UC-NRLF C .5 ?bfl ••• QL i •s* * Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. SYNOPSIS MARINE INVERTEBRATA GRAND MANAN: OR THE KEuI X ABOUT THE MOUTH OF THE BAY OF FUNDY, NEW BRUNSWICK. WILLIAM STIMPSON, WASHINGTON CITY: PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. .1 A N'U A It Y, N \-.\\ YORK: G. P. PUTNAM & CO. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO KNOWLEDGE. SYNOPSIS MARINE INVERTEBRATA GRAND MANAN: 'OR THE REGION ABOUT THE MOUTH OF THE BAY OF FtJNDY, NEW BRUNSWICK. WILLIAM STIMPSON, 1.0 C i: I' TED I OK PUB1JCAIIO X -I A X r A B Y, 1 « "i o . ] COMMISSION TO WHICH THIS PAPER HAS BEEN REFERRED. A. A. GOULD, M. D. PROF. J. D. DANA. JOSEPH HENRY, Secretary £>'. I. BIOLOGY LIBRARY 6 CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION 5 POLYPI. ALCYONID.E ........ 7 ACTINIAD^E . . ... . . . .7 LUCERNARIAD^E ' . . . . . . . .8 ACALEPHJE. PROLES POLYPOIDE.S: . . . . . . .8 PROLES MEDUSIN/B . . . . . . .11 BEROID MEDUSAE ........ 11 ECHINODERMATA. . . .12 EURYALEA ........ 12 OPHIURID^E ........ 13 ASTERIAD^B ........ 14 ECHINID^E ... .... 15 HOLOTHURIAD^E . . . . . . . .16 BRYOZOA 17 ACEPHALA. TUNICATA ... 19 BRACHIOPODA .... 20 LAMELLIBHANCHIATA . . 20 GASTEROPODA. PROSOBRANCHIATA ....... 22 TECTI BRANCH i ATA .... 25 NUDIBRANCHIATA .... 25 CEPHALOPODA. 27 299252 IV CONTENTS. PAGE DENDROCCELA. PLANARIDjE ........ 27 NEMERTID^E ...... GEPHYREA . 28 ANNULATA. TUBICOLJO . . 29 MARIGOLD ... 31 CRUSTACEA. PYCNOGONIDKX ..... 37 EPIZOA .... CIKEIPEDIA ENTOMOSTRACA . 39 BRANCIIIOPODA ... . 30 ISOPODA .... 30 ANISOI>ODA . 42 AMPHIPODA ..... 44 STOiMAPODA . :>* DECAPODA ..... r>s ALPHABETICAL INDEX . . 01 REFERENCES TO THE FIGURES 07 MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN. THE Island of Grand Manan, the natural history of which this paper is intended to illustrate, is perhaps but little known, geographically, to many who may be readers of this account. It may not be out of place, therefore, to make some remarks on its position. It is more properly an archipelago than an island. The smaller members of the group lie to the east of the largest, which is twenty miles in length, with a general trend north-east and south-west, having an average breadth of nine or ten miles. It lies at the mouth of the Bay of Fundy, about ten miles from the western shore at Campo-bello and Eastport, and thirty from the Nova Scotia shore. It is surrounded on all sides by deep water (a hundred fathoms or more), as might be judged from the character of the shores, which are rocky and precipitous, especially on the western side, where cliffs of a basaltic structure rise perpendicularly to a height of several hundred feet. On the south-eastern side, where there are numerous islands, the shores are low and shelving, composed of Mica-slate having a dip of about 70°. The passages between these islands, worn out by the tides which rush with great velocity through them, are generally very shallow, while a short distance seaward the water becomes as deep as on the western side. The following paper is intended as a compend of observations made on the marine fauna of this region, during three months' residence in the summer of 1852; and also as a catalogue, which it is hoped will prove nearly complete, of the marine invertebrates found on its shores and in the adjacent waters. In preparing local faunas, it is desirable that the area included should be as narrowly circumscribed as the inclusion of the requisite variety of station will allow. It is only by the comparison of the results of such examinations, made at a series of points along a coast, that an accurate knowledge can be obtained of the distribution of marine animals, and of the effect of external circumstances on their growth, habits, and economy. We can thus ascertain whether a species may inhabit two distant localities without occurring in the intermediate space ; and if so, what are the causes of this? Has it been there extirpated by geological changes not affecting the other points? If not, how was its transportation effected? Or, was it originally created in both the distant points? These, and many other questions of the same nature, may be answered in respect to species whose distri- bution is thus perfectly known. Such investigations will also throw much light on the distinctions of species, which cannot now be derived from their geographical distribution, on account of the loose and general manner in which it is usually recorded. And every practical naturalist knows how much he is aided in defining species, by seeing them in the beauty of life, in their natural condition and asso- ciations. So extended a series of observations will, however, require a great s 6 MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN. number of workers. But these it is hoped will be furnished by the increasing taste for pursuits of this kind in our country. The records of depths and stations may seem trivial in the eyes of some, but upon their accumulation depends the decision of several important questions. It will be observed that the number of new species described in this paper is quite large. This naturally results from the fact that so few families of our marine invertebrates have yet been investigated. Thus, with the exception of the shells, nearly every species required special study to determine its genus, and whether it was, or was not, identical with some European or Arctic species. Pelagic animals are particularly abundant at Grand Manan, on account of the proximity of deep water, and by far the greater part of the species were obtained by the use of the dredge. Dredging in this region is attended with dangers, to guard against which some little foresight is necessary. The boat should always be provided with a compass, even in going short distances from land, as the fogs are very thick in summer, and are suddenly formed. The dredger must also keep an eye to wind- ward, as the approach of a fog bank may be generally seen at least some minutes beforehand, so that a course may be taken for home ; unless, indeed, he be some- thing of a pilot himself, or have one with him, when he may often continue his operations notwithstanding the obscurity. A "horn," consisting of a Stromlus gigas with the apex knocked off, should also be provided, to be used when lost in a fog, for, when blown, it will be answered according to the humane custom of this region, by any who may hear it, whether on shore or in boats. In many places, there are patches of rock on the sea-bottom, where the dredge is very liable to be caught. Usually, it may be disengaged by heaving in a portion of the dredge- warp, but this is often not sufficient. The only means then remaining of recover- ing it is to slack out all the line, while the boat is brought round and run in a direction opposite to the former course. It may even then occur that the dredge remains fixed, so that, on an excursion to these islands, two or three should always be provided. I must here express my grateful acknowledgements to Professor Agassiz, for the use of his valuable collection of European books and specimens, which he most liberally allowed me, while as his pupil I had the pleasure of his society and the advantages of his instruction. To the officers of the Smithsonian Institution I am also greatly indebted, for affording me every possible assistance in the use of rooms, instruments, books, etc., while this paper was in preparation. I am also indebted to Professor Dana, for his kindness in giving me tracings of the details of many of his new genera of Crustacea, which have materially aided me in the determination of those herein described. Suites of the original specimens, from which the new species in this paper were described, are deposited in the Museum of the Institution, and in the cabinet of Professor Agassiz, at Cambridge. Outline figures are given in the plates of some of the most interesting species, especially such as form new genera. WILLIAM STIMPSON. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, February, 1853. MARINE INVEUTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN. POLYPI. ALCYONID^E. ALCYONIUM DIGITATUM, Lin. All the specimens obtained were very small, the largest scarcely an inch in length, and not divided into lobes. Found attached to small pebbles on shelly bottoms in 10—30 fathoms. ACTINIAD^:. ACTINIA MARGINATA, Le Sueur, J. A. N. S., i. 172. On rocks at low-water mark, of a very large size. A. CARNEOLA, St., n. s., Fig. 1. Very small, about four-tenths of an inch in diameter ; mouth protruding far upwards on the broad disk, on the edge of which are the tentacula, alternating in two approximated rows, there being eighteen in each row. On the disk, above the base of each of the larger upper tentacula, are two prominent white spots, one above the other ; while the lower tentacula have one spot only at their inner bases. This species is of a light flesh or salmon color. It was dredged in 35 fathoms on the Hake Ground, off the north-east shore of Grand Manan. The specimens were attached to dead valves of Pecten, and some- times to the test of Ascidia callosa, or to small pebbles. A. OBTRUNCATA, St., n. s. Body short, with a broad flat disk, on which, between the small mouth and the margin, are placed the tentacula; which are short, very blunt at their extremities, as if cut off, usually equidistant, not very numerous, and arranged alternately in four or five very indistinct rows. Sides smooth and clean, with few porous warts, which can seldom be perceived. Color dark purplish, lighter on the disk, with broad streaks of crimson which meander among the bases of the tentacula. It is found not unfrequently at low-water mark, attached to stones in clear water, but is most abundant in the laminarian zone. It approaches A. crassicornis, especially in the arrangement of the tentacula, which are, however, not pointed. It wants also the prominent rim of that species. A. CORIACEA,(?) Johnst., Brit. Zooph. A few specimens of an Actinia were pre- sented to me by H. R. Storer, Esq. (which he took at low water among the outer islands), of a species which I did not myself find. It is conical, with the sides covered with small shells and pebbles, which are secured by the strong wart-like suckers. The tentacula are rather long, and not very numerous. Having never seen it alive, I am by no means certain of the accuracy of the above identification. A. DIANTHUS,(?) Johnst., Brit. Zooph. A fine specimen, belonging probably to this beautiful species, was dredged in 50 fathoms on the " gravelly bottom," a fishing- ground situated about eight miles off Whitehead. It was unfortunately lost, owing to the roughness of the weather at the time, so that it is not yet accurately determined. A. SIPUNCULOIDES, St., n. s., Fig. 2. Body greatly elongated, covered with a thin brownish epidermis, with eight narrow longitudinal white lines, dividing the body at the anterior extremity into eight equal lobes when contracted. Tentacula 8 MARINE 1NVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN. twenty, short, curved, and with blunt extremities. It was found at low-water mark, adhering by its very small base to a large stone, from which it was easily detached. In confinement, it attached itself to the bottom of the glass, but fre- quently changed its place. Only one specimen was found, from which circumstance the necessary anatomical investigations which would undoubtedly result in the establishment of a new genus for this animal, could not be made. LUCERNARIAD.E. LUCERNARIA QUADRICORNIS, Mull. L. fascicularis, Johnston, Brit. Zooph., pi. xlv., f. 3-6. The specimen obtained was nearly three inches in length. It was dredged on a bottom of nullipores and sea-collanders (Agarurn) in four fathoms. It is the first of this interesting genus yet noticed as occurring on our coast. ACALEPH^E. PROLES POLYPOIDE^E. CAMPANULARIA STRINGA, Lam. Johnst., 1. c., 110. On Sertularia . polyzonias, in 25 fathoms, off Duck Island. LAOMEDEA GELATINOSA, Lamour. Johnst., 1. c., pi. xxi., f. 3. This I took from the bottom of the hooker used in my dredging operations. It had reached the height of an inch in less than a month after the bottom of the vessel had been scraped clean. PLUMULARIA TENERRIMA, St., n. s. Polypidom pinnated, the stem thick, the pin- nae very slender, alternate, with the pyriform cells arranged loosely in a row on their upper surface, pointing alternately to opposite sides. It is common in 25 fathoms, shelly bottom, off the northern point of Duck Island. P. FALCATA, Lam., An. sans vert., ii. 160. Taken often in 35 fathoms on the Hake Ground. SERTULARIA ARGENTEA, Ellis. Johnst., 1. c., 79. Common in 4-6 fathoms, attached to stones. S. FILICULA, Ellis. Johnst., 1. c., 76. Dredged in 20 fathoms, on shelly bottoms. S. LATIUSCULA, St., n. s. Pinnae broad, compressed, attached by a slender base to the main stem; cells crowded, nearly opposite, shaped as in S. argentea; vesicles elongated, ovate, with a single strong spine on one side at the extremity. Color brownish. Breadth of pinna, 0.03 inch. Dredged in the laminarian zone. S. PRODUCTA, St., n. s. Cells opposite, elongated, curving outward, with ovate apertures. Vesicles slender, elongated, subtruncate, and covered with spines at their extremities. It is of a bright silvery color. It differs from S. margareta, Hassal, in having more numerous spines at the top of the vesicle, and none on its sides. MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN. 9 S. FALLAX, Johnst., 1. c., 73. A few specimens, probably of this species, were taken in deep water. S. RUGOSA, Lin. Johnst. This species is common in deep water here, and on most parts of our coast, from Massachusetts Bay to the Grand Bank, s S. POLYZONIAS, Johnst., 1. c., 61. Many forms occurred at Grand Manan, in from 10 to 40 fathoms, all of which may be referred to this species, as described by Johnston in the second edition of his work. But my own observations upon many specimens, and the consideration of the genera and species of naked-eyed medusas, the polype forms of which are not yet known, convince me that this species, so called, is in reality a genus, and its varieties true species. The difficulty of identifying our species by the descriptions of European writers in the absence of specimens for comparison, prevents me from naming and describing the forms I have determined. C;i« \T17IAItli. St. n. g. Polypidom rectilinear, elongated, cylindrical, composed of aggregated tubes, gene- rally without branches, which, when they occur, are of the same character as that from which they spring. Cells arranged on all sides, in more or less regular and equidistant longitudinal rows, giving a section of the stem a star-like appearance. G. ROBUSTA, St., n. s., Fig. 3. Cells large, cylindrical, curving outward, equal- ling in length the diameter of the stem, annulated with one or two lines of growth near their apertures. They are arranged in four or five very regular rows, being alternate in contiguous, and opposite to each other in opposite rows. Color light brown, cells paler and translucent. Dredged not unfrequently in the laminarian zone. G. GRACILIS, St., n. s. Polypidom slender, with a polished appearance; cells small, elongated, projecting, but curving inward at their extremities, and distant from each other in the very irregular rows. Color dark brown, sometimes black. One specimen only was taken, which occurred in the laminarian zone. EUDENDRIUM ciNGULATUM, St., n. s. Polypidom small, very irregularly branched, somewhat as in E. rameum, but not so thickly ; branchlets strongly ringed, some- times throughout their length, always near their origins ; polypes small, with long tentacles and broad blunt proboscis. It differs from K rameum in the more nume- rous rings on the branchlets, and from K ramosum in the mode of branching. Dredged in 20 f., on a shelly bottom off Duck Island. TUBULARIA INDIVISA, (?) Lin. Johnst., 1. c., 48. Found chiefly in the lamina- rian zone. T. LARYNX, Ellis. CoralL, pi. xvi., f. b. Dredged in 25 f., on the Hake Ground. CORYMORPHA NUTANS, Sars, Beskrivelser og Jagttagelser, etc., 7, pi. i., f. 3. This singular animal has been hitherto found only on the coast of Norway, and among the Orkney Isles. The announcement of its occurrence on our coasts cannot but prove interesting to our marine zoologists, especially as it may be taken in the greatest abundance in some localities here, while it seems a rare animal in Europe. It lives on a sandy bottom, in from 4 to 15 fathoms. Off West Quoddy Head, a 10 MARINE IKVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN. hundred or more were taken at a single haul of the dredge. It also occurs in Welch Pool, and near Low Duck Island. I have nothing to add to the description of Forbes and Goodsir, whose observations I have mostly repeated. Al Al LI*, St. n. g. A. PRIMARIUS, St., n. s., Fig. 4. The remarkable polype for which this name is proposed, which is probably the largest hydroid known, was observed at Grand Manan in two successive stages of development. It was first taken early in August, when it was of a sub-cylindrical form, tapering suddenly to a point at each ex- tremity. At the upper extremity was the mouth, very small, a little below which the tentacula commenced, scattered at first, but gradually increasing in number, and somewhat in size. These tentacula were minute, very short, equalling in length about one-sixth the thickness of the body, with large globular tips. They occupied about two-thirds of the surface of the body; on the remainder below, their places were supplied by the medusa buds, which were crowded, and much larger than the tentacula, although as yet but little developed. The inferior ex- tremity of the body terminated in a short, pointed, fleshy spike, free from append- ages, from which exuded a tenacious mucus, by which it adhered to the subaque- ous surfaces to which it might be applied. Around the base of this spike, and immediately under the buds, were regularly arranged eight long gracefully-curved cirriform processes, each equalling in length about half that of the body. These appeared from their motions to be in this — the first or free stage of the animal's existence — the locomotive organs. At a subsequent time, I met with several of these animals which presented a differ- ent appearance. The tentacula were larger, especially in the region of the mouth, at the now blunt extremity of the body; and the medusa buds were in an advanced state of development, soon to become free swimming individuals. The inferior appendages had disappeared, and the body was firmly attached by a broad base, and bore much resemblance to one of the ordinary Corynidce deprived of its stalk. In strong contractions, it assumed a shape approaching that of an hourglass. The length of the animal, in this latter stage, was half an inch, the breadth two-tenths. In the earlier stage, the dimensions were one-half these. It was dredged in the laminarian zone, from 5 to 15 f., attached to various Rhodosperms, as Plilota, Chondrw, and Rhodymenia. Circumstances did not permit me to ascertain the medusoid form of this polype, although I have my conjecture. I would here offer, for the judgment of zoologists, the following generalizations to which I have been led by the consideration of two facts exhibited in the characters of the animal above described. First, the basal cirri of the first stage are homo- logous to the lower or exterior tentacula of Tubularia, which I think is evident on comparison of parts. Secondly, these cirri, or tentacula, are deciduous with the growth of the animal, and do not appear in the second stage. Hence we should consider the Tululariadas, in which they are persistent, as lower in the scale. It MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN. 11 might also be considered, as bearing on this question, that the medusae of Tubularia never become free, as in the Cbrynidce. It follows, also, from the above, that the species just described, having basal tenta- cula, is inferior to Coryne and its allies, in which they never appear, so that it is correctly classed between that genus and Tubularia; and if, as is probable, the single circle of tentacula in the Sertulariadce is homologous with the basal tentacula of Acaulis and Tubularia, it would follow that that family should stand lowest in the scale. Thus, as will be seen in the arrangement of the hydroids in this paper, it is a reversal only of the series followed in Johnston's work which is proposed, without derangement of the grouping of the families. HYDRACTINIA ECHINATA, Johnst. Alcyonium echinatum, Auct., Gould, Inv. Mass. CLAVA MULTICORNIS, Johnst. Coryne squamata, Miill., etc. Under these two names are probably included the polype forms of several species of our North Atlantic naked-eyed medusae. PROLES MEDUSIN^E. Among the very numerous species of medusae observed in this region, the following only were identified. The notices I prepared of new species, owing to the circumstances under which they were observed, are too short for publication. SARSIA MIRABILIS, Agass., Mem. Am. Acad., 2d ser. iii. 224, pi. iv. HIPPOCRENE SUPERCILIARIS, Agass., 1. c., 250, pi. i. STAUROPHORA LACINIATA, Agass., 1. c., 300, pi. vii. AURELIA AURITA, Miill., Gould, Inv. Mass. CYANEA POSTELSII, Gould., Inv. Mass. A Strobila of large size, probably the polype form of this Cyanea, was taken in various stages of development, in 30 fathoms, on the Hake Ground. It was of a light salmon color, with very long superior tentacula, which it used in walking inverted on the bottom of the sea. BEROID MEDCSL& PLETTROBRACHIA RHODODACTYLA, Agass., 1. c., 313, Part ii., pi. i. BOLINA ALATA, Agass., 1. c., 349, Part ii., pi. vi. 12 MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MAN AN. ECHINODERMATA. CRINOIDE.E. ALECTO ESCHRICHTII, Mull, et Trosch. The first specimen of the genus Alecto or Camatula, so interesting to palaeontologists, yet taken on our coast, occurred to me in twenty-five fathoms on a shelly ground near Duck Island. It seemed to be a young individual, although nearly four inches in diameter. It was of a dark green color, dotted with white; the disk grayish, and the dorsal-jointed append- ages white. I have compared it with specimens of A. Eschrichlii from Greenland, in the collection of Prof. Agassiz, and find differences which may be those of age, since these latter specimens were all ten inches or more in diameter. Under these circumstances, I have hesitated to describe it as new, though it may hereafter be proved so, when more extended comparison shall be possible. EURYAL^E. ASTROPHTTON AoASSizn, St., Euryale scutatum, Gould, Inv. Mass, (non Blainv.). Until within a few years, all the northern species of this singular genus were con- founded by zoologists in one. They have now been separated by Miiller and Troschel, and the Scandinavian naturalists; four species in northern Europe being known, and one in Greenland, with which I have had opportunities of comparing our species, and find constant differences. The disk of A. Agassizii is rather large; the arms divide in two, just beyond their emersion from the disk, and then con- tinue to .branch dichotomously till at their extremities the rays are slender rough- ened twigs, which in preserved specimens are tangled and interlaced in every direction, but in life are usually stretched out to their utmost extension. My largest specimens were thus a foot and a half in diameter when alive, while in a dried state they measure scarce a foot. The disk is quite regularly pentagonal. On its upper surface the ten radiating ribs are narrow, prominent, and provided witli numerous small, sharp, small-based warts, which are very irregularly scattered, and which exist also on the marginal ridge which surrounds the disk, except on the concave, which forms a sort of socket for the upper base of the arm. Between the radiating ribs, the disk is soft and membranous, with few scattered granules most numerous in a flat space in the centre. The disk, as well as the arms, is smooth and glabrous below ; the mouth comparatively large, with small spines at the entrance, and larger ones within. The arms are flat beneath, with steep sides and convex upper surface. They are covered above with crowded minute granules, like fine oolite, which are arranged in numerous, somewhat irregular transverse rows, and decrease in number on the sides, the lower parts of which are smooth. On the flat under surface the joints are indicated by the pores, which are arranged on each side, in pairs ; there being also, just outside of each pore, a row of four small blunt spines. The first pair of pores, however, next the disk, is unprovided with spines. There is also in the angle of each of the bifurcations a single pore without spines. MARINE INVERTEBRATA OP GRAND MAN AN. 13 The characters particularly mentioned in this description are those in which our species most differs from that of Greenland. ' The arms and prominent parts of the disk are bright yellow, and the depressed or membranous parts of the disk dark brownish. This species is not uncommon at Grand Manan. It is found in the coralline zone, especially among forests of Boltenice. OPHIURID^E. OPHIOLEPIS TENTJIS, Ayres, Bost. Proc., iv. 133. Frequent among nullipores below low-water mark. 0. ROBUSTA, Ayres, Bost. Proc., iv. 134. A small graceful species, with flat disk and long slender arms tapering to mere threads. It is always highly colored, usually variegated with red, but sometimes jet black. It varies very much in its proportions, some disks having arms doubling in length those of other disks of the same diameter. It is abundant in the laminarian zone, and sometimes also at low- water mark, on rocky and nullipore bottoms. 0. CILIATA, Mull, et Trosch., Syst. der Asteriden, 91. 0. acufera, Ag., Proc. Am. Acad., 1851 . This species is much larger than the preceding, of a bluish-gray color above, and white below. It is also very different in station, being found only on muddy bottoms and in deep water. I have taken it at a depth of 60 fathoms. OPHIOPHOLIS SCOLOPENDRICA, M. et T., 1. c., 96. Ophiura aculeata, Gould, Inv. Mass. Excessively common in the laminarian zone, and also under stones at low water. In this latter station I have found, in August, my largest specimens. OPHIACANTHA SPINULOSA, M. et T., 1. c., 107. A fine purplish-brown species, with long rough spines on the arms, and minute crowded ones on the dorsal surface of the disk. It varies considerably, and has often the aspect of an Ophiothrix. It is found sparingly on shelly bottoms in the coralline zone. Our northern species of Ophiuridce seem yet far from being well determined. One who is so fortunate as to possess very few specimens, soon becomes perfectly satisfied in his own mind as to the specific distinctions, and finds little difficulty in separating them ; while one who has some hundreds, can make but slow progress, the perplexity seeming to increase with the number of specimens. I have, I trust, properly defined the limits of our New England species, by the examination of very numerous individuals from many localities, in which determination I have been most aided by the consideration of their habits, and especially of their association. The great difficulty now remaining is their identification with those of Northern Europe. So much discrepancy exists in the views of transatlantic naturalists, that a very general reliance only can be placed on their figures and descriptions ; and the few specimens which have yet reached this country from Scandinavia and Greenland are still insufficient. So that, although I have mentioned 0. tennis and 0. robusia under the names given them by an American author, I am yet confident that they can be referred to European species when these latter shall be better digested. 14 MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN. ASTERIAD^E. ASTERACANTHION RUBENS, M. et T., 1. c., 17. Specimens a foot or more in diameter are very common just below low-water mark. A. VIOLACEUS, M. et T., 1. c., 16. A purple species about four inches in diameter. The rays are rather narrow, and taper to a point. It is not common in this region. A. LITTORALIS, St., n. s. Body tumid, rays very broad. Ambulacral spines in two rows, slender, blunt, or even clavate at their tips. Spines on the sides larger than those on the back, but both short, blunt, and showing great uniformity in size and distribution. Its color is always a dark green above, and it never exceeds an inch and a half in diameter. It is very common among the fuci in the middle region of the littoral zone, or even near high-water mark — elsewhere I have never found it. A. MULLERI, Sars., Wiegm. Archiv., x. 169. This remarkable species occurred to me in 30 f, off the northern point of Duck Island. It is of a bright red color above when alive, and may be readily distinguished from all others by the crown surrounding the bases of the spines, which are arranged in distinct rows on the sides of the rays. I have compared our specimens with some sent from Norway by Sars himself. A. ALBULUS, St., n. s., Fig. 5. Small, depressed, of a uniform cream-color ; rays very slender, each with a prominent rounded tuft of spines at its extremity. Am- bulacra very broad, with about five rows of slender spines on each side. Back and sides having a remarkably smooth appearance, which is found to result from their being covered with closely set subquadrate tufts of short blunt spines. These tufts are arranged very regularly in rows, which can be traced both longitudinally and transversely. Those of the middle row are more closely set than the others, thus giving each ray the appearance of having a median line. The number of rays is almost invariably six, one specimen only, out of fifty taken, having five. And what is still more remarkable, four out of five of these had three of the rays much shorter than the others. Some specimens had seven rays. Were it not for the great numbers which I found every day, I should cer- tainly have considered them as the distorted young of some other species. They occurred most frequently among branching nullipores, in 4 or 5 fathoms, on the east side of the islands. This species is very distinct from any yet described. It may probably form another genus, when the four rows of suckers shall become a family character instead of a generic one. LINKIA OCULATA, Forbes, Wern. Mem. Cribella oculaia, Forbes, Brit. Starf. Asterias spongiosa, Gould, Desor. Abundant on the rocks about low-water mark. L. PERTUSA. Asterias pertusa, Mull. Ecliinaster Eschrichtii, M. et T. (?) Much larger than the preceding, and with elongated rays, which narrow towards their extremities. The color is also a paler red. Dredged in 30 fathoms, and found also occasionally at low-water mark. SOLASTER ENDECA, Forbes, 1. c. This species is abundant on the rocks at low-water MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN. 15 mark in the summer, at some localities, but these are always small, and never more than half grown. The large individuals, some of which are a foot in diameter, are found only in deep water, chiefly in the laminarian zone. S. PAPPOSA, Forbes, 1. c. This species is rare in this region, and small specimens only are found. They usually occur on shelly bottoms in the coralline zone. PTERASTER MILITARIS, M. et T., 1. c., 128. This is perhaps the most remarkable of the Asteriadce, presenting, as it does, the singular phenomenon of a web among these lower animals. A soft flexible membrane connects the ambulacral spines, the in- ner rows transversely, the outer longitudinally; also the spines surrounding the mouth, and those surrounding the large anal pore. In one of my specimens, where this anal pore is widely open, the cavity is distinctly seen to divide into five large channels, corresponding to the five interspaces between the rays. These channels pass underneath, and parallel to, the skin, and, from their action in life, I am in- clined to consider their function, at least in part, respiratory. It is perhaps super- fluous to say this, when we know that this function is performed by the whole surface of the skin ; the webs seeming especially qualified for the office. When, however, we place a living Pteraster and a Holothuria in the same jar, and see the same action of inhalation and expulsion of water going on at the anal aperture in each, it is difficult to refrain from considering its object the same in both, especially when they are so closely related zoologically. This starfish has hitherto been observed only in Northern Europe, and in Green- land, where it would seem to be rarely found. At Grand Manan, I took three specimens, all of which occurred in the Hake Bay, in 35 fathoms, shelly bottom. GONIASTER PHRYGIANA. Asterias phrygiana, Parel. Goniaster equestris, Agass. Astrogonium plirygianum, M. et T., 1. c., 52. A large specimen was taken off Duck I., in the coralline zone. It was bright red above, and bright yellow below, being by far the most elegant of our starfishes. The minute vesicles which protrude from the dorsal pores, are short and tipped with black. The eyes are very dark red in color, and the suckers near them are very long and slender, especially a single one just above each eye. CTENODISCUS CRISPATUS, Dub. et Kor., Skand. Echin., 253. This fine starfish is by no means rare in New England, although not yet noticed by our naturalists. At Grand Manan, it occurred on muddy bottoms in fifty and sixty fathoms. ECHINUS GRANULATUS, Say, Gould., Inv. Mass. The rocky shores of the islands in this region are covered Avith a zone of EcJiini, extending from the ordinary low- water mark, to a depth of half a fathom. In this zone, these animals are so crowded together that it is impossible in most places to thrust an oar to the bottom without striking some of them. Among them are found several varieties, perhaps species, which an extended investigation only can elucidate. The most common form is of a dark gjeen color, with short blunt spines, the same, in fact, as that found in Mass. Bay, but much larger (three inches in diameter). Among the younger specimens, are found some with very long spines, as in E. virens, Dub. et Kor., 16 MARINE INVERTEBEATA OF GRAND MAN AN. which it resembles. There are also sometimes found specimens of a bright reddish or purplish color, depressed, and about two inches in diameter ; these resemble E. neglectus, Forbes, D. et K. ECHINARACIINIUS AiLANTicus, Gray. Very common on sandy shores at low water. HOLOTHURIAD^E. CUVIERIA FABRICII, Dub. et Kor. Holothuria squamata, Gould, Inv. Mass. Small specimens were dredged abundantly among nullipores in live fathoms, and a number of very large ones were found attached to the under surface of large shelving rocks in the fourth subregion of the littoral zone. The largest was four inches in length, while its tentacles had a spread of nearly five inches, and presented a beautiful area of bright red waving plumes. PSOLUS PHANTAPUS, Jaeger. P. Icevigaius, Ayres, Bost. Proc., iv. 25. Common in forty fathoms, attached to small stones; and occasionally found at low-water mark. These -were all small specimens. The large ones seem to live buried among pebbles ; thus, at Eastport, one was dug from a depth of six inches in gravel. This measured three inches in length. OCNUS ATRESII, St., n. s. Completely encased in calcareous matter in the form of polygonal plates somewhat variable in size, but usually equalling in area one-half that of the disk of the sucker. These plates have regular and equal perforations in quincunx, smaller in width than their interspaces. The suckers are stout, and are distributed distantly in five rows, in the three ventral of which they are much larger than in the two dorsal. There are about seven suckers in each row, which are encased in the calcareous plates on their sides. The tentacula are short, and have few blunt branches. The color is white, or pale fawn. Length usually two- tenths of an inch; breadth 0.15 inch. Dredged on shelly bottoms in twenty-five fathoms. Duben and Koren include the genus Ocnus of Forbes in Cucumaria (Pen(acta), and seem to consider the small number of feet or suckers as resulting from the immaturity of the specimens yet examined. But having seen a large number of specimens of the species now proposed as new, none of which exceeded three-tenths of an inch in length, I am led to consider the fewness and large comparative size of the feet as constant ; adding to it a character not in Forbes's diagnosis ; — the crowded perforated plates, which will always serve to distinguish the species of this genus from young Pentactce, and by which it forms a connecting link between this latter genus and Psolus. PENTACTA FRONDOSA, Jaeger. Cucumaria frondosa, Forbes, Dub. et Kor. Botryo- dactyla grandis, Ayres, Bost. Proc., iv. 52. B. affinis, Ayres, id. 145. Nothing can exceed the profusion in which this species exists in some parts of the islands. It is found just below the ordinary low-water mark on rocky shores, and is, there- fore, exposed at spring tides. I have seen areas of several square rods entirely occupied by them. The largest observed was nine inches in length and t^ree wide. They are usually black or dark purple above, and pale brown or yellowish below. Some specimens are of a uniform bright yellow. They always adhere by one side — MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MAN AN. 17 that on which the suckers are most developed. They never bury themselves, but are found on the surface of the rocks, and sometimes in chinks or among large pebbles. .THYONIDIUM PRODUCTUM, St. Orcula pundata, Agass., Proc. Am. Acad., 1851, (no descr.) Duasmodactyla producta, Ayres, 1. c., 244. TKis species is found in deep water, but occurs most frequently under stones, or buried to a slight depth in gravel near low-water mark. Duben and Koren give in their generic diagnosis of Thyonidium, "tentacula 10, quibus interjacent totidem paria tentaculorum triple breviorum," which character is well marked in this species. In fact, if distinct, it is at least very closely allied to their T. pellucidum. CHIRODOTA L^EVIS, St. Holothuria,lo3vis, 0. Fabr., F. G., 353. Si/napta cwiacea Agass., Proc. Am. Acad., 1851, ii. 269. Trochinus pallidus, Ayres, Bost. Proc., iv. 243. This species is fully and well described by Otho Fabricius, and his account of its habits applies precisely to those of our species, as I have often observed at Grand Manan. It lives in the stony mud of the shores of these islands, buried to a depth of a few inches, usually in a horizontal position. It is found at low water, but is most abundant at a depth of four or five fathoms. The genus Trochinus of Ayres is synonymous with CJilrodota of Eschscholtz (see Esch., Zoologischer Atlas; also Middendorff, Sibirischer Reise, in which latter work full anatomical figures are given) ; the Chirodota of Forbes (Brit. Starf., 239) being a Synapta (see Duben and Koren, Ofvers. af Skand. Echinoderrner, 323). Our Chirodota arenata must, therefore, form the type of a new genus, for which I would propose the name Caudina. It is well described by Mr. Ayres, in Bost. Proc., iv. 143. Caudina arenata does not occur in the Bay of Fundy, notwith- standing its abundance on every sandy shore in Massachusetts Bay. Huxley, in Dr. Sutherland's Journal of Penny's Voyage to Wellington Channel, describes a Chirodota which must be closely allied to C. Icevis ; but, if his descrip- tion be exact, it differs in the number of spokes in the calcareous wheels of the skin. BRYOZOA. TCBULIPORA PATINA, Johnst., Brit. Zooph. The species which I consider iden- tical with T. patina, notwithstanding some differences, is very common on our whole coast. It is mostly found on seaweeds in shallow water. T. CRATES, St., n. s. Polypidom generally of large size, suborbicular, sometimes irregularly lobed at the circumference. Cells very slender, curving upward, show- ing a disposition to linear arrangement, and often rising in circles around cup- shaped depressions, where the tallest (immature) ones have very minute or no apertures. Color white. There is no distinct margin. Diameter often three- fourths of an inch. Found encrusting Terebratulai in deep water. 18 MARINE INVERTER RATA OF GRAND MAN AN. T. DIVISA, St., n. s., Fig. 6. This species resembles T. flabellaris, Johnst., but differs in being much more deeply divided into broad lobes or branches ; also in its more erect and elongated cells, which are without transverse wrinkles. Color waxen white ; length about three-tenths of an inch. Found on a valve of Pscten, taken in the coralline 2one to the eastward of the islands. IDMONEA PRUINOSA, St., n. s., Fig. 7. Polypidorn erect at base, the upper branches curving over, so as to be nearly horizontal, with the cell-bearing surface upward. Cells arranged in transverse rows of four or five, closely packed, which rows are arranged along each side of the face of the branch, either alternate or nearly opposite. It is a rather thick and solid species, of a white color, bright and shining. It grows often to a height of one or two inches, and is very distinct from the European species, /. atlantica. It was found in considerable numbers in deep water, especially on shelly bottoms. CRISIA CRIBRARIA, St., n. s., Fig. 8. Polypidom thickly branched, with the cells so crowded as to form often two or three longitudinal rows, in which they are usually opposite. The back of the polypidom is flat, or but slightly convex, pre- senting an irregularly striate appearance. Color white. Taken in twenty f., east of Duck Island. C. DENTICULATA, Johnst., Brit. Zooph. On a sponge, taken in ten f., off Cheney's Head. HIPPOTHOA RUGOSA, St., n. s., Fig. 9. This appears nearest allied to H. catenu- laria, from which it differs in its numerous transverse strisc, or rugosities, and by its somewhat smaller apertures, in each of which a rectangular foramen is observ- able. It was found widely branched on small pebbles dredged in twenty-five fathoms on shelly bottoms. LEPRALIA ANNULATA, Johnst. Cellepora annulata, 0. Fabr., F. G. This differs somewhat from the descriptions, but is probably one of the numerous varieties of the species named. Dredged in deep water, encrusting shells, etc. L. CANDIDA, St., n. s., Fig. 10. Cells robust, oval, white, coarsely punctate, with small apertures, which are without spines, but have two blunt projections result- ing from a sinus, at the top. Dredged on stones in thirty-five f., in the Hake Bay. L. CRASSISPINA, St., n. s. Cells sub-globular, distinct, crowded, standing ob- liquely, or sometimes almost erect; with very minute punctures. Aperture large, trumpet-shaped (from a slightly contracted neck), with thickened margin, one stout pointed spine in the middle above, and a long blunt spine at each extremity of the distal margin, which spines are often rough with minute points. Length of each cell one-fortieth of an inch. Color in life pale greenish. Found in small radiating patches on stones and shells from deep water. L. LABIATA, St., n. s. Ovigerous cells only of this species were observed ; and in them the ovarian capsules appeared in the form of a conical chimney on the top of the aperture. The cells were sculptured with irregular distant radiating ridges, commencing at the top of the chimney, and spreading out over the back of the cell. The aperture is sub-oval, truncate behind, and with the distal margin ex- panded over the cell immediately in front, in the form of a broad lip. Found on small pebbles from deep water. MARINE INVERTEBRATA OF GRAND MAN AN. 19 f L. RUBENS, St., n. s., Fig. 11. The cells of this species, as will be seen from the figure, resemble those of Flustra more than Lepralia, being in straight parallel series, elongated, with small truncate apertures. Color bright vermilion. It is a common species, found in radiated patches encrusting nullipores, etc., in four or five fathoms. CELLULARIA TERNATA (?), Johnst., Brit. Zooph. Found in twenty f., shelly bot- tom, in the Hake Bay. GEMELLARIA DUMOSA, St., n. s. Polypidom white, thick, and bushy, with the branches but slightly diverging. Cells opposite, in pairs, joining each other by the broad dorsal surface, flattened, elongated, broadest at the aperture, which is ovate or sub-panduriform, narrowest behind, and without spines. Each pinna has a chainlike appearance from the constriction at the base of each pair of cells, where it joins the top of the preceding pair. Some of the bunches taken were four inches high. They were all more or less obscured by extraneous substances. It was dredged in ten f., off Cheney's Head, on a coarse, sandy, and somewhat weedy bottom. FLUSTRA TRUNCATA, Lin. Common in four £, on nullipore bottoms, among the smaller islands. F. SOLIDA, St., n. s., Fig. 12. Polypidom broad, very thick and solid, of a bright yellowish or cream color. Cells very long and narrow, with broadly truncated apertures. It grows to a height of three or four inches, with the branches three- eighths of an inch broad. Dredged in twenty-five f., off the northern point of Duck Island. ACEPHALA. • TUNIC AT A. Of the compound ascidians only two were observed, and these, for want of proper opportunity, were not sufficiently investigated for specific designation. One was in the form of small glistening pellucid masses, variously lobed, with the aspect of an Aplidium. This was common among the nullipores in shallow water. The other was met with in only one instance, in deep water, near Duck Island. It was a mass about two inches in length, encrusting a tuft of Flustra, of a bright green color, and very beautiful. It approximated in character the genus Botrylloides. The simple ascidians were numerous and interesting. In addition to those cata- logued below, I should mention that in one instance I met with what appeared to be a Oiavellina, but so mangled by rough usage in the dredge as to be further un- distinguishable. ASCIDIA CALLOSA, St., Bost. Proc., iv. 228. Very abundant on shelly bottoms, affording attachment to many species of zoophytes. 20 MARINE INTERTEBRATA OF GRAND MAN AN. ^ A. TENELLA, St., 1. c., 228. In thirty-five f., off Gr. Duck Island. A. GEOMETRICA, St., 1. c., 229. In forty £, off Long Island. GLANDULA FIBROSA, St., 1. c., 230. Dredged in considerable" numbers on muddy bottoms in the coralline zone. They appear like hard balls of mud, about the size of an ounce bullet. G. MOLLIS, St., 1. c., 230. In ten f. sand, off Cheney's Head. CYNTHIA PYRIFORMIS, Rathke. This species I have identified by European ex- amples sent me by M. Sars. They are perfectly the same. It is one of the most beautiful marine productions found in this region, having, in its hard velvety sur- face, and bright pink blush, precisely the aspect of a blood-peach. In fact, it is called sea^peach by the inhabitants. Some of my specimens are three inches in length. It lives in clear water on rocky bottoms among nullipores, sometimes at low-water mark, but usually in four or five fathoms. C. ECHINATA, St. On rocky bottoms. BOLTENIA RUBRA, St., 1. c., 232. One specimen only of this species was found, on weedy rocks, in four fathoms. B. RENIFORMIS (?), Macleay. This species is very distinct from the preceding, being uniformly of a fine yellowish-white color, with a smooth velvety surface. It inhabits rocks in deep water, never occurring in less than fourteen fathoms. I am far from certain that it can be referred to B. reniformis, but approaches that species more than any of the others mentioned by Macleay in his memoir. BRACIIIOPODA. TEREBRATULA SEPTENTRIONALIS, Couth. Common. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. ANOMIA EPHIPPIUM, L. Roots of Laminarm; very small. A. ACULEATA, Gm. Rather common in deep water. PECTEN MAGELLANICUS, Lam. This species was once taken abundantly in this locality, and used by the inhabitants as food, but seems now rapidly decreasing in numbers. It is now rarely seen alive, though beds of dead shells are often met with at depths of 20 and 30 fathoms, which afford excellent shelter to many marine animals. A few small living specimens were dredged in 10 f. sand, near Duck Island outer ledge. P. ISLANDICUS, Mull. Distorted specimens are occasionally found under stones at low water, but it usually occurs on shelly bottoms, in 25 to 40 f. NUCULA PROXIMA, Say. In 4 f. sand, off Duck Island weir. N. TENUIS, Turt. In from 4 to 40 f. mud. N. DELPHINODONTA, Migh. 25 f. mud, on the Hake Ground. LEDA THRACLEFORMIS, St., N. E. Test. Moll., 9. In 25 f. mud, off Duck Island. L. SAPOTILLA, St. 10 f., Welch Pool. L. MYALIS, St. 20 f. mud, off Duck Island. L. LIMATULA, St. 6 f. mud. MARINE INYERTEBRATA OF GRAND MAN AN. 21 L. TENUISULCATA, St. Common on muddy bottoms. MYTILUS DECUSSATUS, Mont. Found at low-water mark, attached to the under side of stones by a byssus. Also in 40 f. gravel. M. CORRUGATUS, St. 35 f. gravel, on the Hake Ground. M. DISCORS, Lin. Found in nests formed of various marine substances, under stones at low water, and to a depth of 40 f. M. LEVIGATUS, St. Dead in 35 f. gravel. M. DISCREPANS, Mont. Common at various depths; sometimes growing very large — one occurred li in. in length. M. MODIOLUS, L. This species here inhabits the shores, being seldom found in deep water. M. EDULIS, L. Very abundant at low-water mark, but usually small. THYASIRA GOULDII, St. In 4 f. sand, off Duck Island weir; large specimens in 25 f. mud. CARDITA BOREALIS, Con. Duck Island, at low water under stones, attached by a minute byssus. In deep water it is large and very common. ASTARTE SULCATA, Flem. Common in deep water on muddy bottoms. A. QUADRANS, Gould. Occurs very rarely here. CYPRINA ISLANDICA, Lam. Rarely found. CARDIUM ISLANDICUM, Linn. Full-grown specimens, dead, are common on nulli- pore bottoms, in 3 to 6 f. ; the young, alive, are dredged in 20 to 40 f. mud. C. PINNULATUM, Con. In 4 f., coarse sand. MACTRA PONDEROSA, Phil. Common in sand at low water, buried at a depth of 4 inches. M. SOLIDISSIMA, Chemn. Found sparingly accompanying M. ponderosa. TELLINA FTJSCA, Phil. Inhabits the higher levels of the littoral zone. T. PROXIMA, Brown. Among nullipores on sandy ground, at low water, and in 4 f. SOLEN ENSIS, L. At low water, in sand; rare. THRACIA TRUNCATA, Migh. In 10 f. coarse sand, off Cheney's Head. T. MYOPSIS, Beck, in Moller's Index Molluscorum Groenlandias. Comparison with specimens of this species from Greenland has convinced me of its identity with my T. Couthouyi. I was misled by the inaccuracy of Moller's description, especially in giving "ossiculum nullum." I have observed the ossiculum in several specimens. T. CONRADI, Couth. Rare. LYONSIA IIYALINA, Con. In 10 f. sand, ofi' Cheney's Head. PANDORA TRILINEATA, Say. In 5 f. mud. NE^ERA PELLUCIDA, St., n. s., Fig. 13. Shell small, thin, pale white, subovate, ventricose anteriorly, and contracted posteriorly into a short but distinct rostrum. Beaks small, tumid, and placed a little before the middle. Surface nearly smooth about the beaks, with irregular, distant striae of growth near the margin, which become sharp and well-marked on the rostrum. Within, smooth and glossy; teeth very minute. Epidermis white, sometimes pale greenish on the beaks, and brownish on the rostrum. Length, .19 inch; height, .12 inch; width, .11 inch. It is the first of this genus taken on our coast, and resembles the young of N. 4 22 MARINE INYERTEBRATA OF GRAND MANAN. cuspidata, F. et H. (TJi. brevirosiris, Brown), more than any other European species. It was taken in 40 f., on a muddy bottom, off Long Island. PANOP^EA NORVEGICA, Loven. Taken (dead) in forty f., on the Hake Ground. This is the first instance of its occurrence on the N. E. coast. MYA TRUNCATA, Linn. Found in considerable numbers under stones near low- water mark, at Duck Island. M. ARENARIA, L. Common in the coves. SAXICAVA RUGOSA, Lam. Large and common at low water, but small when found in deep water. S. ARCTICA, Desh. Occurs occasionally in deep water. PHOLAS CRISPATA, L. Occurs very rarely. GASTEROPODA. PROSOBRANCHIATA. DENTALIUM STRIOLATUM, St. Very common on muddy bottoms in the coralline zone. CHITON ALBUS, L. Found among nullipores in 4 f., and occasionally at low water. Those taken in the coralline zone are nearly blaqk. C. RUBER, Linn. C. MARMOREUS, 0. Fabr. These two species are excessively abundant just below low-water mark, on rocky bottoms, especially on the various species of Nullipora. To take a hundred or more in one dredgeful from this ground is by no means uncommon. They are easily distinguished from each other by their mar- gins, that of C. marmoreus being smooth and leathery, while that of C. ruler is granulated. The marmoreus also grows much larger than the ruler ; specimens of the former are commonly more than an inch in length. C. MENDICARIUS, Migh. A few fine specimens of this rare species were dredged (alive) in 35 f., in the Hake Bay. Besides Dr. Mighels's specimen, they are the only ones now known. PILIDIUM C^CUM. Patella Of SAVON? 4 AIA J Plate H. ZS W? STlUfSON DCL. SARONY 4 MAJOR Tlate Itt. 33 \ U SI 14 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED This book is due on the last date stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. : 14 LD 21-50m-6,'59 (A2845slO)476 General Library University of California Berkeley UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY