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STATE OF ILLINOIS
DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION
NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY DIVISION

Ses INOPSIS OF THE
MOSQUITOES OF ILLINOIS
(Diptera, Culicidae)

Herbert H. Ross
William R. Horsfall

Illinois Natural History Survey
Biological Notes No. 52

Urbana, Illinois March, 1965

DIAGNOSIS OF MOSQUITOES

KEY TO CULICIDAE AND CHAOBORIDAE...........
Adults (Both Sexes)

Larvae

ISEY SOs CUICIDAH eh MAT ES senisr teteteta ats ieistcinietel
Key to Genera of Culicidae (Females).........
Key to Species of Aedes (Females)............
Key to Species of Anopheles (Females)........
Key to Species of Culex (Females)............
Key to Species of Cwliseta (Females)..........
Key to Species of Orthopodomyia (Females)... .
Key to Species of Psorophora (Females).......

IOENGS) 10) (LUMI MYNEL INV NUE. 5 GG ooo co peadoobubac
Key to Genera of Culicidae (Males)..........
Key,-to) Species of Aedes (Males): -.--5---- -
Key to Species of Anopheles (Males)..........
Key to Species of Culex (Males)..............
Key to Species of Cwliseta (Males)............
Key to Species of Orthopodomyia (Males)......
Key to Species of Psorophora (Males).........

CONTENTS

KEYS TO) CULICIDAE LARVAE. 2.22.24 eee 25
Key to Genera of Culicidae (Larvae).......... 26
Key to Species of Aedes (Larvae)).-2 eee 29
Key to Species of Anopheles (Larvae)......... 37
Key to Species of (Gulex (Larvae)... 4. seen 39
Key to Species of Culiseta (Larvae)........... 40
Key to Species of Orthopodomyia (Larvae)..... 43
Key to Species of Psorophora (Larvae)......... 43

INEYS' #10! CULIGIDAE EGGS <7 -1055- 21 44
Key to Genera of Culicidae (Eggs) ............- 44
Key to Species of Aedes (Eggs)... -.-. 222. -eee 45
Key to Species of Psorophora (Eggs).......... 47

MOSQUITOES) “AND DISEASE. .-.-.5.)- ee eee ee 48

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS, <\. 5-< =)o0-)- = 9=)-\ 4) eee 49

SELECIED REFERENGES) .). ..ocseiecie ete eee 49

LITERATURE CITED IN THE ILLUSTRATIONS........ 49

N10). Gn eee OeD aon eA SS. 30

COVER DRAWING.—One of the largest Illinois mosquitoes is }
the “‘gallinipper,’ Psorophora ciliata, which may attain a wing-
spread of 15 mm (over half an inch). It is a vicious biter and
is widely distributed over Illinois. The larvae or wrigglers of this
species breed in rain pools and have the habit of feeding on larvae
of other mosquito species.

A SYNOPSIS OF
THE MOSQUITOES

OF ILLINOIS
(Diptera, Culicidae)

Herbert H. Ross
William R. Horsfall

Fic. 1.—Adult of Aedes aegypti. (From photograph, lent by the U. S. Public
Health Service, of model in the American Museum of Natural History.)

TO ALL OF US WHO LIVE IN ILLINOIS, mos-
quitoes are familiar as pests that attack persons and live-
stock out of doors from spring to fall.

They may be of greater consequence than simply
as biting pests. Some kinds are solely responsible for
transmitting certain parasites to man and domestic ani-
mals. Blood parasites such as those that cause malaria,
yellow fever, dengue, and filariasis must have mosquitoes
to take them from sick to well persons. Several of the
encephalitis-producing ultramicroscopic viruses that at-
tack the brain and spinal cord are carried solely by mos-
quitoes from wild animals to man or from man to man.
Past control efforts against mosquitoes have reduced
some of these diseases to insignificance. Other diseases
carried by mosquitoes still rise at times to plague us.

To date, mosquitoes of 55 different species have been
taken in Illinois. Seven additional species, known in
neighboring states from situations similar to those in
this state, may also occur in Illinois and are included in
this synopsis. These 62 species, along with several hun-
dred more in other parts of the world, constitute the
family Culicidae. This family and a hundred or more
additional families of two-winged flies together comprise
the order Diptera.

The Illinois species of mosquitoes differ from each
other in the habitats they frequent and in many details

This paper is printed by authority of the State of Illinois,

BRS Ch. 127, Par. § . It is a contribution from the Section
of Faunistic Surveys and Insect Identification of the Illinois
Natural History Survey. Dr. Ross is head of that section, Dr.
Horsfall is a Professor of Entomology, Department of Ento-
mology, University of Illinois.

The authors wish to express special thanks to James S.
Ayars, the Survey's Technical Editor, for the creative way in
which he has contributed to the production of this Synopsis.
His unstinting and understanding help in simplifying terminol-
ogy, rephrasing couplets, and clarifying concepts has made this
publication useful to a much wider circle.

of their life histories. All of them, however, have many
characters and habits in common. The immature form
or larva (known as a wriggler) is aquatic, that is, it
lives in water. This form requires several to many days
to become a full-grown larva. At this time, it transforms
into the next life history stage, the pupal (as pupae,
mosquitoes are called tumblers), and this stage also is
aquatic. The pupal stage, which lasts only a few days,
is a transformation stage; within the pupa the tissues of
the larva are transformed into those of the adult mos-
quito. When the transformation is complete, the pupa
floats at the surface of the water, its shell cracks and
breaks the surface film, and the winged adult emerges.

Adult mosquitoes (Fig. 1) are entirely aerial and
never enter the water. After a period of feeding and
mating, the females lay eggs either on the surface of
the water or in soil that will be flooded at a later date.
Eggs laid on the water hatch in a few days; each small
larva emerges directly into the water from the end of
the egg that sticks into it. Eggs laid in soil hatch when
the soil is flooded and the eggs are covered by the right
kind of water.

This synopsis provides means for identifying the
mosquitoes likely to be found in Illinois. It contains
keys to eggs, larvae, and adults, because the sanitarian,
ecologist, and collector working with mosquitoes will
find all stages of the insects and may not have the time
or means to rear the insects to other stages. It is an
extension of the original report, The Mosquitoes of Illi-
nots (Ross 1947) in that it includes more species and
presents a key to eggs of floodwater mosquitoes. Most
of the keys in this synopsis have been enlarged from the
original report; some of the illustrations are from the
original report and some are new.

For convenience, the keys to genera and species have
been arranged according to the life history stages of the
insects. A person wishing to identify a female mosquito
will find all the keys for the identification of females,
both to genera and to species within the various genera,
grouped together in the same section. Keys for the
identification of males, larvae, and eggs are grouped in
similar fashion. At the head of each section there is
included a diagram of the stage concerned. The dia-
grams are labeled to show the diagnostic areas or parts
mentioned in the keys. If only one species of a genus
occurs in Illinois, it is indicated and treated in the keys
to genera. Each of the other species is treated in one
of the keys to genera; these keys are arranged alphabeti-
cally by genera.

Names of certain genera and species may appear in
more than one place in a key. This practice allows the
use of a large number of characters for recognizing cer-
tain distinctive groups of species within a genus or cer-
tain distinctive variations within a species.

The cardinal directions used for orienting parts of
the mosquito body or appendages are as follows:
apex—The portion away from the point of attachment;

concerning the abdomen or its segments, the part

more distant from the head.

apical—On or pertaining to the apex.

base—The portion at the point of attachment; in rela-
tion to the abdomen or its segments, the part nearer
the head.

basal—On or pertaining to the base.

anterior—Forward, toward the head, or in front of.

posterior—Backward, toward the rear, or back of.

dorsum—The upper part or back.

dorsal—On or pertaining to the dorsum.

dorsally—In the direction of the dorsum.

lateral—On or pertaining to the sides.

laterally—In the direction of the sides.

meson—The midline down the length of the animal.

mesal—On or pertaining to the meson.

venter—The under part or belly.

ventral—On or pertaining to the venter.

In the keys, the singular rather than the plural form
is ordinarily used to designate the diagnostic parts of
which the mosquito has only one on a side, as, for ex-
ample, hind femur, eye, antenna, costa.

Information concerning distribution and habitat is
included in the keys. A summary of the distribution of
each species is given in the keys to females; information
concerning the habitats of the larvae is given in the keys
to larvae; and the place of deposition of the eggs is
given in the keys to eggs. If the name of a species
appears in more than one place in a key, summary infor-
mation is included in the place where the largest num-
bers of the species will fit.

DIAGNOSIS OF MOSQUITOES

An adult of the family Culicidae (Fig. 1), to which
the mosquitoes belong, can be differentiated from other
two-winged flies by the following characters: (1) an elon-

gate proboscis many times as long as the head, (2) an-
tennae which are much longer than the head and are
composed of many small, well-separated segments, many

segments each with a ring of hairs, and (3) wings with ©

an arrangement of veins depicted in Fig. 6. A pupa
is characterized by being active in water, by having a
curled posture, and by having a pair of respiratory tubes
on the dorsum of the thorax (Fig. 2). The pupae are

The two respiratory tubes are
(After King, Bradley,

Fic. 2—Pupa of mosquito.
visible in the upper left part of drawing.
& McNeel 1939.)

not diagnosed in this report. A larva of the Culicidae
can be differentiated from other aquatic, free-swimming
insect larvae by the following combination of charac-
ters: (1) legs absent; (2) head large and possessing a

hard covering; (3) thorax large and wider than the |

abdomen; (4) the respiratory system opening dorsally

on the next-to-last segment of the abdomen; (5) four |
blade-like “gills” extending posteriorly from end of last

abdominal segment (Fig. 125, 126). In many species,
the larva has a long or stout, usually hard and dark, air
tube (Fig. 125). Eggs of mosquitoes are black or gray
in color, sausage-like or spindle-like in shape, and each
not more than 1 mm long.

Members of the family Culicidae are frequently con-
fused with midges of the closely related family Chao-
boridae. In the Chaoboridae, no adult has a proboscis
and neither male nor female bites. In the Culicidae,
the adult has a proboscis; the male does not bite but
sucks up nectar and free water; the female sucks either
juices of plants or blood of vertebrates through a group
of fine, slender stylets housed within the proboscis. The
adults and larvae of these two families can be recognized
by use of the following keys.

KEY TO CULICIDAE AND CHAOBORIDAE

Adults (Both Sexes)

Head having an elongate proboscis (Fig. 1, 6) many
times as long as diameter of head........ Culicidae

Head with no proboscis, mouthparts forming only short
fleshy lobes that are no longer than depth of head. . .

Chaoboridae

4

Larvae
1. Antennae arising close together on a mesal raised
area or protuberance of the head (Fig. 3)......

| = o.c.8 Uign) ee Shey coer RCE Chaoboridae
Antennae arising far apart at sides of head (Fig.
3. Loy RR eee 2

Fic. 3—Head of larva of Corethrella.
Fic. 4.—Larva of Mochlonyx cinctipes. (Redrawn from Mathe-
son 1944.)
Fic. 5—Larva of Chaoborus punctipennis.
Matheson 1944.)

(Redrawn from

2. Last segment of abdomen with sclerotized ring or
plate at least dorsally (Fig. 126, 127); apical or
subapical hairs of antenna slender and less than
Halislenpth of antenna 00/028. ceo. Culicidae

Last segment of abdomen without a sclerotized ring
or plate; apical and subapical hairs of antenna
very stout and at least half length of antenna
(COS, 2S) cline cease aaa Chaoboridae

LIST OF INCLUDED SPECIES

Species having names below in boldface type are
known to occur in Illinois; species having names in
italic type are known from neighboring states but not
yet from Illinois.
Aedes abserratus (Felt & Young)

aegypti (Linnaeus)

atlanticus Dyar & Knab*

atropalpus (Coquillett )

aurifer (Coquillett)

campestris Dyar & Knab

canadensis (Theobald)

cinereus Meigen

communis (De Geer)

dorsalis (Meigen)

dupreei (Coquillett)

excrucians (Walker)

fitchi (Felt & Young)

flavescens (Mueller)

fulvus pallens E. S. Ross

grossbecki Dyar & Knab

hendersoni Cockerell

infirmatus Dyar & Knab

mitchellae (Dyar)

nigromaculis (Ludlow)

punctor (Kirby)

sollicitans (Walker)

* The Illinois record for this species has not been verified
by larval or male specimens.

spenceri (Theobald)
sticticus (Meigen)
stimulans (Walker)
thibaulti Dyar & Knab
tormentor Dyar & Knab
trichurus (Dyar)
triseriatus (Say)
trivittatus (Coquillett)
vexans (Meigen)
Anopheles barberi Coquillett
crucians Wiedemann
earlei ( Vargas)
punctipennis (Say)
quadrimaculatus Say
walkeri Theobald
Culex erraticus (Dyar & Knab)
peccator Dyar & Knab
pipiens Linnaeus
quinquefasciatus Say
restuans Theobald
salinarius Coquillett
tarsalis Coquillett
territans Walker
Culiseta inornata (Williston)
melanura (Coquillet )
minnesotae Barr
morsitans (Theobald)
Mansonia perturbans (Walker)
Orthopodomyia alba Baker
signifera (Coquillett)
Psorophora ciliata (Fabricius)
confinnis (Arribalzaga)
cyanescens (Coquillett)
discolor (Coquillett)
ferox (Humboldt)
horrida (Dyar & Knab)
howardi (Coquillett)
longtpalpis Roth
varipes (Coquillett)
Toxorhynchites rutilus septentrionalis Dyar & Knab
Uranotaenia sapphirina (Osten Sacken)
Wyeomyia smithi (Coquillett)

KEY TO SEXES OF CULICIDAE ADULTS

Tip of abdomen blunt or pointed and having only un-
segmented lobes (the cerci) projecting from it (Fig.
G) Pasi srruteoee crstete eri ceieney Werle titer ceave seers © os females

Tip of abdomen having a complex set of genital parts,
of which the most conspicuous is a pair of claspers,
each clasper divided into two segments, the basistyle
andthe dististyle (hip 65,G8-72)..«..-..... males

KEYS TO CULICIDAE FEMALES

The chief parts named in these keys are illustrated
in Fig. 6; detailed characters are included in diagnostic
drawings illustrating the couplets. Although this set
of keys (especially the key to genera) will serve for the
identification of most males, many collected and reared
males have parts so shriveled, distorted, or rubbed that

= proboscis
HEAD
mesonotum
THORAX
scutellum
Mea
Wie
ABDOMEN

given to various parts used in the keys.

Fic. 6—Diagram of adult female mosquito and the names
(Modified from Pratt &

Barnes 1959.)

the minute characters on which the keys to females are

based can be seen only with difficulty.

In most instances,

therefore, males are more dependably identified by means
of that set of keys devoted to them.

Key to Genera of CULICIDAE (Females)

iF

Ne

Vein Rss branching close to apical margin of wing,
so that cell R, is only half the length of its stalk,
Rois ( Fig. TUL) cya RoRSLM EAR oes Sr ORC RET S TLS? CC RTOLS 2

Vein Re > branching much farther from apical mar-
gin of wing, so that cell R, is at least as long as
tlie, 1tED (Cana Ge GaoacaadacupodoboouuT 3

Wing length 6.5 mm or more; thorax with stripes
of bluish-green scales; proboscis curved downward
abruptly just beyond midpoint into a quarter cir-
cle, palp very long and massive (Fig. 17). Sole
Illinois representative, occurring in southern part
of state... .Toxorhynchites rutilus septentrionalis

Wing length under 3.5 mm; sides of thorax with
many small, highly iridescent blue scales; probos-
cis only slightly curved, palp short and abortive
(Fig. 18). Sole Illinois representative, common
throughout the state..... Uranotaenia sapphirina

10.

its

Mesoscutellum with posterior margin evenly round-
ed, the setae or hairs arranged evenly along it
(Fig. 9); palp as long as proboscis (Fig. 21)...-

Anopheles

Mesoscutellum with posterior margin incised to
form a mesal lobe and 2 lateral lobes, with the
setae grouped on these 3 lobes (Fig. 10); Palp
much shorter than proboscis (Fig. 20)........

Mesonotum with a mesal line of short setae al
scales bordered by a glossy bare area along
each side of the mesal line (Fig. 11); apex of
hind femur with a tuft of projecting hairs (Fig.
LB) 8 sorta cosa churros st eee Psorophora

Mesonotum without glossy bare areas; apex of hind
femur with only a few or no projecting hairs
(Fig. 14)

Hind tarsus with 1 preapical or 2 apical segments
entirely white, the remainder entirely blue o
black

Hind tarsus either with some segments ringed with
white (Fig. 14), or all segments nearly the same

Hind tarsus with wide or conspicuous bands of white
on most segments (Fig. 14)
Hind tarsus with no bands, or bands only faintly
and indistinctly indicated
Second, third, and fourth tarsal segments of hin
leg each with a narrow white band at each end
(Fig. 14)
Second, third, and fourth tarsal segments of hind
leg each with a white band at base only (Fig. 31
33)
Proboscis black, with a definite white band in mid
dle, as in Fig. 19
Proboscis not banded; either all black, mottled, o
black except for rows of white scales along its
entire length (Eig: 20) 2 eee. ore
Mesonotum nearly black, but with a series of sharp
ly contrasting white lines, as in Fig. 12........%
sods bake Kia Re es io eee Orthopodomyia
Mesonotum either without white lines, with only
pale lines, or generally light colored.......... 1
Post-spiracular area of thorax entirely bare (Fig
22); dorsum of thorax with many long, abundant
and erect hairs. Sole Illinois representative, wide
JRSM MNES Ss Sauce oc Mansonia perturban:
Post-spiracular area of thorax with bristles or
patch of scales (Fig. 23); dorsum of thorax wit
all hairs much more appressed............. 1
Outer face of hind femur in general dark but wit
a transverse band of white scales just before ape:
(Rite 1G) na.csane eres eee Psorophora confinni
Outer face of hind femur without such band.... .
Wing having either costa banded with white-scal
areas and black-scaled areas, or anal vein whit
scaled for basal two-thirds and apical portio
black-scalede ci. isa. conve her ee Psoropho
Wing either almost uniformly white- or dark-scaled

or the two types of scales mingled in a salt-and-
pepper, patternless mixture.............. Aedes

13. Mesonotum covered with a close mat of blue-black
scales, having bristles only around periphery;
postnotum with a tuft of small hairs. Sole Illinois
representative, found in northern bogs.........
IS ric a eee ses Wyeomyia smithi
Mesonotum either having scales other than blue-
black or having several series of erect bristles ex-

, a

uy < a eee

FIG. 7.—Uranotaenia sapphirina, wing.
Fic. 8.—Aedes vexans, wing.
Fic. 9—Anopheles quadrimaculatus, mesonotum, including its
posterior sclerite, the mesoscutellum.
FIG. 10.—Aedes vexans, mesonotum, including its posterior
sclerite, the mesoscutellum.
Fic. 11.—Psorophora ciliata, mesonotum, including its pos-
terior sclerite, the mesoscutellum.
FIG. 12—Orthopodomyia signifera, mesonotum, including its
posterior sclerite, the mesoscutellum.
Fic. 13.—Psorophora ciliata, hind leg.
Fic. 14.—Aedes canadensis, hind leg.

|

tending above scales; postnotum without a tuft
GEBUALES Keren aire yw totes ia) Sysubce Rity sy Voie Senn 14

14. Mesonotum either having broad lateral or mesal
bands or areas of white or cream-colored scales

(Fig. 44-58), or being almost entirely covered

with cream-colored scales (Fig. 42).......... 15
Mesonotum mostly dark-scaled, at most with a scat-
tering of light-colored scales, or with narrow
edinesnOt SUCH ISCALESIys > oe «csc ee «os aisle = 16

FIG. 15.—Psorophora varipes, portion of hind leg.
Fic. 16.—Psorophora confinnis, hind femur.

FIG. 17—Toxorhynchites rutilus septentrionalis, female head.
Abbreviations: p, palp; pr, proboscis.

Fic. 18.—Uranotaenia sapphirina, male head. Abbreviations:
p, palp; pr, proboscis.

Fic. 19.—Aedes sollicitans, female head. Abbreviations: p,
palp; pr, proboscis.

FIG. 20.—Orthopodomyia signifera, female head. Abbrevia-
tions: , palp; pr, proboscis.

FIG. 21—Anopheles quadrimaculatus, female head. Abbrevia-
tions: p, palp; pr, proboscis.

Adult thorax, lateral aspect. Abbreviations: em, mesepimeron; pv, pronotal bristles; ps, post-spiracular area; s, spiracle; sb. spiracular

bristles.
FIG. 22.—Mansonia perturbans.

Fic. 23.—Aedes stimulans.

Fic. 24.—Psorophora confinnis.

Fic. 25.—Culiseta inornata; 25A shows enlarged view of pronotal and spiracular bristles.

15. Hind tibia enlarged and shaggy toward apex, with
setae or hairs not longer than width of tibia at
apex (Fig. 15); spiracular bristles present (Fig.
24) (orabsent artim renner Psorophora

Hind tibia slender to apex, not shaggy, often with
a scattering of setae longer than width of tibia
at apex (Fig. 14); spiracular bristles absent (Fig.

765) alles i RRs SEE TOI OREO Cmca Aedes
16. Post-spiracular area of thorax bare and spiracular
lovaisidles levellanaies, 25 iho ISI, DA, oeoccsedac Culex

Thorax either with post-spiracular area having bris-
tles or scales (Fig. 23), or with spiracular bristles
presenta (Eie=92>)) sor with) bothisee ss eeneeer: 17

17. Spiracular bristles present; post-spiracular area of
thorax sometimes with scales but never with hairs
GEG 25)) Foca) se Melo wate eons eg Mtge Culiseta

Without spiracular bristles; post-spiracular area of
thorax with hairs or hairs and scales (Fig. 23)...
Mara coh Rarnr Mince Dia EriChOr crocus Comoe Aedes

Key to Species of AEDES (Females)
1. Hind tarsus with white ring at base or apex of some

Oneallssepments) (Bip sa4os 26) mereeeteneepereineienerr 2
Hind tarsus without white ring at base or apex of
any Sepmente (ELD. 27.) 26) vctabicter me ctetere terete ey

2. Hind tarsus with white rings at both ends of some
Seresenlahis (Cita si) Gebanasaugo ecco venues
Hind tarsus with white rings only at basal ends of
[Fg potTeNeS (QU HU PAS) Je paisicualinwo-Sehcich yo cence wtb & 6

3. All wing scales dark, except sometimes at the ex-

6.

treme base of costa; mesonotum brown or red-
GiShs wasuie wash e Mee ee od <ele ee 4
Most wing scales white, with a small mixture of black
scales; mesonotum and abdomen predominantly
cream color (Fig=42) ... 55... .-0 = eee 5
Costa with black scales extending to extreme base;
outer side of hind femur with some pale areas at
base, grading to all dark at apex, the extreme tip
with a few white scales. A widespread species
common in woods throughout Illinois, especially
in May; seldom collected at light ..... canadensis
Costa with white scales along extreme base, beyond
this with black scales (Fig. 35); outer side of
hind femur very dark except for a conspicuous
band of white scales at apex. A woodland species
widespread in eastern and south-central states;
known from Missouri and Wisconsin, but not
yet recorded from Illinois .......... atropalpus
Apical portions of veins R,, M,, and M, with nu-
merous black scales and few white scales. A
Holarctic prairie species local in several areas in
Illinois; associated with industrial wastes.......
oe en et ce es dorsalis
Apical portions of veins R,, M,, and M, with white
scales predominating. Known from prairies of
Michigan, Iowa, and westward; not yet recorded

From Anois sen. serch he eee campestris
Proboscis dark but with a definite white band (Fig.
19). dic rosie Vee I < Se ee nite eatin 7

Proboscis nearly uniformly colored throughout. ..9

8.
oF
Hind legs and tarsi of Aedes females, anterior view.
FIG. 26.—A. grosshecki, hind leg.
Fic. 27.—A. sticticus, hind leg (posterior view of femur shown 10
beneath ) . °
Fic. 28.—A. triseriatus, hind leg.
FIG. 29.—A. vexans, hind leg.
Fic. 30.—A. aegypti, middle leg.
Fic. 31.—A. aegypti, hind leg. 11
Fic. 32.—A. sollicitans, hind leg. ;
Fic. 33.—A. mitchellae, hind tarsus.
Fic. 34.—A. dorsalis, hind tibia and tarsus.
12.
5.
14.

Fic. 35—Aedes atropalpus, base of wing. Abbreviation: C,
costa or costal vein.
Fic. 36.—Aedes excrucians, tarsal claw of female. (After Barr
1958.)
Fic. 37.—Aedes fitchi, tarsal claw of female. (After Barr 1958.)
FiG. 38.—Aedes triseriatus, scales on pronotal lobe, lateral aspect.
Fic. 39.—Aedes thibaulti, scales on pronotal lobe, lateral aspect.

~

All wing scales dark; first segment of hind tarsus
black but with a single basal white band (Fig. 33).
A woodland species of the southern states, twice
found in Illinois in the Chicago area. . .mitchellae
Some wing scales black, some white, giving the wing
a spotted appearance; first segment of hind tarsus
frequently with a middle light band in addition
HO basalewihite) band, (EIR 52). «<(teeleis hatte « 8
Abdomen with extensive dorsal areas of cream or
tawny scales and small lateral areas of white scales,
the two colors definitely contrasting; first segment
of hind tarsus with a yellow middle band. An
eastern species locally abundant in Illinois, associ-
ated with sulfureted wastes .......... sollicitans
Abdomen with extensive dorsal areas as well as
small lateral areas of white scales; first segment of
hind tarsus with a white middle band or no middle
band. A western prairie-savanna species recorded
from Savanna, Illinois ............ nigromaculis
Mesonotum black but with lyre-shaped silver lines
(Fig. 43). A nonresident, domestic, tropical ad-
ventive that is found occasionally in southern
DCG sos ee ees 8 eee aaa ea See uae A aegypti
Mesonotum (Fig. 44-58) not as in Fig. 43, never
with lyre-shaped silver lines but often with wider

hide Gest goboo soc dono ooo Hao OR peee 10
White tarsal rings narrow (Fig. 29). A Holarctic
species common throughout Illinois. ..... vexans
White tarsal rings (Fig. 26) wider than in Fig.
PLS) Re 1a OP PARC TO. Ere So IOS SRD a. CoO ee 11

All veins of wings with rows of very wide scales
(Fig. 40); mesonotum (Fig. 44) with a large
central black spot enlarged posteriorly. An east-
ern and south-central woodland species local in
the southern half of Illinois......... grossbecki

Some veins with rows of only long narrow scales
(Fig. 41); mesonotum marked other than as shown
Ca oh fy 125 eA ie Bin Peer ete Rolo Ne 12

Abdomen entirely covered with yellowish scales,
without banding; most of scales of costa white;
mesonotum entirely yellowish golden brown. A
Holarctic species that is rare in open areas of
extreme northern Illinois ............ flavescens

Abdomen either with decided banding or with
patches of dark scales; majority of scales of costa
dark; mesonotum with a pattern of gray, purplish,

Omredaish Drown waeetce fbr hey. » 13
Abdomen with a central stripe of pale scales, as in
Figeaey Variants) Ome ete srs olen ers nigromaculis

Abdomen without a central stripe of pale scales. .14
Tarsal claws of front and middle legs with each
inner tooth long and each outer tooth bent abrupt-
ly over it (Fig. 36). A Holarctic species that is
common locally in northern Illinois. Typical
FOLIC OLRM TAPE: fave intc ch nis ore deee.sohe excrucians
Tarsal claws of front and middle legs with each
inner tooth shorter than that in Fig. 36 and each
outer tooth less abruptly bent (Fig. 37)....... Ay,

i>.

16.

FIG. 40.

Lower part of mesepimeron (Fig. 23) with 3 or
more fine long bristles; mesonotum frequently
patterned with light gray-brown, but occasionally
with reddish brown. A northern transcontinental
woodland species that is locally abundant in the
woods of the northern half of Illinois; rare in
light traps. Typical form of......... stimulans

Lower part of mesepimeron with none to 2 fine
long bristles

Mesonotum with a fairly narrow reddish brown
stripe, flanked with white or cream (Fig. 54). A
northern transcontinental species that is locally
abundant in the vicinity of savanna pools in the
northern fifth of Illinois. Typical form of......
SRR RAS) PR i ENA © VAP a UN eS fitchi

Mesonotum with reddish brown central area wider
than the stripe shown in Fig. 54 or area not well
defined. Variant forms (for which reliable iden-

(The scales on

Aedes grosshecki, portion of wing.

the veins are wider than those in Fig. 41.)

Fic. 41—Aedes stimulans, portion of wing.

17.

18.

19.

20.

No
Ww

tification characters have not yet been found)
OF eas celere note he Oo diet ee ros ace excrucians
fitchi

stimulans

Integument and scaling bright golden yellow, except
for a few small black-scaled areas. A southern
species that is found locally in extreme southern
Dinois S 2 yase =e ete tae fulvus pallens
Integument gray, dark brown, or black, with few or
no) yellow scales: .....-... <j). - 75, - eee 18
Mesonotum with a definite wide mesal silvery stripe
flanked by dark areas (Fig. 45-47)..........- 19
Mesonotum either without a mesal silvery stripe, or
with a narrow one separating 2 dark stripes, these
in turn flanked by light areas (Fig. 55).........21
Silvery stripe extending posteriorly only two-thirds
of the total length of the mesonotum (Fig. 45).
A southern woods-edge species; the only Illinois

record is from Massac County........ infirmatus
Silvery stripe extending full length of mesonotum,
including scutellum (Fig. 46)............... 20

Silvery stripe of mesonotum wider than dark flank-
ing areas (Fig. 46). A shy woodland species
common but rarely seen in central and southern
Wiis: ..:..3,o0+).- ea dey eee oe dupreei

Silvery stripe of mesonotum no wider, often nar-
rower, than dark flanking areas (Fig. 47). Two
southern and eastern woodland species whose
eggs and females are indistinguishable; one egg
of tormentor and one female belonging to one of
these species have been collected at Urbana, and
one female at Unionville............. atlanticus

tormentor

Abdomen with pale scales forming a mesal stripe
along the entire dorsum (Fig. 48); most of ab- |
dominal scales pale. A western prairie species;
the only Illinois record is from Savanna........

ne RC Gr ower. spenceri
Abdomen at most with transverse bands or lateral
triangles of pale’scales 2202 20. .e 22

Mesonotum with one or a pair of black or very dark
mesal areas flanked by gray or silvery areas (Fig.
49-58)

Mesonotum fairly uniform in color, brown or taw-
ny, sometimes with mesal area reddish brown
and lateral areas light golden brown......... 31

Mesonotum with a mesal pair of dark stripes sepa-
rated by a mesal stripe of silvery or light golden
scales! (Bip: 55556) .5..ci0 fee. lee ee 24

Mesonotum with an undivided dark mesal area. .26

Dark stripes not extending on to anterior third of
mesonotum (Fig. 53). A western species known
locally from central and northern Illinois... ...

hendersoni

We Ee as 2 = teelene oe ee Os eee 23

Dark stripes of mesonotum separated by a wide
mesal stripe of pale scales (Fig. 55). A Holarctic

57

Dorsal color patterns of Aedes females.

4G. 42.—A. dorsalis, thorax and abdomen. FIG. 48.—A. spenceri, dorsum of abdomen. Fic. 53.—A. hendersoni, thorax.
1G. 43.—A. aegypti, thorax and abdomen. Fic. 49.—A. thibaulti, dorsum of thorax. FIG. 54.—A. fitchi, thorax and abdomen.
G. 44.—A. grosshecki, thorax and abdomen. (After King, Bradley, & McNeel 1939.) FIG. 55.—A. communis, thorax and abdomen.
Fic. 45.—A. infirmatus, head and body. Fic. 50.—A. aurifer, thorax. FIG. 56.—A. sticticus, thorax and abdomen, light phase.
_ Fic. 46.—A. dupreei, head and body. FIG. 51.—A. triseriatus, thorax, dark phase. FIG. 57.—A. sticticus, thorax and abdomen, dark phase.
Fic. 47.—A. atlanticus, head and body. Fic. 52.—A. triseriatus, thorax, light phase. FIG. 58.— A. trivittatus, thorax and abdomen
1}

26.

731

28.

29:

30.

31.

northern species not yet found but to be expected
hal saoyauorssan Wp, oto noncsuanoces communis
Dark stripes of mesonotum separated by a very
narrow mesal stripe of pale scales (Fig. 56). A
Holarctic woodland floodplain species abundant
along rivers throughout Illinois. Typical form
00) Sele os, ee eR RS ins, 3s eS A OMCREEE os sticticus

Central stripe of mesonotum tapering posteriorly
to a narrow point, well defined (Fig. 58). A
central and eastern woodland species abundant
One matore xe INGG 5 onccoconarocur trivittatus

Central stripe of mesonotum either wider posteri-
orly (Fig. 50, 51) than in Fig. 58 or parallel sided
(Bike STD Séosmi ots cropoame meow obs vabie coc 27

Central stripe of mesonotum parallel sided, some-
times with a pair of detached short dark stripes
along posterior half (Fig. 57); dorsum of each
abdominal segment with complete basal white
band. Slightly rubbed specimens of..... sticticus

Central stripe of mesonotum narrower in anterior
than in posterior part, usually widened posteri-
orly to almost the full width of the mesonotum
(Fig. 49-52); dorsum of each abdominal segment
mostly blue-black, perhaps with lateral white
spots, but without white Danco ries ae «cere 28

Scales of lateral area of pronotal lobe white and
wide, markedly overlapping to form a solid shin-
pledvarea (PIR. 58). ma ataec en ete ake 29

Scales of lateral area of pronotal lobe long and nar-
row, tawny or yellowish in color and not solidly
Gaujaredberl (Bie: 29) ao oGcanaacdnecnacovosuee 30

Dark mark of mesonotum wide (Fig. 51), with a
definite shoulder where wider posterior portion
begins to narrow to narrower anterior portion.
An eastern species sometimes common in wooded
areas of Illinois, particularly in southern counties
ie LEN So be cicn 8 (EERE ere cece ar cre triseriatus

Dark mark of mesonotum as narrow as in Fig. 52,
the anterior portion tapering uniformly from
wid ere TOMA LLOW,. ct POLLLOM nett eterna) alc
pL OO i aot do light specimens of triseriatus

dark specimens of hendersoni

Mesal dark mark of mesonotum with anterior por-
tion narrow, suddenly widened beyond middle
to include nearly full width of mesonotum (Fig.
49); anterior lategal areas bright grayish. An
eastern and southern woodland species; in Illinois,
restricted to floodplains in the southern half of
the state where tupelo gum trees are present. .

5 I CRE ce Lo eR 6 Gamer ccc Eee thibsalti

Mesal dark mark of mesonotum with anterior part
wider than in Fig. 49, widening gradually or by
small steps to posterior margin (Fig. 50);
terior lateral areas grayish, shading to a golden
tint where they merge with mesal dark area. A
northeastern and north-central woodland species
known in Illinois only from Karnak... ... aurifer

Base of costa with a short patch of pale scales, as

B2e

in Fig. 35. A northern species occurring in open
woods; not yet found but to be expected in north-
érn Wilinois: .. 048 eee oe trichurus
Base of costa at most with a few scattered pale
SCALES ils igs ss o.oo Nb bie ease ais 5 er 32

Mesepimeron with lower third bare, upper two-
thirds covered with a patch of white scales; coxa
(basal segment) of front leg with a patch of dark
scales; membrane posterior to this coxa without
scales; wing at most 4.3 mm long. A Holarctic
northern species common in marsh and bog areas
in northern Illinois; local in dense woods of cen-
tral Illinois

Mesepimeron with white scales extending to its
lower edge; coxa of front leg with only pale
scales; membrane posterior to this coxa with
numerous pale scales; wing usually 4.8 mm long
or longer. Two extremely similar northern spe-
cies, eastern abserratus and Holarctic punctor, both
found in northern Illinois bogs....... abserratus

punctor

Key to Species of ANOPHELES (Females)

if

nN

Wing with spots or bars of white or yellowish white
scales along anterior margin and anal vein (Fig.

59; GO): needed ics 2 Sale. eteine. Fe oe 2
Wing without any pale patches, all scales dark (Fig.
61) except sometimes those on apical fringe... .3

Anal vein with 3 short dark bars separated by white
bars, costa with a white spot only at apex of wing;
palp dark except for white bands (Fig. 60). An
eastern and southern species local in Illinois... ..

b A BO Ani eS 5 * crucians |

Anal vein with apical half and extreme base black,
and with a single white area between; costa with”
an apical white spot and usually also a preapical .
spot or bar; palp black, unbanded (Fig. 59). A
transcontinental species widespread in Illinois,
common before July .............. punctipennis

Tip of wing with a patch of silvery or golden fringe
scales; dark wing spots very pronounced. A
northern species not yet found, but to be expected,
Kavigl UD Stole) CHEMI Ms MSCS OMENS Sos earlei

Tip of wing with fringe not different from remain-
der; dark wing spots either pronounced or ob-
scure

Palp black except for rings of white scales at joints
(Fig. 62). An eastern species widespread in IIli-
nois but not common south of the northern fifth
of the state

Palp entirely black, without rings of white scales
(Fig. 61)

Wing without a trace of spotting; wing length
about 3.5 mm. An eastern and southern wood-
land species widespread but rarely seen in Illinois
bie Law AIGIe OER EEC es ore barberi

Wing with definite darker areas, giving a spotted
appearance (Fig. 61); wing length about 5.0 mm,

Uy a" “Se

—
pr—

Parts of Anopheles adults. Abbreviations: C, costa; a, anal vein;
b, palp; pr, proboscis. (After Ross & Roberts 1943.)
FIG. 59.—A. punctipennis, wing and mouthparts.
Fic. 60.—A. crucians, wing and mouthparts.
FIG. 61.—A. quadrimaculatus, wing and mouthparts.
Fic. 62.—A. walkeri, mouthparts.

An eastern and southern species widespread in
Illinois, abundant near lakes in summer........
~o§ qs ach oes Han BED eee quadrimaculatus

Key to Species of CULEX (Females)

1. Proboscis and hind tarsus with white bands; mesono-
tum with white longitudinal lines (Fig. 63A).

A transcontinental species of open habitats, wide-
spread but rarely collected in Ilinois..... tarsalis
Proboscis and hind tarsus entirely dark; mesonotum
with pale dots but without white longitudinal

2. Dorsum of abdomen with apical white bands or
apical lateral spots on some of the segments, and
without basal bands. A Holarctic innocuous spe-

cies widespread and often trapped in Illinois....

Seu, Ne ae aU a ay territans
Dorsum of abdomen without apical bands, with
(Fig. 63B, C) or without definite basal bands. .. .3

3. Scales of veins R, and R, very long and slender (Fig.
64A), similar to scales on stem of R, in Fig. 64B
(examination of wing mount under a compound

microscope is best method for seeing this char-
acter) (Subgenus (Culex) cee series sae geal six Sess 4
Scales of veins R, and R, short and wide (Fig. 64B)
contrasting with long, slender scales on stem of Rg
(subgenus Melanoconion)...........-.--+++-- 5
4. Dorsal abdominal segments with dingy and often
inconspicuous basal bands of yellowish or brown-
ish scales, the bands usually irregular and narrow.
An eastern and central species widespread and
annoying in Illinois but seldom trapped at light
SBS aa oS ee GOA En ae teen ore Tarr salinarius
Dorsal abdominal segments with bright and con-
spicuous basal bands of white scales, the bands of
the middle segments wide (Fig. 63B, C). Three
widespread, frequently trapped species of the sub-
genus Culex, each common in Illinois, females of
which cannot be identified with accuracy. . pipiens
quinquefasciatus

restuans

5. Top of head with a large mesal triangle of narrow
scales, the area between this triangle and eyes

Fic. 63.—Culex females, dorsal aspect: A, C.
tarsalis, thorax and abdomen; B, typical C. pipiens,
abdomen; C, typical C. quinquefasciatus, abdomen.

Fic. 64.—A, Culex restuans,
scales on wing vein Re; B, C. er-
raticus, scales on wing veins Rs

and Re.

covered with wide overlapping scales. A small
annoying species widespread and often abundant
ET MOIS! coe eee eee eyreee tre oe ree erraticus
Top of head entirely covered with wide overlapping
scales except occasionally for a narrow mesal line
of narrow scales. An eastern and southern species
found rarely in southern Illinois........ peccator

Key to Species of CULISETA (Females)

1. Dorsum of abdomen with only very dark, purplish
scales; wing less than 4 mm long. An eastern
and central woodland species not yet found, but
to be expected, im Illinois............. melanura

Dorsum of abdomen with scattered tawny or paler
scales or bands of such scales; wing more than
Haven levies Goan uscoocqusssaccnuccass0cuaNc 2

2. Wing with a mixture of light scales and dark scales;
tarsus without pale bands but with a sprinkling of
pale scales. A widespread marsh species common
throughout Illinois in April and May . . . .inornata

Wing with dark scales only; first 1 or 2 tarsal seg-
ments with slight but distinct pale bands at each
GN a eetads fyhino Seiecac cit cee ee eee 3

3. Middle dorsal segments of abdomen each with a
wide and conspicuous basal band of white scales.
A Holarctic species local in northern Illinois... .
Da 2, MER oa oir ens TOES morsitans

Middle dorsal segments of abdomen each with an
apical and a basal pale band, the bands incon-
spicuous and composed of light brown scales. A
rarely collected species known only from Minne-
sota and northern Illinois.......... minnesotae

Key to Species of ORTHOPODOMYIA (Females)

Two species of this genus, a/ba and signifera, have been
found in Illinois, but the two species can be identified to
date only in the larval stage. They are rarely collected in
light traps. Neither bites man.

Key to Species of PSOROPHORA (Females)

1. Wing length over 6.5 mm, usually 7 to 8 mm;
mesonotum having a narrow mesal band of scales
flanked by a linear bare polished band on each
side (Fig. 11); hind femur with a prominent
iaae Obe InebNas he horse (Nis; 13) 26ocoeoanencasue 2

Wing length under 5 mm, usually 3.5 to 4.5 mm;
mesonotum with entire area scaled; hind femur
(Fig. 15) without a well-marked tuft of hairs
Ne OIIS.< co poomul OG Gino comodo on iad Uo, 2ci0O 3

2. Mesonotum with mesal band of scales yellow, hind
tibia and tarsus very bushy (as shown in drawing
on cover of this publication). An eastern and
tropical species widespread and sometimes com-
mon in both open and wooded habitats in Illinois

ciliata
Mesonotum with mesal band of scales black, hind
tibia and tarsus pubescent but not unusually
bushy. A southern and tropical woodland species

14

sometimes locally abundant on floodplains in

Tinos: 26 2. eee ee eee howardi

3° Hind! tarsus ‘entirely pucple <2>--.- => eee 4
Hind tarsus partly white, often with all segments
banded with white or some all white........... 5

4. Dorsum of abdomen with apical yellowish bands
that are slightly broken on the meson. A south-
ern and tropical woodland and pasture species
found locally in the southern half of Illinois...
Ce Ee ee RO 5 - cyanescens

Dorsum of abdomen with only small lateral white
spots, as in Fig. 58. Variant specimens of.....
ee, Ee PPR ARE iin cos. varipes

5. Most of the tarsal segments each with apex dark
and base with a white band, as in Fig. 13; wing
having a mixture of dark scales and white scales

Most of the tarsal segments each entirely dark or
entirely light; a leg may be banded but with an
alternation of entirely dark and entirely light
segments; rarely one segment may be banded;
wing having all dark scales

6. Wing mostly dark scaled but with a fairly even speck-
ling of white scales; basal segment of hind tarsus
nearly black, but with two bright white bands, a nar-
row one at extreme base and a wider one at middle
of segment. A widespread American species of
temperate and tropical open habitats, locally abun-
dant throughout Illinois .............. confinnis

Wing with white scales grouped into definite lines
or patches on some veins; basal segment of hind
tarsus mostly white scaled but with dark scales
intermingled uniformly along its entire length.
A southern and Mexican species of open habitats,
locally abundant throughout Illinois... . . discolor.

7. Mesonotum golden scaled over its entire area. An_
eastern and tropical woodland species widespread
along floodplains in Illinois.............. ferox

Mesonotum with mesal half black scaled, lateral
portions white scaled, scales of the two colors
forming longitudinal bands ...........:....: Ss

Hind tarsus having next to last segment completely
or partly white, the last one black. A southern
and tropical woodland species widespread along
floodplains in the southern half of Illinois.....

a

FATTO T RAEN TST SCE OND AS) SOS: varipes
Hind tarsus having the last 2 or 214 segments white,
the ‘remainder black - 2... 2 -e eee 9

9. Apex of femur, or “knee,” with a narrow white
band. An eastern and southern woodland species
widespread along floodplains in Illinois. .horrida

Apex of femur dark, without a band. A midwestern
species not yet known, but to be expected, in
WOOUlaDUS Ob LUIS eee eee longipalpis

KEYS TO CULICIDAE MALES
Some of the parts named in these keys are illustrated
in Fig. 65; others are included in the diagnostic drawings

terminal spine

DISTISTYLE

apical lobe

BASISTYLE

——————— filament
\ Stam | CLASPETTE

{3 ans
basal lobe
stout spine

Fic. 65.—Diagram of the style (basistyle and dististyle) and
claspette of the male genitalia, indicating the terminology used
for the parts.

illustrating the couplets. Although some males can be
identified by the set of keys designed for females (espe-
cially the key to genera), those males having minute
parts difficult to see can be more easily and reliably
identified by the set of keys presented in the following

pages.

Key to Genera of CULICIDAE (Males)
1. Fork of vein Res» close to apical margin of wing,
cell R, only half the length of its stalk, Re» (Fig.
NI sed oa 2s dn windaeacpee ns 2
Fork of vein Rss much farther from apical margin
of wing, so that cell R, is at least as long as its
SILLS = (LEN aD a atrreactl cone ROR Cee nO CRE Rectan 3
2. Palp short and inconspicuous (Fig. 18); wing less
than 3.5 mm long; genitalia as in Fig. 69.......
+i, 6. HR BiOn a nee CIE Uranotaenia sapphirina
Palp long and massive (Fig. 66); wing more than
6 mm long; genitalia as in Fig. 72.............
Ble aNe «tye Toxorhynchites rutilus septentrionalis
3. Mesoscutellum with apical margin evenly rounded,
the hairs arranged evenly along it (Fig. 9); palp
(el EN FAC (C1 (7M), © a ee ae Anopheles
Mesoscutellum with apical margin incised to form
a mesal lobe and 2 lateral lobes, with the hairs
grouped on these 3 lobes (Fig. 10); palp not
CLAW ALG MMM Pa irs ba cakes ind acho eye a «eis Sin a sb clsvece
4. Dististyle with many irregular lobes (Fig. 71).....
Fe, Oo EOD Ca TE eR SCRE Wyeomyia smithi
Dististyle either unbranched, as in Fig. 72, or with
only 1 or 2 simple lobes (Fig. 118)........... 5
5. Apical spine of dististyle double, each ray short
and stout (Fig. 114A); phallosome without lateral
FECHA t apes (BIC iL LAPS) ai othe ober a caists\ Culiseta

Apical spine of dististyle single, as in Fig. 72..... 6

6. Apical spine of dististyle cone shaped, wide and
truncate at apex, and with what appears to be a
minute fringe along the edge (Fig. 70)........

Bt | a eas ito On ECE See Orthopodomyia
Apical spine of dististyle either parallel sided or
tapeniney torapexyasi io Pip) O85 72/02). 0. mn. le Ti

7. Apex of basistyle continuing as a pointed lobe be-
yond insertion of dististyle (Fig. 75)...... Aedes
Dististyle situated at apex of basistyle, as in Fig. 72,
Onin ett (il NO) Doda sotcan weeoocr cesar 8

8. A subcylindrical projection (claspette) arising from
near base of each basistyle and tipped with 1 or
more spines or processes (Fig. 76-100, 117-123)

GClaspette mot presente (Higin7e) ramet tele ei: 11

9. Apex of claspette bearing a single sclerous process
that is filamentous or bladelike (Fig. 76-100,
ONT Orie, ears sec eate new ns emis a - 10
Apex of claspette bearing a cluster of spines, one

of which may appear to be a process (Fig. 117—

12 }) Vest baede protec RIERA cca ROR Ne Tore eR Re Psorophora

10. Claspette branched, with a long basal as well as
apicalubramchin (hie) 24) errr Psorophora
Claspette not branched or, at most, with basal branch
shore (Hips 76—100) ies a5 58 eee Aedes

11. Dististyle bearing a long hook and a large mesal
membranous lobe (Fig. 118)........ Psorophora
Dististyle without an accessory mesal membranous
IOBGl ie Aes esuoth cate hice haste eee ee ei oreeee 12

12. Basistyle with a shoulder or mesal lobe (c¢ in Fig.
103A) near apex, this lobe bearing a cluster of
specialized bladelike or spatulate spines, which are
frequently complex in structure (Fig. 103A,
111A)

FIG. 66.—Toxorhynchites rutilus septentrionalis, male head.
Abbreviations: », palp; pr, proboscis.

Fic. 67—Anopheles quadrimaculatus, male head.
tions: p, palp; pr, proboscis.

Abbrevia-

Basistyle either without a shoulder near apex, or Dististyle arising at extreme apex of basistyle (Fig.

the shoulder, if present, bearing only narrow TB )by Beoleetao vibie st wishes Jats hoe ee 2

SPINES Mah oie cors oe lorh sere N Ciao iat a eGR ea ay teed 13 2. Dististyle wide near apex, terminating in a sharp

13. Basistyle with a stout rodlike structure on mesal projection that is nearly as long as terminal spine;
face near middle; dististyle with apical half very claspette a small bushy lobe (Fig. 73)... .vexans

wide, its terminal spine stout and spurlike (Fig. Dististyle narrow at apex, tipped by terminal spine

GSI) S teraron so t7te Reger poe Mansonia perturbans (Pig. 74) w..26 bis os same 3
Basistyle frequently with one or more stout hairs 3.. ‘Claspette absent (Fig. 74)..=- .--- eee aegypti

on mesal face near middle or base, but never with Claspette present (Fig. 76-100) ............... 4

a rodlike structure (Fig. 74); dististyle not as 4. Stem of claspette branched near tip, one branch end-

LAUR O A OSiy ware cicrsetrtnre mre eecatiere a eece otree Aedes ing in a hair, the other bearing the filament (Fig.

79C); filament massive and contorted, thin and pale

Key ‘to Speciesiof AEDES: (Males) a ee thibaulti
1. Dististyle arising before apex of basistyle, the por- Stem of claspette with an unbranched apex bearing
tion of the basistyle which extends beyond the the filament (Fig. 78C, 84F); filament of various
dististyle forming an apical cone (Fig. 75)..... sizes and shapes, but never both massive and con-

Pas tage ger eee ge gira aay Beat ge nese sree cinereus (0) 3.0 OES ire

Male genitalia.

FIG. 68.—Mansonia perturbans, ventral aspect, and lateral as- FIG. 70.—Orthopodomyia signifera, ventral aspect.
pect of dististyle. FIG. 71.—W yeomyia smithi: A, ventral aspect; B, lateral aspect.
FIG. 69.—Uranotaenia sapphirina: A, ventral aspect, and lateral The apical contorted structure is the dististyle.
aspect of dististyle; B, mesal aspect of clasper, with phallosome and FIG. 72.—Toxorhynchites rutilus septentrionalis, ventral aspect.
other mesal structures removed. The internal phallosome is not shown.

16

CINEREUS >

4 '
~ ty

ss ye

\ .

SOLLICITANS * THIBAULT ~ CANADENSIS

Fic. 73-80.—Aedes, male genitalia, ventral aspect: A, mesal aspect of basistyle; C, claspette, lateral aspect. Abbreviation: db, dorsal
brush. (Fig. 73 and 74 after Matheson 1944.)

17

AURIFER

\

1) SMM

— — — __._

82
INTRUDENS

ATLANTICUS

DORSALIS ).-.)_

A, basistyle, mesal aspect; B, enlarged detail of basal lobe, ventral aspect; C, clasp-

FIG. 81-86.—Aedes, male genitalia, ventral aspect:

ette, lateral aspect; F, claspette, dorsal aspect.

18

Qe ee eee

7

ae

” STIMULANS

Fic. 87-93.—Aedes, male genitalia, ventral aspect: A, basistyle, mesal aspect; B, basal lobe, ventral aspect; C, claspette, lateral aspect,
and in Fig. 88 and 89 a detail of its apex; D, basal lobe, posterior aspect.

19

GROSSBECKI

eat / “°° TRICHURUS

Fic. 94-100.—Aedes, male genitalia, ventral aspect: A, basistyle, mesal aspect; C, claspette, lateral aspect; D, basal lobe, posterior
aspect; F’, claspette, dorsal aspect.

20

10.

Lt.

102%

es

Basistyle without apical lobe (Fig. 76-78)....... 6
Basistyle with apical lobe definitely developed (Fig.
80, 85) or represented by a mass of long hairs
>. ee ee ee 9
Basistyle with a thick brush of hairs, db, on dorsal
side (Fig. 77); basal lobe with a large area of
eS MME Pee NC le heel orn sheredets Wis apt sie et sieve triseriatus
hendersoni

Basistyle without a brush of hairs on dorsal side, but
with a definite brush forming the basal lobe (Fig.
76, 78)
Filament of claspette only about half as long as stem
of claspette, similar to that in Fig. 9€C.........
RRO L otst icra tee snd cl yen s: Sila ereb ise atropalpus
Filament of claspette approximately as long as stem
of claspette (Fig. 76C)
Basal lobe a distinct, raised prominence; basistyle
considerably widened at basal lobe (Fig. 76)....
ME cass ssh sxe eee ovarian, sis mitchellae
Basal lobe represented by only a slightly raised disc-
like area; basistyle only imperceptibly widened
ateinisypoint (Figs 78)a. ts... «.... nigromaculis
sollicitans

Basistyle with a dense brush of long posteriorly
directed hairs at apex (Fig. 81); basal lobe form-
ing a flat sclerite on mesal face of basistyle, the
lobe bearing a single long spine at its apex (Fig.
ILD). een Bond NCE NG oo Oke aurifer
Basistyle without a dense apical brush of long spines,
but with a well-developed apical lobe (Fig. 83);
basal lobe not as in Fig. 81A, either projecting
from basistyle, or with a large spine at its base,
or 2 spines at its apex (Fig. 82A), or without a
spine, sometimes with a cluster of long hairs. . .10
Integument of almost entire body yellow; stout spine
arising from base of basal lobe flattened and
widened at tip (Fig. 83B)........ fulvus pallens
Integument chiefly dark brown or black; if a stout
spine arises from basal lobe, it tapers to a pointed
inijey (Wins BYE EBYsb V8))ccostanasroogenae gage 11
Basal lobe having 2 unusually long and fairly stout
hairs arising from apical margin (Fig. 100); fila-
ment of claspette irregular and appearing twisted
££ Cb OCS Pie Ae RET OI RE Crone eae trichurus
Basal lobe without such a pair of long and stout hairs
arising from apical margin; filament of claspette
either contorted (Fig. 84F), or not (Fig. 85C)
Large stout spine of basal lobe situated on a sepa-
rate elevated finger-like process (Fig. 84)..... 13
Large stout spine of basal lobe either not on an
elevated finger-like process (Fig. 85) or absent
acto Cvatipe t Dee Oat TRO COG OEE IE rT wn 14
Claspette forming a sinuate process without a dis-
tinct division into a basal stalk and an apical fila-
(aaCePa (CURSES (2047) ete Be ane ey te atlanticus
Claspette distinctly divided into a basal stalk and
a sharply delineated curved apical filament, much
ASTIN ELD e OGG sy ramuetele tervals ‘sinew esto es tormentor

1s

16.

We

18.

19.

21.

N
N

Apical lobe with a large dense patch of spatulate

aatsig (Riga 80) esnese tar cs oe ates ee canadensis
Apical lobe with hairs tapering evenly (Fig. 85)
eee aisha tatehea Be opatio ial aad carta 3Vay sleds ot wet ch alav sere Tebama 15

Basal lobe with 2 stout spines and many small hairs
(Fig. 85B); hairs near the 2 stout spines shorter
than hairs on basal lobe in Fig. 86B...... dorsalis

Basal lobe at most with only 1 stout spine, some-
times with some of the hairs on basal lobe very
lange (Bist 28GB) i strc tat cpecse ea retucis nti 16

Basal lobe appearing detached, joined to basistyle
by only a narrow sclerotized strip (Fig. 87, 88B,
SO AN WS ae uN ayes Mont ren ate enc cn gee tee 17

Basal lobe forming a solid part of the basistyle (Fig.

DOLOG Vikas Moto ee epee eee ergy, Sa 19
/Npatee holayer Gavel (ABS os coccosensecs dupreei
/Noyteril Mojors: Ietdee (eile, t3hs})) an sob coe oan esosanaT 18

Filament of claspette wide, its lower basal corner
produced into a definite angle, Fig. 89C; mesal
aspect of apical lobe long and narrow (Fig. 89A)
eens tao ncte eds. 4 ore kaos spenceri

Filament of claspette narrower than that in Fig. 89C,
its lower margin almost continuous in outline
with the stem of the claspette; mesal aspect of
apical lobe shorter than that in Fig. 89A, decidedly
Ovate(HicSS Al) pepe ti-tce- eerie oie sticticus

Basal lobe without a stout spine, having only abun-

dant short hairs (Fig. 95)........... excrucians
Basal lobe with a conspicuous stout spine or a group
Osi Mkoyayes Inenias: (EW, S10) naa aaecagennsso conde 20

Filament of claspette having an upper point which
is produced backward into a sharp basal barb
(Biss '90G)) Ais thes waste e od shares op reeerat vata 21

Filament of claspette without a barb (Fig. 92C),
at most with a sharp upper corner (Fig. 93C)
EE et ae ae aie TR ORATOR Te ee ae Meee eee 22

Stout dorsal spine of basal lobe having an angulate
thickening near its base (Fig. 90)..... infirmatus

Stout dorsal spine of basal lobe evenly sinuate
throughout its length (Fig. 91)....... trivittatus

Basal lobe composed primarily of an area of short
hairs forming the basal portion of the mesal face

Ou thelbasisty leu (bios 92. 95))q senna 23
Basal lobe represented by a distinct lobe projecting
mesally from the basistyle (Fig. 96-98)...... 24

Area comprising the basal lobe long and triangular
(Fig. 92); filament of claspette fairly short (Fig.
92C); no area of membrane present within the
basalloben (bios 92 A) naive carers, flavescens

Area comprising basal lobe shorter than that in Fig.
92, its lower portion somewhat projecting (Fig.
93); filament of claspette long and slender (Fig.
93C); an oval area of membrane present above
therstonk spine s(Big.95A) ii wee ners stimulans

Filament of claspette with an elongate narrow neck-
Uikenbase (EN. O7G)) aes ccm ayers +. grossbecki

Filament of claspette without a well-differentiated
basal neck (Fig. 98C), or with a short one (Fig.
PEE oN aie P aS, cathe CRAG Re Se Ona eRe Se 25

25. Basal lobe with membranous hair-bearing portion
that, from the ventral aspect, is hidden behind a
projecting ventral shoulder (Fig. 98) and that
projects ventromesad (Fig. 98A)...... abserratus

Basal lobe with membranous hair-bearing portion
that is well exposed from the ventral aspect and
is without a projecting ventral shoulder (Fig.
DANO GN cava: z1scee rosnee ies 9s. Oe cachet ed or eney oS 26

26. Apical lobe of basistyle moderately narrow and
forming a somewhat angulate mesal flange (Fig.

EIS) a Sito Mea SOUR on unes habe campestris
Apical lobe of basistyle large and ovate (Fig. 94,
OG) Ve ue ie he ee 27

BARBERI

bars; costa with a white bar only at apex of wing;
palp dark but with white bands (Fig. 60).......
SEE ares Eek in PE ec - crucians
Anal vein with extreme base and most of apical half
black and with a single white area between; costa
with an apical white bar and usually also a pre-
apical bar; palp black, unbanded (Fig. 59).....
OO oii Mee ee Cr ee punctipennis

3. Tip of wing with a patch of silvery or golden fringe
scales; dark wing spots very pronounced. . . earlei
Tip of wing with fringe not different from remain-
der; dark wing spots either pronounced or obscure

QUADRIMACULATUS

Fic. 101-102.—Anopheles, male genitalia: A, phallosome; B, claspettes; C, ventral aspect of entire structure. Abbreviations; D-L,
dorsal lobe of claspette; V-L, ventral lobe of claspette; Bs, basistyle; CL, claspette; Ds, dististyle; IXT, ninth tergite; PB-S, parabasal spine;
PH, phallosome; P-IXT, process of ninth tergite; PR, proctiger. (After Ross & Roberts 1943.)

27. Claspette with base of filament sharply bent so that
most of the filament forms a right angle with
ne Suriny (Is, OIG) so o0ccensaecccn. communis

Claspette with base of filament not bent, the filament
forming an obtuse angle with the stem (Fig. 94C,
DGG) tee eh ee oe TEM ree 28

28. Basal lobe with abundant long hairs which form a
thick brush (Fig. 94D); apical lobe with a few long
hairs on mesal face (Fig. 94)............. fitchi

Basal lobe with sparse and moderately short hairs;
apical lobe with abundant hairs on mesal face
Gants OL kiran ome doi Woo on coke Miaka ate punctor

Key to Species of ANOPHELES (Males)
1. Wing with 1 or more bars of white or yellowish
white scales along anterior margin and anal vein

CEB SOOO hc, scat ee ee ee eae 2
Wing without any pale patches, all scales dark (Fig.
61) except sometimes apical fringe scales...... 3

2. Anal vein with 3 short dark bars separated by white

22

4. Palp black but with rings of white scales at joints

(Figy G2) nok ROR re eee walkeri

Palp entirely black and without white rings (Fig.
GD) eos cis ooo nie ore ce nak eles nach ot ee 5

5. Phallosome without leaflets at apex (Fig. 101A);
Win Leno thy oder seam nomen. tte barberi

Phallosome with a cluster of leaflets at apex (Fig.
1024); wing length over s.5 mim. see
PECL SACI Panes abies quadrimaculatus

Key to Species of CULEX (Males)

1. Basistyle globular and short; subapical lobe, c, divided
into two or three individual long stalks (Fig. 110A,
LL DGAL) coerce ok <eete Siapeae re reis tein ete, ei erat ee 2

only slightly, if at all, subdivided (Fig. 103A, 105A,
(0S) Ceaterae Satter RC IS eS IAI hors Fo fA: 3
2. Dististyle narrow and only slightly curved; subapica
lobe, c, with upper stalk slender, leaflet regular in
shape and of moderate size (Fig. 1114). .erraticus

ig
\ Sn
\

Wk xn,
wv aN, ity

\\oS]] apicacis
103A FEA Ne

PL heey ke a

val
TERRITANS |
Zila

v--N 106B
QUINQUEFASCIATUS

\ RESTUANS

| a i098
yee
TARSALIS

LESS
1" a! S| S

PECCATOR

ERRATICUS

Fic. 103-111—Culex, male genitalia: A, claspers, lateral aspect; B, phallosomal structures, dorsal aspect; C, ventral view of capsule.
Abbreviations: a and b, as in key; c, subapical lobe; m. middle and, 7. inner phallosomal plates; 7. basal arm of tenth sternite; 5, apex

of tenth sternite.

23

Dististyle wider and fairly sharply curved; subapical
lobe, c, with upper stalk stout, leaflet very large
and with irregular outline (Fig. 110A)..........
Ride Pe eeRincaes re eras ou mebare terse eens peccator

3. Middle phallosomal plate, m, armed with a cluster
of stout sclerotized teeth (Fig. 108B, 109B)..... 4
Middle phallosomal plate, 7, not toothed (Fig. 103B-—
107B)
4. Lateral arm of inner phallosomal plate, ”, with apical
half expanded; middle plate, m, with basal projec-
tion, 4, curved back and up under teeth (Fig. 108B)
and without a ventral blade paralleling inner plate
Bet fates haan tatsdaesieitstats reece ache fs cee salinarius

as

\d
HW2c
IMPATIENS H3C
MORSITANS

INORNATA

1158

Fic. 112-116.—Cuwliseta, male genitalia:

MINNESOTAE 116B MELANURA

A, genital capsule,
ventral aspect; B, phallosome, dorsal aspect; C, lobe of tenth

sternite, lateral aspect.

bladelike, apex curved laterad and paralleled by a
ventral blade of middle plate, m; middle plate with

basal projection, 4, projecting only laterad (Fig.
LO9B)\\ taro. cadre oe oo ees tarsalis

5. Inner and middle phallosomal plates not separate from
each other, together represented by a single structure,

m (Fig. 103B; 107B))\..........5..4- ae 6
Inner phallosomal plate, m, forming a V- or U-shaped
structure; middle phallosomal plate, 7, well devel-
oped, each arm terminating in a sickle-shaped proc-

ess, b (Fig. 105B; 106B)).......- .-eeeeeeee 7

6. Middle phallosomal plate, m, with apexes forming a
pair of stout rods curved laterally at their tips (Fig.
107B); brush of tenth sternite, s, bushy. . . restuans
Middle phallosomal plate, m, with apexes forming a
pair of round serrate lobes, the two forming a sclero-

tized oval; brush of tenth sternite, s, comblike (Fig.

LOS Beats satire Ae eee territans*

7. Rods of inner phallosomal plate, », divergent, together
forming a V-shaped structure (Fig. 105B).......

is, sib vc alp tale, onlay lueyane ps eae Jorn ok ee pipiens

Rods of inner phallosomal plate, », convergent, togeth-

er forming a U-shaped structure (Fig. 106B).....
oe Gon adot cob ao eee quinquefasciatus

Key to Species of CULISETA (Males)
1. Phallosome consisting of a pair of long slender black
rods tipped with a small membranous piece (Fig.

VUAB)) «2 cieisiedor eye cee oe ee ee inornata
Phallosome wide and bulbous and only lightly sclero-
tizedh (Big. 1138; UGB) ie... <a eee 2

2. Phallosome somewhat quadrate, its lateral margins
angulate near apex (Fig. 115B)..... minnesotae
Phallosome ovate, its lateral margins sinuate or rounded
(Fig. 113B; LGBY sdeo20. ee 3

3. Phallosome rather 8-shaped, the basal swelling at least

as broad as the apical one (Fig. 113B); large in-
dividuals: frs0 o.com ince eee morsitans
Phallosome broadly oval, broadest just before apex
(Fig. 116); small individuals ......... melanura

Key to Species of ORTHOPODOMYIA (Males)

Two species of this genus, a/ba and signifera, have been
found in Illinois, but the two species can be identified
to date only in the larval stage. They are rarely collected
in light traps. Neither bites man.

Key to Species of PSOROPHORA (Males)

1. Dististyle with a large mesal lobe and a long mesal

spurlike projection (Fig. 118)......... howardi
Dististyle without mesal processes.............. 2

2. Dististyle with tip truncate; apical spur situated be-
fOLE Apex (E1220) eeeiete iris ene varipes
Dististyle with tip round or tapered and small; apical
Spur situated) at endl (Eig 09) ec cieeiee atin 3

. Formerly listed as Culex apicalis Adams, a western species
in which the arms of the phallosome are not joined by_an apical
bridge (Fig. 104B), as is the case in Culex territans (Fig. 103B).

6.

Dististyle narrow and sinuate, with a mesal row of

BIRISHLCS (CELE lule7)) pwn te.ccfcun ewes ee seco ciliata
Dististyle expanded near or beyond middle, without
mesaAli cow OL bristles (His: 119) 8... cate 4

Apical portion of claspette having two long slender
filaments, each tipped with a long curved spine

GE gpl 4.) eae ates (6; 5 atic kereis.2 2 wine ern loh longipalpis
Apical portion of claspette without such filaments
(Fig. ITZ” TEE On Geo taut A Aaa Giotales aiken 5)

Apex of claspette with a series of simple setae or
hairs and two flattened contorted leaflets at lateral
corner (Fig. 123) 6

Apex of claspette without contorted leaflets, at most
with scales and thickened hairs (Fig. 119, 121)

a

Mesonotum with mesal half black scaled, lateral por-

FIG. 117 (upper) —Psorophora ciliata, male

genitalia. (After Matheson 1944.)

Fic. 118 (lower) —Psorophora howardi,

male genitalia. (After Matheson 1944.)

tions white scaled, the two colors forming longi-
rbtabiat-ll4 ops yp eR GREETS ORG Bd ceoess rend pie horrida

7. Apex of claspette with a dense series of hairs and
scales (Fig. 119) cyanescens
Apex of claspette with a series of only 4 to 8 long
thickenedshairss (big) U2 22) iret eset le 8

8. Apex of claspette with 5 to 8 thickened hairs (Fig.
121) confinnis

Apex of claspette with 4 or 5 thickened hairs (Fig.
discolor

KEYS TO CULICIDAE LARVAE

The chief parts named in these keys are illustrated in
Fig. 125 and 126; other parts are included in the diagnostic
drawings illustrating the couplets. The mouth brushes are
omitted from head drawings except Fig. 129B. In draw-
ings of the air tube, except Fig. 165A, 169A, and 1724,

ventral tufts are shown for only one side.

25

Fic. 119 (upper left).—Psorophora cyanes-
cens, male genitalia. (After Matheson 1944.)

Fic. 120 (upper right) .—Psorophora varipes,
male genitalia. (After Matheson 1944.)

Fic. 121 (lower left).—Psorophora confin-
nis, male genitalia. (After Matheson 1944.)

Fic. 122 (lower right)—Psorophora dis-
color, male genitalia. (After Matheson 1944.)

Fic. 123 (left)—Psorophora horrida, male geni-
talia. (After Roth 1945.)

Fic. 124 (right) —Psorophora longipalpis, male
genitalia. (After Roth 1945.) Abbreviations: C, dis-
tistyle; C/p, claspette; M, mesosome; S, basistyle; IXT,
ninth tergite; IXT-L, lateral lobe of ninth tergite:
INXS, ninth sternite; XS, tenth sternite.

Key to Genera of CULICIDAE (Larvae) Eighth segment with an air tube (Fig. 125)...... 2
1. Eighth segment with a flat spiracular plate, but no air 2. Air tube short, with some of its sclerites at the apex
blero Maen WAS). Smamines ano ced oon wt Anopheles forming long stout spurlike processes (Fig. 128A,

26

FIG.

upper he ad, A 1p
Uber head boiz, | — -——anhenng/

+
— antenna

\ ss YU//Z__preantennal
recy fp ie
SA &

SS —
SS
— I ~S

= —
lateral < ==
——

~

|

ntral Ss AN ea eral comb
ie ZK .

ills Gy us way tutts
J A \-ppecten

air tube

125—Larval diagram, Culicinae. (After King, Bradley

& McNeel 1939.)

POSTERIOR PLATE ~__

wt e
AMAL GEGMENT ~ =< eee ==, ¥ t f
= i
LATERAL MAIR ~~ Dy VENTRAL BRUSH .

CLYPEAL HAIRS PLEURAL 9
4
“4

nains 10,

THORAX
(VENTRAL)

6 POSTSPIRACULAR HAIR
,

OPIRACLE PECTEN

i

ian
is
Le

a
KS
13

Ne,

,

Uo

Ss

6.

os
i

132). Found attached by its air tube to roots of
succulent vegetation in marshes with soft bottom;
seldom seen at surface...... Mansonia perturbans
Air tube without apical stout spurlike processes, its
apical sclerites flat or conical (Fig. 127A, 129A)

Ventral brush of anal segment represented by only
a single pair of double (Fig. 130A) or triple hairs.
Found only in the liquid inside the bladder-like
leaves of pitcher plants........ Wyeomyia smithi

Ventral brush of anal segment consisting of several
tufts of hairs (Fig. 127A, 129A) 4

Anal segment with sclerotized plate not meeting on
ventral surface (Fig. 140A, 141A)........ Aedes

Anal segment completely ringed by sclerotized plate
(Fig. 127A)

Air tube cylindrical and without a pecten (Fig. 1274,
129A)

Air tube either greatly swollen (Fig. 176) or with a
pecten (Fig. 145A, 165A)

Abdominal segments 3—7 each with 3 spine-bearing
sclerous plates on each side (as on segment 7, Fig.
129A); head quadrate, with most of dorsal hairs
single, and with hairs of mouth brushes coarse ( Fig.
129B’ Occurring in tree holes; predacious on

Fic. 126.—Anopheles larva. Left figure, dorsal
view of entire larva; upper right figure, details of
thorax; lower right figure, apex of abdomen, lateral
aspect. (After Ross & Roberts 1943.)

27

Larval parts: A, apex of abdomen; B, dorsum of head.
FIG. 129.—Toxorhynchites rutilus septentrionalis,
FIG. 130.—Wyeomyia smithi. (Ventral brush reduced to only
4 long hairs.)

Fic. 127.—Orthopodomyia signifera.
Fic. 128.—Mansonia perturbans (the air tube only).
King, Bradley, & McNeel 1939.)

28

(After

Fic. 131.—Uranotaenia sapphirina, larva. A, apex of abdo-
men, lateral aspect; B, dorsum of head.

OithersmosquitoWlarvae. s/s. Xe%)0h).5.0 Scie hens =

3. QO Toxorhynchites rutilus septentrionalis
Abdominal segments 3—7 without lateral spine-bear-
ing sclerous plates (Fig. 127A), sometimes seg-
ments 6 and 7 each with dorsal saddle; head oval,

with most of the dorsal hairs multiple (Fig. 127B)

and with hairs of mouth brushes fine............
RY a rh RE Ls te Orthopodomyia

7. Teeth of lateral comb situated on the posterior margin
of a large sclerous plate that covers most of each

ij

\ Ww. 4 HL : Y
ty Ml Y
i
| X\ ei [LY Ly

Fic. 132.— Mansonia perturbans, larva.
(After Matheson 1944.)

side of the eighth segment (Fig. 1314); head
with 4 stout black spines situated dorsally (Fig.
131B). Lives among emergent plants in perma-
nent shallow water...... Uranotaenia sapphirina
Teeth of lateral comb either on a small poorly defined
plate (Fig. 173A), or not on a plate; head with
slender hairs situated dorsally (Fig. 173B)....... 8

8. Head with anterior portion square and with short
antenna not reaching beyond front margin of head
(EXOR17 5B) Mae. s, cone acest rere Psorophora
Head either with anterior portion rounded (Fig.
174B), or antenna extending far beyond front mar-

rerio lntental (ORT) soe ccoemedcadocubauat 9

9. Air tube having a branched hair on each side at its
basen (Big il\70A=I72 Anaemia ee Culiseta

Air tube having no branched hair at its base (Fig.
BSA ALGSA: Sass de Bee ee en eee 10

10. Air tube with several single or branched hairs on each
sidet(Biz: (63AUG8A) «5 sone eek Culex

Air tube with only one single or branched hair on each

side (Fig. 143A, 173A), or with none......... 11

11. Ventral brush of anal segment having several tufts
that arise out of the ventral midline of the sclerous

Lines (Pies ly3A—7 4A) eee eee Psorophora
Ventral brush of anal segment with all tufts posterior
to'sclerous ring (Fig. 143A)\s..4.... 2.5. Aedes

Key to Species of AEDES (Larvae)
1. Anal segment completely ringed by sclerous plate
(Fig. 133A)
Anal segment with sclerous plate not meeting below,
frequently forming only a dorsal saddle (Fig. 136A)

OR OAS MC Od DIED Con roca Gear caro aoa es 12

2. Pecten extending beyond ventral tuft on air tube (Fig.
IZEV. De o Sea ORO OO Onn oe AEE site Se ae 3
Ventral tuft situated beyond end of pecten on air
tuber CEIg 155A) ate cucu oy epotageteceit op lace ye o7 4

3. Lateral comb consisting of an irregular single row of
9 to 14 scales, each scale having a long apical point,
as in Fig. 138A; all teeth of pecten forming an
even, closely spaced row (not as in Fig. 138A).
Occurs during summer in temporary woodland
POOISA ado mua ie terest oe phen ecu rte tormentor

Lateral comb consisting of a triangular patch of 25 or
more scales, each scale fairly evenly feathered around
apex; apical tooth of pecten situated some distance
from the remainder of the row (Fig. 133A). Oc-
curs during summer in temporary pools.........
ee Uae eee tes cet Te ae fulvus pallens

4. Gills budlike, much shorter than anal segment (Fig.
135A). Occurs in summer in pools containing
Slarke(ceymplonthy — opse ode al sonen gy” sollicitans

Gills at least as long as anal segment (Fig. 136A),
frequently very long and each pointed at tip (Fig.
Meee NACE red A Oke ASI CEL Opn oO ees 5

5. Gills with prominent tracheae and extremely long,
about 10 times length of anal segment (Fig. 148A);
lateral comb with only a few scales. Occurs during

29

10.

30

summer in temporary heavily shaded woodland
pools; larvae seldom come to surface... .. dupreei
Gills without tracheae and much shorter than gills in
Fig. 148A, at most 3 or 4 times length of anal seg-
ment (Fig. 138A); lateral comb with few to many
SCALES! tions, cfauitia semeetin et ee a SUNS aap aetca Ne oral 6
Dorsal tuft at apex of anal segment represented by
two pairs of long strong hairs (Fig. 143A). Occurs
in spring in woodland and bog pools. . .abserratus
Dorsal tuft at apex of anal segment with upper pair
of hairs many-branched and fanlike, lower pair sin-
ALS, Ikornyer, choral Gsdopoles (Eis, WAV) on aeconccee 7
Pecten with several widely detached teeth, exemplified
in Fig. 138A, and extending along two-thirds the
length of the air tube; ventral tuft situated close to
apex of air tube, more than three-quarters of the
distance from the base of air tube. Occurs during
summer in unshaded and usually alkaline ponds. . .
nigromaculis
Pecten without detached teeth and not extending so
far along air tube (Fig. 1454); ventral tuft situated
either midway along air tube or only two-thirds
fabSiaIaYeS asMoyaN TES |OEKSK yao coco sanodsaancguae 8
Lateral comb having only 4 to 6 scales; gills 3 or 4
times length of anal segment. Occurs during sum-
mer in temporary woodland pools...... atlanticus
Lateral comb having 10 scales or more; gills ranging
from 1 to 4 times length of anal segment........ 9
Gills 3 to 4 times as long as anal segment: air tube
thick, its length about 2.5 times its depth near mid-
dle (Fig. 145A). Occurs during late spring and
summer, especially in temporary woodland pools
trivittatus
Gills only 1 to 1.5 times as long as anal segment: air
tube slightly more slender than that in Fig. 145A,
its length equal to or exceeding 2.5 times its depth
nearemiddle wi warden. eee ee ane rere 10
Ventral tuft of air tube situated midway along length
of tube and composed of only 3 to 5 hairs (Fig.
151). Occurs during spring in cold forest pools
ANGdSbOGS waria ake onan e S oe cae punctor
Ventral tuft of air tube situated beyond middle of
tube and composed of 6 or more hairs (Fig. 152)

Ventral tuft of air tube situated nearly as close to
the last tooth of pecten as that tooth ts to the
preceding tooth; air tube at most 2.5 times as
long as its depth near middle (Fig. 154). Occurs
in temporary ground pools........... infirmatus

Ventral tuft of air tube situated beyond the last
tooth of pecten as far as shown in Fie. 152; air
tube 3 or more times as long as its depth near
middle. Occurs during summer in temporary
HOW IVS ooososacnnocceassasos mitchellae

Dorsal head hair 7, at base of antenna,
single (Fig. 149B); anal segment with upper hair
of dorsal tuft only 2- or 3-branched, but nearly
as long as lower single hair (Fig. 1494). An
introduced species that may occur during summer

delicate and

13

14.

5).

iL7/

18.

20.

in domestic containers around habitations; rare
in’ DWinOIS: is:. . chee oie ee oe eee aegypti
Dorsal head hair 7 divided into a 4- to 15-branched
tuft (Fig. 150B); anal segment with upper hair of
dorsal tuft 5- to 15-branched and much sherter than
lower single hair (Fig. 150A )
Pecten with one or more apical teeth spaced fairly far
from the nearest, appearing detached from row ( Fig.
7:92) IEA Src 14
Pecten with all teeth close together and forming an
evenstow: (GEigs IS OAs eee eee 2 See Se
Air tube with pecten extending beyond ventral tuft
(Big. 153). votes Aenea 15
Air tube with ven‘ral tuft situated bey>rd pecten (Fig.
138A) rte oe cles ao adhere: =e ae 16
Air tube with about 8 hair tufts on each side above
level of pecten (Fig. 153); lateral comb consisting
of 14 to 16 scales, each scale having a long apical
spine, as in Fig. 139A. Occurs during spring in
grassy swales in light shade........... trichurus
Air tube with no hair tufts other than ventral tuft;
lateral comb consisting of 20 to 60 scales, each scale
fairly evenly feathered, as in Fig. 141A. Occurs
during summer in rain-filled rock holes.........
FEIROEE AG ily SEE OR eg eee a*t>palpus
Head hair 6 considerably to the side of, znd only slight-

ly anterior to, head hair 5 (Fig. 137B)......... 17
Head hair 6 only slightly to the side of, but consider-
ably anterior to, head hair 5 (Fig. 139B)....... 18

Antenna fairly thick at base and long, tu’t beyond
middle (Fig. 137B); head hairs 5 and 6 double,
occasionally 1 of the 4 head hairs triple: clypeal
bristles moderately far apart. Occurs during spring
in woodland pools and bogs............ aurifer

Antenna not enlarged at base, tuft below middle (Fig.
138B); head hairs 5 and 6 triple to multiple, at
least 2 of the 4 head hairs with 4 to 6 branches;
clypeal bristles much closer together than in aurifer.
Occurs during spring in woodland pools, bogs, and
marshes: %.. v2... ae. 3 oe OF OO OE See ee cinereus

Air tube 5 times as long as its depth at middle of
pecten, its ventral tuft very long (Fig. 1404). Oc-
curs during spring in temporary woodland pools
and: bOgS) "0. que site © cee oe eee excrucians

Air tube not more than 4 times as long as its depth at
middle of pecten, its ventral tuft frequently short
(Big. 139A): 255. ssa Bie oe rte ee 19

Head hairs 5 and 6 single; anal segment with only 1
or 2 tufts anterior to ventral barred area at apex
(Fig. 147B). Occurs during spring in temporary
pools spenceri

Head hairs 5 or 6, or both, double to quadruple; anal
segment with 3 or more tufts anterior to barred
area (Pig. 139A). cities cigs Geen eee 20

Lateral comb consisting of 10 to 15 scales in an irregu-
lar single or double row (Fig. 1394). Occurs from

spring to fall in temporary pools .......... vexans
Lateral comb consisting of more than 20 scales in a
triangular pate. <.J.).<cnnieeis dee eee eee

THIBAULTI

SOLLICITANS

1378
AURIFER

TRISERIATUS

CINEREUS

Fic. 133-138.—Aedes larvae: A, apex of abdomen, lateral aspect; B, dorsum of head. Details of pecten and comb scales are shown
in Fig. 138A.

31

140A
EXCRUCIANS

=
A

VEXANS

141A
IWS sTIMULANS

FIG. 139-142.—Aedes larvae: A, apex of abdomen, lateral aspect; B, dorsum of head. Details of pecten and comb scales are shown
in Fig. 139A, 141A, and 142A.

32

143A
ABSERRATUS

146A
FITCHI

a , < Re: 3
SPENCERI S NN) \ : Poe
\ :
‘ =
MMA QA’ oS

Fic. 143-147.—Aedes larvae: A, apex of abdomen, lateral aspect; B, ventral aspect, showing anal hair tufts anterior to the barred
area at base of pills.

33

148B

DUPREEI

AEGYPTI

GROSSBECKI

I5OB

Fic. 148-150.—Aedes larvae: A, apex of abdomen, lateral aspect; B, dorsum of head. Details of pecten and comb scales are shown
in Fig. 149A. (Fig. 148 redrawn from Dyar 1928.)

34

>

\

fe}
PUNCTOR

155
HENDERSONI

LUNG
Nese

INFIRMATUS

Fic. 151-155.—Aedes larvae: lateral aspect of abdomen. (Fig. 151-154 redrawn from Carpenter & LaCasse 1955; Fig. 155 redrawn
from Breland 1960.)

35

ZIP

36

Heads of Anopheles larvae.

Ventral tuft situated near middle of air tube, as in Fig.
141A. Occurs during spring in grassy temporary
[XO LO) fucse Attend os ci oleic onan Uc myeicna Oooo Gienenc flavescens

Ventral tuft situated two-thirds distance along air tube,
as in Fig. 139A. Occurs during spring in tempo-
rary pools, especially those with fairly high alkalinity

campestris

. Anal gills long (Fig. 136A), dorsal pair much longer

than ventral pair. Occurs throughout the year in

tree holes and shaded containers...... triseriatus
Anal gills either as short as in Fig. 135A or all 4 gills
about the same length (Fig. 142A)........... 23

23. Acus, a, of air tube detached from tube (Fig. 155).

hivessini trees holes ey taetae ent e hendersoni
Acus, a, of air tube a connected part of the air tube

FIG. 156.—A. barberi. (After Ross & Roberts 1943.)
FIG. 157.—A. earlei (inner clypeal hairs only).

(Fig. 136)

24. Head hair 5 with at least 5 branches and about the

same size as head hair 7 (Fig. 142B); the 2 head
hairs 5 closer together than the 2 head hairs 6G... .25
Head hair 5 with 4 branches or less; or the 2 head
hairs 5 no closer together than the 2 head hairs 6
siovaie'ye 35:2 lavdla ete oie 0s slaenwtatnie Oo. Cee eee 26
Head hair 5 some distance posterior to head hairs 4
and 6 (Fig. 142B); clypeal hairs only as far apart
as the length of 1 hair. Occurs during spring
chiefly in woodland pools........... canadensis
Head hair 5 only slightly posterior to head hairs 4 and
6 (Fig. 134B); clypeal hairs farther apart than the
length of 1 hair. Occurs during spring in the hol-
low bases of tupelo gum trees.......... thibaulti

Hair numerals used on this plate are those currently employed in the taxonomic literature on mosquitoes.

FIG. 158.—A. punctipennis. (After Ross & Roberts 1943.)

FIG. 159.—A. quadrimaculatus. (After Ross & Roberts 1943.)
FIG. 160.—A. walkeri. (After Ross & Roberts 1943.)

26. Air tube 5 times as long as its width at middle of
pecten, tapering markedly, so that the width of the
apex is about half the width of the base (Fig.
146A); its apical spine long and dark. Occurs dur-
IPMSPULN PTO MCOALSDES) sieve. sie vie esos es 6 eee fitchi

Air tube at most 4 times as long as its width at middle
of pecten, tapering less than air tube in Fig. 146A, so
that the width of the apex is about three-quarters
the width of the base (Fig. 144A); its apical spine
BiorreaNcl{MCOMSPICHOUS) |=. se snes e cess 2

27. Anal segment having 6 or more ventral tufts anterior
to barred area, the tufts extending to the base of the
sclerous saddle. Occurs during spring in grassy
EempOfdty) OOS) tis... ike ee ee ees flavescens

Anal segment having at most 5 tufts anterior to barred
area, the tufts extending only one-half to two-thirds
the distance to the base of the sclerous saddle, as
TmbtoalalA and IS0A... 2.626 de ss ese ccce 28

28. Anal gills budlike, much shorter than the sclerous
saddle, as in Fig. 135A. Occurs in summer in pools

containing industrial wastes............ dorsalis
Anal gills as long as the sclerous saddle, not budlike
SELLA MONE, 28 VE aytecveve sieve id arises Sowanyeve D9

29. Ventral tuft of air tube only about half as long as
tuft posterior to lateral comb; sclerous saddle of
anal segment only slightly longer than deep, extend-
ing more than three-quarters distance down sides
of segment (Fig. 144A). Occurs during spring and
early summer in woodland floodplain pools.......

sticticus

Ventral tuft of air tube about as long as tuft posterior

to lateral comb; sclerous saddle of anal segment
much longer than deep, extending only one-half to
two-thirds distance down sides of segment (Fig.

MM OD er MME PE eS cca a hee 8) 0 Med oeaaie ho 30

30. Lateral comb containing more than 40 scales. Occurs
in spring in sphagnum pools......... communis
Lateral comb containing 40 scales or less......... 31

31. Head hair 6 usually double or single, occasionally
triple; ventral tuft of air tube usually with 3 or 4
hairs (Fig. 141A). Occurs during spring in wood-
land pools in the northern half of Illinois.......
- ogi tech) 20 OPO RIOO.0 CERO ACE Cea eene stimulans

Head hair 6 usually double or triple (Fig. 150B),
occasionally 4-branched; ventral tuft of air tube
usually with 5 to 8 hairs (Fig. 150A). Occurs
during spring in woodland pools in the southern
OVIREL Ou UMitOIsies teats che fe <<.) grossbecki

Key to Species of ANOPHELES (Larvae)

The larvae of the Illinois species of Anopheles live
among emergent vegetation and flotage in permanent or
semipermanent pools, the edges of lakes, and marshes, ex-
cept for those of barberi, which live in tree holes.

1. Head hairs 5, 6, and 7 short and simple (Fig. 156);
lateral body hairs with only short feathering....

Sil Te oho hg CAEL Opti ROMER ONC barberi
Head hairs 5, 6, and 7 long and plumose (Fig. 158);

lateral hairs of thorax and first 3 abdominal seg-

ments with long feathering (Fig. 162).........2
2. Fourth and fifth abdominal tergites with hairs 0 and 2
PlUMOSEs (RTS GR) Maer sities ec se elena ee crucians

Fourth and fifth abdominal tergites either with hair
0 inconspicuous or with hair 2 only single or

doubles (Bip lO eter suds sicpeitare wrashesishe ten ats 3
yy
WAA- Z
MIEPs
‘23 tye

: yy

FIG. 161 (left).—Anopheles quadrimaculatus, larva, portion of
dorsum. (After Ross & Roberts 1943.)

FIG. 162 (right).—Anopheles crucians, larva, portion of dor-
sum. (After Ross & Roberts 1943.)

=

3. Head hair 3 densely plumose, fan-shaped from base,
with only an inconspicuous basal stalk (Fig. 160);
head hair 2 sometimes feathered at tip; prothoracic
hair 1 sometimes branched............. walkeri

Head hair 3 less densely plumose than that in Fig.
160, the fan-shaped portion having a long basal
stalk (Fig. 159); head hair 2 never feathered at
tip; prothoracic hair 1 rarely branched.......... 4

4. Hair 1 of the second and following abdominal segments

having each branch flattened, the whole hair ap-

pearing like a short, spread fan (Fig. 161).......

MeO EU ay Se ROE 1 SAC quadrimaculatus

Hair 1 of second abdominal segment with each branch

nearly hairlike, as in Fig. 162; fanlike hairs begin-

ning on third abdominal segment.............. 5

5. Bases of the 2 head hairs 2 wide apart (Fig. 159)....
dia fe MMS wis So Aer tin ale, BAe oS quadrimaculatus

Bases of the 2 head hairs 2 close (Fig. 160)....... 6

6. Head hair 2 alway. simple (Fig. 158). . punctipennis
At least 1 of the 2 head hairs 2 usually with a con-
Spicuousspranch. (hits lou )ic sms «ees siins « earlei

37

RESTUANS

\

\ TERRITANS

\

\

165A

TARSALIS

Fic. 163-165,—Culex larvae: A, apex of abdomen, lateral aspect; B, dorsum of head. In Fig. 165A, ventral tufts are shown for both

sides of air tube. In most other illustrations of air tube, ventral tufts of only one side are shown.

38

Key to Species of CULEX (Larvae) 1. Antennal tuft near middle (Fig. 163B)....restuans

Larvae of these species live all season among emergent Antennal tuft considerably past middle (Fig. 164B) .2
plants in permanent ponds and pools, or in fish ponds, bird- 2. Both of head hairs 5 and 6 long and single (Fig. 164B),
baths, and other domestic containers. or an occasional hair double........... territans

166A
PIPIENS

—

j ert E
167
QUINQUEFASCIATUS

168A
SALINARIUS

FIG. 166-168.—Culex larvae: A, apex of abdomen, lateral aspect; B, dorsum of head.

39

FIG. 169.—Culex erraticus,

of the air tube.

6.

40

One or both of head hairs 5 and 6 either multiple
(Fig. 166B), or very short (Fig. 169B)......... 3
Head hair 6 long and single, head hair 5 short and
double to multiples (Figs 169B)) eee 4
Head hair 6 triple to multiple, similar to head hair 5,
bothihainsilonos(Bies 665) seseeee arent: 5
Lateral comb scales arranged in a loose cluster (Fig.
169A); head hair 5 with 4 or more branches (Fig.
169B); body having an almost velvety covering of
ramKoMe GOCE 44 oonnancusedosocnoec erraticus
Lateral comb scales more numerous than in Fig. 169A
and forming a much more crowded cluster; head
hair 5 double or triple; body having only a sparse
CoOverinpyOfispicul essere eerie peccator
Air tube very long and slender (Fig. 168A), 6 to 8
times as long as its width at end of pecten; tufts
Gealdwertasl ayavel Weill, oo cob oadouscoonde salinarius
Air tube either not more than 5 times as long as its
width at end of pecten (Fig. 166A), or with strong
Glusteredinutts (Eiovl Opal) rane seeetenioneretercter: 6
Air tube usually 6 times as long as its width at end
of pecten, sinuate but of almost uniform thickness
throughout; with all tufts near ventral margin (Fig.
MODAN shcihoe eee ees 5 Sec er re meee tarsalis
Air tube usually 3.5 to 5 times as long as its width

larva: A, apex of abdomen, lateral aspect; B, dorsum of head. Ventral tufts are shown for both sides

at end of pecten, somewhat vasiform, definitely
thickest near end of pecten; with the penultimate
tuft distinctly more dorsal than, and out of line with,
thevothers) (@Eig., 16671) ie eee eee ee 7

7. Air tube 4 to 5 times as long as its width at end of

pecten; 2 central hair tufts with a maximum of 3
or 4 brances each (Fig. 166A). --2°.5- 220. pipiens
Air tube less than 4 times as long as its width at end
of pecten; 2 central hair tufts with 5 to 10 branches

Cache (Bie G7/41l) banca. elemeetee quinquefasciatus
Specimens intermediate between these two conditions
are probablyshypcids) a.) ci eee ee ee

OT Pers iat hybrid pipiens x quinquefasciatus

Key to Species of CULISETA (Larvae)

The larvae of this genus occur chiefly during spring in

marshes having permanent water; occasionally they breed
in stump holes and permanent ponds or pools.
. Air tube with a row of about 12 hair tufts along ven-

tralsmanping(Bip- sly 2A) nee eee eee melanura
Air tube with only a single ventral hair tuft on each
side at or near base of tube (Fig. 171A)........ 2
Air tube short and stout; pecten consisting of about
10 basal sclerous teeth and, beyond these, a series
of long fine single hairs (Fig. 170A)... .inornata

w*

: I70A
ANN INORNATA
SS 2 VEE \ | d aoe , | Wit \ :

; LL \ Wo J —— PW yk
| s== Za INNIS Ry,

. Oy ae

ia \ ffi Hi\W / &
ih se J S
MORSITANS \ LARS Vis ES =
\ \\ S / I72A
\ \ / MELANURA

——_
» x= Ee
as = Se
GMa SS
Yy SOSA
4 Yy ‘, : ~

ff)

I71B

Fic. 170-172.—Culiseta larvae: A, apex of abdomen, lateral aspect; B, dorsum of head. (Fig. 172 redrawn from Barr 1958.) In

Fig. 172A, ventral tufts are shown for both sides of the air tube.

4\

42

DISCOLOR

CILIATA

FiG. 173-175.—Psorophora larvae: A, apex of abdomen, lateral aspect; B, dorsum of head.

Air tube long and slender; pecten consisting of only

a few sclerous teeth on basal portion of tube (Fig.
171A) 3

3. Head hair 5 usually with 7 or more branches; ventra
brush usually with 18 or fewer tufts; head hair 7
usually with 9 or more branches..... minnesotae
Head hair 5 usually with 5 or fewer branches (Fig.
171B); ventral brush usually with 20 or more tufts

(Fig. 171A); head hair 7 usually with 8 or fewer
Premncmecm (iter 7B)... etc ocr Sis «oc morsitans

4

Key to Species of ORTHOPODOMYIA (Larvae)
Larvae of these two species live only in tree holes.
Head medium to dark brown, body pink; segments 6, 7,

COMB SCALE _

AIR TUBE

FIG. 176.—Psorophora horrida, \arval parts. (After Roth 1945.)

and 8 usually with dorsal sclerotized plates, the plate
of segment 8 frequently extending ventrad to the ven-
tral margin of the comb (Fig. 127A); these sclerotized
plates may be entirely absent............. signifera
Head pale yellow to white, body white to straw color;
segments 6, 7, and 8 without sclerotized plates. . .alba

Key to Species of PSOROPHORA (Larvae)
Larvae of all Illinois species of Psorophora live in flood-
waters, almost invariably in pools which fill after a rain.

PECTEN TOOTH

COMB SCALE

NN

Fic. 177.—Psorophora longipalpis, larval parts. (After Roth 1945.)

43

ine)

Wo

bs

Antenna short, slender, and without definite tufts (Fig.
1/55); largespredactous larvae. airtel et eit 2
Antenna long, stout, and with definite tufts (Fig.
174B); small to fairly large larvae which feed on
fav (ROT HEIN, soatocooueD benno Dod sooCONRS 3
Lateral hair of anal segment with 2 to 4 branches,
separating at base of hair (Fig. 175A)..... ciliata
Lateral hair of anal segment single, or forked some dis-
tancesttommbase: aeeer ei ee eee howardi
Antenna large and swollen (Fig. 173B), air tube small
(Fig. 173A); larvae greenish when alive. . . discolor
Antenna not swollen (Fig. 174B), but air tube large
and swollen (Fig. 174B); larvae not greenish when
ALIVE ars hare clea ae asccesess to aie sadetaeee Eee She Paeae oe cae 4
Head hairs 5 and 6 multiple (Fig. 174B) . . .confinnis
Head hair 5 single or double, head hair 6 single to

triples (Bigi7G) taacteas cs. oo oce ieee ele 5
leadthartrstmandlGys (ne eee sere eee cyanescens
Head hairs 5 and 6 double or triple (Fig. 176)..... 6
Air tube about 2 times as long as greatest depth.....

SEM eo thoarc Sep DAO PONS cc eee varipes
Air tube 2.5 or more times as long as greatest depth

(hiss 1G eae. a eee, ate 7
Head hairs 5 and 6 only slightly longer than head hair

Te (CES IEKG)) ie tacts cn ae eth eins eon canes horrida
Head hairs 5 and 6 nearly twice as long as head hair

ZU Big MT ee es Se RRM 8
Head hairs 5 and 6 each having branches of nearly

equal lenipthy or sete hese aes eve es ferox
Head hairs 5 and 6 each having branches of markedly

different lengths (Eicas77)e se longipalpis

KEYS TO CULICIDAE EGGS

Eggs of mosquitoes may be recognizable to genus by

their grouping, color, size, shape, and surface markings.
To date, diagnostic characters to identify eggs to species
are available only for the genera Aedes and Psorophora.
Eggs to be identified should be submerged in water and
viewed at magnifications of 75 to 100 diameters in reflected
white light above a dull black background.

Key to Genera of CULICIDAE (Eggs)

i

—

Eggs glued together in the form of floating rafts (Fig.

WAS) ee ean ceots Cer cre Tc coe SRS TOO CDE TS.A 2
Egosstouna singly... icc aero aera >
Surface of egg with many small raised nodules (Fig.

NAD) are Satan eee a aca Mansonia perturbans
Surface of egg without nodules ................. 3
Egg with frothy cap on posterior end (small end)

(Bilge USO) ie ces eccc at atone Uranotaenia sapphirina
Egg without frothy cap on posterior end.......... 4
Egg bluntly rounded at anterior end (Fig. 181).....

tC NS bi.5.0 c 8 ud oe Culiseta

Egg cup-shaped at anterior end (Fig. 182)... . Culex
Egg strongly biconvex in dorsoventral profile; ratio
of diameter to length not greater than 1:2 (Fig.

IS BWI Ga omdoos oe Rows ago o0ccsso0D DOS oOOaDNe 6
Egg slender; ratio of diameter to length greater than
LD <(Eig, UST )idass gen eee ee ee 7

» Egg incor holes initrees*. 22 25/222... 4. i eee

ee nee Toxorhynchites rutilus septentrionalis
Egg on soil subject to flooding........ Psorophora

. Egg in cavities of leaves of pitcher plant (Sarracenia)

Se Othe Betis eee AR & Wyeomyia smithi
Bee elsewhere... 2025.12. 2d. oe 8

. Egg with pair of longitudinal membranous flanges

(Fig. 183). Found in rot holes in trees...........
eer rh carte Orthopodomyia signifera or alba

CTRL

anh
Y
oer

I80

iiirAuuininN

Oo

183 I84A 1I84B

Fic. 178.—Egg raft of Culex subgenus Culex. (Redrawn from

Mitchell 1907.)
FIG. 179.—Egg of Mansonia. (Redrawn from Mitchell 1907.)
FIG. 180.—Egg of Uranotaenia. (Redrawn from Dyar 1901.)

FIG. 181.—Egg of Culiseta. (Redrawn from Mitchell 1907.)
FIG. 182.—Egg of Culex. (From Marshall 1938.)

FIG. 183.—Egg of Orthopodomyia. (From Marshall 1938.)

FiG. 184.—Egg of Anopheles: A, lateral aspect; B, dorsal as-

pect. (From Hurlbut 1938.)

Egg without such longitudinal flanges............ 3

9. Egg with lateral “floats” (Fig. 184). Found lying on
water surface of ground pools and rot holes......
Anspheles
Hoicgo aciowee ACD Oma Cae 10

I86 87

Eggs of mosquitoes. (Ventral side is to the right. )
FIG. 185.—Psorophora subgenus Psorophora.
FIG. 186.—Aedes vexans.

FIG. 187.—Aedes communis.

10. Dorsal profile (Fig. 186, 188-207) less arched than
ventral profile; eggshell without spicules. Found
in domestic containers and on soil........ Aedes

Dorsal profile (Fig. 224-231) more strongly arched
than ventral profile; eggshell with spiral rows of
stubby anteriorly directed spicules. On soil subject
tontcansient fHooding... 0.2. «ae. «. Psorophora

Key to Species of AEDES (Eggs)

This key includes only species recorded from Illinois; of
these, eggs are not available for abserratus and fulvus
pallens, which are therefore not keyed.

1. Reticulation of eggshell at wide part of egg differing
Mowallyadndaventrallyccts ss fc 2. 224A ae erences 2
Reticulation of eggshell at wide part of egg alike
dorsdllysane eventrallys Gey. cts.ots cc sale «ehh acne 3

2. Cells of ventral reticulation at wide part of egg elon-
gated transversely (Fig. 188, 208). In domestic
containers of wood or paper............ aegypti

Cells of ventral reticulation at wide part of egg not

elongated transversely (Fig. 189, 209). In rot

PLO MoS wULIE LEC CSte metienae tera tce,s ea. 3t.2 se triseriatus
hendersoni

3. Dorsal profile of egg conspicuously bent near midpoint
MOET MUD aN ces such a seereRaisfeustars.ove-s ait, x Sites 3 cohen 19
Dorsal profile of egg fusiform or sausage-shaped (Fig.
WOM)” aA yaa SERIE 2 252 ac Re econ 4

4. Color shiny bronze; reticulation of shell having ap-
pearance of longitudinal lines (Fig. 191, 210). In
depressions subject to prolonged or frequent flooding
Be 2h oa ORI PAE Teco Rt eae vexans

6.

16.

Egg small (0.6-0.7 mm); color shiny black; shell at
wide part of egg with cells of reticulation appearing
as fine transverse wrinkles (Fig. 192, 211). In
woodland depressions in shade of low canopy.....
re a me tore heneters, oe olay eersee ae ote dupreei

Egg larger; color variable; shell at wide part of egg
with cells of reticulation not appearing as transverse
wrinkles

Egg in the form of a long cone widest at anterior end
(Fig. 193); color shiny black; reticulations in an-
terior area of shell strongly raised (Fig. 212). In
woodland depressions under shade of low canopy. . .
eee ot OEM ACS oe Oe ere Ae eID 6. cinereus

Egg not conelike; color variable; reticulations of shell
Aline foe FIREG CIOL oooo0 scenes oaneonnoack 7

Eggshell having cells of reticulation faint except in
anterior area; each cell not angular but with a lateral

budlike expansion on each side (Fig. 214)...... 8
Eggshell having cells of reticulation angular and with-
out visible lateral budlike expansions.......... 11

Eggshell having lateral buds separated from cell and
situated opposite each other near center of cell;
most conspicuous on anterior third of shell ( Fig.
194, 213). In woodland depressions frequently

Hoodediy. ea: Saeed cea ened a trivittatus
Eggshell having lateral buds not separated from cell
and not opposite each other (Fig. 214)......... y)

Eggshell having cells of reticulation little longer
than wide (Fig. 195, 214). In depressions heavily
polluted by industrial wastes containing sulfur... ..
BO TR ee OIG EI 8.0155, oe Sky Te sollicitans

Eggshell near anterior end having cells of reticulation
two or more times as long as wide............ 10

Eggshell having lateral buds of reticulation irregularly
placed along margin near cen-er of each cell; shape

AS DMB HIG, 04, spe ons te ee ee mitchellae
Eggshell having lateral buds of reticulation along mar-

gin near each end of cell......... nigromaculis
Reticulationspebbly (1g, 25) yarns eens ieee 12
Reticulation lattice-like (Fig. 216)............. 13
Egouslendern (Rigel 97)) sae See re excrucians
loprdoytetese (eben, USED E aia oc Selon oon punctor

Eggshell having margins of cells of reticulation knife-
like; surface of each cell smooth, or crinkles only
at Sides!s(( Hips 2/Gi)m@av..- Meanie mn oe eee ra esis 14

Eggsell having margins 0% cells of reticulation flat-
tened; surface of each cell marked by subcells (Fig.
PA) ee er pe ny eeeome NA dee 16

Eggshell having re-iculations in low relief; surface of
cellseaat hie: LOO SONG) i 2. ete stimulans

Eggshell having reticulations in high relief........ 15

Length of egg 0.6-0.8 mm (Fig. 200, 217). In muck
soil under canopy of low vegetation such as cattails
Shs ONO BTR O ET ACE CTEM Sone 2 fitchi

In firm soil

grossbecki

Eggshell having subcells of reticulation with angular

218).

Length of egg 0.8-1.0 mm (Fig. 201).

Sri OOCIANIGS tment cctun reser ote ais in
margins (Fig. From margins of woodland
depressions

Eggshell having subcells of reticulation circular c:
NWO goo ra aso uaa ooounoepopladveaducnot 18
17. Color of eggshell dull bronz2; shape and reticulations

on soil overlaid with fly ash or calcined mineral
....dorsalis
From

ELIaKolNeiey AAP PU Gon en eoocedaed eb canadensis inside tupelo gum or cypress butts thibaulti
Color of eggshell dull black; shape and reticulations as 19. Egg long and narrow (Fig. 190). In woodland de- |
bo Lite, AS NN caso soogadeo suon ce oc aurifer pressions, under low canopy.......... atlanticus
18. Shape and reticulations as in Fig. 204, 220. From tormentor
clay pits and similar ground pools in industrial areas Ege ‘short, plump |. 2232.12.) s)-e ee
188 189 | 190 | 19| 192 | 193 |
AEGYPT| TRISERIATUS ATLANTICUS VEXANS DUPREE]! CINEREUS TRIVITTATUS
195 | ISG 198 | I99 | 200 | 201 |
SOLLICITANS MITCHELLAE EXCRUCIANS PUNCTOR STIMULANS FITCHI GROSSBECKI
203 | 204 | 205 | 206 ;
CANADENSIS AURIFER DORSALIS THIBAULT| STICTIGUS FLAVESCENS
FIG. 188-207.—Eggs of Aedes. (Ventral side is to the right.) Eggs to be identified should be submerged in water and viewed at
magnifications of 75 to 100 diameters in reflected white light against a dull black background.
46

20. Venter of egg bent only slightly near midpoint; shape
and reticulations as in Fig. 206, 222. From flood-
plains and woodland depressions sticticus

Venter of egg bent sharply near midpoint; shape and
reticulations as in Fig. 207, 223.
depressions

From savanna
flavescens

Fic. 208-223.—Highly magnified portions of eggshells of Aedes:
213, trivittatus; 214, sollicitans; 215, excrucians; 216, stimulans; 217, fitchi;

thibaulti; 222, sticticus; 223, flavescens.

Key to Species of PSOROPHORA (Eggs)
1. Dorsoventral profile of egg strongly biconvex, ratio of
diameter to length less than 1:2 ( Fig. 224)
Dorsal profile of egg only strongly convex; ratio of
diameter to length more than 1:2 (Fig. 225) 3
2. Eggshell having disc of each cell of reticulation with

)9, triseriatus; 210, vexans; 211, dupreei; 212
3, canadensis; 219, aurifer; 220, dorsalis; 22

208, aegypti;

6 Q

CILIATA

DISCOLOR

CYANESCENS

Q (

HOWARDI CONFINNIS

VARIPES HORRIDA

FIG. 224—231.—Eggs of Psorophora. (Ventral side is to the right. )

distinct circular spot covering posterior third; shape
of egg as in Fig. 224. In savanna and woodland
GepresslOnspepemter et eps cic cnty ies ciliata
Eggshell having disc of each cell of reticulation with
spot on posterior third not circular; shape of egg as
in Fig. 226. In woodland depressions. . .howardi
Eggshell without distinct reticulations but studded with
distinct elongate spots; egg elongate (Fig. 225).
Inisavannaldepressiousis yc.) eee ee discolor

Uo

Eggshell with distinct reticulations, especially notice-
ADlekatiendSe sires acer tas oetcole Merron mere 4

4. Eggshell having margins of cells of reticulation form-
ing sharp ridges with branches radiating onto discs

of cells; egg banana-shaped (Fig. 227). In sa-
Veron CITES Voce oasosGnsoodauo. confinnis
Eggshell having margins of cells of reticulation not
sharply ridged, the reticulations sometimes indistinct
inemidsectionvOwey Cuerettreiroie ctr eerie 5

5. Eggshell having margins of cells of reticulation clearly
visible over all of intact egg, which is flattened
dorsally (Fig. 228). In hoof prints and in shade

of low canopy of woodland pastures. . .cyanescens
Eggshell having margins of cells of reticulation more
distinct on anterior third than on midsection of
INCACENED LH OREK cv EN Clee at trae eee ee 6

48

6. Egg (Fig. 229) having shell with reticulations pro-
nounced on anterior one-fifth. In woodland de-
PECSSIODNS He cy sie, ocak cre epee ep ferox

Egg (Fig. 230, 231) having shell with reticulations
not pronounced on anterior one-fifth. In woodland
depressions! 5... cease eee varipes

horrida

MOSQUITOES AND DISEASE

In addition to their role as biters, certain mosquitoes
have been indicted as carriers of pathogens that produce
diseases in other organisms. Below is a list of mosquitoes
that have been incriminated as potential or possible vectors
of disease-producing organisms affecting man and domestic
animals in Illinois.

These mosquitoes differ widely in effectiveness as vec-
tors. Anopheles quadrimaculatus is known to be an effec-
tive field vector of malaria. For many other species only
laboratory transmission of pathogens has been demon-
strated, and for others the association with disease has
been limited to the finding of pathogens in the bodies of
specimens.

Omitted from the list is Aedes aegypti, a known vector
of yellow fever; neither the mosquito nor the disease is
naturalized in Illinois.

Potential mosquito vectors (indicated by X) of agents pathogenic to man and domestic animals in Illinois.

Pathogens Affecting Man

Pathogens Affecting
Domestic Animals

Species Viral Encephalitides

St. Louis Eastern

Western

Virus

Equine
Infectious Fowl
Anemia Pox

Francisella
(Tularemia)

Plasmodium
( Malaria )

Rabbit
Myxoma

Culex pipiens D.¢
quinquefasciatus
restuans
salinarius
tarsalis
territans Biv x
sp.?

Culiseta sp.
melanura
imornata

Anopheles sp.
crucians
quadrimaculatus
punctipennis ae

Psorophora ferox xX

Aedes sp.
vexans
Sticticus
trisertatus
nigromaculis
mitchellae

Mansonia perturbans

x
x

bd bd Pd PA bd

ie
batt Pebdbd soe
baba: be oe

bo:

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are indebted to many persons in the mosquito
abatement districts of Illinois and to Mr. Harvey Domi-
nic of the Illinois State Department of Health for mak-
ing available to us large numbers of Illinois records of
mosquitoes. We wish to express our appreciation to
Mrs. Alice Ann Prickett for a great deal of assistance
in adding new illustrations and much work in assembling
the plates and to reiterate our gratitude to Dr. Kathryn
M. Sommerman for the large number of original draw-
ings, reproduced here, that she made for the earlier
Illinois report. We acknowledge with thanks the use of
various illustrations used with the permission of the
original authors, as indicated under specific illustrations.
Finally we are indebted to Mrs. Bess White and Mrs.
Bernice Sweeney of the Illinois Natural History Survey
for much labor in typing and checking the manuscript,
and to Survey Technical Editor James S. Ayars and his
staff for the many editorial chores they performed.

SELECTED REFERENCES
Descriptions of the various life history stages and the habits

of Illinois mosquitoes, and also information concerning closely

related species occurring in adjacent areas, may be found in the
following publications.

BARR, A. RALPH. 1958. The mosquitoes of Minnesota (Diptera:
Culicidae: Culicinae). Minn. Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bul.
228. 154 p.

CARPENTER, STANLEY J., AND WALTER J. LACASSE. 1955. Mos-
quitoes of North America (north of Mexico). University of
California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. 360 p. + 127 pl.

HAYES, JACK. 1965. A first report of Aedes infirmatus Dyar and
Knab in Illinois. Ill. State Acad. Sci. Trans. 58(2). In press.
HEDEEN, R. A. 1964. The occurrence of Aedes hendersoni
Cockerell in northern Illinois. Mosquito News 23:349-350,
HORSFALL, WILLIAM R. 1955. Mosquitoes, their bionomics and
relation to disease. Ronald Press Co., New York. 723 p.
Ross, HERBERT H. 1947. The mosquitoes of Illinois (Diptera,
Culicidae). Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bul. 24(1) :1-96.
STOJANOVICH, C. J. 1960. Illustrated key to common mos-
quitoes of southeastern United States. Published by the au-
thor, Atlanta, Georgia. 36 p.
1961. Illustrated key to common mosquitoes of north-
eastern North America. Published by the author, Atlanta,
Georgia. 49 p.

LITERATURE CITED IN THE ILLUSTRATIONS

BARR, A. RALPH. 1958. The mosquitoes of Minnesota (Diptera:
Culicidae: Culicinae). Minn. Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bul.
228. 154 p.

BRELAND, OSMOND P. 1960. Restoration of the name, Aedes
hendersoni Cockerell, and its elevation to full specific rank
(Diptera: Culicidae). Entomol. Soc. Amer. Ann. 53:600-606.

CARPENTER, STANLEY J., AND WALTER J. LACASSE. 1955. Mos-
quitoes of North America (north of Mexico). University of
California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. 360 p. + 127 pl.

DyAR, HARRISON G. 1901. The life-history of Uranotaenia sap-
phirina O. 8. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. Jour. 9(4) :179-182. 1 pl.

1928. The mosquitoes of the Americas. Carnegie Inst.
Wash. Pub. 387. 616 p., 123 pl.

HURLBUT, HERBERT S. 1938. Further notes on the overwinter-
ing of the eggs of Anopheles walkeri Theobald with a descrip-
tion of the eggs. Jour. Parasitol. 24(6) :521-526.

KING, W. V., G. H. BRADLEY, AND T. E. MCNEEL. 1939. The
mosquitoes of the southeastern states. U. S. Dept. Agr. Misc.
Pub. 336. 90 p.

MARSHALL, J. F. 1938.
seum (Natural History), London.

The British mosquitoes. British Mu-
341 p., 20 pl.

49

Handbook of the mosquitoes of
Ithaca, New

MATHESON, ROBERT. 1944.
North America. Comstock Publishing Co., Inc.,
York. 314 p., 33 pl.

MITCHELL, EVELYN GROESBEECK. 1907. Mosquito life. G. P.
Putnam's Sons, New York. xxii + 281 p
PRATT, HARRY D., AND RALPH C. BARNES. 1939. Identification

of some common female mosquitoes of the United States.
U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Com-
municable Disease Center, Atlanta, Georgia. 40 p.

Ross, EDWARD S., AND H. RADCLYFFE ROBERTS. 1943. Mos-
quito atlas, Part I. The Nearctic Anopheles, important malaria
vectors of the Americas, and Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefas-
ciatus. American Entomological Society and Academy of Nar-
ural Sciences, Philadelphia. iv + 44 p.

ROTH, LouIs M. 1945. The male and larva of Psorophora
(Janthinosoma) horrida (Dyat and Knab) and a new species
of Psorophora from the United States (Diptera: Culicidae).
Entomol. Soc. Wash. Proc. 47 (1) :1-23.

INDEX

Only the specific names in this publication are indexed. Page references in 7talic type indicate illustrations.

abserratus, Aedes, 5, 12, 20, 22, 30, 33, 45

aegypti, Aedes, 3, 5, 9, 9, 11, 16, 17, 30, 34, 45, 46, 47, 48
alba, Orthopodomyia, 5, 14, 24, 43, 44

atlanticus, Aedes, 5, 10, 11, 18, 21, 30, 46, 46

atropalpus, Aedes, 5, 8, 9, 21, 30

aurifer, Aedes, 5, 11, 18, 21, 30,31, 46, 46, 47

barberi, Anopheles, 5, 12, 22, 22, 36, 37

campestris, Aedes, 5, 8, 18, 22, 36

canadensis, Aedes, 5, 7, 8, 17, 21, 32, 36, 46, 46, 47
ciliata, Psorophora, 5, 7, 14, 25, 25, 42, 44, 48, 48
cinctipes, Mochlonyx, 5

cinereus, Aedes, 5, 12, 16, 17, 30, 31, 45, 46, 47
communis, Aedes, 5, 71, 12, 20, 22, 37, 45

confinnis, Psorophora, 5, 6, 7, 8, 14, 25, 26, 42, 44, 48, 48
crucians, Anopheles, 5, 12, 13, 22, 37, 37, 49

cyanescens, Psorophora, 5, 14, 25, 26, 44, 48, 48

discolor, Psorophora, 5, 14, 25, 26, 42, 44, 48, 48
dorsalis, Aedes, 5, 8, 9, 11, 18, 21, 46, 46, 47
dupreei, Aedes, 5, 10, 11, 19, 21, 30, 34, 45, 46, 47

earlei, Anopheles, 5, 12, 22, 36, 37

erraticus, Culex, 5, 13, 14, 22, 23, 40, 40

excrucians, Aedes, 5, 9, 9, 10, 20, 21, 30, 32, 45, 46, 47
ferox, Psorophora, 5, 14, 25, 44, 48, 48, 49

fitchi, Aedes, 5, 9, 10, 71, 20, 22, 33, a7, 45, 46, 47
flavescens, Aedes, 5,9, 19, 21, 36, 37, 46, 47, 47

fulvus, Aedes, 3/
fulvus pallens, Aedes, 5, 10, 18, 21, 29, 45

grossbecki, Aedes, 5, 9, 9, 10, 11, 20, 21, 34, 37, 45, 46
hendersoni, Aedes, 5, 10, 11, 12, 2
horrida, Psorophora, 5, 14, 25, 26, 43, 44, 48, 48
howardi, Psorophora, 5, 14, 24, 25, 44, 48, 48
impatiens, Culiseta, 24

infirmatus, Aedes, 5, 10, 77, 19, 21, 30, 35
inornata, Culiseta, 5, 8, 14, 24, 24, 40, 41, 49

intrudens, Aedes, 18

longipalpis, Psorophora, 5, 14, 25, 26, 43, 44

50

melanura, Culiseta, 5, 14, 24, 24, 40, 41, 49
minnesotae, Culiseta, 5, 14, 24, 24, 43

mitchellae, Aedes, 5, 9, 9, 17, 21, 30, 35, 45, 46, 49
morsitans, Culiseta, 5, 14, 24, 24, 41, 43

nigromaculis, Aedes, 5, 9,21, 30, 45, 49

peccator, Culex, 5, 14, 23, 24, 40

perturbans, Mansonia, 5, 6, 8, 16, 16, 27, 28, 29, 44, 49
pipiens, Culex, 5, 13, 13, 23, 24, 39, 40, 49
punctipennis, Anopheles, 5, 12, 13, 22, 36, 37, 49
punctipennis, Chaoborus, 5

punctor, Aedes, 5, 12, 20, 22, 30, 35, 45, 46

quadrimaculatus, Anopheles, 5, 7, 13, 13, 15, 22, 22, 36, 37,
37, 48, 49

quinquefasciatus, Culex, 5, 13, 13, 23, 24, 39, 40, 49

restuans, Culex, 5, 13, 13, 23, 24, 38, 39, 49

rutilus septentrionalis, Toxorhynchites, 5, 6, 7, 15, 15, 16,
28, 29, 44

salinarius, Culex, 5, 13, 23, 24, 39, 40, 49

sapphirina, Uranotaenia, 5, 7, iS 16, 29, 29, 44

signifera, Orthopodomyia, 5, 7, 14, 16, 24, 28, 43, 44

smithi, Wyeomyia, 5, 7, 15, 16, 27, 28, 44

sollicitans, Aedes, 5, 7, 9, 9, 17, 21, 29, 31, 45, 46, 47

spenceri, Aedes, 5, 10, 11, 19, 21, 30, 33

sticticus, Aedes, 5, 9, 11, 12, 19, 21, 33, 37, 46, 47, 47,
49

stimulans, Aedes, 5, 8, 10, 10, 19, 21, 32, 37, 45, 46, 47

tarsalis, Culex, 5, 6, 73, 13, 23, 24, 38, 40, 49

territans, Culex, 5, 13, 23, 24, 38, 39, 49

thibaulti, Aedes, 5, 9, 17, 12, 16, 17, 31

tormentor, Aedes, 5, 10, 21, 29, 46

trichurus, Aedes, 5, 12, 20, 21, 30, 35

triseriatus, Aedes, 5, 9, 11, 12, 17, 21, 31
49

trivittatus, Aedes, 5

, 36, 46, 46, 47

. 36, 45, 46, 47

, LL 12; 1920, 30533) 40. 40ner

7, 14, 24, 26, 44, 48, 48
7, 30, 32, 45, 45, 46, 47, 49

varipes, Psorophora, 5,
vexans, Aedes, 5, 7, 9, 9, 16

walkeri, Anopheles, 5, 12, 73, 22, 36, 37

{5571—6500—1-65 )
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