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SYNOPSIS

OF

THE LICHENES

OF NEW ENGLAND, THE OTHER NORTHERN STATES,
AND BRITISH AMERICA.

BY EDWARD TUCKERMAN, A.M.

FELLOW OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES ; CORRESPONDING

MEMBER OF THE BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH, AND OF THE

ROYAL BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF RATISBON.

CAMBRIDGE :
GEORGE NICHOLS,

BOOKSELLER TO THE UNIVERSITY.

1848.

CAMBRIDGE:
METCALF AND COMPANY,

PRINTERS TO THE UNIVEaSITY.

^^ -t-^^^A•

.^

PREFACE

-r

A^ The study of any group of plants, with a view to the true

relations of the species brought together in it, and their real his-

^ tory, requires the investigation of a great number of individual

^ states, and this often through a series of years. And there is,

-"S perhaps, no family of plants in which extensive and continuous

^ observation is more important than in the Lichenes. The present

work is prepared, therefore, only as an Index and Introduction

3-to the history of the plants described in it ; and it has been

^ my object rather to state results of foreign study, than to offer

the necessarily imperfect conclusions of my own limited re-

\5" search. Use has constantly been made of the Lichenographia

" Europma Reformata of Fries, whose characters of the sections

■^ and genera I have, for the most part, adopted entire, or with

\— only occasional amplification ; and the profound descriptions of

the Lichenographia, as here applied to our species, constitute

almost the whole descriptive value of the present enumeration.

The exceptions to this will, I hope, meet with the indulgence

which the extreme difficulty of any inquiries in a field as much

neglected as this has been, among us, seems to demand.*

* The later works of Fries have also been consulted, and, beside these, prin-
cipally those of Turner & I3orrcr, Eschweiler, and Schsrer, and, for American

*:>ci«>«.^ a

IV PREFACE.

The geographical hmits of the work include the countries
generally north of 40^ N. lat. ; but only occasional reference has
been made to those regions of Arctic America which do not
belong to the British possessions, and I have had, also, less
re|ard to the extreme southern boundary, which is everywhere
characterized by the appearance of southern species. The great-
er, or more northern, portion of this district is naturally distinct
and similar throughout, and its Lichenose vegetation seems, in-
deed, almost represented by that of New England alone. It is
probable, however, that a large proportion of the species in-
habitmg any part of the district, if we except its southwestern
extremity, are described here.

For the particular citations of New York Lichens, my princi-
pal authorities have been the Catalogue of the Plants of JVew York
of Dr. Torrey, 1819, and the Synoptical View of the Lichens of
JVeio York by Mr. Halsey, 1824. For citations of species from
Pennsylvania, &c., besides Dillenius (as revised in Fries's fndex
Dillenianus) I have been almost wholly indebted to the Catalogue
of the Plants of JVorth America of Muhlenberg, 1818, and his
specimens now existing in that part of the herbarium of Acharius
which is at Upsal, as well as in the herbaria of Willdenow and
Floerke at Berlm. For the Canadian and Newfoundland Lichens,
I have availed myself of those described in the Flora of ]\Ii-
chaux, as compared with the specimens in his herbarium at Paris,
the species enumerated by Mr. De la Pylaie in his Voyage a Vile

species chiefly, the Synopsis and the Lichenographia of Acharius. The termi-
nology is wholly that of Fries, and its peculiarity will be found mostly to consist
in a strict etymological use of the whole force of the terms he employs. These
terms are, then, possibly, the best expressions of the knowledge they contain, and,
in this view, as well worth studying as any other part of systematic science, tlie
design of which is to teach, not current names for its objects, but llieir history.

PREFACE. V

de Terre-JVeuve, and the specimens of those collected by him,
Mr. Despreaux, and others, preserved in the Royal Herbarium
at Berlin, in that of Professor Kunth, and in those of the late
Baron Delessert and of Dr. Montagne, at Paris. To the vast
herbarium of Sir W. J. Hooker I am indebted, not only for
numerous Lichens of Canada and Newfoundland, but for a large
collection of the arctic species obtained in the different voyages
of Parry, Franklin, and others ; and to these, and his various
Enumerations, together with those of Mr. Brown, Sir John Rich-
ardson, and Dr. Greville, I owe most of the arctic citations.
The late venerable Mr. Menzies also favoured me with a nearly
entire set of the Lichens collected by him on the Northwest
Coast of America.

The genera separated from Lichenes by Fries, and referred to
his family Byssacece, have not yet been fully studied in this coun-
try ; but these plants are so closely related to Lichenes, that I
have enumerated our ascertained species, as an appendix, at
the end.

The present occasion does not permit me to offer more than
general acknowledgments to the eminent botanists whose kind
consideration has encouraged the progress of this work. But I
cannot conclude it without expressing my indebtedness to the
great kindness and liberality of Sir W. J. Hooker, and of Wil-
liam Borrer, Esq., the learned lichenographer of Britain ; to my
much respected friend, Dr. Klotzsch of Berlin, without whose
liberal assistance in the study of the Floerkean herbarium it could
not have been undertaken ; and to my esteemed friend Dr. Gray,
at whose instance it has been prepared.

Cambridge, i/h February, 1848.

LICH^NES.

Perennial, aerial Algse, vegetating only under the influence of moist-
ure, which is imbibed by the whole surface, propagated by spores
(sporidia), and also by the cells (gonidia) of the green layer.

Thallus (universal receptacle, Ach.) composed of three layers, viz. :
the cortical, the medullary, and the gonimoiis ; evolved from a hypo-
thallus (the elementary state in which the layers are confused, and dis-
cernible afterwards as cylindrical cells, and also as fibres on the under
side of foliaceous Lichenes, and forming the base, closely adnate to the
matrix, in crustaceous ones), typically horizontal or vertical. The
horizontal thallus is either crustaceous (often somewhat lobed at the
circumference or squamulose), or foliaceous (becoming sometimes in
degenerate states crustaceous). The vertical thallus is either com-
pressed {suifoUaceous), or terete {fruticulose) ; of both of which the
Jilamentous thallus and the pendulous thallus are degenerations. In
Cladonia and Stereocaulon a vertical thallus (podetium) arises from
the primary horizontal thallus, and is itself often besprinkled with a
kind of secondary horizontal thallus in the form of leaf-like scales. —
Lichenes are reproduced in two ways ; 1. by gonidia, the (normal-
ly green) cells of the green (gonimous) layer, which appear on the
surface as irregularly shaped powdery masses (soredia), and propa-
gate either on the original thallus, forming foliaceous or squamulose
expansions, or external to the original thallus, forming new individ-
uals of the parent thallus ; and 2. by sporidia, consisting of sub-
globose >or elliptical cells, which are either naked or contained in
other elongated more or less vertical cells (asci), and immersed in
the ihalaraium (or fructification proper), and propagate new indiyid-

4 LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

uals of the species. The thalamium is either rounded, gelatinous-
waxy, and tlie asci converging (nucleiform) ; or flattened at length into
a rigid, persistent, or afterwards collapsing lamina {subdisciform) ;
or originally disciform (open); and is itself contained in a receptacle
[exciple), either of the same color with and like the thallus [thalline
exciple), or of different color and nature {proper exciple). The whole
fructification constitutes the apothecium, which is typically round, though
also occurring normally oblong and linear [lirellaform), and is either
excavated with a contracted margin {urceolate) ; or slightly concave
with an elevated margin (scuteUiform) ; or very concave-scutelliform
{cyalhiform) ; or very concave-scutelliform and pervious {infundibuli-
form, a term applied also to the pervious cup-bearing podetia of Cla-
doniae) ; or goblet-shaped and stipitate {craleriform) ; or dilated, flat,
and without prominent margin {peltcBform, of which the reniform is
a variation) ; or convex with repressed margin (cephaloid) ; or be>
tween scuteUiform and peltseform {disciform) ; or between scuteUi-
form and cephaloid {tuber culate). When the thalline exciple is pro-
longed below into a footstalk, it is said to be pedicellate ; a proper
exciple in like manner prolonged is said to be stipitate. When Ihe
proper exciple is originally and typically closed, the apothecium re-
ceives the name of perithecium. In the Angiocarpi several thalamia
are sometimes contained in the same exciple {composite apothecia) ;
and in the Gymnocarpi, in like manner, several disks are sometinies
confluent {symphycarpeous apothecia). The colors of the thallus in
Lichenes are disposed by Fries in four series : — 1. from pale green
becoming glaucous ; 2. from yellowish green becoming ochroleucous ;
3. from dark green becoming fuscous or olivaceous ; 4, from pale
yellow-green becoming lemon- colored. Each series has its peculiar
variations. The glaucous runs into pale green, cerulescent, and
white ; the fuscous into dark green, olivaceous, cinereous, grayish-
fuscous, and dark chestnut ; the ochroleucous into yellowish green
and albescent; the lemon-colored into pale yellow, orange-red, and
vermilion-red.

and british america. o

Synopsis of the Genera.

Div. I. GYMNOCARPI, Schrader, Fries.

Apothecia open, disciferous. Thalamium originally disciform, or
becoming so, contained in a thalline exciple or a proper exciple ; disk
normally persistent, ascigerous ; sometimes originally pulveraceous-
coUapsed.

Tribe I. PARMELIACE^E, Fr. — Apothecia rounded, from con-
cave becoming explanate, scutelliform, rarely peltate. Disk
somewhat waxy, persistent, contained in a thalline exciple.

Subtribe 1. Usnee.!;, Eschw. — Disk open. Thallus subvertical, or
pendulous-sarmentose, centripetal, without apparent hypothallus.

1. UsNEA. Apothecia peltate ; thallus with a solid medullary layer.

2. EvERNiA. Apothecia scutelliform ; thallus fistulous, or with a
cottony medullary layer.

3. Ramalina. Apothecia orbiculate-subpeltate ; disk pale, of nearly
the same color with the thallus.

4. Ceteaeia. Apothecia scutellate-peltate, oblique.

Subtribe 2. Paebielie^;, Eschw. — Disk at first closed, becoming
at length discoid-open. Thallus horizontal, centrifugal, with a
hypothallus.

5. Nephroma. Apothecia reniform, adnate to the lobes beneath.

6. Peltigera. Apothecia peltseform, adnate to the upper side of

the elongated lobes.

7. SoLORiNA. Apothecia adnate to the disk of the thallus.

8. Sticta. Apothecia scutelliform ; thallus with cyphellEe, or discol-
ored spots, on the under side.

9. Parmelia. Apothecia scutelliform ; thallus without veins or cy-

phellee beneath.

10. Thelotrema. Apothecia urceolate-scutelliform, a discrete inte-

rior exciple veiling a rigescent disk.

11. Gyalecta. Apothecia urceolate, an elevated and discrete colored

margin bordering a nigrescent disk.

Tribe II. LECIDEACE/E, Fr. Apothecia rounded, a persistent
disk contained in an open proper e.xciple, which it finally cov-
ers, and becomes convex, cephaloid, and immarginate.

O LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

12. STEREOCAnLON. Apothecia cephaloid ; podetia mostly solid.

13. Cladonia. Apothecia inflated ; podetia fistulous.

14. B^OMYCEs. Apothecia capitate, globose, immarginate, velate.

15. BiATORA. Apothecia disciform, solid, with a \va.xy (originally

paler) exciple. ,^-r<i. ._

16. Lecidea. Apothecia disciform, solid, with a carbonaceous, black

proper exciple.

Tribe III. GRAPHIDACEjG, Fr. — Apothecia of various form,
an altered thalline carbonaceous proper exciple, or an originally
proper exciple margining a gyrose and proliferous-papillate, or
canaliculate disk.

17. Umbilicakia. Apothecia orbiculate or lirellagform ; thallus folia-

ceous.

18. Opegkapha. Apothecia lirellseform ; thallus crustaceous.

19. Lecanactis. Apothecia irregular, at first open, with a pruinose

thalline veil.

Tribe IV. CALICIACEjE, Fr. — Apothecia orbiculate or globose,
always open, margined by a proper exciple, the disk collaps-
ing into naked sporidia ; or immarginate, and the sporidia ca-
pituliform-compact.

20. Trachylia. Apothecia sessile, innate ; disk ascigerous.

21. Calicium. Apothecia crateriform, marginate.

22. CoNiocYBE. Apothecia stipitate, immarginate.

Div. II. ANGIOCARPI, Schrader, Fries.

Apothecia closed, nucleiferous, pertuse and with an ostiole, or irreg-
ularly dehiscent ; the nucleus included, subglobose, ascigerous.

Tribe I. SPH^ROPHORACE^, Fr. — Apothecia formed of the
intumescent apices of the thallus, closed, at length irregularly
lacerate-dehiscent. Nucleus subglobose. Thallus vertical, fru-
ticulose.

23. SPH.ER0PH0R0N. Apothecla terminal, spherical ; nucleus black.

Tribe II. ENDOCARPACE^, Fr. —Apothecia immersed in the
thallus, globose, the thalline exciple attenuated into a neck, and
terminated by a discrete heterogeneous papillceform ostiole.
Nucleus deliquescent. Thallus horizontal, foliaceous or crus-
taceous.

AND BRITISH AUERICA. 7

24. Endocakpon. Apothecia pale, included in the foliaceous thallus.

25. Sagedia. Apothecia blackish, immersed in the crustaceous thallus.

26. Pektusaria. Apothecia verrucaeform, with one or more blackish,

papillate ostioles.

Tribe III. VERRUCARIACE.E, Fr. — Apothecia rounded, a
closed proper exciple (perithecium) becoming pertuse with an
ostiole, or at length open. Nucleus gelatinous, subhyaline, de-
liquescent. Thallus crustaceous.

27. CoNOTREMA. Perithecia at length open ; nucleus subdisciform.

28. Verrfcaria. Perithecia closed, with a papillseform or simply per-
tuse ostiole.

Tribe IV. LIMBORIACE^E, Fr. — Apothecia rounded, the carbo-
naceous proper exciple closed, at length variously dehiscent.
Nucleus subceraceous, rigescent. Thallus crustaceous.

29. Ptrenothea. Perithecia at length pertuse, protruding the fatis-
cent nucleus.

Div. I. GYMNOCARPI, Schrad., Fr.

Tribe I. PARMELIACE^, Fr.

I. USNEA, Dili., Hoffm.

Apothecia rounded, peltate, subterminal ; disk open, placed upon the
filamentous medullary stratum, the margin mostly radiate-ciliate. Thal-
lus cartilagineous, at first erect, sufliruliculose, becoming with age more
or less filamentous or pendulous, the crustaceous cortical stratum some-
what separate from the medullary.

A genus universally diffused; and the first species occurring, in
one or other of its forms, in every quarter of the globe. This spe-
cies extends throughout the United States. U. homalea, Tuckerm.
Enum. 1845, with a softish, much compressed, ancipital, rugulose, fas-
tigiate and attenuate-branched thallus, and plane apothecia, with scarce-
ly elevated, obtuse margins, Ramalina homalea, Ach. Lich. p. 598,
was discovered on the coast of California by Menzies ! but has not been
detected elsewhere.

8 LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

1. U. barbala, Fr. Thallus terete, irregularly branched, at length
annulate-cracked, glaucous ; apothecia almost immarginate, radiate
disk pale. Fr. LicMnogr. p. 18. — ajlorida. Fr. ; very much branched
somewhat scabrous ; apoth. large. TJ. Jlorida, Ach. — ,5. strigosa, Ach.
rather small, very thickly fibrillose-strigose. Ach. Syn. p. 305. — y. ru
biginea, Michx. ; lax, scabrous, more or less rusty -red. U. Jlorida,var.
rubiginea, Michx. Fl. 2, p. 332. — d. hirla, Fr. ; very much branched
dwarfish, the fibrillse somewhat elongated, oftener verrucose-pulveru
lent. U. hirta, Hoffm. — f . plicata, Fr. ; pendulous, elongated, subdi
chotomous, entangled, las, smoothish, pale. V. plicaia, Ach. — J. dw
sypoga, Fr. ; pendulous, elongated, branches somewhat simple, lateral
fibres spreading. U. barbata, Hoffm. Lichen barbatus, L.

Very common ; a, /S, e, and J mostly on trees, the last two less fre-
quently fertile ; S on rails, sterile ; New England. New York, Tor-
rey. Pennsylvania, Muhl. Northward to Arctic America, Richardson
(Franklin's Narrative, App.).

2. U. longissima, Ach. Th. pendulous, filamentous, terete-com-
pressed, somewhat rugulose, smoothish, nearly simple, pale glaucous,
with appro.ximate, horizontal, at length tortuous fibres. Ach. Syn. p.
307.

Firs and other trees on the sides, and in swamps at the base, of the
high mountains of New England, and northward, occurring 5 feet long.
Infertile, as is also the case with the European Lichen on which the
species was founded. It seems, like the last species, to be very widely
diffused ; and I have, or have seen, specimens probably belonging to it,
from Europe, Asia, Africa, and New Holland. A single Cape of Good
Hope specimen, in my possession, is fertile, and has quite concave, ra-
diate apothecia, with somewhat elevated, obtuse margins. The earliest
specimen that I have seen is an infertile one in the Berlin herbarium,
collected in Cappadocia by Tournefort.

3 U. angulata, Ach. Th. pendulous, flexuous, angular, nearly sim-
ple, pale cinerascent ; angles acute, scabrous ; fibres horizontal, approx-
imate, simple, short, terete-attenuate. Ach. Syn. p. 307. Halsey, Sy-
nopt. Vieiv, in A7ui. N. Y. Lye. 1, p. 21.

Trees, Pennsylvania, Muhl. ! Ach. New York, Torrcy. Massachu-
setts, occurring 4 feet long, Halsey. Spruce swamps, Chelmsford,
Russell !

4. U. trichodea, Ach. Th. pendulous (prostrate), very delicate

AND BRITISH AMERICA. y

and flexile, filiform, smooth, somewhat branched, whitish-pallescent ;
fibres horizontal, scattered, rather secund, flexuous ; apoth. small, with
an elevated, thin, entii'e margin. Ach. Syn. p. 307. Icon, Ach. Meth.,
t. 8, /. 1.

Nova Scotia, Menzies, fide Ach. Canada, Herb. Michaux ! The
specimen in herb. Floerk. ! which Floerke supposed might be U. tri-
chodea, Ach., is referred by him to U. plicata.

5. U. sphaceJata, R- Br. Th. erectish, fruticulose, the principal
branches ochroleucous, black-vittate, smooth, the ultimate ones attenu-
ate, black, all sorediiferous. R. Br. Suppl. to Parry^s Voy. p. 307.

Melville Island, R. Br. I have not seen American specimens, but I
have received fine ones from Dr. Vahl, collected by him in Spitzbergen.

II. EVERNIA, Ach., Fr.

Apothecia rounded, scutelliform, marginal ; disk open, placed upon
the cottony medullary layer, colored. Thallus originally erect, te-
retish-fruticulose or compressed-foliaceous (abnormally filamentous or
pendulous), within uniform, and either fistulous, or filled with the cot-
tony medullary layer.

The third section of this genus (Physcia) is further represented in
the South of Europe by three species not as yet known with us : — E.
intricata, Fr., with a much-branched, linear, glaucous thallus ; E. vil-
losa, Fr., with a villous, multifid, glaucous thallus; and E. flavicans,
Fr., with a much branched, linear, bright yellow thallus; of which
the first and last species attain to the southern coast of England
(Borrer) ; the first two are found in the Canary Islands (Montagne) ;
the second in Peru (Acharius) ; and the last in the West Indies (Ach.)
and South America (Eschweiler). It is possible that one or more of
these species may occur in the Southern States. In the North, E. di-
varicala, Ach., nearest to E. prunastri, with a more or less filamentous,
softish, lacunose thallus, is the only European Lichen of the present
section that is wanting with us.

§1. Cornicularia, Fr. Fruticulose, passing into filamentous
or pendulous forms.

1. E._furceZZaia,Fr.,with long (terete-compressed ?) di-trichotomous-
ly divided, suberect, entangled branches, from hoary becoming cinere-
ous, or slighdy greenish, with furcate fuscous apices, Dill. Muse. t. 85,
2

/

10 LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

f. 14, was constituted on a Lichen which Fries referred to this figure
and description of Dillenius, whose own specimens were sent him from
Pennsylvania, by J. Bartram. I have not seen Fries's description, but
he says incidentally (Lichenogr. p. 478) that his specimens are (like
those of Dillenius) infertile, and that the genus of the Lichen is there-
fore doubtful.

2. E. jubata, Fr. Thallus terete, smooth, much branched, black-
fuscous (or palish), apices simple ; apothecia innate-sessile, entire, of
the same color with the thallus. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 20. — «. hicolor,
Fr. ; th. erectish, fruticulose, branches divergent, apices cinereous-
fuscescent. Cornicularia licolor, Ach. — (S. chalyheiformis, Ach. ;
th. subfilamentous, decumbent, somewhat rigid, divergent (often white-
sorediiferous), apices oftener palish. Alectoria jubata, var. chalyb.,
Ach. Cornicularia Jilrillosa, Halsey, Lich. JV. Y. I. c. nan Ach.
— y. implexa, Fr. ; th. filamentous, pendulous, very much branched,
entangled, softish, apices of the same color. Lichen jubatus, L. —
8. selacea, Ach. ; th. filamentous, rather slender, very long, pendulous,
somewhat simple, frequently sorediiferous. Alect. jubata, var. setacea,
Ach. Setaria trichodes, Miclix. Alect. trichodes, Pylaie Voy. p. 17.

Very common : «, trees on high mountains, fertile ; and on the
ground in alpine districts, infertile ; White Mountains. Arctic America,
R. Br. (Ross's Voy.). — (S, old rails, stones, and trees, sterile ; com-
mon in New England. Arctic America, R. Br. (Scoresby's Arc. Re-
gions), Rich. — /, trees in mountainous and subalpine districts, infer-
tile ; New England and westward. Arctic America, Rich. — d, dead
wood, Canada, Michaux ! Newfoundland and northward, Herh. Hook. !
Michaux's Lichen is extremely delicate, but apparently not distinct.

3. E. divergens, Fr. Th. somewhat angular, dark-chestnut, white-
dotted ; branches elongated, flexuous ; apices attenuated, forked, of the
same color ; apoth. innate-sessile, crenulate, disk of the same color.
JV. Lichenogr. p. 21. Corniculaxia, Ach.

On the earth, alpine and arctic regions. Newfoundland, Herb. Be-
lessert. Bear Lake, Rich., Hook. ! (Parry's Sec. Voy.).

4. E. ochroleuca, Fr. Th. teretish, smoothish,i ochroleucous (and
palish), axils compressed-sublacunose, irregularly branched, apices at-
tenuate, subfibrillose ; apoth. innate-sessile, at length repand, disk livid-
fuscous. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 22. — «. rigida, Fr. ; th. suberect, fru-
ticulose, rigid, ochroleucous, apices refle.xed, blackish. Comic, ochro-

AND BBITISH AMERICA. 11

leuca, Ach. — ^. sarmentosa, Fr. ; th. filamentous, sarmentose-pendu-
lous, much branched, sofdsh, ochroleucous or pale, apices elongated,
of the same color. Alecloria sarmentosa, Ach.

Mountainous, alpine, and arctic regions. — a, on the earth ; White
Mountains, infertile. Arctic America, Rich. (Herb. Hook. !), R. Br.
(Parry's First Voy.), fertile. — /S, on the trunks and branches of trees
in the mountains of New England, and northward, fertile ; and on the
earth, alpine and arctic, sterile, a does not seem to be well represent-
ed on our mountains. The arctic specimens are very fine.

5. E. vulpina, Ach. Th. much branched, rigid, angular, com-
pressed-lacunose, greenish-yellow ; apoth. sessile, disk fuscous. Fr,
Lichenogr. p. 23.

Trunks and rails, N. W. America, Menzies ! and Rocky Mountains,
Herh. Hook. ! fertile. A few specimens in my possession, from the
White Mountains, and elsewhere, may belong to this ; but most of the
degenerate plants commonly referred to it here are, perhaps, as safely
placed with E. prunastri. 5Y . i-»* -to i-l^')

§11. Duf our ea, Ft. Fruticulose, inflated, apothecia terminal.

6. E. ramulosa, Hook, (sub Dufourea). Th. csespitose, terete-com-
pressed, scarcely lacunose, fuscous-glaucescent, much branched and
fuscous-olivaceous above, branches subdichotomous, tuberculate-ramu-
lose, obtusish. Dufourea ramulosa, Hook. App. to Parry's Sec. Voy.
j9. 424.

Arctic America, Hook. Considered by Hooker nearest to E. ma-
dreporiformis, from which he remarks that it differs in color, in its
branching, and in being fistulous.

7. E. arctica. Rich, (sub Dufourea). Th. somewhat csespitose, sub-
simple, or with a few short branches above, subulate-ventricose, smooth,
sulphureous becoming brownish ; apoth. chestnut, with an obscure,
crenulate thalline margin. Dufourea arctica. Rich, in Frankl. Narr.
p. 762 & Icon, «. 31.

Bear Lake, and elsewhere in Arctic America, Rich. (herb. Hook. !).
I follow Fries in considering the Dufourese a section of the present
genus. Hooker (App. to Parry's Sec. Voy. 1. c.) refers Dufourea no-
dosa, R. Br. (Ross's Voyage), to a variety of the present species. I
have not seen the description of Brown.

§ III. Physcia, Fr. Foliaceous-compressed, the under side chan-
nelled.

12 LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

8. E. prunastn, Ach. Th. subfoliaceous, ochroleucous (and palles-
cent), lacinias linear-attenuate, rugose-lacunose ; on the under side
somewhat channelled and white ; apoth. subpedicellate, cyathiform,
rufous. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 25. - ■

Trees and shrubs, more rarely on stones and rails. Arctic A^mer-
ica, Rich. Canada, fertile, Herh. Hook. ! More common with us in
degenerate states. New England. New York, Terr. Pennsylvania,
Muhl.

9. E. furfuracea, Mann. Th. subfoliaceous, glaucous (oftener ci-
nereous-furfuraceous), lacinias linear, dichotomous ; channelled and
becoming black on the under side ; apoth. pedicellate, disk rufescent.
Fr. Lichenogr. p. 26. Borrera, Ach. — ^. Cladonia, Tuckerm. ; suf-
fruticulose, naked, lacinise patent, much branched, and often somewhat
thyrsoid-entangled.

Trunks, common and fertile ; more rarely on stones, &c. ; New
England. New York, Halsey. — /S, firs and other trees, on the moun-
tains of Northern New England, fertile.

III. RAMALINA, Ach.

Apothecia rounded, scutelliform, thick, pedicellate-subpeltate, scat-
tered upon both sides of the thallus, disk open, placed upon the (green)
gonimous stratum. Thallus originally erect, ramose-laciniate, similar
throughout, and of the same color.

Two species occurring in the North of Europe are as yet whol-
ly wanting with us : — R. pollinaria, Ach., with a softish, flaccid,
corrugated thallus besprinkled with white powdery spots ; and R.
scopiilorum, Ach., with a thick, rigid, polished, often terete thallus, at-
taining to a very large size. At the extreme South, we may possibly
have some West Indian species, or others peculiar to this continent.
The late Mr. Menzies kindly presented me with two, collected by him
on the coast of the Mexican State of California, which may be noticed
briefly in this place. It is probable the first, at least, has been already
described, but I have not been able to find any account of it. R. reti-
formis, Menz. herb. ; subcartilagineous, much elongated, the irregular
flexuous branches dilated above and regularly reticulate-perforate ;
apoth. lateral. Monterey ! — R. Menziesii, Tuckerm. ; submembrana-
ceous, thin, deeply lacunose or plane, canaliculate, smooth ; apoth.
lateral, sessile, with a thin, elevated margin. R. scopulorum 1 Menz.
herh. R. scopulorum, var. tenuissima. Hook, if Am. in Beechey's Voy.

AND BRITISH AMERICA. 13

p. 163 ? Jfonterey ! Appears to me to differ from R. scopulorum in its
softish, plane, often deeply lacunose, and thin thallus, as well as in the
apothecia. — Roccella, a genus nearly allied to the present and the
last, and diffused throughout the warmer regions of the globe, has not
as yet any North American representative. I saw, however, in a small
collection of " Algse from Carolina, Bermudas, and the Caribbees, by
the Rev. Mr. Clerk," in the British Museum, a Roccella, which resem-
bled R. phycopsis, Ach. ; but it is uncertain at which of the above lo-
calities this Lichen was obtained.

1. R. calicaris, Fr. Thallus ramose-foliaceous, cartilagineous, ri-
gescent, lacunose, glaucous ; apothecia pedicellate, with elevated mar-
gins, disk plane, palish. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 30. — a. fraxinea, Fr. ;
lacinise longer and broader, the fertile ones plane ; apoth. lateral. R.
fraxinea, Ach. — /?. fasligiata, Fr. ; laciniae shorter, fastigiate, sub-
compressed, lacunose ; apoth. somewhat terminal. JJ. fasligiata, Ach.
— ;'. canaliculata,Fi. ; lacinis sublinear, narrow-attenuate, fertile ones
channelled ; apoth. afRsed to the reflexed apices. Lichen calicaris,
L. R. fasligiata, §., Ach. — S. farinacea, Schser. ; laciniae linear-
attenuate, sublacunose (sorediiferous), rigid; apoth. scattered. R. far-
inacea, Ach.

Very common : «, /?, and y, on trees, rails, &c. ; the last especially
in mountain forests ; d, abundant in the New England mountains, and
northward, on trees and rocks. New York, Torrey. Pennsylvania,
Muhl.

2. R. polymorpha, Ach. Th. caespitose, cartilagineous-rigid, lon-
gitudinally costate-rugose, glaucous (and pallescent), often sorediifer-
ous and the soredia capituliform ; apoth. subterminal, pedicellate, with
elevated margins, disk concave, pale. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 32. — (S. tinc-
toria, Ach. ; lacinice sublinear, diffuse, linear-lacunose, lacerate-incised
and pulverulent at the apices. Ach. Lichenogr. p. 601.

Rocks and stones, fertile ; New England, and westward, very com-
mon. New York, Halsey. Pennsylvania, Muhl. Arctic America, Rich.

IV. CETRARIA, Ach., Fr.

Apothecia scutellate-peltate, affixed obliquely to the apices of the
thallus. Thallus cartilagineous-membranaceous, originally ascendant ;
smoothish on the under side ; lobes either somewhat terete, or foliaceous
and somewhat concave above.

14 LICHENES or THE NORTHERN STATES

All the European species, and indeed all that belong to the genus
(as revised by Fries) in the last general work of Acharius (Synopsis),
occur with us, with several others. It is difficult to define strictly the
limits between the foliaceous species of Cetraria and some Parmelise
of the subsection Imbricaria ; and in his Flora Scanica, Fries has sug-
gested the possibility of extending Cetraria to include most or all of the
Imbricarise. But the genus, as limited in the Lichenographia Euro-
psea, seems a natural one, and well distinguished from Parmelia.

§1. Cartilaginea, Fr. Thallus cartilagineous, suberect.

1. C. tristis, Fr. Thallus fruticulose, horny-cartilagineous, rigid,
solid, distichally dichotomous, pitch-black, branches fastigiate, terete ;
apothecia terminal, plano-convex, disk fuscous-black. Fr. Lichenogr.
p. 34. Cortiicularia, Ach.

Alpine and arctic rocks. Arctic America, Rich.

2. C. odontella, Ach. Th. fruticulose, rigid, solid, subcompressed,
palmate-ramose, dark-brownish-chestnut, branches plane, dentate (not
ciliate-spinulose) ; apoth. terminal, plane, disk fuscous. Fr. Lichen-
ogr. p. 35. /■/> . /'^ if

Stones and moist rocks in alpine districts. Newfoundland, Despreaux
in herb. Deless. ! Bory in herb. Kunth ! fertile. Northward to Arctic
America, Herl. Hook. ! Melville Island, R. Br. (Parry's First Voy.).

3. C. aculeata, Fr. Th. fruticulose, rigid, subfistulous, lacunose-
compressed, very much and irregularly branched, dark-brownish-chest-
nut, branches divaricate, black-spinulose ; apoth. terminal, peltate, den-
ticulate, disk of the same color. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 35. Cornicularia,
Ach.

On the earth in alpine and subalpine districts. White Mountains,
fertile. Northward to Arctic America, R. Br., Hook. .'

4. C. Richardsonii, Hook. Th. subfoliaceous, canaliculate, divari-
cate-bipinnatifid, naked or sparingly black-denticulate, dark-chestnut ;
apoth. marginal, subpedicellate, margin granulate or irregular, disk
yellowish-brown. Hook, in Frankl. Narr. p. 761, & Icon, t. 31.

Barren grounds north of Great Slave Lake, Rich. (herb. Hook. ! &
herb. Grev, !). Prostrate.

5. C. Islandica, Ach. Th. subfoliaceous, sublinear, canaliculate,
ciliate-spinulose, olivaceous-chestnut ; apoth. obliquely scutellate, ad-
nate to the upper side of the lobes, very entire, disk dark-chestnut.

AND BRITISH AMERICA. 15

Fr. Lichenogr. p. 36. — p. plalyna, Fr. ; laciniae broader, flattish,
waved. Fr. I. c. — ■/. crispa, Ach. ; lacinice narrow, crisped, with
connivent margins. Fr. I. c. ^ I . i^.l ^fi loif .

On the earth in alpine and subalpine districts, and at lower eleva-
tions northward, abundant and fertile; y not found elsewhere. Also
degenerate and sterile on hill-sides, and in sandy fields near the coast,
throughout New England. New York, Torrey. Pennsylvania, Mulil.

6. C cucuUata, Kch. Th. subfoliaceous, sinuate-laciniate,ochroleu- t, /)v, /
cous, sanguineous-fuscous at the base, margins connivent and waved ;

apoth. adnate to the under side of the lobes, disk pale-flesh-colored.
Fr. Lichenogr. p. 37.

On the earth in alpine and subalpine districts. White Mountains,
fertile. Northward to Arctic America, Rich.

7. C. nivalis, Ach. Th. foliaceous, erectish, lacunose-reticulate,
lacerate-laciniate, ochroleucous, yellowish at the base ; lacinise canalic- '
ulate-patulous, crisped ; apoth. marginal, crenulate, yellowish-flesh-col-
ored. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 38.

On the earth in alpine and subalpine districts. White Mountains,
fertile. Northward to Arctic America, R. Br. (Scoresby).

§11. Mem.hr anacecB, Fr. Thallus coriaceous-membranaceous,
the sterile fronds subdepressed.

8. C. glauca, Ach. Th. membranaceous, foliaceous, expanded,
sinuate-lobed, ascendant, glaucous (and cinerascent) ; becoming black
on the under side ; apoth. terminal, peltate, dark-reddish-chestnut. Fr.
Lichenogr. p. 38. — «. fertilis, Fr. ; laciniae elongated, channelled,
becoming whitish on both sides, or spotted with white. Fr. I. c. —
j5. sterilis, Fr. ; lacinis shorter, wider, subdepressed, the under side
fuscous-black. Fr. I. c.

Trunks of trees, stones, &c., in mountain forests, and elsewhere;
New England. Northward to Newfoundland, Pylaie.

9. C. sepincola, Ach. Th. membranaceous, foliaceous, ascendant, !''- I
laciniate, from green becoming olivaceous-fuscescent ; paler beneath ;
lacinise plane (the margins sometimes crisped, pulverulent), fertile ones

short ; apoth. adnate to the upper side of the lobes, dark-fuscous. Fr.
Lichenogr. p. 39.

Trees and dead wood. Branches of dwarf firs, with C. pinastri.
White Mountains, fertile. Arctic America, Rich. Hudson's Bay,
Herh. Banks ! Northwest Coast, Menzies !

16 LICHENES OP THE NORTHERN STATES

10. C. ciliaris, Ach. Th. subcoriaceous, foliaceous, reticulate-lac-
unose, greenish glaucous becoming fuscescent ; whitish-fuscescent be-
neath ; lacinise ascendant, crisped, ciliate or black-denticulate ; apoth.
elevated, blackish-fuscous, with a crenate margin. Ach. Syn. p. 227.

Trunks of trees, and old rails, common and fertile ; ascending to
subalpine districts, where it is often very small, and resembles the last ;
New England. New York, Halsey. Pennsylvania, Mulil. !

11. C. lacunosa, Ach. Th. cartilagineous-coriaceous, foliaceous,
round-lobed, rugose-reticulate-cellulose, glaucescent; whitish on the un-
der side, or spotted with white ; lacinise ascending, the margins crenate,
crisped, black-denticulate ; apoth. large, elevated, dark-reddish, entire.
Ach. Meth. 295, t. 5, f. 3, Syn. p. 227. Lichen cavernosus, Menz.
herh. — /?. Ailantica, Tuckerra. ; cartilagineous-membranaceous, lacu-
nose-reticulate ; apoth. at length perforate. C. lacunosa, Hals. Lich.
N. Y., I. c. & Auct. Amer. C. Tuckermanii, OaJces in Sill. Jour.

Trunks of trees, and old rails. — a. Northwest coast, Menzies ! —
§, Lake Superior to New England, fertile. New York, Halsey. Penn-
sylvania, Mulil. The plant of Menzies differs from ours considerably,
but more specimens of the Oregon Lichen are required, to settle the
distinctness of the two.

12. C. placorodia, Tuckerm. Th. subcartilagineous, foliaceous, of
narrow, at first smooth and discrete, at length convex, concrete, and
plicate lobes, finally besprinkled with black grains or wholly isidioph-
orous, pale livid-glaucous; on the underside fuscescent, rugose, smooth,
sparingly fibrillose ; lacinife crisped, crenate; apoth. marginal, peltate
on the ascending lobules, from pale fuscous becoming dark chestnut,
with an inflexed crenate margin, at length explanate. Parmelia pla-
corodia, Ach. ! Syn. p. 196.

Trunks (normal), Chelmsford, Russell! and common on rails, when
(like C. ciliaris, C. lacunosa, and others) it assumes a Parmeliaceous
aspect. From Parmelia it appears to me distinct, in its marginal, ob-
liquely affixed apothecia, and its smooth, reticulate-rugose under-side.
Acharius was acquainted only with the rail-Lichen.

13. C. aurescens, Tuckerm. Th. subcoriaceous, foliaceous, plane,
sinuate-lobed, yellowish-green ; beneath whitish with pale fuscescent
fibres ; margins of the lobes elevated, crisped, black-denticulate ; apoth.
large, elevated, chestnut, with a thin crenulate margin.

Trunks and branches of Coniferae, New Hampshire. And old rails,
Massachusetts.

AND BRITISH AMERICA. 17

14. C. Oakesiana, Tuckerm. Th. subcoriaceous, foliaceous, de-
pressed, linear-laciniate, from green becoming yellow ; fuscous on the
under side, with scattered coarse fuscous fibres ; laciniae plane, with
elevated, black-ciliate (or more commonly pulverulent) margins ; apoth.
marginal, elevated, rufous-fuscous, somewhat entire. Tuckerm. Lich,
N. E. in Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. 1841, p. 445.

Trees and rocks in mountain forests, New England ; fertile.

15. C. viridis, Schwein. Th. membranaceous, foliaceous, round-
lobed, lacunose-reticulate, glaucous-green ; pale yellow on the under
side ; margins waved, black-denticulate ; apoth. chestnut-brown, with
an infle.xed, lobate-dentate margin. Schwein. in Hals. Lich. N. Y. I. c.
p. 16.

Cedars, Massachusetts. New York, Halsey. Certainly very near the
next ; and the Massachusetts Lichen here referred to it is perhaps noth-
ing but a state of C. juniperina, (5.

16. C. juniperina, Ach. Th. membranaceous, foliaceous, ascen-
dant, sublacunose, lacerate-laciniate, bright yellow ; on the under side
subreticulate, of the same color; laciniae concave, crisped, black-den-
ticulate ; apoth. adnate to the lobes in front, disk fuscous, margin cren-
ulate. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 40. C. juniperina, Ach. Syn. p. 226, & C.
Tilesii, Ach. J Syn. p. 228. — /S. virescens, Tuckerm. ; glaucous-green
becoming pale yellowish, pale beneath.

On trees, and on the earth, Arctic America, Rich., Hook. ! — /?,
cedars and other trees, and rails, on the coast of Massachusetts, Rus-
sell ! and southward to New York, Torrey, and Pennsylvania, Muhl.
Our jS can be compared only with the low-country Lichen of the North
of Europe, from which it appears to differ as described. The alpine
European forms, and our own arctic ones, recede variously from this
type.

17. C. pinastri, Sommerf Th. membranaceous, foliaceous, de-
pressed, round-lobed, greenish-yellow ; laciniae plane, not denticulate
(with crisped and powdery margins in the sterile plant) ; ' apoth. mar-
ginal, disk yellowish-brown, margin obtuse.' Fr. Lichenogr. p. 40. C.
juniperina, ^. pinastri, Ach. Tuckerm. Lich. N. E. I. c.

Subalpine shrubs and rocks ; also trees in mountain woods and
swamps, infertile ; New England. Northward to Arctic America,
Rich.

3

18 LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

V. NEPHROMA, Ach.

Apothecia reniform, plane, not velate, adnale to the under side of
the thallus, with an elevated thalline margin. Thallus membrana-
ceous, softish, somewhat villous on the under side.

Nephroma is constituted a section of Peltigera in the Lichenogra-
phia of Fries, but in his Flora Scanica, 1835, and his Summa Fl. Scand.
1845, these genera are recognized as distinct ; as they are also by Mon-
tagne. Fee (Crypt. Exot. Suppl. p. 8) remarks that they differ also
in their thecae.

1. N. arciicum, Fr. Thallus coriaceous-membranaceous, smooth,
ochroleucous ; on the under side subvillous, becoming black ; fertile
lobules somewhat elongated, erectish ; apothecia dark orange-red.
Peltigera arctica, Fr. Lichenogr. p. 42. N. polaris, Ach. Tuckerm.
Lich. N. E. I. c.

Eocks among mosses, and on dwarf firs, in alpine and subalpine
districts. White Mountains, fertile. Abundant in Newfoundland, and
forming patches of two or three feet in extent, Pylaie ! in herb.
Kunth. Northward to Greenland, Brasen (Fl. Dan.), and elsewhere
in Arctic America, Rich.

2. N. resujiinaiMOT, Ach. Th. cartilagineous-membranaceous, smooth,
from glaucous becoming fuscescent ; pale and downy on the underside,
which is sparingly besprinkled with whitish soredia ; apoth. rufous-^fus-
cous. Ach. Syn. p. 241.

Trunks, often of mountain ash, in mountain forests, luxuriant and
fertile ; New England. New York, Halsey. Arctic America, Rich.
Darker on rocks, where it is frequently quite small.

3. N. parile, Ach. Th. membranaceous, suborbiculate, softish,
livid-fuscous ; on the under side naked, rugulose, dark ; (the lacinife
often sorediiferous, and pulverulent at the margins), fertile lobules
short ; apoth. dark-fuscous. Ach. Syn. p. 242.

Rocks. White Mountains, not uncommon. And on the coast, Mr.
Oakes. Fertile.

4. N. Helveticum, Ach. Th. cartilagineous-membranaceous, some-
what rigid, glaucous-fuscescent ; on the under side tomentose, becoming
black; margins of the lobes and of the apothecia fimbriate-toothed ;
fertile lobules somewhat elongated ; apoth. blackish. Ach. Syn. p. 242.

AND BRITISH AMERICA. 1§

Trees and rocks, fertile, New England. A small rock-form occurs
(N. aspera, Tuckerm. Lich. N. E. 1. c), analogous to a similar one
of N. resupinatum.

VI. PELTIGERA, Hoffra.

Apothecia orbiculate, peltseform, plane, adnata to the upper side of
elongated lobes of the thallus, or more rarely marginal ; with a thin
margin of the thallus. Thallus coriaceous-membranaceous, venose on
the under side.

1. P. malacea, Ach. Thallus spongy, soft, smooth, round-lobed, fus-
cous-cinerascent, clothed 'on the under side with a dense blackish to-
mentum becoming white towards the margins ; apothecia ascendant,
rounded, margin crenulate. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 44.

Mountainous districts ; on the earth and on shrub firs near the limit
of trees, and on rocks at lower elevations. White Mountains.

2. P. aphthosa, Hoffm. Th. coriaceous, smooth, besprinkled with
warts, bright green (and glaucescent) ; reticulated with blackish veins,
and fibrillose on the under side ; apoth. large, eiscendant, round, with
a somewhat lacerate margin. Fr. Liclienogr. p. 44.

Rocks among mosses, and on the earth. Common in mountain for-
ests} New England. New York, Torrey. Pennsylvania, Mm/jZ. North-
ward to Newfoundland, Pylaie; and Arctic America, Rich., R. Br.

3. P. canina, Hoffm. Th. membranaceous, flaccid, scrobiculate,
subtomentose, fuscous-green (and cinerascent, and, hoary) ; the under
side whitish and reticulated with pale fuscous veins; apoth. ascendant,
rounded, at length semi-revolute, vertical. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 45.

On the earth, rocks, and mossy trunks, common in New England.
New York, Torrey. Pennsylvania, Muhl. Northward to Greenland,
Gieseke.

4. P. rufescens, Hoffm. Th. coriaceous, soft, subtomentose, cinere-
ous-virescent (and cinereous, and Tufescent) ; fuscous-fibrillose on the
under side, and reticulated with black-fuscous veins ; lobes rather
narrow, with elevated and crisped margins ; apoth. at length vertical,
oblong, revolute. Fr. Lichenogr, p. 46. Pellidea spuria, Ach. Tuckerm,
Lich. N. E. I. c.

On the earth, rocks, and trunks among mosses ; New England,
Thallus smaller and thicker than in the last.

20 LICHENES OF THE NORTHEKN STATES

5. P. polydactyla, HoflVn. Th. papyraceous, very smooth, shining,
plumbeous-virescent (and gray), on the under side almost naked, re-
ticulated with spongy fuscous veins; (fertile lobules often very numer-
ous ;) apoth. ascending, finally revolute. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 46. — (J.
sailata, Fr. ; margins often crisped (or powdery) ; apoth. at first trans-
versely oblong, at length erect and revolute. Fr. I. c. Pellidea scutata,
Ach. ' -L' r ■• , .; /,

Eocks and trunks among mosses, abundant in mountain forests ;
New England. New York, Halsey. Pennsylvania, Mulil. The va-
riety (9 may be taken for the next species, which has a different thallus.
P. reticulata, Hook. ms. (herb. Borr. I), from the Northwest Coast, is
near this, but apparently a distinct species. I have not seen the de-
scription.

6. P. horizontalis, Hoffm. Th. coriaceous, lacunulose, smooth, fus-
cous-virescent ; the under side reticulated with black veins ; apoth.
transversely oblong, plane, horizontal. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 47. . '/ . .; H

Rocks and trunks, among mosses, less common than the last; New
England. New York, Torrey. Pennsylvania, Muhl. Margins of the
thallus sometimes crisped,and the under side scarcely venose (var. lo-
phyra, Ach.).

7. P. venosa, HoffVn. Th. coriaceous (small), fan-shaped, simple,
green (and cinereous) ; white on the under side, and variegated with
fuscous-black, divaricately branched veins ; apoth. adnate to the thal-
lus, round, horizontal. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 48. •

On the earth, in woods. Pennsylvania, Muhl. New York, Torrey !
Northwest Coast, Menzies !

VII. SOLORINA, Ach. ^

Apothecia suborbiculate, depressed, adnate to the disk of the thallus,
covered originally with a thin membrane, which forms at length an
evanescent margin, ' subgelatinous within.' Thallus coriaceous-mem-
branaceous, foliaceous, venose or lanuginous beneath.

Eschweiler (Syst. p. 21, & Lich. Brasil. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 1833, p. 60)
considers this genus very distinct from Peltigera in the peculiar evolu-
tion of its apothecia. The apothecia of some species of Peltigera are
indeed velate, and this is the case with nearly all, according to Fries ;
but these groups differ also in their thecse, as shown by Eschweiler and
by Fee, and in a somewhat different habit. Montagne (Bet. Zeitung,

AND BRITISH AMERICA. 21

1, p. 476), Flotow (Ibid. p. 613), Fee (Crypt. Exot. 1. c), and J. D.
Hooker (Lich. Antarct. in Hook. Jour. Bot.) have enlarged the present
genus by the addition of some interesting tropical and other species.

1. S. crocea, Ach. Thallus coriaceous, lobed, obscurely green be-
coming cinnamon-colored ; on the under side saffron-colored, with rather
obscure, branched, anastomosing veins; apothecia applanate, immargi-
nate, dark-chestnut. Ach. Syn. p. 8. Peltigera, Fr. Lichenogr. p. 48.

On the earth, Arctic America. Greenland, Dill. North of Point
Lake, Rich. (Herb. Hook. !). V;, /,• zi-

2. S. saccala, Ach. Th. membranaceous, subimbricate, from green
becomiDg greenish-cinerascent ; on the under side whitish and fibrillose ;
apoth. applanate, finally saccate-depressed, blackish-fuscous. Ach. Syn.
p. 8. Peltigera, Fr. Lichenogr. p. 49.

Rocks (limestone). New York, B. D. Greene, Esq. Newfoundland,
Pylaie. Northward to Bear Lake, Herl. Hook. ! Solorina orbiculata,
Menz. herb. I from the Pacific coast, appeared to me a distinct, but I
believe it is an undescribed species.

Vm. STICTA, Ach.

Apothecia scutelliform, adnate to the margin or disk of the thallus,
somewhat oblique, the margin free beneath. Disk at first closed, nu-
cleiform ; becoming at length elevated and explanate. Thallus expand-
ed from a centre, foliaceous, coriaceous-cartilagineous, lobate, villous
on the under side, and having on this side small, regular urceolate cav-
ities {cyphella), or where these are wanting soredia, or discolored
spots.

A mostly tropical genus, with many West Indian and South Ameri-
can species, some of which are represented in the extreme southern
parts of the United States.

1. S. mirata, Ach. Thallus subcoriaceous, reddish-brick-colored ;
on the under side lanuginous, reddish-yellow at the circumference, and
besprinkled with small, irregular, often sorediiform, yellow cyphellae ;~
laciniae rounded, sinuate-cut, the margins undulate, crisped, and yellow-
pulverulent ; ' apothecia marginal, disk plane, fuscous-red, margin in-
flexed.' Delis. Stict. p. 49. .'~'

Among mosses on rocks and trees. (Southern States ! and Texas !
infertile.) Ohio .' The Southern Lichen probably occurs within our
limits.

22 LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

2. S. crocata, Ach. Th. submembranaceous, scrobiculate, greenish-
glaucous-fuscescent ; on the under side lanuginous, liver-colored at
the circumference, with minute, pale-lemon-colored cyphellse ; laciniae
short, rounded, crenulate, with yellowish-pulverulent margins ; ' apoth.
scattered, fuscous-black.' Delis. Siict. p. 56. .

Rocks among mosses, New England, infertile ; less common in the
Northern mountains. S. Feei, Delis. 1. c. p. 44, from North America,
is perhaps a Southern species.

3. S. sylvatica, Ach. Th. coriaceous-membranaceous, laciniate-lobed,
lacunulose, greenish-fuscous ; tomentose, and subfuscous-cinerascent
beneath, with urceolate, whitish cyphellse ; lobes somewhat truncate,
rounded, crenulate ; ' apoth. marginal, peltate, rufous-fuscous.' Fr.
Lichenogr. p. 51.

Rocks, among mosses. Pennsylvania, Muhl., New York, Halsey. S.
fuliginosa, Ach., differs principally in its round-lobed, rugose fronds,
frequently isidioid-efBorescent, and its (normal) sessile, orbiculate apo-
thecia. The described apothecia of S. sylvatica depend upon the figures
of Dillenius, Wulfen, &c. The species is now unknown in a fertile state.

4. S. quercisans, Ach. Th. cartilagineous, laciniate, plane, pale-ru-
fous-fuscous ; somewhat tomentose, and subfuscous-nigrescent beneath,
with urceolate (membranaceous), whitish cyphellae ; lobes subimbricate,
oblong, rounded, crenulate ; ' apoth. scattered, disk somewhat concavo-
plane, with a thin entire margin.' Delis. Slid. p. 84. Lobaria, Michx.

Pennsylvania, Herb. Montague! Mossy rocks. New York, Russell!
The specimens from Mr. Russell seem to me to differ from S. sylvatica
in the characters indicated by Delise, and to agree with his S. querci-
zans, as they also do with my brief notes on the specimen (from Car-
olina) in herb. Michaux. S. Beauvoisii, Delis. 1. c. p. 83, constituted
on a North American Lichen, seems hardly distinct from the present.

5. S. scrobiculala, Ach. Th. coriaceous,- suborbiculate, Ielx, scro-
biculate, leaden-gray (and glaucescent) ; lanuginous on the under side,
with naked, white spots ; laciniae rounded, somewhat entire (commonly
sorediiferous) ; ' apoth. scattered, from rufous becoming fuscous.' Fr.
Lichenogr. p. 53. ,"f-Y» . p 'b f THf . "» •

Trunks, and rocks among mosses. New England ; infertile. North-
ward to Newfoundland, Pylaie. S. limbata, Ach., a species resembling
this, but with urceolate, true cyphelte, very possibly occurs with us.

6. S. anthraspis, Ach. Th. cartilagineous-membranaceous, lacu-

AND BRITISH AMERICA. Za

nose-reticulate, broadly round-lobed, cinereous-virescent ; rugulose and
somewhat villous beneath, with small, white, sorediiform cyphellse ;
lobes somewhat crenate; apoth. scattered, disk at length convex, black,
and excluding the entire thalline margin. Ach. Syn. p. 233.

On the earth, among mosses ; Northwest Coast, Menzies ! New
York, Halsey. The upper surface resembling that of S. pulmonaria.

7. S. pulmonaria., Ach. Th. coriaceous, lax, lacunose-reticulate,
dark green (and olivaceous) ; tomentose on the under side, with naked,
white spots; lacinice elongated, discrete, sinuate-lobed, retuse-truncate ;
apoth. submarginal, rufous. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 53. Lichen pulmona-
rius, L.

Trunks in mountain forests, fertile. Also on rocks, where various
sterile forms are found. Among these is S. linita, Ach., quoted by
Delise as from the United States, which has occurred at the White
Mountains, with all the features of the Swiss Lichen. New England.
New York, Torrey. Pennsylvania, Muhl. Newfoundland, Pylaie.

8. S. glomerulifera, Delis. Th. coriaceous-cartilagineous, thick, or-
bicular, appressed, smooth, from pale green becoming glaucescent ;
villous on the under side, with scattered, excavated cyphellse (which
are often wanting) ; lacinise elongated, sinuate-lobed ; apoth. scattered,
dark-reddish-chestnut, with a rugose, persistent margin. Delis. Siict.
p. 129. Tuckerm. Further Enum. I. c. Parmelia, Ach.

Trunks of trees, and rocks, fertile ; New England. Pennsylvania,
Muhl. in herb. Willd. ! Northward to Newfoundland, Pylaie. The
green glomerules of the European Lichen always wanting in ours.
Young plants of this species may be taken for the next.

9. S. herhacea, Ach. Th. membranaceous, appressed, smooth, ob-
scurely green (and glaucescent) ; on the under side paler, lanuginous,
the membranaceous, hoary cyphelte rare ; lacinise sinuate-repand,
rounded at the apices ; apoth. scattered, rufous, margin crenulate. Ach.
Syn. p. 341. Parmelia, Ach, Syn. p. 198.

Trunks and rocks. Pennsylvania, Muhl. New York, Torrey, Hal-
sey. Arctic America, Rich.

IX. PARMELIA, Ach., Fr.

Apothecia scutelliform, orbicular, adnate horizontally to the disk of
the thallus, with an equal thalline margin. Disk at first connivent-

24 HCHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

closed, somewhat waxy. Thallus expanded horizontally from a centre,
two-sided, of various form, upon a hypothallus. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 56.

Synopsis of the Sections.

Sect. I. The fibrillose hypothallus adnate to the foliaceous thallus,
which is discrete from the matrix.

Subsect. I. Imbkicaeia, Fr. — Apothecia elevated, subpedicellate,
regular ; disk very thin, naked, placed upon the gonimous layer.
Thallus imbricate-foliaceous ; often black-dotted from abortion
of the apothecia. — Sp. 1 - 24.
Subsect. II. Physcia, Fr. — Apothecia at first closed, at length de-
hiscent. Disk thickish, waxy, placed upon the medullary layer,
Thallus normally foliaceous ; ascendant or stellate ; fibrillose
on the under side.
* Thallus normally ascendant, or loosely decumbent ; apoth. some-
what obliquely marginate. — Sp. 25.
** Thallus normally stellate-appressed ; apoth. plane. — Sp. 26 -
33.

Sect. II. Thallus subfoliaceous, at length compacted into a conglom-
erate, subgranulose crust ; arising from a fibrillose (rarely ob-
solete) hypothallus, which is adnate to the matrix.

Subsect. III. Pyxine, Tuckerm. — Apothecia erumpent, at first
closed, palish ; becoming patellffiform, and, with the altered
thalline margin, black ; finally cephaloid, excluding the mar-
gin. Thallus subfoliaceous, imbricate-laciniate, at length crus
taceous-concrete at the centre, on a black, fibrillose hypothal
lus. — Sp. 34.

Subsect. IV. Amphiloma, Fr. — Apothecia erumpent, somewhat cor
onate with an accessory thalline margin. Disk wa.xy, thickish
naked. Thallus foliaceous, somewhat monopliyllous, rounded
at length crustaceous-compact at the centre, placed on a spongy-
pannose hypothallus. — Sp. 35-38.

Subsect. V. PsoROMA, Fr. — Apothecia for the most part two-formed
adnate or immersed ; arising in the one case from the thallus,
with a crenate-thalline margin ; and in the other from the hy
pothallus, with an entire proper margin. Disk waxy. Thallus
of discrete, foliaceous squamules, arising from a common hy
pothallus ; often at the centre, or wholly, concrete in a subgran
ulose crust. — Sp. 39 - 41.

AND BRITISH AMERICA. 25

Sect. in. Thallus crustaceous, lobed at the circumference, or wholly
squamulose-effigurate. Hypothallus smooth, adnata to the ma-
trix, often confused with the thallus.

Subsect. VI. Placodium, Fr. — Apothecia plano-scutelliform, elevat-
ed, disk without proper margin, naked. Thallus as above.
(Thalline margin often colored like the disk.) — Sp. 42-47.

Subsect. VII. Psora, Fr. — Apothecia innate, at first somewhat ur-
ceolate, afterwards scutelliform. Disk with a proper margin
(visible at least in the younger apothecia), normally at first
csesious-pruinose. Thallus as above. — Sp. 48 - 50.

Sect. IV. Thallus crustaceous, uniform. Circumference similar, or
the hypothallus sometimes fibrillose-radiant.

Subsect. VIII. Patellaria, Fr. — Apothecia regular, scutelliform,
sessile, the thalline margin persistent. Lamina of the disk
somewhat plane, without proper margin. Thallus crustaceous,
adnate to an indeterminate, mostly black hypothallus. Disk not
csesious-pruinose. — Sp. 51-66.

Subsect. IX. Ukceolaria, Fr. — Apothecia innate in the crust, or
immersed in protuberant warts. Lamina urceolate, or protu-
berant, verrucoeform, blackish, normally caesious-pruinose, mar-
ginate. Thallus crustaceous ; the whitish hypothallus confused
with the thallus, or often fibriUose and radiant. — Sp. 67-70.

Sect. I. The fibrillose hypothallus adnate to the foliaceous thallus.
Subsect. I. Imbricaria, Fr.
Series 1. G I au c es cen t e s , Fr.
1. P. crinila, Ach. Thallus submembranaceous, suborbicular, glau-
cous-fuscescent (the whole thallus, as well as the apothecia, beset with
isidioid granules and branchlets) ; black and somewhat smooth on the
under side, and here and there black-fibrillose ; lobes plane, with some-
what ascendant, erose-crenate, ciliate margins ; apothecia (imperforate)
marginal, subpedicellate,cyathiform, with a thin, inflexed,crenulate mar-
gin, at length explanate, large. Ach. ! Syn. p. 196. P. perforata, §. Fr.
Trunks, &c., fertile ; New England. New York, Torrey. Penn-
sylvania, Muhl. There appear to be indications of other differences
beside the isidioid efflorescence to distinguish this from P. perforata.
The latter is perfectly normal with us.
4

26 LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

2. P. perforata, Ach. Th. membranaceous, smooth, greenish-glau-
cescent ; on the under side black, with dark fibres ; lobes rounded, as-
cendant, subcrenate, ciliate ; apoth. large, rufous, elevated, infundibu-
liform ; disk perforate, at length explanate, margin very entire. Fr.
Lichenogr. p. 5S. ' '■

Trees, particularly on the coast, luxuriant and fertile. Also on
stones, &c., in sterile states. Pennsylvania and Virginia (from Bartram
and Mitchell), DHL, the original stations of the Lichen. New Eng
land. New York, Torrey. Northwest Coast, MeJi^ies (Herb. Smith!)

3. P. perlata, Ach. Th. submembranaceous, suborbicular, greeii'
ish-glaucous ; on the under side blackish-fuscous, scarcely fibrillose
lobes rounded, plane, not ciliate ; apoth. elevated, dark red, cyathl
form, at length explanate, margin thin, entire. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 59.
— ^. olivetorum, Ach. ; margins of the lobes elevated, crisped, whitC'
pulverulent. Ach. Syn. p. 198. ■ ' '

Trunks and rocks in mountainous districts, fertile ; and common also
in sterile forms ; New England. New York, Hahey.

4. P. scortea, Ach. Th. subcoriaceous, orbicular, smooth, glaucous-
white ; on the under side black, hispid-fibriUose ; lobes longish, sinu-
ate-crenate, incised ; apoth. rufous-fuscous, margin somewhat entire.
Ach. Syn. p. 197.

Stones and trunks, fertile ; New England. New York, Hahey.
Pennsylvania, Muhl. Less common than the next, with which Fries
unites it.

5. P. tiliacea, Ach. Th. membranaceous, orbicular, smoothish,
glaucous-cinerascent ; on the under side blackish-fuscous, with black
fibres ; lobes sinuate-laciniate, the external ones rounded, crenate ;
apoth. subfuscous, margin veiy entire. Ach. Syn. p. 199.

Trunks, fertile, very common ; New England. New York, Halsey.
Pennsylvania, Muhl. Nova Scotia, Menzies !

6. P. Borreri, Turn. Th. cartilagineous-membranaceous, orbicti-
lar, smoothish, glaucous-cinerascent (with round, marginate soredia);
on the under side fuscescent, fuscous-fibrillose ; lacinia? rounded at the
apices, naked ; apoth. chestnut, margin inflexed, entire. Fr. Lichen-
ogr. p. 60. — (3. rudecta, Tuckerm. ; soredia immarginale ; the whole
thallus beset with isidioid granules and branchlets. P. rudecta, AcL !
Stjn. p. 197. / ' .; , J- «

AND BRITISH AMERICA.

27

Trunks, &c., fertile ; New York, Halsey. — /?, New England. Penn-
sylvania, Muhl. The anamorphous development called by Sommerfelt
Lecidea Parmeliarum, and referred by Acharius to Endocarpon, occurs
not unfrequently in this species, as well as in the next.

7. P. saxatilis, Ach. Th. subcartilagineous, reticulate-lacunose,
glaucous-cinerascent ; black and fibrillose beneath ; lacinise sinuate-
lobed, plane, subretuse ; apoth. dark-chestnut, margin at length cre-
nate. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 61. — « ; lacinias irregularly imbricate, nar-
rower. Ach. Lichenogr. p. 469. — (i. rosceformis, Ach. ; th. orbicular,
lobes wider, besprinkled commonly with elongated, marginate soredia ;
apoth. smaller, less e.xplanate. Ach. I. c. p. 471. — /. omphalodes, Fr. ;
th. smoothish, shining, dark purplish-fuscous, laciniee subtruncate. Fr.
Lichenogr. p. 62. Parmelia omphalodes, Ach. Syn. p. 202. /ci^,p^lf // C

Rocks and stones, and, somewhat less commonly, on trees and rails, ' -" ' .'
fertile ; New England. New York, Torrey. Pennsylvania, Muhl.
Northward to Arctic America, Rich. — y. Arctic America.

8. P. aleurites, Ach. Th. membranaceous, orbicular, contiguous,
rugose-plicate, glaucescent (at length furfuraceous) ; on the under side
pale, with fuscous fibres ; lobes discrete at the circumference, plane,
rounded, cut-crenate ; apoth. dark-fuscous, margin at length crenulate.
Fr. Lichenogr. p. 62. >

Dead wood, and firs, in mountainous districts, fertile; and on rocks,
sterile. The sterile plant is also common on rails, &c., on the coast.
New England. New York, Hahey. Fries refers to this species the
P. obsessa, Muhl. Catal., and Ach. Syn. p. 213.

9. P. lavigata, Ach. Th. membranaceous, suborbicular, smooth,
glaucescent ; black, and fibrillose on the under side ; lacinise multifid,
linear, plane, cut, divaricate (often sorediiferous) ; apoth. chestnut,
margin very entire. Ach. Syn. p. 212. ,

Trunks (very common on beech in mountainous districts), fertile.

10. P. sinuosa, Ach. Th. membranaceous, suborbicular, smooth,
glaucescent ; black, and fibrillose on the under side ; lacinia; linear,
wider at the circumference, sinuate-pinnatifid, the sinuses wide, circu-
lar ; apoth. somewhat plane, fuscous, margin thin, very entire. Ach.
Syn. p. 207. ,, h <f ^

, Trunks and rocks. Nova Scotia, Ach. Fries and Meyer refer this
and the last to % single species, but Borrer regards them distinct.

28 LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

11. P. terehrata. Mart Th. somewhat inflated, suborbicular, green-
ish-glaucescent; plicate-rugose and black on the underside; lacinise
radiant, approximate, plane-appressed, sublinear (often sorediiferous),
with small, regular, rounded perforations ; apoth. scattered, plane, red,
margin very entire. Mart. Fl. Crypt. Erlan'g. P. diatrypa, Ach. Syn.
p. 219. Tuckerm. Lich. N. E. I. c. /,-i*. /!• f 3

Trunks in mountain forests, frequent, and rocks, fertile ; New Eng-
land

12. P. physodes, Ach. Th. somewhat inflated, suborbicular, glau-
cous-white ; blacU-fuscous and naked on the under side ; lacinise ioose-
ly imbricate, linear, sinuate-multifid, somewhat convex ; apoth. elevated,
reddish-fuscous, with an infiexed, entire margin, at length explanate.
Ach. Syn. p. 218. — /?. enteromorpha, Tuckerm. ; laciniae effuse, lax,
somewhat elongated, ventricose-inflated ; apoth. subpedicellate, ventri-
cose-cyathiform, at length explanate, very entire. P. enteromorpha,
Ach. ! Syn. p. 219. P. plalycarpa, Tuckerm. Lich. N. E. I. c.

Trunks, dead wood, and rocks, fertile ; New England. New York,
Torrey. Pennsylvania, Muhl. North to Arctic America, Rich. — §,
firs and other trees in high mountain forests. Northwest Coast, Men-
zies ! Douglas in herb. Hook. ! Mountains of New England, fertile,
and evidently passing into a.

13. P. colpodes, Ach. Th. somewhat inflated, suborbicular, green-
ish-glaucescent ; black and spongy on the under side ; laciniae some-
what plane, at the circumference ramose-multifid, with irregularly den-
tate margins; apoth. elevated, chestnut, margin inflexed, entire. Swartz
Lich. Amer. p. 4, & t. 3. Ach. ! Syn. p. 219.

Trunks. Near Boston, Swartz (the original station of the Lichen).
Throughout New England, common and fertile. New York, Halsey.
Pennsylvania, Muhl.

Series 2. Oliv ace a -fu sea. Ft.

14. P. olivacea, Ach. Th. membranaceous, orbicular, smooth, ru-
culose (elevated-punctate, or granulate-farinose), olivaceous-fuscous;
paler and subfibrillose on the under side ; lobes radiant, appressed,
plane, rounded, crenate ; apoth. dark-olive, with an infle.xed, at length
crenate margin. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 66.

Trees in mountainous districts, fertile ; also degenerant on dead wood
and stones; New England. New York, Torrey. Pennsylvania, Muhl. !
Northward to Arctic America, Rich.

AND BRITISH AMERICA. 29

15. P. Fahhmensis, Ach. Th. subcartilagineous, smoothish, from
dark-olive becoming blackish ; on the under side paler, subfibrillose ;
lacinicB digitate-mullifid, somewhat plane, subcanaliculate ; apoth. dark-
fuscous, crenulate. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 66. — /S. sciastra, Fr. ; smaller,
orbicular ; apoth. subentire. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 67. Parrnelia, Ach.

Alpine and subalpine rocks, and occurring also at lower elevations
in mountainous districts. White Mountains ; Chin of Mansfield, and
other of the Green Mountains; fertile. Northward to Newfoundland,
Pylaie, and Arctic America, Rich. — /J, Greenland, Dill.

16. P. slygia, Ach. Th. subcartilagineous, shining, from oliva-
ceous-fuscous becoming black ; very black on the under side and ob-
soletely fibrillose ; lacinise palmate-multifid, sublinear, convex, recurved
at the apices ; apoth. fuscous-black, crenate. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 67. —
/?. lanala, Mey. ; lacinise setaceous, filiform, terete, intricate, fuscous-
nigrescent; apoth. subgranulate-marginate. Mey. Enlioick. der Flecht.
p. 231. Fr. I. c. p. 68. Cornicularia lanata, Ach. Syn. p. 302.

Alpine and subalpine rocks. White Mountains and the higher Green
Mountains. Northward to Newfoundland, Pylaie, and Arctic Amer-
ica, R. Br. — (9, White Mountains, infertile. Northward to Arctic
America, Hook. Melville Island, jR. Br.

Series 3. Ochroleucce, Fr.

17. P. caperala, Ach. Th. submembranaceous, orbicular, rugose
(or granulose-pulverulent), ochroleucous ; on the under side blackish
and sparingly fibrillose ; lobes sinuate-laciniate, rounded, somewhat
entire at the apices ; apoth. fuscous-red, margin tumid-incurved, ru-
gose-crenate. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 69.

Trunks and stones, not commonly fertile ; New England. New
York, Torrey. Pennsylvania, Muhl. Westward to Illinois, Russell !
North to Arctic America, Rich.

18. P. conspersa, Ach. Th. submembranaceous, smoothish, pol-
ished (oflener black-punctate), greenish-straw-colored ; fuscous and
black-fibrillose beneath ; lacinias variously flexuous, somewhat plane at
the circumference, sinuate ; apoth. dark-chestnut, margin subentire.
Fr. Lichenogr. p. 69. — /5. stenophylla, Ach. ; lacinise elongated, lin-
ear, pinnatifid, imbricate-complicate. Ach. Syn. p. 209.

Rocks and stones, commonly remarkable for its very numerous
apothecia ; New England. New York, Torrey. Pennsylvania, Muhl.
North to Arctic America, Rich. Degenerate on rails, &c.

30 LICHENES or THE NORTHERN STATES

19. P. incurva, Fr. Th. cartitagineous-membranaceous, stellate-im-
bricate, globuliferous, greenish-stravv-colored (and ochroleucous) ; black
and fibrillose on the under side ; laciniae very narrow, multind, suble-
rete, recurved at the apices ; apoth. rufous-fuscous, subentire. Fr.
Lichenogr. p. 70. P. recurva, Ach.

Rocks in mountainous districts (subalpine, and descending). White
Mountains ; fertile.

20. P. ambigua, Ach. Th. membranaceous, orbicular, stellate-im-
bricate, farinose-sorediiferous, greenish-straw-colored (and ochroleu-
cous) ; black and fibrillose on the under side ; lacinise plane, linear,
appressed, muliifid ; apoth. adnate, rufous-fuscous, very entire. Fr.
Lichenogr. p. 11.

Trunks and dead wood in mountainous districts, fertile ; and on
rocks, infertile ; White Mountains. Northward to Arctic America,
Rich.

21. P. cenlrifuga, Ach. Th. submembranaceous, suborbicular,
greenish-straw-colored (and ochroleucous) ; white and fibrillose on the
under side (the crust-like centre often falling away, and leaving a con-
centrically disposed circumference) ; laciniae linear, concrete, conve.x,
rugose ; apoth. rufous-fuscous, margin subentire. Fr. ! Lichenogr. p. 71.

Rocks (subalpine and descending) in mountainous districts, fertile ;
New England. New York, Torrey. Pennsylvania, Muhl. North-
ward to Newfoundland, Herb. Banks ! Fylaie. An ochroleucous,
black-punctate, not concentrically disposed slate is P. Halseyana,
Tuckerm. Lich. N. E. 1. c. It occurs in the Notch of the White
Mountains.

•uZ<m-uA.i'^ tt^ Series 4. Citr in a , ¥1.

22. P. parietina, Fr. Th. foliaceous or squamulose, imbricate, mem-
branaceous, sublobate, yellow ; paler and obsoletely fibrillose on the un-
derside; apothecia with elevated margins, very entire. Fr. Lichenogr. p.
72. — a. (foJiacea), Fr. ; th. foliaceous, from greenish becoming bright
yellow; lobes explanate, appressed. P. parietina, Ach. — jS. aureola,
Fr. ; th. foliaceous, somewhat zoned and subcentrifugal, dark-golden-
yellow ; lobes concrete, plicate-ramose. P. aureola, Ach. — y. rulilans,
Fr. ; th. foliaceous-subcrustaceous, imbricate-complicate, irregularly la-
ciniate. P. rutilans, Ach. — 8. laciniosa, Duf. ; th. naked, lacerate-dis-
sected, squamulose; laciniae ascending, naked. — t. polycarpa, Fr. ;
th. smaller, conglomerate ; the lobes complicated, and covered with the

AND BRITISH AMERICA.

31

very numerous apothecia. Lecanora caudelaris, (?. Ach. — ?. lohilata.
Ft. ; th. jjbliterated, or consisting only of very short, scattered, ap-
pressed lobules, with small apothecia. — jj. suislellata, Ach.; th. folia-
ceous, substellate, lacerate-laciniate, lacinia3 e.xpanded, pulverulent. —
&. concolor, Fr. ; th. pulverulent, squamulose, lacerate-laciniate, scales
crowded, ascendant. Lecan. caudelaris, a. Ach. — i. citrinella, Fr. ;
the whole thallus dissolved into a yellowish-green dust.

Very common : «, on trunks, rocks, &c. ; /S, on rocks and stones
(especially maritime), exposed to the sun; y and d, on trunks, e.xposed
to the sun ; f and f, on the smaller branches and twigs of trees ; ij and
&, on smooth bark, the last also common on dead wood ; (, on bark and
dead wood in moist places ; New England. New York {y and 5), Hal-
sey. Pennsylvania (d), Muhl. Ohio (a), Mr. Lea ! Illinois («), Rus-
sell! Northward to Nova Scotia {y), Menzies ! Newfoundland («),
Pylaie, and Arctic America (e and &), Rich.! I have adopted
Fries's view of the European species nearly entire. He remarks that
he has distinguished and enumerated these forms, not so much on ac-
count of their importance as distinct states, as to furnish an example,
that can almost everywhere be authenticated, of the e.xtremely Protean
character of the thallus of Lichens.

23. P. diversicolor, Ach. Th. suborbicular, yellowish-orange-red
(becoming whitish with age), of rather narrow, somewhat lacerate-ra-
mose, rugose, at length concrete lacinise ; white-cinerascent, with fibres
of the same color beneath ; apoth. numerous, concave, blackish-san-
guineous, margin thick, at length white. Ach. Syn. p. 210.

Arctic America, and southward, Ach.

24. P. chrysophthalma, Ach. Th. subfoliaceous, cartilagineous-
membranaceous, lacerate-ramose, from dark reddish-yellow becoming
whitish ; on the under side whitish, and fibrillose at the margins ; la-
ciniffi depressed-subascendant, plano-conve.t, pinnatifid ; apoth. dark-
orange, fibriUose-ciliate or naked. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 75. Borrera,
Ach. — (5. exilis, Fr. ; laciniae very narrow; margins of the apothecia
naked. Fr. 1. c. Borrera, Ach.

Trunks and branches of trees near the coast, and lu.xuriant in places
exposed to the sea-spray ; New England. New York, Torrey (at New-
burgh, Russell !). Pennsylvania, Muhl. Illinois, Rtissell !

32

LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

Subsect. II. Physcia, Fr.

25. P. ciliaris, Ach. Thallus cartilagineous, from green becoming
glaucous ; laciniffi linear, ramose, subascendant, channelled beneath,
ciliate with simple fibres ; apothecia subterminal, pedicellate, margin
erect, at length lacerate-dentate, fimbriate, or obliterated in foliaceous
branches ; disk plane, black, subpruinose. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 77. Bor-
rera, Ach. — /5. galactophyUa,TuckeTm.; more delicate ; the lacinise
very white and powdery beneath ; margins of the apothecia at length
obliterated in foliaceous expansions ; disk white-pruinose. P. galaclo-
phylla, Willd. herb. J — y. angustata, Tuckerm. ; lacinias extremely
narrow, of nearly the same color beneath, subterete at the apices.
Borrera angustata, Bory ins.

Trees, New England (8), rare. New York, Torrey. Pennsylva-
nia (/?), Muhl. ! and southward, where /? is common. North to Arctic
America, Rich. — /, Newfoundland, Bory in herb. Berol. ! Rocky
Mountains, Herh. Hook. ! P. leucomela, Ach., a species near this, but
with narrow, ascendant lacinias, and tomentose marginal fibres, occurs
in the Carolinas, Michx. / and California, Menzies! and P. erinacea,
Fr., with lacerate-laciniafe, diffuse lobes, which are ciliate, and beset
above with very long whitish fibres, in California, Menzies !

26. P. detonsa, Fr. Th. cartilagineous, substellate, naked, glaucous-
fuscescent (and fuscous) ; /whitish on the under side with black fibres;
lacinisD narrow, linear, somewhat convex, digitate-multifid, often semi-
terete, very densely crowded together and imbricated ; apoth. subses-
sile, margin at length crenate, and leafy, disk plane, becoming dark-
fuscous. Fr. Syst. Orb. Veg. fide ipsius. P. Novce Anglia, Tuckerm.
in lilt. olim. P. aquila, Muhl. Catal.

Rocks and trees. New England. Ohio, Mr. Lea ! Near to P. aqui-
la. I have not seen Fries's description.

27. P. pulverulenia, Fr. Th. cartilagineous, substellate, pruinose-
cinereous ; black on the under side and hispid-tomentose ; lacinise lin-
ear, multifid, approximate ; apoth. sessile, margin tumid, entire, or
squamulose-foliose, disk plane, black-fuscous, subpruinose. Fr. Lich-
enogr. p. 79. P. pulverulenia, venusta, 4" muscigena, Ach. — ^. leu-
coleiples, Tuckerm. ; the whole thallus white-farinose-pruinose, lobes
radiant, margins interruptedly inflexed and pulverulent ; apoth. sub-
sessile, disk depressed, white-pruinose, margin subduplicate, the ex-
ternal border foliose or entire. Lichen leucoleiptes, Muhl. in herh.

AND BRITISH AMERICA. 33

WiUd. ! P. venusta, Hals. ^ Auct. Amer. P. pulverulenta, Mtihl.
Tuckerm. Lick. N. E. I. c.

Trunks, rocks, and upon mosses ; Bear Lake and elsewhere in
Arctic America, Rich. (Herb. Hook. !). — §, trunks and rocks; New
England to Pennsylvania ! often isidioid-efflorescent.

28. P. hypoleuca, Muhl. Th. cartilagineous, substellate, glabrous,
naked, glaucous-virescent (and white) ; very white on the under side,
with scattered black fibres ; lacinise sublinear, approximate, imbricate,
multifid, plano-convex, margins naked ; apoih. elevated, disk at length
black, naked, with an inflexed, crenulate or foliose margin. Miihl.
Calal. p. 105, ^ Eaton Man. Bot. p. 516. Tiickerm. Further Enum.
I. c. P. speciosa, /?. hypoleuca, Ach. ! Syn. p. 211.

Trunks, fertile. Pennsylvania, Muhl. ! and northward to New Eng-
land.

29. P. speciosa, Ach. Th. cartilagineous-membranaceous, substel-
late, glabrous, greenish-glaucous (and white) ; very white beneath, with
numerous pale fibres ; lacinise linear, somewhat concavo-plane, imbri-
cate, incised-ramose, crenate, ciliate-fibrillose, margins often ascend-
ant, green-pulverulent ; ' apoth. subsessile, margin incurved, crenate,
disk rufous-fuscous, nearly naked.' Fr. Lichenogr. p. 80.

Trunks and mossy rocks in woods, infertile ; New England. Penn-
sylvania, Muhl.

30. P. congruens, Ach. Th. coriaceous-membranaceous, whitish-
pallescent ; on the under side cinereous-fuscescent, with fibres of the
same color; lacinise laxly-imbricate, flexuous, multifid, recurved at the
margins, convex, becoming more plane in the circumference, crenate ;
apoth. elevated, concave, livid-fuscescent, subpruinose, with a thin, in-
flexed, at length flexuous margin. Ach. Lichenogr. p. 491. Swarts
Lich. Amer. p. 5 Sf t. 4. Ach. Syn. p. 207.

Trunks, New England ; Siaartz, I. c. I have a Lichen from the
White Mountains resembling this, except that the umlor side as well as
the fibres are black.

31. P. slellaris, Wallr. Th. subcartilagineous, naked, not pruinose,
glaucescent ; whitish on the under side, with dark fibres ; lacinise sub-
linear, multifid ; apoth. sessile, disk fuscous-black, subpruinose, margin
somewhat tumid, subentire. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 82. — a. (stellari-expan-
sa), Fr. ; th. stellate-expanded, fibres shorter. Fr. I. c P. stellaris, aipo-

5

34 LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

lia, ^- anthelina, Ach. — p. hispida, Fr. ; lacinias ascendant, hispid on
the margins, or tubulose-inflated. Fr. I. c. Borrera tenella, Ach. — y.
(tribracia), Fr. ; lacinise ascendant, squamulose, sparingly fibrillose,
pulverulent at the apices. Fr. I. c. Lecanora iriiracia, Ach. part.

Trunks, dead wood, and rocks, very common; New England. New
York, Torrey. Pennsylvania, Muhl. Illinois, Russell! Northward
to Arctic America, Rich.

32. P. ccBsia, Ach. Th. subcrustaceous-membranaceous, substellate,
gray (and cinerascent), besprinkled with gray soredia ; pale on the un-
der side ; laciniiE linear, somewhat convex, subpinnatifid, ciliate-fibril-
lose ; apoth. sessile, margin thin, somewhat infiexed, entire, disk at
length naked, black. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 83. — «. {stellata), Fr. ; laciniae
stellate-expanded, fibres shorter, soredia regular ; P. casia, Ach, ; and
the laciniae sometimes very narrow. Fr. I. c. P. duiia, Fl. — (3. {squa-
mulosa), Fr. ; lacinisB squamulose, short, obsoletely fibrillose. Fr. I. c.
Lecanora trihracia, Ach. part.

Rocks, stones, and dead wood, fertile ; New England. New York,
Halsey. Pennsylvania, Muhl.

33. P. ohscura, Fr. Th. submembranaceous, orbicular, not prui-
nose, greenish, becoming livid-fuscous when dry ; black and fibrillose
on the under side ; laciniaj sublinear, somewhat plane, incised-multifid
(often sorediiferous, or the margins pulverulent) ; apoth. sessile, very
entire, disk naked from the first, black-fuscous. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 84.
P. cycloselis, Ach.^§. ulothrix, Fr. ; laciniae linear, subciUate, apoth.
fibrillose below. Fr. I. c. P. ulothrix, Ach.

Trunks, dead wood, &c., and passing into several degenerate states ;
New England. New York (a and /?), HaZsej/. Pennsylvania (^), iliuA?.
Ohio ((3), Mr. Lea ! Northward to Arctic America (a). Rich. — A very
distinct species detected recently by Mr. Oakes (P. Tuckermani, Oakes
ms.) may be referred to here. Resembling generally small greenish
forms of P. parietina, this differs in the foliose-lobate margins of the
apothecia, which are also fibrillose beneath, as in P. obscura,'(3. It is
common on trunks about Boston {Oakes, Tuckernian), and I have
found it on rocks at the White Mountains. It was sent from Ohio by
the late T. G. Lea, Esq. (Herb. Russell !), and I have North Carolina
specimens from Mr. Curtis. (What is P. fibrosa,-F\:, referred to in-
cidentally, Lich. pp. 75, 97 ?)

AND BRITISH AMERICA. 35

Sect. II. The subfoliaceous at length subgranulose thallus arising
froni a fibrillose hypothallus, which is adnata to the matrix.

Subsect. III. Pyxine, Tuckerm.

34. P. sorediata, Tuckerm. Thallus subcrustaceous-foliaceous, la-
ciniate-multifid, from green becoming glaucescent, and cinerascent ;
black on the under side, and thickly clothed with greenish-nigrescent
fibres; lacinise sublinear, canaliculate, incised, obtuse, irregularly im-
bricate, and concrete at the centre (often sorediiferous) ; apothecia at
first pale, and concave, becoming black, convex, and finally prolifer-
ous-papillate and irregular. Lecidea, Ach. Syn. p. 54. Tuckerm. Fur-
ther Ejium. I. c. Lichen alomatus, Willd. herb. ! Pyxine., Fr. cit.
Eschw.

Trunks, common (abundantly fertile in mountain forests), and also
on rocks ; New England. Pennsylvania, Muhl. ! Rocky Mountains,
Herl). Hook..' (Southward to TexasJ) I have not seen the descrip-
tion of Fries, and am uncertain whether his Pyxine is founded on our
Northern Lichen (which is probably what Acharius described), or on
the West Indian and South American Lecidea sorediata of Eschweiler.
The latter seems distinct, and has been separated as Circinaria Berte-
riana by Fee (Crypt. Exot. p. 128). Our Lichen appears to me a
modification of Parmelia, near to Amphiloma, Fr. The apothecia
have some of the features of those of Umbilicaria, and illustrate
Fries's observation, that this genus is related to Parmelia.

Subsect. IV. Amphiloma, Fr.

35. P. rubiginosa, Ach. Thallus membranaceous, suborbicular, not
pruinose, livid-glaucous, laciniate-multifid at the circumference ; hy-
pothallus indeterminate, tomentose, bluish-black ; apothecia reddish-
brown, with an incurved, crenate margin. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 88. — /?.
conoplea, Fr. ; the centre of the thallus passing into a bluish, pulvera-
ceous-granulose crust ; ' apothecia symphycarpeous, immersed, convex,
granulose-marginate.' Fr. I. c. P. conoplea, Ach.

Kocks and trunks. ^ has occurred at the White Mountains ; and I
have a from the South.

36. P. Russellii, Tuckerm. Th. orbicular, coriaceous-membrana-
ceous, minutely farinose-granulose, submonophyllous, irregularly radi-
ant, pale-fuscescent-lead-colored ; lacinise somewhat ascendant ; hypoth.
indeterminate, of very short white fibres becoming lead-colored at the
margins ; apoth. (central, very numerous) reddish-chestnut and nigres-

36 LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

cent, with a thick, infiexed, at length rugose, thalline margin. Tuckerm.
Enum. Lich. N. Amer. p. 50.

Trunks and dead wood; Hingham, Mr. Russell. Ipswich, Mr.
Oakes.

37. P. Cronia, Tuckerm. Th. orbicular, membranaceous, smooth,
radiant, submonophyllous, dark-bluish becoming pale-lead-colored ; la-
cini£B plane, with elevated, darker margins (beset with elevated, often
blackish points, and isidioid branchlets) ; hypoth. determinate, dark
cserulescent.

Rocks among mosses, common on the coast of Massachusetts, and
resembling a Collema; infertile. It is very distinct from P. plumbea.

38. P. lanuginosa, Ach. Th. membranaceous, white, pruinose ; in
the circumference lobed and crenate ; hypoth. tomentose, bluish-black;
apoth. rufous-fuscous, with a pulverulent thalline margin. Fr. Lichen-
ogr. p. 88. — /3. {granulosa), Fr. ; thallus, at the centre, or mostly, gran-
ulose-pulverulent. Fr. I. c. — * (leproso-tyssina) ; the whole thallus
dissolved into a leprous-byssine mass. Fr. I. c. Lepraria, Ach.

Rocks in the mountainous districts and on the coast of New Eng-
land ; rarely fertile.

Subsect. V. PsoROMA, Fr.

39. P. microphylla, Stenh. Scales of the thallus cartilagineous, im-
bricate, crenate, livid-cinereous, compacted at length into a cinereous
crust ; hypothallus becoming black ; apothecia superficial, disk fuscous-
black, finally convex, and excluding the thalline margin. Fr. Lichen-
ogr. p. 90. Lecidea, Ach.

Rocks in woods, fertile ; New England.

40. P. triptophylla, Fr. Scales of the thallus membranaceous, livid-
fuscescent, at first stellate-expanded, and lacerate-dissected, at length
granulose-coralline ; hypoth. bluish-black ; apoth. somewhat immersed,
disk rather plane, rufous-fuscous, margin erect, persistent. Fr. Li-
chenogr. p. 91. — a. coronata, Fr. ; apoth. produced from the thallus,
with a thalline margin, and either simple or symphycarpeous. Fr. I. c.
Lecanora hrunnea, Ach. part. — j3. Schraderi, Schaer. ; apoth. pro-
duced from the hypothallus, plane, destitute of a thalline margin. Fr.
I. c. — ;'. corallinoides, Fr. ; crust blackish from the predominant hy-
pothallus, squamules wholly coralline, Fr, I. c.

Rocks in woods ; New England. New York, Halsey. Pennsylva-
nia, Dill. Northward to Arctic America, Rich. '

AND BRITISH AMERICA. 37

41. P. Hypnorum, Fr. Scales of the thallus minute, imbricate, gran-
ulate-crenulate, somewhat yellowish-fuscescent ; pale on the under side ;
apoth. sessile, dilated, disk membranaceous, fulvous-fuscescent, with
an elevated, granulose, thalline margin. Fr. Liclienogr. p. 9S. Icon,
Laur. in Sturtii's Fl. t. IS.

On the earth, growing over mosses and twigs, in alpine districts.
White Mountains, frequent upon Salix Uva-Ursi, on Mount Pleasant,
&c., fertile. Northward to Arctic America, Rich.

Sect. III. Thallus crustaceous, lobate at the circumference, or wholly
squamulose and efRgurate.

Subsect. VI. Placodium, Fr.

42. P. straminea, Wahl. Thallus crustaceous, plicate-radiose, straw-
colored ; laciniffi convex, teretish, contiguous ; apothecia plane, red-
dish-fuscous, with a tumid thalline margin. Fr. Liclienogr. p. 109.

Rocks. Greenland, Fi-ies. And elsewhere in Arctic America,
Rich.

43. P. saxicola, Ach. Th. cartilagineous, appressed, areolate-squam-
ulose, pale-greenish ; the circumference of somewhat plane, radiose-
lobate, concrete lacinise; apoth. appressed, disk yellowish-fulvous, mar-
gin thin, at length crenate. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 110. Lecanora galacti-
na, Ach.

Rocks and stones, fertile ; New England. New York, Halsey.

44. P. chrysoleuca, Ach. Th. cartilagineous, subfoliaceous, crenate-
lobate, greenish-straw-colored ; fuscescent on the under side ; apoth. ap-
pressed, disk golden-fulvous, and dark orange-red, with a thin, flexuous,
evanescent margin Fr. Lichenogr. p. 113. Lecanora ruhina, Ach.
Squamaria, Hoffm. Tuckerm. Lich. N. E. I. c.

Rocks, New England. Northward to Arctic America, Rich. (Herb.
Hook.!).

45. P. oreina, Ach. Th. crustaceous-adnate, areolate-verrucose,
pale-greenish-straw-colored ; at the circumference radiose-lobate, plane,
incised, black-marginate ; apoth. depressed, disk somewhat tumid, black,
margin obtuse, very entire. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 113. P. straminea, var,
Ach. Mey. Tuckerm. Further Enum. I. c.

Rocks, throughout New England ; fertile.

46. P. elegans, Ach. Th. stellate-radiose, appressed, dark orange-

38 HCHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

red, naked on both sides ; lacinia; somewhat discrete, linear, convex,
contiguous, fle.\uous ; apoth. of the same color, very entire, Fr. Li-
chenogr. p. 114.

Rocks and stones near the sea, fertile ; New England. Northward
to Newfoundland, Pylaie, Point Lake, &c., Rich., and IVIelville Island,
R. Br.

47. P. murorum, Ach. Th. crustaceous, adnate, contiguous, in the
circumference radiose-plicate, pale yellow ; white underneath ; apoth.
sessile, disk naked, dark yellow, with a thin, entire, somewhat flexuous
margin. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 115. — ^. miniata, Fr. ; th. verrucosa, less
and more narrowly radiose, naked, vermilion-colored. Fr. I. c. Leca-
nora, Ach.

Rocks and stones near the sea. New England, fertile. — (}, Penn-
sylvania, Muhl. Arctic America, Rich.

Subsect VII. Psora, Fr.

43. P. molyldina, Wahl. Thallus crustaceous, areolate-verrucose,
radiate-plicate, dark-fuscous; white beneath; lacinise of the circumfer-
ence linear ; apothecia innate, disk urceolate, blackish-fuscous, margi-
nate, with a tumid thalline margin. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 126.

Rocks. Greenland, Fries.

49. P. cervina, Sommerf. Th. areolate-squamaceous ; the scales
crustaceous, subpeltate, repand or lobed, from greenish becoming livid-
chestnut ; on the under side white ; apoth. at first immersed, margi-
nate, at length protuberant, disk rufous-fuscous. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 127.
— (3. squamulosa, Fr. ; th. chestnut-tawny ; apoth. naked, thalline mar-
gin thin or wanting. Fr. 1. c.

Rocks. White Mountains. Northward to Arctic America, Rich.

50. P. chrysomelcena, Ach. (sub Lecanora). Th. crustaceous, are-
olate, yellow ; areolse flat, submembranaceous, somewhat lobate, here
and there discrete ; apoth. appressed, disk plane, sanguineous-black,
thalline margin elevated, subrugose, at length fle.xuous. Ach. Syn. p.
148.

North America (Pennsylvania.'), Muhl., Ach.

Sect. IV. Thallus crustaceous, uniform.
Subsect. VIII. Patellaria, Fr.

51. P. pallescens, Fr. Crust subtartareous, rugose-granulate, glauces-

AND BRITISH AMERICA. 39

cent; hvpothallus pale; apothecia tumid, disk plane, pale, innate-pru-
inose, with an erect, entire, persistent margin. Fr. Lichenngr. p. 132.
Lecanora Parella, /?. Ach. Lichen pallescens, L. Spec. PI. — /J. Parel-
Za, Fr. ; crust amylaceous-tartareous, plicate-verrucose, milk-white, disk
at length chinky or verrucosa. Fr. I. c. Lecanora Parella, Ach. Li-
chen PareUus, L. Mant.

Trunks, rails, stones, &c., ascending to alpine districts. — §, rocks
near the sea and large lakes. New England. New York, Torrey.
Pennsylvania, Miihl. Northward to Arctic America, Rich.

52. P. tartarea, Kc\\. Cr. tartareous, granulate-conglomerate, glau-
cescent ; hypoth. pale ; apoth. adnate, disk plane, rugulose, pale-yellow-
ish-flesh-colored, with an infle.ved, entire margin. Fr. Lichenogr.p. 133.
— j5. frigida, Ach. ; hypothallus confused with the thallus ; crust at
length granulate, whitish ; apoth. smaller, reddish-flesh-colored. Fr. I. c.

Eocks ; (9 incrusting twigs, mosses, lichens, &c., and ascending to
alpine districts ; New England. New York, Hahey. Arctic America,
Grev. (PI. W. Greenl.).

53. P. rubra, Ach. Cr. subcartilagineous, smoothish, at length gran-
ulate-pulverulent, glaucescent ; hypoth. pale ; apoth. adnate, disk con-
cave, red, with a tumid, inflexed, crenulate margin. Fr. Lichenogr. p.
134. Lecanora, Ach.

Trunks in mountainous districts ; New England. Pennsylvania,
MuM.

54. P. ocidata, Fr. Cr. cartilagineous-tartareous, rugose, uneven,
papillose, glaucescent ; hypoth. pale ; apoth. sessile, concave, disk sub-
fuscous, with an elevated, very entire margin, which is whiter than the
thallus. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 135. — ^; thallus isidioid, branched ; apoth.
becoming black. Fr. I. c. Isidium oculalum, Ach. Turn. ^ Borr.
Lich. Brit. p. 103.

Trunks in mountainous districts ; White Mountains. Northward to
Arctic America, Rich., Hook.

5-5. P. suhfiisca, Fr. Cr. cartilagineous, at first contiguous, smooth,
becoming chinky and granulate, glaucescent; hypoth. macular; apoth.
adnate, disk plano-convex, subfuscous, whitish within, with an erect
margin colored like the thallus. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 136 (excl. P. al-
iella). — «. discolor, Fr. ; cr. as above ; apoth. regular, disk thickish,
always naked (red, rufous, fuscous, or black), margin entire, or at

m

LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

length rugose. Fr. I. c. Lecanora subfusca, ^ L. epibryon, Ach. —
/?. distans, Fr. ; cr. thin ; apoth. orbiculale, margin elevated, crenulate,
disk thin, pale, at first pruinose, finally naked. Fr. 1. c. Lecanora
distans, Ach.

Trunks, dead wood, rocks, and stones. — /}, trunks. New England.
New York, Torrey. Pennsylvania, Muhl. Northward to Arctic Amer-
ica, Rich.

56. P. albella, Ach. Cr. cartilagineous, thin, milk-white; apoth. or-
biculate, tumid, pale-flesh-colored, whitish-pruinose, margin very en-
lire, subevanescent. Ach. Syn. p. 168. Fr. Siwim. Fl. Scand. P.
subfusca, y. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 139. — /S. angulosa, Fr. ; apoth. aggre-
gated, angulose-irregular, disk livid-fuscous, glaucous-pruinose, with a
fle.xuous, subpersistent margin. Fr. Simim. Fl. Scand. P. subfusca, d.
Fr. Lichenogr. p. 139. P. angulosa, Ach.

Trunks ; New England. New York (« and (3), Halsey.

57. P. ccesio-rubella, Ach. Cr. thin, softish, white ; apoth. scat-
tered (rather large), disk plane, becoming at length somewhat tumid,
pale-reddish and fuscescent, at first CBesious-pruinose, equalling the tu-
mid very entire margin. Ach. Syn. p. 267.

Trunks ; New England. New York, HaZsf]/. Pennsylvania, MmAZ.

58. P. atra, Ach. Cr. cartilagineous, at length granulose-verrucose,
glaucescent ; hypoth. black ; apoth. sessile, disk at length somewhat tu-
mid, polished, very black, within black, with an elevated, persistent,
subentire margin. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 141.

Rocks and stones ; New England. New York, Halsey. Pennsylva-
nia, Muhl. Arctic America, Rich.

59. P. cinerea, Fr. Cr. subtartareous, areolate-rimose, glaucous-ci-
nereous ; hypoth. black ; apoth. innate, disk naked, nigrescent, pale
within, with a black, obtuse, subelevated thalline margin. Fr. Lichen-
ogr. p. 142. Urceolaria, Ach.

Rocks and stones, very common, and passing into many varieties.
An ochraceous state (Urceolaria Acharii, Ach.) occurs not uhcom-
monly about mountain streams. New England. New York, Hiilsey.
Arctic America, Rich.

60. P. badia, Fr. Cr. cartilagineous, rimosc-areolate, subsquamulose,
dark-olive; hypoth. black; disk naked, polished, fuscous-black, with
an entire, persistent thalline margin. -Fr. Lichenogr. p. 147.

AND BRITISH AMERICA.

41

Rocks and stones (granite), ascending to alpine districts; New Eng-
land. Arctic America, Rich. Areolfe sometimes dispersed and squa-
maceous, with subimmersed, punctiform (imperfect) apothecia. Such
a state, according to Fries, is the Endocarpon smaragdulum of some
authors ; and a similar one, tinged dark red by the oxide of iron, the
Endocarpon Sinopicum, Wahl. The former is common in New Eng-
land, and occurs in New York, HaJsey. The latter is frequent on al-
pine and subalpine rocks on our higher mountains.

61. P. sophodes, Ach. Cr. tartareous, verrucose-granulate, from
green becoming fuscescent ; hypoth. black ; disk opake, unpolished,
fuscous-nigrescent, thalline margin thick, at length rugulose. Fr. Li-
chenogr. p. 149. Lecanora, Ach. — /?. exigua, Fr. ; small ; crust fus-
cous-cinerascent ; hypoth. obsolete; margins of the apothecia whitish,
and disappearing. Fr. I. c. Lecanora, Ach.

Trunks and dead wood ; New England. New York (« and /3), Hal-
sey. Pennsylvania (a), Muhl. Arctic America (^), Rich.

62. P. ventosa, Ach. Cr. tartareous, rimose-areolate, pale-yellow;
hypoth. white ; apoth. appressed, at length irregular, disk somewhat
convex, dark-brownish-red, with a thin, pale, very entire margin. Fr.
Lichenogr. p. 153. Lecanora, Ach.

Alpine and subalpine rocks ; White Mountains. Newfoundland,
Pylaie, and northward to Arctic America, Rich.

63. P. varia, Fr. Cr. cartilagineous, areolate-verrucose, yellowish-
green, becoming ochroleucous ; hypoth. smooth, macular ; apoth. ses-
sile, disk polished, yellowish-flesh-colored, or discolored, with a thin,
erect, entire margin. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 156. — «. Fr. ; apoth. scutel-
liform, plano-concave, with a persistent, sometimes crenulate, or pul-
verulent thalline margin. Fr. .' I. c. P. varia, Ach. — /S. symmicta, Fr. ;
disk of the apothecia somewhat excluding the paler, very entire mar-
gin, from pale-yellowish becoming fuscous. Fr.! I. c. — /. sepincola,
Fr. ; apoth. somewhat immersed, convex, immarginate, from fulvous
becoming black. Fr. I. c. Lecidea, Ach. — S. polytropa, Fr. ; crust
areolate and granulate ; margins of the apothecia pale, entire, some-
what flexuous. Fr. I. c. Lecidea, Ach.

Dead wood, stones, and trunks; New England. New York, Halsey.
Pennsylvania, Mu/iZ. — /?, granite rocks in mountainous districts; New
England. Arctic America, Rich.
6

43 LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES 4^

64. P. vitellina, Ach. Cr. tartareous, granulose-coacervate, dark-
reddish-yellow; hypoth. macular, white; apoth. sessile, disk yellow
becoming fuscous, margin simple, thin, erect, entire, at length of the
same color. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 162. Lecanora, Ach.

Dead wood and rocks ; New England. Pennsylvania, Muhl.

65. P. fulva, Schwein. (sub Lecanora). Cr. cartilagineous, chinky
and granulate-verrucose, sulphureous or pallescent, upon a blackish
hypothallus ; apoth. sessile, disk reddish-orange, immarginate, with a
thick, inflected, at length flexuous margin. Lecanora fulva, Schwein.
in Hals. Lich. N. Y. I. c. p. 13. Tuckerm. Lick. JV. E. 1. c.

Trunks; New England. New York, HaZsey.

66. P. cerina, Ach. Cr. at first contiguous, at length granulate, ci-
nereous, upon a bluish-black hypothallus ; apoth. sessile, disk immar-
ginate, somewhat wax-colored, with a thin, equal, opake, entire thai-
line margin. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 160. Lecanora, Ach.

Trunks, rocks, and stones ; New England. Pennsylvania, Muhl.

Subsect IX. Urceolaria, Fr.

67. P. glaucoma, Ach., Fr. Crust tartareous, contiguous, rimose-
areolate, glaucous-white ; hypothallus white ; apoihecia innate, disk
pale-flesh-colored, pruinose, at length convex, and becoming blackish,
with a very entire, evanescent thalline margin. Fr. Summ. Fl. Scand.
P. sordida, Fr. Lichenogr. p. 17S. Lecanora glaucoma, Ach.

Rocks (especially granite). New York, Halsey. Arctic America,
Rich.

68. P. verrucosa, Ach., Fr. Cr. cartilagineous, verrucose, naked,
glaucous-white ; hypoth. white ; disk immersed in the verrucas, con-
cave, blackish, subpruinose, the proper margin connate with the conve.x
thalline margin. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 186. Icon, Laur. in Slurm^s Fl.
t. 21. — a. Urceolaria, Fr. ; normal. Urceolaria verrucosa, Ach. —
j8. Perlusaria, Fr. ; verrucse closed, disk prominent like a black osti-
ole. Porina glomerala, Ach.

Incrusting dead mosses and sticks, in alpine districts ; White Moun-
tains.

69. v. calcarea, Ach., Fr. Cr. subcartilagineous, areolate-verru-.
cose, glauccscent (often mealy and white) ; disk immersed in the are-
olae, from concave becoming plane, blackish, creslous-pruinose, with a

AND BRITISH AMERICA.

43

thin, at length discrete, entire proper margin ; thalline margin some-
what prominent, subentire, or rugose-crenate. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 167.
JJrceolaria, Ach.

Limestone, and from this passing to other rocks ; New England.
New York, Halsey.

70. P. scruposa, Sommerf. Cr. tartareous, rugose-granulate, glau-
cous-cinerascent ; hypoth. white ; apoth. immersed, disk urceolate, cse-
sious-black, with a connivent, cinerous-blackish proper margin, which
is at first covered by the crenate thalline margin. Fr. Lichenogr. p.
190. Urceolaria, Ach. — (?. bryophila, Ach. ; cr. rugose ; apoth.
smaller, disk emergent, urceolate, with a contracted mouth, thalline
margin subevanescent. Fr. I. c. Gyalecta, Ach.

Rocks, stones, dead wood, trunks, and on the earth ; New England.
— ,? incrusting mosses ; Pennsylvania, Muhl. Arctic America, Rich.

X. THELOTREMA, Ach.

Apothecia subconical -truncate, at length open, urceolate-scutelliform ;
a discrete, lax, membranaceous, lacerate-dehiscent, interior exciple veil-
ing a rigescent disk. Thallus crustaceous.

T. lepadinum, Ach. Disk blackish, at first csesious-pruinose. Fr.
Lichenogr. p. 428. Schar. ! Spied, p. 67.

Trunks, somewhat rare ; New England. Arctic America, Rich.
(Herb. Hook. !). Our Lichen, as well as that of Arctic America, agrees
with the European ; and the species is found also in Brazil (Eschwei-
ler).

XL GYALECTA, Ach., Fr.

Apothecia orbiculate, urceolate, at first closed, then variously dehis-
cent, the elevated, discrete, colored border of the exciple surrounding
the disk. Disk at first included, like a nucleus, and gelatinous, becom-
ing at length open, explanate, indurated. Thallus horizontal, crusta-
ceous, somewhat tartareous.

G. cupularis, Schser. Apothecia radiate-dehiscent, urceolate-open ;
border orbicular, elevated, tumid, pale, disk pale-flesh-colored. Fr.
Lichenogr. p. 195.

Rocks (especially limestone and sandstone, Fr.) and on the earth.
New York, Halsey. Pennsylvania, Muhl.

44 LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

Tribe II. LECIDEACEiE, Fr.

XII. STEREOCAULON, Ach.

Apothecia placed upon a thalline stratum, which forms a more or
less evident, evanescent (spurious) thalline margin, becoming plane,
with an obscure proper margin, and at length cephaloid and immargi-
nate, solid. Thallus vertical, caulescent, mostly solid {podetia), sup-
porting a horizontal, squamulose-granulose thallus, and arising some-
times from a horizontal, adnate, granulose thallus.

The apothecia are often quite those of Parmelia, but they also occur
subimmarginate from the first, or with only an obscure proper margin,
as observed by Scheerer and Eschweiler,and the genus seems properly
nearest to Biatora, and related through this to Lecidea. In this view,
Cladonia must be taken for the highest type of Lecideacese ; and the
fistulous podetium, analogous certainly (Fr. Lich. p. 14) to the tubulose
thallus of some Cetrarias, and in Cladonia turgida, if I am not mistaken,
evidently formed by constriction of the ascending foliaceous thallus of
that species, must be considered as indicating a higher rank than the
solid podetium ; this last being rather a branched stipe, as is suggested
by a comparison of Stereocaulon Fibula with Biatora Byssoides. And,
adopting a somewhat wider sense for Eschweiler''s remark, that Clado-
nia unites in itself the horizontal and the vertical thallus, we might, in
the point of view that we have chosen, see reason to agree with him
that this genus is even the highest development of Lichenose vegeta-
tion ; or to venture, at least, the suggestion, that no genus, which does
not include the horizontal type, should seem to be the most perfect typ-
ical representative of Lichenes. Fries, from whose profound conclu-
sions we are far from prepared to depart, attributes Indeed to Usnea
(1. c. pp. 9, 17, 198) the highest rank, and, where he considers the
genera as falling into parallel series, he, in this view, assigns the posi-
tion to Usnea, Stereocaulon, and Sphterophoron. But if there is evi-
dently a distinction between the highest iypical development and the
highest actually attainable development, and the former represent the
most perfect condition of the plant, or genus, per se, as a distinct real
or assumed existence in nature, — as the latter is representative of ex-
treme tendencies of the vegetation in question to ascend to a higher
than its typical structure, — Usnea, &c., may be taken as representing

AND BRITISH AMERICA. 45

the extreme development of Lichenes, and Cladonia, or some other ge-
nus expressing the horizontal type, as representing their typical perfec-
tion.— S. ram«/o5uni, Ach., a mostly tropical species, with densely
fibrillose podetia, and terminal, subglobose apothecia, inhabits North
America, according to Acharius and Muhlenberg j but it is probable,
only the southern part.

Sect. I. Podetia solid, filamentous within; apothecia normally fus-
cous.

• Squamules foliaceous, or fibrillose.

1. S. toine7Uosum, Fr. Podetia lax, terete, very much branched and
the branches somewhat recurved, clothed with a dense, whitish, spongy
tomentum ; squamules somewhat rounded, incised-crenate (becoming
phylloid-granulose), cinereous-cajsious ; apothecia minute, lateral, at
length globose. Fr. LicJienogr, p. 201.

On the earth and stones in the lower regions of the White Moun-
tains, and ascending; fertile. Northward to Arctic America, Herb.
Hook. !

2. S. coraUinum, Fr. Podetia lax, a little compressed, vei^y much
branched, glabrous (many conjoined at the base into a dense, at first
digitate-divergent sod) ; squamules fibrillose, somewhat digitate-ramose,
cinereous-cffisious ; apoth. scattered or conglomerate (rather large),
finally globose. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 201. S. daclylophyllwn, Floerk.!

Stones, in the lower regions of the White Mountains ; fertile.

3. S. paschale, Laur. Podetia lax, rather slender, somewhat com-
pressed, very much branched, subglabrous (many commonly crowded
thickly together, but not csespitose-conjoined) ; squamules phylloid-
granulose, crenate, conglomerate, glaucous ; apoth. subterminal, di-
lated, plane. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 202. S. paschale, Ach. part. Lichen
paschalis, L. fide Fr.

Stones, and on the earth in large patches, in the lower regions of the
While Mountains ; and ascending to alpine districts. Common also on
the coast ; but the genus is peculiarly montane. The present species
was formerly considered as including most of those here described,
and the following stations are therefore so far uncertain. New York,
Torrey. Pennsylvania, ilfisAZ. Northward to Canada, il/ic/iaMx; New-
foundland, P?/Zaie ; the Saskatchawan, &;c.. Rich.; Greenland, Gie-
seke ; and Melville Island, R. Br.

46

LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

4. S. condensatum, Laur. Podetia erect, terete, scarcely branched,
clothed with a thin, white-incarnate tomentum ; squamules roundish,
teretish, or confluent, glaucous ; apoth. terminal, dilated, plane, subpel-
tate. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 203. S. Meissnerianum, Floerk. !

Stones and rocks, in the lower regions of the White Mountains ;
somewhat rarely fertile. Occurring also in the deliquescent, degener-
ate state called by Acharius S. Cereolus (Meth. t. 7, p. 1). The hori-
zontal thallus at the base is persistent, and often conspicuous.

** Squamules verrucasform, rounded, or angulate.

5. S. denudatum, Floerk. Podetia erectish, terete, somewhat spar-
ingly branched above, below denudate, glabrous ; granules roundish,
thick, cinerascent, at length almost plane, crenate-lobate ; apoth. later-
al, minute, somewhat plane. Floerk. ! D. Lich. p. 13. Fr. Lichenogr.
p. 204. iS. glaucescens, Tuckerm. Lich. N. E. I. c.

Rocks ; from Greenland, Dill.., to New England, where it is common
in mountainous, and ascends to subalpine districts. Southward to Penn-
sylvania, Bill.

6. S. nanum, Ach. Podetia erect, slender, fastigiate-ramose, below
denudate, above very finely pulverulent ; granules verrucseform, mi-
nute, greenish-pallescent, floccose ; apoth. small, lateral, convex. Fr. !
Lichenogr. p. 205.

Fissures of rocks, and on stones, in the lower regions of the White
Mountains ; fertile.

Sect. II. PiLOPHOEON, Tuckerm. Podetia cariilagineous-subfilamen-
tous, or araneous-fistulous within ; apothecia subimmarginate, black.

7. S. Fibula, Tuckerm. Crust persistent, appressed, subsquama-
ceous-granulate, bright green ; podetia (solid), erect, terete, simple,
somewhat corticate with the green squamaceous granules, at length
subdenudate, glabrous ; apoth. (lateral, minute, somewhat plane, sub-
immarginate, and) terminal, mostly .solitary, at first depressed-globose,
immarginate, at length rather inflated, dark-greenish-nigrescent becom-
ing black.

Moist rocks along streams in mountain forests: White Mountains.
. . . . '

Rugose, nigrescent cephalodia (certainly abortive apothecia) occur

commonly in the crust, resembling similar ones in S. condensatum.

Barren podetia terminated often with powdery green pulvinules, as in

S. Cereolus, Ach. Apothecia solid, as in the next, the disk placed upon

AND BRITISH AMERICA. 47

a paler stratum. S. Cereolus, as described by Borrer, and figured in
E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2667, is certainly very near the present section, and
agrees in many respects with the species under notice. The apparent
difference of structure in the apothecia of this and of the next spe-
cies from Cladonia, Stereocaulon, and Biatora is one so anomalous,
that I prefer to leave them in this place, to which, indeed, their whole
habit would seem to refer them.

8. S. aciculare, Tuckerm. Crust persistent, of effuse, roundish,
whitish granules; podetia erect, terete, smooth, elongated (fistulous and
araneous within), divided at length irregularly into erect, subfastigiate,
at length denudate branches ; granules verruculose, pale-cinereous ;
apoth. at first subconical-globose, immarginate, often conglomerate,
from dark-greenish-nigrescent becoming black. Baomyces, Meth. t. 8,
f. 4, dein Cenomyce, Ach. Cladonia, Auct. Stereocaulon, Mihi, Enum.
Lich. N. Amer. p. 52.

On the earth ; Northwest Coast, Menzies ! Douglas, in herb. Hook. !
Rocky Mountains, Herb. Hook. ! — New York, Halscy. Pennsylvania,
Muhl. Certainly a congener of the last. Fries remarks incidentally
(Lichenogr. p. 242), that the apothecia are almost those of Biatora.
Rugose cephalodia, like those of the last, occur also in the crust of this
species, and at the bases of the podetia. Sommerfelt (Suppl. Fl. Lapp,
p. 126) remarks that these cephalodia occur also in S. paschale, S. co-
rallinum, and S. denudatum.

XIII. CLADONIA, Hoffm.

Apothecia orbiculate, submarginate ; becoming at length inflated,
cephaloid, and immarginate ; empty. Disk open, at length protuberant
and reflexed, concealing the proper exciple. Horizontal thallus squa-
mulose-foliaceous or crustaceous, from which arises a vertical, caules-
cent, cartilagineous, fistulous thallus (podetia).

Series 1. G I auc e s cen I e s , Fr. Podetia greenish-glaucous.
Apothecia rufous.

1. C. alcicomis, Fr. Thallus csespitose, subfoliaceous, of palmate-
laciniate, crenate, glaucous lobules ; podetia elongated-lurbinate, some-
what verruculose, glabrous, of the same color ; scyphi regular, conca-
vo-plane, crenulate ; apothecia rufous. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 213. C. Cor-
nucopia, Hoffm. Tuckerm. Lich. N. E. I. c. viij'-'vt- (i-|.'aS ^•■xjusi

48, LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

Sterile, sandy earth ; pine woods. North America, Floerke ! Com-
mon in New England, and fertile. Pennsylvania, Muhl. Arctic
America, Hook. Lobes black-fibrillose at the margins, beneath, in the
European Lichen, but naked in ' warm, dry places,' according to
Floerke, and in sterile soils, according to Fries. I have never found
fibrillose specimens of our plant.

2. C. turgida, HoffVn. Th. foliaceous, erectish, laciniate, glaucous,
branching into fruticulose, ramose, glabrous podetia, of the same color ;
the scyphiferous ones turgid, obconico-cylindrical ; spurious scyphi im-
marginate, dentate-radiate ; apolh. carneo-rufescent. jF?-. Lic/ienogr.

p. 214:. Floerk. ! Clad. p.Wb. Cenomyce parecha, Ach. ' 'J-^ ,- 2 0/

Sterile, moist earth, in mountainous districts, fertile ; New England.
Pennsylvania, Muhl. Arctic America, Rich.

3. C. Papillaria, Hoffm. Th. crustaceous, papillose-granulate, per-
sistent ; podetia ventricose-cylindrical, gibbous, glabrous, simple or
much branched, glaucous ; the branches fastigiate, undivided at the
apices, obtuse ; apoth. at length convex, rufous. Fr. Lichejwgr. p. 245.
Floerk. ! Clad. p. 5. Icon, Laur. in Sturni's Fl. t. 22. Pycnothelia,
Hook. Br. Fl. Tuckerm. Lich. N. E. I. c.

Sterile earth in alpine and subalpine districts. White Mountains; fer-
tile. The abnormal state with very short, vesicular, podetia, tipped
with rufous-fuscous, abortive apothecia, is most common.

Series 2. Fus c e s c eni e s, Fr. Podetia greenish-fuscous (and
cinerascent). Apothecia fuscous.

* Scyphiferce, Fr. Podetia passing into a terminal scyphus, closed
with a diaphragm.

4. C. ccBspiiicia, Floerk. Thallus coespilose, of pale-green, laciniate
squamules ; podetia very short, glabrous, dilated above (and wanting) ;
apoth. fuscous. Floerk. ! Clad. p. 8. Cenomyce, Ach. Syn. p. 247. .

Trunks of trees and rocks, fertile ; New England. New York, Hal-
sey. (Cf. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 218.)

5. C. pyxidata, Fr. Th. squamulose ; podetia cartilagineous-corti-
cate, at length verrucose, or furfuraceous, green-cinerascent ; the
scyphiferous ones turbinate ; scyphi cyathiform, dilated ; apoth. fus-
cous. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 216. Cenomyce, Ach. ! Syn. p. 252. — ^. Po-
cillum, Ach. ; th. of large, thickened lobules ; podetia dilated sensibly

AND BRITISH AMERICA. 49

upward from a thick base, verrucose with subsquamaceous granules.
Ach. Lichenogr. p. 535.

On the earth, &c., very common and variable ; New England, and
westward. New York, Torrey. Pennsylvania, Muhl. North to the
Saskatchawan, &c., Rich.; Greenland, Gieseke ; and Melville Island,
R. Br. — (?, in moist crevices of rocks in the mountains of New Eng-
land ; perhaps the handsomest state of the species. A frequent rail-
Lichen (Bceomyces scolecinus, Ach., Pycnothelia scol., Tuckerm.
Lich. N. E.) is a degeneration. Infertile states are easily confounded
with similar states of several other species. ■..

6. C gracilis, Fr. Th. squamulose ; podetia cartilagineous-corti-
cate, polished ; scyphi somewhat plane ; apoih. fuscescent. Fr. Lidten-
ogr. p. 218. — a. verlicillata,¥r. \ podetia shorter, all scyphiferous ;
scyphi dilated, plane, proliferous for the most part from the centre. Fr.
I. c. C. verliciUafa, Hoffm. Floerk. ! Clad. p. 26. — (?. cervicornis,
Auct. ; th. of conspicuous, elongated, erectish, naked, dark-green squa-
mules ; podetia as in the next, of which this is the macrophylline state.
— y. hyhrida, Fr. ; podetia longer and larger, mostly scyphiferous;
scyphi dilated, and commonly proliferous from the margin. Fr. I. c. —
<J. elongata, Fr. ; podetia elongated, mostly subulate or furcate ; scyphi
diminished, somewhat concave. Fr. ! 1. c. Cenomyce gracilis, Ach.
Cladonia, Hoffm. Floerk. ! Clad. p. 30. Tuckerm. Lich. N. E. L c.
Lichen, L. — * vermicularis, Auct. ; podetia papyraceous, prostrate,
subulate, subsimple, imperforate, white. C. vermicularis, DC. C. su-
buliformis, Hoffm. Tuckerm. I. c. — ** taurica, Auct. ; podetia papy-
raceous, erectish, ventricose, ramose, white. C. taurica, Hoffm, C.
subuliformis, (S. taurica, Tuckerm. I. c.

On the earth, most perfect, and in all the varieties, on high moun-
tains ; — ;' being an alpine state, but descending ; and * and ** alpine
degenerations.t New England and westward. New York («), Hal-
sey. Pennsylvania, Muhl. North to Point Lake, &c,. Rich.; and
Greenland, Gieseke.

7. C. degenerans, Floerk. Th. squamulose ; podetia cartilagineous-
corticate, irregularly proliferous-ramose (glabrous or granulate-furfura-
ceous), more or less squamulose-e.xasperate, green-pallescent, becoming

t " Apothecia lateralia, sparsa, atra. thallo iiinata, eoque submarglnata, apoth.
Roccellte aliquo modo accedenlia," were observed by Brown in some Arctic Amer-
ican specimens of* (R. Br. in Parry's First Voy. App. p. 307).

7

50 LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

blackish and white-spotted at the base ; scyphi irregular, cristate-lacer-
ate ; apoth. fuscous. Floerk. ! Clad. p. 41. Fr. ! Lichenogr. p. 221.
Cenomyce gonorega, Ach. — (?; scyphi digitately divided into fastigiate
branches, and becoming carious with age. Fr. I. c. Cenomyce carlo-
sa, Ach.

On the earth ; common in New England. New York, Halsey.
Pennsylvania, Muhl. (Southward to Virginia, Bill.)

8. Cfimhriata, Fr. Th. squamulose ; podetia cylindrical, the whole
membranaceous epidermis deliquescing into a fine, glaucous-candicant
dust ; scyphi cupuleeform with an erect margin ; apoth. fuscous. Fr.
Lichenogr. p. 222. Lichen Jimbriatus, L. — « ; podetia short, all
scyphiferous ; scyphi somewhat dentate; apoth. simple. Fr. I. c. Dill.
Muse. t. 14, f. 8. Lichen Jimbriatus, «, L. — /5. tuiaformis, Fr. ; po-
detia elongated, mostly scyphiferous ; scyphi somewhat entire ; apoth.
symphycarpeous. Fr.l.c. Lichen Jimbriatus, ^, L. — y. radiata,FT.;
podetia elongated, subulate, or the scyphi proliferous-subulate, or oblit-
erated and radiate-fimbriate. Fr. I. c. Lichen Jimbriatus, y, L.

On the earth, common in mountainous districts, and fertile ; New
England. New York, Halsey. Pennsylvania, Muhl. Northward to
Arctic America, Rich.

9. C. cornuta, Fr. Th. squamulose ; podetia cylindrical, somewhat
ventricose, the epidermis cartilagineous and persistent below, membra-
naceous and becoming powdery-deliquescent above ; scyphi narrowed,
rather plane, with an incurved, somewhat entire margin ; apoth. fus-
cous. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 225. Lichen cornutus, L.

Trunks among mosses, dead wood, &c., in the mountains of New
England ; fertile.

10. C. decorlicata, Floerk. Th. squamulose ; podetia slender, cy-
lindrical, the submembranaceous epidermis separating into furfuraceous
scales, pulverulent ; scyphi narrowed or obsolete ; apoth. fuscous.
Floerk. ! Clad. p. 10. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 226. — (S. syviphycarpea, Fr. ;
podetia somewhat simple ; apoth. symphycarpeous. Fr. I. c. — y. {ra-
mosa), Fr. ; podetia branched, subulate, sterile. Fr. I. c.

On the earth, in mountainous districts. White Mountains; fertile.
Distinguishable from similar decorticate, symphycarpeous states of C.
py.xidata by its pulverulence.

** Pervice, Fr. Podetia not passing into closed scyphi, but the axils

f

AND BRITISH AMERICA. 51

and apices dilated-infundibuliform, or simply perforate in the more
slender, much-branched forms.

11. C cenotea, Scha;r. Th. squamulose, dissected; podetia di-
chotomous-brachiate, membranaceous-corticate, at length finely glau-
cous-pruinose ; axils and fertile apices dilated, infundlbuliform, with
incurved margins ; ' apoth. sessile, from pale becoming fuscous.' Fr. !
Lichenogr. {sub C. Irachiata), p. 228. C. cenolea, Schcer. Spicil. p.
35. Floerk. ! Clad. p. 135. Bceomyces dein Cenomyce, Ach. — a ; tur-
gid ; axils and apices as above. Fr. I. c. — /S. furcellata, Fr. ; slender,
fruticulose ; branches subulate, axils perforate. Fr. I. c.

On the earth, in mountainous districts. White Mountains ; as yet
infertile.

12. C. parasitica, Schser. Th. squamulose, narrowly erose-lacini-
ate and granulate-pulverulent ; -podetia delicate, at length besprinkled
with scales and granules, divided above into short, somewhat incrassat-
ed branches ; apoth. minute (often symphycarpeous), fuscous. Schcer. !
Spicil. p. 37. Lichen parasiticus, Hoffm. C. delicata, Floerk. ! Clad.
p. 7. C squamosa, var. delicata, Fr. ! Lichenogr. p. 231.

Decaying logs, common in mountainous districts ; New England.
Penns3'lvania, Muhl. (Cf. Fries, I. c.)

13. C. squamosa, Hoffm. Th. squamulose, dissected, often some-
what pulverulent ; podetia branched, lacunose, at length decorticate,
and exasperate with squamaceous granules ; axils pervious, denticulate ;
apoth. cymose, fuscous. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 231. — a. venlricosa, Fr. ;
podetia ventricose ; axils and apices dilated-infundibuliform. Fr. ! I. c.
Cenomyce sparassa, Ach. Cladonia, Floerk. ! Clad. p. 129. — §. atten-
uala, Fr. ; podetia more slender, attenuate, axils pervious, apices subu-
late. Fr. ! I. c.

On the earth, decaying logs, and stones, most perfect and frequent
in mountainous districts ; New England.

14. CfurccUa, Floerk. Th. squamulose, somewhat dissected; po-
detia dichotomous-fruticulose, cartilagineous-corticate, polished, green-
ish-fuscous ; a.wls and fertile apices pervious ; apoth. pedicellate, from
pale becoming fuscous. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 229. Floerk. Clad. p. 141.
— a. crispata, Fl. ; turgid ; a.xi!s and apices infundlbuliform. Floerk. !
I. c. p. 148. Fr. ! I. c. — §. crislata, Fr. ; somewhat turgid ; obliquely
dilated and fimbriate-cristate at the axils ; the apices cristate-ramulose.

■ ST^BS

63 LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN StM^S

Fr. I. c. Dill. Muse. p. 544, & Icon, t. 82, /. 1. — ;'. racemosa,
Floerk. ; podetia elongated, turgescent, ramose, and, as well as the ax-
ils, gaping ; branches recurved or erect, fertile ones explanate. Floerk. !
I. c. p. 152. Fr. ! I. c. — S. subulata, Floerk. ; podetia elongated, more
slender, with subpertuse axils ; apices of the fertile ones cloven ; branch-
es erectish, or also recurved, or divergent. Floerk. I I. c. p. 143. Fr.
I- c. — £. pungens, Ach. ; small, csespitose, very much and intricately
branched, fragile, pallescent or whitish-cinereous. Fr. I. c. C. pungens,
Floerk. I. c. p. 156. C. rangiformis, Hoffm.

On the earth, common ; most perfect in mountainous regions; New
England to Ohio. New York, Halsey. Pennsylvania, Muhl. — j3.
Pennsylvania, Dill. — e. Greenland, Floerke.

15. C. rangiferina, Hoffm. Th. crustaceous, evanescent ; podetia
fruticulose, trichotomously and very much branched, somewhat tomen-
tose, cinerascent ; axils subperforate ; sterile apices nodding, fertile
ones erect, cymose ; apoth. fuscous. Fr. Lickenogr. p. 243. Floerk. !
Clad. p. 160. — /?. sylvatica, Floerk.; slender, smoother, pale-straw-
colored. Floerk. Clad. p. 1C7. Fr. I. c. — y. alpeslris, Floerk. ; soft-
ish, the branches and branchlets very densely thyrsoid-entangled.
Floerk. Clad. p. 165. Fr. I c.

On the earth, common everywhere, and fertile ; New England.
New York («, ^, and y), Halsey. Pennsylvania, Dill. Northward to
Canada, Michaux ; Greenland, Giesefie ; and elsewhere in Arctic Amer-
ica, Rich., R. Br.

Series 3. Ochroleuca, Fr. Podetia ochroleucous ; at length
fuscous-cerulescent at the base. Apothecia somewhat livid-flesh-
colored, lutescent within.

16. C. carneola, Fr. Th. squamulose ; podetia membranaceous-
corticate, at length finely pulverulent, ochroleucous, becoming fuscous-
cerulescent at the base, the scyphiferous ones turbinate ; apoth. pale-
flesh-colored fuscescent. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 233 — « ; podetia turbi-
nate, all scyphiferous, simple or proliferous. Fr. I. c. — /S; podetia
elongated-turbinate, with radiate, subulate prolificatiflns. Fr. I. c. —
y. cydnipes, Fr. ; podetia very long, cylindrical, simple, or the scyphl
obliterated and passing into somewhat divaricate, sterilescent branches.
Fr. I. c. Icon, Laur. in Sturm''s Fl. t. 13.

On the earth ; Arctic America. Greenland, Fries. »

AND BRITISH AMERICA. 53

17. C. Despreauxii, Bory ms. Th. evanescent ; podetia elongated,
slender, cartilagineous-corticate, the epidermis separating below into
bluish-white squamules^gnd becoming above finely granulate (not pul-
verulent), pale sulphureous, becoming bluish-fuscescent at the base ;
scyphi narrow, proliferous-radiate, or passing into and obliterated in
sterilescent branchlets ; apoth. minute, pale-flesh-colored fuscescent.
Cenomyce Despreauxii, Bory, Jide schedul. in herb. Berol.

On the earth in alpine districts. White Mountains. Newfoundland,
Bory! % S

IS. C. amaurocrcBa, Floerk. Th. crustaceous, evanescexit ; pode-
tia elongated, slender, polished, somewhat curved-dS|M|K|^. pale-
straw-colored ; apices fuscous-black, those of the steri^^^^Hf^ueu-
late, variously branched, of the scyphiferous ones irr^^^^^prolifer-
ous-branched ; scyphi narrow, oblique, margin dentate-radiate ; apoth.
pale-flesh-colored fuscescent. Floerk. ! Clad. p. 1 19. Cenomyce oxy-
ceras, Ach. Syn. ,

On the earth in alpine districts. White Mountains, very luxuriant
and fertile. Greenland, Floerke, and elsewhere in Arctic America,
Rich.

19. C. Botrytis, HoffVn. Th. squamulose ; podetia cylindrical, car-
tilagineous-corticate, verruculose, ochroleucous ; somewhat divided into
subfastigiate branches ; apoth. pale-flesh-colored and pallescent. Fr.
Lichenogr. p. 234.

On the earth, and decaying logs. New York, Halsey.

20. C. uncialis, Fr. Th. crustaceous, evanescent ; podetia fruticu-
lose, dichotomous, smooth, greenish-straw-colored ; axils subperforate ;
sterile apices erect, blackish, fertile ones digitate-radiate ; apoth. at first
pale-flesh-colored, fuscescent. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 244. Ach. Syn. p.
276. C. stellala, Schcer. ! Spicil. 1, p. 42 {excl. d). Floerk. ! Clad.
p. 171. — «. humilior ; shorter, more slender, and smooth, somewhat
attenuate, the axils often imperforate. Fr. I. c. Cenomyce uncialis,
Ach. Lichenogr. Lichen uncialis, Auct. — /S. adunca, Ach.; taller,
somewhat turgid, incrassated above ; branches short, stellate-patent, the
fertile ones cymose ; axils gaping. Ach. I. c. p. 277. Fr. I. c. (a.)
C biuncialis, Hnffm. C. adunca, Ach. Lichenogr. — y. turgescens,
SchcEr. ; softish, turgid-incrassated, the branches subtruncate, fastigi-
ate. Schmr. Spicil. 1, p. 308. Fr. I. c.

On the earth : a, sands, and sterile pine woods (fertile .') ; — (i, in

54 LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

similar places, fertile; and abundant also in mountainous districts; —
y, alpine and subalpine regions ; New England. New York, Halsey.
Pennsylvania (a and /J), Muhl. Canada {^),^Michaux.

21. C Boryi, Tuckerm. Th. (crustaceous) evanescent; podetia
turgid, fruticulose, dichotomous, fastigiate-ramose, rugulose becoming
reticulate-perforate, pale sulphureous and glaucescent ; axils scyphi-
form, entire, at length cribrose-perfprate ; sterile apices scyphiform,
cristate-dentate, entire becoming cribrose, with fuscous tips ; fertile
ones somewhat cyijffcse-radiate ; apoth. flesh-colored, at length dark-
fuscous. C uncialis, var. reticulata, Russell, in Essex Jour. Nat. Hist.
TuckermJ^^tm^ Lich. N. Amer. p. 53, excl. syn. — /S. lacunosa ; po-
detia it^^^^fel, obtusish, lacunose-subperforate, glaucous ; axils and
apices sra^^Brscyphiform, sparingly subdentate. Cenomyce lacunosa,
Bory, Jiaesclied. in lierh. Berol.

On the earth, near the sea, fertile ; Hingham, Duxbury, Mr. Russell!
and elsewhq^ e on the coast of Massachusetts, Dr. Porter ! Mr. Oakes !
— /J, alpine and montane districts, infertile ; White Mountains. Mo-
nadnoc, BMSseZZ.' Newfoundland, 5or!/ .' I have endeavoured to point
out the features that seem to distinguish this remarkable Lichen from
C. uncialis, but it is possible that the conclusion of its original indica-
tor may be correct. The podetia become very turgid, and at length
often explanate, measuring in one of my specimens eight lines in di-
ameter at the base, and five where the branches begin. The Nevr-
foundland specimen, and our alpine ones, belong to an apparently
sterile, subalpine state of the Lichen.

Series 4. CoccifercB, Fr. Podetia greenish, becoming fulves-

cent at the base. Apothecia scarlet.

* Podetia cartilagineous-corticate, never finely pulverulent.

22. C. cornucopioides,Fr. Th. squamulose ; podetia cartilagineous-
corticate, from glabrous becoming verrucose or granulate-subpulveru-
lent, yellowish, at length cinereous-green ; the scyphiferous ones elon-
gated-turbinate, attenuate below ; scyphi cyathiform, dilated ; apoth.
scarlet. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 236. Lichen cornucopioides, L. Fl. Suec.
Cenomyce coccifera, Ach. Cladonia, Hoffm. Floerk. ! Clad. p. 89.
Lichen cocciferus, L. part. Icon, Laur. in Sturm's Fl. tt. 23, 24, 25.

On the earth. Very frequent in mountainous districts, but often in-
fertile ; New England. New York, Torrey. Pennsylvania, Muhl.
North to the Saskatchawan, &c., Rich., and Greenland, Gieseke.

AND BRITISH AMERICA. 55

23. C. beUidifora, Schter. Th. of minute, dissected squamules ; po-
detia cartilagineous-corticate, elongated, ventricose-cylindrical, glabrous,
becoming at length densely clothed with dissected squamules, yellowish,
at length cinereous-green ; scyphi e.xtremely narrow ; apoth. (often
conglomerate, or symphycarpeous), scarlet. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 237.
SchcBr. ! Spicil. p. 21. Floerk. ! Clad. p. 95.

On the earth, in alpine districts ; White Mountains. Greenland,
Floerke.

24. C. Hookeri, Tuckerm. Th. of rather thick, large, ascendant
squamules; podetia cartilagineous-corticate, elongated, cylindrical, gla-
brous, becoming at length squamulose, sulphur-yellow ; ^i||l^ cupute-
form ; apoth. scarlet. IM^

On the earth ; Newfoundland, Herh. Hook. ! This brau'tiful species
resembles C. deformis in some respects, but belongs to the present sub-
division, and seems very distinct from every other scarlet-fruited Cla-
donia with which I am acquainted. I venture to inscribe it to the illus-
trious botanist who first proposed a complete survey of the cryptogamy
of British America, and who has done more than any other to illus-
trate it.

25. C.Floerkiana, Fr. Th. squamulose; podetia cartilagineous-
corticate, cylindrical, slender, glabrous, becoming at length granulate-
verrucose or squamose-decorticate, greenish and pallescent, nigrescent
at the base ; scyphi passing into somewhat digitate, fastigiate branch-
es ; apoth. scarlet. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 238. Floerk. Clad. p. 99. Li-
chen digilatus, E. Bat. t. 2439. Icones, Bill. Muse. t. 15, /. 19, c.
Laur. in Sturm's Fl. t. 14, d.

On the earth, decaying logs, dead wood, and rocks, common and fer-
tile ; New England.

*• Epidermis of the podetia membranaceous, dissolving into a fine

dust.

26. C. macilenta, Hofim. Th. squamulose ; podetia cylindrical,
slender, membranaceous-corticate above, becoming hoary-pulverulent ;
scyphi narrow, tubseform with an erect margin, or obsolete ; apoth.
scarlet. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 241. — «. Jllifonnis, Fr. ; podetia very slen-
der ; scyphus narrow, entire, or obliterated by a symphycarpeous apo-

Jhecium. Fr.tl.c. C. JUiformis, Schcer. .' Spicil. p. 19. Tuckerm.
Lich. N. E. I. c. Cenomyce lacillaris, Ach. C. polydaciyla, Floerk. !

•

56; LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

Clad. p. 108. — /?. clavata, Fr. ; podetia ventricose, subulate at the
apices or branched, substerile. Fr. I. c.

On the earth, decaying logs, dead wood, and rocks ; common in
mountainous districts, and fertile ; New England. Pennsylvania, Muhl.
Ochrocarpous states of this species, in which the bright scarlet of the
apothecia is changed to a pale yellow, occur in our mountains, but less
frequently than similar forms of C. Floerkiana.

27. C. digitata, Hoffm. Th. squamulose ; podetia cylindrical, be-
coming ochroleucous-pulverulent above ; scyphi narrowed, with an in-
curved, entire margin, becoming at length ampliate, and the margin
somewhat proliferous-palmate ; apoth. scarlet. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 240.
Sclicer. ! Spicil. p. 22. Floerk. ! Clad. p. 102. Lichen digitatus, L.
Icon, Laur: in Sluriji's Fl. t. 15, 16. — a. plalyphyllina ; lobules of
the thallus dilated, somewhat entire ; scyphi mostly entire. Fr. I. c. —
(?. microp7iylli7ia ; squamules of the thallus rather small ; scyphi mostly
palmate-ramose. Fr. I. c.

Decaying trunks, and moist earth among mosses, in mountainous dis-
tricts, fertile ; New England.

28. C. deformis, Hoffm. Th. squamulose ; podetia elongated, cy-
lindrical or ventricose, becoming sulphureous-pulverulent above ; scyphi
somewhat narrow, becoming at length cupulseform and dilated, with
an erect, crenate-dentate margin ; apoth. scarlet. Fr. Lichenogr. p.
239. Schcer. ! Spicil. p. 23. C. crenulata, Floerk. ! Clad. p. 105.

On the earth, common upon mountains, a conspicuous Lichen, fer-
tile ; New England. Northward to Arctic America, Rich. Green-
land, Floerke.

29. C. sulphur ina, Michx. (sub Scyphoph.). Podetia simple, at first
very simply and slightly scyphiform, thick, submembranaceous, at
length subclavate-elongated, smooth, the apices finally irregularly sub-
divided, and rimose-perforale, hoary-sulphureous ; fertile scyphi small ;
apoth. confluent, black-fuscous. Scyphophorus sulphurinus, Michx. Fl.
2, p. 328. Cenomyce, Ach. Lichenogr. p. 557. Ach. Syn. p. 265.

On the earth, Canada, Michaux ! Fries. This is the " Lichen coc-
ciferus; major. Dill. t. 14, f. 6, M," of Michau.x's herbarium, the speci-
mens appearing to me, at the time I examined them, to resemble some
states of C. deformis. Fries observes incidentally (Lichenogr. p. 237)
upon Canada specimens (' specimina authentica Canadensia') of Mi»
chaux's Lichen, that the podetia do not become squamulose, that it has

AND BRITISH AMERICA. 57

infundibuliform and not true scyphi, and much of the habit of C. unci-
alis ; thus distinguishing it from C. bellidiflora, to which Floerke referred
it. It is probable that the "Bseomyces tubulosus, Richard. Canada,"
of Herb. Willd. ! which also appeared to me to resemble C. deformis,
belongs to Michaux's species, and in this case the thallus is squamulose,
and the podetia are finely pulverulent above. It appears certain that
the C. sulphurina of Fries is not the C. Hookeri of this Enumeration.
The species is also common in North Carolina, according to Fries, who
received his specimens from Schweinitz.

XIV. BiEOMYCES, Fr.

Apothecia from the first globose, immarginate, velate, at length emp-
ty and araneous within, the base closely surrounding a stipe. Thallus
crustaceous, uniform, protruding fertile stipes, which are destitute of a
cortical stratum.

The structure of Bseomyces roseus has been illustrated very minute-
ly by Dr. Kiittlinger (Allg. Bot. Zeit. 1845, pp. 577-584, & t. vi.).

B. roseus, Pers. Crust verrucose, glaucous ; stipes short, cylindrical ;
apothecia subglobose, flesh-colored. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 246.

Sterile clay-soils, and sands ; New England ; and abundant also on
the sterile surfaces of slides in the White Mountains. New York, Tor-
rey. Pennsylvania, Mulil.

m

XV. BIATORA, Fr.

Apothecia margined at first by a waxy thalline exciple converted
into a proper exciple, becoming at length hemispherical or globose,
subimmarginate, solid, and cephaloid. Disk at length dilated, turgid,
concealing the paler margin, placed upon a stratum oftener paler, never
coal-black. Thallus horizontal, arising from a hypothallus, somewhat
crustaceous, efiigurate, or uniform. Podetia wanting, but the apothe-
cia stipitate in a few species. The margin of the apothecia never
originally black. Fr.

Sect. I. Thallus squamose, or lobed at the circumference. *

* Apothecia sessile.
1. B. decipiens, Fr. Scales of the thallus discrete, somewhat pel-
tate, angulate, dark-fiesh-colored ; beneath and at the circumference
8

OS LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

white ; apothecia marginal, adnate, somewhat immarginate, blackish,
white within. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 252. Lecidea, Ach. Syn. p. 52.

On the earth, especially in alpine districts. Arctic America, Rich.
Pennsylvania, MuJil.

2. B. glohifera, Fr. Th. squamose, imbricate, greenish-chestnut,
somewhat shining ; scales reniform, rugose, lobate ; apolh. elevated,
globose, somewhat immarginate, from rufous becoming black, whitish
within. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 255. Lecidea, Ach. Syn. p. 51. Icon,
Laur. in Sturm's Fl. t. 26.

Clefts and depressions of rocks. North America, Ach. Pennsylva-
nia, Muhl. New York, Halsey.

3. B. rufo-nigra, Tuckerm. Th. squamose, imbricate, from pale ru-
fous becoming blackish ; scales irregularly suborbiculate, ascending,
crenate-lobate ; apoth. adnate, plane, obtusely margined, atrorufous, at
length convex, black. Placodium sp. nov. Tuckerm. Lich. N. E. 1. c.
1838.

Rocks ; near Boston. Scales of the thallus small, obscure to the
naked eye.

4. B. atro-rufa, Fr. Th. crustaceous, smoothish, adnate, at first con-
tiguous, becoming at length areolate, cinereous-fuscescent ; black be-
neath ; at the circumference foliaceous-lobate ; apoth. applanate-adnate,
rufous-fuscous, whitish within. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 255. Lecidea, Ach.
Lichenogr. p. 200.

On the earth in alpine districts. White Mountains.

•* Apothecia stipitate, margin at length revolute.

5. B. placophylla, Fr. Th. subcrustaceous, orbicular, corrugated,
glaucous-virescent, at the circumference foliaceous, lobes rounded, and
crenate ; white beneath ; apoth. stipitate, pileiform, rufous-fuscous ;
stipes thick, compressed, longitudinally rugulose. Fr. Lichenogr. p.
257. BcBomyces, Ach. Meih. p. 323, ^- Icon, t. 7, /. 4. Lich. Univ.
p. 574.

On sandy, sterile earth ; slides, and banks of streams, in the White
Mountains.

6. B. Byssoides, Ft, -Th. crustaceous, effuse, granulose, greenish-
glaucous, squamulose at the circumference; hypoth. fibriUose, white ;
apoth. substipitate, pileiform, from flesh-colored becoming fuscous ;

AND BRITISH AMERICA. 59

Stipes rather short, somewhat compressed, corticate with the ascending
granules of the crust or naked, often subdivided at the apex. Fr. Li-
chenogr. p. 257. Bceomyces rupestris, Ach. Lich. p. 573. B. riifus,
Wahl. B. Bi/ssoides, Schar. — «. Fr. ; granules of the crust subsqua-
maceous, crenulate (and deliquescent), greenish-glaucous. Fr. J. c. —
fi. rupestris, Fr. ; cr. thin, smoothish, subcontiguous (or powdery);
apoth. smaller. Fr. 1. c. Baom. rupestris, Pers. — y. lignatilis, Fr. ;
cr. rugose, cinereous-giaucescent; apoth. subsessile, fuscous-black. Fr.
1. c. BcEom. lignorum, Pers.

Common in mountainous districts : a, sterile sandy and clayey soils ;
slides, banks of streams, and road-sides, in the mountains of New Eng-
land.— (?, rocks in mountain forests. New England. New York, Hal-
sey. — /, decaying wood, in similar situations with the last, apothecia
almost sessile. The three varieties occur often in close neighbourhood
at the White Mountains. This species, Stereocaulon Fibula, and S.
aciculare illustrate the connection of Stereocaulon with the sessile Bi-
atorse. The difference of structure, indicated by Fries as generically
distinguishing Boeomyces roseus from this and the last species, referred
to Bseomyces by Acharius, has been further illustrated by Dr. Kuttling-
er in Allg. Bot. Zeit. 1845, 1. c.

Sect. II. Thallus effuse, uniform.

7. B. icmadopliila, Fr. Crust tartareous, granulate, greenish-glau-
cous; hypothallus white; apothecia (large) softish, incarnate, exciple
cupular, with a thin, evanescent margin. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 258. Le-
cidea, Ach. Bceomyces, DC.

Decaying wood in mountain forests, and on the earth ; ascending to
alpine districts ; New England. New York, Torrey. Pennsylvania,
Muld. Arctic America, Rich. Apothecia sometimes a little stipitate
in ours, as in the European Lichen.

8. B. vernalis, Fr. Cr. of minute, glaucescent granules, arising
from a membranaceous, whitish hypothallus ; apoth. at length subglo-
bose, clustered, flesh-colored, and fulvous-ferrugineous. Lecidea ver-
nalis, Borr. in Hook. Br. Fl. 2, p. 183. L. luteola, Ach.

Trunks in mountain forests, growing over mosses ; New England.
New York, Halsey. Arctic America, Rich.

9. B. pineti, Fr. Cr. very thin, granulose, greenish-glaucescent ;
apoth. (minute) sessile, whitish; disk becoming at length yellowish-

60 LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

flesh-colored, finally falling out and the apothecia urceolate. Lecidea,
Ach. Syn. p. 42. Hook. Br. Fl. I. c. Biatora, Fr. Summ. Fl. Scancl.
Scales of fir-bark, and on the earth. Pennsylvania, Muhl.

10. B. sanguineo-atra, Fr. Cr. thin, membranaceous, effuse, whit-
ish-cinerous, becoming granulose; apoth. sanguineous, with an obscure
paler margin, at length black. Fr. Su?nm. Fl- Scand. B. vernalis,
/?. sanguineo-atra, Fr. Lichenogr. p. 263.

Trunks and rocks, growing over mosses, in mountainous districts ;
New England.

11. B. carneola. Ft. Cr. confused with the hypothallus, cartilagin-
eous-membranaceous, glaucescent, at length granulate-pulverulent ;
apoth. sessile, concave, naked, from reddish-flesh-colored becoming

*fuscous, exciple cupular, with an elevated, at length evanescent, paler
margin. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 264. Lecidea, Ach.

Trunks ; New England. New York, Halsey. Apothecia somewhat
larger in my specimens than in the European Lichen.

12. B. spadicea, Ach. (sub Lecid.). Cr. cartilagineous-membrana-
ceous, granulate, glaucescent ; apoth. thick, margin very finely rugu-
lose, at length somewhat convex and excluding the margin, light-chest-
nut becoming blackish, within of the same color. Lecidea spadicea,
Ach. Syn. p. 34.

Trunks ; Pennsylvania, Muhl., Ach. Southward. Fries considers
this scarcely distinct from the last. (Lichenogr. p. 264.)

13. B. cinnaiarina, Sommerf. Cr. confused with the hypothallus,
cartilagineous, uneven, glaucous becoming whitish ; apoth. appressed,
cinnabar-red, naked, becoming at length convex, and immarginate. Fr.
Lichenogr. p. 266. Lecidea, Sommerf. Vet. Ac. Handl. 1S23 (e Fr.).

Trunks. Greenland, Fries. Lecidea coccinea, Schicein. in Hals.
Lich. N. Y. I. c. 1824, which cannot, by the description, be distin-
guished from this, occurs in New York, Halsey, and appears to extend
to N. Carolina ! {Mr. Curtis).

14. B. chlorantha, Tuckerm. Cr. of discrete, subsquamaceous-ver-
rucose granules, bright green, and white within (or deliquescent soredi-
iferous) ; apoth. somewhat elevated, becoming plane, and at length
convex, with a thick, flexuous, paler margin ; within white ; disk ni-
grescent.

Bark of Pinus Strobus, and other trees ; New England. Resem-

AND BRITISH AMERICA. 61

bling Lecidea enteroleuca, but with a different crust, and, I think, the
apothecia of the present genus.

15. B. decolorans, Fr. Cr. tartareous, confused with the hypothal-
lus, areolate-granulose, glaucescent ; apoth. appressed, naked, from
flesh-colored becoming fuscous and black, with a thin, elevated, paler
margin ; finally convex and irregular, and the margin disappearing.
Fr. Lichenogr. p. 266. Lecidea, dein Lecanora granulosa, Ach. Le-
cidea decolorans, Floerk. Ach. Syn.

On the earth, and decaying wood, in mountainous regions ; New
England. Northward to Arctic America, Rich.

16. B. anomala, Fr. Cr. confused with the white hypothallus, at
length granulose, white-cinerascent ; apoth. becoming hemispherical-
globose, somewhat hyaline-livid, at length fuscescent and black, margin
very thin, evanescent. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 269. li^canora commutata,
Ach. Syn. p. 149.

Trunks, dead wood, &c. New York, Halsey. An obscure species.
Nomen omen. Fr.

17. B. mixta, Fr. Cr. cartilagineous, confused with the hypothallus,
rugose-verrucose, milky-glaucescent ; apoth. adnate, exciple annular,
disk at first plane, pruinose, flesh-colored or livid, becoming at length
turgid, fuscous, and black, and excluding the obtuse margin. Fr.! Li-
chenogr. p. 268. Lecidea anomala, Ach. part. Tuckerm. Lich. N. E.
he.

Trunks, and dead wood. New England.

18. B. porphyrins, Tuckerm. Cr. subcartilagineous, smooth, chinky,
at length rugose, glaucescent (and greenish-sorediiferous) ; white with-
in ; apoth. elevated on a white thalline stratum which constitutes an
evanescent spurious margin, or sessile ; disk at first somewhat plane,
pruinose, with a thick, elevated margin, at length convex, and exclud-
ing the margin, fuscous-nigrescent.

Trunks, in the mountains of Massachusetts and New Hampshire.
Near to B. mixta, but as that is one of the smallest, this is the largest
Biatora that I am acquainted with. Several apothecia sometimes oc-
cupy the same thalline stratum, as in B. ochrophsea and B. aurantiaca.
With age the apothecia become flexuous, and very large, a single ex-
ciple having sometimes a diameter of two lines.

19. B. ochrophaa, Tuckernj. Cr. subcartilagineous, thickish, gran-

62 LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

ulate-verrucose and somewhat plicate, glaucescent ; hypoth. pale ;
apoth. elevated-subpedicellate on a thalline stratum, which constitutes
a thick, subcrenulate, at length evanescent spurious margin ; disk
plane, delicately pruinate, at length convex, and excluding its thin,
elevated, proper margin, from pale flesh-colored becoming blackish-
fuscous.

Trunks in the mountainous districts of Northern New England,
common. Apothecia at first closed, and either sessile (when some
states resemble Parmelia carneo-lutea, Turn.) or elevated on a protu-
berant thalline stratum, at length lacerate-dehiscent and becoming plane,
with a thick, crenulate thalline margin, which disappears, leaving the
marginate disk. It has often all the aspect of a Parmelia, not a little
resembling P. rubra. Is the structure of the apothecia in the last-men-
tioned species, and in P. carneo-lutea, wholly diverse from the structure
above described of the present .'

20. B. russula, Tuckerm. Cr. subcartilagineous, rimose-areolate,
and granulate, glaucescent (often greenish-soredliferous) ; apoth. ele-
vated on a thalline stratum which constitutes a thick, mostly entire spu-
rious margin, becoming convex, and excluding the obscure proper mar-
gin, fuscous-reddish. Lecidea, Ach. Syn. p. 40. Lecanora, Fee, Crypt.
Exot. p. 116.

Trunks of cedars on the coast of New England. Pennsylvania,
Muhl. Extending to the tropics.

21. B. rivulosa, Fr. Cr. tartareous, mouse-colored and paler, cov-
ering a fuscous-black hypothallus, which often decussates the crust ;
apoth. produced from the crust, from pale-fuscous becoming blackish,
whitish within, with a thin margin. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 271. Lecidea,
Ach. Lecanora falsaria, Ach.

Rocks, especially in mountainous districts ; New England. Penn-
sylvania, Muhl. Northward to Arctic America, Rich.

22. B. exigua, Chaub. Cr. of minute, confluent granules, smooth,
cartilagineous, cinereous-greenish ; decussated by lines of the black
hypothallus; apoth. submarginate, from pale-yellowish becoming fus-
cous. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 278. Lecidea varians, Ach. Syn. p. 38.
Tuckerm. Lich. N. E. I. c. L. versicolor, Schwein. in Hals. Lich. N.
Y. I. c. 7

Smooth bark ; New England. New York, Halsey ? Pennsylvania,
Muhl.

AND BRITISH AMERICA. 63

23. B. quemea, Fr. Cr. deliquescent, granulose-farinose, fuscescent-
ochroleucous ; hypoth. black; apoth. immersed, convex, brown, at
length immarginate. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 279. Lecidea, Ach.

Trunks ; New England.

24. B. lucida, Fr. Cr. granulate, greenish-yellow, at length deli-
quescent and ochroleucous ; hypoth. white ; apoth. (minute), convex,
pale yellow, often excluding the paler margin. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 279.
Lecidea, Ach.

Stones and decaying wood. Arctic America, Rich.

25. B. aurantiaca, Fr. Cr. cartilagineous, uneven, somewhat gran-
ulate, lutescent ; innate in a black hypothallus ; apoth. somewhat ele-
vated on a thalline stratum which constitutes a crenulate, evanescent,
spurious margin, disk dark-orange (and fuscescent), with a thin proper
margin. Parmelia, Fr.! Lichenogr. p. 165. Lecidea, Ach. Borr.in
Hook. Br. Fl. 2, p. 186. Lecanora salicina, Ach.

Trunks, dead wood, and rocks ; New England. New York, Halsey.
Pennsylvania, Muhl. Arctic America, Rich.

26. B.fusco-lutea, Hook, (sub Lecid.). Cr. thin, effuse, smooth,
somewhat granulose, whitish ; apoth. somewhat elevated, plane, yel-
lowish, at length rufous-fuscous, pruinose, with a thin margin. Lecidea,
Hook, in Rich. I. c. Lichen fusco-luteus, Dicks. E. Bot. t. 1007.

Upon mosses ; Arctic America, Rich. Fries suspects this to be a
state of B. ferruginea. It does not seem to be the Lecidea fusco-lutea,
a, of Ach. Syn.

XVI. LECIDEA, Ach., Fr.

Apolhecia margined at first by a very black, carbonaceous, proper
exciple, becoming scutelliform or hemispherical, solid. Disk at first
punctiform-impressed, always open, oftener horny, and placed upon a
carbonaceous stratum. Thallus horizontal, arising from a hypothallus,
somewhat crustaceous, effigurate, or uniform. Apothecia very black
from the first, the margin never, and the disk rarely, otherwise col-
ored. Fr.

Sect. I. Thallus efiigurate at the circumference, or wholly rugose-
plicate.

1. L. Candida, Ach. Crust rugose-plicate, candicant, becoming at
length white-farinose, lobed at the circumference ; hypothallus black ;

64 LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES '

apothecia appressed, obtusely marginate, glaucous-pruinose, white with-
in. Jr. Lichenogr. p. 285.

On the earth upon mosses ; Arctic America, Rich.

2. L. vesicularis, Ach. Cr. bullate-plicate, somewhat caulescent,
from greenish becoming glaucous, radiculose at the base ; apotli. hee,
peltate, obtusely marginate, at first pruinose, finally convex, naked ;
white within. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 286.

On the earth in alpine districts ; Arctic America, Rich.

3. L. Wahlenbergii, Ach. Cr. suborbicular, gyrose-plicate, round-
lobed at the circumference, from green becoming bright-yellow ; hy-
poth. black ; ' apoth. arising between the areolas, obsoletely marginate,
naked, black within.' Fr. ! Lichenogr. p. 291. Icon, Laur. in Sturm's
Fl. t. 28.

Moist sides and crevices of rocks in alpine districts. On the Great
Haystack, New Hampshire, infertile. Arctic America, Rich.

4. h. Jlavo-virescens, Fr. Cr. determinate, areolate-appressed, pli-
cate, lobulate at the circumference, from greenish becoming yellow ;
apoth. adnate, with a thin margin, becoming at length conve.x, and e.x-
cluding the margin, black within. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 291. L. scabrosa,
Ach. Meth.

On the earth in mountainous districts, often in company with Biatora
Byssoldes ; White Mountains. According to Borrer (in Hook. Br. Fl.
2, p. 178), L. citrinella, Ach., is the true Lichen flavo-virescens of
Dickson, and the present species should bear the name given it by
Acharius. Compare Fries, 1. c.

Sect. II. Thallus effuse, uniform.

Subsect. I. AEEOLAT.a;, Fr. Crust innate, originally areolate or be-
coming so. Hypothallus black.

* S axi c ol <B.

5. L. alio-cmrulescens, Fr. Cr. at first contiguous, from bluish be-
coming whitish ; apoth. produced from the crust, margin of the annu-
lar exciple thin, disk wa.xy, black, cerulescent-pruinose, white within.
Fr. Lichenogr. p. 295. L. pruinosa, Ach. Ttickerm. Lich. N. E. I. c.
— /?. immersa, Fr. ; cr. very thin, whitish, disappearing ; apoth. small,
oftener immersed in the rock. Fr. I. c. L. immersa, Ach.

Rocks and stones, especially granite and mica-slate ; New England.

AND BRITISH AMERICA. 65

New Yorlc, Halsey. Pennsylvania, Muhl. — /?, limestone ; New York,
Torrey. Pennsylvania, MuJtl.

6. L. contigua, Fr. Cr. at first contiguous, glaucous-white ; apoth.
produced from the crust ; disk thick, horny, very black, at first glaucous-
pruinose, with a thick, discrete, plano-cupular, obtusely marginate, car-
bonaceous exciple. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 298.

Rocks and stones (granite), and often tinged ochraceous by the oxide
of iron, in the mountains of New England.

7. L. variegaia, Fr. Cr. at length areolate, glaucescent ; the black,
somewhat fimbriate hypothallus here and there prominent; apoth. pro-
duced from the crust, depressed, at first and often persistently glaucous-
pruinose, black within ; disk from urceolate becoming explanate, and
dilated, with a persistent, at first thin, coarctate, at length obtusish mar-
gin. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 303.

Maritime granite rocks ; Arctic America, Fries.

8. L. lapicida, Ach. Cr. at length areolate-verrucose, from glau-
cous becoming cinereous-white ; apoth. superficial, produced from the
cortical layer, sessile, not pruinose, horny and cinerascent-black within,
with an even, naked disk, and a thin, at length fle.xuous margin (or, the
margin disappearing, finally confluent and irregular). Fr. Liche7iogr.
p. 306.

Rocks and stones (granite), in mountainous districts ; New England.
New York, Halsey. Pennsylvania, Muhl. Arctic America, Rich.

9. L. atro-alba, Ach. Cr. somewhat areolate (the areote commonly
discrete, verrucfeform), opake, fuscous, and grayish-white ; apoth. pro-
duced from the hypothallus, (small,) the obtuse margin scarcely discrete
from the naked, at length somewhat umbonate disk. Fr. Lichenogr.
p. 310.

Rocks and stones (granite) ; New England. New York, Halsey.
The crust variable, and often nearly obsolete.

10. L. pancBola, Ach., Fr. Areolos of the crust verrucose, gray,
variegated with rufescent tubercles ; apoth. produced from the hypo-
thallus ; exciple cupular, with a persistent, obtuse margin ; disk always
plane, veiy black, cassious-pruinose, white within. Fr. Lichenogr. p.
314. — jS. olscurala, Fr. ; areolae thinner, applanate, somewhat con-
tiguous, fuscescent. Fr. I. c. L. olscurala, Schar. ! Spicil. p. 130.
Tuckerm. Lick. N. E. I. c.

9

66 LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

Rocks and stones in mountainous districts ; White Mountains.

11. h. fusco-atra,FT. Areolae of the crust cartilagineous, applanate,
olivaceous-fuscescent and fuscous, angulate, smooth and somewhat pol-
ished (or becoming dull and pallescent) ; apoth. produced from the
hypothallus, appressed ; disk plane, at first cinereous-pruinose, at length
naked, with a thin, somewhat acute, at length flexuous margin ; but the
margin disappearing with age, and the apolhecia often finally heaped
and conglomerate. Fr. Lichenogr. p. S16. L.fumosa, Ach. L. athro-
carpa, Ach.

Eocks and stones in mountainous districts. New England. New
York, Hdlsey. Arctic America, Bicli.

12. L. conjlueiis, Schser. Cr. rimose-areolate, opake, cinerascent-
smoke-colored ; apoth. produced from the crust, appressed, somewhat
contiguous (often confluent) ; margin not elevated, obtusish ; disk al-
ways naked, very black, within cinerascent. Schar. ! Spicil. p. 144.
Fr. Lichenogr. p. 318.

Eocks and stones in mountainous and alpine districts ; New Eng-
land. New York, Hdlsey. Arctic America, Rich., Hook.

13. L. Morio, Schser. Areolae of the crust verrucose, shining, of a
yellowish-copper-color, radiant at the circumference ; apoth. produced
from the thick, determinate, black hypothallus, minute, depressed,
plane, becoming gyrose-plicate with age ; margin thin ; disk always
naked, black within. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 319. Schar. Spicil. p. 133. —
/?. coracina, Schaer. ; crust (from the predominance of the hypothal-
lus) cinerascent-black. Schar. ! I. c. Fr. I. c.

Eocks in alpine and subalpine districts ; White Mountains.

14. L. geographica, Schaer. Cr. of somewhat confluent, bright-yel-
low areolae; apoth. produced from the hypothallus, blackish within;
margin of the cupular exciple thin; disk naked. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 226.
Schar. ! Spicil. p. 124. — «. atro-virens, Schaer. ; areolse verrucasform,
scattered in the hypothallus; apoth. immixed. Fr. I. c. Schar. I. c. —
^. conligua, Schaer. ; areolae applanate, confluent in a somewhat contigu-
ous, chinky crust ; apoth. immersed. Fr. I. c. Schar. I. c. — ;'. alpicola,
Schcer. ; areolae applanate, coalescent and large, somewhat rugose, inter-
ruptedly covering the hypothallus; apoth. innate. Fr. I. c. Schcer. I. c.

Rocks and stones (granite and mica-slate), in alpine and subalpine
districts, and at lower elevations, in the mountains of New England.
Newfoundland, Ptjlaie. Northward to Arctic America, Rich.

AND BRITISH AMERICA. 67

•* Cortical (t.

15. L. premnea, Ach. Cr. glaucescent, softish, deliquescing and
leprous, obliterating the hypothallus ; apoth. elevated ; exciple cupular,
with an obtuse margin ; disk horny, very opake, and obsoletely black-
pruinose, white within. Fr. ! Lichenogr. p. 329. Palellaria hucopla-
ca, DC. Fl. Fr. 2, p. 347 (e Fr.).

Trunks and rails ; New England. New York, Halsey.

16. L. parasema, Fr. Cr. somewhat leprous, glaucescent, becoming
at length verrucose-areolate, somewhat limited by the black hypothal-
lus ; apoth. sessile, opake ; exciple cupular, with a thin margin ; disk
horny, naked, verj' black. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 330. L, punctata, Floerk. !
D. Lich. n. 81. Schmr. ! Hdv. n. 197-199.

Trunks, and degenerant on dead wood ; New England. New York,
Halsey. Pennsylvania, Muhl. Arctic America, Rich. A most com-
mon and widely diffused species, but all black apothecia with a thin or
without any crust are not to be referred to it. Fr. Compare Borr. in
Hook. Br. Fl. 2, p. 176.

17. L. enleroleuca, Fr. Cr. at first contiguous, glaucescent, deli-
quescing and leprous, somewhat limited by the black hypothallus ;
apoth. adnate ; exciple annular, with a thin margin ; disk somewhat
waxy (often hyaline or cerulescent), whitish within. Fr. ! Lichenogr. p.
331. — ^. olivacea, Fr. ; cr. yellowish-virescent ; apoth. often irregular
and rugose, serugineous-black. Fr. I. c. L. elaochroma, Ach. Syn.

Trunks ; New England. New York, Halsey. Pennsylvania, Muhl.

Subsect. II. Granulosa;, Fr. Crust at length becoming somewhat
granulose. Hypothallus white.

18. L. sanguinaria, Ach. Granules confluent in a tartareous crust,
glaucescent ; hypoth. white ; apoth. superficial, naked, at length con-
vex ; exciple annular ; disk placed upon a blood-red stratum. Fr. Li-
chenogr. p. 335.

Trunks, decaying wood, and stones, in mountainous and subalpine
districts ; New England. New York, Halsey.

19. L. albo-atra, Schaer. Cr. areolate-verrucose, glaucous-white,
often somewhat tartareous and mealy; hypoth. white; apoth. (small)
innate-protuberant, at first coronate with the crust, csesious-pruinose,
coal-black within, with a thin, evanescent margin. Fr. Lichenogr. p.

68 LICHENES or THE NORTHERN STATES

336. Schcsr. Spicil. p. 140. Borr. in Hook. Br. Fl. 2, p. 180. L.
corlicola, Ach. Syn.

Trunks on the coast of New England. New York, Halsey. Penn-
sylvania, Muhl.

20. L. dolosa, Wahl. Cr. somewhat verrucose, greenish-glaucous,
oftener leprous and white; apoth. (minute) depressed; exciple cupular,
with a very thin margin ; disk very black, nearly naked, often punc-
tate-scabrous, cinereous-blackish within. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 337. L.
pinicola, Sommerf. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. p. 153. L. pinicola, Borr. in
Hook. Br. Fl. 2, p. 116 > Tuckerm. Lich. N. E. I. c.

Scaly bark of old pines ; New England.

21. L. mdancheima, Tuckerm. Cr. cartilagineous, areolate-verru-
cose, becoming somewhat lobulate, glaucous-white, confused with the
hypothallus ; apoth. appressed, somewhat plane, disk equalling the very
thin margin, at length convex, scarcely excluding the margin, very
black, polished, and shining.

Trunks ; and very common on rails on the coast of Massachusetts
(Ipswich, Mr. Oakes, Lynn, Hingham, &c.), and occurring on dead
wood at the White Mountains. Disk sometimes a little pallescent, but
the margin always very black.

22. L. sahuletorum, Fr. Cr. cartilagineous, at first contiguous, be-
coming rimose-areolate, granulate and somewhat lobulate, cinerascent
or fuscous, confused with the hypothallus ; apoth. produced from the
crust, horny ; exciple annular, with an evanescent margin ; disk naked,
often fuscescent. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 339. Lichen s. Lecidea muscorum,
Auct. quortmd.

On the earth, decaying wood and mosses, stones, and trees, ascend-
ing to alpine districts ; New England. New York, Torrey. Pennsyl-
vania, Muhl. Arctic America, Rich.

23. L. arctica, Sommerf. Granules of the crust cartilagineous, at
first discrete, papillseform, persistent, fuscescent-cinereous ; apoth. im-
mixed, somewhat immarginate, csesious-pruinose, horny and cinerascent
within. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 342. Sommerf. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. p. 156.

Upon mosses in alpine districts ; White Mountains.

24. L. milliaria, Fr. Granules of the crust at first discrete, fuscous,
and cinEreous-white, often deliquescent and leprous ; apoth. produced
among the granules, globose, somewhat immarginate, naked ; exciple

AND BRITISH AMERICA. 69

cupular ; disk at length rugulose and tuberculate, blackish within. Fr,
Lichenogr. p. 3-12. — «. terresiris, Fr. — jS. soj-a/i'Zis, Fr. — •/. ligni-
aria, Fr. ! Lichen dubius, E. Bot. t. 2347 (e JFV.). L. duhia, Turn.
4- Borr. in Hook. Br. Fl. 2, p. 176. Tuckerm. Lick. N. E. I. c.
On old rails (y), common ; New England.

Tribe III. GRAPHIDACE^, Fr.

XVII. UMBILICARIA, Hoffm.

Apothccia superficial ; an originally closed thalline exciple convert-
ed into a carbonaceous proper exciple, becoming more or less open, of
various form. Disk horny, ascigerous, at length chinky, or gyrose-pli-
cate, with an incurved margin. Thallus horizontal, carlilagineous, fo-
liaceous, somewhat monophyllous, affixed by a central point.

This most natural genus can, perhaps, still be retained in the place
given it in the Liclienographia Europaa, though I have, in pursuance
of Fries's suggestion (1. c. p. 347), confirmed by all the observations
that I have been able to make, preferred to alter the generic character,
and make it indicate more fully the relations of the group. It appears
to me as analogous to Biatora as to Sticta ; and as the former genus is
considered to indicate a Lecideaceous type, irrespective of its approxi-
mations to Parmelia, so Umbilicaria may perhaps be taken as typically
representative of a peculiar (perhaps properly lirellseform, or Graphi-
daceous) type, irrespective of the approach which some of the species
make to the characters of Parmeliacese.

Sect. I. PATELLAT.E. Apothecia orbiculate-patellseform ; disk at length
chinky, plicate, or proliferous-papillate.

1. U. mammulala, Ach. (sub Gyroph.). Thallus membranaceous,
smooth, irregularly round-lobed and somewhat crenate, fuscous-nigres-
cent ; on the under side very black, papillose-granulate, and fibrillose ;
apothecia elevated, orbicult^e; maVgin rather thick; disk plane, chinky,
becoming at length convex, and proliferous-papillate. Gyrophora mam-
mulala, Ach. Syn. p. 67. G. mamiUata, Muhl. Cafal. p. 105.

Rocks. Pennsylvania, ilfu/jZ. (North Carolina, il/;-. Cwr^w .') Very
distinct from the ne.\t.

70 LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

2. U. Pennsylvanica, Hofftn. Th. coriaceous-membranaceous, pap-
ulose, dark-fuscous ; on the under side papillose-granulate and nigres-
cent ; apoth. elevated, orbiculate ; margin rather thin ; disk plane, but
becoming at length convex, chinky, and plicate. Hoffm. PI. Licit. 3,
J). 5, Sf t. G9, f. 1, 2. Lecidea, Ach. Meth. p. 86. Gyrophora, Acli.
Lichenogr. p. 227. Ach. Syn. p. 67. Hook, in Rich. App. Frcmkl.
Narr. p. 759. U. puslulata, Michx. ! Fl. 2, p. 322, non Hoffm.

Kocks. Mountains of Pennsylvania, Muhl. New York, Halsey.
New England, common, and fertile. Canada, Michaux !

3. v. pustulata,Hofrm. Th. coriaceous, papulose, cinerascent; on
the under side smooth, and reticulate-lacunose ; apoth. appressed, or-
biculate-patellfflform, somewhat simple ; margin obtuse. Fr. Lichenogr.
p. 351. Hook..' Br. Fl. 2, p. 219. Gyrophora, Ach. — ^. papulosa,
Tuckerm. ; apoth. at length subpedicellate, irregularly proliferous-pap-
illate, excluding the margin. Gyrophora papulosa, Ach. Lich. Univ.
p. 226. Ach. Syn. p. 67. U. lavis, Pers. {ex Ach.). Gyroph. Imlla-
ta, Willd. herb. .'

Rocks, a. New York, Halsey. — /S, Nova Scotia, 'used for dyeing
reds and browns'; Gov. Wentworth, 1795, Herb. Smith! New-
foundland, Bory in herb. Kunth ! New York, Torrey. Pennsylvania,
Muhl. ! New England, common and fertile, and ascending to alpine
districts, where it is often smaller, thicker, and glaucous-pruinose. /J
does not seem to afford any constant characters to distinguish it from
the European Lichen but the luxuriant development of the apotbecia.
In the var. papillata, Hampe ! a Cape of Good Hope Lichen, the apo-
tbecia are papillate, and perhaps also by a proliferous growth of the
patellceform apothecium ; but this variety, though in other respects re-
sembling ours, is distinct from it. The small, fruticulose tufts almost
characterizing this species in Europe, which I have also observed in
the Swedish U. vellea, are generally wanting in the American plant,
which is almost always normal and fertile.

4. U. anihracina (SchsEr.), Fr. Th. coriaceous, not papulose, black ;
on the under side smooth and black-pruinose ; apotli. elevated, orbicu-
late-patellseform, simple ; margin tumid, disk somewhat plane and even.
Fr. Summ. Fl. Scand. U. atro-pruinosa, Scha:r. in Ser. Mus. {cit.Fr.).
Fr. Lichenogr. p. 351. Lecidea, Schxr. ! Spicil. 1, p. 104. Lichen
anihracinus, Wulf. — a ; th. smooth and even above. Schcer. I. c. Fr.
I. c. — /?. tessellata, Schser. ; th. above finely rimose-areolate or punc-

AND BRITISH AMEKICA. 71

tate-vernicose, rugose at the central point. Seller. 1. c. Fr. 1. c. —
y. reticuluia, Schaer. ; th. reticulate-rugose above. Schar, I, c. Fr.

1. c.

Rocks in alpine districts. «, Newfoundland, Bory in herb. Willd. !
— y. Bear Lake, and elsewhere in Arctic America, Hook.! (Parry's
Sec. and Third Voy.).

5. U. ■polyphylla, HofTm. Th. coriaceous-cartilagineous, smooth,
corrugated, fuscous-black ; on the under side very black and glabrous ;
' apoth. sessile, at first patellasform, marginate, becoming at length con-
vex, and concentrically plicate.' Fr. Lichenogr. p. 352. Gyrophora,
Hook. ! Br. Fl. 2, p. 217. Lichen, L. Gyrophora glabra, Ach. —
(3. deusta, Fr. ; th. thinner, furfuraceous-flocculose ; somewhat lacunose
and paler on the under side. Fr. 1. c. Umbilicaria deusta, Hoffm.
Gyrophora, Ach. Lichen, L.

Rocks on mountains; a, alpine; — (5, descending. White Moun-
tains, infertile. Northward to Newfoundland, Pylaie, and Greenland,
Herh. Banks .'

6. U. prohoscidea, DC, Stenh. Th. submembranaceous, reticulate-
rugose, olivaceous-fuligineous ; on the under side pale and fibrillose ;
apoth. somewhat elevated, orbiculate-patelteform, becoming at length
convex, very gyrose, or proliferous-papillate, somewhat excluding the
margin. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 354. Gyrophora, Ach. Hook. ! Br. Fl.

2, p. 219. — (5. lomala, Ach. ; th. indurated, complicated, plicate-ru-
gose ; obsoletely fibrillose beneath. Ach. Syn. p. 65. Hook, in Rich.
I. c. p. 758, & Icon, t. 30, f. 4. — y. arclica, Ach. ; th. incrassated,
rugose ; glabrous beneath. Ach. I. c. Fr. I. c.

Alpine and subalpine rocks. White Mountains ; and Chin of Mans-
field in the Green Mountains, fertile. Northward to Arctic America,
Rich.

7. U. cylindrica, Ach. (sub Gyroph.). Th. subcoriaceous, rigid,
smoothish, livid, cinereous-pruinose, ciliated with elongated, rigid, ra-
mose, black fibres (or naked) ; on the underside somewhat pale-ochro-
leucous ; apoth. pedicellate, orbiculate-patelljeform, plane, becoming at
length hemispherical, gyrose-plicate, scarcely excluding the margin.
Gyrophora cylindrica, Ach. Hook.! Br. Fl. 2, p. 21S. Lie/ten, L.
U. prohoscidea, /S, Fr. Lichenogr. p. 356.

Alpine rocks. A single specimen from Bear Lake, Herb. Hook. !

72 LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

is perhaps referable to this species, which has escaped notice, but prob-
ably occurs within our limits.

8. U. /tirsu/a, Ach. (sub Gyroph.). Th. coriaceous, softish, pulver-
ulent, cinerascent and white ; on the under side from pale-fuscous be-
coming blackish, very hirsute with large, softish, at first pale, branched
fibres (at length subfibriUose-scabrous and black) ; apoth. marginal, ap-
pressed, becoming patellfeform, and at length convex, and subglobose,
gyrose-plicate, with a thin margin. Gyrophora hirsuta, Ach. ! Syn. p.
69. U. vellea, y. hirsuta, Fr. Lichenogr. p. 358. — /S. depressa ; th. at
length rigid ; apoth. somewhat impressed, plane, with a thick margin.
U. vellea, (3. depressa, Fr. I. c. V. depressa, /J. spadochroa, Scliar. !
Tuckerm. Lich. N. E. I. c. {sub Gyroph. spadochroa).

Rocks. Common in mountainous, and ascending to alpine districts.
New England, fertile. Northward to Arctic America, R. Br. The
Nevsr England Lichen does not appear to differ from those of Sweden
and Switzerland, unless, perhaps, in attaining to a larger size, and, like
the foreign ones, is near the U. vellea of Sweden, which differs in its
tumid-marginate, papillate apothecia. Of the last species I have not
seen American specimens, unless, with Schaerer, and in accordance
also with the earlier view of Fries, we consider the present species as
a variety of it.

9. U. Dillenii, Tuckerm. Th. coriaceous, rather rigid, smooth, from
glaucous-fuscescent becoming dark-fuscous ; on the under side black,
and closely hirsute with short, black, crowded fibres (or lacerate, and
papillose-scabrous) ; apoth. convex, at first orbiculate and concentri-
cally plicate, becoming at length lirellale, with a thin (canaliculate)
margin. Lichenoides coriaceum lalissivio folio, SfC, Dill. Muse. p.
545, 4- t. 82, /. 5. U. vellea, Michx. .' Fl. 2, p. 323, ^ Aucl. Amer.

Rocks. Paiqualian Mountain, New Jersey,' J. Bartram (Dill.).
Canada, Micliaux ! Newfoundland, Her J. iJ/o/j/ag-ne .' Pennsylvania!
Muhl. New York, Torrey. Veiy common in New England, and fer-
tile. The apothecia are often abortive (very small, and forming some-
times a continuous black crust) ; but in a single specimen from the
White Mountains they are perfect, and agree with the minute descrip-
tion in Michaux, whose Lichen was certainly the same with that of
Dillenius. The species is widely diffused in North America, and pre-
serves its peculiar features from Newfoundland to the Allcghanies of
Pennsylvania ; contrasting in this respect with the more limited and

AND BRITISH AMERICA. 73

northern U. hirsuta. It was considered certainly distinct, in 1841, by
Montagne. Linnaeus cites the figure of Dillenius under his Lichen vel-
leus, and his description includes also U. hirsuta, the differences in the
apothecia being disregarded ; but the specimen that I saw in the Lin-
nsean herbarium was the L. vellea of Sweden, which I have collected
abundantly in that country, and which seems to me very distinct from
the present.

Sect. II. LiKELLAT^. Apothecia somewhat lirellseform, becoming at
length angulate-patellate, or finally crowded together in a hemispher-
ical, subimmarginate, lirellate tubercle.

10. U. hyperlorea, Hoffm. Th. coriaceous-membranaceous, papu-
lose-rugose, dark-olivaceous-fuscous, and blackish ; on the under side
lacunose, smooth, and fuscous-nigrescent ; apoth. appressed, originally
somewhat lirelteform, at length angular, substellate-multiform, plicate
and papillate, with an apparent margin. Fr. Lichcnogr. p. 353. Gy-
rophora, Acli. Floerk. ! Berl. Mag. cil. Fr.

Alpine and subalpine rocks (and perhaps a flocculose state, /?. deus-
ta, Enum. Lich. N. Amer., descending). White Mountains ; Chin of
Mansfield and other of the Green Mountains, fertile. Arctic America,
Rich. Eocky Mountains, Herb. Hook. ! In separating this section of
the genus from the other, I have endeavoured to indicate the features
of difference that seem, at the first view, to distinguish the lirellate
from the patellate apothecia ; but I am uncertain how far the proposed
characters are constant. The ternary division, incidentally proposed
by Fries (Lichenogr. p. 349), suggested the present; but my present
acquaintance with the species has not enabled me to adopt the former
entire.

11. U. erosa, Hoffm. Th. carlila<rineous, rigid, cribrose-reticulate,
at length rugulose, dark-fuscous-nigrescent ; on the under side papil-
lose-granulate, subfibrillose-lacerate in somewhat anastomosing ridges,
dark-fuscous and cinerascent ; apoth. originally somewhat lirellseform,
at length patellate, becoming convex and gyrose-plicate, and finally
substellate-multiform, and immarginate. Fr. Lichenogr. p. S5i. Scliar. !
Spicil. p. 93.

Alpine rocks. White Mountains, fertile: Newfoundland, Pylaie.
Northward to Arctic America, R. Br., Hook. Northwest Coast, Men-
zies .'

10

74 LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

12. U. Muhlenbergii, Ach. (sub Gyroph.). Th. coriaceous-cartila-
gineous, somewhat tacunose-reticulate, olivaceous-fuscous ; on the un-
der side papillose-granulate, lacerate in anastomosing ridges, fuscous-
cinerascent ; apolh. somewhat sunk, originally lirellseform, at length
composite, stellate-multiform, crowded finally into a convex, immargi-
nate tubercle. Gyrophora, Ach. Lichenogr. p. 227. Syn. p. 67. Hook,
in Rich. I. c. p. 758. — (3. alpina, Tuckerm. ; smaller, thickened, and
complicated. Lich. N. E. I. c.

Rocks. Lancaster, Pennsylvania, Muhl. .' New York, Halsey.
New England, common and luxuriant on the coast. Northward to
Newfoundland, Bory in herb. Kunth ! and Arctic America, Rich. —
(?, alpine rocks, White Mountains. The descriptions by Sprengel (Syst.
IV. pp. 262, 263) of this species and of U. Pennsylvanica seem to
have been transposed.

13. U. angulata, Tuckerm. Th. coriaceous-cartilagineous, very
rigid, smooth, and somewhat polished, becoming dark-fuscous and ni-
grescent ; on the under side very black, papillose-granulate, lacerate
at the centre, with paler fibres ; apoth. somewhat impressed, originally
sublirellaeform, becoming angulate-patellate, lirellate, and at length
convex, with an obtuse margin.

Eocks. (California, Menzies!) Northwest Coast, Herb. Hook. !
Perhaps nearest to U. DiUenii, the apothecia at length resembling those
of that species.

XVIII. OPEGRAPHA, Humboldt.

Apothecia somewhat lirellteform, elongated, margined by a free,
carbonaceous, proper e.xciple. Disk canaliculate, at first closed by
the inflexed-connivent margin, becoming open, indurated, and horny.
Thallus crustaceous.

The Graphidece proper, excluding Umbilicaria, constitute a peculiar
subtribe, which attains to its full development only in the tropics ; passing
there into several genera not found elsewhere. Eschweiler (Systema,
& Lich. Brasil. in Mart. Fl. Bras.), Chevallier (Histoire des Graphi-
dees), and Fee (Essai sur les Cryptogames des Ecorces Exotiques Of-
ficinales) have illustrated these genera, which are probably represented
in our Southern States, where also several remarkable species of the
present genus, inhabiting the South of Europe and extending north as far
as the warmer parts of England (Borrer), may be expected to occur.

AND BRITISH AMERICA. iO

Sect. I. Apothecia superficial, destitute of a thalline margin.

1. O. varia, Pers., Fr. Crust somewhat leprous, indeterminate
(rarely innate in the matrix) ; apothecia superficial, tumid ; margins of
the entire exciple at length distant, becoming thin, or disappearing;
disk somewhat plane, at first subpruinose, blackish within. Fr. Lichen-
ogr. p. 364. O. ajmliformis, Sclutr. ! Spicil. 1, p. 50. — «. pulicaris,
Fr. ; apoth. rather elliptical ; disk a little concave, margin inflexed. Fr.
1. c. O. vulvella, Ach. — ;?. nolha, Fr. ; apoth. rounded ; disk turges-
cent, and often obliterating the margin. Fr. I. c. OpegrapJia, Ach.
Graphis curvula, Ehrh. Tuckerm. Lick. N. E. I. c. — y. signata, Fr. ;
apoth. elongated ; disk broad, plane, margin evanescent. Fr. ! I. c.
Opegrapha, Ach. Lichen hehraicus, Hoffm. 0. cymbiformis, var. he-
braica, Schctr. ! Spicil. p. 330, part. — d. diaphora, Fr. ; apoth. elon-
gated, both ways rather attenuated ; margin somewhat persistent. Fr.
I. c. Opegrapha, Ach.

Thick bark of oaks and other trees, and degenerant on dead bark-
and wood, and stones ; New England. New York (« and (5), Hahey.
Pennsylvania (« and /5), Muhl.

2. O. atra, Pers., Duf. Cr. innate in the matrix ; apoth. emergent-
superficial, slender, shining, acute ; margin of the somewhat entire ex-
ciple thin ; disk linear", canaliculate, naked, horny within. Fr. Lichen-
ogr. p. 366. — a. slenocarpa, Fr. ; apoth. very long, semicylindrical,
flexuous; discrete, or reticulate-anastomosing, or maculceform and ir-
regular. Fr. I. c. Schar. ! Spicil. p. 48. 0. slenocarpa, denigrata,
vulgata, (J* epipasta, a, Ach. — ,3. abhreviata, Fr. ; apoth. abbreviated,
irregular, often radiately disposed. Fr. I. c. 0. depressa, ^ 0. epi-
pasta, y, 5, Ach. — ;•. viacularis, Fr. ; apoth. dilated into somewhat
Tadiate, immarginate maculae, and confluent. Fr. ! I. c. Arthonia as-
Iroidea, ^ A. Swartziana, Ach. — d. sidereUa, Fr. ; cr. fuscescent ;
apoth. acute^ opake, somewhat innate and here and there erumpent.
Fr. I. c. Opegaapha, Ach. O. rufescens, a. rubella, Schter. ! Spicil.
p. 50 (e Fr.).

Smooth bark of trees ; New England. New York (a and y), Halsey.
Arctic America (O. epipasta, ;?), Rich.

3. O. herpelica, Ach., Fr. Cr. innate in the matrix, at length erum-
pent, and verruculose ; apoth. emergent, elliptical or obtusely lanceo-
late, opake (somewhat ocellate or marginate by the white thalline ver-
rucse) ; margins of the entire exciple thin; disk canaliculate, naked.

76 LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

horny within, becoming tumid, and covering the margin. Fr. ! Lichen-
ogr. p. 368.

Bark of oaks, and other trees, New England.

4. O. abnormis, Ach. Cr. thin, softish, white ; apoth. immersed,
very slender, short or very long, flexuous, confluent, rugose-crisped,
opake, black ; disk and margin somewhat confluent and indistinct. Ach.
Syn. p. 74.

Hard bark of trees ; Pennsylvania, Muhl. , Ach. A mostly tropical
species growing on Cascarilla, and other bark.

Sect. II. Graphis. Apothecia erumpent, coronate for the most part
with a thalline margin.

5. O. scripia, Ach., Schser. Cr. innate in the matri.x, becoming at
length exposed, uneven, and pulverulent; apoth. immersed, erumpent,
with a raised accessory thalline margin ; the proper margin tenuescent,
smooth ; the disk linear, at first csesious-pruinose. Fr. Lichenogr. p.
370. Schar. ! Spicil. p. 46. — a. limitata, Schasr. ; apoth. emergent,
scattered irregularly, various. Fr. I. c. Schar. I. c. — (J. recta, Schter. ;
apoth. immersed, straight, parallel, disk somewhat dilated. Fr. I. c.
Schar. I. c. O. recta, Himib. 0. Cerasi 4" letuligna, Ach. — /.. ser-
penlina, Schser. ; apoth. immersed, flexuous, very long, the thalline
margin tumid, evanescent. Fr. I. c. Schcer. 1. c. 0. serpentina, Ach.

Bark of trees ; New England. New York («, /?, and ;'), Halsey.
Pennsylvania (« and ;?), Muhl.

6. O. polymorpha. Cr. somewhat pulverulent, whitish-cinerascent
or very white ; apoth. somewhat rounded or oblong, irregular, without
apparent proper margin, from plane becoming tumid and elevated-
punctate, angulose, repand, or somewhat stellate-ramiilose, csesious-
pruinose, with a more or less conspicuous thalline margin. Arlhonia
polymorpha, Ach. Syn. p. 7. Fee Crypt. Exot. p. 53. Eschw. Lich.
Bras. I. c. p. 111. O. Cascarillce, Floerk.! herb. {Jide ips.).

North America (Pennsylvania ?), Muhl. A common Lichen of Cas-
carilla bark, which Eschweiler (1. c.) has illustrated at length. The
arrangement of Muhlenberg's catalogue leaves it probable that he con-
sidered it to occur within our limits.

7. O. inusia, Ach. (sub Graph.). Cr. membranaceous, somewhat
rugulose, pale-virescent, decussated by black lines ; apoth. minute, im-
mersed, rather short, straight, simple or somewhat stellate-ramose, ob-

AND BRITISH AMERICA. 77

tuse, plano-concave, naked ; the proper margin very thin, entire, con-
crete, with a thicker, elevated, thalline margin. Graphis inusia, Ach.
Syn. p. 85.

Bark of Prinos verticillata, Canada, Kalm. (Ach.). In this varia-
ble genus, long observation is essential to any correct settlement of the
species. The present appears to be wholly unknown here.

XIX. LECANACTIS, Eschw.

Apolhecia immersed, rounded-irregular and lirellscform, always open,
the cupular, carbonaceous, proper e.xciple connate with the thallus,
which constitutes sometimes an accessory margin. Disk horny, some-
what plane, never connivent, veiled at first by the pruinose thallus, and
bordered by the erect margin of the e.xciple. Thallus crustaceous.

L. impolita, Fr. Cr. tarlareous, contiguous, chinky, glaucescent ;
apolh. immersed, dilated, maculreform, obscurely fuscous, glaucous-
pruinose. Fr. Siimm. Fl. Scand. Artho?iia, Borr. in E. Bol. Suppl.
t. '2692. Parmelia, Fr. LicJienogr. p. 183. Lichen, Ehrh. Arthonia
pruinosa, Ach.

Trunks. Pennsylvania, Muhl.

Tribe IV. CALICIACE^, Fr.

XX. TRACHYLIA, Fr.

Apothecia sessile, discrete from the thallus, orbiculate. Disk some-
what compact, ascigerous, margined by the innate, carbonaceous, proper
e.xciple, or the exciple obsolete. Asci oblong. Thallus crustaceous.

This genus, for which I am not able to furnish a complete character,
is distinguished from the other genera of the tribe by the sporidia being
contained in asci. Several of the species have also a peculiar habit,
quite different from that of the true Calicia.

1. T. tigillaris, Fr. Crust areolate-verrucose, bright greenish-yel-
low ; apothecia innate ; the disk originally naked, black, equalling the
tumid margin. CaUcium, Turn. 4" Borr. Lich. Bril. p. 132. Fr. Li-
chenogr. p. 400. Trachylia, Fr. Sumra. Fl. Sca7td.

Old rails and pales, and also on trunks. New England. New
York, Halsey. Arctic America, Rich.

78 LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

2. T. sligonella, Fr. Parasitical ; exciple cupular, innate, black ;
the disk plane, black-pulverulent, equalling the thin, erect, black mar-
gin. Calicium, Ach. Syn. Fr. Lichenogr- p. 401. Trachylia, Fr.
Summ. Fl. Scand.

(Crust of Pertusaria pertusa, var. coccodes ; Fr.) Pennsylvania,
Muhl. New York, Torrey.

XXI. CALICIUM, Pers., Fr.

Apothecia crateriform ; a carbonaceous proper exciple margining a
compact or powdery disk, composed of coacervate, naked sporidia.
Thallus crustaceous.

Escliweiler's (Lich. Bras. 1. c. p. 61) reference of the Calicia to
Fungi seems, so far as I can venture an opinion on his observations,
hardly satisfactory. The crustaceous thallus, though often, from va-
rious causes, deficient, exists normally in every species, except the
parasitical and doubtful C. turbinatum ; and the structure of the e.xci-
ple connects the genus, together with the related Trachylia and Coni-
ocybe, closely with Lecideaceee, quasi, to use Fries's expression, Le-
cidinarum degcneratio pnxcipitala.

Sect. I. Apothecia stipitate.

* Glaucescentia, Fr. Exciple more or less whitish-cinere-

ous-pruinose.

1. C. viride, Fers. Crust granulose, yellowish-green ; stipes some-
what elongated, black ; apothecia turbinate-lentiform, whitish-cinereous
beneath ; the disk plane. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 386.

Decaying wood in mountain forests ; New England.

2. C. lenticulare, Ach. Cr. somewhat tartareous, rugose-granulate,
grayish-white ; stipes straight, thick, rigid, black ; apoth. lentiform,
whitish-cinereous beneath ; the disk plano-convex. Fr. Lichenogr. p.
386. C. clavcllum, Turn. 4" Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 13S. C. clavicidare,
Ach. part. Icon, E. Bot. t. 1465.

Decaying wood, common in mountain forests ; New England. New
York (C. claviculare), Halsey. Arctic America (C. clavic). Rich.

3. C. curtum. Turn. & Borr. Cr. filmy, whitish; stipes short, thick,
firm, very black; apoth. turbinate-cylindrical, with a coarctate, whitish
margin ; the disk becoming at length protruded-prominent. Turn. ^-

AND BRITISH AMERICA. 79

Bon: Lich. Brit. p. 143. Fr. ! Lichenogr. p. 3S7. Icon, E. Bot. t.
2503.

Decaying wood in the New Hampshire mountains. The protruded
"disk often as long as the capitukuTi itself, and in the latter case giving
the pilidium a miniature resemblance to a painter's brush." Lich. Brit.

4. C. subtile, Pers., Fr. Cr. filmy, leprous, white-glaucescent ; stipes
filiform, flaccid, black ; apoth. lentiform-globose, naked, black ; the mar-
gin at length reflected. Fr. ! Lichenogr. p. 388. C. dehile, Turri. ^
Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 151. Icon, E. Bot. t. 2462.

Decaying wood. Dead trees from which the bark has fallen in
mountain forests ; New England. Arctic America, Rich. Apothecia
at first white-pruinose. Fr.

5. C. trichiale, Ach. Cr. of pale, squamulose, crenate granules ;
stipes commonly slender, elongated ; apoth. turbinate, and, at length,
from the swelling of the yellowish-brown disk, subglobose, white-cine-
reous beneath. Fr. ! Lichenogr. p. 389. Schcer. ! Spicil. p. 5.

Rough bark of trees, as of hemlock ; and on decaying wood ; New
England.

** F us c e s c en t i a , Ft. Apothecia more or less ferrugineous.

6. C phcBomelanum, Tuckerm. Cr. of scattered, dissected squa-
mules, green (and fuscescent) ; apoth. subsessile, ferrugineous-fuscous,
at length black ; the powdery, black disk at length surpassing the tu-
mid, smooth margin.

Fir-bark in the New Hampshire mountains, common. I should most
readily compare this with Trachylia tympanella, Fr., from which it
diSers in its slightly stipitate apothecia, Sec. It is verj' unlike any Eu-
ropean Calicium that I am acquainted with, but I think must be refera-
ble to the genus.

7. C. hyperellum, Wahl. Cr. somewhat tartareous, granulose, green-
ish-j'ellow ; stipes elongated, thick, firm, dull brownish-black ; apoth.
lentiform, ferrugineous beneath ; disk brownish-black. jFj-. .' Lichen-
ogr. p. 3S9. Turn. ^ Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 140. Icon, E. Bot. t.
1832.

Decaying wood in the mountains of New England.

8. C. trachelinum, Ach. Cr. filmy, somewhat smooth, grayish ;
stipes elongated, slender, firm, ferrugineous-fuscous, becoming at

80 LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

length black; apoth. turbinate-lentiform, rufous-femigineous beneath,
at length, together with the disk, blackish. Fr. ! Lichenogr. p. 390. C.
sphcerocepJialmn, Turn. ^- Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 153.

Decaying wood, and on trunks ; New England. New York, Halsey.
The stipes sometimes branched in this, as in C. subtile, and other spe-
cies.

9. C. melanophcBum, Ach., Fr. Cr. granulate-conglomerate, milk-
white ; stipes rather short, black ; apoth. turbinate-globose, black and
shining beneath, as is also the infle.ved margin; disk pulverulent, fer-
rugineous-brown and nigrescent. Fr. .' Lichenogr. p. 391. Sommerf.
Lapp. p. 179.

Decaying wood in the New Hampshire mountains. The crust de-
ficient in my specimens, but the apothecia appear to me like those of
the Swedish Lichen. Sommerfelt remarks that he has gathered it but
rarely, and is uncertain whether it is any thing else than a variety of
the last, to which Fries also originally referred it.

10. C. hnnneolum., Fr. Cr. very thin, smooth, whitish ; stipes elon-
gated, very slender, often branched, black ; apoth. (small) turbinate-
globose, dark-yellowish-ferrugineous ; the disk of the same color, oblit-
erating the margin of the exciple. Fr. ! Lichenogr. p. 393. C. pari-
elimmi, Schcer. ! Spicil. p. 4.

Decaying wood in the mountainous districts of New England.

*** Flavo-virescenlia, Fr. Apothecia yellowish-pruinose.

11. C chrysocephalum (Turn.), Ach. Cr. granulate-conglomerate,
bright greenish-yellow ; stipes slender, often elongated, black, with often
a greenish tinge ; apoth. turbinate-lentiform, yellow-pruinose ; the disk
light-brown. Tvrn. ^- Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 143. E. Bot. 1.2201. Fr. !
Lichenogr. p. 393.

Rough bark of hemlock and other trees, and on decaying wood ;
New England.

12. C. pJiaocephalum, Turn. & Borr. Cr. of discrete, crowded, at
length squamulose and crenate, fuscescent granules ; stipes slender,
blackish-fuscous ; apoth. turbinate-lentiform, greenish-yellow-pruinose ;
disk dark-fuscous. Turn. 4* Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 145. J>. Lichen-
ogr. p. 394. — /5 ; cr. less perfect. Fr. ! I. c. C. roscidum, /?. Schcer. !
Tuckerm. Emim. Lich. N. Anier. p. 55. Icon, E. Bot. t. 1540.

Decaying wood (jS), Arctic America, Rich. (Herb. Hook. !).

AND BRITISH AMERICA. 81

Sect. II. Apothecia sessile; without crust; parasitical.

13. C. turbinatum, Pers. Parasitical; e.xciple from globose becom-
ing turbinate, sessile, free, shining-black, the disk impressed, with a
thickish, inflexed margin. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 402. C. sessile, DC.
Turn. 6f Borr. Lick Brit. p. 128. Icon, E. Bot. t. 2520.

On the crust, and in the verrucas of Pertusaria pertusa, Ach. New
England. New York, Torrey. Pennsylvania, Muhl.

XXII. CONIOCYBE, Fr.

Apothecia stipitate, spherical, suberose, without margin, bursting at
the ape.x and becoming at length entirely pulverulent, and concealing
the proper exciple. Thallus crustaceous.

C. nigricans, Fr. Crust very thin, leprous, white ; stipes naked,
from whitish becoming black ; apothecia globose, naked, black. Fr.
Liclienogr. p. SS4.

Rough bark of hemlock and rock-maple ; New England. It is with
hesitation that I refer our plant to the European species, though it ap-
pears to agree with a specimen from Flotow. The genus is at once
distinguishable from the other genera of the tribe, and several other
species, as C. furfuracea, with yellow-pulverulent apothecia, and C.
pallida, with pale, white-pruinose apothecia, not improbably occur
with us.

Div. II. ANGIOCARPI, Schrad., Fr.

Tribe I. SPH^ROPHORACEiE, Fr.

XXIII. SPHiEROPHORON, Pars.

Apothecia terminal, spherical, the thalline exciple at first closed, be-
coming at length lacerate-dehiscent. Nucleus globose, within cottony-
carlilagineous, without powdery with naked, black sporidia. Thallus
vertical, fruticulose, crustaceous-cartilagineous without, solid within.

1. S. compressum, Ach. Thallus fruticulose, whitish, irregularly
branched, compressed, fibrillose-ramulose; apothecia globose-depressed,
11

82 LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

at length disciform, with a reflexed margin. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 404.
Turn. 8f Borr. Licit. Brit. p. 1 15. Icon, E. Bot. t. 1 14.

Rocks and on the earth in alpine districts. Canada, fertile, Herb.
Hook. ! Arctic America ! Rich.

2. S. ghbiferum (L.), DC. Th. fruticulose, somewhat terete, with
erectish, fibriUose-ramulose branches, chestnut ; apoth. globose, with
an inflexed margin. DC. Fl. Fr. Lichen glohiferus, L. S. Coralloi-
des, Pers. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 405. Turn. ^ Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 110
{excl. (S). Icon, E. Bot. t. 115.

On the earth in alpine and subalpine districts ; and descending,
northward. White Mountains, fertile. Eastport, Maine, Russell !
Newfoundland, Pylaie. Arctic America, Hook. !

3. S. fragile, Pers. Th. densely csespitose, fruticulose, dichoto-
mously branched, somewhat cinereous ; branches terete, fastigiate, na-
ked ; apoth. turbinate-globose, with an inflexed margin. Fr. Lichenogr.
p. 405. Schar. ! Spicil. p. 7. Icon, E. Bot. t. 2474.

Alpine rocks. White Mountains, fertile. Northward to Arctic
America, Hook. Rarely somewhat compressed.

Tribe II. ENDOCARPACE^, Fr.

XXIV. ENDOCARPON, Hedw.

Apothecia included in the thallus, globose ; a membranaceous, thin,
pale thalline exciple inclosing a gelatinous, colored, deliquescent nu-
cleus ; ostioles somewhat prominent. Thallus horizontal, cartilagine-
ous-foliaceous, subpeltate.

1. E. minialum, Ach. Thallus cartilagineous-coriaceous, rigid, pale-
yellowish-fulvescent, becoming cinerascent and glaucous-pruinose ; on
the under side naked, at length somewhat rugose, fulvescent, at length
black ; ostioles somewhat prominent, fuscous-nigrescent. Fr. Lichen-
ogr. p. 'iOS. — /?. complicatum, Schter. ; ca:spitose-polyphyllous ; lobes
ascendant, imbricate and complicate, cinereous ; on the under side
dark-fuscous. Schar. ! Spicil. p. 59. Fr. I. c.

Rocks. New York, Halsey. Pennsylvania, Muhl. Arctic Ameri-
ca, iitc/j. — (S, near water, New England. New York, ifa/sey. Fries,

AND BRITISH AMERICA. 83

as well as Sprengel, refers E. gtaucum, Acli. (North America, Ach.),
to the variety « of the present species. I have not found this variety,
but the next species is near to it.

2. E. Muhlenhergii, Ach. Th. cartilagineous-coriaceous, thick,
from greenish-orlaucous becoming fuscescent, very finely rugose and
somewhat chinky ; on the under side fuscous-black ; ostioles convex.
Ach. Syn. p. 101.

Rocks. North America, Ach. West Point, New York, Russell !
(Cf. Ach. Syn. pp. 101, 103.)

3. E. Jluvialile, DC. Th. cartilagineous-membranaceous, flaccid,
lobed, green, becoming fuscescent when dry ; lobes rounded, somewhat
auriculate-lobulate, on the under side naked, reficulate-rugulose, pale-
fuscous, becoming black ; ostioles somewhat prominent, black- Fr. !
Lichenogr. p. 409. E. miniatum, y. aquaticum, Schcer. I Spicil. p. 60.
jE. Weberi, Ach. — /?. fulvo-fusaim, Tuckerm. ; th. thick, subcoria-
ceous, submonophyllous, with auriculate-lobulate, somewhat infle.\ed
margins, fuscous-fulvescent ; on the under side reticulate-rugose, dark-
fulvous-fuscous becoming black ; ostioles scarcely prominent, dark-red-
dish nigrescent.

Rocks (granite), suffused with water; New England. New York,
Halsey. Newfoundland, Pylaie. — /S, alpine. Lake of the Clouds,
White Mountains, at an elevation of five thousand feet. Fries re-
marks, in comparing the present species with E. miniatum, «, that
monophyllous specimens of the former are always minute ; but in /5
these occur nearly as large as average specimens of the latter. The
very brief indication given by Persoon (Act. Wetterav.) of his E.
Americanum answers to our variety.

4. E. pusillum, Hedw. Th. cartilagineous, squamulose-foliaceous,
smooth, brownish-olivaceous, pale on the under side, arising from a
black, fibrillose hypothallus ; ostioles black, somewhat prominent, per-
tuse. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 411. E. Hedwigii, Ach., ^ E. lachneum 4*
squamulosiim, Ach. (e Fr.).

On the earth, and rocks, especially of the more recent formations.
Pennsylvania, Muhl. New York, Halsey. Apparently wanting in the
granite region of New England.

5. E. latevirens, Turn. Th. thin, membranaceous, irregularly orbic-
ular, somewhat concave, round-lobed, grass-green, margins very entire,

84 LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

inflexed, the under side white at the edges. E. viride, Ach. Verruca-
ria latevirens, Borr. in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2658.

On the earth in alpine districts. White Mountains. Arctic Ameri-
ca, Rich. The apothecia are unknown, and the plant is a very doubt-
ful member of the present genus. Fries regards it a metamorphosis
of the squamules of Cladonia.

XXV. SAGEDIA, Ach., Fr.

Apothecia included in the thallus, globose ; nucleus gelatinous, de-
liquescent, and, as well as the membranaceous, thin exciple, becoming
at length blackish ; ostioles discrete, attenuated into a thin neck, and
dilated at the apices, pertuse. Thallus horizontal, subcrustaceous.

S. cinerea, Fr. Crust cinereous, at length, pruinose, somewhat foli-
aceous at the circumference ; on the under side spongy, black ; osti-
oles superficial, spheroidal. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 413. Endocarpon, Pers.
E. iephroides, « ^ jS, Ach. Syn.

(On the earth. Fr.) New York (rocks), HaZsey. We have perhaps
a Sagedia, on rocks, in New England.

XXVI. PERTUSARIA, DC.

Apothecia verrucEeform, formed from the thallus, including (1 — 00)
naked, waxy-gelatinous, colored nuclei. Thallus crustaceous, often
passing into soredia and isidia.

1. P. pertusa, Ach. (sub Porina). Crust cartilagineous, glaucous-
white; apothecia depressed-hemispherical, irregular; ostioles depressed,
discrete, the perfect ones black-papillate. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 420. Po-
rina pertusa, Ach. Lichen pertusus, L. Perlusaria communis, DC.
— * sorediifera; crust sterile, sorediiferous. Fr. I. c. Variolaria sp.
Ach. — ** coccodes ; crust isidioid, papillose-ramulose. Fr.l. c. Isi-
dium coccodes, Ach. — /S. areolata, Fr. ; crust thicker, rimose-areolate,
verrucose, often sterile and sorediiferous. Fr. I. c. Variolaria Flo-
fowiana, Floerk. .' — /. leucosloma, Fr. ; apothecia with white ostioles,
the black papillfE deficient. Fr. I. c. Porina lexicosloma, Ach. —
S. leioplaca, Fr. ; crust very smooth ; apothecia imperfect, chinky-de-
hiscent. Fr. I. c. Porina leioplaca, Ach.

Trunks and dead wood; — .?, stones ; New England. New York
(a, y, and 8), Halsey. Pennsylvania (« and (5), Muhl.

AND BRITISH AMERICA. 85

2. P. faginea. Cr. tartareous-cartilagineous, cinereous-white, the
circumference zonate, often thin, polished, and somewhat bluish ; apoth.
hemispherical, bursting into mealy soredia. Lichen faguieus, L. Sf
And. (e JFV.). Variolaria muJtipuncta, Turn, in Linn. Trans. 9, p.
127, t. 10,/. 1. V. faginea, Floerk. .' P. sorediata, Fr. — i3. orhi-
culata; apoth. lax, esplanate; the nuclei e.tpanded into a submembra-
naceous, denudate, flesh-colored disk, which at length falls out, leaving
the sorediiform verrucse. P. communis, ^. sorediata, c. orhiciilala, Fr.
Lichenogr. p. 422. Variolaria faginea, communis, ^ corallina, Auct.
var.

Trunks, dead wood, rocks, and stones ; New England and westward.
New York, Torrey. Pennsylvania, Muhl. Arctic America, Rich.
The Variolarise have been illustrated most largely by Turner and Bor-
rer, in the Lichenographia Britannica, and by the first-mentioned au-
thor in the Linncean Transactions. That they are sorediiferous states
of various crustaceous Lichens has been shown at great length by
Me^'er, Wallroth, and Fries, and this view is confirmed by the observa-
tions of Eschweiler and of Schserer. To the present species, and the
last, most of our common Variolarice are to be referred.

3. P. papillafa, Ach. (sub Porina). Cr. smooth, chinky, whitish ;
apoth. convex, hemispherical ; ostiole solitary, elevated, papillaeform,
with a rufescent pore. Ach. Syn. p. 111.

Trunks. New England. Pennsylvania, Muhl.

4. P. glohilaris, Ach. (sub Porina). Cr. of very numerous, subglo-
bose, and ramulose, glaucescent granules; apoth. (infrequent) globose,
smooth, with a solitary, impressed, punctiform, black ostiole. Ach.
Syn. p. 112.

Upon mosses, Pennsylvania, Muhl., Ach.

5. P. hymenia. Cr. cartilagineous, pale-sulphureous or grayish, bor-
dered by a black line ; apoth. hemispherical-depressed, with a solitary,
depressed ostiole, or more often dehiscent, marginate, and somewhat
scutelliform, the discoid centre black-dotted. Turn. Sj- Borr. Lich. Brit,
p. 185, sui Thelotr. Lichen hymenius, Ach. Prodr. P. Wulfenii, DC.
Fr. Lichenogr. p. 424. Porina fallax, Ach. Syn.

Trunks. New England. New York, Halsey. Pennsylvania, Muhl.

86 LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES

Tribe III. VERRUCARIACEiE, Fr.

XXVII. CONOTREMA, Tuckerm.

Perithecia mostly solitary, horny, black, at first pertuse, becoming
at length open, with a coarctate, inflexed margin, including a depressed
nucleus, which is elevated at the centre into a somewhat marginate
disk. Thallus crustaceous.

C. urceolalum, Tuckerm. Crust thin, smooth, rugose-rimose, glau-
cous-white, bordered by a black line ; perithecia scattered, at first cov-
ered by the crust, finally superficial, conoidal, white- pruinose. Lecidea
iirceolata, Ach. Lichenogr. p. 671. Ach. Syn. p. 27. Pyrenula ente-
roleuca, Spreng. in Hals. Lich. N. Y. I. c. Thelolrema enteroleuca,
Schwein. in Hals. I. c. Verrucaria enteroleuca., Spreng. Syst. 4, p. 243.
Tuckerm. Lich. N. E. I. c. Icon, Hals. I. c. t. 1, /. 1.

Trunks. North America, Sioartz. {ex Ach.). Pennsylvania, Muhl.
in herb. Willd. ! New York, Halsey. New England, very common.
Probably the Lecanora urceolata of Muhl. Catal., but the above-cited
specimen in the herbarium of Willdenow is without name. The Li-
chen appears to me an aberrant form of the present tribe. Thelotre-
ma ? atratum, Fee Crypt. Exot. t. 13, f. 4, seems to be distinguished
from Thelotrema precisely as the present genus (passing over the other
essential differences) is, by its black proper exciple, but the structure
of the nucleus in the former plant removes it from ours.

XXVIII. VERRUCARIA, Pars.

Perithecia hemispherical-globose, solitary, horny, black, closed, with
a simple or papillceform ostiole ; becoming sometimes at length subscu-
telliform, or rarely inclosed in a thalline verruca. Nucleus gelatinous,
hyaline, deliquescent. Thallus crustaceous.

* Saxicola. Crust somewhat tartareous^
1. V. rwpes^m, Schrad. Crust tartareous-compact, contiguous, whit-
ish ; perithecia (small) entire, globose, somewhat sunk, umbonate with
the naked ostiole, at length collapsing and scutelliform ; nucleus hya-
line. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 436. Hook. Br. Fl. 2, p. 152. V. Schi-aderi,
Ach. Icon, E. Bot. t. 1711, /. 2.

Rocks and stones (limestone). Pennsylvania, Muhl.

AND BRITISH AMERICA. 87

2. V. elceochroa, Tuckerm. Cr. applanate, rimose-areolate, oliva-
ceous ; perith. with a wide base, globose, emerging and conical at the
apex, becoming at length depressed and umbilicate.

Rocks (limestone), Ohio, Mr. Lea ! Apparently related to V. elaei-
na, Borr. (E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2623, f. 2), and V. olivacea, Fr. (Lichen-
ogr. p. 43S), but very different from V. olivacea, Pers. (Borr. 1. c. t.
2596, f. 1), which is a bark-Lichen.

3. V. nigrescens, Pers. Cr. somewhat gelatinous-tartareous, chinky,
fuscous-nigrescent, within white ; perith. entire, globose, covered by the
crust and verrucose-prominent, subpapillate ; nucleus whitish. Fr. Li-
chenogr. p. 43S.

Eocks and stones (limestone). New England. New York, Halsey.

4. V. umbrina, Wahl. Cr. verrucose-granulate, or sraoothish, from
fuscescent at length dark-brown ; perith. entire, globose, somewhat
prominent above the crust, papillate. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 441.

Eocks and stones (granite), near water ; New England. We have
doubtless other sa.xicoline species, but they occur often in imperfect
states, and are easily overlooked. I have an alpine Verrucaria, with
large perithecia, from the White Mountains, but the crust is deficient.

** Cortical a. Crust innate in the matrix, often deficient.

5. V. nitida, Schrad. Cr. innate in the matrix, smooth, greenish,
olivaceous, or fuscous ; perith. entire, covered, becoming at length
somewhat prominent, persistent, ostioles subpapillate ; nucleus fluxile.
Fr. Lichenogr. p. 443. Borr. in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2607, f. 1.

Trunks ; the hue varying with the different epidermis of the matrix ;
New England. Pennsylvania, Muhl. V. composita, Schwein. in Hals.
Lich. N. Y. 1. c. p. 9, has apothecia clustered, forming dark spots, but
I have not been able to find in my specimens, which agree apparently
with the description, any constant characters to separate it from the
present.

6. V. alha, Schrad. Cr. innate in the matrix, becoming at length
denudate, white ; perith. subglobose, entire, denudate, persistent, im-
mersed at the base, ostiole papillate, or pertuse. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 444.
— ^ ; cartilagineous, smoothish ; perith. smaller. Fr. I. c. V. glabra-
ta, Ach.

Trunks. New England. Perithecia prominent.

7. V. gemmata, Ach. Cr. innate in the matrix, effuse, smoothish,

88 LICHENES OF THE NORTHERN STATES.

white-hoary ; perith. hemispherical, dimidiate (not immersed at the
base), persistent ; nucleus whitish. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 444.
Trunks. New England. New York, Halsey.

8. V. epidermidis, Fr. Cr. innate in the matrix or obsolete ; perith.
dimidiate, the base patent, innate-superficial, at length collapsing, and,
together with the nucleus, applanate-depressed. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 447.
— « ; perith. larger, orbiculate. Fr. I. c. V. analepta, Ach. — ^ ; pe-
rith. larger, elliptical. Fr. I. c. V. Cerasi ^ epidermidis, Ach. —
y; perith. small, punctiform (with the habit of the next species). Fr.
I. c. V. sligmatella, Ach. part.

Trunks, mostly on smooth bark ; New England, and westward.
New York (« and ^), Halsey. Arctic America, Rich.

9. V. punctiformis, Pers. Cr. innate in the matrix or obsolete ; pe-
rith. innate-superficial, semiglobose, subdimidiate, the base infle.xed ;
nucleus globose. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 447. V. sligmatella, Ach. pari.

Trunks on smooth bark ; New England. New York, Torrey. Penn-
sylvania, Muhl. Arctic America, Rich.

10. V. pulla, Ach. Cr. smoothish, blackish-fuscous ; perith. minute,
hemispherical, glabrous, subpapiUate, black within. Ach. Syn. p. 83.

Bark of Dirca palustris, Ach., who compares it with V. carpinea,
which is referred to the last species by Fries.

Tribe IV. LIMBORIACEiE, Fr.

XXIX. PYRENOTHEA, Fr.

Perithecia round, carbonaceous, closed, pertuse at length with a sim-
ple ostiole, and protruding the somewhat gelatinous, bursting nucleus,
finally dehiscent, explanate, and empty. (A disciferous state occurs in
a single species.) Thallus crustaceous.

P. leucocephala, Fr. Crust smooth, glaucescent ; perithecia subglo-
bose, naked, black, coronate with the white, persistent, globuliform nu-
cleus. Fr. Lichenogr. p. 450. — ^. Lecidina, Fr. ; crust somewhat
leprous ; disk dilated-scutelliform, rigescent, covered for the most part
with a dense pale-yellowish-cinereous bloom. Fr. I. c. Lecidea able-
Una, Ach.

Trunks (/?), Arctic America, Rich.

COLLEMACEiE.

Filamentous, or foliaceous gelatinous-conglutinate plants without dis-
crete layers. Sporidia included in asci, and immersed in a thalamium,
which is contained either in a thalline exciple or a proper exciple.

Several genera are included here formerly referred to Lichenes, but
separated by Fries, and with other genera constituted a distinct family,
intermediate between Lichenes and aquatic Algse. Collema and Lep-
togium may be said to have the thallus of Phyceae with the apothecia
of Lichenes, and Ephebe is considered by Fries nearly related to the
Byssi .

Synopsis.

Tribe L COLLEMEjE, Fr. — Thallus gelatinous-conglutinate,
caulescent or foliaceous.

1. Collema. Apothecia scutelliform, with a thalline exciple.

2. Leptogium. Apothecia scutelliform, with a proper exciple.
Tribe II. EPHEBIDEjE. — Thallus filamentous, not gelatinous.

3. Ephebe. Apothecia scutelliform, with a thalline exciple.

Tribe I. COLLEMEJ:, Fr.

I. COLLEMA, Hoffm.

Apothecia at first subglobose, becoming at length discoid-open and
scutelliform, with a thalline exciple. Thallus corneous-gelatinous,
somewhat pulpy, of a moniliform-filamentous texture, variously lobed.

* Thallus imbricate-plicate, becoming thick and turgid when wet.

1. C. pulposum, Ach. Thallus thick, suborbicular, very compact,
blackish-green, of numerous, somewhat imbricate, plicate, rather entire
or repand-crenate, erectish lobes, those of the circumference larger,
somewhat appressed ; apothecia somewhat crowded, slightly concave,
rufous, with an elevated, irregular margin. Ach. Syn. p. 311. Schcer.f
12

90 COLLEMACEa: OP THE NORTHERN STATES

Spicil. 2, p. 538 {sub Parmelia). C. crislalum, Borr. in Hook. Br. Fl.
2, p. 208. Icon, Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. 3, p. 139, t. 12, /. 1.

Upon rocks, among mosses. Pennsylvania, Muhl. I have not ob-
served this species in the granite region of New England.

2. C. plicaiile, Ach. Th. thick, orbicular, black-green ; lobes ru-
gose-plicate, ascending, laciniate ; apoth. concave, of nearly the same
color with the thallus, with a thick, elevated margin. Ach. Syn. p. 314.
Hook. Br. Fl. 2, p. 209. Schar. Spicil. 2, p. 543 {stib Parmelia).
Exs. Schleich. ! Lich. Helv.

Eocks (limestone, Schser.), New York, Russell ! I have seen only a
small fragment, but it appears to belong to this rather than to the pre-
ceding species.

3. C. tenax, Ach. Th. rather thick, suborbicular, glaucous-green,
of somewhat plane, rounded, cut, or crenate lobes ; apoth. scattered, at
first urceolate, becoming rather elevated, concave, rufescent, with a
somewhat entire margin. Ach. Syn. p. 314. — (?. pallescens, Ach.;
th. yellow-virescent, pale beneath, the lobes irregular, densely compli-
cated, irregularly crenate, ascending ; apoth. submarginal. Ach. I. c.

Rocks among mosses, Pennsylvania, Muhl. ! New York, Spreng.!
The cited specimens belong probably to the variety (S of Acharius, but
were not considered to differ from a by Floerke.

4. C. fasciculare, Ach. Th. suborbicular, imbricate-plicate, olive-
green, the lobes dilated upward, waved, those of the circumference
rounded, cut-crenate ; apoth. marginal, at length elevated-subpedicel-
late, fasciculate, the disk somewhat convex, rufous. Ach. Syn. p. 317.
Fr.! Lich. Suec. 50. Icon, E. Bot. t. 1162.

Trunks and rocks, New England. Pennsylvania, Muhl.

5. C. pustulatum, Ach. Th. substellate, lacerate-laciniate, the la-
cinise expanded, plane, irregularly crenate, besprinkled above with paler
pustules which pass at length into apothecia ; disk punctiform, black.
Ach. Syn. p. 351. Parmelia leucoderrna, Willd. herb. 7

Upon mosses. North America, Ach., who says it is a minute species,
very distinct from the last. Pennsylvania (P. leucoderrna, Willd.),
Muhl. !

6. C. granulatum, Hook. Th. foliaceous, membranaceous, corru-
gated, granulated on both sides, imbricate-complicate, blackish-olive,
the lobes somewhat rounded, waved and crisped, rather entire ; apoth.

AND BRITISH AMERICA. 91

scattered, sessile, blackish-fuscous, margin entire. Hook. Br. Fl. p. 2,
211. Lichen granulatus, Huds. (e Hook.). Colhma furvtim, Ach.
Exs. Schar. ! Lich. Heh>. 413, 414. Icon, E. Bol. t. 1757.

Stones and trunks. New England. New York, Hdlsey. Pennsyl-
vania ? Muhl.

•• Thallus thin, foliaceous, gelatinous-membranaceous, lobed princi-
pally at the circumference.

7. C. melcmum, Ach. Th. foliaceous, somewhat stellate, blackish-
green, the lobes elongated, radiant, multifid, with elevated, waved and
crisped, crenate margins ; apoth. submarginal, somewhat plane, at length
rufescent, with a subgranulate margin. Ach. ! Syn. p. 315. — /S. jaco-
haifolium, Ach. ; lacinise narrow, strict, lacerate-pinnatifid ; apoth. mar-
ginal, with an entire margin. Ach. I. c. Exs. Schar. ! Lich. Helv. 422.

Rocks among mosses and trunks. New England.

8. C. palmatum, Ach. Th. csspitose-pulvinate, brownish-green, of
crowded, erectish, palmate-divided, somewhat linear and terete laciniae ;
apoth. rufous-fuscous. Ach. Syn. p. 319.

On the earth, and trunks. Pennsylvania, Muhl.

9. C. nigrescens, Ach. Th. somewhat monophyllous, membrana-
ceous, expanded, round-lobed, rugose-plicate, olivaceous-nigrescent;
costate-lacunose beneath ; apoth. (minute) central, crowded, at length
convex, rufous-fuscous, with a very entire margin. Ach. Sy/i. p. 321.
Hook. Br. Fl 2, p. 211. Exs. Schar. ! Lich. Heh. 410.

Eocks and trunks. New England. New York, Halsey. Pennsyl-
vania, Muhl.

10. C. Jlaccidum, Ach. Th. foliaceous, membranaceous, smooth,
flaccid, blackish-green ; lobes somewhat ascending, rounded, rather en-
tire, undulate-plicate ; apoth. scattered (small), somewhat plane, rufous.
Ach. Syn. p. 322. Hook. Br. Fl. 2, p. 211. Exs. Schcer. ! Lich. Helv.
412.

Rocks and trunks. New England.

11. C. tUTueforme, Ach. Th. foliaceous, membranaceous, somewhat
rugose, blackish-green, besprinkled with fuliginous powder; lobes ob-
long, deeply cut, sinuate-laciniate, obtuse, flexuous, crisped, subcrenate ;
apoth. scattered, somewhat plane, fuscous, with a very entire margin.
Ach. Syn. p. 322.

92 COLLEMACE^ OF THE NORTHERN STATES

Rocks (especially limestone, Ach.). Pennsylvania, Muhl. in herb.
Willd. ! The specimen appeared to me to agree with an original one
from Acharius. Schserer refers the species to C. flaccidum. It is
said to occur in Massachusetts.

12. C. pulchellum, Ach. Th. membranaceous, orbicular, plane,
somewhat laciniate, round-lobed at the circumference, plicate-papulose
and dark-green above, beneath paler and deeply lacunose ; apotb.
crowded, elevated, the disk urceolate, pale, the margin thin, coarctate,
very entire, at length somewhat rugulose. Ach. Syn. p. 321.

Trunks and rocks. New England. Pennsylvania, Muhl. ! Ohio,
Mr. Lea !

13. C. saturninum, Ach. Th. rosulate, blackish-green, glaucous
and subtomentose beneath, the lobes broad, oblong, rounded, waved,
very entire ; apoth. scattered, somewhat plane, rufous, with a thin, en-
tire margin. Ach. Syn. p.Z2Q. Hook. Br. Fl. 2, p. 211. Exs. Schar. !
Helv. 423.

Trunlcs and stones. New England. Arctic America, JlicA. I have
omitted several species of this genus, which require more observation.

II. LEPTOGIUM, Fr.

Apothecia rounded, becoming discoid-open and scutelliforra, some-
what pedicellate, with a proper exciple. Thallus gelatinous-membra-
naceous, subdiaphanous, texture cellulose.

1. L. Tremelloides, Fr. Thallus foliaceous, membranaceous, very
thin and somewhat diaphanous, smooth on both sides, or powdery above,
lead-colored ; lobes oblong, rounded, very entire ; apothecia scattered,
elevated, plane, rufous-fuscous, with a paler margin. Fr. Fl. Scan. p.
293. Collema, Ach. Hook. Br. Fl. 2, ;;. 213.

Rocks and trunks, New England. New York, Torrey. Pennsylva-
nia, Muhl.

2. L. lacerum, Fr. Th. foliaceous, membranaceous, very thin and
somewhat diaphanous, glaucous-fuscescent, the lobes small, subimbri-
cate, lacerate-laciniate, denticulate-ciliate ; apoth. (small) scattered,
subsessile, somewhat concave, rufous, with a paler margin. Fr. ! Fl.
Scan. p. 293. Collema, Ach. Hook. Br. Fl. 2, p. 213.

On the earth, and rocks, among mosses. New England. New
York, Halsey. Pennsylvania, Muhl.

AND BRITISH AMERICA. 93

3. L. Burgessii, Fr. Th. membranaceous, subimbricate, glaucous-
fuscescent, somewhat spongy and downy beneath, the lobes rounded,
sinuate-laciniate, crisped and minutely lacerate-dentate at the margins ;
apolh. depressed ; disk somewhat concave, fuscous, with an elevated,
lacerate-dentate or foliose margin. CoUema, Ach. Syn. p. 320. Hook. !
Br. Fl. 2, p. 211. Icon, E. Bot. t. 300.

Trunks. Mountains of New England.

Tribe II. EPHEBIDE^.

III. EPHEBE, Fr.

Apotbecia formed from the thallus, from concave becoming plane,
and at length convex, black, the margin evanescent. Thallus filamen-
tous, not gelatinous.

E. puhescens, Fr. Thallus decumbent, softish, terete, black, the
branches entangled, capillaceous ; apothecia of the same color. Fr.
Fl. Scan. p. 294. Cornicularia, Ach. — /?. Jibrillosa, Ach. ; thallus
obscurely fuscous, smoothish, very delicate, branched, somewhat hir-
sute with numerous, flexuous, branched, subclavate fibres. Cornicula-
ria puiescens, var. Jibrillosa, Ach. Syn. p. 302.

Rocks and stones ; — a, in alpine districts. Greenland, Di'ZZ. White
Mountains. — /S, North America, Ach.

4