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SYNOPSIS

FLORA OF THE LARAMIE GROUP.

LESTER F. AV^RD.

399

6th Ann.Rept. U.S.Geol.Surv. 1884-85 (1885) 399-557; pla..XX.XI-LX:V.

4

CONTENTS.

Page.

Introduction • "^"^

Historical review of opinion 406

Nature and extent of tlio Laramie group 433

Vegetation of tlio Laramie age 436

Explanation of the table of distribution 440

Table of distribution of Laramie, Senonian, and Eocene plants 443

Discussion of the table of distribution 515

Recent collections of fossil plants from the Laramie group - 530

Collections from the Lower Laramie strata 537

Collections from the Fort Union group 54-2

List of species illustrated 54'J

Illustrations 559

0 GEOL 2G 401

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Plate

XXXI.

XXXII.

XXXIII.

XXXIV.

XXXV.

XXXVI.

XXXVII.

XXXVIII.

XXXIX.

XL.

XLI.

XLII.

XLIII.

XLIV.

XLV.

XLVI.

XLVII.

XLVIII.

XLIX.

L.

LI.

LII.

LIIL

LIV.

LV.

LVI.

LVII.

LVIII.

LIX.

LX.

LXI.

LXII.

LXIII.

LXIV.

LXV.

Cryptogams and coniferse . Mouocotyledons

cotyledons..

cotyledons..

cotyledons.

cotyledons.,

cotyledons.

cotyledons.

cotyledons..

cotyledons.,

cotyledons. ,

cotyledons.

cotyledons.

cotyledons.

cotyledons.

cotyledons .

cotyledons.

cotyledons.

cotyledons.

cotyledons .

cotyledons.

cotj'ledons

cotyledons .

cotyledons .

cotyledons .

cotyledons.

cotyledons .

cotyledons .

cotyledons .

cotyledons.

cotyledons.

cotyledons.

cotyledons

cotyledons.

cotyledons.

Page. 559 563 51)7 571 575 57S) 583 587 591 595 599 603 607 611 615 619 623 6-27 631 635 639 643 645 619 553 657 661 665 669 673 677 681 685 689 693

403

SYNOPSIS OF THE FLORA OF THE LARAMIE GROUP.

INTRODUCTION.

The object of this paper is twofold : first, to offer, as its title im- plies, a synopsis, or coudeused account, of the flora of the Laramie group, as that formation is now understood ; and, secondly, to give a few illustrations of this flora from new material or from material more ample and abundant than has heretofore existed.

Mr. Leo Lesquereux, in his "Tertiary Flora,"' describes a large number of plants belonging to this group, but he here argues for the Tertiary age of these plants and regards the group as Eocene; he therefore makes no attempt to keep them separate from those derived from higher and still acknowledged Tertiary beds. In his last work, on "The Cretaceous and Tertiary Floras,"^ he attempts to introduce a "table of distribution" of the plants of the Laramie group, but in doing so he fails to recognize the Fort Union forms as belonging to that group, although the identity of the two groups had been admitted by Dr. Haydeu in his annual reports and was reasserted in his letter trans- mitting Mr. Lesquereux's " Tertiary Flora " to the Secretary of the In- terior for publication. He preferred to accept the view of Mr. Clarence King (who admitted that he had not visited the Fort Union beds), as exi^ressed in his Report of the Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel, Volume I, pp. 353, 354, and which rested upon the determina- tions by Dr. Newberry of certain vegetable remains of Miocene type. Mr. King believed this formation to be equivalent to the White Eiver Miocene, and Dr. Newberry referred all his Fort Union jflants to the Miocene. The only localities which he admits as constituting the plant beds of the Laramie group known at that date are those of Colorado, the Raton Mountains, Placiere, Henry's Fork, Barrel Springs, Fort Ellis, Spring Canon, Black Buttes, Point of Rocks, and Yellowstone Lake. This excludes Carbon and Evanston, which I shall also embrace in the Laramie, and there are several other localities from which fossil plants have been obtained that belong with little doubt to the same great system.

' Contributions to the Fossil Flora of the Western Territories, Part II. The Ter- tiary Flora. By Leo Lesquereux. Report of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories, F. V. Hayden, United States geologist-in-charge. Vol. VII. Wash- ington, 1878.

» Contributions to the Fossil Flora of the Western Territories, Part III. The Cre- taceous and Tertiary Floras. By Leo Lesquereux. Report of the United States Geo- logical Survey of the Territories, F. V. Hayden, geologist-in-charge. Vol. VIII. Washington, 1883. f405")

406 FLORA OF THE LARAMIE GROUP.

HISTORICAL REVIEW OF OPINION.

The history of the Laramie group, as now understood, is a long one, and the literature is scattered through a series of reports in a manner very perplexing to any one who desires to gain a comprehensive knowl- edge of it. From the circumstance that at nearly all places where it has been recognized it consists to a greater or less extent of deposits of lignite or coal, this condition was for a time inseparably associated with it to such an extent that there was a disposition to regard all the lignitic deposits of the West as belonging to the same geologic forma- tion ; but when this had been disproved by the discovery of extensive beds of coal in the middle Cretaceous, the reaction agaiust this view carried many too far, and resulted in the quite general belief that the lignite beds of the Upper Missouri River were of widely different age from those of Colorado and Wyoming. Even Mr. King, who correlated all the beds along the 40th parallel, and first gave them the name of "Laramie group," still denied the identity of the Fort Union beds with them, and as late as 1S78 regarded these as Miocene and the equivalent of those of the White River. It is remarkable that he should have ex- pressed such an opinion in so prominent a place as his final report (Re- port of the Geological Survey of the Fortieth Parallel, Vol. I, p. 353), while admitting that he had not personally examined this region.

The northern portion of the extensive area now embraced under the name Laramie group was the first to attract attention. It was nat- ural that the earliest transcontinental voyages should follow the largest water-ways, and notwithstanding the extremely slow' development of the Upper Missouri River region we find that its exploration was begun in the first decade of the century by parties provided with appliances for scientific ob.servation and has been continued at intervals ever since. Leaving the merely geographical aspects out of the account, we find that the coal beds attracted the attention of Lewis and Clarke in 1803 and of every subsequent expedition down to the epoch of true geologic investigation, which dates from the commencement of the protracted researches of Messrs. Meek and Hayden in the year 1854, the earliest i)ubIications of which are contained in Volume VIII of the Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences,' 1856. The inves- tigations of Harris and Audubon in 1844' added scarcely anything to the knowledge of the geological age of these regions. As much might be said of the explorations of Fremont, who observed the lignite beds of Wyoming in 1842, and of the expedition of General Emory who noted those of Eastern New Mexico in 1848. But the large col- lections brought by Hayden from Nebraska and the Upper Missouri and Yellowstone regions in 1854 furnished the data for profitable scientific in-

' Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Vol. II, 1845, pp. 335-240.

WARD.) HISTORICAL REVIEW OF OPINION. 407

vestigation, which tliey soou received at the competent hands of Messrs. Meek and Leidy. In the first of the papers above referred to,' in which all the species described are mentioned as Cretaceous, the authors remark : " It is worthy of note that some of the species contained in the collection from the most recent Cretaceous beds of the Upper Missouri country appear referable to genera which, according to high European authority, date no farther back than the true chalk, while many of them are closely analogous to Tertiary forms ; so close, indeed, that, had they not been found associated in the same beds with Ammonites, Scaphites, and other genera everywhere regarded as having become extinct at the close of the Cretaceous epoch, we would have considered them Tertiary species." A section is given, at the top of which 400 to 600 feet of "Tertiary" are placed, which is described as " beds of clay, sandstone, lignite, &c., containing remains of vertebrata, and at places vast num- bers of plants, with land, fresh- water, and some times marine or estuary mollusca."

At the next meeting of the Academy, Dr. Joseph Leidy read a paper in which he described the vertebrate remains which Dr. Hayden had obtained from the Bad Lands of the Judith River. He is silent as to the age which these remains indicate until the close of the paper, where he names a species of Lepidotus in honor of the discoverer, and says : "This species is named in honor of Dr. Hayden, who collected the re- mains characterized in this paper ; and which remains, I suspect, indi- cate the existence of a formation like that of the Wealden of Europe;" a remark which has since been much quoted in support of the Mesozoic age of the Judith River beds.

On June 10th of the same year a second paper was presented to the Academy by Messrs. Meek and Hayden, entitled " Descriptions of new species of Acephala and Gasteropoda, from the Tertiary formations of Nebraska Territory, with some general remarks ou the Geology of the country about theusources of the Missouri River."

These " general remarks," which were " based upon the observations and collections of Dr. Hayden," contain some very interesting state- ments and certain somewhat remarkable adumbrations of the conclu- sions to which tbe latest investigations have led respecting the geology of this region. The liguitic deposits are regarded as Tertiary, but they are very clearlj' distinguished from the fresh-water deposits of the White River group as well as from the underlying Cretaceous formation. "Although there can be no doubt," the authors- say, " that these deposits bold a rather low position in the Tertiary system, we have as yet been able to arrive at no very definite conclusions as to their exact synchro- nism with any particular minor subdivision of Tertiary, not having been able to identify any of the mollusca found in them with those of any well marked geological horizon in other countries. Their general

' Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Vol. VIII, 1856, p. 63. (Read March 11.)

408 FLORA OF THE LARAMIE GROUP.

resemblance to the fossils of the Woolwich and Reading series of En- glish geologists, as well as to those of the great Lignite formations of the southeast of France, would seem to point to the lower Eocene as their position." In view of the fact that eminent geologists with abun- dant material before them have until very recently regarded the Fort Union group as of Miocene age, this early hint at their lower position seems to deserve mention in passing. On the other hand, the extremes to which certain vertebrate remains from the Judith River beds farther up the Missouri had led paleontologists in the opposite direction were fairly anticii)ated in this early paper. After commenting ujion the facts which prompted Dr. Leidy to liken the Judith River deposits to the Wealden of Europe, the authors add : " Inasmuch, however, as there certainly are some outliers of fresh-water Tertiary in these Bad Lands, we would suggest that it is barely possible these remains may belong to that epoch, though the shells appear to be all distinct species from those found in the Tertiary at all the other localities in this region."

In a subsequent paper, read November 11th of that year and pub- lished in the same volume (pp. 205-286), yielding to the weight of author- ity of the eminent paleontologists who had studied the vertebrate and vegetable remains, these authors, in the section drawn up on page 269, place the yellowish sandstones of the Judith in their lowest member of the Cretaceous (No. 1), along with the darker sandstones of the Big Sioux, now so well known to characterize the Dakota group,' while the lignite deposits of the Lower Yellowstone and Fort Union region are put at the top of the Tertiary system and designated as Miocene. In an elaborate paper by Messrs. James Hall and F. B. Meek in the " Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences" communicated June 27, 1854,' a section is given in which the Cretaceous series is subdivided into five members, corresponding substantially with that iiublished in the Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy by Messrs. Meek and Ilayden (Vol. VIII, 1856, p. 209), as also with that which appeared in the same publication for December, 1801 (Vol. XIII, p. 419), and was reproduced in Hayden's First Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories for 1867, where, for the first time, the names by which the groups have since become so widely known were attached. In this earliest section of Meek and Hall the Bad Land formation of the Upper Missouri is placed above the Cretaceous series, and is not subdivided but is designated as " Eooene Tertiary " and assigned a maximum thick- ness of 250 feet.

On May 26, 1857, Dr. F. V. Hayden laid before the Philadelphia

' This view seems to have beeu maintained by Mr. Meek as late as 1860. See Pro- ceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia^ Vol. XII (April), 1860, p. 130.

2 Descriptions of now species of fossils from the Cretaceous formations of Nebraska, &c., Vol. V, ia53, Part II, Art. xvii (extras dated 1856).

WAtti..] HISTORICAL REVIEW OF OPINION. 409

Academy a rough geolojrical map of the country bordering on the Missouri Eiver, from the mouth of the Platte to Fort Benton, with explanations." According to this map the " Great Lignitic Tertiary Basin " begins at the mouth of Heart Eiver and extends to uear the Mus- cle Shell. It also stietches back on the Little Missouri to uear the base of the Black Hills and on the Yellowstoue to the mouth of the Big Horn. He also lays down an extensive " Tertiary " tract lying between the South Fork of the Cheyenne and the Platte and extending east and west from the 100th meridian to Fort Laramie. The Judith Eiver Bad Lauds are also treated.as Tertiary, the too deep coloring of the map being explained iu a foot uote on page 110. Of the Great Lignitic deposit he remarks that " the collections of fossils now obtained show most con- clusively ♦ * * that it cannot be older than the Miocene period." Of the Judith Eiver basin he says that "the impurity of the lignite forms the most essential lithological difference between this deposit and the Great Lignite basin below Fort Union."

Immediately following this communication iu the same volume is a more extended one by Messrs. Meek and Haydeu, devoted primarily to the description of new paleoutological mateiial from the same general region, but containing an introductory discussion of the geological problems involved. Besides sections of the beds above Fort Clarke, and near the mouth of the Judith, this paper gives a general one for the whole of this country, in which the "Tertiary system" is now classed as Miocene.

The first complete section of the "Tertiary " formations of the West was drawn up by Messrs. Meek and Hayden, and also published in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, for December, 18G1 (Vol. XIII, p. 433). The series is subdivided into the four familiar groups: 1, Fort Union, or Great Lignitic; 2, Wind Eiver; 3, White Eiver ; 4, Loup Eiver. We are concerned here only with the first, or lowest member of this series, the so called Great Lignitic. This is defined as " Beds of clay and sand, with round ferruginous concretions, and numerous beds, seams, and local deposits of lignite ; great num- bers of dicotyledonous leaves, stems, etc., of the genera Platanus, Acer, Ulmus, Populus, etc., with very large leaves of true fan palms. Also, Helix, Melania, Vivipara, Corbicula, Unio, Ostrea, Potamomya, and scales of Lepidotus, with bones of Trionyx, Emys, Compsemys, Croco- dilus, etc.; thickness: 2,000 feet or more; localities: occupies the whole country around Fort Union, extending north into the British posses- sions to unknown distances ; also southward to Fort Clarke. Seen un- der the White Eiver group on North Platte Eiver above Fort Laramie. Also on west side Wind Eiver Mountains."

Although nothing is said either here or in the more general descrip- tion which follows of the relation of the Judith Eiver beds to this formation, we learn from a foot note appended to page 417 that the

1 Sec Proceedings of the Acadeii;}- of Natural Sciences, Philadelpbia, Vol. IX, p. 109.

410 FLORA OF Tin: LARAMIE GROUP.

idea tliat it could be Jurassic had now been wholly given up by the authors, who had come to regard it as the lower- part of the Fort Union group. This note is as follows: "At the time we published these facts, we were led by the discovery here of fresh-water shells in such a posi- tion to think that some estuary dei)osits of doubtful age near the mouth of the Judith lliver on the Missouri, from which Dr. Leidy had described some saurian remains resembling Wealdeu types, might be older than Tertiary. Later examinations, however, have demonstrated that the Judith beds contain an entirely different group of fossils from those found in the rock under consideration, and that they are really of Tertiary age, and hold a position at the base of the Great Lignite series of the Northwest."

In discussing this same section in the First Annual Eeport of the Geo- logical Survey of the Territories, 1867, Dr. Haydeu distinctly classes the Judith River basin with the Fort Union group, and says : " This basin is one of much interest, as it marks the dawn of the Tertiary pe- riod in the West by means of the transition from brackish to strictly fresh-water types. It is also remarkable for containing the remains of some curious reptiles and animals, reminding the paleontologist of those of the Wealden of England."

By this time the more southern extension of the coal-bearing beds had begun to receive the attention of geologists, and they had been traced into Wyoming and Colorado and as far south as Eaton Pass in New Mexico. Fossil plants had been found at nearly all points, and their testimony was considered the most unanswerable for the Tertiary age of the entire group. Indeed, down to ]S(J8, with the single excep- tion of the alleged Wealden facies of the Judith vertebrates, there was substantial harmony upon this point. The array of names of those who had C(»nimitted themselves to tliis view after thorough study of the diti'erent kiuds of fossils is truly formidable, and there can be no wonder that when their position was at length challenged and the Cre- taceous age of this great series asserted the conflict of opinion resulting was sharp and the resistance stubborn. Messrs. Meek, Hayden, Les- quereux, and, as Dr. Hayden states,' Leidy, all conceded this. Capt. E. L. Berthoud had studied the formation in Colorado and inclined to take the same view.- He says: "Everything that I have so far seen jjoints out that the coal is either Cretaceous or Tertiary, but I believe it to be Tertiary, or of the same age as the coal near Cologne, on the Rhine." In an article contributed by Dr. Hayden to the American Journal of Science for March, 1868 (Vol. XLV, p. 198), he reiterates his views in a form that indicates that thus far they had met with no serious opposition.

The first dissenting voice to this general current of belief seems to have been raised by Dr. John L. LeConte, who had investigated the

' Annual Report United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Terri- tories, 1874, p. ai. ■^First Annual Kei)ort United States Geological and Geographical Survey, 1807, p. 57.

WARD.I HI8T0KICAL KEVIKW OF OPINION. 411

coal and plaut bearing beds lying along the Smoky Hill Fork of tLe Kansas River. In his report of a survey of this region' he gives it as his opinion that the lignitic strata of this region are older than those of the Upper Missouri, which he admits to be Miocene (p. Go). He states that specimens of luoceramus were found with the coal in Raton Pass, indicating its Cretaceous age, and then proceeds to adduce rea- sons for discrediting the evidence furnished by vegetable remains.

The followiug year (1869) Prof. E. D. Cope, in an exhaustive paper on the vertebrate paleontology of America, published in the Transac- tions of the American Philosophical Society (Vol. XIV), in comment- ing ujion Jschifrosanrus antiqxK-s, Leidy, from Moreau River, Great Lig- nitic of Nebraska, speaks of that formation as "perhaps of the Cre- taceous age" (p. 40), and with more confidence later on assigns Hadro- saurus ? occidentalism Leidy, to the "?Cretaceous beds of Nebraska," although Pal(voscincus costntus, Leidy, is still kept in the " upper Juras- sic Bad Lauds of Judith River." In the tabular exhibit at the close of this nxemoir the first of these species is placed in the Cretaceous col- umn ; the second is also placed in that column, but with au accompany- ing mark of interrogation, while the third is assigned to the Jurassic column.

The Third Volume of the United States Geological Exploration of the 40th Parallel, relating to Mining Industry, bears date 1870, and con- tains an important chapter (VII) from the pen of Mr. King on the Green River Coal Basin, in which he maintains that the extensive coal-bear- ing deposits of this region are chiefly of Cretaceous age, but admits that the uppermost strata pass into the Tertiary and become fresh- water beds. He also declares that the true fresh-water Tertiary strata of the Green River group overlie the coal beds unconformably at all points. "The fossil life," says Mr. King, "which clearly indicates a Cretaceous age for the deepest members up to and including the first two or three important coal beds, from that point gradually changes with a corresponding alteration of the sediments, indicating a transition to a fresh- water period. The coal continued to be deposited some time after the marine fauna had been succeeded by fresh-water types. The species of fossils are in no case identical with the California Cretaceous beds, which occupy a similar geological position on the west of the Sierra Xevada. Their afBnities decidedly approach those of the Atlantic ■slopes, while the fresh-water species, which are found in connection with the uppermost coal beds, seem to belong to the early Tertiary period." And, speaking of the unconformity of strata above referred to, he re marks : " Whatever may be the relations of these beds in other places, it is absolutely certain that within the region lying between the Green River and the Wahsatch, and bounded on the south by the Uintah

' Notes on the Geology of the Survey for the extension of the Union Pacific Rail- way, E. D.,from the Snioky Hill River, Kausas, to the Bio Grande. By John L. LeContH, M. D. Philnil.-lphia. Frbrnary, 1S63.

412 FLORA OF THE LARAMIE GROUP.

range, there is no single instance of conformity between tbe coal beds and tlie horizontal freshwater strata abovo them."

Tliis cliapter also contains a list of the fossil invertebrata collected in that region and named by Mr. Meek, accompanied by an interest- ing letter explanatory of their geologic significance. The fact that several species of Inoceramns, and some which seemed referable to xVnchura, were positively credited to the coal series, led JNIr. Meek to speak with the greatest caution as to the age of these rocks ; but it is clear that, but for these facts, coupled with the stratigraphical consid- erations urged by Mr. King, he would have scarcely hesitated to pro- nounce it Tertiary. But he lays great stress upon "the fact that these fossils are all marine types," and says : " From all the facts now known I can, therefore, scarcely doubt that you are right in referring these beds to the Cretaceous." A paragraph on page 462 gives his reasons for this conclusion more in full, together with certain qualifications which ho feels obliged to make, and closes with the remark that the facts seem to indicate "that these beds belong to one of the very latest members of the Cretaceous; or, in other words, that they were probably deposited when the physical conditions favorable to the existence of those forms of Molluscan life peculiarly characteristic of the Cretaceous period were drawing to a close or had in part ceased to exist."

Relative to the age of the so-called Bear River estuary beds, Mr. Meek expressed himself in this communication with still greater reserve. These beds had been referred by him and Mr. Henry Engelmann to the Tertiary in 18G0, in a communication made by them to Capt. J. H. Simpson, and published in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia for April of that year (Vol. XII, p. 130). He admits, however, that they may be Cretaceous, as they belong to the lower disturbed system elsewhere regarded as Cretaceous. He says that some of the fossils described by him from the mouth of the Judith River "are identical with those found in these Bear River estuary beds," exiiresses doubt that the saurian remains from there were really from the same horizon, and concludes as follows: "While I am, therefore, willing to admit that facts may yet bo discovered that will warrant the conclusion that some of these estuary beds, so widely distributed here, should be included rather in the Cretaceous thaii in the Tertiary, it seenjs to me that such evidence must either come Irom included verte- brate remains or from further discoveries respecting the stratigraphical position of these beds with relation to other established horizons, since all the molluscan remains yet known from them (my own opinions are entirely based on the latter) seem to point to a later origin."

Prof. O. C. Marsh, in giving an account, in the American Journal of Science for March, 1871, of an expedition conducted by him the pre- vious season through a portion of the Green River Valley and Eastern Utah, describes the coal deposits met with by the party on Brush Creek with special reference to their geologic age. He says (p. 195) : "As the

WARD] HISTORICAL REVIEW OF OPINION. 413

age of the coal deposits of the Roeky ^Mountain region has of late been much discussed, a careful exainiiiation was made of the series of strata containing the present bed and their Cretaceous age established beyond a doubt. In a stratum of yellow calcareous shale which overlies the coal series conformably, a thin layer was found full of Ostrea congesta, Conrad, a typical Cretaceous fossil ; and just above, a new and interest- ing crinoid, allied apparently to the Marsiqntes of the English Chalk. In the shales directly- below the coal bed, cycloidal flsh scales and coprolites were abundant; and lower down, remains of turtles of Cre- taceous types, and teeth of a Dinosaurian reptile, resembling those of Megalosanrtis, were also discovered."

The gradual acceptance of the Cretaceous character of the coal-bear ing series of the central and southern districts did not thus far shake the opinion of geologists as to the Tertiary age of the Fort Union group. This is reaffirmed in a very positive manner in the Fourth Annual Re- port of the Geological Survey of the Territories, 1870 (published in 1871), by Dr. J. S. Newberry, who had been long and carefully studying the vegetable remains collected near Fort Union and along the lower Yellowstone, and had already published descriptions of the species.' At the time this paper was presented there was no difference of opinion // and the evidence of the plants was regarded as simply confirmatory of ; Meek's conclusions as to the Miocene age of these beds.

Further on in this report (pp. 104, 165) Dr. Hayden discusses the age of the Wyoming coal strata, and says : " So far as we can determine, the coal beds of the Laramie plains are of Eocene age, although the plants are more closely allied to those of the Miocene period of the Old World;" and again : " That there is a connection between all the coal beds of the West I firmly believe, and I am convinced that in due time that relation will be worked out and the links in the chain of evidence joined together. That some of the older beds may be of upper Cretaceous age I am prepared to believe, yet until much clearer light is thrown upon their origin than any we have yet secured I shall regard them as belonging to my transition series, or beds of passage, between the true Cretaceous and the Tertiary."

In the same report Mr. Lesquereux discusses the fossil plants from Raton Pass, collected by Dr. LeConte, whose views have already been stated, as well as those brought in from points along the line of the Union Pacific Railroad and from other parts of the West. He considers them all Tertiary and ranging from the Eoceue to the Miocene.

In the corresponding report for 1871, published in 1872, Mr. Les- quereux describes a mass of new material, and from all the data at hand essays a number of important generalizations. As he still regards all the localities in the great coal bearing series of the West as belong-

'NotesoutheLater Extinct Floras of North America, with Descriptions of some New Species of Fcssil Plants from the Cretaceous and Tertiary Strata. Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History, New York (April), lH6a. (Read April 22, 1867.)

414 FLORA OF Tin: LARAMIE tiUOFP.

inj; to tlie Tertiary formation, the only point of special interest brought I'oitli is liis iittciiii)t to subdivide tlie American Tertiary into suhonli nate groups based- upon the analogies afl'orded by their floras with those of established horizons in Europe and elsewhere. Thus to the Eocene, lie refers Eaton Pass and Purgatory Canon, in New ]\Iexico; Marshall's Mine, in Colorado; Washakie Station and Evanstou, in Wyo- ming; and Siiring Caiioiy, near Fort Ellis, in Montana, as well as Yellow- stone Lake, which also belongs to the upper district. To the Lower Miocene he refers Carbon Station, Junction Station, Medicine Bow, Rock Creek, and the Washakie group, in Wyoming; and the Fort Union group, in Montana and Dakota. To tlie Middle Miocene are referred Barrel Sinings and Muddy Creek, in Wyoming; Henry's Fork of Snake Eixer; and Elko Station, Nevada. Among the localities the geological liosition of which is marked as unknown are the important, and now well known ones. Point of Eocks and Green River. In a table of dis- tribution the data are assumed to exist to justify this classification.

Notwithstanding these efforts to sustain the argument for the Ter- tiary age of the central coal formation of the West, it had been so weak- ened by the blows of King and Marsh, coupled with tLe admissions of • Meek, that little re maim d but the evidence afl'orded by the fossil plants in its support, and this, though abundant in quantity, was naturally dis- trusted, and had been enfeebled by the considerations urged against it by Le Coute. Meek himself did not hesitate to refer forms of Ostrea and Anomia, from Point of Eocks on the Union Pacific Eailroad and iu the typical Bitter Creek district, to the Cretaceous,' and now there was destined to come forward a new discovery of great importance, the full weight of which fell upon that side of the question. In the summer of 1872 Messrs. Meek and Bannister discovered the bones of a large saurian near Black Buttes Station in the Bitter Creek series, and Professor Cope soon after visited the spot and studied the fossils. He laid his results before the American Association for the Advancement of Science at Dubuque in August of that year, and published his descriptions in the Proceedings of the American Pliilosojihical Society for September 19. In this pajier he remarks (p. 483) : " From the above descriiition it is evi- dent that the animal of Black Buttes is a Dinosauriau reptile. * * * It is thus conclusively proven that the coal strata of the Bitter Creek Basin of Wyoming Territory, which embraces the greater area yet dis- covered, were deposited during the Cretaceous period, and not during the Tertiary, though not long i»receding the latter." And, commenting upon the same subject in the American Naturalist for November, 1S71', he says: "Thisdiscovery places this group without doubt within the limits of the Cretaceous period."

Mr. Lesquereux was also in the field this j-ear (1872), and his inves- tigations, at the request of Dr. Hayden, were specially directed to " posi-

' Fifth Aiitm.-il Report United States Geological Survey of the Territories, 1871, p. 375.

WARD] HISTORICAL REVIEW OF OPINION. 415

tively ascertainiug the age of the lignitic formations." He visited most of the importaut points in Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico, and prepare<l an elaborate report, in which, it is needless to say, he confirmed and reasserted his former couclnsious as to the Tertiary age of the en- tire coal bearing series, which he denominates the American Eocene.'

The reports of Messrs. Meek and Bannister were also published in the same volume. The former expresses himself with his usual cauMou, admitting that the invertebrate fossils were inadequate to determine the age of this group, and that his former reference of certain species to the Cretaceous was not prompted by the evidence afforded by the forms tliemselvec (pp. 457, 458). Some of the statements made in this report have acquired special interest in the light of recent investiga- tions and in view of the gradual settlement of opinion which seems to be now going on respecting this much discussed question. He says (p. 460) : "The most surprising fact to me, supposing this to be a Cre- taceous formation, is, that we found directly associated with the reptil- ian remains at Black Buttes a shell I cannot distinguish from Viriparus trochiformis, originally described from the Lignitic formation at Fort Clarke, on the Upper Missouri, a formation that has always been re- garded as Teitiary by all who have studied its fossils, both animal and vegetable. * # * The occurrence of this last mentioned species here, along with a Cretaceous type of reptilian, and a Corbicula apparently identical with G. ('^//(eri/brwn's of the Judith Eiver brackish-water beds, together with the presence of Corbiculas very closely allied to Judith River .species, at lower horizons in this series, and the occurrence of some vertebrates of Cretaceous affinities at the Judith River localities, would certainly strongly favor the conclusion, not only that this Judith formation, the age of which has so long been in doubt, is also Creta- ceous, but that even the higher freshwater lignite formation at Fort Clarke and other Upper Missouri localities may also be Upper Creta- ceous instead of Lower Tertiary."

From these and other expressions in this report Mr. Meek may be fairly said to have conceded the Cretaceous age of the Bitter Creek series, but he insists that the Judith River deposits must go with it into that formation, while of the Fort Union group his position may be summed up by quoting his remark that it would take very strong evi- dence to convince him ''that the higlier fresh-water Lignite series of the Upper Missouri is more ancient than the Lower Eocene."

The year 1874 found the discussion of the age of the so-called Ameri- can Lignitic at its height. A paper in the American Journal of Science for April of that year, by Dr. Newberry, and a reply to it by Mr. Lesque- reux in the same journal for June, deserve special attention. The for- mer makes bold to say that to his "certain knowledge" a considerable portion [that of New Mexico] of the flora which the latter had called

'Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey of tlie Territories, 1872, pp. 3;il), 343.

41 G KLOUA OF THE LARAMIE GROUP.

Eocene in his last report is Cretaceous, and that another considerable portion [that of the Upper Missouri] is of Miocene age, and he denies that the tiora of any part of the American coal series possesses an Eo- cene fades. Mr. Lesqucreux's reply is of course a defense of his former position and is sui)i)orted by a vast array of facts.

In the first bulletin of the Geological Survey of the Territories, pub- lished in 1874, Professor Cope, from evidence supplied by vertebrate remains, refers the Great Lignitic of the Upper Jlissouri to the same section of geologic time as the Bitter Creek coal series, now settled in his mind as Cretaceous, and in Bulletin No. 2 (pp. 5-19) api)eared an elaborate report by the same author (reproduced, apparently without change, iu the Annual Report for 1873, also published in 1874 and later than the Bulletins, pp. 431-440), in which he sums up the evidence from the side of vertebrate paleontology. In this report Professor Cope gives Mr. Lesquereux full credit for accurately co-ordinating the data furnished by the vegetable remains, and concludes " that a Tertiary flora iras contemporaneous with a Cretaceous fauna, estahlisliing an unin- terrupted succession of life across what is generally regarded as one of the greatest breaks in geologic tiuie." His further remark that "the appearance of mammalia and sudden disappearance of the large Meso- zoic types of reptiles may be regarded as evidence of migration and not of creation,''^ embodies a thought that has been since revived and ex- tended.

To this report of Professor Cope, as published in the Annual Eepoit for 1873, he appends a short discussion, not contained in the Bulletin, in the nature of a reply to the article of Dr. Newberry above referred to. In the course of this discussion the following remarks occur: " If a tiora below the Cretaceous of New Mexico resembles a Tertiary one, how much more probable is it that the floras of the Lignites of Colorado and Wyoming are such, as they are known to be of later age than those of New Mexico, and to be at the summit of the Cretaceous series, as indi- cated by aTiimal remains; and if the flora of the Fort Union beds be Miocene, that of the identical horizon iu Colorado must be Miocene also ; and if the vegetation below this flora be so distinct from it, what is more probable, according to the evidence adduced by Dr. Newberry, than that they are Eocene, as maintained by Mr. Lesquereux? That such should be the case is iu harmony rather than iu conflict with the facts presented by the existing life of the earth, where we have the modern fauua of the northern hemis])here contemporary with a partly Eocene and partly Mesozoic fauna in the southern."

The same volume contains a report by Mr. Archibald Marvine of his operations during the season of 1873 in the park districts of Colorado. In treating the " Lignitic formation," as observed by him, he reviews the evidence from the plant remains, as interpreted by Lesquereux, as well as that furnished by vertebrate life, and says : " It must be sup- posed, then, that either a Cretaceous fauna extended forward into the

wAKDl HISTORICAL RKVIEW OF OPINION. 417

Eocene period, and existed contemporaneously with an Eocene flora, or else that a tlora wonderfully prophetic of Eocene times anticipated its age and flourished in the Cretaceous period to the exclusion of all Cre- taceous plant forms. * * * In either case, the fact remains that here the physical and other conditions were such that one of the great kingdoms of life, iu its progress of development, either lost or gained upon the other, thus destroying relations and associations which ex- isted between them in those regions from which were derived the first ideas of the life boundaries of geological time, causing here api)arent anomalies." He adds the following iuipoitant paragrapli: "Much of the confusion and discrepancy has, in my opinion, arisen from regard- ing dift'erent horizons as one and the same thing. It must be dis- tinctly understood that this group as it exists east of the mountains in Colorado is very difl'erent from, and must not be confounded with, the horizon in which much of the Utah and New Mexican lignite occurs, and which belongs undoubtedly to the Lower Cretaceous; and, further, that the extended explorations of Hayden and others would seem to prove almost conclusively that the Colorado lignitic group is the direct southern stratigraphical equivalent of the Fort Union group of the Upper Missouri, which is considered generally to be no older than the Eocene, while Newberry asserts it to be ]\Iiocene."

Mr. Lesquereux returns again, in his contribution to this same volume, to the defense of his former position. He disposes in a man- ner of the statement that characteristic Cretaceous molluscan fossils had been found "above the beds of the lignitic formations" by quot- ing Messrs. Cox and Berthoud, the collectors of the specimens about which so much had been said, who both show that the conditions under which they occurred were such as to render their stratigraphical posi- tion too doubtful to form the basis for such important generalizations. He reasserts his belief in "the unity of the Lignitic formation in its whole," and reargues the whole case. He also revises his " groups" and gives lists of all the species found in each.

In Volume VII of the Canadian Naturalist, p. 241, published in 1874, Mr. George M. Dawson discusses " The Lignite Formation.- of the West," now discovered to extend far up into Canadian territory. He regards them as of later age than the Cretaceous and accepts the view of Messrs. Hayden and Lesquereux that the Fort Union group is Eocene. Re- ferring to theopinionsof Cope, he says: "The evidence does not appear to show that the Cretaceous si)ecies were of themselves becoming rapidly extinct, but that over the Western region, now forming part of this continent, the physical conditions changing drove the Cretaceous marine animals to other regions, and it is impossible at present to tell how long they may have eiulured in oceanic areas iu other parts of the world. This being so, and in view of the evidence of the preponderant animal and vegetable forms, it seems reasonable to take th^ well marked base of the Lignite series as that of the lowest Tertiary, at least at G GEOL 1!7

418 FLORA OF THE LARAMIE GROUP.

present. Tlie formation described belongs to this lowest Tertiary, beinj;, in l;u!t, an extension of Hayden's Fort Union group, and from analogy may be called Eocene.''''

In a more formal paper' pnblished the same year, he also says: "The formation is, however, nndonbtedly an extension of the Great Lignite or I''ort Union gronp of strata of Ilayden, as develo])ed in the Western States and Territories. * * * These strata immediately suc- ceeding the (Jretaceons rocks are the lowest American rei)resentatives of the Tertiary series and have been called for this reason Eocene, though it is im])()S8ibIe to afBrm that their deposit was more than approxi- mately synchronous with that of the Eocene as constituted in Europe" (p. 20). '

Keturning to the same subject a year later in his final report of the Northwest Boundary Commission,^ after familiarizing himself with the discussions going on in the United States, the same author adheres to his previous views and remarks: "There seems little doubt, however, that the general tenor of the evidence of these beds, when considered alone, favors tlieir Lower Eocene age. Their exact synchronism with thp European Eocene is a question apart from the present inquiry" (p. 180).

Early in 1875 Professor Cope, who had examined the vertebrate re- mains sent him by Mr. Dawson from near Milk Eiver, ou the boundaiy of the British possessions, published a note upon them,^ in which he says: "The genus of tortoises Compsemys, Leidy, is peculiar to the Fort Union epoch, while Plastomenvs, Cope, belongs to the Eocene. Its presence in this fauna would constitute an important assimilation to the Lower Tertiary, but the specimens are not complete in some points necessary to a final reference. The species are in any case nearly allied to that genus. There are, however, gar scales included in the collection which closely resemble those of the genus Clastes of the lower Eocenes of the IJocky Mountains. This is empirically another indication of near connection with Tertiary time, but not conclusive, since allied genera have a much earlier origin in Mesozoic time. * • * Nevertheless, the list of species, short as it is, indicates the future discovery of a complete transition from Cretaceous to Eocene life more clearly than any collec- tion yet obtained marking this horizon in the West."

' Report on tlie Tertiary Lignite Foniiation in the Vicinity of the forty-ninth parallel. By George M. Dawson. Addressed to Capt. I >. R. Cameron, R. A., H. M. Boundary Com- missioner. British North Aineriian Boumlary Commission. Cieologieal Report of Progress for tlio year ISI'i [in ]iarl]. Montreal, 1874.

•British North Aineriiau Boundary Commission. Report on the Geology and Re- sources of the Region in the Vieinity of the forty-ninth parallel, from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains, with lists of plants and animals collected, and notes on the fossils. By George Mercer Dawson, geologist and hotani.st to the Commission. Addressed to Maj. D. R. Cameron, R. A., H. M. Boundary Commissioner. Montreal, 1875.

^Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Jan. Ti, 187.'j, Vol. XXVII, pp. 9,10.

WAUI> I

HISTORICAL REVIEW OF OPINION. 419

Professor Cope's article, from which we made quotations a few pages back, appeared for the third time in his tiual report ou fossil ver- tebrates' with very few changes. It is to be noted, however, that he no longer proposes to call the lignite deposit the sixth member of the Cretaceous formation of the West, and referring to the fossils from the Milk Eiver district last mentioned we find him saying " that there are present two genera in this collection which are diagnostic of the Fort Union epoch, but no species certainly so, though two species are prob- ably identical with species of that epoch ; also * » * that the species referred to PInsiomenus constitute an indication of afilnity with corre- sponding Eocene forms. The presence of gar fishes of the genus Clastes in this formation is as yet peculiar to this and the Judith Kiver localities. As these gars have not heretofore been found in North America below the Eocene, they constitute the first case of apparent commingling of Ter- tiary and Cretaceous animal life yet clearly determined." He is careful to add, however, that the evidence of the Dinosaurs outweighs these considerations.

At this time, when at least one vertebrate paleontologist was begin- ning to concede that this formation, though apparently Mesozoic, yet possessed a marked Tertiary facies, Mr. John J. Stevenson came forward with several papers ^ from the stratigraphical side in support of the Cretaceous theory. His language is the most positive of any yet em- ployed, but a careful examination of his statements shows that his argument acquired its chief force from the form in which it was put forward. Such statements as that " everywhere the sandstones of the Upper Cretaceous present the same lithological character ;" that "not a single Tertiary species occurs in the whole series ; " that " wherever animal remains occur with this fucoid [Halymenites] they are invaria- bly characteristic Cretaceous species ; " that " the evidence in favor of Cretaceous age is abundant ;" that the record of plant life is "little bet- ter than a blank, with here and there a few markings, many of which are too indistinct to be deciphered ; " that " the only fossils characteristic of No. 5 ever obtained from Colorado were procured from rocks which are most probably the very highest strata of the Liguitic series"— would, if the question were at all one of credibility, as it is not, clearly invalidate

this witness and make his own charge, '^fahus in uno, falsus in omni- ^O^J ^^ j^M^^'^'^' bus," peculiarly applicable to himself. Mr. Stevenson's writings, how- ^/ 1 1 i'

ever, have the merit of defending the essential unity of all the liguitic \\u-&.»^ o~^^ deposits. i/J-a,uIIUi

1 Report of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories, Vol. II, 4°, 1875, (\J(_j,'^-»~^ ••'

pp. 25-41. ^__

= Proceedings of the Society of Natural History, New York, 2d ser., No. 4, 1874, p. 93 ; tjl/yA^tUi'^ ' *^

Age of the Colorado Lignites, Reports upon Geographical and Geological Exploration / I i /^

and Survey West of the One Hundredth Meridiau, in charge of First Lieut. Geo. M. fltfl-^ VjJoldJf^

Wheeler, Vol. Ill, 187.5, pp. 404-410; The Geological Relations of the Lignitic Groups, it fVii !>.('

Proceediugs of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. XIV, pp. 447-475. ^^ /U^^"^^^

420 FLORA OF THK LARAMIK GROUP.

The Aiiiiual Report of the Geological Survey of the Territories under Dr. Ilayck'ii for 1871, published in 1S7G, contains three very important papers iii)()n this subject. The first is by Dr. Hayden hiiuselt', who labors effectively to "connect the coal-bearing beds of the Laramie Plains and Colorado with the vast grcmp in the Northwest," but con- cedes the Cretaceous age of the Bear Kiver and Coalville deposits. He says that " above the upper Fox Hills group there are about 200 feet of barren beds which may be regarded as beds of passage to the Lignitic group, wlii(!h more ])roperly belong with the Fox Hills group below. In this group of transition beds all trace of the abundant invertebrate life of the great Cretaceous series below has disappeared. * * ♦ Whatever view we may tak(^ with regard to the age of the Lignitic group, we may certainly claim that it forms one of the time boundaries in the geological history of our western continent. It may matter little whether we call it Upper Cretaceous or Lower Eocene, so far as the final result is con- cerned. * * * Even the vertebrate paleontologists, who pronounce with great positiveuess the Cretaceous age of the Lignitic group, do not claim that a single species of vertebrate animal passes above the horizen I have defined from the well marked Cretaceous group below."

The second of these papers is by Dr. A. C. Peale, who has here per- formed good service in preparing tables to illustrate the progress of opinion on this subject. In addition to this, however, after stating the character of his own investigations, he gives it as his opinion that "the lignite-bearing beds east of the mountains in Colorado are the equiva- lent of the Fort Union group of the Upper Missouri, and are Eocene Ter- tiary ; also, that the lower part of the group, at least at the locality two hundred miles east of the mountains, is the equivalent of a i)art of the lignitic strata of Wyoming;" but he thinks that " the Judith Kiver beds have their equivalent along the eastern edge of the mountains, below the Lignite or Fort Union group, and also in Wyoming, and are Cretaceous, although of a higher horizon than the coal-bearing strata of Coalville and Bear River, Utah. They form either the upper part of the Fox Hills group (No. 5) or a group to be called No. 6."

Finally we have another exhaustive paper by Mr. Lesquereux, in which he divides the arguments against the Tertiary theory into five pi'opositions and answers each in detail. Important discoveries of fos- sil plants had been made during the year at Point of Rocks, and these are made to lend their weight to his argument. It is needless to say that his conclusions remained unchanged.

The ninth volume of the final quarto leports of the Geological Sur- vey of the Territories, consisting of Mr. Meek's report on the inverte- brate Cretaceous and Tertiary fossils of the Upper Missouri country, appeared in 1S;G. In this report Mr. ^Meek takes the ground that the Judith River beds are distinct from the Fort Union group proper and of Cretaceous age, or at least probably so; but he is inclined to believe, from the occurrence of similar forms iu both, that they are the equiva-

WARU] HISTORICAL REVIEW OF OPINION. 421

lent of the Bitter Creek series in Wyoming. As to the Fort Union beds, he adheres to his former opinion, that they represent the lower Eocene. He deprecates the attempt to unify all the lignite-bearing rocks, and remarks: "The presence or absence of lignite proves nothing of itself, as lignite undoubtedly occurs in both Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks in the far West." In his comparisons of the Fort Union with the Wyoming deposits he states that the species of the former are all different from those of the Bitter Creek group, and concludes that these groups at least cannot be equivalents. Mr. Meek's concluding remarks upon the contiicting testimony of fossils and its lessons (pp. Ix, Ixi) are a model of scieutitic reasoning, and doubtless went far to mitigate the acerbity of this prolonged debate.

Powell's Geology of the Uintah Mountains was published the same year (187G) as the report last mentioned, and contains an important con- tribution to the present subject. Professor Powell and Dr. C. A. White had gone carefully over the disputed ground of the Bitter Creek dis- trict, tracing it up to its junction with the Washakie and Green River beds on the west, and in this volume both these authorities record their conclusions, which are in substantial accord. The former remarks (p. 67): "The relation of these groups to those established by Professors Meek and Hayden on the Upper Missouri is not well determined. * * * All the evidence that has been published by Dr. Hayden and members of his corps concerning the Park Province, and all my own observations in that region, lead me to the conclusion that a long chain of islands stretched in a northerly and southerly direction through that region of country, separating the Cretaceous sea of the Plateau Province from the Cretaceous sea of the Upper Missouri."

Between Black Buttes Station and Point of Eocks Station, on the Union Pacific Railroad, these gentlemen discovered a "physical break" in the series, exposing at the latter point a lower formation; and at this point they fixed the line between Mesozoic and Cenozoic strata, assign- ing, in the table of groups on page 40, the Point of Rocks group to the Cretaceous and the Bitter Creek group to the Tertiary. On this subject Professor Powell says (p. 71): "On account of the discussions which have arisen concerning the age of certain beds of lignitic coal, the plane of demarkation between the Cenozoic and Mesozoic may subject me to criticism; but, geologically, the plane is important, as it represents a decided physical change, and it certainly harmonizes with the opinion of paleontologists to a degree that is somewhat surprising. All of the plants described by Professor Lesquereux and collected by himself and others within this province have been referred by him to divisions in the Tertiary, and are found in strata above this physical break, and hence 1 agree with him in considering them Tertiary. » * * The conclusions reached from a study of the vertebrate paleontology by Professors Leidy, Marsh, and Cope entirely harmonize with this division of the Cenozoic and Mesozoic. There is a single exception to this: Professor

/

4"2'2 FLORA or TIIK LARAMIE GROUP.

Coi)e described a Dinomur found near Black Buttes Station as Creta- ceous. I have verified tlie determination of the stratigrapiiic horizon by examining the phice and Ilnding other l>irwsaiir bones; but tliis liori- zon is above the i)hysical break, and the evidence of the Dinosaur seems to be contradicted by the evidence furnished by many other 8i)ecies described by Professor Cope from about the same horizon."

Dr. Wliite also discusses this (luestion in the same volume, and states his reasons for regarding the Point of Kocks beds as Cretaceous in the following words (pp. 83, S-t): "There is no physical break between this group and the Salt Wells group below it. Its strata contain at least three species of Inoceramus, which genus has never been known in strata of later date than the Cretaceous period. Odontobasis, a species of which has been obtained from near the summit of the grouj), is re- garded as a Cretaceous genus ; and in view of the facts before stated, that land and fresh- and brackish-water mollusks are comparatively valueless as indices of the passage of geological time, the presence of no known forms in its strata forbids the reference of this group to the Cretaceous period."

On the other hand, the Bitter Creek series proper is referred to the Eocene, and to the question " Why has the dividing line between the strata of the Tertiary and Cretaceous periods been drawn where it is rather than at some horizon either iibove or below it?" his answer is: " There is no physical break in the Cretaceous strsita from the base of the series to the top of the upper, or Point of Eocks group, at which horizon there is at all observed points, extending over a large region, a considerable unconformability by erosion of the lower strata of the Bitter Creek grouj) upon the upper strata of the Point of Kocks group (p. 87)."

The second volume of the Eeports of the Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel by Mr. Clarence King, which appeared in 1877, contains exhaustive papers upon the geology of this region by Messrs. Arnold Hague and S. F. Emmons, who had studied the rocks with great care. Both these gentlemen agree in referring the entire lignite-bearing series to the Cretaceous. They do not draw the nice distinction made by Messrs. King, Powell, and White, but Mr. Hague seems to have uo doubt that even the Carbon coals belong there, while Mr. Emmons sim- ilarly disposes of those of Evanston. In this report the term Lk/nitic is abandoned altogether and the term Larumu' is applied to this forma- tion. Mr. Emmons constantly speaks of the " Laramie Cretaceous" and the " Laramie group," the latter of which terms has now been generally adopted and extended over a much wider .irea.

In his vice-presidential address, delivered before the American Asso- ciation for the Advancement of Science, at Nashville, Tenu., August 30, 1877, Prof. O. C. Marsh expressed himself as follows upon the general subject under discussion : "The boundary line between the Cretaceous and Tertiary in the region of the Rocky Mountains has been much iu

WAiiD.J m.STORICAL REVIEW OF OPINION. 423

dispute during the last few years, mainly in consequence ')f the uncer- tain geological bearings of the fossil plants found near this horizon. The accompanying invertebrate fossils have thrown little light on the question, which is essentially, whether the great lignite series of the West is uppermost Cretaceous or lowest Eocene. The evidence of the numerous vertebrate remains is, in my judgment, decisive, and in favor of the former view." '

At about this time the researches of Dr. C. A. White, who had be- come deeply interested in this formation, began to bring forth important results. Ilis "Paleontological Papers" commenced to ai)i)ear in 1877, as contributions to the Bulletins of Dr. Hayden's Survey, in the third of which he drew up tables of the groups of the Green River and Upper Missouri River regions. It was here that he employed the term " Post- Cretaceous," to include the Laramie group of the King Reports and the lower third of the Wasatch group, and correlating the Judith River with the Laramie and the Fort Union with the Wasatch group. In the fifth of these papers, published the same year, he enters more fully into the discussion of the age of these groups and remarks : " With a few doubtful exceptions, none of the strata of the Laramie group were deposited in open sea waters ; and, with equally few excep- tions, none have yet furnished invertebrate fossils that indicate the Cretaceous rather than the Tertiary age of the group. These latter exceptions are some Iiiocerami that have been obtained ujiou the lower confines of the group, and doubtfully referred to it rather than to the Fox Hills group below; and also a species of Odontohasis from strata near the top of the group, two miles west of Point of Rocks Station, Wyoming. The latter genus, established by Mr. Meek, is compara- tively little known, but it was regarded by him as characteristic of the Cretaceous period. This constitutes the slender evidence of the Cre- taceous age of the Laramie group that invertebrate paleontology has yet afforded.

"Again, the brackish- and fresh-water types of Mollusca that are afforded by the Laramie and the lower portion of the Wahsatch group are in most cases remarkably similar, and some of the species of each group respectively approach each other so nearly in their characteris- tics that it is often difiScult to say in what respect they materially differ. Aloreover, they give the same uncertain indication as to their geologi- cal age that all fossils of fresh- and brackish-water origin are known to do.

" It is in view of the facts here stated, and also because I believe that a proper interpretation of them shows the strata of the Laramie group and the base of the Wahsatch to be of later date than any others that Lave hitherto been referred to the Cretaceous period, and also earlier

' Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1877, page 229.

^,v>*

rv

4'^4 I'LORA OF THK LAKAMIK GROT'P.

than the Eoceae epoch, that 1 Lave decided to designate those strata as I'ost-Cretaceous, at least provisionally."

By a remarkable coincidence this term Post- Cretaceous was applied to the lignitic beds of the Trinidad district, New Mexico, by Dr. F. M. Endlicli, in the Annual Eeport of the Geologi(!al Survey of the Territo- ries for 1875 (p. 206), published in 1877; but it is impossible to say which of these reports should have priority, and as the term has now been generally abandoned this is quite unimportant.

In the death of Mr. F. B. Meek the science of invertebrate paleon- tology lost one of its ablest votaries, and but for the fact that Dr. C. A. White had already entered the field iu this role as well as in that of stratigraphical geologist, this department of research in our western n \ formations might have been sadly neglected. But the now rapidly in-

\^f\ /I ( }y* creasing writings of the latter author fully supplied the place of the

'ii i . ■ /^ ' former, and the contest went on. In the Annual Eeport of Dr. Haj^-

den's Survey for 1S7C, published in 1878, Dr. White reports his opera- ^ tious during the years 1876 and 1877 in Colorado, in which paper he

takes occasion to draw up a section of the rocks and to prepare a table of correlated general sections which are highly instructive. Continiug ourselves to the Laramie group, we see that he adopts that term and makes it commensurate with his Post-Cretaceous, to which he still ad- heres, and also with tiie Laramie of King and the Lignitic of Meek and J Hayden. The Point of Rocks group of Powell begins with the Laramie,

but stops at a lower horizon, his Bitter Creek group occujjying the re- mainder, and the whole of the Wasatch (the Vermilion Creek group of King). In defense of his course in receding from his former posi- tion, in which his views agreed with those of Powell, he says: "After a careful examination of the extensive exposures of this series of strata, as well as those of the Wasatch group above it in this district, I have failed to discover any unconformity such as exists iu the valley of Bit- ter Creek. Therefore, the greatest unconformity that is now known to exist among any of the strata from the base of the Cretaceous to the top of what 1 here designate as the Post-Cretaceous, is found among the strata of the latter group, and not at its top. In this district and the region immediately adjoining it, whatever catastrophal or secular changes may have meanwhile taken pLace elsewhere, or even extending within its limits, sedimentation was evidently continuous and unbroken, not only through this series itself, but also into and through the whole Wasatch group.

" The fact that this series passes insensibly into the Fox Ilills group below, and into the Wasatch groni> above, renders it difficult to fix upon a stratigraphical plane of demnrkation, either for its base or sum- mit. 1 have, therefore, decided to regard this group as essentially a brackish-water one, referring all strata below that contain any marine Cretaceous invertebrate forms to the Fox Hills group, beginning this series with those strata that contain brackish- and fresh-water forms,

WAR1..J HISTORICAL REVIEW OF OPINION'. 425

and eiuliug it above with those strata in which the brackish- water forms flnallj' cease. Thus defined, tlie whole series seems to form one natnnil paleontological group, as well as to be a sufficiently distinct strati- graphical one, for which I have adopted the name of Laramie group of King."

In giving his reasons for adhering to the name Post-Cretaceous, Dr. "White further says: "The flora of this group is understood to be wlioJly of Tertiary types, according to Professor Lesquereux. None of its in- vertebrate fossils are of distinctive Cretaceous types, although fossils of simihir types are known to occur in Cretaceous as well as Tertiary strata. So far, then, as the flora and invertebrate fauna are concerned, there is nothing to indicate the Cretaceous age of the group. In fact, invertebrate paleontology is utterly silent upon the subject. On the contrary. Professor Cope finds reptilian remains, even in the uppermost strata of the group, that he regards as of Cretaceous type. I believe that, upon the evidence of invertebrate paleontology, the Fox Hills group is later than the latest Cretaceous strata of Euroi)e; and I there- fore regard the Laramie group as occupying transitioHal ground be- tween the well marked Cretaceous and Tertiary groups, but this opinion is only tentatively held until further facts are obtained."

The term Post- Cretaceous is employed by both Endlich and Peale in their reports in this volume (pp. 77, 109, 181).

In his seventh Paleontological Paper (Bulletin U. S. Geological Sur- vey of the Territories, Vol. IV, No. 3), distributed in 1878, Dr. White greatly extends the boundaries of the Laramie group, making it em- brace "both the Judith Eiver and Fort Union series of the Upper Mis- souri Kiver ; the Lignitic series east of the Kocky Mountains in Colorado; the Bitter Creek series of Southern Wyoming and the adjacent parts of Colorado; and also the 'Bear River estuary beds,' together with the Evanston coal series of the valley of Bear River and adjacent parts of Utah," as well as strata known to exist in other large and widely separated districts of the western portion of the National domain, and he gives a list of species characteristic of the group, showing their dis- tribution throughout these several districts.

Mr. Leo Lesquereux's so-called " Tertiary Flora" constitutes the seventh volume of the final reports of the Geological Survey of the Ter- ritories under Dr. F. V. Hayden, which, of course, embraces the plants of the Laramie group. In it Mr. Lesquereux has given full scope to the expression of his views upon the age of this group, and it is naturally here that we must look for the most able and exhaustive treatment of the subject thus far presented by this author. In the letter of Dr. Hayden to the Secretary of the Interior transmitting this report, and which bears date January 1, 1878, he again reviews this subject and remarks: "The author states that his final conclusions do not ditt'er materially from those already advanced by myself, and he regards the evidence as con- clusive that the Lignitic group is of Tertiary age. This result is grati-

/

/ '

>D

42fi FLORA OF TlIK LARAMIE GROUP.

fyiiif,^ not only as settling tlie question at issue, but as silencing criti- cism of tlie value and reliability of the general work acconiplislied by the survey under my direction." But in this same letter Dr. Ilayden also declares his conviction, more than once before expressed, but not as yet, so i'ar as I know, accepted by either Lesquereux or Newberry, " that the Fort Union beds of the Upper Missouri River are the equiva- lent of the Lignitic formation as it exists along the base of the Kocky Mountains, in Colorado," as well as of the Bitter Creek series west of the Eocky Mountains, as argued by Dr. White, and he says: " It is also probable that the brackish-water beds ou the Upper Missouri must be correlated with the Laramie, and that the Wabsatch group as now defined and the Fort Union group are identical as a whole, or in i)art at least."

As Mr. Lesquereux's conclusions expressed in this report are the same as he had held throughout the discussion, and the arguments not new, no further elucidation of them is necessary.

Volume I of Mr. Clarence King's Geological Eeports of the Survey of the Fortieth Parallel, treating of the systematic geology, and written by Mr. King himself, did not appear until 1878. His views upon this ipies- tion were looked for with great interest, though it was, of course, to be expected that they would coincide generally with those of his assistants already published in other volumes. Notwithstanding the tendency, which had been marked for several years, to regard the attempt to as- sign the Laramie group to either the Cretaceous or Tertiary age as not only profitless but rather puerile, inasmuch as its relative position in the western American system was so well settled, Mr. King did not consider it beneath the dignity of this stately report to approach the subject much from the old standpoint and record his position in nearly conven- tional terms. He says (p. 3.50) : "Aside from the Taconic system, no single geological feature in all America has ever given rise to a more extended controversy than the true assignment of the age of this group. On data which will presently be set forth, it is assumed by us to be the closing member of the Cretaceous series, and the last group of the great coulbrmable system which east of the Wahsatch stretches upward from the base of the Cambrian."

The views that had been i)ut forth in opposition to tliis he then ar- ranges into a series of seven " assumptions," which he proceeds to con- sider and dispose of in the order laid down. As some of these points are admitted and others not vital, they need not be noticed seriatim; a few extracts must suffice. He says (p. 352) : "A complete refutation of assumption three, that the fauna proves a Tertiary, not a Cretaceous age, is found in the fact that the evidence of a meagre molluscan life and a large range of plants cannot be held to weigh against the actual pies- ence of Dinosauria in the very upjicrmost Laramie beds, and, as will appear in the sequel, of an abundant lowest Eoeene mammalian fauna in the unconformably overlying Vermilion Creek group. » * * As-

WARD) HISTORICAL REVIEW OK OPINION. 427

sumptiou number five, as to the conformity of the Laramie with the Wahsatch grou]), I shall presently proceed to show, is based upon im- perfect knowledge, and is abundantly disi)roved by repeated sections.''

Relative to the Fort Union group, he admits that he had never visited that locality, but notes the conflicting evidence of vertebrate and vege- table remains, and Mr. Lesquereux's silence upon the latter in his Tertiary Flora, and remarks (p. 353) that " the further correlation of the upper plant-beds of Fort Union with the Wahsatch (my Vermilion Greek) seems the most prodigious strain. The Wahsatch (Vermilion Creek), or un- mistakable lowest Eocene, is nonconformable with the Laramie. The relations of conformity or nonconformity between the i)lant-bearing beds of Fort Union and the Dinosaurian beds are not given, and there is reason to believe that the plant beds represent a horizon of the great White River Miocene series, which underlies the Pliocene over so large a part of the Great Plains. * • * j apprehend that the i)lant horizon at Fort LTnion will be found to be nothing but the northward extension of the White River Miocene."

Professor Gope's paper on horizons of extinct vertebrata, in the fifth volume of the Bulletins of the United States Geological and Geo- graphical Survey of the Territories (No. I, Art. II), which appeared early in the year 1879, is of special value as the tirst attempt to correlate the Laramie group with European strata upon the evidence of vertebrate remains. This discussion was repeated without essential change in his great work which forms Book I of the third volume of the final quarto reports of that Survey, published in 1884. The general result is a still further yielding on the part of the writer to the views of the inverte- brate and vegetable paleontologists against the decidedly Cretaceous character of the group. He shows in an instructive way that it bears a very close relation to the Sables of Bracheux and Conglomerates of Ceruy, which are Eocene, but with this difference, "that the char- acteristic genera of reptiles and fishes of the Laramie of North Amer- ica are in America associated with Cretaceous Binosauria and not with Mammalia ; while in Europe they are associated with Mammalia and not with Di)wsauria.^' And he adds : " In arranging the Laramie group, its necessary position is between Tertiary and Cretaceous, but on the Cretaceous side of the boundary, if we retain those grand divisions, which it appears to uie to be desirable to do;" and he admits "that another formation must be added to the series already recognized in France, viz, the Laramie, or Post-Cretaceous." This he does in his table of correlated general sections, on page 50, making the Post-Cretaceous embrace the Laramie and the Puerco, the former in turn being equiv- alent to the combined strata of the Judith River and Fort Union deposits.

Dr. C. A. White's elaborate report upon his extensive field researches made in 1877 appeared in the Annual Report of the Geological Survey of the Territories for that year, wliicli, however, did not see the light till

428 FLORA OF THE LARAMIE GROUP.

1879. Dr. White had spent the entire season in the exhaustive study of the various outcrops of the liaramie in Colorado and Wyoming on both sides of the Rocky Mountains, and had made large and valuable collections, which he had worked up with care, and wiiich form the sub- stantial basis for his ('oncUisions as here set forth. In his "general discussion," which follows the detailed report, starting with "the unity of all the principal brackish-water deposits hitherto known in the Western Territories, and * * * their recognition as a comprehensive group of strata under the name of the Laramie group, which represents a great period in geological time, and especially such in the geological history of North America," he proceeds to discuss, not so much the a<ie of the group, as the coiulitions of its dei)ositioM and the geological history of the western part of the continent following the close of true Cretaceous time. Into this discussion, though confessing its superior importance, we cannot here enter, but must be content to cite a passage or two to show to what conclusions he had now come relative to the age of the Laramie group, its geographical boundaries, and the thickness of its deposits. Ue says:

" Kesting directly upon the strata of the Fox Hills group are those of the Laramie group, the latter, as already shown, having been, at least in jjart, deposited continuously with the former. The geographi- cal boundaries of the great Laramie formation are not known, but its area embraces many thousand square miles, for it is known to extend from Southern Colorado and Utah northward beyond the northern boundary of the United States, and from the Wahsatch Mountains east- ward far out on the great plains. It reaches a maximum thickness of about 4,000 feet, and its general lithological characteristics are similar to those of the Fox Hills group, a known marine formation. Its fauna, however, has been shown to be largely of brackish- and partly of fresh- water origin, and not marine. Furthermore, the brackish-water species arc distributed throughout its entire thickness and its whole geograph- ical extent. These facts, together with the absence from all the strata yet examined of anj' true estuary characters, show that the Laramie group was deposited in a great brackish water sea. * * *

"In the foregoing report I have purposely avoided an expression of opinion as to the true geological age of the Laramie group, because, notwithstanding the positive opinions that have been expressed by oth- ers upon that subject, I regard it as still an open (piestion. * • * The claim that Cretaceous types of vertebrates are found in even the higher strata of the Laramie group is freely conceded, and I have no occasion to question the reference that has been made of its fossil plants, even those of the lowest strata, to Tertiary types. The invertebrate fossils of the group itself, as 1 have elsewhere shown, are silent upon this subject, because the types are either uni(iuc, are known to exist in both .Mesozoic and Tertiary strata, or pertain to living as well as fossil forms. Every species found in the Laramie group is no doubt extinct, but

WARD] HISTORICAL REVIEW OF OPINION. 429

the types bave collectively an aspect so inoderu, that one almost in- stinctively regards them as Tertiary; and yet some of these types are now known to have existed in the Cretaceous and even in the Jurassic period.

"lu view of the conflicting and silent character, respectively, of these paleontological oracles the following suggestions are offered: It is a well-known fact that we have in North America no strata which are, according to European standards, equivalent with the Lower Creta- ceous of Europe, but that all North American strata of the Cretaceous period are equivalent with those of the Upper ('retaceous of that part of the world. That the Fox Hills group is of Upper Cretaceous age no one disputes, the only question being as to its place in the series. A comparison of its fossil invertebrate types with those of the Euro- pean Cretaceous indicates that it is at least as late as, if not later than, the latest known Cretaceous strata in Europe. If, therefore, that i)ar- allelism is correctly drawn, and the Laramie group is of Cretaceous age, we have represented in America a great and important period of that age which is yet unknown in any other part of the world. Be- sides this, we may reasonably conclude that the Fox Hills group of the West is equivalent with the Upper Cretaceous strata of the Atlan- tic and Gulf coasts, between which and the Eocene Tertiary of those regions there is no known equivalent of the Laramie group.

" If paleontologists should finally agree upon regarding the Laramie group as of Cretaceous age, it must be because of the continuance of certain vertebrate Cretaceous types to the close of that period, and the presence of mammalian Tertiary types in the strata immediately following; but the following facts, in addition to those which have been already stated, should be carefully considered before any such agree- ment is made :

"With rare and obscure exceptions no mammalian remains are known ^ji

in North American strata of earlier date than that of those which were "^ ** ''^'^

deposited immeduUely after the close of the Laramie period and upon its strata. Immediately from and after the close of the Laramie period their abundant remains in the fresh-water Tertiaries of the West show that highly-organized mammals exi.sted in great variety and abun- dance; all of which ma\ be i)roperly regarded as constituents of a Ter- tiary fauna, and many of which are by accepted standards of distinct ively Tertiary types. If the presence of these forms in the strata re- ferred to, and their absence from the Laramie strata immediately be- neath them, together with the presence of Uinosaurians there, be held to prove the Tertiary age of the former strata, then was the Tertiary period ushered in with most unnatural suddenness. Sedimentation was, at least in part, unbroken between the Laramie group and the strata wiiich contain the mammalian remains referred to, so that the local con- ditions of the origin of all of them were substantially the same, and

k^'

430 FLORA OF THE LAKAMIK (iltori'.

yet, SO far as any accumulatt'd evidence shows, those luamuialia were not preceded in the Laramie period by any related forms. Such sud- denness of introduction makes it almost certain that it was caused by the removal of some jihysical barrier, so that ground which was before potentially Tertiary became so by actual faunal occupancy. In other words, it seems certain that those Tertiary mammalian types were evolved in some other region before the close of the Laramie period, where they existed contemporaneously with at least the later Laramie Dinosaurians of Cretaceous types, and that the barrier which separated tlie laiHue was removed by some one of the various movements con- nected with the evolution of the continent. The climate and other jihysical coTiditions which were essential to the existence of the Dino- saurians of the Laramie period having evidently been continued into the Tertiary epochs that are represented by the Wahsatch, Green River, and Bridger groups, they might doubtless have continued their exist- ence through those epochs as well as through the Laramie period, buffer the irruption of the mammalian horde, to Which they probably soon succumbed in an unequal struggle for existence."

From the above extracts it will at once be seen that Dr. White had now succeeded in raising this discussion from the comparatively trivial question as to the name which should be given to the age occupied by the Laramie group to one involving not only the manner in which the continent was formed, but also the origin, development, extinction, and succession of the different forms of life which have left in the rocks a trace of their former presence as constituting its inhabitants. The consideiations last urged have an especial interest from the i)oiut of view of vegetable paleontology, which presents a close parallel, though at a considerably lower horizon.

In the next annual report Dr. White goes over the same ground and sets forth his views anew, supported by fresh facts. In fixing the boundaries of the Laram ie sea, he says (p. 49) : " The geographical limits of the Laramie group are not yet fully known, but strata bearing its characteristic invertebrate fossils have been found at various localities within a great area, whose northern limit is within the British Posses- sions and whose southern limit is not further north than Southern Utah and Northern New Mexico. Its western limit, so far as known, may be stated as approximately ujion the meridian of the Wahsatch range of mountains, but extending as far to the southwestward as the southwest coiner of Utah, and its eastern limit is far out on the great plains, east of the Rocky Mountains, where it is covered from view by late forma- tions and the prevailing debrin of the plains. These limiis indicate for ' J, the ancient Laramie sea a length of about one thousand miles north

■ ■' and south, and a maximum width of not less than five hundred miles.

Its real dimensions were no doubt greater than those here indicated, es- ^y^' peeially its length ; and we may safely assume that this great brackish-

water sea had an area of not less than fifty thousand square miles."

t^-'

[^'

HISTORICAL REVIEW OF OPINION.

431

He reiterates his statement that " Witli the exception of one species of Axinoea, one of Nuculana, and one or two of Odontobasis, no species usually regarded as of n)arine types have been found in any of the strata of the Laramie group," and ijronounces all statements in conflict with this, even though made by himself, as the result of errors in strati- graphical determination. He also repeats the remark (p. 51 ) that " among all the invertebrate fossils which have yet been discovered in the strata of the Laramie group, none of the types are distinctively characteristic of the Cretaceous period according to any hitherto recognized standard," and he adduces a mass of facts in support of the view previously ad- vocated, " that the Laramie is really a transitional group between the Cretaceous beneath and the Tertiary above (p. 52)."

In the sixth volume of Prof. Oswald Heer's great work on the Arctic fossil flora,' the eminent Swiss paleontologist approaches this question of the age of the American plant-bearing beds. As might be expected, he strongly defends Mr. Lesquereux's position as to the Eocene age of the Laramie group against the arguments of those who would refer it to the Cretaceous. He characterizes the doctrine that the Dinosaurs became extinct at the close of the Mesozoic as a " dogma," and, speaking of Cope's A(jathaumas, says that it by no means proves that a Tertiary flora was contemporary with a Cretaceous fauna, " for a single animal does not make a fauna any more than one plant makes a flora," and instances the animal forms also found by Cope and others at the same horizon, which agree better with the Eocene faunas of France.

In the supplement to the third volume of the reports of Lieutenant Wheelers Survey, which bears date 1S81, Mr. John J. Stevenson again discusses the age of the Laramie group, adhering as warmly as ever to his previous views. As in his former reports, notwithstanding frequent denials in the meantime, he still insists (p. 154) that " farther north in Col- orado characteristic Fox Hills fossils were obtained in abundance near the summit of the fully recognized Laramie:'' This and the further state- ment (p. 154) that "the fauna is either marine or brackish- water" are both contrary to the definition of the Laramie group as laid down by ^ , Dr. White, and indicate that this geologist had been unable to distiu- ( ' guish the marine from the brackish-water strata. In his final con- clusion that the Laramie merely constitutes the upper part of the Fox Hills group (p. 158), Mr. Stevenson seems to be sustained by no other authority, even the stratigraphical geologists, fully aware of the con- formity of the deposition, not being willing to regard a marine and a brackish-water deposit as a single homcgeneous group.

The Third Annual Eeport of the United States Geological Survey, published in 1883, contains Dr. White's "Review of the non-marine fossil moUusca of North America," illustrated by 32 plates, 22 of which are devoted to species of the Laramie group, all of which are described

^|^M.

(^

' BeitrUge znr mioceneu Flora von Nord-Canada. Zurich, 1880, pp. 6-10.

^-

432 FLORA OF TIIK LAKAMIE (iKOl'I'.

ill Uie text, and wlii(;li furuisli a tlioroujiU ami complete account of the invertebrate fauna of tliat group. In the "Introductory remarks" which ])rece(le and the "General discussion" that follows this "Annotated Catalogue," Dr. White again sets forth his views upon this great series of rocks, which, however, bad undergone no change. Although he now drops the term Post Cretaceous, he still regards the Laramie group "as a transitional groii]) between the Cretaceous and Tertiary series, and therefore as represetiting a ])eriod partaking of both the Mesozoic and Cenozoic ages." In defining the grouj) anew, he says that "the 'Judith River group,' 'Fort Union group,' 'Lignitic group,' 'Bitter C"eek coal series,' 'Point of Kocks group,' and 'Bear Kiver estuary beds,' are all parts of the great Laramie group," but that "the ' Wahsatch group,' 'Vermilion Creek group,' and 'Bitter Creek group' are regarded as at least approximately equivalent strata, constituting the oldest member of the purely fresh water Eocene Tertiary series of deposits in the West."

The most important ()art of this pai)er is the acute and suggestive geognostico biological discussion it contains respecting the origin and evolution of these brackish- and fresh water invertebrate forms, but this is outside of our present limits, and ueed only be referred to.

The ai)pearance of Prof. Archibald Geikie's new Text-Book of Ge- ology, containing allusions to western American deposits, called forth from Dr. White a vigorous jirotest in his article ou "Late Observations concerning the Molluscan Fauna, and the Geographical extent of the Laramie Group," in the American Journal of Science for March, 1883, in which he pronounces some of these statements erroneous, and says: "I do not hesitate to assert that not one of the molluscan species men- tioned in that statement was ever found in strata of the Laramie group, the non-marine forms which he mentions being evidently those which were discovered by Mr. Meek in an estuary deposit of true Cretaceous age, at Coalville, Utah. Furthermore, not one of the numerous species ^ which do characterize that group are anywhere mentioned in the book ;"

and, referring to Mr. Stevenson's writings, he says in the same article: "That any true Laramie strata ever alternate with those of the Fox Hills group, or any other marine Cretaceous group, or that any true marine fossils were ever collected from any strata of the Laramie group, I cannot admit. I regard all such statemeuts as the result of a inisun- j derstanding of the stratigraphical geology of the I'egion in which such observations are said to have been made." i^*^'^ ^ Having received a collection of typical Laramie fossils from the State

o of Nuevo Leon, Mexico, Dr. White is now able to extend the southern limit of the Laramie group to that point, and he states that the facts "show more and more clearly the integrity of the molluscan fauna of the great ancient iiitra-continental sea in which the Laramie group was deposited, and its se[)arateness from the launa' of all other North Ameri- can groups of strata (op. cit., p. 209)."

The latest utterance of this protraclcd debate is that of Mr. Lesque-

L

sV

WARD] NATURE AND EXTENT OF THE LARAMIE GROUP. 433

reux, ill his new work just issued from the press on the "Cretaceous and Tertiary Floras of the Western Territories."^ He here consents, in harmony with the g^eiieral tendency of the time, to drop the term Eocene from the title of this chapter and treat simply of the "Flora of the Laramie group," without, however, surrendering his conviction that that group belongs to Eocene time, which he reasserts, although he now I admits that " the flora of the Laramie group has a relation, remarkably ' well defined, with that of S<5zanne," to the east of Paris, where the plant bearing travertines of the Lac de Killy yield, according to the M.arquis 1 Saporta, the oldest Tertiary flora yet discovered. He reviews the re- I cently expressed views of White, Cope, and others, and seems quite j well satisfied with the state of oi)inion at the date of writing with re- spect to the age of the Laramie group.

NATURE AND EXTENT OF THE LARAMIE GROUP.

In the foregoing review of oi)inion I have sought to illustrate the history of our knowledge of this remarkable formation of American rocks, and to show how, as that knowledge increased, the wide fluctua- tions which characterized the period of general ignorance and limited information gave way to a gradual convergence of views, an equilibra- tion, as it were, of ideas, which is still going on and tending steadily toward the final settlement of o])iniou in harmonj' with all the facts.

I have given special prominence to the evidence furnished by animal remains and by stratigrai)liy, purposely leaving that from vegetable remains, generally consistent with itself, undiscussed, because they form the principal subject of this paper and can better be treated by them- selves in a future place and in coiiiiectiou with other problems of greater real importance than that of their geological age.

One of the advantages of the historical method here employed is that it obviates the necessity of offering any special description of the group under consideration as introductory to the treatment of its flora, the reader being now much better prepared to understand such treatment than any preliminarv explanations of my own could have rendered him. 1 '\V6-V hX.^''*-'*^*^* —

He perceives, from what has been said, that the Laramie group is an / i i u, L ■

extensive brackish-water deposit situated on both sides of the Rocky / v/vt>^

sentiiig some 4,000 feet thickness of strata. He can readily see that j— r^ i jv-«l£«.«. when this deposit was made an immense inland sea must have existed Q whose waters occupied the territory now covered by the Rocky MounE^\^ ains. These waters were partially cut off from the ocean by intervening land areas, through which, however, one or more outlets existed com- municating with the open sea at that time occupying the territory of

Mountains aud extending from Mexico far into the Bi-itish North i .. rvv\.^j«JtAiui. American territory, having a breadth of hundreds of miles and repre- ^*'^***^

'\\o f<^'

'Report of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories (Hayden), Vol. VIII, 18H3, pp. 109-114.

6 G-EOL 28

(,.1 •('■>_»

434 FLORA OF THE LAKAMIE <;KOri'„

the Lower Mis.si.ssii)]n and Lower Kio (Iraiulc Valleys. That this {jreat iiilaud sea spread over this entire territory is not at all disproved by the absence of Laramie strata from large parts of it, since these parts are situated, in most cases, in monntainons rejjions where the n])per strata might be expected to have been generally eroded away.

This Laramie sea existed during an immense period of time and was finally but very gradually drained by the elevation of its bed, through nearly the middle of which longitudinally the Rocky Mountains and Black Dills now run. The exceeding slowness of this event is shown by the fact, so clearly brought out by Dr. White, that the marine forms of the Fox Hills strata, as they gradually found themselves surrounded by a less and less saline medium on the rising of the intervening land area, bad time to become transformed and adapted to brackish-water existence, while these new-formed brackish-water species, ■when the sea at length became a chain of fresh-water lakes, had time again to take on the characters necessary to fresh water life.

Dr. White recognizes the fact that the upheaval of the strata that formed the bottom of this sea took place, not in one uniform jjrocess of ele- vation, but in a prolonged series of rhythmic fluctuations of level, whose algebraic sum constituted at length a mountain uplift. But the numer- ous coal seams one above another that characterize the greater part of these beds, and equally the successive dei)osits of vegetable remains at different horizons, speak even more eloquently than any animal remains can do of the oscillatory history of the bed of this sheet of water.

There may have been, and doubtless were, as Major Powell believed, many islands scattered over the surface of this sea in Laramie time, and the evidence generally warrants us in assuming that a low, level country surrounded the sea, with marshy and swampy tracts. The islands and shores were heavily wooded with timber that can be as certainly known in its general character as we can know the timber of our present for- ests. But that for the greater part of the Laramie period there also existed at no great distance a large amount of elevated land, there can be no doubt. The deposits are chiefly siliceous in the southern districts and argillaceous In the northern, but the nature of their deposition poiTits unmistakably to the existence of large and turbulent rivers that fell into the quiet sea and brought down from areas of rapid erosion immense quantities of silt corresponding to the nature of the country over which tliey flowed in their course. Where these elevated sources of this abundant detritus were then located is one of the great problems for the present and the fu' ure geologist to work out.

The deposition of this material was almost always quiet, the particles snsi)ended in the turbid waters of the streams silently settling from the buoyant waters of the sea as fast as they became distributed about the numths of the rivers, and thus embedding the leaves that periodically fell in vast numbers into it. The marked absence of fiiiits, stems, and other objects that possess considerable thickness shows that this was

wAKii.j NATURE AXD EXTENT OF THE LARAMIE GROUP. 435

the case, and also afifords a rude index to tlie rate of deposition, since only such objects could be preserved as succeeded in being covered up. Thus by ascertaining the average rate of decay of vegetable substances and noting the objects of maximum thickness which are found pre- served, the time necessary to form a deposit of that thickness becomes approximately known.

The discussions with regard to the age of the Laramie group which have been rapidly passed in review have, perhaps, sufiQciently shown that it is in)i)os.sil)le to refer that group either to the Cretaceous or to the Tertiary and in so doing harmonize all the facts that the group presents with those in conformity with which other deposits in other ■ countries of the woi Id have been so referred ; but they have also sufiQci- ently shown that tbis is not the fault of the investigators, but, so to speak, of the facts, and that the real disagreement is in the organic » f forms and the nature of the deposits, so that omniscience itself could ' ''^*^ never harmonize them with all kinds of forms and deposits in all parts of the world. It is, therefore, futile, and indeed puerile, longer to dis- cuss this question, and we can well afford to dismiss it altogether and settle down to the more serious study of the real problems which still lie before us.

One of these problems is often confounded with the question of age, which should be rigidly distinguished from it. This is the question of synchronism. If it could be satisfactorily proved that the Laramie group was deposited at the same absolute time as the iron sands of Aix la-Chapelle, the Credneria beds of Blankenburg, or the travertines of Sezanne, this would indeed be a great gain to science. But as the animal and vegetable remains cannot be made to agree, it seems hope- less to attempt to arrive at complete harmony in this respect. The most that can be profitably undertaken is to find two or more deposits widely separated geographically in which either the floras, the inverte- brate faunas, or the vertebrate faunas substantially agree. With regard to the invertebrate fiiunas this seems hopeless so far as the Laramie group is concerned. If that group was deposited in the manner above described, it would be ditiBcult to find another which owed its existence to identical conditions; and if tbis state of things has occurred at more than one point upon the globe, the chances are again greatly dimin- ished for it to have occurred at the same period of geologic time. But even supposing such a combination of coincidences possible, if the Laramie forms are the modified descendants of antecedent marine forms, there is no probability that the conditions at any otber point on the earth's surface could be so nearly identical with those obtaniing there that precisely the same modifications would take place to adapt the marine forms to the brackish-water habitat. The chances are therefore infinity to one against the existence of other beds that shall contain an invertebrate fauna identical with that of the Laramie group..

^to ^v j-a-

436 IM-ORA OF THE LARAMIE GROUP.

It is therefore truly surprising to learn that " several of the species found in the brackish-water layers at the base of the Bitter Creek group are closely related to species found in similar deposits in Slavonia and referred to the Eocene Tertiary by Brusina.'"

With regard to vertebrate remains, this objection does not apply, and could they be made to harmonize with themselves they might, perlia])s, be trusted to some extent as indices of synchronism in widely separated localities. But, as shown by Cope, they do not thus agree, for the Lara- mie forms include genera that are regarded as characteristic of Creta- ceous and others that are regarded as characteristic of Tertiary strata. This should surjirise no one. The law that has been laid down by paleontologists, that the same epochs in geologic time produced the same living forms — which is the converse of the assumption commonly acted upon, that tlie occurrence of the same forms proves the beds containing them to be of the same age — is contrary to the now well established priiuiiples of geographical distribution, according to which the earth is subdivided into a large number of faunal areas more or less clearly marked off one from another. The peculiarity of this principle whi(di is of most importance to paleontology is that these territorial subdivisions re])resent faunas not merely different from one another, but showing different degrees of biologic development as development is su])posed to have gone on in the animal kingdom. Every one knows that the fauna of Australia belongs to an undeveloped type, being marsupial in aspect so far as its mammals are concerned. The types of South America are lower than those of North America, and the lat- ter lower than those of Asia and Europe. If all the present faunas of the globe were buried under its soil it is clear that it would not only be impossible to harmonize the deposits of different continents, but that the inference now freely drawn by paleontologists that the less developed forms demonstrate their existence at earlier epochs would lead to grave mistakes and be generally false. New Zealand is now in its age of birds, while the Galapagos Islands are still in that of reptiles, or the Mesozoic age.

VEGETATION OF THE LARAMIE AGE.

Confining ourselves, then, for the future to the other kind of land life and the only remaining form of life, that of plants, we may look at the (piestion of synchronism by the light of this class of data from the same general point of view as we have done by the light of the two kinds of animal life which we have Just considered. And, tiist, what ouglit we to expect the flora of the Laramie group to teach respecting the synchronism of its dei)osits with those of other parts of the world? Clearly, as in the land vertebrate life, there is no si)ecial obstacle to this form of inquiry, such as the invertebrate aquatic life presents, arising

' Dr. White, in " Geology of the Uinta Mountains," p. 86.

WARD.J VEGETATION OF THE LARAMIE AGE. 437

out of the inaiiner in which the Laramie sea was produced and the changing constituents of its waters. But all the other difficulties pre- sent themselves here as in the case last considered. While the vege- table remains seem to be more harmonious in pointing to a somewhat later period of time for their deposition than do those of vertebrate animals, the impropriety of inferring absolute synchronism from sub- stantial agreement of forms is here even greater than in the other case. Taking the present -flora of the globe as a criterion, we find that the geographical distribution of plants is more uneven than that of animals. Floral realms are more numerous and distinct than faunal realms, and the more serious obstacle that some areas furnish types representing less developed floras than others exists here as in the case of animals. The Proteaceous and Myrtaceous flora of Australia may be regarded as rudelv corresponding to its marsupial fauna.

• It is true that the paleontological doctrine of synchronism already stated is supported, as against the facts of geographical distribution, by the well established principle that older faunas and floras were char- acterized by less variety and greater uniformity of distribution over the earth's surface, which is verified in a remarkable manner by the well known uniformity of the flora of the Carboniferous epoch at all points where it has been discovered. And Baron Ettingshauseu has shown that this principle continued in operation dowu to the close of the Tertiarv age, though, of course, in a reduced degree, so that the present extraordinary variety in the floras of ditterent countries must be largely attributed to the agency of the successive glacial epochs which\ave occurred since Tertiary time in driving the floras south- ward and out on the southern plains to be destroyed on the return of warmer climatic influences or compelled to intrench themselves upon the summits of the mountain ranges, while new and constantly vary- ing forms became developed to take their places in the lowlands. Still, the uniformitariau law, that in its more general aspects the phenomena taking place on the earth in past geologic ages were the same as those which are still taking place, forbids us to assume that even as far back as Laramie time the same or any very similar flora occupied ditterent hemispheres of the globe.

This much, however, cau be said in favor of the flora of the Laramie group as attbrding data for the study of its deposits : that its remains occur far more abundantly than do those of any of the other forms of life. The low forest-clad shores and islands of the Laramie sea, which probably extended back at many points into extensive lagoons aud vast swamps, were peculiarly adapted for receiving, as its muddy waters were for embedding, the various kinds of vegetable matter that found their way into them. The swamps formed extensive beds of peat, and vast marshes densely covered with cane, bamboo, and scouring rush left thick annual accumulations of vegetable matter which, at points of slow temporary subsidence, formed the coal beds. The plant beds which

438 FLORA OF THK LARAMIE GROUP.

usually overlie these coal beds tell us that the rate of subsidence had now exceeded that of the growth of tlie deposit and the shallow sea had gained access, burying the last of the plants under its siliceous or argil- laceous precipitations where they were preserved. Almost everywhere, even when no leaves or twigs are i)reseut, we find the stout subter- ranean rhizomas of the -cane and the scouring rush, which, not having to be covered uj), stood a far better chance to be preserved. But in num- berless i)laces the profusion of leaves is so great that there is too little rock between them to render it easy or even possible to separate them and obtain complete specimens. Above the plant beds, and occniiying the intermediate strata between these more carbonaceous deposits of coal, reeds, and leaves, we find thicker and often massive beds of sand- stone or marl, which seem to denote the presence over the former de- posits of dee]> water produced by continued subsidence and tlie reces- sion of the shore lines to distances too great for the access of the falling leaves, and the continuance of these conditions through prolonged pe- riods of time.

If now we compare the flora of the great Laramie group, as thus de- scribed, with its invertebrate fauna, as elaborated by Dr. White, we find that iu its ensemhle the former is much more variable than the lat- ter. Tiie dicotyledonous species differ greatly at different parts of the area covered by the rocks of this group, so greatly, indeed, that it is not suri)rising that both Mr. Lesquereux and Dr. Newberry regard the Fort Union plants as belonging to a difl'ereut age from those of the Wyoming and Colorado Laramie. Still, as 1 shall endeavor to show, this difference is not so great as it at first appears, aud not sufiflcieut to warrant tiiis conclusion. In the first place, this difterence appears chiefly in the dicotyledonous species, the only marked exception being that palms occur much more abundantly in the southern than in the northern districls. The same forms of reed-like plants are common at all points, while the Conifera; do not difl'er more than might be ex- pected on the theory of synchronism. The same is true of the abund- ant Equisetums, while very few ferns are found within the group.

Aside from the presence of palms the flora of the lower districts in- dicates a difierence of climate greater than can be accounted for by the small difierence of latitude. This is proved by the great prevalence of the genus Ficus and the presence of Cinnamomum, both of which are rare or wanting in the Fort Union group, while iu the latter occur a great variety of Populus common to cold climates and the genus Corylus in abundance, absent from the Wyoming and Colorado beds. There are two way^ in wliich these differences may be explained, or at least an explanation of them attempted, without denying the great diflereuce of climate. In the first place, it is probable that the more southern parts of the Laramie sea were also much nearer the ocean on both the east and the west sides, and hence enjoyed a more equable climate, as well as one more moist, such that few of the trees and shrubs would

WA.,1,.] VKGETATIOX OF THE LARAMIE AGE. 439

lose their leaves by the action of frosts and that subtropical species, like the palms, the figs, and the ciuiiaiuons, could subsist. In the second place, it must be remembered that the Laramie period was a very pro- longed one, and within it there was time for considerable alteration of climate on this continent or even on the whole globe. But even ad- mitting that this was too slight to be perceptible, the changes that took place in the form of the continent and the distribution of land and water on it during that time might have been sufficient to produce marked effects and render the later floras of the Laramie age quite dif- ferent from its earlier floras.

The Fort Union beds, containing the genera Corylus, Sapindus, and other forms of recent aspect not found in the Bitter Creek and Golden deposits, are believed to be high up ini;he series; and I have myself found and explored others within the general district included by that group which 1 have proved stratigraphically to occupy a considerably lower horizon, and in which these forms of recent aspect not only do not occur, but some of the most characteristic Laramie types, such as Trapa microphylla and Pistia corrugata, do occur, together with other forms not previously known as Laramie. In tact, it is well known that the Fort Union Laramie is everywhere thinner than the more southern deposits, none of the sections making it over 3,000 feet in thickness. The beds to which I refer rest immediately upon the typical Fox Hills, ami therefore represent the lowest strata present in that section. I am not yet prepared to speak upon the precise affinities of this lower Fort Union flora, not having completed the elaboration of my material, but I can say this much, that besides containing some of the more southern Laramie forms, its general aspect indicates a much warmer climate than that which prevailed at the time of the deposition of the Corylus and Viburnum beds above.

Fully conceding, as I do, that the geological age of the Laramie group cannot, for the reasons stated, be proved by its flora alone, and holding that even great similarity of flora would not be conclusive as to synchronism of deposit, I have still thought it instructive, in view of the warmth with which the Cretaceous and Tertiary theories for the age of this group have been respectively advocated, to make some general comparisons of its flora with those of the extreme upper Creta- ceous and lower Tertiary of those parts of the world where the strati- graphical position has been settled. In the several elaborate tables of distribution of the species of the Laramie group which Mr. Lesque- reux has drawn up and employed to demonstrate its Eocene age, it is noticeable that he has seemed to ignore almost altogether the existence of a large upper Cretaceous flora lying entirely above the Cenomanian • and its American e.iuivalent, the Dakota group. In a paper which ap- peared in the American Journal of Science for April, 1884, 1 succeeded in getting together 2G0 species of Dicotyledons alone from this forma- tion, which I designated as Senonian, and in a table published in the

440 FLORA OF THF. LARAiriE GRorP.

last Aiiiiii;il Keport of tlie Geological Survey (lSS3-'84, p. 440) I showed that 354 Senouiau species were then kiiowu, a flora slightly larger than that of the Laramie group. The princii)al localities from which this flora is (Icrivcd arc: the Iron sands of Aix-la-Chapelle, the Crcdncria beds of r>Ianketd)iirg and Qiiedlinhnrg in the Harz Mountains, numer- ous deposits in Westphalia, the Gosau formation in Austria, the Lig- nites of Fuveau in Provence, France, the beds of Patoot, Greenland, and those of the Peace and Pine Elvers, British America, and of Van- couver and Orcas Islands on the Pacific coast. All of these beds are quite definitely fixed in the u])i)er Cretaceous, those of ilurope being well known. As regards the others. Professor Heer states that those of Patoot i»ossess a molluscan fauna identical with that of the Fox Hills group of North America, and Mr. G. M. Dawson correlates those of the interior of British America with the Niobrara of Meek and Hayden, and those of the Pacific coast with the Fox Hills. All authorities agree, however, that all these beds are lower than the Laramie, and Dawson makes our Fox Hills the equivalent of the Maestricht and Faxoe beds, the white chalk, Danian, or extreme upper Cretaceous of Europe.

EXPLANATION OF THE TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION.

The following table aims to give all the fossil plants which have been thus far authentically described and recorded (1) in the Laramie group as above defined, (2) in the Senonian as last described, and (3) from the beds that have been unanimously referred to the Eocene. This last naturally excludes the Green River group, which is regarded as the American Eocene of the West by nearly all authorities except Mr. Lesquereux. As this one prominent author assigns the Laramie group (as defined by him) to the Eocene and places the Green Eiver deposits in a higher formation, and as it is chiefly to test this (juestion that the table and its discussion are intended, it would manifestly viti- ate the argument to prejudge the question by adding the Green River group to the accepted Eocene.

In preparing this extensive table it has been my aim to embody in it as large an amount of information bearing not only upon the age and synchronism of the Laramie group but also upon all the collateral problems arising out of a study of the flora of that group as could be condensed into that amount of space. The plants are systematically arranged according to the latest botanical classifications, the names of the subordinate groups being entered in their proper places and dis- tinguished by ditterent type. The genera occupy separate lines and the number of species represented in each genus is given in each col- umn on those lines, the occurrence of species in the several formations being denoted by the customary sign { + ) employed by most authors for this object.

In the vertical arrangement the Laramie group is placed first merely

WARi>.] EXPLANATION OF THE TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION. 441

because it is the group under immediate consideration, the Senonian next, because lowest, and Ijecause it is to its flora that it is especially desired to direct attention ; the Eocene properly coming last. The first subdivision of the Laramie is intended to cover all the beds recognized by Mr. Lesciuereux as belonging to that group. The Carbon and Evans- ton coal beds, excluded by him, follow, the two columns covering all the plants from the ceutral and southern areas, the third being reserved for those of the northern districts, generally included under the name of Fort Union group. To this latter group, as undoubtedly belonging ' to a still more northern extension of it, I have assigned the species named by" Sir J. W. Dawson,' as having been found in the Laramie of the British Provinces. These I have distinguished by the letters B. A. and the frequent coincidence of these letters with the regular sign for the species sufBciently attests the correctness of this conclusion. Most of the interrogation points occurring in this column represent cases where the fossils have been reported from the localities denominated " Six miles above Spring Canon, near Fort Ellis, Montana," " Yellow- stone Lake," " Elk Creek," and " Snake Kiver." These plants are all classed by Mr. Lesquereux in his first and lowest grouj), or true Laramie, but upon careful investigation I am tolerably well satisfied that they belong to the Fort Union deposits. Their northern position and the known fact that these deposits extend far up the Yellowstone and Mis- souri Rivers would naturally favor this view, but it is the internal evidence afforded by the species themselves which is most convincing. A large proportion of the forms from this locality are also found in the true Fort Union beds and among these occurs Flatanus nohilis, other- wise wholly characteristic of these beds. It is true that one species of Ficus and one palm occur here, but the genus Ficus is no longer ex- cluded from the Fort Union group, while the occurrence of palms in that group has been recognized from the first.

The several acknowledged upper Cretaceous beds enumerated on a previous page are each given a separate column, and five of the most characteristic Eocene localities are also thus distinguished, the sixth column being devoted to several less important and some outlying beds referred to that age. In the last column the several localities which have been set off by some authors from the true Eocene and classed as Paleocene are grouped together. The principal beds of this class are the Travertines of the Lac de Eilly near Suzanne, to the east of Paris; the supra-lignitic deposits about Soissons, the " Sables de Bracheux;" and the so-called "Marnes Heersiennes" of Gelinden, all situated in Northern France and adjacent Belgian territory and immediately join- ing the only slightly lower Maestricht deposits.

The three broader columns which complete the body of the table

' On the Cretaceous and Tertiary Floras of British Columbia and the Northwest Territory. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, 1883, pp. 15-34, PI. I-VIII (see list of Laramie plants on page 32).

442 FLORA OF THE LARAAtlE GROUP.

merely sum- up the data contained in these more detailed entries and exhibit the three formations side by side in compact form for ready coini)aris()ii.

To this are added eleven columns for the purpose of indicating the vertical range of both the genera and the species. The iirst of these, in whidi the letter referring to the foot-note is substituted for tlie con- ventional sign, shows those forms which occur below the Cretaceous, the footnotes showing the formations in which found. The headings of the other ten columns sufftciently explain themselves.

The geogra])hical distribution of living genera, so far as practicable, and of genera closely allied to extinct ones, is also given in fbot-uotes, and the number of si)ecies of living phenogamous genera, as estimated by the highest botanical authorities, is indicated by figures in parenthesis. The importance and significance of this feature will be discussed in the proper place.

WARD. 1

TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION.

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TABLE OF DISTRIBL'TIOX.

501

4) B

O

Q

s

s

s

o

05

s o ■S s

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^

a 3 .o s '.3 a 1 z O

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*^a9;ioij^ 1

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+

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■dnoaS tj^o21B(I

-{- :

+ :

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+ :

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-'BiaaO nuqj .ma\07 |

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+

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til

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508

FLORA OF THE LAUAMIE GROUP.

n

3

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a o O

s

S

«

sT

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s

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Other formntious in which found.

■i:>nnx9 lu-in.if)

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+

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+ .

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+

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+

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+

+ :

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Summary of tho foregoing.

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+

+ -' +

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+

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1- ca

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1 a c i I:

1

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1

f- 1 i

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5 5 S — "a

TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION.

509

'a

'+3

n o O

g

e

s o s

5Q

•« ^

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TABLK OF DISTRIBUTION.

511

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512

I'LUIJA Ol' Tin; LAKAMIE UKOUP,

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©

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TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION.

513

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a

p o O

s e

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s

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05

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-33

514

FLORA OF THE L.VUAMir. GK'ori-

a o O

s I

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55

■s>

^

Other formations in which found.

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+

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Species represented.

1- QJ - .5 - 0

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' a' - & £. — BE

« . . sill ;zio.s.£

7

1 - d.^ a: — "T

< ■ a

WAKD.] DISCUSSION OF THE TABLE. 515

DISCUSSION OF THE TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION-.

In attempting to compare and discuss a few of the more salient points which this table brings to light, it will perhaps be most convenient to consider the several groups of the systematic arrangement in their de- scending order from the primary subdivision into the two great series down to the ultimate subdivision into species. Preliminary to this a few of the leading facts need to be set down.

The whole number of species enumerated in the table is l,5i0, of which 286 are Cryptogams and 1,254 are Phanerogams. The Crypto- gams consist of 119 cellular and 167 vascular, and the Phanerogams of 115 Gymnosperms and 1,139 Angiosperms. The Angiosperms embrace 160 Monocotyledons and 979 Dicotyledons, and this last subclass is made up of 467 apetalous, 406 polypetalous, and 106 gamopetalous plants. These are the primary groups into which the vegetable kingdom is divided in the natural system, and, with the occasional exception of the last two, vegetable paleontologistsalinostunanimouslyadopttheorderin which they have Just been stated, which is also that of the table. They do this chiefly because it best represents the order in which these groups have appeared in the geological history of the earth, and their relative abundance in the several ascending strata. This, however, is true only as a general proposition, and may not hold in special cases, particularly when adjacent formations are compared. It cannot, therefore, be ex- pected to prove literally true of the three formations we are here consid- ering, nor to have any very great weight in determining the age of the Laramie group. Doubtless if we knew the entire flora of that group, and also the floras of the upper Cretaceous and the Eocene, such a compari- son would have considerable weight and serve in large measure to fix the time at which the first of these floras flourished relative to that of the other two. But while we need not anticipate great results in this direction with things as they are, our table enables us to make this com- parison, and it will be interestiug, to say the least, to do so.

In comparing the leading floral elements of these three formations, however, it is evident that we cannot use the net figures as given above, on account of the occurrence of a considerable number of species in more than one of them, sometimes in all three. The number of such coincidences amounts in our table to twenty-four, making the gross en- tries in the three columns 1,564 instead of 1,540, and the former of these numbers must be taken as a basis of comparison. These slight additions will be scattered through the different groups, affecting them all more or less. The changes will not, however, at all vitiate the conclusions to be drawn. It is clear that the element to which we must attend is the proportion which the several vegetable groups bear to the total num- ber from each formation, and that a comparison of these percentages in the same group for the three formations will afford us all the basis there, is from which to draw conclusions.

516 FL(»KA OF THE I.AKAMIE (iUorP.

The data may be coudeusecl in the followiug form :

Systematic groups.

All plants

Cryptogams

Cellular

Vascular

Pb£eno;;ams

GymDosperms

Aus;ii»spi'rnis

Monocotyledons

Dicotyledons ...

Ai)etala; —

PolypetaliT .

Gamopetala;

Laramie.

Number, i Per cent.

323

48 13 3.")

275 18

257 31

226

119 84 23

100.0

14. g

4.0 10.9 85.1

5.6 79.5

9.6 69.9 36.9 26.0

7.0

Senonian.

Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent.

97 18 79

265 43

222 23

199

116

Eocene.

100.0

26.8

5.0

21.8

879 143

7.3.2	736
12.2	58
61.0	678
6.4	107
54.6	571
31.7	241
18.2	263
4.7	67

100. 0 16.2 10.1

6.1 83.8

6.6 77.2 12.2 65.0 27.6 29.9

7.6

An examination of these percentages shows that little light is thrown by them npon the relative age of the Laramie group. While in the Se- nonian, as theory would require, the Oryi)togams have a higher propor- tion than in the other formations, it will be observed that they have a smaller proportion in the Laramie than in the Eocene, which is contrary to theory. This anomaly, however, is caused by the irregular represen- tation of the cellular Oiyptogains, which generally have increased with the later epochs and do not represent the waning types of the ancient floras. The vascular Cryptogams, however, do this, and it is to them that we imi.st look for the confirmation of the theory, if it is to be contirmed. We find that it is here confirmed with sufiBcient accuracy, the Laramie occupying a position intermediate between the Senonian and the Eocene, though considerably nearer to the latter.

In the (jymuospenus we find the same anomaly as in the total Cryp- togams, which in both cases is evidently due to the great predominance in the Laramie group of dicotyledonous forms. That group is, however, exce])tionally rich in Monocotjledons, approacliing the Eocene in this respect, while this type is meagerly developed in the Senonian. It is the great predominance of palms in the lower Laramie that has led Mr. Lesquereux to insist upon its Eocene facies, and this is certainly evi- dence not to be ignored. It is known that this type reaches its maximum development in the Eocene, and that to its predominance the special character of the Eocene flora is largely due. If, however, the Laramie groui) includes the Fort Union beds in one great deposit, with an exten- sive north and south range, its combined flora will certainly greatly reduce the percentage of these Eocene types, for we must recollect, and I hope soon to demonstrate this fully, that, so far as now published, the flora of the southern districts is given a wholly undue prominence and that of the northern remains as yet for the most part undescribed. Still, this is an anticipation which is out of place here, since the object of

WABU.] DISCUSSION OF THE TABLE. 517

our present research is to inquire into the characteristics of the Laramie flora as hitherto published and made known.

The great profusion witli which the Dicotyledons are represented in all these floras — amounting to considerably over half the species even in the Senonian, over two-thirds in the Laramie, and nearly two-thirds in the Eocene — makes this group of plants a somewhat more reliable term of comparison than any of the less abundantly represented tyi)es thus far considered. Whatever may be thouglit of the proper place of the Gamopetala, so sparingly preserved for us in the fossil state, it is universally admitted that the Apetala?,or Monochlamydea?, with their nu- merous amentaceous genera, furnished the earliest representatives of dicotyledonous vegetation, and that the forms with two floral envelopes (Dichlaraydeae) came later and form a higher type of plants. If we ex- amine the percentages here, we find that the law holds true for the Poly- petalie and Gamopetaln?, which are the rising forms, or at least were so during all three of the epochs under consideration. The percentage is least in the Senonian, intermediate in the Laramie, and highest in the Eocene. In the Ai)etaliB, however, the maximum development appears in the Laramie instead of iii the Eocene, which is not easily explained and probably will not continue to hold true with the more complete elaboration of that flora. These comparisons are with the total floras of the several groups, but perhaps a more interesting result will be ob- tained if we consider the Dicotyledons by themselves, and then find the relative proportions which the subdivisions bear to the whole in the three formations. Such a comparison will show that in the Laramie group the Apetalte. are 53, the Polypetahe 37, and the Gamopetahe 10 per cent, of the Dicotyledons ; that in the Senonian the Apetalse are 58.5, the Polypetaliie 33, and the Garaopetalae 8.5 per cent, of the Dico- tyledons ; and that in the Eocene the ApetaliB are 42, the Polypetalte 46, and the Gamopetalas 12 per cent, of the Dicotyledons. On the theory that these types progressed in the order named and that the Laramie is intermediate between the other two formations, the relative number of apetalous species should diminish as we pass from the Senonian to the Eocene, which is the case, viz: Senonian, 58.5; Laramie, 53; Eocene, 42. The relative number of Polypetahe, on the other hand, should rise with the age of the strata, and this we also find to be the case : Senonian, 33; Laramie, 37 ; Eocene, 46. The Gamopetalje should also rise with the strata, but more rapidly. The figures are : Senonian, 8.5; Laramie, 10; Eocene, 12. These coincidences of fact with theory are interesting, and in view of the circumstance that they continue to hold from the Ceno- mauian below to the Miocene above,' they can scarcely be regarded as wholly without significance.

The advantage of comparing such large classes consists in the tend-

' See Fifth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, 1883-'84, pp. 449, 450. For similar data for the comparison of the floras of other formations, see table on pages 440 and 441. ■

518 FLORA OF THE LARAMIE GROUP.

eiicy of this method to eliminate the disturbing element of geographical distribution, which, as we shall soon see, is the chief obstacle to exact results in the consideration of genera and species. The species may all differ, tiie genera may be more or less local, even the orders may pre- vail in certain continents or hemispheres, but the relative predominance of such great types as the vascular Cryptogams, the Gymnosperms, or the Dicotyledons may depend chietiy upon the period in the historj' of their development, and, therefore, afford a measuie of time which is as much more reliable as it is more rude and general than that aftbixled by the narrower groups of vegetation. Viewed in this light, the data thus far considered, while suggesting nothing more definite, may be fairly claimed to prove that the Laramie age was considerably later than that of the Senonian, and somewhat earlier than that of the Eocene flora.

In the classification of plants according to the natural method the next subdivision after the ones we have just considered is that into natural families or Orders. In certain large systematic works, it is true, an intermediate group is often introduced, usually called the Cohort, but it will not be necessary or convenient in the present case to treat this subdivision separate from the Order. In the cellular Cryptogams the classification is very unsettled, and the several groups receive dif- ferent systematic values. The Fungi, Lichens, and Algie are not always regarded as orders, but they are so rare in a fossil state and of so small importance from the chronological point of view that they may be con- veniently so regarded here. Four sjjccies of Fungi, consisting chiefly of spots on dicotyledonous leaves {Sphwria, Hall) have been described from Laramie strata, while only one such has been reported from the Senonian and only two from the Eocene. The only lichen referred to any of these formations is an Opegrapha from the Laramie. Nearly a hundred species of supposed AlgiC have been published from the three horizons, three-fourths of which are Eocene, embracing a large number of doubtful forms described (and often not figured) by Massalongo from Monte Bolca, etc. The Laramie furnishes only eight and the Senonian seventeen. Their diagnostic value may be set down as nil. Twelve Characete (all belonging to Chara) and four Muscineje all from the Eocene, complete the cellular Ci-yptogams, which, for our i>resent pur- pose, might as well have been omitted from the table.

The Filices, or Fern familj^, constitute an important order from the point of view of this discussion, furnishing 154 species. As the waning descendants of Carboniferous types that predominated throughout the earlier history of the globe, we naturally expect them to continue to bear in point of abundance some relation to the age in which they are found, the earlier to have precedence over the later. The assumed position of the Laramie group between the other two is borne out by this order, for, although a larger actual number of species occurs in the Eocene than in the Laramie, this number is less in proportion to the

wAiu..] DISCUSSION OF THE TABLE. 519

total of the two floras. The Laramie flora is 21 per cent, of the three combined floras, the Senonian is 23 per cent., aud the Eocene 56 per cent. The quota of each, therefore, were they all of the same age, would be : Laramie, 32; Senonian, 36; Eocene, 87. It will be seen that the Seno- nian far exceeds its jiroportion, even assuming for it a considerably lower position. We are thus forced to see in the Senonian flora a much stronger Mesozoic facies than in either of the other groups. No family of plants brings out this fact more clearly than that of the Ferns, but it also speaks with equal authority upon the position of the Laramie below the recognized Eocene plant beds as thus far known.

The Ehizocarpene, Equisetacete, and Lycopodiaceie can best be men- tioned when we come to consider the genera, and we will now pass to the two gymnospermous orders, the Cycadace* and the Coniferae. The Gycadaceie, although they have barely survived into modern time, are, as is well known, a characteristic Mesozoic tj'pe of vegetation, having attained their maximum development in the Jurassic. They form an insigniflcaut part of the Cretaceous flora and nearly disappear with the Tertiary. The only Laramie species rests upon a single specimen found at Golden, Colorado, and referred by Mr. Lesquereux to the genus Zamiostrobus. Yet seven species belonging to almost as many genera are recorded from the Senonian, again remindijig us of the Meso- zoic age of this flora.

We are thus brought to the consideration of the Coniferae, which is one of the most important orders in the vegetable kingdom for the pa- leontologist. In the three formations under consideration this order has thus far yielded 107 species, of which 17 are found in the Laramie, 36 in the Senonian, aud 58 in the Eocene, there being four coincidences. The even quota of each would be: Laramie, 23; Senonian, 26; and Eocene, 62. As the Coniferae probably attained their maximum devel- opment in the middle Cretaceous, that is, earlier than any of the three epochs we are considering, the older of these epochs should show an excess over this quota and the younger a deficit. The Senonian shows such an excess and the Eocene such a deficit, but the Laramie also falls below even farther than the Eocene, which, in so far as the evidence of this order goes, gives it a more modern aspect than the Eocene.

Passing to the monocotyledouous orders, we find them, with the ex- ception of the Palm Family, too small to afford any reliable criterion for the settlement of questions of age. The Naiadaceae and Gramineae are the only other orders at all approaching the ijalms, and both these display decidedly modern characteristics, compared with any of the types hitherto considered. If the palms reached their highest state and great- est abundance in Eocene time, the grasses did not probably attain this position before the close of the Miocene, and it may be doubted whether they have attained it at the present time. The same may be said for the Cyperaceae and perhaps for the Naiadaceae. The Liliaceae and Sci-

520 FLORA OF THE LAKAMIP: GROl'P.

tamineje may have declined somewhat, as have more probably the Aroidere. It is at least evident that in considering the monocotyledo- noiis orders wc are confronted by a set of conditions tlie reverse of those we mot with in the ferns and the Oonifer;B, viz : all our formations are now below the period of maximum development of the group under consideration, and the opposite results must be expected. These, in fact, we find. The palms furnish 00 species, which, evenly distributed, would give the Senoniau 14, the Laramie 13, and the Eocene 33 ; but the Senoniau gets only 4, while the Laramie gets 17, the Eocene afford- ing the remaining 39. lu this important order, therefore, the Laramie is about as fully represented as the Eocene, a fact which has been used to its full extent in arguing for the Eocene age of the Laramie group. If, however, we take the other niouocotyledonous orders together, we finfl that the Laramie (14) falls considerably more below its quota (21) than the Senoniau (10) falls below its quota (23), which might equally be taken to argue its (Jretaceous age.

In discussing the numerous dicotyledonous orders, we can only select those whicli are most important, either from their abundance in the fos- sil state or from certain peculiarities or anomalies which they present. As all trace of the earliest beginnings of this great subclass is still with- held from human observation, it is difficult to describe the rise and de- cline of its several subdivisions, but it seems probable that the mono- chlamydeous forms were not only the earliest to appear, but that at the period when we tirst make their acquaintance (the middle Cretaceous) they had nearly attained their acme of growth and diversitj'. We then find the large families Salicine;e, Oupuliferai, Urticacea', and Laurinese in great profusion and highly developed, while many forms which are now dichlamj'deous, though they might not then have been so, had already come upon the scene. In examining some of these large orders, the principal question we have to ask is. Does their occurrence in the Laramie group more nearly resemble that in the Eocene or in the Senoniau, or rather, assuming that the divergence of the Senoniau and Eocene; as known quantities, indicates difference of age, does the diverg- ence of the Laramie from the Eocene indicate for that group an age at all earlier than the latter? The comparison, as in former cases, must be with even quotas and not with the actual figures. The SalicineiB furnish 50 species to the three formations. The quota of the Eocene would be 31, and we find 10 ; that of the Senonian should be 13, and we find 14. An intermediate i^osition would make the Laramie fall some- what short of its quota (12). As a matter of fact it more than doubles it (20). So far as this order would indicate, therefore, the Laramie would be decidedly subSenonian. This is due to the great predomi- nance of the genus Populus in the Laramie group, of which more will be said hereafter.

The Cupuliferaj furnish 140 species. Of these the Eocene has 58,

wAUu.j DISCUSSION OP THE TABLE. 521

a number about one-third below its quota (82), while the Senonian has 52, a number as mu<;li above. The Laramie occupies a strictly inter- mediate position, yielding 36 species, or live more than its quota. In the Urticaceie the Laramie deviates more from the Eocene than does the Senonian and in the same direction as in the Salicineic, while in the LaurineiB the deviation is again intermediate. In the Juglande;e we again have the Laramie showing an exaggerated Mesozoic tendency.

We thus see that none of the apetalons orders give the Laramie the same position, from this numerical point of view, as the Eocene, all placing it lower and either intermediate between the Eocene and the Senonian or below the latter.

The principal polypetalous orders are the Araliacese, the Myrtacese, the Eosaceae, the Anacardiacete, the Sapiudacese, the Bhamneae, t|je CelastrineJE, the StercuHaceie, and the Magnoliace:ie. They are much more decidedly Eocene in aspect than the apetalous orders, but less so than they appear with the proportionally large figures in that column. In fact, the Eocene generally only slightly exceeds its quota for the three groups after equalization as explained above, and in the Rhamneje and Magnoliaceae it falls below it. A careful inspection of these nine orders shows that in two cases (the Kosaceae and the Sterculiacete) the Laramie holds an intermediate place between the Eocene and the Senonian, that in four cases it holds a place below the Senonian, while in three cases (the Anacardiaceae, Sapindace:ie, and Magnoliacew) its position is indi- cated as slightly higher than the Eocene.

The gamopetalous orders are small and their indications are readily deduced from a casual inspection of the table. The two largest, the Ebenacese and (Japrifoliacese, consist entirely of the two genera, Diospy- ros and Viburnum, respectively, and can be treated under the head of (jenera. Taking all the gamopetalous orders together, the Laramie is seen to occupy an intermediate position between the Senonian and the Eocene.

In examining the orders represented in the three formations under consideration, especially the smaller orders, a marked tendency is visi- ble toward the confinement of entire ones to one formation. This is due to geograi)hical peculiarities, a characteristic which, when we come to study the genera, can be no longer ignored.

We are now prepared to consider our subject from the point of view of the genera, and before going further it will be necessary to point out some of the difficulties of this method. In vertebrate paleontology the genera are nearly all extinct, and therefore the paleontologist may here legitimately employ his genera as reliable data for the determination of the age of the formations to which they are confined. In vegetable paleontology this is by no means the case. Of the 354: genera represented in the three formations only 165 are extinct, and

522 Fl.ORA OF THE I.ARAMIK GROUP.

many of these are so similar to liviug genera as to be designated by the same names with moditied terminations, such as iten, opsis, etc., and such forms are, with better material and more careful study, being cou- stantly made to take their places as true living genera. The vertebrate I)ak'outologist, therefore, deals with genera as the paleobotanist does with species, and in fact, as is well known, in this department of zoology the term "genus" is given a much more limited meaning than it is in botany, and a rank not far above that of " species" among plants. This is doubtless in great i)art necessary, and due to nature having drawn classificatory lines, so to speak, at somewhat different i)oints in different scales of being. But it is clear that the paleobotanist cannot compare his genera as the vertebrate paleontologist compares his for the settle- ment of questions of geologic age. It is, however, true that certain genera which flourish at the present day pretloininate in certain forma- tions and are rare or absent in others of later age, so as in a true sense to be characteristic of such formations. This does not prove that they subsequently dwindled away and then revived at a still later date, although this might, and jirobably sometimes does, occur. But the ex- planation is that several beds of difterent age are usually in different parts of the world, and the flora of the globe in past time, as at present, has sustained different types of vegetation at difterent points on its surface. Or, if the beds are neaily over each other, /. e., not far sep- arated geographically, the predominance of certain genera in lower that are rare or absent in higher strata must be explained on the hypothesis of migration or by supposing that the nature of the country at the two points was very different at the time of the respective deposits. It thus comes about that when we speak of the Laramie flora we refer to a definite geographical area at a definite period of time, and when we speak of the Eocene flora we mean the beds occurring at the localities named on our table and a few others grouped together in the last column but one. If the reader will take the trouble to inspect the columns of the table in which the Senonian species are set down he will find that a very marked distinction exists between those of Europe on the one hand and those of America and the Arctic regions on the other, and that the lat- ter resemble much more closely those of the Laramie group. This is entirely because they are in nearer geographical relationship with them. But it must not be forgotten that genera are capable of great modi- fications without rendering a change of name necessary, and the prac- tice among paleobotanists has been to crowd everything into living gen- era that they will contain without doing violence to their accepted at- tributes. Therefore,anBoceneoraCretaceousgenus, though still living, may embrace forms widely divergent from those now recognized under the same name, so that such genera may really be characteristic of those formations as strictly as though they had become estinctat their close. The principal interest, therefore, centers upon these characteristic

WAED.] DISCUSSION OF THE TABLK. 523

genera, by wbicb term we do not here mean either that they are extinct genera, or that they do not occur in higher strata (e. <j., Miocene), or in lower (e. </., Cenomanian), or that they are wholly excluded from either of the three formations, but simply that they predominate in some one relatively to the other two.

As already stated, the whole number of genera represented in the three formations is -'{ul. Of these, 32 are confined exclusively (so far as these formations are concerned) to the Laramie grouj), 02 to the Se- nouian, and 155 to the Eocene; 49 are common to all three formations, 6 are found in the Laramie and Senonian, but not in the Eocene, 23 are found in the Laramie and Eocene and not in the Senonian, and 27 are absent from the Laramie and found in both the other formations. The number found at only one horizon is therefore 249, the number occur- ring at two horizons 50, and the number at all three 49. The number ranging from the Senonian to the Eocene, and therefore, regardless of the Laramie, certainly belonging to both Mesozoic and Cenozoic time, is 70.

The discussion of the genera may be conveniently separated into two parts, one of which shall be devoted to the consideration of the evi- dence in favor of synchronism, and the other to the subject of geograph- ical distribution. The first of these subdivisions will have nothing to do with any of those genera which are, in the sense here employed, characteristic of any one of the three formations, but must be confined to those that are common to two or all three. Such genera, moreover, as are nearly equally represented in each of the three formations can have no weight in establishing the affinity of the Laramie with the one rather than the other, and must also be excluded from our primary compari- sons. A further exclusion must be made of those genera which are common to the Senonian and the Eocene but absent from the Laramie, since both these formations are treated as known quantities, and com- parison of their common elements could lead to no new results. We are therefore really reduced to such genera as are either confined to the Laramie and Senonian or to the Laramie and Eocene, or are so nearly thus confined as to be fairly characteristic of the two. In deciding such cases we may also properly exclude very small genera, such for instance as are represented by only one or two species in each formation, unless these species be specially diagnostic or very abundant ; but we must not at any time lose sight of the fact that it requires about two and a half species in the Eocene to have the same weight as one in either of the other formations.

After carefully scanning the table, I have selected such genera as I think fairly illustrate this point, and they may be set down in their

524

FLOKA OF THE LAIIAMIF, CIJOFP.

systematic order in two opposing columns, with the number of species belonging to each :

Laramie and Seuouian.

Genera.

Zamiostrobus

Abietites

Taxites

Sequoia

Taxodium . . . Phragmites..

Populiis

Juglans

Platanus

Cornus

Acer

Rhamuus

Paliurus

Fraxiuus

Viburnum . . .

Laramie and Eocene.

Genera.

Halymenites Cauliuites ...

Sabal

Flabellaria . .

Alnus

Rhus

Sapindus

Vitis(?)

Zizyphus

Celastrinites Grewiopsis... Dom bey opsis Magnolia ...

L.	S.
3
2
4
2
2.
5
4
5
5	1
2	....
2
4
6	2

4 6 9 4 6 9 5 3 8 4 6 14 9

We thus have fifteen genera belonging to the first class and thirteen to the second. Both lists would admit of reduction, but some good reason can be urged in each case for retaining it.

We may examine these several characteristic genera somewhat in detail. Beginning with the first list we find a single species of Zami- ostrobus iH the Laramie and in the Senonian. The latter occurs in the Gosau formation at St. Wolfgang, Austria, the geological position of ■which is now believed to be definitely settled as upper Cretaceous. The Laramie plant is of a somewhat doubtful character, but is clearly cyca- daceous. It was found at Golden, Colorado, lying on the surface in the vicinity of Laramie beds, and is believed to belong to that formation. The genus, like all fossil cycadaceous genera, is strongly Mesozoic, being found as low as the Oolite.

Abietites, two species of which occur in the Laramie, one being found in both the lower and the upper district, is one of the most ancient of the typical coniferous forms, being found all the way from the Wealden to the Miocene, except in the Eocene, wliere it is thus far absent. The only Senonian species comes from the Harz district.

The form distinguished as Taxites seems to belong to the northern portion of the western hemisphere, the two Laramie species being re- ported from British America, and the Senonian species from the beds of Patoot, Greenland. A true Taxus occurs in the Loudon clay, and this seems to be a geographical variety.

WARI..1 DISCUSSION OF THE TABLE. 525

No coniferous form is more abundant in the Laramie than Sequoia, six species of which are distinguished. Of the nine si)ecies from upper Cretaceous strata all but one are found in the western hemisphere. This furnishes an excellent illustration of the extent to which certain types persist with modification in the same or adjacent territorial areas. There is no doubt that should ui)per Cretaceous beds be found within the United States these forms will occur as the direct ancestors of the Lara- mie species. Their rarity in the Old World is seen also to be a fact of geographical and not of geological significance, for it is true of both the Cretaceous and the Eocene.

The genus Taxodium, two of the species of which are so abundant in the Laramie, Senonian, and Miocene, is curiously scarce in the Eocene, and therefore claims a place in our first column.

It is in the Gymuosperms, therefore, that those characters appear which give to the Laramie flora such a strong Cretaceous facies. We find this quite otherwise in the next group, the Monocotyledons. Only in one genus (Phragmites) of this subclass do we find the Eocene want- ing. This genus occurs abundantly in the Laramie, and the only Seno- nian species reported is from the Pacific coast of America, so that it seems that in pre-Miocene time the type was confined to the western hemisphere.

It is, however, among the Dicotyledons, and chief!}' in the Amentaceae, that the most notable examples occur to show the similarity of the Lar- amie to the Senonian flora, and also its unique character as compared with any other formation. Its 23 species of Pojiulus form one of the greatest of its anomalies, and stamp it with a sjiecial character. The nine species of the Senonian cause that formation to partake somewhat of this character, but when we see that all but two of these come from the Vancouver beds or from Greenland we see that this is a distinctly American type.

The genus Juglans, with its eight Laramie, one Vancouver, and one Patoot species, is of special interest in the light of the numerous forms of Carya and Juglans which persist in the American flora. The fossil forms of Juglans may well have been the ancestors of our hickories as well as of our walnuts.

Neither of the two last-named genera, however, can claim as great a share of our interest as does the genus Platauus. With its eight Lara uiie and two Greenland species, and its entire absence from the Eocene, it seemed to constitute in pre-Miocene time one of the characteristic vegetable types of America.

Passing over the two polypetalous genera, Cornus and Acer, which in like manner belonged during this epoch almost entirely to the west, we come to Ehamnus, with twelve Laramie species ; one of the Senonian species is also western (Patoot). Paliurus is an allied genus and is similar in its range to Rhamnus.

Of gamopetalous genera, Fraxinus, though small, belongs to the class

52ti FLORA OF THK LAKAMIK GROFP.

we are considering, while Viburnum is, next to Populus and Platanus, the largest and most characteristic of that class. With fifteen species in the Laramie, four in the Senonian, and the two Eocene species from the lowest beds of that age, it seems to be a very ancient type, and one which goes far to separate the Laramie flora from that of the Eocene.

If there were no cases which could be cited to offset this array of evi- dence, it might seem that no two floras could be more distinct than those of the Eocene and the Laramie, but as we pass rapidly down the op- posite column we shall see that there certainly are some bonds of union.

It was long maintained that the peculiar fucoids called Halymenites were; characteristic of the Eocene, being so abundant in the Flysch of Switzerhmd, and their presence in the Laramie strata was put forward as a proof of the Eocene age of that group, but they are now known to occur in the Cretaceous, though absent from the Senonian beds, and as low as the Jurassic. They also extend upward to the Miocene.

The two species of Caulinites from the Laramie difler widely from those of the Paris Basin, but probably belong to that type of plant and in so far assimilate the Laramie to the Eocene flora. It is, however, the palms that have been chiefly relied upon to establish the Eocene character of the Laramie. The evidence here must be admitted to be strong, and their absence from the Senonian beds serves to add to its force. The Eocene was the age of palms. The numerous fruits refer- able to that family found in the London clay and also at Monte Bolca, constitute one of the leading features of the flora of that epoch, and these are in a manner paralleled in some parts of the Laramie, notably in the tufa beds at Golden, by the many nut-like bodies which Mr. Lesquereux has designated by the term Palmocarpon. But aside from these, and probably from the same trees that bore them, we have four species of Sabal and two of Flabellaria represented by leaves in the Lar- amie flora, though nearly all these palms are found in the lower districts. It is only this lower Laramie that has been claimed as Eocene, and if we restrict the term to this flora its afduity to that of the European Eocene is greatly strengthened.

The genus Alnus is well represented in the Eocene, especially in the Paleocene, and one abundant species is found in the Laramie group. The Senonian species is from Greenland and may have been the ])rogen- Itor of the wide spread arctic form A. Kifer.steinii, Gopp., so celebrated in the Miocene beds of the North.

The Marquis Saporta flnds eight species of Ehus in the gypsum beds of Aix in Provence, and the geuus also occurs in all the Laramie hori- zons. The type therefore is common to the two formations and serves to assimilate the two floras. The one Senonian species is from the Quedlinburg beds.

Sapiudus predominates in the Fort Union group and in various Eocene localities, and in so fiir tends to identify the upper Laramie with

wAKi..] DISCUSSION OF THE TABLE. 527

tbe Eoceue ; but such evidence is Tery feeble. Vitis is a strong Laramie geuus, but it occurs sparingly in tlie Eocene. It therefore scarcely belonj^s in this list. Zizyphus (litters from the other two prominent rhamnaceous genera, Ehamnus and Paliurus, in extending into the Eo- cene. It is a fair representative of the class we are now considering that indicate a resemblance between tlie Laramie and the Eocene floras.

The Celastracese are highly characteristic of the Eocene, and one form which has been distinguished as Celastrinites is found in the Laiamie. The Eocene species of this genus are all from Sezanne, and furnish another evidence of the truth of Mr. Lesquereux's statement in his " Cretaceous and Tertiary Flora" that the flora of the Laramie re- sembles that of Sezanne more closely than it does that of the Eocene proper. A still more striking illustration of the same fact is found in Grewiopsis, which is the Paleocene form of the Miocene genus Grewia^ also occurring in the Laramie.

Dombeyojisis is one of the best marked Eocene genera, but it is al- most exclusively confined to Monte Bolca. Its occurrence in the Lara- mie group is a singular fact and one that has often been brought for- ward in support of the Eoceue age of that group.

The Magnoliacete are a very ancient type of plants, species of Lirio- dendron being abundant in the Cenomanian. The genus Magnolia, which occurs in the upper Cretaceous beds of the Peace and Pine Rivers in British America, is abundant in both the Laramie and the Eocene. It is simply a persistent type.

We have thus rapidly run over the evidence furnished by these two classes of genera for and against the view that the Larauiie flora bears such a resemblance to the Eocene flora as to suggest the substantial synchronism of the two series of deposits. It is perhaps best to leave the reader to form his own judgment as to the result, but in the light of former discussion of this question the caution against mistaking hori- zontal for vertical distribution, may not be out of place. In the great majority of cases, as has been pointed out under each genus, the types persist through difterent ages in the same or adjacent parts of the the world, and the absence of Laramie types in the Eoceue, and vice versa, is due to the wide geographical separation of the beds of the two formations. Closer study of the table will show that most of the European genera can be traced from the Cenomanian up to the Miocene of that continent, while most of the American genera can be traced from the Dakota group up to the Miocene of Alaska and Green- land. That some genera should be common to both hemispheres was to be expected, but that these distinctly argue either the Eocene or the Cretaceous age of the Laramie beds cannot be reasonably maintained.

This is the proper place, before descending to specific details, to con- sider this interesting subject of geographical distribution in its relation to the present plant life of the globe. The present distribution of vege-

628 KLUliA OF TICK I.Al.'AMIi; (iK'oIT.

table forms upon the earth's surface, as all know, is very varied, and several learued and largely successfnl attempts have been made to trace the lines of migration of plants during their long and often tor- tuous pilgrimages since Miocene times, driven as they have been by successive alterations of climate, of sea and laud surface, and of mount- ain and ])lain. But we have seen that the flora of the globe, even as early as the Cretaceous, was far from uniform at all points, and that that of the eastern and western hemis|)heres in late Cretaceous and early Tertiary time was widely different. We now find that the de- gree of change since those epochs has been ditt'erent at ditferent points and far greater in Europe than in America. The data contained in the footnotes to our table enable us to demonstrate this, and also to show what parts of the globe contain at the present time the leading elements of each of the fossil floras under consideration. If we exclude those gen- era which are abundant in all three formations, and take only those that are either wholly or principally confined to ont> of them, we shall per- ceive that the greater part of 'the properly Laramie genera are repre- sented to their fullest extent in the present flora of North America or eastern Asia, though many belong to the warmer parts of America, and to India. On the other band we are struck by the very large num- ber of Australian and African forms in the Eocene flora. The Pro- teacea; and Myrtaceie abound in the Eocene n^ do the Legumiuosa;, the latter chiefly of South African types. We also find that the Seno- nian flora must be separated into two classes, those from British Amer- ica and Greenland falling into the same general geographical group as those of the Laramie, while those of the European beds I'esemble the Eocene flora in this respect. I had intended to elaborate these choro- logical features more at length and to give a detailed analysis of the three floras from this point of view, but space will not admit of this in the present paper, and as all the data for such an analysis exist in the preceding table of distribution the work of compilation may be left to such as are jtarticularly interested in this feature of the discussion. The results upon their face fully bear out the statement already made that the tlora of the Laramie group furnishes evidence ot having descended more or less directly from that of the Cretaceous of this continent, and in many cases the lines of descent can be traced through the npper, or Senonian beds to those of the Dakota group, or American Cenomauian.

We are now prepai-ed to compare the three floras under considera- tion from the usual point of view of their specific relationships, and if the treatment of this part of the subject is brief it is for the very rea- son that it has already been largely accomjilished by others. Still, as already remarked, Mr. Lesquereux only embraces the flora of tlie lower districts, exclusive of Carbon and Evanston and a few I'piier Yellow- stone localities, in his Laramie group, while our table combines all these beds with the entire Fort Union deposit of the Upper Missouri

WAK...] DISCUSSION OF THE TABLE. 629

aud Lower Yellowstone. As the.se latter were, and by many are still, regarded as Miocene, and certainly contain a flora differing in many re- spects from the rest, the general coujplexion of the whole will be con- siderably modified by including them.

By inspecting the table we observe that only a single species, Sequoia Lany.sdorfii, is common to all three of the formations. This species is generally northern in the western hemisphere, but it is found in the Laramie at Black Buttes, hi the Fort Union group, and in the northern extension of this latter in British America. It also occurs in the Cre- taceous deposits of Nanaimo, Vancouver Island, and in the Seuonian beds of Patoot, Greenland. Professor Gardner finds it in the Eocene deposits of the Isle of Mull, and Massalongo enumerates it in his Mio- cene flora of Senegal.

Only one other Laramie species, Giiikyo polymorpha, is found in any of the Senouian beds, and this occurs also at Nanaimo. Its Laramie lo- cality is the place near Fort Ellis in Montana designated as " six miles above Spring Canon," which we have seen reason to regard as a west- ern member of the great Fort Union deposit.

The number of Laramie species that also occur in the Eocene as de- fined in the table is quite large, amounting in all to thirteen or fourteen. Seven of these are confined to these two formations, which might afford strong prima facie evidence of the close affinities of the Laramie and Eocene floras. This evidence, however, is greatly weakened when we perceive that of these seveu four occur in the supposed Eocene beds of Mississippi aud not in any of the Old World deposits. This is cer- tainly strong proof of the close relationship of these Mississippi beds to those of the Laramie, as well as of their similarity of age, but it is more interesting as showing that in those early times one great ho- mogeneous flora stretched all the way across the North American con- tinent, and that similar forests fringed the waters of the Gulf of Mex- ico during their southward retreat, and those of the Laramie Sea as it shrunk to the proportions of inland lakes. The difference of time be- tween the two deposits, though it might have been great, was not suf- ficient to alter the specific identity of these four forms aud doubtless of very many others, while in other cases the Laramie species may represent the ancestors of the Eocene species found or to be found in the more eastern deposits. These species are, Sahal Grayanus, Populus monodon, Magnolia Hilgardiana, and M. Lesleyana, all of Lesquereux. All except MaguoUa Hilgardiana occur onlj' in the typical Laramie deposits of the more southern districts, but this species has now been rej)orted also from the Yellowstone Valley, which, of course, relegates it to the Fort Union group.

The other three Laramie species which are otherwise confined to the

Eocene are Eulymenites minor, found in the Flysch of Switzerland, Fieus

Dabnatica, found in the supposed upper Eocene beds of Monte Promina

in Dalmatia, which some authors place higher, and Sterctilia modesta of

6 GEOL 34

530 FLORA OF THE LARAMIE GROII'.

Saporta (not of Heer) foiiud at Sezaiiue. These three Eocene localities represent the highest and lowest Eocene, and fairly exhibit the degree of hoinotaxy subsisting between these formations.

The remaining six species that occur in the Laramie and the Eocene, possess less force in this direction from the fact that they are all found iu other and higher formations also. Most of them are plants that are abundantly represented in nearly all tlie more recent deposits, such as Taxudium Eurojxvttm, found all the way from the Middle Bagshot of Bournemouth to the Pliocene of Meximieux, Fictcs tiliwfolia, Laurus priiiii(/i'Hia, and Chinamomum lanceolatum, abundant in nearly all the Oligoceue and Miocene beds of Europe. Qiiercun chhrophyUa occurs iu the Mississippi Tertiary as well as at Skopau in Sachs-Thiiriugen, and is also abundant in the Miocene, and Ficiis tlliafoUa is found in the Green River formation at Florissant, Colorado. The only other species belonging to this class is Goniopteris polypodioides, which occurs at Monte Promina and in the Miocene of Kivaz. Alnus Kefersteinii, once reported from Aix in Provence, is considered doubtful, and should prob- ably be excluded from the list of Eocene plants, but it is found in the American Eocene of both Florissant and Green River. Iu the Laramie it is only known from the Evanston coal beds, and is most abundant in the arctic Miocene of Alaska, Spitzbergen, etc., but it is also common iu the Miocenes of Northern and Central Europe.

This is all that can be said in favor of the Eocene character of the Laramie flora, and wei'e it not capable of being further weakened, the case might be regarded as somewhat stronger than that of the gen- era; but there still remain manj' importaut considerations which affect the legitimacy of some of these facts. For example, we have seen that fourteen species altogether occur in the Laramie and the Eocene; but the number occurring in the Laramie and formations higher than Eocene is sixty-two. Thirty-flve of these are confined to the Laramie and Mio- cene. Two ( Diplazium Miilleri and Fluhdlaria Zinkeni) are confined to the Laramie and Oligocene, while twelve occur in Laramie, Oligoceue, and Miocene strata. These species are by no means confined to those that have only been found in the northern districts, but, as any one can see by examining the table, they come largely from the typical beds, and include such species as kSahal VcunpheUii, Salix integra, Betula gracilis, Ficus asnrifolia, Rhamnus alntcrnoidcs, etc.

It would certainly be very unsafe from this to argue that the lower Laranne is Miocene. With such a vast flora as the Miocene, numbering as it does (including the Oligocene Iteds) nearly 4,000 species, it is rea- sonable to expect that as many Laramie forms as are found common to the two formations (about l.J per cent.) should persist nearly unchanged from one epoch to the other. As a matter of fact, a much larger per- centage of forms thus persists where the two deposits occupy nearly the same geographic area. Some four or five of the Laramie species are still found in the living flora, most of I hem iu North America, un-

WARD.] DISCUSSION OF THE TABLE. 531

changed, so far as can be judged by the organs (chiefly appendicular) that have been found in the fossil state. The two species of hazel, and also the sensitive fern from the Fort Union deposits regarded by Dr. Newberry as identical with the living forms, must be specifically so re- ferred until fruits or other parts are found to show the contrary. The bald-cypress of the Laramie swamps seems not to have been specifi- cally distinct from that of the swamps of the Southern States, and, as I shall soon show, forms of the Ginkgo tree occur not only in the Fort Union beds, but in the lower Laramie beds at Point of Eocks, Wyoming Territory, which differ inappreciably except in size of leaf from the living species.

To the strong evidence against the Eocene age of the Laramie group afforded by the persistence of so many of its types into periods much more recent than Eocene may perhaps be added evidence equally ad- vei'se but of the opposite nature. A few Laramie forms occur in Cre- taceous strata. Sequoia Langsdorfii is found, as we have already seen, in the Cretaceous of both British Columbia and Greenland, and Ginkgo polymorplia in the former of these localities. Cinnamomum Scheuchzeri occurs in the Dakota group of Western Kansas as well as at Fort Ellis. Sir William Dawsou detects in strata regarded as Laramie by Prof. G. M. Dawson, of the Geological Survey of Canada, a form which he con- siders to be allied to Quercus antiqiia, Newby., from Eio Dolores, Utah, in strata positively declared to be the equivalent of the Dakota group.

Besides these cases there are several in which the same species oc- curs in the Eocene and the Cretaceous, though wanting in the Lara- mie. Cinnamomum Sczannense, of the Paleocene of Sezanne and Gelin- den, was found by Heer, not only in the upper Cretaceous of Patoot, but in the Cenomanian of Atane, in Greenland. Myrtophyllum cryptoneuron is common to the Paleocene of Geliuden and the Seuonian of West- phalia, and the same is true of Deiralquea Gelindensis. Sterculia vari- abilis is another case of a Suzanne species occurring in the upper Creta- ceous of Greenland, and Heer rediscovers in this same Senonian bed the Eocene plant, Sapotacites reticulatus, which he originally described from Skopau in the SachsThiiringeu lignite beds.

Before commencing this discussion from the iJoint of view of specific relationship it was remarked that it would differ from that just closed, where the subject was treated from the point of view of generic rela- tionship, in dealing with geological, or time relations, rather than with geographical, or space relations. But we have already seen that the latter considerations could not be kept wholly out of view, and we shall now see that they really form a very important part of this mode of treat- ment, if it is to be made at all complete. Of the seven species confined to the Laramie and Eocene it was seen that four were also confined to this continent. This anomaly arose from having placed the Mississippi Tertiary in the last column of Eocene localities. But the Green Eiver group, which is by most geologists regarded as the Eocene of Western

532 FLORA OF Tin: i.auamik (;i;(trr.

America, was purposely left out of the body of the table, for reasons which have been stated. A column, however, was employed to record the occurrence in that group of species belonging to any of the three formations. A.n inspection of this column shows that 21 species are common to the Laramie and the Green Eiver groups. Admitting this to be Eocene, as well as the Mississippi Tertiaries, we have '26 species common to the Laramie and American Eocene against 10 that are common to the Laramie and European Eocine; this notwithstanding that the American Eocene embraces less than a third as many species as the European.

We may carry this analysis further. There are 39 species common and confined to the Laramie and the Miocene (inclusive of the Oligo- cene). Of this number 21 are found in the American Miocene. Three others occur in the arctic flora of Spitzbergen, Siberia, and other locali- ties not in the western hemisphere, but the complete unity of the arctic Miocene, and its almost total dissimilarity from the Miocene of Europe, fairly warrant their addition to the American flora. Fifteen of these are not found at all in the Miocene flora of Europe. This is surprising when we consider how very small this combined North American and arctic Miocene flora is compared with that of Europe.

If we now divide the Laramie species that are also found in other formations and localities into two classes, one of which shall embrace all those occurring in American beds other than Laramie and the other those occurring in no other American strata than those of the Lara- mie, we shall have 55 such species out of a total of 80, 30 of which are contined exclusively to the western hemisphere. The significance of these figures, let me repeat, is greatly increased when we consider in the same connection the magnitude of the European Tertiary flora, as compared with that of America.

We are thus brought once more face to face with the fact that while the floras of Europe and America diftered widely in character during late Cretaceous and Tertiary tnue, the beds of difterent age in each, respect- ively, contained floras resembling each other to such an extent as to warrant the conclusion that the later ones had descended from the earlier without more than the natural amount of modification. When, therefore, we coujAe these facts with those presented above as to the relationships of the fossil to the living flora of the globe (where it ap- peared that the American fossil flora resembles that of eastern North America and southeastern Asia, while the European fossil flora re- sembles that now found in Australia and the eastern half of the south- ern hemisphere generally), we must conclude that some great disturb- ing agencies have been at work since Miocene times which have caused extensive migrations and profound alterations in the i)lant life of the globe. It is no part of my purpose at present to discuss this jjroblem, and I need scarcely say that it is to the influence of a series of great fluctuations of temperature, causing glacial epochs, that these changes

wAui>.] DISCUSSION OF THE TABLE. 533

are principally attributed, and that a thorough study of the living flora in comparison with the Tertiary flora not only bears out this conclu- sion to a remarkable dejfree, but renders it possible to trace many of the lines of migration and to fix with some precision both the space and the time relations of glacial phenomena.

We may now briefly revert once more, and for the last time, to the question of the age of the Laramie group, in so far as this is indicated by the similarity of its flora to that of other formations. Tlius far I have confined myself to the published flora of that group in order to ascertain how the case stood at the close of the pi'olonged discus- sion which has been outlined relative to its age, in which discussion Mr. Lesquereux has had the last word in his recent great work on the Cretaceous and Tertiary Floras of the West. But I should admit that I was led to consider this side of the subject by the occurrence in my own collections from both the northern and the southern districts — in the Lower Yellowstone Valley and along the Upper Missouri, at Golden and other points in Colorado, at Carbon, Black Buttes, and Point of Eocks, Wyoming, and at other localities — of new forms, some of them unique and remarkable, but some bearing a striking resemblance to, or identical with, forms already figured from other localities whose strati- graphical position is definitively settled. While some of this latter class have a Miocene aspect, as does the Fort Union flora in general, there are others embodying the characters that are usually associated with the Cretaceous flora. As already remarked, it is too early for me to discuss these forms fully or in detail, although some of the more re- markable or representative ones are figured in the illustrations at the close of the paper. At present I can merely call attention to some of these forms of Cretaceous aspect, as showing that the more familiar we become with this flora the more closely we find it linked with the Cretaceous floras below it, and particularly with those of America.

There seems some reason to believe that we now have in Fort Union strata a somewhat modified representative of the hitherto exclusively Cretaceous genus Gredneria, so long known from the upper Cretaceous beds of Blankenburg, in the Harz Mountains, since found in other Euro- pean strata of the same or earlier age, and now added by Heer to the middle Cretaceous flora of Greenland. Gredneria is the original form upon which have since been erected the additional genera of the group Etfinf/shausoiia, Protophyllum, and AHpidiophiillum. These are all char- acteristic Cretaceous genera, Credneria and Protophyllum being found both in the Senonian and the Cenomanian, and Aspidiophyllum being confined to the Dakota group. Our form (Plates LVII and LVIII) diii'ers somewhat from all that have thus far been described, and may be sufficiently divergent to warrant the establishment of a new genus, or it may be necessary to refer it to some other genus, but its resem- blance to Credneria is suflScient at least to make it a strongly Creta-. ceous type, and should its relationship to that genus be finally settled

534 FLORA OK Tin; i.ak'amii: gkoip.

it must certainly possess weight in the general problem of geologic age. It is also noteworthy that this form conies from the Fort Union beds on the Lower Yellowstone, and from one of the highest strata of this formation that are represented in that section.

There occur in the collections a large number of querciform leaves, probably for the most part referable to the Cretaceous genus DryophyUum, establisiu'd by Debey as the receptacle for the numerous archaic oaks which he found in the iron sands of Aix-la-Chapelle. Until quite lately this geiuis was very little known, and chiefly from specimens furnished by him to ditierent museums in Europe, but within the past two years he has published a small pamphlet with one plate, illustrating several of the forms.' The material seemed rather obscure and fragmentary, and the figures are very rude, but they enable us to gain a better idea of the limits of the genus than was otherwise jjossible. We have from the Laramie group forms closely allied to several of Debey's species of DryophyUum, such as D. Eodrys, D. [/racile, D. tretaceum, D. Aquisfjra- nense, etc., although it is hardly probable that any of these species actually flourished in America.

There can scarcely be a doubt that we have in Figs. 8 and 9, Plate XL, the Cretaceous species Platanus Heerii of the Dakota group and arctic Cenomanian strata. Compare, for example, flg. 1 of plate vii, in the sixth volume of Heer's " Flora fossilis arctica," Part II, Cretaceous flora of Greenland.

Several forms of Hedera have a Cretaceous aspect, and it is quite probable that H. primordialis, Heer, from the Greenland beds at'Atane, may be represented by our Fig. 4, Plate XL VIII.

In Fig. 1, Plate LX, we have a form which, for so much of the leaf as is present, resembles the figures of similar portions of Heer's Populus 8tygia (Fl. foss. arct., Vol. Ill, Kreidefl. v. Gronland, plate xxix, fig. 10; Vol. VI, Abth. II, Kreidefl. v. Gronland, plate xvii, figs. 5, 7; plate xxxix, flg. 5). But for the great resemblance to these flgiu-es, I should have certainly regarded it as a Liriodendron, and notwithstand- ing this resemblance I am inclined to refer it to that genus. But Lirio- dendron is rather a Cretaceous genus, although the broad-leaved forms like this occur also in later strata and form the type to which the living species belongs.

I have not mentioned the singular cryptogamous form that was col- lected both at Iron Bluff and at Burns's Ranch, although I am now con- vinced that it is a Cretaceous form, because up to the time when it was necessary to submit this paper it had not been sufticiently studied and the drawings were incomplete ; but upon careful comparison I am sat- isfied that it is the same plant that is figured by Dawson in his paper in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada (plate i, fig. 3) as

1 Sur lea feuilles querciformes des sables d'Aix-la-Cbapelle, par le Dr. M. Debey, d'Aix-la-Cbapelle. Extrait du Coinpte rendu du Congrfes de botanique et d'borticul- ture de 1380. Deuxieme partie. Bruxelles, 1881.

wAiiD.] DISCUSSION OF THE TABLE. 535

Carpolithes horridus. To the parts represented there our specimens add the complete rays showing what is probably the spore-bearing portion at their extremities.

Other Cretaceous forms might be mentioned, but the above-named types are sufficient to show that the flora of the Laramie group certainly possesses a strong Cretaceous facies, and in very many respects agrees with that of the Seuonian or highest member of that formation where- ever this is known to contain vegetable remains. I do Dot wish to be understood as arguing that the Laramie is a Cretaceous deposit, but rather against the view maintained by Mr. Lesquereux that it is neces- sarily Eocene. I am still free to admit that, so far at least as the Fort t'nion group is concerned, the flora is closely in accord with that of the European Miocene, in which nearly all its genera and many of its spe- cies are represented ; and but for the occurrence of these anomalous, archaic forms, which become more and more frequent as the material for study increases, it would be impossible to deny that the flora at hast was Miocene. In this, however, one fallacy should be avoided, which is, I think, the one that so strongly biased Professor Heer in favor of referring new and imperfectly known floras to the Miocene. The immense number of fossil plants that are known from that forma- tion—over 3,0(10 species — greatly increases the chances of finding the analogue of any new form among its representatives. While, for ex- ample, there are probably many more Laramie forms that have nearer allies in the Miocene flora than in that of any other age, still, relatively to the number of Miocene species, the Eocene or Senonian types would outweigh them. But the same canon must be applied in comparing the Laramie with these latter. If the relationships were about equal we should require a larger absolute number of Eocene forms, because the Eocene flora is larger

Taking all these facts into consideration, therefore, I do not hesitate to say that the Laramie flora as closely resembles the Senonian flora as it does either the Eocene or the Miocene flora. But again, I would in- sist that this does not necessarily prove either the Cretaceous age of the Laramie group or its simultaneous deposit with any of the upper Cre- taceous beds. The laws of variation and geographical distribution for- bid us to make any such sweeping deductions. With regard to the first point it is wholly immaterial whether we call the Laramie Cre- taceous or Tertiary, so long as we correctly understand its relations to the beds below and above it. We know that the strata immediately beneath are recognized upper Cretaceous and we equally know that the strata above are recognized lower Tertiary. Whether this great intermediate deposit be known as Cretaceous or Tertiary is therefore merely a question of a name, and its decision one way or another can- not advance our knowledge in the least.

With regard to the synchronism, as already remarked, it would cer- tainly be interesting and important if we could know with certainty

53G FLORA OF THE LARAMIE GROUP.

wliat other deposits on the earth's surface were being made at the same tiinc with those of the Laramie. But we have seen that this cannot be known for any very widely separated areas. Within the Laramie grouj), however, conclusions of this nature are comparatively reliable, and when more is known of this flora and of the characteristic types of dift'erent horizons within it, and different areas occupied by it, there can be no doubt that its value in the determination of the precise hori- zon of new beds both within and without that group must be very great. The following words of Mr. Meek, after a careful survey of the question from the point of view of the invertebrate paleontologist, are equally true for fossil plants: "But it may be asked," he says, "are we to regard all such fossils as of no use whatever in the determination of the ages of strata! Certainly not, because, even in case future dis- coveries in this country and the Old World should never modify the present conclusions in regard to the geological range of * * * these types * * * so as to enable us to use them with more certainty as a means of drawing parallels on opposite sides of the Atlantic, they will undoubtedly be useful, when viewed in their specilnc relations, for the identification of strata within more limited areas. That is, when all or most of the details of the stratigraphy of the whole Eocky Mountain region and the vertical range of species have become well known, these fossils will pei'haps be found nearly as safe guides in identifying strata at one locality with those of others there, as many other kinds." ^

But there is a higher ground on which investigations of this nature may be justified. However negative the results may prove, in seeking to make wide generalizations, either for geology or for biology, every new form discovered widens our knowledge of what has been taking place on the surf\ice of the earth since its crust was formed, and the additional knowledge we thus gain of the history of the globe is worth for its own sake all that its laborious pursuit costs, and this quite aside from the added value it possesses in furnishing an ever widening basis for the true laws of both geologic and biologic development.

RECENT COLLECTIONS OF FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE LARAMIE

GROUP.

I have now completed the review of the flora of the Laramie group which, as stated at the outset, would constitute the first part of this memoir, and will now present the concluding portion, also outlined at the beginning, which will be of a somewhat personal character, and will consist of an attempt to record so much of the little that I have been able to contribute to the stock of knowledge relative to the Laramie flora as has thus far assumed a sufiflciently definite form. It is, however,

'Report of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories. F. V. Ha.vtlen, Geologist-in-charge. Vol. IX. A Report on the Invertebrate Cretaceous and Ter- tiary Fossils of the Upper Missouri country. By F. li. Meek, p. Ixi.

WARi..] COLLECTIONS FROM LOWER LARAMIE STRATA. 537

proper to state that tbe record I Lave made will not be complete until I shall bave bestowed a large amount of attention and study upon the material in hand. Tbe specimens flffured can scarcely be said to have been selected as representative of my collections, although they are so to some extent, but they rather indicate what forms had been suffi- ciently studied at the time I began to prepare this paper to warrant pulilisbin;^ tbe figures. The names which I have affixed to them are therefore provisional only, and subject to alteration in the course of the preparation of my final report, which has been merely arrested loug enough to enable nie to prepare and present in the present synopsis some general considerations which would necessarily be crowded out of the detailed work.

My collections were all made in two seasons, that of 1881 and that of 1883. On tbe first of these occasions I visited a number of the locali- ties belonging to the lower series situated in Colorado and Wyoming. On the second occasion I visited the valleys of the Lower Yellowstone and Upper Missouri Rivers, and found fossil plants in what are un- doubtedly typical Fort Uniou strata. The itinerary aud a general de- scription of the field work of these two seasons have been given in my administrative reports for those years.'

COLLECTIONS FROM LOWER LARAMIE STRATA.

The collections made at Golden, Colorado, have not proved particu- larly rich, and probably very little will be found in them that has not already been reported from that locality. Large palm leaves {^abal Camphellii) aud numerous fragments of leaves of Platanus, Ficus, etc., were found in a coarse friable sandstone, either ferruginous and light red, or siliceous and gray or white, in the valley between the Front Eange and the basaltic Table Mountain on the east. These strata stand nearly vertical and are in immediate juxtaposition to tbe pro- ductive coal beds on the west. The coal mines themselves are worked in vertical beds which have Cretaceous strata on the west and these coarse sandstones on the east, showing that the direction from east to west represents the descent through the several layers and that the coal veins are at the very base of the Laramie at this place. The strata are conformable, aud both the Cretaceous and the Laramie are tilted so as to be approximately vertical. At the base of South Table Mountain the strata are horizontal, aud the line dividing the vertical from the horizontal strata could be detected at certaiu points. A meas- urement from this line to the base of the coal seam was made at one place and showed 1,700 feet of the upturned edges of Laramie strata. It is probable that we here have the very base of tbe formation. The geology of Golden is very complicated, but my observations led

' Tbira ADiiual Report of the United States Geological Survey, I881-'82 ; pp. 26-29. Fiftb ilo., I8ri3-'84, pp. 55-M.

538 FLORA OF THE LARAMIE GROUP.

uie to conclude that during the ni)he:ival of the Front Eange a break must have occurred along a line near the western base of Table Mount- ain, forming a crevice through which issued the matter that forms the basaltic cap of these hills. The eastern edge of a broad strip of land lying to the west of this break dropped down until the entire strip of land assumed a vertical position or was tilted somewhat beyond the perpendicular. This brought the Laramie on the east side of the Creta- ceous with its upper strata at the extreme eastern, while the coal seam at its base occupied the extreme western side of the displaced rock. The degree of inversion varies slightly at different points and may have been much greater in some places. This will probably account for the discovery at one time of a certain Cretaceous shell (Mactra) above a vein of coal in a shaft about 4 miles north of Golden, and about which considerable has been said in discussing the age of the Laramie gi'oup. I visited the spot, but found the strata so covered by wash that I was unable to determine their nature.

The collections made at the base of South Table Mountain in a dark and very soft, tine-grained, siliceous-ferruginous sandstone, commonly called tufa, were both more abundant and better preserved than those from the valley, and in them have been found several rare and interest- ing forms. Ficus irregularis was one of the most common, and Berche- mia multiiwrvis was found. Palms abounded, but only as fragments of narrow portions of leaves. On the surface oi the ground, quite well down toward the bottom of the valley, were found numerous fragments of palm wood in the silicified state, as chert, very hard and admitting a high polish. The leaf scars are clearly exhibited, and the vascular bun- dles and ducts are beautifully shown in cross and longitudinal sections.

At the locality known as Girardot's coal mine, some 5 miles east of Greeley, Colorado, on the open plains, Laramie strata were found con- taining characteristic mollusks in great abundance, but no plants ex- cept the wide-spread Ilalymenitcs major, which occurred in profusion immediately over the shell beds. Large branching forms were found, as well as forms variously curved and crooked. They seem to be to some extent concretionary, and are composed of iron oxide and sand with a little calcite.

At the mouth of the Saint Vrain, near Platteville, where aday was spent, these forms occurred again in equal abundance and variety. Two species were found here, and ])erhaps three. Specimens of petrified wood from a large stump, probably coniferous, were collected, but no traces of any other form of plant life were detected. At this point we seem again to have the very base of the Laramie overlying a bluish Creta- ceous clay.

The collections from Carbon Station, Wyo., are much more satisfactory than those from the Colorado beds. The station and adjacent track of the Union Pacific Railroad at this point are located in a monocliual val- ley running north and south, or at right angles to the railroad. A fault

wAKu.l COLLECTIONS FROM LOWER LARAMIE STRATA. 539

occurs near the statiou by wliicli the strata on the southwest are lower than those on the ui^rtheast. The coal seams on the east and north are close to the surface and sometimes crop out. They pass downward from south to north with a dip of about 15 degrees, reaching across the mono- cliual valley through which the railroad runs. On the west and south they grow deeper and have mostly ceased to be worked. The fossil plants, ■which are very abundant, are always above the coal, and the strata in which they are richest lie five to ten feet from the highest coal seams. Immediately above the coal is a layer of arenaceous limestone, which is generally shaly, but sometimes solid and very hard (" fire clay"). Even in this a few plants occur, but it was nearly impossible to obtain them. The plant beds proper are fine-grained more or less ferruginous and calcareous sandstone shales, quite easily worked, and from them some beautiful specimens of Cissus, Paliurus, and other genera were obtained. These beds are doubtless somewhat higher than those of Black Buttes and Point of Eocks, but they are probably within the limits of the Lara- mie formation and seem to be the equivalent of the Evanston coal.

The locality denominated Black Buttes always refers to the station of this name on the Union Pacific Railroad, 140 miles west of Carbon Station and in full view of the black rock from which it takes its name. This had been reduced to a mere section house at the time of my visit, and all traffic was by freight trains. It is in the valley of the Bitter Greek, and typical Bitter Greek strata are alone seen. The railroad here runs nearly north and south. The strata dip to the southeast. Oppo- site the station on the east there are about 100 feet of fucoidal sandstone at the base, above which are two prominent coal seams separated by shales. The coal varies in thickness in both seams and is from three to eight feet thick, the lower seam being perhaps the better in quality. Not more than two feet above the lower coal seam the rocks commence to be plant- bearing. They are reddish on the exposed outer surface, but bluish-gray within, somewhat laminated, and consist of a hard, compact, and very arenaceous limestone. They yield beautifully preserved specimens of leaves, which form the only planes of cleavage.

Above the upper coal the shales are very thin, and their surfaces, where not exposed to the weather, are generally covered with a profu- sion of very small prints of leaves, stems, culms, fronds, etc., but so fragmentary that little can be done with them. Half a mile north of the station the lower coal seam descends to near the level of the railroad, but the succession of the strata can still be made out. The finest speci- mens found came from beds a mile or more to the northeast of the sta- tion, above a coal mine. The fucoids in the sandstone below the coal at Black Buttes are peculiar and instructive. They seem to consist chiefly of Halymenites major, which is often weathered out so as to ex- hibit good specimens, but more frequently these are incased in concre- tions which attain huge proportions, sometimes having a diameter of six inches. From the ends of these pod-like bodies short sections of

540 FLORA OF THE LARAMIE GROUP.

tbc typical fiicoid, with its verrucose surface, olteu project. These in- flated concretions vary in shape from cylindrical to globular, and when the projecting fucioid is absent we have the simple spherical concretion which is familiar to all. By careful selection I succeeded in securing a good series of these forms, which seem very clearly to point to the fn- coidal origin of this class of concretions.

Point of Kocks has become a familiar name to paleontologists since the discovery there of a thin bed of white sandstone containing very perfectly preserved specimens of fossil plants that proved, upon ex- amination, to constitute a florula somewhat different from that of any other locality in the West. This spot was visited and most of the much discussed forms — Pistia corrugata. Lemna scutata, Trapa microphylla, Ficus asarifolia, etc. — were found, but little was added to the previous discoveries of others. This locality is a mile or more east of the station, and is situated quite high up the cliff, which is here steep, and the place is difficult of access. The lower ])ortion of the cliff at most points near the railroad consists of white fucoidal sandstone, the fucoids being in a much less perfect state of preservation than at Black Buttes and more concretionary. Below the fucoidal sandstone, at one point northwest of the station, there occurs a bed of light gray or nearly lavender coloi-ed clay containing fragments of ferns and conifers, together with Pistia vorriKjata, Sequoia bi/ormis, and other species found in the white sand- stone stratum last described. It does not seem possible that this stra- tum can dip sufficiently to the west to bring it to the base of the blnft', and no evidence of a fault was discovered. The color and fine-grained character of the rock are similar, but the mineral constitution is very different in the two beds, so that the question as to their jwssible strati- graphical identity is still open. If the fucoidal sandstone forms the base of the Laramie, these chiy beds must occui)y the summit of the Cretaceous.

Above the massive white sandstone are several coal seams of good quality. They vary in thickness and disappear at some points so as to vary also in number, but about Ave such seams can usually be seen. Very few dicotyledonous or i)henogamous plants exist in the strata between the coal beds, although these resemble those at Black Buttes in all other respects. On the contrary, the fucoids abound throughout all these strata, including those that overlie the highest coal beds.

Atone point, nearly opposite the station to the north, a bed was discov- ered which contained fine specimens of dicotyledonous and other i)lants. This bed is located just above the lowest coal seam, and is about half way trom the base to the summit of the escarpment. The plants seemed, therefore, to occupy a jiositiou very similar to those at Black Buttes, and they occui' in the same hard gray very arenaceous limestone. They were found only at this one point and in a single layer a foot or more thick, and rocks a few feet distant in either direction were barren of them. This llorula proved very interesting and yielded a number of

WARD.] COLLECTfOXS FROM LOWER LARAMIE STRATA. 541

forms not elsewhere found. Among these was the small Ginkgo leaf, which I have called Ginkgo Larnmieniiif:.' (Plate XXXI, Figure 4.)

Several localities within the Green Eiver group were visited, espe- cially in the vicinity of Green River Station and of Granger, but the descrii)tiou of these will be oniitteil, and an account given only of locali- ties belonging, with considerable certainty, to the Laramie group as it has been defined. But one other such locality was visited in the year 1881, and respecting the geological position of this there is some donV)t. This locality lies very near the boundary line between Wyoming and Utah, some forty miles northwest of Granger, on the divide between the Green and Bear Eiver valleys. The Oregon branch of the Union Pacific Eailroad was then iu course of construction, and construction trains were running sixteen or eighteen miles out from Granger. The line of the railroad survey was followed from this point, and the plant beds occurred in the ridge tlirougli which the tunnel was being excavated. The place was then known as Hodges Pass, and my specimens are so labeled. Fresh-water Tertiary deposits pi-evailed for the first thirty miles or more, but they were observed to dip perceptibly to the east, and at last disappeared about seven miles east of the divide. They were succeeded here by coal seams, with which they were not con- formable, the latter dipping strongly to the northwest. Very heavy beds of coal occur in the vicinity of the i)ass, and some were reported to have a thickness of sixty feet. The ridge through which the tunnel was being constructed contained fossil plants at nearly all points. The rock consists of a coarse, very arenaceous limestone, or calcareous sandstone, the leaves being either scattered without much stratification through the mass and lying at various angles to one another, often much crumpled or folded, or else iu matted layers upon one another in par- allel planes, and sometimes so abundant that the rock seems to consist almost wholly of them. In either case it was difficult to obtain perfect specimens. The impressions are very distinct, being of a dark color upon the light matrix, and showing the presence of the silicified leaf- substance. Notwithstanding the coarseness of the material the finer details of nervation are often clearly exhibited. At first sight this flora seemed to be exceedingly monotonous, owing to the prevalence of cer- tain lanceolate or linear willow-shaped forms, but a close study of these reveals considerable variety and the presence of several species and two or three genera. With these, however, occur numerous less abun- dant forms which lend considerable diversity to the flora of this locality.

There are good reasons for believing that these beds belong to the uppermost series of Laramie strata, and until more is known of them they may be regarded as forming a northern member of the Evanston coal field; the plants, however, differ widely from any found elsewhere.

'Science, VoL V, June 19, 1885, p. 496, fig. 7.

542 " !'i.(ii;a of iiii; lakamik (jRori'.

COLLECTIONS FROM THE FORT UNION GROUP.

The several localities from wliich the principal collections made in the season of 1883 were obtained lio alonji; the Yellowstone Kiver, above and below the town of Glendive, which is sitnated three miles above old Fort Glendive and on the opposite or right bank of the river, at the point where the Northern Pacific Railroad first enters the valley from the east. Sntlicieutly precise descriptions of the geographical position of each of these beds were given in my administrative re- port for that year, and these need not be repeated.

The several beds worked for fossils represent, I am convinced, a num- ber of qnite distinct epochs separated far enough in time to have al- lowed important changes in the vegetation to take place. The locali- ties are not far enough apart geographically to account for the great differences in the diflerent Morulas, the extreme distance between the remotest beds not exceeding fifty miles. There were only two of the beds that I was tolerably well satisfied were actually synchronous, and these were among the most remote from each other. These beds are those of Iron Bluff and Burns's Ranch. The plant-bearing stratum at Iron Bluff is situated about fifty feet above the level of the river at low water, while that at Burns's Ranch is at the very water's edge and a few feet above and below. If the beds at Burns's Ranch represent a simple continuation of the strata that apjiear at Iron Bluff, the dip to the north must be somewhat greater than the natural tall in the river, but the distance is about forty miles. Between Iron Bluff and Glendive, however, there occurs an outcrop of marine Cretaceous strata, contain- ing characteristic Fox Hills shells. This forms an anticlinal of some five orsix miles along the right bank of the Yellowstone,and again disai)pears beneath true Laramie strata some distance above the town. On the side toward Iron Bluff the Cretaceous seems to lie entirely below the rail- road cutting at the base of the bluff, but the talus of red blocks of fer- ruginous baked marl obscured this portion and i)revented its study. This is the only outcrop of Cretaceous rocks in the entire district visited by me.

The reasons for regarding the Iron Bluff and Burns's Ranch beds as equivalent are chiefly paleontological. The characteristic plant of the Iron Bluff strata was the large cordate leaf which I have designated as Coceulus Tl(n/deniaHHS. This occurs also at Burns's Ranch and has been found only in these two localities. The characteristic plant of the Burns's Rancli locality is Trapa microphylla, and this also occurs at Iron Bluff and at no other place in the Fort Union group. The remark- able Cryptogam mentioned above occurs in both beds and several of the celastroid leaves are common to the two localities. jSToue of the forms found at these two localities occur at any of the others. The rock difl'ers greatly in appearance, but this difl'erence is mainly due to the former having been sulyected to heat, its carbon driveu out, and

WARD.] COLLECTIOX.S FROM THE FORT UXIOX GROUP. 543

its iron oxidized, turning it bright red, so that it may be regarded as a ferruginous marl ; tlie other is very calcareous, and may be classed as an argillaceous limestone.

The Iron Bluff stratum yielded a considerable variety of plant forms. Besides the large Coccul us leaves, which were present in great abundance (though, owing to their great size, usually in a fragmentary condition), there occurred an immense quantity of stems of a gigantic Equisetum and of monocotyledonous plants. One of the most striking features of this bed was the occurrence almost everywhere of the stems of certain plants marked all over with very distinct diagonal meshes or cross-lines. These lines consist entirely of deeper colored fine streaks, crossing one another with great regularity at a constant angle. They have the ap- pearance of having wound spirally round the stems in two directions, those of each set being all parallel to one another, and thus forming little rhombs where the systems cross. There is no apparent elevation nor depression, but the fine lines of deeper red are seen in cross-section to penetrate the general surtace of light buff, showing that they possess some thickness. The diagonal meshes thus formed vary very much in size, from a millimeter to nearly two centimeters across, and this fineness or coarseness seems to be approximately proportional to the size of the stem on which it occurs. This structure first reminded me of the peculiar cross-lines that occur in the broader stems of certain Monocotyledons, such as Sagittaria, Eriocaulon,etc., and Heer has figured a fossil Sparga- nium stem exhibiting such a structure. Cawlinites sjjarganioides of hes- quereux ("Tertiary Flora," ])latexiv, figs. 4 and 10) exhibits something faintly analogous to our plant, and Mr. Lesquereux has sought to ex- plain the occurrence of the cross-lines ( p. 100 ). But the resemblance is too distant to be of any service in the solution of the problem. Cer- tain specimens showing a transition to the normal epidermis, with very tine longitudinal striation, make it next to certain that the parts ex- hibiting this structure are decorticated, and some evidence exists to prove that the lines may represent the cell walls of the loose cambium tissue of an exogenous j)lant. The peculiar mode of branching of some specimens also suggests the exogenous rather than the endogenous mode of growth. Certain it is that the diagonal meshes always occur in connection with definite vegetable structure, and even should they Ijrove to be themselves inorganic and to have no connection with the tissues of the plants on which they occur, still the fact must remain that they exist in consequence of such tissues, and are in so far of vege- table origin. I leave the question unsettled for the present and in- trust its solution to further research.

The matrix in which the leaf prints found at Burns's Eanch are em- bedded is an exceedingly fine-grained argillaceous limestone of a bluish- gray color, weathering reddish-brown, and having no regular stratifica- tion, but very brittle, and easily breaking at any point with conchoidal fracture, leaving very sharp edges. The degree of friability is much in-

544 FLORA OF THE LAKAMIE GROUP.

creased by saturation, which was well shown in those fragments that were taken from below the surface of the water in the river. The sur- faces of the leaves often form planes of cleavage, and thus many beau- tiful specimens were obtained, but the tendency to forsake these i)lanes and break out at other places rendered many of the specimens frag- mentary. Some very perfect specimens of Trapa were obtained. This plant, as is well known, grows in deep water, from a long submerged stem, which reaches the surface and bears at its summit a cluster of small roundish leaves on petioles of ditferent lengths, which are so ar- ranged upon the stem that all the leaves can lie upon the surtace of still water. The longest petioles bear the outer circle of leaves and successively shorter ones those of circles nearer and nearer the cen- ter, where the leaves are small and sessile. Several of my specimens as well as some of those collected the year previous by Dr. White show these concentric rosettes of leaves in an interesting way.

The Cocculus leaves are rare in these beds, but several of the best specimens were nevertheless found here. Numerous fine specimeus of Populus were obtained, only a few of which are figured for this paper. The sharply serrate, more or less elongated, leaves that seem to belong to the order Celastrinete were among the most numerous and are nearly or quite all new to science. A few very fine specimens of the remarka- ble tapeworm-like Cryptogam mentioned above were found here, but this form is not yet figured. The bulbous tufted base is much smaller than in the Iron Elulf specimeus, but the remarkable serpent like rays, with inflated transversely-ribbed heads and finely-toothed middle portion, are shown with great clearness.

These two beds (Iron Blufi'aud Burus's Kauch) appear to me to form the base of the Fort Union deposit, and present a flora entirely difl'erent from that of any other yet discovered. It is remarkable that the Trapa found in both of them appears to be the same species as that found so sparingly in the fine white sandstone layer at Point of Eocks, and what is still more remarkable, I also found at Burns's Eauch a few specimens of the characteristic Point of Eocks plant Pistia corrugata. I am in- clined to regard these two beds as synchronous, and the differences in the rest of their floras may be accounted for by differences of latitude and the other conditions previously jwinted out. Both seem to occupy the base of the Laramie and to overlie the same marine Cretaceous de- l)osit.

In ascending the Yellowstone the next locality is that known as Seven Mile Creek, or Gleason's Eanch. The little stream called Seven Mile Creek, five or six miles above the mouth of which the ranch is located, is situated about seven miles below old Fort Glendive, making it about ten miles below the village of Glendive. Its lower valley is open and shows no exposures, but at Gleason's Eauch it has narrowed, and is bounded by hills that rise on the left bank, by a series of terraces,

WAiii).] ((IIJ.KCTIONS KKOM THE FORT UNION GKOl'l'. 545

to a height of about 600 feet. At numerous points along this escarii- ment good exposures occur, and vegetable remains of one form or another were seen at nearly all elevations. The lowest of the plant beds was not over forty or tifty feet above the valley of the creek, and tlie plants here consisted almost wholly of the large-leaved Sapiudus wliich is figured on Plate L, Figs. 4-8. A few feet above this occurs a bed of conifer- ous plants, and immediately above this one yielding a variety of Dicot- yledons. Next in order is a stratum of heavy ironstone. This con- tained a great number of seeds and fruits which are exceedingly curious, but which are as yet wholly undetermined. Mixed with them are leaves in a bad state of preservation belonging to the genus Platauus, and probably to several other genera.

The next bed that proved profitable to work was some 400 feet higher. It was literally tilled with leaf impressions, and among these was tiie immense Plataniis leaf, which is here figured natural size, Plate XLI, Fig. 1. Here, too, were found the specimens of Ginkgo, which are also reproduced in our illustrations, and which appear nearly identical with G. adiantoides of (Jnger and quite too near the living plant. Not less interesting was the discovery of the very perfect Sparganium lieads, especially those borne on the original stem, one of the specimens of which is shown in the illustrations (Plate XXXII, Fig. 6).

Finally, in the white marl clitt' that forms the summit of the series of terraces another florula was found, differing widely from all the rest and characterized by the presence in great abundance of the remark- able leaf which I have called Credneria daturcefoMa [Flate LVII, Plate LVIII, Figs. 1-.5). Associated with this form were many leaves of Pop- ulus and Corylus, which were obtained in profusion and in great per- fection. This cliff showed evidence of having once been capped by a yellow ferruginous sandstone containing fucoids. One much weather- worn specimen was obtained.

This remarkable series of plant-bearing beds begins at the base with a light-colored and slightly arenaceous limestone, grows less calcareous and more argillaceous and ferruginous until the ironstone bed is reached. It then presents a series of alternating beds of limestone and ferrugi- nous marl to the Sparganium bed, which is scarcely at all ferruginous. The Credneria cliff consists of a soft, white, and nearly pure marl, slightly tinted on weathered surfaces with iron oxide. The substance of the leaves imbedded in this matrix is clearly visible, and gives the impressions a very dark carbonaceous or lighter brown or lignite col- ored appearance.

Judging from the slight northerly di]) of the strata from the base of the Laramie below Iron Bluff, where it is seen to rest on the Fox Uills, and from Burns's Ranch, where the lowest strata lie beneath the bed of the river, it seems probable that the summit of the Credneria cliff is from 1,"J(»D to 1,.')00 feet above the base of the Laramie. (> GEOL — —35

546 lI.ul.'A (»!■ Tin: I.ARAMIK (iKori".

The locality ou Clear Creek, fifteen miles above Glendive and about three miles back from the river, yielded the largest quantity of fossil ])lants, but the flora was more uniform than that of other ])()ints and consisted chiefly of Viburnum leaves, which seemed when collected to belong almost entirely to one species, but upon closer study they prove to vary considerably and embrace a number of distinct forms. Tiie other kinds of plants, too, which in comparison seemed very few and meager, prove, when separated from the Viburnum leaves and care- fully studied, to be quite numerous and varied. Very large and some quite i)erfect leaves of I'Jatanus nobilis, and of the species that possesses the remarkable basal lobe (P. ba.silobata. Plates XLII and XLIII), occurred here, as well as Ulmus leaves, Equisetum tubers, and Legu- minosites fruits. In intimate connection with the abundant Viburnum leaves, and not always easy to distinguish from E(inisetum and Legu- minosites, there were scattered through the shales, always in single detached form, many ovate or elliptical lanceolate fruits, with deep longitudinal furrows (Plate LXII, Figs. 2-G), which, upon careful com- parison, I am convinced are the seeds of the Viburnum. This fact would not possess so great iuiportance were it not that certain leaves apparently identical with the most abundant kind found at Clear Creek had been previously collected from the Fort Union group and referred to a different genus. The discovery of these fruits in such immediate relation to the leaves confirms in a very satisfactory manner the con- clusion which 1 had previouslj' reached and expressed that the leaves published by Dr. Newberry as Tilia antiqiia belonged really to the genus Viburnum.

Most of the plants collected on Clear t!reek came from a single stra- tum about three feet in thickness, which could be traced for long dis- tances along the clifl' on the left bank of the creek valley and within from twenty to fifty feet of its summit. The rocks consist of a limestone shale which is so argillaceous as almost to deserve the name of marl, slightly ferruginous, light gray, and very compact. The layers are quite thick, sometimes almost massive, so that very heavy sj)ecimens had to be transported ; but at some jjoints a true compact marl occurs, which breaks with ease in both directions and Las a couchoidal fracture.

Some nine miles farther up the broad valley of Clear Creek occur some elevated ledges, which were visited. On the top of an isolated butte in this locality a bed of compact marl of very friable character was found, contaiiung leaf impressions. This florula was entirely different from that of the locality farther down, and in fact from any other met with on the Yellowstone. The impressions were very clear, but it was ditti- cult to obtain entire leaves, owing to the ease with which the rock would break across the plane of stratification. It was here that were found the very remarkable digitate Aralia-like leaves figured below (Plate XLVIir, Figs. 10-12, Plate XLIX, Fig. 1). Some of the finest specimens of Corylus also came from this bed, and a peculiar fucoid {)Spi-

WARD.J CctLLECTIOXS FKOM THE FORT UNION GKOUP. 547

raxis bivalvis, Plate XXXI, Fig. 3) was abundant, having spiral stria- tious, as if twisted. This fucoid always exhibited a tendency to split open longitudinally into two equal valves, and many of the segments lay around in halves, the plane of division being always smooth and even and passing directly through the center of the specimen. Only a small collection was made at this point.

The characteristic fossil of the Cracker Box Creek beds was a species (or two very closely related species) of Viburnum ( V. usiierum, Xewby., Plate LXIV, Figs. -1-9, V. Xewhcrriamim, Plate LXI V, Figs. 10-12, Plate LXV, Figs. 1-3), which, however, differs very much from the abun- dant forms of Clear Creek and does not occur there, nor does the Clear Creek form occur at Cracker Box Creek, although the two locali- ties are only five miles apart and very similarly situated. On the right bank of the valley occurred beds containing Populus leaves, masses of Ta.vodium Europivum, not elsewhere met with, and an abundance of both Equisetum and cane (Aruudof), the latter very large. On the left bank occurred the principal Viburnum bed, and in this a few other plants were found.

The rock in which the specimens from this locality were embedded is a highly- calcareous marl, sometimes amounting to argillaceous limestone and slightlj' ferruginous. At certain points it is of a dark blue color, sometimes nearly black, and in one fossiliferous bed the outer portion of a small hutte which was cut through by a gulch was cf a red color, like that of Iron Blutf, while the interior was blue or dark. This was of course due to combustion of the carbonaceous matter, the efl'ect of which had not penetrated to the center of tiie butte. This combustion did not affect the character of the iilant impressions, but the unburned portion was much more easily worked and much heavier. In a few of the oxidized buif specimens from this place, the peculiar diagonal mark- ing, so striking at Iron Bluff, apjjears. It seems in these cases to occur on the large gramineous culms.

The several localities on the Yellowstone River above described were all visited by Dr. C. A. White and his party the year previous, and tiieir stratigr.ai)hical position determined; but, nevertheless, wherever it was possible I observed and collected the molluscan forms, which, however, were very rare. The following shells accompany my collections and have been kindly named for me by Dr. White :

From lion Bluff: Sphaerium (planum t) ; Physa (Canadensis?).

From Bunis's Ranch: Acroloxus minutiis.

From Seven Mile Creek: Ironstone bed: Viviparus (species indeterminable) ; Unio (species indeterminable); scale of a gar. Sparganinm bed : Spb;eriuiu (species inde- terminable).

From Clear Creek: Physa Canadensis, Whiteaves, ined.: Helix (Patnla) (species uiidescribed).

From Cracker Box Creek : Viviparus prudeutius, White ; fragments of gasteropoda.

Very few fossil plants were collected during the journey that was

548 1'1-(JKA OF 'lllE NAKA.Mli: (llv'oll".

inadc ill August iiiul Septemher down the Missouri River from Fort IJcntou to Bismarck ; but observations that were made upon the Lara- mie strata as seen at difi'ereut jtoints, and upon tlie vegetable remains fbiiiid in tlieni during that journey, may titlingly be recorded here.

This formation was tirst met with as the .hidith River group, near Birch Greek, about 100 miles below Fort Benton. It here presented the massive sandstone stratum at its base similar to that of the Bitter Creek dejiosits and appeared about COO feet above the river, resting upon the Cretaceous. Above this sandstone a few plant remains were found in a soft, whitish-gray marl bed, too imperfect for specific identi- fication, but showing the presence of Equisetum and coniferous and moiiocdtyledonous jilants.

Before reaching this point, and much of the way from Coal Banks, an extensive system of dikes of micaceons basalt was observed cutting th rough the white Cretaceous sandstone in all directions and forming pictuies(iue objects along the river. These seemed to disappear as the Judith River beds came into view, leaving the question of their age lelative to that of these beds unsettled ; but at a point IS miles below Ciaggett a single one of these dikes was observed to rise entirely through the Cretaceous and Laramie strata, both of which were here exposed, thus proving conclusively that the ujithrow of lava which produced these dikes occurred posterior to the deposit of at least a large portion of the Judith River strata.

From a point about fifteen miles below (iraiid Lsland, where the Judith River group may be said to end, to the Muscle Shell, where the Fort Union group proper may be said to begin, no Laramie strata can lie seen, and for much of the distance from the mouth of the Muscle Shell to Poiilar Creek, 100 miles above the mouth of the Yellowstone, they merely cap the hills or are wanting altogether. Below Poplar Creek they come down to the level of the river, and some twenty or thirty miles below that point fossil plants were found, including Populus and other Dico- tyledons, as well as Conifers, at three different horizons in the cliffs on the right bank of the river. At other points between this and Fort Union, stems of cane and Equisetum were common, but no rich plant beds were found. The Laramie hills here often form nearly ])erpeiidic- ular walls along the south bank of the river and thick beds of coal may be traced for great distances. Much of the Carbonaceous rock has been burned ; and at one point the fire was still burning, the rocks in the vicinity of a smoking crevasse being hot, but no actual ignition being visible from without. The progress of this combustion could often be easily traced along a vertical escarpment and the lines clearly seen which were formed by its cessation. At one place the transition from brick red to dark slate color was abrupt along a vertical line extending from toj) to bottom of a wall several hundred feet high, forming a very striking contrast.

At a point about thirty miles below Fort Buford an interesting bed of

wAitn.)

LIST OF SrEClES ILLUSTKATEU. 549

northern drift was observed, loriiiiug a layer about two feet thick, close down to the water's edge. One hundred miles below Fort Buford a tine deposit of typical Fort Union plants was found, the light slate-colored marl containing them being, however, quite soft. At Little Kuife Creek another bed was examined. The Fort Union groui) is the only deposit in view throughout all this region. I'lants were seen at nearly all points that were examined, and at Fort Stevenson I visited a range of low red buttes three miles east of the fort, where I collected a number of good specimens. They closely resembled the forms of the Lower Yellowstone and those previously described from various points within the Fort Union group.

Below this poiut the country is more flat, the hills are lower and more distant from the river, and there is evidence that the Laramie de- posits are passing below the surface. Square Butte, eight or nine miles above Bismarck, is capped by strata that appear to occupy the summit of the formation.

LIST OF SPECIES ILLUSTRATED.

The proportions which this paper has assumed preclude any explana- tory remarks upon the figures which I have selected to illustrate the recent collections above described from the Laramie group, and all that can be added in explanation of them is a simple list of the names of the species as they have been decided upon up to this time, leaving more ample discussion of the nice points involved, and the statement of the evidence for or against these determinations, for a subsequent publica- tion. This effort must be regarded as tentative, and subject to much alteration as more thorough study of all the material in hand shall throw additional light upon the many knotty problems involved.

CRYPTOGAMS.

Fucus lignitum, Lx. Phite XXXI, Figs. 1, 2.

PointotKucks, W,^ omiug ; white saudstoiie Ijed east of station (Fig. 1). Burus's Rancb, Moutana (Fig. U).

Spiraxis bivalvis, u. sp. Plate XXXI, Fig. 3. Head of Clear Creek, Montana.

CONIFERS.

Ginkgo Lar(imieiisis,Wan\, Science, Vol. \', June 19, 1SS5, p. 49(5, tig. 7. Plate XXXI, Fig. 4.

Point of Rocks, Wyoming; gray sandstone bed uortli of station.

Giidgo (idiantoides, Ung. Plate XXXI, Figs. 5, C. Seven Mile Creek, Montana; SparganlMni l)ed.

bW

550 FLOHA OF THE LAK'A.MIK (.KnI p.

f>eqvoia hi/ormis, Lx. Plate XXXI, Fif^s. 7-12.

/ Point of Koeks, Wyoming; white sandstone bed east of 8t;.tion (Figs. 7, H);

white marl bed northwest of station (Figs. 9-12).

MONOCOTYLEDONS.

Phragmitis Ahtshnia, Heer. Plate XXXII, Figs. 1-.3.

Unrns's Kaucli, Montana.

Lemna .scutata, Dawson. Plate XXXIl, Figs. 4, 5.

■'/ Bnrn,-.'.s Ranch, Montana.

Sparganium Stygimn, Heer. Plate XXXII, Figs. (», 7. .Seven Mile Creek, Montana.

DICOTYLEDONS.

Popuhis gifinrhilifern, Heer. Plate XXXIII, Figs. 1-4. Fig. 3a, enlarged.

Bnrns's Kauch, Montana.

Po2>itlus cmieata, Xewby. Plate XXXIII, Figs. .5-11.

Seven Mile Creek, Montana; Sparnaninm bed (Figs. r)-lilj. Clear Creek, Mon- tana (Fig. 11).

Populus spedosa, n. sp. Plate XXXIV, Figs. 1-t. Clear Creek, Montana.

Populus ambli/rhj/nvha, n. sp. Plate XXXIV, Figs. 5-9; Plate XXXV, Figs. 1-G. Seven Mile Creek, Montana; white marl bed.

Popiilus (laphnogenoides, n. s[). Plate XXXV, Figs. "-!).

Seven Mile Creek, Montana ; white njar! bed. Popiilus o.vi/rhtincha, n. sp. Plate XXXV, Figs. lo. II.

Seven Mile Creek, Montana; white marl bed.

Populus craspedodroma, u. sp. Plate XXXV], Fig. 1.

Bnrns's Kanch, Montan.-i.

Populus Whilci, n. sp. Plate XXXVI, Fig. 2.

Bnrns's Kanch, Montana; collected by Dr. C. A. White in 188"2 and named in his Iioiinr.

Populus hederoides, n. sp. Plate XXXVI, Fig. 3.

Seven Mile Creek, Montana; white marl bed. Populus Pichardsoni, Heer. Plate XXXVI, Fig. 4.

linrns's Ranch, Montana.

Populus anomald, ii. sp. Plate XXXVI, Fig. 5.

Bnrns's Ranch, Montana. Populus Oretviopsis, u. sp. Plate XXX S^I, Fig. ii.

Seven Mile Creek, Montana ; white marl bid.

1

Populus uuvqualis, u. sp. Plate XXXVI, Fig. 7.

Bnrns's Ranch. Montana.

%

WARI..1 LIST OF SPECIES ILLUSTRATED. 551

Quercus bicornis, n. sp. Plate XXXVI, Fig. 8.

St'veu Mile Creek, Moutaua ; bed below tbe ironstone.

(Jiicrcus Doljemis, Pilar. Plate XXXVI, Figs. !t, 10. -^

lilack Buttes Station, Wyomiuf;. (jKi'rcns CarhoncnuLs, \\. sp. Plate XXXVII, Fig. 1.

Carbon Station. Wyoming.

Quercus Dentnni, Lx. Plate XXXVII, Fig. 2.

Point of Kocks, Wyoming; gray sandstone bed north of station.

Dryophyllum aqudmaruiii, ii. .sj). Plate XXXVII, Fig.s 3-5.

Black Buttes Station. Wyoming.

Dryophyllum Bruneri, u. sp. Plate XXXVII, Fig.s. 0-0.

Point of Rocks, Wyoming ; gray .sandstone bed ( Figs. (!, T ). Hodges Pass, Wyo- ming (Figs. 8, 9). Named in honor of Prof. Lawrent-e Brnner.'

Dryophyllum falcatum , u. .sp. Plate XXXVII, Fig. 10. Hodges Pass, Wyoming.

Dryophyllum basidentatum, n. sp. Plate XXXVII, Fig. 11.

Carbon Station, Wyoming.

A Corylus Americana, Walt. Plate XXXVIII, Figs. 1-"). Seven Mile Creek, Montana ; white marl lied.

Corylus rostrata, Ait. Plate XXXIX, Figs. 1-1.

Seven Mile Creek, Montana; white marl bed.

Corylus Fosferi, ii. sp. Plate XXXIX, Figs. 5, 6.

h Head of Clear Creek Montana (Fig. 5); Clear Creek, Montana (Fig. t>) ; the

latter collected in 1882 by Dr. White's party ; the first by Mr. Richard Foster, for whom it is named.

1^ ? Corylus McQuarrii, Heer. Plate XXXIX, Fig. 7.

Seven Mile Creek, Montana; bed belcfw the ironstone.

Abius Greu-iopsis, n. sp. Plate XXXIX, Fig. <S. ^

Hodges Pass, Wyoming.

'1 Betulaprisca,Ett. Plate XL, Fig. 1.

Seven Mile Creek, Montana; bed below the ironstone. Betiila coryloides, n. s\}. Plate XL, Fig. 2.

Seven Mile Creek, Montana; white marl bed. B tula basiserrala, u. sp. Plate XL, Fig. 3.

Seven Mile Creek, Montana; white marl bed. Myrica Torreyi, Lx. Plate XL, Fig. 4. f

Black Buttes Station, Wyoming. fJuf/lans Ungeri,'B.eeT. Plate XL, Fig. 5.

Burus's Ranch, Montana.

' Professor Bruner's valuable services on this expedition are otherwise acknowledged in my administrative report for that year. (See Third Annual Report United States Geological Snivey. 1881-'8i, p. 29).

\

>

552 FLOKA OF THE LAKAMIK GKOUP.

.lug](uiH HiyclUi, Heer. Plate XTj, Fig'. 0.

Biirns'H Ranch, Montana. Varya antiquornm, Newby. Plate XL, Fig. 7.

Carbon Station. Wyoming.

PUitanm Heerii, Lx. Plate XL, Figs. 8, 9.

Black Buttes .Station, Wyoniini;.

riatanun nohilin, Xewby. Plate XLI, Fig. 1.

Si'ViMi .Milt) Ci'iM'k, Montana: S|)arj;aniuni bed.

Platanns hii.silubata, ii. «]). Plate XLII, Figs. 1-4. Fig. 4a, enlarged.

Plate XLin, Fig. 1.

Seven Mile Creek, Montana: Sparganium bed (Plate XLII). Clear Creek, Montana (Plate XIJII).

Platanus GuUhlnKr, Gi\\)\i. Plate XLIV, Fig. 1.

Biirus's Rancb, Montana.

Platanus Raynoldnii, Newby. Plate XLIV, Figs. 2, 3.

Clear Creek, Montana; collected in 1882 by Dr. White's party. Ficus irreyularis, L.x. Plate XLIV, Figs. 4, 5.

Goldim, Coloriido.

Ficua spcctabilis, Lx. Plate XLIV, Fig. (J.

Golden, Colorado; collected in November, 18«1, by Mr. C. W. Cross for Mr. .S. F. Eniiuons.

Ficu^ Crossii, ii. sp. Plate XLIV, Fig. 7.

Golden, Colorado; collected in 1881 by Mr. C. W. Cross for Mr. S. F. Emmons. Ficus speciosissimd, n. sp. Plate XLV, Fig. 1.

Point of Rocks, Wyoming ; gray .sand-stono bed north of station. FicHs tiliaifnlia, Heer. Plate XLV, Fig. 2.

Burns's Ranch, Wyoming. FicKs ,siiii((is((, II. SI). Plate XLV, Fig. ',i.

Black Buttes Station, Wyoming.

Ficus limpida, n. sp. Plate XLV, Fig. 4.

clear Creek, Montana.

Ficus viburnifoUa, ii. sp. Plate XLV, Figs. 5-9.

Clear Creek, Montana.

Ulmus planernidcs, ii. sp. Plate XLVI, Figs. 1, 2.

CI arCreek, Montana.

Ulmus minima, n. s[). Plate XLVI, Figs. ;>, 4.

clear Creek, Montana.

Ulmus rhamiiijulia, n. sp. Plate XLVI, Fig. 5.

clear Creek, Montana.

WAHU.J LIST OF Sl'IXIKS II,I,i;«TKATEl) 553

In^ UlniKK orhicuhois, u. sp. Plate XL VI, Fig. 6.

Clear Cretk, Montana. '-1 Lduriis resuiy/ens, Sap. Plate XLYI, Fig. 7.

Bull Mountains, Montana ; collected liv Dr. A. C. IVale in lS-:i.

X

i

J

L'

I

%

/

/

Laurus primigenia, Uug. I'late XLVI, Figs. S-10. W'

Caibon Station, Wyomiug(Fig. 8). I'oint ofRocUs, Wyoming : white sandstone l)edeast of station (Figs. 9, 10).

Litsaa Carbonensis, n. sp. Plate XLVI, Fig. 11.

("arbon Station, Wyoming.

Cinnamomum lanceolatum, Heer. Plate XLVI, Fig. 12.

Hodges Pass. Wyoming. '3

Cinnamomum affine, Lx. Plate XLVI I, Figs. 1-3.

Black Buttes Station, Wyoming. / f

Daphnogene elegans, Wat. Plate XLVII, Fig. i. '

Black Bntte.s Station, Wyoming.

)■. ? Monimiopsis amborcefolia, Sap. Plate XLVII, Fig. 5.

Seven Mile Creek, Montana; Sapindiis bed. ? Monimiopsis fraterna, Sap. Plate XLVII, Fig. (».

Seven Mile Creek, Montana; bed below the ironstone.

Nyssa Buchliana, n. sp. Plate XLVII, Fig. 7.

Hodges Pass, Wyoming. Named in honor of Mr. J. Bndd, suiieriutemUnt of eonstruclion of the Oregon branch of the Union Pacitic Railroad, who directed me to this locality.

Cornns Fonlcri, u. sp. Plate XLVII, Fig. 8.

Upper .Seven Mile Creek, ten miles above Glendive, Jlontana; collected by Mr. Ricliard Foster, of Dr. White's party, in 18*2.

Cornus Stiideri, Heer. Plate XLVIII, Fig. 1. "V-ij^

Point of Rocks, Wyoming; gray sandstone bed north of station. ,

Cornus Ummonsii, u. sp. Plate XLVII [, Figs. 2, 3.

Golden, C(d<irado(Fig. 2); collected by Mr. S. F. Emmons, in Jnly,1882. Point of Rocks, Wyoming ; gray sandstone bed north of station (Fig. 3).

Hedera jyarrula, n. fip. Plate XLVIII, Fig. 4.

Clear Creek, Montana.

Hedera minima, u. sp. Plate XLVIII, Fig. 5.

Head of Clear Creek, Montana.

Hedera Bruneri, n. sp. Plate XLVIII, Fig. 6. Black Bnttes Station, Wyoming.

Hedera aquamara, ii. sp. Plate XLVIII, Fig. 7.

Black Bnttes Station, Wyoming. AraUa nofata, Lx. Plate XLV'III, Fig. 8.

Clear Creek, Montana.

5r)4 FLORA OF Tin: I.A i; A \l 1 1'. (ili'orP.

.1 ralin Looziana, Siip. & ^[ai. I'latc XLN' III. Fif;. 0.

Clear Creek, Molilalia. Arolia diffitata, ii. sp. Plate X LVIII, Figs. lO-lli ; Plate XLIX, Fifi, 1.

Head (if Clear CieeU. Montana.

Trapa micro pliylhi, Lx. Plate XLIX, Figs. 2-i>.

Bunis's Kaiicli, Wyoiniug.

'7' ITamameUtesfotherf/iUoidcs, Sap. Plate XLIX, Fig. 6.

Seven Mile Cii'cU, Montana: bed Iielow the ironstone.

h) Leguminosites aracjiioides, Lx. Plate XLIX, Fig. 7.

Clear Crecik, Montana.

; Aver trilobatum tricnspidafum, Ileer. Plate XLIX, Fig.s. 8, 9.

Clear Creek, Montana (Fig. 8) ; collected by Dr. White's iiarty in 1882. LittU Mi.ssoiiri River, Dak.ita (Fig. II): collected by llayden and Pcale in 1"*83.

Acer indivisnin, Web. Plate L, Fig. 1.

Carlion Station. Wyoming.

h Sapindtis affinis, Newby. Plate L, Figs. 2, 3.

(iladstone. Dakota; collected by Haydeu and I'eale in 188:5.

ISapindus grandifoliolus, u. sp* Plate L, Figs. 4-8. Seven Mile (!reek, Montana ; Sajiiudns bed. ^. Sapindus (ilatus. ii. sj). Plate L, Figs. 9, 10.

Seven Mile Creek, Montana ; Sai>indn,s bed.

Snjnndu.s anriufitifoiius, Lx. Plate LI, Figs. 1-3.

Seven Mile Creek, Montana: Sapindus bed. Vitis Bnuicri, ii. sp. Plate LI, Figs. 4, .j.

Carbon Station, Wyoming. Vilis Garhonensis, n. sp. Plate LI, Fig. (>.

Carbon Station, Wyoming. Vifis XaiithoUthensis, u. sp. Plate LI, Figs. 7, 8.

Hnrns's Ranch, Montana.

Vitis cuspidola, n. si). Plate LI, Figs. 9-11.

Bnriis'.s Kanch, Montana. / )l i v^~

/ Berchemia multinervi.s, A\. Bi: Plate LI, Figs. 12, 13. \^^ ( "li ^ 'V*-'-^

Golden, Colorado.

I Zizyphus xerruliita, n. sp. Plate LI, Figs. 14, 1.5.

Burns's Kaiieli, Montana.

Zizyphus Mcekii, Lx. Plate LU, Figs. 1, 2.

Carbon Station, Wyoming (Fig. 1). Bozeiiian Coal Mines, MontaQa (Fig. 2); collected by Hayden anil I'eale in ISS.i.

Zizyphus cinnamomoides, Lx. Plate Lll, Fig. 3. Seven Mile Creek, Montana; white marl bed.

y

WAHD.] LIST OF SPECIES ILLUSTRATED. 555

J'tdiurii.s Colombi, Heer. Plate LII, Figs. 4-6.

Biirns's Ranch, Montana (Figs. 4,5). Carbon Station, Wyoming (Fig. 6). I'dHuni.s pulchern'ma, u. sp. Plate LII, Fig. 7.

Carbon Station, Wyoming.

I'aUurus Fealei, n. sp. Plate LII, Figs. 8-10.

Little Missouri River, Dakota; collected l)y Dr. A. C. Peale in 188:i. Celmtrus ferriKjineun, n. sp. Plate LII, Figs. 11-14.

Bnrns's Kuncli, Montana (Fig. 11); Iron Bliift', Montana (Figs. 1-^-14). Celastrus Taurinemis, ii. sp. Plate LII, Figs. 15, IG.

Bull Mountains, Montana (Figs. 15); Burns's Ranch, Montana (Fig. 16). Celastrus alni/oKus, u. sp. Plate LIII, Figs. 1, 2.

Burns's Ranch, Montiiua.

Ctlastrus pterospermokles, u. sii. Plate LIII, Figs. 3-0.

Burus's Ranch, Montana.

Celastrus ovatus, n. sp. Plate LIII, Fig. 7. Iron Bluff, Montana.

Celastrus grewi<fpsis, n. sp. Plate LIII, Fig. 8.

Burns's Ranch, Montana. Celastrus eurvinervis, n. sp. Plate LIII, Figs. 9, 10.

Burns's Ranch, Montana.

Euonymus Xantholithensis, u. sp. Plate LIV, Figs. 1, 2.

Burns's Ranch, Montana. Elaodendron serrtdatum, ii. sji. Plate LIV, Figs. 3-5.

Burns's Ranch, Montana (Figs. 3, 4). Seven Mile Creek, Montana (Fig. 5). Ela'odendroH polymorjjhiim, n. sp. Plate LIV, Figs. 6-V2.

Burns's Ranch, Montana. Grewia crenata (Ung.) Heer. Plate LIV, Fig. 13.

Bull Mountains, Montana; collected by Hayden and Peale in 1883. Oreu-la celastroides, u. sp. Plate LIV, Fig. 14.

Iron Bluli', Montaua.

Grewia Pealei, ii. sp. Plate LV, Figs. 1-3.

Bull Mountains, Montana; collected by Dr. A. C. Peale in 1883. Grewia obovata, Heer. Plate LV, Figs. 4, 5.

Seven Mile Creek, Montaua ; white marl bed.

Grewiopsis platani/olia, n. sp. Plate LV, Fig. 6. Seven Mile Creek, Montana; Sparganium bed.

GreuHopsis viburni/olia, u. sp. Plate LV, Fig. 7. Burns's Ranch, Montana.

556 Kr.ORA OF THE LAKAMIK ul.'oip.

(Irewiopsis populi/oUa, n. sp. Plate LV, Figs. 8-10.

Burns's Raucli, Montana. (Irewiopsis fici/olia, ii. sp. Plate LVI, Fij;s. 1, 2.

Black Biittcs .Station, Wyoming.

/ (Irewiopsis paliurifolia, n. sp. Plate LVI, Fig. 3.

Black Biittcs Station, Wyomiuj;. i'terospvrmites cordatus, n. sp. Plate LVI, Fig. 4.

Seven Mile Creek, Montana; bed below the ironstone. rterospermites Whitei, n. sp. Plate LVI, Figs. 5, 6.

Bnrns's Ranch, Montana; collected by Dr. C. A. White in 1882. Pterosptrmites minor, n. sp. Plate LVI, Figs. 7-9.

Bnrns's Kancli, Montana.

Credneriaf daturcefoKa, n. sp. Plate LVII, Figs. 1-5; Plate LVIII, Figs. 1-5.

Seven Mile Creek, Montana ; white marl bed

Plate LVIII, Fig. (j, represents a leaf of Datnra Stramonium, L., introduced to illustrate the similarity of its nervation to that of the fossil leaves.

Cocculus Haydenianus, u. sj). Plate LIX, Figs. 1-5.

Bnrns's Ranch, Montana (Figs. 1-4). Iron Blnff, Montana (Fig. . "it. Named in honor of Ensign Everett Hayden, U. S. N., who has taken a special interest in this plant.

/ LiriodendroH Laraniiense, u. sp. Plate LX, Fig. 1.

Point of Rocks Station, Wyoming; gray sandstone bed north of station.

Magnolia pulchra, n. sp. Plate LX, Figs. 2, 3.

Point of Rocks Station, Wyoming; gray sandstone bed north of station.

]>i(isj>yros brachysepala, Al. Br. Plate LX, Figs. 4, 5.

Bnrns's Ranch, ilontana (Fig. 4). Seven Mile Creek, Montana (Fig. 5).

Diospyros Jicoidea, Lx. Plate LX, Figs. 6, 7.

Bnrns's Ranch, Montana (.Fig.O). Clear Creek, Montana (Fig.7). Diospyros .' obtiisata, ii. sp. Plate LX, Fig. 8.

Seven Mile Creek, Montana; bed below the ironstone.

Viburnum tilioides (Tilia aiitiqtia, Newby.). Plate LXI, Figs. 1-7; Plate LXII, Figs. 1-0. Clear Creek, Montana. I, Viburunm perjecTum, n. sp. Plate LXII, Figs. 7-'J.

clear Creek, Jlontana.

Vibunuim niacrodimtiim, u. sj). Plate LXII, Fig. l(t.

Clear Creek, Montana.

Viburnum limpidum, ii. sp. Plate LXIII, Figs. 1-4. Clear Creek, Montana.

WARU.I LIST OF .SPECIES ILLUSTRATED. 557

Vilninuon Whymperi, Heer. Plate LXIII, Fig. 5. Clear Creek, Montana.

, Yxhurnum jierplexum, u. sp. Plate LXIII, Figs. (>, 7,

Bnrus's Ranch, M mtana; collected by Dr. White's party in 1882.

1^ Viliiinnim elonyutum, n. sp. Plate LXIII, Figs. 8, !).

Clear Creek, Montana.

^ Vibu'iiiim oppositinerre, u. sp. Plate LXIV, Figs. I, i'.

Clear Creek, iloutaiia.

/ VibiiiHum ercctum, u. sp. Plate LXIV, Fig. 3.

Clear Creek, Montana.

Viburnum asperum, Newby. Plate LXIY, Figs. 4-9.

Cracker Box Creek, Montana (Figs. 4-6). Seven Mile Creek, Montana; Spar- ganium bed (Fig. 9).

^ Viburnum We wberriamnu, It. s\>. Plate LXIV, Figs. 10-12; Plate LXV, Figs. 1-3. Cracker Box Creek, Montana.

/j Vibvrnum Hordenskjoldi, Heer. Plate LXV, Figs. 4-0.

Clear Creek, Montana (Fig. 4). Little Missouri River, Dakota (Fig. (i). Glad- stone, Dakota. (Fig. 5). The last two were collected by Dr. A. C. Peale in

1883.

h

Viburnum betulafolium, n. sp. Plate LXV, Fig 7.

Burns's Ranch, Montana ; collected by Dr. White's party in 1882.

Viburnum finale, ii. sp. Plate LXV, Fig 8.

Iron Blurt; Montaii.i.

31

U. 8. OEOLOOICAL 3DRVEy

.il

^H

m

m

y

'%

CR^ Figs. 1, 2. Fnens li-initura, L:

Fi«. 4. Ginkgo Luramieusis. \\':nd.

aiSTH ANNUAL REPORT PL. SKXI

^^->

I

10

K.

"^m^

%

<^

n

OGAMS-

Fn: 3. Spirasis bivahis, n. sp.

rER/E.

, adiantoides, Uiig Fig&. 7-12. Sequoia biforruis, Ls.

82

IJ. 8. OEOLOOICAI. 80RVEV

'r r'h

.1.1

MONOCO Figs. 1-3. Phrapnites Alaskann, Tleer. Fios. 4. 5. Ltmi

SIXTH ANNUAL EEPOBT PL. SSXIl

f ' ^

^.

4

■ 'H'yk^'"-

4.

,.#11.

'•'-.-... \\4

/ //I

■^,-

^M^ '^

LEO QMS.

outata, Dawflon. Fiob. 6. 7. Sparganinm Stygiura, Heer.

S3.

O. a OEOLOOICAL BHRVET

Fins. 1-4 Pdjinlus ^'laiHluIifcrn. ITftT.

DICO" Fin. 33. r

SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PL SXSIII

/'■■^Ar' t i ■

,31

JEDONS-

fged detail of Fig, 3.

FiGa. 5-11. P. cuneata, Newby.

34

B GEOLOOTCAL EORVET

s

DICOT ■ Figs. 1-4. rojiulus speciosa, n. sp.

SISTH ANNUAL REPORT PL. aSSIV

'-^■

■r/

/

|ns-

^

\ \

'\

1

fes. 5-9. P. amblj-rUyncha, n. sp.

35

0 6. 0E0L03ICAL SURVEY

A

A'

DICO" Figs. 1-6. Populus amblyibynclia, u. sp. Figs. V-9. P.

BISTH ANNUAL REPORT PL ZSXV

/

ED J'-'IS.

Anogenoides, n. sp. Figs. 10, 11. P. oxyrhyncha. n. sp.

3(

r. e. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Fig. 1. roi)uIus truspedoditmia. u. sp. Fin. 2. P. "U'liitei, u. sp. Fin. 3. V. btderoiilea, n. sp. Vic. 4. P. P.H-hiirdsoni, Heer. Fig. 5. P

SIXTH ANNCTAL REPORT PL. SSXVl

.EDONS.

Dmala, n. sp. Fig. 6. P. Grewiopsis, n. 8p, Fm. 7. P. inifiqualis, n. sp. Fig. 8. Queicus bicornis, n. sp. Figs. 9, 10. Q. Doljensis, Pilar.

O. e. OEOLOGICAL BDRVET

Fic ]. Quercus carboneusis, n. ap. Fig. :'.. Q. Ueutoni, Lx.

DICOT riGS. 3-5. D[\o|ili.vlUim aqiiamaran

SIXTH ANNDAL HEPOKT PL- KSZVTI

EDOfiS sp. Figs. 6-9. D. Bruneii, n. sp.

Fig. 10. D. falcatum, n. sp. Fig. 11. D, basidentatam, d. sp.

38

0. e. QKOLOQICAL 8CRVET

Die :T

Fins. 1-5. Ciirvl4

SIXTH ANNOAL REPORT PL XXXVUI

39

0. 8. OEOIOOICAL 90HVE?

DlCOT Figs. 1-4 Coryhis rnstrata, Ait. Figs. 5. 6. C. Fosteri, n. sp.

aiSTH ANNUAL REPORT PL. ZXSIX

EDONS.

Fins. 7. ?C, McQxiarrii, Heer.

Fig. 8. Alnus Grewiopais, n. ap.

40

U. B. OEOLOOICAL B0RVET

^>

t

c

OlCOT Fii:. 1. Eclula prison, Ett. Fin. 2. E. corvloiiies, n. sp. Flo. 3, B. lasiserrata, n. sp Fio. 4. M.vrica Torreyi, Lx.

SIXTH ANNDAL HEPORT PL XL

yy

'I

—X'" >

,.-/f-

lEOONS.

Fig. 5. ? Jaglans Ungeri, Heer. Fig. 6. J. nigcUa, Ung.

Pig. 7. Carya antiquorum, Lx. Figs. 8, 9. Platauas Heerii, Lx.

41

□ . 8. OEOLOarCAL SURVEY

DICOTYLEDONS. Fkj. 1. Plntanus nobilis. Xewl)y.

SISTH ANNUAL REPORT PL. SLl

• ' K ,/--- .

42

0. S. GEOLO0:CAL 80RVEV

Figs. 1-4. riatanus liasilnbaia. i[

SIZTH ANNUAL REPORT FL SLIl

,^:^^'^T^-

■0^

<?i:0

EDONS

■p. Fig. 4a. Eohrged detail.

43

D. B GEOLOGICAL eUKVEY

^.■:0m.:

SIXTH ANNUAL REPOBT PL. SLHI

v-^^a>.

DONS tSilobata, n. sp.

44

0. 8. OEOLOOIOAL 80HTET

Fu:. 1. Pliltaiius Oiiilldliiiii-, Giipii. Flc:s. 2, li. I'. Uuyiio'.ilsii, Ncwby.

8ISTH AUKDAL REPORT PL ZLIV

DONS.

. Ficns iiTpgularis, Lx. ¥u:. B. F. spectabilis. Lx. Fli;. 7 F. Crossii, n. sp.

44

O. e. 3EOLOOICAL BDRVET

.««yc=m.

Fli:. 1. rialaiiusGuillc'linii', Gilpii. Fliis. 2, 3. I". Ka.viHi'.iisii, Newliy. Fl.s I

8IZTH AMNnAL KEPORT TL ZLIV

DONS

Ficus irregularis, Lx. Fic, fi. F. apectabilis, Lx. Flii. 7 F. Crossii, n. sii.

45

n. B. GEOLOGICAL BCR'UET

DICO

Fin, 1, FiiMia sjipi-iosissima. D. sp Fio. 2. F tilicefolia, Heer. Fig.

BIKTH aHNTJAL REPORT PL SL'7

I f

LEDONS.

'. 8inuo>^a, n. 8p.

Fig. 4. F. limpida, n, sp. Figs. 5-9. F. Yiburnifolia, n. sp.

46

D S OEOLO.^IOAL aOKVEY

m<4

:-?>

"^^l

C"--^

DlCOT Fl<;s. 1, 2. I'Iniiis [ilimcicpiiUa, ii, »p, I-'k^b. 3, 4. U. iiiiniiiin, u sp. Fir,, 5. U. lliniiinifuliii, n. ap. Fk;. C. U. nrliiciilnris, n. sp. Fir,

SIXTH ANWDAL REPORT PL KL71

EDONS.

Taurus resurgens, Sap. Fins. 8-10. L primigBuia, Uug. Fig. U. Litaa3a Carbuiiensis, ii. sp. Fir.. 12 Ciuuaiuomura lauceoUitum, Heer.

47

O. S. OEOLOGIOAL SDRVEY

Fi.=8. 1-3, Cinnamomuii, aftii,^, I.n. Fn.. 4. Daplmogone dej!niis, Wat. Fir.. .1. 'Monimiopsia anil.,,™-

31STH AHNDAL REPORT PL XLVII

DONS

I a, Sap. Fir:. G. ? M. fraterna, Saji. Flc. 7 Nv-^^ , Baddiaiia. n. ap. Flc. 8. Cornus Fo8leii,'U. 8p.

48

0 a. OEOLOOICAL B0RVE7

Fig. 1. ConmsSludcTi, Ileer. Fine. 2. 3. C. Emmcuisii, n, sp. l'"in. -l. llMlei:! p;iivuhi. ii. sp. Fin. 5. H. raininia, n. sp. Fic;. G H. 1

SIS'TH A::nnAL REPOKT PL. XLTllI

.'EDO^JS.

_ . „ „ .r. v,n s ivilia Tinfata I\ FiO. 9. A. Looziana, Sap. & Miir. Fins. 10-12. A. ilifrilata. n. sii.

eri, n. pp. Fio. 7. H. aqnamara, n. sp. ru- o. Alalia uoraia. lx. ai ...^» . i

49

C. B. OEOLOOICil. EORVEV

A~

X

'(]

h<A\_.,

DICOTY Fia. 1. Araliadigitata, n, sp. Fins. »-r). Tr.ipa micropliylla, Lx. Fin 0. Ilainamelitps fotherKilln

SIXTH AliiTUAL EXPORT PI, XL!!;

DONS.

,Sap. Fig. 7. LegumiDOsites aracliioiilea, Lx.

Figs. 8, S. Acer ti iloliatum tricuspiilatiim, Heer.

50

U. t). uc.KjL.\^'3iCAL ;'i.' i\ . li. I

ff\

A

^

/

Fic 1. Acer imliTisinn. Web.

DICOT

Figs. 2, 3. .Sapindu.s afliuis, New!,

alXTH ANHDAL REPORT PL. L

EDONS.

Figs. 4-8. S. grand ifolius, ii. ap. Fics. 9, 10. S. alaliis, n. sp.

51

C B. OEOLOaiCAL 8DR7E,V

^1

DICOTY

rir.b. 1-3. SnpiiHliis niiKiislifulius, Ls. Flcs. 4, 5. Vilis Rl-iiiuiri. n. sji. Flc. 0. V. Carboncnsis, n. sp. Fli:s. 7, 8. V. Xautholillii s

h;uai. report PL. Ll

V \S-

\,

DONS

s, n. 8]i. Figs. 9-11. V. cuspidnt.i, n. ap. FlRS. 12, 13. Berchemia nmltinervia. Al. Er. Figs. 14. IS. Zizyphns Rpnulata. n. ap.

52

r,. B. OEOLOOICAL SCHVEI

DICOT Fics. 1, 2. Zizyplius Mtekii. Lx. Fig. 3. Z. ciminrnimji.idcs, Lx. Figs 4-(i, Paliiirns Colmnbi, Heer. Fu;. 7. P. puk

SIXTH AIIHaAL REPORT PL. LIl

A

?/

V

\'

DONS. Irinia, D- sp. Figs. &-10. P. Pealei, n. sp. Figs, U-14. Celaatrns ferragineus, n. sn.

Figs. 15, 16. C. TaurineDsis, n. sp.

53

O. 8 OEOLOOICAL SOKVEI

►2J -~51

V

J . \

Y

DICOT^ rios. 1, 2. Ciilastnis alnifuliiis. ii. sp. l''lc;s. 3-6. C. j.tpr.wiiprmciilps. n. sp. Fin.

aiKTB ANNOAL REPORT th. LIIl

5>^

Fin. 8. C. growiopsis, r. sp. Figb. 9, 10. C. dirvineTvi?, n. sp.

54

C. B. 0E0L091CAL flORVEY

Fics. 1. 2. KtHinvniiis XniitholitlieTisis, n. sp Fics 3-5. Eln'odenilion senulatuin. n. sp- '■ I'-^j-i:

SIXTH ASNOAL REPORT PL. LIV

EDONS. 12. E jnilyniorplnnn, n. sp.

Fir,. 13 r.rewia crennta iriig.), Ilppr. Fig 14. G. cela.slroiclea. n. ap.

55

U. 8. GEOLOGIOAI, BORVEI

Flc.s. 1-3. Grewia Pcalei, u. »p. Figb. 4, 5. G. obovatn. HeiT. Fiu. 6. Grewiopsis

HIXTB AtnrOAI. SET>OHT PL LV

Fig. 7. G. vibnrnifolia, u. sp. Figs. 8-10. O. populifolia, n. »p.

56

XJ. 8. OEOLOaiCAL SORVEI

iMiis. 1, :. Gn-wiopais lii'ifolia, ll. sp. Fir;. :i. r,. iialiiiiil'iilia. ii. sp. Fl<;. 4 I'li

SIXTH at::jd&l f.f.pokt vl- lvi

pmiiitfs lurdatiis, n. sp. Fins 5. 6. V. WUitei, n. ap. Fum. 7-9. P. iniuor. u. sp.

57

D. 8. GEOLOGICAL SCRVET

Figs. 1-5. CrcdDci

SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PL. I.Vll

jDONS. i tlntnra'folia, n. sp.

58

tr. B. OEOLoa:cAL sorvet

DICO' FiGE 1-5. Crodneria ' ilaturtefolia,

>7

w

BIZTH AHNuAL REPORT PL. LVT:

ECONS

p. Fig. 6. Datura Stramoninm L

59

D B QE0L03:CAL n"R.VET

DICOT Fios. I-.")- Cocculi

SIXTH AUUOAL REPORT PL LIS

zDONS

aydenianus, n. sp.

60

0. 8. OEOLOiJICAL SOBVEV

Fig. 1. Liriodendron Liiraniiense. n. sp. FifiS. 2. 3. Ma»Diilia pnUbni. n. eji. Fics. A

SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT FL. Li

iospyros brachysepala, Al. Br. Figs. 6, 7. D. aeoidea, Lx. Fiii. 8. D. ; obtusita u. sp.

61

O. B, QEOLOCJICAL ECTBVET

SISTH A-.-.r.T] &r. REPORT FI. LXI

ILEDONS. jurnum lilioidej?.

62

□ , 8. GEOLOOICAL 80RVET

DICO-

FiGB. 1-0. Viburnum tiliuiiles. Fics. 7-9. T.

SIXTH ANNOiL REPORT PL LSII

_EDONS

rfectum, n. ap. Fig. 10. V. macroilontum, n. sp.

63

U. 8. OECLOOICAL SURVEY

FiGB. 14 VihiniHini liiniiitluni, r. sp.

DICOTYI Fig. 5. V. Wh^'mperi, Heer

SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT PL. LSIII

IONS.

Figs. 6, 7. V. perplexum, n. sp. Figs. 8. 9. V. elongatum, n. sp.

64

O. 8. OEOLOGICAL SOHVEY

FTiiS. 1. 2. Viburnnm oppositineive, n. sp. FlO. S. V. erectum, n. sp.

SIZTH AHNOAL REPORT PL LSIV

O"---^'

ONS.

Tigs. 4-9. V. aspernm. Newby. Figb. 10-12. V. Newberrianum, n. sp.

65

a. B, OEOLOOICAL BURVE5;

DICOT Figs. 1-3. Viburuum Newberriamim, n. sp. Figs. 4-6. V. Nordensi

SISTH ANNUAL REPORT PL- LSV

lEDONS.

,di, Heer. Fin. 7. V. betnlifolium, n. sp. Fig. 8. V. finale, n. sp.

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