vascular spots on the dorsum. Sometimes reddish-brown, and the subdorsal lines and lateral patches tinged with reddish. Horn reddish-brown, with black tubercles. Pupation. Transforms on the surface in an imperfect cocoon. Pupa luteous with the wing-cases brown and dotted with lines of black dots ; eye-cases black; abdomen with the incisions between the segments black and round black lateral spots. The fall brood of larvaB enter the pupa state from the latter part of August to the middle of September. Pennsylvania; Massachusetts; Georgia; New York. CLEMENS. 3. D. pholus Cramer. Figured in Cram. I, pi. 87. Rufescent. Fore wings blackish-brown, with a gray triangular discal patch ; a fawn-colored patch on the median nervules and a red submarginal line, with two marginal brown bands, one arising on the costa at about the origin of post-apical vein, and the other near the margin itself. Posterior wings red, paler towards the base. West Indies. Tongue scarcely one-half as long as the body. Anterior wings excavated behind the tip. CLEMENS. 4. D. versicolor. Chcerocampa versicolor Harris, p. 303, 3. Pale green varied with olive and whitish. A white line on each side of the head, a dorsal white line, tinged with reddish and ex- tending from the head to the tip of the abdomen ; prothorax and 170 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. edges of tegulje above and beneath margined by white lines. A metathoracic spot on each side, and the middle of the abdominal segments tinged with dark buff, with the hind margins of the seg- ments dark green from the base to the middle and thence to the tip reddish-brown. Anterior wings slightly ferruginous at the base, with narrow olive-green and dull white bands, the latter slightly tinged with ferruginous, arising at the inner margin of the base and curving to the costa from the basal portion of the disk to beyond the origin of post-apical nervule ; an oblique whitish apical line with an olive-green patch adjoining and before it, in the post-apical interspace, and the line edged with olive-green in the apical interspace. Hind wings rust colored, with an indistinct, greenish* terminal margin. Under surface of anterior wings pale sulphureous; toward the base pale ferruginous, with an olive streak along the costa from the base widening toward the tip. Posterior wings olive-green powdered with white at the base. Massachusetts. CLEMENS. GROUP II. Proboscis moderately long. Wings long, rather narrow. Fore wings slightly acuminated, convex in front toward the tips ; exte- rior border slightly convex, very oblique ; interior border slightly concave from half its length to the interior angle. Hind wiugs hardly acuminated. f 5. D. rhodocera Walker, p. 184. Fawn color, paler beneath. Sides of the head and of the thorax whitish. Antennae rose color above. Abdomen paler than the thorax, with a blackish spot on each side at the base. Fore wings with a cinereous tinge, with an oblique exterior line, with a brown- ish discal dot, and with two diffuse ferruginous spots, one in front, the other behind; cilias ferruginous. Hind wings blackish, whitish about the interior angle; ciliae mostly whitish. Length of the body IT lines ; of the wings 36 lines. St. Domingo. CLEMENS. CHCEROCAMPA. 171 CHCBROCAMPA DUP. The body in this group is slender, long and tapering. The thorax is smooth, rather short, advanced in front of the base of the anterior wings and tapers on the sides to the head. The head is rather large, prominent and moderately broad; the front smooth, conical and broad ; the eyes moderate and salient ; the palpi ascending to a level with the front; the tongue extends to the end of the abdomen ; the antennae are short, but longer than the thorax, clavato-prismatic, terminating suddenly in a short hook and seta. The abdomen is quite long, more than twice^ longer than thorax, oblanceolate, tapering very much to the tip, which is acute. The wings are narrow, the anterior three times longer than broad across the inner angle, and the length much less than that of the body ; the tip very acute, the hind border very oblique and nearly straight or slightly excavated beneath the tip. Hind wings, the tip somewhat acuminated, hind border very oblique, and interior angle well marked. The legs are long and slender, the anterior tibiae hairy, and hind tibiae with four moderate spurs. Larva. The head is small and the anterior segments very much attenuated from the third, and retractile; third and fourth swollen, with a large subdorsal ocellus on the latter, followed by a row of ocelli, similar ; eleventh segment with a caudal horn (Abbot fy Smith). The larval transformation takes place in an imperfect cocoon spun on the surface of the ground. 1. C. tersa Drury. Theretra tersa Hiibner. Chcerocampa tersa. Metop- silus tersa Duncan. Figured in Drury, I, pi. 28, Nat. Libr. vol. xxxvi. pi. 5. Palpi pale ferruginous beneath ; head and thorax brownish olive, with a lateral whitish line inclining to roseate on the sides ; tegulae slightly edged above with ferruginous. Abdomen with a broad, dorsal, dusky band, containing five indistinct darker lines and lateral band on each side, rusty yellow. Anterior wings greenish brown, slightly glaucous toward the base, with a minute discal spot, dark brown, and with numerous oblique, alternate, 172 LEPIDOPTERA OP NORTH AMERICA. dark brown and yellowish lines, extending from near the base and middle of inner margin to the tip, with a straight, brownish, sub- marginal line. Posterior wings black, with a row of subterminal yellow spots. Mature Larva. Light green, with a large, subdorsal, crimson ocellus on the fourth segment, containing a blue ring and edged with black and white rings, with six others smaller and similar, placed on a white subdorsal line, which begins on the second seg- ment and extends to the crimson caudal horn. The dorsum is dashed with brown points ; stigmata yellow dotted with black points above and below. (Abbot & Smith.) S. America ; Mexico ; W. Indies ; Southern States ; Illinois ; Ohio ; .Texas. CLEMENS. 2. C. chiron Drury, I, 50, pi. 26. Sphinx nechus Cramer. Theretra nechus Hiibner. Green, sometimes ferruginous fawn-color ; a line on the sides of head and thorax and body beneath whitish testaceous. Fore wings dark green ; with a pale yellow streak at the base of the inner margin, and an irregular, oblique brown, or testaceous band tra- versing the lower part of the nervules, enlarging toward the inner margin and extended above on it as a line. Posterior wings black, with a band of pale yellow spots. Abdomen green, slightly gilded on the sides, with a double row of black dorsal dots. Legs very long. S. America ; Mexico ; West Indies. CLEMENS. §§ Fore wings very acute and somewhat hooked. 3. C. falco Walker, p. 132. Fawn-colored, whitish testaceous beneath. Head and thorax with a whitish stripe along each side. Disk of the thorax cinere- ous brown. Abdomen brown, with a fawn-colored stripe along each side, and a double dorsal whitish line. Fore wings with blackish speckles, with a blackish discal dot and with several black- ish, slightly oblique, posterior lines, slightly hooked and more acute at the tips than in the other species of this genus. Hind wings with two blackish stripes; exterior border slightly emargin- ate. Length of the body 15—19 lines ; of the wings 30—40 lines. Mexico. CLEMENS. CHCEROCAMPA. 173 § Hind border of anterior wings nearly straight. 4. C. procne Clemens. Head and thorax dull brown (if not faded), with a broad whitish stripe on the sides, extended to the lower edge of tegulae. Abdo- men brownish testaceous, with faint dark brown dorsal marks in atoms. Anterior wings rather pale brownish, punctated with dark atoms and with obscure dark brown lines extending from the base to the tip ; discal spot dark brown and small. Posterior wings uniform blackish-brown. Under surface of the wings brownish, somewhat tinged with rufous, and with two rows of brown spots in the middle of the posterior. California. CLEMENS. §§ Fore wings very acute and somewhat hooked. 5. C. drancus Cramer, II, 56, pi. 132. Xylophanes drancus Hubner. Blackish-brown ; sides of head and thorax with a white line, and a white dorsal line extending from the head to tip of the abdomen ; tegulaB edged above with reddish-brown, beneath with white. The base of abdomen with two reddish-brown bands. Anterior wings blackish-brown, discal spot black; several lines extending from the inner margin to the tip, three of which in the middle of the wing arise from a blackish patch on the inner margin placed on a fawn- colored ground and a single black, subterminal line placed between two dark brown lines.. Posterior wings uniform dark brown. ( Cramer's figure. ) West Indies. CLEMEXS. §§ Anterior wings acute and somewhat hooked. The following species resembles in some respects Mr. Walker's crotonis, but I think it is not the same. 6. C. nitidula Clemens. Head and thorax with a rufo-whitish line on each side. Head and anterior portion of tegulaB dark brown, tinged with greenish, with the disk brown. Abdomen brown, paler on the sides, with a double row of dorsal dark brown dots and a black patch on the sides at the base. Anterior wings dull greenish-brown, with a 174 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. large black spot on the inner margin near the base; discal spot small and black ; a single brownish line from the inner margin to the tip; with two rows of indistinct brownish dots on the nervules before it, and a more decided row behind, near the posterior mar- gin. Posterior wings black, with a row of central, pale testaceous, triangular spots, and a narrow terminal border of the same hue. Under surface of the wings, disk of the anterior blackish, and thence rnfescent brown; posterior wings rufescent brown, with two lines of dark brown dots. Mexico. CLEMENS. § Hind border of anterior wings nearly straight. 7. C. versuta Clemens. Head and thorax brown. Abdomen brown, with black rings between the basal segments and a black spot on each side of the basal segment. Anterior wings brown with a faint wavy line and narrow band across the middle of the disk, somewhat deeper brown; discal spot small and dark brown ; an oblique brownish band ex- tending from the origin of subcosto-inferior vein toward the inner angle, followed by two short lines of the same hue; a blackish- brown, irregular, wavy line, extending from the costa near the ori- gin of the post-apical vein to inner margin above the angle, and another of the same hue joining it by an angle on the disco-central vein, and extended very irregularly from near the tip to the inner angle, and shaded toward the hind margin of the wing with dark brownish. Posterior wings dark brown, dull greenish at the base, with an irregular, central, luteous band, tinged with orange. Mexico. CLEMENS. AMBULYX BOISD. Body rather slender or hardly stout. Head prominent, aonical, obtuse. Proboscis long. Antennse minutely serrated. Abdomen long, oblanceolate. Legs slender;^ hind tibiae with four very long spurs. Wings narrow and very long, especially in the typical spe- cies, A. strigilis. Fore wings slightly curved in front toward the tips, which are acuminated ; exterior border excavated by the tip, nearly straight, and extremely oblique from thence to the interior PHILAMPELUS. IT 5 angle, where the interior border forms an inward curve ; second inferior vein (superior) nearly twice further from the third (poste- rior) than from the first (disco-central)-, third more than twice further from the fourth than from the second. Hind wings some- what emarginate along the exterior border. Walker. . 1. A. strigilis Linn. Mant. I, 558. Pale fawn color, luteous beneath. Head with a furcate ferrugi- nous brown spot between the antennae and thorax, with two large lateral patches of the same hue. Antennas white. Abdomen with a brown dorsal line and oblique brown lateral streaks, edged with testaceous. Anterior wings fawn color, with separated, oblique ferruginous streaks on the costa, four abbreviated, wavy blackish- brown lines crossing the middle of the nervules, a few spots on the inner margin, and a marginal black line (bordered above in Cra- mer's figure with blue). Posterior wings luteous or pale orange, with three angulated brownish lines and brownish terminal margin. South America; West Indies. CLEMENS. 2. A. ganascus Stoll, Cramer, V, 157, pi. 35, f. 3. Fawn color; head with a band between the antennae, the tegulae and a band at the base of the abdomen dark greenish-brown. The antennae white. Abdomen fawn-color, with brown or ferruginous dorsal spots. Anterior wings brown, with a glaucous hue;' a rect- angular spot on the base of the inner margin dark greenish-brown, edged with testaceous; a small round one at the base, two in the disk, another near the tip on costa, one in medio-posterior inter- space and a small one above the interior angle of the same hue and edged with greenish. Posterior roseate, with three angulated blackish-brown bands sometimes dilated and somewhat connected. South America; Mexico; West Indies. CLEMENS. PHILAMPELUS HARRIS. The body is large and thick. The head rather large, free and prominent, with the front long, smooth, conical and rather broad ; the eyes large or moderate; the palpi ascending and pressed closely to the front; the tongue as long as the body; the antennas 176 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. long, exceeding the thorax, slender and tapering at the extremity into an ample hook with seta. The thorax is thick, moderately advanced in front of the base of anterior wings and rounded. The abdomen large, thick, cylindrico-conical and acute at the tip, more than twice the length of the thorax. The wings are moderately long; the length of the anterior somewhat more than that of the body, and about twice and a half longer than broad across the inner angle; the hind border entire, slightly excavated from the tip to medio-superior vein, and thence convex to interior angle, or very oblique and almost straight, with the inner margin deeply concave. The posterior are somewhat acuminated at the tips and the hind margin slightly excavated before the inner angle. The legs are long but strong, and the hind tibiae with two short and two long spurs. Male. — Antennae ciliferous. Female. — Antennae simple. Larva. The head is small and globose, and the segments of the body anterior to the fourth much attenuated to the head ; these and the head are capable of being retracted within the fourth, which is much swollen. Instead of a caudal horn on the eleventh segment there is a shining lenticular tubercle, and the body at this part is rounded, and descends very abruptly to the anal shield. It is ornamented with irregularly oval, stigmatal patches and a faint subdorsal line. In repose, or when disturbed, the anterior rings are retracted within the fourth, causing it to appear truncated and bulbous anteriorly, and at the same time the body is thrown into a sphinx- like posture. The larval transformation is subterranean. The pupa is cylindrico-conical; head-case distinct and promi- nent; tongue-case not apparent. § Eyes moderate. Fore wings undulating. 1. P. satellitia Linn. Ins. II, 148, 36. Sphinx lycaon Cramer. A. Pho- lus lycaon Hiibner. Daphnis pandorus Hiibner. Figured in Drury, I, pi. 20. Head, tips of the palpi and middle of thorax pale green, basal PHILAMPELUS. 171 articles of palpi brownish ; tegulae dark olive, forming a triangular patch ; a dorsal line on prothorax and two metathor'acic patches dark olive. Abdomen pale brownish tinged with green, with a dark olive patch on dorsum at the base and a lateral blackish patch on each side. Anterior wings pale green, with deep olive shades; a sub-median nearly square patch on inner margin, with a shade extending to the base, a patch above the interior angle, with a spot in the medio-posterior interspace separated from it by the nervule, and almost bordered by a faint line which is angulated on the medio-central, a sub-apical patch and a broad disco-median shade, all deep olive; a double blackish discal spot. The medio- central and posterior nervules and the space between the patches on the inner margin, tinged with roseate; a few olive-colored dashes across the disk and two lines of the same hue, sometimes faint, crossing the nervules from the hind portion of sub-median patch. Posterior wings JDale green, with a large, round black patch toward the middle of inner margin, and a broad sub-terminal black demi-band terminating in blackish lines and a row of spots toward inner margin, on a roseate ground. Mature Larva. Head green. Body pale green on dorsum, deepening on the sides, with minute dark green rings, which be- come on the dorsum dark green dots. Six short, irregularly oval patches on the sides, margined with a black line, inclosing the stigmatae, which are bordered with pale crimson. The lenticular tubercle black and contained in a yellow patch bordered with black. Food-plants. Indigenous and exotic grape-vines and Ampe- lopsis. South America; Mexico; West Indies; United States. CLEMENS. 2. P. achemon Drury. Sphinx crantor Cramer. Pholus crantor Hiibner. Figured in Drury, II, pi. 20. The head, tips of the palpi and disk of the thorax fawn-color with a grayish hue; basal articles of the palpi dark reddish-brown ; tegulae deep ferruginous brown, forming a triangular patch mar- gined with whitish. The abdomen pale reddish-brown with a cu- preous lustre, and the hind portions of the segments tipped with white. Anterior wings dusky fawn-color, sometimes pale-fawn color, with a ferruginous brown dot at the base, a square sub-me- 12 ITS LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. dian patch on the inner margin, a patch above the inner angle divided toward its apex by the medio-posterior nervule and a large sub-apical patch, ferruginous brown ; from the sub-median patch two faint brown lines are thrown off posteriorly to the costa, the most exterior being angulated on the medio-central vein, and from its anterior portion are two other diverging brownish lines, with a faint line above them near the base of the wing; the disco-median shade is rather faint and brownish. The posterior wings are pink, deep'ening in intensity toward the middle of inner margin, and above the interior angle is a reddish-brown streak ; a subterminal row of ferruginous brown spots from the middle to" the interior angle, and a broad dusky terminal band. The under surface of the wings is roseate. Young Larva. Green, with yellow lateral stripes edged with black, and a long, recurved, slender reddish horn. Mature Larva. Head reddish-brown. Body pale reddish- brown on the dorsum, with a darker vascular line, and pale-reddish subdorsal line on each side, and the general color deepened late- Vally. Six lateral, short, irregularly-oval white patches bordered with black, containing the stigmatse. The anterior rings are dot- ted with blackish. The lenticular tubercle is black, and contained in a brown patch edged with adjacent black and white lines. Food-plants. The grape. New York; Pennsylvania. CLEMENS. 3. P. typhon King, Neue Schmett. pi. 3, f. 1. Cinereous, reddish beneath. Palpi red. Thorax with two dark- brown abbreviated stripes. Abdomen with dark-brown bands, red on the sides. Anterior wings glaucescent and testaceous mixed, with several blackish-brown sub-trigonate patches. Posterior wings red, with a denticulated black band varied with glaucescent, with the exterior margin brown, and the cilia white. Closely allied to P. achemon. Mexico. CLEMENS. 4. P. labruscae. — Madam Merian, Ins. Sur. pi. 34. Green, testaceous beneath. The abdomen sometimes, and rarely the whole body and anterior wings, testaceous. Abdomen with a PHILAMPELUS. 179 black spot at base on each side, beneath and at sides spotted with white. Anterior wings green, with two darker bands margined with white, one of which crosses the disk, and meets an oblique one on the inner margin. Posterior wings blue, with a black angu- lated band edged interiorly with red, and' a sub-terminal black band breaking into black lines toward interior angle on a reddish ground ; terminal margin testaceous. S.America; Mexico; West Indies. CLEMENS. §§ Eyes large. Fore wings nearly straight. 5. P. vitis Linn. Merian, Ins. Surin. Philampelus hornbeckiana Harris, p. 299, note. (?) Figured in Drury, I, pi. 28. Cram. pi. 267. Sm. Abb. I, pi. 46. Head and thorax grayish tinged with greenish. Thorax with a dorsal dark olive line, tegulse dark olive, edged with white. Abdo- men dark olive, paler on the sides, with a pale dorsal line ; a blackish patch on the sides at base, and a dark olive dorsal patch at the base. Anterior wings deep olive, with a double whitish transverse line toward the base, a pale buff-colored band (in faded specimens white or whitish), extending from the base to the tip, crossed by another of the same hue from the lower third of inner margin to costa, beyond the origin of post-apical vein, and containing poste- riorly a dark olive line ; the nervules of the median nerve pale flesh color, or whitish, when faded ; discal spot double and black. Posterior wings pale-green, pale-yellowish along the costa, with a central black line terminating in a black patch, near the middle of inner margin, and a sub-terminal black band tapering to interior angle ; the inner margin rose-red, inclosing above the interior angle a whitish spot ; terminal margin cinereous. Mature Larva. Head reddish, with -two black lines in front. Body flesh color mixed with yellow, and with short, transverse black lines. The lateral semi-oval bands are yellowish-white, edged with black. Body beneath the stigmata? is greenish, with black lines and stigmatal blackish dots on the three anterior segments ; lenti- cular tubercle blackish with dorsal black lines. Abbot and Smith. Pupation. According to Abbot and Smith, it enters the pupa state August 14th, and appears as an imago September 7th. An- other became a pupa September 29th, and appeared July 18th fol- lowing. 180 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. Food-plants. Jussieua erecta (decurrens) ? S. America ; Mexico ; West Indies ; Southern U. States. CLEMENS. The following species approaches P. vitis so nearly in its orna- mentation, that I am much disposed to place it as a variety. But for the present, perhaps, it is better to represent it as distinct. 6, P. jussieuse Hiibner. Sphinx fasciatus Sulz. Pale buff, tinged with reddish. Head and thorax with a dorsal olivaceous green line. Thorax with two broad olivaceous green stripes. Abdomen with two black spots at the base on the sides, and two dorsal olivaceous green stripes. Anterior wings oliva- ceous green, costa reddish-brown, with a discal mark, a transverse streak near the base, with two connected bands along the middle, and the veins pale buff; exterior margin reddish-brown. Poste- rior wings pale-green, rosy along the inner margin and exterior half of terminal border, with two black spots near the middle of inner margin, and a sub-terminal black band ending in short lines, and a dusky patch at inner angle. S. America ; West Indies ; Mexico. CLEMENS. PACHYLIA WALKEK. The body is large and thick. The head is large, free and promi- nent ; the front smooth, long, broad and elliptical : the palpi ascend to its level ; the eyes are large or very large, salient and hemi- spherical ; the tongue strong and thick, but when unrolled extends only to about the third abdominal segment ; the antennae are about as long as the thorax, with a long hook, compressed laterally. The thorax is smooth, immaculate, thick and cylindrical, well ad- vanced in front of the base of anterior wings, and tapering on the sides to the head. The abdomen is large, nearly cylindrical or oblaneeolate, generally rather more than twice the length of the thorax. The wings are about equal in length to that of the body, or somewhat longer, and about twice and a half longer than broad across the inner angle ; the hind margin of the anterior entire, PACHYLIA. 181 almost obliquely convex, but slightly excavated near the tip and above inner angle, or more decidedly excavated and rounded in the middle, with the tip acuminated ; the inner margin deeply con- cave above inner angle. The posterior wings are suddenly curved above the tip, and the hind margin slightly denticulated, or almost straight. The legs are strong and moderately long, the posterior tibiae having two very short external and two long internal spurs. Male, antennae prismatic and well ciliated. Female, antennae simple. The specimens of the perfect insects of this genus in my possession most undoubtedly show strong affinities to that of Phi- lampelus. I am at a loss to conceive wherein Mr. Walker can perceive any affinity to Macroglossa, unless it be in resumens and inconspicua. These species I have never seen, and the generic diagnosis given above cannot, therefore, include any structural peculiarities which may characterize them. 1. P. ficus Merian, pi. 33. Pale luteous brown, varied with dark brown. Head, thorax and palpi dark brown. Abdomen pale brown on the sides and between the basal segments ; the two basal segments banded with blackish-brown. Anterior wings luteous-brown, with dark brown markings ; a patch at. the base and a single line nearly joining it, three wavy lines crossing the middle of the disk, a conspicuous discal spot, a patch near the origins of medio-superior and central nervules, a small patch on the inner margin beneath it, consisting of three short lines, the most posterior of which is the continua- tion of the upper of three separated, denticulated lines curving across the middle of the nervules. A semi-oval, apical, pale, greenish-brown patch, pointed on the tip and bordered beneath by a dark brown triangular shade, the tip of which reaches the medio- central nervule on the margin. Posterior wing pale luteous, with a broad central black band and a broad marginal band of the same hue tapering towards the inner margin, with an indistinct line of the same hue above it; inner angle covered with niveous scales. Mexico ; West Indies ; S. America. CLEMENS. 182 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. I think the following is the male of P. ficus. Should the con- jecture be wrong, I would propose for it the name P. lyncea. Bright pure brown somewhat tinged with ferruginous. Thorax with a purplish reflection. Palpi beneath white. Abdomen paler than thorax, pale yellowish on the sides and between the basal rings. Anterior wings with a paler rather broad stripe near the base containing a dark brown line and indistinct lines of the same hue crossing the middle of the disk ; discal spot conspicuous, fer- ruginous brown, with three separated, denticulated, rather indis- tinct dark brown lines crossing the middle of the nervules ; a semi-oval, apical, pale luteous patch, bordered beneath by a tri- angular ferruginous brown shade, with a pale purplish patch at the interior angle. Posterior wings ochraceous, with a central black band not extended to costa, and a marginal blackish band tapering toward the inner angle, bordered above by a series of black dots on the nervules continued as a line toward the inner margin ; the inner angle covered above with niveous scales. The wings beneath ochraceous, both anterior and posterior with a row of sub-terminal blackish dots and the latter with a faint central dark line. From the Smithsonian Institution. Capt. Pope's collection in Texas. CLEMENS. Anterior wings rather narrower than the preceding, more pointed at the tip and the hind border more distinctly sinuous. 2. P. inornata Clemens. Sphinx ficus Cramer. Dull greenish-brown or dark reddish-brown. Abdomen rusty brown on the sides. Anterior wings in the 9 with an olivaceous hue toward the base and somewhat purplish posteriorly. A pale brownish nearly semi-circular patch on the middle of costa extend- ing beneath to the medio-superior and behind to the post-apical nervule ; this is bordered by a broad umber brown band, which sends off to the middle of inner margin a short band of the same hue. There is only one distinct denticulated umber-brown line crossing the middle of the nervules, and is sometimes obsolete. A semi-oval, apical pale brown patch, tinged with dull greenish and bordered beneath by a triangular umber-brown shade. Posterior wings nearly concolorous umber-brown, or deep reddish-brown, MACROSILA. 183 deepened to an obscure marginal blackish band. The inner angle curved above with niveous scales. Honduras and Brazil. CLEMENS. 3. P. resumens Walker, p. 190. Fawn color, paler beneath. Abdomen with a black band on each of the three basal segments ; the four following segments with two black spots on each. Fore wings with several undu- lating transverse brown lines, with a brown discal dot, and with three brown dots near the interior angle ; exterior border cinereous. Hind wings paler, with a black discal stripe, which is connected at the tip of the wings with a black marginal stripe. Length of the body 17 — 18 lines; of the wings 40 — 42 lines. Var. /3. — Cinereous brown. Hind wings dull pale fawn color, greenish toward the base. S. America ; Honduras ; West Indies. , CLEMENS. 4. P. inconspicua Walker, p. 190. Fawn-color, testaceous beneath. Abdomen with two rows of black dots, and toward the base with two interrupted black bands. Fore wiags with three undulating oblique blackish lines, a little darker between the third line and the exterior border. Hind wings a little paler than the fore wings, with two dark brown stripes, the one discal, the other marginal ; a brown undulating line between them. ' Length of the body 21 lines ; of the wings 48 lines. Jamaica. CLEMENS. MACROSILA WALKER. . Size large, or very large, body thick and long. The head is large, free and advanced ; the front very broad and long, taper- ing but little to the tips of the palpi ; the eyes very large and salient; the antennae clavato-prismatic, with a short hook and seta; the palpi very thick and ascending, and pressed against the front ; the tongue twice or nearly twice the length of the body, or about one-third longer. The thorax is large and thick, somewhat rounded 184 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. in front, and tapering moderately on the sides to the head. The abdomen is tapering and cylindrico-conical, aj; least twice the length of the thorax. The wings are long, entire ; the anterior rather broad across the inner angle, which is dilated, the hind margin obliquely convex, sometimes slightly wavy, and the interior margin with a long concave excision. The legs are long and strong, the posterior tibise having four very long spurs. This group is very closely allied to Sphinx by the characters of the perfect insect, and I have hesitated much whether to restrict its limits as described by Mr. Walker, or to extend it. The gene- ral agreement in the length of the tongue of such individuals here included as I have been able to examine, has led me to take the latter course. This will doubtless be regarded as objectionable, but I think a greater degree of clearness of arrangement is attained.' Under any arrangement portions of the two groups as compared to each other do not present well-marked or decided differences, and if some of the members of the present one strongly recall that of Sphinx, one member of the latter reproduces in its structure most of the peculiarities of Macrosila. CLEMENS. 1. M. collaris Walker, p. 201. Hoary, white beneath. Thorax dark-brown in front, and with some brown marks on each side. Abdomen with a much inter- rupted, middle, brown line, and with transverse, brown spots along each side. Wings brown beneath. Fore wings with a white dis- cal dot, and with oblique, undulating, transverse, brown lines ; also with a testaceous streak which extends from the base to an oblique, undulating, testaceous band. Hind wings brown, whitish at the base and along the anterior border, and with two hoary bands. Length of the body 18 — 19 lines ; of the wings 42 — 46 lines. West Indies. CLEMEXS. 2. M. hasdrubal Cramer, pi. 246, f. F. Somewhat hoary. Head and thorax grayish-brown, the latter with a black streak on the upper edge of tegulse. Abdomen with indistinct, lateral, blackish patches, edged before with whitish. MACROSILA. 185 Fore wings with a black streak at the base, with two wavy, black lines crossing the posterior part of the disk ; black marks on the costa, and marginal black spots and a series of dots on the median nervules. Hind wings blackish-brown, white along the interior angle, with brown undulating lines. Male. — The anterior wings principally brown. (Smaller than the 9 with the black lines more distinct. The under surface in both ash-gray, with two brown bands. — Poey.) Mature Larva. Gen. Char. — Head large. Body nearly uni- formly cylindrical, with anal shield, broad and truncate at the ex- tremity. Caudal horn extremely long, slender, and membranous. — Head reddish-brown. Body black, with nine or ten bright yellow, transverse bands on the middle of the segments. The first seg- ment, the prolegs and a spot, whence rises the caudal horn, red- dish-brown, dotted with black. (Poey'sfig.} Pupation. The larval transformation takes place on the surface, where the pupa is covered simply by the superficial debris. The pupa is represented without the detached tongue-case. (Poey.) Food-plants. The larva feeds on a species of Plumieria. South America and Central ; West Indies. CLEMENS. I think it doubtful whether Cramer's M. hydraspus and medor are the same species, but having no specimen of the former, I am un- able to determine the question. The general markings of the ante- rior wings are very similar, but hydraspus has three white spots on each side of the posterior abdominal segments, besides the three yellow spots on the basal rings. This is a peculiarity neither of the male nor female medor of Cramer. Prof. Poey regards his M. duponchelas differing specifically from medor of Cramer, and antaeus of Drury. His figure, however, does not differ from a specimen in the Acad. Nat. Sciences from Jamaica, nor from a Mexican specimen in my own collection, ex- cept that the latter is much larger than either, and the subterminal line in Poey's figure is more distinctly edged with white. 186 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. The third article of palpi a small terminal hook; anterior wings slightly ivavy. 3. M. antaeus . Merian, f. 2. Sphinx hydraspus Cramer, f.' A. (?) Sphinx medor Cramer, f. A. Sphinx jatrophx Fabr. 18 ; Mant. Ins. II. 94, 21 ; Ent. Syst. Ill, 1, 362, 22. Gmel. Syst. Nat. I, 5, 2376, 63. Cocytius jatrophas Hubner. Amphonyx duponchel Poey. Palpi blackish-brown, beneath yellowish-white. Head, thorax, and abdomen, blackish-brown, intermixed with gray atoms ; te- gulae with a black streak, edged beneath with whitish ; abdomen with a dorsal row of black spots, and three large yellow spots on each side at the base edged with black, and black spots from the last to the tip of abdomen. Anterior wings blackish-brown, sprinkled with grayish scales ; a grayish spot at the base, with a double, angular, black line crossing the middle of disk to the upper third of inner margin, and two or three serrated lines of the same hue on the middle of the nervules, and a subterminal black line curving from the costa, near the origin of post-apical to near the inner angle, and edged anteriorly rather broadly with brownish-gray ; black circlets on the ends of posterior nervules, and a broad black apical streak j black streaks in medio-central and posterior inter- spaces, and two discal whitish spots, one near the sub-median nerve, and the other near the sub-costal. Posterior wings trans- parent in the middle, with black nervules and a broad, terminal, black border, with indistinct, grayish spots above inner angle ; yel- low at the base. Beneath, the body is whitish, with abdominal blackish spots ; and the wings yellowish toward the base. South America ; Mexico ; West Indies. CLEMENS. 4. M. cluentius Cramer, 1, 124, pi. 78, f. B. Grayish-black, testaceous beneath ; antennae testaceous. Tho- rax fawn-color on the sides. Abdomen black, with a broad cine- reous stripe, and several luteous spots on the sides. Anterior wings with numerous black spots or marks on the costa and inner margin, and semicircular black marks on the ends of the nervules, with a subapical streak and stripe behind, fawn-color. Posterior wings black, with an interrupted median stripe, and the interior margin luteous. South America ; West Indies. CLEMENS. MACROSILA. 18? 5. M. rustica Cram. IV, 21, pi. 301. Acherontia chionanthi Hubner. Figured in Sulz. pi. 20. Cram. pi. 301. Sm. Abb. pi. 34. Head and ends of palpi blackish-brown, with a short white dash on the vertex, and white spots at the base of the antenna3 ; palpi beneath white. Thorax blackish with white spots on the disk, and tegulse at the base of anterior wings. Abdomen blackish-brown, with a narrow blackish dorsal line, and three round orange-yellow spots margined with black on each side, and two rows of dorsal white spots. The under surface of the thorax and abdomen is white. Anterior wings blackish-brown, or ferruginous brown, when faded, mottled with white ; a few white spots at the base ; the middle of disk crossed by two black lines and a brown one, which is margined on both sides with white, with serrated black lines traversing the nervules, margined broadly behind with brownish-white ; discal spot white, an irregular sub-terminal blackish line, with white marginal spots and a short, oblique, api- cal streak, edged above with white ; cilia? white spotted. Poste- rior wings blackish, costa and disk yellowish, with a white spot near the base, and one above the inner angle crossed by black lines. Mature Larva. Head and body dark-green, the latter becom- ing yellowish on the dorsum and sides, with faint greenish Fines ; thoracic rings with wavy, reddish dorsal lines. Seven oblique lateral blue bands edged with purple, and beneath this a white band colored yellowish on its lower part. Horn yellow, with reddish tubercles. (Abbot & -Smith.) Pupation. Enters the ground to transform. Pupa dark red- dish-brown, with long detached tongue-case applied to the breast by its point. It becomes a pupa in Georgia in July. Food-plants. The fringe tree. S. America ; Mexico ; West Indies ; Texas ; Georgia ; Yir- ginia. CLEMENS. 6. M. instita Clemens. Head and palpi blackish-brown. Thorax concolorous, rather rusty brown, with a small metathoracic black tuft. Abdomen black, with dispersed bluish scales along the dorsum, with the basal segment banded with. brown, and three large orange yellow spots on the sides of the basal segments ; beneath and between 188 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. these spots are short white marks. The legs and under surface of thorax blackish-gray, and whitish in the middle. Anterior wings are brown in the greater part, separated by an exceedingly irregu- lar outline from a black costal portion covered with dispersed pale- blue scales, and which is dilated from the costa into an angular basal, a large nearly square median, and an apical irregularly-oval patch ; the brown portion has two broad dilations toward the costa, both extending to the sub-costal nerve. The median black patch contains a small white discal dot, and is edged beneath and behind by pale-brownish. The post-apical nervule and sub-costo inferior are pale-colored, and .to ward the termination of medio- central and posterior nervules are four small black spots, two on either side of each. The fringes are brown, broadly spotted with black. Posterior wings are pale-brownish and grayish from the middle to the base, with a large black patch at base, two central black bands, and between the latter and the former an oblique demi-line ; a moderate, black marginal band, having a bluish one in its centre. The fringes black, spotted with brown. Honduras. CLEMENS. 7. M. cingulata Linn. Sphinx drurcei, Donovan. Sphinx convolvuli, Drury. Figured in Drury, 1, pi. 25. Cram. pi. 225. Sm. Abb. 1, pi. 32. Head, ends of palpi and thorax cinereous, with a brownish tinge; palpi white beneath, prothorax with two blackish lines and tegulae, with one central and one on superior margin of the same hue ; me- tathoracic tufts black, with a few bluish scales. Abdomen brown- ish cinereous, with large rose-colored lateral patches, separated by black bands. Anterior wings grayish-brown, with a grayish spot at base, irregular dark-brown angulated lines crossing the disk, and discal spot whitish, ringed with blackish ; three dark-brown lines curving across the middle of the nervules, and bordered pos- teriorly with brownish-gray, in which the last line is produced into points on the nervules ; a row of dark-Brown circlets on the poste- rior nervules, with a line of the same hue in post-apical interspace extended to the tip, and streaks of the same hue in the central and posterior interspaces. Posterior wings rosy toward the base, with a central black band and black demi-line above it, a grayish space posteriorly, and a broad marginal cinereous baud, bordered above with black. Legs cinereous, thorax and abdomen beneath white. MACROSILA. 189 Mature Larva. Head yellowish, with two brownish dashes on each side. Body blackish-brown, with a crimson vascular line con- taining anteriorly diamond-shaped blackish-brown patches ; a crim- son sub-dorsal line, and a wavy,, yellowish stigmatical line, sending off just above the stigmata? short-curved processes. Horn short, brownish, and white on the sides. (Abbot & Smith.) Pupation. Pupa reddish-brown, with a detached cylindrical tongue-case that makes one turn and a half, and is applied to the breast. The larva transformation is subterranean. In Virginia, pupation began* October 3d, and the imago appeared May 30th ; in Georgia, it began August 20th, and the imago appeared Sep- tember llth. (Abbot & Smith.) Food-plants. The sweet potato. Mexico ; West Indies ; Texas ; Georgia ; Virginia ; Pennsyl- vania. CLEMENS. 8. M. Carolina Linn. Figured in Drury, I, pi. 25. Head, palpi, and thorax blackish-gray or brownish-gray; thorax grayish on the sides, with short black lines on prothorax, the mid- dle and upper edge of tegulee; metathoracic tufts black tipped with bluish, followed by two large black patches. Abdomen blackish- gray, with a double row of dorsal white spots, five nearly round orange-yellow spots on each side, with black bands between and intermediate white spots below. Anterior wings cinereous or brownish-gray, with a white spot at base; angulated, somewhat indistinct, blackish lines crossing the middle of the disk to the basal portion of the inner margin ; discal dot white, with parallel, rather approximated, black lines crossing the middle of the ner- vules, an irregular subterminal black line and marginal whitish line ; with a black line hooked below in post-apical interspace, and a short one at tip edged above with whitish and blackish shades toward the base of medio-central aud posterior interspaces. Pos- terior wings gray, with a black spot at base, an oblique black demi-line, a double black 'central band, and a broad marginal blackish-gray band, having a black band in the middle and edged above with black. Under surface of thorax and abdomen gray, with a reddish-brown tinge. Mature Larva. Downy, wrinkled transversely. Head and body dark green, the latter paler on the dorsum, with whitish dots; 190 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. lateral oblique white bands, edged above with bluish and short transverse black lines. Stigmatae black, with a yellow point above and below, except the first and last, which are orange-yellow with a black central point, and all edged with blue. Shield and termi- nal prolegs edged below with yellow; caudal horn rust-colored terminally. Feet white, ringed with black. Pupation. The larval transformation takes place in a subter- ranean cell. The pupa is dark reddish-brown, with a detached, cylindrical, rather thick tongue-case, not as much arched nor as long as that of 5-maculata. Food-plants. The tobacco and tomato plants. South America; Mexico ; West Indies ; and generally through- out the United States. ClEMBNS. 9. M. quinquemaculata Steph. Phlegethontius celeus Hiibner. Sphinx Carolina Donovan, XI, pi. 361. Head, palpi, and thorax ash-gray; prothorax with three ob- liquely transverse black lines; tegula3 with a superior and short central black line ; the lateral metathoracic tufts bluish in the mid- dle, followed by a large black patch on each side. Abdomen gray, with a slender black dorsal line, with four or five orange-yellow spots on the sides separated by black bands, having white spots above and beneath. Anterior wings gray, varied with brownish in the middle and toward the tip, with oblique black lines on the inner margin beneath median nervure, and three of the same hue arising about the middle of inner margin and curving toward the inner angle within the submedian, and thence continued across the nervules toward the costa ; a sub-termipal black and marginal white line, both limited anteriorly by the disco-central nervule; a short apical black line, one in post-apical interspace hooked below, a slender recurrent one in disco-central interspace, a double one in medio- superior and blackish shades in the central and posterior. Poste- rior wings whitish, with a black spot at base, a black demi-line, two central, separated, serrated black lines, and a broad brownish- gray marginal band, bordered broadly above with black. Under surface of the thorax and abdomen red-ash color. Mature Larva. Head green, with a black stripe on each side. Body very dark green, with a black patch on first segment, and lateral oblique greenish-yellow bands, each meeting a stigmata! MACROSILA. 191 stripe of the same hue, thus forming a series of angular bands on the sides. The stigmatse are all black, except the first and last, which are orange-yellow. The feet and caudal horn black.' Body dotted with numerous yellowish-green dots, and marked with short black lines above the lateral bands. Pupation. The larval transformation is subterranean. The pupa dark reddish-brown, with a cylindrical, long and much-arched, detached tongue-case. Food-plants. The tomato and potato plants. Throughout the United States. CLEMENS. 10. M. brontes ? Sphinx brontes Drury, II, 52, pi. 29, f. 8.1 Walker. "The insect here described differs much from Drury's figure, and may be a distinct species." Cinereous. Antennas white. Thorax margined with black, with white on the sides. Abdomen with a median black line, and two angulated black streaks on the sides. Anterior wings with a white discal spot, with transverse angulated interior brown and exterior black lines, with an exterior undefined white band and streak be- hind, sometimes obsolete, and with exterior black streaks. Hind wings brownish, with three blackish streaks. United States. CLEMENS. 11. M. forestan Cramer, IV, 216, pi. 394. Tongue one-third longer than the body. Head and tips of palpi brownish gray, the latter beneath gray 1 Brontes Drury. "The antennae are white inwardly, hut hrown out- wardly. The eyes large and hlack. The head and neck dark hrown. Thorax and abdomen gray ; on the hind part of the former are two small hlack spots, and on each .ring »two small black streaks. Anterior wings gray, with a white discal spot and a small white cloud next the tips ; having several curved and indented black lines crossing them from the anterior to the posterior edges, some being faint and others very distinct. The fringes are brown, spotted with white. The inferior wings are of a very dark brown, but along the abdominal edges and corners are gray. Fringe like that of the superior wings. Beneath, breast white ; abdomen white with four central reddish spots ; anterior wings uniform, dark grayish-brown, with a narrow white streak at the tips. Inferior wings crossed by two faint lines and also of a dark grayish-brown." From New York. 192 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. or whitish. Thorax with a black line in front extended on the sides to tegulse, where it is bordered below with whitish. Abdo- men brownish gray, with a lateral black angulated band on each side, sometimes a black stripe with dull yellowish spots. Anterior wings gray or hoary, more or less varied with green and pale brownish, with a black streak along the base of inner margin, several black angulated lines crossing the disk and angulated black lines crossing the base of the nervules ; discal spot grayish, adjacent to which is a greenish-brown median patch; black streaks at the base of medio-central and posterior interspaces and blackish circlets on the ends of posterior nervules, with a black curved sub- apical line. Posterior wings nearly uniform blackish brown, with a whitish patch above the interior angle crossed by two or three black lines ; sometimes with faint blackish transverse bands. Collection Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, and Mr. W. H. Edwards, of ISTewburg. South America; Honduras. CLEMENS. SPHINX LINN. The size is very large, large, or moderate. The body is long, tapering, and cylindrical. The head free and prominent, the front broad, long, and conical. The antennae prismatic, a little longer than the thorax, with a short hook and seta. The tongue variable. The thorax advanced and tapering on the sides to the head. The abdomen somewhat more than twice longer than the thorax and sometimes nearly thrice. The wings are long and narrow; the length of the anterior exceeding that of the body, and about one- third as long as they are broad across the inner angle, with the tip acuminated, the hind margin entire and usually very obliquely convex, with the inner angle rounded and the inner margin nearly straight or slightly concave. The legs are moderately long and stout, the hind tibiae with four very long spurs. Larva. The head is large, semi-oval, and flattened in front. The body is almost uniformly cylindrical, smooth, and obliquely banded on the side, with an arching caudal horn, and the thoracic segments somewhat folded. The tongue-case of the pupa is short SPHINX. 193 and detached, but reposes upon the breast. It is contained in a subterranean cell. GBOUP I. Size very large. Head large. Eyes large and salient. Tongue nearly twice as long as the body. Palpi thick, ascending and pressed against the front. 1. S. leucophaeata Clemens. Head, palpi, and thorax gray ; tegula3 with a black line on the superior margin. Abdomen grayish, with a black patch on each side at the base and alternate black and whitish demi-bands. Anterior wings gray, with a small black patch about the middle of the base ; an indistinct blackish double line arises at the base of the inner margin and extends to the origin of medio-central vein, and two lines of the same hue cross the lower portion of disk obliquely to about the same point ; a blackish wavy line, curved toward the costa, and bordered beneath with pale gray, arises about the middle of the inner margin and extends to the lower part of disco-central nervule, whence it retreats indistinctly to the costa ; a subterminal, angulated, abbreviated black line, bordered irregularly with pale gray. A deep black streak in post-apical interspace continued to the tip, and conspicuous black streaks at the base of medio-central and posterior interspaces ; discal spot obscure and whitish ; fringes gray. Posterior wings grayish, with a black median band and broad black marginal band, with a space on terminal margin from the middle to the inner angle, gray. Beneath, thorax ash gray, abdomen white, with a few brownish ventral spots. Texas. CLEMENS. GROUP II. Size large or moderate. The head moderate. The eyes small and but moderately salient. The tongue one-third longer than the body, or about as long or somewhat shorter. The palpi are thick and slightly exceed the front, with which the hairs of the tip are scarcely identified. 13 194 LEPIDOPTERA OP NORTH AMERICA. 2. S. cinerea Hubner. Lethia chersis Hubner. Head, palpi and thorax dark gray ; tegulse tipped with whitish terminally, with a black line on the superior edge and a short in- distinct one above and parallel to it, and a metathoracic spot on each side. Abdomen dark gray, with a black dorsal line and alternate black and white lateral demi-bands. Anterior wings dark gray, with a black spot at base, a delicate black discal line ; a black streak at the tip and in post-apical interspace, bordered above with pale gray, in sub-costo inferior, medio-central and pos- terior interspaces, and a slender black line in sub-median sulcus ; a sub-terminal blackish line and one near the margin bordered below with pale gray and both abbreviated toward costa. Poste- rior wings sordid gray, with a broad median and a terminal black band. Massachusetts ; Wisconsin ; Southern States. CLEMENS. 3. S. sordida Hubner. Agrius eremitus Hiibn. Sphinx lugens Walker, p. 219 ? ' Dark brownish cinereous. Head and thorax paler on the sides, with a rather broad blackish-brown stripe on the middle of tegula3, extending to prothorax and edged above with two lines of the same hue, and with a brownish dorsal line on the disk of thorax ; metathoracic spots, black. Abdomen with a dorsal black line and alternate black and whitish demi-bands on the sides ; beneath white, with central blackish spots. Anterior wings brownish cine- reous, with a black margined white discal spot, through which passes a short blackish discal dash, and a smaller one above it ; with blackish-brown costal marks over the disk, the two most posterior of which reach to the discal spot and are joined or nearly joined at an angle by two more or less distinct lines from the inner 1 S. lugens. — Blackish-gray, paler beneath. Head and thorax paler on each side. Thorax with two black stripes. Abdomen with interrupted white and blackish bands. Fore wings slightly tinged with brown, with black costal marks, and with discal and exterior streaks ; two whitish discal dots, the fore one occasionally obsolete. Hind wings black, with two whitish undulating bands ; cilise white. Length of the body 17 — 19 lines ; of the wings 42—46 lines. Mexico. SPHINX. 195 margin of the base ; a broad diffuse blackish-brown apical streak with a costal line above it in apical interspace, and blackish-brown streaks in the interspaces, except the medio-superior ; an abbre- viated blackish-brown line edged exteriorly with grayish near the terminal margin. Posterior wings yellowish-white, with a black spot at the base, a median and broad marginal band black. Length of the body 16 lines ; expansion of the wings 35 lines. Var. A. a male. — Brownish, with two distinct dark brown lines from the inner margin of base and the middle of the costa, ango- lated on the disk; over the median nervules the wing is dark brown, with faintly indicated irregular lines crossing the middle of the nervules to the costa and grayish spots exterior to them. Length of body 22 lines ; expansion of the wings 54 lines. Near Jalapa, Mexico. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia. Var. B. a male. — Blackish cinereous ; two distinct black angu- lated lines crossing the posterior portion of the disk from the inner margin of base ; with a band of blackish-brown lines crossing the middle of the nervules. Length of the body 20 lines ; expansion of the wings 47 lines. Near Jalapa, Mexico. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia. CLEMENS. Mr. Walker's lugens is probably one of these varieties of sordida. Mexico; Texas; Massachusetts. 4. S. plebeia Fabr. Sp. II, 146, 31. Head and thorax dark gray, with a transverse black line on prothorax continued to the tegulae, which are pale grayish beneath it. Abdomen gray, with a slender black dorsal line and a black stripe on each side containing whitish spots. Anterior wings gray, with a short black stripe at the base of the inner margin, two very oblique, short black lines from the basal portion of costa to the disk, sometimes uniting with the line from the base on the disk, and two distinct serrated black lines crossing the middle of the nervules from about the origin of post-apical to the lower third of inner margin ; black streaks in all the interspaces, that in medio- superior contained in a white streak, and short white streaks on the terminal portion of medio-central and posterior interspaces ; discal spot white and the nervules tipped with blackish at their 196 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. ends. Posterior wings blackish-brown, grayish towards the base and the inner border, and sometimes faintly grayish in the middle. Pennsylvania ; Connecticut ; Massachusetts. CLEMENS. 5. S. kalmiae Abbot fr Smith. Figured in Sm. Abb. 1, pi. 37. Head and thorax ferruginous brown, paler on the sides; legal® with a central and upper black line, raetathoracic patches black. Abdomen ferruginous brown with a central black line and alter- nate whitish and black demi-bands. Anterior wings ferruginous brown, paler in the middle, with two oblique blackish streaks at the base of inner margin and very oblique ferruginous streaks from the costa to disk; a pale streak in post-apical interspace, margined on each side with ferruginous, and ferruginous and brownish streaks in the remaining interspaces, with a whitish line near the margin edged above with blackish ; discal spot small and ferruginous ; fringes reddish-brown. Posterior wings brownish-white, with a broad central and terminal black band ; exterior margin reddish- brown and fringes of the same hue. . Mature Larva. Head green, with a lateral black stripe. Body fine pale green, deepening on the sides, with pale yellow, lateral, oblique bands edged above with black, which is again bordered with pale blue ; first and second prolegs with a black spot on the sides; stigmata orange-yellow; shield and terminal prolegs dotted with numerous brown dots on a pale brownish patch ; caudal horn blue, but thickly covered with black tubercles. Length about three inches. Pupation. The larval transformation is subterranean. The pupa dark-brown ; the tongue-case half as long as the l^reast and ap- plied to it, with the extremity bulbous. The larva enters the pupa state during the latter part of August or in September, and ap- pears as an imago in the following June or early in July. Food-plants. I have found the larva nearly full grown on the lilac about the middle of July. Also feeds on the leaves of Kal- mia latifolia. (Abbot & Smith.) Canada ; New York ; Pennsylvania ; Massachusetts ; Georgia. CLEMENS. SPHINX. 197 6. S. drupiferarum Abbot fr Smith. Figured in Sm. Abb. 1, pi. 36. Head and thorax blackish-brown, whitish fawn-color on the sides. Abdomen brown, with a slender dorsal line and a lateral black band on each side containing brownish-white spots. Ante- rior wings dark brown, with costa from base beyond the disk, and to mpdian nervure below, whitish fawn-color, with wavy, separated dark brown lines crossing lower portion of the nervules, the last bordered above with whitish; a fawn-colored marginal space taper- ing to the tip and containing a whitish line. A black discal dash, and two delicate black discal lines continued singly on the disco- central nervule, with black streaks in submedian sulcus and all the interspaces except the medio-superior. Posterior wings whitish, with a broad median black band enlarged towards the costa and sub-terminal black band, with the terminal margin fawn-color. Mature Larva. Head green, with a lateral blackish band. Body pale green, with lateral, oblique purple bands, edged beneath with white ; caudal horn dark reddish-brown, yellow on the sides at base ; stigmata orange-yellow. Length about 3j inches. Pupation. The larval transformation takes place in a subter- ranean cell. The pupa is dark brown, with reddish-brown between the segments and the tongue-case short, reposing on the breast and truncate at the extremity. The perfect insect from the fall larva appears early in June. Food-plants. The larva feeds on the leaves of the various varie- ties of Plum. Pennsylvania ; Massachusetts. CLEMENS. 7. S. luscitiosa Clemens. Antennae blackish-brown. Palpi blackish-brown. Head and thorax blackish-brown or blackish and white on the sides. Ab- domen brown, with a black stripe on each side. Anterior wings pale brown, with a ferruginous hue ; the inner border fuliginous, a terminal fuliginous band tapering to the tip of the wing, with a wavy outline anteriorly, and the costa and a patch on the costa above the tip of the same hue ; a slender black discal line, with black lines and streaks in all the interspaces and sub-median sul- cus. Fringes blackish. Posterior wings yellow or stramineous, with a broad terminal black band and the fringes whitish. Wisconsin ; New York. CLEMENS. 198 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. 8. S. gordius Cramer. Figured in Cram. Ill, pi. 247. Head and disk of the thorax blackish-brown or black and red- dish-gray on the sides. Abdomen dark gray, with a dorsal black line and alternate black and grayish demi-bands. Anterior wings blackish-gray, with a roseate hue; discal spot conspicuous and white, a discal black line bifid toward the discal spot, with the usual lines and streaks in interspaces and submedian sulcus, black; a blackish-brown marginal shade, with pale grayish on the portion of the wing above it, at the base and the tip of the wing. Fringes dark brown spotted with white. Posterior wings gray, with a black median band, and a broad, black marginal band ; the fringes white. Mature Larva. Apple green, with seven oblique white lateral bands, slightly edged above with violet, a rusted caudal horn, and a brownish line on each side of head. (Harris.) There is almost too much resemblance in this description to the larva of drupi- ferarum. Pupation. The larval transformation is subterranean ; pupa with a very short detached tongue-case. (Harris.) Food-plants. The larva feeds on the leaves of the apple-tree. (Harris.) Maine ; Massachusetts ; Connecticut. CLEMENS. 9. S. jasminearum Le Conte, Sr. "Wilson, Treat. Ent. in Ency. Brit. pi. 236, f. 5, 6. Palpi gray-brownish on the sides. Head and thorax pale gray, with a transverse black line on prothorax extended to the middle of tegula3, with a black dash in the middle of the disk and meta- thoracic black streaks on each side of median line. Abdomen dull gray, with a black stripe on each side containing whitish spots. Anterior wings gray, with blackish-brown markings; a blackish streak at the base of inner margin, with two brownish lines from the disk to its lower end; two blackish-brown oblique lines or a broad oblique streak from the costa to the disk at the origin of median nervules; discal spot white, with a brownish discolored patch just posterior to it, extending from costa at the origin of sub- costo inferior nervule to medio-posterior interspace, where it be- comes a black spot, and continued thence to inner margin as two brownish lines; two doubly curved lines of connected spots cross- ing the middle of the nervules from near the origin of post-apical SPHINX. 199 to the lower third of the inner margin, with an irregular brownish line near the terminal margin ; a long, decided black streak in medio-central interspace, with a blackish spot on the terminal margin of the medio-central nervule. Posterior wings nearly uni- form blackish brown, with a faint grayish central band and a gray- ish patch above the interior angle. Pupation. Larval transformation subterranean. The pupa is dark brown, with a very short cylindrical tongue-case bulbous at the extremity, and applied to the breast. Food-plants. Mr. Newman, of Philadelphia, found a pupa of this insect beneath an- isolated ash tree, under such circumstances as to render it probable that this is one of the food-plants of the larva. Long Island; New York; Pennsylvania. CLEMENS. Length of tongue unknown. 10. S. coniferarum Abbot $• Smith. Figured in Sm. Abb. I, pi. 42. Cinereous ; white beneath. Thorax with a brown stripe on each side. Abdomen cinereous without bands. Anterior wings, with a brown basilar, wavy line, a brown costal spot above the discal spot, which is blackish ; with a crenated brown line crossing the middle of the nervules edged anteriorly with whitish. A long black streak in medio-central interspace, and a shorter one in the posterior, with the ends of the nervules tipped wi^h blackish. Posterior wings brown. (Abbot & Smith's figure.) Mature Larva. Head yellow with two black lines. Body gray, with three rows of dorsal, square, dark-gray spots, one of which is vascular, having a black dot at each angle, and a slender, whitish, vascular line, with whitish striaa between the square spots. First segment with two dashes and one subdorsal on each side. The larva is full grown about August 27th and Nov. 10th, which latter produces an imago in April following. (Abbot & Smith.) Food-plants. Pinus palustris. Georgia; Canada. CLEMENS. N. B. The specimen Dr. Harris described under this name, as I have ascertained from a photograph, was E. harrisii. This is probably likewise identical with S. coniferarum. The discovery of the larva of harrisii will remove any doubt respecting the iden- tity of the insects. — B. CLEMENS. 200 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. ANCERYX WALKER. Body rather long and slender. The head la.rge, free and promi- nent ; the front broad, subconical, the vertex pilose or subtufted ; the eyes large and salient ; the tongue -as long as the body ; the palpi rather slender, scantily pilose and pressed against the front, with the terminal article exposed. Antennas as long or somewhat longer than the thorax, with a short hook and seta. Thorax well developed anterior to the base of the fore wings, but rounded ante- riorly, usually with a slight double crest on the fore part of the dorsum. Abdomen slender and oblanceolate, at least twice the length of the thorax. Legs long and slender, hind tibiae with moderate spurs. The wings narrow and moderately long ; the length of the anterior less than that of the body, and about three times longer than broad across the inner angle, the tip acuminated, the hind border obliquely rounded, but wavy between the nervules, the inner angle rounded and the inner margin moderately concave. Posterior wings rather acute at the tip, with the hind margin entire. Head smooth, thorax scarcely crested. 1. A. ello Linn. Figured in Drury I, pi. 27. Cram. IV, pi. 301. Head and thorax gray ; the front of thorax and the vertex dis- colored with blackish, without distinct markings, with a black line on sides of thorax extending from the eyes to the base of anterior wings. Abdomen gray, with, a dorsal gray band, containing -a slender blackish line, and banded with alternate black and gray bands in both sexes. Anterior wings pale grayish, varied with blackish ; with a blackish stripe extending irregularly from the base to the tip, and consisting chiefly of streaks between the ner- vules ; base of the wing blackish, with a patch in costa over disk, and at the origin of subcosto-inferior nervule, and with a row of marginal black spots in the interspaces. Posterior wings rust red, with a broad, blackish brown, terminal band and a cinereous patch at the anterior angle. ANCERYX. 201 The anterior wings of the specimens described are unfortunately worn. Mature Larva. Head purple ; body obscure brown, with a black dorsal line, and spotted irregularly with white on the sides ; caudal horn purple. (Merian.) Food-plants. The leaves of a species of Psidium or Guava. (Merian.} South America ; West Indies ; Mexico ; Texas ; Southern United States ; California. CLEMENS. Vertex and thorax with distinct double crests. 2. A. obscura Fab. sp. II, 142, 14. Erinnys stheno Hiibner. Hoary and somewhat bluish gray. Head and thorax dark gray and paler on the sides, the latter with a few short black lines, or with the disk before blackish brown, and a stripe of the same hue on the sides. Abdomen dusky gray without bands, and two brown- ish dorsal lines. Anterior, wings hoary, or gray tinted with bluish, with blackish markings ; a blackish streak extending from base to the tip, and a short, nearly parallel blackish streak above the inte- rior angle ; a blackish patch on costa at the posterior extremity of the disk, a fainter one about the middle, and another at the origin of the post-apical nervule ; a row of black dots on the lower third of the nervures and another about the middle, each series being connected by a faint acutely angled line ; a row of marginal, black dots in which terminate faint, slender, blackish lines in the interspaces from the post-apical to the medio-central. Posterior wings rust-red or reddish 'fawn-color, with a dark-brown patch on the terminal margin, about the interior angle, and a series of indis- tinct dots above the nervules. In the markings of the anterior wings this species bears a very striking resemblance to A. ello. Mexico ; West Indies ; Texas. CLEMENS. 3. A. scyron Cram. IV, 23j pi. 301. Hoary, cinereous. Thorax with a broad, anterior, blackish band, and two blackish, posterior, abbreviated bands. The seg- ments of the abdomen with interrupted, blackish bands, separated and whitish. Fore wings dark brown, varied with yellowish, with 202 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. a few brown bands more or less definite and branched, sometimes almost obsolete. Posterior wings luteous, broadly margined with black, with a somewhat hoary patch along the interior angle. South America; West Indies. CLEMENS. Thorax doubly crested. 4. A. alope Drury, I, 58, pi. 27. Brown. Abdomen blackish, with hoary interrupted bands and a dorsal stripe. Anterior wings with a series of angular black lines about the middle of the nervures, with a paler streak near the middle of the inner margin, more or less bent backwards, some- times blackisn brown. Hind wings luteous or orange yellow, with a broad brown terminal margin. Var. j8. Female. Brown, cinereous beneath. Head and thorax with a blackish stripe. Abdomen hoary, with three slender black stripes and with broad black bands ; tip fawn-color. Fore wings with indistinct blackish lines and streaks, and with some exterior fawn-colored streaks. Hind wings luteous, with very broad dark brown borders ; exterior margin somewhat fawn-colored. Length of the body 20 lines ; of the wings 39 lines. S. America ; West Indies. CLEMENS. 5. A. guttularis Walker, p. 227. Hoary, whitish beneath. Head and fore part of the thorax with a brown middle line. Abdomen with a slender whitish stripe, and with a slight lilac tinge. Wings beneath pale brown, white at the base and along the interior border of the hind wings. Fore wings with a black streak along the middle, and with several black dots. Hind wings brown, ferruginous at the base ; cilia? white. Length of the body 10 lines ; of the wings 18 lines. St. Domingo. CLEMENS. Thorax doubly crested. 6. A. cenotrus Cramer, IV, 22, pi. 301. Cinereous, beneath white. The head is whitish, with the sides of a dirty rose color. The segments of the abdomen whitish, and wnite beneath, with black points towards the sides. Anterior wings reddish brown toward the base, with slightly fawn-colored DOLBA. 203 lines and streaks, sometimes with the margins brown in part. Posterior wings rufescent or reddish brown, with a terminal blackish brown band and a small cinereous patch at the interior angle. S. America ; Mexico ; West Indies. CLEMENS. Hind margin of fore wings not denticulated, entire? 7. A. caicus Cramer, II, pi. 125. Cinereous. Thorax with three blackish brown stripes. Abdo- men with two dorsal black lines and broad interrupted black bands. Anterior wings with pale brownish and blackish brown lines in the interspaces, a blackish brown line on the inner margin and a white discal line. Posterior wings red, with black radii from the hind margin. South and Central America ; West Indies. CLEMENS. DOLBA WALKER. Size moderate or small. The body is stout, and rather short. The head rather small, but free and moderately prominent; the front broad, vertical, rounded and obtuse ; the eyes quite small and scarcely salient ; the palpi nearly horizontal and equal to the front; the tongue somewhat longer than the body; the antennae rather slender, with a short hook and seta, and about as long as the thorax. The thorax but little advanced anterior to the base of fore wings, tapering but little to the head and rounded in front. The abdomen rather conical, and about twice the length of the thorax. The length of the anterior wings rather more than that of the body, somewhat more than twice longer than broad, the tip rounded, the hind margin entire and oblique, somewhat prominent in the middle and slightly concave above the inner angle ; inner margin slightly concave. Posterior wings obtusely rounded at the tip, hind margin entire and somewhat concave before the inner angle. 1. D. hylaeus Drury. Figured "in Drury II, pi. 25. Sm. Abb. I, pi. 35. Sphinx prini Abbot & Smith.. Hyloicus dynaeus Hiibner. Palpi white beneath. Head and thorax brownish ferruginous, and whitish on the sides, with two white dots on the disk of thorax 204 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. and two black metathoracic spots. Abdomen brownish ferrugi- nous, with a row of dorsal brown spots and a double row of white spots, and with lateral alternate black and narrow white ctemi- bands. Anterior wings dull ferruginous, or dark brownish varied with white and blackish ; a white spot at the base, with a blackish band, white margined towards the base, crossing the middle of the disk ; discal spot white and black margined, a band of blackish lines crossing the middle of the nervules, margined posteriorly broadly with whitish, and black circlets on the posterior ends of median nervules ; apical line black, white margined toward costa. Posterior wings whitish, with an indistinctly double, median black- ish band, joined near inner margin by a blackish patch from the base and a broad terminal dark brown band edged above with blackish. Sometimes the wing is blackish brown, with a central white line and a fainter one above it, with white at the base. Mature Larva. Head green, with a pale blue line on each side. Body pea green, with lateral oblique pink bands edged below with white ; caudal horn crimson. (Abbot & Smith.) Pupation. Pupa reddish brown ; tongue-case not apparent. Pupation began May Itth, and the imago appeared June 19th. Another entered the pupa state August 25th, and appeared April 26th, in Georgia. (Abbot & Smith.) Food-plants. Prinos glaber; Winterberry. Mexico ; Georgia ; Massachusetts ; Connecticut. CLEMENS. CERATOMIA HAKRIS. Size large. Body usually thick and long. The head small, nearly sessile, and somewhat depressed ; front broad and almost vertical, pilose or sub-tufted ; the eyes small and scarcely salient; the palpi rather short and slender, nearly horizontal and not iden- tified with the front ; tongue about one-third as long as the body, not as long as the thorax ; the antenna longer than the thorax, ending in a short hook with seta. The thorax is thick, sub-glo- bose, but little advanced anterior to the base of the fore wings. The abdomen is cylindrical, tapering near the extremity, and nearly thrice or full thrice the length of the thorax. The legs % stout and the hind tibias with two long internal and two short CERATOMTA. 205 external spurs. The wings are rather broad, the anterior with the tip rounded, the hind margin entire, obliquely convex, and the inner margin somewhat concave above the interior angle. Male, antennae ciliferous. Female, antennae simple. Larva. Head large, semi-oval, somewhat flattened in front. Body wrinkled transversely and granulated, with a vascular line of fleshy serrations and a thoracic dorsal line of granulations on each side, and with four thoracic fleshy granulated horns ; caudal horn rather short, straight, and roughened. The pupa is smooth; tongue-case not apparent. Transformation subterranean. 1. C. quadricornis Hiibn. Agrius amyntor Exot. Schmett. Palpi brown. Head grayish or whitish-fawn color. Thorax with the disk fawn color or greenish brown and whitish on the sides, a short transverse dark-colored line before and the tegulaB with a central and superior blackish line on each side, with black metathoracic spots. Abdomen fawn colored or brownish, with a slender black dorsal line and two black stripes on each side. An- terior wings fawn color, varied with blackish brown, or dull green- ish brown varied with black ; costa grayish at the base, with wing of a pale hue above the median nervure and dusky beneath it; three dark brown irregular lines advance from the basal portion of the inner margin to the disk beyond its middle, and thence retreat to the costa ; discal spot white, with a short black discal dash resting on median nerve ; several subterminal blackish lines arise above the interior angle and* run nearly parallel to the hind margin to disco-central nervure, whence they retreat to the costa; black streaks in all the interspaces, with the fringes brown, spotted with white. Posterior wings pale brownish, with a subterminal blackish or dark-brown band and shaded with blackish in the mid- dle or forming indistinct dark-colored lines. Mature Larva. Head pale green, with an indistinct whitish lateral stripe. Body pale green, becoming just before pupation in one of the sexes more or less reddish brown, dotted with obscure granulations ; lateral stripes pale greenish, with whitish granula- tions and two thoracic dorsal white granulated lines ; caudal horn greenish ; stigmata black encircled with yellow and divided by a yellow line. Feet reddish or tipped with reddish. Length about 3 inches. 206 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. Pupation. The larval transformation is subterranean. Pupa dark brown, smooth cyliudrico-conical, tongue-case not apparent. The larva reaches maturity about the beginning of September, and appears as an imago during the following May or June. Food-plants. The larva feeds on the leaves 'of Ulmus ameri- cana, the American Elm. Massachusetts ; Pennsylvania ; Michigan. CLEMENS. 2. C. repentinus Clemens. Head and thorax dark gray, paler on the sides ; prothorax with two black transverse lines, the first edged above with luteous scales ; tegulse with a central black stripe. Abdomen dark gray, pale gray on the sides, with a slender dorsal black line and with two black stripes on .each side. Anterior wings pale or rather deep cinereous, varied with black and white ; two black lines arise near the basal portion of the inner margin and cross the disk to the costa, sometimes indistinct or obsolete in the middle ; a black- ish costo-discal patch containing a short black discal streak; discal spot white and black margined ; two distinct sets of double, ser- rated, undulating black lines cross the middle of the nervules, and are separated by pale grayish or whitish, with an irregular whitish line near hind margin ; a black apical line margined with whitish, and black streaks in the two last median interspaces ; fringes white, spotted with dark brown. Posterior wings blackish gray, with three parallel, narrow undulating black bands ; fringes white, spotted with dark brown. Food-plants. I have been assured by various collectors that the larva feeds on the ash ; none of them, however, were able to describe it from recollection. Michigan ; Connecticut ; New York ; Pennsylvania. CLEMENS. N. B. This insect is probably Sphinx Ironies of Drury. See page 191. (B. CLEMENS.) SMERINTHUS LATR. Size moderate or large. The body is robust and thick, with the tip of the abdomen turned upward in the males. The head is small, sessile, sometimes sunken and depressed ; the front mode- rately broad, vertical, pilos'e or subtufted : the eyes small scarcely SMERINTHUS. 20 1 prominent or visible from above ; the palpi thick and short, but equal to the front; the tongue almost as long as the palpi; the antennse usually without the terminal hook, without distinct seta, and about as long as the thorax. Thorax short, almost globose and but little advanced. The abdomen cylindrico-conical, more than twice longer than the thorax. Wings without bristle and hook. The anterior are longer than the body, and about twice as long as broad; the hind margin angulated opposite the post-apical vein and the medio-central, truncate at the tip and excavated be- tween the angles, or denticulated along the hind margin; the inner margin is Deeply concave above the interior angle, which is somewhat prominent. Male, antennae densely ciliferous or sub- pectinated, with the articles produced beneath. Female, antennas simple. Larva. The head is semi-oval or pyramidal, with vertex acute. The body granulated, with a caudal horn, and obliquely banded with dorsal thoracic lines on each side. Transformation subter- ranean. The pupa of Group I. smooth and cylindrico-conical, and the position of the larva, when at rest or when disturbed, sphinx like. GROUP I. § Hind wings dilated on the costa at the tip. f Fore wings angulated and excavated on the hind margin. 1. S. my ops Abbot $- Smith. Smerinthus rosacearum Boisduval. Figured in Sm. Abb. I, pi. 26, Boisd. Sp. Gen. pi. 15. Palpi, head and thorax chocolate brown and the two latter por- tions with a purplish or rosy tinge ; the sides of palpi and a stripe in the middle of the thorax tawny yellow. Abdomen brownish luteous, with irregular tawny yellow spots, and the hind portions of the segments dark brown. Anterior wings chocolate brown, with a faint purplish or reddish gray tinge towards the base ; a small blackish spot at the base, between median and sub-median nerves ; an indistinct brownish curved line crosses the basal por- tion of the disk, with a large, median, chocolate brown patch, with 208 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. its anterior margin darkest, inclined towards the anal angle, and joined at an acute angle by a patch of the same hue about the middle of sub-median nervure ; one or two wavy sub-terminal brown lines, with an irregular chocolate brown band near the hind margin, extending from the tip to about the middle of the wing and thence to anal angle indistinctly ; a dull yellow patch above anal angle, with blackish spots above it in sub-median sulcus, and another about the middle of apical interspace, with an angular, narrow, bluish line at the tip. Posterior wings dull yellow, with the costa and outer portion from near the middle, chocolate brown, and one or two short bluish lines above the tip and a dull yellow spot upon it ; ocellus black, with a large pale blue pupil. Mature Larva. From Abbot & Smith's figure ; head bluish green, with a bright yellow line on the sides. Body bluish green with a row of sub-dorsal and stigmatal reddish brown spots ; six oblique lateral bright yellow bands, with two" thoracic sub-dorsal yellow (?) lines; caudal horn yellow on the sides. Pupation. The larva enters the earth to transform. In the Southern States the first brood enters the pupa state about the middle of June, and becomes imago early in July ; pupation begins with the second during the latter part of October, and they appear as perfect insects during the following spring. The pupa is smooth, abdomen cylindrico-conical and acute ; color deep brown. (Abbot $ Smith.) Food-plants. The leaves of the wild cherry. CLEMENS. •)")* Fore wings denticulated on hind margin, with a denticulation opposite disco-central nearly obsolete. 2. S. excaecatus Abbot fr Smith. Figured in Sm. Abb. I, pi. 25. Palpi, head and thorax fawn-color, with a roseate tinge, with a chestnut-colored thoracic dorsal stripe tapering to the head and metathoracic transverse patch of the same hue. Abdomen fawn- color with a dark brown dorsal line. Anterior wings fawn-color, with dark brown shades, with a small blackish spot at the middle of base and two brown lines crossing the basal portion of the disk; a large, median, brown patch, with its anterior margin darkest and inclined towards the inner angle, and the posterior margin concave in the middle, tinged with purplish towards the centre, containing SMERINTHUS. 209 a brown discal dot, and joined at an acute angle by a patch of the same hue about the middle of the submedian nervure ; two or three brown lines crossing the middle of the nervules and following the outline of median patch, succeeded by an irregular brownish band; the marginal space brown ; a small brown spot at inner angle, with two or three black spots above it in sub-median sulcus, with faint blackish streaks in the post-apical, subcostal and costo-inferior and medio-superior interspaces. Posterior wings rose-color in the middle, with a brownish patch at the tip crossed by two or three short whitish lines ; ocellus black, pupil pale blue, with two short whitish lines between the ocellus and the inner margin. Var. A male. Brownish olivaceous. Thoracic streak dark brown. . The median shade of the fore wings brownish olivaceous with a purplish tinge, and a deep brown streak at the base of pos- terior interspace ; discal spot blackish. Egg. Spheroids much flattened above and beneath, almost like narrow sections of a cylinder ; smooth, white, with an equatorial, reddish brown band, having a slender, central, white line. Invest- ing tunics thick and resisting. Young Larva, on first emerging from the egg is green, without granulations, and oblique, lateral stripes ; a long reddish caudal horn ; without thoracic subdorsal lines. Mature Larva. I regret I have no description of the mature larva. The following is that of Harris : Apple green, with two short, pale lines before, seven oblique, yellowish white lines on each side and a bluish caudal horn. According to Abbot & Smith's figure, the head is green with a crimson line on each side ; the body yellowish green, lateral bands and caudal horn yellow, with a sub- dorsal and double stigmatal row of crimson spots. Pupation. The larva enters the ground to transform ; the pupa is chestnut-brown, smooth, with a short, obtuse, terminal spine. Food-plants. The leaves of the apple tree and those of the Rosa Carolina. Pennsylvania ; Massachusetts ; Georgia. CLEMENS. §§ Costa of superior wings rounded and entire from the base to the tip, which is rounded. •)• Fore wings denticulated on hind margin, with that oppo- site disco-central nearly obsolete. 14 210 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. 3. S. modesta Harris. Figured in Agas. Lake Sup. pi. 7. Palpi, head, thorax and abdomen olivaceous. Anterior wings from the base to nearly the hind end of the disk very pale oliva- ceous, with an indistinct, irregular, darker streak across the mid- dle, and margined towards the base of the wing with a still paler hue ; a broad, deep, olivaceous, median band, undulating ante- riorly and crenated or undulating posteriorly, containing a pale, angular, discal spot and darkest towards the base of the wing ; a deep, olivaceous band across the middle of the nervules crenated posteriorly and bordered with a paler hue ; the remainder of the wing is deep olivaceous with a paler band from the middle to the inner angle, posterior wings purplish-red in the middle, with a transverse, black spot above inner angle and a blackish, olivaceous patch beneath it; in the male the wing is olivaceous exteriorly and along terminal border. Pupation. Mr. Ashton, of N. Y., has taken the perfect insect in July. Food-plants. Mr. Crist, of Nazareth, Northampton Co., Pa., informed me he found a larva of this insect several years ago on the Lombardy poplar. Massachusetts; Lake Superior; Pennsylvania; Sonora, Mex., New York. CLEMENS. •)")• The hind margin of fore wings angulated and excavated. Articles of the antennae with single short pectinations in £ , simple in the $? . 4. S. geminatus Say. Sphinx ocellatus jamaicensis Drury. Smerinthus ce- risii Kirby. Figured in Drury II, pi. 25. Kirby Faun. pi. 4. Say's Amer. Ent. 1, pi. 12. Palpi reddish-brown ; head thorax in front and tegulse whitish or pale gray, with a large, thoracic, dorsal, deep chestnut, semi- oval patch. Abdomen brownish-gray. Anterior wings gray, tinged with rosy and with dark brown streaks and patches ; two curved, brownish, basal lines bordered with rosy-gray ; the basal half of medio-posterior interspace filled by a dark brown or a fer-" ruginous brown patch, joined by a line of the same hue crossing the disk from the costa and obliquely by another from the upper third of inner margin, shaded posteriorly with brownish, through the centre of which passes the sub-median nervule ; discal spot SMERINTHUS. 211 pale, margined with brown ; a brownish band, margined before with darker brown, crosses the base of the nervules, and is followed by two or three more or less distinct rosy-gray and brownish, un- dulating, subterminal lines ; a deep brown, semi-oval patch at the tip edged with whitish, and a ferruginous brown spot above inner angle, usually with two smaller spots above it ; the middle of ter- minal space dark brown. Posterior wings rosy, along exterior and terminal border yellowish-gray; ocellus black, emitting a short, broad line to inner angle, and with two or three blue pupils. Food-plants. I have secured numbers of the pupa from the mid- dle of October to the beginning of November at the base of willows. Canada; Illinois; Massachusetts; Pennsylvania; Jamaica. CLEMENS. JJ Structure unknown. 5. S. ophthalmicus Boisduval. Ann. Soc. Ent. t. Ill, 3me ser. xxxii. Le S. ophthalmica assez rapproche" de notre ocellata, plus voisin de geminatus de Say, mais 1'oeil n'est pas double et il differe de toutes les especes du meme groupe par sa large bande bruue, anguleuse, qui traverse le milieu des ailes superieures. £ ophthalmicus is nearly related to the European ocellatus, and more intimately to geminatus of Say, but the pupil is not double, and it differs from all the species of the same group by having a large, angular, brown band traversing the middle of the superior wings. This description of M. Boisduval is almost too indefinite to authorize even a conjecture respecting this species, but it will pos- sibly prove to be merely a variety of geminatus. CLEMENS. JJJ Antenna dliferous in the £ , simple in the 9 . 6. S. astylus Drury. Sphinx io Boisd. Figured in Drury II, pi. 26. Reddish-brown or cinnamon-colored. Thorax with a dorsal ferruginous stripe attenuated before. Tegulae tinged with rosy white in the 9. Abdomen fawn-color, with a faint dorsal brown- ish line and the sides in the frigida and P. marginalis appear to have no true represen- tatives. SCDDDER. 324 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. FAM. V. NYMPHALIDAE, p. 40. By W. H. EDWARDS (in Pr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1861). MELIT.2EA FAB. p. 50. 7. M. mylitta Edwards. Male. Upper side fulvous ; fringe of primaries alternately black and white, of secondaries white ; on hind margin of primaries a broad black border, in which is a series of fulvous lunules, the middle one largest and projecting, preceded by a sinuous row of round fulvous spots which increase in size towards the inner mar- gin ; next, a fulvous band, the upper half of which intersects the preceding row at the fifth spot, making it appear bifid on the costal margin ; this band is edged anteriorly by a black line which is dilated on costal and on inner margin ; on the distal arc a fulvous streak entirely edged with black ; base of both wings covered by wavy confluent black lines, as in Tharos. Secondaries have a narrow black marginal border, on the ante- rior edge of which is a row of fulvous lunules, the one next the anal angle bisected longitudinally by a black line ; above these a row of black dots, the one in the anal angle oblong ; on the costal margin near the outer angle a black patch, from which an inter- rupted dark line crosses the wing to near the abdominal margin. Under side : primaries pale fulvous, clouded with yellowish on the apex and hind margin ; the black markings on the disk of upper side indicated below from the transparency of the wing ; a black patch near the inner angle, a faint black streak on costal margin, and another on inner margin corresponding with the dilated extremities of the line above ; both wings bordered by lunules. Secondaries yellowish, clouded with brown on the disk and on the hind margin ; the middle lunule white and arrow-shaped, those next the angles yellowish, the others dark brown ; a row of brown points corresponding with the spots above ; across the middle of the wing an irregular band of yellowish white edged with ferrugi- nous ; next the base several white or yellow-white spots edged with ferruginous. Female. One third larger than the male, which it resembles ; the marginal spots and transverse band on primaries are of lighter MELIT^EA. 325 color, the latter tawny ; the marginal lunules on secondaries are tawny ; beneath, the lunules next the inner angles of secondaries are silver white, as are the band and the spots next the base ; near the apex of primaries are four or five small silver spots. Expands 1.2 inch. Texas, Kansas, California. This species appears to vary widely in color. Individuals are found blackish instead of fulvous, the wavy lines near the base lost in the uniform shade. The marginal spots and -band are light colored, nearly yellow, but disposed as in the type above described ; the under side exhibits little variation. EDWARDS. 8. M. minuta Edivards. Pr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1861. Upper side orange fulvous ; a narrow black border upon the hind margin of both wings, within which is a series of fulvous lunules ; preceding the black border a narrow common fulvous band edged anteriorly with black, and inclosing on costal margin of primaries a transverse row of four obsolete white spots ; from this band to the base both wings are marked by transverse, undu- lated black lines ; base clouded with brown ; costa of primaries brown ; fringe white, cut with black at the intersection of the nervures. Under side orange, brighter on secondaries ; a narrow white border on the hind margin of both wings ; anterior to this a series of white lunules, each edged with black ; on costal margin of pri- maries a transverse row of four white spots ; beyond this to the base black markings as on upper side ; on secondaries the lunules are preceded by an immaculate orange band, beyond which is a broad transverse white band, containing three rows of black spots, somewhat irregularly placed, and mostly oblong; some of the middle row circular; another irregular white band crosses the wing towards the base, edged with black spots ; at the base a white spot edged with black. Expands 1.4 inch. Texas. EDWARDS. 9. M. nycteis Doubleday. Figured in Doubl. & Hewitson, pi. 23. Male. — Upper side tawny ; fringe long, with alternate bars of black and white ; primaries next the base crossed by black undu- lated lines edged without by a zigzag black band which is dilated on the costal and on the inner margin ; a broad black border on 326 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. hind margin and apex, within which, along the margin is an inter- rupted series of points, the middle one lunular, the two next the apex white, the others tawny ; preceding these a transverse sinu- ous row of small spots, nearly round, tawny, except the two on the costal margin, which are white and minute ; between the black border and the zigzag band a broad sinuous tawny band common to both wings. Secondaries next the base greenish-black, lightly sprinkled with tawny atoms, and marked by two or three patches of same color, the outline less irregular than on primaries ; on hind margin a narrow black border, which extends also along the costal margin to the common tawny band ; from its anterior edge on the costa, a wavy black line crosses the disk and terminates inside the abdo- minal margin ; upon the hind margin a series of yellow lunules, the third from the anal angle largest and projected; above these a broad tawny band, edged anteriorly by the wavy black line, in- closes a row of six black spots, the middle one largest, the one in the anal angle long ; abdominal margin paler than disk. Under side : primaries tawny, next the base showing faintly the black markings of the upper side ; a small patch of black on inner margin ; hind margin and apex pale brown, clouded and spotted on the apex with white ; a marginal series of arrow-shaped spots of yellowish-white, the third from the inner angle and two next the apex largest ; anterior to these, the transverse row of spots on upper side is reproduced faintly ; secondaries pale brown, clouded in the disk and on hind margin with black ; a marginal series of unequal silver lunules; above these a row of six black spots edged with yellow, the first next the costa nearly obsolete, the second and third round, the fourth and fifth semi-oval, and the sixth long; the fourth faintly pupilled with white ; across the middle of the wing an irregular silver band, and between this and the base seve- ral silver spots, all edged with dark brown ; within the cell two small yellow spots ; body above greenish-black, beneath white ; antennae brown, annulated with white ; club reddish-brown. Female. One-third larger than male, which it closely resembles ; the marginal spots on primaries beneath are long and attenuated ; the silver lunules of secondaries take the form of a deeply crenated band ; a distinct silver pupil in the fourth black spot. Expands 1.4 inch. Illinois, Missouri. EDWARDS. LIMENITIS— SATYRUS. 321 LIMENITIS FAB. Nymphalis Latr. p. 64. 5. L. weidemeyerii Edwards. Pr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1861. Male. Upper side brownish-black, with a broad common white band a little beyond the middle, making an obtuse angle within on the primaries and tapering towards the abdominal margin of secondaries, divided into long spots by the nervures ; posterior to this band on secondaries an obsolete row of fulvous spots ; within the hind margin of both wings a series of small white spots, mi- nute on secondaries; between these and the band on costal margin of primaries a short transverse row of four white spots, the second largest, the fourth minute ; crenations white. Under side paler, with a common white band and four white spots on primaries as above ; on secondaries a row of fulvous spots posterior to the band ; a little within the hind margin of both wings a series of large lunules cut transversely and unequally by a crenated black line parallel to the margin ; these lunules are bluish- white except towards apex of primaries, where the inner row is white ; on primaries a narrow ferruginous band upon the discal arc, followed within the cell successively by blue atoms, a bluish- white band and a ferruginous band, both narrow, transverse, and oblique ; next the base blue atoms ; costa ferruginous ; on second- aries the broad abdominal margin is bluish-white ; the entire space between the band and the base is striped transversely with white and bluish-white, divided into spots by the nervures, with ferrugi- nous lines between the stripes ; costa white ; body above black ; beneath white, with a black stripe along the side of abdomen ; palpi and legs white; antenna? and club brownish-black. Expands 2.6 inch. Rocky Mountains. EDWARDS. FAM. SATYRIDAE, p. TO. SATYRUS FAB. p. 76. 5. S. sylvestris Edwards. Pr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1861. Male. Upper side brown ; fringe same color ; behind and along the discal cell of primaries a dark patch extending from the base half way to the apex ; near the apex a small round black spot with a faint iris ; a black point near the inner angle. Under side 328 LEPIDOPTERA OP NORTH AMERICA. paler ; primaries with a tinge of yellow ; two ocelli corresponding to the spots above, the larger next the apex, each with white pupils and yellow iris; the disks of both wings finely streaked with dark brown ; a dark line parallel to and near the hind margin of primaries ; on secondaries are two dots — a white one in the anal angle, a dark one near the apex. Female. Same size as the male, a little lighter color ; near the apex of primaries a single spot ; the dark patch as in the male ; on the under side two dots near the anal angle of secondaries. Expands 1.9 inch. California. EDWARDS. COENONYMFHA, p. 80. 3. C. inornata Edwards. Pr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1861. Male. Upper side ochrey brown, lighter in the disk of all the wings; costal margin of primaries and abdominal margin of secondaries grayish ; no spots above or below ; fringe gray, crossed by a darker line. Under side : primaries same color as above from the base to beyond the middle ; then a transverse sinuous ray of paler color, and beyond this to hind margin grayish ; sometimes this ray dis- appears, the basal color extending nearly to the apex ; secondaries gray, with a slight greenish tinge, darker from base to middle, and this shade separated from the paler margin by a transverse, tortu- ous, interrupted ray, the course of which is parallel to the hind margin. Female. Wholly dull ochrey yellow, marked as the male. Ex- pands 1.4 inch. Lake Winnipeg. EDWARDS. 4. C. ochracea Edwards. Pr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1861. Male. Upper side entirely of ti bright, glossy ochre yellow, with- out any spot or mark, except what is caused by the transparency of the wings ; base of both wings dark gray ; abdominal margin of secondaries pale gray ; fringe pale gray, crossed by a darker line. Under side : primaries same color as above ; costal margin, apex and base grayish ; near the apex a round, sometimes rounded- LYC^ENA. 329 oblong, black spot with white pupil and pale yellow iris ; this is preceded by an abbreviated, pale yellow, transverse ray. Secondaries light reddish-brown, grayish along the hind margin ; abdominal margin and base dark gray ; near the hind margin and parallel to it is a series of six black dots, sometimes obsolete, usually with white pupil and broad yellow iris; near the base two irregular pale brown spots, and midway between the base and the hind margin a sinuous, interrupted ray of same color, extending nearly across the wing. Female. Like the male. Expands 1.4 to 1.6 inch. Lake Winnipeg ; Kansas ; California. EDWABDS. FAM. VIII. LYOENIDAE, p. 81. LYO2ENA OCHS. (Thecla Fab.) p. 11. 26. L. anna Edwards. Pr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1861. Male. Upper side violet-blue with a pink tinge, brighter at the base and on costal margin of primaries ; hind margin of both wings narrowly edged with black, which in the primaries' extends slightly along the nervures and the costal margin ; fringe white. Under side grayish-white with a tinge of blue at the base ; pri- maries with a discal streak, followed by a transverse series of six small black spots, the one next the inner angle double, and the fifth largest ; both wings bordered by rusty spots surmounted by black crescents, the four or five nearest the anal angle powdered posteriorly with silver atoms ; secondaries have three small spots near the base, an obsolete discal spot, and a transverse series of eight small spots in a double unequal curve. Female. Upper side light brown, with an obsolete discal spot on primaries ; hind margin of both wings bordered by a series of fulvous crescents, which in the secondaries partly inclose spots of dark brown. Under side fawn-colored, marked as in the male. Expands 1.3 inch. California. EDWARDS. 27. L. acudderii Edivards. Pr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1861. Male. In size, form and color, resembles agon of Europe. Upper side dark violet blue ; hind margin of both wings and cos- 330 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. tal margin of secondaries edged with black ; costal margin of pri- maries has a fine black border ; fringe white. Under side dark gray ; primaries have an oval black discal spot, a transverse, tortuous series of six black spots, all edged with white, the one next the inner angle double, the fifth twice as long as the others ; on the hind margin a double series of faint spots ; second- aries with four black spots near the base, one being very close to the inner margin, and minute ; a discal streak and a series of eight spots in a double unequal curve, all of which, as well as the basal spots, are edged with white ; a marginal series of six or seven metallic spots, each surmounted by a spot of fulvous, which is bordered anteriorly by a dark crescent ; these metallic spots are edged posteriorly and sometimes replaced by black ; ends of nerv- ures expanded into small black spots. Female. Upper side brown, with a black discal spot on prima- ries ; secondaries with a marginal row of obsolete spots surmounted by grayish crescents. Under side pale buff; primaries as in the male, except that the discal spot is preceded by a small double spot, and all the spots are larger; on the secondaries the spots are less distinct, and some of them wanting ; the transverse series is set in a band of white ; marginal spots without the metallic gloss. Expands 1.1 inch. Lake Winnipeg. EDWARDS. 28. L. fuliginosa Edwards. Pr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1861. Male. Upper side entirely blackish-brown ; fringe lighter. Under side light brown, with a dark discal spot and a double row of rusty points parallel to the hind margin of both wings, the outer row on primaries obsolete. Female. A little larger, of lighter color both above and below, but similarly marked. Expands 1.3 inch. California. EDWARDS. FAM. VI. JEGERIADAE, HARRIS, p. 137. TROCHILIUM, p. 137. 13. T. acerni Clemens. Proc. A. N. S. for 1860, p. 14. Both wings transparent. Antennce little thickened at the tips. TROCHILIUM. 331 Abdomen sessile, tufted at the tip. Hind tarsi very slender and smooth, as long as the tibitz. Head and labial palpi deep reddish-orange, the former white in front of the eyes. Antenna? bluish-black, the basal joint reddish- orange in front. Thorax ochreous yellow, with the tegula? in front touched with pale bluish-black. Abdomen bluish-black, varied with ochreous yellow; terminal tuft deep reddish-orange. Fore wings with the margins and median nervure bluish-black, dusted with yellowish ; a large discal, bluish-black patch ; terminal por- tion of the wing ochreous yellow, with a blackish subterminal band, and the nervules blackish ; the hinder margin bluish-black and the cilia deep fuscous. Hind wings with a black discal patch ; nervules blackish, and hinder margin blackish. Under surface of the body ochreous yellow, with a bluish-black patch on each side of the second abdominal segment. The middle and posterior tibisB annulated with bluish-black at their ends; the anterior blackish, with the coxae touched with reddish-orange. All the tarsi touched with blackish above. The larva bores the trunk of the maple. Northern States. CLEMENS. Group Paranthrene. 14. T. bassiformis Walker. C. B. M. VIII. 39. Male. Black. Head with red hairs behind. Palpi red, with some black hairs beneath. Antenna red, minutely pectinated, very slightly thickened towards the tips, very much longer than the thorax. Thorax with two testaceous (?) stripes. Abdomen with testaceous (?) dorsal spots, much narrower than that of P. vespiformis. Posterior tibia3 with a single testaceous band ; fore tibiaB and anterior tarsi red; hind tibia3 and hind tarsi much longer than those of ^E. vespiformis ; hind tarsi testaceous. Fore wings purplish, with a limpid basil stripe, and with a reddish streak in front. Hind wings limpid, with a lurid tinge ; ciliaa cupreous. Length of the body 6J lines ; of the wings 12 lines. United States. WALKEB. 15. T. pyramidalis Walker. C. B. M. VIII. 40. Male. Black. Head with yellow hairs about the eyes. Palpi yellow beneath; third joint elongate-conical, much less than half 332 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. the length of the second. Antennfe rather stout, almost filiform, slightly pectinated, ferruginous beneath, very much longer than the thorax. Thorax with two yellow spots on each side, one at the base of the fore-wing and one in front. Abdominal segments with yellow bands, which are broadest and most distinct beneath. Legs with whitish stripes. Wings limpid with blackish cupreous cilise. Fore wings blackish cupreous along the costa and at the tips, and with a blackish cupreous band, which is slightly bordered with red ; a red line along the hind border. Length of the body 5J — 6 lines ; of the wings 9 — 11 lines. St. Martin's Falls, Albany River, Hudson's Bay. WALKER. Group Bembecia. 16. T. odyneripennis Walker. C. B. M. VIII. 42. Female. Dark brown, slightly cupreous. Head whitish about the eyes. Palpi yellow, obliquely ascending, not long. Antennae bluish-black, simple, subfiliform, rather stout, very little longer than the thorax. Thorax with three yellow spots on each side. Abdomen with a yellow band on the hind border of each segment. Legs yellow ; femora striped with brown. Wings limpid, with cupreous cilia?. Fore wings cupreous along the costa and at the tips, and with the usual band of the same hue. Length of the body 5J — 6J lines; of the wings 11 — 13 lines. Nova Scotia. WALKER. 17. T. emphytiformis Walker. C. B. M. VIII. 43. Male. Purplish black. Head with white hairs in front. Palpi thickly clothed beneath with rather long brown and tawny hairs. Antennae ferruginous. Thorax with a yellow band in front, and with a yellow spot at the base of each fore wing, and one at the tip of the scutellum. Abdomen with a yellow band on each seg- ment ; apical tuft black, with a few yellow hairs. Legs red, partly yellow ; femora black ; tibiaB with black stripes. Wings purplish cupreous. Fore wings yellow and partly red in the disk, which is interrupted by the usual band. Hind wings slightly streaked with red, limpid towards the base. Length of the body 5 lines ; of the wings 10 lines. Female. Head yellow in front and along the hind border. Palpi yellow, clothed beneath with reddish hairs. An- TROCHILIUM. 333 tennoe red, blackish towards the tips. Apical tuft ,of the abdo- men luteous, with a few black hairs on each side. Tibia3 wholly red. Fore wings with red disks. Hind wings mostly red along the borders. In this species and in the JE. Odyneripennis the antennae of the male are more deeply pectinated than in the European species of the group Benibecia. United States. WALKER. 18. T. pyralidiformis Walker. C. B. M. VIII. 44. Female. Cupreous brown. Head with yellow hairs about the eyes. Palpi yellow, slender. Antennae slender, subclavate, very much longer than the thorax. Pectus with a yellow stripe on each side. Abdomen with a yellow band at the middle of its length. Hind tibia3 mostly yellow ; hind tarsi whitish. Fore wings cupre- ous-brown, with a yellowish basal streak on the under side. Hind wings limpid, with cupreous-brown ciliae. Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 8 lines. United States. WALKER. Group Conopia. 19. T. sapygaeformis Walker. C. B. M. VIII. 45. Male. Bluish-black. Head with red hairs behind. Palpi red, black above towards the base. Antennae serrated and pubescent beneath, very much shorter than those of the European Conopice. Abdomen with a slight red band at the base ; segments from the fifth to the eighth red ; apical tuft blue. Anterior tibiae tawny ; hind tibiae with red tips ; tarsi mostly testaceous. Wings with cupreous ciliae. Fore wings blue, purple towards the tips, with a red discal streak, behind which there is a limpid streak. Hind wings limpid. Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 8 lines. This species differs much from the typical form of Conopia, and somewhat approaches Pyropteron. United States. WALKER. 20. T. geliformis Walker. C. B. M. VIII. 46. Male. Black. Head white on each side in front. Palpi almost bare ; third joint lanceolate, rather less than half the length of the 334 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. second. Antennae bluish-black, simple, ferruginous beneath and slightly thicker towards the tips, about twice the length of the thorax. Abdomen red, black at the base ; apical tuft bluish- black ; red towards the base. Fore wings bluish-black. Hind wings limpid, with blackish tips and hind borders. Length of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 6 lines. United States. WALKER. SANMINA WALKER. Male. Body rather stout. Proboscis almost obsolete. Palpi slender, curved, acuminated, obliquely ascending, almost bare ; third joint very slender, just half the length of the second. An- tennae filiform, simple, rather slender, acuminated at the tips, nearly twice the length of the thorax. Abdomen about twice the length of the thorax. Legs slender ; hind tibiae long and stout, some- what pilose, as is also the hind metatarsus. Wings narrow, opaque, squamous. Hind wings limpid at the base. Female ? Palpi a little stouter than those of the male ; third joint shorter and stouter. Antennae like those of the male. Abdomen about twice the length of the thorax. Hind tibiae more slender and much shorter than those of the male ; hind metatarsus slender, not pilose. Fore wings opaque. Hind wings limpid, opaque at the base. 1. S. uroceriformis Walker. C. B. M. VIII. 64. Male. Bluish-black. Head reddish behind. Palpi reddish, black towards the tips above. Thorax somewhat ferruginous. Abdomen with a broad orange band on the fourth segment. Wings metallic green, mingled with blue and purple ; cilia? cupre- ous. Hind wings limpid at the base. Length of the body T lines; of the wings 14 lines. Female? Head and palpi black. Antennae whitish at the base. Abdomen with a red band. • Wings with black ciliae. Hind wings limpid, bluish-black at the base. Length of the body 9 lines; of the wings 14 lines. United States. WALKER. TROCHILIUM. 335 MEL1TTIA WALKER. Body rather stout. Proboscis elongated. Palpi moderately long, slightly pilose ; third joint lanceolate, hardly half the length of the second. Antennas subclavate or clavate, rather longer than the thorax. Abdomen oblanceolate, much longer than the thorax. Legs stout ; hind legs most densely pilose, with long hairs, which extend nearly to the tips of the tarsi. Wings hyaline, rather nar- row. Fore wings occasionally opaque ; fourth inferior vein not very remote from the third, which is near to the first and to the second. North America. 1. M. ceto Walker. C. B. M. VIII. 66. Aurato-viridis; caput antice et apud oculos album ; palpi lutei, basi albi ; abdomen rufum maculis dorsalibus nigris, subtus lu- teum; pedes rufi, nigro albo que varii; ala3 anticse aurato-virides ; posticae limpidae. United States. WALKER. Var. ? Olivacea; palpi pallide flavi, fasiculo subapicali nigro; antennae viridi-nigras; abdomen ochraceum, fascia basali maculis que dorsalibus nigris ; pedes postici pilis extus ochraceis intus nigris dense herti ; alse anticae olivaceo-fuscae opacae, posticae lim- pidae fusco marginatae. Massachusetts. WALKEB. 2. M? flavitibia Walker. C. B. M. VIII. Trochiliumtibiale Karris. Am. Journ. Sci. XXXVI.' Fusesceus ; caput apud oculos flavum ; antennae nigrae ; thorax flavo bivittatus; abdominis segraenta flavo marginata; tibiae flavae, posticae pilis flavis dense vestitae ; alae limpidae, anticae marginibus fascia que abbreviata pallide fuscis. New Hampshire. WALKER. 336 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. FAM. XL NOTODONTIDAE, p. 238. HETEROCAMPA. 3. H. semiplaga Walker. Canadian Naturalist, 1861. Hale and Female. Cinereous, thickly pilose, with a slight olive- green tinge, whitish-cinereous beneath. Palpi distinct, obliquely ascending, not extending beyond the frontal tuft. Thorax by the hind border and abdomen at the base black. Wings partly clouded with black, adorned with three indistinct irregular denticulated black lines ; marginal line black ; fringe with black points. Fore wings somewhat rounded at the tips, with a submarginal line of black dots. Male. Antennae tawny, moderately pectinated to three- fourths of the length. Female. Antennae simple. Length of the body 9 lines ; of the wings 20 lines. Township of Montcalm, Canada. WALKER. FAM. XII. ARCTIADAE, p. 248. ARCTIA SCHR. Stature robust. Head and thorax with long hairs. Tongue usually very short. Palpi porrect, short, very hairy ; first article longer than the second ; the third subacute. Antennae slender, rather long. Thorax not crested. Abdomen annulate, robust. Male. Antennas pectinate. Female. Antennas serrate, sometimes pectinate. Hind tibiae with four spurs; fore tibiae simple. Colors and markings different ; primaries dark, sometimes white, gray, or yellow, or with bright spots or streaks ; secondaries with dark spots on a lighter ground. Secondaries with eight veins. Flight nocturnal. Larvce solitary. 1. A. americana Harris. Figured in Agassiz' Lake Superior, pi. 7, fig. 5. Head brown ; antennae white above, with brown pectinations. Thorax brown above, margined before with an arcuated yellowish- white band, which is continued on the outer edge of the shoulder covers ; upper edge of the collar crimson-red. Primaries coffee- brown, with three yellowish-white spots on the outer edge, and ARCTIA. 33t crossed by irregular anastomosing yellowish-white lines. Seconda- ries bright ochre-yellow, with a large reniform central black spot, two round black spots behind, a third smaller spot near the anal angle, and a black dot between the middle and inner margin. Abdomen tawny, with four blackish dorsal spots. Legs dusky ; thighs and anterior tibiae fringed with red hairs ; hindmost tarsi whitish, annulated with black. Lake Superior. HARRIS. 2. A. parthenos Harris. Figured in Agassiz' Lake Superior, pi. 7. Head brown, with a crimson fringe above and between the black antennae. Thorax brown above, margined before with an arcuated cream-colored band, which is continued on each side of the outer edge of the shoulder covers ; upper edge of the collar crimson red. Primaries dusky brown, with three small cream-colored spots on the outer edge ; four spots of the same color in a line near the inner margin, and several more scattered on the disk. Secondaries deep ochre-yellow, with the base, the basal edge of the inner mar- gin, a triangular spot in the middle, adjoining the basal spot and a broad indented band behind, black. Abdomen dusky above, tawny at the tip and beneath. Legs dusky, thighs and tibiae fringed with crimson hairs. Lake Superior. HARRIS. 3. A. placentia Abbot. Figured in Sm. Abb. pi. 65. Fuscous ; primaries with one or three pale testaceous spots ; secondaries reddish, margin and some submarginal spots fuscous ; abdomen above reddish, with the dorsal spots and apex fuscous. Var. a. Fore wings with the outer fringe partly pale testaceous ; and with several spots and dots of the same color in the disk. Var. b. Fore wings with the outer fringe wholly blackish-brown, unspotted, except two very minute testaceous dots. North America. 4. A. virginalis Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. 2me ser. X, 321. Upper side black, with about twenty yellow spots on the prima- ries. Secondaries fulvous, with three bands and the principal nerves black ; the band of the extremity incomplete, ending before reaching the anal angle ; sometimes all the bands are united by 22 338 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. the nerves, the ground is then black, with fulvous squares. Head fulvous ; thorax black, with the shoulders yellow ; scutellura ful- vous ; body fulvous above, with black rings, bluish-black below. Under side of the secondaries as above. Under side of the pri- maries with the spots at the base and of the middle fulvous. San Francisco. BOISD. 5. A. virgo Sm. Abb. Var. Callimorpha pnrthenice Kirby. Figured in Sm. Abb. pi. 62 ; Naturalist's Lib. vol. 36, pi. 19. Var. in Faun. Bor. Amer. IV, pi. 5. Primaries carneous, fading to reddish buff, and covered with many stripes and lance-shaped spots of black ; secondaries ver- milion-red, with several large angular spots towards the posterior margin. Antennse ferruginous ; thorax fulvous, with three broad black stripes and two small black spots over the eyes. Under side of the abdomen black ; upper side vermilion red, with a row of black spots close together along the top of the back. Larva brown, rather thickly covered with tufts of brown hair. Var.? Thorax carneous with five black spots; primaries black, with pale carneous streaks ; secondaries reddish, with five black spots. United States. NAT. LIBRAKY. 6. A. virguncula Kirby. Figured in Faun. Bor. Amer. IV, pi. 4. Head pallid ; orbit of the eyes and mouth black ; antenna? black, fierrato-pennate ; thorax pallid with five lanceolate black spots ; the posterior ones being the largest ; primaries black with pallid rivulets, which are formed by the scales that clothe the nervures, and produce the rays at the apex of these wings, when the lines are traversed by a transverse, angulated band ; underneath they are pale, with the black points less distinct, except at the apex ; a black spot in the disk near the costal margin ; the secondaries are orange-tawny, spotted at the apex with black ; abdomen tawny above, below pale, with a dorsal and on each side a double lateral black macular stripe; trunk underneath black, with pale hairs, intermixed ; legs black ; tibia? pale above ; thighs with a pale spot at the base and apex. Canada. KIRBY. ARCTJA. 339 7. A. nais Drury. Figured in Drury, pi. 7. Antennae black and pectinated. Head and body light yellowish- brown. Thorax with three black longitudinal marks, and several spots on the abdomen. Primaries black, with broad ochre stripes, the second furcate ; ciliae light yellowish-brown ; secondaries light yellowish or ochre brown, with a faint black spot on each and a broad irregular border of a dusky-black running along the external edges, but narrow in the middle. Wings entire. Under side paler. Var. a. Male. Fore stripe of the primaries not joining the costa. Var. b. Male. Inner border of the secondaries reddish. Var. c. Male. Primaries with no pale oblique band towards the tips. Var. d. Female. Like Var. c. Secondaries red, with broad blackish borders. Abdomen wholly brown, except on each side above towards the base. Var. e. Female. Primaries with testaceous veins ; fore stripe and part of the middle stripe almost obsolete. United States. WESTWOOD. 8. A. phyllira Drury. Figured in Drury I, pi. 7 ; Sm. Abb. II, pi. 64. Primaries black, ciliae cream-color; margin next the body cream- color ; one longitudinal line, two transverse lines and near the tip two zigzag lines, forming a VV of buff. Secondaries red, with four black spots. Margins black. United States. HARRIS. 9. A. parthenice Kirby. Var. A. virgo. Antennae black pectinated ; thorax flesh-colored, with two ante- rior and three posterior oblong black spots, the latter being the largest ; primaries black, with the so-called rivulets pale, with a slight pinkish tint ; the main streams, especially towards the apex, form several islets, most of which are divided by slender ones which do not appear on the under side ; the secondaries are of the color of red lead, with five black spots towards the posterior margin, the intermediate three forming a macular band above which is one smaller, and below it another. Underneath, also, a small spot at the costal margin above the other. Canada. KIRBT. 340 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. 10. A. dione Hiibn. Fab., Sm. Abb. Arge Drury. Figured in Drury, I, pi. 18 ; Sm. Abb. pi. 63 ; Naturalist's Library, vol. 36, pi. 19. Ground color of primaries and thorax cream-color, sometimes delicate pink ; surface variegated with numerous black lines and angular spots. Secondaries cream-color or tinged with red, with a fulvous marginal line and many oblong black spots behind. AntennsB black at the extremities ; neck red, with two small black streaks above it ; thorax with a black stripe in the centre and another on each side ; abdomen with three rows of black spots, those along the back being largest. Anterior femurs red, with two black spots close to the head. Var. a. Primaries reddish-white, with cuneiform black spots. Secondaries red, with black yellow bordered spots. Var. b. Spots of the primaries much larger and forming a stripe toward the hind border. Var. c. Spots of the primaries still larger and more inclined to form stripes. Spots of the secondaries without yellow borders. Var. d. Secondaries whitish, spots small and without yellow borders. Larva dark brown, with five pale or yellow longitudinal stripes, each segment bearing a transverse row of fulvous tubercles, from which spring a dense tuft of brown hairs. United States. NAT. LIBRARY. 11. A. hyperborea Curtis. C. B. M. 611. Fuscous ; primaries with a costal spot and posterior vitta inter- rupted with rust-red; secondaries fuscous, with a band uuimacu- late and margin ochry. Arctic America. WALKER. 12. A. Isabella Hiibn. Figured in Sm. Abb. II, pi. 68. Antennae filiform, tawny-yellow. Thorax tawny and brownish. Abdomen tawny, deeper color beneath ; three rows of black spots, six or seven in each row. Primaries tawny, with a few black scattering spots. Secondaries nearly transparent, slightly tawny, with six spots ; legs black or dark brown. United States. SM. ABBOT. ARCTIA. 341 13. A. gelida Moesch. C. B. M. 611. Black, thorax bivittate with yellow; sides of the abdomen yellow, spotted with black ; primaries yellowish, with black an- gular spots; secondaries subcinereous. Labrador. WALKER. 14. A. mbricosa Harris. Ins. Mass. 253. Primaries reddish-brown, almost transparent, with a small black spot near the middle ; secondaries dusky, becoming blacker behind (more rarely red with a broad blackish border behind), with two black dots near the middle ; the inner margin next to the body and the fringe, reddish ; thorax reddish-brown ; abdomen cinnabar red, with a row of black dots on the top and another row on each side. Expands an inch and a quarter. Massachusetts. HARRIS. 15. A. dahurica Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. 2me ser. X, 321. Figured in Boisd. Icon. Hist. Lep. 126, 2, pi. 60. Carneous ; head, three streaks of the body and numerous inter- costal spots of the primaries black; secondaries yellowish, base and ciliae yellow, with black spots. California, Siberia. BOISD. 16. A. fignrata Drury, II, pi. 12. Upper side. Antenna dark brown and pectinated. Thorax cream-color and black. Abdomen black, sides red. Primaries black, a cream-colored line running from the shoulders parallel to and at a small distance from the posterior edge, towards the lower corner, stopping at about one-third from the external edge, from whence, near the end of this line, arise two others, which run almost to the anterior edges. Secondaries, red in the middle, surrounded, except on the abdominal edges, by a broad black margin. Sometimes only with a small red spot on the secondaries. Under side. Palpi hairy and black ; wings as on the other side, with the colors less distinct. Southern States. WESTWOOD. 342 LEPIDOPTERA OP NORTH AMERICA. SPILOSOMA STEPH. White, gray or yellow, with black dots or vittae ; abdomen with five rows of black dots, one above and two rows on each side ; sometimes the points indistinct. 1. S. acrea Drury. Caprotina Cram. ; pseuderminea Peck. Figured in Drury, I, pi. 3 ; Cram. Pap. Exot. Ill, pi. 287 ; Sm. Abb. pi. 67. Head, thorax and primaries of the male cream-color or deep ochre-yellow ; the surface of the latter with numerous black spots, five of which are placed in a regular row along the anterior border and six on the external one ; secondaries entirely yellow, with a few black spots near the external edge and middle. Abdomen yellow, with a row of black spots down the centre and another on each side ; apex cream-colored ; under side of wings and thighs deep yellow. Female. All the wings white, with numerous black spots, variable in their distribution, but there is a marginal row on the inferiors which is wanting in the male. Eyes and antennas in both sexes, black. Larva white, when young ; nearly black, when full grown ; intermediate stage, reddish-brown ; two yellow lines along the sides, and a transverse series of orange spots on each segment. From the back of each segment arises a tuft of blackish hairs. 2. S. echo Sm. Abb. Figured in Sm. Abb. II, pi. 68. Wings white, veins on both sides margined with black ; abdo- men luteous, with black spots. Georgia. SM. ABBOT. 3. 8. virginica Fab. Supp. Ent. s. 437. C. B. M. 668. Epimenis Druiy, III, pi. 29. White, with a black point on the middle of the primaries, and two black dots on the inferiors ; one in the middle and the other near the posterior angle, much more distinct on the under side; a row of black dots on the back ; another on each side and between these a longitudinal deep yellow stripe ; femora and tibia3 of the fore legs ochre-yellow. Larva varies in color ; often of a pale yellow or straw color, SPILOSOMA. 343 with a black line along each side of the body, and a transverse line of the same color between each of the segments, and it is covered with long pale yellow hairs. Others are of a brownish- yellow or foxy red. Head and ends of the feet ochre-yellow ; body below blackish. Var. a. Wings wholly white. Var. b. Primaries with one black dot. Var. c. Primaries with one black dot ; secondaries with two black dots. Var. d. Primaries with two black dots ; secondaries the same. Var. e. Primaries with three black dots ; secondaries the same. North America. WALKER. 4. S. cunea Drury. Punctatissima Sm. Abb. Figured in Drury, I, pi. 18 ; Sm. Abb. pi. 70. Antennae black, pectinate ; head white ; back and abdomen ash- color. Primaries white ; spots numerous, of many forms, and sooty black ; external margin with five spots ; those nearest the tips triangular. Secondaries with a dark spot near the external edge, and faintly marked near the external angle. Length of the body 5 — 6 lines ; of the wings 13 — 18 lines. WALKER. 5. S. congrua Walk. C. B. M. 669. White. Tarsi with black bands. Fore coxae and fore femora luteous, with black spots on the inner side; fore tibiae striped with black on the inner side. Male. Head and fore part of the thorax with a slight testaceous tinge. Primaries with four oblique very imperfect and irregular bands, composed of pale brown dots. Length of the body 6 — f lines; of the wings 16 — 20 lines. Georgia. WALKER. 6. S. egle Drury. Figured in Drury, II, pi. 20. Wings rather long, thin, delicate, of a bluish-gray color, paler on the front edge and without spots ; head, thorax, under side of the body and legs, gray ; neck cream-color ; top of abdomen bright yellow, with a row of black spots and two rows on each side. Expands from one inch and three-quarters to nearly two inches. 344 LEPIDOPTERA OP NORTH AMERICA. Larva black ; a whitish line on each side, covered with short tufts of hairs proceeding from tubercles. United States. WALKEB. 7. S. textor Harris. Ins. Mass. p. 275, 2d ed. White, without spots ; fore femurs tawny-yellow ; feet blackish. Expands from one inch and a quarter to one and three-eighths. Larva greenish, dotted with black ; a broad blackish stripe along the top of the back, and a bright yellow stripe on each side. The warts from which the thin bundles of spreading, silky hairs proceed, are black on the back and rust-yellow or orange on the sides. Head and feet black. Spin large webs and live in com- munities. Northern States. HARRIS. 8. S. collaris Fitch, 3d Report, 265. Milk-white and glossy ; head, neck, base of the outer edge of the fore wings and anterior hips pale ochre-yellow; feet pale brown. Width 1.35. Mississippi. FITCH. 9. S. punctata Fitch, 3d Report, 265. White ; a continuous black stripe on the fore side of the an- terior feet and shanks, their thighs and hips being yellow in front and the fore wings having a black central dot, and in the males a row of small blackish spots extending from the middle of the inner margin to the tip. New York. FITCH. CALLIMORPHA LATR. Hypercompa Hubn. Palpi very short, pilose, scales appressed ; tongue much longer than the head ; antennae in both sexes simple, ciliated, with two strong seta at each joint. Body slender. Wings densely squa- mose. Feet robust, squamose ; anterior tibiae much shorter than the femora. CALLIMORPHA. 345 1. C. clymene Esper. Colona Hiibn. Carolina ? Harris. Figured in Esper Schmett. IV, 22, 10, pi. 182 ; Noct. 103, f. 1. Luteous; antennas black; palpi black at the apex ; prothorax biguttate with fuscous ; disk of thorax white, uriivittate with fus- cous ; abdomen often with fuscous dorsal spots ; primaries with an angulate basal fuscous vitta, three anterior spots and one pos- terior subapical divided, white ; secondaries often with two fuscous spots. Var. a. Secondaries with three submarginal spots and a mar- ginal streak. Var. b. Secondaries with two submarginal spots. Var. c. Secondaries with one submarginal spot. Var. d. Secondaries immaculate. United States. WALKER. 2. C. militaris Harris. Ins. Mass. 2d ed. p. 264. Primaries white, almost entirely bordered with brown ; with an oblique brown band from the inner margin to the tip ; the brown border on the front margin generally has two short angular projections, extending backwards on the surface of the wing. Se- condaries white, without spots. Body white ; head, thorax and femurs yellow ; a longitudinal brown stripe along the top of the back from the thorax to the tail. Var. a. Primaries with four white spots ; second nearly round. Var. b. Second spot forked; fourth interrupted. Var. c. Third spot nearly divided. Var. d. Second and third spots divided. United States. HARRIS. 4. C. confinis Walker. C. B. M. 661. White. Head, prothorax, fore coxse and abdomen at the base luteous. Proboscis tawny. Palpi with black tips. Antennae black. Thorax and abdomen with a brown stripe. Primaries brown, with a discal slightly angular white stripe, and an elongate triangular oblique subapical white band. Length of the body six lines; of the wings eighteen lines. United States. WALKER. 346 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. 5. C. contigua Walker. C. B. M. 650. White. Head, prothorax and fore coxae luteous. Proboscis tawny. Palpi black, luteous at the base. Antenna black. Thorax and abdomen with a brown stripe. Primaries brown, with a white discal stripe which widens from the base to a little beyond the middle, and with two large subapical white spots. Secondaries with a small brown spot near the hind border. Body 6 lines long; wings 18. United States. WALKER. 6. C. comma Walker. C. B. M. 652. Luteous, partly testaceous. Proboscis tawny. Palpi with black tips. Antennae black. Thorax and abdomen with a brown stripe. Primaries above with a brown border, which is interrupted at the tips and by the hind angle, near which there is a curved brown streak. Secondaries occasionally with a small round brown spot near the hind border. Body 1 lines long ; wings 20. United States. WALKEK. PHRAGMATOBIA STEPH. Head and thorax with long hairs. Palpi short, scarcely distinct, very pilose. Proboscis subspiral. Antennae short, ciliate — of the male, serrate ; of the female, simple. Thorax thick. Abdomen maculate. Anteriar tibiae unarmed ; posterior tibiae with four spurs. Wings subdiaphanous. 1. P. vagans Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. 2me ser. X, 322. Mouse-color; primaries immaculate; secondaries black, fringe cinereous ; all the wings cinereous below, with a black lunule. North California. BOISD. 2. P. assimilans Walker. C. B. M. 630. Male. Red. Antennae testaceous. Thorax with brown hairs. Wings red; veins darker. Primaries slightly brown along the costa, and elsewhere indistinctly sprinkled with pale brown, with two blackish dots. Secondaries brighter red, with three black dots, two in the disk and one near the hind border towards the inner angle. Length of the body 6 lines ; of the wings 16 lines. ECPANTHERIA — HALESIDOTA. 347 Var. Primaries almost wholly brown. Secondaries with a broad blackish submarginal stripe. United States. WALKER. ECPANTHERIA WALKER. Body stont. Proboscis moderately long. Palpi very short ; third joint acuminated, small. Abdomen extending more or less beyond the hind wings. Legs stout ; hind tibia3 with minute apical spurs. Wings moderately broad. Primaries much longer than secondaries. Male. Antennae serrated ; secondaries short. Female. AntennaB simple, not serrated. 1. E. scribonia Stoll. Macularia Fab., Cram. Oculatissima Sm. Abb. Chryscis, Godt. Figured in Stoll. Supp. Cram. V, pi. 41 ; Sm. Abb. pi. 69 ; Nat. Lib. vol. 37. Antennas black ; head white, with a black point on each side near the antenna. Thorax with ten or twelve black spots, with a pale bluish-white centre, making them appear annular ; the two hinder spots largest and somewhat curved. Ground color of the wings white, the surface of the superiors variegated with black spots, most of which are ocular, placed irregularly towards the base, but having a tendency to form transverse rows externally ; inferiors white, with a few faint black spots behind. Abdomen blue-black, variegated on the back and sides with orange-yellow ; legs white, the extremities with black rings. Larva brownish-black, with an orange-red band along each side. The hairs are placed on tubercles alternately nearer the anterior edges of each segment, so that they form a pretty broad band and leave the rest of the body naked. United States. NAT. LIBRARY. HALESIDOTA WALKER. Lopkocampa Har. Body stout. Proboscis long. Palpi stout, porrect, not long ; second joint much longer than the first ; third conical, very minute. Abdomen extending for about one-third of its length beyond the secondaries. Legs stout j hind tibia? with four moderately long 348 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. spurs. Wings long, narrow. Male. Antennae slightly pectinated. Female. Antenna? serrated. % 1. H. caryae Harris. Ins. Mass. 2d ed. p. 279. Color, light yellow-ochre ; the fore wings are long, rather nar- row, and almost pointed, are thickly and finely sprinkled with little brown dots, and have two oblique brownish streaks passing back- wards from the front edge, with three rows of white semitranspa- rent spots parallel to the outer hind margin ; the hind wings are very thin, semitransparent, and without spots ; and the shoulder- covers are edged within with light brown. They expand from one inch and seven-eighths to two inches and a quarter or more. The wings are roofed when at rest ; the antennae are long, with a double, narrow, feathery edging, in the males, and a double row of short, slender teeth on the under side, in the females; the feelers are longer than in the other Arctians, and not at all hairy ; and the tongue is short, but spirally curved. Larva covered with short spreading tufts of white hairs, with a row of eight black tufts on the back, and two long, slender, black pencils on the fourth and on the tenth ring. The tufts along the top of the back converge on each side, so as to form a kind of ridge or crest ; and the warts, from which these tufts proceed, are oblong-oval and transverse, while the other warts on the body are round. The hairs on the forepart of the body are much longer than the rest, and hang over the head ; the others are short as if sheared off, and spreading. The head, feet, and belly are black ; the upper side of the body is white, sprinkled with black dots, and with black transverse lines between the rings. United States. HARRIS. 2. H. tesselaris Sm. Abb. Figured in Sm. Abb. pi. 75. Faintly tinged with ochre-yellow ; their long, narrow, delicate, and semitransparent wings lie almost flatly on the top of the back ; the upper pair are checkered with dusky spots, arranged so as to form five irregular transverse bands ; the hind edge of the collar, and the inner edges of the shoulder-covers are greenish-blue, and between the latter are two short and narrow deep yellow stripes ; the upper side of the abdomen and of the legs are deep ochre- yellow. HALESIDOTA. 349 The tufts on the larva are light yellow or straw-colored, the crest being very little darker ; on the second and third rings are two orange-colored pencils, which are stretched over the head when the insect is at rest, and before these are several long tufts of white hairs ; on each side of the third ring is a white pencil, and there are two pencils, of the same color, directed backwards, on the eleventh ring. The body is yellowish-white, with dusky warts, and the head is brownish-yellow. United States. HARRIS. 3. H. fulvo-flava Walk. C. B. M. 733. Testaceous, paler beneath. Proboscis tawny. Thorax with two tawny stripes, which converge hindward, and with two tawny spots in front between the stripes. Femora and tibiae hairy; fore femora and fore tibiae tawny above. Primaries yellow, with a tawny spot at the base, with two oblique tawny bands, with darker borders ; these bands are partly connected, and the inner one is especially irregular and ramose, being forked in front and dilated in the disk towards the base, and emitting a branch to each border. Second- aries whitish, with a slight testaceous tinge. Length of the body 6 — 7 lines; of the wings 16 — 18 lines. Var. Primaries tawny, with yellow spots at the base, at the tips, along the costa, and forming an oblique band beyond the middle. North America. WALKER. 4. H. annulifascia Walker. C. B. M. 734. Pale testaceous. Proboscis and antennae tawny. Thorax with two tawny stripes, which converge hindward. Primaries with tawny punctures, which are most numerous, and partly confluent on the disk beyond the middle, and with four oblique bands of whitish tawny bordered spots ; veins tawny. Secondaries whitish, with a slight testaceous tinge. Length of the body 6 — 8 lines ; of the wings 18—22 lines. United States. WALKER. 6. H. maculata Harris. Ins. Mass. 259. Light ochre-yellow, with large irregular light brown spots on the primaries, arranged almost in transverse bands. It expands nearly one inch and three-quarters. HARRIS. 350 LEPIDOPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. DASYCHIRA, p. 256. 3. D. clandestina Walker. Canadian Naturalist, 1861, p. 36. Male. Cinereous, varied with black, thickly pilose. Antennas short, broadly pectinated. Legs short, very pilose. Wings partly shaded with black, with four irregular undulated black lines which are dilated on the costa of the fore wings ; under side paler, with the lines obsolete except by the costa. Length of body 6 lines ; of wings 14 lines. Bevins Lake, Montcalra, July 7. WALKER. For the following notes of synonymy, geographical distribution, etc., I ain indebted to Mr. W. H. Edwards. J. G. M. OBSERVATIONS BY W. H. EDWARDS. The following species are known to be resident in Texas, &c., by me: — Papilio pilummus. Texas. " aristodemus. Texas. " cresphontes. This has been confounded with Thoas, but is re- stored by Doubleday. Menetries, in Cat., notes the difference between these two species. Leptalis melite. New Mexico. Boisd. Spec. Gen. 422. Callidryas cipris. Texas. Boisd. Spec. Gen. " orbis. Texas. Boisd. Spec. Gen. " philea. Florida and Texas. Boisd. Spec. Gen. " aryante. Texas. Boisd. Spec. Gen. Terias midea. California, according to Menetries in Cat. Boisd. Spec. Gen. " palmira. Poey in Memorias. Florida and Georgia. " elathea. Georgia. Boisd. Spec. Gen. Colias eurytheme. Boisd. Ann. Ent. Soc. X, 286. This is the species usually taken for Edusa, I believe. Boisduval had doubts of Edusa being found in this country. I have never seen the European Edusa here, and do not believe in it. Synchloe janais. Texas. Drury, III, 17. Catagramma clymene. Florida. Described and figured in Lucas. Cystineura amyone. Texas. Menetries, in Cat. and figured. Eumenia atala. Florida. Figured and described in Poey's Cent. Rhodocera clorinde. Texas. Boisd. Spec. Gen. Marpesia zerynthia. Texas. Hiibner. Ageronia feronia. Texas, j Qne Qr both Qf thege . fi d fa D " fornax. Texas. J SPECIES IN TEXAS. 351 Timetes chiron. Texas. Herbst. 52. Limenitis eulalia. California. Doubleday & Hewitson. Smyrna karzinski. Texas. Victorina steneles. Figured and described in Lucas. Megistanis cadmus. Texas. Cramer. Cybdelis hyperipte. Florida. Hiibner. Besides these, I find mentioned in authors — Parnassius Smintheus. Rocky Mountains. Dcubleday & Hewitson. Colias rutulans. California. Boisd. Argynnis Boisduvalli. Labrador. Sommer. " thais. Figured in Godart, and described in Herbst. " frigga. Herbst. 273. Chionobas ch'ryxus. U. S. Doubleday & Hewitson. " bore. Mycalesis ostita. Georgia. Hiibner. Thecla melinus. California. Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. X. Lycaena Franklinii. Polar Amer. Curtis in Ross Exp. Poiyommatus antheile. Newfoundland. In C. B. M. " amicetus. Albany River. Thanaos tristis. California and Texas. Boisd. Ann. X. " Cervantes. California. Graslin, Ann. Ent. Soc. Anthocaris crcusa. California. " lanceolata. California. " ausonia. California. Paphia gly cerium. Texas ; Illinois. P. rutulus is said by Gray to be eurymedon. P. zolicaon is said by Menetries, in Cat., to be same as machaon. P. ajax I do not believe to be same as marcellus. All my ojax came from Savannah, £ and £ > aijd all my marcellus from West Virginia, ^ and 9 . All of each were taken in the Spring. Nathalis irene Fitch, is simply iole, with a trifling variation. C. Vosnesenski of Munetries, is C. eurydice of Boiad. in Ann. Melitaea zcrene should have been Argynnis. M. palla is not a synonym for nycteis of Doubleday, as given on page 52. The latter is found in Illinois and vicinity. On page 70, orion has a vast distribution. It comes from Brazil, Gre- nada, Central America, and West Indies. It is as likely to be in Florida as any other species common to Cuba. Debts andromacha and portlandia are the same. Ccenonympha temidea, page 80. This species is a Chionobas. Is same as C. also of Boisd., but Say should have the preference. Page 101. T. aubu'miana is smilacis. Page 111. II. ahaton is cernes. 352 CORRECTIONS AND ERRATA. CORRECTIONS BY DR. B. CLEMENS. Page 340. Arctia Isabella is Spilosoma Isabella. " " A. rubricosa is A.? rubricosa, probably identical with the genus Crocota. " 342. Spilosoma echo is Hypantria echo. " " S. cunea is Hypantria cunea. " 343. S. textor is Hypantria textor (type gen.). " " S. egle is (Euchates) egle. " " S. collaris and £. punctata probably likewise belong to the genus Hypantria. " 344. Gen. Callimorpha should be Hyper compa; the latter is a generic group created from the former. " 345. C. comma is Hyper compa interrupto-marginata Beauv. " 349. H. fulvo-flava synon. H. maculata? " " H. annulifascia synon. //. caryae? ERRATA. In the description of A. aphrodite, on p. 43, after "marginal," add, " triangles surmounted with black, and above them, near the costa, two others ; the secondaries have a marginal series of black crescents." P. 82, 5th line from bottom, read "secondaries," instead of" primaries." P. 96, 21st " " " "often," " "after." ORGYA, p. 249, should be put into Fam. LIPARID/E. DASYCHIEA, p. 256, " " " " LAGOA, p. 257, " " " LIMACODID^. MIOZA, p. 253, read MIEZA. P. 329, 3d line from bottom, read " L. Scuddcrii." INDEX OF GENERA.1 Acoloithus, 134, 282 Cossidae, 123 Halesidota, 347 Adoneta, 129 Cos«us, 123 Heliconia, 39 JEgreriadae, 137, 330 Crocota, 255, 306 Heliconidae, 39 Aganisthos, 69 Ctenucha, 284 Hesperia, 105 Aglaope, 133, 283 Cyanopepla, 280 Hcsperidae, 105 Agraulis, 40 Cyclopsedes, 115 Heterocampa, 349 Alypia, 132 Heterocera, 122 Ambulyx, 174 Danaidae, 36 .Hippola, 271 Amycles, 276 Danai?, 37 Horamia, 275 Anartia, 62 Darapsa, 167 Hypoprapia, 302 Anceryx, 200 •Daremma, 213 Hypsidac, 306 Anthocaris, 20 Dasychira, 256, 349 Hyrmina, 291 Anthrocera, 260 Da tan a, 245 Antichloris, 274 Debis, 78 Ichthyura, 243 Apantesis, 250 Apatura, 67 Deidaraia, 158 Deiliphila, 163 Isanthrene, 264 losia, 290 Arctia, 336 Deiopeia, 251, 313 Arctiidae, 248, 312, 336 Arctonotus, 216 Dioptis, 290 Dolba, 203 Junonia, 61 Ardonea, 302 Drepana, 218 Argus, 81 Brepanulidae, 217 Lasmocharis, 265 Argynnis, 40 Dryocampa, 231 Lagoa, 257 Artace, 236 Atolmis, 256 Attncus, 223 Automalis, 270 Ecpantheria, 346 Edema, 241 Ellema, 215 Empretia, 130 Lapara, 215 Lauron, 292 Leraonins, 104 Lerina, 300 Limacodes, 126 Belemnia, 270 Bombycidac, 232 Calisto, 81 Empyreuma, 269 Endera, 272 Enyo, 161 Epialus, 38 Limeiiitis, 64 Limenitis, 327 Lithosiidac, 252, 299 Lithosia, 304 Callidryas, 24 Callimofpha, 344 Callimorrhidcs, 312 Calonota, 273 Caralisa, 296 Ceratocarnpa, 229 Ceratomia, 204 Cerura, 238 Chserocampa, 171 Erebia, 75 Erycina, 103 Erycinidae, 103 Erythales, 310 Euagra, 291 Eubaphe, 252, 306 Encerea, 277 Euchromia, 134, 267 Eucyane, 295 Eudula, 296 Lophocampa, 288 Lycomorphidac, 288 Libytheidae, 63 Libythea, 63 Lyecena, 81 Lycsenidae, 329 Lycacnidae,, 81, 329 Lycomorpha, 135, 288 Lymire, 303 Chionobas, 70 Chrysauge. 292 Cincia, 310 Eudryas, 245 Enprepia, 267 Eustixia 252 305 Macroglossa, 150 Macrosila, 183 Cisthrene, 254, 309 Malthaca, 287 Clisiocampa, 235 Gastropacha, 233 M.-irissa, 267 Clostera, 243 Glaucopididae. 134, Mastigocera, 278 Coenonympha, 80, 328 262 Mclamerida^, 289 Colias, 26 Glaucopis, 134, 263 Melanchroia, 297 Composia, 205 Gnophria, 256 Melitsea, 50, 329 Conchilopodiiae, 126 Cosmosoma, 265 Goniloba, 112 Grapta, 53 Mellitia, 335 Mieza, 253, 306 i Synonyms are in italics ; names of families in heavy faced type, of subfamilies in small capitals. 23 354 INDEX OF GENERA. Nadata, 248 Nathalis, 21 Neonympha, 72 Nisoniades, 114 Nochelia, 131 Notodonta, 239 Notodontidae, 238, 349 Nudaria, 299 Nyctimeridae, 296 Nymphalidae, 49, 324 Nymphalis, 64 Nymphidia, 103 Oenosanda, 214 Ormetica, 279 Orgyia, 249 Pachylia, 180 Pamphila, 116 Paphia, 66 Papilio, 1 Papilionidae, 1 Parnassius, 13 Percote, 304 Pergesa, 166 Pericopidae, 243 Pericopis, 294 Perigonia, 159 Perophora, 142 Philampelus, 175 Phragmatobia, 346 Pieridae, 15, 315 Pieris, 15, 315 Pimela, 129 Pitane, 254, 306 Poeciloptera, 311 Poecilosoma, 264 Polyomm.atus, 83 Procris, 133, 261 Proserpinus, 152 Psycomorpha, 136, 297 Pscychiadae, 142 Pygcera, 243 Pyrameis, 58 Rhodocera, 22 Rhopalocera, 1 Sannina, 334 Saturnia, 220 Saturnidae, 219 Satyridae, 70, 327 Satyrus, 70, 327 Sesia, 147 Smerinthus, 206 Sphingidae, 143 Sphinx, 192 Spilosoma, 341 Syrichthus, 121 Terias, 32 Thecla, 91 Thyreus, 155 Thyridopteryx, 142 Thyrgis, 290 Thyris, 141 Trichoma, 309 Trochilium, 137 Unzela, 154 Uraga, 293 Vanessa, 55 Virbia, 298 Zeuzera, 125 Zygaena, 260 Zygaenidae, 132 INDEX OF SPECIES.1 abbotii, 156 astarte, 240 caryse, 59, 347 acerni, 330 ashtaroth, 47 Carolina, 189 achemon, 177, 278 asterias, 5 casta, 19 achatina, 257 astinous, 6 catullus, 115 acis, 201 astyanax, 64 caudata, 139 acraeea, 341 astylus, 211 cecropia, 223 cesculapins, 116 atalanta, 58 ceculus, 151 aglaia, 46 aubumiana, 101 celadon. 10 agnes, 81 augustus, 103 cellus, 105 agricola, 108 aurantiaca, 253 celtis, 68 ahaton, 111 aurea, 251 cephiae, 298 ajax, 8 auretorum, 99 cerisii, 210 albicans, 237 aurora, 247 ceto, 335 albifrons, 242 autodice, 17 chaemonerii, 165 albosigma, 244 azalea, 168 chalcas, 7 alcidamus, 2 chalciope, 264 alope, 76, 202 bachmani, 63 chariclea, 49 also, 71 balder, 71 charitonia, 39 americana, 91, 134, 233, basistriens, 239 chionanthi, 187 236, 284, 336 bassiformis, 331 chiron, 172 amphidusa, 29 bathyllus, 106 chocrilus, 165 amyntula, 87 bella, 251, 271, 313 chrysotheme, 28 anartia, 62 bellona, 45 cimbiciformis, 149 andromache, 78 berenice, 37 cinerea, 194 anguina, 247 bicolor, 232 cingulata, 188 angulifera, 227 bimaculata, 278 cippus, 126 angulosa, 239 bion, 119 clandestina, 349 anna, 329 biundata, 240 clarius, 14 annulifascia, 348 boisduvali, 74 clarkise, 154 annnlosum, 151 bombycoides, 215 elaudia, 44 antasgon, 87 bootes, 72 cleome, 16 antseus, 186 borealis, 238 clodius, 15 anthracina, 277 brettus, 118 cluentius, 186 anthyale, 24 brevicornis, 255, 308 clyraene, 344 antiopa, 57 brizo, 114 clyton, 68 antiqua, 249 brontes, 191 compta. 312 antoninus, 113 bulenta, 117 coenia, 61 aphrodite, 43 collaris, 184 arcesilaus, 11 caesonia, 27 columbina, 44, 207 archippus, 38 Caespitalis, 121 comma, 54, 109, 245 arcuatus, 218 caicus, 203 comyntas, 83 areolatus, 74 c-album, 55 concinna, 242 argenteo-maculatus, 123 californica, 58 confinis. 345 ariane, 77 calippe, 46 congrua, 343 arogos, 118 camertus, 162 coniferarum, 199 arota, 86 arta, 117 campestris, 109 canadensis, 125 conspersa, 310 contigua, 345 arsace, 97 cantheus, 75 contracta, 247 arthemis, 65 canthus, 74 convohnli, 188 assimilans, 346 cardui, 59 coraciiia, 284 1 SyuKuyms are in italics. 356 INDEX OF SPECIES. corns, 116 excaecatus, 208 heteronea, 89 crantor, 177 exilis, 87 hobomok, 110 crataegi, 85 exitiosa, 140 hcemanthup, 291 cresphontes, 7 ktimuli, 95 cruciferarnm, 19 falco, 172 huntera, 66 cruenta, 281 falacer. 95 hyale,-31 cucurbitaa, 139 falsarius, 134, 283 hydramtix, 186 cunea, 392 fasciatn, 218 hylaeus, 203 cupraria, 304 fascialum, 151, 180 hyperborea, 340 cybele, 42 fasciola, 127 hyperici, 94 cyntela, 73 fastuosa, 271 hypophlaeus, 84 favonius, 95 dahurica, 341 fegens, 162 icarioides, 88 daira, 34 fenestrata, 272 Mnlin, 40 damastus, 100 ferox, 271 igninix, 253 dan fie, 70 ferruginosa, 255, 308 ilinfolia, 235 daphnis, 42 ficus, 181 iloneus, 5 dnres, 278 figurata, 341 impar, 266 dancus, 164 filenus, 82 imperial}?, 230 decipiens, 235 flavinia, 292 imperatoria, 230 delia, 34 flavitibia, 335 inearnata, 301 denudatura, 138 flavofasciata, 151 inclusa, 244 diana, 42 flavula, 128 inconspicua, 183 diaphana, 39 forestan, 191 inconstans, 298 didyma, 228 freya, 46 inornata, 182 diffinis, 148 frigida, 318 inscripta, 159 dimas, 293 fucosa, 303 instita, 187 dimidiata, 289 fuliginosa, 330 intermedia, 165 dione, 339 fulvicollis, 287 interrogationi?, 53 discoiilalis, 75 fulvipes, 149 interrupta, 274 disippus, 65 fulvoflava. 348 io, 220 dorcas, 90 fur cilia fa, 56 iole, 22 drancus, 173 fuscicaudis, 150 ipomaese, 134, 241 272 drupiferarum, 197 fusiformis, 148 irene, 22 druryi, 188 iris, 97 dryas, 278 galatina, 80 iroides, 100 dumetorum, 100 galbina, 222 Isabella, 340 dynceus, 203 ganascus, 175 ismeria, 50 gaucolda, 310 ixion, 151 ecclipsis, 23 gaurae, 153 echo, 342 gelida, 340 j-album, 56 editho, 51, 296 geliformis, 333 jatrophae, 62, 186 edusa, 27 geminatus, 210 japhyx, 155 eglanteria, 222 gemma, 73 jai=minearum, 198 egle, 343 genutia, 20 jucunda, 35 ello, 200 gibbosa, 248 juglnndis, 213 etnphytiforrais, 332 gilippus, 37 jiinoiiia,, 61 enoptes, 89 glaucescens, 160 jussieuse, 180 ephemaeriformis, 142 glauciis, 2 juvenalis, 114 ephestion, 64 glycerium, 67 epimenis, 136 gordius, 198 kalmia), 196 epixanthe, 85 gorgon,.86 eremitiis, 194 grata, 245 labrupcaa, 178 ergolis, 292 grunus, 100 ]83ta, 309 ericetorum, 122 guttata, 132 lamina, 65 eriphae, 274 gutturalis, 202 lanceolata, 21 eriphon, 100 lanuginosa, 129 erippus, 37 ha3morrhea, 203 laricw, 234 eubule, 25 hale?us, 91 laticlavia, 128 eulalia, 66 harrisi, 216 latipennis, 136 eurocilia, 294 hasdrubal, 184 Intreilliana, 136, 285 eurymedon, 4 hegeria,, 44 leonardus, 1 10 eurytheme, 29 helloides, 86 leucodice, 18 eurythris, 72 b.era, 221 leucographa, 250 INDEX OF SPECIES. 357 leucophoea, 294 myrina, 45 pholus, .135, 169, 289 leuoophfltata, 193 myrissa, 45 phylseus, 118 leucostigran, 249 myron, 168 phyllira, 339 1'herminier, 115 piasus, 89 riic.nninirri, 20 nais, 338 pica, 222 leseur, 118 nastes, 30 pithecium, 127 lichas, 270 nechns, 172 placentia, 337 linenta, 164 nemorum, 107 plagiatus, 124 lintneri, 57 nephele, 76 plebeia, 195 liparops, 96 nessus, 157 plumipes, 275 lisa, 34 nicippe, 33 poeas, 103 longipennis, 305 niphon, 98 polaris, 48 lorquini, 66 nitidula, 173 polydamus, 13 lucin, 90 noctuiformis, 214 polypbemus, 226 lucidus, 217 nomion, 14 popul'i, 124 l'iiye>is, 194 numitor, 120 portlandia, 79 lugubrie, 162 nycteis, 325 pratinicola, 108 luna, 225 pretus. 276 lusca, 160 obscura, 201 print, 203 luscitiosa, 197 occidentalis, 235 procne, 173 luteilinea, 290 ochracea, 328 producta, 243 tycoon, 176 octomaculata, 132 progne, 56 lyncea, 182 octomanilalis, 132 promethea, 224 lyside, 24 odius, 70 proserpina, 221 odyneripennis, 332 proterpia, 35 maceullochi, 132 oeno, 72 protesilaus, 9 machaon, 12 oenotrus, 202 proteus, 106 maculata, 142, 349 oileus, 121 protodice, 17, 317 m -album, 92 oleracea, 19, 315 pseudargiolus, 82 maerula, 23 olynthus, 113 psyche, 93 maia, 221 omphale. 135, 266 pumila, 104 manteo, 240 onobrychis, 261 punctata, 334 inarcellina, 26 opercularis, 257 punctistriga, 237 marcellus, 9 ophthalmicus, 211 punctivena, 238 marginali?, 321 origenes, 117 pupula, 252, 254, 306 marginata, 219 orion, 70 pylotis, 295 marginatum, 137 orythia, 61 pyralidiformis, 333 mars, 101 or set's, 16 pyramidalis, 331 medinstina, 254, 306 ossianus, 78 pyri, 141 medor, 188 oxitus, 7 pyrina, 125 megaera, 222 pyxidifera, 258 megalippe, 38 paenulata, 131 melanocephala, 303 palcRHo, 31 quadricornis, 205 melsheimeri, 142 pnlamedes, 7 querceti, 126 menapia, 19 palla, 51 quercicola, 126 mendica, 300 pallida, 128, 321 querciperda, 125 metacomet, 111 pampinatrix, 168 quinqueinaculata, 190 mexicana, 36 paphia, 227 milberti, 56 parthenice, 339 radians, 251 militaris, 344 parthenos, 336 regalis, 229 miniata, 256, 305 passiflorGP, 40 repentinus, 206 ministra, 246 peckii, 120 resumens, 183 minuta, 325 pegala, 77 rhamni, 24 misippus, 65 pdasgus, 149 rhodocera, 170 modesta, 210 pelidne. 30 robinise, 124 monusta, 16 pellucida, 232 rosea, 219 mopsus, 102 perlucidula, 288 rosacearnm, 207 mormo, 104 pertyi, 265 rossii, 257 motya, 63 phaeton, 50 rubicanda, 232 multicincta, 264 phere.s, 89 rubicandaria. 256, 307 multifaria, 302 phicomene, 30 rubriceps, 286 munda, 302 philenor, 6 rubicosa, 340 mylitta, 324 philodice, 29 ruficaudis, 149 myops, 207 phleas, 84 ruficeps, 286 358 INDEX OF SPECIES. ruralis, 121 subjecta, 254 ruricola, 109 sybaris, 295 rustica, 187 sylvanoides, 107 rutulus, 3 sylvanus, 107 sylvatica, 236 sabuleti, 109 sylvinus, 99 saepiolus, 88 sylvius, 277 saepiutn, 99 syringae, 139 sagra, 152 gapygasformis, 333 tantalus, 151 sara, 21 tardigrada, 131 sassacus, 110 tarquinius, 85 satellitia, 176 tau, 322 scitula, 141 terminalis, 301 scribonia, 346 tersa, 171 scriptura, 121 tesselaris, 348 scyron, 201 textor, 343 serniplaga, 349 textula, 128 semidea, 80 tharos, 51 semidiaphana, 136 tbaumas, 119 senatoria, 231 thoas, 7 signatura, 304 thoe, 84 silvestris, 327 thorates, 166 sinon, 9 thysbe, 149 sisymbrii, 17 tibiale, 137 smilacis, 98 tipuliformis, 140 smilax, 34 titan, 151 smithsoniana, 134, 262 tityrus, 112 sordida, 194 tribuna, 290 sosybius, 74 trichlaris, 48 speciosa, 314 tricincta, 138 sphingiformis, 280 trigenimis, 309 spinuloides. 127 tristis, 115 splendida, 228 troilus, 5 sthenele. 77 turnus, 2 stheno, 201 typhon, 178 stigma, 231 tyrrhene, 267 stimula, 130 strigilis, 175 ubaldus, 82 strigosa, 101 umbrata, 240 subcyanea, 273 undata, 161 subfervens, 253, 306 undulosa, 214 eubhauiata, 160 unicornis, 241 unio, 246 uroceriformis, 334 Ursula, 64 vagans, 346 vanillae, 40 varia, 240 variegata, 297 vau, 244 velleda, 234 venosa, 286, 320 versicolor, 169 versuta, 174 vespina, 278 vestris, 109 vetusta, 250 villiersii, 12 vinosa, 292 virginalis, 337 virginiea, 342 virginie?isis, 60 virgo, 337 virguncula, 338 vitellius, 120 vitis, 179 vittata, 256 voluta, 129 vosneskenski, 32 vulcanus, 273 wamsutta, 111 weidemeyeri, 327 xanthoides, 86 xerces, 88 yuccse, 113 zabulon, 116 zangis, 81 zerene, 53 zolicaon, 4 zonata, 151 ^•M ^H GENERAL LIBRARY - U.C. BERKELEY