JC-NRLF

SYNOPSIS

OF THE

NORTH AMERICAN

LICHENS :

PART I.,

COMPRISING THE

PARMELIACEI, CLADONIEI, AND CCENOGONIEI ;

BY

EDWARD TUCKERMAX, M.A.,

AUTHOR OF GENERA IJCHENUM.

BOSTON :

S. E. CASSItfO, PUBLISHE

1882.

K

COPYRIGHT BY S. E. CASSINO, 1882.

JOURNAL PRESS, LEWISTON, MAINE.

The arrangement of this book is that of the author's Genera
Lichenum., 1872; and the few variations from this will, it is
hoped, explain themselves. The plants described are, in great
part, sufficiently well settled; and the new things appear to
demand an at least provisional place : though the author would
have preferred to keep the most of these last back, with Horace,
nonum in annum. And this not merely from hesitation as to
the novelty or the rank of the lichens referred to, but because
he entertains strongly the opinion that the science of Lichens—
whether as regards morphology or system — has by no means
kept pace, since Fries's day, with the diagnostic enumeration
of new forms called arbitrarily species ; and he is sorry to have
possibly added to the number of these constructions. Agreeably
to the wishes of the friends who have urged an early publication,
this part of the work, comprising the more conspicuous lichens,
is printed first.

Amherst, Mass.,
1 Nov., 1881.

The lowest divisions of vegetable life may still be recognized
as ALG^;, LICHENES, and FUNGI ; and conveniently associated
together under the designation of THALLOPHYTES ;— a thal-
lus, that is to say a form or forms of vegetation in which there
is no real distinction of stem and leaf being, in these plants,
with whatever exception, taken for characteristical. And there
is no doubt, notwithstanding the numerous and now startling
discrepancies of these vast groups, that they stand in close
natural relations to each other.

Lichenes are reckoned as intermediate between the other
two Classes of Thallophytes ; but all the limits are uncertain.

A lichen is (to speak only loosely) an aerial (*) Thallophyte,
vegetating only under the influence of moisture, and thus of
interrupted and slow (*) growth, but of indefinite duration (*)
characterized by certain green cells (gonidia ; gonimia) ; and
the organ of vegetation of which (thallus) is distinct (*) from
the organ of fructification (apotJiecium).

The thallus of lichens is composed, to speak generally, of 1,
slender, more or less branched, loosely intertangled or closely
compacted cell-threads (filaments ; hyplice ; passing now into a
parenchymatous modification) which constitute the bulk of the
plant ; being distinguishable into a central, or medullary layer,
and an external, or cortical layer : and 2, of the just-named,
rounded or elliptical, green, or bluish-green, cells, which form,
for the most part, an irregular zone between the medullary and
cortical layers, and make what is known as the gonimous layer. :
These green cells (gonidia, which take on now, in certain con-
ditions of growth, a yellowish and even tawny coloration) owe
their colour to a chlorophyll-like matter called thallochlor ; as

(*) Exceptions, at least apparent, but now also real occur; the rale
being however as stated.

the bluish-green ones (gonimia, Nyl. j glauco-gonidia, Itzigs. ;
collogonidia, Tuckerm.) which are more or less distinguished
also by their gelatinous envelopes, are considered to agree in
their colouring-matter with the phycochrom of certain groups
of Algae. The gonimous layer, in most lichens, consists of
gonidia. The Peltigerei differ remarkably however by a two-
fold gonimous system, — one series of otherwise generically re-
lated lichens of this Family offering gonidia, and the other
gonimia ; — but the inferior systematic value of this difference is
perhaps sufficiently shewn by the fact that some of the species
are scarcely otherwise distinguishable. The same discrepance
recurs in the next following family — Pannariei. And finally, in
the next— the Collemei, in which the development of gelatine
reaches an extreme so marked that these plants have been
called Jelly-lichens, we have only gonimia. The gonimous cells
may make their way to the surface of the thallus, and appear
there, enveloped in hyphse, as powdery, often cushion-like
heaps, which are capable of developing into new thalli, and are
called soredia.

But we are not quite at liberty to stop here. The marked
contrast of hypha and gonidium was open to a hypothetical
explanation, based on the apparent relations of these organs to
what seemed the same in the other Classes of Thallophytes,
which suggested and had its exemplification in the memorable
labour of Schwendener. This was met however by lichenolo-
gists in a manner and tone often ill enough corresponding with
the simply objective position of the other side ; and there was
room for further investigation. Ideally, from the point of view
of those who look at lichens as autonomous, the primordial cell
should be referable either to hypha or gonidiuin ; but, in fact,
as well emphasized by Minks (Microgonid. p. 238), it is its
dualism which, from the beginning of our knowledge, and
through all its extent, characterizes the lichen-structure, and
determines its history. Yet this is not all. The penetrating
glance of the cited vegetable anatomist has demonstrated the

existence of a third element. Behind and before the manifesta-
tion of the hyphse, which are to play so great a part in the
lichen-world, is a dimly-seen, primordial tissue — a web or net-
work of exceedingly delicate filaments (Hypliema, Minks) which
gradually pass into the hyphae proper (Gono-hyphema, Minks)
as these accomplish their highest result in generating the goni-
mous cells (Gonidema, Minks ubi supra, p. 39).

As regards external form, lichens differ according as they
ascend vertically from the substrate, or are spread out horizon-
tally upon it. In the first case the development is, for the most
part, into branched or shrub-like (fruticulose) types, becoming
often finally pendulous ; of which Usnea barbata offers familiar
examples. But this is evidently an extreme of lichenous evolu-
tion ; and we find, much more commonly, the horizontally ex-
panded thallus, which is either foliaceous or crustaceous. Of
the foliaceous thallus (exhibited in Parmelia) the frondose (of
Peltigera, etc.) is a more entire expression; and the squamulose
often (in Pannaria, etc.) a reduced one. Cladonia is remarka-
ble as uniting in itself a horizontal and a vertical thallus, and
has, on this account, been sometimes taken for the highest exhi-
bition of lichenose vegetation. Foliaceous lichens are attached
generally to the substrate by variously modified, and more or
less conspicuous, fibrillose processes (fibrils ; hypothallus). The
crustaceous thallus ascends now into lobed, and even fruticu-
lose expressions (as in the highest types of Placodium and Leca-
nora) not always readily reducible to their real rank ; and in its
squamulose types it approaches yet closer to the foliaceous ; it
is however, as respects the great majority of species, well char-
acterized by its uniform (neither lobed nor branched) habit, and
the peculiar intimacy of its relation to the substrate. In the
lowest of all forms of the crustaceous thallus, we have only a
web of hyphse, with some few clusters of gonimous cells nestling
beneath the outermost layers of cells of the bark upon which
these humble plants grow.

The lichen-fruit is called Apotheclum. Apothecia are vari-

ously shaped but for the most part rounded, organic bodies,
which differ more or less in colour from the thallus over which
they are besprinkled, or to which they are attached, or in
which, more rarely, they continue normally immersed ; and gen-
erate the spores. The essential parts of the apothecium are 1,
the proper exciple, which contains all the other organs, but is
itself reduced, in a very large proportion of the Parmeliacei, to
a layer of cells (hypothecium) wholly concealed by the thalline
receptacle characteristical in this tribe ; and 2, the hymenium,
consisting of thekes (theca3; the spore bearing organs) inter-
mingled with slender, erect filaments (paraphyses), which latter
are sometimes undistinguishable or obsolete. The evolution of
the paraphyses and thekes will be noticed when we consider the
spermogones.

Spores are cells capable of germinating, and are developed
in the thekes, which constitute, with the paraphyses, the hy-
menium. The spore-differences are numerous, and various;
and their systematic value, in plants offering so many difficul-
ties of arrangement as the Lichens, is unquestioned : but this
value was at first overestimated, and too much made of certain
particulars ; as, on the other hand, in the reaction against the
method of Massalongo, too little stress was sometimes laid on
certain others. Less weight, in this view, should be given to
spore-differences of a merely gradal character, or such as de-
pend only on dimensions, or number ; and more to such as seem
to have claims to be regarded as typical. Analysis appears to
indicate two well-defined kinds of lichen-spores, complemented
(may we say ?) in the highest tribe only, by a well-defined inter-
mediate one. In one of these (typically colourless) the origi-
nally simple spore, passing through a series of modifications,
always in one direction, and the spore tending constantly to
elongation (as e. g. in the genus Lecanora), affords at length the
needle-shaped (acicular) or now thread-shaped type. To this
is opposed (most frequently but not exclusively in the lower
tribes, and even possibly anticipated by the polar-bilocular sub-

type in Parmeliacei) a second (typically brown or brownish) in
which the simple spore, completing another series of changes,
tending rather to distention, and division in more than one
direction, exhibits finally the stone-wall-like (muriform) type. (*)
Differences such as these appear certainly to be significant ; and
to suggest a possible correlation with others, which shall leave
no doubt that these types require marked expression in the
System. Nor is such expression questioned in the best -devel-
oped, foliaceous groups. Nobody now hesitates to distinguish
Physcia and Pyxine from Parmelia ; or Solorina from Peltigera ;
and the argument from such foliaceous to the analogous crus-
taceous genera is impeded perhaps by nothing beside the thai-
line inferiority of the latter. But it is seen at once that the
case is not the same with the successive steps in the process of
differentiation of these types ; and the value of suchgradal (biloc-
ular, quadrilocular, plurilocular) distinctions should be clearly
inferior. Species which exhibit the ultimate condition of their
spore-type, as here taken, exhibit also, ideally at least, or in a
sufficiently extended view, the whole of the preceding process
•of evolution. This is still better observed in larger natural
groups, as (exc. excip.) Biatora vernalis, Fr. L. E., expressing,
with general congruity of structure, the whole history of the
colourless spore. And the step is not a long one from such
groups to natural genera ; to the assumption that gradal differ-
ences of the same type of spore, displayed by species, or clus-
ters of species, within the circuit of what is otherwise a natural
genus, shall be an insufficient ground for the breaking up of

(*) The distinction of the two principal types of spore speaks per-
haps for itself; and the history of the acicular type seems tolerably
clear. But the author indicated, at the place to be cited below, the
difficulties in the spore-characters of Sticta, Gyalecta, and Thelotrcma,
as here understood; and, according to Minks (Symb. p. 41), the note of
coloration was unduly stretched in including in the second or Coloured
Series, the morphologically separate spores of Arthonia, and the Cali-
ciacei.

such genus. Some consideration of the numerous, sometimes
sufficiently significant instances, in which nature appears to
point in this direction, may be found in the author's Genera
Lichenum ; from which work these observations on spore-values
are taken. Suffice it here to say that Parmelia proper, Ach.,
will thus fall into Theloschistes, Parmelia, and Physcia ; and
Lecanora into Placodium (DC.), Naeg. & Hepp, Lecanora, and
Rinodina. Excluding the sub-Biatorine forms of Placodium
from the Lecideei, the latter family will have no examples of
the polar-bilocular sub-type ; but Heterothecium, corresponding
to Physcia and Rinodina, will be distinguishable from Biatora,
and Buellia similarly from Lecidea. And the whole Class may
be conceived as in like manner passing into 1, a Colourless
Series, especially prominent and characteristical in the higher
tribes ; and 2, a Coloured Series, having its chief development
in the lower; series which, tabularized, will be found significant
as well of the relations of the genera, as of the systematic value
of the spores.

It is yet important to distinguish between spores typically
colourless, and what are rather to be taken for decolorate con-
ditions of spores typically coloured. There are sufficiently nu-
merous instances of such decolorate spores ; and we need per-
haps scarcely hesitate to argue from them to some other cases
in which the evidence is possibly less clear, and thus to keep
certain natural genera entire. And, on the other hand, it is
conceivable that a genus may rather be referable to the Colour-
less Series, notwithstanding that many of its species exhibit
spores which, in respect at least of colour, look often the other
way. Difficulties of this sort are however to be expected in
every stage, from the first step, of our endeavours to study the
life in nature. What responds to our intelligence there is in-
deed of kin to that intelligence, is the ideal ; but the ideal im-
prisoned in, and subjected to all the inordinate fortuitousness of,
the natural. (Gen. Lich. pp. vi-viii.)

There occur also, beside the apothecia, and very generally.

( XI )

in Lichens, certain conceptacles, which, though they had not
wholly escaped the attention of earlier writers, were first really
discovered, and their structure exhibited by Tulasne (Mem.
sur les Lich. pp. 129-235), who gave them the name of Spermo-
gonia. These organs, for the most part very minute (but to
this there are exceptions) are more or less rounded, and often
more or less blackish, but now of the colour of the thallus ; and
occur immersed in, or protuberant like little warts above, its
surface j and open (like the Verrucariaceous apothecium, as also
like the young Parmeliaceous, with which, in some lichens they
may be confounded) by a pore at the summit. The interior of
the conceptacle is thickly clothed with converging filaments
(sterigmas} which were considered as giving rise to, and as
supporting little, more or less spore-like bodies found within
the spermogonium, and called spermatia, The sterigmas are
either elongated-cylindrical developing most commonly into
branched, series of cells, or similar branched series of cells
scarcely longer than broad (arthrosterigmas). The spermatia
are either ellipsoid, or oblong, becoming staff-shaped (the most
common form) or needle-shaped, the last often bowed. Nylander
has made much systematic use of the differences in the sterigmas
and spermatia, even in the limitation of genera ; but the latest
observations appear to confirm earlier ones that the latter organs
may vary considerably in the same species ; while it will be seen
that the sterigmas are not always satisfactory as criteria-
Beside Tulasne, Nylander has treated the spermogones and
their contents in great detail (1. c. p. 40) and they are the object
of a very extended investigation by Lindsay (Trans. Edinb. 22,
pp. 101-304). Their function has always been obscure. Accord-
ing to Tulasne (as cited by De Bary Morph. & Phys. d. PiU.,
etc., p. 168, but there is scarcely anything in favour of the view
in the French author's above-cited memoir) and the earlier
opinion of Nylander (1. c. p. 40) the presumption that the sper-
matia are sexual organs, corresponding to the spermatozoids
of higher cryptogams, as the spermogones to the autheridia of

( xii )

the latter, is supported by several considerations, of which the
chief is that it did not appear that the spermatia had ever been
found to germinate j and, in this case, it would be the apothe-
cium that should represent the other action. But nothing is in
fact known either of the organs, the process, or the place of the
supposed fecundation ; and the seemingly significant designa-
tions of the new structures chosen by their eminent illustrator
were perhaps only in anticipation of a possible result which he
was not, as no other has been, able to reach. The resemblance
already noted between the young apothecium and the spermo-
gone, in some lichens,— so great indeed as to have led to a
common confusion of the two — might however be well expected
to come again into consideration, when these forms of structure
were better distinguished. But Bayerhoffer (1860) was the first,
as Minks indicates, to give expression to the view that their
relations are most intimate ; and to conceive the spermogone as
distinguishable from, only as an early stage of, the apothecium.
This is not the place to more than mention the latter author's
development and illustration of what was perhaps little more
than a happy guess. Suffice it to say that, according to him,
the sterigmas, which indicate the beginnings of, and characterize
the growing spermogone, have for function the development
(not of the so-called spermatia, the difficulty of accounting for
the enormous amount of which as compared with the filaments
supposed to produce them, is noted by Ny lander I. c., but) of
the fruit-hyphae, which constitute, whether as sterile paraphyses
or fertile thekes, the disk of the apothecium ! But the cortical
layer of the thallus, out of which the spermogone springs, is
beset with the delicate threads of the hyphema, and it were
inconceivable that these should not make their way among the
growing sterigmas j abundantly as they are found to occur in
the youngest apothecia. And they do so ; and supply the other
content of the spermogone — the so-called spermatia ; which are
of the nature of branches of the hyphema, and take the fitting
name of HypJiidia. Their office is to develop the tissue out of

which they spring. (Minks Microgonid. p. 148, etc.) The
hypha-nature of the spermatia was indeed long since indicated
by Itzigsohn (Bot. Zeit., 1854, cited by Minks) who described
the evolution, from little heaps of gonidia overrun with sper-
matia, of a l perfect thallus, the filamentous layer of which
formed itself of the spermatia, as the gonimous of the gonidia.'(*)
But it is not by the fructification (apothecium) alone that the
propagation of lichens is effected ; nor is the soredium the only
ancillary structure to the same end. We cannot indeed look
here for the remarkable luxuriance in this respect pointed out
by Tulasne in Fungi (developing thus Fries's dictum that the
whole fungus is a fructification), but the resemblance between
more than one of the organs of reproduction of the latter Class
and certain lichen-structures is so close that, in the best-known
of these, scarcely a doubt seems to have been entertained that
the two do not differ. Minks, whose labours have already been
marked in revising the very uncertain difference between the
two Classes has as yet only touched the question of the mor-
phology of the Pycnis of Tulasne as a lichen-structure ; but
enough appears to make it safer to follow him in distinguish-
ing the latter from the structure of the same name in Fungi. The
Clinosporangium (Minks; Pycnis, Tul. pro p.) is then a mostly
very minute, Verrucariseform conceptacle, similar generally to
spermogones externally, which is clothed within with short,
thickish, always simple, converging filaments ( Clinidia, Minks)
generating at their summits spore-like bodies (Clinospores,
Minks). Clinosporangia occur by no means very rarely, but are
chiefly to be looked for in the lower Graphidacei and Verrwca-
riacei ; and especially such the thallus of which is hypophlceous,
or innate in the matrix. The observations of our author upon
the development of Clinosporangia in the hypophlcsous thallus

(*) This part of the book being prepared last, exhibits a later view
of some points of structure than appears in the earlier portion ; as
especially in regard to Sperinogone, and Spermatium.

(Microgonid. p. 135) are so important that a continuance of his
investigation is to be hoped for ; and the more so that the proper
function of the organ is as yet unknown. (Minks Microgonid.
pp. 133-139. Syml). Lich. -My c., passim.)

The first step in man's apprehension of the ORDER in nat-
ure— that part of nature which is pre-eminently less natural
than ideal, and responds to the ideal in himself— is his apprehen-
sion of Habit. This brings him to an indefinite conception of
Groups — that individual animals or vegetables are associable,
first, as of the same sort ; and secondly that these sorts are as-
sociable as of the same kind — to some imperfect conception then
of Species, and Genus. And systematic scientific study begins
with the attempt to give definiteness to these vague notions,
and elevate them to knowledge. In its progress higher groups
are caught sight of; and species come to be arranged not only
in genera, but the genera in Families and Tribes. It is the
NATURAL METHOD which is unfolding itself ; rich in an unlim-
ited variety of processes, and a detail that we cannot grasp.
But life is short ; and all the delights of study prove unsatisfac-
tory to some larger minds unless they reach forward to an uni-
versal view, and a System of nature ; not at all to be got at, as
Eschweiler well said, in nature. Art must supervene ; and the
natural become artificial, in the regulative intelligence of Man.
And it being to be taken for granted that all systematists in-
tend, whatever the determining principle of their arrangements,
to exhibit fairly the whole of the structure of which their prin-
ciple makes but a part, it is evident that the question what the
principle be— whether, in the Class before us, 1 , the thallus, or
2, the thallus and all other organs taken together, or 3, the apo-
thecium, or highest of organs — is of less practical importance,
than how the work be carried through, and serve us in use.

Of the three principles of arrangement just reckoned, the
first in the order of thought, — the abstract lichen (so to say) not
known as yet in the particulars that compose it — is naturally
first also in the order of time, — the thallus. This first attracts

attention, and plays the principal part in the earlier arrange-
ment of our plants : as in the three genera (Usnea, Coralloides,
Lichenoides) in which they are brought together in the disposi-
tion of Dillenius ; and the single genus (Lichen) under which
they are arranged, in sections limited by thalline differences, by
Linnaeus. And the thallus has continued to commend itself to
systematists even after the explication of the whole lichen-or-
ganism : as to Fee, in 1824 ; and as exhibited in the well-known
Sy sterna of Koerber. (*)

Study in any sufficient sense, begins however, in the order
of time, with the next succeeding stage of inquiry, wherein the
thallus is accepted only as the ground of a further develop-
ment— as existing for the behoof of other essential organs, and
we have before us all that constitutes the organism — the whole
plant. The systematic disposition of Nylander reckons thus all
organs, or, more particularly, thallus, spermogones, and apo-
thecia, as of equal value in the system ; and his arrangement
proceeds eclectically, as now one and now another conspicuous
character is assumed as determinative (Syn. Lich. 1, chap. x).
But great as is the advantage which this disposition enjoys as
the means of communication of the author who has described
and is describing more lichens than any other, it is easily seen
that it differs from other systematic works not at all, as the au-
thor would imply, in the exclusion of selection (that is, of the
'artificial and arbitrary'), but only in the use made of it. Not
to dwell here on the treatment of near and remote affinity, or of
affinity and analogy, in this arrangement— evidenced by the

(*) We cannot well refer, in this connection, to Dr. Th. Fries's elabo-
rate Scandinavian Lichen-Flora (1871-1874), the principle of construc-
tion of which is the gonimons system, as but little as respects the evolu-
tion of the method has yet been published. But however greatly the
significance of the gonimous cells may be advanced by more recent re-
search, their anatomy and morphology are still but imperfectly known ;
and it is difficult to conceive that much can be gained from what must
necessarily be arbitrary views of only a part of the phenomena.

( xvi )

wide separation of Bceomyces and Cladonia from Biatora, be-
tween all of which there are direct transitions — the difficulties
of the multiplicity, and unequal, now very uncertain values of
the points of view — 'the salient characters of all parts of lichens'
— are, for us, insuperable. The resulting complex of series and
tribes belongs indeed to, and illustrates brilliantly, with the au-
thor's unequalled knowledge of particulars, the Natural Method;
but the complex is, in very consequence of the extreme extent
of this particularism, perplexing to the student (*), who finds
himself entangled anew in the meshes of nature, from which
meshes nature, with whatever devotion he seek her help, is pow-
erless to release him. What wonder then, if escaping at length,
by his own deliberate act, from the inordinate multifariousness
and accidentality of the natural affinities, and unable to accept
the thallus as a sufficient guide, he turn now to his only remain-
ing choice, — the apothecium — the flower and fruit, and highest
that we know of our plants : the principle of construction of
Persoon, Acharius, Wahlenberg, and Fries. We are here con-
sidering only system, and it may be permitted to me to add,
that much, and invaluable, and not yet to be fully estimated, as
are the acquisitions of the improved methods of study of the
last thirty years, the whole movement took its start from the

(*) And in view of the importance of this consideration, it is proper
to be more explicit. The genus Lecidea, as understood by Nylander,
while constituted of a now no little strained association of not less than
six, (by some prominent writers broken into many more) generic types
accepted by the great majority of modern lichenologists, two of these
types indicating groups of vast extent, Fries's distinction of which has
proved an invaluable boon to study, is yet further and to the last degree
embarrassed, in the two great and difficult groups named, by crowds,
ever increasing, of lichens called new, but neither sufficiently charac-
terized, nor, for the most part, illustrated by any sufficient explanation ;
and has thus, in the great bulk of the genus, become, what we have no
better word for than a wilderness of obscure forms, into the intricacies
of which only the author can presumably possess any trustworthy clew.

( xvii )

results gained by the unsurpassed penetration of Elias Fries ;
and has never lost the impress of his genius. So great is the
value of Habit in minds fully qualified to apprehend and appre-
ciate its subtleties, that such minds may not only anticipate
what the microscope is to reveal, but help us to understand its
revelations.

RECENT AUTHORS ON STRUCTURE;

1, GENERAL.
TULASNE, Mem. pour servir a Vhist. organographique etphysio-

logique des Lichens. Ann. Sci. Nat., 3 Ser., vol. 17,

with 16 plates, 1852.
SPEERSCHNEIDER, Anatomic u. Entwickelung der Hagenia cil-

iaris, etc. Sot. Zeitung, 1853-4-5-7.
NYLANDER, Synopsis Meth. Lichenum, vol. 1, with 8 plates,

1858-60.
SCHWENDENER, Untersuchungen ilber d. Flechtenthallus. Naeg.

Beitr. 0. wissensch. Bot. 2, 3, 4, with 13 plates,

1860-68. The same, Ueber die Entwick. d. Apoth.

von Cwnogonium. Flora, 1862. Ueber Ephebe

pubescens. Ibid. 1863. Ueber die Apoth. primitus
• aperta u. der Entwick. d. Apothecien in Allgemeinen.

Ibid. 1864.
DE BARY, Morphologic u. Physiologic d. Pilze, Flechten, u.

Myxomyceten, II., Flechten. 1866.
MINKS, Beitrdge zur Kenntniss des Baues und Lebens der

Flechten, 1876. The same, Zur Flechtenparasiten-

Frage. Flora, 1877. Das Microgonidium, Vorlau-

fige Mittheilung. Flora, 1878. Das Microgonidium.

Ein Beitirg mr Kenntniss des wahren Wesens

der Flechten, 249 pages, with six plates, 1879.
STAHL, Beitrdge zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der Flechten, with

five plates, 1877.

2, OF THE APOTHECIA.

TTJLASNE, I. c.
NYLANDER, I c.

SCHWENDENER, tt. CC.

FUISTING, De nonnullis Apothecii Lichenum evolvendi ration-
ibus. 1865.

( xix )

MINKS, Thamnolia vermicular is, Erne Monographic, Flora, 1874.
The same, Beitnige, I. c.

3, OF THE SPORES.

LEIGHTON, British species of Angiocarpous Lichens, with 29
plates, 1851.

TULASNE, I C.

HEPP, AbMldungen u. Beschreibung tier Sporen zum /., //., III.,
/(. IV. Band d. Flechten Europtfs, with 110 plates,
IS53-67.

KOERBER, Sy sterna Lick. Germanic, with 4 plates, 1855.

NYLANDER, I. c.

MINKS, Das Microgonidium, etc., I. c.

4, OF THE SPERMOGONES, ETC.
TTJLASNE, /. c.
NYLANDEK, Z. c.
LINDSAY, On Spennogones and Pycnides. Trans. Edinb. vol.

22, with 12 plates, 1859.
MINKS, J}fix Microgonidium, etc., I. c.

5, OF THE GONTDIA.
DE BAPvY, /. <-.

SCHWENDENER, Die Algcntypcn der Flechten-Gonidien, with

three plates, 1869. The same, Erorterungen der

Gonidien-Frage, with one plate, Flora, 1872. The

same, UntersiicU. I. c.
TH. FKIES, Lich. Scand. pp. 9, 10, 1871.
BORNET, Recherches sur les Gomdies dcs Lichens in Ann. Sci.

V., 17, 19, 1873, 1874.
KOERBER, Zur Abwehr der Schwendener - Bornetsclien Flech-

tentheorie, 1874.
MINKS, Beitrdge zur Kennlniss des Baues und Lebens, etc.,

1876. The same, Das Microgonidium, etc., I. c.
NYLANDER, Syn. 1. c. The same, De Gonidiis et eorum formis

direr sis Animadv. Flora, 1877.

AUTHORS ON THE SYSTEM;

FRIES, Sy sterna Orbis Veget. L, PI. Homonemece, 1825. The
same, Lichenographia Europcea Reformata, 1831.

NORMAN, Conatus prcemissus redact, novfs gen. nonnull. Lich.,
1852.

KOERBER, Z. C.

NYLANDER, L c.

TH. FRIES, Genera Heterolichenum Europ&a, 1861.
STIZENBERGER, Beitr. z. Flechtensystematik, 1862.
MIJLLER, Principes de Glassif. des Licfiens, 1862.
KREMPELHTJBER, Geschichte u. Litter atur d. Lichenologie. L,
IL, 1867-9.

KEY TO THE ARRANGEMENT.

Ser, L— GYMNOCAEPI (Schrad.) Fr.

Apothecia normally open- either shield-like (scutellaform)
or dish-fee (patellceform) or difform, becoming elongated
(lirellceform} or goblet-shaped and the disk compacted of
naked spores (crater if orm).

Trib, 1, PARMELIACEI, Apothecia rounded, margined by
a thalline exciple (scutellseform), which includes also
now, more or less distinctly, a proper exciple, when the
fruit is called zeorine.

Fam. 1. USNEEI. Thallus sub-vertical and fruticulose, or
pendulous ; more rarely depressed, and dilated (foliace-
ous).

1. ROCCELLA. Disk of apothecium black, with a white

bloom. Spores fusiform-oblong, 4-locular, colourless.
Thallus fruticulose, or pendulous ; somewhat leathery.

2. RAMALINA. Disk and thallus pale. Spores ellipsoid

and oblong, 2-locular, colourless. Thallus fruticulose,
or pendulous; compressed or subfoliaceous, cartila-
gineous.

3. CETRARIA. Disk coloured differently from the thallus,

to the tips or margins of which the apothecia are
attached. Spores sub-ellipsoid, simple, colourless.
Thallus either fruticulose, or depressed and dilated
(parmelia3form) more or less cartilagineous.

4. EVERNIA. Disk concave, coloured differently from the

thallus; the apothecia at length often cyathiform.
Spores sub- ellipsoid, simple, colourless. Thallus fru-

y

KEY TO THE ARRANGEMENT.

ticulose, or pendulous ; sottish ; with a cottony
medulla.

5. USNEA. Disk and thallus pale. Spores sub-ellipsoid,

simple, colourless. Thallus fruticulose, or pendulous ;
mostly rounded ; alike on all sides ; with a double
medulla, the innermost woody.

6. ALECTORIA. Disk coloured differently from the thal-

lus. Spores ellipsoid, simple, or now muriform-
multilocular, brown, or, more often, decolorate.
Thallus fruticulose, or pendulous; mostly rounded;
alike on all sides ; cottony within.

7. SCHIZOPELTE. Disk black, dilated and lobed. Spores

oblong, 4-locular, blackish-brown. Thallus fruticu-
lose, terete.

Fam. 2. PARMELIEI. Thallus horizontal, foliaceous, dif-
ferently coloured and normally fibrillose beneath, where
it is without veins or cyphels. [See PeltigereL] Karely
ascendant, evernisefbrm j more rarely alectoriaBform.

8. SPEERSCHNEIDERA. Apothecia scutellaeform. Spores

oblong, 2-4-locular, colourless. Thallus terete-com-
pressed, dichotomously very much branched, and
intertangled, forming rounded, appressed patches;
fibrils obsolete.

9. THELOSCHISTES. Apothecia scutellseform ; the disk

yellowish - orange. Spores polar -bilocular [in an
exotic species quadri-locular] colourless. Thallus
foliaceous, or now ascendant and everniaeform ; mostly
yellowish.

to. PARHELIA. Apothecia scutellaeform ; the disk mostly
thin. Spores ellipsoid, and oblong, simple, colourless.
Thallus foliaceous; or now everniaeform ; or even
alectoriaeform ; rather membrauaceous.
11. PHYSCIA. Apothecia scutellseform ; the disk thickish.

KEY TO THE ARRANGEMENT. 3

Spores ellipsoid, bilocular, more rarely quadri-pluri-
locular, brown. Thallus foliaceous, or now everniae-
form; cartilagineous.

12. PYXINE. Apothecia from scutellaeform becoming

black all over, and lecideoid. Spores oblong-ellipsoid,
bilocular (elsewhere also 4-locular) brown. Thallus
crustaceous-foliaceous, sub-cartilagineous.

Fam. 3. UMBILICARIEL Thallus horizontal, foliaceous,
coriaceous-cartilagineous, sub-monophyllous, attached to
the substrate at a single point.

13. UMBILICARIA. Apothecia sub-scutellaeform, black-

ened, gyrose-plicate. Spores sub-ellipsoid, simple, or
now muriform-multilocular, brown, or decolorate.
Thallus as above.

Fam. 4. PELTIGEREI. Thallus piano-ascendant, frondose-
foliaceous ; beneath villous, and variegated with veins,
or cyphels. [See Sticta.] Gonirnia take very largely the
place of gonidia.

4. STICTA. Apothecia scutellsBform, sub-marginal, ele-
vated. Spores from fusiform at length acicular, bi-
quadri-plurilocular, fuscescent or colourless. Thallus
frondose - foliaceous, coriaceous - cartilagineous, the
under side variegated with little cups or rounded
heaps of unknown import (cyphels} or spots. Goni-
mous layer constituted, in one group of species, of
gonidia ; in the other of gonimia.

15. NEPHROMA. Apothecia reniform, innate in the under
side of extended lobes, the margin disappearing.
Spores sub-fusiform, 4-locular; fuscescent. Thallus
frondose, not veined below. Gonimous layer, in one
group of species, of gonidia ; in the other of gonimia.
/ 16. PELTIGERA. Apothecia pel tseform, adnate to the upper

4 KEY TO THE ARRANGEMENT.

side of extended lobes, the margin torn-crenate.
Spores from fusiform at length acicular, 4-plurilocular,
at length colourless. Thallus frondose, villous and
veiny beneath. Gonimous layer, in several species,
composed of gonidia; in the larger number, of
gonimia.

17. ERIODERMA. Apothecia scutellaeforrn, marginal.

Spores ovoid-ellipsoid, simple, at length colourless.
Thallus frondose, villous beneath, where it is clothed,
more or less, with a pannose hypothallus. Gonimous
layer constituted of gonimia.

18. SOLORINA. Apothecia orbicular, innate in the upper

side of the thallus, the margin disappearing. Spores
from ellipsoid fusiform - oblong, bilocular, brown.
Thallus frondose, villous beneath. Gonimous layer
constituted of gonidia and gonimia.

Earn. 5. PAIS1NAEIEI. Thallus horizontal, frondose-folia-
ceous, or, most commonly, squamulose ; mostly more or
less lead-coloured j imposed upon a conspicuous hypo-
thallus (now obsolete). Gonimous layer almost univer-
sally (in our species) of gonimia.

19. EKDOCARPISCUM. Apothecia indicated only, for the

most part, by an ostiole, but finally emerging and
scutellseform. Spores very minute, simple, colourless,
numerous in the thekes. Thallus foliaceous, peltate,
the hypothallus deficient. Gonimous layer of gonimia.

20. HEPPIA. Apothecia orbicular, immarginate, more or

less sunken in the minute, frondose-squamulose thal-
lus. Hypothallus obsolete. Spores ovoid -oblong,
simple, without colour. Gonimous layer of gonimia.

21. PHYSMA. Apothecia scutellseform. Spores ellipsoid,

simple, colourless. Thallus foliaceous, clothed beneath
with a nap-like hypothallus. Gonimous layer of
gonimia, characterized much as in Collema.

KEY TO THE ARRANGEMENT. 5

22. P ANN ARIA. Apothecia either simply scutellaeform, or

the disk also bordered by a proper margin (zeorine)
or the thalline margin obsolete, and the proper margin
alone exhibited (biatorine). Spores ovoid or oblong,
simple, or more rarely bi-quadrilocular, or very rarely
muriform - plurilocular, fuscescent, or decolorate.
Thallus monophyllous, or multifid, or, most often,
squamulose, becoming crustaceous.

Fam. 6. COLLEMEL Thallus frondose-foliaceous, more or
less gelatinous when moist j becoming squamulose, or
even crustaceous ; lead-coloured, or blackish-green j the
hypothallus almost always obsolete. Gouimia, without
exception characteristical of the family, and conditioning
its whole structure.

Sub-Fam. 1. LICHINEI. Thallus fru tic ulose or alectorise-
form; the gonimia constituting an axis, which finally
breaks up; or crowded together into a more regular
layer, between the cortical, and the at length parenchyma-
tous medullary. Apothecia globose, or variously irreg-
ular.

23. EPHEBE. Apothecia globose. Spores oblong-ellipsoid,

simple, uncoloured. Thallus filiform, much branched,
blackish-green ; the never concatenate gonimia finally
somewhat stratified.

24. • LICHINA. Apothecia terminal, globose. Spores ellip-

soid, simple, uncoloured. Thallus fruticulose, brown-
ish-black ; the concatenate gonimia distinctly strati-
fied.

Sub-Fam. 2. EUCOLLEMBI. Thallus foliaceous or squamu-
lose, or even crustaceous j very rarely fruticulose j the
gonimia disposed most often in necklace-like chains,
which are dispersed, more or less, in a gelatinous

KEY TO THE ARRANGEMENT.

pulp, amidst branched medullary filaments. Apothecia
normally scutellseform ; sometimes, in the lower groups,
persistently globose.

25. PYRENOPSIS. Apothecia depressed-globose, urceolate,

or DOW at length open. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid, simple
or bilocular, decelerate. Thallus granulose. Gonimia
in clusters; or now in chains.

26. OMPHALARIA. Apothecia sub -globose, immersed

more or less in the thallus, or finally superficial, and
explicate. Spores ellipsoid, simple, decolorate. Thal-
lus fruticulose, or more commonly foliaceous, attached
to the substrate, at only one point. Gonimia in
clusters ; or rarely in chains.

27. COLLEMA. Apothecia scutellseform. Spores ovoid-

ellipsoid, either simple, or becoming fusiform, and bi-
plurilocular, or most commonly muriform-plurilocular,
scarcely coloured. Thallus foliaceous, very rarely
fruticulose ; mostly dark-green ; cortical layer mostly
indistinct ; gonimia almost always concatenate ;
medullary filaments conspicuous.

28. LEPTOGIUM. Apothecia scutellaeform, or zeorine; or

biatorine. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid, either simple, or
becoming fusiform and bi-plurilocular, or, most often,
muriform-plurilocular, scarcely coloured. Thallus
foliaceous, or rarely fruticulose, mostly lead-coloured ;
cortical layer distinctly parenchymatous ; gonimia
and medullary filaments as in Collema.

29. HYDROTHYRIA. Apothecia biatorine. Spores fusi-

form, quadrilocular, uncoloured. Thallus foliaceous,
lead-coloured ; cortical layer distinct, as in Leptogium ;
gonimia disposed, in very short chains, between the
compact medullary layer, and the cortical.

KEY TO THE ARRANGEMENT. 7

Fam. 7. LECANOREI. Thallus crustaceous ; now lobulate,
or even branched; but, for the most part, uniform ;
adnate to the substrate j hypothallus inconspicuous.

Sub-Fain. 1. EULECANOREI, Apothecia scutellseform.

30. PLACODIUM. Apothecia now zeorine; or biatorine.
Spores either (most rarely) simple, or of the usual
bilocular type, or, commonly and typically polar-
bilocular, colourless. Thallus now lobulate, or very
rarely fruticulose ; mostly uniform, and oftener
yellowish.

/ 31. LECANORA. Apothecia now zeorine. Spores ellipsoid
and oblong, simple, or rarely bi-quadrilocular, or now
long-fusiform and plurilocular, colourless. Thallus
now lobulate, or rarely fruticulose ; mostly uniform.

32. RINODINA. Apothecia now zeorine; or biatorine.

Spores ellipsoid, bilocular, rarely 4-plurilocular, brown.
Thallus now lobulate ; mostly uniform.

Sub-Fain. 2. PERTUSARIEI. Apothecia (reverting in-
deed to the scutellaeforni type, but) typically com-
pound, and diiform.

33. PERTUSARIA. Apothecia globular - difform, opening

by pores, and including (1-00) uucleiform hymenia;
or now explanate, and lecanorine. Spores mostly
very large, ellipsoid, simple, or bilocular, colourless.

Sub-Fam. 3. URCEOLARIEI. Apothecia more or less
urceolate.

34. CONOTREMA. Apothecia urceolate, truncate-conoidal ;

a black proper exciple, veiled, more or less, by an
evanescent thalline one. Spores cylindraceous, very
long, plurilocular, colourless. Thallus uniform.

35. GYALECTA. Apothecia urceolate-biatorine, with a

8 KEY TO THE ARRANGEMENT.

somewhat crenulate margin ; a coloured (rarely black)
connivent proper exciple, which is now explanate,
received in, or veiled by an often evanescent, thalline
one. Spores ellipsoid, fusiform, or acicular, bi-quadri-
pltirilocular, or the cells rarely also irregularly, or
even murally divided ; uncoloured. Thallus uniform.

36. UKCEOLARIA. Apothecia urceolate-scutella?forru; a

black, counivent, proper exciple becoming oftener
explanate, and bordering the black disk with its more
or less whitened margin, which is finally discrete from
the lecanorine, thalline one (now obsolete). Spores
ovoid-ellipsoid, muriform-plurilocular, brown. Thal-
lus uniform.

37. THELOTREMA. Apothecia urceolate, now verrucae-

form, or endocarpeiue,but at length largely scutellate,
the disk veiled by an inner exciple (often obsolete);
proper exciple variously coloured, somewhat torn-
margined, concrete with the thalline. Spores ellip-
soid and oblong, bi-plurilocular, or finally rauriform-
multilocular, brown, or decolorate. Thallus crusta-
ceous, uniform.

38. GYROSTOMUM. Apothecia from urceolate finally ex-

plauate, orbicular or often elongated-difforrn ; a black
proper exciple, with entire margin, clothed at first by
an evanescent thalline one. Spores ellipsoid, muri-
form-plurilocular, brown. Thallus uniform.
* MYRIANGITJM. Apothecia lecanoroid, multilocular,
each loculament developing a single theke, unaccom-
panied by paraphyses. Spores oblong-ovoid sub-
muriform-multilocular, colourless. Thallus rounded,
more or less plaited or lobulate at the circumference,
blackish-brown ; without gouidia.

Trib, 2. LECIDEACEI, Apothecia rounded, margined (nor-
mally) only by the proper exciple (patellaiform).

KEY TO THE ARRANGEMENT. 9

Fam. 1. CLADONIEI. Thallus two-fold, a vertical one
(podetium) ascending from a horizontal, squamulose, or
granulose one j the latter now obsolete.

39. STEREOCATJLON. Apothecia patellseform, brown, at

length convex and the margin excluded (ceplialoid)
solid. Spores fusiform or acicular, 4-plurilocular,
colourless. Thallus fruticulose, erect, solid (podetia),
clothed more or less with granules, passing now into
fibrils ; horizontal thallus granulose, or obsolete.

40. PILOPHORUS. Apothecia cephaloid, solid, black.

Spores ellipsoid, simple, colourless. Podetia simple,
or but little branched, originally solid, granulate;
horizontal thallus granulose.

41. CLADONIA. Apothecia mostly cephaloid, variously

coloured (not black). Spores ovoid-oblong, simple,
colourless. Podetia fistulous, either simple, and cup-
shaped or funnel-shaped, or at length very much
branched ; rarely club-shaped ; the horizontal thallus
squamulose, or rarely granulose, or obsolete.

Fam. 2. CCENOGONIEI. Thallus horizontal, conferva-like.

42. CGENOGONIUM. Apothecia patellseform. Spores fusi-

form-ellipsoid, simple or bilocular, colourless. Thal-
lus composed of jointed filaments densely inter-
tangled, making a more or less determinate web.

Fam. 3. LECIDEEL Thallus crustaceous; now lobulate,
or even, very rarely, caulescent j but, for the most part,
uniform ; adnate to the substrate.

Sub-Fam. 1. B^EOMYCEI. Apothecia prolonged down-
wards into a stipe (stipitate).

43. B^OMYCES. Apothecia patellaeform, or cephaloid ;

the stipe now reduced, or disappearing. Spores ellip-
soid, or sub-fusiform, simple, or now bi-quadrilocular,
colourless. Thallus horizontal ; lobulate, or uniform.

10 KEY TO THE ARRANGEMENT.

Sub-Fam. 2. BIATOREI. Apothecia sessile; the exciple
paler than the disk.

44. BIATORA. Apothecia patellseform, or oftener cepha-
loid. Spores either ellipsoid and simple, or oblong
and bi-quadrilocular, or fusiform passing into acicular
and finally plurilocular, colourless. Thallus now
lobulate; mostly uniform.

45. HETEROTHECIUM. Apothecia patellseform; the ex-
ciple often thickened and lecanoroid. Spores for the
most part large, from ellipsoid becoming oblong, and
either simple, or bi-plurilocular, or muriform-multi-
locular ; brown, or decolorate. Thallus uniform.

Sub-Fam. 3. EULECIDEEI. Apothecia sessile; exciple
coal-black.

46. LECTDEA. Apothecia patellaeform, now cephaloid.

Spores from ellipsoid becoming fusiform, and finally
acicular ; either simple, or more rarely bi-quadri-pluri-
locular, colourless. Thallus now lobulate, or very
rarely caulescent ; but, for the most part, uniform.

47. BUELLIA. Apothecia patellaeform. Spores ellipsoid

and oblong ; from simple becoming bi-quadrilocular,
or finally muriform-multilocular ; brown, or decolor-
ate. Thallus now lobulate ; mostly uniform.

Trib, 3, GRAPHIDACEI, Apothecia difform, oftener elon-
gated (lirellseform), margined (normally) only by the
proper exciple ; now itself indistinct.

Fam. 1. LECANACTIDEI. Apothecia rounded more or less,
or also, less commonly, elongated ; margined.

48. LECANACTIS. Apothecia rounded, or more rarely

oblong, black. Spores from dactyloid becoming at
length fusiform-oblong, quadri-plurilocular, colourless.
Thallus uniform.

KEY TO THE ARRANGEMENT.

11

49. PLATYGRAPHA. Apothecia rounded, or oblong ; the

proper exciple more or less obscure, bordered by an
accessory thalline or tballoid one. Spores fusiform,
quadri-plurilocular, colourless. Thallus uniform.

50. MELASPILEA. Apothecia rounded, or oblong, black.

Spores ovoid-ellipsoid, bilocular, brown, or decolorate.
Thallus uniform, or obsolete.

Fam. 2. OPEGPAPHEI. Apothecia normally lirellseform.

51. OPEGRAPHA. Apothecia lirellseform (very rarely

rounded-difform), oftener simple, for the most part
superficial, the exciple almost always black through-
out. Spores smallish, from ellipsoid becoming finger-
shaped (dactyloid] or oftener fusiform, bi-quadri-
plurilocular, brown, or, much oftener, decolorate.
Thallus uniform, or almost obsolete.

52. XYLOGRAPHA. Apothecia now angulate-patellseform,

but oftener lirellseform ; the exciple softish, and origi-
nally pale, but at length black. Spores ellipsoid,
simple [or, at length, in a foreign species, somewhat
nmriform-pltirilocular] decolorate.

53. GRAPHIS. Apothecia lirellaeform, oftener branched,

or very rarely rounded-diflform, for the most part
innate ; the exciple either coloured, or black, but
more often colourless below, and bordered almost
always by an accessory thalline or thalloid one. Spores
ellipsoid, or oblong, quadri-plurilocular, or finally
muriform-multilocular, brown, or decolorate. Thal-
lus uniform, or now almost obsolete.

Fam. 3. GLYPHIDEI. Many apothecia collected in a com-
mon, cushion-like thalloid receptacle (stroma).

54. CHIODECTON. Apothecia rounded-difform, or oblong,

plano-convex, immarginate, immersed in a white

12 KEY TO THE ARRANGEMENT.

stroma. Spores fusiform, or now oblong-ovoid, quadri-
plnrilocular, very rarely muriforrn-multilocular, almost
always uncoloured. Thallus uniform.

55. GLYPHIS. Apothecia rounded, or oblong, concave,

black, associated together in a white stroma. Spores
ellipsoid, and oblong, quadri-plurilocular, brown, or
decolorate. Thallus uniform.

Fam. 4. ARTHONIEI. Apothecia difform, without proper
margin, commonly confluent, and now evidently com-
pound.

56. ARTHONIA. Apothecia rounded, or oblong ; now bor-

dered by an accessory thalloid margin; clustered
commonly, or finally confluent in a difform, rounded
or stellate pseudo-stroma. Spores (commonly in
pyriform thekes) oblong-ovoid, or oblong, or rarely
fusiform, 2-4-plurilocular, or, at length muriform-
multilocular; brown, or decolorate. Thallus uniform
or almost obsolete.

57. MYCOPORUM. Apothecia rounded or oblong, black,

finally compound; a difform pseudo-stroma includ-
ing (1-6) hymenia. Spores (in sub-pyriform thekes)
oblong-ovoid or oblong [bi-quadrilocular, or finally]
muriform-multilocular; brown, or decolorate. Thal-
lus uniform, or almost obsolete.

* AGYRIUM. Apothecia rounded or oblong, softish (red-
dish) immarginate. Spores ellipsoid, simple,- uncol-
oured, or reddish. Thallus scarcely or not visible,
represented mainly by a few gonidia, nestling amidst
the fibres of the woody substrate.

Trib, 4, CALICIACEI. Apothecia turbinate-lentiform (cra-
teriform) or globose j a proper exciple, which is either
naked, and ofteuer stipitate, or bordered by an accessory

KEY TO THE ARRANGEMENT. 13

thalline one, margining or supporting a hymenium the
disk of which consists of naked spores.

Fam. 1. SPILEROPHOREI. Thallus vertical, fruticulose.

* SIPHULA. Apothecia unknown. Spermatia linear.
Thallus erect, sparingly branched or almost simple,
passing below into root-like branchlets by which the
lichen is attached to the substrate, densely cottony
within.

58. SPH^ROPHORUS. Apothecia globose ; the proper ex-

ciple reduced to a hypothecium, which is included in
a thalline receptacle, formed by the swollen tips of
the branches. S.pores spherical, simple, violet-black.
Thallus fruticulose, erect, densely cottony within.

59. ACROSCYPHUS. Apothecia crateriform; a black

proper exciple included in a clavate thalline recep-
tacle, formed by the swollen tips of the branches.
Spores ellipsoid, bilocular, brown. Thallus fruticu-
lose, erect, solid, the medullary layer at length more
or less compacted into cartilagineous cords.

Fam. 2. CALICIEI. Thallus crustaceous, lobulate, or,
mostly, uniform.

60. ACOLIUM. Apothecia crateriform, or now urn -shaped,

sessile ; a black proper exciple, which is either naked,
or margined by an accessory thalline one. Spores
spherical and simple, or more often ellipsoid and
bilocular, rarely also quadrilocular, or even muriform-
plurilocular ; brown. Thallus crustaceous, rarely
lobulate, for the most part uniform.

61. CALICITJM. Apothecia crateriform, stipitate; a naked,

black proper exciple. Spores spherical, ellipsoid, or
oblong, simple, or bilocular, rarely quadrilocular,
brownish. Thallus crustaceous, or now almost obso-
lete, or (in parasitical species) none.

14 KEY TO THE ARRANGEMENT.

62. CONIOCYBE. Apothecia globose, stipitate, the margin
of the coloured proper exciple obscure. Spores
spherical, simple, almost uncoloured. Thallus crusta-
ceous, or now almost obsolete.

Ser, II,— ANGIOCARPI, (Schrad.) Fr,
Apothecia globular, opening only by a pore at the summit.

Trib, 5, VERRUCARIACEI. Apothecia globular ; a proper
exciple (perithecium) covering a similarly shaped hyme-
nium (nucleus) which is itself included in a more or less
distinguishable inner envelope (amphithecium).

Fam. 1. ENDOCARPEL Thallus foliaceous, becoming
squamulose.

63. ENDOCARPON. Apothecia immersed in the thallus;

perithecium much reduced ; amphithecium pale, or at
length now blackening ; paraphyses obsolete. Spores
ovoid, ellipsoid, or oblong, mostly simple, now bi-
quadrilocular, or rarely muriform-multilocular, brown,
or decolorate. Thallus foliaceous, monophyllous, or
squamulose, passing also into sub-crustaceous states.

64. NORMANDINA. Apothecia immersed in thalline warts ;

perithecium indistinct; amphithecium black; para-
physes obsolete. Spores oblong, 8-locular, uncoloured.
Thallus squamseforra, monophyllous.

Fam. 2. VERRUCARIEI. Thallus crustaceous.
Sub-Farn. 1. SEGESTEIEI. Apothecia solitary 5 perithe-
cium coloured.

65. SEGESTRIA. Apothecia immersed in thalline warts;

perithecium coloured ; amphithecium pale, or finally
blackening; paraphyses distinct. Spores ellipsoid,

KEY TO THE ARRANGEMENT.

15

oblong, or fusiform, simple, or bi-quadri-plurilocular,
or at length, rnuriform-multilocular, uncoloured.
Thallus now lobulate, mostly uniform.

66. STAUROTHELE. Apothecia immersed in thalline warts ;

perithecium blackening; amphithecium pale; para-
physes obsolete. Spores ellipsoid, muriform-multi-
locular, brown, or decolorate. Thallus somewhat
lobulate, or uniform.

Sub-Fam. 2. TRYPETHELIEI. Many apothecia collected
in a verruca3fonn stroma.

67. TRYPETHELIUM. Apothecia (1-00) immersed in a

stroma; perithecium reduced, blackening; amphithe-
cium black; paraphyses distinct. Spores ellipsoid,
and oblong, 4-plurilocular [or, in exotic species, muri-
form - multilocular] brown, or decolorate. Thallus
uniform, mostly obscure, or disappearing.

>ub-Fani. 3. PYRENULEI. Apothecia solitary, or now
confluent j perithecium black.

68. SAGEDIA. Apothecia innate -superficial; perithecium

black; amphithecium pale, or at length blackening;
paraphyses distinct, or now obsolete. Spores from
cymbiform fusiform, at length acicular quadri-pluri-
locular, colourless. Thallus uniform, or disappearing.

69. VERRUCARIA. Apothecia innate; perithecium black;

amphithecium pale, or finally blackening; paraphyses
slender and for the most part indistinct or obsolete.
Spores ovoid-ellipsoid, simple, or bi-quadrilocular,
or finally muriform-multilocular, decolorate. Thallus
uniform, somewhat tartareous, rarely areolate-squaina-
ceous.

70. PYRENTJLA. Apothecia somewhat prominent; peri-

thecium black; amphithecium pale, or blackening;

16 KEY TO THE ARRANGEMENT.

paraphyses distinct, or now obsolete. Spores from
ellipsoid oblong, bi-quadri-plurilocular, or at length
muriform-multilocular, brown, or decolorate. Thal-
lus mostly obscure.

71. PYKENASTRUM. Apothecia rather prominent, turbi-

nate, several oftener confluent above into a common
mouth (ostiole) ; perithecium conical, oblique, black;
amphithecium blackening ; paraphyses distinct.
Spores ellipsoid and oblong, muriform-multilocular,
brown. Thallus obscure.

72. STRIGULA. Apothecia prominent, depressed-globose ;

perithecium black ; amphithecium pale, or blacken-
ing; paraphyses distinct. Spores oblong-ovoid, or
oblong, from simple bi-quadrilocular, without colour.
Thallus epiphyllous, passing finally into a lobulate
crust.

Trib, L— PARMELIACEL

Apothecia rounded and open, or more rarely subglobose
and persistently more or less closed ; a thalline exciple mar-
gining a normally discoid hyineniuni which rests on a mostly
imperfect proper exciple (hypothecium).

In this vast tribe, perhaps the first to attract the attention
of lovers of nature, and to be studied, it is the thallus which
plays the chief part ; and this, by its endless variations, lends
interest to our latest studies. The predominance of the thallus
is seen equally in the fruit. Except in the lowest groups, the
proper exciple is for the most part reduced here to a layer of
cells supporting the hymenium ; while, on the other hand, a
thalliue receptacle, of but subordinate value when found in other
tribes, is here characteristical. And it is, once more, the thallus,
which fitly determines the families, or largest groups, into which
the tribe breaks up.

It requires little consideration to discern that Usnea is an
extreme, as well of Parmeliacei as of Lichenes ; and the group
of genera which associate themselves with it, will constitute our
first family— USNEEI. But the variations of Usneei bring it into
closest relations with Parmelia and its allies ; and we find thus
our second family— PARMELIEI. Close to Parmelia, and yet dif-
ferenced remarkably by their texture, manner of attachment, and
abnormal fruit, follow the UMBILICAKIEI. And close to the last
succeeds tropical Sticta, represented at the north by only a few
species; and its associates — PELTIGEREI. With this family
begins a modification (already spoken of) of the structure of the
thallus; a change, that is to say, in the constitution of the
gonimous or green layer ; this being constituted, in one group of
species of Sticta, Nephroma, Peltigera, and Solorina, of the ordi-
nary gonidia, and, in another, not otherwise separable, of the
very distinct, and gelatinous gonimia. This structural modifica-
tion, which, owing to the darker colour of the gonimia, affects
more or less the external coloration of the lichens conditioned
by it, and becomes thus, to a considerable degree, discoverable
by the naked eye, recurs again in our next succeeding family
of mostly humble forms, the humblest indeed we have yet
reached— PANNAKIEI. And it reaches its height, and the gela-
2

18 USNEEI.

tinous development an inordinate expression, in our next ; the
last group of foliaceous Parmeliacei — COLLEMEI. Like the Pan-
nariei, with which it is most intimately associable, this family
descends to very humble, and even crustaceous forms ; and thus
.anticipates, though in another line of direct affinity, the nor-
mally crustaceous LECANOREI. These, while ascending, now
conspicuously, into conditions recalling the higher, foliaceous
Parmeliacei, run yet into others wherein at last the thallus
becomes wholly subordinate, and the fructification, as in the
lowest lichens, plays the principal part ; — exhibiting an extraor-
dinary variety of modification, and anticipating, not seldom,
types only fully exemplified in other tribes. And yet there is
no doubt that Parmelia and Lecanora may be looked at as mem-
bers of a continuous series ; and some of the most extreme of
Lecanoreiue deviations from the tribal type (as Pertusaria and
Thelotrema) revert yet, in certain instances, to conditions which
we cannot well compare with anything remote from Lecanora.

Fam. 1.— USNEEI.

Thallus erectish, typically fruticulose, and passing then,
not seldom, into much elongated, pendulous forms; vari-
ously also now dilated, and at length also depressed, or sub-
foliaceous.

Though well distinguished, as a whole, from the next suc-
ceeding family, which is typically horizontal and foliaceous, the
latter also ascends, in all its most important divisions, into fru-
ticulose states, to be discriminated carefully from the typically
vertical Usneei. It is easy however to discern what is really the
preponderant affinity of most of these ascendant Parmelieine
lichens : as of Theloschistes clirysoplithalmus to T. parietinus ;
of Parmelia Camtschadalis to P. Icevigata ; or of Physcia ciliaris,
and, especially P. leucomela, etc., to P. speciosa. But, on the
other hand, the family now before us is represented at its centre
by a genus ( Cetraria) in which a certam degree of dilatation of
the frond is all but everywhere discernible ; and, in this genus,
we find finally (in some of our most familiar rail-lichens) so near
an approach, in habit, and even in character, to Parmelia, that
one may well hesitate to which group a lichen shall be referred :
and the difficulty will only yield to a fuller knowledge of the
whole differentiation of the two series of forms.

ROCCELLA. 19

As respects spore-features, the great bulk of Usneei (in obvi-
ous analogy with Parmelia of the next family) offers simple
spores, always referable to the Colourless Series except in Alec-
toria, in which moreover in all the species but two the spores are
decelerate. From this centre departs, in the same series, Kama-
Una with its bilocular spores ; to which the Coloured or Brown
Series affords no analogue. But Roccella, the next and extremest
type of the Colourless Series, stands in curious analogy with
Schizopelte of the Coloured ; whereof also Alectoria (the analogue
of Umbilicaria, further on) though ambiguous in most species,
displays finally the ultimate type.

I.— ROCCELLA, DC.

Apothecia scutellseform, lateral, more or less adnate ; the
disk blackening • the hymenium imposed upon a black hypo-
thecium. Spores dactyloid-fusiform ; quadrilocular ; colour-
less. Spermatia needle-shaped, bowed; upon sub-simple
sterigmas. Thallus fruticulose, or finally pendulous, alike
on both sides, cartilagiueous-coriaceous, glaucous or now

fuscescent ; the medullary layer rather loosely cottony.

Anatomy of the thallus given in Schwendener, TJntersuch.

1. c. 2, p. 165, t. 6,/. 2-17. The few species, which are

very closely akin, aud belong especially to the warmer,
maritime regions of the earth, constitute the famous
Orchella-weed of dyers.

1. E. tinctoria, DC. ; thallus coriaceous, terete (but often more
or less flattened) glaucous and pale, dull ; sparingly branched but
much elongated, and intertangled; apothecia middling to ample,
sessile, disk flattish, black, equalling or excluding the margin.

Spores fusiform-oblong, ^J mic. Ach. L. U. p. 439. Fr. L. E.

p. 33. Schcer. Enum. p. 7. Nyl. Syn. p. 258.

Rocks, Mexico, Krempelhuber, 1868. San Diego, California,
Dr. Palmer in herb. Willey.

2. R. leucophcea, Tuckerrn. ; thallus smooth, varying from
pale to darker brown ; the irregular, flexuous branches com-
pressed and now foraminous below, but attenuated and finally
terete aud filiform above; apothecia middling-sized, sessile,
plano-convex, disk black, white-pruinose, margin thin, white.

20 RAMALINA.

Spores dactyloid, l^ mic. Suppl. 1 (Amer. Journ. Sci. 25) p.

423. Nyl. Syn. I,]?. 260.

Shrubs (Obione) on the coast of California (Dr. C. C. Parry),
Tuckerman I. c. 1858.

3. E. pliycopsis, Ach. ; thallus coriaceous, terete-compressed,
dwarfish, dichotomously at length much branched, whitish ash-
coloured, often sorediiferous ; ["apothecia lecideine, small, black,

naked or lightly pruinose. Spores fusiform-oblong,^^ mic."]

Ach. L. U. p. 440. Schcer. Enum. p. 7. Nyl Syn. p. 259.

San Diego, California, now on bushes, etc., in company with
the last, Dr. Hill (Hassler exp.) the same with a Peruvian
(Herb. Berol.) and Cape of Good Hope (Zeyher ; Wright) form
referable here, and flatter than the Madeira lichen (Nyl. in Man-
don Lich. Mader. n. 36) with which one from Cuba (Wright)
perfectly agrees. The very dubious plant offers now the aspect
of E. tinctoria and now of E. fuciformis, and is not easily referred
to either.

4. E. fuciformis (L.) Ach. ; thallus cartilagineous-coriaceous,
compressed, flat, dichotomously divided into linear-lanceolate,
attenuate segments ; greenish-glaucous and pale ; apothecia, mar-
ginal, sessile, disk flattish, grey-pruinose, the margin somewhat

persistent. Spores fusiform, ^J mic. Ach. L. U.p. 440. Fr.

L. E. p. 33. Schcer. Enum. p. 7. Nyl. Syn. p. 260.

Kocks, La Paz, Lower California, Dr. H. N. Bolander. '

II. — RAMALINA, Ach., De Not.

Apothecia scutellseform, mostly marginal, sub-pedicel-
late ; the disk pale. Spores ellipsoid, or oblong, now be-
coming fusiform; bilocular; colourless. Spermatia oblong,
or staff-shaped ; upon sparingly branched sterigmas. Thal-
lus fruticulose, or finally pendulous, mostly compressed, or
at length .sub-foliaceous, alike on both sides, cartilagineous,
pale greenish-glaucesceut ; the cottony medullary filaments
in part coalescing into solid cords. Anatomy of the thal-
lus (of the group represented by E. calicaris) given in
Schwendener, Untersuch. I c. 2, p. 155, t. 5, /. 7-11.—
The rigidity, or at least tenacity of the thallus is largely

RAMALISTA. 21

due to the finally distinct and solid cords into which the
medullary filaments more or less pass : these cords becom-
ing either (as in the majority of species) mostly united with
the cortical layer; or (in E. homalea) dispersed rather
through the cottony medullary; or finally (in the species
last-named, and especially in R. ceruchis) now collected into
something like an axial column, within the cottony portion.
The analogy of Eamalina with Usnea is seen thus to be not
confined to external features.

* Medullary cords free of the cortical layer, and at length
axial ; or indistinct. Spermogones black.

1. E. ceruchis (Ach.) De Not. ; thallus tufted, terete, or com-
pressed-terete, smooth, but soon and at length deeply pitted
and wrinkled; somewhat simple or sparingly branched, the tips
of the branches often attenuate ; apothecia middling to ample,

lateral. Spores oblong, ^ mic. Borrera, Ach. Lich. p. 504.

Eamalina, De Not. Framm. Nyl. Syn. 1 , p. 289 ; Eecogn. p. 8.

Trees and rocks, coast of California (C. Wright] Tuckerman

Gen. 1872. An infertile form upon dead wood, Sta. Cruz, D.

Anderson, is distinguished by large, lateral and capitate, grey

soredia (/. cephalota}. E. Combeoides, Nyl. (Eecogn. Eamal.

p. 9) with quite simple, podetiiform thallus, and commonly
terminal, now clustered apothecia, grows with the next spe-
cies in California (Bolander) but, though certainly marked, is
inseparable from South American forms (Terra del Fuego,
Wilkes exp.) which appear fully referable to E. ceruchis. Speci-
mens of the present species commonly, and at length densely
floccose ; the medullary filaments escaping largely through the
rents of the easily broken cortical layer.

2. E. homalea, Ach. ; thallus tufted, compressed and two-
edged, smooth, but finally wrinkled; sparingly and irregularly
branched, the branches attenuate and at length spreading and
the tips teretish ; apothecia middling to ample, marginal, now-
dilated and flexuous. Spores oblong, -^j- mic. Ach. Lichenogr.

p. 598. Nyl. Syn. p. 289 ; Eecogn. p. 9.

Rocks; coast of California (Menzies). Ach. L. U. 1810.

E. testudinaria, Nyl. (Eecogn. p. 10) from California, is not dis-
tinguishable.

22 RAMALINA.

* * Medullary cords uniting mostly with the cortical layer.
Spermogones commonly pale.

3. E. reticulata (Noehd.) Kreinpelh. ; thallus much com-
pressed, linear, elongated and pendulous, very much branched ;
either narrow and somewhat channelled, with teretish tips, or
dilated; the longitudinally striate branches often united here
and there into a coarse network, and giving forth frequent,
lateral, oblong expansions which become foraminous, and at
length extended, and densely reticulate-perforate ; apothecia
mostly marginal, smallish to middling-sized, sub-sessile. Spores

ellipsoid, and oblong, ^^ mic. Lichen, Noehden in Schrad.

Journ. 1, tit. Krempelh. beschicht. d. Lich. 1, p. 86, 2, p. 617.
Nyl. Eecogn. p. 25. E. Menziesii, Tayl. in Lond. Journ. Bot. 6,
189. E. retiformis, Menz. herb., Tuckerm. Syn. N. Eng. p. 12.

Trees; California (Menzies.), Noehden I. c. 1800. Northward
to Vancouver's Island, J". Macoun. The longest specimens seen
(a little exceeding a foot) altogether narrow-lobed ; from Omm>, 1,
at the extremities, to about lmm- wide. Other specimens run
from lmra- to I5mm in width, and the widest, perforated expan-
sions exceed 20mm-. Apothecia from 2mm- finally 3-4mm- wide.

4. E. Usneoides (Ach.) Fr. ; thallus compressed and more or
less longitudinally striate, much branched and elongated, pen-
dulous, often at length spirally contorted, greenish-glaucous ;
apothecia smallish to middling, marginal, somewhat pedicellate.

Spores fusiform, ^ mic. Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 291, /. 8, /. 27;

Eecogn. p. 23.

Trees in intertropical countries; common in Mexico, and
reaching Southern Florida, C. F. Austin.

5. E. rigida (Pers.) ; thallus tufted, slender, terete, or terete-
compressed, smooth, or at length longitudinally striate, or be-
sprinkled often with white warts ; irregularly- and finally long-
branched, the branches attenuate, and the tips filiform ;
apothecia lateral, smallish to middling-sized. Spores ellipsoid

and oblong, ^ mic. Lichen, Pers., e Nyl. inProdr. N. Gran.

p. 15, not. E. gracilenta, Fr. L. E. p. 29, e Nyl., ibid. E.
tenuis, Tuckerm. Suppl. 1 , 1. c. p. 423, part. E. rigida, E. gra-
tilis, & E. gracilenta, Nyl. Eecogn.pp. 14, 17, 19.

Trees; Florida (A. W. Chapman), Tuckerman I. c. 1858.
Louisiana, J. Hale. Texas, Wright ; and Mexico. Earely also

RAMALItfA. 23

northward, as in the Pines of New Jersey, Austin ; and even on

the south shore of Massachusetts, H. Willey. Small forms

occur, from half an inch to an inch in height, with larger (rarely
6mm- wide) white-pruinose apothecia, and the aspect of Usnea.
The elongated, flexuously-branched, exclusively southern form
reaches three inches in length, and is readily distinguished from
our other species. The slenderest of these forms scarcely differ
at all from the South American R. angulosa, Laur.,as determined
by Meissner, which should be E. gracilis (Pers.) Nyl. Eecogn.
p. 17, except in rather larger spores (the chemical differences
being excluded) and both E. gracilis, and E. angulosa, so far as-
the specimens (Brazil, Herb. Meissn. Cape of Good Hope, Herb.
Bonder) and the characters go, should be referable here. Spores
at length somewhat fusiform, when the lichen is inseparable
from

b. Montagncei, which is wholly undistinguishable but by the
distinctly fusiform (rarely 3-locular) spores, ^ mic. E. rigida
part, Mont, in Ann. 2, 12, fide De Not. E. Montagncei, De Not-
Framm. Licit, p. 45. Nyl. Eecogn. Eamal. p. 30.

Trees; South Carolina, H. W. Eavenel. Florida, Chapman.

Louisiana, Hale. Texas, Wright. Branches of this, as of a,

not rarely here and there united, forming meshes.

6. E. linearis (L. f. ; Sw.) thallus tufted, compressed, slender,
for the most part channelled, somewhat elongated but sparingly
divided, long-acuminate above, pale greenish-glaucescent ; apo-
thecia smallish to middling-sized, marginal. Spores ellipsoid be-
coming sub-fusiform, -^ mic. E. linearis, Mont. ! herb. E.

canaliculata, Tayl. ! in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 1847, p. 188.
Nyl. Eecogn. p. 30.

b. alludens ; spores narrow-fusiform, straight or oblique, ^
mic. E. alludens, Nyl. Eecogn. p. 30.

Trees and shrubs; Lower California, J. Xantus. Herb. Tay-
lor. Nylander.

7. E. stenospora, Mull. ; thallus tufted, compressed, coarsely
longitudinally white-striate, and more or less tuberculate ; spar-
ingly divided, the divisions lanceolate-linear, now irregularly
minutely laciniate; greenish-glaucous ; apothecia middling-sized,
pedicellate. Spores fusiform, straight, or a little curved, ^ mic.
Lich. Beitr. in Flora, 1877, n. 30.

24 RAMALINA.

Trees, etc. , Louisiana, Mutter Arg. 1. c. Texas, Wright ; Eave-
nel. A short, broad form, with the aspect of E. calicaris, v.

fraxinea, is found on dead wood in South Carolina, Eavenel.

The narrowest forms are scarcely to be separated from E. rigida,
b, Montagncei, to which I had also (in herb.) referred the wider
one, in part ; but the latter is in fact better comparable with E.
laevigata.

8. E. l&vigata, Fr. ; thallus tufted, at length rather elongated,
complanate, smooth or longitudinally striate; dividing at the
stalked base into a few, sub-simple, lanceolate lobes ; apothecia
small to middling-sized, flat, scattered on the upper side of the

lobes. Spores ellipsoid, and oblong-ellipsoid, ^ mic- $• 0-

V. p. 283. Tuckerm. in Bot. Wilkes exped. p. 129. E. calicaris,

/. Eckloni, Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 295. E. Yemensis, Nyl. Eecogn.
Eamal. p. 46.

Trees ; Texas, and New Mexico ( Wright), Tuckerman Calif.
1866. — r-An easily recognizable lichen, widely diffused through-
out the warmer regions of the earth. Thallus with us scarcely
exceeding 3 in. in length. Apothecia lmm- to scarcely 3mm- wide.

9. E. Menziesii, Tuckerm. ; thallus much compressed and
rather membrauaceous, or now at length more rigid, linear, origi-
nally channelled, and puberulent, but soon smooth ; sparingly
branched, the elongated, sub-simple, flexuous branches becoming
lacunose and here and there finally foramiuous ; apothecia mar-
ginal, middling to ample, sub-pedicellate, the margin incurved.

Spores oblong, a little curved, ^ mic. Tuckerm. Syn. N.

Eng. p. 12, not of Taylor. E. leptocarpha, Ejusd. Suppl p. 423.

Trees; California (Me?m'es), Tuckerman I.e. 1848. The

full history of this very distinct lichen is not yet ascertained.
The longest specimens seen are 4-5 inches in length, and from 2
to 5mm- wide. Apothecia 3-8mm- in width.

10. E. complanata (Sw.) Ach. ; thallus tufted, flattened,
smooth or now striate, besprinkled with minute papillseform
tubercles ; either shorter and wider, dividing below into a few,
sub-simple, linear lobes, or narrower, and at length densely
branched, the channelled branches constricted more or less above
into teretish and longitudinally pitted, or finally filiform tips ;
apothecia marginal, middling-sized. Spores ellipsoid, and oblong-
ellipsoid, often a little curved, ^ mic. Lichen, Sw., ex. Ach.

RAMALINA. 25

L. U. p. 599 ; Syn. p. 294, fide Nyl. Eecogn. Eamal. p. 29.
Parmelia denticulata, Eschw. in Mart. Fl Bras. p. 221. Eama-
lina rigida, Mont. ! PL Cell. Cub. p. 234, in part. E. rigida De
Not. Framm. Lich. p. 44. E. calicaris, f. rigida, Nyl. Syn. 1,
p. 295, fide auct. in Prodr. N. Gran. E. complanata & E.
denticulata, Nyl. Eecogn.

Trees ; Key West, Florida (Herb. Torrey.), Tuckerman Gen.
1872. Texas, Wright. Mexico, Nylander. Thallus, in our
.specimens, from half an inch to an inch and a half in length.
Apothecia 2-4 mm- wide, but now exceeding 10mm-, in Mexico. The
present species, which is closely akin to E. calicaris, exhibits
now a wider form, suggesting the v. fraxinea of the latter, and
now a much-narrowed and branched one, comparable with the
v. farinacea; but also with E. rigida (Pers.). The great
majority of our plants fail to shew the red reaction with potash.

11. JR. calicaris (L.) Fr. ; thallus tufted, rather rigid, soon
more or less reticularly-lacunose, variously divided ; apothecia
flattish, middling-sized to ample. Spores ellipsoid, and oblong-
ellipsoid, mostly straight, except now in a. ^ mic. L. E.

p. 30.

a. fraxinea, Fr. ; wide- and at length long-lobed ; the lobes
sub-simple ; apothecia lateral.

b. fastigiata, Fr. ; lobes shorter and crowded, dividing
dichotomously above ; apothecia sub-terminal.

c. canaliculata, Fr. ; narrowed ; the channelled lobes dicho-
tomously- and at length much-branched and elongated ; apothe-
cia attached just below the deflexed, or geniculate tips.

d. farinacea, Schser. ; flattened, smoothish ; now wider, and
sparingly branched, and now teretish and much branched;
finally filiform-attenuate and pendulous ; besprinkled with white
powdery soredia ; apothecia lateral, rare.

Trees ; and d. also upon rocks ; very common in the Northern
States, and Canada, Muhlenberg Catal. 1818 ; and also south-
ward. California (only d.) and Mexico. A different view of

this species may be found in the recent monograph of Nylauder
(Eecogn.) but the distinctions relied upon are far enough from
satisfactory, and admitted to be so, to some extent, by the author
himself.

26 RAMALItfA.

12. E. pusilla (Prev.); thallus tufted, inflated and hollow,
foraminous ; [either short- and few-lobed, turgid, wrinkled, and
rather rnembranaceous, as in the original, Southern-European
lichen, or] more rigid, soon narrowed, and branched; apothecia
oftener sub-terminal, finally sub-pedicellate. Spores ellipsoid^

and oblong-ellipsoid, mostly straight, ^~ mic. Fr. L. E. p. 29.

Schcer. Enum. p. 8. Nyl. Syn. I, p. 295.

p. geniculata; terete-compressed, smooth, dichotomously- at
length much-branched, the tips somewhat digitately divided,
and now sorediiferous ; apothecia small to middling-sized, at-
tached just below the deflexed tips. E. geniculata, Hook. f.

& Tayl. in Lond. Journ. Bot. 3, p. 655, & It. inflata, of the same,
Fl. Antarct. I, p. 194, t. 79, f. 1. Nyl. Recogn. Ramal, p. 63-5.
E. minuscula, Nyl. Lich. Lapp. Or. p. 114 ; Recogn. p. 66.

Trees, White Mountains, and in Maine; Tuckerman Gen.
1872. Canada, A. T. Drummond. Arctic America,, Herb. Hook.

Oregon, E. Hall. The cortical layer varies in thickness ; but

only as it is found to vary in R. pollinaria, and other species, in
which the inner, distinctly filamentous portion is now deficient :
and this variation appears quite insufficient to separate the
original R. pusilla (Portugal, Welwitsch! Italy, Massalongo!)
from the otherwise similar Australian lichen (Van Diemen's
land, Herb Bonder ! perhaps R. Tasmanica, Nyl. Recogn. p. 64)
here associated with it. The plants we have noticed are easily
comparable with R. calicaris, v.fraxinea; and, like.R. calicaris,
R. pusilla passes readily into a narrower, much-branched state
(Java, Junghuhn.' shores and islands of the China Sea; Japan ;
and Cape of Good Hope ; Wright ! Venezuela, Herb. V. d. Bosch /)
which is our /?. From this last, the North American lichen, and
the only form as yet published from the north of Europe (Lap-
land, Fellman ! ) are quite inseparable. Thallus at length more
or less constricted immediately under the apothecia, even in the
Portuguese specimens ; which thus differ little in this respect
from the others, with their distinctly sub-pedicellate, or sub-
sessile fruit. The spores of the original R. pusilla are taken by
Nylander 1. c., for smaller than those of his R. Tasmanica ; but
this difference also disappears in the Italian lichen (Mass. Ital.
n. 175).

13. R. pollinaria (Ach.) ; thallus tufted, rather membranace-
ous, flaccid, lacunose, irregularly or as if torn-branched, burst-

RAMALINA. 27

ing, especially at the tips, into conspicuous, dilated soredia;
apothecia small to middling-sized, sub-terminal. " Spores ob-
long, ^ mic." L. U. p. 608. Fr. L. E. p. 31. Nyl. Eecogn.

Eamal. p. 52.

Trees, rarely; and rocks; New England, Tuckerman Gen.
1872. New Mexico, Fendler. Our plants, which are all ster-
ile, belong to the northern form (Eabenh. Lich. Eur. n. 102, 766),
which is especially near to E. calicaris, v. farinacea; and the
much-dilated, flattish, dichotomously laciniate state of other
European regions is quite unknown here, though it occurs well-
marked in Peru (Winterfeld!). Of the specimens before me, a
minute, pulvinate form, found on stone walls in Massachusetts,
and in Rhode Island, is the most distinct.

14. R. polymorpha (Ach.); thallus tufted, compressed, rigid,,
longitudinally costate, sub-simple or at length irregularly much
divided, the branches besprinkled or terminated by granulate,,
often capitate soredia; apothecia smallish to middling-sized,

sub-terminal. " Spores oblong, ™ mic." L. U. p. 600. Fr. L.

E. p. 32. Nyl. Eecogn. Eamal. p. 50.

Rocks, North America; Muhlenberg Catal. 1818. Newfound-
laud, Despreaux. Arctic America, Wright. Soredia not mealy,

as in the last species, and E. calicaris, v. farinacea; and the lichen
much more rigid. Delise referred here a Newfoundland lichen-
(Despreaux, in herb. Spreng.l), which has since occurred, in a
better-developed state, in islands of Behring's Straits (Wright),
but this differs, in several respects, from the European plant ;
and the latter is, at present, scarcely known as North American.

15. E. scopulorum (Dicks.) Ach. ; thallus tufted, thickish,
terete or much-compressed, coriaceous -cartilagineous, rigid,
mostly polished; sub -simple or divaricately much -branched,
finally often elongated, and pendulous ; apothecia smallish to-
middling-sized, pedicellate, the margin soon reflexed. " Spores-
oblong, straight, ^ mic." Lichen. Dicks. PI. Crypt. 3, p. 18.

Ach. L. U.p. 604," *Syn.p. 297. Fr. L. E. p. 32. Nyl. Syn. lr
p. 292.

Maritime rocks. North America, Nylander I. c. 1860. I have
seen no American specimens ; but the lichen inhabits Lapland,
and Iceland ; and Mr. Wright found it in Japan.

28 CETRARIA.

III.— CETRARIA (Ach.) Fr., Miill.

Apothecia scutellaeform, then often dilated, or peltseform,
affixed obliquely to the tips or margins of the thallus, from
which the disk differs in colour. Spores sub-ellipsoid,
simple, colourless. Spermatia oblong, either thickened at
one, or both ends, or cylindrical; or staff-shaped; upon
sparingly branched sterigmas. Thallus typically ascendant ;
either fruticulose, with now terete-compressed, now turgid,
or now channelled branches ; or expanded and foliaceous ;
cartilagineous or now membranaceous ; glaucescent, or
much more often brown, or yellowish ; the medullary layer

cottony. Anatomy of the thallus of the first sub-section,

and of the second and third sections, given in Schwendener,
Untersuch. I. c. 2, p. 149, t. 3,/. 30-33, t. 4,/. 1-12 ; and of

the second sub-section in Nyl. Syn. I, p. 286. The type

of Cetraria is to be looked for in its alpine species; and
especially in those of the second section, which are at once
fruticulose and yet sub-foliaceous. From this centre diverge,
on the one hand the two well-marked clusters with teretish
thallus; and, on the other, we find receeding the finally
quite foliaceous and Parmeliiform third section.

* Thallus fruticulose, terete-compressed.
f Thallus slender, brownish, rigid.

1. C. tristis (Web.) Fr. ; thallus tufted, fruticulose, erectish,
very rigid and tenacious, compressed-terete, divided sparingly
below, but the tips often passing into fastigiate branchlets;
brownish -black; apothecia middling -sized to ample, sub-
terminal, appendiculate by the deflexed tips, plano-convex, the
disk dark-chestnut, the margin entire or toothed, or now radiate.
Spores ellipsoid, 7-10 mic. Spermogoues and spermatia much

as in the next. -Fr. L. E. p. 34. Scluzr. Spicil. p. 258. Pla-

tysma, Nyl. Syn. I, p. 307.

Alpine rocks. Arctic America (Richardson), Hooker in Frankl.

Narr. 1823. Alpine region of Mt. Hood, Oregon, Hall. The

quality and amount of anatomical difference in the thallus
(Schwend. I. c. p. 149) is scarcely sufficient to obscure the mani-
festly close relation of this lichen to Cetraria.

CETRARIA. 29

2. C.Californica, Tuckerm. ; thallus tufted, fruticnlose, erect,
cartilagineous, sab-fistulous, compressed-terete, at length deeply-
and canaliculate-lacunose ; dichotomously much- and spread-
branched ; greenish-olivaceous, and fuscescent, dull ; apothecia
sub-terminal, middling- sized, appeudiculate, the disk dark-
green, becoming convex and black, and excluding the toothed

margin. Spores ellipsoid, -^-mic. Spermogones immersed-

papillseforni ; spermatia oblong, thickened at each end, -^ mic.
Suppl 2, 1. c. p. 203.

Trees, coast of California (Menzies), Tuckerman I. c. 1859.

Fences, Oregon, Hall British Columbia, Macoun. Most

naturally associable with the genus which shall include C. acule-
ata\ but agreeing in the spermogones and their contents with
C. tristis.

3. C. aculeata (Schreb.) Fr. ; thallus densely tufted, fruticu-
lose, erect, rigid, sub-fistulous, more or less compressed or angled
below but teret/sh above; divaricately much branched and the
branches beset more or less with black spinules; dark-chestnut-
browu, polisheih apothecia sub-terminal, middling-sized, the
disk chestnut, the margin toothed. Spores ellipsoid, -yj- mic.

Spermogoues in spinules ; spermatia oblong, cylindrical. Fr.

L. E. p. 35. Schcer. Spicil p. 254. Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 300.

On the earth, and growing over mosses on rocks, in alpine
districts. White Mountains, Tuckerman, Syn. N. E. 1848.
Newfoundland, Despreaux. Rocky Mountains, Macoun. British
Columbia, Macoun. Arctic America, Herb. Hook.

4. C. odontella, Ach. ; thallus densely tufted, fruticulose, ex-
panded, chestnut -brown; the flat, linear, palmately- divided,
spinulose branches emitting here and there fibrils beneath, but
more or less ascendant ; " apothecia terminal, flat, the disk

brown." Syn. p. 230. Fr. L. E. p. 35. Th. Fr. Lich. Scand.

p. 99.

Growing over mosses on rocks in Arctic America ? The au-
thorities (Syn. Lich. N. Eng. p. 14) are all uncertain. C. nigri-
cans, Nyl., especially differing in being still more depressed and
expanded, with somewhat channelled lobes, and rather distincter
fibrils beneath, but known only in a sterile state ; is, however, a
native of Greenland ; Th. Fr. I. c.

f f Thallus turgid, straw-coloured, or now fuscescent, softish.

30 CETRABIA.

5. C. ramulosa (Hook.) ; thallus tufted, fruticulose, erect,
compressed-terete, flstulous, from much-inflated and rather sim-
ple or finger-shaped becoming dichotomously branched, and
somewhat muricate, especially towards the obtuse tips, with
papillseforrn branchlets ; from straw-coloured at length fuscesceut,
smooth ; apothecia mostly terminal, smallish to middling-sized,
dark chestnut, at length flat, and the crenulate margin erect.

Spores sub-spherical, ^~ mic. Append, to Parry's 2d Voy.p.

424. Dactylina, Tuckerm. Obs. Lich. 2, 1. c. p. 397.

Growing over mosses on alpine rocks. Arctic America,
Hooker I. c. 1823. Rocky Mountains, Herb. Hook. Islands of

Behring's Straits, Wright. The branched condition is well

-comparable, in habit, with C. aculeata, v. obtusata, Schaer. ( Anzi
Lang, n.22; & Rabenh. n. 743.)

6. C. madreporiformis (Ach.) Mull.; thallus tufted, fruticu-
lose, erect, turgid, sub-fistulous, dichotomously short-branched,
the branches nodulose, with obtuse tips; straw-coloured, smooth;
apothecia lateral, smallish to middling-sized, disk chestnut, mar-
gin erect, crenulate. " Spores ellipsoid, -^- mic." Spermatia

staff-shaped. Mull in Flora, 1870,_p. 32 L Dufourea, Ach.;

Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 287. Evernia, Fr. L. E. p. 25. Dactylina,
Tuckerm. Obs. Lich. I. c.

On the earth in alpine districts. Rocky Mountains, now fer-
tile (Dr. C. C. Parry) Tuckerman Calif., 1866.

7. C. arctica (Hook.) ; thallus somewhat tufted, turgid,
finger-shaped, erect, hollow within, simple or sparingly divided,
with tapering, obtuse tips; straw-coloured or now in part fusees-
cent, smooth ; apothecia terminal, smallish to middling-sized,
disk chestnut, the crenulate margin at length obscure. Spores
-sub-spherical, diam. 5-6 mic. Spermatia staff-shaped. Ap-
pend, to Frankl. Narr.p. 762. Dactylina, Nyl. Syn. I, p. 286.

Tuckerm. Obs. Lich. I c.

On the earth; Arctic America (Richardson), Hooker I. c. 1823.

The finger-shaped thallus, which developes, in C. ramulosa,

into a branched one not unlike that of C. aculeata, is persistent
here ; and the plant being also larger, is sufficiently remarkable.
There can yet be no doubt of the very near affinity of the two
lichens ; or that C. madreporiformis is congenerical.

* * Thallus fruticulose, canaliculate, cartilagineous.

CETRARIA. 31

8. C. Islandica (L.) Ach. ; thallus tufted, erect, sub-folia-
ceous, irregularly laciniate, mostly canaliculate, or the margins
now conuivent and here and there often uniting, ciliate-spinu-
lose, and beset for the most part, especially below, with white
soredia; olivaceous-chestnut, stained more or less sanguineous at
the base ; apothecia ample to large, aduate, disk dark-chestnut.
Spores ellipsoid, ^^ mic. Spermogoues in spinules ; spermatia
oblong, cylindrical.- — Ach. L. U. p. 512. Fr. L. E. p. 36. Nyl.
Syn. I, p. 298.

b. Dellscei (Bor.); paler throughout, and brown at the base,

with much divided summits. Nyl. Scand. p. 79. C. hiascens,

Th. Fr. Scand. p. 98.

On the earth, in alpine districts, abundant. Muhlenberg
Catal. 18J8. Arctic America, Richardson, etc. White Mount-
ains, Tuckerman. Carolina Mountains, Michaux. Rocky Mount-
ains, Hall. Oregon, Hall. Also in barren fields on the coast,
sterile, New England, Tuckerman. Delaware Water Gap,

Austin. b. Arctic America, Herb. Hook., etc. Newfoundland,

Despreaux. North shore of Lake Superior, Agassiz. White
Mountains. Sometimes suggesting the next.

9. C. Richardsonii (Hook.); thallus prostrate, sub-foliaceous,
divaricately divided, and the somewhat channelled extremities
multifid; fulvous- at length chestnut-brown. " Apothecia ample,
marginal, disk yellowish-brown, margin irregular." " Spores •—
rnic. Spermogones papillaeform ; spermatia oblong, a little con-
stricted at the middle." Hook, in Richards. Append, to Frankl.

Narr.p. 761. Platysma, Nyl. Syn. \,p. 306.

Arctic America (barren grounds, north of Great Slave Lake,
Richardson), Hooker I. c. 1823.

10. C. cucullata (Bell.) Ach.; thallus tufted, erect, rather
sparingly sinuate-laciniate, the margins undulate and couniveut;
straw-coloured, stained more or less purple at the base, smooth;
apothecia ample to large, adnate to the under side of the dilated
and hooded fertile lobes, disk chestnut, margin thin, entire.
Spores ellipsoid, -^ mic. Spermogones papillseform ; sperma-
tia oblong, thicker at each end. Ach. L. U. p. 511. Fr. L. E.

p. 87. Nyl. Syn. I, p. 302.

On the earth in alpine districts. Arctic America (Richard-
son), Hooker I. c. 1823. White Mountains, Tuckerman. Rocky
Mountains, Hall.

32 CETRARIA.

11. C. nivalis (L.) Ach. ; thallus tufted, erect, or erectish, re tic-
ulately lacunose, much- and sinuately-laciniate, the lobes, which
are at length many-cleft above, widely more or less canaliculate ;
straw-coloured, stained commonly yellowish at the base, smooth ;
apothecia ample to large, adnate to the upper side of the lobes,
disk yellowish-flesh-coloured, margin crenulate. Spores ellip-
soid, -yj- mic. Spermogones and spermatia as in the last.

Ach. L. U. p. 510. Fr. L. E. p. 38. Nyl. Syn. p. 1, 302.

On the earth in alpine districts. Arctic America (Eichard-
son), Hooker I. c. 1823. White Mountains, Tuckerman. Rocky
Mountains, Hall.

* * * Thallus depressed, expanded, submembranaceous.
a. Stock of C. s&pincola.

12. C. aleurites (Ach.) Th. Fr. ; thallus membranaceous,
foliaceous, many-cleft, besprinkled with isidioid granules, and
crowded finally, at the centre, into a plicate, densely granulate
crust ; whitish- or at length cinereous-glaucescent ; beneath pale,
wrinkled, beset with scattered, brown fibrils; lobes sinuate-
laciniate, with rounded and crenate, or more deeply divided
tips ; apothecia marginal, ample, from pale at length chestnut-
brown, externally, and the thin margin as well, granulate like
the thallus. Spores rounded and ellipsoid, ^ ^ mic. Spermatia

oblong, thickened at the ends. Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. l,p 109.

Parmelia, Ach. L. U. p. 484. Fr. L. E. p. 62. P. placorodia,
Nyl. Scand. p. 106.

b. placorodia ; smooth ; apothecia crenulate, at length much

dilated. Cetraria, Tuckerm. Syn. N. Eng. p. 16. Parmelia,

Ach. Syn. p. 196.

Trees, and dead wood. a. on pines, and common on rails, in
the northern States, Halsey View, 1823. Maryland, Tuckerman.

Mountains of South Carolina, Ravenel. b. also upon pines,

and rails, in the Northern and Middle States, Mulilenberg
Catal. 1818 ; and southward to Maryland. Associable in gen-
eral habit, and in the peculiar features of the under side, at once
with the species next following, as especially with C. aurescens.
The spermogones, and spermatia, agree with those of the pres-
ent cluster, as first pointed out by Dr. Fries ; and the former are
sufficiently obvious in b, though exceedingly rare in a. The
description of his Parmelia aleurites by Acharius (L c.) appears
to point to our a, much rather than to Parmelia hyperopta ; and

CETRARIA, 33

the published specimen of Dickson ! which is cited by the
former, is certainly the same plant : as are those of Floerke
(herb.) Fries, Schserer, and Mougeot & Nestler (739). But it is
scarcely to be questioned that &, known only as American, is the
true type of the species.

13. C. Fendleri (Tuckerm.); thallus dwarfish, membrana-
ceous, foliaceous, many-cleft, smooth ; from pale- at length
brownish-olivaceous; beneath whitish, reticulately wrinkled, and
beset with scattered, coarse, pale fibrils ; lobes-substellate, linear,
flat, denticulate, now at length crowded and complicate ; apo-
thecia (frequent, and now crowded) smallish to middling,
marginal ; chestnut ; shining ; with a crenulate margin. Spores
rounded and ellipsoid, -~^ mic. Spermatia as in the last, but

longer ; as in the two next. Cetraria, Tuckerm. Gen, p. 280.

Parmelia, Ejusd. inNyl. Enum. Gen. p. 105, & Lich. Calif, p. 14.
Plalysma, Nyl. Syn. p. 309.

Trees, and dead wood. On pines, New Mexico (Fendler),
Tuckerman inNyl. I.e. 1858. Colorado, Brandegee, comm. Sprague.
Pines, South Carolina, Ravenel. Alabama, Peters. Pines, and
rails, Maryland, Tuckerman; New Jersey, E. Michener. Rails,
Rhode Island, J". L. Bennett. The rail specimens more com-
pact and complicated, exactly as in the preceding species, C.
ciliaris, etc. Spermogoues marginal in the tree-form ; and not
in fact varying from this more than we find to occur in some
other Cetrarics. The under side of the thallus agrees closely
with that of C. aurescens.

14. C. Falilunensis (L.) Schser. ; thallus sub-cartilagineous,
foliaceous, many-cleft, smooth ; from olivaceous-brown soon black-
ening; beneath blackening, wrinkled, with scattered fibrils of the
same colour ; lobes sinuatelylobulate, more or less channelled; apo-
thecia marginal, middling-sized to ample, externally granulated,
at length dilated; disk chestnut; margin rugose -crenulate.

Spores short-ellipsoid, 31_6 mic. ScJicer. Spicil. p. 255. Par-

melia, Ach. L. U. p. 470.5 Fr. L. E. p. 66. Platysma, Nyl. Syn.
1,^.309.

Alpine rocks; and descending, in mountainous districts.
Arctic America (Richardson], Hooker I. c. 1823; Vahl. New-
foundland, Despreaux. Hastings county, Canada, Macoun.

Higher mountains of New England, Tuckerman. A state with

3

34 CETRAKIA.

wider lobes, the margins of which are flecked with white soredia
in the manner of some Ramalince, has occurred in the alpine re-
gion of the White Mountains, and in Mt. Desert, Me. ; and a nar-
rower, but similarly sorediate, sterile plant, near Brattleborough,
Vt., J. L. Eussell & C. (7. Frost; and even at the Delaware
Water Gap, N. J., Austin. Imperfect spermogones in these
sterile plants relate them to the present species ; but I have
found no spermatia. The species is in some respects not ill-
comparable with narrow-lobed forms of the next. G. com-

mixta (Nyl.) Th. Fr., especially differing in its oblong-ellipsoid
spermatia, is unknown as North American.

15. C.cillaris (Ach.); thallus cartilagineous-membrauaceous,
foliaceous, sinuate-laciniate ; greenish-glaucous becoming brown-
ish; beneath brownish and more or less fibrillose; lobes crowded,
ascendant, often narrowed and many-cleft, lacunose-uneven, the
crenate margins fringed here and there with fibrils ; apothecia
marginal, middling-sized to ample; disk dark-chestnut; margin
crenulate. Spores sub-spherical, 4i-7 mic. in diam. Spermatia

oblong, thicker at the ends. Ach. L. U. p. 508. Tuckerm.

Syn. N. Eng.p. 16; Exs. n. 5. Platysma, Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 308.

Old rails, very common ; and also on trees ; throughout the
Northern, Middle, and Southern States, Mulilenberg in Ach.-L. U.
1810, Ravenel, etc. Newfoundland (a blackened state, referred
to C. scepincola by Delise), Despreaux. Arctic America (a dwarf
form growing on twigs, also referred to C. scepincola in), Herb.
Hook. California,, Menzies.

I5(a). C. platyphylla ; thallus cartilagiueous, rigid, foliaceous,
sub-monophyllous ; olivaceous-brown ; paler beneath, the fibrils
obsolete; lobes rounded, strongly reticulate-lacunose, and rugged,
tuberculate ; apothecia middling-sized, marginal ; disk dark-
chestnut, shining; margin tuberculate. Spores sub-spherical,
4-7 mic. in diam.

Trees, British Columbia, Macoun. Yosemite Valley, Califor-
nia, Bolander. Thallus pale sulphur-coloured within, but per-
haps not always. The lichen has something of the habit of
Sticta fuliginosa, but is near to Cetraria ciliaris, from which it

does not at all differ in the spores. C. ciliaris of the Pacific

coast, if perhaps smaller, differs in no respect from the originally
described plant of the Eastern States; in which last the fibrils
are not always present, as they are not always absent in the

CETRAKIA. 35

other; so that Platysma orbatum^yl., Flora,1869, p. 442, rests
wholly on the uncertain chemical character.

16. C. scepincola (Ehrh.) Ach.; thallus sub-membranaceous,
foliaceous, few- and short - lobed ; olivaceous - brown ; beneath
paler, and without fibrils ; lobes crowded, flattish, undulate and
crenate, more or less ascendant, much hidden by the abundant
fruit ; apothecia marginal, smallish ; chestnut. Spores ellipsoid,

-£^- mic. Spermatia as in C. ciliaris. Ach. L. U. p. 507.

Fr. L. E. p. 39. Platysma, Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 308.

b. chlorophylla, Wahl.; larger, and paler; the irregularly
laciniate lobes with white-sorediate edges ; scarcely fertile.

On twigs, Arctic America (Richardson], Hooker 1. c. 1823.
Branches of dwarf firs in the sub-alpine region of the White
Mountains, Tuckerman. Cold swamp, Hawley, Hampshire,

Mass., Porter. b, Oregon, Dr. Lyall. Coast of California,

Eolander.

b. Stock of C. glauca.

17. C. lacunosa, Ach.; thallus cartilagineous- coriaceous,
foliaceous, the crowded lobes more or less dilated and rounded,
and deeply reticulate-lacunose, with ascendant, lacero-crenate,
smooth margins; glaucous above; whitish, or here and there now
blackening below ; apofchecia (abundant) sub-terminal, ample,
at length a little elevated ; disk chestnut (often perforated at
the centre) ; margin entire. Spores rounded-ellipsoid, -— - mic.

«-4jj

Spermatia oblong, thickening gradually towards one end.

Ach. L. U.p. 508. Tucker m. Syn. N. E. p. 16; Exs. n. 6, 61.
Platysma, Nyl. Syn. I, p. 314.

b. stenophylla ; lobes more lax, narrow -linear, elongated,
channelled ; white beneath ; apothecia terminal.

Trees, North-west coast (Menzies), Ach. Meth. 1803. Very
common on trees and rails through the Northern and Middle
States, and, along the mountains, southward ; Halsey ; Ravenel,

etc. b, simulating now the habit of large states of Hamalina

calicaris and now of Evernia furfuracea, California ; Bolander.
The var. laciniatum, Nyl. Flora, 1869, p. 442, from California,
cannot be cited, as it has no character.

18. C. glauca (L.) Ach.; thallus membranaceous, foliaceous,
sinuate-lobate or irregularly lacerate-laciniate ; glaucous, black-

36 CETRAK1A.

erring below ; the jagged edges of the lobes often sorediate, and
prolonged finally more or less into conspicuous, coralloid branch-
lets ; apothecia (rare) sub-terminal, ample ; disk dark-chestnut ;
margin irregular and disappearing. Spores rounded-ellipsoid,

t|il mic. Spermatia as in the last. Ach. L. U. p. 509. Fr.

L. E. p. 38. Platysma, Nyl. Syn. I, p. 313.

b. stenopliylla ; lobes loose, narrow-linear, channelled ; black,
or now whitening beneath.

Trees, and rocks, in mountain forests, New England, Tucker-
man Enum. 1845. Newfoundland (strongly lacunose; a state
occurring also in Scotland, Borrer ! but not well referable to C.
lacunosa), Despreaux. Oregon, and Washington Territories,

and Vancouver's Island; Dr. Lyall, etc. &, Oregon, Wilkes

exped. California, Bolander. The variety is analogous to C.

lacunosa, &, but has the characters of the present species ; and
is explained by European states, especially of the v.fallax, Ach.
The colour of the thallus of C. glauca, a, finally darkens;
becoming now olivaceous-brown, v.fusca (Flot.), on rocks, in the
White Mountains.

19. C. chrysantha, Tuckerm. ; thallus cartilagineous-coriace-
ous, foliaceous, round-lobed, rugulose j straw-coloured ; beneath
black and shining ; lobes crowded, ascendant at the crenate,
smooth margins; apothecia adnate to the upper side of the
fertile lobes, ample; disk blood-red, and blackening; margin
crenulate. Spores ellipsoid, — — mic. Spermatia oblong, thick-
ening gradually towards one end. Tuckerm. Suppl. 1, 1. c. p.

423. Platysma septentrionale, Nyl Syn. I, p. 315.

Rocks, Kotzebue's Sound (Herb. Church. BaMngton), Tucker-
man I. c. 1858. Islands of Behring's Straits, Wright. Fertile,

in Japan, Wright. The specific name (criticised byNylander,

Syn. p. 315, where a name, published without character by him-
self, is substituted for it) is quite as good as chloantha, Ach. ;
and, like this, in entire accord with the usage of the language
from which the names are taken, as with that of other languages.

20. C. Oakesiana, Tuckerm. ; thallus cartilagineous-membra-
naceous, foliaceous, for the most part rather loosely linear- and
long-lobed, but now more compact; from greenish at length
straw-coloured; beneath brownish, and fibrillose ; lobes sinuately
cut, flattish, but the margins soon elevated, and whitish-soredi-

CETRARIA. 37

ate ; apothecia marginal, middling-sized to ample; disk chestnut:

5—9

margin entire or irregular. Spores rounded-ellipsoid, — r rnic.
Tuckerm. Syn. N. Eng. p. 17; Exs. n. 7. Platysmd, Nyl.

1, p. 304. ^Cetraria Bavarica, Krempelh. in Flora, 1851,
p. 273.

Trees and rocks ; New England, and New York, and south-
ward to Maryland, fertile only in mountain forests ; Tucker man
Lich. N. E. 1841. Lake Superior, Agassis. Black Mountains,

South Carolina, fertile, M. A. Curtis. 1 have failed to find

spermatia, either in this or the species next following ; but the
two are associable (better perhaps than C. Oakesiana with C.
Laureri) and C. aurescens certainly suggests C. juniperina.

21. C. aurescens, Tuckerm. ; thallus sub-membranaceous,
foliaceous, sinuate-laciniate ; straw-coloured ; beneath whitish,
with frequent fibrils of the same colour ; lobes narrowed, many-
cleft above, the ascendant margins crisped ; apothecia marginal,
middling-sized to ample, at length rather elevated ; disk chest-
nut j margin creuulate. Spores rounded, and sub -ellipsoid,

^ mic. Tuckerm. Syn. N. Eng. p. 16. Platysma, Nyl.

Syn. I, p. 313.

Coniferous trees ; and (infertile) on old rails, New England ;
Tuckerman Syn. 1848. New Jersey, Austin. Alabama, T. M.
Peters.

22. C. juniperina (L.) Ach. ; thallus membranaceous, folia-
ceous, lacero-laciniate; from greenish -glaucescent at length
straw-coloured above and pale-yellow below, or finally bright-
yellow on both sides ; the crowded, more or less lacunose, erose-
crenate and crisped lobes ascendant ; apothecia sub-marginal,
middling-sized to ample, at length rather elevated : disk chest-

4MJ

nut ; margin crenulate. Spores ellipsoid, ~ mic. Spermatia as

in C. chrysantha. Ach. L. U. p. 506. Tuck. Exs. 8. Th. Fr.

Lich. Scand.p. 104. Platysma, Nyl. Syn. I, p. 312.

b. terrestris, Schger. ; lobes narrowed and sub-linear with
scarcely crisped edges, finally erectish, angulous-teretish, and

dichotomously branched ; sterile. Schcer. Spicil. p. 10 (1823).

Varr. terrestris & tubulosa, Sch&r. Enum. C. Tilesii, Ach. Syn.

p. 228.

c. Pinastri, Ach. ; lobes depressed, flat, the ascendant mar-
gins bright-yellow-sorediate ; scarcely fertile. Ach. L. U.

p. 506.

38 EYERNTA.

a, upon trees throughout the eastern United States. Muhlen-

berg Catal 1818. West Coast, Menzies. b, on the earth, in

alpine districts. Arctic America, Herb. Hook. Rocky Mount-
ains, Hall c, shrubs and rocks in sub-alpine districts, and

descending. Arctic America, Richardson. New England mount-
ains, Tuckerman. Rocky Mountains, Hall. British Columbia,
Macoun.

IV.— EVERNIA, Ach., Mann.

Apothecia scutellseform, concave, then often dilated and
cyathiform j the disk coloured differently from the thallus.
Spores sub-ellipsoid, simple, colourless. Spermatia oblong,
or staff-shaped, thickened either at one, or both ends, or
cylindrical 5 upon sparingly branched sterigmas. Thallus
fruticulose, at length often pendulous ; angulose-teretish or
foliaceous-compressed; softish; glaucous, straw-coloured, or
lemon coloured ; the medullary layer cottony j or, the fila-
ments now coalescing, and finally solid. Anatomy of the

thallus in Schwend. Untersuch, 1. c. 2, p. 157, t. 4, fig.
13-15, t. 5,/. 1-6.

* Medullary layer solid.

1. E. Trulla (Ach.) Mont. ; thallus tufted, membranaceous,
prostrate and assurgent, dichotomously linear-laciniate, chan-
nelled, naked on both sides ; greenish-glancescent above ; pale-
brownish and violaceous-black beneath ; ' apothecia marginal,
ample, cyathiform, wrinkled and plaited ; the concave disk brown.

Spores ellipsoid, ^^ mic.' Mont. Chil. p. 74. Parmelia, Ach.

Meth. p. 256, t. 4,/. 6 ; L. U. p. 496. Parmelia (Evernia) denu-
data, Hampe in Linncea, 1843, p. 122. Everniopsis Trulla,
Nyl Syn. p. 374.

On the earth? Central and South America. Mexico, Ny-

lander. Perhaps best comparable with E. furfuracea, the

structural thalline difference of which may possibly be regarded
as mediated by the next species.

* * Medullary layer cottony; but coalescent, more or less, into
solid cords. .

2. E. vulpina (L.) Ach.; thallus tufted, erect, angulous-
teretish or here and there compressed, lacunose, dichotomously

EVERNTA. 39

much- and at length long- and divaricately branched, and sub-
pendulous, with attenuate tips; lemon-coloured; the base at
length dilated and rigid ; apothecia sub-terminal, ample, appen-
diculate, at length much dilated; disk chestnut; margin entire,
or most commonly radiate. Spores short-ellipsoid, * mic.
Spermatia oblong, scarcely thickened a little, towards one end.

Ach. L. U. p. 443. Fr. L. E. p. 23. Tuck. Exs. 53.

CMorea, Nyl. Syn. I, p. 274.

Trees, and also on fences. Pacific coast (Menzies), Tuckerm.
Syn. 1848. Rocky Mountains, reaching 10,000 feet of altitude;
and observed (infertile) in the Black Hills, Nebraska, Dr. Hayden.

* * Medullary layer entirely cottony.

3. E. furfuracea (L.) Mann; thallus tufted, erectish, or
prostrate and pendulous, compressed, sub-foliaceous, dichoto-
mously very much- and somewhat pinuately- and finally long-
lobed ; glaucous above and beset mostly with isidioid tubercles
passing into branchlets; below channelled and lacunose, pale, or
here and there black-spotted, or now mostly black ; apothecia
marginal, ample to large, sub-pedicellate; chestnut. Spores
short-ellipsoid, !j; "J mic. Spermatia a little thickened toward

both of the acutish ends. Fr. L. E. p. 26. Tuck. Exs.. n.

55. Nyl. Syn. I, p. 284.

b. Cladonia, Tuckerm. ; smooth, very slender, the branches
compressed-terete above, but becoming channelled below, more
or less thyrsoid-eutangled. Syn. N. Eng. p. 12; Exs. n. 56.

Trees, Northern States ; Halsey View, 1823. Southward, in
the mountains, Curtis; Eavenel. Texas, Dr. Parry. New
Mexico, Fendler. Mexico, Nylander. Our lichen scarcely
ever as wide-lobed as it occurs not uncommonly in Europe ; and
it is possibly also less blackened beneath. b, on high mount-
ains. White Mountains, Tuckerman. Mt. Whiteface, N. Y.,
C. H. Peck. The fruticulose type is sufficiently marked in this
mountain form, which offers now scarcely a trace of difference in
the two surfaces of the thallus; but finally agrees with a in
everything but size, and the isidioid prolifications.

4. E. prunastri (L.) Ach. : thallus tufted, erectish, or pendu-
lous, angulous-teretish, or flattened, and finally channelled below,
lacunose, dichotomously very much- or at length divaricately-
long-branched, more or less sorediate ; pale-greenish, or straw-

40 TJSNEA.

coloured, the wide-lobed states paler beneath ; apothecia lateral,
middling-sized, sub-pedicellate; disk chestnut. Spores ellipsoid,

5-7 mic. Ach. L. U. p. 442. Fr. L. E. p. 25. Tuck. Exs.

H-*4

n. 54. Nyl. Syn. I, p. 285.

Trees, fertile ; and on dead wood, sterile ; Northern States,
Muhlenberg Catal. 1818. Arctic America, Richardson. Pacific

Coast, Menzies. Black Hills, Nebraska, Dr. Hay den. Sper-

matia of the present and next following species similar to those
of the last. Nyl.

5. E. divaricata (L.) Ach.; thallus prostrate, or pendulous,
teretish or more often somewhat compressed and augulate, lacu-
nose-rugose, flaccid; pale-straw-coloured; the much elongated,
dichotomously more or less divided branches passing into fili-
form, acute tips ; apothecia lateral, middling-sized ; disk chest-
nut. Spores ellipsoid, much as in the last. Ach. L. U. p. 441.

Fr. L. E. p. 25. Nyl. Syn. l,p. 285.

Trees (branches of pines and firs), infertile, Rocky Moun-
tains (Hall), Tuckerman Calif. 1866. Mountains of Colorado, G.
Vasey. The thin cortical layer often breaking, and displaying
the soft but yet string-like medullary, in the manner of Usnea.

V. — USNEA (Dill.) Ach.

Apothecia orbicular, peltate, sub-terminal ; disk pale, or
very rarely blackening ; margin radiately fibrillose. Spores
sub-ellipsoid, simple, colourless. Spermatia oblong, and
staff-shaped, a little thickened towards the base ; 0*1 sub-
simple sterigrnas. Thallus fruticulose, or more commonly
pendulous, more or less terete, or now angulate, alike on all
sides; glaucescent, or rarely straw-coloured; the medullary
layer two-fold; an exterior, cottony portion enclosing an

interior, indurated cord. Anatomy of the thallus (of the

second section) in Schwend. Untersuch. I. c. 2, pp. 110-144,
t. 1, 2.

* Medullary cord at length discontinuous and cottony at the
centre ; especially below. Disk of apothecium black.

1. U. sulphurea (Mull.) Th. Fr. ; thallus tufted, erect, terete,
dichotomously branched, papillate-scabrous, deeply pitted with

USNEA. 41

age ; pale yellow and becoming darker, the more or less attenu-
ate tips blackening, or black-vittate j apothecia, in South Ameri-
can specimens, sub-terminal, appendiculate ; disk black; fibres
of the margin commonly obsolete. Spores rounded-ellipsoid, ^-

mic. Th. Fr. Licli. Spitsb. p. 9. U. melaxantha, Ach. L. U.

p. 618. Neuropogon, Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 272. Usnea sphacelata,
E. Br.

Kocks, Arctic America ; dwarfed, and sterile. Melville Island
(Parry's 2d Voy.), E. Brown, 1824 5 Babington. Greenland,/.
Vahl. The modification of the medullary cord is now marked in
the luxuriant austral lichen ; but scarcely to be detected in the
Arctic specimens, whether American or European.

* * Medullary cord continuous. Disk of apothecium pale.

" 2. U. barbata (L.) Fr. ; thallus terete, papillate-scabrous

glaucescent. Spores rounded-ellipsoid, -JJ mic. Fr. L. E. p.

18. Schcer. Spicll. p. 504. Nyl. Syn. I, p. 267.

f a. florida, Fr. ; thallus tufted, erect, stout and rigid, diva-
ricately branched, more or less strigose-fibrillose; apothecia
(abundant) middling to large, pale-flesh-coloured, with now a
white bloom.

* hirta, Fr. ; very minutely more or less fibrillose, and be-
sprinkled thickly with soredia.

* * rub-iginea, Michx. j similar to the last, but rusty-red.

b. ceratina, Schser. ; thallus as in a, but pendulous and finally
much elongated ; the apothecia middling to large, rarer in ex-
treme (mountain) forms, which pass into c.

c. dasypoga, Fr. ; thallus pendulous, slender and rather lax,
much-elongated ; rather sparingly divided, the branches beset
with spreading fibrils ; apothecia smaller, and less frequent.

d. plicata, Fr. ; thallus pendulous and much elongated, slen-
der and lax, sub-dichotomously divided, pale, the branches with-
out spreading fibrils ; apothecia smaller and less frequent.

e. articulata, Ach. ; thallus pendulous, broken more or less
into joints, and the joints inflated; apothecia not seen.

Very common on trees, and (mostly degenerate) on dead
wood, and stones, throughout the United States and Canada
(Muhlenberg Catal. 1818), and far northward (Richardson) ; a,

42 TJSNEA.

and its subordinate conditions, and b, being low-country forms,,
extending through the whole north and south, including Mexico;
and c, and d, especially northern, or at least mountain ones ; e
is ill-exhibited in North America ; but is not wholly wanting on
the Pacific Coast ; Scouler; Macoun.

3. U. angulata, Ach. ; thallus pendulous, greatly elongated,
rather rigid, angulate, sparingly divided, thickly clothed with
horizontal, terete, attenuate fibrils ; glaucescent ; apothecia, of
ours smallish, but of Brazilian specimens ample ; pale-flesh-
coloured, with a white bloom. Spores rounded-ellipsoid, -jrb

mic. Ach. Syn. p. 307. Hals. Syn. View. p. 21. Tuck. Exs.

51. Nyl. Syn. I, p. 272.

Trees, northern States (Muhlenberg) Ach. Syn. 1814 ; south-
ern States, Mavenel ; Wright; and found in the greatest luxuri-
ance in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. Thallus
sharply- often four-angled ; but occurring also in part papillate-
scabrous, and the angles less distinct, when the lichen come&
very close to U. barbata.

4. U. trichodea, Ach. ; thallus pendulous, elongated, slender,,
or very slender, and lax, terete, smooth ; glaucescent, the mostly
few, main branches giving out many shorter, spreading ones,
and with the scattered and irregular flexuous fibrils becoming
more or less contorted; apothecia (frequent) small, or very
small ; disk pale-flesh-coloured ; margin sparingly, or scarcely
radiate. Spores much as in U. barbata, or a little smaller, 3
mic.; and the most slender southern forms agreeing in this with
the northern. A rather coarser, very abundant southern form

offers larger spores, -^y- mic. Ach. Meth. p. 312. Tuckerm.

' Syn. N. Eng.p.S.

Trees, Nova Scotia (Menzies) Ach. Meth. 1803. White
Mountains, Tuckerman. New Jersey, Austin. Throughout
the Southern States, Schweinitz ; Hale; Wright. The very
slender northern lichen of Menzies ! which Acharius originally
described, is also an inhabitant of the Southern States (Texas,
Wright), but passes into a coarser one with the flexuous fibrils
much more numerous and marked ( U. discoidea, Fr. herb ! U.
trichodea, v. ciliata, Mull. Lich. Beitr. in Flora, 1875), and the
aspect of U. longissima ; for which last it has often been takenr
. both here and in Europe. This larger form has also passed, in

ALECTORIA. 43

Europe, for U. barbata, v. dasypoga; as the smaller has been
saluted as U. filaris, Ach., and U. Jamaicensis, Ach.

5. U. longissima, Ach. ; thallus pendulous, greatly elongated,
terete, or compressed-terete, scurfy; glaucescent; sub-simple or
sparingly divided, clothed thickly with horizontal, rather straight,
more or less scabrous fibrils ; [apothecia, in Bavarian specimens,
of middling size, disk pale-flesh-coloured. Spores ellipsoid,
^ mic.] Ach.L.U.p.626. Tuck.Exs.l. Nyl8yn.l,p.WQ.

Trees on high mountains ; New England, Tuckerman Enum.
1845. Newfoundland, Herb. Hook. North shore of Lake Supe-
rior, Agassiz. Washington Territory, Herb. Torr. Kussian
America, Dr. Kellogg.

6. U. cavernosa, Tuckerm.; thallus pendulous, elongated,
compressed -terete or angulate, lacunose, glaucesceut; below
remotely branched, attenuated above into long, dichotomously
much-divided, densely intertangled, finally capillary extremities,
scarcely fibrillose ; apothecia small to middling sized ; disk pale-
flesh-coloured, with a white bloom. Spores rounded-ellipsoid,

— mic. Tuckerm. in Agass. L. Super. Append. 1850. U-

lacunosa (Willcl. msc.) Nyl. Syn. \,p. 271.

Trees; Shores of Lake Superior (Castelnau in. Mus. Par.},
Tuckerman 1. c. 1850. Kocky Mountains, Hayden. British

Columbia, Dr. Lyall. White Mountains. Well distinguished

in habit from our other species ; and resembling Alectoria ochro-
leuca, v. sarmentosa.

VI. — ALECTOKIA (Ach.) Nyl.

Apothecia scutellseform, lateral, innate-sessile; the disk
coloured differently from the thallus. Spores ellipsoid, for
the most part simple or, in one instance, muriform-multiloc-
ular, brown, or more often decolorate. Sperrnatia staff-
shaped, a little thickened towards each end ; upon sparingly
branched sterigmas. Thallus fruticulosa, or pendulous;
terete or compressed-terete; alike on all sides; .brown or
straw-coloured ; the cottony medullary layer loose, and the

thallus now hollow. Anatomy of the thallus in Schweud.

Undersuch. I. c. 2, p. 144, t. 3,f. 1-29.

1. A. divergens (Ach.) Nyl.; thallus tufted, erect, or pros-

44 ALECTORIA.

trate, robust, rigid, fragile, compressed-terete ; chestnut, and
blackening, and mostly shining; dichotomously much-branched,
the branches divergent and at length flexuous, and the tips
forked; " apothecia of middling size ; chestnut; the margin at
length crenulate-uueven. Spores ellipsoid, without colour,

*J-*4

mic." Nyl. Syn. I, p. 278 (char, fruct. excl.) & in Prodr. FL

Nov. Gran. p. 14, not. Cornicularia, Ach. Syn. p. 300.

On the earth in alpine, and arctic regions ; known fertile only
from Northeastern Asia (Nyl.), Arctic America (Richardson)
Hooker 1. c. 1823. Greenland, Vahl. Islands of Behring's
Straits, Wright. Kotzebue's Sound, Herb. Church. Babington.

2. A. jubata (L.); thallus tufted, or pendulous, slender and
soon filiform, terete, smooth; blackish-brown, or now paler;
dichotomously very-much-branched; apothecia (small, and rare)
very entire. Spores rounded-ellipsoid, without colour, -4 ^- mic.
Evernia, Fr. L. E. p. 20.

a. bicolor, Fr. ; thallus erect, or prostrate, and now pendu-
lous, rather rigid, densely-branched, the branches divergent and
more or less fibrillose-ramulose j black below, and paler at the ends.

b. chalybeiformis, Ach. ; thallus prostrate and sarmentose, or
now sub-pendulous, rather rigid, remotely divergent-branched,
flexuous ; brown ; the branches somewhat fibrillose-ramulose, of
one colour.

c. implexa, Fr. ; thallus pendulous, elongated, softish, filiform
becoming capillary, very much branched and densely inter-
tangled ; brown, the branches of one colour.

Throughout North America; at least in mountainous regions.

a, on the earth in alpine districts; and, more developed,

becoming pendulous, and fertile, on firs in the higher forest of the
White Mountains, Tuckerman Lich. N. E. 1841 ; Lich. Exs. n. 2.
Greenland, J. Vahl. &, on the earth in alpine districts ; Green-
land, J. Vahl ; and White Mountains, fertile, Lesquereux ; as
also on branches of firs in cold swamps, where equally fertile;
and very common in a sterile state, on dead wood, throughout
the Northern States, and along the mountains southward and
westward, Muhlenberg Catal 1818 (this low-country lichen being
ill- distinguishable from Alectoria nidulifcra, Norrl. Lich. Fenn.

n. 15). c, on trees, Northern States and Canada, fertile on

mountains, Michaux (Setaria trichodes), Flora Bor. Amer. 1803.
Rocky- Mountains, Hall. Arctic America, Richardson.

ALECTORIA. 45

3. A. Fremontii, Tuckerm. ; thallus pendulous, elongated,
compressed-terete, smooth ; brown ; irregularly and remotely
much-branched, the flexuous branches more or less dilated and
lacunose below, and passing above into long-attenuated, capillary,
finally densely intertangled summits ; apothecia smallish to mid-
dling sized; disk yellow-pruinose, soon convex, and the thin,
entire margin disappearing. Spores rounded-ellipsoid, without

colour, ^ mic. Tuckerm. Suppl 1, 1. c. p. 422; Exs. n. 52.

Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 280.

On the branches of coniferous trees, in California (Fremont)

Tuckerman 1. c. 1858. Oregon, Prof. Newberry. The lichen

was first found (in 'British North America') by Drummond
Herb. Tayl.).

4. A. ochroleuca (Ehrh.) Nyl.; thallus compressed -terete,
divaricately branched; straw-coloured. Spores in twos and

fours, ellipsoid, brown, ^ mic. Nyl. Syn. l,p. 281. Ever-

nia, Fr. L. E. p. 22.

a. rigida, Fr. ; thallus tufted, erect, rigid, finally much-
branched, the attenuate, much-divided, reflexed summits black-
ening; apothecia sub-terminal, middling-sized.

* osteina, Nyl., thallus (prostrate) smaller and paler; apo-
thecia lateral.

**nigricans, Ach. ; the whole thallus more or less at

length livid, and blackening. A. nigricans, Nyl. Lich.

Scand. p. 71. Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 22.

b. cincinnata, Fr. ; thallus prostrate, sarmentose, rigid ; the
here and there irregularly dilated and flattened branches lacu-
nose, and the long-attenuated summits mostly of the same col-
our ; apothecia as in a.

c. sarmentosa, Nyl. ; thallus sarmentose-pendulous, much-
elongated, softish ; below remotely branched, attenuated above
into long, much-divided, densely intertangled, finally capillary
extremities of the same colour; apothecia smallish to middling.

Arctic and alpine, mostly, except c, which inhabits high

mountain forests. a, on the earth, Arctic America, fertile

Richardson), Hooker L c. 1823. Newfoundland, Despreaux.
Vancouver's Island, fertile, Herb. Hook. Peak of Orizaba, Mex-
ico, Nylander Syn. * On the earth, high mountains of Mexico,

46 SCHIZOPELTE.— PAKMELIEI.

Herb. Hook. * * On the earth, fertile, Labrador, Th. Fries

Scand. 1871. Newfoundland, fertile (the spores exactly as in a),
Despreaux. 5, on the earth, fertile, Newfoundland; Des-
preaux. White Mountains, Tucker man. c, on Coniferous

trees, White Mountains, sparingly fertile, Tuckerman Syn. 1848.
Newfoundland, Despreaux. Oregon, Washington Territory, and
northward, fertile, Prof. Newberry, etc.

5. A. Loxensis (Fee) Nyl. ; thallus erect or prostrate, terete,
slender, very much branched andintertangled, the branches and
branchlets divergent, here and there foraminous ; pale- to chest-
nut-brown (or now whitened or blackened) ; apothecia lateral,
middling-sized; disk dark-chestnut, flat. Spores solitary, muri-
form-multilocular, brown, ' ^'^ rnic.' Nyl. Syn. p. 278.

On the earth, and on trunks, in the high mountains of equi-
noctial America. Peak of Orizaba, Mexico, C. Molir.

VII. — SCHIZOPELTE, Th. Fr.

Apothecia terminal, flabelliform ; the disk coloured dif-
ferently from the thallus ; the hypothecium black. Spores
plurilocular, brown. Thallus fruticulose, terete, solid; the

medullary layer loosely cottony. The thin cortical layer

contrasts with the very marked one of Eoccella / as does
the brittleuess of the lichen with the leathery toughness of
the latter.

8. California, Th. Fr.; thallus tufted, stout but brittle,
sparingly and irregularly branched, or sub-simple, from smooth
becoming rugulose ; ashy-white, dull; apothecia from middling-
sized, soon large, fan-shaped; crenate and lobed; disk black,
thinly white -pruinose. Spores in eights, oblong and finger-
shaped, from 4- more commonly 5-7-locular, blackish-brown,
^Jmic. Flora, 1875, p. 143.

On the earth, coast of California, Dr. T. H. Fries, I. c.

Fam. 2. — PAEMELIEI.

Thallus horizontal, foliaceous, expanded (rarely ascend-
ant and Everniseform, very rarely Alectoria3form ) cartila-
gineous-membranaceous; beneath, normally, fibrillose.

SPEERSCmTEIDERA. 47

Instead of the normally vertical, passing then into elongated
and pendulous forms, of the first family, we have here normally
horizontal, and leaf-like lichens. But we found the former
becoming dilated and sub-foliaceous, especially in the more cen-
tral groups, and finally depressed; and these central groups of
Usneei may be said to expand now into the new family before
us. Its near neighbourhood to the preceding is evinced still
further by ascendant forms already alluded to, which, taken
without regard to their whole history, might well pass for mem-
bers of the Usneei. Speerschneidera, though sufficiently

recedent in its in fact fruticulose thallus, the under surface of
which differs only in colour from the upper, has yet clearly the

horizontal vegetation, and habit. Theloschistes may be said

to combine, in one most natural group, the habit, now of Rama-
Una, and now of Evernia, with that of Parmelia. The genus

last-named is the centre and type of the Parmeliei ; but it dis-
plays also, as does Physcia, in occasional but striking forms, the
same tendency to revert to ascendant and Evernioid conditions.
—Pyxine is a small cluster of strictly foliaceous lichens, dif-
ferenced from Physcia by the fruit-character.

From the point of view of the spores, the centre of the
Parmeliei is seen to be Parmelia, of the Colourless Series; filling
here the place which is occupied by four genera in the Usneei,
and offering analogues, we had almost said, to each. From
Parmelia deviates Theloschistes, of the same series, the analogue
of Mamalina; while a still greater divergence in the same
-direction is exemplified in Speerschneidera, which it seems possi-
ble to consider as in like relation to Eoccella. In the Brown
Series, on the other hand, the place corresponding to Thelos-
chistes is taken by Physcia, the analogue here of AUctoriam the
Usneei ; and finally by Pyxine, an extreme and aberrant type,
anticipating, as respects the fruit, the similarly exceptional, next
succeeding family. Genera p. 17.

VIII.— SPEERSCHNEIDERA, Trev.

Apothecia scutellseform. Spores from ellipsoid becoming
obloog and dactyloid; 2-4-locular; colourless. Spermatia
oblong j on sparingly articulate sterigmas. Thallus orbic-
ular, depressed-fruticulose, terete, dichotomously many-
cleft, cartilagineous-coriaceous; fibrils deficient on the under
side.

48 THELOSCHISTES.

8. euploca (T.uckerm.) Trev. ; thallus smooth but dull, fus-
cescent, or now whitening above ; beneath white; the regularly
very much divided, filiform branches scarcely a little compressed,
intricately interlacing; apothecia small, scattered, sessile ; the
flat, rufous-fuscous disk finally convex, and excluding the mostly

entire margin. Spores, -jj^ mic. Physcia, Tucker m. Suppl. 1,

I c.p. 424. Obs. Lich. I. c. 4, p. 388. Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 413.

Shaded rocks on the banks of streams, in Western Texas
(Wright] Tuckerman I. c. 1858. On calcareous rocks in Kansas,

Hall. More appressed, and much more regularly limited than

Parmelia lanata (L.) Wallr. ; and it is perhaps easier, on most
accounts, to refer the Texan plant to Physcia, than the other to
Parmelia. But we cannot overlook the fact that the spores of
our Texan lichen are irreconcilable with those of Physcia; as
the whole plant is with Theloschistes.

IX.— THELOSCHISTES, Norm., Emend.

Apothecia scutellseform, the disk yellow. Spores ellip-
soid, polar-bilocular (the spore-cells occupying the tips of
the spore and conjoined more or less by a tube) or (n. 3)
simply bilocular; or simple; colourless. Spermatia ellipsoid,
and oblong; on multi-articulate sterigmas. Thallus folia-
ceous j or now reduced and squarnulose ; appressed ; or now
ascendant and EverniaBform; cartilagineous-membrauaeeous,
mostly yellowish. A well-defined group, offering diffi-
culties only in its relation to Placodium in Lecanorei ; from
which it is yet distinguished exactly as Lecanora from Par-
melia. The anatomy of the thallus is explained in Schwend.
Untersuch. I. c. 2, p. 157, 161, t. 4,/. 16-17; 3, p. 154, 160,
t. 8, /. 10-12. It is observable that the considerable ana-
tomical differences between the Everniaiform and the folia-
ceous types of Theloschistes (differences soon to recur again
in Physcia) are insufficient to obscure the naturalness of
their association as members of the same genus.

* Thallus ascendant; the cortical layer not parenchymatous ;
the medullary in part now coalescing into solid cords.

1. T. chrysophthalmus (L.) Norm.; thallus tufted, erectish
or spreading, or at length pendulous, sub-cartilagineous, more or

THELOSCHISTES. 49

less yellow ; the narrow-linear, dichotomously divided branches
smooth, or now puberulent, and terminating, for the most part,
in fibrillose-ramulose tips ; apothecia scattered ; disk orange ;

margin often radiately fibrillose. Spores ellipsoid, ^ mic.

Parmelia, Eschw. in Mart. Fl. Bras. p. 223. Pliyscia, Tucker m.
Obs. Lich. I c. 4, p. 384.

"a. erectish, much compressed, rather sparingly divided, the
many-cleft tips ciliate-fibrillose ; from glaucescent-whitish with
yellow fibrils becoming yellow throughout above, when the under
side continues often whitish ; smooth ; apothecia sub-terminal,

middling-sized to largish, commonly radiate. Parmelia chrys-

ophthalma, Ach. Metli. p. 267. Tuck. Lich. exs. n. 80. Pliyscia,
Nyl. Syn. I, p. 410 (v.pubera & Capensi excl.).

b. flavicans, Wallr. ; spreading, and becoming elongated and
pendulous; teretish, or compressed-terete, and now somewhat
channelled ; divaricately much-branched ; yellow, or now whit-
ening; smooth, or often puberulent; apothecia smallish, scat-
tered, the marginal fibres mostly deficient. Evernia flavicans,

Fr.L.E.p.28. Physcia. Nyl. Syn.\,p.4QQ. Borrera flavi-
cans, Capensis, & pubera, Ach. L. U. p. 502.

Trees. a. Northern and middle States (MiMenberg),

Jacq. Coll. 1786. Minnesota, I. A. Lapham. Louisiana, Hale.
Texas, Wright. Kocky Mountains, Hall California, Bolander.
— b. Southern States, fertile. South Carolina (Bosc), Mi-
chaux FL 1803, to Texas, Wright. California, Herb. Gray.
Mexico, Nylander. Occurring also, sterile and sorediiferous,
northward, along the coast. Nantucket, Tuckerman. And even
Newfoundland (Nyl.). This extended form (b) offers no satis-
factory differences to separate it from the other. Nor are its
puberulent conditions otherwise distinguishable from the smooth
ones.

* * Thallus foliaceous, oppressed (rarely ascendant and at
length teretish), the cortical layer parenchymatous throughout.

2. T. parietinus (L.) Norm. ; thallus foliaceous, membrana-
ceous, orbicular, from pale- at length bright-yellow, and orange ;
the appressed, radiant, crenate, often plaited lobes for the most
part dilated and rounded above ; apothecia middling-sized,
mostly orange, with an entire, at length flexuous border. Spores
ellipsoid, ^ mic. Parmelia, Fr. L. E. p. 72, a. Tuck. Lick.

50 THELOSCHISTES.

exs. n. 79. Physcia, Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 410, a. Xanthoria, Th.
Fr. Scand. p. 145.

On trunks and stones near large bodies of water. Newfound-
land, Pylaie, 1826. New England, and New York, common.
Shores of Lake Superior, Agdssiz. San Diego, California, Dr.
J. Gr. Cooper.

2(a). T. polycarpus (Ehrh.) ; thallus reduced, sub-orbicular,
now sub-stellate, but typically conglomerate, and complicate;
the much narrowed divisions many-cleft, concealed for the most
part by the very numerous smallish, sub-crenulate apothecia.

Spores as in the last. Parmelia parietina,/., Fr. L. E. p. 73.

Physcia, Tuck. Obs. Lick. I, I.e. p. 385. Physcia parietina, var.
3, Nyl. Syn. I, p. 410. Xanthoria lychnea, /9, Th. Fr. Scand.
p. 146.

On trees and dead wood, in the northern and western States,
very common, Halsey (Parm. rutilans] View, 1823. British
America, Richardson. Alabama, T. M. Peters. Rocky Mount-
ains, Dr. Hayden. Santa Fe, Fendler. California, Wright.

The North American lichen commonly larger than the European,
.and on the under side rather conspicuously, and now even mar-
ginally fibrillose ; but not otherwise really differing, even in the
widest lobed, sub-stellate Californian state. — — Nylander (Scand.
p. 108) remarks that a Scandinavian form of T. lyclmeus on dead
wood, seems sometimes to pass into the present; and Dr. Th.
Fries (Scand. p. 147) indicates Stenh. Lich. exs. n. 127, B, as an
instance of such transition. But I am unable to see anything
in the specimen just-cited, or in others exactly similar from Cal-
ifornia (Bolander) but the present sub-species; which, however
nearly approaching the narrower states of T. parietinus, it is
perhaps more natural to keep apart from it.

2(b). T. lychneus (Nyl.) ; thallus reduced, sub-orbicular, sub-
stellate, or effuse, varying in colour as the preceding ; the linear,
many-cleft divisions at length more or less ascendant and gran-
ulose or powdery at the margins; apothecia rather infrequent,
smallish, margin entire or granulate. Spores as in T. parietinus.

Physcia parietina, v. lychnea, Schcer., Tucker m. Obs. Lich.

1, I. c. p. 386. Physcia lychnea, Nyl. Scand. p. 107. P. contro-
versy Mass., Koerb. Par erg. p. 38. Xanthoria lychnea, a, in
part, Th. Fr. Scand. p. 146.

THELOSCHISTES. 51

On trees, and stones ; occurring in a wider, regularly laciniate
form fully represented by German and Italian specimens (as
Massed, n. 36) but, like the American T. polycarpus, yet better
developed, and found from the coast of New England, Tucker-
man I. c. 1860, to Wisconsin, Lapham; and, still more commonly,
in a narrow, and much dissected state ( f. laciniosa, Scbser. Helv.
n. 381) which occurs throughout the United States, from New
England, J. L. Russell, to South Carolina, Eavenel, Texas,
Wright, and California, Bolander. This last form assumes the
characters of the present, but in most respects it is now fully
associable with stellate conditions of T. polycarpus, and may be
said to connect the two.

b. pygmceus, Fr. ; sub-orbicular and pulvinate, or effuse ;
fulvous or orange ; the minute, irregularly cleft divisions thick-
ened and becoming erect and more or less terete-branched
above, the tips and margins at length granulose; apothecia
smallish, orange, with an entire or granulate margin. Spores as

in T. parietinus. Parmelia parietina, v. pygmsea, Fr., L. E.

p. 73. Physcia pariet. v. Finmarkica (Ach.), Tuckerm. 1. c.

On rocks. Islands of Behring's Straits (Wright), Tuckerman
I c. 1860. Alaska, Dr. Kellogg. Coast of California, Bolander.

2(c). T. ramulosus, Tuckerm. ; thallus effuse, pale-yellow;
made up of minute, scattered, sparingly divided, semi-terete
lobules, which are decumbent, and at length sub-imbricate;
apothecia minute, entire, of the same colour. Spores as in T.

parietinus. Physcia parietina, v. ramulosa, Obs. Lich. 1,1. c.

p. 385.

On bushes, coast of California (Wright}, Tuckerman I. c.
I860: Best comparable in habit, and the colours, with T. con-
color ; but diverse in the spores. Too little as yet known.

3. T. concolor (Dicks.); thallus foliaceous, orbicular, green-
ish-yellow, or now ash -coloured ; the very narrow divisions
lacero-laciniate and now much dissected; pale, and becoming
densely fibrillose on the under side; apothecia small, wax-
yellow, becoming fulvous and rufous, with a mostly entire mar-
gin, more or less fibrillose beneath. Spores numerous (20-60) in
the thekes, simple or imperfectly bilocular, ^2 inic. Phys-
cia candelaria, Nyl. Prodr. Gall. p. 60; Syn. I, p. 412; and in
Lindig Herb. N. Gran. n. 2600. Tuckerm. Obs. Lich. 1. c. 4, p.
387. Parmelia fibrosa, Fr. S. 0. V. p. 284. Tuck. Lich. exs.

52 PARHELIA.

b. effuse, squamulose ; the crowded squamules granulose at

the margin, and passing now into a powdery crust. Lichen

concolor, Dicks. PI. Crypt. Brit. 2, p. 18, t. 9, /. 8. Xanthoria,
Th. Fr. Lich. Scand.p. 147. Lecanora candelaria, a, Ach. Syn.
p. 192. Candelaria vulgaris, Mass.; Koerb. Syst. p. 120.

On trees ; and now also on rocks ; common throughout the
northern States (Muhlenberg, in Hoffm. D. FL, 1796; where the
plant finds a place under the well-described Lichen candelaris;
as it does also under his Lecanora candelaria, a, in herb. Ach.,
fide Th. Fr.) and found equally through the southern (Dr. Curtis,
etc.) to Texas (Wright) and as well in South America (Lindig
I. c.) b, has the same range; extending southward to Louis-
iana (Hale) and found also in the island of Cuba ( Wright Lich.
Cub. n. 79). This reduced form is certainly undistinguishable in
species from our a; and it does not appear to differ at all from
the commonly published states of the European lichen : which
compares with ours then much as the European T. polycarpus
and T. lychneus with the more luxuriant American. The exu-
berant development of fibrils is at length marked in a; and
suggests readily a comparison with some, in other respects often
well comparable forms, of our Physcia obscura. Though perhaps
less to be expected in b, it is probable that the fibrils of the
receptacle are not always wholly deficient even in this ; and
something like indications of them may be made out in Anz.
Lich. Ital. Sup. n. 131, if not also in Moug. & Nestl. n. 743, a.

X.— PARHELIA (Ach.) De Not.

Apothecia scutellseform, sub-pedicellate ; the disk mostly
thin ; the hypothecium colourless. Spores ovoid, ellipsoid,
or oblong, simple, colourless. Spermatia oblong, constricted
at the middle and with mostly acute tips, or, rarely (n. 18),
needle-shaped and bowed ; upon sparingly branched, or now
sub-simple sterigmas. Thallus imbricate-foliaceous, lobate-
laciniate, appressed (rarely ascendant and E vermiform, very
rarely filiform and Alectorioid) sub-rnembranaceous ; more
or less densely, or now sparingly fibrillose, or rarely naked,

beneath. Anatomy of the thallus given in Schweudener

1. C. 3, p. 157.

* Thallus glaucescent (varying also, rarely, to brown, or even
yellowish}.

a. Stock of P. perlata.

PARHELIA. 53

1. P. perlata (L.) Ach.; thallus at length much dilated,
membranaceous, smooth, greenish-glaucesceut ; beneath black
with brown margins, rather obsoletely black-flbrillose, or largely
naked and very smooth; lobes ample, a little ascending, rounded,
the undulate margins not ciliate, but often white- sorediate;
apothecia (infrequent) ample to large ; disk chestnut ; margin

entire. Spores ellipsoid, ^^ mic. Ach. L. U. p. 459. ' Fr. L.

E.p. 59. Tuck. Lich. exs. n. 15. Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 379.

Rocks, especially in the mountains of the northern States ;
and also on trunks ; Halsey View, 1823. Lake Superior, Agassiz.

](&). P. flavicans, Tuckerm. herb. ; thallus ample, with the
texture of the last, pale-yellow, mostly naked beneath; lobes
sinuately lobulate, more or less sorediiferous, with naked edges;
apothecia ample, much as in the last. Spores also similar, but
^^ mic. P. perlata, v. flavicans, Lich. Calif, p. 13.

Rocks, coast of California, Bolander. No reactions with
chloride of lime or potash, observed.

l(c). P. latissima, Fee; very much dilated, smooth, whitish-
glaucescent, for the most part wholly glabrous and shining
beneath; lobes rounded, the wavy margins naked, or now sore-
diiferous ; apothecia, in West Indian and South American spec-
imens, much as in P. perlata, but the spores much larger, reaching

^j mic. Fee Suppl. p. 119. P. perlaia, v. latissima, Mont.

Cuba, p. 231. Nyl. Syn. I, p. 379. P. glaberrima, Krempelh. in
Flora, 1869, p. 223.

Trees ; tropical America ; but found also, though only as yet
infertile, in Texas, Lindheimer; Florida, Chapman; and South
Carolina, Eavenel.

2. P. perforata (Jacq.) Ach. ; thallus at length much dilated,
coriaceous-rnembranaceous, smooth, glaucescent ; beneath brown-
ish-black, strongly but interruptedly black-fibrillose ; the rounded
lobes soon creuate, and cut, ciliate; apothecia (abundant)
ample to very large, commonly perforate, cyathiform; disk

Chestnut ; margin entire. Spores ellipsoid, ^^ mic. Ach. L.

U. p. 459. Fr. L. E. p. 58. Tuck. Lich. exs. n. 69. Nyl. Syn.
1, p. 377. Lobaria sub-mar ginalis, Michx. FL, flde Mull.

* hypotropa, Nyl. ; more or less largely pale or even white

beneath ; the lobes finally divided as in b, often sorediiferous.

Syn.! I, p. 378.

54 PARHELIA.

Trees, and also (in mostly sterile states) on stones, common ;
very luxuriant and fertile on the eastern Coast, the apothecia
exceeding at length an inch in diameter, and the lichen observed
early. Virginia (J. Mitchell), Dillenius Hist. Muse. 1741. Penn-
sylvania, J. Bartram. Canada and Carolina, Mickaux. Mexico,.
Nylander. Pacific Coast, Menzles. * Texas ( Trecul) and Mex-
ico, Nylander, 1860. Louisiana, Hale. South Carolina, EaveneL

Ohio, Lesquereux. Wisconsin, Lapham. Both Acharius,

and Fries, laid stress on the lobes of this species being ciliate,
and denied the character to P. perlata ; a view which the evi-
dence of the North American lichens appears certainly to con-
firm. And the sterile European lichens, of late years referred
to a P. perlata, v. ciliata (Herb. Borr. ; Zwackh Exs. n. 56 ; Herbr
Koerb. ; Anz. Lick. Ital., n. 100, and even 101 ; Welwitsch Cr.
Lusit. n. 77; as also P. proboscidea, Tayl., and P. reticulata.
Tayl.) are, in fact, whether we regard the ultimate division of
the summits of the lobes, or their hispid under side, quite as
much at home in the present species.

2(b). P. cetrata, Ach. ; thallus dilated, of the colour of the
last, but rather thinner, smooth above; black and hispid be-
neath ; the sinuate-laciniate lobes (now conspicuously sore-
diiferous at the margins) soon narrowed, and passing into more
or less finger-shaped, at length prolonged and everniaeform,

scarcely ciliate lobules ; apothecia and spores as in the last.

Ach. Syn. p. 198. P. perforata, b, Fr. L. E. p. 58. Nyl. I. c.

Trees, and also on stones, throughout our territory, Acharius r
Syn. 1814; but reaching its perfection at the west (Illinois,
Hall; Ohio, Lesquereux, etc.) and south (Carolina, Schweinitz ;

Mavenel; Louisiana, Hale; Texas, Wright). P. perforata

differs from P. perlata as well in its strongly fibrillose under
side, as in the tendency of its normally ciliate lobes, to pass,
at the margins, into smaller ones. This tendency becomes very
marked in the present ; and fragmentary specimens have been
referred, in European herbaria, to Evernia.

2(c). P. subrugata, Krempelh. ; thallus of the colour and
texture of the last; 'black,' or now pale, and for the most part
naked beneath ; the lobes passing, as in the last, into smaller,
convolute marginal ones, which are ciliate with strong fibrils ;
apothecia ample, cyathiform, strongly scrobiculate on the out-
side, the margin torn-crenuate, becoming lobulate. Sporesr
^l mic. Exot. Flecht. p. 18.

PAKMELIA. 55

Mexico, C. Mohr. Agreeing so well with the description of
the Brazilian lichen in everything but the colour of the under
side (which exactly resembles and suggests that of P. perforate
* hypotropa] that I cannot but consider it the same. Its place
appears however to be much less with P. perlata than with P.
perforata.

2(d). P. crinita, Ach.; thallus dilated, of the colour of the
last, coriaceous-membranaceous, beset densely with minute
granules and branchlets (isidiophorous) beneath black and black-
flbrillose; the rounded lobes ciliate; apothecia ample, cyathi-
form, commonly imperforate. Spores of the Northern lichen

ellipsoid, 2— mic. ; of the Southern, ^| mic. Syn. p. 196,

Tuckerm. Syn. N. E. p. 25. P. perforata, var., Fr. L. E. p. 58.

Trees, and also rocks. New England and the northern
States, Muhlenberg in Ach. Syn. 1814. South Carolina, Eavenel.

Texas, Wright. The southern plant (Wright Lich. Cub. n. 69)

is perhaps more readily comparable with P. perlata than the
northern lichen, but is differenced as well by the distinct flbrillose
character of the under side, and the ciliate margin, as by the

isidiophorous upper side. P. proboscidea, Tayl. ! (P. perlata,

v. ciliata, Koerb. ! as of Nylauder Syn.} was referred (e char.}
to P. perforata by Fries ; and, I can entertain no doubt, correctly.
It is sometimes well comparable with the present.

2(e). P. sulphur ata, Nees & Flot. } like the southern P.
crinita, as respects both upper and under sides, but from glau-
cescent passing soon into greenish-yellow above ;

* white within ; the apothecia not observed. P. chrysantha

Tuck. herb.

* * sulphur-coloured within ; apothecia commonly imperforate.

Spores ellipsoid, ^^ mic. P. sulphurata, Nees & Flot. Linncea,

1834, p. 501. Tuckerm. in Wright Lich. Cub. n. 72. Nyl. Syn.
l,p. 377.

Trunks; *, Blue Ridge in Virginia, Tucker man. Mountains

of Tennessee, Prof. Shepard. Louisiana, Hale. * * South

Carolina, Dr. Mellichamp. Louisiana, Hale. Texas, Hall.

The specimens leave it scarcely doubtful that * is undistinguish-
able in species from * * ; as it is also exceedingly near to P.
crinita.

56 PAKMEL1A.

.3. P. Icevigata (Sm.) Nyl.; thallus more narrowed, membra-
naceous, smooth, glaucescent ; beneath black, and more or less
densely black-fibrillose ; lobes sinuate-pinuatifid : the tips now
sorediiferous ; apothecia middling-sized ; disk chestnut, with an
entire, or at length toothed margin. Spores ellipsoid, " " mic.

— Nyl. Syn. p. 384. P. sinuosa, Fr. L. E. p. 63.

b. sinuosa, Nyl. ; thallus pale-yellowish. -- P. sinuosa (Sm.)
Ach., teste Borr. P. relicina, /?, Fr. L. E. p. 70.

Trees, and rocks, a, Louisiana, Hale. -- 6, Nova Scotia,
(Menzies) Ach. Syn. 1814. Mexico, Nylander.

The species is ill-represented here. The first form (Louisiana,
Hale] referred also by Nylander (Syn.) to P. Icevigata, and
closely resembling the European / revoluta, Nyl., under which
he arranges it, stands yet in difficult relation to P. cetrata. -
&, is at present quite unknown here as a North American lichen.
— — P. tlliacea approaches the present more closely here, and in
tropical America, than in Europe ; and barren specimens of the
former scarcely now differ at all from the latter (as exhibited in
Nyl. Lich. Par. n. 112) but in smaller size: the fertile ones are
separable by the spores.

P. aurulenta, Tuckenn. ; lobes rugose, less divided and
more compacted than in the last preceding, at length thickly
besprinkled with now confluent soredia ; the medullary layer
sulphur-yellow ; -apothecia middling-sized ; disk chestnut. Spores
ellipsoid, ~ mic. -- Suppl. 1, 1. c. p. 424. Nyl. Syn. I, p. 382.
Trunks in the White Mountains, and rocks of the Blue Ridge,
Virginia, fertile, Tuckerman I. c. 1858. Rocks and trunks, Illi-
nois, fertile, Hall Trees, South Carolina, fertile, Ravenel.
Alabama, J. F. Beaumont. Louisiana, Hale. -- The lichen of
the White Mountains was the P. Icevigata of the author's Syn.
N. Eng., and would perhaps make the best representative that
we have of the European species, were it not for the coloration
(more or less distinct) of the medullary layer.

4. P. Camtschadalis (Ach.) Eschw. ; thallus ascendant,
dichotomously branch-lobed ; smoothish or now isidiophorous ;
whitish or now cinereous-glaucescent ; beneath channelled, soon
blackening and becoming wrinkled and very black, and beset, at
least at the margins, with black fibrils, which are now deficient ;
the narrow lobes finally elongated, attenuate, and densely inter-

PARMBLIA. 57

tangled; apothecia middling-sized, elevated; disk chestnut,

with a somewhat entire margin.. Spores ellipsoid, ^ mic.

Eschw. Bras. p. 202. Mont. & V. d. Bosch. Jav. p. 20. Nyl.
Syn. I, p. 387. P. Americana, Mont. Chil.

Trees. Orizaba, Mexico (Galeotti), Nylander Syn. 1860. Well
comparable with Evernia furfuracea. The South American
lichen proves to be uudistinguishable from the Asiatic ; though
the spores are perhaps a little smaller.

5. P. tiliacea (Boffin.) Floerk. ; thallus closely adnate to the
substrate, soon and much narrowed ; coriaceous-membrauaceous,
smoothish, glaucescent ; beneath black, and densely black-
fibrillose ; the contiguous, sinuate-laciniate, more or less wrinkled
lobes rounded, and crenate, or more deeply divided; apothecia
(frequent) middling-sized ; disk chestnut, with a crenulate mar-
gin. Spores rounded-ellipsoid, small, -|^ mic. Floerk. in

Sommerf. Lapp. p. 113. Fr. L. E.p.59. Tuck. Lich. exs. n.
70. Nyl. Sijn. p. 382.

b. sublcevigata, Nyl. ; lobes sub-linear, more or less pinnately
many-cleft and discrete, often stellate ; apothecia and spores as

in a. Nyl. 1. c. P. tiliacea, v. minor, Mull. Flora. 1877, n. 5,

e descr.

c. relicina ; thallus pale-yellowish j apothecia and spores as
in a.— P. relicina, Fr. 8- 0. V. p. 283, teste Mont. M. & V. d.
Bosch Lich. Jav. p. 19. Nyl. Syn. l,p. 386. P. tiliacea, v.
flavicans, Tuckerm. in Wright Lich. Cub. n. 74.

d. sulphurosa ; medullary layer sulphur-yellow ; apothecia,
and spores as in a.

Trees, and stones, very common. Canada, and northern and
western States; Muhlenberg Catal 1818, etc. Also throughout

the southern States j M . A. Curtis, Hale, etc. b, southern

States ; Ravenel, Hale, Wright ; but similar forms occurring

also northward. c, a lichen of Cuba, to be expected in the

extreme south. d, Illinois, Hall.

The North American P. tiliacea is a smaller plant than the
European ; but our first form appears to be otherwise uudis-
tinguishable. And much the same remark may be made of the
common, narrow-lobed American forms, which scarcely differ
from such European ones as the var. carporhizans, Nyl. (Herb.
Church. Babingt. Anz. Ital. n. 102) but in inferior dimensions*

58 PAKMELIA.

and still narrower divisions. The effect of these slight modifi-
cations is yet at length so marked as to obscure the species ; and
our plant becomes thus better comparable in almost everything-
except size, especially of the spores, with P. Icevigata; while, at
the same time, the narrowed conditions are easily seen to pass
imperceptibly into the wider and more typical ; &, being thus to
be taken for an American variety of P. tiliacea, determines tb&
place of c, which differs from b only in being straw-coloured, d
is also microphylline, or similar to &, in the only specimen as yet
observed ; but the internal coloration which distinguishes it may
not prove to be confined to such narrow states. It appears im-
possible, in any large view, whether of P. sulpliurata, P. auru-
lenta, or the present, to assign any other than a subordinate-
value to the modifications in these lichens, of the medullary
colour.

6. P. Texana, Tuckerm.; thallus narrowed, coriaceous-mem-
branaceous, reticulately rimose, cinereous- glaucescent ; beneath
black, papillate, the fibrils obsolete; lobes contiguous, plano-con-
vex, rat her dilated at the periphery and lacero-crenate or lobulate,
besprinkled with rounded, at length confluent soredia; apothe-
cia middling-sized ; disk chestnut, with an entire margin. Spores-
ellipsoid, 4-^-mic. Suppl. 1, /. c. p. 424.

On dead wood; thickets of the Blanco; Texas (Wrigli t)r
Tuckerman I. c. 1858.

Intermediate between the last species and the next : but, on>
the whole, best comparable with small forms of P. Borreri, br
from the same region.

7. P. Borreri, Turn.; thallus soon narrowed, coriaceous-
membranaceous, more or less reticulately rugose, and beset with
rounded soredia; cinereous-glaucescent ; beneath pale-brown
(becoming darker), with now dense, white (or blackening) fibrils ;
lobes of the periphery rather dilated and rounded, cut-crenate ;
apothecia middling to large, chestnut, with an entire margin.

Spores rounded-ellipsoid, -^ mic. Turn, in Linn. Trans. 9r

p. 148. Ach. L. U. p. 461. " Fr. L. E. p. 60. Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 389.
P. Borreri, * hypoleucites, Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 389. e descr. P. Bolli-
ana, Mull. Flora, 1877, n. 5.

b. rudecta, Tuckerm. ; thallus beset with isidioid granules and

branchlets; the lobes now more divided. Syn. Lich, N. Eng.

p. 26. P. rudecta, a, Ack. ! Syn. p. 197.

c. hypomela ; blackening beneath.

PAEMELTA. 59

Trees, and dead wood ; common ; and now (Illinois, Hall ;
Texas, Wright ; Mexico) scarcely differing from the European
lichen, but in smaller soredia. But our plant is mostly referable to-
ft, which occurs from Canada southward (Muhlenberg) Ach. Syn.
1814, to Louisiana (Hale] and Mexico. Earely (c) this blackens
beneath (South Carolina, Ravenel. Texas, Wright] and it passes,
finally, at the circumference, into narrower, sinuately lobulate
conditions suggestive as well of the two species next preceding,

as of the closely akin following one. Though typically pale

beneath, it is certainly the same plant which becomes finally, on
this side, blackish-brown.

8.. P. saxatilis (L.) Fr. ; thallus narrowed, cartilagineous-
membranaceous ; soon more or less reticulately rimose, and lacu-
nose, often isidiophorous, glaucous-cinerascent ; beneath black,
and (now densely) black fibrillose ; lobes sinuately, often piu-
nately, many-cleft, retuse ; apothecia middling to large ; disk
chestnut, with an irregular, sub-crenulate margin. Spores

ellipsoid, "^ mic. Fr. L. E. p. 61. Schcer. Spicil. p. 454.

Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 388.

b. sulcata, Nyl. ; lobes mostly wider and paler, besprinkled
with conspicuous, rounded or oblong, now confluent and reticu-
late soredia. Nyl. Licit. Scand. p. 99. P. saxatilis, v. rosce-

formis, Ach., Tuckerm. Syn. Lich. N. Eng. p. 27.

c. panniformis (Ach.) Schser. ; lobes short, densely crowdedr
and imbricated. Ach. L. U. p. 469. Schcer. Spicil. p. 456.

d. omphalodes, Fr. ; thallus brown, and blackening. Fr.

I c. Nyl. I. c.

Trees, dead wood, and rocks ; common in the northern States,
and northward (a, b) Muhlenberg Catal. 1818. Arctic America,
Richardson; Vahl. Wind River Mountains, Hayden. New

Mexico, Fendler. West Coast, Lyall, etc. c, Arctic America,

Herb. Hook. Vermont, /. L. Russell. White Mountains. d,

rocks in mountainous and alpine districts ; White Mountains,
Oakes. British Columbia, Macoun. Arctic America.

b. Stock of P. physodes.

9. P. physodes (L.) Ach.; thallus rather loosely attached to
the substrate, more or less inflated, coriaceous-membranaceous,
glaucous-white; beneath brownish-black and black, smooth,

60 PARMELIA.

destitute of fibrils; lobes plano-convex, somewhat ascendant,
sinuately many-cleft, now crowded, and at length complicate,
terminating not seldom in white soredia ; apothecia middling to
large ; disk chestnut, with a rather entire margin. Spores sub-
ellipsoid, *^ rnic. Adi. Syn. p. 218. Tuckerm. Syn. N. Eng.

p. 28 ; Lick. exs. n. 72. P. ceratopliylla, Sclmr. Spicil. p. 458.

b. obscurata, Ach. ; thallus brown, and blackening.

Ach. I c.

c. enter omorpha, Tuckerm. ; lobes wider and less divided,
ventricose-inflated, now shorter and complicated, and now elon-
gated and everuioid, rarely black-margined ; apothecia (abun-
dant) ventricose-cyathiform, at length very large. Syn. N.

Eng. I. c., in part. Parm. enteromorpha, Acli. I. c. p. 219.

d. vittata, Ach. ; lobes mostly lax, linear, elongated, more or
less black-margined; apothecia (abundant) ventricose-cyathi-
form, and dilated. Ach. I. c.

A common lichen, a, on rocks and dead wood, rather rarely
fertile, and also on trunks (Muhlenberg Catal. 1818), very com-
monly fertile on spruce, in mountains, and passing into d. —
b, alpine rocks, Arctic America, Herb. Hook. Islands of Behr-

ing's Straits, Wright. c, trees, West Coast, from California

(Menzies) Ach.Meth. 1803, to Alaska; Dr. Kellogg. d, trees,

West Coast (Menzies] Ach. sub P. duplicata, 1803. On spruces
in the White Mountains, Tuckerman. ,

9(b). P. encausta (Sm.) Nyl. ; thallus less, or scarcely in-
flated, glaucous-cinerascent ; the crowded, narrowed, convex,
wrinkled lobes at length complicate, and passing irregularly,
more or less, into very narrow, teretish, and torulose ones;
[apothecia middling to large; spores much as in the last preced-
ing]. NyL Syn. 1, p. 401; Scand. p. 104. P. physodes p,

FT. L. E. p. 64.

b. alpicola, Nyl. ; a blackened, alpine condition. P. alpi-

cola, Tli. Fr. Scand. p. 125.

Alpine rocks, a, Greenland (Vahl.) Th. Fries I c. 1860.
White Mountains, infertile. St. Elmo, Colorado, Brandegee in
herb. Sprague. &, Greenland, Vahl. Mt. Hood, Oregon, fer-
tile, Hall. The lichen is well differenced by its almost total

want of inflation, and very narrow and irregular, crowded lobes,
and is confined here, to alpine districts. P. alpicola, Th. Fr., is

PARHELIA. 61

not a member of the brown series, but a blackened form of a
member of the glaucesceut series ; and there is no question with
which species of the latter it shall .in that case be associable, as
an extremely recedent, exclusively alpine condition.

10. P. pertusa (Schrank) Schser, ; thallus closely attached
to the substrate, inflated, membranaceous, glaucous - white ;
beneath black, smooth, destitute of fibrils ; lobes sinuately-
many-cleft, compaginate, here and there sparingly perforated
with rounded holes, and beset with conspicuous, scattered,
round, white soredia; apothecia (very rare, except in austral
regions) ' smallish, chestnut, with an entire margin. Spores in

twos and fours, ellipsoid, ^ mic.' Schcer. Spicil. p. 457. Nyl.

Syn.l,p.4Q2. P. terebrata, Mart. Tuck. Lich. exs. n. 16. P.
diatrypa, Ach. L. U. p. 493.

Trunks, and also rocks, frequent in mountain forests, but
not seen fertile. White Mountains ; and also in Hampshire,
Mass., Tuckerman Lich. N. E. 1841.

11. P. lophyrea, Ach.; thallus cartilagineous, cinereous-
glaucescent; beneath black, smooth, and, on this side only,
cribrose-foraminous ; lobes flattish, lacunulose, flexuous, sinu-
ately many-cleft, the tips cut-crenate; apothecia middling-
sized; disk chestnut, with a thin, sub-creuate margin. Spores

spherical, diam, 3£-4£ mic. Ach. ! L. U. p. 481, & e Nyl.

Scand. p. 104. P. cribellata, Tayl. ! New Lich. in Hook. Lond.
Journ. Sot., 1847, p. 164. Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 403.

Trees on the West Coast (Menzies) Acharius Meth. 1803.

12. P. colpodes (Ach.) Nyl. ; thallus coriaceous-membrana-
ceous, glaucescent, clothed beneath with a dense, spongy, dark-
brown, and blackening nap, and beset here and there with coarse
fibrils ; lobes sinuately-many-cleft, flattish, at least at the periph-
ery, and there at length more or less cristate-lobulate ; apothecia
middling to large ; disk chestnut, entire., Spores very numerous
in the thekes, oblong, or club-shaped, and more or less bowed,
-^ mic. Tuck. Lich. exs. n. 74. Nyl. Syn. I, p. 404. P. col-
podes, & P. cristulata, Ach. Syn. pp. 118-19. Imbricaria con-
vexiuscula, Michx. FL, fide Mull.

Trunks, common throughout the larger part of the United
States ; but not known as yet from the Kocky Mountains, or
the West Coast. New England (Swarts), Ach. Prodr. 1798.

62 PARMELIA.

Middle States, Muhlenberg. Southern States to Louisiana,
Curtis, Hale, etc. It occurs also in tropical America (P,. para-
sitica, Fee, e Nyl.).

* * Thattus olivaceous -brown.

13. P. olivacea (L.) Ach.; tballus inembranaceous, plicate-
radious, becoming rngulose, and now isidiophorous, from pale- at
length dark-olivaceous, and brown ; beneath black, with more or
less frequent blackening fibrils ; lobes flattish, rounded, crenate;
apothecia middling- sized; disk chestnut, with a wrinkled or

crenulate margin. Spores short-ellipsoid, ~ mic. Ach. L. U.

p. 462. Fr. L. E. p. 66. Nyl. Syn. I, p. 395.

* aspidota, Ach. ; thallus, and apothecia externally, thickly
beset with minute warts of the same colour. Spores more

rounded, and smaller. Ach. I.e. Th. Fr. Lich. Scand.p. 122.

P. (sub-sp.) exasperata, Nyl. 1. c.

b. prolixa, Ach. ; thallus narrowed, many-cleft. Spores
smaller. Ach. I. c. Nyl. I. c.

* panniformis, Nyl.; lobes (except those of the periphery)
divided into short, irregularly cleft, densely crowded and imbri-
cate ones, now passing into finger- shaped branchlets. Nyl. I.e.

Exs. Anz. Lang. n. 428.

c. sorediata (Ach.) Nyl.; thallus narrowed as in b, the more
discrete, many-cleft, lacunulose lobes beset with pulvinate, white

soredia. Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 102. P. dmdritica, Fr. L. E.

p. 68, fide ipsius. P. (sub-sp.) sorediata, Th. Fr. Lich. Scand.
p. 123.

Trees and rocks, a, on trees ; northern, and middle States,
Muhlenberg Catal. 1818. Arctic America, Richardson. Mount-
ains of North Carolina, Havenel. New Mexico, Wright. Cali-
fornia, Bolander. British Columbia, Macoun. b, on rocks;

Mountains of New England, C. C. Frost, etc. California, Bolander.

c, on rocks; New England, Tuckerman. California, Bolander.

British Columbia, Macoun. Spores (in the few specimens at
hand) of a * clearly smaller ; as they are found to be in Europe.
But a occurs, in the otherwise well-characterized New Mexico
specimens, with similarly reduced spores. Spores of b, in the New
England lichen, -^ mic.; but larger, and approaching at length
very closely, in dimensions, to a, in the Californian.

PARHELIA. 63

14. P. stygia (L.) Ach. ; thallus sub-cartilagineous, smooth
and shining, from olivaceous-brown finally blackening; beneath
at length black, obsoletely tibrillose ; lobes linear, convex, pal-
mately many-cleft, finally contorted, and passing now into
terete branches, the tips more or less incurved ; apothecia mid-
dling-sized ; disk dark-chestnut, and blackening, with a sub-
granulate margin. Spores rounded and ellipsoid, -^ mic. -
Ach. Meth. p. 203. Fr. L. E. p. 67. Tuck. exs. n. 17. Nyl.
Syn. p. 397.

Alpine and- sub-alpine rocks. Arctic America (Richardson],
Hooker I. c. 1823. Higher mountains of New Hampshire, and
Vermont, Tuckerman. Mfc. Monadnock, N. H., J. L. Russell.
Adirondack mountains, New York, C. H. Peck.

P. lanata (L.) Wallr. ; Alectorioid, blackening, lobes
filiform, terete, dichotomously much-branched, intricately inter-
tangled, decumbent; apothecia and spores of the last. - Nyl.
Scand.p. 103. Th. Fr. Scancl. p. 126. P. stygia p, Fr. L. E.
p. 68.

Arctic America (Richardson), Hooker 1. c. 1823. Yosemite
valley, California, fertile, Bolander.

* * * Thallus stratt '-coloured.

15. P. caperata (L.) Ach. ; thallus dilated, coriaceous-mem-
branaceous, undulate-plicate, conspicuously rugulose, now sore-
diate, or coarsely isidiophorous, pale-greenish-yellow ; beneath
black, rather sparingly black-fibrillose ; lobes sinuately-laciniate,
with rounded, somewhat entire tips ; apothecia middling to
large; disk chestnut, with a sub-crenulate margin often at
length sorediate, or isidioid-granulate. Spores ellipsoid, ^|j mic.
— Ach. Syn. p. J96. Fr. L. E. p. 69. Tuck. exs. n. 75. Nyl.
Syn. \,p. 376.

Trunks, dead wood, and stones ; not very commonly fertile.
Virginia, Dillenius Muse., 1741. Northern, middle, and west-
ern States, Muhlenberg, etc. Southern States to New Mexico,
Curtis; Hale, etc. Mexico, Nylander. California, Bolander.
Arctic America, Richardson.

A narrower-lobed southern form (Texas, Wright; New Mex-
ico, Fendler) characterized not seldom by white-sorediate mar-
gins, and shewing smaller spores (^ mic.), differs also from the
•common plant in giving a red reaction with chloride of lime;

p 64 PARHELIA.

but the same reaction is afforded by a similarly white-edged
Californian lichen with spores of ~ mic. ; and as well by a
specimen from Arctic America (Herb. Hook.) scarcely otherwise
differing from the common northern P. caperata.

16. P. conspersa (Ehvh.) Ach.; thallus dilated, cartilagineous-
membranaceous, laciniately much-divided, smooth and more or
less polished, but the centre often isidiophorous, greenish-straw-
coloured; beneath brown, or blackening, or at length black,
with similarly varying fibrils, which are now mostly obsolete ;
lobes sinuately cut, passing often into narrowed, pinnatifid, at
length densely complicate conditions; apothecia middling to
large; disk chestnut; margin sub-crenulate. Spores ellipsoid,

1^. mic. Ach. L. U. p. 486. Fr. L. E. p. 69. Nyl. Syn. 1,

p. 391.

Rocks and stones (and, degenerate, on dead wood) very com-
mon at the north ; and, in the mountains, southward. Northern
and middle States, Muhlenberg Catal. 1818, and throughout the
upper districts of the southern, Ravenel, etc.; as also in the
mountains of Texas, Wright ; New Mexico, Fendler; and Mex-
ico, Nylander. Rocky Mountains, Hall. On the western Coast,
Douglas; Bolander. Arctic America, Richardson.

16(&). P. leucochlora, Tuckerm.; lobes closely appressed and
compaginate, sinuately more or less piunatifid, rugulose, from
glaucescent becoming pale-straw-coloured j apothecia smallish ;

disk chestnut. Spores roundish-ellipsoid, -yy- mic. Tuckerm.

in Nyl. Syn. I, p. 392.

On Bald Cypress, Mississippi (Dr. Veitcli], Tuckerman I. c.
1860. South Carolina, Dr. J. H. Mellichamp. Florida, Ravenel.

Louisiana, Hale. The apothecia of P. conspersa exceed at

length 15mm- in width, and the spores I3mmm- in length; but the
apothecia of the present average 2-3mm- and only rarely reach
4mm. jn width, and the rounded spores appear to be also smaller.
The chemical differences of P. leucochlora, treated with chloride
of lime, and with potash, pointed out by the present writer
(Amer. Naturalist, April, 1868) as by Nylander (Flora, 1869, p.
293) will not here be dwelt on ; but the plant is otherwise not
without interest.

16(c). P. molliuscula, Ach.; Everniseforin, the narrowed
lobes sub-stellate, or loosely intricate, dichotomously more or

PARMELIA. 65

less regularly divided, convex ; beneath channelled, or the mar-
gins connivent, and densely, or now obsoletely fibrillose ; apo-

thecia unknown. L. U.p.492; Syn. 211, auct. Nyl. Syn. 1,

p. 393. P. chlorochroa, Tucker m. Obs. Lich. 1, 1. c. p. 383.

On the earth, in sterile spots, in the Rocky Mountains (Dr.

Hayden), Tuckerman 1. c. I860. The same lichen is found in

Soongaria (Herb. Spreng. nom. Borr. Camtschadatts), in Camts-
chatka (Tilesius in herb. Floerk., nom. Farm, congruentis), and in
the steppes of the Volga in Russia (Herb. Krempelh., nom. P.
vagantis, Nyl). The last-cited plant of Ny lander is the P.
molliuscula, v. vagans of his Syn. I. c., which is later subsumed
by him under P. conspersa (Scand. p. 100) and is the natural key
to the present. In a very narrow-lobed, fertile form of P. con-
spersa (rocks, Kansas, Hall), sufficiently agreeing in general
habit with Fellmann exs. n. 79, and with the narrower form of
Anz. Lich. Ital. Sup. n. 109, and, like them, referable to the
v. stenophylla of authors, the lobes are not only convex, as, to
some extent, in the Italian lichen last cited, but more or less
channelled beneath; and the same convexity and channelling
are observable in dwarfed, alpine specimens of the same species,
growing over mosses (Rocky Mountains, Dr. Parry) and suffici-
ently explain the lichen before us.

17. P. centrifuga (L.) Ach.; thallus somewhat tartareous,
many-cleft, from greenish- at length bright-straw-coloured,
opake ; beneath whitish with darker fibrils ; lobes linear, convex,
crowded, becoming complicate and rugose-plicate at the crust-
like centre, which falling finally away leaves only the concentri-
cally disposed periphery ; apothecia middling-sized ; disk chest-
nut, with a sub-crenulate margin. Spores ellipsoid, -^ mic.

Ach. L. U. p. 486. Fr. L. E. p. 71. Tuckerm. Lich. Amer.
n. 78. Nijl. Syn. 1, p. 393.

Alpine and sub-alpine rocks, and descending, in high moun-
tains, Muhlenberg Catal 1818. Arctic America, Vahl, etc
Newfoundland, Despreaux, etc. Mt. Desert, Me., and White
Mountains, N. H., Tuckerman. North shore of Lake Superior,
Agassiz.

18. P. incurva (Pers.) Fr. ; thallus sub-cartilagineous, many-
cleft, greenish-straw-coloured, opake, besprinkled with large,
globular, sulphur-coloured soredia; beneath pale, with blacken-
ing fibrils ; lobes very narrow, teretish, densely branching, and

5

66 PAKMELIA.

closely approximate and intertangled, the tips somewhat in-
curved; apothecia smallish; disk chestnut with a somewhat

entire margin. Spores ellipsoid, -^ mic. Fr. L. E. p. 70.

Tuckerm. Licli. Amer. n. 76. Nyl. Syn. I, p. 394. P. recurva,
Ach. L. U. p. 490.

Sub-alpine (granitic) rocks in high mountains, rarely fertile.
White Mountains, Tuckerman Enurn. 1845. Also at Mt. Desert,
Maine.

19. P. ambigua (Wulf.) Ach. ; thallus membranaceous,
stellate, straw-coloured, opake, besprinkled more or less densely
with sulphur- coloured soredia ; beneath brownish-black, shin-
ing, with blackening fibrils; lobes linear, applanate, dichoto-
mously many-cleft, rather loosely disposed ; apothecia small to
middling ; disk chestnut, with a sub-crenulate margin. Spores
oblong-ovoid, commonly curved, -j^^ mic. Spermatia acicular,

bowed. Ach. L. U.p. 485. Fr. L. *E. p. 71. Tuckerm. Lich.

Amer. n. 77. Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 105.

b. albescens, Wahl. ; whitish-ash-coloured, with white sore-
dia; apothecia rather larger, shining. Spores rather larger. —
Fr. 1. c. P. hyperopta, Ach. Syn. p. 208. Th. Fr. Lich. Scand.
p. 120. P. aleurites, Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 105.

c. Halei; thallus much as in a, but the apothecia rather
larger, and wax-coloured, with a constantly sorediate-powdery
margin. Spores as in a. Parmelia, Tuckerm. in litt.

a, on trunks, and dead wood, and also on rocks, in alpine
districts ; and descending, in high mountains. Arctic America
•(Richardson), Hooker I. c. 1823. White Mountains, Tuckerman.

British Columbia, Macoun. b, with the last. c is a southern

lichen, found on coniferous trees from Louisiana (Hale) and
;South Carolina (Eavenel) to Virginia (Tuckerman), and north-
ward in New Jersey (on pines, Austin), and rarely, on the
south shore of Massachusetts (on white cedar, Willey).—
Spores of b, *~ mic., in all important respects like those of
a; and the lichen scarcely differs but in colour. These two
forms are high northern plants, and unknown in New England
except in the highest mountains ; but c, though geographically,
it should seem, diverse, offers very little to distinguish it.

PHYSCIA. 67

X.— PHYSCIA (DC., Fr.) Th. Fr.

Apothecia scutellseform j the disk thickish ; the hypo-
thecium colourless. Spores ellipsoid, biloeular (or, more
rarely, ID exotic species, 4-plurilocular) brown. Spermatia
ellipsoid, or, mostly, oblong, on multi-articulate sterigmas j
or, very rarely (n. 9) acicular, on sub-simple sterigmas.
Thallus foliaceous, ratnoso-laciniate, stellate, or now ascend-
ant and Everuiseform, sub-cartilagineous j more or less fibril-
lose, or rarely naked, beneath. For the anatomy of the

thallus see Schwendeuer Unters. I. c. 2, 161, and 3, 154-7.
From Physcia proper (typified by P. stellaris) in which the
cortical layer is parencbymatous, and thus distinguishable
from the confused tissue which constitutes the same layer
in Parmelidj certain ascendant species (typified by P. ciliaris,
but including also P. speciosa) vary in exhibiting a more
properly filamentous cortical layer : these differences finding
however a degree of reconciliation, as shewn by Nylander,
within the range of modifications of P. pulverulenta.

* Hagenia (Eschiv.) Fr. Cortical layer of intertangled fila-
ments with a mostly longitudinal direction ; thallus beneath often
ecorticate.

1. P. erinacea (Ach.) Tuckerm. j thallus cartilagineous, dif-
fusely caespitose, naked, glaucous-white ; beneath ecorticate and
very white ; the ascendant, flexuous lobes irregularly torn-cleft,
flattish, ciliate with long fibrils ; apothecia smallish, scattered,
pedicellate, the blackish -brown disk soon tumid, repressing the

entire margin. Spores biloeular, ^^ mic. Obs. Lich. I. c. 4,

p. 388. Borrera, Ach. L. U. p. 499 ;" Syn. p. 222. P. ciliaris, var.,
Nijl. Syn. I, p. 414.

On shrubs, sea coast of California (Menzies) Ach. L. U. 1810;
and later collectors. The thallus of this, of P. comosa, and
of P. hispida are externally much alike when young.

2. P. speciosa (Wulf., Ach.) Nyl. ; thallus cartilagineous-
membranaceous, loosely stellate, appressed, greenish-glaucous ;
beneath corticate, whitish, with fibrils of the same colour ; lobes
sinuately pinnatifid, flat, obtuse, with more or less ascendant,
powdery edges; apothecia smallish to middling- sized, sub-

68 PHYSCIA.

sessile; the disk naked; the margin crenulate. Spores bilocular,

^^ mic. Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 416, a. Parmelia speciosa, Ach. L.

U. p. 480. Fr. L. E. p. 80, a. Tuck. exs. n. 81.

Trees and mossy rocks in woods. Pennsylvania (Muhlen-
berg), Hoffmann D. Fl. 1796. Common from New England
southward, in the mountains at least, to Alabama, Beaumont ;
and westward to Wisconsin, Lapham.

2(b). P. hypoleuca (Muhl.) Tuckerm. ; thallus ample, cartila-
gineous, rather loosely stellate, appressed, smooth and naked
above, greenish-glaucescent ; beneath largely ecorticate and
very white (or now somewhat blackening, or now yellowish), and
densely beset with hispid, black fibrils ; lobes multifid, flat, the
edges now ascendant, and now also powdery ; apothecia mid-
dling-sized to large, sub-pedicellate (becoming crowded), the
naked, blackening disk enclosed by a crenate-foliolate margin.

Spores ^H mic. Parmelia, Muhl. Catal. Tuckerm. Syn. N. E.

p. 33. Lich. Amer. n. 108. P. speciosa, v. hypoleuca, Ach. Syn.
p. 211. Physcia, Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 417.

Trunks, Pennsylvania (Muhlenberg), Ach. Syn. 1814, and
throughout the Atlantic and Gulf States ; as west to Illinois,
Hall; New Mexico, Mex. Bound. Survey; and Mexico. It is
- widely diffused through the warmer regions of the earth.

2(c). P. Wrightii, Tuckerm. herb. ; thallus ample, cartila-
gineous, appressed, smooth, but densely beset at the centre with
wart-like lobules, naked, brownish-glaucescent ; beneath corti-
cate, brown, with scattered, simple, pale fibrils; the sparingly
divided lobes compaginate ; apothecia ample, sub-sessile ; disk
blackish-brown ; margin crenate. Spores ^j mic.

Rocks, Valley of the Rio Grande, Texas (Mexican Boundary
•Survey), Wright.

2(d). P. Ravenelii, Tuckerm. herb. ; thallus membranace-
ous-cartilagineous, stellate, appressed, smooth above; beneath
corticate, brown, and blackening, with fibrils of the same colour ;
lobes closely imbricated, shorter, wider, and less deeply cleft
than in P. speciosa, with minutely notched, powdery margins ;
apothecia of middling size, the crenate margin soon powdery.

Spores smaller than in P. speciosa, ^ mic. P. speciosa, v.

granulifera, Tuckerm. Obs. Lich. 1, 1. c. p. 391, in part.

Trunks; low country of South Carolina (H. W. Eavenel, Esq.,)
Tuckerman I. c. 1860. Louisiana, Hale. Texas, Wright; Hall

PHYSCIA. 69

In size and general character comparable rather with P.

speciosa, but a quite distinct member of the present group.

2(e). P. granulifera (Ach.) Tuckerm. herb. ; thallus cartila-
gineous, appressed, glaucescent, and white, pruinose at least at
the tips, and besprinkled with white, soon powdery granules ; be-
neath corticate, pale, with black fibrils ; lobes multifid, dentate-
crenate, the margins neither elevated nor powdery ; apothecia
smallish to middling-sized, the inflexed margin crenate. Spores
^^ mic. Parmelia, Ach. Syn. p. 212, P. speciosa, v. granu-
lifera, Tuckerm. Obs. Lich. 1, 1. c. p. 390, in part.

Trunks ; Pennsylvania (Muhlenberg], Ach. Syn. 1814. Mary-
land, Tuckerman. Illinois, Hall.

2(/). P. comosa (Eschw.) Nyl.; thallus sub-stellate, becom-
ing erectish and diffusely casspitose, smooth ; beneath ecorticate
and very white ; lobes abbreviated, dilated upward ; the margins
(and at length the whole upper surface) beset with long, branched
fibrils of the same colour ; apothecia middling-sized to largish,
obliquely pedicellate ; the pruinose disk enclosed by a thin, cre-
nate, at length radiately lobate, ciliate border. Spores bilocu-

lar, J^ mic. Parmelia comosa, Eschw. Bras. p. 199. Physcia,

Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 416. P. speciosa, v. galactophylla, Tuckerm. I. c.
p. 392, & Lich. exs. n. 82. P. leucomela, v. galactophylla, Nyl.
Syn. 1, p. 415. Parmelia galactophylla, Willd. Jierb.

On trees; Pennsylvania (Muhlenberg), Hoffman D. Fl. 1796 ;
and occurring also rarely, and. only infertile, northward to Maine,
Oakes; but throughout the Atlantic and Gulf States southward;
as also in Ohio, Lea ; Illinois, V. d. Bosch j and Mexico, Nylan-

der. The lichen of Eschweiler cannot be distinguished from

P. speciosa, v. galactophylla by merely the numerousness of the
fibrils ; and it is observable that the Parmelia echinata, Tayl.,
which is reduced by Nylander (Syn. I. c.) to Physcia comosa, is
exactly (Tayl. herb. !) what the present writer published as
galactophylla.

2(g). P. leucomela (L.) Michx. j thallus ascendant and elon-
gated, mostly smooth, either sub-stellate, with the lobation of P.
speciosa, when the tips are now similarly revolute and white-
sorediate, — or at length diffuse, and the linear, attenuated,
densely intertangled lobes more remotely and irregularly divided;
beneath ecorticate and very white, the margins beset with strong,

70 PHYSCIA.

branched, blackening fibrils; apothecia middling- sized, pedicel-
late, the disk white pruinose, the border radiately lobate. Spores
larger than in other members of this group, typically bilocular,

•^ mic., and more. Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 414, in part. Parmelia

speciosa (exc. excip.), leucomelas, Eschw. Bras. p. 198. Tuckerm.
1. c. p. 393.

Trees; mountains of North Carolina, Michaux, Fl. 1803;
Lesguereux ; the range of the lichen southward much- the same
with that of the last, reaching northward to near Albany,
N. Y., Peck; and, even fertile, the coast of Connecticut, Willey;

and, westward, the Californian coast, Menzies; Bolander.

This extraordinary modification of a foliaceous genus was the
earliest to attract attention of a group of lichens which, spar-
ingly represented at the north, is conspicuous and elegantly
varied in the warmer regions of the earth, and affords the best
representation and reconciliation that we have of all the feat-
ures of PJiyscia. This is the group typified in Europe by P.
speciosa. Fries fully referred what cannot be separated from
P. leucomela (Moug. & Nestl. exs. n. 941) to the same species
that should include P. speciosa ; and even Acharius, and Nylander
have failed to reach any other opinion as to the well-character-
ized P. hypoleuca ; while the last author has gone far to recog-
nize a conspecific relation between P. leucomela and P. comosa.
As P. speciosa is exhibited in the island of Cuba (Wright lAch.
Cub. -n. 84) it should seem to pa'ss directly into that tropical form
which has been called P. podocarpa (Mont. & V. d. Bosch Lick.
Jav. ! p. 21. Wright Lich. Cub. n. 82) and the latter cannot well
be kept far apart from P. comosa. This last is the analogue in
P. speciosa sensu latiori of the now generally accepted P. stell-
aris, v. hispida, and in fact no more separable. In an abbre-
viated and wider-lobed, ascendant form referred by some
authors to P. leucomela (v. latifolia, Mey & Flot. in herb. Beral. !
Nyl. Syn.} it is easy to see too close a relation to P. comosa ;
and Nylander, as has been said, goes far to admit this ; but
even the typical, elongated P. leucomela of all authors is found
in states really not differing (one might say) at all from P. spe^
ciosa but in being more lax, and in the ecorticate under side.
And the systematic value of the larger dimensions of the spores
of the lichen now before us is certainly qualified by what is
known of exactly similar spore-variations in other tropical
species. These spores vary indeed (the spore-cells appearing

PHYSCIA. 71

now apiculate, and these apices, next, free) and in P. comosa as
well as P. leucomela, so as to suggest at least a quadrilocular
structure, which Nylander has indicated also in the stock of
P. obscura ; but it will scarcely be pretended that this evident
luxuriance is of great account ; or that, in the present species
at least, the spores are other than typically bilocular.

3. P. ciliaris (L.) DC. ; thallus cartilagineous, diffusely
ca3spitose, more or less downy, whitish-ash-coloured becoming
at length brown ; beneath mostly ecorticate and whitish ; the
elongated, linear lobes many-cleft and soon imbricately inter-
tangled, their edges beset, especially towards the tips, with
simple fibrils ; apothecia middling-sized to largish, pedicellate ;
disk flat, sub-pruinose, with an incurved, mostly toothed border.

— Parmelia, Fr. L. E. p. 77. Physcia, Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 414.

b. crinalis, Schser. ; thallus much narrowed ; apothecia also

reduced. Spores bilocular, ^^ mic. Schcer. Enum. p. 10.

Borrera crinalis, Schleich. 1823. B. angustata, Delis. ! in herb.
Spreng. Parm. ciliaris, v. angustata, Tuckerm. Syn. N. Eng.
p. 32 ; Physcia, Obs. Lich. 1. c. p. 388.

Upon rocks, and on the earth (only &), Arctic America (Rich-
ardson), Hooker L c. 1823. Newfoundland, Despreaux. Kocky
Mountains, Herb. Hook. Shores of the Great Lakes, Miss M. L.

Wilson. Shore of Willoughby Lake, Vermont, Frost. Our

lichen agrees closely with the slender form of the European
one, but has a more northern range, being scarcely known
far south of Canada. Width of lobes for the most part less than
Omm-, 5, or about a quarter of the largest width of a, in Europe.
Apothecia 2-4mm- wide ; those of a, in Europe, having a width
of 3-6mm-.

4. P. aquila (Ach.) Nyl.; thallus cartilagineous, stellate,
appressed, naked, tawny-brown ; beneath corticate, pale with
scattered, finally blackening fibrils ; lobes multipartite, linear,
at length much narrowed, those of the centre convex and
densely crowded, those of the circumference more dilated and
flat ; apothecia smallish to middling-sized, sessile ; the disk flat,
brownish-black, soon naked, with a tumid, sub-crenate border.

— Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 422. Parmelia, Ach. L. U. p. 488.

b. detonsa, Tuckerm. ; thallus commonly pale- but at length
tawny-brown as in a, now isidiophorous, or the lobes oftener

72 PHYSCIA.

fringed with small lobules; apothecia as in a, or the border

fringed finally like the lobes. Spores bilocular, ^ mic. Obs.

Lich. 1, 1. c.p. 389. P. detonsa, Fr. S. 0. V. p. 284. Tuckerm.
Syn. N. E. p. 32; Lich. exs. n. 18. Psoroma palmulata, Michx.,
.fide Mull.

Rocks, and trees. b, North America, Fries I. c. 1825. Com-
mon from New England to Virginia, Tucker man ; and through-
out the southern Atlantic and Gulf States (Ravenel, etc.); Ohio,
Lea. And the same lichen was found in Japan by Mr. Wright ;

Tbut it is not known from our Pacific coast. Lobes more or less

•elongated, and at length exceedingly narrowed in the tree-form;
;and our lichen is generally noticeable for its paleness, and fre-
quent luxuriance of lobation. It yet also occurs quite undis-
tinguishable from the European. Spores of the foreign plant
agreeing in every respect with those of ours. This is probably
the P. aquila of Muhl. Gated., whether or not determined by
Acharius.

* * Pliyscia proper. Cortical layer of the upper side pa-
renchymatous.

5. P. pulverulenta (Schreb.) Nyl. ; thallus cartilagineous,
stellate, from greenish becoming brown, more or less pruinose ;
beneath black-fibrillose ; lobes multifid, crenate, the tips rounded ;
apothecia middling-sized, sessile, the flat, blackish-brown, sub-
pruinose disk bordered by a thick, at length lobulate, or leafy

margin. Spores bilocular, |^ mic. Parmelia, Fr. L. E.p. 79.

Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 419.

a. lobes narrower than in b, and the margins not elevated
nor powdery; the thallus passing often at the centre into
crowded, small, convex lobules.

b. leucoleiptes, Tuckerm. ; lobes flat, interruptedly elevated

and powdery at the margins, beneath black. Syn. N. Eng. p.

32. Lich. Amer. exs. n. 107.

On trunks, and rocks ; and on the earth, a, Pennsylvania,
Muhlenberg Catal. 1818, and common northward ; and westward
to California, Bolander-, the earth-form (/. muscigena, Auct.)
having been observed in Newfoundland, Despreaux (Herb.

Spreng.), and Arctic America, Eichardson (Herb. Hook.). b,

Pennsylvania, Muhlenberg, and northward to New England;
southward it is found in Virginia; and also in New Mexico,
Fendler-, and California, Bolander.

PHYSCIA. 73

A variable species, exhibiting forms, recognized generally by
authors as belonging to it, which should be quite as separable as
P. aquila ft. A perfectly smooth, brown condition, with scarcely
any trace of the characteristical bloom, .contrasts with another
pale one, more common, which is pruiuose throughout. These
forms of our a are now black, and now pale beneath. b has
only occurred to me with a black under side, and is otherwise
scarcely referable to the v. pityrea of authors ; which last may
yet occur.

6. P. Leana, Tuckerm. j thallus meinbranaceous, smooth,
loosely imbricate, glaucous- cinerascent ; beneath pale, with few,
•elongated, marginal fibrils; the loosely-intertangled, narrow,
flat lobes many cleft ; apothecia smallish, sub-pedicellate, with

an entire margin. Spores ^ mic. Parmelia (Physcia) Tuck.

in Lea Catal. PL Cincin. p. 45. Physcia, Obs. Lich. 1. c. p. 394,
.& inNyl. Syn. l,p. 422.

Growing over mosses, Ohio (Lea), Tuckerman 1. c. 1848.

With much the habit of conditions of P. speciosa this appears
.also to. look toward, and to be closely approached by forms of
.the variable P. obscura. It has only occurred once.

7. P. stellaris (L.); thallus cartilagineous, stellate, ap-
pressed, whitish-glaucescent, epruinose ; beneath pale, with pale
fibrils; lobes sub-linear, many-cleft, rather convex, compagi-
nate, or discrete, without soredia; apothecia smallish to scarcely
middling-sized, sessile, the disk brownish-black, often grey-
pruinose, the margin rather entire. Spores ^^ mic. Parme-
lia, Fr. L. E. p. 82, a. Tuck. exs. n. 83. Physcia, Tuckerm.
Obs. Lich. 1, L c. p. 395, a.

b. aipolia, Nyl. ; thallus becoming brown and finally blacken-
ing beneath, and clothed there, at length densely, with finally
black and hispid fibrils ; apothecia sub-crenate. Spores as in a.
— Nyl. Scand. p. 111. Parmelia aipolia, Ach. Syn. p. 215.

On trees, dead wood, rocks, and stones. Pennsylvania, Muhl.
•Catal. 1818, and common northward to Arctic America, Richard-
.son ; westward to the Pacific coast, Bolander ; and southward to
the Gulf States, Ravenel, etc., and Mexico, Nylander. But the
southern plant tends to lose itself in the next member of the

group. This well-known lichen of the northern hemisphere

is readily recognizable in its tree-forms, but departs a little from
the type on rocks, where (b, aipolia) now otherwise quite similar

74 PHYSCIA.

to a, it is differenced at length conspicuously, by the coloration-
of the under side. But these rock-forms are now pale beneath ;
and one from the Pacific coast (perhaps the named but not char-
acterized P. callosa, Kyi. in Flora, 1869; p. 119), is noticeable for
its coarser, thicker, rugose-verruculose thallus (Yosernite Valley,
Bolander; Oregon, Hall), but the scanty specimens scarcely

afford any other than this difference. P. stellaris, a, perfectly

characterized, has occurred in Florida with apothecia ciliate-
below, in the manner of P. obscura; Austin.

7(b). P. astroidea (Fr.) Nyl. j thallus smallish, sub-cartila-
gineous, stellate, appressed, microphylline ; beneath pale with
pale fibrils ; the erose-multifid, much narrowed, flattened lobes
beset, for the most part, with rounded, finally confluent soredia ;
apothecia smallish, closely sessile, the disk blackening, sub-

pruinose, the margin entire. Spores ^ rnic. Parmelia, Fr.

L. E. p. 81. Physcia, Nyl. Syn. 1, p- 426. P. stellar is /?, Tuck-
erm. 1. c. p. 395.

* hypomela ; commonly smooth and naked above ; brown and
at length black beneath, with fibrils of the same colour. — —
Parmelia obsessa, Mont. ! Cuba, p. 227, not ofAch. Tuckerm. I. c.

Trees; New England, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, Tucker-
man I c. 1860. North Carolina, Curtis. South Carolina, Rav-
enel. Alabama, Peters. Louisiana, Hale. Texas, Wright.

Mexico. * Louisiana, Hale ', which form proves, in Cuba,

to be scarcely well separable always from P. crispa. This
smooth form varies in the colour of the under side just as P.
stellaris, and often well represents, in Texas, as in Cuba, the
coarser northern lichen. Its apothecia are often ciliate below
(P. leucothrix, Tayl. ! New Lich. 1. c. p. 170) as in P. obscura.

7(c). P. crispa (Per«.) Nyl. ; thallus sub-membranaceousr
stellate, appressed, platyphylline, greenish-glaucescent (often
pale roseate) beneath pale with scattered pale fibrils; the rather
wide, flat lobes interruptedly imbricate, palmately cut, the
repand edges powdery, and now ascending j apothecia smallish
to middling-sized, sessile, blackish -brown, the incurved margin

crenate, or granulate. Spores as in P. stellaris. Nyl. Syn. 17

p. 423. Parmelia Domingensis, Mont. Cuba, p. 225, t. 8, /. 3.
Physcia stellaris, v. Domingensis, Tuckerm. I. c. p. 396.

* hypomela ; brown, and at length black beneath, with sim-
ilarly coloured fibrils.

PHYSCIA. 75

Trees. Seaboard of South Carolina (Ravenel), Tuckerraan
I c. 1860. Georgia, Ravenel. Florida, Austin. Louisiana, Hale.

Texas, Wright. * Louisiana, Hale. P. dilatata, f. integrata,

Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 424, 'sufficiently like P. crispa' but with wider,
lobes, the margins of which are not powdery, is found at Orizaba,
Mexico, Nylander 1. c. ; where also P. major, Nyl. ibid., of the
same affinity, is said to occur. Neither is sufficiently known to
me.

7(d). P. tribacia (Ach.) Tuckerm. herb.; thallus smallish,
sub-membranaceous, sub-stellate, glaucescent; beneath white,
and sparingly white-fibrillose ; lobes abbreviated, those of the
periphery appressed, more or less dilated or now narrowed, and
flat, but with ascendant and erose-granulate edges, and crowded
at the centre into a granulate crust; apothecia smallish to
scarcely middling-sized, closely sessile, black, commonly grey-

pruinose, with a sub-entire margin. Spores ^^ mic. Leca-

nora, Ach. Syn. p. 191, in part. Parmelia, Schorr. Enum. p.
39. P. erosa, Borr. ! in E. Sot. Suppl. n. 2807. P. stellaris,
var. tribacia, Fr. L. E. p. 83. Physcia stellaris ft, tribacia,
Tuckerm. 1. c. ; & Lich. Amer. n. 85.

•Trees and rocks (in the former habitat thinner and flatter,
and, in the latter, more cartilagineous, convex, and grayer —
so that if we take the former for a descendant of P. stellariSj
we might incline to consider the latter as in similar relation to
P. ccesia (comp. Fr. L. E. p. 84, & Tuckerm. I. c. p. 397) but
this is perhaps to set too high a value on the lichen last-named,
the specific rank of which is confessedly open to question)
common from New England, Tuckerman Syn. 1848, to Virginia.
South Carolina, Eavenel. Louisiana, Hale. California, Bolander.
A very common, quite distinct, and well-marked lichen.

7(e). P. hispida (Schreb., Fr.) Tuckerm. herb. ; thallus small,
sub-cartilagineous, glaucescent ; beneath white ; at first sub-
stellate, but ascendant and diffusely ca3spitose, and the short-
ened, erectish, imbricated lobes inflated and vaulted at the tips,
and ciliate throughout with long, darkening fibrils ; apothecia
smallish to scarcely middling-sized, sessile, grey-pruinose, with

mostly entire margin. Spores as in the last preceding.

Borrera tenella, Ach. L. U. p. 498. Parmelia stellaris b. hispida,
Fr. L. E. p. 82. Physcia, Tuckerm. I c. p. 397.

Trees and rocks. Arctic America (Richardson), Hooker I. c.

76 PHYSCIA.

1823. New England, not uncommon. Canada, Macoun. Cali-
fornia, Bolander. Oregon, Hall British Columbia, Macoun.—
The lichen is obviously the analogue, in the stellaris- group, of
P. comosa in the speciosa- group ; and the appressed forms of the
former cluster stand in a similar relation to those of the latter.
— P. stellariSj as here taken, belongs especially to the colder
regions of the earth. On this continent we find it beginning to
be modified even in New England ; and this process of differen-
tiation continues as we go southward. Neither of the three New
Granada lichens of Lindig's Collection (n. 712, 731, 2602) referred
by Nylander to his P. stellaris is (in the published specimens) a
satisfactory representative of the northern plant. We may then
perhaps expect this, as it approaches, or enters inter-tropical
regions, to assume new forms, abhorrent no doubt from the
merely northern conception of the species, and requiring to be
determined from a wider point of view. But if this diminish as
well the systematic value of the generally accepted P. astroidea,
P. crispa, P. dilatata, etc. (as assumed in the writer's earlier
review of the American Physcice, cited above), it may be said to
enhance, from a comparison of the equally accepted P. comosa,
the value of the now generally undervalued P. hispida.

8. P. ccesia (Hoffm.) Nyl. ; thallus crustaceous-cartilagine-
ous, stellate, pale ash-coloured, besprinked with rounded, grey
soredia ; beneath pale, now ash-coloured, and blackening, with
black fibrils; lobes pinnately many-cleft; apothecia smallish,
sessile, the soon naked and black disk bordered by a thin, in-
flexed, sub-entire margin. Spores bilocular, ^ mic. Nyl.

Syn. 1, p. 426. Parmelia, Fr. L. E. p. 83. Tuck. Lich. exs.
n. 86.

Old stone walls. Pennsylvania, Mulilenberg Catal. 18.18.

New York, Halsey ; Sartwett. Massachusetts, Tuckerman. •

Our plant (Lich. Amer. n. 86) is in all respects like the Euro-
pean ; but I have seen but little of it.

9 P. obscura (Ehrh.) Nyl. ; thallus sub-membranaceous, or-
bicular and appressed (unless in inuscicoline states) epruinose,
glaucous-cinerascent becoming livid or brown, now sorediifer-
ous ; beneath black, and more or less densely black-fibrillose ;
lobes dichotomously many-cleft, flattish, sub-ciliate, now pass-
ing at the centre into minute, imbricated lobules; apothecia
smallish to scarcely middling-sized, sessile, the exciple more or

PHTSCIA. 77

less hispid, at least below, the reddish-brown, blackening, naked
disk bordered by an entire margin. Spores bilocular, ^^ mic.

Spermatia oblong. Th. Fr. Scand. p. 142. Tuckerm. Obs.

Lich. 1. c. p. 399, max. p. Parmelia, Fr. L. E. p. 84, max. p-
Tuck. exs. n. 87. Schcer. Spicil. p. 441, max. p.

* endochrysea, Nyl. ; thallus more or less saffron - coloured

within. Var. erythrocardia, Tuckerm. 1. c. Parmelia endo-

coccina, Koerb. Parerg. p. 36.

Trees, dead wood, and rocks. Pennsylvania, Muhlenberg
Catal. 1818, and northward to Arctic America, Richardson-,
westward to the Pacific coast, Bolander; and southward to

Louisiana, Hale, and Texas, Wright. A very variable lichen,

recognizable by the coloration (though this may vary even to
glaucescent as to thallus and red as to apothecia in forms of the
v. chloantha, Auct.) by the blackening, abundant fibrils, and
especially by the occurrence of these more or less on the exciple,
which is seldom quite naked, with us, and finally bristly all over.
This peculiar exhibition of fibrils characterizes probably all the
best conditions of P. obscura, and must be taken therefore for
typical. The under side is not merely black-fibrillose beneath,
as commonly described, but black, both in European and North
American specimens, though doubtless varying in this.

9(b). P. setosa (Ach.) Nyl.; thallus much as in the imme-
diately preceding but larger, and whitish-glaucescent becoming
glaucous-cinerascent, the wider, linear lobes fringed by and
cushioned on dense black fibrils. Spores rather larger than in
the preceding, ^^ mic., but reaching ffi mic. in a specimen from

Japan. Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 429. Parmelia, Ach. Syn. p. 203. P.

atricapilla, Tayl. ! New Lich. I. c. p. 162.

Rocks upon mosses, and trunks. Pennsylvania, Muhlenberg
Catal. 1818. New England and New York, Tuckerman. Ohio,

Lesquereux. New Mexico, Fendler. Mexico, Nylander. The

most conspicuous member of the commonly humble obscura-
stock ; and, beside the lichenographers above-named who have
taken it for a distinct species, Nylander L c. cites also Schserer,
and Montagne ; and yet, except in size and general luxuriance,
the lichen differs in no respect from the preceding.

10. P. adglutinata (Floerk.) Nyl. ; thallus small, membra-
naceous, closely adnate or as it were glued to the substrate, from

78

glaucescent becoming cinerascent and brown ; pale and scarcely
fibrillose beneath ; the very thin, flat lobes compaginate, disap-
pearing for the most part at the centre in a granulose crust ;
apothecia small, and very small ; disk blackish-brown ; margin
entire, scarcely ciliate. Spores ^ mic. Spermatia elon-
gated, acicular. Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 428 ; Flora, 1862, p. 355.

Parmelia obscura, v. adglutinata, ScJicer. Spicil p. 444. Physcia,
Tuckerman 1. c. p. 399.

* pyrithrocardia, Miill. j thallus more or less saffron- coloured
within. Flora, 1880, p. 278.

Upon trees and shrubs. New England, Tuckerman I. c. 1860;
westward to Illinois, Hall, and Wisconsin, E. L. Greene ; south-
ward to South Carolina, Eavenel ; Florida, Beaumont ; Alabama,
Peters-, Louisiana, Hale; and Texas, Wright. * Massachu-
setts, Willey. Eemarkably characterized by the spermatia.

The lichen is better exhibited here than in Europe, and appears
at length, as Nylander has said, to pass into P. obscura. From
that species the present differs very considerably in the impor-
tant respect of the fibrils, or want of them ; but agrees with it
in the abnormal variation of the colour of the medullary layer.

XII.— PYXINE, Fr., Tuckerm.

Apothecia sub-scutellseforrn. Hypotheciurn black ; and,
in the second section, the whole exciple blackening and
Lecideoid. Spores oblong-ellipsoid, bilocular (rarely, in
tropical regions, 4-locular) brown. Spermatia oblong, on
pauci-articulate sterigmas. Thallus now aduateand aggluti-
nate (semi-crustaceous) and now rising into foliaceous and
cartilagineous expressions ; the under side more or less fib-
rillose. In the parenchymatous cortical layer of the upper

side of the thallus, as in some other respects of thalline
structure, this genus resembles Physcia ; and its very incon-
gruous apothecia are found yet, in the first section always,
and to some extent in the second, to offer no external dif-
ferences from those of the other ; with which it also agrees
in its spore-history.

*Dirinaria. Apothecia scutellceform. Thallus normally
white within.

PYXINE. 79

1. P. picta (Sw.) Tuckerm. Thallus softish, closely aggluti-
nate to the substrate/ radiately plaited, white - glaucescent j
beneath black, scarcely fibrillose ; lobes confluent, flattened and
pinnately many-cleft at the circumference, but passing finally at
the centre into a wrinkled-warty crust, often besprinkled with
rounded, white soredia j apothecia small, sessile, the vinous-red
disk soon becoming black, and now pruinose, at length scarcely
exceeded by the sub-crenulate margin. Spores bilocular, ^J

mic. Obs. Lich. 4, 1. c.p. 166. Physcia, Nyl. Syn. I, p. 430,

.& t. 8, /. 53. Parm. applana'ta, Fee ; Mont. Cuba, p. 223, t. 8, /.
1. Tuckerm. Obs. Lich. 1, I c.p. 398.

* erythrocardia, Tuckerm. ; thallus saffron-coloured within.

Trees, and dead wood in the low country of South Carolina
(Eavenel), Tuckerman in Nyl. Enum.'lS5S, of Georgia, Eavenel;
of Louisiana, Hale] Texas, Wright] and Mexico; as also on
rocks, in Alabama, Peters. * erythrocardia, in Texas, Eave-
nel. Differenced from Physcia by its hypothecium, but suffi-
ciently agreeing in this, as in general -aspect, with Pyxine]
which, in P. Meissneri, offers apothecia not always well distin-
guishable from those of the present. Parmelia confluens, Fr.;

united by Nylander with the earlier P. cegialita, Ach., should,
with little doubt, be referred here : at least no difference appears
to be noted.

l(b). P. Frostii^ Tuck., thallus crustaceous, closely adnate,
stellate-radious, smooth, from glaucous-grey becoming cream-
coloured ; beneath black ; divisions sub-palmately cleft, convex,
concrete (besprinkled commonly with white soredia) ; apo-
thecia small, sessile j the disk flat, black ; the margin incurved.

Spores bilocular, ^ mic. Squamaria, Suppl. 1, 1. c., p. 425,

dein Lecanora.

Granitic rocks, New England (Frost) Tuckerman Suppl. 1858.

Harper's Ferry, Virginia, Tuckerman. Rarely observed in

fruit ; the want of which has heretofore obscured the affinity of
the lichen. It is a greatly reduced, 'northern exhibition of the
preceding tropical species. l

1 And a still more marked reduction of this type is presented by a
lichen from volcanic rocks of the Galapagos Islands (Dr. Hill in Hassler
Exp.) in which while the apothecia offer no differences unless possibly
rather smaller spores, the thallus has passed wholly into convex, glebous
Creoles, somewhat lobed only at the circumference (P. glebosa, Mihi,
herb.}.

80 PYXItfE.

** Pyxine proper. Apothecia scutellceform, and more or
less resembling at first those of the first section, but soon blacken-
ing all over, and Lecideoid. Thallus becoming yellowish within.

2. P. Cocoes (Sw.) Nyl.; thallus membranaceous, white-
glaucescent; beneath black and smoothish; lobes linear, flat,
many-cleft, imbricated, sparingly sorediiferous, white within ;
apothecia, in Cuban specimens, very small, Lecideoid, sessile,
flattish, the stout margin at length disappearing. Spores biloc-

ular, ^ mic. Tuckerm. Obs. Lich. I, 1. c. p. 401 ; <&4,p. 166.

Lecidea, Ach. L. U. p. 216.

Trees in tropical America, and perhaps recognizable in some
small forms from our extreme south. But I consider the name
as only the first imperfect indication of the more delicate states-
of the two following forms of Pyxine.

2(b). P. Meissneri, Tuckerm. j thallus much as in P. Cocoes,
but more or less yellow within, and scarcely sorediiferous ; spar-
ingly black-fibrillose beneath ; apothecia scutellaeform, small, a
flat, black disk bordered by a sub-entire thalline exciple, itself

at length blackening. Spores as in the preceding. Obs.

Lich. 1, 1. c. p. 400. P. Cocoes, v. Meissneri, Obs. Lich. 4, I. c.

Trees, as the preceding, from which it is commonly taken for
distinct ; as it is often well distinguished. I have however seen
no North American specimens.

2(c). P. sorediata, Fr.; stouter, cartilagineous, wrinkled-
plaited; glaucous- cinerascent becoming gr eenish- olivaceous ;
more or less sulphur-coloured within ; the lobes beset with
rounded, white or grey soredia, and beneath densely fibrillose ;
apothecia commonly Lecideoid, small, at length dilated and
flexuous, the hypothecium resting on a yellowish or fulvous
stratum, the disk white-pruinose, or, more commonly, naked.

Spores bilocular, ~ mic. Fr. S. 0. V. p. 267. P. Cocoes, v.

sorediata, Tuck. Obs. Lich. 1, I. c. p. 402. Lecidea, Ach. Syn. p.
54. Parmelia, sect. Pyxine, Tuck. Syn. N. E. p. 35, & Lich.
Amer. n. 19.

* Eschweileri, Tuckerm.; spores 4-locular, ^ mic. Obs.

Lich. 4, I. c. Lecidea sorediata, pro p., Eschiv. Bras. p. 245.
Wright Lich. Cub. n. 94, pro p.

Trees and rocks. Pennsylvania (Muhleriberg), Ach. Syn.
1814. Common from New England to Virginia, Tuckerman, and

UMBILICAKIBL 81

westward to the Rocky Mountains, Herb. Hook. Also through-
out the southern States (passing, there into thinner forms hardly
separable from P. Cocoes), from the Carolinas and Georgia,
Ravenel, and Florida, Austin, to Texas, Wright. The best-
developed and most northern expression of Pyxine ; and I possess
it also from Japan, and the Himalayah, as well as from the West
Indies, and Java. It was the type of the genus.; but the apo-
thecia are properly scutellseform only blackened, the hypothe-
cium is well comparable with that of P. picta ; and young apo-

thecia not yet discoloured occur. * Cuba, Wright ; not yet

observed here The lichen is only a further development of P.
sorediata. *

Fam. 3.— UMBILICARIEI.

Thallus horizontal, foliaceous, sub-monophyllous, coria-
ceous-cartilagineous, more or less blackish-brown ; beneath
fibrillose, or now naked ; attached to the substrate at only a
single point.

The family is obviously and strongly differenced from the
preceding one ; and yet, through the exotic Omphalodium, Mey.
& Flot., Koerb., the two are brought into closest relations with
each other. And it is generally allowed that Habit must domi-
nate here; however marked the features that might suggest
other arrangements. The natural place of the group appears
indeed to be between Parmeliei, and Sticta, in the next succeed-
ing family.

The author's explanation of the spore-history of this family
may be found in Genera Lichenum, pp. 29, 30.

* A note by Dr. Nylauder on the chemical reactions with potash ob-
served by him in Pyxine may be found in his JEnum. Licli. Husnot, p. 10 ;
but I am unable to make use of his results. Here as elsewhere, these re-
sults cannot be said to possess any absolute value beyond the portions of
thallus subjected to the test; and we have no right either to assume
that what we have not examined shall accord with what we have, or to
venture on constructing 'new species' out of what does not accord.

82 UMBILICAKIA.

XIII.— UMBILICAKIA, Hoffm.

Apothecia sub-scutellseform, variously difform, blackened,
destitute of gonidia,- for tbe most part at length lirellose-
proliferous. Spores ellipsoid, from simple at length grauu-
lose; or, more rarely, muriform-multilocular, fuscescent.
Spermatia oblong 5 on multi-articulate sterigmas. Thallus

as above. The anatomy of the thallus is largely illustrated

by Schwendener, I. c. 3, pp. 150, 179 j t. 8, /. 15-17; t. 10,

/. 10-13. Neither of the attempts heretofore made to

divide this natural genus into two, can be called satisfactory.
Acharius soon gave up his distinction based on the degree
of external, atypical change in the apothecia; and if
Nylander has indicated recently, with emphasis (Flora
Eatisb. 1875, p. 303) that this external change, so obvious
in the descent from V. pustulata to most species of our first
section, is accompanied by a gradual modification or degen-
eration of the tissues of the same organs, we may admit the
fact, embarrassed though it be by the difficult association of
U. anthradna and U. pustulata to form the new genus
Umbilicaria, Nyl., but hardly the inference that he draws
from it. It is impossible, too, any longer to lay that stress
•on the spore differences which Fee, and Flotow, and most
recent writers have attempted. And Schweudeuer has him-
self admitted the difficulties of his characterization of Gyro-
jphora and Umbilicaria, from the thalline characters alone.
The general structure of the thallus offers no prominent
differences from that of Parmelia and Physcia ; and the
distinction of the group, marked as it is, may be said to
rest on its peculiar coloration, taken in connection with the
deficiency of gonidia in, and the denigration, and abnormal
development of, its fruit ; and the manner of attachment of
the thallus to the substrate. In some states of the highest
-expressions of Umbilicaria, as U. pustulata v. papillata
Hamp., a Cape of Good Hope lichen, there is now indeed
nothing external which may not be taken for Parmelieine,
the thalline exciple agreeing entirely in colour with the
pale greenish-brown thallus ; but in a full view of the fruit

UMBILICAKIA. 83

of this species in its more normal conditions, as exhibited in
the northern hemisphere, it is perhaps easier to compare it
(externally) with that of Sticta, as in 8. faveolata, etc.;
however surprisingly the same fruit be afterwards modified,
as in U. pustulata, v. papulosa, and U. Pennsylvania. We
do not find any approach to this more normal coloration,
and greater Parrnelieine or Sticteiue regularity of the exciple
in the other section of the genus, unless it be, rarely, in
U. rugifera, Nyl., occurring now glaucous with fruit little
darker (California, Bolander) and in the Himalayan U.
Iccanocarpoides, Nyl. This fruit is indeed now Lecideoid, as
in U. anthracina, but quickly passes into those gyrose states
which especially mark the section; or is developed into
the starry clusters, more remarkable than anything else in
the metamorphoses of the genus, which characterize U.
Muhlenbergii.

* Apothecia patellate, now angulate, or even oblong ; for the
most part plicate ; or the oblong sort finally grouped in stellate
clusters. Spores mostly simple, but now muriform-multilocular.
Thallus not papulose ; the cortical layer for the most part only
imperfectly parenchymatous above, and scarcely at all so below.
Gyrophora, Fee, Flot, & other recent authors.

f Stock of U. anthracina. Alpine lichens; but 1, 5,
and 6 descending.

1. U. rugifera, Nyl. ; thallus middling-sized, one-leaved, co-
riaceous, at length rigid, more or less rugged with coarse, retic-
ulated wrinkles; pale ash-coloured, at length darkening, or now
olive-brown; beneath pale, with now a rosy tinge, and beset
more or less with scattered, or more rarely dense, pale or dark-
ening fibrils; apothecia small to middling, primarily adnate,
orbicular, simple, with a thin, persistent, finally flexuous margin ;
becoming at last proliferous. Spores ellipsoid, simple, fusees-
cent, or decolorate, ^- mic. Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 117. Th.

Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 156.

Alpine rocks (Eastern Siberia, Nyl. Norwegian Alps, Th.
JV.), and descending. Greenland, Giseke. Yosemite Valley and
Mountains of California (Bolander), Tuckerman Gen. 1872. Al-
pine region of Mt. Hood, Oregon, Hall.

84 UMBILICARIA.

2. U. cylindrica (L.) Delis. ; thallus of middling size, com-
monly many-leaved, coriaceous, round-lobed, smoothish, bluish-
grey, or now smoke-coloured, fringed for the most part with
black fibrils; beneath pale and more or less sparingly fibrillose;
apothecia small to almost middling, orbicular, from adnate and
sub-simple soon elevated, convex, and copiously plicate. Spores

ellipsoid, fuscescent, or decolorate, —• mic. U. proboscidea,

/?, Fr. L. E. p. 356. Gyrophora probosc., Turn. & Borr. Lich.
Brit. p. 219.

High alpine and arctic rocks. Bear Lake (Herb. Hook.),
Tuckerman Syn. 1848. Greenland, Vahl. Labrador, Herb.
Schwein. Newfoundland (U. Delism, Despr.), Despreaux.

3. U. proboscidea (L.) Stenh.; thallus middling-sized, one-
leaved, sub-membranaceous, flattish, few-lobed, with irregularly
scalloped, now lacerate edges, reticulately wrinkled, especially
at the pruinose centre; blackish-brown; beneath paler, now
grey-pruinose, rather sparingly fibrillose ; apothecia small, or-
bicular, becoming elevated and plicate. Spores ellipsoid and

oblong, simple, mostly decolorate, ^^ mic. U. proboscidea,

a, Fr. L. E. p. 354. Tuck. exs. n. 49. Gyrophora deusta, Turn.
& Borr. L. B. p. 222.

b. arctica, Ach. ; thallus thickened and rigid, very rugged,
beneath naked.

Alpine rocks. Arctic America (Eichardsori), Hooker I. c.

1823. Greenland, Vahl. Newfoundland, Despreaux. White
Mountains, Tuckerman. North shore of Lake Superior, Agas-
siz. Mexico, Nylander. b, Newfoundland, Despreaux. Green-
land, Vahl. White Mountains. Mexico, Nylander.

4. U. anthracina (Wulf.) Schser.; thallus of middling size,
coriaceous, rigid, smooth, or areolate-rimulose; blackish-brown;
beneath smooth, or minutely granulated, and for the most part
black-pruinose, without fibrils ; apothecia small, elevated, or-
bicular, simple. [Spores oblong, simple, decolorate, l^j- mic.]
U. atro-pruinosa, Fr. L. E.p. 351. Nyl. Scand. p. 113.

b. reticulata, Schaer. ; reticulately wrinkled above.

Alpine rocks. Arctic America (b.) E. Brown (Parry's Voy.)

1824. Greenland, Vahl. Newfoundland, Despreaux. On the
Yellowstone, Herb. Willey. White Mountains (b.), Tuckerman.
The plant of the White Mountains does not differ, but is in-

TJMBILICARIA. 85

fertile. Gyrophora Wenckii, Mull. (Flora Eatisb. 1867, p. 433)

from Greenland, appears, by the description, to differ from b in
nothing but the plicate fruit, looking rather towards that of U.
proboscidea ; from which last the first-named shall differ in
smaller spores. In an infertile specimen of G. Wenckii before
me (Herb. Krempelh.) agreeing generally with the published
description, I find small clumps of fibrils on the upper surface
and at the margins here and there, once more suggesting U.
proboscidea. Spores of G. Wenckii not rarely a little curved
(Mull. /. c.), as is observable in U. anthracina-, but also, more
rarely, in U. proboscidea.

5. U. polyphylla (L.) Hoffm.; thallus small, cartilagineous,
commonly many-leaved and , clustered, with unequal, crisped,
at length much- divided lobules, smooth; dark-olive-brown ; be-
neath smooth and very black, without fibrils ; [apothecia small,
sessile, orbicular, plicate. Spores ellipsoid, decolorate, "^-"
mic.]. Nyl. Scand. p. 119. U. cenea, a, Schcer. Spicil.p.92.

Alpine rocks, and descending. White Mountains, Tucker-
man Syn. 1848. Mt. Desert, Maine. Newfoundland, Despreaux.
Greenland, Vahl

6 U. flocculosa, Hoffm.; thallus of middling size, sub-mem-
branaceous ; blackish-brown, scurfy with a sooty efflorescence ;
beneath nearly of the same colour, more or less reticulately pit-
ted, without fibrils; [" apothecia small, sessile, orbicular, pli-

•cate. Spores oblong ellipsoid, now a little curved, ^ mic."]

Nyl. Scand. p. 119. Gyrophora, Turn. & Borr. L. B. p. 217.

Alpine rocks, and descending. White Mountains, Tucker-
man Syn. 1848. Mt. Desert, Maine. Rocky Mountains, Herb.
Hook. Behring's Straits, Wright. As near to the next cer-
tainly as to the last ; but . with larger spores than in either.
Not as yet found fertile here.

7. U. hyperborea, Hoffm.; thallus middling-sized, mostly
one-leaved, coriaceous-membranaceous, sparingly lobed, with
jagged edges, papulose-rugulose, now here and there perforate;
olive-brown ; beneath pitted more or less, smooth, mostly black-
ish ; apothecia small, at first appressed, oblong, or angulate, but
becoming orbicular and plicate. Spores ellipsoid, mostly decol-
orate, ^ mic. Fr. L. E. p. 353. Tuck. exs. n. 143. Nyl.

Scand. p. 118.

86 UMBILICAKIA.

Alpine rocks. Arctic America (Richardson), Hooker 1. c~
1823. Newfoundland, Despreaux. Rocky Mountains, Herb.
Hook. N. shore of Lake Superior, Macoun. White Mountains,
and highest Green Mountains, Tuckerman. Mountains of Cali-
fornia, Bolander.

f f Stock of U. erosa.

8. U. phcea, Tuckerm.; thallus middling-sized, one-leaved,,
cartilagineous, smooth; from ash-coloured becoming tawny-
brown ; beneath granulated, paler, but at length now blacken-
ing, without fibrils ; apothecia smallish, innate, and now sunken
in the thallus (which is then papulose below) but becoming
more prominent ; originally angulate, becoming many-angled ;
or also rounded ; plicate. Spores ellipsoid, mostly decelerate,
H:^ mic. Lich. Calif, p. 115.

Rocks of the Pacific coast, alt. 1000-3000 ft. (Bolander) Tuck-
erman Calif. 1866.

9. U. erosa (Web.) HofTm. ; thallus of middling size, one-
leaved, coriaceous-cartilagineous, of few, rounded lobes, which
are soon rimulose, with irregularly torn edges, and more or less
reticulately perforate ; from olive- at length blackish-brown ; be-
neath paler, or now darker, radiously more or less ridged, the
ridges foraminous and this side finally wholly ragged, or passing
into fibril-like extensions ; apothecia small, appressed and oblong,
passing into stellate clusters ; or more prominent, rounded, and
plicate. Spores ellipsoid, fuscescent or decolorate, -^ mic.

Schcer. Spicil. p. 93. Turn. & Borr. L. B. p. 229. Tuck.

Exs. n. 48.

Alpine rocks ; now descending. Arctic America, E. Brown
(Parry's Voy.), 1824. Newfoundland, Pylaie. White Mountains,
Tuckerman. Mine mountain, Brattleborough, Vt., alt. about
1000 ft., Eussell. Mt. Hood, and Rocky Mountains, Hall, etc.

10. U. Muhlenbergii (Ach.) Tuckerm. ; thallus middling to
large, one-leaved, coriaceous at length rigid, irregularly more or
less reticulately pitted; olive-brown; beneath mostly darker,
granulate, lacerate in anastomosing ridges, and shaggy finally
with fibril-like extensions ; apothecia small to middling, origi-
nally oblong and appressed, passing into irregular, often stel-
late, plicate clusters, without common margin. Ach. Syn. p~

67. Tuckerm. Syn. N. Eng. p. 74 ; Lich. exs. n. 144.

TJMBILICARIA. $7

Rocks. Pennsylvania (Muhlenberg) Ach. L. U. 1810; and
common throughout the northern States and Canada; as in

Arctic America, Richardson. A reduced, thickened, scarcely

pitted, and at length somewhat polyphylline state (v. alpina,
Tuckerm. I. c.) occurs on alpine rocks in the White and Green
Mountains, Tuckerman] and in Hastings county, Canada,
Macoun.

Stock of U. veiled.

11. U. hirsuta (Ach.) Stenh. ; thallus one-leaved, membra-
naceous, softish, somewhat powdery ; pale ash-coloured ; be-
neath pale, and hirsute with mostly dense and pale fibrils;
["apothecia small, appressed, orbicular, soon convex, plicate.

Spores ellipsoid, simple, decolorate, ^ mic."] U. vellea, YJ

Fr. L. E. p. 358. Th. Fr. Scand. p. 155.

/9, grisedj Th. Fr. ; small, finally blackening beneath, where
it is granulate, and either naked, or very sparingly now fibril-
lose. U. murina, DC. Nyl. Scand. p. 116.

Rocks in high mountains. Mexico (v. papyrina], Nylander.

/?, alpine county, California, infertile (L A. Lapham), Tuck-

erman Calif. 1866. This variety is a distinct form, and taken
for a species by Nylander, according to whom the spores also
vary from those of a. The last is scarcely as yet known here.

12. U. vellea (L.) Nyl.; thallus large, one-leaved, coriaceous,
smoothish ; glaucous - ash - coloured ; beneath brownish and
blackening, very hirsute ; apothecia small, appressed, orbicular,
plicate, becoming convex, and immarginate. Spores rounded-

or short-ellipsoid, simple, decolorate, ^- mic. Nyl. Scand.

p. 114. Th. Fr. Scand. p. 153. U. hirsuta, Tuck. Exs. n. 47.

b. the under side granulate, fibrils mostly obsolete. U.

tylorhiza, Nyl., fide Th. Fr.

Rocks in high mountains. White Mountains, Tuckerman
(U. hirsuta of Syn. N. Eng.) 1848. Newfoundland, Despreaux.
North Shore of Lake Superior, Agassiz. Rocky Mountains, in-
fertile. Hall. North West coast, infertile, Douglas. Fronds at

length reaching six inches in diameter ; but the fruit not exceed-
ing one line. 5, Southern Colorado, Brandegee (Herb. Willey).

13. U. Dillenii, Tuckerm. ; thallus large to very large, one-
leaved, coriaceous, smooth ; from tawny- at length sooty-brown ;
beneath very black, closely hirsute with short fibrils ; apothecia
middling-sized, attached only at the centre, orbicular, convex,

88 "UMBILICARIA.

plicate, and becoming lirellose, and immarginate. Spores ellip-
soid, simple, decelerate, -^ mic. Lichenoides, Dill. Muse. p.

545. Tuckerm. Syn. N. E. p. 72 ; Lich. exs. n. 46.

Rocks. New Jersey (J. Bartram), Dillenius Muse. 1741.
Common, in the low country, throughout the northern Atlantic
States ; and southward, in the mountains, to Georgia (Ravenel) .
Shores of Lake Superior, Agassiz. Northward to Newfound-
land. The largest species known; the fronds exceeding at

length nine inches in diameter, and the fruit now more than

two lines, or four millim. The lichen is quite distinct from

U. vellea.

14. U. angulata, Tuckerm. ; thallus scarcely middling, one-
leaved, coriaceous, rigid, smooth ; from ashy- at length tawny -
• brown, rendered purplish by a thin bloom; beneath black,
granulate, lacerate, and clothed at length more or less with
paler fibrils; apothecia small to middling-sized, appressed, an-
gulate-patellate, flattish, plicate, with a thick, persistent mar-
gin. Spores ellipsoid, simple, decolorate, ^ mic. Syn. N.

Eng. p. 74.

* Semitensis, Tuckerm. ; scarcely differing in the specimens
seen, except that the spores vary from simple and decolorate,
when they resemble those of U. angulata, to brown, and muri-
form multilocular (transverse series of spore-cells, 5-8; of 3 to 4
members, in the middle), measuring then |J mic. U. Semi-
tensis, Gen. p. 31.

Rocks of the Pacific coast, a, maritime rocks, Monterey,
California (Menzies), Tuckerman 1. c. ]848. Observatory inlet,

British Columbia, Herb. Hook. * Semitensis, further inland,

Tosemite Valley, and elsewhere (Bolander), Tuckerman I. c.

1872. Fronds, of neither lichen, surpassing two inches in

diameter. The spore-history of * is important as illustrating
the view elsewhere taken by the author, of the inferior system-
atic value of merely gradal differences in spores. It was re-
marked (Lich. Calif, p. 7), that lichens which exhibit the ulti-
mate condition or grade of their type of spore, exhibit also
ideally, and in fact more or less, all the steps or grades in the
preceding process of evolution. This is fully seen in U. Semi-
tensis, which offers, in a full examination, simple, bilocular, and
quadrilocular spores with entire spore-cells, and then every step
beyond to perfectly muriform ones. And the simple spore of

UMBILICARIA. 89

this series agrees in size as in every other respect with the spore
of U. angulata; and is yet accompanied, in the same lichen,
with the larger, muriform ones. The bearing of this is obvious.
Gyrophora of authors cannot be distinguished from their Umbil-
icaria by simple spores ; and the latter organs are rather to be
called decolorate than colourless.

* * Apothecia sub-scutellate, becoming plicate, and proliferous.
Spores muriform-multilocular. Thallus papulous; the cortical
layer parenchymatous throughout. Spores solitary, or in twos.

Umbilicaria, Fee, Flot., and many recent authors. In this

section the genus reaches its best development. The denigra-
tion of the fruit is often less marked than in the first section,
and its internal structure less divergent from that of Parme-
liaceous types : and in these respects, and in the structure of the
thallus as well, there is suggested a clear, if distant association
with Sticta.

15. U. Caroliniana, Tuckerm. ; thallus middling, membrana-
ceous, becoming polyphyllous, and the rounded lobes compli-
cated, very smooth, irregularly or obscurely papulous; from olive-
at length blackish-brown ; beneath pitted, granulate, very black;
beset here and there with a few strong fibrils ; apothecia small,
attached only at the centre, and elevated, from simple with a
thick margin soon plicate, and finally proliferous. Spores ellip-
soid, muriform-multilocular, brown, ^ mic. Obs. Lich. 4,

1. c. p. 167. U. mammulata, Tuckerm. Syn. N. E. p. 69, non
Ach.,fideNyl.

Rocks, Grandfather mtn., North Carolina (Curtis], Tucker-
man Syn. 1848. High mountains of North Carolina, Buckley.

16. U. Pennsylvania, Hoffm. ; thallus large, one-leaved,
coriaceous, papulous ; from ashy- at length smoky-brown, often
white powdery at the centre; beneath granulate, brownish-
black, without fibrils ; apothecia small, attached at the centre,
simple, flat ; but becoming proliferous, and excluding finally the
obtuse, soon striate, and flexuous margin. Spores solitary, ellip-
soid, muriform-multilocular, blackish-brown, J^ mic. Hoffm.

PI. Lich. 3, p. 5. Hook, in App. Frarikl. exp. p. 759. Tuck,
•exs. n. 40.

Rocks, Pennsylvania (Muhlenberg), Hoffmann I. c. 1801. The
lichen occurs from Arctic America, Bichardson, throughout the
Atlantic States, to Georgia, Eavenel.

90 PELTIGEREI.

17. U.pustulata (L.) Hoffm.; thallus small to middling in
the mountain forms, one-leaved, coriaceous, papulous ; whitish-
ash- coloured, more or less powdery or at length chinky; be-
neath reticulately pitted, granulated, dark-brown now grey-
pruinose ; apothecia small to almost middling, simple, flat, with
an obtuse, at length irregular margin. Spores solitary, ellip-
soid, muriform-multilocular, brown, ^^mic. Fr. L. E. p. 351*

Gyrophora, Turn. & Borr. L. B. p. 232.

b. papulosa, Tuckerm. j thallus middling to large, darker,
and often brownish ; apothecia soon proliferous. Spores longer,

gjnric. Syn.N.E.p.7Q] Exs. n. 141. Gyroph. papulosa,

Ach. Syn. p. 67.

Eocks. a, New York, Halsey View, 1823. Alpine region of
the White Mountains, Tuckerman. Organ Mountains, Texas,

Wright. Mountains of New Mexico, Fendler. &, though also

alpine, is the common low- country lichen, and found from Penn-
sylvania (Muhlenberg), Hoffm. D. Fl. 1796, northward to New-
foundland, Despreaux ; and southward to the mountains of the
Carolinas, and Georgia (Ravenel). In this fprm the fibrous glom-
erules and fringe so common in the European plant are now ob-
servable.

Fam. 4.— PEL'TIGEKEI.

Thallus piano-ascendant, frondose-foliaceous, coriaceous-
membrauaceous, beneath more or less villous, and marked
now with veins, and now with little cups or heaps (cyphels).
Gonimous layer varying in structure j the green cells com-
posing it being now of the ordinary sort (gonidia) and now
of the blue-green, gelatinous sort (gonimia).

Fries, Meyer, and Eschweiler have taken their Peltigera
(equivalent to our Peltigerei excluding Sticta) for the highest
exhibition of the foliaceous type in Lichens. And if Sticta, to
which Meyer gave the second place and Ny lander now assigns
the first, be added, it will be easy to regard the family before
us as constituting the true centre of the Parmeliacei.

Peltigera is readily seen to be very close, on the one hand to
Solorina, and on the other to Nephroma ; and the latter stands
in most intimate and unquestioned affinity to Sticta.

STICTA. 91

Looked at from the point of view of the spores, almost the
whole of the lichens referable here is grouped at one of the
extremes, — the spores of Sticta, Nephroma, and Peltigera being
4-plurilocular, and seemingly of the Colourless Series— and the
analogical centre of the tribe represented only, if at all, by the
almost rather Pannariine Erioderma. Nor is this the only
curious feature of the Peltigerei. Though the close affinity of
Sticta to Nephroma be scarcely to be questioned, or of the latter
to Peltigera, and the at length plainly acicular and colourless
spores of the last should seem to refer it, unmistakably, to the
Colourless Series, there is never entirely wanting some slight
evidence of coloration; which becomes marked in Nephroma,
and Sticta, and is at least observable in Erioderma. There
appears, however, to be little doubt entertained by authors that
in all these cases the spores differ in type from those of Solo-
rina; and 'the same view is, with some hesitation, accepted
here : and the genus last-named is therefore the only member
of the family clearly referable to the Brown Spore-series.
Genera, p. 31.

XIV. — STICTA (Schreb.) Fr.

Apothecia scutellseform, sub -marginal, elevated, now
blackening. Spores fusiform, and acicular, 2-4-plurilocular j
fuscescent or without colour. Spermatia oblong, thickened
at the ends ; on multi-articulate sterigmas. Thallus fron-
dose-foliaceous, variously but for the most part wide-lobed,
rounded or now elongated, coriaceous-cartilagineous j villous
beneath, where it is commonly dotted with cyphels, or
marked with bare spots. Gonimous layer constituted, now

of gonidia, and now of gonimia. Mainly a tropical genus,

a large proportion of the species occurring also in, or con-
fined to austral regions, but scarcely a fifth known in the
northern temperate ones, where about half the prominent
forms occur only sterile.

* Thallus Parmeliiform j the under side only very rarely (and
not at all in our species) bearing cyphels. Gonidia agreeing in
all important respects with those of Parmelia, and Umbilicaria.
Ricasolia, De Not.

92 STICTA.

1. S. amplissima (Scop.) Mass.; thallus ample> orbicular,
appressed, cartilagineous-coriaceous, smooth or with age trans-
versely wrinkled ; cinereous-glaucescent ; beneath tawny dark-
ening toward the centre, villous; the elongated lobes either
wide and for the most part compacted, or now narrowed and
the sinuate lobation marked ; apothecia scattered, ample to
large ; the disk chestnut ; the entire margin at length in flexed.
Spores acicular, from bi- at length quadrilocular, soon colourless,

^ mic. Parmelia, Schcer. Spicil. p. 450. Sticta glomeruli-

fera, Fr. L. E. p. 54. Tuck. Exs. n. 105. Eicasolia, Nyl. Syn. 1,
p. 368.

Trunks and rocks, common at the north, from New England,
Tucker man, Enum. 1845, to Canada, Macrae, and Arctic Amer-
ica (Farm, herbacea), Richardson. Pennsylvania, Muhlenberg in
Jierb. Willd. Ohio, Lea. Wisconsin, Lapham. And it follows
the mountains southward to Virginia, Curtis ; and North Caro-
lina, Ravenel. So far as seen the southern lichen is smallish,

and now suggestive of the closely allied S. erosa.

2. S.herbacea (Huds.) Ach. ; thallus membranaceous, ap-
pressed, smooth; from pale- at length dark-brown; beneath
mostly pale, villous ; lobes sinuately repand, with rounded tips ;
apothecia scattered, ample; the inflexed margin sub-crenate.
Spores fusiform, 2-locular, ^ mic. Del. Stict. p. 132, t. 16,

/. 56. Fr. L. E. p. 55. Eicasolia intermedia, Nyl. Syn. 1, p.
369.

Trunks, Orizaba, Mexico, F. Miiller in herb. Willey.

Scarcely differs from the European species ; nor is any differ-
ence of importance noted in Nylander's cited description. The
interest of the lichen lies in its affording us at last a good
American representative of the European plant. Our northern
£. amplissima is always without the "glomerules" so long
taken for characteristical of the lichen in Europe, and was re-
ferred therefore, without doubt, in the catalogues of Muhlen-
berg, Halsey, and Hooker, who do not otherwise recognize it,
to the really thinner and less divided S. herbacea ; from which
we now know it to be also separated by the spores. And the
spores decide equally the place of certain wider-lobed conditions
of the southern and tropical S. erosa, which might pass, and
have passed with very experienced lichenists, for the present
species.

STICTA. 93

3. S. erosa (Eschw.) ; thallus generally like that of S. am-
plissima, but smaller and more membranaceous, scrobiculate ;
glaucescent (fuscescent;) beneath villous and becoming black-
ish-brown; the lobes now more entire or erose-crenate, and
now passing, as in the other species named into narrowed and
looser, more or less strongly sinuate divisions j apothecia scat-
tered, middling to ample, membranaceous ; the disk chestnut j
the inflexed margin at length lobulate-crenate. Spores slender-

acicular, 2-4-locular, soon without colour, 4£J° mic. Parme-

lia, Eschw. Bras. p. 211. Sticta Ravenelii, Tuckerm. Suppl. 2,
I. c. p. 203. Ricasolia crenulata v. stenospora, Nyl. Syn. 1, p.
373, dein E. erosa, Nyl. in Prodr. Fl. N. Gran. p. 21.

Trunks and rocks, in the low country of South Carolina and
Georgia (Ravenel), Tuckerman 1. c. 1859, Florida, Austin, and
throughout the Gulf States, Peters, Hale, etc. Also in the
Island of Cuba (Lich. Cub. n. 66), and elsewhere within the
tropics. Differing in its (at length deeply and reticulately) pit-
ted upper side, and its crenulate-lobate apothecia, in which last
feature it resembles at length S. crenulata (Hook.) Del., and S.
pallida (Hook.).

4. 8. dissecta, Ach.; thallus ample, orbicular, coriaceous,
lacero-laciniate, more or less lacunose; cinerous-glaucescent ;
beneath villous in blackish anastomosing veins between naked,
pale spots ; the elongated lobes more or less deeply or even pin-
nately sinuate, with rounded and crenate circumference ; apo-
thecia middling to ample, scattered ; disk chestnut, bordered
by a sub-entire or finally lobulate margin. Spores broad-fusi-
form, 2-4-locular, fuscescent, ^ mic. Ach. L. U. p. 451. S.

peltigera, Del. Stict. p. 150. Ricasolia dissecta, Nyl. Syn. 1, p.
370, & E. sub-dissecta, Nyl. ibid. p. 371.

b. corrosa, Ach. ; lobes passing, more or less, at the margins,

into a fringe of slender lobules. Ach. Syn. p. 235. S. dissecta,

Del. Stict. p. 148. Ricasolia corrosa, Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 372.

Trunks, Mexico, Nylander I. c. 1860.

Well distinguished by its veiny under side, and brown spores.
It is admirably exhibited in Lindig's New Granada collection ;
for I cannot consider the Nos. 713, 2543 of the first, and 66 and
79 of the second series of this collection (Ricasolia sub-dissecta,
Nyl.) as at all well separable in species from No. 113 (R. dissecta,
Nyl.).

94 STICTA.

5. S. pallida, Hook. ; thallus irregularly wide-lobed, mem-
branaceous, smoothish ; glaucescent ; beneath villous, pale ; the
rounded, sparingly sinuate lobes repand or crenate. Apothecia
sub-marginal, middling to ample ; disk chestnut, bordered rather
widely by the lobate- crenate margin. Spores acicular with
more or less attenuate tips, 8-12-locular, scarcely coloured, ^
mic. S. Kunthii, Del Stict. p. 126. Eicasolia pallida, Nyl.

i. 1, p. 372.

Trees, Mexico, Krempelhuber Exot. Flecht. 1868; and else-
where in tropical and austral America. Another well-marked

species ; my specimens of which are from Venezuela (Fendler),
New Granada (Lindig n. 2514, from which I cannot separate n.
13 of the second series, which is ticketed Eicasolia crenulata),
and Bolivia (Mandon).

* * Thallus lax, and, for the most part, large- or long-lobed ;
the under side bearing cyphels: or spotted. Gonidia agreeing
generally with those of the first section. Stict a, Nyl.

\ Thallus bearing cyphels, which are now (n. 5) urceolate, and
now (n. 6) sorediiform, poivdery heaps.

6. S. damcecornis (Auct. pr. p.); thallus ample, loosely ex-
tended, membranaceous- coriaceous, smooth or now pitted ; glau-
cescent (fuscescent, rufous or now yellowish) beneath from pale
becoming dark-brown with a similarly varying, mostly thin nap
(which is now deficient), besprinkled with urceolate cyphels;
lobes elongated, now wide and rounded, flexuously sinuate or
sub-piunatifid, and now narrowed into linear, dichotomously
multifid, at length densely intertangled divisions; apothecia
sub-marginal, middling-sized; disk chestnut and blackening;
the entire (or now irregularly dentate) margin often pilose, of
the colour of the thallus. Spores fusiform, typically 4-locular,

colourless when free, ^^ mic. S. damcecornis & S. laciniata,

Ach. L. U. p. 446, pro p. Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 354, 356 pro max. p.

On trees, Mexico, Nylander ; and generally throughout the
tropics.

One of the best-known of tropical lichens, and (confused
more or less with S. quercizans) very early observed and de-
scribed ; the specific name being derived from the descriptive
phrase of Plumier, 1703. This was the sub-linear, many-cleft
plant, the segments of which, as Dillenius says (Hist. Muse. t.

STICTA. 95

29, 115), imitate more closely the figure of buck's-horns than
those of any other species. Swartz, who recognized this lichen
and gave its name the form it has since borne (Prodr. Ind. Occ.),
undertook also to separate a wider-lobed one, which, as contrast-
ing with his l multipartite- dichotomous ' damcecornis, he pro-
posed to call Lichen laciniatus. He figured this last (Lich. Amer.
t. 7) as Hoffmann had already done (PI. Lich. 3, t. 65, 3), and it
was received as a species by Acharius, who yet remarked (I. c.)
that only the width of the lobes kept it from damcecornis. But
Delise, who followed Bory in distinguishing specifically two
members of Acharius's S. damcecornis, followed also the latter
author in accepting S. laciniata, though he scarcely added to
our knowledge of it. And finally both lichens have been re-
viewed, and set up once more as distinct by Nylander, I. c. The
considerable material which has brought me to a different opin-
ion embraces, beside the large collections of Fendler in Vene-
zuela, and Wright in Cuba, not a few from the herbaria of
Hooker, Greville, and Borrer, from the Berlin herbarium, and
the Paris herbarium (the last, as some others, being determined
by Nylauder), and above all from the herbarium of Delise, and
the admirable New Granada collection of Lindig, also named by
Nylander. And all this scarcely leaves room for doubt that
Acharius was right, and that the distinction of 8. laciniata from
the other is wholly an arbitrary one. The thalline characters
by no means justify it j and the spores, in which Nylander ap-
pears willing to see some slight difference in the measurements,
prove positively the same. It is true that the group, as thus
understood, is a vast, and, like other tropical groups, a very
varied one ; it appears better however to keep it together, at
least until sub-species can be indicated from the evidence of
larger material, and more satisfactorily, than has yet been done.
S. damcecornis, v. macropliylla, Nyl. I. c., as respects my specimen
of S. macropliylla j Del., from the herbarium of the latter, as also
a specimen from the Paris Museum named by Nylander himself,
should be excluded (by the criterion of the gonidia) from the
species. And S. patula, M. & V. d. Bosch, which is referred by
the same author, 1. c., to his v. caper ata, differs yet, in the origi-
nal specimens (as in another from Tahiti), in larger, often fus-
cescent spores, measuring ^jj mic., which suggest rather v.
platyphyllaj Nyl., now taken by him for a species.

96 STICTA.

7. S. aurata (Sm.) Ach. ; thallus ample, coriaceous-mem -
branaceous, broadly and deeply lobed, smoothish ; from greenish-
glaucescent soon reddening, and brownish-red, or at length
rose-red; lemon-coloured within; beneath villous, tawny be-
coming of much the same colour at the circumference but black-
ening towards the middle, with minute sorediiform cyphels;
lobes sinuately cut, with soon waved and crisped and yellow-
powdery edges ; apothecia [in Cuban and Brazilian specimens,
ample, marginal, oblique, membranaceous ; the disk dark-pur-
plish; the narrow, sub-entire margin more or less inflexed.

Spores irregularly fusiform, 4-locular, fuscescent, 2l&*°- mic.]

Fr. L. E. p. 50. Parmelia Eschw. Bras. p. 216. Sticta, Nyl.
Syn. I, p. 361.

Among mosses on trunks and rocks, always infertile. Tuck-
erman Syn. 1848; from the south shore of Massachusetts,
Willey, Pennsylvania, Michener, and Ohio, Lea, to the Carolinas
and Georgia, Ravenel, the Gulf States, Hale, Wright, etc. ; and
Mexico.

f f Thallus ivithout cyptiels, but varied for the most part be-
neath with pale, naked spots.

8. S. pulmonaria (L.) Ach.; thallus coriaceous, ample,
loosely extended, lacunose-reticulate ; tawny- olivaceous, and
dark- tawny ; (now sorediiferous, or also isidiophorous) beneath
sparingly brown-villous in veins between pale naked spots;
lobes elongated, deeply, at length narrowly, sinuate -lobate,
with retuse-truncate ends ; apothecia sub-marginal, middling-
sized ; the disk red-brown ; the thin, entire or wrinkled, finally
concolorous margin at length excluded. Spores cymbiform, 2-

4-locular, colourless when free, ^jj mic. Ach. L. U. p. 449,

nom. emend. Fr. L. E. p. 53. Tuck. Lich. cxs. n. 68. Nyl.
Lich. Scand. p. 95.

b. hypomela, Del. ; the veins of the under side black.

Del. Stict. p. 144.

c. linita, Nyl. ; the orbiculate thallus round-lobed, with cre-
nate at length lobulate ends ; less lacunose ; and of much the

same colour beneath. Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 96. S. linita,

Ach. Syn. p. 234. Nyl. Syn. (S. Garovaglii, Schcer. incl.) p. 353.

Trees and rocks. A common northern lichen from Pennsyl-
vania, Muhlenberg Catal. 1818, to Newfoundland, Pylaie, and
westward to Wisconsin, Lapham. Southward it follows the

STICTA. 97

mountains to N. and S. Carolina, Eavenel; and is found also on

the N. W. Coast, Douglas ; Hall. b is a tree-form, found in

Pennsylvania, Krempelhuber Exot. Flecht. 1868, and, well-
marked, in California, Fitch, and Oregon, Hall c, a rock-
form first noted as an United States plant by Delise, Stict. 1822,
occurs, as distinguishable now from a as the European, at the
White Mountains, Tucker man, Syn., 1848, and northward to
islands of Behriug's Straits, Wright.

9. S. Oregana, Tuckerm. ; thallus coriaceous-membrana-
ceous, ample, lacero-laciniate, lacunose-reticulate ; greenish-
glaucescent and flavescent ; beneath reticulately brown- villous
between naked, white spots; lobes elongated, rounded at the
circumference, with erose, finally crenate-lobulate and dissected
edges ; apothecia scattered, middling-sized ; the disk chestnut •
the thin, denticulate margin finally excluded. Spores fusiform

and acicular, 4-locular, without colour when free, ^~ mic.

Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, vol. 5, 4, p. 20.

Trees, Oregon, Hall.

* * * Thallus as in the preceding section, except that the place
of gonidia is taken here by gonimia. Stict in a, Nyl.

f Thallus bearing cyphels, tvhich are either (n. 9, 10, 11, 12)
urceolate or (n. 13, 14) sorediiform.

10. 8. Humboldtii, Hook. ; thallus cartilagineous, wide-lobed,
villous on both sides ; ashy-grey above ; beneath pale brown,
more or less spongy-villous, and besprinkled with urceolate
whitish cyphels ; lobes irregularly and sparingly divided, with
rounded undulate ends; apothecia scattered, middling- sized,
externally villous ; disk reddish-brown ; margin entire. Spores

fusiform, 2-4-locular, soon without colour. Del. Stict. p. 69.

Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 341.

Trees in Mexico, Nylander, I. c.

11. S. tomentosa (Sw.) Ach. ; thallus smallish, membrana-
ceous-coriaceous, widely laciniate, mostly pitted or now smooth;
glaucescent passing into lurid-brown; beneath pale for the
most part, spongy-villous, besprinkled with concave, at length
ample, white cyphels; lobes deeply-divided, rounded at the
ends and repand-crenate, or now narrowed and bifid, sub-ciliate ;
apothecia scattered or sub-marginal, at length middling to

7

98 STICTA.

ample; disk reddish-brown and blackening; the very entire
(now also denticulate) margin becoming pilose or shaggy.
Spores fusiform, 2-4-locular, soon without colour, ^ mic.—
Ach. L. U. p. 450. Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 343.

Trees, Mexico ; and elsewhere in tropical America, Nylander ;
I. c. A difficult species, closely related, on the one hand to S.
cometia, Ach., and on the other to S. quercizans. It is under-
stood here as represented by Stictina tomentosa, Nyl. in Lindig
Herb. N. Gran. n. 120, and n. 119 (from which last however I
cannot at all separate in species the S. Lenormandi,V. d. Bosch,
Nyl., of Lindig n. 2522, which should seem to carry with it the
other lichens of this collection so-named) and S. tomentosa, v.
dilatata, Nyl. in Mandou Lich. Boliv. n. 1745. The S. tomentosa
of Lindig n. 2521, differs only in smoothness, but is interesting
as enabling us to connect with the species before us a Sandwich
Island lichen with always rather longer and now 5-6-locular
spores, which has sometimes passed with lichenographers for the
•equivocal S. Ambavillaria, Del. (Nyl. in Herb. Mus. Par.). And
this latter plant associates itself readily with the Venezuelan
S. leucoblepharis, Mont. & Tuck., already referred here by Ny-
lander. The lichen in Lindig coll. 2, u. 82, scarcely well asso-

ciable with the other conditions of S. tomentosa, cited above, is
at least comparable with some of the specimens of Wright Lich.
Cub. n. 56 (S. guercizans, v. damcecornifolia).

12. S. quercizans (Michx.) Ach. ; thallus cartilagineous- coria-
ceous, orbiculate and sub-imbricate, or loosely extended, lacini-
ate-lobate, smooth ; from greenish-glaucescent becoming reddish-
brown, or passing into yellowish ; clothed beneath with a mostly
spongy, pale-brownish or blackening (now obsolescent) nap,
which is besprinkled with urceolate, whitish cyphels; lobes
deeply sinuate and now pinnatifid, with rounded and repaud or
crenulate ends, often at length crisped, and fringed densely with
minute coralloid branchlets, passing also, in the tropics, into a
narrowed, dichotomously-multifid, entangled form, like an anal-
ogous state of S. damcecornis ; [apothecia, in tropical specimens,
sub-marginal, smallish to middling; the disk reddish-brown;
the thin, entire margin now denticulate and pilose, and finally
concolorous. Spores fusiform, 4-locular, soon colourless, ^

mic.] Tucker m. Syn. N. E. p. 22, & Lick. exs. n. 66. Nyl.

Syn. 1; p. 344-6.

STICTA. 99

Trunks and rocks, Grandfather mountain, N. Carolina,
Michaux, FL, 1803, and common throughout the southern States,
Eavenel, Hale; as, westward, to Ohio, Lesquereux; and, scarcely
less so, northward to Canada ; always infertile. Oregon, also
infertile, Hall. Mexico, Nylander.

Michaux describes apothecia, which may probably have been
derived from some tropical specimen, whether of S. dameecornis,
as Nylander supposes, or of what we now should call S. quer-
cizans. The only Sticta, beside S. pulmonaria, seen by me in
herb. Michx. (Herb. Mus. Par.) which specimen is ticketed
'Lichen, Grandfather rnont.,' is clearly the ' varietas sterilis
marginibus pannoso-crispis ' of his Flora, and the common North
American state of the present species. It is only in the tropical
and austral regions of the earth that the lichen reaches its full
development. And here it exhibits so close a relationship to S.
damcecornis that the distinction of the two turns at length on
the systematic value we assign to the two sorts of gonidia.

13. S. sylvatica (L.) Ach.; thallus cartilagineous-membrana-
ceous, deeply laciniate ; from greenish- becoming reddish-brown ;
beneath pale, villous, with urceolate, whitish cyphels; lobes dif-
form with repand or lacerate edges, now somewhat pitted, and
rather sparingly roughened with grey granulations; [apothecia
as in the next, Nyl.] Ach. L. U. p. 454. Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 3-18.

Rocks among mosses. Catskill Mountains, New York (Peck),
Tuckerman Gen. 1872. Agrees with the European lichen, and
differs like that from the next, as from S. quercizans. The S.
sylvatica of Muhlenberg, and of Halsey, is doubtful ; as they did
not recognize the nearly akin lichen of Michaux.

13(&). S- fuliginosa (Dicks.) Ach. ; thallus coriaceous-mem-
branaceous, orbiculate, round-lobed ; dark-lurid-grey ; beneath
pale, villous, with concave, whitish cyphels; lobes mostly very
entire, wrinkled, and besprinkled, at length densely, with black-
ish granules ; [apothecia, in a Welsh specimen from Mr. Borrer,
marginal, smallish, biatoroid, the reddish-brown disk soon con-
vex, and the thin, entire, paler margin disappearing. Spores

fusiform, 2-4-locular. soon colourless, ^'f mic.] Ach. I c. Nyl.

1. c. p. 347.

Rocks and trunks. New England, Tuckerman Gen. 1872;
Willey. California, Bolander. Oregon, Hall. British Colum-

100 STICTA.

bia, Lyall. Mexico (fertile), Krempelhuber Lich. exot. It is

observable that while the present is a cosmopolitan lichen, so
marked that it seems impossible not to give it a separate place,
the near akin 8. sylvatica is all but confined to Europe, and
closely approaches the northern (and original) form of S. querci-

zans. It is difficult to understand how such an observer as

Dillenius should emphasize as he does the difference between
the fruit of his t. 27, f. 101 (S. sylvatica} and that of his t. 26,
f. 100 (S. fuliginosa), but much more difficult to suppose with
Delise (Stict. p. 87) that the figure 101, etched as well as drawn
by the author of the Historia Muscorum, should represent what
was nothing less than a confusion of plants of different genera.
But we cannot but note that the figure 100, exhibiting a lichen
from.Cader Idris in Wales, contrasts also with 101, irrespectively
of the peltate difference of the last, in having the apothecia not
even marginal, but scattered; a character which reappears in
most books, though certainly qualified in Ach. L. U. And it is
not then without interest that Mr. Borrer's already cited plant,
which was also from Cader Idris, and determined by him as S.
fuliginosa, has on its lobes forty odd apothecia, and that these
are all but uniformly close to the margin. These small fruits
(averaging 1-1, f>mm-) have furnished me with abundant spores;
upon which compare Nyl. I. c.

13(c). S. limbata (Sm.) Ach. ; thallus much as in the last but
smallish, membranaceous, orbiculate, and sub-rnonophyllous ;
from leaden- at length liver-brown, smooth ; the broad, rounded
lobes beset toward the margins with conspicuous, rounded, grey
soredia; [apothecia scattered, appressed; disk rusty-brown, finally

excluding the margin.] Fr. L. E. p. 52. Nyl. Syn. p. 346.

Mudd Man. Brit. Lich. p. 88.

Oak trees, on the Coast range of mountains, Oregon, Herb.,
J. W. Eckfeldt.

14. S. crocata (L.) Ach. ; thallus membranaceous-coriaceous,
irregularly laciniate, pitted more or less and- at length reticu-
lately ribbed, besprinkled commonly and edged with lemon-col-
oured soredia ; from greenish-glaucescent becoming brownish,
tawny, or russet-brown ; beneath of much the same colour or
blackening, the spongy nap speckled with lemon-coloured, sore-
diiform cyphels ; lobes wide and rounded, with erose or crenate
circumference, or (f. laciniosa] narrowed into sub-linear, pinna-

STICTA. 101

tifid divisions with retuse-bifid ends ; [apothecia, in exotic speci-
mens, now scattered and now marginal, smallish to middling-
sized ; the disk reddish-brown and blackening ; the paler margin
mostly entire. Spores cymbiforra, 2-locular, brown, ^'^ mic.]

Ach. L. U. p. 447. Tuck. Lich. exs. n. 65. S. crocata, & S.

gilva, Nyl. Syn. I, p. 338.

Rocks among mosses, and rarely also on trunks, New Eng-
land, Tuckerman Syn. 1848. Canada, Macoun. Mountains of
North Carolina, S. B. Buckley. Oregon, Hall. It is unknown
here in a fertile state. The narrowed form (f. laciniosa) ap-
pears to connect the more familiar wide one with the at length
palmately many-cleft plant of the Sandwich Islands, which does
not differ from the var. gilva, Ach., from the Cape of Good Hope.
The fruit of S. crocata varies in a manner perhaps not wholly
without bearing on Dilleuius's account of the fruit of S. sylvatica.
It occurs now scattered, on the wider-lobed fronds, with the look
of that of Parmelia ; and, then again, on the narrowed condi-
tions, it is marginal. And the shores of the Straits of Magellan
furnish us, finally, with an otherwise marked state (v. mallota (*) )
in which the conspicuous apothecia are not only exactly marginal
and oblique (as in S. aurata in Mart. Ic. PL Crypt. Bras. t. 14,
f. 1, 1) but occur moreover on somewhat extended lobules, and
deserve the character of sub-peltate (Fr. L. E. p. 50) and a com-
parison with the peltate ones of the cited figure of Dillenius quite
as much as those of S. aurata.

15. S. anthraspis, Ach.; 'thallus cartilagineous-coriaceous,
wide-lobed, lacunose-reticulate, now conspicuously beset, like
the following species, with grey soredia; olivaceous-brown be-
coming tawny, and russet-brown ; rounded at the circumference
which is sub-crenate, or now more deeply cut and retuse-bifid ;
beneath covered with a pale nap, darkening and denser toward
the centre, and besprinkled with white, sorediiform cyphels;
apothecia scattered; middling-sized; disk from red-brown be-
coming black and convex; excluding the thin, entire (or also
now denticulate) margin. Spores fusiform, 2-4-locular, very soon
colourless, y~ mic. Ach. L. U. p. 449 ; Syn. p. 233.

(*) Sticta crocata, var. mallota, Milii; tliallo utrinque plus minus
liirsuto ; apotlieciis marginalibus ol)liquis. Sporce speciei nisi 4-locu-
lares, longit. 0,025-32mm-? crassit, 0,008-llmm-. Ad Fretum Magellani-
cum, jRei\ T. Hill. Does not differ at all from the wider lobed condi-
tion of S. crocata, a, except in the points named.

102 ^EPHROMA.

Among mosses on rocks, and on trunks. Coast of California,
Menzies in Ach. Meth. 1803. Coast of Oregon, Hall.

f f Thallus without cypliels, but marked beneath with naked,
white spots.

16. S. Hallii, Tuckerm.; thallus cartilagineous-coriaceous,
wide-lobed, reticulate-lacunose, delicately rimulose-granulate,
and at length more or less villous, and beset now with lead-col-
oured soredia, ashy-glaucescent ; beneath ribbed, pale-villous
between naked whitish spots ; lobes rounded, very entire ; apo-
thecia scattered, smallish to middling-sized, biatoroid, the exci-
ple externally pilose ; disk reddish-brown ; the paler margin

entire. Spores cymbiform, bilocular, brown, ^^ mic. Obs.

Lich. 4, I c. p. 168.

On trunks, Oregon, E. Hall; to whom the lichen is gratefully
inscribed.

17. S. scrobiculata (Scop.) Ach. ; thallus ample, sub-orbicu-
lar, coriaceous, smooth, pitted, beset more or less with grey sore-
dia; yellowish-green; beneath becoming densely dark-villous
between naked, pale spots ; lobes rounded, sub-crenate ; [apo-
thecia, in European specimens, scattered, smallish ; disk red-
brown; margin entire. Spores long- fusiform, 4-8-locular, at

length colourless, ^° mic.] Ach. L. U. p. 353. Tuck. exs. n.

67. Nyl. Syn. I, p. 353.

Rocks among mosses; and on trunks; not seen fertile. New-
foundland, De la Pylaie, 1826. New England, not rare. Oregon,
Hall. British Columbia, Lyall; Macoun.

XV. — NEPHROMA, Ach.

Apothecia reniform ; innate in the under side of some-
what extended lobules; the entire margin disappearing.
Spores sub-fusiform, quadrilocular, fuscescent. Spermatia
oblong, narrowed a little at the middle ; on multi-articulate
sterigmas. Thallus frondose, more or less villous beneath
(except in n. 3) but not veiny. Gouimous layer constituted

now (sect. *) of gonidia, and now (sect. * *) of gonimia.

Structurally close to Slicta, Nephroma is a well-distinguished,
small group, having its main development in the cooler

NEPHROMA. 103

regions of the earth. All the European species are also
North American.

* Gonimous layer constituted of gonidia.

1. JV. arcticum (L.) Fr. ; thallus large to very large, coria-
ceous; of flexuous, rounded lobes which are smooth, and
greenish-straw-coloured above, and black beneath with a paler
margin, and a coarse, appressed nap, becoming obsolete; apo-
thecia large, to very large ; disk brick-red. Spores fusiform-
oblong, 4-locular, pale brown, ^ mic. Tuckerm. Syn. N. E.

p. 18, & LicJi. exs. n. 62. Nyl. Syn. p. 316.

Rocks among mosses, and on trunks, in alpine and arctic
regions. Greenland, Retz Fl. Scand. 1779, and elsewhere in
Arctic America, Richardson, etc. North West Coast, Scouler,
etc. White Mountains, Tuckerman, Lich. N. E. 1838. Essex
Mountains, N. Y., Peck.

2. N. expattidum, Nyl. ; thallus ample, coriaceous-rnembrana-
ceous, lobes rounded, smooth, undulate, crenate, and finally
crisped; from greenish-glaucescent becoming tawny -brown;
beneath blackish-brown with pale margin, and a delicate nap;
apothecia of middling size; disk reddish-brown. Spores fusi-
form-ellipsoid and dactyloid; pale-brownish, ^ mic. Nyl.

Syn. I, p. 318 (Nephromium).

On the earth, dead wood, etc., in arctic regions. Great Bear
Lake (Richardson ? ), Leighton in Ann. Nat. Hist. 1870. Green
cells gonidia rather than gonimia ; but Nylander takes them for
intermediate between the two sorts — gonidimia, Nyl.

* * Gonimous layer constituted of gonimia.

3. N. tomentosum (Hoffm.) Koerb. ; thallus ample, cartila-
'ineous-membranaceous ; lobes sinuately cut, rounded-crenate,

tomentose above more or less at the circumference, the fertile
ones elongated ; from greenish - glaucescent becoming lead-
coloured or lurid-brown ; pale and tomentose beneath, where
they are beset commonly with minute white, confluent tubercles;
apothecia middling to large ; disk reddish-brown. Spores fusi-
form-ellipsoid and oblong, pale-brown, ?~ mic. Koerb. Syst.

p. 56. N. resupinatum, Ach. L. U. p. 522, a. Tuckerm. Syn.
N. E.p. 18, & Lich. exs. n. 13. JUv^'lr.

Trunks in mountain forests, and also on rocks. Arctic Amer-

104 NEPHROMA.

ica, Richardson (Frankl. Narr., & Leight. in Journ. Linn. Soc.),
1823. New England, etc., Tuckerman. Canada, Macoun. Ore-
gon, Hall. British Columbia, Macoun. Occurs naked and

smooth above, and scarcely tomentose beneath.

4. N. Helveticum, Ach. ; thallus membranaceous, smaller and
more narrowly and deeply sinuate-laciniate than the last; smooth
and for the most part naked above ; and from grey soon tawny-
brown ; the rounded, undulate-crenate lobes fringed with tooth-
like lobules ; beneath blackening and tomentose ; apothecia
smallish to middling-sized ; from reddish-brown soon blacken-
ing. Spores ellipsoid and sub-fusiform, brown, ^J mic. Ach.

L. U.p. 523. Tuckerm. Syn. N. E. p. 18, & Lick. exs. n. 14.

On trees and rocks. Arctic America, Eicliardson (Frankl.
Narr., & Leight. in Journ. Linn. Soc.), 1823. New England, etc.,
Tuckerman. Westward to Oregon, Hall, and California, Bo-
lander. Southward common, and the characteristic species,
from the Carol inas, Ravenel, to Alabama, Peters, and Louisiana,
Hale. Also in Mexico, Nylander. The lichen is well -distin-
guished here, and scarcely to be united with either of the other
species. There is however a rock-form passing generally above
into minute lobules (N. asperum, Mihi, olim) in which the under
side is only obsoletely or scarcely tomentose, and which in other
respects is not unlike N. Icevigatum; itself likewise now obso-
letely tomentose, as in Anz. Langob. n. 252.

5. N. Isevigatum, Ach. ; thallus coriaceous-membrauaceous,
rosulate, with smallish, rounded, undulate lobes, which are very
smooth but at length wrinkled and pitted above ; and from glau-
cescent becoming more or less chestnut-brown ; beneath mostly
pale, wrinkled, naked; apothecia smallish to middling-sized;
disk reddish-brown. Spores fusiform-ellipsoid, and daetyloid,

pale brown, ™ mic. Ach. Syn. p. 242. Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 320.

Peltigera bella, Spreng. Syst.

b. parile, Nyl. ; thinner and softer, at length darker ; beneath
blackening; the lobes besprinkled, especially at the margins,

-with grey soredia. Nyl. I. c. Nephroma, Ach. Tackerm.

Syn. N. E. p. 18.

On mossy rocks, and also on trunks, in mountain forests.
New England and northern States (Torrey], Sprengel Syst.
Veg. (Peltig. Mia, Spreng. !), 1827. Greenland, Vahl. e Th. Fr.

PELTIGERA. 105

Oregon, Hall. British Columbia, Macoun. &, New England,

Tuckerman, Lich. N. E. 1841. Canada, Macoun.

5(6). N. Lusitanicum, Schssr. ; thallus coriaceous-rnembra-
naceous, sinuately at length deeply cut, with crenate tips, from
smooth becoming more or less wrinkled above ; and from brown-
ish-glaucescent dark-reddish-brown; beneath smooth; yellow

within ; apothecia of middling size. Spores as in the last.

Schcer. Enum. p. 323.

Rocks, trees, and bushes. California, Bolander. Oregon,

Hall. Nephromium sub-laevigatum, Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 321, from

the peak of Orizaba, Mexico, is, to judge by the diagnosis, dis-
tinguished especially from N. Icevigatum by its more or less

reticulately wrinkled thallus. N. cellulosum, Ach., is another

member of the stock of N. Icevigatum, the whole difference of
which (a difference sufficiently foreshadowed in the older spe-
cies) is indicated by its name ; and it is observable that Nylander
inclines, I. c. to recognize this Australian lichen (Van Diemen's
Land, Herb. Hook.) in Europe.

XVI.— PELTIGERA (Willd., Hoffm.) Fee.

Apothecia peltseform ; with a sub-crenate margin ; ad-
nate to the upper side of extended lobules, or rarely mar-
ginal. Spores fusiform, or acicular, 4-plurilocular, at length
colourless. Thallus froudose, veiny and villous beneath,
where it is deprived of the cortical layer. Gonimous layer
constituted now (n. 1, 2) of gouidia; but, in all the other
species, of gonimia. A familiar, small group of the north-
ern hemisphere, which extends however into the cooler
regions of the southern ; and becomes even, in some forms,
tropical. We have all the species.

* Gonimous layer constituted of gonidia.

1. P. venosa (L.) Hoffm. ; thallus small, coriaceous, becom-
ing fan-shaped, simple ; greeuish-ash-coloured ; beneath white,
variegated with coarse, divaricate, blackening veins ; apothecia
marginal, middling-sized, rounded, horizontal; disk from red-
dish finally blackish-brown. Spores fusiform, brownish, as in

ihe other species, while in the thekes, 4-locular, ^ mic. Fr.

L. E. p. 48. Tuckerm. Lich. exs. n. 63.

106 PELTIGERA.

On the earth. Pennsylvania, Muhlenberg Catal. 1818. New
York, Torrey. Vermont (argillaceous soil), Russell Canada,
Macoun. Greenland, J. Vahl. Behring's Straits, Wright. N. W.
Coast, Menzies, etc. Rocky Mountains, E. Hall. New Mexico,
Fendler.

\/

2. P. aplithosa (L.) Hoffm.j thallus ample to large, coriace-
ous, softish, smooth ; from apple-green becoming glaucescent ;
the broad, rounded, repand lobes besprinkled with appressed,
creuate, brown warts ; and beneath reticulated with blackening
veins which disappear finally in a close nap ; sparingly fibrillose ;
apothecia on somewhat extended lobules, middling to ample,
round; disk reddish-brown. Spores acicular, 4-8-locular, 4^
mic. Fr. L. E. p. 44. Tuckerm. Lich. exs. n. 9.

Eocks, among mosses, and on the earth, common in mountain
forests. Pennsylvania, Muhlenberg Catal. 1818, and the north-
ern States. Lake Superior shores, Agassiz, and northward
throughout Arctic America, Richardson, etc. Ohio, Lesquereux.
Rocky Mountains, Hall. N. W. Coast, Scouler, etc. Mountains

of North Carolina, Ravenel. A rather reduced and thinner

state (f. minor, Tuckerm. exs. n. 102), with pale, conspicuously
brown-reticulated under side, is common here, and is also Euro-
pean. The apothecia occur now marginal (f. marginalis,

Tuckerm. Gen. p. 37) as in the preceding species ; the specimens
(otherwise reduced) being from Behring's Straits, Wright; and
the alpine regions of the Rocky Mountains, Hall.

* * Gonimous layer constituted of gonimia.

3. P. horizontalis (L.) Hoffm. ; thallus ample, coriaceous,
smooth ; from glaucous-greenish becoming cinereous-rufescent ;
reticulated beneath with blackening veins which soon pass into a
continuous, close nap ; sparingly fibrillose ; apothecia on abbre-
viated lobules or sub-marginal, middling-sized, transversely ob-
long, flat, horizontal ; disk reddish-brown. Spores fusiform, 4-

locular, pale-brownish, ^ mic. Fr. L. E. p. 47. Tuckerm.

Lich. exs. n. 11, 12.

Moist rocks among mosses. Pennsylvania, Muhlenberg Catal.
1818, and throughout the middle and northern States. Canada,
Macoun. Ohio, Lea. Rocky Mountains, Hayden. Shores of
Behring's Straits, Wright. New Mexico, Fendler. Mountains,
of North Carolina, Ravenel.

PELTIGERA. 107

4. P. polydactyla (Neck.) Hoffm. ; thallus ample, for the most
part thin, and very smooth and bright; from greenish-glauces-
cent becoming lead-coloured, or now brown ; beneath somewhat
naked, conspicuously reticulated with brown veins ; the rather
elongated fertile lobes digitately clustered ; the middling-sized
apothecia finally revolute; disk reddish-brown. Spores acicu-

lar ; slender, 4-8-locular, ^ mic. Ach. Syn. p. 240. Tuck-

erm. Lich. exs. n. 10.

Rocks, and trunks, among mosses. Pennsylvania, Muhlen-
berg Catal 1818. New York, Halsey. New England, Tucker-
man. Ohio, Drege, etc. Low country of the southern States
from South Carolina, Ravenel, to Louisiana, Hale. Rocky Moun-
tains, J". Wolf. Pacific Coast, Douglas, etc. Mexico (f. dolicho-
rhiza, Nyl.), Nylander.

5. P. scutata (Dicks.) Leight; thallus smallish, thin and
paper-like, or now thicker as in the last, dull, and at length
somewhat roughened ; greenish-ash-coloured and rufescent; the
narrowed, crisped lobes more or less grey-sorediate at the mar-
gins, the fertile ones very short and scattered ; beneath white
and reticulated with brown veins ; apothecia smallish, rounded,
or transversely oblong; disk blackish-brown. Spores acicular,

4-8-locular, ^ mic. Peltidea, Ach. Syn. p. 237. Hook. Br.

Fl. 2, p. 215. Peltigera, Leight. Lich.-Fl. Brit. p. 210. P. Urn-
bata, Delis, herb., Hepp. Nyl. in Norrl. Lich. Fenn.

On the earth, rocks, and trees, among mosses. Pennsylva-
nia, Muhlenberg Catal. 1818. White Mountains, Tuckerman.
Ohio, Drege, Lesquereux, etc. British Columbia, Dr. Lyall.

Oregon, Hall. California, Bolander. Differs both from the

last and the next following species, and may properly take a
place by itself. There is no doubt of the legitimateness of the
long-received name, which can hardly yield now toDelise's man-
uscript one.

6. P.pulverulenta (Tayl.) Nyl. ; thallus middling-sized, cor-
iaceous, more or less furrowed and pitted, opake, rimulose-gran-
ulate; from greenish-glaucescent becoming ash-coloured and
lurid brown; beneath white with brown at length confluent
veins ; the short fertile lobes digitately clustered ; apothecia
middling-sized; orbicular, disk dark-brown. Spores acicular,

4-8-locular, ^ mic. Peltidea, Tayl. New Lich. in. Hook.

Lond. Journ. Bot. 1847,^?. 184. P. rufescens, var., Nyl. Syn. 1,

108 PELTIGERA.

p. 325; Scand.p. 89. P. scutata, Flat., Koerb. Syst. p. 60, pro
p. P. scabrosa, Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. p. 45.

Kocks, etc. Greenland, (Breutel) Koerber, Syst. 1855 ;
Wenck. Kotzebue's Sound, Herb. Babington. White Moun-
tains, with the other characters, but infertile and therefore doubt-
ful, Tuckerman. Sometimes thinner, but distinct, so far as the
specimens go, from the last. Taylor's lichen was from South
America, and, more recently, Nylander has proposed to separate
this (Lindig N. Gran. n. 2520) from the northern plant (Norrl.
Lich. Fenn. n. 116) but he gives no reason for so doing. The
spores of P. pulverulenta are longer than in any other species ;
now measuring, in the northern form, •^^ mic. ; Nyl.

7. P. malacea (Ach.) Fr. ; thallus middling-sized, spongy
and softish, granulate more or less, but becoming downy ; livid-
brown ; clothed beneath with a dense black nap which is paler
and rarely white-foveolate at the margins; scarcely fibrillose;
apothecia on extended lobules, middling-sized, orbiculate ; disk

brownish-black. Spores acicular, 4-6-locular, - ~ mic. Fr.

L. E. p. 44.

On the earth in high mountains. Sub-alpine region of the
White Mountains, Tuckerman, Syn. N. E. 1848. Rocky Moun-
tains (a small fragment, but appearing to belong here), Willey
herb.

8. P. rufescens (Neck.) Hoffm. ; thallus middling-sized, cor-
iaceous, rigid, somewhat downy, and the narrowed, crowded,
sub-imbricate lobes elevated and crisped ; greenish-ash-coloured
becoming at length dark-reddish-brown ; beneath reticulated
with brown veins, which are browu-fibrillose ; apothecia on ex-
tended lobules, middling to ample, soon vertical and oblong,
revolute ; disk as in the next. Spores acicular, 4-8-locular, ^J
mic. Fr. L. E. p. 46. Tuckerm. Lich. exs. n. 104.

On the earth, rocks, and trunks, among mosses, New England,
Tuckerman, Syn. N. E. 1848. New Jersey, Austin. Canada,
Agassiz. Arctic America, Richardson. New Mexico, Fendler.
Oregon, Hall. A long known and almost universally recog-
nized lichen, with probably much the same range as the next
species, but very often exhibited in embarrassing relations to
that. The spore-dimensions are derived from but few measure-
ments, of such specimens only as appeared tolerably certain ;
they closely however accord with Nylander's. Peltidea spuria,

PELTIGERA. 109

Ach., as understood by lichenists, has probably often included
small forms of Peltigera rufescens, and was referred to the latter
in Syu. N. Eng. ; as later by Nylander.

9. P. canina (L.) Hoffm. ; thallus ample to large, membra-
naceous, round-lobed, flaccid, furrowed, downy; greenish-grey
(ciuerascent, and brownish) ; beneath whitish, with veins and
fibrils of much the same colour, or now darkening ; the fertile
lobules somewhat elongated ; apothecia middling to ample,
rounded, becoming semi-revolute and vertical ; disk reddish-
brown. Spores acicular, 4-8-locular, ^^ mic. Fr. L. E. p. 45.

b. spongiosa, Tuckerm. ; thallus sub-coriaceous ; the pale
veins of the under side passing into tufted fibrils of the same
colour which finally run together into a dense, continuous, spongy
nap. Lich. exs. n. 103. Gen. p. 38.

c. membranacea, Ach. Nyl. ; thallus very thin and scrobicu-

late, almost smooth above. Ach. L. U. p. 517. Nyl. Syn. 1,

p. 324.

ft, spuria, Ach. ; thallus much reduced, sub-coriaceous ; the
cream-coloured veins of the under side scarcely fibrillose, the
fertile lobules somewhat digitately clustered ; apothecia small-
ish. Ach. L. U. p. 518. P.pusilla, Koerb. Syst. p. 59.

b. sorediata, Schser. ; thallus as in 0 but mostly sterile and
round-lobed ; besprinkled with grey soredia; the under side now

more fibrillose. Sclicer. Enum. p. 21. P. erumpens, Tayl.

Neiv Lich. 1. c. p. 184, & herb. P. leptoderma, Nyl. Syn. I, p. 324,
& in Lindig Herb. N. Gran. n. 2559. P. canina, v. sorediifera,
Tuckerm. Gen. p. 38.

On the earth, rocks, and mossy trunks. Pennsylvania, Muh-
lenberg Catal. 1818, and throughout the northern, middle, and
western States. Canada, Agassiz. Arctic America, Richardson
(fide Leightou, 1. c.}. Mountains of the southern States, Ravenel.
New Mexico, Fendler. Pacific coast, Douglas ; Bolander, etc.

&, spongiosa, sub-alpine regions of the White Mountains,

Tuckerman. British Columbia, Macoun. One of the largest

and most marked conditions of the species. c, membranacea,

NorthWest coast, Douglas. Oregon, E. Hall. California, Bo-
lander. Mexico, Nylander. ft. spuria has probably the same

range as a, but I can only cite it from New Jersey (old fields),
Austin; low country of South Carolina (on banks), Eavenel ;
California, Bolander ; and British Columbia, Macoun. b, sore-

HO ERIODERMA.

diata passes however directly into /? in the same district of South
Carolina (on moist rocks), Eavenel (as the European lichen may
"be seen to do in Moug. & Nestl. n. 837, and Rabenh. lAcli. Eur.
n. 421, c.), and is found also (on moist rocks) in the White
Mountains, Tuckerman; on banks of islands of Behring's Straits,
Wright; in Illinois (on the earth), Hall; and in California (on
the earth), Bolander. The best-developed, sorediiferous plant
(now fertile) of the White Mountains is remarkable for the finally
dense nap of its under side, which thus far resembles then the
b. spongiosa of the same region. But this fibrillose nap disap-
pears at length ; and the common plant of the Atlantic coast is
quite the same with the P. erumpens, Tayl. ! (Duukerron, Ire-
land) which I have myself observed in the north of Italy (Pal-
lauza), but find scarcely any notice of in European writers. The
California!! specimens (infertile, but unquestionably similar to
the fertile Carolina lichen) are yet so reduced as to be mostly
simple (from these, P. leptoderma, Nyl., of New Granada, as ex-
hibited in Lindig's collection above-cited, offers no differences)
and thus reproduce, at the end, this remarkable feature of P.
venosa, at the beginning.

XVII. — ERIODERMA, Fee.

Apothecia scutellseform j marginal on the now extended
lobules. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid, and becoming sub-fusiform ;
simple j at length colourless. Thallus froudose, villous, and
now veiny beneath, where it is also now clothed interrupt-
edly with a pannose hypothallus j a proper cortical layer
wanting on this side. Gonimous layer constituted of go-
nirnia. Another small group, of especial interest as illus-
trating the near relationship of the Peltigerei, to which all
other authors but Nylander have referred Erioderma, to the
Pannariei. The species are tropical, or austral.

E. polycarpum, Fee; thallus membranaceous, hirsute; green-
ish-glaucescent; the summits of the laciniate lobes crenate-cut
and crisped ; beneath soft-cottony, whitish, beset with spongy
tufts of black fibrils ; apothecia marginal j hirsute below ; the
dark-brown disk soon excluding the thin margin. Spores ellip-
soid, becoming colourless, ^^ mic. Fee, Essai sur Us Crypt.

p. 145, *. 24,/.2.

SOLORLSTA. Ill

Trees, Mexico (var. Mexicanum), Njl.Enum. E. Wrightii,

Tuckerm., is a native of the island of Cuba ; and the few other
species are cited from South America.

XVIII. — SOLORINA, Ach.

Apothecia rounded ; innate in the upper side of the thal-
lus ; the margin obsolete. Spores from ellipsoid becoming
fusiform-oblong, bilocular, brown. Thallus frondose; be-
neath villous, and veiny 5 the cortical layer mostly wanting
on this side. Gouimous system constituted of gonidia (in

the gonimous layer) and gonimia. This little cluster is

represented in the alpine and arctic regions of the earth by
one marked species, and in the temperate ones of Europe
and America by another j to which last the other described
forms are very closely akin.

1. 8. crocea (L.) Ach. ; thallus smallish, coriaceous; reddish-
brown ; beneath orange-saffron, with darker, coarse, branching
veins; apothecia middling to ample, appressed, at length some-
what tumid; disk red-brown. Spores in eights, ^J mic.

Ach. L. U. p. 149. Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 329.

On the earth in alpine districts. Greenland, Dillenius, Hist.
Muse. 1741. N. of Point Lake, Richardson. Labrador, Wenck.
Rocky Mountains, Hall. Oregon, Dr. Lyall. Shores of Behr-
ing's Straits, Wright.

2. S. saccata (L.) Ach. ; thallus membranaceous, sub-imbri-
cate ; greenish-ash-coloured ; beneath white, cottony, fibrillose ;
apothecia middling-sized, appressed, soon sunken in pits ; disk

dark-brown. Spores mostly in fours, ^| mic. Ach. L. U. p.

149. Tuck. Exs. n. 64. Peltigera, Fr. L. E. p. 49.

b. spongiosa, Nyl. ; thallus reduced to little more than an

edge of the sunken apothecium. Nyl. Syn. 1. c. S. limbata,

Mudd Man. p. 85.

On the earth, especially in calcareous regions. Newfound-
land, De la Pylaie, 1826. Bear Lake, Herb. Hook. Greenland,
Vahl I. c. Shores of Behring's Straits, Wright. New York,

Tuckerman. Vermont, Russell. b, spongiosa, on the same

substrates, Greenland, Vahl; as elsewhere in Arctic America,

112

and in Newfoundland, Nylander ; and at Behring's Straits,

Wright. Eocky Mountains in Colorado, Coulter. Wolf.(*}

The spores of this species occur in 28-, 3s-, oftenest 4% and only
very rarely 58-. A bisporous condition of /?, from Colorado, alt.
13,800 ft. (Coulter), was observed by Mr. Willey to contain spores
measuring -|£ir mic., and may well be compared with S. bispora,
Nyl. Syn.y which has yet no characters to separate it from the
present species.

Fam. 5.— PANNARIEI.

Thallus horizontal, various, in the highest forms distinctly
foliaceous, either sub-monophyllous or inany-cleft, coriace-
ous-membranaceous, only rarely cartilagiueous, — passing
then into squamulose conditions, which become in the end
crustaceous ; placed upon a conspicuous hypothallus (now
obsolete). Gonimous layer variously constituted; very
rarely, in whole or in part, of gonidia ; but commonly of go-
nimia, which anticipate here, more or less, the typical struc-
ture of the next family.

The structural relations of this group have been considered
by Schwendener, I. c., 3, pp. 151, 178, 190, etc.; and reference
may be made also to the writer's Genera Lichenum, p. 41. With
the appearance of gonimia in the last family (Peltigerei) an im-
portant change begins in the Lichen-organism. This change
finds further expression and much fuller development in the
family now before us, which will be seen to pass, at more than
one point, into the next-succeeding Colle-mei, wherein the go-
nimia complete their history.

The spore-history of this far humbler family is embarrassed

(*) This variety has been well said by Fries (L. E.) to look like young
plants of S. saccata, growing on a foreign crust ; the minute fronds, dif-
fering only in size from those of a, being connected together and over-
run by another semi-crustaceous, paunariifonn, tabulate-granulate thai-
las, the darker colour of which is due to gonimia, supplanting here the
more common green gonidia of the species ; but this second thallus is
taken by recent authors to belong to our lichen equally with the first,
or to be (as compare Nylander I. c. under S. bispora) an anamorphosis
of that.

ENDOCARPISCTJM. 113

with much of the ambiguity of that of the Peltigerei. The spores
are commonly without colour, and appear on the whole well-
referable to the Colourless Series, the ultimate condition of
which is the acicular spore. But yet indications of colour are
sufficiently frequent to suggest that the organs we are consider-
ing are rather decolorate than colourless ; and Pannaria lys-
sina, which we cannot but regard as belonging here, offers us
finally the perfected (if still decolorate) muriform type of the
brown Spore-series. The Pannariei are conceivable then as
decolorate members of the Series characterized by muriform (typi-
cally coloured) spores, and as contiguous therefore with Umbili-
cariei, and to some extent at least, if not with the bulk of, Pelti-
gerei, on the one hand, as especially with Collemei on the other.
Genera, p. 61.

XIX. — ENDOCAKPISCUM, Nyl.

Apothecia sunken commonly in the thallus and indicated
only by an ostiole, but becoming superficial and lecanorine.
Spores very minute, simple, without colour; numerous in
the thekes. Spermatia ovoid ; on sub-simple sterigtnas.
Thallus foliaceous, peltate, monophyllous ; free, and strongly
corticate beneath ; the hypotballus deficient. Gronimous

layer consisting of gonimia. Montagne (PL Cell Canar. I.

infra cit.) remarks "the considerable resemblance" both as
respects habit and colour, of Endocarpiscum Guepini to
Heppia Despreauxii. And Nylauder, more recently, goes
so far (Obs. Lick. Pyren. p. 56) as to say that "Endocarpis-
cum, properly considered, is Heppia, or scarcely a sub-genus
of it." But the two types may be said notwithstanding to
be well distinguished, no less by external habit than by
structure.

1. E. Guepini (Delis.) Nyl. ; thallus small, monophyllous,
cartilagineous-coriaceous ; from greenish- becoming brownish-
olive, the repand, revolute edges gray-sorediate ; beneath naked
and smooth, wrinkled, from flesh-coloured at length tawny;
apothecia deeply sunken in minute pits [but becoming super-
ficial and lecanorine]. Spores very minute, and numerous in the

thekes; rounded and oblong, simple, without colour. Endo-

carpon, Fr. L. E. p. 410. Guepinella, Bagl. in Nuov. Giorn.
Sot. Ital 2, 171.
8

114 HEPPIA.

Rocks. Needham near Boston, and at Harper's Ferry in
Maryland, Tuckerm an in Nyl. Pyrenoc. 1858. Arkansas, Peters.

California, Bolander. Lecanorine apothecia have been only

very recently detected in the European lichen ; they have not
been observed here.

2. E. Bolanderi, Tuck. herb. ; thallus minute, crowded in
imbricate patches, coriaceous-membranaceous ; from olivaceous
becoming dark-brown; crenate-lobate; with raised, scarcely
powdery margins ; beneath smooth, pale-brown ; apothecia very
small, innate-sessile, lecanorine; a tumid, entire margin border-
ing a red-brown disk. Spores very minute and numerous, ellip-
soid, simple, without colour. Pannaria, sect. Endocarpiscum,

Tuckerm. Gen. p. 51.

Rocks. Ukiah, and elsewhere, California (Bolander), Tuck-
erman I. c. 1872. The smaller thallus is thinner and darker than
that of E. Guepini (with which the present sometimes grows),
and, together with the scutellaeform apothecia— the only sort yet
observed — suggests rather a Collema.

XX. — HEPPTA, Naeg.

Apothecia orbicular, immersed, and mostly depressed in
the thallus, and immargiuate. Spores ovoid, simple, de-
colorate j now (2) numerous in the thekes. Spermatia ellip-
soid j on sub-simple sterigmas. Thallus squamose-foliace-
ous, monophyllous, more or less continuously corticate
beneath, where it is closely attached to the matrix by pale
Irypothalline filaments. Gonimous layer constituted of go-

nimia. The external resemblance of the very commonly

saccate-depressed apothecia of n. 1 to those of Solorina
.saccata is the only feature associating it seemingly with
Solorina rather than Pannaria.

1. H. Despreauxii (Mont.) Tuckerm. ; thallus small to minute,
-orbicular, dull, smoothish, or at length rimulose-rugulose ; from
pale- becoming olivaceous-green; with finally raised, repaud,
and crenate-lobate edges; beneath mostly pale; apothecia soli-
tary in small fronds, but now numerous in larger ones, small to

middling; disk red-brown. Spores ^ mic. Tuckerm. Gen.

p. 46. Solorina, Mont. PL Cell Canar. p. 104, t. 6, /. 5 (sporis
.excl).

PHYSMA. 115

On the earth, Ohio (Lea), Tuckerman in Lea. Catal. Cincin.
1848. New England. Illinois, Hall North Carolina, Curtis.
South Carolina and Florida, Eavenel. Alabama, Peters. Texas,
Wright. And, on calcareous pebbles, Kansas, Hall.

In patches of the lichen from the Organ mountains, Texas
(Wright], the exterior fronds are differenced from the small,
round, interior ones, serving only as margins to the solitary apo-
thecia, by their greater size and length, and their lobation;
much as the radiant, exterior squamules of squamulose Panna-
rice, when compared with the small, interior ones.

2. H. polyspora, Tuckerm. in litt. ; thallus much as in the
last, but besprinkled with the numerous, very small apothecia
(scarcely exceeding Omm- 5, in width) which are even with the
thallus, and blackening. Spores numerous in the thekes, rounded
and ovoid, from brown becoming decolorate, 2-5 mic. in the long-
est diameter.

Mountains of Colorado, T. S. Brandegee; comm. by C. J.
Sprague. The thallus appears to be more continuously corticate
below than in n. 1.

XXI.— PHYSMA, Mass.

Apothecia scutellseforrn. Spores ellipsoid, simple, with-
out colour. Thallus foliaceous ; clothed beneath with a dis-
tinct, finally spongy hypothallus. Gonimous layer consti-
tuted of gonimia, which are concatenate, and dispersed,
amid lax filaments, in a homogeneous pulp; as in Collema.
—It is to the genus last-named that the first species 01
Physma was always referred ; as the other also, by Mon-
tague. And it cannot well be questioned that the two are
congenerical ; but P. luridum is far closer to Pannaria rubi-
ginosa and P.fulvescens than is P. byrsceum to any Colleme-
iue lichen. No more pregnant example can be cited, among
foliaceous species, of the intimate relationship of Pannariei
to Collemei ; or of the unnaturalness of attempting to place
these families in different Orders.

1. P. byrsceum (Afzel.) ; thallus ample, orbicular, cartila-
gineous-coriaceous; minutely wrinkled; lead-coloured (cineras-
cent) ; the discrete, radiant, linear lobes dilated and crenate at

116 PANNARIA.

the tips, and clothed beneath with a blackening, spongy nap ;
apothecia middling to ample, concave ; the red disk bordered by
an elevated, rugose-plicate margin. Spores broad ellipsoid, sim-
ple, decolorate, ^j mic. Collema byrsinum, Ach. L. U. p. 642.

C. Boryanum, Pers., Mont, in Ann. 3, 10, p. 133.

Trees in tropical regions; Island of Cuba; and, probably,
Mexico.

2. P. luridum (Mont.) ; thallus middling-sized, coriaceous,
sub-monophyllous, wrinkled and powdery; from greenish-glau-
cous becoming yellowish-gray, and livid ; the rather wide, irregu-
larly radiant lobes imbricated, and sinuate; clothed beneath,
more or less densely, with a pale but blackening hypothallus ;
apothecia middling-sized; a rugose- crenate margin bordering a
reddish-brown disk. Spores rounded- and broad-ellipsoid, now

pointedly tipped, simple, decolorate, ^"jjj mic. Collema, Mont.

Cent. 3, 76, & Bonite, p. 115, t. 146, /. 3. Parmelia (Amphiloma),
Russellii, Tuckerm. Syn. N. E. p. 35. Pannaria, Nyl. Enum.

Trees, dead wood, and rocks, New England (Russell), Tuck-
erman Enum. 1845. New Jersey, Austin. Virginia, Tuckerman.
South Carolina, Eavenel. Alabama, Peters. Missouri, Hall. Oc-
curring also in Japan (Wright), and in the tropics. The dis-
tinctly parenchymatous cortex is the chief difference in structure
between this and the preceding.

XXII.— PANNARIA, Delis.

Apothecia now scutellseform and lecanorine ; now with
both thalline and proper margins (zeorine) ; and now simply
biatorine. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid and oblong; simple; or
bi-quadrilocular; or rarely muriform-multiloeular ; brown-
ish, or, more often, decolorate. Spermatia (in so far as
known) oblong; on multi-articulate sterigmas. Thallus sub-
foliaceous, either mouophyllous, or laciniate-multifld ; or
squamulose; becoming at last semi-crustaceous. Hypo-
thallus spongy ; or extenuate ; or obsolete. Gonimous layer
constituted either (sect. 1, 2) of gonidia, or (sect. 3) of both
gouidia and gonimia, or, more often, and, in all the remain-
ing sections, of gonimia alone ; which, and as well the fila-
mentous and parenchymatous tissues, anticipate variously
the features of the next family.

PANNARIA. 117

* Amphiloma. Thallus foliaceous, membranaceous, round-
lobed, softish, and deliquescent ; upon a blackening hypothallus.
Gonimous system of gonidia. (Amphiloma, Nyl., emend.)

1. P. lanuginosa ( Ach.) Koerb. ; thallus orbicular, white, pow-
dery; the lobation distinct only at the circumference, and often
disappearing, when only a crust, or cushion-like mass is left,
determinable by the delicate hypothallus; apothecia scarcely

known. Parmelia, Ach. L. U. p. 465. Farm. (Ampkiloma)

FT. L. E. p. 88.

Rocks, New England, Tuckerman Syn. N. E. 1848. Canada,
Drummond. New York, Peck. Blue Ridge, Virginia, Tucker-
man. Louisiana, Hale. The pale-sulphur-coloured tint so

common in the European lichen has not been observed by me in
the North American ; but the hypothallus is quite the same in
both, and the general aspect.

* * Psoroma. Thallus squamulose. Hypothallus obsolete.
Gonimous system of gonidia. Apothecia lecanorine (Psoroma,

Nyl., olim.). The only northern species is most readily

associable with Pannaria brunnea; and, notwithstanding the
difference in the gonidia, cannot be called at home in any
other genus. The group attains its full development in the aus-
tral and antarctic regions, where species with laciniate-multifid
and even frondose thallus, and otherwise remarkably differenced,
occur.

2. P. hypnorum (Hoffm.) Koerb. ; thallus of minute, rounded,
at length granulate-crenate, ascendant and imbricate squamules;
from yellowish becoming reddish-brown (with age dark ash-col-
oured) ; beneath pale, and naked ; apothecia middling to ample,
sessile; the disk red-brown; the thin, elevated margin crenate,
and at length granulate-squamulose. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid and

oblong, simple, decolorate, -£™ mic. Parmelia, Fr. L. E.p. 98.

Tuck. Exs. n. 20. Psoroma, Nyl. Scand. p. 121.

On the earth, growing over mosses and twigs, in alpine dis-
tricts. Arctic America (Richardson), Hooker I. c. 1823. Rocky
Mountains, Hall. Newfoundland, Despreaux. White Mount-
ains of N. Eng., Tucker man.

* * * Euopsls. Thallus tartareous, peltate. Hypothal-
lus obsolete. Gonimous system constituted of both gonidia and
gonimia. Apothecia lecanorine. (Euopsis, Nyl. emend. ) The

118 PAKtfARIA.

ordinary gonidia are sufficiently conspicuous in our lichen, to-
gether with more or less similar red gonidia, and, with these, as
in the European, smaller and less abundant gonimia. And
these differing forms of the gonidial cells belong all to the plant
before us, and are neither to be referred, in part, to an intru-
sive, foreign Alga (as supposed in Nyl. Scand. p. 171) nor, in
part, to a foreign Lecanora (as asserted in Nyl. Lapp. Or. p.
104). And they condition that red and white marbling of the
thallus which is so conspicuous in section. The plant is thus
referable neither to Lecanora, as supposed by Sommerfelt, and
Nylander (Scand.) nor to Pyrenopsis, as by the latter author in
Lapp. Or.-, but must either find a place here, or as a distinct

genus of Parmeliei. In the group Euopsis, Nyl., which has

not yet, that I am aware, been characterized, but is noted by
its author as distinguishable from his Pyrenopsis, with which he
associates it, in Collemei, by the form and higher structure of
its apothecia (Flora, 1875, p. 363) I am compelled to include
his Pyrenopsis hcematopis.

3. P. granatina (Sommerf.) ; thallus minute, monophyllous,
attached at a single point, rounded or difform, thickish, warted ;
brown-reddish; crowded often into a loose crust; beneath
blackening but not otherwise differing ; apothecia very small,
adnate, the shining, red-brown, flat or swelling disk bordered
by a sub-crenate margin. Spores oblong, simple, decolorate,

^± mic. Lecanora, Sommerf. Suppl. Lapp. p. 90. Nyl. Scand.

p. 171. Pannaria, Th. Fr. Llch. Arct. p. 77.

Rocks, Notch of the White Mountains, Tuckerman Gen. 1872.

Maine, Willey. Collema licemaleum var. hcematopis, Sommerf.

(Pyrenopsis htsmatopis, Nyl. ; Th. Fr. ) which was found in Green-
land by Vahl, is considered to differ in its concave fruit j but
the published European plant (Nyl. in Fellm. Lick. Arct. n. 5)
has so entirely the structure of Pannaria granatina that I can-
not venture, with the material before me, to separate it even as
a variety. And it is observable that Nylander has referred one
and the same lichen (the Pyrenopsis rufescens of his Lick.
Scand. p. 27) at p. 288 of the same work to P. hcematopis, and

in Lapp. Or. to P. granatina. Pannaria granatina var.

hcemalea, Th. Fr. ( Collema hcemaleum, Sommerf. Euopsis hama-
lea, Nyl. in Norrl. Lick. Fenn. n. 101) also has the structure of
P. granatina ; of which it appears to be a reduced expression.
It is unknown here.

P AM ARIA. 119

* * * * Pannaria proper. The characters of this central
group of the always equivocal genus before us, are sufficiently
various. Thallus, in the highest expressions, foliaceous; but
soon squamulose; and disappearing at length in crustaceous
states ; the spongy hypothallus becomingln like manner reduced,
and now obsolete. Gonimous system constituted of gonimia,
which are more or less concatenate, and distinctly gelatinous,
interspersed, in the highest forms, among rather loose medul-
lary filaments ; these passing, in the inferior ones, into a paren-
chymatous tissue. Apothecia largely lecanorine; but also
biatorine; and both sorts sometimes in one and the same
species. Spores simple, except in n. 12. (Pannaria, Nyl. emend.).

4. P.pannosa (Sw.) Delis. ; thallus ample, foliaceous, orbic-
ular, thin-membranaceous, smooth ; from livid-glaucous becom-
ing ash-coloured and brown ; the radiant, narrowed, flattish,
many-cleft (now isidiophorous) divisions either connate or dis-
crete, seated upon and bordered by a dense, black hypothal-
lus ; [apothecia, of the tropical lichen, of middling size, sessile ;
either lecanorine, with incurved, crenate margin; or zeorine;
or biatorine ; the disk from pale- at length dark-reddish-brown,
and the entire, proper margin finally black. Spores ovoid-
ellipsoid and sub-fusiform, commonly brownish, ^5 mic.

Parmelia, Ach. L. U. p. 465.

Trees, in tropical countries ; occurring here, but as yet only
seen infertile, in the low country of South Carolina (Eavenel)

Tuckerm. Gen. 1872 ; as of Louisiana, Hale. The original

lichen of Swartz (Lich. Amer. t. 5) and Acharius, had only
biatorine fruit, while Nylander (Disp. Psor. & Pann.) has recog-
nized only lecanorine. The lecanorine state is perhaps, to
judge by my herbarium, the more frequent of the two ; but I
observe no other differences.

5. P. rubiginosa (Thunb.) Delis. ; thallus smallish, foliace-
ous, orbicular, membranaceous, smoothish ; from ashy-greenish
becoming yellowish-gray, livid, and lead-coloured ; the radiant,
approximate, rather broad and concave, imbricate divisions
with dilated and multifid tips, and raised, crenate margins ; the
dense, and margining hypothallus bluish-black; apothecia
smallish to middling, lecanorine, sessile; disk rusty-brown,
margin crenulate. Spores rounded, and ovoid, simple, decolor-
ate, mic. Parmelia, Fr. L. E. p. 88. Schcer. Spirit, p. 462.

120 PANffARIA.

b. conoplea, Fr. ; thallus beset densely with gray soredia,
passing, at the centre, into a continuous crust, [apothecia zeo-
rine and biatorine]. Fr. I. c. Parmelia, AcJi. L. U.p. 467.

Trees and rocks, New England, Tucker man Syn. N. E. 1848.
Ohio, Lesquereux. North, and South Carolina, Eavenel, etc.
Alabama and Mississippi, Peters, etc. Texas, Hall. California,
Dr. Palmer. Oregon, Hall. b, New England, Tuckerman.

6. P. leucosticta, Tuckerm. ; thallus squamulose, cartilagin-
eous-membranaceous ; from brownish-ash-coloured becoming
tawny-brown; squamules of the circumference expanded, elon-
gated, and pinnately tabulate, those of the centre ascendant
and imbricated, dissected, dentate-crenate, the teeth white-
powdery; hypothallus thin, bluish-black; apothecia smallish
to middling, lecanorine, appressed; the red-brown disk at
length tumid, and excluding the thin, crenate, soon white-
powdery margin. Spores rounded and ovoid, simple, decolorate,
^| mic. Obs. Lich. I c. 4,j?. 404.

Rocks, and also trunks, common from New England to
southern Virginia, Tuckerman in Darliugt. Fl. Cestr. 1853. Ohio,
Lesquereux. North Carolina, Curtis. South Carolina and
Georgia, Ravenel. Alabama, Peters. Louisiana, Hale.

7. P. pliolidota (Mont.) Nyl. ; thallus of minute, membrana-
ceous, rounded, crenate-lobulate, finally crowded and imbricate
squamules which are predominantly pale -yellowish-gray, but
are commingled more or less with lead-coloured ones; on a
thin, blackening hypothallus; apothecia small, lecanorine, ses-
sile, the incurved, crenate margin finally excluded by the pale-
to dark-brown disk. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid, simple, decolorate,
ljh| mic. Mont. Fl. GUI. p. 146.

Trees, Mexico; Nylander. The lichen (in Montague's Juan

Fernandez specimens) has not a little the aspect, in small, of a
pale P. Hypnorum, and the light-coloured scales are character-
ized by gonidia, as in that ; but a change takes place in some of
these scales, whereby they assume a bluish colour (extending
also in part to the exciples) and the scales exhibit then a pecu-
liar and more delicate crenelation, and offer only gonimia;
which appear to tie regarded as determining the place of the
lichen.

8. P. Hookeri (Sm.) Th. Fr. ; thallus squamulose, sub-car-
tilagineous, more or less leaden-gray; squamules expanded,

P ANN ARIA. 121

sub -imbricate, bluntly lobed and notched, and longitudinally
striate ; those of the circumference elongated and radiant, the
central ones crowded and crust-like ; blackening beneath; apo-
thecia small, lecanorine, appressed, the margin at length cre-
nate, the flat disk from reddish-brown soon blackening. Spores

broad- ellipsoid, simple, decelerate, ~ mic. Th. Fr. Lick.

Arct. p. 73. P. leucolepis (Wahl.) Nyl. Scand. p. 123.
Rocks, Greenland (Vahl), Th. Fries I. c. 1861.

9. P. brunnea (Sw.) Mass.; thallus squamulose, sub-mem-
branaceous, livid-ash-coloured and tawny-brown; squamules
minute, now explanate and crenate, and now elongated and dis-
sected, imbricate, and heaped together at length into a granu-
lose mass; apothecia middling -sized, lecanorine, immersed,
very numerous and soon confluent and difibrm, the reddish-
brown disk becoming convex and even turgid, and excluding
then the commonly persistent, incurved, crenulate margin.
Spores oblong -ellipsoid, often pointed - tipped, simple, decel-
erate, jjj^ mic. Parmelia, Fr. L. E. p. 93. Tuck. Lich. exs.

M. 89. Pannaria, Nyl. Scand. p. 123.

On the earth, Arctic America (Richardson), Hooker I. c. 1823.
Greenland, Vahl. Islands of Behring's Straits, Wright. White
Mountains, Willey. Coast of Massachusetts, Oakes. Cattskill
Mountains, Peck. Rocky Mountains, J. Wolf.

10. P. microphylla (Sw.) Delis. ; thallus squamulose, cartila-
gineous; livid-ash-coloured and glaucescent; the thickish, at
first expanded but soon ascendant and imbricated, simply cre-
nate squamules compacted at length into a continuous crust ;
beneath blackening; apothecia smallish; lecanorine; zeorine;
and biatorine ; superficial ; the disk from pale becoming black-
ish-brown, soon convex, and excluding the crenate, thalline
margin. Spores oblong- ellipsoid, simple, decolorate, ^ mic.

—Parmelia, Fr. L. E. p. 90. Tuck. Lich. exs. n. 110. " Pan-
naria, Nyl. Scand. p. 124.

Rocks, from New England to Virginia, Tuckerman Enum.
1845. New York, Sartwell. New Jersey, Austin. Ohio, Les-
quereux. New Mexico, Fendler. California (f. Californica, a
coarser plant, with larger spores, measuring ^^ mic.), Bolander.

11. P. lepidiota, Th. Fr.; thallus squamulose, coriaceous;
yellowish-brown, lurid, and finally blackening ; squamules mid-

122 PAKtfARIA.

dling-sized, expanded, crenate-lobulate with warty, often gray-
sorediate edges; the external ones elongated and radiant; those
more central becoming ascendant, closely imbricated, and heaped
at last into a granulate, often gray-powdery crust ; upon a thin,
black hypothallus ; apothecia smallish to middling, depressed,
biatorine; disk from reddish becoming blackish-brown; the
thin margin soon excluded. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid, pointed-
tipped, simple, decolorate, ^ mic. Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. p. 74.

P. prcetermissa, Nyl. Scand. p. 124.

b. coralliphora ; thallus passing into a dense mass of stout,
torulose branchlets.

c. cyanolepra; thallus disappearing in minute, conglomerate,
steel-blue granules. P. cyanolepra, Tuckerm. Lich. Calif, p. 17.

On the earth, and rocks. Greenland (Vahl), Th. Fries, I. c.
1861. California, Bolander. Oregon, Hall. Rocky Mountains,

Brandegee. Northern shore of Lake Superior, Macoun. &,

Vancouver's Island, Macoun. c, California, on clay, Bolander.

The Lake Superior specimens are very smooth, but scarcely

referable to the next species ; they are remarkable for a fibril-
lose ring on the under side of the apothecia. But the same feat-
ure (elsewhere not unknown in this genus, as compare the ob-
servation in Wright Lich. Cub. n. 98) is observable in b, a blacker
plant than usual, and so far resembling the var. tristis, Th. Fr. ;
and I have detected it also in the European lichen last named.

c, as originally considered, appeared to be a simply granu-

lose lichen to be compared with P. nebulosa (Hoffm.), Nyl. In
other specimens however the granules are seen to belong to
squainules, which I incline (though not without some uncer-
tainty) to refer to the present species.

12. P. carnosa (Dicks.); thallus squamulose - foliaceous,
membranaceous ; from pale - yellowish - brown becoming livid,
and brownish-chestnut ; the extended and lobe-like, deeply la-
ciniate and erose-granulate squamules ascendant and loosely
imbricated, or now heaped ; beneath whitish ; apothecia small-
ish, biatorine, sessile, flattish, the disk dark-red, the at first
paler margin thin and entire. Spores from ellipsoid and simple ;
becoming oblong-fusiform and bilocular ; mostly decolorate, ^£

mic. Parmelia, Schcsr. Spicil. p. 566. Pannaria muscorum,

Nyl. Scand. p. 127.

Rocks among mosses. Great Bear Lake, Arctic America,

PAtftfARIA. 123

(Richardson), Leighton in Linn. Soc. Journ. 1867. Described

from European specimens ; I have seen no others. The lichen
is so near to the last, that that was referred to it by both Som-
merfelt and Fries. The spores become indeed bilocular, and
incongruous therefore with the type of the present section ; but
they are perhaps more commonly like those of the last species,
which attain finally to the same shape and size.

13. P. tryptophylla (Ach.) Mass.; thallus squamulose-folia-
ceous, membranaceous ; from pale-yellowish soon becoming
livid-brownish ; squamules stellate- expanded, lacero-laciniate,
erose and dentate-granulate, passing then into a densely coral-
line-granulose crust; upon a bluish-black hypothallus; apo-
thecia small, biatorine, sessile ; the disk chestnut-brown, finally
convex ; and the thin paler margin disappearing. Spores ellip-
soid, simple, decolorate, ^J mic. Th. Fr. Lich. Arct p. 76.

Nyl. Scand. p. 125.

Trunks, and stones, New England and New York, Tucker-
man Syn. N. E. 1848. South Carolina, Ravenel. Louisiana, Hale.

The South Carolina specimens, and those from Louisiana,

do not appear to differ from P. nigro-cincta, Nyl. in Lindig herb.
N. Gran. n. 818 ; but all three are clearly referable, if I mis-
take not, to the older species before us. The other lichens
named nigro-cincta in Lindig's collection (n. 2623, 2882, 18 of
2d collection) together with Montague's original Juan Fernandez
specimens of his species, and Wright Lich. Cub. n. 103 in great
part at least, seem, in like manner, referable to a reduced P.
pannosa ; n. 18, in particular, not offering any differences from
Wright Cub. n. 102, which should be the original pannosa of
Acharius. The dimensions given in Nyl. Prodr. N. Gran. p. 27,
might be supposed to mean that the spores of P. nigro-cincta
are smaller than those of P. pannosa ; but an examination of
seven specimens of the former, four of them named by the
author cited, shews that both species agree very well, in all
respects, in their spores.

14. P. melamphylla, Tuckerm. in litt. ; thallus orbicular,
squamulose, membranaceous ; from black-green becoming quite
black ; the minute squamules stellate-expanded and crenate at
the circumference, but somewhat imbricated at the centre where
they pass into a ragged crust ; apothecia. . .

Rocks (schist) Vermont, Frost. Texture parenchymatous

124 PANNAKIA.

throughout; cells rounded; the goniinia (diam. 5-6 mic., but
now larger) being mostly solitary. Spermatia ellipsoid; on
sub-simple sterigmas. The place of the lichen to be further
determined by the fruit, as yet unknown.

15. P. crossophylla, Tuckerm. ; thallus effuse, membrana-
ceous, terete-compressed, dichotomously much-branched, de-
cumbent; leaden -gray; the outer portions plume-like, ^the
inner ones densely imbricated, and crowded into a squamaceous-
verrucose crust ; beneath blackening at the centre ; apothecia
small, biatorine, immixt ; the disk from flesh-coloured becom-
ing chestnut-brown, soon convex and excluding the thin, pale

margin. Spores ellipsoid, simple, decolorate, ^ mic. Obs.

Lick. 1. c. 4, p. 404.

Rocks, Vermont (Russell), Tuckerman I. c. 1861. New
York, Peck. Pennsylvania, Eau. Ohio, Lesquereux. Alabama,
Peters.

***** Coccocarpia. Thallus foliaceous, sub-mono-
phyllous. Medullary layer compact, with the habit of that of
Peltigerei. Gonimous system constituted of gonimia; also com-
parable with those of the last family. Apothecia biatorine.

Spores simple. In this group Pannaria may be said to look

back, so far as thalline structure is considered, to the preced-
ing and higher, rather than forward to the next following fam-
ily,— but, as regards the fruit, to be less typical than Pannaria
proper.

16. P. plumbea (Lightf.) Delis.; thallus smallish, orbicular,
coriaceous-membranaceous ; from yellowish-brown becoming
livid-lead-coloured ; the more or less connate lobes dilated out-
wardly, radiately wrinkled, and, with age, concentrically zoned,
with rounded and round-crenate tips ; the centre passing into
imbricate lobules ; upon a dense, spongy, at length bluish-black
hypothallus ; apothecia smallish, biatorine ; with flat, or swell-
ing, from rusty- at length sanguineous-red disk ; and thin, paler
margin ; finally confluent. Spores ellipsoid, simple, decolorate,
~ mic. Parmelia, Ach. L. U. p. 466. Fr. L. E. p. 87.

On an old oak, Newport mountain, Island of Mt. Desert,
Maine, Tuckerman Gen. 1872. On a Birch stump, and on ex-
posed rocks, Island of Grand Menan, Willey.

17. P. molyMcea (Pers.) Tuckerm.; thallus small to ample,
orbicular, with the texture of the last, and the radiately plaited,

PANNARIA. 125

rather entire lobes similarly differenced ; from pale whitish-
passing into brownish- and dark-leaden gray ; upon a hypothal-
lus like that of the last ; apothecia from smallish at length
more than middling-sized, biatorine, appressed, soon rather
applanate and ample, convex, immarginate ; disk from reddish-
orange or chestnut becoming black. Spores ellipsoid and cym-

biform, bi - nucleolate, decolorate, -|^ mic. Tuckerm. Gen.

Lich. p. 52. Lecidea Parmelioides (Hook.} Mont. Cuba, p. 192.
Coccocarpia, Tuckerm. in Wright Lich. Cub. n. 104-107.

b. cronia, Nyl. ; lobes beset, at length densely, with isidioid
branchlets; the marginate apothecia white-flbrillose beneath.
Spores as in a. Parmelia cronia, Tuckerm. Syn. N. E. p. 36.

c. incisa, Nyl. ; lobes narrowed, discrete more or less at the
circumference, and many-cleft; at the centre isidiophorous.

[Apothecia now as in a, and now as in b.] Nyl. in Prodr. N.

Gran. p. 27 & Lindig herb. n. 2538. Coccocarpia incisa, Pers.,
Mont, in Ann. Sci.

Trees, bushes, and dead wood; a tropical lichen, but ex-
tending throughout the United States ; Tuckerman in Darlingt.
FL Cest. 1853. Texas, Wright. Louisiana, Hale. Alabama,
Beaumont. Florida, Austin. South Carolina, Eavenel. Penn-
sylvania, Michener. Western New York, Sartwell. b, Rocks,

and also trunks, etc., commonly infertile; from New England
to Virginia, Tuckerman Syn. N. E. 1848. Illinois, fertile, Wolf.
North Carolina to Texas, Eavenel. Alabama, fertile, Peters.
Louisiana, Hale. As also Cuba, Wright; and New Granada,

Lindig. c, Trunks, Florida, Eavenel. This species is

closely akin to the preceding, but is differenced by the apo-
thecia, and the spores. The colours are perhaps also a little
unlike; but the present becomes remarkable in the tropics
(where the other is wanting) for a certain luxuriance (Coccocar-
pia incisa, ciliolata, etc., of authors) which, rare enough in the
northern lichen, is far from surprising in the tropical.

18^ P. stellata (Tuckerm.) Nyl.; thallus minute, orbiculate,
membranaceous ; lead-coloured; the very narrow, linear, and
flat lobes discrete, radiant, and many-cleft at the circumference,
but becoming at the centre densely imbricated, and dentate-
lobulate; white, and white-fibrillose beneath; apothecia very
small, sessile ; with a reddish-brown disk ; white fibrillose below.
Spores ellipsoid, as in P. molybdcea, but small, decolorate, -^-

126 P ANN ARIA.

mic. Coccocarpia, Tuckerm. Obs. Lich. I. c. 5, p. 402. Panna-

ria, Nyl. Disp. Psor. & Pann.

Upon Holly, Low country of South Carolina (Mavenel), Tuck-
erman I. c. 1862. Florida, Messrs. /. D. Smith, & Austin. Ala-
bama (Herb. Willey).

The apothecia and spores refer the plant to the present sec-
tion, rather than the preceding. The thallus is also well -com-
parable with that of such specimens of P. motybdcea, v. incisa,
as are given in Lindig N. G. Coll. 2, n. 68 ; except in its at
length extreme narrowness and minuteness.

****** Lecothecium. Thallus reduced ; squamulose-folia-
ceous ; and crustaceous ; the hypothallus mostly indistinct, or
obsolete. Medullary layer, when denned, of compact, elongated
cells. Gonimia more or less concatenate and distinctly gelati-
nous, with a Collemeine aspect. Apothecia lecanorine (n. 19,
20) or biatorine. Spores (except in 19) 2-4-locular. (Lecothe-
cium, Trevis. Pannarice sp., & Pterygium, Nyl.)

19. P. Sonomensis, Tuckerm.; thallus small, irregular;
greenish-brown ; made up^of minute, discrete, elongated, linear,
many-cleft lobes, of which the central are teretish and inter-

jtangled, and the outer ones expanded; beneath whitish, and
naked, the hypothallus being obsolete ; apothecia very small,
lecanorine ; the entire margin finally excluded ; and the reddish-
brown disk blackening. Spores fusiform, curved, simple, de-
colorate, ^f mic. Obs. Lich. I. c. 12, p. 169.

Granitic and other rocks, Sonoma, and Yosemite, California
(Bolander), Tuckerman I. c. 1877.

20. P. stenophytta, Tuckerm.; thallus minute, orbiculate,
stellate-expanded ; greenish-brown ; lobes terete, those of the
circumference radiant, and branching ; the central ones squam-
ulose-granulose, falling away at length and leaving the zoned
periphery; beneath pale without apparent hypothallus; apo-
thecia very small, lecanorine ; the disk brown ; the margin soon
disappearing. Spores ellipsoid and oblong, somewhat Curved,
bilocular, decolorate, ^ mic. Obs. Lich. I. c. 12, p. 169.

Calcareous rocks growing intermingled with the next, Ala-
bama (Peters), Tuckerman I. c. 1877. Apothecia appearing

to be now zeorine ; and so not impossibly biatorine also, at last.

PAKtfARIA. 127

21. P. Petersii, Tuckerm. ; thallus squamulose-foliaceous,
membranaceous, stellate-expanded ; from livid-glaucous becom-
ing olivaceous, and black; lobes appressed, flat, contiguous,
now dispersed and soon falling away at the centre ; radiant and
many-cleft at the concentrically disposed circumference ; the
hypothallus obsolete; apothecia very small, biatorine, flat,
black, with a thin margin. Spores ellipsoid and oblong, simple

and bilocular, decelerate, ^^ mic. Gen. Lick. p. 54. Lecidea,

Tuck. Pterygium, Nyl. Syn. p. 93.

Calcareous rocks. Alabama (Peters] Tuckerman in Nyl.
Syn. 1858. New York, Wittey. The regular, stellate, con-
centrically disposed thallus is not always to be seen ; but only
scattered lobules.

22. P.flabellosa, Tuckerm.; thallus squamulose-foliaceous,
membranaceous ; livid- ash -coloured; lobules narrow-linear,
dissected, those of the circumference expanded and fan-shaped,
flat, and longitudinally striate ; those of the centre teretish and
heaped; upon an indistinct, finally blue-black hypothallus;
apothecia very small, immixt, flat ; a red disk bordered by a
pale -livid margin, and both finally blackening. Spores oblong-
ellipsoid, 2-4-locular, decelerate, ^^ mic. Obs. Lich. I. c. 5,

p. 401 ; Gen. Lich. p. 54.

Granitic rocks. Vermont (Frost), Tuckerman I. c. 1862.

White Mountains, Willey. Apothecia 3-6 mic. wide, about

twice the size of those of the last.

23. P. nigra (Huds.) Nyl. ; thallus very minutely squamu-
lose ; leaden-ash-coloured; squamules now scattered and lobu-
late, but heaped, for the most part, into a broken, granulose or
corallinoid crust; upon a thin, blue-black hypothallus; apo-
thecia very small, biatorine, sessile (from reddish-brown) com-
monly black, the swelling disk soon excluding the thin margin.

Spores oblong, 2-4-locular, decolorate, ^^ mic. Collema,

Ach. L. U. p. 628. Pannaria, Nyl. Scand. p. 126.

b. ccesia, Nyl. ; thallus dark-gray, or whitish ; the internal

structure confused and obscure. Tuckerm. Gen. Lich. p. 54.

Collolechia, Mass., Koerb. Syst. p. 377.

Calcareous rocks, and sandstones, Pennsylvania and the
northern States to Canada, Muhlenberg Catal. 1818. Illinois
and Kansas, Hall Alabama, Peters. b, calcareous rocks,

128 COLLEMEI.

Trenton, N. Y., etc., Tuckerman Gen. Lich. 1872. Structure

of the thallus of the present species, in its best conditions (as
Fellni. Lich. Arct. n. 101) sufficiently agreeing with that of the
other species of this section, and. with Pterygium, Nyl., which is
not well at home in Collemei ; and the lichen differs in fact in
nothing from Lecothecium of Authors but the very indistinct hy-
pothallus. Both the colour, and imperfectly denned, or con-
fused structure of b may perhaps be attributable to the action
of lime : like a, the lichen is inseparable from the Pannariei.

******* Jane II a. Thallus crustaceous, squamulose-granu-
lose, parenchymatous throughout. Hypothallus obsolete. Goni-
mous system of gonimia. Apothecia biatorine. Spores muri-
form-plurilocular. (Collema aut Leptogium, Auct.)

24. P. byssina (Kof£m..) Tuckerm.; thallus effuse ; of minute,
granulose, or now corallinoid, ash-coloured squamules, passing
into scurfy granules ; apothecia small to very small, innate-ses-
sile; margin depressed; disk reddish-brown. Spores ovoid-
ellipsoid, decolorate, ^ mic. Leptogium, ZwacJch Exs. n.

174. Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 120. Collema, Koerb. Parerg. p. 410. Pan-
naria, Tuck. Gen. p. 56.

On the earth, Illinois (Hall), Tuckerman I. c. 1872. Massa-
chusetts, on bank- walls, Willey.

Fam. 6.— COLLEMEI.

Thallus various, exhibiting the whole range of variation
in form of the Tribe, — now shrub-like and ascendant ; or
filiform and decumbent ; now, and for the most part, folia-
ceous ; and now, at length crust-like ; when moist more or
less gelatinous (whence the name Jelly-lichens) • the hypo-
thallus, except in rare cases, obsolete. Gonimous system
exclusively of gonimia, which are now clustered in roundish
groups, or more commonly linked together in necklace-like
chains, nestling in a homogeneous pulp derived from the
dissolution of the thickened membranes.

For a consideration of the relations of this much-disputed
Family to the immediately preceding ones, and of the insupera-

LICHItfEI. 129

ble difficulties in the way of continuing to regard it as ordinarily
distinct from them, reference may be made to the author's Gen-
era Lichenum, p. 56-64, etc.

The spore-history of the Cottemei offers an evident contrast
to that of the Pannariei, in that while in the latter the greater
proportion of the forms, and all the more typical ones, have
simple spores, — the higher features shewing themselves only in
the receding sections, the confused and at length aberrant struct-
ure of which assimilates them to Eucollemel, — it is the bulk and
most typical portion of the former which displays the higher
spore-characterization, and only in general the reduced and re-
ceding clusters 'in which the spores are simple. We descend
thus from the foliaceous Pannariae to the sections Lecothecium
and Janella ; as we ascend from Pyrenopsis and Omphalaria to
Leptogium and Hydrothyria. But in both alike the ultimate con-
dition of tne spore is that of the Coloured Series ; and those
spores therefore the structure of which represents earlier stages
of spore-development, however without colour and apparently
equivocal, are to be taken for decolorate members of the same
Series.

Sub-Fam. 1. — LICHINEI.

Thallus filamentous or shrub-like j the gonimia either
constituting an axis (as in Sirosiphon, and other types of
Algce, with which Class the principal members of the present
Sub-Family were formerly placed, as Sirosiphon is now, by
some, with Lichenes) but interpenetrated and surrounded
by filamentous elements (hyphse), and crowded at length by
the development of the latter into a regular gonimous layer
(Sect. 1), or concatenate (Sect. 2). Medullary layer more or
less parenchymatous. Apothecia globose ; oftener biatorine.

Sect. 1. Ephebei. Thallus filamentous, sirosiphonoid.

The plants to be now described are distinguished from Alga, as
well by the possession of apothecia, as of hyphae. In other re-
spects, however, the present section is so close to certain Algal
types (especially Sirosiplion, Kiitz.), and this resemblance ap-
peared otherwise of such difficult explanation, that the question of
parasitism long since suggested itself. Ephebe pubescens, in its
9

130 THEKMUTIS.

•so-called fertile condition, was thus taken for an Alga infested by
a Fungus (Hepp. Flecht. Eur. n. 712). De Bary illustrated this
further, and proposed an alternative. Either the lichens now
before us are the fully developed, fructifying states of plants,
the less developed conditions of which ranked heretofore as
Nostodiacece, Ckroococcacece, etc., among the Algce, or the groups
last-named are typical Algce, which assume the form of Collema,
Ephebe, etc., in consequence of being penetrated by certain para-
sitical Ascomycetes, which spread their mycelial cells through,
•and thus condition the growing thallus. (De Bary, Morph. &
PJiys. d. Pilze, etc., p. 291.) Schwendener's development of the
latter hypothesis (Die Algen-typen der Flechten-gonidien, 1869,
etc.) opened up an enquiry of deep interest, which yet neither
his own profound researches, nor the later ones of Bornet (Re-
cherches sur les gonidies, Ann. 5, 17, 1873) and Stahl (Beitr. z.
Entwickelungsgeschickte d. Flechten, 1877) were sufficient to de-
termine ; and the question remained an open one, till it was set-
tled, and in favour of the autonomy of the Lichens, by Minks
(Das Microgonidium, 1879). Sirosiphon, Kiitz., of which sev-
eral species are recognized here (Prof. W. G. Farlow), has lately
found a place in certain Lichen-catalogues with the authority
apparently of Dr. Nylander; but the group of Algce in question,
as constituted, is only hypothetically associable with Lichens ;
and the eminent author cited has not yet attempted to remove

the difficulty of so associating it. Ephebella, Itzigs., also

North American (Farlow) is still further removed from Lichens.

[THERMUTIS, Fr., Born.

Apothecia very small, biatorine. Spores ellipsoid, colour-
less. Spermatia oblong; on simple sterigmas. Thallus
slender filiform, densely tufted ; the gonimia constituting, at
the extremities, a single, central axis, which breaks up, in
the older parts, into transverse rings.

T. belutina (Ach.) Fr. ; thallus of very slender, decumbent,
sub-simple, crisped, blackish-brown filaments intertangled into
close, velvety cushions; apothecia a little concave, pale brown,
with an obtuse margin. Spores roundish-ellipsoid, simple, "-^

mic." Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. p. 286. Koerb. Parerg. p. 450.

Gonionema, Nyl. Syn. I, p. 88, t. I,/. 11.

Rocks and stones, Europe ; but known to fruit only in the ex-

SPILONEMA.— EPHEBE. 131

treme north. It has not yet been detected here. There being

no question of the plant's being the type of Thermutis, Fr. (8.
0. V. p. 302 ; 1825) it is not a sufficient reason for supplanting
this name by Nylander's, that Fries, many years later, referred
incorrectly, in Hit. (Schaer. Enum. p. 248), an incongruous lichen
to his genus.]

[SPILONEMA, Born.

Apothecia minute, lentiform, imtnarginate, black. Spores
ellipsoid, colourless. Spermatia oblong j on multi-articulate
sterigmas. Thallus slender filiform, branched, the large
gonimia arranged at first in an axial column, as in the last,
but soon exhibiting, like that, the dissolution of this column
into transverse layers. Nyl. ut infra.

S. paradoxum, Born. ; " thallus densely caespitose, entangled,
irregularly and somewhat one-sidedly branched, the filaments
about an eighth of an inch in height ; blackish-brown ; apothecia
hemispherical, without any margin, black. Spores ellipsoid,
simple, 9-4 mic."— — Nyl. Syn. p. 89, t. 2,/. 3. Leight. in Mag.
Nat. Hist. 1865.

Kocks in the south of Europe ; as also in North Wales ; and
in Finland.

This plant is also unknown here, having, like the last, been
hitherto sought in vain among the Sirosophons, etc., of our rocks ;
but it may occur within our limits, however long obscured by
the absence of fruit. The general agreement in thalline struct-
ure of the plants which constitute the present section (Ephebei)
is such, that their distinction turns on their fruit-characters.
Spilonema differs yet, by its branched and shrub-like habit, from
Thermutis ; as by its smaller size from Ephebe.

A minute, pulvinate lichen, looking like a small and lighter-
coloured Ephebe, which Bornet (in litt., /dte Farlow) was inclined
provisionally to refer to this genus, but infertile, has occurred,
on calcareous rocks in Alabama, Peters ; and, what is possibly
the same, on granitic rocks in Massachusetts, Willey.']

\

XXIIL— EPHEBE, Fr., Born.

Apothecia minute, now persistently immersed in the
thallus and endocarpeine, and now superficial and globose-

132 EPHEBE.

lecanorine; the coarctate disk punctiform. Spores ellip-
soid, colourless. Spermatia ellipsoid; on simple sterigmas.
Thallus coarsely filamentous, branched j the large gonimia
grouped finally more or less together outside of the medul-
lary parenchyma.

* Apothecia (so far as known) immersed in the thallus.

1. E. pubescens, Fr. ; thallus much-branched, rather rigid,
transversely somewhat wrinkled and scabrous, decumbent in
loosely intertaugled tufts ; from blackish-green becoming black ;
[apothecia immersed several together in siliquose swellings of
the thallus; the disk reduced to a point. Spores oblong-ellip-
soid, bilocular, colourless, ^~ mic.] Nyl. Syn. I, p. 90, t. 2, 1,

& 17-20. Leight. I c.

Rocks, throughout New England, and northward, Tuckerman
Syn. N. E. 1848. Greenland ? & cf Hornemann, fide Bornet.
New York, Peck. New Jersey, Austin. Probably throughout the
Appalachian system of mountains, as in Alabama, Peters.
Always as yet (with the above noted exception of Greenland)
seen here without apothecia, but occurring with spermogones,
which resemble the apothecia of the next species. Reliance is
hardly to be placed on the ordinarily dioecious character sup-
posed to distinguish this from the next (Nyl. Syn. I. c.} as com-
pare the E. Lapponica, Nyl. in Flora, 1875, which can scarcely
be said to differ at all from the present but in being monoecious.

2. E. mammillosum (Lyngb.) Fr.; thallus simple; softer
than the last; the simple branches incrassated and spindle
shaped, and thickly mammillated on all sides ; apothecia un-
known. Harv. Brit. Algce, p. 153.

Wet rocks near Norman's Woe, Gloucester, Mass., Prof. Far-
low. Both Agardh, and Harvey have inclined to consider this a
variety of the last, from which Fries (Summ. Veg. Scand.) has
distinguished it.

* * Apothecia superficial, and globose.

3. E. solida, Bora. ; thallus generally like that of the first
species in habit as in roughness, but much shorter, and perhaps
more uniformly stouter-branched and shrub-like, and growing in
smaller tufts ; black ; apothecia lateral and terminal ; the punc-
tiform disk at length evidently impressed ; with an obtuse mar-

LICHINA. 133

gin. Spores oblong, often a little curved, simple, colourless, ^

mic., the slender paraphyses at length distinct. Born, in Ann.

Sci. 3, 18, 171. Nyl. Syn. I, p. 90.

Rocks of the Blue Ridge in Georgia (Lesquereux) , Bornet I. c.
1852. Vermont, Frost. Massachusetts, Willey.

Like a reduced, and more shrub-like Efrhebe, with what might
seem normal apothecia. Spermogones as in the last ; but the

sterigmas shorter. E. Lesquereuxii, Born. I c., p. 170, from

the Raccoon Mountains, Alabama (Lesquereux), is said by Bornet
to differ from E. solida only in being thrice or four times as
large ; the fruit is unknown, and the plant no longer exists in
Herb. Lesq. E. pubescens occurs now in Alabama (Peters) twice
as large as in the ordinary state, there also found.

The more normal fruit being all in fact that distinguishes this
section of Ephebe from the first, it appears undesirable to sep-
arate it generically as Ephebeia, Nyl. (Flora, 1875).

Sect. 2. Eulichinei. Thattus fruticulose, the gonimia
concatenate, and constituting a distinct layer.

XXIV.— LICHINA, Ag., Mont.

Apothecia minute, terminal, globose-lecanorine j with a
punctiform disk. Spores ellipsoid, simple, colourless. Sper-
rnatia ellipsoid; on simple sterigmas. Thallus shrub-like,
cartilagineous-corneous, brownish-black ; the texture Colle-
meine ; but the necklace-like chains of gonimia distinctly
separated from the mostly determinate cortical, as from the
medullary layer.

L. confinis (Sin.) Ag. ; thallus densely csespitose, dichoto-
mously branched ; greenish-black; the slender branches terete,
and somewhat fastigiate. Spores in cylindraceous thekes, the
paraphyses finally distinct. Koerb. Syst. p. 430.

* Willeyi ; thallus scarcely differing externally, but the corti-
cal layer obsolete ; and the gonimia supplanted, for the most
part entirely, by a microscopical Alga, the long tapering points
of which appear outwardly ; apothecia also similar to those of

the species; as well as the spores. Lichina L. confini prox.,

Schwend. Algentypen der Flechtengonid. p. 19.

134 ETJCOLLEMEI.

Kocks beyond the tides, but within reach of the sea in storms,
Cape Ann, Mass., Tucker man in Schwendener I c. 1869. Hol-
lows retaining water longest in otherwise dry rocks, at least five
miles from the sea, New Bedford, Mass., Willey.

No exceptions having occurred, and the normal L. confinis
being unknown to us, this remarkable medley of alien organisms
must not only stand with us for Licliina, but, as Schwendener
has remarked, must be admitted, without further investigation,
to speak at any rate for, rather than against the theory of para-
sitism. At the same time, it cannot be denied that while L.
Willeyi exhibits the living together in most intimate association
of two plants of distinct Classes, the one penetrating indeed the
other, and assuming the place even (it should seem) of a part of
the typical, internal structure of the other, the two are always
distinct; and the zigzag chains of Lichina-gommia which are
rarely found in thicker portions of the thallus offer no indication
of genetic relationship to the Alga occupying the periphery.
And thus, though at first sight appearing possibly to bear with
force on the side of parasitism, the complex organism before us
is really of smaller account in the argument than some other less
pretentious facts.

Sub-Fam. 2. — COLLEMEI proper.

Thallus foliaceous, now diminished or microphylline ; or,
at length, crust-like (granulose, or even filmy) j only excep-
tionally fruticulose ; the gonimia disposed in rounded, dicho-
tomously branched clusters j or, more commonly, in neck-
lace-like chains ; dissolving for the most part, more or less,
into a homogeneous pulp, traversed by the hyphse. Medul-
lary layer, in the lowest forms, parenchymatous. Apothecia
normally scutellseform, but sometimes persistently unde-
veloped, or globose.

The difficulties of arrangement of the intricately correlated
and perplexed groups which make up the present Sub-Family
have been considered by the author in Genera Lichenum, pp.
69-77. The disposition there found preferable will be adopted
here, with the single exception that Synalissa symphorea is sep-
arated from the granulose species in that work associated with
it, and is united with Omphalaria ; from which the writer had ,

PYRENOPSIS. 135

in the same place (Gen. p. 72), questioned whether it were
" really dissociable." These granulose species (Pyrenopsis, Nyl.)
make a group " precluded by its parenchymatous tissue from the
chief structural peculiarities of Collemei ; and, in the last resort,
perhaps reconcilable with those only by a certain accordance in
habit" (Gen. p. 77) separating them from low types of Panna-
riei. But Synalissa symphorea is, in every respect, a Collemeine
lichen ; and its structure is that, not of Pyrenopsis but Ompha-
laria proper, in which we already have fruticulose types. (*)

Sect. 1. Omphalariei, Koerb. Thallus either granulose,
fruticulose, or reduced-folidceous, attached only at the centre;
gonimia, for the most part, collected in clusters.

XXV. — PYRENOPSIS, Nyl.

Apothecia very small, depressed-globose ; the disk con-
tracted and urceolate, or now at length open. Spores ovoid-
ellipsoid, simple or bilocular, decelerate. Spermatia oblong,
or now filiform and bowed (n. 5) on simple sterigmas. Thal-
lus coralloid-granulose ; or still more reduced and even
filmy; the texture parenchymatous throughout j the go-
nimia in clusters ; or, more rarely, in chains.

Humble plants, resembling brownish or blackish stains, which
the lens shews to be scurfy ; on rocks. But little is known as
yet of them here.

* Gonimia disposed in clusters.

1. P. Schcereri (Mass.) Nyl.; thallus of minute, corallinoid
granules, crowded together into areole-like groups, and forming
a broken, blackish crust ; apothecia very small, lecanoroid; the

(*) Nylander has indeed lately (Collemacei <$• ccett. Cubani Novi, in
Flora, 1875) referred the most elegant of these (the Cuban 0. Wrightii
of the present writer) to his Synalissa ; but the reference is determined
perhaps rather by the marked fruticulose habit of the plant, as the Cuban
lichen offers no important distinction in structure from his Omphalaria.
"In textura thalli," he remarks however, " observatur, filamenta apice
divisa in gonimia abire, ita ut hi apices filamentorum singuli in impres-
sione gonimii levi infigantur, et sic 3 vel 4 scepius gonimia sub-botryose
infixa conspiciantur'" (Nyl. 1. c.) — an observation capable perhaps of
being understood in more than one way; and hardly to be taken as
meant to suggest a structural difference between the two groups !

136 PYRENOPSIS.

flat disk more or less reddish at least when wet ; the thin mar-
gin now granulate-coronate. Spores ellipsoid, simple, decelerate,

^ mic. ; the paraphyses capillary, mostly conglutinate. Pan-

naria, Mass. Eic. p. 14. Koerb. Parerg. p. 46.

Calcareous . rocks. Illinois (Hall), Tuckerman Gen., 1874.
Trenton Falls, N. T., Willey. Alabama, Peters.

Our plant agrees with an excellent Bavarian specimen ( Ar-
nold] from which I cannot, however, distinguish one of the two
(from the same substrate in Bavaria, Arnold] of Omphalaria
decipiens given in Anzi Venet. 2. The Italian specimens of the
present, so far as seen (Mass. Ital. n. 338 ; Anz. Langob. n. 430)

are inferior. What I have seen of Psoroticliia murorum,

Mass. (Mass. Lick. Ital. n. 300; Am. in herb. Koerb.), scarcely
makes clear the distinction between that lichen and Pyrenopsis
Schcereri. The latter is rather distinguished in the lowly group
before us by its well-characterized apothecia.

2. P. melambola, Tuckerm.; thallus of exceedingly minute,
olivaceous granules compacted into finally thick and sub-stipi-
tate, scabrous, black areoles, and forming a close crust; apothe-
cia very minute, 1-6 in the areoles, innate, lecanorine, black ;
the thin margin persistent and of the same colour with the sub-
papillate disk. Spores ellipsoid, simple, decolorate, ^^ mic.;

the paraphyses conglutinate. Synalissa, Obs. Lick. 4, I. c. 12,

p. 170.

Calcareous rocks, Alabama (Peters), Tuckerman I. c. 1877.
The regular, raised areoles now exceeding 1 millim. in width,
and almost reaching it in thickness ; the apothecia from Omm-, 1
to Omm-, 3 wide.

3. P.polycocca (Nyl.) ; thallus of rounded blackish granules
soon passing into a broken, pitch-black crust which is hidden
mostly by the numerous apothecia ; these are very small, concol-
orous, globose, with a coarctate, punctiform, urceolate disk.
Spores ellipsoid, simple, decolorate, ^p mic., the capillary para-
physes conglutinate. Synalissa, Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 96.

Granitic rocks, Vermont (Frost), Tuckerman in Nyl. I. c.
1858. Apothecia Omm-, 3 to Omm-, 4 wide.

4. P. pliceococca, Tuckerm. ; thallus coralloid-granulose, com-
pacted into a thickish, broken crust like that of the last, but
reddish-brown ; apothecia scattered, very small, globose, concol-

PYREFOPSIS. 137

orous ; with a punctifonn, impressed disk which becomes at
length dilated and lecanoriue. Spores ellipsoid and ovoid, sim-
ple and bilocular, decolorate, ^ mic. ; the capillary paraphyses

at length distinct. Synalissa, Gen. Lich. p. 80.

Granitic rocks, North Carolina (Curtis), Tnckerman I. c. 1872.

Massachusetts and New Hampshire, Willey. Apothecia Omm-,

3 to Omm-, 5 wide.

The colour of the thallus, passing from blood-red into reddish-
brown, and no less the large internal cells each containing from
one to four gonimia (now exactly comparable with those of Om-
phalaria Pliylliscum) and the larger spores, separate this from
the last ; which is however unknown as yet except at its original
station j and its range of variation therefore uncertain.

5. P. phylliscina, Tuckerm.; thallus thin, made up of very
minute, brownish-black granules which are collected in an irreg-
ular, filmy crust; apothecia minute, globose, almost closed (Ver-
rucaria3form). Spores in sub-fusiform thekes, ovoid-ellipsoid,
simple and bilocular, decolorate, 9^J- mic. ; the paraphyses few
and short. Synalissa, Gen. Lich. p. 80.

Granitic rocks, New Bedford ( Willey}, Tuckerman I. c. 1872.

Spermatia filiform, bowed. In this respect, as in the inexpli-
cate, globular apothecia with the disk represented only by what
seems a Verrucariine ostiole, and the fusiform thekes, the licheii
reminds us of Omphalaria Phylliscum ; nor are the large go-
nimia ill-comparable with those of that. Apothecia Omm-, 2 to
Omm-, 3 wide.

* * Gonimia disposed in chains.

6. P. corallina, Willey; thallus coralloid, the pyriform, re-
tuse granules becoming elongated, nodulose, and irregularly
short-branched ; and constituting finally a broken-areolate, dark-
olivaceous (and blackening) crust; apothecia minute, globose-
lecanorine ; with a coarctate, impressed disk. Spores ellipsoid,
simple, decolorate, ^ mic. ; the capillary paraphyses finally
distinct. Willey, msc.

On stones (granitic) near the ground in boggy places, on the

coast of Massachusetts, Willey. Chains of gonimia of 3-9

members.

7. P. viridi-rufa, Tuckerm.; thallus of rounded granules
which are soon grouped in areole-like clumps, and crowded to-

138 OMPHALARIA.

gether finally into a broken crust; pale-bluish- or sage-green ;
apothecia very small, lecanoroid, innate, flattish ; the disk ru-
fous; the paler margin persistent. Spores ellipsoid, simple, decel-
erate, ^ mic. ; the paraphyses somewhat distinct. Synalissa,

Obs. Lich. I. supra c.

Calcareous rocks, Texas (Wright], Tuckerman 1. c. 1877.

Gonimia mostly solitary or in twos, but occurring also in chains
of fours and sixes ; 10-17 mic. in the longest diameter. Frag-
ments from Bourbon County, Kansas (Hall], also calcareous,
agrees, so far as they go, very well with this, except in their
blackish colour, bringing them near to Porocyphus areolatus,
Koerb. ; which is similar in fact in the spores and paraphyses,
and the gonimia. From this last P. viridi-rufa is distinguisha-
ble, with whatever ultimate rank, by the colours, and the differ-
ent matrix. Apothecia, as seen, Omra-, 3 to Omm-, 4 thick.

XXVI. — OMPHALARIA, Dur. & Mont.

Apothecia very small, sub-globose; more or less immersed
in the thallus, or superficial ; rarely explicate and scutellae-
form. Spores ellipsoid, simple, decolorate. Spermatia el-
lipsoid, or now (n. 2, 3) filiform and bowed; on simple
sterigmas. Thallus fruticulose, or, more commonly, foliace-
ous, attached to the substrate at only one point ; the go-
nimia disposed in clusters, or rarely linked together in
necklace -like chains, interspersed among anastomosing
hyphae in a homogeneous pulp.

Synalissa, Fr. S. 0. V. p. 297 (1824) was founded on the
type of the first section of Omphalaria as here understood ; but
placed with SphaBriaceous Fungi. It was long before Fries
again reviewed the plant, and restored it to its proper affinity,
but he took occasion at the same time (Summ. Veg. Scand. p.
563, 1849) to associate with it generically Endocarpon phylliscum,
Wahl., which makes here the second section of the present genus.
Before this, however, Montagne had distinguished (Alger. 1846)
our third section (to which he afterwards referred also our
second) as Omphalaria; and the group thus established has
acquired, whether as Omphalariei or Omphalaria, emend., of
authors, an extent, and has received an amount of illustration
which makes any attempt at superseding its well-known name
by the older one impracticable.

OMPHALARIA. 139

*

Synalissa. Thallus fruticulose ; the gonimia disposed in
clusters. Apothecia globose-lecanorine. Spermatia either ellip-
soid (n. 1) or filiform (n. 2).

1. 0. symplwrea (DC.); thallus pulvinate, minute, rigid;
sparingly or at length dichotomously divided, with short and
stout, torulose branches ; apothecia terminal, globose ; the co-
arctate, concave disk at length dilated and bordered by an ob-
tuse margin. Spores more commonly 12-16 in the thekes, ellip-
soid and globular, simple, decolorate, ^-4 mic. Synalissa, Nyl.

Scand. p. 27. 8. symphorea & sphcerospora, Nyl. Syn.

Calcareous rocks, Alabama (Peters], Tuckermanin Nyl. Syn.
1858.

The European lichen is not always as well-developed as ours,
but the two are inseparable in species. The plant starts as a
glebous-squamaceous frond with the aspect of 0. pyrenoides.
As this grows it takes on more of the look of 0. umbella, above
as well as below ; and only finally assumes its fruticulose char-
acter.

2. 0. Texana, Tuckerm. ; thallus nodulose-sub-fruticulose,
of the size and with the texture and colour of n. ] j apothecia
unknown. Spermogones situated like and resembling apothecia,

containing filiform, bowed spermatia; on simple sterigmas.

Synalissa, Gen. Lich. p. 80.

Calcareous rocks, very sparingly, Texas (Wright), Tucker-
man I. c. 1872.

Like a nodose or undeveloped form of n. 1, but becoming
somewhat branched. Internal structure also similar, except
that the larger gonimia (reaching 14 mic. at least in diameter)
have much the look of those of the next following species though
only of half the size.

* * Endocarpoma. Thallus foliaceous, with the habit
and texture of tlee following section, with which this also agrees
in the evolution of the gonimia ; but the latter larger than usual,
and soon solitary. Apothecia immersed and persistently nuclei-
form. Spermatia filiform.

3. O.phyllisca (Wahl.) Tuckerm. ; thallus small, rigid, rosu-
late, black, the rounded lobules conspicuous at the periphery
but less so at the centre, or more rarely somewhat imbricate ;
apothecia minute, depressed-globose; the urceolate disk with a

140 OMPHALAEIA.

punctiform aperture. Spores in sub-fusiform thekes 9-18, ellip-
soid and globular, simple, decolorate, -^~ mic. Tuckerm. Gen.

p. 84. 0. Demangeonii, Mont, in Ann. Sci. Sept., 1849. 0.
Silesiaca, Koerb. Syst. p. 423. Phylliscum endocarpoides &
P. Demangeonii, Nyl. Syn. 1, 136, t. 3, /. 5. P. endocarpoides,
Koerb. Parerg. p. 443. Schwend. Undersuch. in Naeg. Beitr.
1868, 4, 194.

Granitic rocks, White Mountains (Eussell), Tuckerman Gen.
1872. Vermont, Frost. Massachusetts, Willey. Ehode Island,
J. L. Bennett. Shores of Lake Superior, Agassiz. Oregon, Hall.

This plant, the whole aspect of which is that of Omphalaria
proper, as is the general internal structure, differs yet in the
early breaking up of the gonimous clusters which so commonly
characterize the section, and the large size of the then solitary
gonimia, as well as in the feebler development of gelatinous pulp;
in both which respects it looks rather towards Pyrenopsis. It is
possible then to regard it as an intermediate type between Py-
renopsis and Omphalaria. As now accepted as a genus by
authors the distinction turns however, if we mistake not, less on
the thalline differences than on the assumption of an essential
difference in the fruit j that this namely, instead of being to be
considered, in spite of its diffluent paraphyses, from the point of
view of the Collemeine group to which the plant manifestly be-
longs by its other characters, and in which inexplicate apothe-
cia, so surprisingly exhibited in 0. leptophylla and 0. deusta of
the island of Cuba, are the rule, shall be reckoned a perithe-
cium ; an opinion which we take for untenable.

* * * Omphalaria proper. Thallus foliaceous, attached to
the substrate at only a single point ; the gonimia in clusters ; or
rarely (n. 8) in chains ; interspersed among hyphce, in a homo-
geneous pulp. This group is distinctly gelatinous and Colle-
meine. The species with concatenate gonimia are indeed referred
to Collema by Nylander (Syn.} ; but belong naturally, by the
peculiar attachment, and whole habit, with the others.

f Gonimia in clusters.

4. 0. Kansana, Tuckerm. ; thallus pulvinate, rigid, black,
made up of stipitate, erect, clavate fronds which become lobate
above, or, from the dilated fruit, pileate ; apothecia sub-terminal,
concolorous, soon convex and the margin disappearing. Spores

OMPHALARIA. 141

in ventricose thekes 8-12 or more, from ellipsoid soon oblong and

constricted at the middle, simple, decolorate, ^ mic. Obs.

Lich. 4, I c. 12, p. 170.

Calcareous rocks, Kansas (Hall], Tuckerman I. c. 1877.
Fronds 1-1 £mm- in height, with much the habit and internal
structure of 0. corallodes (Mass.), Nyl., but smaller, and with less
of foliaceous character. Clusters of gonimia soon broken up, the
solitary ones 12-19 mic., in the longest diameter; almost defi-
cient at the centre. The spores become perhaps finally bilocu-
lar ? Apothecia Oram-, 5 to Omm-, 8 wide.

5. 0. pyrenoides, Nyl. ; thallus squamaceous, black ; the
small fronds rounded and convex ; apothecia one in each frond,
innate, concolorous, at length somewhat dilated, with an obtuse
margin. Spores rounded-ellipsoid, simple, decolorate, -^ mic.
Nyl. Syn. l,p. 100.

Calcareous rocks, Texas ( Wright), Tuckerman in Nyl. Syn.
1858. Spermatia minute, ellipsoid ; on simple sterigmas.

6. 0. pulvinata, Nyl. ; thallus foliaceous, coriaceous-cartila-
gineous, black ; of closely aggregated lobes, which are divided
more or less, and pass into ascendant, wavy and crenate-cut,
rounded lobules ; [apothecia for the most part at the edges of
the lobes, tuberculiform, pallescent. Spores short-ellipsoid,
simple, decolorate, ^ mic.] Nyl. Syn. I, p. 99.

Calcareous rocks. Poughkeepsie, N. Y., G. E. Gerard.
Shores of Willoughby Lake, Frost. Mountains of Colorado,

Brandegee in herb. Willey. The apothecia have not as yet

occurred here.

7. 0, Girardi, Dur. & Mont. ; thallus coriaceous, black ;
with much the aspect and texture of the last but fewer- and
much-wider-lobed, and the lobes only sparingly divided and
undulate ; [apothecia uroeolate. Spores short-ellipsoid, simple,

decolorate, -|£ mic. Mont. Syll. p. 380. Nyl. Syn. I, p. 99.

Collema plutonium, Tucker m. in litt.

Calcareous rocks, Alabama (Peters), Tuckerman in Nyl. I. c.
1858. Apothecia unknown here.

f f Gonimia commonly in chains.

8. 0. Umbella, Tuckerm. ; thallus small, rounded, thick and
rigid, sub-monophyllous, granulate ; brown-olivaceous and black-

142 COLLEMA.

ening; beneath paler, passing with age into two or three ob-
scurely distinguishable lobes, with lobulate and crenulate edges ;
apothecia numerous, superficial, lecauorine; the disk reddish-
brown, bordered by an obtuse margin. Spores ellipsoid and
cymbiform, simple, decolorate, ^ mic. ; the capillary paraphy-

ses distinct. Tuckerm. in Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 105. Collema,

Nyl. I. c.

Calcareous rock, Alabama (Peters), Tuckerman 1. c. 1858.

Apothecia Omm-, 3 to Omm-, 4 wide.

Very close to 0. botryosa, Nyl., which is by no means always
as "endocarpeine" as described; and the latter occurs more or
less with the gonidia concatenate, though it is accepted without
question by Nylander as an Omphalaria. I find this true also of
the gonimous system of the American 0. Girardi.

Sect. 2. Eucollemei. Thallus foliaceous (or only excep-
tionally fruticulose], the whole under side attached to the substrate;

the gonimia in chains.

•

XXVII.— COLLEMA, Hoffm., Fr.

.. Apothecia from very small at length middling-sized, scu-
tellseform. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid and cymbiform, now sim-
ple ; now fusiform and 2-plurilocular j and now murifonn-
plurilocular ; decolorate. Spermatia ellipsoid or oblong;
for the most part on jointed sterigmas. The cortical layer
of the thallus obsolete j or, with rare exceptions, indistinct.
Gonimia in chains.

* Coll em ell a. Thallus fruticulose. Spores simple.

1. C. cladodes, Tuckerm.; thallus small, pulvinate, cartila-
gineous ; blackish-green ; the terete divisions longitudinally stri-
ate and fastigiately somewhat branched ; those of the circumfer-
ence stellate-radiant; apothecia minute, terminal, or lateral,
depressed-globose. Spores rounded, simple, decolorate, 16-19
mic. in diameter. Gen. Lich. p. 89.

Calcareous rocks, Trenton Falls, N. Y., Tuckerman I. c. 1872.
The plant did not yield me spores ; but Mr. Willey has since col-
lected specimens which gave him the result above noted.

* * Lathagrium. Thallus foliaceous, sub-membranaceous,
exhibiting now indications, at least interruptedly, of a cortical

COLLEMA. 143

layer, ivhich becomes at length distinct. Spores from simple and
ovoid-ellipsoid becoming bilocular, and elongated and bi-quadri-
plurilocular, icith entire sporoblasts ; only exceptionally sub-muri-
form.

2. C. myriococcum, Ach., Arn.; thallus of middling size,
sub-orbicular, cartilagineous ; black ; attached closely to the sub-
strate in the manner and with the look of Nostoc Commune;
the irregular, flexuous, variously complicated lobes repand, and
more or less warted ; apothecia minute, crowded, immersed, or
emergent, lecanorine, the pale-brown disk bordered at length by
a persistent margin. Spores rounded-ovoid and ellipsoid, eirn-

ple, decolorate, ^ mic. Ach. L. U. p. 638. Arn. Fragm. in

Flora, 1867. Tuckerm. Gen. p. 89.

Calcareous rocks, growing over mosses, Rockland County,
New York (Austin), Tuckerman I c. 1872. What is with little
doubt the same plant but infertile, has occurred, in similar sta-
tions, at Trenton Falls, N. Y., Tuckerman ; in New Jersey, Aus-
tin ; and in Alabama, Peters.

The C. chalazanum of Leigh ton Lich.-Fl. Brit. p. 17, if we
may judge by an Irish lichen of Herb. Taylor, is scarcely separable
from the present ; and Nylander (Lich. Scand. p. 29) has ques-
tioned the specific distinctness of the two; but, according to
Arnold, the former is kept apart by longer and larger spores
(Hepp. n. 662). The shape of the spores is however quite uncer-
tain ; and the supposed difference in the thekes is no more, in
our plant at least, to be depended on ; these organs occurring
now narrowed, with the spores in a single series, and now ventri-

cose. The apparent distance between the present species and

the one next following might seem perhaps to be reduced by C.
omphalarioides, Auz. (Lich. Etrur. n. 46), which Arnold has re-
ferred to the group represented by C. myriococcum (Lempho-
lemma, Koerb.), but the relation of the Italian lichen to C. pyc-
nocarpum appears to be far more intimate than to any form of
the other group.

3. C.pycnocarpum,Ny}.; thallus middling-sized, sub-orbicu-
lar, membranaceous-cartilagineous ; from pale- becoming black-
ish-green ; lobes radiately expanded, soon irregularly narrowed,
fenestrate, ribbed, with ascendant marginal lobules which are
densely rugose-lobulate, and covered at length with the crowded
fruit concealing the thallus ; apothecia small, disk red, soon con-

144 COLLEMA.

vex, and excluding the thin, entire margin. Spores ovoid-ellip-
soid, bilocular, decolorate, ^ inic. Nyl. Syn. p. 115.

Trunks, North America, Nylander I. c. 1858. Canada, Drum-
mond, New England and Middle States, Tuckerman. Illinois,
Hall. Carolina and Georgia, Eavenel. Florida, Austin. Ala-
bama and Arkansas, Peters. And also in New Granada, S.

Amer., Nylander (Lindig, herb. n. 2872).

3(b). C. cyrtaspis, Tuckerm. ; a stouter and rather larger
lichen with more distinct lobation, better displaying the thalline
features of C. pycnocarpum ; apothecia larger (commonly
l-2mm- wide) scattered, the dark-chestnut, shining disk bordered
more persistently by a thickish, crenulate margin. Spores sub-
fusiform, 4-locular, decolorate, ^ mic. Obs. Licli. 2, 1. c. 387.

Trunks in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, Tucker-
man 1. c. 1862. It has occurred also in New Jersey, Austin ;
New York, Sarticell ; and even in Massachusetts, Willey ; but
is better exhibited southward. Illinois, Hall. Ohio, Lea. North
Carolina, Curtis. South Carolina, and Georgia, Mavenel. Ala-
bama and Arkansas, Peters. There is scarcely any difference,

in the thallus, from C. pycnocarpum, beyond what is noted.
Indeed C. aggregatum may be said to differ, in this respect,
rather in that inferior regularity of arrangement which Sommer-
felt has distinguished as ' caespitose-fasciculate,' than anything
else ; and the thallus of the very distinct C. callibotrys is not
easily otherwise describable ; all these lichens depending mainly
for their rank on the spore-characters. It may however be
added, for what it may be worth, that while the apothecia and
the spores of the present are larger than those of C. pycno-
carpum, the collogonidia appear to be somewhat- smaller ; or to
differ as 3-6 mic., from 4-7 mic.

4. C. laciniatum, Nyl. ; thallus middling-tized, orbicular,
cartilagineous, stellate; olive-green; the narrow, elongated,
radiant lobes discrete, deeply laciniate, with rugose-nodulose
tips; apothecia of middling size, elevated; the flattish disk bor-
dered by a sub-crenate margin. Spores fusiform-ellipsoid, biloc-
ular, decolorate, ^ mic. Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 116.

Calcareous rocks. Alabama (Peters], Tuckerman in Nyl. I. c.
1858. Kansas, Hall.

5. C. micropliyllum, Ach. ; thallus minute, sub-membranace-
ous, orbicular, or now fragmentary and effuse ; olivaceous be-

COLLEMA. 145

coming blackish-green ; lobes at the circumference explanate, at
the centre reduced and sub-imbricate, granulate-crenate ; apo-
thecia numerous, small, sessile, urceolate, and flat ; the thalline
margin finally disappearing, and a pale, proper border margin-
ing the red disk. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid, sub-muriform (long.

series of cells 4, transv. 1-2), decolorate, ^| mic. Ach. Syn.

p. 310. Schcer. Spicil. p. 527.

Elm-bark, Massachusetts (Willey], Tuckerman Gen. 1872.
Illinois, Hall. It is a character of the lichen to exhibit urceo-
late apothecia, but these become flat, and even convex. The
fruit is properly zeorine, but conspicuously at length biatorine,
as in the European plant, with which ours entirely agrees. The
structure of the spore is exceptional as regards the present sec-
tion, but the thalline characters bring the plant into close rela-
tion, on the one hand to C. verruciforme, Nyl., and C. callibotrySj
and on the other to the European C. conglomeratum, HofTm. (of
which C. verruculosum, Hepp., with similarly exceptional spores,
is a near relative), and C. pycnocarpum.

6. C. callibotrys, Tuckerrn.; thallus with the size, general
features and texture of that of C. cyrtaspis ; from pale- at length
dark-olivaceous; the irregularly narrowed, fenestrate, ribbed
lobes giving off ascendant, botryose-difform lobules which are
thickly covered with the minute fruit ; apothecia concave ; the
disk red, the margin very entire. Spores at first and commonly
squared, with four cells disposed crosswise, but at length ellip-
soid, and the cells more or less divided, decolorate, ^§ mic.

Obs. Lich. 2, 1. c. p. 386.

Trees, in the low country of South Carolina (Ravenel), Tuck-
erman I. c. 1862. Florida, Austin. Alabama, Peters. Texas,
Hall.

7. C. verruciforme, Nyl. ; thallus minute, cartilagineous, of
ascendant, crenate, and granulate, olivaceous, or olive-brown
lobules ; which are either crowded into small, rounded, compli-
cated heaps, or fragmentary and effuse; apothecia numerous,
very small ; more or less urceolate, the reddish-brown disk bor-
dered by a thickish, thalline margin. Spores squared, with four
cells disposed as in the last species, and in like manner becom-
ing ellipsoid and sub-muriform, decolorate, ^ mic. Nyl.

Syn. I, p. 112.

On Red Cedar and other trees, Weymouth and New Bedford
10

146 COLLBMA.

(Willey), Tuckerman Gen. 1872. Also on Eed Cedar at Cam-
bridge. On the same bark in New Jersey, Austin.

Like the somewhat similar C. microphyllum, this lichen,
which, as represented in Schaerer's excellent specimens (Lich.
Helv. n. 416), corresponds with the definition of Acharius (<7.
furvum v. verruciforme, Ach. Syn. p. 323) in exhibiting dense,
rounded, little cushions, which gave occasion to its name, passes,
at least here, into an effuse and scurfy form, not otherwise dif-
fering. And this ends finally in an almost granulose and crus-
taceous one, from which C. quadratum, Lahm (Koerb. Parerg.
p. 411), appears to be scarcely separable. C. callibotrys, with its
well-developed, foliaceous thallus, offers evidently the other
extreme of this series of lichens, so manifestly connected by the
spores.

8. C. aggregatum, Nyl. ; thallus of middling size, orbicular,
membranaceous - cartilagineous, sub - monophyllous, lobate - pli-
cate and fenestrate, marked with conspicuous, anastomosing,
rugose -granulate ridges; from bright- becoming blackish -green;
beneath pale ; apothecia of middling size, somewhat elevated,
flattish, mostly in bunches on the ridges ; the disk reddish, the
margin sub-entire. Spores long-fusiform, plurilocular, decel-
erate, ^J mic. Nyl. Syn. l,p. 115. Synechobl., Koerb. Parerg.

p. 419.

b. implicatum ; scarcely differing but in now larger apothe-
cia, and stouter spores, ^ mic. C. implicatum, Nyl. Prodr.

N. Gran. p. 2 ; & in herb. Lindig, n. 749.

c. glaucophthalmum ; like the last, but the apothecia white-

pruinose. Spores ^y mic. C. glaucophthalmum, Nyl. Syn. 1,

p. 114; Prodr. N. Gran. p. 2; & in herb. Lindig, n. 813.

Trees, &, Mexico, Nylander, 1863 ; as also in Cuba, Wright ;

Venezuela, Wagner-, Fendler-, and New Granada, Lindig.

c, Mexico, Nylander Syn., 1858. New Granada, Lindig.

These lichens have all the same thallus, and are generally
similar.

S(d). C. leptaleum, Tuckerm.; with the thallus of C. aggre-
gatum, and apothecia varying, like those of the varieties of that
lichen, now to ample, but better characterized than the latter

by its smaller, vermiform spores, with obtuse ends, ^ mic.

Obs. Lich. I c. 6; p. 263.

COLLEMA. 147

Trees, not uncommon from New England to Virginia, Tuck-
erman I. c. 1863. New York, Eussell. South Carolina, Eavenel.

Alabama, Peters. Louisiana, Hale. Texas, Wright. As also-

in Cuba, Wright ; and Japan, Wright.

9. C. microptychium, Tuckerm. ; thallus small, pulvinate, car-
tilagineous; blackish-green; lobes thickly crowded together,
erectish, rounded, crenate, gyrose-complicate ; apothecia small,
sessile, flat ; the disk rufous, the margin entire. Spores vermi-
form, plurilocular, decolorate, ^^ mic. Lich. Calif, p. 35.

Trunks of Elm, Chestnut, and other trees, Amherst, Mass.r

Tuckerman 1. c. 1866. As C. leptaleum offers the thallus of C.

aggregatum with distinct spores, the present lichen exhibits
the spores, we may say, of C. leptaleum with an irreconcilable
thallus, now approaching that of the next specie.s. A rather
larger but not dissimilar lichen, differenced similarly to this
from C. flaccidum by its thicker thallus, has occurred, on trees,
at Amherst, and in the White Mountains, Tuckerman j Willey ;
but always infertile.

10. C. flaccidum, Ach.; thallus middling-sized, membrana-
ceous ; olive -green ; made up of ample, lax and bullate, rounded,
entire lobes, which are besprinkled mostly with concolorous
granules, and the ascendant margins plicate-undulate ; beneath
paler ; apothecia smallish, scattered, sessile, flattish ; the disk
reddish-brown, the thin margin entire, now granulate. Spores
ovoid and cymbiform, 4-6-locular, decolorate, ^ mic. ; becom-
ing also long-fusiform, and 6-8-locular, ^^ mic. Ach. Syn. p.

322. Tuckerm. Gen. p. 91.

Kocks and trunks, from New England to Virginia, Tucker-
man Syn. N. E. 1848. Canada, Drummond. Ohio, Lea. Illi-
nois, Hall. North and South Carolina, infertile, Eavenel ; New
Mexico, infertile, Fendler.

11. C. nigrescens (Huds.) Ach. ; thallus middling-sized, or-
biculate, thin-membranaceous, sub-monophyllous, closely ad-
nate to the substrate, smooth, conspicuously marked with radi-
ating wrinkles, and pustule-like prominences ; olivaceous-green
and blackening; the rounded, flexuous lobes entire; beneath
paler, costate-lacunose ; apothecia small, crowded; the disk
reddish-brown, becoming convex and excluding the thin mar-
gin. Spores long-fusiform and acicular, plurilocular, decolorate,,
4-g? mic. Ach. L. U. p. 646. Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 114.

148 COLLEMA.

b. leucopepla, Tuckerm. ; a smaller lichen, with very small
apothecia which are white-pruinose ; and longer spores, ^ mic.
Gen. p. 92.

Trunks, a, northern and middle States, not rare, Muhlen-
berg Catal. 1818. Canada, Macoun. Ohio, Lea. Illinois, Hall.
Maryland and Virginia, Tuckerman. South Carolina, Eavenel.
Florida, J. D. Smith. Alabama, Peters. Oregon, Hall. Cali-
fornia, Bolander. b, South Carolina and Georgia, Eavenel.

Florida, J. D. Smith. Alabama, Peters. Louisiana, Hale.

a occurs now white-pruinose ; in Massachusetts, Willey.

11 (b). C. ryssoleum, Tuckerm. ; thallus membranaceous, rather
loose, smooth ; from olivaceous at length blackish-brown ; the
rounded, bullate lobes ascendant, with plicate-undulate and
crisped edges, above rugose-papulose, beneath paler and reticu-
late -lacunose; apothecia smallish to almost middling -sized,
scattered, or crowded ; otherwise as in the last. Spores ovoid

and cymbiform, 4-6-locular, decolorate, ^J mic. Lich. Calif.

p. 34 ; Gen. p. 92.

Rocks. New England to Virginia, Tuckerman I. c. 1866.
Peaks of Otter, Va., Beyrich in herb. Spreng. New York, and
New Jersey, Austin ; Peck. Mountains of North Carolina, Cur-
tis; Buckley. Apothecia now small; and the lichen is with-
out doubt a member of C. nigrescens, but pretty well differenced ;
much as C. leptaleum from C. aggregatum.

* * * Eucollema. Thallus foliaceous, coriaceous -cartila-
gineous, very gelatinous ; the cortical layer deficient. Spores for
the most part ovoid-ellipsoid', or now elongated; from bi-quadri-
locular with entire sporoblasts (rarely persistently entire] soon
passing into muriform, which last state especially characterizes
the section.

12. C. pulposum (Bernh.) Nyl. ; thallus of middling size,
orbicular, coriaceous, very gelatinous when wet, more or less
rosulate; from leek-green blackening; the thick, entire, or
repand-crenate lobes explanate at the circumference, but irreg-
ularly imbricate and plicate at the centre, where they become
reduced and finally granulose ; apothecia of middling size, flat-
tish j the disk rufous, the margin rather entire. Spores ovoid-
ellipsoid, from 4-locular becoming sub-muriform, decolorate,

JLi

16-24
7-10

mic.» Nyl. Syn. I, p. 109. Tuckerm. Gen. p. 93.

COLLEMA. 149

On the earth in calcareous soils. Pennsylvania, Mulilenberg

Catal. 1818. Muhlenberg's plant may very probably have

been determined by Acharius ; but the species is taken here for
a collective one, as by Nylander I: c., and more thoroughly yet
by Arnold (Fragm. in Flora, 1867). It is without doubt largely
represented in North America, but abounds peculiarly in diffi-
culties, which do not appear to be as yet resolvable in Europe ;
as certainly not here. With present knowledge, beside what
may vaguely be taken for true C. pulposum, the group may be
considered as represented with us by the five following, at least
sub-species, the claims of which to higher rank are left open.
Three of them are received as species by most authors ; the
other two are recent determinations.

12(b). C. Texanum, Tuckerm. ; thallus sub - stellate ; the
more or less narrowed, radiant, finally ascendant lobes pal-
mately rnultifid, and beset at length with wart-like lobules;
apothecia as in 12. Spores ovoid, persistently bilocular, decolo-
rate, ^ mic. Suppl. 2, I c. p. 200.

On dead twigs, etc., in the valley of the Rio Grande, and on
calcareous earth in the valley of the Blanco, Texas (Wright),
Tuckerman I. c. 1859. On calcareous earth, Alabama, Peters.

The lobation of the originally described lichen suggests

that of C. laciniatum, but the earth specimens depart less from
C. pulposmn ; and the distinction turns on the spores.

12(c). C. tenax (Sw.) Ach.; thallus thinnish, the ample lobes
expanded and appressed (or now also ascendant and compli-
cate) ; lead-coloured or yellowish-green ; apothecia immersed
but becoming superficial ; the rufous disk bordered by a thick,
from entire becoming rugose-crenulate margin. Spores as in
12. Ach. Syn. p. 314. Tuck. Lich. exs. n. 148.

On the earth in calcareous soils. Pennsylvania (Muhleriberg],
Acharius, Syn. 1814. Vermont, Eussell. New York, Sartwell.

Ohio, Lesquereux. Missouri, Hall. Conspicuous, for the most

part, as well by the colours, as the sunken fruit ; but the char-
acters do not always hold.

I2(d). C.crispum,~BoTT.', thallus thinnish ; olivaceous-green;
lobes of the circumference explanate, those of the centre with
raised, dentate -granulate and plicate edges, the whole covered
with and concealed by the numerous fruit ; apothecia more or

150 COLLEMA.

less concave, disk dark-rufous, margin granulate. Spores as in

12, Y! mic. Borr. in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2716, /. 1. Hook. Br.

Fl. 2, p. 212. Mudd. Man. Brit. Lick. p. 40. Nyl. Syn. 1, p.
110.

On the earth, Canada (Drummond), Tuckerman Gen. 1872.
Massachusetts, Willey. Vermont, Frost. New York, Sartwell.
Ohio, Miss Biddlecome. Colorado, Rothrock. British Columbia,

scarcely diverse, Macoun. Our lichen is noticeable for its

hollowed apothecia ; and appears to be less distinctly calcare-
ous than the last, to which however it is near. Nylander's plant
(Lick. Fellm. n. 7; Lich. Norrl n. 151) scarcely differs from that
of Borrer (herb. Taylor), who first made clear its difference.

12(e). C. limosum, Ach.; thallus thin, cartilagineous, more
or less scattered ; from leek-green becoming dark-green ; the
variously irregular, soon obliterated lobes dentate-crenate, or
narrowed now into ascendant, blunt lobules; apothecia im-
mersed, becoming superficial and dilated ; the disk rufous, the
attenuate margin rather prominent and channelled. Spores
commonly in fours in the thekes, ellipsoid, soon muriform-plu-
rilocular, the transverse series of spore-cells four to eight, de-

colorate, j~ mic. Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 110. C. glaucescens, Koerb.

Syst. p. 403.

On the earth in clay soil. Illinois (HaU), Tuckerman Gen.
1872. New York, Clinton. South Carolina, Austin ; Eavenel.

Oakland hills, California, Bolander. Well distinguishable by

the mostly crowded, flat, at length ample apothecia, with little
other appearance of thallus than the sharp and channelled bor-
der of the fruit, as also by its large spores, which are very com-
monly in fours. Our plant is the same with that of Borrer (E.
Bot. Suppl. t. 2704, f. 1, & in herb. Taylor!), who had opportu-
nities of knowing Acharius's lichen ; and the same also as that
of Torssell (herb. !) who knew Fries's j from which last, accord-
ing to Nylander I. c., his own does not differ. Hoffmann's de-
scription of his C. glaucescens (D. Fl. p. 100) is scarcely sufiicient.

12(/). C. coccophorum, Tuckerm. j thallus small, orbicular,
coriaceous; black; made up of minute, erect, round-headed
lobules or stalked granules, which here and there coalesce, and
expand at the circumference into crenate-cut and granulate
lobes ; apothecia flat ; the disk reddish-brown, the margin thin,
finally granulate. Spores ovoid -ellipsoid, bilocular, mostly
decolorate, mic. Obs. Lich. 1. c. 5, p. 385.

COLLEMA. 151

On the earth. In the valley of the Rio Grande, Texas
(Wright), Tuckerman I. c. 1862. Oakland, California, Eolander.
- Reduced European conditions of C. pulposum are described
much as this ; but I have seen nothing like our plant ; which
appears also to be distinguishable by the spores.

C. plicatile, Schaer. ; thallus orbicular, coriaceous,
laciniate ; blackish-green ; the centrifugal, ascendant divisions
undulate-plicate, the centre imbricate -lobate; apothecia smaller
than in C. pulposum, commonly concave, very entire. Spores
ovoid- ellipsoid, sub-muriform, oftener with four series of spore-
cells, and measuring 1^J mic., according to Nylander; but at
length with six to eight series, and measuring |^ mic., accord-
ing to Arnold. -- Schcer. Spirit, p. 543; Enum. p. 258. Nyl.
Syn. 1, p. 109.

Calcareous (and other) rocks. Iceland ; and, in Europe, from
Norway to the Mediterranean; Nyl. - The C. plicatile of Acha-
rius, the only lichen of the name, so far as appears in print, that
he knew, was from granitic rocks of Lake Wettern in Sweden,
and, according to Nylander (Scand. p. 29) is really C. furvum
Ach.; which I have myself seen referred to C. plicatile by
Floerke, probably not without authority. But, according to
Schaerer (Spirit. 1. c.), his calcareous plant which now passes for
C. plicatile, is the same at once with that of Acharius, as with
the differing one of Fries (Lick. Suec. n. 96). The two appear
to approach, as in the C. plicatile v. riparium, Krempelh. herb. ;
but the latter (C. plicatile, Schser.) is evidently and closely akin
to C. pulposum, under which in fact, Arnold (Fragm.) has reck-
oned it. This lichen is most unsatisfactorily exhibited in the
published Lich. exsicc. ; as in such other specimens as are known
to me. It may well occur here.]

13. C. meltznum, Ach.; thallus middling-sized, orbiculate,
coriaceous, lacero - laciniate ; black -green; the radiant, elon-
gated divisions narrow, zigzag, channelled, with elevated, wavy,
crisped, and crenate edges, which are often complicate ; apo-
thecia sub-marginal, small to middling-sized, flattish; with a
somewhat entire or crenate thalline margin. Spores ovoid-ellip-
soid, from 4-locular soon becoming sub-muriform, decolorate,
±| mic. - Ach. L. U. p. 636. Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 108.

b. potycarpum, Schaer. ; reduced, the lobes much narrowed,

152 COLLEMA.

crowded^ and complicate; apothecia smallish, and crowded.

Schcer. Enum. p. 255.

Calcareous, and other rocks. Greenland (/. VaJil) Th. Fries
I. c. 1861. 6, Islands of Behring's Straits, Wright.

14. C. cristatellum, Tuckerm. ; thallus scattered, microphyl-
line, coriaceous; olivaceous-black; the very minute lobes as-
cendant, with crenate-cut, rugose-granulate edges, reduced now
at the centre to erect, club-shaped lobules ; apothecia small to
middling- sized, flattish ; the disk dark-chestnut, the thin mar-
gin granulate. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid, from 4-locular becoming
sub-muriform, decolorate, ^^ mic. Lick. Calif, p. 29.

On the earth. Gravelly soil, New Mexico (Fendler), Tucker-
man I. c. 1866. And a very similar plant is found in California,

Bolander. The New Mexican lichen is possibly only a very

reduced state of the C. cristatum, Schser. (Licli. Helv. n. 417),
which is reckoned by Nylander (Syn.} a condition of the last
species.

15. C. multipartitum (Sm.) Tayl.; thallus of middling size,
coriaceous, laciniate ; brownish- olivaceous and blackening ; the
radiant, narrow, repeatedly forked divisions convex, with as-
cendant, rather entire, undulate-plicate edges ; apothecia small
to middling, flattish ; the disk dark-red and blackening, the
margin very entire. Spores linear-oblong, mostly curved, from
4-locular becoming 6-8-locular with entire spore-cells, decol-
orate, " mic. Hook. Brit. Fl. 2, p. 210. Nyl. Syn. I, p. 116.

Calcareous rocks near Stewart's Lake, British Columbia,
Macoun. The specimens are fragmentary, but perhaps to be
referred to a reduced, smooth form of this species. In the com-
plicate edges of the thallus the lichen is better indeed compara-
ble with SynecJiobl. Laureri Koerb. (Anz. Langob. n. 5) than with
Smith's Irish lichen (Herb. Tayl.), but agrees with the latter in
its scarcely concatenate collogonidia, and its spores.

16. C.furvum ( Ach. ) Nyl. ; thallus middling- sized, sub-mem-
branaceous, lobate, complicate; olivaceous-green and blacken-
ing; soon besprinkled with concolorous granules ; lobes rounded-
difform, erectish, with wavy, entire, or sub-crenate edges,
becoming now oblong and sinuate -laciniat e ; apothecia scat-
tered, smallish, flattish ; the disk dark-brown, the margin very
entire. Spores ellipsoid, 4-locular becoming sub-muriform, de-

COLLEMA. 153

colorate, ^ mic. Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 107. C. furvum pro p., &

C. tunceforme, Ach. Syn. p. 322.

Calcareous rocks. Pennsylvania (Mulileriberg in herb. Willd. ),
Tuckerm. Syn. N. E. 1848. Found by Mr. Russell in Vermont;
and by myself in Canada, New York, and Maryland, but only
twice observed fertile. It is similar to C. flaccidum, but has a
thicker thallus, and is quite distinct in the spores.

17. C. granosum (Wulf.) Schser.; thallus of middling size,
coriaceous-membranaceous, rigid, very gelatinous when wet,
irregularly laciniate, dirty-yellowish-green (lead-coloured and
blackening); the divisions sinuously lobed, imbricate; either
ample and rounded, with entire or crenate-cut edges ; or elon-
gated and variously divided ; transversely or reticulately sharp-
wrinkled ; and more or less coarsely granulate ; [apothecia, in
European specimens, scattered, of middling size, innate or ses-
sile ; the disk dark-red, the margin thick, and wrinkled or gran-
ulate. Spores ellipsoid and cymbiform, soon sub-muriform (the

transverse series of spore-cells 4-6), decolorate, ^^ mic.]

Schcer. Spicil. p. 540; Enum. p. 253. C. auriculatum, Hoffm.

D. Fl. C. dermatinum, Ach. L. U. p. 648.

Calcareous districts, growing over mosses, on rocks. Ohio
(Lesquereux), Tuckerman Gen. 1872. Illinois, Hall Agree-
ing not ill with the last, but the ultimate lobation is different,
as well as the coloration, and especially the minute wrinkling.
Fruit rare ; seen only, in our plant, very young.

18. C. pustulatum, Ach.; thallus almost middling - sized,
coriaceous-membranaceous, sub-monophyllous; brownish-olive;
with rounded, lobate-crenate periphery ; becoming lacero-lacin-
iate, and often convolute and sinuately many- cleft ; besprinkled
with the pustular fruit; apothecia minute, crowded, adnate;
the concave or flattish, dark-red disk scarcely exceeded by the
entire border. Spores rounded-ovoid and ellipsoid, from bilocu-
lar becoming quadrilocular and sub-muriform, decolorate, ^^
mic. Ach. Syn. p. 317. Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 108.

Calcareous rocks. Pennsylvania (Muhlenberg), Acharius Syn.
1814. Alabama, Peters. Illinois, Wolf. Comparable as re-
spects the lobation with the last, but very different, especially
in the fruit, which neither Acharius nor Nylander have well
described from the lecanorine point of view. C. stenophyllum,

154 LEPTOGIUM.

Nyl. Syn. p. 107 (from North America, Drummond), is unknown
to me ; but the description scarcely makes clear its distinction
from the present, in which the thallus is often convolute, and
the fruit becomes regular.

XXVIII.— LEPTOGIUM, Fr., Nyl.

Apothecia sub-scutellseform, lecanorine, or zeorine, in the
higher forms, but commonly biatorine in the lower. Spores
ovoid-ellipsoid (occurring now simple; or the spore fusi-
form-elongated and bi-plurilocular with entire spore-cells j
but, most commonly), muriform-plurilocular. Spermatia ob-
long ; on articulate sterigmas. Thallus foliaceous ; or rarely
fruticulose; membranaceous ; the cortical layer distinct;
the gonimia (with rare exceptions) linked together in chains.
The whole thallus, in the less developed species, now paren-
chymatous.

* Polychidium. Thallus fruticulose.

1. L. dendriscum, Nyl. j thallus very minute, effuse, slender,
dichotomously much-branched; pale-green; the intertangled
branches terete and smooth ; [apothecia, in a Cuban specimen,
small, biatorine ; the disk brownish-red, the paler margin en-
tire. " Spores ellipsoid, simple, decolorate, ^J mic." Nyl.

Syn. 1, p. 135.

Trees in inter -tropical regions. Also in Florida (Herb.
Michener), Tuckerman Gen. 1872.

2. L. intricatulum, Nyl.; thallus very minute, effuse, de-
pressed; dichotomously branched; chestnut-brown, dull; the
shortish branches crowded together, unequally cylindraceous ;
apothecia unknown. Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 135.

Beech trunks in the White Mountains (Oakes), Nylander I. c.

1858. This humble but interesting because little known plant

is comparable in some respects with the next, with which it also
agrees in the collogonidia occurring only in very short chains,
or solitary.

3. L. muscicola (Sw.) Fr. ; thallus minute, pulvinate, irregularly
much-branched ; from greenish-brown passing into olive-black ;
the densely interwoven branches mostly terete, and more or less

LEPTOGIUM. 155

longitudinally striate ; apothecia of middling size, biatorine, ap-
pressed; the disk flattish, brown-red; the thin, paler margin
nearly entire. Spores cymbiform and fusiform-oblong, bilocu-

lar, decolorate, ^^ mic. Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 134.

Growing over mosses on rocks in mountains. White Mount-
ains, Tuckerman Gen. 1872. Brattleborough, Vermont, Frost.
California (in the Yosemite Valley, 7-8000 feet altitude, and also
at 1500 feet altitude on coast-rocks exposed to the sea-fog),
Bolander. Islands of Behring's Straits, Wright.

4. L. bolacinum, Stizenb. ; thallus minute, pulvinate, terete,
sub-dichotomously much-divided ; pale-lead-coloured and ash-
coloured, the tips much diminished, dissected, and darker; apo-
thecia unknown. Parmelia lacera v. bolacina (Ach.) Schcer.

Spicil. p. 519. Cornicularia Umhausensis, Auerswald in Hed-
wigia, 1869, & Eabenh. Lich. Eur. 862.

Rocks among mosses, Massachusetts, Tuckerman Gen. 1872 ;
Willey. New Jersey, Austin. Illinois, Hall. South Carolina,

Havenel. Acharius marks this as unknown to him, having

taken it up from Dill. t. 29, f. 35, the reference of our plant to
which seems a little uncertain; but it is possible that the
Swedish lichenographer, who cites Schleicher's published speci-
men of Coll lacerum, a, Ach., may also have seen the present
(C. lacerum, e, Ach.) known at least later to Schleicher, accord-
ing to Schaerer. The latter described but did not publish what
he took for the lichen ; I cannot however but regard it as rep-
resented by the right-hand specimen (in my copy) of his P. atro-
ccerulea d, lophtea (Lick. Helv. n. 407), which agrees with the de-
scription of his bolacinum, and is well- distinguished from all L.
lacerum. Nylander (Flora, 1876, p. 578) first pointed out that
the 'glomerules' of the European Sticta amplissima are quite the
same with Leptogium bolacinum; and he regards this as an
analogous growth to the European ' Stereocaulon nanum,' u which
is," he declares, "no Stereocaulon, nor anything related to that
genus, but a kind of Lepraria, and, like l Parmelia lanuginosa,'
and other leprarioid crusts, never produces apothecia." The
Stereocaulon is unknown here ; but it is curious that our form of
the Sticta named (Tuckerm. Lich. Amer. exs. n. 105, which is
accepted in Nyl. Syn.) never bears ' glomerules.'

* * Lathagrium. Tliallus foliaceous. Spores from cymbi-
form bilocular, becoming long-fusiform and plurilocularj with
entire spore-cells.

156 LEPTOGIUM.

5. L. rivale, Tuckerm.; thallus minute, tufted, microphyl-
line; greenish - lead - coloured j the narrow, ligulate, flexuous,
repand lobes crowded and imbricate ; apothecia (so far as seen)
immersed, and indicated by an ostiole. Spores cymbiform,
bilocular, decolorate, ^J mic. Obs. Lick. 4, 1. c. p. 170.

"On small pebbles on the bottom of a clear brook, Big Trees,
Mariposa," California, growing with and on Hydrotliyria, Buss.
(Bolander), Tuckerman in Schwend. Flecht. als Parasit. I. c.
1869.- — Known as yet only in minute portions adhering to and
accompanying HydrotJiyria. The sunken fruit was first ob-
served, in the course of his examination of the thallus, by Prof.
Schwendener.

6. L. albociliatum, Desmaz.; thallus middling-sized, rosu-
late, laciniate-lobate, greenish-lead-coloured becoming black-
ish-olivaceous ; the rounded divisions sinuately cut, crisped, and
crenate, and finally lacerate-denticulate, minutely ciliate with
white fibrils, now granulate or minutely lobulate at the centre ;
paler beneath where there is more or less of a fleecy nap ; apo-
thecia scattered, smallish, biatorine, sessile j the red-brown disk
soon convex, and the thin, paler margin disappearing. Spores

cymbiform, bilocular, soon decolorate, ^J mic. Desmaz. in

Ann. Sci. 4, 4, p. 132. Nyl. Scand. p. 35. Tuckerm. Gen. p. 95.
PolycUdium Cetrarioides, Anz. Catal. Sondr. p. 7.

Among mosses on rocks, California (Bolander), Tuckerman
Gen. 1872. Silverton, Oregon, Hall. — —The European lichens
are probably all referable to the same reduced and ascendant
form (v. Cetrarioides) described by Anzi (Lich. Langob. n. 13)
and contrast sufficiently with the depressed and regular Cali-
fornian plant (formerly distinguished by me as L. leucothrix),
which differs also in the free extension of the white fibrils of the
upper side to the under ; but the latter is certainly no more
than the fully developed condition of the former. The medul-
lary layer is compact in this species.

* * * Euleptogium. Thallus foliaceous. Spores ovoid-ellip-
soid, soon muriform.

7. L. ccesiellum, Tuckerm. herb.; thallus crust-like, granu-
late-squamulose ; greenish-glaucescent, becoming sky-blue when
wet ; the very minute, scurfy squamules finally expanded, sub-
imbricate, and crenulate ; apothecia smallish, biatorine, adnate,

LEPTOGITTM. 157

a little concave, or flat ; the disk reddish-brown, the paler mar-
gin entire. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid, muriform-multilocular (the
transverse (*) series ofspore-cells 4-8), soon decelerate, ^mic.
On moist clay, growing in patches of an inch at length in
diameter, and conspicuous by its light-blue colour. Illinois,

Hall. Comparable in several respects with Pannaria byssina;

but differs in the colour of the thallus, as in its strictly Colleme-
ine texture of mostly solitary or 2-3-concatenate gonimia (8-12
mic. diameter), nestling in pulp among anastomosing filaments ;
and in a distinguishable cortical layer.

8. L. tenuissimum (Dicks.) Koerb.; thallus pulvinate, very
minute, lacero-laciniate ; from glaucescent passing into oliva-
ceous-brown ; the unequally linear, ascendant, acutish divisions
digitate - mul tifid j apothecia scattered, biatorine, small, to at
length almost middling-sized, adnate-sessile j the concave, red-
dish disk bordered by an entire margin. Spores ovoid- ellipsoid,
muriform-multilocular (the transverse series of spore-cells 4-8),

soon decolorate, ^ mic. Dicks. PI. Cr. 1, p. 12, t. 2, /. 8, e

descr.j & Auct. Angl., fide herb. Tayl. Koerb. Syst. p. 419, fide
Zw. exs. n. 173. L. lacerum minus, Auct. quorund. L. subtile,
Nyl. Scand. p. 34, fide ipsius. Tuckerm. Gen. p. 96.

On sandy banks among mosses, and on dead wood, New
England (Wright; Willey), Tuckerman I. c. 1872. New Jersey,
Austin. Ohio, Lea. Illinois, Hall. British Columbia, Macoun.

Islands of Behring's Straits, Wright. The fully developed

lichen is commonly pale, but becomes brown, when it is now
much reduced, and the erect lobes take on a granulose look,
without any difference in internal structure. The name has
been much confused. The Leptogium subtile of Nyl. Syn. (in-
cluding not only L. tenuissimum, in part, but, according to this
author (Scand.) a small form of L. lacerum, as according to
Arnold (Fragm.) conditions also of L. minutissimum and L.
spongiosum) is admitted now, as emended (Scand.) by him, to
be the tenuissimum of Smith, as it is probably also of Dickson,
and certainly of Taylor. The lichen appears to be well sepa-
rated from both L. lacerum and L. minutissimum.

9. L. minutissimum (Floerk., Seller.) Mass.; thallus micro-

(*) ' Longitudinal' is now incorrectly used instead of transverse in
the author's Genera Licli. p. 96, etc.

158 LEPTOGIUM.

phylline, lobate ; from lead- coloured becoming rufous ; the ex-
panded, finally crowded and imbricate lobules crenate or at
length cut ; apothecia finally almost middling-sized, biatorine,
elevated-sessile, flattish; the disk reddish-brown; the entire
margin pale. Spores ovoid- ellipsoid, soon muriform-multilocu-
lar (the transverse series of spore-cells 4-8), decelerate, ^ mic.

Collema, Schar. Splcil. p. 520, & Lich. Helv. n. 498. ~Moug.

& Nestl. Crypt. Vog. n. 1239. Babenh. Lich. Eur. n. 125, 589.
Anz. Lich. Langob. n. 411.

On sandy earth among mosses. Illinois, Hall. The name

appears to be tolerably certain, but scarcely happy ; the lichen
being the largest of the minute Leptogia, and suggesting even
finally L. Tremelloides, with conditions of which it grows.

10. L. lacerum (Sw.) Fr. ; thallus of middling size, lacero-
laciniate, reticulately wrinkled; lead -coloured and reddish-
brown; the more or less closely aggregated divisions dilated
above and sinuate, with finely jagged and fringed edges; apo-
thecia small, biatorine, sub-sessile, from concave, flattish; the
disk red ; the paler margin entire. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid, muri-
form-multilocular (the transverse series of spore-cells 6-12), de-
colorate, ^ mic. Ach. L. U.p. 657; Syn. p. 327.

On rocks, among mosses, in the northern and middle States,
common, Muhlenberg Gated. 1818. Canada, Mr. Drummond.
Maryland, Twkerman. Ohio, Lea. Northern Alabama, Peters ;
Eavenel.

The North American lichen scarcely ever as well developed
as the European finally is ; our plants having commonly the
character of the more reduced European states, as, for instance,
Schserer's v. lophceum (Lich. Helv. n. 407, in part only, in my
copy) and the still smaller, and brown v. pulvinatum (Moug. &
Nestl. n. 637), it being understood however, in Arnold's words,
that the Exsiccati do not always agree in what they exhibit
under these names.

11. L. sinuatum (Huds.) Schser.; thallus of middling size,
sinuate lobate, reticulately wrinkled; dark -glaucous -green,
lead-coloured, and fuscescent; the imbricated, plaited lobes
rounded and nearly entire; apothecia smallish, zeorine, and
biatorine, sessile, from concave becoming flat ; the disk red, with
a paler margin. Spores ovoid- ellipsoid, muriform-multilocular
(the transverse series of spore -cells 6-11), decolorate, ^

LEPTOGIUM. 159

mic. Schcer. Enum. p. 250. G. scotinum, Ach. Meth. p. 237;

Syn. p. 323.

Only known here in

ll(b). Z. Cafa/ormcww, Tuckerm. ; a rather larger lichen, be-
coming blackish-brown ; the irregular lobes either dilated and
much elongated, with regularly crenate edges, finely and sharply
wrinkled, and at length granulate (f. platynum] or much nar-
rowed and aggregated and becoming sub-fimbriate, or finally
pulvinate, dark-brown, and the densely crowded, erect, sub-
linear lobes with granulate -dentate tips (f. lophotum) ; apothecia
small to middling, but according generally, as do the spores,,
with those of n. 12. L. scotinum, var. Tuckerm. Gen. p. 96.

Kocks, California (Bolander; Mann], Tuckerman Gen. 1872.
— Some of the intermediate states between the two named
forms of the Californian plant do not differ from European ones
of L. sinuatum (L. scotinum, Auct.), and the lichen seems to be
scarcely referable, in any condition, to L. lacerum, which is un-
known as yet on the West Coast. The whole aspect of the-
f. platynum (the lobes of which exceed at length an inch in
length) is rather that of Collema granosum (as in Hepp. n. 648).
The pulvinate f. lophotum, offering densely crowded, narrow
linear, erect branches, the summits of which constitute a longish
fringe, is clearly analogous to, though perhaps more regular thanr
L. lacerum v. lophceum of some (Anz. Langob. n. 412, hardly to
be removed from L. lacerum), which variety Acharius always
took for a form of his Collema scotinum.

12. L. palmatum (Huds.) Mont.; thallus middling - sized,
caBSpitose, irregularly laciniate, sharply more or less wrinkled
and pitted; from lead-coloured rufescent and finally chestnut;
the divisions convolute and at length much narrowed and tubu-
lose-fruticulose, with 2-3-4-corniculate, obtuse tips; apothecia
small, biatorine, sessile, a little concave ; the disk red-brown,
the paler margin entire. Spores ovoid- ellipsoid, muriform-mul-
tilocular (the transverse series of spore-cells 6-10), decolorate,

X*^? mic. Mudd. Man. Brit. lAch. p. 48. Collema cornicula-

tum (Hoffm.}, Sclicer. Enum. p. 249. Leptogium palmatum &
Obryzum corniculatum (fungo parasit. excluso), Nyl. Syn. pp.
126, 136.

On the earth among mosses, California (Menzies j Bolander) „

160 LEPTOGIUM.

Tuckerman Gen. 1872. Oregon, Hall. British Columbia, Z/#aW;

Macoun. A similar lichen but infertile was found in the

Organ Mountains, Texas, Wright, but the species is unknown to

us except on the West Coast. The plant varies, from wider

states (8mm- wide in the larger, and 2mm- in the narrower parts)
with something of the aspect of L. lacerum, a, as figured in
Schser. Enum. t. 10, f. 2, to much narrowed, suffruticulose ones,
with the colour and whole appearance of conditions of Cetraria
aculeata.

13. L. Apalachense (Tuckerm.) Nyl.; thallus of middling
size, stellate, multifid ; brownish-olivaceous ; the narrow, radi-
ant, imbricated divisions mostly convex and branch-like, with
obtuse tips, delicately rugulose ; beneath paler and a little chan-
nelled; apothecia small, scattered, or in botryoid clusters,
innate -sessile, from zeorine becoming biatorine ; the rufous disk
at length flat, the paler margin entire. Spores ellipsoid, from

4-locular becoming sub-muriform, decolorate, j^ mic. Nyl.

Syn. l,p. 133. Collema, Tuckerm. Suppl. 2, I. c.'p. 200.

Calcareous rocks. Alabama (Peters), Tuckerman I. c. 1859.
Georgia, Eavenel. Missouri, Hall.

14. L. crenatellum, Tuckerm.; thallus effuse, from squami-
form soon dilated and imbricate-lobate ; glaucous-cinerascent
and lurid; the small, ascendant, smooth lobes with wavy and
crenate edges; apothecia small, zeorine, sessile; the reddish
disk finally tumid, and the thin, crenulate, thalline margin dis-
appearing. Spores always in fours in the thekes, ovoid- ellip-
soid, from 4-locular becoming sub-muriform, decolorate, ^ mic.
Suppl. 2, I. c.p. 201.

At the base of trunks of White Ash in swamps, Vermont
(Frost), Tuckerman I. c. 1859. Base of button-bushes (Cepha-
lanthus) in pond-holes, Illinois, Hall.

15. L. pulchellum (Ach.) Nyl.; thallus middling-sized, rosu-
late, round-lobed ; from glaucous-green becoming lead- coloured
and lurid; the entire lobes plicate - papulose and delicately
wrinkled above, paler and deeply pitted and also wrinkled be-
neath; apothecia middling-sized, lecanorine, sub-pedicellate;
the flattish, brown disk at length excluding the thin and smooth
or finally plicate -rugose, thalline margin. Spores ovoid-ellip-
soid, sub-muriform (thte transverse series of spore-cells oftener

LEPTOGIUM. 161

6), decelerate, ~ mic. Collema, Ack. Syn. p. 321. Lepto-
gium, Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 123. Collema corticola, Tayl. in Hook.
Journ. Sot. 1847, p. 195. Leptogium cimiciodorum, Mass. Mem,
p. 86.

Trunks and rocks. From Canada and New England through-
' out the northern and middle States (Muhleriberg), Acharius Syn.
1814. Ohio, Lea. Illinois, Hall. Mountains of Carolina &
Georgia, Eavenel. Alabama, Peters. Texas, Wright. Oc-
curring also in New Granada, S. America, Lindig herb. ,2, n.15 j
as in southern Europe, Anzi Lich. Venet. n. 14, etc.

16. L. Tremelloides (L. fil.) Fr.; thallus middling to ampler
and large, loosely aggregated, round-lobed; lead-coloured; the
smooth and very entire lobes becoming crisped and complicate,
and beset, more or less, all over, at length densely, with con-
colorous, finally isidioid granules, passing now into minute
lobules ; apothecia middling-sized, lecanorine ; from flat becom-
ing convex, and excluding the thin, thalline margin. Spores
ovoid- ellipsoid, sub-muriform (the transverse series of spore-
cells oftener 4), decolorate, ^J mic. Tuckerm. Gen. p. 97.

Collema Tremelloides , C. azureum, & C. diaphanum, Ach. L. U.p.
654. Leptogium Tremelloides max. p., L. diaphanum, L. reticula-
tum, & L. foveolatum, Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 124.

Kocks and trunks, in the northern and middle States, com-
mon, Muhlenberg Catal. 1818. Canada, Macoun. Ohio, Lea.
Carolina and Georgia, Eavenel. Florida (v. reticulatum), Aus-
tin. Alabama, Peters. Mississippi (v. azureum), Veatch. Louis-
iana (a, and also v. azureum & v. reticulatum), Hale. Texas,
Wright. New Mexico, Fendler. Widely diffused, and dis-
tinguished by many names. Our northern form is the common
European lichen (v. cyanescens, Ach. Collema cyanescens,
Schaer.), which differs from the last species as well by its origi-
nally smooth, as its less regular thallus : this is not confined to-
cooler regions, but occurs equally well-marked in Louisiana. It
is however in the tropics that the best developed conditions of
the lichen are found ; and these appear also in our southern
States, the f. azureum being distinguishable by its more regu-
larly rosulate habit of growth, and its perfectly smooth and
coerulescent thallus, which hi the scarcely otherwise differing
f. reticulatum, Mont., becomes regularly and at length very
deeply (foveolatum, Nyl.) lacunose -reticulate. There remains.
11

162 LEPTOGIUM.

only to notice the f. laciniatum, Tuckerm. in Wright Lich. Cub.,
the narrowed and elongated, branching divisions of which ska-
ply follow the stems of the mosses on which the plant grows.
This is often a well-marked West Indian lichen ; but it has also
occurred in Canada, Macoun.

I6(b). L. juniperinum, Tuckerm.; thallus smallish, micro-
phylline, rosulate, laciniate-lobate ; lead-coloured, and dark-
green; the rounded, smooth lobes ascendant, and imbricate-
complicate, with undulate, crenate edges; apothecia small to
middling-sized, zeorine, sub-sessile, flat ; the disk rufous, thinly
margined. Spores ovoid- ellipsoid, 4-locular becoming sub-muri-

form, decolorate, ^J mic. Suppl. 2, I c. p. 201. L. Tremel-

loides v. mierophyttum, Tuckerm. Gen. p. 97.

On the earth, growing over twigs, etc., in ll cedar-brakes,"
Texas ( Wright), Tuckerman I. c. 1859. On the earth, Alabama,
Peters. On rocks, Lookout Mountain, Tennessee, Ravenel. Illi-
nois, Herb. Willey. On rocks, Massachusetts, Tuckerman. —
With something of the habit of growth of the European Collema
cheileum, and well- distinguished in this respect from all our L.
Tremelloides.

16(c). L. dactylinum, Tuckerm. ; thallus microphylline, ef-
fuse; from lead-coloured becoming black; the originally squa-
maceous, ascendant, rounded lobules finally erect, with crisped,
entire, or crenate edges, soon fringed and beset above with
crowded, isidioid branchlets, and constituting at length a broken-
areolate, granulate crust ; apothecia small, biatorine, sub-sessile,
flat ; the disk red-brown ; the paler margin soon disappearing.
Spores ovoid-ellipsoid, from 4-locular sub-muriform, decolorate,
^ mic. Obs. Lick. 1, 1. c. p. 383. Nyl. Syn. l,p. 123.

Calciferous schist, Vermont (Frost), Tuckerman in Nyl. I. c.
1858. Calcareous rocks, Missouri, Hall And I cannot distin-
guish a rather more developed, always lead-coloured lichen
which much lessens the distance between L. dactylinum and L.
Tremelloides, and occurs on calciferous shale in New York, W. E.
Gerard ; on limestone at Trenton Falls, New York, Tuckerman ;

as in New Jersey, Austin; and Illinois, Herb. Willey. In all

these the collogonidia are however commonly solitary, or in very
.short chains.

17. L. marginellum (Sw.) Mont.; thallus sub-orbicular, mid-

LEPTOGIUM. 163

dling-sized, laciniate, more or less strongly and reticulately
wrinkled; lead-coloured; made up of longish, much-divided,
now wider and depressed and now narrowed and (from below)
branch-like segments, with plicate undulate and crisped, rather
entire edges ; apothecia minute, marginal, biatorine, from globu-
lar becoming flat ; the disk rufous, the rather stout, paler mar-
gin granulate, and encircled at length with a ring of leaflets.
Spores ovoid-ellipsoid, sub-muriform (the transverse series of

spore-cells 4-6), decolorate, ^§ mic. Mont. Cuba, p. 115.

Tuckerm. Gen. p. 98. Collema vesicatum, Tayl. 1. c. 1837, p. 196.
Leptogium corrugatulum, Nyl. Syn. I, p. 132.

On bark. Southern Alabama (J. F. Beaumont), Tuckerman
I. c. 1872. Florida, Eavenel. Texas, Hall. Mexico, Galeotti, e

Nyl., as in the West Indies. Sufficiently distinguished always

from L. Tremelloides by its longer, more divided, and wrinkled
divisions ; and the plant occurring now (exactly as the next spe-
cies) in a wider, depressed state, and now in a narrowed and
crisped one. Leptogium corrugatulum, Nyl. I. c. (Herb. Lindig
n. 2659) is quite the same with the earlier Collema vesicatum,
Tayl. I. c. (herb.), and relates to the depressed and more promi-
nently wrinkled condition of the lichen described by Swartz,
Acharius, etc. The fruit is the most important feature of the
plant ; and this is exactly the same in both forms.

18. L. chloromelum (Sw.) Nyl.; thallus middling to ample,
orbiculate, becoming rigid, sharply wrinkled, and at length
densely granulate ; dark-green, and lead-coloured ; the lobes of
the circumference expanded more or less, those of the centre
-complicate, and crisped; apothecia middling-sized, lecanorine,
sub-sessile ; the flattish, rufous disk bordered by a thin, plicate-
rugose, now granulate, thalline margin. Spores ovoid- and
acuate-ellipsoid, sub-muriform (transverse series of spore-cells

4-6), soon decolorate, ^ mic. Nyl. Syn. \,p. 128. Tuckerm.

Gen. p. 98. L. Brebissonii, Mont., pro p.

a. conchatum-, thallus sub-monophyllous, becoming lobate-
laciniate; the depressed, rounded lobes ascendant, shell-like,
gyrose-plicate.

b. stellans', thallus narrowed; the radiant divisions with
•erect, crisped edges.

Trunks and rocks throughout the United States, Tuckerman
Gen. 1872. Canada, Drummond. New England, Dr. J. Porter,

164 LEPTOGITJM.

etc. New York, Peck. New Jersey, Austin. Pennsylvania,
Michener. Ohio, Lesquereux. Illinois, Hall. Maryland and
Virginia, Tucker man. South Carolina, Eavenel. Florida, Aus-
tin. Alabama, Peters. Louisiana, Hale. Texas, Wright.-

The two forms differ much as the two conditions of L. marginel-
lum ; or as Wright Lick. Cub. n. 6 from n. 7 of the same collec-
tion. The first of the last-named is not indeed to be well-dis-
tinguished from the present species, unless when fertile, a may
also be compared with L. Tremelloides, but is readily seen to
differ in its (at least finally) rigid, and always strongly wrinkled

thallus. b now occurs (Florida, Austin) in a state (f. fusis-

porum) otherwise undistinguishable, with spores at length per-
fectly fusiform, reaching 48 mic. in length, and with 8-10 entire
spore-cells. But this is only another instance of the anomaly
noted elsewhere in Collema flaccidum (Gen. pp. 88, 91), and
these elongated spores not only revert to acuate-ovoid ones, but
exhibit now a divided spore-cell, suggesting at once the sub-
muriform stage.

18(&). L. adpressum, Nyl.; thallus, as described, and apothe-
cia, offering no differences from L. ckloromelum ; but the fusi-
form, 10-locular spores measuring *^ mic. Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 131.

On bark, Orizaba, Mexico (F. Mutter), Nylander I. c. 1858.

At the same station, Dr. F. Mohr. Thallus, in Dr. Mohr's

specimen, which though small cannot well be diverse from Ny-
lander's lichen, larger and lighter coloured than that of L. clilo-
romelum f. fusisporum, and the apothecia larger. The spores
(measuring ^ mic.) scarcely differ at all, and also now shew a
divided spore-cell, but are longer, and their anomalous features
perhaps better marked. There can certainly be no question that
the cited form of L. chloromelum sufficiently explains the present

lichen. L. Brebissonii, Mont, emend., Syll. p. 378, with an

ample, sub-monophyllous thallus, otherwise similar, as the plant
is in the apothecia, to L. chloromelum, from which neither Mon-
tagne nor Nylander at first separated it, differs yet, like L. ad-
pressum, in its long -fusiform or even acicular, 8-12-locular
spores, measuring 56-64 mic. in length (Hepp.), and has occurred
in France, in the Canaries, in India, in Surinam, and in Tahiti
(Montagne), but is not as yet known as North American.

19. L. bullatum (Ach.) Mont.; thallus orbiculate, middling
to ample, membranaceous, at length rigid, sharply wrinkled;

LEPTOGIUM. 165

lead-coloured and coerulescent ; lobes irregularly rounded and
more entire, or sinuate-laciniate and sub-crenate, the margins
more or less ascendant and plicate-undulate; apothecia mid-
dling to ample, elevated, zeorine ; the red disk bordered by a
paler margin, which is inclosed by a finally leafy thalline one.
Spores acuate-ovoid, sub-muriform (transverse series of spore-
cells 4-6), decolorate, ^^ mic. Collema, Ach. Lick. p. 655.

Mont, in Ann. Sci. 1841,^. 74.

a. vesiculosum ; apothecia terminating bladdery podetia,
which are now drawn together above into plaited coronals en-
circling the fruit. Collema bullatum, Sw. Lich. Amer. t. 16.

Leptogium, Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 129.

b. phyllocarpum ; apothecia less or at length scarcely ele-
vated ; the thalline margin from simply plicate becoming densely
leafy and crisped, and the whole fruit at length large. Col-
lema phyllocarpum, Pers. Nyl. Syn. I. p. 130. »

Trunks, a, Mexico, Nylander I. c. 1858. b, Texas, Wright.

Florida, Austin. Mexico, Nylander. L. Javanicum, Mont.

(L. sphinctrinum, Nyl.), to judge by my specimens from Herb.
Junghuhn ( V. d. Bosch), is hardly separable from b ; and L. bul-
latum, Mont. & V. d. B., from the same herbarium, is possibly
too near the same ; and sufficiently illustrates Montagne's earlier
judgment, which is accepted above. The species is also most
closely akin to L. chloromelum -, and it is difficult to see why
one of the two specimens called L. phyllocarpum in (my copy of)
Lindig Herb. N. Gran. n. 1660, should not pass equally well for
the lichen first-named.

20. L. Burgessii (Lightf.) Mont.; thallus ample, loosely ag-
gregate, laciniate-lobate ; from glaucous-greenish and lead-col-
oured passing into purplish-brown ; the imbricate lobes rounded,
sinuate, from smoothish becoming granulate, and beset at length
densely with finger-shaped lobules, cristate-lacerate ; beneath
ash-coloured, and more or less delicately downy ; apothecia sub-
sessile but appearing depressed, middling-sized to ample, flat-
tish, zeorine ; the dark-brown disk bordered by a paler margin,
which is crowned with a densely leafy and crisped thalline one.
Spores ellipsoid, apiculate, muriform-multilocular, decolorate,

^ mic. Collema, Ach. L. U. p. 645. Leptogium, Mont.

Canar. p. 129.

Trunks, White Mountains, fertile, Tuckerman Gen. 1872.

166 LEPTOGIUM.

Maine, fertile, Oakes. And infertile specimens, probably refera-
ble here, by the characters of the under side, have been found
by me in Massachusetts ; and in the Blue Ridge of Virginia. The

lichen has also occurred in Madeira, Mandon! From the

Madeira plant, which is well referred here by Nylander, the L.
inflexum of this writer (Syn. 1, p. 132; and found in Mexico;
Venezuela, Fendler I New Granada, Lindig n. 127! 2504! and
Bolivia, Mandon ! ) offers no differences beyond a rather better
thalline development (e. g. wider sinuses than appear to be com-
mon in the northern lichen), and none are indicated in the pub-
lished diagnosis. As in the next species the upper side is now
also downy, both in the northern and southern plants. This side
is said now to be 'isidioso-furfuraceous,' and the margins of the
lobes to be ' isidioso-dissected ' in a New Granada form (L. in-
flexum v. isidiosulum, Nyl., which we are further told 'ought
perhaps to be distinguished in species,' though no other differ-
ence is noted, Nyl. Prodr. N. Gran. p. 4), and our New England
plant varies in like manner, the whole upper side being covered
now with isidioid lobules.

21. L. myochroum (Ehrh. ; Schaer.) Tuckerm. ; thallus ample,
coriaceous-membranaceous, from rosulate and sub-monophyllous
passing readily into polyphyllous and loosely aggregate states,
laciniate-lobate ; lead-coloured (rufous-glaucous) and blackish-
green ; smooth at first, but becoming now rugose, and always
more or less granulate ; the rounded, undulate lobes entire be-
neath clothed with a whitish-ash-coloured nap ; apothecia mid-
dling-sized, lecanorine, sub-sessile, flattish; the disk red-brown,
with a plicate-rugose, thalline border, which becomes now gran-
ulate-leafy, and now white-hirsute. Spores ellipsoid, from 4-loc-

ular becoming sub-muriform, decolorate, -^- raic. Collema,

Schcer. Spicil. p. 534 ; Enum.p. 256. Leptogium, Tuckerm. Gen.
p. 99. L. saturninum, L. Hildenbrandii, & L. Menziesii, Nyl.
Syn. 1, p. 127.

a. saturninum, Schaer. ; commonly glaucous, or now rufous

and somewhat rugose above ; fleecy beneath. L. saturninum

(Sm. 1788), Mass. L. Hildenbrandii, Oarov., & Authors.

b. tomentosum, Schser. ; thinner, blackish-green, now narrowed
and sinuate-lobate, and passing into small-lobed, imbricate-com-

plicate states ; velvety beneath. Collema tomentosum, Hoffm.

C. saturninum (Dicks. 1790), Ach., Nyl.

HYDROTHYRIA. 167

Trunks, and also rocks, not uncommon, but exceedingly rare
in fruit. In the extreme north b is the well-marked form,— Bear
Lake (Bichardson), Hooker I c. 1823 ; Greenland ( Vahl), Th. Fr.
1. c. ; Islands of Behring's Straits, Wright ; extending also south-
ward, to Canada, Agassis; and New England; as also to the
Kocky Mountains (fertile), Herb. Hook. ; and Oregon, Hall. But
a is the more common state, especially southward, occurring
from New England to Virginia, Tuckerman ; in Illinois (fertile),
Hall ; in the low country as well as in the mountains of South
Carolina, Eavenel; in Alabama, Peters; and New Mexico, Fend-

ler. The abundant fruit of a, as exhibited in the south of

Europe, averages, in my specimens, l-2mm- in diameter, reaching
3mm. jn SOII]e from the north of Italy collected by myself; and is
regularly scutellseform, with a plicate-rugose margin. These
features are equally well-marked and quite the same in Japanese
specimens ( Wright), important also as exhibiting the less regu-
lar and polyphylline thallus of the common United States lichen ;
and, like that, the thallus of these is only occasionally wrinkled.
In one of these more especially resembling the plant of the
United States, there is now a ring of white fibrils on the under
side of the exciple, and finally a downiness over the whole, thus
preparing the way for the otherwise altogether similar Illinois
lichen (Hall) in which the whole exciple is as hirsute as in many
Stictce. b is only known here, in a fertile state, in the specimen
from the Rocky Mountains (Herb. Hook.), in the dozen apothecia
of which, apparently always smaller, and much rarer in this
form of the species, all the mature ones (scarcely exceeding lmm
in diameter) are convex, and have excluded the thalline border,
which is represented by a crown of finger-shaped lobules, now
also visible at the edges of the lobes. There is some indication
of this overgrowth in my European specimens, the fruit of which
is occasionally also hirsute beneath (Bavarian Alps, Krempelhu-
ber) as in a.

XXIX.— HYDROTHYRIA, Russ.

Apothecia biatorine. Spores cymbiform, quadrilocular,
decolorate. Thallus foliaceous, membranaceous, with a dis-
tinct, parenchymatous, cortical layer; a gommous one of
gonimia in short chains; and a medullary one of compact
filaments ; veiny beneath.

168 LEOANOKEL— EULECANOREI.

H. venosa, Russell ; thallus ample, loosely aggregated, thin
.and fragile, laciniate-lobate ; lead-coloured ; beset beneath with
branched, divaricate, pale-brown veins ; lobes more or less fan-
shaped, irregularly cut, with rounded, repand-crenate summits ;
apothecia sub-marginal, middling-sized ; the disk reddish-brown,
.soon convex, and excluding the pale, lacerate-dentate margin.
Spores cymbiform, and fusiform, 4-locular, decolorate, ^f mic.

Buss, in Proc. Essex Inst. 1, p. 188. Tuckerm. Gen. p. 102.

H. fontana (Russ. olim), Tuck. Lich. exs. n. 150 (sub Lept.).
Nyl. Syn. I, p. 135.

On stones under water in mountain brooks, Vermont and New
Hampshire, Eussell I. c. 1856. Connecticut, Prof. D. C. Eaton.
Mariposa, California, Bolander.

Fam. 7.— LECANOREI.

Thallus crustaceous j very rarely papillose-ramulose ; in
a much larger number of instances lobed at the circumfer-
ence, or squamulose and sub-imbricate; but, in far the
greater proportion, uniform ; adnate to the substrate; the
hypothallus inconspicuous or obsolete. Gen. p. 103.

We revert, in the family now before us, from the extraordi-
narily differenced but still Parmeliaceous Collemei to the remote
Parmeliei. Of this, the first Sub-Family (Eulecanorei) may be
easily regarded as a contiguous section, differing as it scarcely
does otherwise than in its crustaceous instead of foliaceous thal-
lus. But this distinction in the thallus has been proved to have
value in the system; and the Eulecanorei pass, without a break,
into the very marked, crustaceous Sub-Family which is dis-
tinguished by its typically compound fruit (Pertusariei) as this
last stands in close relation to forms even more alien to the tribal
type (Sub. -Fam. Urceolariei), suggesting now (and often indeed
referred to) Lecideacei ; and Verrucariacei ; and even, we might
add, Graphidacei.

Sub. -Fam. 1. — EULECANOREI.
Apothecia scutellseform.

PLACODIUM. 169

XXX.— PLACODIUM (DC.), Naeg. & Hepp.

Apothecia sub-scutellaeform j either regular (lecanorine),
or shewing also a proper margin (zeorine), or only the lat-
ter (biatorine), the disk, for the most part, yellowish-orange.
Spores ellipsoid, polar-bilocular (rarely of the more common
bilocular type, or, more rarely yet, simple), colourless. Sper-
matia oblong, or staff-shaped ; the sterigmas almost always
multi-articulate. Thallus crustaceous j either lobed at the
circumference ; or, very rarely, suffruticulose ; or uniform 5
oftener more or less yellow.

* Tli amnoma. Thallus Jruticulose ; orange.

1. P. coralloides, Tuckerm. j thallus slender, solid, cartila-
gineous, decumbent j bright -orange -yellow; branches terete,
nodulose, obtuse, sub-dichotomously divided ; apothecia of mid-
dling size, lateral and terminal, somewhat elevated, zeorine ; the
flattish, rough, dark-orange disk bordered at length only by the
thin, entire, proper margin, which is finally excluded. Spores
oblong, the sporoblasts approximate, the isthmus deficient, ^
mic. Obs. Lick. 3, I c. p. 287.

Maritime rocks, near San Francisco, California (Bolander),
Tuckerman I. c. 1864. The biatorine apothecia bordered more
or less, or coronate, with the finally powdery nodules of the thal-
lus ; l-2mm- wide.

2. P. cladodes, Tuckerm. ; thallus short, slender, solid, erect,
made up of terete, fastigiately branched, pale trunks, which
blacken below, and are crowded together into a caespitose, papil-
late, orange-yellow crust ; apothecia small, sessile ; the flat, pow-
dery, fulvous disk sub-marginate, bordered by a stout, crenulate,
thalline margin. Spores solitary, obtuse-ellipsoid, the spore-
cells connected by an isthmus, ^^ mic. Obs. Lich. 3, I. c.

p. 265.

On the earth, in the alpine regions of the Kocky Mountains
(Hall), Tuckerman L c. 1864. Looking like an uniform, warted
crust. Apothecia about lmra- wide. The short thekes have not
been seen to contain more than a single spore, which is at first
brownish.

* * Euplacodium. Thallus typically lobed at the circum-

170 PLACODITJM.

ference, but passing finally into scarcely effigurate forms ; yellow
or orange in 1, 2, 3, as are the apotkecia only in 4 and 5; the
other species being otherwise coloured.

3. P. elegans (Link) DC.; thallus stellate-radious, appressed,
naked on both sides ; orange ; the linear, loose, branched divi-
sions convex and torulose, wavy, and more or less lacunose-
uneven, discrete or sub-iinbricate, or finally contortuplicate ;
apothecia smallish to middling-sized, zeorine or biatorine; of
nearly the same colour with the thallus, the thin margin mostly

entire. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid, ^- mic. Parmelia^Fr. L. E.

p. 114. Tuck. exs. n. 109. Nyl. Scand. p. 136. P. diversicolor,
Ach. Syn. p. 210, fide Nyl.

On rocks, North America, Acharius Syn. 1814. Arctic Amer-
ica, from Newfoundland, De la Pylaie, and Great Bear Lake,
etc., Richardson, to Melville Island, E. Br., and islands of
Behring's Straits, Wright. Rocky Mountains, Hayden; Hall.
Organ Mountains, Texas, Wright. Eastern and Middle States,

Halsey. The present species, in typical conditions, might

easily be taken to differ from the next, as a foliaceous lichen
from a crustaceous ; and this is in fact exactly Schaerer's latest
judgment (Enum.). But we have, notwithstanding, strictly
crustaceous members of the group before us which certainly
appear to hang between P. elegans and P. murorum. A case of
this sort is presented by a western lichen (North Platte, accom-
panied by undoubted P. elegans, Hayden ; Montana, also so ac-
companied, M. A. Brown; Wyoming, Lapham; Nevada, Bo-
lander) marked by a crustaceous, dark-orange thallus, the whole
surface of which, instead of being pitted is roughened by minute
granules now like those of shagreen and now coarser, and which
becomes finally, in the Wyoming plant, as closely applied to
the substrate as any P. murorum, but yet appears on the whole
to descend rather from P. elegans. The lichen may be conve-
niently distinguished as the var. trachyphyllum.

4. P. murorum (Hoffm.) DC. ; thallus crustaceous, orbicular,
closely adnate to the substrate, contiguous ; bright-yellow ; the
warted centre passing at the circumference into cut-crenate
lobules ; apothecia smallish, sessile, zeorine ; disk naked, orange-
red, the thicker thalline margin sub-crenate. Spores much as

in the last, but perhaps, on the whole, larger. Parmelia, Fr.

L. E.p. 115, a (excl. d-f.) Th. Fr. Scand. p. 170.

PLACODITJM. 171

North America (Lecan. miniata), Muhlenberg Catal. 1818.
Arctic America, Richardson. Maritime rocks, Massachusetts,
Tuckerman. Coast of California, Bolander (rather resembling
Amphiloma Heppianum, Miill. ; Kabenh. n. 671, which it is diffi-
cult to separate). Beside this yellow one, there is a Californian
form with all the features of the present except that the colour
is dark-orange, in which respect it suggests P. elegans ; this may
be called v. miniatum.

4(&). P cirrochroum (Ach.) Hepp. ; thallus of P. murorum
but small, and perhaps thinner, and bursting at the centre into
lemon-coloured soredia ; the tips of the peripheral lobes more or
less white-pruinose ; [apothecia rare and not seen here, minute.

" Spores oblong, ^ mic."] Ach. Syn.p. 181. Koerb. Parerg.

p. 49. Parmelia murorum, /., Fr. L. E. Lecanora, Schcer.
Enum. p. 64.

Eocks containing lime, Willoughby Lake, Vermont. Prof. W.
G. Farlow.

5. P. fulgens (Sw.) DC.; thallus foliaceous-crustaceous, or-
bicular, soft and friable, closely appressed ; pale-yellow or lemon-
coloured ; made up of narrow, laciniate-multifid, and crenate,
flexuous, concrete lobes, which become radious-plicate at the
circumference ; apothecia of middling size, sessile, zeorine ;
tawny-red ; the pale, irregular, thalline margin finally excluded
by the swelling disk, which is bordered by a thin, entire, proper

one. Spores ellipsoid, sub-simple, ^ mic. Parmelia, Fr.

L. E.p. 119, a. P.friabilis, Schcer. Spicil. p. 426.

b. bracteatum, Ach. ; thallus passing into a verrucose-lobulate-

crust; the radious circumference disappearing. Schcer. I. c.

P. fulgens v. alpinum, Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. p. 81.

Calcareous soils. Greenland (b), Valil e Th. Fr. I. c. 1861.
On the North Platte in Nebraska, and Wyoming (a, 6), Hayden.

Montana, M. A. Brown. The spores of the variety, though

often simple, occur also in variously imperfect (or even perfect,
according to Koerb. Syst. p. 112) bilocular conditions; and I ob-
serve not wholly dissimilar spores in some of my foreign speci-
mens of a. Both forms belong naturally together ; and to Pla-
codium.

6. P. eugyrum, Tuckerm. ; thallus crustaceous, orbicular,,
adnate, applanate; from dirty-brownish-green becoming dark-

172 PLACODIUM.

fulvous j rimose-areolate, passing at the circumference into short,
paler, white-powdery, crenate lobes; apothecia small, zeorine;
the flat, rufous disk bordered by a thin, crenulate, thalline mar-
gin. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid, ^-mic. Suppl. 1,1 c. p. 425.

On limestone, Texas ( Wright), Tuckerman 1. c. 1858. Best

comparable perhaps externally, except in colour, with the Euro-
pean Lecanora circinata. Apothecia Omm-, 5 to Omm-, 8 in width.

7. P. galactophyllum, Tuckerm. ; thallus crustaceous-adnate,
areolate-squamulose ; white and mealy ( becoming yellowish-
brown when rubbed), the areoles passing at the circumference
into crenate lobules ; apothecia small, zeorine, adnate, flat ; an
obtuse, entire thalline margin bordering the dark-orange, mar-
ginate disk. Spores ^ mio. Obs. lAch. 4, 1. c. p. 171.

Lime-rocks, Chase county, Kansas (Hall), Tuckerman Gen.

1872. Apothecia of the size of those of n. 6. When this and

the last are more fully known, they may possibly prove to be
nearer akin than appears.

8. P. peliophyllum, Tuckerm. ; thallus crustaceous, adnate,
verrucose ; cinereous-glaucous (and blackening) with a laciniate,
linear-multifid circumference ; apothecia of more than middling
size, sessile ; the disk chestnut-brown, the stout, entire thalline

margin finally flexuous. Spores ellipsoid, ^ mic. Gen. Lich.

p. 108.

On granitic rocks, Yosemite Valley, California (Bolander),
Tuckerman I. c. 1872. The specimens of this marked lichen
were only obtained with difficulty, and are scanty. It should be
further studied where it grows. Apothecia exceeding 2mm- in
width.

9. P. variabile (Pers.) Nyl. ; thallus crustaceous, adnate,
rimose-areolate ; lurid-ash-coloured ; the areoles of the circum-
ference scarcely now effigurate; apothecia of middling size or
smallish, adnate, rather flat; the dark-chestnut (blackening)
disk bordered conspicuously by a white (powdery) entire at
length flexuous margin, which is now concolorous with the disk ;
or obsolete, and the apothecia lecideoid. Spores ellipsoid, ^
mic. <Nyl. Scand. p. 138.

b. atro-album, Tuckerm. ; thallus yellowish-brown ; apothe-
cia small, distinctly zeorine ; a thin, demiss, white thalline mar-

PLACODIUM. 173

gin bordering a black and naked, marginate disk. Spores obso-
letely polar-bilocular (the spore-cells mostly approximate), ^|?

mic. Obs. Lich. 4, I c. p. 172.

a, Jurassic rocks, Rocky Mountains (Hay den), Tuckerman
Gen. 1872. Ancient potsherds, Utah, Dr. Palmer (Herb. Wil-

ley). b, cretaceous sandstone, and chalcedony, North Platte,

Rocky Mountains, Hayden. Lime-rocks, Utah, Lapham. P.

variabile is associable, through P. chalybceum (not as yet de-
tected here), with the effigurate species of the genus, but loses
at length every trace of a lobed margin. This is quite deficient
in b, which was referred by me at first to the near neighbourhood
of Lecanora erysibe. Another state of P. variabile with de-
pauperate or obsolete thallus and wholly black (lecideoid) apo-
thecia (on limestone, Alabama, Peters) is best comparable with
the European form Agardhianum, at least as exhibited in a speci-
men from herb. Koerb. ; upon which compare this author's ob-
servation in Parerg. p. 68.

* * * Callopisma. Thallus not effigurate (though now
squamulose) uniform ; the fruit more or less orange, except in
n. 20, 21, 22.

f Spores polar-bilocular, except in 18; in eights.

10. P. bolacinum, Tuckerm. ; thallus squamulose ; tawny-
yellow; the scattered scales coarse, convex, glebous-difform,
finally crenate ; apothecia middling-sized, sessile, soon convex ;
the orange, rusty-powdery disk with a thin, concolorous margin,

the thalline one mostly obsolete. Spores ellipsoid, ^ mic.

Lich. Calif, p. 18.

On sandstone and serpentine rocks (and what is perhaps the
same on mud walls), on the coast of California (Bolander), Tuck-
erman I. c. 1866. Apothecia lmm- to more than 2mra- wide.

11. P. cinnabarrinum (Ach.) Anz.; thallus rimose-areolate
and sub-effigurate ; or the now scattered areoles passing from the
first into often applanate and crenate-lobulate scales; them-
selves crowded together at length into a sub-imbricate crust ;
becoming dark-orange ; apothecia minute, adnate ; disk orange,
the paler margin entire. Spores ellipsoid, -^ mic. Leca-
nora, Ach. L. U. p. 402. Parmelia, Fr. L. E. p. 165.

A common rock-lichen throughout the United States, inhab-
iting alike granitic and calcareous rocks, from New England to

174 PLACODITJM.

Virginia, TucJeerman Gen. 1872. Kansas, on limestone, Hall.
South Carolina (on rocks, and apparently now on dead wood),
Mavenel Texas, on limestone, Wright. California, on sand-
stone, Bolander. Varying considerably in the development of
the thallus, as above noted ; and the spores commonly longer in
the Californian plant. The black hypothallus, described by
Acharius, and Fries, is not always to be made out.

12. P. microphyllinum, Tuckerm. herb. ; thallus squamulose ;
from dirty-greenish-yellow at length dirty-orange ; the adnate
scales crowded together into broken masses at the centre but
crenate-lobulate more or less at the circumference, bursting into,
and often concealed by heaps of yellow granules; apothecia
smallish, zeorine, adnate, flat ; dark- orange, the proper margin
sub-entire, the thalline one crenulate. Spores ellipsoid,^— mic.

On dead wood common on the coast of New England. Penn-
sylvania, Dr. J. W. Eckfeldt. Illinois, Hall. Texas, Wright.

California, Herb. Willey. Reminding one of the rupicoline

P. aurantiacum, v. coronatum, Krempelh. (Hepp. n. 637. Ra-
benh. 723), but very different in fact in its more or less distinctly
lobulate thallus. The habitat is yet one deforming many lichens ;
but I know not where to refer the plant.

13. P. citrinum (Hoffm.) Leight.; thallus effuse, minutely
;granulose, conglomerate at length in areole-like masses ; lemon-
•coloured ; on a white coanescent hypothallus ; apothecia small,
appressed ; disk waxy-yellowish and orange, the soon depressed
thalline margin sub-granulose, the thin, proper one often obso-
lete. Spores ellipsoid, ~ mic. Lecanora, Ach. Syn. p. 176,

a. Callopisma, Koerb. Syst. p. 128.

Lime-rocks, Neosho river, Kansas, Hall. Stones and mortar
in walls, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. W. Eckfeldt.

14. P. aurantiacum (Lightf.) Naeg. & Hepp.; thallus un-
even and chinky becoming soon warted and wrinkled, and
broken at length into areoles ; lemon-coloured, pale yellow, yel-
lowish-gray, gray, or finally now white; bordered and decus-
sated by a blackening hypothallus, which is often obsolete;
apothecia almost middling-sized, sessile, zeorine, flattish ; the
orange, saffron, or tawny disk bordered by a thin proper mar-
gin, and a stouter, at length crenulate thalline one, which is
now obsolete, and the fruit then quite biatorine. Spores ellip-

PLACODIUM. 175

sold, ^ mic. Parmelia, Fr. L. E. p. 165, a. Lecanora, Nyl.

Scand' p. 142.

Trees and rocks, as also on dead wood, throughout. Northern
and middle States, Muhleriberg Catal. 1818. Arctic America,
Ricliardson. Illinois, Kansas, and Missouri, Hall. Arkansas,
Peters. Maryland and Virginia, Tuckerman. Carolina and
Georgia, Ravenel. Alabama, Peters. Louisiana, Hale. Texas,
Wright. California, Bolander ; occurring now on cow-dung, Dr.
J. G. Cooper.

15. P. rupestre (Scop.) Br. & Rostr. ; thallus tartareous,
rimose-areolate ; ash - coloured ; often much reduced and at
length obsolete ; apothecia smallish, convex, adnate, biatorine,
but the proper margin soon disappearing; wax-coloured, and
tawny, becoming olivaceous-brown, and blackening. Spores

ellipsoid, simple, -jj^mic. Lecanora calva, Nyl. Scand.p. 147.

Lecidea rupestris, Th. Fr. Scand. p. 423.

Calcareous rocks. New York, Tuckerman Gen. 1872. Ver-
mont, Messrs. Russell and Frost. Georgia, Ravenel. Alabama,

Peters. Spores commonly simple, but now rather suggestive

of the type of the present group ; from which the lichen cannot
naturally be separated.

16. P. cerinum (Hedw.) Naeg. & Hepp.; thallus originally
contiguous, becoming chinky, and warted, and now sub-areo-
late ; from pale- at length very dark-ash-coloured, or leaden-
gray, or now disappearing; upon a bluish-black hypothallus;
apothecia middling - sized to small, lecanorine, sessile, often
rather elevated; wax -coloured, reddish - fulvous, olivaceous-
brown, or at length livid, sub-pruinose, the thin, opake thalline
margin often well distinguished in colour from the disk, but at
length concolorous, for the most part entire. Spores ellipsoid,

^ mic. Parmelia, Fr. L. E. p. 168, b & c excl Tuck, exs.

n. 93. Lecanora^ Nyl. Scand. p. 144.

b. sideritis, Tuckerm. in litt. ; thallus thickened ; of contigu-
ous, scale-like, becoming convex and warty areoles ; iron-gray ;
apothecia appressed, the fulvous-ferrugineous, naked disk soon
turgid and excluding the thin thalline margin. Spores as in a,
but scarcely as large. Lecanora, Tuckerm. Suppl. 1, 1. c. p. 426.

c. pyracea, Nyl. ; thallus thin ; whitish ash-coloured when not
obsolete, the hypothallus scarcely differing in colour ; apothecia

176 PLACODIUM.

small, becoming convex ; the yellowish-orange disk soon exclud-
ing the thalline margin, but bordered more or less by a thin

proper one. Spores as in a, but smaller. Nyl. 1. c. Fr. I. c.

var. o, and c.

Throughout our territory, common : a, on trees, as also on
dead wood, and mosses, and probably on stones. Northern and
middle States, Muhlenberg Catal 1818. Arctic America (on
mosses), Wright. Athabasca Lake, Macoun. Canada, etc.,
Agassiz. Ohio, Lea. Illinois, Hall. Virginia, Tuckerman. Caro-
lina and Georgia, Eavenel. Alabama & Arkansas, Peters. Lou-
isiana, Hale. Texas, Wright. California, Bolander. Oregon,
Sail &, on granitic rocks. New England, Frost, etc. Vir-
ginia, Curtis. This variety is a well-marked lichen which has
been referred (in Frost's original specimens) to P. ferrugineum
(v. fusco-atrum, Bayerh. ; Zw. exs. n. 96 ! ) by an European
lichenologist of experience : but I decidedly prefer the present
place for our plant ; and Koerber (Syst. p. 127) has taken a sim-
ilar view of Von Zwackh's. Whether ours is to be kept separate
or not, must depend upon a larger view of the foreign one than

I am able to take. c differs from a, much as a Biatora from a

Lecanora, and is now often separated as a species, but with
hardly sufficient reason. A similar lichen, which is in fact sub-
sumed under his var.pyracea, by Nylander 1. c. (the Lecidea ulmi-
cola of Borrer! in Hook. Brit. Fl. p. 185, and theCaloplaca luteo-
alba of Th. Fr. Scand. p. 190), exhibits, it is supposed always,
spores varying from the type in having the sporoblasts approxi-
mate ; but has not occurred here.

17. P. Jungermannice (Vahl) ; thallus encrusting mosses, very
thin; whitish or cinerascent; apothecia middling to smallish,
crowded, sessile, flattish, now lecanorine but soon taking on a
biatorine aspect ; the orange, finally fulvous, sub-pruinose disk
becoming tumid, and the at first stout, entire, or flexuous mar-
gin thinning out and disappearing. Spores ellipsoid, ^ mic.

Caloplaca, Th. Fr. Scand. p. 179. Lecanora fulvolutea, Nyl.

Scand. p. 146.

On the earth, upon mosses, Arctic America. Greenland ( Vahl),
Th. Fries 1. c. 1861. Great Bear Lake, etc., Richardson e Leight.
I c. Islands of Behrmg's Straits, Wright. British Columbia,
Macoun.

18. P. nivale (Koerb.) ; thallus much as in the last, but often

PLACODITJM. 177

perhaps darker ; apothecia small, crowded, adnate, now distinctly
lecanorine and now of biatoriue aspect ; the flattish, finally tumid
disk brownish-orange, fulvous, or rust-coloured, the entire bor-
der often darker. Spores linear-oblong or cymbiform, simple,
becoming at length bilocular with approximate sporoblasts, ^^

mic. Callopisma, Koerl. Syst. p. 129. Lecanora, Nyl. Lapp.

Or. p. 129.

On mosses, Greenland (Breutel), Nylander 1. c. 1866.

Known to me in an European specimen from the author. It is
another offshoot of the cerinum-stock, separated, more widely
than the last, by the long spores, which are not polar-bilocular.
The lichen occurs in Greenland, according to Nylander I c., with
the whole aspect of the muscicoline P. cerinum v. stillicidiorum
of authors.

19. P. sinapispermum (Auct.) Hepp.; thallus running over
mosses, thin, granulate ; whitish ; apothecia small to very small,
appressed, biatorine, soon convex and sub-globose ; fulvous-fer-
rugineous, becoming ferrugineous-brown, and blackening ; the
obtuse, entire, concolorous margin soon disappearing. Spores
ovoid-ellipsoid, ^^ mic. ; but in three otherwise similar speci-
mens from Behring's Straits the spores occur |^| mic. Blas-

tenia, Koerb. Syst. p. 184. B. leucorcea, Th. Fr. Scand. p. 392.

Upon mosses, in arctic and alpine regions. Greenland ( Vahl),
Th. Fries I c. 1861. Islands of Behring's Straits, Wright. Brit-
ish Columbia, Macoun. Eocky Mountains, Hall. An extreme

member of the stock of P. cerinum, looking toward the next
species.

20. P. ferrugineum (Huds.) Hepp.; thallus sub-cartilagin-
eous, at first contiguous, becoming chinky, verruculose, and
rugged; more or less ash- coloured, or now whitish; upon a
black, more or less obvious, or now even obsolete hypothallus ;
apothecia' from almost middling to small, for the most part
biatorine, sessile, flattish; disk opake, sub - pruinose, rust-
coloured, passing into red, and fulvous, bordered by a finally
crisped, persistent proper margin, which is now inclosed in a

demiss thalline one. Spores ellipsoid, -^ mic. Parmelia,

Fr. L. E.p. 170. Caloplaca, Th. Fr. Scand. p. 182.

b. Pottinii ; thallus thin, whitish, or obsolescent ; apothecia
biatorine, soon turgid ; olivaceous and blackening, more or less
greenish-pruinose ; the paler margin at length excluded, or
12

178 PLACODIUM.

concolorous. Blastema, Mass. Blast. ; Koerb. Parerg. p. 129.

Placodium, Anz. P. ferrugineum, v. nigricans, Tuck, in litt.

c. discolor, Willey in litt. ; tliallus thin ; pale yellowish ex-
cept where blackened by the hypothallus ; bursting into heaps
of yellow granules ; apothecia biatorine.

d. Wrightii, Tuckerm. in litt.} thallus thickish; whitish-
glaucescent besprinkled densely with white granules which
become isidioid j apothecia appressed, lecanorine, zeorine; and
biatorine, soon flexuous ; the disk dark-red.

Trees, dead wood, and rocks, as also, in high northern
regions, on mosses, common throughout our territory, a.
Greenland ( Vahl), Th. Fries I. c. 1861 ; as also in Alaska, Dr.
Kellogg. New England to Virginia, Tuckerman. Illinois, Hall.
N. Carolina, Curtis. Georgia, Ravenel. Alabama, Peters.
Texas, Wright. California (where among other rupicoline
states there is one, f. Bolanderi with obsolete thallus, but bright
vermillion-coloured apothecia, comparable with the f. miniacea,
Mihi, Obs. Lich. 4, I. c. p. 171, on bark, in South Africa, which
last differs in nothing but the colour from the S. African a),

Bolander. Oregon, Hall. b, on coniferous trees, especially

Red Cedar, and also on Elm, Massachusetts, Tuckerman. Ver-
mont, Russell. Maryland, Tuckerman. c, on Tupelo, and

Oak, Mount Desert, Maine, Tuckerman. New Bedford, Willey.

d, on trees, Western Texas and New Mexico, Wright.

The forms c, and d, deserve separate notice as much perhaps
as b, which is now recognized as European by authors. And
other probable conditions of the species, beside the curious f.
Bolanderi, have been sent to me from the Pacific Coast, but are
not as yet clear.

21. P. diphasium, Tuckerm. ; thallus sub-tartareous, origi-
nally contiguous, becoming rugged and verrucose-granulate ;
greenish - glaucescent ; apothecia small, adnate, lecanorine;
disk plano-convex, from wax-coloured becoming reddish-brown
and livid-black, thinly green-pruinose, bordered now by a thin
proper margin, and always inclosed by a depressed, crenulate

thalline one. Spores ovoid - ellipsoid, ^ mic. Lecanora,

Suppl. 1,1. c. p. 426. Placodium, Obs. Lich. 3, I. c. p. 287.

On various trees, Texas ( Wright), Tuckerman I. c. 1858.

22. P. camptidium, Tuckerm. ; thallus thin and sub-cartila-
gineous, originally contiguous, from smooth becoming chinky

PLACODIUM.

and broken, and finally waited; brownish-ash-coloured ; con-
ditioned more or less in colour and bordered by a black hypo-
thallus; apothecia of middling size and smallish, biatorine,
sessile ; the flattish, rufous, white-pruinose disk surpassing at
length the obtuse, white, entire or finally fuscescent and flexu-
ous proper margin, which is rarely surrounded by an obscure

thalline one. Spores ellipsoid, ^ mic. Lecanora, Obs. Lich.

2, 1. c. p. 403. Placodium, ibid., 3, I c. p. 287.

Trees and rails from southern Pennsylvania and Maryland
throughout Virginia, Tuckerman I. c. 1862. Massachusetts, on
Beech, Willey. Ohio, Miss Biddlecome. Illinois, Hall. North
Carolina, Curtis. South Carolina and Georgia, Eavenel. Texas,
Wright. Oregon, Hall. A well marked lichen; but states of
it may be passed over for Lecanora subfusca ; or now for forms
of the variable Biatora rubella.

23. P. Floridanum, Tuckerm. ; thallus thin, contiguous, un-
even at length broken ; glaucous-cinerascent, limited more or less
and otherwise conditioned by a black hypothallus ; apothecia
minute, adnate; disk flat, brownish-black, opake, obsoletely
margiuate, with an entire, at length concolorous thalline border.

Spores ellipsoid, ^ mic. Lecanora, Obs. Lich. 2, 1. c. p. 402.

Placodium, ibid., 3, I. c. p. 287.

On bark, West Florida (Beaumont], and Texas (Wright),

Tuckerman I. c. 1862. Also in the island of Cuba, Wright.

Resembling small states of Einodina sophodes.

f f Spores with approximate spore-cells (not polar -bilocular),
for the most part numerous in the thekes. Thallus now stalked,
now effigurate, and now uniform.

24. P. Spraguei; thallus effuse, made up of short trunks
which are crowded together into a papillate crust, expanding
now at the outer edge into lobulate squamules; greenish-yellow;
apothecia of middling size, flattish ; disk tawny-yellow, the ob-
tuse margin soon flexuous, and crenate. Spores from fusiform
at length club-shaped and acicular, bilocular and irregularly
broken up within, often curved, ^^ mic.

On the earth upon rocks, Colorado, Brandegee] comm. Ch.

Jas. Sprague. With the aspect of the finer conditions of P.

vitellinum, but clearly, though often only obscurely, stalked. I
also regard the remarkable development of the spores as indi-

180 PLACODIUM.

eating only an advance in the same direction of known condi-
tions of the vitellimtm-SQOTQ. Apothecia seen lmm- to imm-? 5
wide. Paraphyses becoming thickened and like the spores. The
last seen only in eights.

25. P. crenulatum (Wahlenb.); thallus orbicular, crenate-
granulose, opake ; lemon-coloured ; radiately effigurate at the
circumference, the lobes crenate incised; apothecia of almost
middling size ; pale-lemon-coloured, bordered by a creuate thai-
line margin. Spores 20-40 and more in the thekes; ellipsoid

and oblong, simple and obsoletely bilocular, ^jj- mic. Leca-

nora crenata, Nyl. Lapp. Or. p. 130. Caloplaca cremilata, Tli.
Fr. Scand. p. 187.

Maritime rocks, Greenland (Vahl), Th. Fries 1. c. 1861.—
The only specimen known to me as yet by this name (Labrador,
Krempelhuber) might quite as easily be called a well-developed,
high-northern condition of the next species ; and little more is
suggested by Nylander's character of the lichen. Wahlenberg
however (Fl. Lapp. p. 416) describes his plant as having thin,
and exceedingly narrow (and Th. Fries adds sub-linear) lobes,
which suggests something different.

26. P. vitellinum (Ehrh.), Naeg. & Hepp. ; thallus effuse,
tartareous, of small, rounded, at length squamaceous and cre-
nate-lobulate granules, which are crowded mostly into areole-
like heaps, but occur now scattered; bright-greenish-yellow;
apothecia clustered for the most part, middling to small, sessile,
flat, or at length convex; tawny-yellow, darkening also, and
olivaceous, with a soon granulate - crenate thalline border.
Spores numerous (12-30 and more) in the thekes; simple and

bilocular, -^ mic. Fr, L. E. p. 162, excl b. Nyl Scand.

p. 141.

b. aurellum, Ach. ; thallus dispersed and disappearing ; the
small apothecia entire.

Dead wood and rocks, common; as also occurring on the
earth. Northern and middle States, Muhlenberg Catal. 1818.
Arctic America (Fort Franklin), RicJiardson. Behring's Straits,
Wright. Illinois and westward, Hall. Rocky Mountains, Parry;
Hall. Texas, Wright. New Mexico, Fendler. California, Bolan-

aer. b} on rocks, Canada, Mr. Drummond. Missouri and

Kansas, possibly, Hall; but not clear. The spores of this

LECAXORA. 181

species vary from 8 (Nylander; including probably the Calo-
placa subsimilis, Th. Fr. Scand. p. 181, which is not said to
differ otherwise) to 12, 24, and apparently now as to many as
40. Our plant appears to be better developed than the Euro-
pean as known to me, and abundant apothecia are now found
of l£-2 mic. diameter.

27. P. luteo-minium, Tuckerm. ; thallus crustaceous, thin,
squamaceous-glebous, granulose, and obsolescent ; dirty-white ;
apothecia of almost middling size, biatorine; the flat disk from,
orange becoming vermillion-coloured, and the entire, obtuse
margin radiately striate. Spores 8-12 and more in the thekes;
oblong and bean-shaped, bilocular, ^J mic. Lich. Calif, p. 18.

On the earth. San Diego, California, Dr. J. G. Cooper. The
spores are very various in number, occurring 3, -4, -8 (the last
commonly), -10,-12, and over, in the thekes; and once observed
4-locular.

XXXI. — LECANOBA, Ach., Tuckerm.

Apothecia scutellseform, now zeorine. Spores from ellip-
soid passing into oblong ; simple 5 or rarely 2-4-locular ; or
elongated-fusiform and 4-plurilocular, colourless. Sperma-
tia oblong, or staff-shaped ; or needle-shaped and bowed ;
on sub-simple sterigmas. Thallus crustaceous ; either lobed
at the circumference 5 or, very rarely, suffruticulose ; or,
and for the most part, uniform.

* Cladodium. Thallus fruticulose. Spores simple.

1. L. Bolanderi, Tuck.; thallus csespitose, dichotomously
much-branched ; greenish-straw-coloured ; the branches of the
rounded, rather loose clumps erect, terete, with papillaeform,
obtuse tips ; apothecia of middling size, sub-terminal ; the disk
naked, from yellowish-flesh-coloured becoming tawny, with a
tumid, rather entire thalline margin. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid,
^± mic. Obs. Lich. I. c. 6, p. 266. Gen. Lich. p. 111.

Metamorphic sandstone rocks on the Pacific Coast, Marin
county, California (Bolander), Tuckerman I. c. 1864.

l(b). L.thamnitis,TvLcls..', thallus papillate-fruticulose, made
up of short, erect, fastigiately divided trunks which are crowded
densely together in an effuse crust (or pass now into compact,

182 LECANORA.

rounded peltate clumps) ; pale-straw-coloured ; apothecia mid-
dling to ample, sub-terminal ; disk from pale-yellowish passing
into tawny-red, margin crenate. Spores ovoid - ellipsoid, -(

mic. Lick. Calif, p. 20.

Sandstones of the Pacific Coast ; Oakland hills, and S. Bruno

(Bolander), Tuckerman I c. 1866. L. Bolanderi offers effuse

conditions; as L. thamnitis, first observed only in such state,
passes finally into peltate ones, like the other; but the two
lichens, in large sets of specimens, are, so far, distinguishable.
They are placed however here, with the next following one,
under the same number, as probably only forms of one species.

L. rubina, of the next division, which exhibits monophyl-

lous, and peltate, together with complicate, almost branched
states, illustrates the transition of Squamaria into Cladodium ;
and sufficiently perhaps explains the rather surprising diversity
of the latter group.

l(c). L. pliryganitis, Tuck.; thallus ochroleucous ; stout,
rimulose-rugulose, forming rounded patches, made up at the
centre of short, erect, obtuse branches, which are elongated, and
decumbent at the circumference ; apothecia middling to ample,
lateral, sub-sessile ; disk pale-brick-coloured, margin flexuously
lobed. Spores oblong- ellipsoid, ^^ mic. Lich. Calif, p. 19.

Coast standstones (" usually in depressions, forming in them
round patches") from Mission Dolores to the Ocean (Bolander},
Tuckerman I. c. 1866.

** Squamaria. Thallus lobed ; sub-foliaceous. Spores
simple.

2. L. lentigera (Web.) Ach. ; thallus crustaceous-foliaceous,
thickish, radious; greenish- white, more or less white -pruinose ;
at the circumference lobed, sinuately cut, and crenate, but
broken at the centre into areole-like divisions; [apothecia of
middling size, adnate ; the disk reddish-buff-coloured, the thin
thalline margin persistent. Spores oblong- ellipsoid, c. ^- mic.]

Parmelia, Fr. L. E. p. 103. Lecanora, Nyl. Scand. p. 130.

Parmelia crassa, a, Schcer. Spicil. p. 431.

Calcareous earth, Bad Lands of Judith, Nebraska (infertile),

Hayden. Referable here rather than to the closely allied L.

crassa ; which has not occurred with us.

3. L. gelida (L.) Ach. ; thallus crustaceous, adnate, chinky,

LECANORA. 183

but more or less radious ; dirty white ; with a laciniate-lobate
circumference ; smooth, or beset often with white soredia ; and
bearing also a large central, or several smaller and scattered,
brown, radiately chinky warts; apothecia smallish, adnate;
disk, pale brick-coloured and blackening, with a very entire,
tumid thalline margin. Spores ellipsoid, ^ mic. Squama-
ria, Nyl. Scand. p. 134.

Rocks, Greenland (Vahl), Th. Fr. I. c. 1861. White Moun-
tains, Willey. Oregon, Hall. British Columbia, Macoun.

4. L. thamnoplaca, Tuck. ; thallus tartareous ; tawny ; of
turgid, crenate scales which are crowded together at the centre
and become coalescent, but pass at the circumference into
rather lax, narrowed, convex, sinuately cut lobes; apothecia
middling-sized, innate -superficial ; disk reddish-black, exceed-
ing the stout, entire margin. Spores ovoid- ellipsoid, -|^ mic.
Gen. p. 113, note.

Rocks, near Humboldt city, Nevada (Bolander), Tuckerman
I. c. 1873. Rocky Mountains (Yellowstone exp., Coulter), Herb.
Willey. Apothecia lmm-, 5-2mm-, wide.

5. L. rubina (Vill.) Ach. ; thallus cartilagineous, sub-folia-
ceous, peltate ; now monophyllous ; but passing oftener into
several to many round-lobed, cut-crenate, finally branch-like
divisions ; greenish-straw-coloured ; for the most part black
beneath; apothecia middling to ample, appressed; disk from
pale yellowish becoming tawny and red; the thin, flexuous

thalline margin disappearing. Spores ellipsoid, —^ mic.

Parmelia chrysoleuca, Fr. L. E. p. 113. P. rubina, Schcer.
Spicil. p. 435. Squamaria chrysoleuca, Nyl. Scand. p. 131.

6. heteromorpha,Ach., thallus more or less rimose-rugulose,
pitted beneath ; apothecia concolorous becoming pale-brown.
L. rubina, ft heteromorpha, Ach. L. U. fide Nyl. Squamaria
peltata, Nyl. Scand. p. 132.

c. opaca, Ach., Fr.; disk decolorate, pale-olivaceous and black.
Squamaria melanophthalma, Nyl. I. c.

Rocks, a, Arctic America (Richardson), Hooker I c. 1823.
New England, Tuckerman. Shores of Lake Superior, Agassiz.
Kansas, Hall. Rocky Mountains, Hayden. New Mexico, Fend-

ler. Texas, Wright. California, H. Mann. Oregon, Hall &,

Organ Mountains, Texas (with a), Wright. Oregon (with a),

184 LECAtfORA.

Hall. Cj Organ Mountains, Texas, with a and &, Wright.

Eocky Mountains, M. A. Brown. California, Bolander. The
New England lichen, however clearly related to the western
forms of a (through Anz. Ital. n. 158 ; comp. Tuck. Gen. p.
113) is always inferior, and passes at length into an effuse,
glebous, scarcely lobed condition, here observed on dead wood,
but in Kansas (E. Hall) on rocks, which is not the same with
the European v. disperso-areolata, of Schserer, and Anzi.

6. L. Haydeni, Tuck. ; thallus sub-foliaceous, thickish, cori-
aceous-cartilagineous, lacero-laciniate, chinky ; greenish-straw-
coloured; beneath reddish-brown, naked; the divisions sinu-

ately lobed, crenate, white tipped, convolute .... Obs.

Lick. 3, I c. p. 297.

Upon the earth ("in most places detached and blown about
by the wind, sometimes even drifted ; found in situ where the
ground is moist : there is no wood or rocks for it to be attached
to"), Laramie plains, Nebraska (infertile) (Hayden), Tuckerman

1. c. 1864. The specimens are all alike, and could not have

been attached to any substrate. Apothecia unknown.

7. L. muralis (Schreb.) Schaer.; thallus tartareous-cartila-
gineous, crustaceous-foliaceous ; from glaucous-greenish becom-
ing pale-yellowish-brownish ; lobes of the circumference sinu-
ately divided, multifld, passing at the centre into crowded,
crenate scales, or finally areolate ; apothecia small to middling,
appressed; from pale -yellowish becoming tawny-brown, with

an at length crenate and flexuous thalline margin. Spores

ellipsoid, •—• mic. Squamaria saxicola, Nyl. Scand. p. 133.

Parmelia, Fr. L. E. p. 110, max. p. P. muralis, Schcer. Spirit,
p. 417, max. p.

a. saxicola, Schser. ; lobes flattish, normally coloured. L.

saxicola, Auctt. pi.

b. Garovaglii, Anz.; the elongated, convex, flexuous lobes

plicate-radious, normally coloured. Anz. Lich. Langob. n.

270. Placodium, Koerb. Parerg. p. 54.

c. diffracta, Fr.; thallus darkened more or less, and even
fulvous, and brick- coloured ; the scales reduced to discrete are-
oles and black-margined ; lobes of the circumference abbrevi-
ated. Lich. Eur. p. 111.

d. Semitensis ; thallus reduced to scattered, small, glebous,
straw-coloured scales which become finally crenate-lobate and

LECAl^ORA. 185

black-edged, but form no effigurate circumference; apothecia
soon turgid and heaped ; disk livid-brown, white-pruinose, the

blackening margin soon excluded. L. Semitensis, Tuck. Obs.

Lich. 4, I, c. p. 172.

e. versicolor, Fr.; thallus reduced, thinner, concrete, very
pale, white-powdery. Nyl. Scand. I. c.

Eocks (and rarely dead wood), a, northern and middle States,
Halsey View/ 1823 ; and, following the mountains southward, to
Alabama, Peters. Texas, Wright. Missouri & Kansas, Hall.

California, Bolander. b, North Platte, Hay den. Nevada,

Bolander. c, California, very common and varied, Bolander.

— d, Yosemite, Bolander ; not to be separated widely from c.

e, confined to calcareous rocks ; Missouri, Prof. C. U. Shep-

ard. Kansas, Hall.

8. L. pinguis, Tuck. ; thallus incrassated-tartareous, adnate,
areolate-verrucose j dull-olivaceous-gray, becoming sulphur-col-
oured ; as always within ; areoles of the centre scarcely a little
discrete and squamiform, but becoming at the circumference
radious-plicate j apothecia ample, adnate ; the turgid, yellow-
ish-flesh-coloured disk sub-pruinose, the crenate margin at

length flexuously lobed. Spores oblong, ^^ mic. Obs. Lich.

3, 1. c. p. 268.

Coast sandstones, Oakland, etc., California (Bolander), Tuck-

erman I. c. 1864. Scarcely less emgurate than L. circinata,

and now recalling even L. concolor to mind. Apothecia 2mm-, 5
to 5mm- wide.

* * * Eulecanora. Thallus uniform. Spores ellipsoid, and
small, and, in the larger number of species, simple (n. 9-24), but,
in a few, bi-quadri-locular (n. 25-27), or they occur elongated and
needle-shaped, and 4-plurilocular (n. 28-30), or very large and
simple (n. 31, 32). Spermatia in the larger part long and bowed;
but short, and straight in n. 19, 20, and 28 ; as in n. 31 and 32.

f Spores ellipsoid, simple.

9. L. pallida (Schreb.) Scha3r.; thallus thin, membranace-
ous-cartilagineous, smoothish; cream-coloured and darkening;
apothecia sessile, tumid ; whitish-buflf, white pruinose, the thin,

very entire margin disappearing. Spores ellipsoid, -^ mic.

Parmelia, Scliar. Spicil. p. 396. L. albella, Auctt.

186 LECANORA.

b. cancriformis, Tuck. ; tliallus thickening and finally verru-
cose; apothecia middling to ample, turgescent; with a livid-
flesh-coloured and reddish, gray-pruiuose disk, and a thick,
flexuous, and at length crenate and lobate margin ; now finally

proliferous. Verrucaria cancriformis, Hoffm. D. Fl. p. 171.

Lecanora ccesio-rubella, Ach. L. U. p. 366 ; Syn. p. 167.

c. angulosa, Hoffm. ; apothecia small, soon crowded and
angulate-difform ; the livid-brownish disk glaucous-pruinose.
L. albella v. angulosa & v. cinerella, Auctt.

Trees and rails, throughout North America, Hoffmann I c.
1796. Northern and middle States, Muhlenberg. Maryland,
Tuckerman. Virginia and Carolinas, Curtis ; Ravenel. Georgia,
Havenel. Alabama, Beaumont. Florida, Chapman. California,
Bolander. Oregon, Hall. Arctic America, Richardson.

10. L. miculata, Ach. ; thallus thin, granulate, dirty- white ;
apothecia flat or with age a little convex, brownish-glaucous,
pruinose, the persistent, tumid thalline margin at length flexu-
ous and crenate. Syn. p. 164.

Trees, North America (Muhlenberg), Ach. I. c. 1814.

Quite unknown to me. I associate with it provisionally how-
ever a not uncommon Lecanora (Pennsylvania and Virginia,
Myself; Ohio, Lea ; Arkansas, Peters j South Carolina, Eavenel ;
Louisiana, Hale ; Texas, Wright), the granulate- verrucose, glau-
cescent thallus of which, as well as the flattish, reddish-brown,
pruinose apothecia may keep it apart. Apothecia of this lmm- 2,
to 2mm- wide ; spores ^^ mic.

11. L. frustulosa (Dicks.) Mass. ; thallus tartareous, gle-
bous-sub-squamaceous, the roundish, turgid warts becoming
flattened and effigurate ; either dispersed, or crowded and sub-
imbricate; from glaucous- now yellowish - white ; apothecia
smallish to middling, sessile ; disk reddish-brown and blacken-
ing, soon convex, naked ; the persistent margin entire or sub-

crenate. Spores ellipsoid, -^ mic. Parmelia, Fr. L. E. p.

141. Lecanora, Koerb. Syst. p. 139. L. argopholis, & L. frus-
tulosa, Ach., Nyl. Scand.p. 166.

Kocks. Greenland (Valil), Th. Fries I. c. 1861. White
Mountains, alpine, Tuckerman. Vermont, Frost. Colorado,
JBrandegee in herb. Sprague. California, Bolander,

12. L. Cenisia, Ach. ; thallus tartareous, made up of coarse,

LECANORA. 187

glebous granules, which are scattered, or pass finally into a ver-
rucose - areolate crust; glaucous - whitish or cinerascent; apo-
thecia smallish to middling, sessile, more or less evidently zeo-
rine ; disk finally convex, dirty-yellow, livid, and blackening,
with a thin ashy bloom ; the thalline margin now persistent and
soon crenate, or depressed and disappearing, leaving only the

sub - marginate disk. Spores ellipsoid, ^^ mic. Syn. 163.

Parmelia, Fr. L. E. p. 180. Zeora, Koerb' Syst. 137.

Eocks ; and on the earth. On schist, Wantastiquet Moun-
tain, Vermont (Frost), Tuckerman Gen. 1871. Metamorphic
sandstone, on the coast of California ; and on the earth in the

Tosemite, Bolander. So close to L. subfusca, v. atrynea,

Ach., that some do not separate the two; but the present is a
marked lichen, and is admirably represented in the cited speci-
mens.

13. L. sordicla (Pers.) Th. Fr. ; thallus tartareous, contigu-
ous, rimose-areolate, now somewhat effigurate ; glaucous- and
brownish-white ; apothecia smallish to middling, innate becom-
ing superficial, and from flattish soon convex or even globular,
.more or less zeorine ; the disk from pale becoming livid, and
black, pruinose; the depressed, entire thalline margin disap-
pearing at length, and the apothecia quite lecideoid. Spores

ellipsoid, -^ mic. Parmelia, Fr. L. E. p. 178, max. p. excl. p.

Lecanora, Th. Fr. Scand. p. 246. L. glaucoma, Ach., Nyl. Scand.
p. 159.

Kocks. Arctic America (Richardson), Hooker I. c. 1823. New
York, Halsey. New England, Tuckerman. Colorado, Brandegee

in herb. Sprague. California, Bolander. The lichen is now at

length readily mistaken for a Lecidea.

14. L. subfusca (L.) Ach. ; thallus cartilagineous, contigu-
ous, soon chinky, and becoming granulate-verrucose ; glau-
cescent, dirty-white, or cinerascent; apothecia plano-convex;
disk reddish-brown, and blackening, naked; the persistent,
erect thalline margin entire, or now flexuous, or crenate.

Spores ellipsoid, ~ mic. Syn. p. 157, pr. p. Parmelia,

ScJicer. Spicil. p. 389, pr. p. ; Enum. 73, max. p. Lecanora,
Nyl. Scand. p. 159, pr. p. SUzerib. in Bot.^Zeit. 1868, n. 52, pr.p.

a. allophana, Ach. ; thallus soon granulate-verrucose ; apo-
thecia at length middling-sized ; dark-brown ; the at first entire
margin becoming flexuous and crenate. Spores of the full size

188 LECANORA.

attained by the species. Lich. Univ. p. 395. L. allophana,

L. rugosa, L. mesophana, & L. Parisicnsis, Nyl.

b. hypnorum, Schser. ; thallus running over mosses, vari-
ously irregular; whitish; apothecia at length middling- sized.

Spores as in a. L. subfusca, v. epibryon, Sommerf., & Auct*

L. epibrya, Nyl.

c. argentata, Ach. ; thallus thinner and smoother ; whitish ;
apothecia smaller ; with mostly entire margin. Spores smaller.
Lich. Univ. p. 393. Nyl, I, c. Stizenb. I. c.

d. coilocarpa, Ach. ; thallus thinnish but becoming wrinkled
and broken; whitish; apothecia small, sub -entire, black.

Spores as in c. Lich. Univ. p. 393. Nyl. 1. c. Stizenb. I. c.

L. coilocarpa, Nyl.

e. distans, Ach. ; thallus thin, pale ; apothecia small, flat-
tish, pale, with a crenulate margin ; often minute. Spores still

smaller than in the preceding. L. distans, Ach. L. U. p. 397.

L. distans, v. chlarona, Ach, 1. c. L. subfusca v. chlarona, dein
L. chlarona, Nyl.

Trees, dead wood, rocks, stones, etc., throughout North
America, Muhlenberg Catal. 1818 ; b being however confined to
alpine districts ; as Mackenzie river; Great Slave Lake ; etc.,

Richardson; and islands of Behring's Straits, Wright.

Although it doubtless requires some experience to recognize
this very common lichen in its various forms, nothing appears
to have been gained by the recent attempts to break up the
natural group into so-called species. Some twenty of these
have been named, but their characterization is far from suffi-
cient. In L. subfusca, as here understood, the naked disk is

without proper margin : but this feature shews itself at length
in a minute southern form referable to e (f. diploloma) South
Carolina, Eavenel.

15. L. Hagenij Ach.; thallus thin but passing into verrucu-
lose conditions, or, more often, disappearing ; dirty-greenish, or
ash-coloured, or whitish ; apothecia small to very small, adnate,
thin, flattish ; from pale to reddish-brown, becoming livid, and
blackening, naked or gray-pruinose ; the thin margin very com-
monly and now persistently crenate ; or at length entire ; often
concolorous with the disk ; or now excluded. Spores ellipsoid,
7~ mic. Lich. Univ. p. 367, excl. v. p ; Syn. p. 167, excl. p.

LECA^ORA. 189

Koerb. Syst. p. 143. Th. Fr. Scand. p. 250. L. umbrina, Mass.
Nyl.

b. Sambuci (Pers.) ; thekes 12-16-sporous. Lecanora Sam-
bud, Nyl. Th. Fr.

a, Rocks, dead wood and trees. Greenland ( VaM), Th. Fries
I c. 1861. Canada, Drummond. Northern and middle States,
Michener; Tucker man^ etc. Ohio, Lea. Illinois, Hall. Vir-
ginia, Curtis. Kansas and Missouri, Hall. Alabama and Ar-
kansas, Peters. Rocky Mountains, Hayclen. California, Bolander.

Oregon, Hall. b, trees, Weymouth and New Bedford, Willey.

1 am unable at present to discriminate here a L. albescens,

Th. Fr., var. /5 of which, as exhibited in Hepp. n. 65 has been
referred by Nylander to the present species, as later to the one
first-mentioned, under the name of L. galactina, Nyl. ; though
it may occur with us. The two plants are very similar.

16. L. granifera, Ach. ; thallus papillate-granulate, becom-
ing at length warty-rugged ; glaucescent and cinerascent ; more
or less lemon-coloured within ; upon a blackening hypothallus ;
apothecia smallish, sessile, flattish ; the disk (pale, livid) red-
dish-brown and blackening, now sub-marginate, the stout, very
entire thalline margin at length crenulate. Spores ellipsoid,

^H mic. Syn. p. 163. L. granifera & L. mesoxantha, Nyl. N.

Gran. p. 33; Syn. N. Caled. p. 28. L. sorediifera, Fee Ess. p.
114, t. 28, /. 3.

Trees in the warmer regions of the earth. Florida, at
Gainsville, Eavenel ; at Cotoosa river, Austin.

17. L. atra (Huds.) Ach. ; thallus cartilagineous, soon gran-
ulate, and rugged- warty ; or the warts passing into areoles ;
glaucescent, or whitish -ash -coloured; apothecia smallish to
middling, innate becoming sessile, flattish ; the very black pol-
ished disk at length tumid j black within ; the persistent thal-
line margin for the most part very entire; now blackening.

Spores ellipsoid, ^^ mic. AcJi. Syn. p. 146, a. Nyl. Scand.

p. 170. Parmelia, Fr. L. E. p. 142, a.

Rocks and trunks. Northern and middle States, Muhlenberg
Catal. 1818. Arctic America, Richardson. Carolina and Flor-
ida, Eavenel. Alabama, etc., Peters. Louisiana, Hale. Texas,
Wright. California, Wright. Spermatia scarcely bowed.

18. L. atriseda, Nyl. ; thallus of scattered or contiguous, more

190 LECAXORA.

or less convex, coppery-brown areoles with a black edge becom-
ing at length elevated; apothecia smallish to middling, ap-
pressed ; disk chestnut-brown, soon convex, and finally exclud-
ing the thin, entire thalline margin. Spores ellipsoid, obtuse

at the ends, ^ mic. Nyl. Scand. p. 170. L. atrocincta, Th.

Fr. Scand. p. 268.

Alpine rocks, White Mountains, Tuckerman. 1 have but

little of our lichen, but consider it not to differ from one of the
specimens of Fr. Licli. Suec. n. 369, answering perfectly to
the description of L. atriseda ; from which last L. atrocincta,
Th. Fr. is mainly distinguished by the full evolution of the
black edge of the areoles ; this black edge being at first less
obvious, though plainly determined by the hypothallus common

to both. The present is certainly a member of the badia-

stock; it is interesting therefore that, according to Dr. Th.
Fries, the spermatia, in his cited plant return, in all respects,
to the ordinary type of those of the subfusca-group.

19. L. badia (Pers.) Ach. ; thallus cartilagineous, rimose-
areolate, now sub-squamulose, or now warty; from ash-coloured
becoming lighter or darker olivaceous brown, often polished;
apothecia smallish to middling-sized, sessile, flat or finally con-
vex; dark-chestnut and black, shining; with a thick, persis-
tent margin which is entire, or at length flexuous-crenate, and
becomes concolorous with the crust, or blackens. Spores fusi-
form-ellipsoid, ^ mic. Syn. p. 154. Koerb. Syst. 138. Nyl.

Scand. p. 170.

Eocks, sub-alpine. Arctic America (Richardson), Hooker
I. c. 1823. White Mountains, TucJcerman. Tadousac, Canada,

Drummond. The passage of true Lecanora badia ( Anz. Lich.

Ital. n. 167) into Lecideoid conditions (Psora cenea, Anz. n. Ill,
& Psora Garovaglii, Anz. n. 112) appears scarcely questionable.

—The spermatia of this species are short and straight.

20. L. phceobola, Tuckerm. ; thallus papillate-granulose, the
minute granules polished, olivaceous-brown; apothecia small-
ish, appressed; disk reddish-brown, shining, soon turgid, and
the thin, entire thalline margin disappearing. Spores fusiform-
ellipsoid, -j^ mic. Gen. Lich. p. 115.

On bark of Libocedrus and Abies, California (Bolander),

Tuckerman 1. c. 1872. The lichen has the aspect of a Bia-

tora ; but much to associate it with L. badia ; with which it
agrees in the spermatia. The specimens are scanty.

LECA^ORA. 191

21. L. Willeyi, Tuckenn. in litt.-, thallus verruculose,
heaped and rugged; dark-greenish-ash-coloured, and, in the
exciples, olivaceous; apothecia small, appressed, flattish soon
flexuous ; the dark-red disk somewhat polished ; bordered by a
thin, entire, or at length crenulate margin, which is finally ex-
cluded by the now irregularly turgid disk. Spores ellipsoid,

4?»*.

Chestnut rail fences, Amherst, Mr. Willey; and others.

New Jersey, Austin. The common, final condition of the

apothecia is cuplike, the turgid circumference of the disk en-
closing its depressed centre. A similar deformation is observ-
able in another rail-lichen with pale crust, and brownish-red
fruit which is rather perhaps comparable withi. varlaf. aitema
of some. But there is also some similarity in L. Willeyi to con-
ditions of L. bad <«.

22. L. Pacifica, Tuckenn. herb. ; thallus thin, contiguous,
smoothish, becoming chinky and verruculose ; dirty- white ; apo-
thecia at length middling-sized, appressed, flattish ; disk from
pale-yellowish soon tawny, and finally black, with a thin green-
ish or whitish bloom ; the persistent margin soon flexuous and
crenulate. Spores ovoid- ellipsoid, ^^ mic.

Trees on the Pacific Coast. California, Bolander. Oregon,

Hall. Close to L. subfusca v. sylvestris, Nyl. (Mandon Licli.

Mader. n. 1, which is made by Stizenberg I. supra c., to include
an Italian lichen — L. subfusca v. glabrata f. azurea, Anz., with
pruinose fruit) but neither the colours nor the spores seem quite
to agree. The plant is common and very observable among
the bark-lichens of our Western Coast.

23. L. atrosulpJmrea (Wahl.) Ach. ; thallus tartareous, of
glebous, heaped granules, finally running together and becom-
ing areole-like; pale - sulphur-coloured ; apothecia smallish,
appressed ; the soon convex, black, naked disk excluding the
thin, entire thalline margin. [Spores ellipsoid, -|y mic.] —
Nyl. Scand. p. 166. Th. Fr. Scand. p. 257. Parmelia, Fr. L.
E. p. 160.

Rocks, Arctic America. Greenland (Vahl), Th. Fries I.e.
186 1.

24. L. varia (Ehrh.) Nyl.; thallus areolate - verruculose ;
pale-greenish or yellowish, or whitish; apothecia smallish to
middling-sized ; the disk from pale-yellowish passing into buff,

192 LECANORA.

flesh-coloured, and rufescent, thin; as is the erect, entire, or
crenulate, finally excluded margin. Spores oblong- ellipsoid,
^- mic. Nyl. Scand. p. 163.

a. thallus thin, cartilagineous ; apothecia small to very small,
crowded, sessile, flattish; 'the persistent thalline margin sub-
entire, or crenulate, or deliquescent and powdery. Parmelia

varia, a, pr. p. Fr. L. E. p. 156. Tuck. exs. n. 92. Th. Fr.
.Scand. p. 259.

b. polytropa, Nyl. ; thallus thickened, becoming sub-tartare-
ous, rimose-areolate, or now granulate and heaped, or sub-
squamulose, or obsolete; apothecia at length middling-sized,
sessile, flat ; concolorous, or yellowish-flesh-coloured, finally
flexuous ; with a very entire margin, which is at length ex-
cluded. Nyl. 1. c. Farm, varia v. polytropa, Fr. L. E. p. 158,

jpro p

c. intricata, Nyl. ; areoles distinct, flat, and sub-effigurate ;
.apothecia of the size of those of a, adnate; soon black and
lecideoid. Nyl. I. c.

d. symmicta, Ach. ; thallus thin ; the apothecia of the size of
those of a, soon convex and biatoroid; disk pale-yellowish to
pale-brick-coloured, and rufous, and blackening, quite exclud-
ing the 'thin, entire margin. Fr. L. E. I. c. Nyl. I. c.

e. scepincola, Fr. ; thallus thickened, glebous-granulate ; apo-
thecia of the size of the last, semi-immersed, convex, immargi-

nate, reddish, olivaceous, and black, slightly pruinose. Fr.

L. E. 1. c. Nyl. I, c.

a, common on trees, dead wood, and stones, northern and
middle States, Mulilenberg Catal. 1818. Ohio, Lea. Illinois, Hall.
Maryland, Tuckerman. Carolina, Ravenel. Texas, Wright. Cal-
ifornia, Bolander. Oregon, Hall. 6, c, alpine and sub-alpine

rocks, Arctic America (Richardson), Hooker I. c. 1823. White

Mountains, Tuckerman. d, as a, common throughout. e,

dead wood, common.

24(&). L. Cupressi, Tuckerm. in litt. ; thallus granulate,
becoming densely verrucose; greenish-glaucescent ; apothecia
smallish to middling-sized, sessile, flattish; the finally turgid
disk naked, from bright-lemon-coloured at length brownish-
orange ; the incurved margin crenulate. Spores oblong, ^
mic.

LECANOKA. 193

On Cupressus Thyoides, North Carolina, Curtis. New Jer-
sey, Austin. Massachusetts, Willey. On Taxodium, South

Carolina, Dr. Mellicliamp. Florida, Austin. This, and the

next, are our two finest exhibitions of the stock of L. varia.

24(c). L. orosthea (Sin.); thallus thin, powdery, pale-
greenish-sulphur-coloured; apothecia smallish to middling-
sized, sessile ; pale-buff, white-pruinose, the disk equalling the
entire, at length flexuous thalline margin, or tumid and exclud-
ing it. Spores ellipsoid, ^| mic. L. expallens, Ach. L. U. p.

374; Syn.p. 171. Borr.! in Hook. Br. Fl. 2, p. 181. L. varia,
v. coniscea, Nyl. Scand. p. 163.

Beech and other trunks in New England, Tuckerman. New
Jersey, Austin. This lichen is ill-represented by such Euro-
pean specimens as I have seen. In Japanese (f. Japonica, MM
Obs. Lich. 4, 1. c. p. 173) the apothecia reach 3mm- in diameter,
and the spores ~® mmm., but the plant is entirely the same
with the North American ; as that is with that of Europe.

25. L. Oregana, Tuckerm. ; thallus of coarse, crowded and
heaped, now confluent, wart-like areoles, which become some-
what stalked at the centre; greenish-yellow; apothecia mid-
dling to ample (lmm- 5, -3mm- wide) ; the rufous, naked disk bor-
dered by an incurved, flexuous-crenulate margin. Spores
broad- ellipsoid, and rounded, simple, colourless, -£J- mic. Sper-
matia bowed.

Rocks, coast of Oregon, Herb. Sprague. The colour and
habit of the thallus relate the lichen to L. varia, but the apo-
thecia rather recall those of L. subfusca.

1 1 Spores ellipsoid, 2-4-locular.

26. L. Brunonis, Tuckerm. ; thallus of minute, glebous, be-
coming confluent and squamaceous, and imbricated granules ;
tawny-brown, also pallescent; apothecia smallish; disk rusty-
brown and blackening, sub-marginate, at length turgid and
.excluding the finally crenulate, now concolorous thalline margin.

Spores ellipsoid-oblong, bilocular, ^ mic. Gen. Lich. p. 116.

Sandstone and serpentine rocks, Mountains of San Bruno,
and on the Oakland hills, California (Bolander), Tuckerman I. c.
1872. Apothecia Omm-, 8 to lmm-, 5 wide.

27. L. athroocarpa (Dub.) Nyl.; thallus very thin, verrucu-
13

194 LECANORA.

lose, or oftener disappearing ; brownish-ash-coloured or white ;
apothecia small to very small, sessile ; the disk soon convex,
from pale becoming dark-brown and blackening, excluding the
thin, entire thalline margin. Spores 8-16 in the thekes, oblong,

often a little curved, 2-4-locular, ^ mic. Nyl. Scand. p. 168.

Lecania fuscella, etc., Mass. Koero.

Trees and shrubs, Tuckerman Gen. 1872. British North
America, Richardson in herb. Tayl. Canada, and British Colum-
bia, Macoun. Massachusetts, on Poplar, etc., Willey. Illinois,

Hall. North Platte, Hay den. California, Bolander. Spores

various ; often very largely simple ; and again appearing as if
only bilocular, though really reaching finally the 4-locular stage.
L. dimera, Nyl., Th. Fr. (Norll. Fenn. n. 141, agreeing en-
tirely with plants, also on Poplar, from British Columbia, Ma-
coun, and New Bedford, Mass., Willey) is separable by no other
note than that the spores do not exceed the bilocular condition.

Spermatia here first observed by Mr. Willey, needle-shaped,

and arcuate, about I6mmm- long.

28. L. castanea (Hepp.) Th. Fr. ; thallus granulose, cinera-
scent, or obsolete; apothecia of middling size, thin and flat;
disk from reddish-brown becoming dark-liver-coloured, more or
less sparingly pruinose ; the thin, sub-entire margin soon con-
colorous, and disappearing. Spores oblong-ellipsoid becoming
fusiform-oblong, very commonly simple but at length 2-4-locular,

^ mic. Biatora, Hepp. exs. n. 270. Lecanora, Th. Fr. Scand.

p. 272. L. rliypariza, Nyl. Scand. p. 169; Lapp. Or. p. 134.
Pannaria curvescens, Mudd Man. p. 125.

Growing over mosses, in alpine districts. Greenland (Vahl),
Th. Fries I. c. 1861 . Rocky Mountains, with Pannaria Hypno-

rum, Hall. Twin Lakes, Colorado, Wolf. Spores now obso-

letely 1-3-septate according to Nylander (Lapp. Or.), on which
compare Th. Fr. Scand. p. 271. I find the spores commonly and
quite regularly 2-3-4-locular in Hepp's specimen; as in Anz.
Langol). n. 277 ; and perfectly bilocular, with septum, in our Col-
orado one.

t t t Spores needle-shaped, k-plurilocular.

29. L. punicea, Ach.; thallus thin, chinky, then wrinkled
and granulate ; glaucescent ; apothecia small, closely sessile ;
the flattish disk scarlet, about equalling the thin, sub-entire, or
finally flexuous and crenulate margin. Spores needle-shaped,

LECANORA. 195

8-16-locular, ^ mic. Ach. Syn. p. 174. Nyl. Syn. N. Caled.

p. 30.

Trees, and also on rocks. South Carolina (Ravenel), Tuck-
erm. Gen. 1872. Florida, Beaumont. Alabama, Peters. Louis-
iana, Hale. Texas; and New Mexico (rocks), Wright.

30. L. ventosa (L.) Ach.; thallus incrassated, tartareous,
areolate-verrucose, the areoles at length rimulose - rugulose ;
greenish -sulphur- coloured j apothecia middling to ample, ap-
pressed, more or less zeorine, at length irregular ; disk blood-
red, naked, sub-marginate, soon convex and excluding the entire
(or more rarely rugose-crenate) thalline margin. Spores acicu-

lar, 4-8-locular, ^ inic. Syn. 159. Parmelia, Fr. L. E. p.

153. Schar. Spicil. p. 405. Tuck. Lich. exs. n. 21.

Alpine rocks. Arctic America (Richardson), Hooker I. c.
1823. Greenland, Vahl Islands of Behring's Straits, Wright.
White Mountains, Tuckerman. Adirondack Mountains, New
York, Peck.

31 . L. elatina, Ach. ; thallus thin and powdery, becoming
densely granulate ; pale-yellowish-white ; apothecia smallish to
middling, sessile, more or less distinctly zeorine ; disk from pale
at length dark-reddish-brown, somewhat pruinose, soon convex
and knobby ; the obscure, irregular thalline margin soon disap-
pearing. Spores fusiform-acicular, curved, 4-6-locular, ^j- mic.

— Nyl. Scand. p. 174. Parmelia, Fr. L. E. p. 152.

b. ochrophcea ; thallus incrassated and sub-tartareous, smooth-
ish but soon wrinkled and verrucose; glaucescent; apothecia
elevated- sessile, flattish; the thalline margin sub-persistent.

— Biatora, Tucker m. Syn. N. E. p. 61. Parmelia, Ejusd. Lich.
exs. 91, 111.

c. minor; thallus very thin, cartilagineous, smoothish, rimu-
lose ; greenish-ash-coloured ; apothecia small to very small, flat-

tish, bimarginate ; the disk white-pruinose. Hcematomma Cis-

monicum, Beltram. cit. Hepp. in Fl. Eur. n. 104 ?

Bark and dead wood of coniferous trees. New England,
Tuckerman Syn. 1848. Adirondack Mountains, New York, Peck.
Canada, Drummond. Black Mountains of North Carolina, Cur-
tis. & is perhaps the most perfect state of the species, and

may well occur in Europe, as compare Th. Fr. Scand. p. 299, on
a Norwegian specimen ; but the ordinary European form occurs

196 LECANORA.

also here, and is marked by its densely powdery, yellowish thal-
lus, in which the fruit comes to appear immixed j such speci-
mens contrasting with the smooth, glaucescent thallus and ele-
vated, finally also larger fruit of the other. c is a small but

marked form, not appearing to differ from the cited Italian one.

t t t t Spores very large, simple.

32. L. pallescens (L.) Schaer. j thallus from sub-cartilagineous
and chinky or plicate, at length sub-tartareous and tuberculose-
rugose ; dirty-white ; apothecia middling to ample, tumid ; the
more or less white-pruinose, and roughened disk from pale- or
now yellowish- white becoming flesh-coloured ; the erect margin
very entire, or now rugose-verrucose. Spores ellipsoid, ^ mic.

Schcer. Enum. p. 78. Parmelia, Fr. L. E. p. 132. Tuck.

Exs. n. 90.

&. rosella, Tuck. ; the margin of the apothecia throwing out
several to many processes meeting at the centre, and dividing
the disk radiately into smaller ones. Gen. Lich. p. 125.

Upon rocks (rarely with us), dead wood, trees, and mosses
probably throughout North America. Northern and middle
States, MuJileriberg Catal. 1818. Arctic America, Richardson.
Maryland and Virginia, Tuckerman. North Carolina, Curtis.
South Carolina, Eavenel. Florida, Chapman. Texas, Wright.

California (rocks, well-marked), Bolander; and also trees.

&, northern and middle States, Muhlenberg, etc. 1 incline to

refer also here rather than to the next species a common bark-
lichen of the Pacific Coast (California, Bolander; Oregon, Hall;
British Columbia, Macoun; Alaska, Kellogg) which, with the
thinner, chinky crust of the present, offers entirely naked, and
at length reddish-brown apothecia.

33. L. tartarea (L.) Ach. ; thallus thick, tartareous, granu-
late-conglomerate passing into nodulose, and isidioid conditions ;
grayish- white ; apothecia middling to ample, at length large;
the rugulose disk from yellowish-brown becoming brick-coloured,
naked ; the thick thalline margin very entire or wavy. Spores
ellipsoid, ^ mic. Parmelia, Fr. L. E. p. 133.

Upon rocks, and on the earth, mosses, etc. Northern and
middle States, Halsey, 1823. Arctic America, at Cumberland
Gulf, Howgate exp. Ohio, Miss Biddlecome. Virginia and
North Carolina Mountains, Curtis. Mountains of South Caro-

LECANORA. 197

lina, EaveneL Specimens on bark, referable here, are sent

from Oregon (Lyall; Hall), in which the large apothecia become

perfectly zeorine. A f. rosella, entirely analogous to L. pal-

lescens, b, has, been found at Cumberland Gulf (Howgate exp.),
and might seem possibly the key to the also arctic L. tartarea v.
pertusarioides, Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. p. 100 ; but this author now
makes of his lichen a Pertusaria rhodoleuca, Lich. Scand. p.

306. Rock specimens of this and the immediately preceding

species are well-distinguishable ; and L. pallescens is a familiar
tree- and dead wood-lichen j but the present is not so satisfac-
torily determinable on bark. So far as observed by me the

spores of the present are rather smaller than in L. pallescens ;
and this appears also to be noted by European lichenographers.

* * * * AS pi cilia. Thallus now lobed (n. 33 ) or uniform.
Apothecia innate, more or less concave. Spores ellipsoid, simple.
Spermatia now needle - shaped, and now short -staff -shaped,
straight.

34. L. melanaspis (Wahl.) Ach. ; thallus thick becoming
turgid, crustaceous-foliaceous ; ash-coloured and whitish ; pass-
ing at the centre into wart-like areoles, but extended at the cir-
cumference into linear, multifid, stellate-imbricate lobes ; apo-
thecia smallish to middling, closely sessile; the more or less
tumid, blackish-brown disk sub-marginate, and now pruinose ;
the thalline margin very entire. Spores ellipsoid and rounded,

_j$ mic. Parmelia, Fr. L. E. p. 122. Lecanora alphoplaca,

Nyl. Scand. p. 152.

Rocks. Greenland (Vahl), Th. Fries I. c. 1861. Bourbon
County, Kansas (on limestone), Hall. Yosemite Valley, Califor-
nia, Bolander. The specimens all belong to the f. alphoplaca }

from which a Lapland form, not as yet known here (L. alpho-
placa, v. melanaspis, Nyl. 1. c. L. melanaspis, v. stellata, Th.
Fr. Scand. p. 229) differs in its smaller size, and thinner and
darker-coloured thallus.

35. L. oculata (Dicks.) Ach. ; thallus cartilagineous-tartare-
ous, papillate-ramuliferous ; ashy- whitish ; apothecia smallish
to middling, sessile, flattish; disk black, sub-marginate; the
turgid, entire thalline margin often blackish, at length excluded.

Spores ellipsoid, ^ mic. Ach. Syn. p. 148. Parmelia, Fr.

L. E. p. 135. Lecanora, Nyl. Scand. p. 156.

198 LECANOKA.

Incrusting mosses, etc., in alpine districts. Greenland ( VaM),
Th. Fries I. c. 1861. Islands of Behring's Straits, Wright.

35(b). L. glaucomela, Tuckerm. ; thallus cartilagineous, con-
tiguous, smooth finally wrinkled ; greenish-glaucescent ; apothecia
smallish to middling, sessile, flat ; the rugose-crenulate thalline
margin scarcely surpassing the black, sub-marginate disk.
Spores (in a single series in strap-shaped thekes) ellipsoid, ^
mic. Gen. Lick. p. 118, note.

On Abies, and Pinus, California (Bolander), Tuckerman I. c.

1872. Oregon, Hall. Spores now similarly disposed in L.

oculata\ of which the present is scarcely more than a sub-

36. L. verrucosa (Ach.) Laur. ; thallus tartareous, verru-
cose ; glaucous-white ; apothecia small, from immersed becom-
ing superficial and sub-sessile, concave, and urceolate; the
black disk bordered by a thin proper margin hidden more or
less by the rounded, inflexed thalline one. Spores roundish-
ellipsoid, |^ mic. Th. Fr. Scand. p. 273. Urceolaria, Ach.

Syn. p. 240.

b. mutaWis,Th. Fr. ; thallus thinner, wrinkled and warted ;
from ash-coloured becoming pale-yellowish, and livid.

#, upon mosses and the earth in alpine districts. Greenland
(Vahl), Th. Fries I. c. 1861. Rocky Mountains, Brandegee in
herb. Sprague. Yosemite Valley, California (on an old stump,

but not differing), Bolander. b, on dead wood, New York,

Miss Wilson. Massachusetts, Mr. Willey.

37. L. cinerea (L.) Sommerf. ; thallus sub-tartareous, areo-
late-rimose; glaucous-ash-coloured, whitish, and now blacken-
ing ; the hypothallus also blackening ; apothecia small to almost
middling, innate (or emergent) flattish; the mostly persistent,
entire thalline margin commonly blackening. Spores rounded,
ovoid, and ellipsoid, ^ mic. Nyl. Scand. p. 153.

1. Icevata, Fr. ; thallus thin, smooth, less chinky; glaucous-
lurid; the hypothallus continuing pale; apothecia immersed,
concave, often irregular. Spores as in a. Fr. L. E. p. 145.

c. gibbosa, Nyl.; thallus tartareous, thickish, rugged and
soon warted or glebous; dark-ash-coloured; apothecia becom-
ing superficial. Spores rather larger. Nyl. Scand. I. c.

LECA^ORA. 199

Rocks, a, Arctic America (Ricliardson), Hooker I c. 1823.
Canada, Drummond. New York (as throughout New England,
and northern and middle States), Halsey. Alabama, Peters.
California, Bolander. &, rocks in moist places, White Moun-
tains, Tuckewian. Alabama, Peters. c, Canada, Drummond.

New England, where also on rails, Tuckerman. California, very
fine, Mann ; Bolander.

37(&). L. calcarea (L.) Sommerf. ; thallus tartareous, areo-
late-verrucose ; glaucescent, or white, now mealy ; apothecia as
in the last preceding, but a thin proper margin becoming at
length distinguishable ; and the disk commonly gray-pruinose.
Spores as in the preceding, b. Nyl. Scand. p. 154.

o. contorta, Fr. ; areoles discrete, irregular, depressed at the

circumference; pale-greenish-lead-coloured, L. calcarea, f.

Hoffmanni, Nyl. I. c.

Calcareous rocks. New York (as throughout the northern
and middle States), Halsey, 1823. Kansas, Hall. Utah, Lap-
ham. Rocky Mountains, Hayden. 6, Greenland (Vahl), Th.

Fries I c. 1861. Kansas, Hall, Texas, Wright. Alabama,
Peters.

37 (c). L. cinereo-rufescens, Nyl. ; thallus tartareous, smooth,
rimose-areolate, the areoles commonly discrete; upon a black
hypothallus ; apothecia of the size of those of L. cinerea, but
the flattish naked disk rusty-red. Spores ovoid, smaller than in
any other member of the group, -^ mic. Nyl. 1. c. p. 154.

Rocks, alpine summit of Mt. Hood, Oregon, Hall. The

lichen of Hepp. n. 625 ; but doubtless the L. alpina of Th. Fr.
Scand. p. 283, as well by the locality, as the reaction with potash.

37(d). L. lacustrls (With.) Nyl.; thallus thin, smooth, rimu-
lose; pale-brick-coloured; apothecia small, immersed, and more
commonly urceolate; reddish or brownish. Spores ellipsoid,
™* mic. Nyl. I. c. p. 155.

Rocks often inundated. Greenland (Vahl), Th. Fries I. c.
1861. New England, Tuckerman. Alabama, Peters.

38. L. odor a (Ach.); thallus tartareous but thin, rimulose-
areolate ; pale-ash-coloured ; apothecia small to very small, im-
mersed, concave; disk yellowish-flesh-coloured; the thin, de-
pressed, smooth margin paler. Spores ovoid- ellipsoid, ^J mic.
Gryalecta, Schcer. Spicil. p. 80. Fr. L. E. p. 197.

200 LECANORA.

Granitic rocks. Notch of the White Mountains, Tuckerman
Gen. 1872.

39. L. epulotica (Ach.) Leight. ; thallus tartareous, rimulose,
pale ; apothecia immersed, concave, colourless, or pale-roseate ;
the thick, irregular margin angled or contracted. Spores as
in&.

b. subepulotica, Nyl. ; thallus thickened, coarsely verrucose-
areolate; apothecia small, soon superficial and plano-convex;
pale flesh-coloured and reddish. Spores ovoid- ellipsoid, ^ mic.
Nyl. in litt. olim.

a, on limestone ; not observed here. &, on granitic rocks.

Vermont, Russell. Massachusetts, Tuckerman. Canada, Drum-

mond. This and the last-preceding species are closely akin.

What is here referred to L. odora does not differ from Schaer.
Lick. Helv. n. 36, but has only been found once. L. subepulotica
was determined by Nylander in the Vermont specimen ; but the
others now closely approach Zw. exs. n. 114, referred by Koerber
to a state of L. odora ; our American specimens differing how-
ever from the last species in smaller spores.

40. L. Bockii (Fr.) Th. Fr.; thallus tartareous, areolate-
verrucose ; from pale becoming tawny- and blackish-brown ; on
a black hypothallus ; the discrete areoles now flat and angulate,
and now gibbous and wart-like, commonly scattered ; apothecia
small, sessile; disk (now continuing punctiform) black, now
papillate or at length plicate ; the thick, entire thalline margin

persistent. Spores ovoid- ellipsoid, ^ mic. Th. Fr. Scand.

p. 269. Parmelia, Fr. L. E. p. 150. L. sophodopsis, Nyl. in
Flora, 1876,1). 233; 1878, jp. 204.

Granitic rocks, New England, Tuckerman, Frost, etc. A

not uncommon but difficult lichen, which is easily overlooked or
misunderstood.

* * * * * Acarospora. Thallus locate or squamulose pass-
ing into areolate ; or deficient. Apothecia innate for the most
part and concave. Spores very minute and numerous.

41. L. molybdina (Wahl.) Ach. ; thallus tartareous, adnate,
stellate-radious, the lobes linear, breaking up more or less into
verrucose areoles ; from light- becoming dark-umber-brown, and
black ; apothecia small to very small, innate, becoming a little
prominent ; disk urceolate, brownish-black ; with a proper mar-

LECANORA. 201

gin more or less distinct from the tumid thalline one. Spores

oblong, very numerous and minute. Nyl. Scand. p. 173.

Parmelia, Fr. L. E. p. 126.

a. vulgaris, Schser. ; thallus thick ; the proper margin of the

apothecium mostly undistinguishable. Lichen molybdinus,

WaJil. Lapp. p. 418, t. 29, f. 1. Lecanora, Ach. L. U. p. 430.

6. ereutica, Wahl. ; rather less thick and coarse ; the proper
margin distinct. Wahl. I c. Fr. I. c.

c. microcyclos, Wahl. ; smaller, the thallus thinner and flat-
ter; the apothecia impressed. Wahl. 1. c. Fr. I. c.

a, Maritime rocks. Greenland, Fries I. c. 1831. Elsewhere

in Arctic America, Kane. &, Tadousac, Canada, Drummond.

c, Mt. Desert, Maine, Tuckerman.

42. L. chlorophana (Wahl.) Ach. ; thallus tartareous, adnate,
areolate-verrucose, smooth, lobed and radious at the circumfer-
ence; bright-lemon-coloured; apothecia small to almost mid-
dling, becoming superficial >nd sessile ; the pale, naked disk at
length brownish- or gamboge-yellow, and turgid, excluding the
entire, now flexuous thalline margin. Spores at length oblong ;

very numerous and minute. -L. U. p. 436. Lichen, Wahl.

Lapp. p. 416, t. 28, /. 2. Parmelia, Fr. L. J&. p. 117.

Alpine rocks, as also on those of lower elevation, westward.
Greenland ( Vahl), Th. Fries I. c. 1861. Organ Mountains, Texas,
Wright. Rocky Mountains, Colorado, Lapham. ' Islands of
Great Salt Lake, Utah, Watson. Alpine County, and Monte
Diablo, California, Lapham ; Bolander. Dalles of the Columbia,
Hall. — —None of our plants appear to be referable to the var.
oxytona of the south of Europe, which is indeed (at least in
Schaer. Helv. n. 335) ill enough distinguishable ; though generally
admitted by authors.

43. L. xanthophana, Nyl.; thallus squamulose; scales pel-
tate, round-lobulate, soon reduced to angulate areoles, either
flat or turgescent, scattered or crowded; lemon-yellow; apo-
thecia small to almost middling, innate ; disk impressed or flat,
dark-red (and blackening) with an entire, more or less evident,

thalline margin. Spores very numerous and minute. Nyl.

Lich. And. Boliv. in Ann. Sci. 4, 15, p. 379. L. bella, Nyl. Chil.
in Ann A, 3, p. 156. L. chrysops, Tuckerm. Suppl. I, I. c. p. 425.

202 LECA^ORA.

b. dealbata, Tuck. ; thallus white ; disk of the apothecium
black.

Eocks. Organ Mountains, Texas, and Mt. Carmel, Mexico
(Wright), Tuckerman Gen. 1872. Rocky Mountains, Hayden.
Uintah Mountains, Utah, Watson. Nevada, Lapham. Coast of
California, Bolander. Coast of Oregon, Hall. Missouri and
Kansas, Hall Arkansas, Peters. Aiken, South Carolina, Eave-
nel. New Jersey, Austin. Riviere du Loup, Canada, C. G.

Pringle. As also in Chili and Bolivia, alt. 13,000 ft. Nyl.

&, calcareous rocks. Organ Mountains, Texas, Wright. Rocky
Mountains, Hayden. California, Bolander. Spores, as de-
fined by Nylander, of about the size of those of the last species ;
but I find them also larger, and varying, in 6, from ovoid-ellip-
soid, about 3mmm- long, and from 60-80 in number in the thekes,
to oblong, -|^ mic., and now only about 30 in the thekes.,

44. L. Schleicheri (Ach.) Nyl.; thallus tartareous, softish,
areolate-sub-lobate ; the areoles soon crowded, convex, and rii-
gulose; sulphur-yellow; apothecia small to middling-sized, in-
nate ; disk flat, dark-reddish-brown, and black, marginate ;
with a thin sub-crenulate thalline margin. Spores rounded;

very minute, and numerous. Urceolaria, Ach. L. U. p. 332.

Schcer. Spicil. p. 356. Parmelia, Fr. L. E. p. 130.

On the earth, Rocky Mountains, alpine (Hay den, Parry, etc.),
Tuckerman Gen. 1872. Coast of California, at San Diego, Dr.
Cooper -j at Mission Dolores, Bolander.

45. L. cervina (Pers.) Nyl.; thallus tartareous-cartilagine-
ous, areolate-squamulose ; scales sub-peltate, crenate-lpbate,
crowded more or less and finally imbricate ; from yellowish- be-
coming dark-livid-chestnut; apothecia smallish to middling-
sized, impressed becoming superficial ; the flat disk reddish-
brown, naked ; the entire thalline margin at length obsolete.

Spores very minute and numerous. Nyl. Scand.p. 174. Aca-

rospora castanea, Koerb. Parerg. p. 58. a. squamulosa, Th. Fr.
Scand. p. 213.

b. thamnina, Tuckerm. ; thallus developing below into

crowded, branched trunks which support the scales. Gen.

Lick. p. 120.

Rocks in the Western mountains, and on the Pacific Coast.
Mountains of Montana, and Nevada, Lapham. Yosemite Val-

LECA^OKA. 203

ley, California, Bolander. A much less developed lichen refera-
ble here has occurred in Vermont, Frost. The western plant is
now undistinguishable from Schser. Lick. Helv. n. 341 (on lime-
stone)— to whicn the Vermont lichen (on granitic rocks) comes
nearest, — but passes into ascendant and imbricate conditions of
far greater luxuriance, explained however, if I mistake not, by
An/. Langobard. n. 328 ; which suggests also the remarkable
overgrowth of b. The last development may be said indeed to
take its start from the very commonly observable and long since
described stalked or peltate structure of the scales in a ; and to
stand therefore to a, in a relation not unlike that of L. rubina

v. complicata, Anz., to the peltate type of that species.

Spores not satisfactorily exhibited in any of my specimens : they
should be considerably larger than those of the next following
lichen ; as compare the European descriptions cited. There
can be no doubt however that our <L. cervina is a member of the
same species with the European.

45(&). L. glaucocarpa (Wahl.) Ach. ; thallus of rounded, scat-
tered, or more -rarely crowded and imbricate scales ; pale-
greenish-brown ; apothecia middling to ample, solitary, flat;
reddish-brown, gray-pruinose ; the entire thalline margin per-
sistent. Spores very minute and numerous. Ach. L. U. p.

410. Nyl. Scand.p. 175. Th. Fr. Scand. p. 211.

b. verrucosa, Anz. ; scales reduced to small, scattered, round-
ish, convex, green areoles ; bloom of the fruit fugacious.

Licli. Langob. n. 329.

Calcareous rocks. Vermont (Frost), Tuckerman Gen. 1872.

Utah, Watson. Arctic America, Richardson fide Leighton.

b, Kansas, Hall. Texas, Wright.

45(c). L. fuscata (Schrad.) Th. Fr.; thallus cartilagineous,
squamulose; the scales flattish or concave, crowded or scat-
tered, lobulate ; from pale- at length dark- chestnut ; apothecia
small, immersed becoming superficial ; the rufous-brown, naked
disk rugged and papillose. Spores very minute and numerous.
— Th. Fr. Scand. p. 215. L. fuscata & L. peliscypha, Nyl.
Scand. p. 175. L. peliscypha, Tuckerm. Calif., Gen. Lich. 121.

b. rufescens, Th. Fr. ; scales flat, and more or less discrete ;
the imperfect apothecia immersed, punctiform. Th. Fr. I. c.

204 LECANORA.

Parm. cervina, v. discreta, Fr. L. E. p. 127. Acarospora sma-
ragdula, Auctt.

c. Sinopica, Schser.; the last, tinged red by oxide of iron.
Nyl. I. c.

d. oligocarpa, Nyl. ; spores much larger, and reverting finally

to the normal number, in the thekes. Acarospora glebosa,

Koerb. Syst. p. 156. L. cervina, v. glebosa, Tuckerm. Gen. p. 121.

Granitic rocks, a, b, Arctic America (Richardson), Hooker

1. c. 1823. b, throughout the northern and middle States,

common ; and west to Kansas, Hall ; and California, Bolander.
c, alpine rocks, White Mountains, Tuckerman. d, Cali-
fornia, Bolander.

45(<i). L.privigna (Ach.) Nyl. ; thallus deficient ; apothecia
small to minute, sessile, appressed; scattered or crowded densely
into clumps; orbicular becoming variously difform (angulate,
lirellate), the dark-red disk finally black ; bordered by an ele-
vated, persistent, black margin ; and finally rugged and con-
torted. Spores ellipsoid, very numerous and minute. Le-

cidea, Ach. Meth. p. 49. Sarcogyne, Koerb. Syst. p. 266, a.
Lecanora simplex (Dav.) Nyl. Biatorella, Th. Fr. Scand. p. 407.

b. pruinosa, Auctt. ; apothecia small to middling, scattered,
appressed, or now sunken in the matrix ; the rather convex disk

gray-pruinose. Sarcogyne, Koerb. I. c. Lecanora, Nyl. Scand.

p. 176.

c. Clavus, Koerb. ; apothecia middling to ample ; short-stipi-
tate, rounded, becoming wavy and difform ; disk reddish and
blackening, naked; the thick, wrinkled, and chinky margin
finally disappearing; the hypothecium at length blackening.
Koerb. Syst. p. 266. Biatorella, Th. Fr. Scand. p. 409. Le-
canora cervina, v. eucarpa, Nyl. Stereopeltis Carestice, De Not.
(Anz. Langob. n. 381.)

d. revertens, Tuck, ; apothecia not unlike those of the last,
but smaller and more regular; with thinner margin. Spores
few, and at length in 8s, in the thekes ; ellipsoid, and oblong-
ellipsoid, -^ mic. Gen. Lich. p. 122.

Rocks, a, granitic, from Canada, Drummond, and the north-
ern States, to Tennessee, Ravenel, Alabama, Peters, and Cali-
fornia, Bolander. b, limestone, Canada, Drummond. New

205

England, Tuckerman. Kansas, Hall. Texas, Wright. c, New

England, Tuckerman. Georgia, Ravenel. California, Bolander.

d] Colorado^ Herb. Sprague. California, Bolander.—. — The

earlier name, simplex, Dav., recently revived, is wholly without
signification, which can hardly be said of the other.

XXXII.— RINODINA, Mass., Stizenb., Tuckerm.

Apothecia scutellseform, more often zeorine ; now lecid-
eine. Hypothecium mostly colourless. Spores ellipsoid,
bilocular; rarely 4-plurilocular 5 brown. Spermatia oblong
or staff shaped 5 on sub-simple sterigmas. Thallus crusta-
ceousj lobed at the circumference in a few species; but
more commonly uniform.

* Dimelcena. Thallus lobed. Spores bilocular.

1. JR. radiata^ Tuckerm. ; thallus crustaceous-adnate, tarta-
reous-cartilagineous, rimose-areolate becoming radiously lobed
at the circumference ; glaucescent ; the hypothallus black ; apo-
thecia small, innate, now emergent ; disk plano-convex, finally
tumid, black, white-pruinose ; the thalline margin entire ; now
blackening; or disappearing. Hypothecium brownish-black.

Spores short-ellipsoid, obtuse, ^ mic. Obs. Lich. 4, 1. c. p.

173. Buellia, Lich. Calif, p. 25. "

b. fimbriata, Tuck. ; thallus depauperate, uniform, but
fringed by the hypothallus. Obs. Lich. I. c.

Rocks on the coast of California (Bolander), Tuckerman I. c.
1866. Apothecia Omm-, 5-Qmm^ 8 wide.

2. R. thysanota, Tuckerm. ; thallus adnate, verrucose-areo-
late, with a radiously lobed circumference ; brownish- olivaceous ;
apothecia small, lecanorine, sessile ; disk blackish-brown ; the
tumid margin entire. Spores short-ellipsoid, obtuse, ^ mic.

— Obs. Lich. 4, I c. p. 174.

Rocks at about 7000 ft. alt., Alpine County, California, Lap-
ham. Coast of Oregon, W. C. Cusick in herb., Sprague. A

marked species ; but the specimens are scanty.

3. R. nimbosa (Fr.) Th. Fr. ; thallus membranaceous-cartil-
agineous, squamulose ; scales crowded more or less and coales-

206 KDsTODIN'A.

cent, or now reduced and glebous at the centre, but expanding,
imbricate, lobate and crenate at the circumference ; pale-yellow-
ish becoming tawny, often gray-pruinose ; apothecia smallish to
almost middling, innate; disk flattish, brownish-black, sub-
marginate ; thalline margin tumid, entire. Spores -^ mic. —
Parmelia, Fr. L. E.p. 129. Lecanora, Nyl. Scand. p. 148.

Naked earth in alpine districts. Greenland (Vahl), Th.
Fries I. c. 1861. Rocky Mountains in Colorado, Brandegee in
herb. Sprague.

4. M. oreina (Ach.) Mass. ; thallus adnate, tartareous-cartil-
agineous; verrucose- areolate ; from greenish - straw - coloured
becoming yellowish; areoles now crenate, passing into a ra-
diously lobed circumference, which is more or less black-edged ;
apothecia smallish, lecanorine, innate, at length superficial and
sub-sessile ; the disk becoming turgid, and black ; the thalline
margin obtuse and very entire, or now disappearing, and the
apothecia lecideoid. Spores short-ellipsoid, obtuse, -|y mic. —
Lecanora, Schcer. Enum. p. 67. Nyl. Scand. p. 147. Parmelia,
Fr.L. E.p. 113.

Rocks. New England and Canada, Tuckerman Enum. 1845.
Tennessee, Eavenel. Kansas, Hall. Rocky Mountains, Hayden.
California, Bolander. Peripheral lobes now obsolete.

5. E. chrysomelcena (Ach.) Tuckerm. ; thallus sub-membra-
naceous, areolate-squamulose ; scales commonly discrete, flat,
rounded, more or less lobed ; pale- to bright-yellow ; apothecia
almost middling-sized, lecanorine, appressed, flat ; disk dark-
red, and blackening ; the persistent, stout, entire thalline mar-
gin at length wrinkled and flexuous. Spores J^ mic. Syn.

p. 148. Tuck. Syn. N. E. p. 37.

Rocks. Pennsylvania, Mulilenberg Catal. 1818. North Car-
olina, Schweinitz. Georgia, Eavenel. Massachusetts, Willey.
—Apothecia lmm- to I""1-, 5 wide.

* * Eurinodina. Thallus uniform. Hypothecium colour-
less; except in n. 13, and 14. Spores Ulocular ; except in n. 15.

6. E. Ascociscana, Tuckerm.; thallus of membranaceous,
adnate, rounded, concentrically wrinkled, scale-like areoles,
which run together more or less, forming a chinky crust ; from
greenish- becoming pale-cinnamon-brown ; apothecia smallish
to middling -sized, sessile; disk plano-convex, scabrous and

RINODDTA. 207

wrinkled, from pale- at length reddish -brown, and blackening ;
the thick, entire, or atJength crenate thalline margin persistent.

Spores J^j niic. Gen. p. 124. Pann&ria, Tuck. Suppl. 1, I. c.

p. 424.

Trunks and rocks. White Mountains, Tuckerman I. c. 1858.
Vermont, Frost. Massachusetts, Willey. Illinois, Hall. Can-
ada, Drummond. Arctic America, Richardson in herb. Taylor.
Apothecia Omra-, 8 to lmm>, 5 wide.

7. E. turfacea (Wahl.) Nyl.; thallus incrusting, verrucose-
granulate; from white at length brownish- ash- coloured; apo-
thecia from smallish to middling-sized, appressed or sessile, flat-
tish; dislf brownish -black, dull; thalline margin elevated,

entire or rugulose, persistent. Spores ^^ mic. Th. Fr. Scand.

p. 195, a.

b. roscida, Th. Fr. ; apothecia white-pruinose. Th. Fr. I. c.

c. mniarcea, Nyl. ; apothecia soon convex, excluding the mar-
gin ; the disk from dark- cinnamon- coloured blackening. Nyl.

Scand. p. 151.

On the earth, and running over mosses, in alpine districts.
Greenland (Vahl), Th. Fries I. c. 1861. Islands of Behring's
Straits (a, &, c), Wright. White Mountains (a), Tuckerman.
North shore of Lake Superior (a), and British Columbia (c),
Macoun. Kocky Mountains, Wolf. California (c,=Lecanora
mniareiza, Nyl. in Flora, 1870, p. 33; & in Norrl. Lich. Fenn. n.

158), Bolander, teste Nyl. A certain difference between a and

c proves scarcely well determinable ; nor are the two Scandi-
navian authorities cited above to be clearly reconciled. Spores

equally large in these forms. b is the var. microcarpa of Anzi

(Lich. Langob. n. 106), but the name becomes inappropriate in
our plant, which offers the largest fruit of any of our specimens.

8. E. sophodes (Ach.) Nyl., emend.; thallus tartareous but
thin, granulate-areolate ; from ash-coloured passing into olive-
brown ; on a black hypothallus ; apothecia small, zeorine, ap-
pressed ; disk flattish, brown to brownish-black ; thalline mar-
gin sub-entire. Spores ^| mic. Nyl. Scand. p. 148, a. Th.

Fr. Scand. p. 199, a.

b. atrocinerea, Nyl. ; thallus squamulose-areolate ; glauces-
cent ; the thinnish areoles scattered more or less on the con-
spicuous, black hypothallus ; apothecia small, adnate ; the thin,

208 KItfODINA.

entire thalline margin often excluded, and the black apothecia

lecideoid. Spores as in a. Exs. Anzi Lich. Langob. n. 321.

Zw. exs. n. 61. Ejusd. exs. n. 68, /?. Nyl. Lich. Par. n. 43.

c. . tephraspiSj Tuck. herb. ; thallus thickened ; of crenulate
but soon turgid, verrucose - irregular and crowded areoles;
brownish-ash-coloured ; apothecia at length middling-sized, be-
coming turgid ; but the thalline margin persistent. Spores as
in a. Lecanora, Tuckerm. Suppl. 1, 1. c. p. 425.

d. confragosa, Nyl.; thallus coarser; verrucose, often con-
glomerate, and now sub-lobulate ; white ; apothecia at length
middling-sized. Spores a little larger than in the preceding
forms. Nyl. I. c. max. p. Exs. Fr. Lich. Suec. 283.

e. exigua, Fr. ; thallus reduced ; now scurfy, or disappearing ;
whitish ; hypothallus obsolete ; apothecia small to very small,
finally convex; the entire margin at length crenulate, or ex-
cluded. Spores as in a, or a little smaller. Nyl. I. c.

Spores now occurring from 8 to 12-16-20-30 in the thekes. R.

polyspora, Th. Fr. Scand. p. 206. Lecanora, Nyl.

Trees, stones, and dead wood, throughout North America,
Muhlenberg Catal. 1818. a, common on bark, and noticeable

by its dark thallus. &, only on rocks, where its colour, flattish

areoles, and lecideoid fruit, sufficiently indicate it. c, also a

rock-lichen, I have tried to bring under b, taking our plant for
a better developed condition (with fruit now 2mm- in width) of
such European lichens as Zw. exs. n. 68, J, andHepp. Lich. Eur.
n. 646 ; both which are referred by their authors to E. atrocin-
erea ; as the first-named is also by Koerber : but cannot, for the

present, but keep it separate. d offers apothecia larger than

in any other form of the species except the last-named ; and
its coarse, white thallus aids also in making E. sophodes, in this
condition, conspicuous on the rocks and the earth of our Pacific
Coast; where a bark-form (Lecanora Roboris, Duf., e Nyl. in
Mandon Lich. Mader. n. 38) is also found, inhabiting the Oaks of
California. The last appears as yet to be rare with us else-
where. e, on bushes, trees, and dead wood, everywhere : the

smallest form ; though passing into the tree-form of d.

9. R. Hallii, Tuckerm. ; thallus cartilagineous, contiguous,
chinky; from pale-brownish becoming light-umber-coloured;
on a black hypothallus ; apothecia smallish, biatorine, adnate,
plano-convex ; disk passing from reddish- into blackish-brown,

RINODINA. 209

finally turgid and excluding the paler, entire, obtuse margin.
Spores ^ raic.

On various trees of the Pacific Coast. California, Bolancler.

Oregon, Hall. In a part of the specimens the apothecia shew

a white bloom ; but there is no trace of this in the majority.

Apothecia Omm-, 8 to lmm-, 2 wide.

10. E. Bischoffii (Hepp.) Koerb. ; thallus thin, mealy or
granulose, or obsolescent; whitish, ash-coloured, or brownish;
apothecia small, zeorine, sessile, flat, or finally convex j the disk
blackening ; the entire thalline margin also blackening, and the
fruit at length lecideoid. Spores broad-obtuse-ellipsoid ; the
wide interval between the spore-cells suggesting a dark band ;
^ mic> Koerb. Parerg. p. 75. Th. Fr. Scand. p. 204.

Lime-rocks, Texas (Wright), Tuckerman Gen. 1872. Kan-
sas, Hall. Rocky Mountains, Hayden in Jib. Willey.

11. E. flavo-nigella, Tuckerrn. in litt.\ thallus tartareous,
contiguous, granulate-rugose ; from greenish- becoming bright-
lemon-yellow ; apothecia smallish, appressed, zeorine, flattish ;
the scabrous disk brownish-black, at length convex j the thalline
margin sub-entire. Spores -^ mic.

Rotten wood. Gainesville, Florida, Eavenel. Cotoosa River,

Fla., Austin. Mobile, Alabama, Dr. Mohr. Apothecia Omm- ,

8 to lmm-, 2 wide.

12. E. aterrima (Krerapelh.) Anz. ; thallus effuse, thin,
granulose or scurfy; dark-greenish-black, consisting of brown
gonidia ; apothecia minute, lecanorine, innate-sessile, very black.

Spores soleseform, ^ mic. Anz. Symb. Lich. Ear. p. 11, &

Licli. Langob. n. 4G1. Microthelia Metzleri, Koerb.

Granitic rocks, Yosemite Valley, California, abundant, Bo-
lander. San Diego, Cal., Miss Plummer in hb. Farlow.

Spores Varely 4-locular. But this can hardly be taken for suffi-
cient to make two species of the lichens cited. Compare Lahm
Anmerk. in Rabenh. Lich. Eur. Fasc. 29 ; and also Hedwigia,
1867, p. 154-5.

13. E. Thomce, Tuckerm. in litt. ; thallus tartareous, chinky;
smooth; straw-coloured; on a black hypothallus; apothecia
small, lecanorine, adnate, flattish ; disk black ; the entire, ob-

14

210

tuse, persistent thalline margin soon blackening, and the fruit
lecideoid. Hypothecium black. Spores ^ mic.

Sandstone rocks, Moulton, Alabama, Hon. T. M. Peters.—
Apothecia Omm-, 5 to Omm-, 8 wide.

14. E. milliaria, Tuckerm. ; thallus thin, chinky, granulate,
and rugulose; greenish-fuscescent ; apothecia minute, adnate;
disk flattish, blackish-brown and black, opake ; the thin, entire
margin blackening or excluded. Hypothecium blackening.
Spores *^5 mic. Obs. Licit. 4, 1. c. p. 175.

Trees and shrubs, about Boston, Tuckerman. New Bedford,
Willey. Western New York, Miss Wilson. Spores, accord-
ing to Mr. Willey, now in 12s-, as in the now similar R. sopho-
des, e, in Biatora exigua and in Lecidea myriocarpa.

15. E. Conradi, Koerb. ; thallus incrusting, thin, chinky and
granulate ; greenish-glaucescent and cinerasceut ; apothecia
zeorine, small, sessile, flattish ; the plano-convex disk blackish-
brown, distinctly marginate; the thalline margin sub-entire, or
rugose-crenulate. Spores from bilocular passing into quadri-

locular, and the two middle cells then divided, jjjj| mic. Koerb.

Syst. p. 123. Th. Fr. Scand. p. 198. Lecanora pyreniospora,
Nyl. Scand. p. 151. Einodina sabulosa, Tuck. Calif, p. 21.

On gravelly earth near the ocean, San Francisco, California
(Bolander), Tuckerman 1. c. 1866. The European lichen (un-
known to me at the time of the publication of the American
one, and now only in the too scanty Rabenh. Lich. Eur. n. 880)
is described as lecauorine, and the spores as " constantly quad-
rilocular " (Koerb. I. c.), but I can scarcely doubt the identity of
the two plants. Apothecia of ours Omra-, 5 to Omm-, 8 wide.

* * * Maronea. Spores -very numerous in the thekes.

16. E. constans (Nyl.) Tuckerm.; thallus verruculose; green-
ish-ash-coloured, and brownish; on a black hypothallus; apo-
thecia small to almost middling-sized, zeorine, sessile ; the flat,
brownish-black and black disk bordered by a tumid, sub-entire
thalline margin ; the fruit at length flexuously irregular. Spores
very minute and numerous in the thekes, and, in general, colour-
less. Tuckerm. Gen. p. 124. Lecanora, Nyl. classif. 2 ; Ejusd.

Prodr. Gall. p. 89. Maronea Berica, Mass, in Flora, 1856, n.
19, & Lich. Ital. n. 346. Lecanora, Tuck. Obs. Lich. 2, I. c. p.
403. Maronea Kemmleri. Koerb. Par erg. p. 90.

PERTUSARIA. 211

On living and dead jvood, not uncommon in New England,
and southward to Maryland, and Virginia, Tuckerman I. c. 1862.
New Jersey, Austin. Pennsylvania, Michener. Ohio, Lea.
North Carolina, Curtis. South Carolina, Ravenel Alabama,

Peters. Our common plant is the M. Kemmleri, Koerb. (Hepp.

n. 771 -, Eabenh. n. 633), but this is most easily to be regarded
as only the more perfect state of Massalongo's. Smaller forms
of our lichen occur, resembling the cited one of the Italian
author ; and, in such states, the disk is scarcely marginate. It
was remarked, in the place first-cited above, that, in addition to
the general resemblance of It. constans to familiar conditions of
R. sophodes as here taken, the former agreed also with Rinodina
in its truly bilocular spores becoming at length constricted at
the middle ; " one of the best indications of the coloured spore
in its bilocular stage, when colour is wanting." And Mr. Willey
has now completed this observation, and removed all doubt of
the position of our plant by the discovery of such spores as
those just mentioned coloured exactly as those of the otherwise
not very dissimilar R. sophodes, v. exigua-, itself now poly-
sporous.

Sub-Fam. 2. — PERTU SARIEI.

Apothecia typically closed,- composite ; and difforni;
but reverting largely to lecanorine forms.

XXXIII.— PERTUSARIA, DC.

Apothecia globular-diffbrm, closed ; including ( 1-00)
nucleiforin hymenia opening by pores (ostioles) j or expla-
nate and lecanoroid. Spores (only excepting n. 6) large to
very large, ellipsoid, simple j or rarely bilocular (n. 9) ; typ-
ically colourless. Spermatia staff-shaped, straight j upon
simple sterigmas. Thallus crustaceous; uniform in our
species.

* Apothecia more or less lecanorine.

% Spores simple.

1. P. bryontha (Ach.) Nyl. ; thallus incrusting, verrucose-
conglomerate ; whitish ; apothecia middling-sized, and over,

212 PERTUSARIA.

sessile, a little elevated, thick ; the lecanorine disk flattish,
rugulose, soon dilated so as to depress and exclude the turgid
thalline margin; from brownish-liver-coloured becoming livid,

and blackening. Spores solitary, 1^'^° rnic. Lecanora, Ach.

L. U. p. 392 ; Syn. p. 156. Pertusaria, NyL Scand. p. 178.

On the earth, growing over mosses, etc., in alpine districts.
Greenland (Vahl), Th. Fries I c. 1861. Islands of Behring's
Straits, Wright. Shores of River St. Mary, Lake Superior,
Richardson (Leighton L c.).

2. P. velata (Turn.) Nyl. j thallus cartilagineous, smooth,
Becoming plicate-rugose and chinky ; glaucescent, and white ;
with a zonate and more or less brighter-coloured circumference ;
apothecia small to almost middling-sized, adnate, lecauoroid;
disk flattish, pale-yellowish- to reddish-flesh-coloured ; densely
white -powdery; the thick, entire thalliue margin becoming
finally indistinguishable in the now difform, and often 2-3-thala-
mous fruit. Spores solitary for the most part ; exceeding ^^

mic.- Turn, in Act. Linn. Lond. 9, p. 143, t. 12, /. 1. Pertu-

saria,Mudd. Man. Brit. Lich. p. 274.

Trees, and also on rocks, throughout the Atlantic regions
from New England to Virginia, Tuckerman Gen. 1872. Canada,
Macoun. North Carolina, Curtis. Alabama, Peters. Ohio,
Lea. Illinois, Hall Texas, Hall.

3. P. panyrga (Ach.) Th. Fr. ; thallus incrusting, thin,
wrinkled; white; apothecia small to almost middling-sized,
lecanoroid but often 2-3-thalamous; the depressed disk black,
white-powdery ; the thalline margin irregular. Spores " soli-
tary ; ^^ mic." Th. Fr. Scand. p. 308. P. velata * multi-

puncta v. leucotera, Nyl. Scand. p. 1 80.

On the earth, running over mosses, etc., in alpine districts.
Greenland (Vahl), Th. Fries I c. 1861.

4. P. multipuncta (Turn.) NyL; thallus sub-cartilagi neons,
oftener thin and chinky but becoming rugose-verrucose ; glau-
cescent and pale-ash-coloured ; zonate more or less at the cir-
cumference, as in n. 2, but less distinctly; apothecia small to
almost middling-sized, lecanoroid, adnate, at length elevated;
mono- or now 2-4-thalamous ; with flat, blackening disk ; but
becoming depressed and very irregular ; and, excluding the
soon gaping thalline margin, passing into diffortn, powdery

PERTUSARIA. 213

heaps. Spores solitary ; or often in twos ; mic. - Nyl.

Scand.p. 179. Th. Fr. Scand. p. 309. P. faginea, Tuck. Syn.
N. E. p. 84, max. p.

Trees, and more rarely rocks, throughout the United States,
Tuckerman Gen. 1872. Common equally throughout the North
and South, reaching Texas, Wright ; and also California, Bo-
lander ; and Oregon, Hall.

5. P. dactylina (^ch.)Nyl.; thallus incrusting, thin; white;
producing finger-shaped, erect, thickish, somewhat divided,
(now undeveloped and inconspicuous) cylindrical branchlets, in
the tips of which the small, sub-lecanoroid apothecium with
pale-flesh-coloured disk, concealed more or less by a thalline
veil is contained. " Spores solitary ; ^|^ mic." - Nyl. Lapp.
Or. p. 240. Th. Fr. Scand. p. 310.

On the earth, running over mosses, etc., in alpine districts.
Islands of Behring's Straits (Wright), Tuckerman Gen. 1872.
White Mountains.

6. P. ambigens (Nyl.) Tuck.; thallus cartilagineous, smooth
becoming rugose-verrucose ; glaucescent ; apothecia small to
almost middling-sized, lecanorine, sessile or a little elevated'.
1-2-thalamous ; disk flat, from flesh-coloured becoming dark-
greenish and livid, with a thin bloom; thalline margin irregu-
larly torn-crenate, and at length repeatedly duplicated. Spores
in eights ; ~ mic. -- Tuck. Obs. Lich. 4. 1. c. p. 176. Lecanora,
Nyl. in Prodr. Fl. N. Gran. p. 40, note.

Trunks, Oregon, Dr. Lyall. Hall. Elsewhere known only
at the Cape of Good Hope ; Zeyher in herb. Sender.

7. P. lecanina, Tuckerm. ; thallus thin, contiguous, smooth,
becoming granulate; pale-yellowish; bordered by the black
hypothallus; apothecia small, lecanoroid, sessile, at first white-
pruinose; disk pale-flesh-coloured, sub-margiuate ; thalline mar-
gin entire. Spores in twos; ^'^2 mic. - Gen. Lich. p. 126,
note.

On various trees in California, Bolander; seen only in small
patches accompanying P. leioplaca, and P. pustulata.

8. P.flavicunda, Tuckerm.; thallus cartilagineous, smooth,
verrucose-areolate ; pale sulphur-coloured; the areoles becom-
ing radiously concrete toward the circumference; apothecia

214 PERTUSARIA.

small to almost middling-sized, adnate ; monothalamous ; the
dilated, discoid ostiole yellowish-powdery, little exceeded by the

margining portion. Spores in twos and threes ; " ^ mic. Obs.

Lich. 4, L c. p. 177.

Rocks, San Diego, California, Dr. Cooper. Fruit rarely 2-

thalamous.

t Spores bilocular.

9. P. rhodocarpa, Koerb. ; thallus membranaceous ; from
greenish-glaucescent becoming white ; and densely granulate ;
apothecia small, sub-sessile, sub-globose ; from mono- at length
2-3-thalamous ; bursting from the first into* soredia, and the
thalline exciple soon obsolete ; disk flesh-coloured, concealed by
a white powdery veil, but afterwards, as this disappears, red-
dish-dotted. Spores solitary ; ^"^ mic. Koerb. Syst. p. 384.

Tuckerm. Gen. p. 128. Varicellaria, Th. Fr. Scand, p. 322.
V. microsticta, Nyl, Scand. p. 183. *.!,/. 8.

On bark. Arctic America, Nylander Scand. 1861. British

Columbia, Macoun. The apothecia differ in no respect from

others of forms of P. multipuncta, also at length " reddish-
dotted," except in the spores being bilocular.

* * Apothecia compound, difform.

10. P. communis, DC. ; thallus cartilagineous, from smooth
and even becoming chinky and rugose-verrucose ; glaucescent ;
now zonate at the circumference ; apothecia small to middling-
sized, adnate, depressed - sub-globose and variously difform;
closed except at the sunken, and for the most part blackening,
and numerous ostioles. Spores solitary ; or in twos ; very rarely

in threes and fours; ^'^7 mic. Porina pertusa (L.) Ach. Syn.

p. 109. Pertusaria, Tuck. Syn. N. E. p. 84. P. communis, Nyl.
Scand. p. 178. Th. Fr. Scand. p. 317.

Trunks and rocks. Northern and middle States, Muhlenberg
Catal. 1818. Canada, Macoun. Ohio, Lea. Illinois and Mis-
souri, Hall. Virginia, Tucker man. North Carolina, Curtis.
South Carolina, Ravenel. Alabama, Peters. Texas, Wright.
California, Bolander.

11. P. leioplaca (Ach.) Scha3r. ; thallus cartilagineous, rather
thin, becoming chiuky and rugged; glaucescent, and pale-
yellowish ; apothecia small to middling-sized, adnate, globular

PERTUSARIA. 215

and difform ; either discrete, or crowded and running together j
closed ; depressed often at the centre and thus falsely-lecano-
roid j the solitary or few, rarely depressed ostioles either black-
ening, colourless, or indistinct. Spores in fours ; sixes ; and
eights ; varying no little in size, as from ^ mic. to ^-^ mic.
—Schcer. Spicil p. 66. Nyl. Scand. p. 181 ; Prodr. N. Gran,
p. 36.

Trees and rocks. Northern and middle States, Muhlenberg
Catal. 1818. Canada, Richardson. Ohio, Miss Biddlecome.
Illinois, Hall Maryland and Virginia, Tuckerman. North Car-
olina, Curtis. South Carolina, Ravenel. Alabama, Beaumont.
Florida, Austin. Louisiana, Hale. Texas, Wright. Oregon,
Hall. Very various : now not easily distinguishable from the
last ; and the depressed and marginate forms resembling now
P. Wulfenii, except in colour.

12. P. pustulata (Ach.) Nyl. ; thallus membranaceous,
chinky, now verruculose ; brownish-cream-coloured, now green-
ish, pale-yellowish, or white ; apothecia small to very small,
hemispherical and difform ; from only slightly prominent becom-
ing globular and sub-sessile ; flattened at length above, when
the now confluent, scarcely depressed black ostioles become

disk-like. Spores in twos ; ^'^f mic. Porina, Ach. L. U. p.

309 ; Syn. p. 110. Pertusaria, Nyl, Prodr. Gall. p. 195.

Trees, common from New England to Virginia, Tuckerman
Gen. 1872. North Carolina, Curtis. South Carolina, Mavenel.
Florida, Austin. Alabama, Beaumont. Texas, Wright. Ore-
gon, Hall. P. concreta, Nyl. Enum. Gen. p. 117; & Add. in

Flora, 1876, p. 233 (P. Westringii, Nyl. Obs. Pyren. p. 35), is
said to occur, on granitic rocks, in "northern and arctic Amer-
ica," as well as in Ireland, and the south of France ; but the
lichen is unknown to me, and the published notices of it are not
quite clear. In the place first-cited above the plant is placed in
the 5-8-sporous section, but in the later diagnoses it is said to
belong to the other, or 1-2-sporous section ; as it is said in one
place to have an areolate thallus (Obs. Pyren.) and, in another,
a continuous, chinky one (Add. in Flora), and the fruit to be
convex and wart-like) Obs. Pyren.) or immersed and endocar-
poid ( Add. in Flora). Spores in twos ; ^^ mic. ( Add. 1. c.)

13. P. glomerata (Ach.) Schaer. ; thallus incrusting, cartila-
gineous ; glaucescent, and white ; apothecia small to middling-

216 PERTUSAKIA.

sized, globular, sub-sessile, with mostly solitary, protuberant
ostioles ; but soon agglomerate and confluent into large, difform,
crowded, pleiothalamous clusters. Spores very commonly in
twos ; but occurring also in fours ; sixes ; and eights ; ^'^° mic.

Ach. Syn. p. 111. Schcer. Spicil. p. 66. Tuck. Exs. n. 22

(Sub. Farm. verr.}. Nyl, Scand. p. 182. Th. Fr. Scand, p. 314.
On the earth, running over mosses, etc., in alpine districts.
White Mountains, Tuckerman Syn. N. E. 1848 (spores almost
always in twos ; and rarely solitary). Adirondack Mountains,
N. Y., Macrae (spores as in the last). Islands of Behring's
Straits, Wright (spores in fours; and eights). The species-
name suits our lichen perhaps quite as well as it does the Euro-
pean one; and ours (Tuckerm. exs. n. 22) is certainly like the
other in the earlier conditions of the fruit, but passes at once
into a confluent, difform state — with the look of largest apothe-
cia of P. communis, but the ostioles of the present— of which
my few foreign specimens scarcely afford a trace. The spores
might appear also to suggest difference in the plant of our
mountains from the European, the thekes of which have always
been taken for 4-sporous ; but the distinction is a slight one, and
Dr. Th. Fries has recently shewn (I c.) that the Swedish lichen
varies from 3 to 8-sporous.

14. P. globularis, Ach. ; thallus incrusting, thin, granulate;
whitish-ash-coloured ; granules globular, becoming finger-shaped,
and finally somewhat branched ; apothecia small to almost mid-
dling-sized, sub-sessile, depressed-globose ; the commonly few*
ostioles collected in the sunken centre. Spores in twos ; threes ;

and fours ; -^^ mic. Ach. Syn. p. 212. Tuckerm. Syn. N.

E. p. 85.

Rocks among mosses. Northern and middle States, Muhlen-

berg Catal 1818. Alabama, Peters. Arkansas, The same.

Granules varying in size ; and in some of the specimens, both
northern and southern, they do not become isidioid ; but I see
no other differences'.

15. P. Wulfenii, DC.; thallus cartilagineous and smooth,
but becoming thicker and rugose-verrucose ; sulphur-coloured,
and pale ; apothecia small to more than middling-sized, sub-
sessile, depressed-hemispherical ; the numerous black ostioles
largely running together into a depressed, lecauoroid disk, bor-
dered by a tumid, somewhat gibbous-flexuous thalliue margin.

CONOTREMA.— GYALECTA. 217

Spores in eights ; -g^ mic. Fr. L. E. p. 244. Th, Fr. Scand.

p. 312. Thelotrema hymenium, Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 185,
max. p. Pertusaria, Tuckerm. Syn. N. E. p. 85. Porinafallax,
Ach. Syn. p. 110, a.

Trunks. Northern and middle States, Muhlenberg Catal.
1818 ; Halsey, etc. California, Bolander.

Sub-Fam. 3. — URCEOLARIEI.

Apothecia typically urceolate, descending even to appar-
ently Verrucariaceous forms ; but in fact Lecanorine, which
affinity is often sufficiently expressed.

XXXIV. — C6NOTREMA, Tuckerm.

Apothecia urceolate, truncate-conoid; at length some-
what explanate, and patella3form ; consisting of a black
proper exciple clothed with an evanescent veil of the thal-
lus. Spores cylindraceous, plurilocular, colourless. Sper-
matia oblong, straight ; on simple sterigmas. Thallus crus-
taceous; uniform.

C. urceolatum (Ach.) Tuckerm. ; thallus cartilagineous-mem-
branaceous, smooth, becoming chiuky and rugged; whitish;
apothecia small, sub-sessile; more or less white- pruinose within.

Spores long-cyliudraceous; 30-40-locular ; ^^ mic. Lecidea,

Ach. L. U. p. G71. Gyrostomum, Fr., Tuck. Lich. exs. n. 100.
Conotrema, Tuck. Syn. N. Eng. p. 86; Gen. Lich. p. 129.

On trees. Northern and middle States (Swartz), Acharius
I. c. 1810, Muhlenberg, etc. Illinois, Hall. Maryland and Vir-
ginia, Tuckerman. Mountains of South Carolina, Eavenel.

Apothecia Omm-, 5 to lmm- in diameter.

XXXV. — GYALECTA (Ach.) Anzi.

Apothecia urceolate-sub-biatorine, with a somewhat cren-
ulate margin ; consisting of a coloured (rarely black) proper
exciple, connivent, or now explanate, margined or veiled by
a lecanorine, or variously imperfect thalline one. Spores (in

218 GTALECTA.

narrowed and for the most part cylindraceous, not seldom
more than 8-sporous thekes, with thread-shaped paraph yses)
ellipsoid ; passing into fusiform ; and acicular ; 2-4-pluri-
locular; and more rarely inuriform-plurilocular ; not col-
oured. Thallus crustaceous j uniform.

* Secoliga emend. Apothecia coloured.
f Spores 2-4-phirilocular.

1. G. lutea (Dicks.) Tuckerm. ; thallus thin membranaceous ;
greenish-ash-coloured; apothecia small to almost, and, in the
tropics, more than middling-sized, sessile ; soon explanate and
flat, or plano-convex ; the pale-yellowish- or reddish-flesh-col-
oured disk scarcely at length surpassed by the paler, obsoletely
radiate-striate margin. Spores fusiform-ellipsoid; bilocular;

~ mic. Tuck. Gen. p. 136. Lecidea, Borr. in Hook. Brit.

Fl. 2, p. 185. Nyl. Scand. p. 192; & in Prodr. N. G. p. 53.

On bark, New England, Tucker-man I. c. 1872. New York,
Peck. Illinois, Hall. Florida, Austin. Alabama, Beaumont.

Varies no little in the size and coloration of the apothecia,

as sufficiently shewn in the Cuba lichen (Wright Lich. Cub. n.
176, 177) and the New Granada one (Lindig n. 2581, 2596, 2627).

G. Friesii, Koerb. (G. denudala, Th. Fr.) is not unlike, and

has been referred here, but differs in its larger, 4-locular spores.

The green cells differ finally more or less, in the present stock,

from the ordinary gonidia, in being connected together in short
strings ; an observation first made by Bornet, and now taken
advantage of by Dr. Miiller to separate his genus Biatorinopsis
(Mull. Lich. Beitr. n. 12, in Flora, 1881, n. 15) which he consid-
ers referable, together with Ccenogonium (Flora, 1881, p. 236)
to the in every other respect widely discrepant Graphidacei.
But the disposition of the gonidia in question appears not to be
confined to this group of Gyalectce j nor is it perhaps time, in
the present state of knowledge of the goniinous system, to
appreciate the value of the character.

2. G. Pineti (Schrad.) Tuckerm. ; thallus thin, membrana-
<jeous ; from green passing into lead-coloured, and pale-ash-col-
oured ; apothecia minute, sessile, urceolate ; yellowish-flesh-col-
oured ; the rounded margin almost concolorous, scarcely striate.
Spores fusiform-ellipsoid ; bilocular ; ^ mic. Tuckerm. I c.

GYALECTA: 219

Lecidea, Sorr. in Hook. Brit. Fl 2, p. 183. Nyl. Scand, p. 191 ;
Licli. N. Caled. p. 40.

On bark, etc., at the base of trees, Pennsylvania, Muhlenberg
Catal 1818. New England, Frost; Willey. New York, Eav-
enel. New Jersey, Austin.

3. G. Valenzueliana (Mont.) Tuckerm. ; thallus thin, chinky,
soon becoming densely granulate; glaucescent: apothecia mi-
nute, sessile, globular; consisting of a flesh-coloured proper
exciple, clothed below by the thallus ; connivent and radiately
cleft above; and opening by a pore-like at length somewhat
enlarged aperture, with a finally rounded, and blackening mar-
gin. Spores 12-30 in the thekes ; ellipsoid; bilocular; ^ mic.

Parmelia ( Urceolaria) Mont. Cuba, p. 205. Gyalecta, Tuck.

Calif, p. 30. G. asteria, Tuck. Obs. Lich. 2, I c. p. 414, & in
Wright Lich. Cub. n. 173. Apothecia Omm-, 3 to Omm , 5 wide.

* absconsa, Tuckerm. ; thallus uncertain ; spores smaller, 4-
locular ; ^-. Gyalecta absconsa, Obs. Lich. 2, /. c. p. 414.

On bark, a, Cuba, Wright. Cotoosa river, Florida, Austin.
— * on Red Maple, low country of South Carolina, Ravenel.
The specimens of this last are very meagre, and it is hard to say
whether the thallus belong not entirely to the accompanying
Arthonia spectabilis. Spores finally numerous in the thekes, as
in a, but smaller, and always 4-locular. The lichen is insuffi-
ciently known. G. radiatilis, Tuckerm. Calif, p. 30, is a still

more minute apothecium exceedingly like that of G. Valensue-
liana (being globular, from flesh-coloured becoming black, con-
nivent and radiately cleft above ; but with simple spores in
eights, and giving no reaction with iodine), which infests (in'New
England always) a white thallus with little doubt to be referred
to Pertusaria multipuncta ; as the parasitic fruit to Fungi. It
is easy, with the scanty material in hand, to suppose that G.
absconsa may, in like manner be only parasitic on the thallus of
Arthonia spectabilis j but there is no doubt of the close relation
of the former to G. Valenzueliana, which is in every point of
view a lichen.

4. G. geoica (Wahl.) Ach. ; thallus obscure, somewhat pow-
dery ; pale-greenish-ash-coloured ; apothecia minute, immersed
becoming superficial, urceolate; the elevated, radiously uneven,
pale margin enclosing a yellowish-brown disk. Spores oblong-

220 GYALECTA.

ellipsoid ; 4-locular ; ^ mic. Syn. p. 9. Th. Fr. Lick. Arct.

p. 139. Nyl Scand. p. 190.

* trivialis, Willey herb. ; apothecia very small, and always
immersed.

On sandy earth and about walls (*). New Bedford, Willey.

Illinois, Wolf. The larger European lichen has not occurred;

but ours, measuring about 4mmni- in diameter is hardly distinct
from it.

5. G. carneo-luteola, Tuckerm. ; thallus very thin, leprous;
whitish ; apothecia minute, adnate, explanate ; the flat, yellow-
ish-flesh-coloured disk but little surpassed by the rounded, entire,
paler proper margin. Spores in sixes and eights ; fusiform-ellip-
soid; bilocular passing into 4-locular ; ~ mic. Obs. Lick. 3r

I c.p.271.

On bark in the island of Cuba, Wright; and to be looked for
in Florida. Kesembles the European G. carneo-lutea, but has
higher-coloured fruit of only one-third the size (about Omm- 25-
0mm. 4) an(j an entire margin. The specimen is however small.

6. G. nana, Tuckerm. ; thallus very thin, chinky; glauces-
cent and white ; apothecia very minute, innate-emergent, con-
cave; the elevated margin of the originally somewhat crenate
proper exciple rounded, pale ; the disk brownish-flesh-coloured.
Spores 8-12 in the thekes; fusiform; 4-6-locular; ~ mic.—
Obs. Lich, 2, I c. p. 415.

On bark, Island of Cuba, Wright} and to be expected where

the last preceding species occurs. Apothecia Omm-, 2 to Omm-,

3 wide.

7. G. fagicola (Hepp.) Tuckerm. ; thallus very thin, chinky ;
pale greenish or brownish ; or obsolete ; apothecia minute, at
length sub-sessile, concave; from pale- becoming rusty- and
dark-red, and blackening; the scarcely uneven margin mostly
concolorous. Spores 8-12-20 in the thekes ; acuminate-fusiform ;

4-10-locular ; ^ mic. Biatora, Hepp., fide Am. in Flora.

Secoliga, Koerb. Parerg. p. 112. Gyalecta corticola, (Lonnr.)
Tuckerm. Gen. Lecidea congruella, Nyl. Scand. p. 191, fide Ohl-
ert. Gyalecta ceratina, Tuckerm. Obs. Lich. 2, 1. c. p. 41 5.

On bark. Ash- and Elm-bark, Arnherst, Tuckerman I. c. 1862.
Red Cedar, New Bedford, Willey.

f f Spores muriform.

GYALECTA. 221

8. G. Flotovii, Koerb. ; thallus thin, powdery ; whitish ; or
obsolete; apothecia minute, adnate, urceolate ; the disk flesh-
coloured; the coarctate, pale, sub-crenulate margin soon rounded.
Spores in eights; rounded and ovoid; from 4-locular (the cells
disposed crosswise) becoming muriform-plurilocular ; ?jj~jjj mic.

Koerb. Syst. p. 171. Lecidea Querceti, Nyl. Scand. p. 191,

fide Ohlert.

On bark, Amherst, Tuckerman Gen. 1872. Not a Secoliga,
as defined by Koerber (Parerg. p. 109) but notwithstanding
nearest to G. abstrusa (Secoliga Koerb. I. c.) the spores of which
pass at once (Zw. exs. n. 90. Hepp. exs. n. 27) into more or less
muriform conditions, sometimes closely comparable with the
spores of the present.

9. G. cupularis (Hedw.) Schaer. ; thallus tftin, at length
chinky; greenish-ash-coloured; apothecia superficial, urceolate
becoming more open; disk pale-brick-red; the white margin
radiately striate or cleft, but at length rounded. Spores in

eights; ellipsoid; ^^mic. ScJwer. Spicil.p.79. Nyl. Scand.

p. 189.

Lime-rocks. Pennsylvania, Muhlenberg Catal. 1818. New

York, Halsey. Vermont, Eussell. Alabama, Peters. So far

as seen, our lichen has always small, pale, urceolate fruit, which
is scarcely cleft above, and is best comparable with Fr. Lich-
Suec. n. 401, in my copy: that of the European plant becomes
however much larger, more open, and with higher-coloured disk,
and the radiately-cleft margin is now very marked.

* * Sagiolechia. Apothecia black.

10. G. rhexoblephara (Nyl.) Tuckerm. ; thallus very thin;
whitish, or obsolete ; apothecia small to middling-sized, closely
sessile, explanate, the flat disk dark-rufous and blackening ; the
thick, elevated, persistent, black margin radiately cleft. Spores

in eights; fusiform -ellipsoid ; 4-locular; ^J mic. Gyalecta,

Tuckerm. Gen. p. 132. Lecidea, Nyl. Scand. p. 240. Rhexo-
phiale coronata, Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. p. 204.

On the earth, growing over mosses, etc., Greenland ( Vahl),

Th. Fries I c. 1861. Islands of Behring's Straits, Wright.

The place of this curious lichen may perhaps be taken for satis-
factorily determined (as is suggested in the present writer's
observations above-cited) by that of G. protuberans (Ach.) Anz. :

222 URCEOLARIA.

as that is brought in accord with other Gyalectce by G. lecideopsis,
Mass., and G. leucaspis, Krempelh., compared with G. carneo-
lutea, and G. cupularis.

XXXVI.— URCEOLARIA.

Apothecia urceolate-scutellseform • consisting of -a con-
nivent, black proper exciple at length for the most part
explanate, the margin of which is finally discrete from the
lecanorine (rarely obsolete) thalline one. Spores ovoid-
ellipsoid; inuriform-plurilocular 5 brown. Spermatia oblong,
or staff-shaped; on sub-simple sterigmas. Thallus crus-
taceous; uniform.

1. U. scruposa (L.) Nyl. ; thallus tartareous, areolate-verru-
cose becoming rugose-plicate; glaucous, ash-coloured, or now
white ; apothecia from immersed becoming superficial, and from
small to more than middling-sized, scutellaeform finally expla-
nate ; black ; the disk gray-pruinose ; the more or less denticu-
late proper margin hidden by the tumid thalline one ; or the
latter disappearing and the former prominent and incrassated.
Spores ^ mic. Nyl. Scand. p. 176. Th. Fr. Scand. p. 302.

On rocks, and on the earth (when calcareous, the thallus
becoming white and mealy — v. gypsacea, Nyl.) growing also
over mosses, etc. (and now on Cladonice, without thallus — v.
parasitica, Sommerf.), throughout our territory; Muhleriberg
Catal. 1818. Arctic America, Richardson. Kansas, Hall. Ne-
braska, Hay den. Rocky Mountains, Hall. South Carolina,
Eavenel. New Mexico, Fendler. California, Bolander. Oregon,
Hall.

2. U. actinostoma, Pers. ; thallus tartareous, originally
sinoothish, then chinky and breaking finally into areole-like
portions ; grayish-ash-coloured and whitish ; apothecia minute,
immersed; a black, always connivent proper exciple, with a
radiately striate, gray-pruinose margin bordering a pore-like at
length a little extended aperture ; disk black ; thalline margin

deficient. Spores broad- ellipsoid; ^ mic. Verrucaria, Ach.

L. U. p. 288. Parmelia ( Urceolaria) striala, Fr. L. E. p. 192.

Rocks. Connecticut ( Wright), Tuckerman Gen. 1872. Kan-
sas, Hall. South Carolina, Mavenel.

THELOTREMA. 223

XXXVII. — THELOTREMA (Ach.) Eschw.

Apotheeia urceolate, very various, but illustrating by
their modifications tbe scutellseforrn type; consisting of a
variously coloured proper exciple, with somewhat torn mar-
gin, which is concrete with a (now obsolete) thalline one,
and includes a disciforin or nucleiform nymenium, itself
clothed more or less with an interior exciple, or veil. Spores
from ellipsoid often oblong ; bi-plurilocular ; or murifonn-
multilocular; brown or decolorate. Spermatia scarcely
known. Thallus crustaceous, uniform. A certain luxu-
riance of difference is observable in the characters of this
as of other intertropical groups, which, while little was
known of them, were taken to indicate more than a few
genera and species. But, with advance of knowledge, it
has become clear that the strongest structural contrasts of
Thelotrema, as here taken, find their sufficient reconcilia-
tion within the group ; and that it is from this larger point
of view that (as elsewhere so here) we best observe and
follow Nature. As respects our own handfull of species it
should yet be said that much is doubtless to be added to it
from the extreme southern States ; and that, at any rate, all
attempt at an arrangement in sections must, for the present,
be only provisional. Some illustration of the above remarks
may be found in the writers Genera Lichenum, pp. 135-139.

* Spores bi-pluri-locular with entire spore-cells, colourless for
the most part but not always ; and finally brotvn in 5.

1. T. microporum, Mont. ; thallus cartilagineous, chinky ;
glaucescent ; apothecia minute, immersed, urceolate, open; a
white interior exciple concrete for the most part with, and not
exceeding the thallus, bordering a pale - flesh - coloured disk;
thalline exciple obsolete. Spores ellipsoid ; 4-locular ; ^ mic.

—Mont, in Ann. Sci. 3, 12, 130; Syll. 36.
Bark of Magnolia grandijlora, Gainesville, Florida, Mavenel.

— Differs from the T. microporum published by me in Lick.
Cub. n. 124, which is exactly Montagne's plant (Herb. Jung-
huhn) much as the T. album of Lick. Cub. n. 127 : but the spe-
cific distinctness of the two Cuba lichens is not clear ; any more

224 THELOTREMA.

than that of the T. album of Nyl. Syn. N. Caled. p. 36, from the
T. microporum of the same place. Myriotrema, Fee Exs. p.
103, with its two supposed species, covers probably precisely
the same ground as Montague's species, and is an older ar-
rangement ; but Montague first really understood and described
the plant.

2. T. lathrceum, Tuckerm. in lilt. ; thallus thin-membrana-
ceous; glaucescent; apothecia very minute, immersed, open;
the softish, white interior exciple discrete from the thallus, bor-
dering with an elevated, rounded margin, a blackening disk ;
the exterior exciple deficient. Spores oblong ; 6-9-locular ; ^J
mic.

On various trees, Cotoosa river, Florida, Austin. Apo-
thecia barely Omm-, 1 in diameter: those of the next follow-
ing species, reach Omm-, 8.

3. T. subtile, Tuckerm. ; thallus membranaceous, smoothish,
becoming chinky, or at length powdery ; glaucescent, cineras-
cent now quite dark, or white ; apothecia immersed becoming
superficial, small to minute, depressed-hemispherical' and dif-
form, open ; interior exciple discrete, lax, its white, thin margin
which encloses the flat, blackening, white-pruinose disk much
surpassed by the exterior exciple. Spores fusiform- oblong ; 8-

16-locular; ^ mic. Suppl 1, I c. p. 426. T. bicinctulum,

Nyl. Licli. N. Caled. in Ann. Sci. 4, 15, p. 46.

On various trees, New England (Frost), Tuckerrnan I. c. 1858.
Virginia, Tucker man. South Carolina, and Georgia, Ravenel.
Alabama, Beaumont. Texas, Eavenel ; Hall.

4. T. granulosum, Tuckerm. ; thallus cartilagineous, smooth,
verrucose-granulate ; glaucescent ; apothecia small, depressed-
hemispherical, adnate, granulate, with an ample aperture ; the
margin of the exterior exciple elevated and at length acute ;
the depressed disk black, concealed by a white, crustaceous,
finally perforated veil. Spores oblon g- ellipsoid ; 6-10-locular;
^ mic. Suppl. 1, 1. c.p. 426.

On Bald Cypress, Louisiana (Hale), Tuckerinan I. c. 1858.

Florida, Austin. The proper exciple, constituting the interior

part of the exterior one, brown or blackening j often at length
more or less visible at the margin. Apothecia of about the
size of those of T. subtile.

THELOTREMA. 225

5. T. Domingense (Fee; Nyl.) Tuckerm. ; thallus cartila-
gineous, smoothish, becoming wrinkled and granulate; glau-
cescent, passing now into brownish-cream-coloured; or now
white ; apothecia small to almost middling-sized, adnate, glob-
ular, at length depressed ; more or less thickened ; urceolate ;
aperture poriform, obtusely margined by the exterior exciple,
through which the toothed border of the black proper exciple
finally protrudes; disk colourless, without interior exciple.
Spores solitary, or in twos; fusiform; 20-40-locular ; ^^-mic.,

fuscescent or colourless. Tuckerm. Gen. p. 137. Ascidium

(Fee] Nyl. Enum. Gen. ; & in Prodr. N. Gran. p. 50.

b. rhodostroma, Nyl. ; the white interior of the exciple be-
coming rose-coloured. Nyl. 1. c. Ascidium, Mont. Guy. n.

46, t. 16, f. 4.

On various trees, Mississippi (Dr. Veitch), Tuckerman I. c.
1872. South Carolina, fiavenel Florida, Austin. b, Louis-
iana, Hale. Georgia, Eavenel. Ascidium, as understood by

Montague, the chief illustrator of this type, offers nothing to
distinguish it generically from his Thelotrema depressum but
the at length doubtless marked thickening of the thalline por-
tion of the exterior exciple; and it is perhaps easier to refer
the type to the present genus, than, with Nylander, to under-
take to make the cited Thelotrema into an Ascidium.

* * Spores muriform-plurilocular, brown.

6. T. interpositum (Nyl.) Tuckerm. herb. ; thallus thin, un-
even ; glaucescent and pale-cream-coloured ; apothecia of the
size of the last, superficial, globular ; scarcely thickened ; urce-
olate ; the poriform aperture bordered obtusely (much as in the
last preceding) by the exterior exciple ; the black disk covered
thickly by a white veil, contrasting in section with the thick,
black proper exciple. Spores solitary or in twos ; fusiform ; the
transverse series of spore-cells about forty, of about six mem-
bers each, in the middle ; ^"^ mic. Ascidium, Nyl. in Prodr.

N. Gran. p. 50, note.

On bark, Texas, Hall. An Ascidium, like the last species ;
from which it more especially differs in the spores. Thelotrema
postpositum, Nyl. (in litt. 1864 ; before referred by him to his
T. monosporum, Prodr. N. Gran. p. 46), a Louisiana lichen
(Hale), has a little smaller fruit, in the scanty specimen received,
but is otherwise undistinguishable.
15

226 THELOTREMA.

7. T. lepadinum, Acli. ; thallus commonly thin-membrana-
ceous and smoothish, but becoming thicker, wrinkled and dull ;
whitish, and cream-coloured; apothecia superficial, small to
almost middling, truncate -conoidal ; or also depressed and at
length urceolate-scutellaeform j interior •exciple lax, persistent ;
as is normally the exterior one ; disk blackening above, white-
pruinose. Spores solitary ; or in twos, threes, and fours ; fusi-
form: the transverse series of spore-cells about thirteen to

oc K/t\

twenty, of two to five members, the smaller-sized spores -V ;

P>4 -.n/i O-O

the larger and fewer -jg~ mic. L. U. p. 312. Fr. L. E.p.

428. Koerb. Syst. p. 330.

Trees, Arctic America (Richardson), Hooker I. c. 1823. New
England, rare, Tuckerman; Willey. Low country of South
Carolina, Eavenel. Louisiana, Hale. California, Bolander.

Oregon, Scouler; Hall. Exterior exciple often pale -brownish,

indicating the presence of a thin, brown proper exciple, con-
stituting the inner side of the other, but now apparently obso-
lete ; as is also rarely the whole exterior exciple (Louisiana,
Hale}. Interior exciple, in a depressed form of the fruit, now
doubled (f. diploloma, South Carolina, Eavenel).

8. T. leprocarpum (Nyl.) Tuckerm. ; thallus very thin, un-
even; glaucescent; apothecia middling-sized, innate, dilated;
rounded and difiform ; the exterior margin irregularly reflexed
and cleft ; and, as well as the flat, colourless disk, white-pow-
dery ; interior exciple deficient. Spores solitary, or in twos, or
fours ; oblong ; the transverse series of spore-cells ten to four-
teen, of four to five members in the middle, ^ mic. Gen.

Lich p. 139. Gr aphis, Nyl. in Prodr. N. Gran. p. 85.

On Bald Cypress, Louisiana (Hale), Tuckerman Gen. 1872.

The high authority of Nylander in Graphidacei gives a

peculiar weight to his reference of this lichen, but appears still
insufficient to obscure its affinity to the Thelotrema leucastrum
of the present writer's Obs. Lich. 3, I c. p. 269, or of the latter
to the T. platycarpum and T. platycarpoides of the same
memoir.

9. T. Auberianum, Mont. ; thallus membranaceous-cartila-
gineous, chinky, rugulose, or granulate ; greenish-glaucescent,
and brownish-cream-coloured ; apothecia innate becoming su-
perficial, small to middling-sized, rounded and variously dif-
form and confluent ; the elevated exterior exciple from rounded

THELOTREMA. 227

above at length sharp and uneven, shewing more or less at the
edge the brown proper exciple, and finally refiexed ; the black-
ening disk concealed by a crustaceous, perforated white veil.
Spores ellipsoid and oblong ; the transverse series of spore-cells

four to six, the cells more or less divided ; ^J mic. Mont.

Cuba, p. 163, t. 8,f. 2.

Trees, Florida (Austin), Tuckerman Gen. 1872. The

species, as understood by the writer, is in part exhibited in
Wright Lich. Cub. n. 145, 146, 147. According to this view it
must include T. Auberianoides, Nyl. N. Gran. p. 43, & Lindig
Herb. n. 2711, differing only in the spores being decolorate; T.
epitrypum, Nyl. I c. p. 49, Wright Cub. n. 147, considered also
to differ in the spores, which a larger view of these organs
scarcely confirms; and T. metaphoricum, Nyl. 1. c., & Lindig
herb. n. 2814, which is certainly undistinguishable from admitted
conditions of Montague's species.

10. T. Santense, Tuckerm. ; thallus sub-tartareous, incras-
sated, rugulose, beset, more or less, with finger-shaped excres-
cences ; glaucescent, ash-coloured, or dark-gray ; apothecia
small to middling-sized, innate, urceolate-scutellseform ; the
dilated, flat disk black, thinly white-pruinose ; the elevated
exterior exciple incurved, torn-crenate ; the interior one defi-
cient. Spores ellipsoid, the transverse series of spore-cells

three to five, the cells irregularly divided; ^ mic. Obs.

Lich. 2, 1. c. p. 406.

Elm-trunks, low country of South Carolina (Ravenel), Tuck-
erman I. c. 1862. In Southern Alabama, Beaumont.

] 1. T. glaucescens, Nyl. ; thallus cartilagineous, incrassated,
punctulate; glaucescent, and pale ash-coloured; apothecia
very small to minute, innate, variously difform ; and scarcely
bordered except by the lax, white interior exciple ; but becom-
ing dilated and sub-scutella3form, and the flat, black, thinly
white-pruinose disk margined at length by an elevated and
sub-crenate thalline border, with which the thickened interior
exciple is concrete. Spores ellipsoid ; the transverse series of

spore- cells commonly four, irregularly divided, ^ ^ mic.

Prodr. N. Gran. p. 47, note.

Trunks and rocks in the low country of South Carolina,
Georgia, and Florida (Mavenel), Nyl. Prodr. N. Gran. 1864.
Alabama, Beaumont. Louisiana, Hale. As also in Cuba,

22S GYROSTOMUM.

Wright The lichen is very near to T. compunctum (Sm.)

Nyl. (Wright Lich. Cub. n. 152 ; Lindig Herb. N. Gran. n. 2855),
but differs in the ultimate development of its fruit, and dis-
tinctly smaller spores. The white exciple which is so conspic-
uous in the dilated condition of the apothecium is clearly iden-
tical, as respects at least its interior portion, with the interior
exciple which makes the only visible envelope in T. com-
punctum, however undistinguishable finally from the thallus.
I see no reason to question this view (Genera Lichenum, p. 136)
which applies to not a few other species in which the interior
exciple has been wrongly taken for the proper exciple.

12. T. Wightii (Tayl.) Nyl. ; thallus coriaceous-cartilagin-
eous, smooth but minutely rugulose ; greenish-glaucescent and
•cinerascent ; shewing, in section, scarlet particles here and
there within ; apothecia very minute, included in the thallus ;
and offering only a pore-like aperture bordered by the entire,
pale interior exciple which is concrete with the thallus. Spores
rounded and ellipsoid j dark-brown ; the transverse series of
spore-cells about four, soon irregularly disposed ; ^ mic.—
Endocarpon, Tayl. in Hook. Journ. Sot. 1847, p. 155. Thelo-
trema, Nyl. N. Gran. p. 50, & in Herb. Lindig n. 2662. T. Eav-
enelii, Tuckerm. Suppl. 1, I. c.p. 426.

Trunks, low country of South Carolina to Texas (Ravenel),
Tuckerman I. c. 1858. Louisiana, Hale.

I2(b). T. Eavenelii (Tuckerm.) Nyl. ; thallus thinner for the
most part, and without the scarlet particles of the preceding ;
apothecia perhaps a little larger and more open; and the excip-
ular margin blackening. Spores pale-brown j oblong-ellipsoid ;
narrower j the transverse series of spore-cells commonly six to

eight j ^^ mic. Nyl. N. Gran. p. 50, note. Tuckerm. Gen.

p. 139.

Trunks, South Carolina (Bavenel), Nylander I. c. 1864.
Alabama, Beaumont. Close enough to T. Wightii, but offer-
ing the differences noted.

XXXVIII.— GYROSTOMUM, Fr.

Apothecia from urceolate becoming explanate; either
orbicular or oblong ; consisting of a black proper exciple
with entire margin, clothed more or less with a finally dis-

GYROSTOMTJM. 229

appearing thalline veil. Spores ellipsoid; muriform-pluri-
locular; brown. Spermatia not seen. Thalluscrustaceous;
uniform.

G. scyptmliferum (Ach.) Fr. ; thallus cartilagineous, smooth-
ish ; greenish-ash-coloured becoming olivaceous-brown, deepen-
ing into lead-colour ; apothecia small to minute, sessile or often
a little elevated ; rounded passing into lirellaeforna ; the rather
elevated proper margin radiously striate or entire, bordering a
brown, powdery disk; itself thinly more or less margmate.
Spores in fours, sixes, and eights ; oblong- ellipsoid ; the trans-
verse series of spore-cells six to ten, of two to three members,

?g* rnic. Fr. S. 0. V. p. 268. Nyl. in Proclr. N. Gran. p. 50 ;

Syn. n. Caled. p. 39. Tuckerm. Gen. p. 140. Lecidea, Ach. Syn.
p. 27.

Trees and shrubs. South Carolina, Florida and Texas

(Ravenel), Tuckerman Gen. ]872. Louisiana, Hale. The

radious grooving of the proper exciple reminds one of a charac-
teristic feature of Gyalecta; but the triple envelopes of the
fruit point rather to the type of Thelotrema, which also varies
in directions pointing towards Graphis.

Trib. II.— LECIDEACEL

Apothecia free, rounded, patellseform, open, becoming
more or less convex, or cephaloid ; the disk bordered by a
proper exciple ; the thalline exciple of the first Tribe nor-
mally deficient here.

Fam. 1.— CLADONIEI.

Thallus two-fold; a horizontal one, squamulose or granu-
lose (now obsolete) ; and a vertical, caulescent one, becom-
ing shrub-like (podetium).

XXXIX. — STEREOCAULON, Schreb.

Apothecia patellseform ; solid. Spores fusiform, or acic-
ular; 4-plurilocular ; colourless. Spermatia from oblong
becoming oftener staff- shaped; or acicular; on simple
sterigmas. Podetia shrub-like, erect, solid ; clothed more
or less with certain granules (phyllocladia) • which become
squamiforrn, or pass into coralloid branchlets; being also
now extended, at the base of the podetia, into a horizontal

crust. For the anatomy of the thallus see Schwendener

Untersuch. 1. c. 2, p. 173, t. 7, /. 10, 11. That remarkable
and common excrescence of the thallus which Nylander has
considered, under the name of cephalodium, in his Syn. p.
231, etc., has been further examined by Dr. Th. Fries (Flora,
1868) and lastly by Schwendener (Die Algentypen d. Flech-

tengonid. p. 16, 27, 33) ; but remains still unexplained.

For the distribution of Stereocaulon see G-en. Lick, p. 144.

* Eustereocaulon. Phyllocladia always present.

1. S. ramulosum (Sw.) Ach. ; podetia tufted, erectish, spar-
ingly for the most part and irregularly long-branched ; contin-
uously at first corticate-granulate at least at the summits, and
now also tomentose j phyllocladia ashy-gray, and whitish, pass-

S'FEREOCATJLON. 231

ing into at length crowded, short branchlets, which are now
deficient below, and the finally thickened podetia quite naked
(these conspicuously "beset everywhere with stalked, pale, pitted
cephalodia) ; apothecia terminal ; smallish to middling-sized ;
soon globular. Spores from fusiform soon acicular, 4-8-pmri-
locular ; and varying also greatly in size, from about 30 much

exceeding 100 mic. in length, and from 3 to 6 mic. in width.

Ach. L. U. p. 580 ; & in Sic. Lick. Amer. t. 14. 88. ramulo-
sunij vimineum, implexum*, daviceps, & piluliferum, Th. Fr.
Mon. Stereoc. p. 24. SS. ramulosum, proximum, mixtum, &c.,
Nyl. Syn. p. 235.

Pico de Orizaba, and other mountains of Mexico, Liebmann

e Th. Fr. 1. c. The examination of my numerous specimens

of this stock, from South America, Polynesia, Australia, and
Asia, leaves me without doubt that the earlier, presumably
larger conception of the species by the first describers is clearly
the natural one ; and should be returned to. Dr. Nylander has
indeed already (I. c.) reduced the new species of this group
proposed by Dr. Th. Fries ; as the latter author, for his part,
has well disallowed Nylander's discriminations based on the
differences in constitution of the cephalodia. The species (as
here received) is much the noblest of all; and as might be ex-
pected from its geographical range, varies into not a few marked
forms, from less than one to more than five inches in height,
and more or less tufted and branching ; with no little diversity,
as has been noted, in the spore-measurements ; but is always
distinguishable by the strigose podetia, to which it owes its
name ; its soon globular apothecia ; and its curious cephalodia.

A specimen of the present species in Herb. Taylor, is

marked " North America, Mr. J. Bradbury"; and Dr. Fries
finds specimens, in Herb. Swartz, of the var. macrocarpum,
Bab., which are said to have been collected in North America,
by Menzies ; but both references must be considered doubtful.

2. S. coralloides, Fr. ; podetia smallish, rather compressed,
densely tufted; for the most part digitately- divergent ; much
branched especially above, smooth and naked below ; the more
or less scattered phyllocladia grayish- white, passing into digi-
tately divided, corallinoid, finally crowded branchlets ; (cepha-
lodia sessile, warted, soon bluish-gray;) apothecia commonly
smallish, lateral, and often heaped; but occurring now also

232 STEREOCATJLON.

terminal, solitary and dilated. Spores sub-fusiform-acicular,

commonly 4-locular, ^^ mic. Fr. L. E. p. 201 (corallinum).

Tuck. Lich. exs. n. 94. "~ Th. Fr. Mon. p. 35 ; Scand. p. 44. Nyl.
Syn. 1. p. 241.

Rocks, in the New England mountains, Tuckerman Syn. N.
E. 1848. Arctic America (Franklin's 1st Voy.), Hooker herb.
Vancouver's Island, Macoun. Mountains of South Carolina,
Buckley.

3. S.paschale (L.) Fr. ; podetia at length longish, but lax,
commonly rather slender, many crowded together but not
caespitose-conjoined; rather compressed ; somewhat tomentose
or now almost naked ; much branched ; phyllocladia glauces-
cent, and ash-coloured, passing into short, squamaceous and
crenate branchlets ; (cephalodia as in the last;) apothecia sub-
terminal ; somewhat dilated ; flattish. Spores much as in the

last. Fr. L. E. p. 202. Tuck. Lich. exs. n. 112. Th. Fr.

Mon. p. 57 ; Scand. p. 46. Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 242.

On the earth, and on stones, in the mountains of New Eng-
land, Tuckerman Syn. N. E. 1848. Canada, Agassiz -, Macoun.
Arctic America, Herb. Hooker; Herb. Spreng., etc. Northwest
Coast, Lyall.

4. S. tomentosum (Fr.) Th. Fr. ; podetia stout; rounded,
loosely tufted, or now sub - solitary ; the divergent branches
much divided above ; densely white-tomentose ; phyllocladia
from greenish- at length grayish-white, squamaceous, blunt-
toothed, at length finger-lobed, crowded on the upper side, but
almost wanting on the under ; (cephalodia as in the last).
Apothecia lateral ; small to minute. Spores as in the preced-
ing, or now a little narrower. Fr. L. E. p. 201. Tuck. Lich.

exs. n. 23. Th. Fr. Mon. p. 50; Scand. p. 48. Nyl. Syn. 1,
p. 243.

b. alpinum, Th. Fr. ; more or less dwarfed ; and less con-
stantly tomentose ; the phyllocladia glaucous-white, becoming
wart-like especially above ; the apothecia commonly terminal ;

and dilated. Th. Fr. I. c. S. alpinum, Laur. in Fr. L. E.

p. 204.

On the earth, New England mountains, Tuckerman Syn. N.
E. 1848. Canada, Agassiz. Arctic America (Franklin's 1st
Exp.), Hooker herb., etc. Kocky Mountains, Bourgeau. Brit-

STEREOCATJLOK 233

ish Columbia, Macoun. Alaska, Dr. Kellogg. &, Greenland,

Vahl, e Th. Fr. 1. c. 1861. Elsewhere in Arctic America, Herb.
Hook. Islands of Behring's Straits, Wright. Islands of Cum-
berland Gulf, Howgate exp. Summit of Mt. Hood, Hall.
Mountains of Mexico, Nylander.

5. S. denudatum, Floerk. ; podetia smallish and rather
slender, loosely, or now often densely eaespitose, and fastigi-
ately much branched ; smooth throughout, and naked below ;
phyllocladia grayish-white, squamaceous, rounded and crenate,
becoming turgid, nodulose, and confluent-irregular ; (cepbalo-
dia conspicuous, otherwise much as in the last, but olivaceous-
brown, and blackening;) apothecia minute, flat. Spores as in

the last. Fr. L. E. p. 204. Tuck. Lich. exs. n. 114. Th. Fr.

Scancl. p. 50. Nyl Syn. 1, p. 247.

Rocks. Greenland, Dilienius Hist. Muse. 1741. Newfound-
land, Despreaux. New Engla'nd, Tuckerman. New Jersey,
Austin. Pennsylvania, Dilienius. Alaska, Dr. Kellogg.

6. S. condensation, Hoffm. ; podetia short, and now deficient,
for the most part simple, delicately tomentose; phyllocladia
glaucous, verrucose-sub-squamulose passing into blunt branch-
lets, densely clothing the podetia ; and collected also at their
base into a horizontal crust ; (cephalodia as in the last ; from
livid- ash- coloured becoming dark-olivaceous;) apothecia ter-
minal; smallish to middling-sized; heaped and confluent; or

dilated. Spores acicular, 4-locular, ^ mic. Schcer. Enum.

p. 178. Tuck. Lich. exs. n. 113 (rupicolis excl). Koerb. Syst.
p. 13. Th. Fr. Scand. p. 52.

On the earth in gravelly soil on the coast of Massachusetts,
Tuckerman Syn. N. E. 1848.

7. S. pileatum, Ach. ; podetia short, erect, sparingly, but at
length fastigiately branched above ; smooth ; phyllocladia glau-
cous and ash- coloured, verruculose, passing into corallinoid
branchlets, with all the summits now sorediiferous ; crowded at
the base of the podetia into a horizontal crust ; (cephalodia as
in the last;) apothecia terminal; middling- siz ed ; pileate.

Spores obtusely fusiform, 4-locular, J^ mic.^ Lich. Univ.

p. 582. Th. Fr. Scand. p. 51. 8. cereofus* Schcer. Enum. p. 178.
S. cereolinum, Koerb. Syst. p. 14. 8. condensatum pro p. Fr. L.

234 STEREOCATJLOX.

E. p. 203, Tuck, Syn. N. E. p. 46 ; Exs. n. 113, pr'. p. Nyl. Syn.
p. 250*.

Granitic rocks in the mountains of New England, Tucker-
man Syn. N. E. 1848. Grand Menan, Maine, Willcy.

8. S. nanodes, Tuckerm. ; podetia short and slender, cse-
spitose-conglomerate ; divergently branched from below and
more or less fastigiately divided above ; smooth ; phyllocladia
glaucous becoming ash-coloured, globular often powdery, but
confluent above into squamiform extensions lending a sub-folia-
ceous character to the commonly flattened podetia ; (cephalodia
much as those of the last;) apothecia terminal ; dilated. Spores

staff-shaped and acicular, 4-locular, j^£ mic. Suppl. 2, I. c.

p. 201. Nyl. Syn. p. 251.

Kocks along streams. White Mountains, Tuckerman I. c. 1848.

9. S. albicans (Th. Fr.) Nyl. ; podetia small, very slender,
softish, and fragile, csespitose ; sparingly fastigiate-branched ;
delicately tomentose ; white, but blackening below ; phyllocladia
glaucous-white, minute, rounded, dull, soon powdery, scattered,

mostly toward the summits ; apothecia unknown. Nyl. Syn.

p. 252. S. tenellum, Tuck, in Bot. Wilkes Voy., p. 123, t. 2,/. 2.

Rocky Mountains in Colorado, Brandegee, comm. Sprague.
Guadalupe Island, Lower California, Palmer, comm. Willey.
Representing here S. nanum of Europe ; and like that ap-
parently always an imperfect organism.

* * Phyllocaulon. Phyllocladia obsolete.

10. S. Wrightii, Tuckerm. ; podetia short, densly caespitose,
ascendant; sparingly branched from the blackening base;
dilated above into cut-crenate, lobe-like, greenish segments
with inflexed, crisped, white margins ; tomentose on the under
side ; (cephalodia conspicuous, pulvinate, granulose, olivaceous,
and blackening;) apothecia unknown. Suppl 2, I c. p. 202.

Rocks; islands of Behring's Straits, Mr. Wright. Very
marked as are the features of this lichen, the development of
the summits is in fact not ill comparable with the final condi-
tion of those of S. nanodes. The gonimia of the cephalodia
occur in nodules, from rounded-oblong at length difform-elon-
gated, resembling those of 8. Colensoi, as exhibited in Nyl.
Syn. t. VII., f. 8.

PILOPHORUS. 235

XL. — PILOPHORUS, Th. Fr.

Apothecia cephaloid; solid ; black. Spores ellipsoid 5
simple*; colourless. Spermatia staff-shaped ; on sub-simple
sterigiiias. Podetia simple or but little branched ; originally
solid ; clothed with wart-like granules (phyllocladia) which
are collected also into a crust at the base. The distinct-
ness of this type is manifest ; as is its very close affinity to
Stereocauloh.

P. cereolus (Ach.); podetia erect, rigid, sub -cylindrical, for
the most part simple ; phyllocladia minute, roundish becoming
flattened and squamiform, from green at length ash-coloured ;
(cephalodia from sub-globose at length flattened ; wrinkled, and
granulate; and from livid reddish-brown, and darkening;)
apothecia terminal. Spores ^^ mic.— — P. acicularis, Tuck.
Gen. p. 146.

a. Fibula, Tuck. ; podetia solid, from very short, and even
obsolete, at length equalling those of £, simple ; (cephalodia at
length explanate, and finely granulate, olivaceous -brown;)

apothecia globose - depressed. Stereocaulon Cereolus, Ach.

Meth. p. 316 ; L. U. p. 582. Borr. in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2667,
fide Taylor herb. ! S. Fibula, Tuck. Syn. N. E. p. 46. Pilopho-
ron, Tuck. Suppl. I, p. 42. Nyl. Syn. I, p. 229. Pilophorus, Th.
Fr. Hon. Ster. p. 71 ; £.10, /. 5. P. robustus, v. Cereolus, Th.
Fr. Scand. p. 55.

b. Hallii, Tuck. ; podetia solid, short and stout ; the apo-
thecia elongated and pestle -shaped (2-4mm- long, 0, 5mm._imm.
wide). Obs. Lich. 4, I. c. p. 177.

c. acicularis, Tuck. ; podetia sub-fistulous, rather elongated ;
simple or scarcely now branched ; (cephalodia sub-globose, bul-
late, from pale-livid becoming reddish and brown;) apothecia

soon sub-conical. Bceomyces, dein Cenomyce, Ach. Meth. p.

328, t. 8, /. 4 ; L. U. p. 567. Stereocaulon, Tuck. Syn. N. E.
p. 47. Pilophoron, Tuck. Suppl. I, p. 427. Nyl. Syn. I, p. 229,
t. 7,f. 6. Pilophorus, Th. Fr. Mon. Ster. p. 70, t. 10, /. 4.

d. robustus, Tuck. ; podetia sub-fistulous, at length rather
elongated, and stout; branching above into somewhat corym-
bose summits; (cephalodia as in c, becoming ample;) apothecia
depressed-globular. P. robustus, Th. Fr. Mon. Ster. p. 69, t.

236 CLADONIA.

10, /. 3. Pilophoron, Nyl. Syn. p. 228, t. 7, /. 4. P. polycarpum,
Tuck. Suppl. 1, I c. p. 427.

Rocks, bordering water courses, a, White Mountains, Tuck-
erman I c. 1848. Adirondack Mountains, New York (ill-distin-
guishable from c, and in the cephalodia not at all, in the speci-
mens), Peck. The lichen is better, exhibited here than in
Europe, and is not likely to be confused with Stereocaulon

pileatum. 5, Cascade Mountains, Oregon, E. Hall. A stouter

plant than a ; and, in the specimens, dark-ash-coloured : the

cephalodia not seen. c, Pacific Coast, Menzies, Douglass,

Hall, etc. ; as in the Rocky Mountains, Herb. Hook. d, Islands

of Behring's Straits, Wright ; as also in Norway, Th. Fr. I. c.

XLI. — CLADONIA, Hoffm.

Apothecia for the most part soon inflated and cephaloid ;
hollow within ; variously coloured (not black). Spores
ovoid-oblong; simple; colourless. Spermatia staff-shaped;
on sub-simple sterigmas. Podetia fistulous ; cartilagineous ;
cup-shaped ; or funnel-shaped ; or at length shrub-like, and
very much branched; rarely club-shaped; the horizontal
thallus squamulose ; or very rarely granulose (n. 13), now

deficient. The spores of Cladonia are small, and differ

but little in dimensions; the extremes of those given by
Nylander (Syn.) being 7-17mmm- by 3-5mmm-. For the anat-
omy, see Tulasne Mem. sur. les Lich. (Ann. Sci. Nat. 3, 17)
pp. 24, 36, 171, t. 10, /. 6-11, t. ll,/. 11-17; & Schwendener

Untersuch. I. c. 2, p. 168, t. 6,/. 23-27. The chief, recent

arrangements of this genus have all started from that of
Fries; and, except in terminology and other less important
respects, have varied from it but little, nor then perhaps
always with advantage. It is followed here, with some ex-
ceptions long since (Syn. K E.) proposed and still adhered
to by me; — C. rangiferina finding, I conceive, the most
natural place next after C.furcata, in the Fuscescentes ; and
C. uncialis next after C. amaurocrcea, in the Ochroleucce.
And this from the analogy of C. cristatella, and C. leporina.
The former (a member of Acharius's section Helopodium)

CLADONIA. 237

exhibits what should, it might seem, have been a simple,
cup-shaped podetium with the cup broken up into a cluster
of (fertile) branchlets; but passes at length into a condi-
tion so thickly branched as to offer no little of the aspect
of dwarfed C. rangiferina as occurring on dead wood. And
C. leporina, fully comparable finally with C. rangiferina,
takes on also an inflated, funnel-shaped, simple condition
(compare here FrieVs sufficiently pertinent -observation on
C. rangiferina v.portentosa, Duf., in L. E. p. 244) reminding
us at once of ordinary forms of C. cristatella. Like this
last (it is also a matter of interest) C. leporina, with all its
associableness with C. rangiferina, offers horizontal squam-
ules of a peculiar type, which are obsolete so far as appears,
in the much-branched state. We may perhaps then assume
the morphosis of C. rangiferina, and C. uncialis to be pos-
sibly explainable by that of the two species with which they
are compared above ; as even possibly more clearly by that
of C. furcata ; however stages in the development of the
one set of lichens be less fully exhibited, or now deficient
from the first, in the other. The position of C. Papillaria
is the only remaining, important point in which the present
arrangement of Cladonia differs from others now received.
I conceive Floerke to have been quite right in associating
this species with G. delicata-, and that Fries favoured in
fact the same view in allowing the first-named, however
differently placed by him, to be really most closely allied
(L. E. p. 245) to C. turgida. The horizontal thallus of G.
delicata is, here at least, most commonly quite granulose ;
and that of G. Papillaria, if never to be called squamulose,
assumes finally a squamaceous form, comparable certainly
with some states of the thallus of C. Eavenelii of this work.
And there is nothing else to keep C. Papillaria from the
place thus assigned to it.

Ser. I. Fuscce. Apothecia broivn. Podetia from green-
ish-gray passing into brownish.

1. Scyphiferce. Podetia normally simple, or only prolifer-
ous-ramose ', dilating above into a cup closed by an imperforate

238 CLADOKEA.

membrane : but the evolution of the cup now precluded from the
first, and the podetia club-shaped.

a. Flavo-virentes. Thallus especially developed and ample ;
from glaucous- becoming yellowish-green. Podetia cup-shaped
so far as known, but mostly infrequent, and ill- characterized
(n. 1-3).

1. C. endivitffolia (Dicks.) Floerk. ; thallus prostrate ; Mi a-
ceous ; at length coriaceous ; the elongated, flexuous divisions
sinuately and somewhat pinnately cleft ; glaucous passing soon
into yellowish above ; sulphureous-white beneath ; podetia of
the colour of the thallus, short, smooth, turbinate, the cups

irregular; apothecia reddish - brown. Fr. L. E. p. 212.

Sclicer. Enum.p. 194. Nyl. Syn. \,p. 189.

On dry sterile soils, especially of a calcareous nature, in the
Mediterranean countries ; as also in England, and even in the
Baltic island G-othland. I possess a specimen ticketed Carta-
gena by Gaudichaud ; but know not whether it be South Amer-
ican. A small specimen from Florida (Dr. Chapman) is possibly
however referable here.

2. C. alcicornis (Lightf.) Floerk.; thallus ascendant; sub-
foliaceous ; cartilagineous, but thinner than the last ; the elon-
gated divisions narrow and linear, more or less palmately cleft,
and repand-dentate ; pale-green ; beneath creamy- white ; beset
here and there at the margins with tufts of blackening fibrils ;
podetia of the colour of the thallus; elongated -turbinate;
smooth ; the regular cups at length leafy, and proliferous ; apo-
thecia reddish-brown. Fr. L. E. p. 213. Schcer. Enum. p.

194. Nyl. Syn. l,p. 190.

Sterile, sandy earth. North America, Muhlenberg Catal.
1818; Floerke Clad. 1828. Arctic America, Hooker. Sands,
Cambridge, Mass., Tuckerman. Sterile fields, Weymouth,
Willey.

3. C. ceratopliylla (Sw.) Eschw. ; thallus prostrate; sub-
foliaceous ; of much the size and aspect of the last but rather
thinner; the elongated, narrowed, deeply- and pinnately- cleft
divisions crisped-crenate at the margins ; pale- to yellowish-
green ; beneath white, sub-ciliate with finally blackening fibrils ;
podetia copiously arising from and characterizing the lobes, but
always sterile ; subulate ; simple for the most part ; as mostly

CLADONIA. 239

also decorticate, or beset only with isidioid granules. Eschw.

Bras. p. 280. Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 191. Cenomyce, Ach. L. U. p.
533, & in Siv. Lick. Amer. t. 12, f. 1.

A native of the forests of tropical America j in Jamaica,
Swart z ; and in Mexico, Nylander, Syn. 1858. It is also cited
as occurring in the islands of Tristan d'Acunha, and Bourbon^
and in the mountains of India, Nyl.

b. Fuscescentes. ^Thallus squamulose; only exceptionally
macrophylline ; from grayish-green becoming ash-coloured, and
brownish. ~ Podetia largely exhibited and at length richly-
developed j either club-shaped, or cup-shaped.

f Podetia club-shaped (n. 4-7).

4. C. symphycarpa, Fr. ; thallus squamulose, rather con-
spicuous, round-lobed, soon elongated, and becoming ample,
and brownish-green ; podetia short, but more elongated in the
macrophylline state, in which they also pass above into several
branchlets ; smoothish j of the colour of the thallus ; apothecia

confluent, brown. Fr. Nov. Sched. crit. cit. Th. Fr. Scancl. p.

89; Licli. Suec. exs. n. 232. C. pyxidata, v. symphycarpa, Fr.
Summ. Nyl. Scand. p. 50. Th. Fr. I. c.

b. epiphylla (Ach.) Nyl.; podetia excluded; the apothecia
seated on the squamules. Nyl. Scand. p. 50.

On the earth. Middle States, Muhlenberg Catal. 1818 j Peck ;
Austin ; etc. : Illinois, Hall. Wisconsin, and Minnesota, Lap-
ham. Virginia, Tuckerman. South Carolina, Ravenel. Ala-
bama, Peters. Louisiana, Hale. Texas, Wright. Fries's

later opinion that this Cladonia is to be taken for an abortive
condition of C. pyxidata, has been generally accepted ; but the
plant deserves perhaps to stand alone quite as well as the next
following numbers, which are now as generally received. It is
better exhibited here (so far as appears) than in Europe.

5. C. Mitrula, Tuckerm. ; thallus squamulose, the thick
squamules small to minute, often glebous, rounded and sub-
entire, but becoming at length somewhat extended and crenate-
lobate, pale-green ; podetia short, slender, almost always simple,
granulate - verruculose ; glaucescent; apotheeia heaped and
confluent ; from flesh - coloured becoming pale - brown (now

darker). Tuck, in Darlingt. Fl Cestr. edit. 3, p. 444. Nyl.

Syn. p. 203. C. imbricatula, Nyl. in Flora, 1858, p. 378.

240 CLADONTA.

On the earth throughout the Southern States, Eavenel ; Hale ;
etc., to Texas, Wright-, also in Mexico, Nylander I. c.; and
Cuba Wright. It is also found in the Western States, Lesque-
reux, Hall, etcN and occurs as well, "but less characteristical, at
least in colour, in New Jersey, Austin, and New England, Tucker-
man ; Willey. The pale-fruited, southern specimens now well

simulate some Eceomyc.es. It is not easy to refer this lichen, as
an abnormal condition, to any cup-bearing species; and this
suggests at once the keeping of C. symphycarpa by itself, as is
proposed above.

6. C. cariosa (Ach.) Spreng. ; thallus squamulose, much as
in C. pyxidata ; podetia acquiring the full size and stoutness of
the same species ; soon warty, and squamulose, and cancellate-
carious above ; where they pass into digitately divided, fastigi-
ate branchlets ; greenish-glaucescent ; apothecia at length con-
fluent, dark-brown. Cenomyce, Ach. L. U. p. 567. Cladonia,

Nyl. Syn. p. 194. Th. Fr. Scand. p. 90. C. degenerans, b, Fr.
L. E. p. 221. Tuck. Lich. exs. n. 120.

On the earth. Northern and middle States, Muhlenberg
Catal. 1818 ; etc. Arctic America, Richardson in herb. Hook.
Colorado, Wolf. New Mexico, Fendler. Oregon, Hall. Brit-
ish Columbia, Macoun.

7. C. decorticata, Floerk. ; thallus squamulose, much as in
the last; podetia rather slender, cylindrical, at length elon-
gated ; the fertile ones mostly simple but the sterile becoming
at length fastigiately branched and subulate ; largely decorti-
cate ; the epidermis passing into scattered, conspicuous squam-
ules and rounded granules; irregularly at length fistulous,
greenish-ash-coloured (finally woody, and blackening) apothe-
cia brown. Fl. Clad. p. 10. Tuckerm. Syn. N. E. p. 50 ; Lich.

Amer. exs. n. 124. Nyl. Scand. p. 53. Th. Fr. Scand. p. SI.

On the earth upon rocks. White Mountains, N. H., Tuck-
erman I. c. 1848.

f f Podetia cup-shaped (n. 8-11).

8. C. pyxidata (L.) Fr. ; thallus squamulose, the ascendant
squamules crenate-lobate, of middling size and thickness;
rarely ample ; podetia cartilagineous- corticate, becoming warty,
and scurfy; turbinate; grayish-green and ash-coloured; the

CLADON-IA. 241

cups dilated and cyathiform ; apothecia brown. L. E. p. 218.

Tuck. Lich. exs. n. 25. Nyl. Syn. p. 192.

b. Pocillum, Ach. ; thallus foliaceous, appressed, ,nmch thick-
ened, finally olivaceous- or tawny-brown ; podetia reduced in

size. Fr. 1. c. Nyl. I. c.

On the earth, a, common everywhere, Muhlenberg Catal
1818. Arctic America, Giseke ; E. Br. ; etc. Southern States,

Ravenel; Hale; etc. California, Bolander. Oregon, Hall

b, Bear Lake, Arctic America, Richardson. Islands of Behr-
ing's Straits, Wright.

9. C. fimbriata (L.) Fr. ; thallus squamulose, much as in the-
last but smaller, and less abundant ; podetia cylindrical and
soon elongated; the mostly greenish, inembranaceous epider-
mis dissolving into a fine, glaucous-white powder; the cups
with erect margins ; apothecia brown. L. E. p. 222.

a. Podetia shortish, but often proliferous - extended ; the
cups sub -denticulate. Fr. I. c. Tuckerm. Lich. exs. n. 121.

b. tubtfformis, Fr. ; podetia slender, elongated ; the epider-
mis either as in a ; or more or less persistent and pale-tawny-
brown; now conspicuously beset with squamules; the cups
reduced in size, and either toothed or entire ; often proliferous-
firnbriate ; or not seldom abortive, and the podetia subulate ;

apothecia confluent. Fr.! I. c. C.pyx.f. Fibula, FL! Clad.

p. 63. C. fimbriata f. tubceformis, &-f. Fibula, Nyl. Scand. p.
51 ; & in Norrl. Lich. Fenn. n. 59, 60. C. adspersa, Mont. ! &
V. d. Bosch in Mont. Syll. p. 336. C. fimbriata, v. adspersa,
Tuckerm. in Wright Lich. Cub. n. 31, 32; & Gen. p. 147.

c. radiata, Fr. ; much elongated, subulate ; or the cups sub-
ulate-proliferous ; or disappearing in radiate branchlets. Fr.

l.c.,& Auctt. Tuck. Lich. exs. n. 122.

On the earth, and rotten logs, throughout North America.
a, Arctic America (Richardson), Hooker I. c. 1823. New York,

Halsey. New England, Tuckerman. b, in the northern and

middle States, common, as well on the coast as in the mount-
ains, Tuckerman, etc. Southern States, Curtis; Eavenel; etc.
Ohio, etc. Lea; Hall New Mexico, Fendler. California,

Bolander. Oregon, Newberry. c, White Mountains, N. H.,

Tuckerman Syn. N. E. 1848. Canada, Macoun. Studied in

its entirety, the present species, however now approaching the
17

242 CLADOISTIA.

last preceding one, is seen to have a distinct development ; and
this to "be well-marked by the diversity in the epidermis. There
is little difference of opinion as to the three forms determined
by Fries ; but the second of these (f. tub&formis) may most
readily be extended to include another lichen, which, unrecog-
nized in Europe, fills a considerable place in the Lichen-Floras
of both northern and equinoctial America. The interest of the
study of Lichens lies in the resolution rather than the over-
estimation of differences. C. adspersa, Mont. & V. d. Bosch
1. c. (C. fimbriata, v. adspersa, Tuckerm. II. cc.) possesses, in
the two cited diagnoses, no single character that should exclude
it from the form we are now considering : the specimens in
Wright Lick. Cub. n. 32 (though referred by Mr. Leighton to
his C. pyxidata, v. decorticata) being inseparable from Mon-
tagne's lichen, and agreeing equally, as a subulate state, with
the scyphiferpus n. 31 (taken by Leighton for his C. pyxidata,
v. pityrea) which is manifestly only an extension of Cuban spec-
imens (unpublished) of what should as clearly be a.

10. C. degenerans, Floerk. ; thallus squamulose, much as in
the next, infrequent at the base and now wanting; podetia
longish; cartilagineous - corticate ; irregularly but at length
luxuriantly proliferous-ramose ; for the most part smooth but
beset more or less with squamules ; and now at length granu-
late-furfuraceous ; glaucous-greenish, ash-coloured, and brown ;
but blackening, with white spots, at the base ; cups irregular,

cristate-lacerate ; apothecia brown. Fl. Clad. p. 41. Fr. L.

E.p. 221 (b. excl.) Tuckerm. Lich. exs. n. 95. Nyl. Scand. p. 53.

On the earth. Northern and middle States, Muhleriberg
Gated. 1818; Halsey. Canada, Agassiz. Arctic America, Rich-
ardson-, Wright. Southward, Virginia, Dillenius.

11. C. gracilis (L.) Nyl.; thallus squamulose, middling-
sized to now ample, but infrequent for the most part at the
base, and now scarcely any ; podetia soon elongated, and from
slender very robust ; cartilagineous- corticate ; polished ; from
pale-greenish becoming pale- to finally dark-brown ; cups rather

flattened ; apothecia brown. Nyl. Syn. p. 196. C. gracilis,

max. p., Fr. L. E. p. 218. C. gracilis, & verticittata, Floerk.
Clad. p. 26, 30. C. ecmocyna, Ach.

a. verticillata, Fr. ; podetia from shortish now rather elon-
gated; all cup-bearing; the cups dilated and flattish, soon

CLADONIA. 243

proliferous, at length luxuriantly, from the centre. Fr. I. c.

Nyl. 1. c. Scyphophorus-verticillaris, Michx. FL Bor. Amer., 2, pf
328, not of(Eadcl) Mont.

* cervicornis, Floerk. ; thallus macrophylline, the lobed

squamules elongated, ascendant. FL I c. p. 28. Fr. I c.

NyL L c.

* * symphycarpia, Tuckerm. ; cups obsolete from the first ;
apothecia confluent. Lick. Amer. exs. n. 116.

b. hybrida, Schser. ; podetia elongated; cylindrical; often
beset with squamules ; mostly cup-bearing ; the dilated cups

proliferous commonly from the margin. Fr. I. c. Tuckerm.

Lick. exs. n. 27.

c. elongata,Fi\: podetia much elongated; cylindrical; mostly
subulate or forked ; either stout and commonly pale (f. macro-
ceras) or slender and commonly darker brown (f. chordalis), now
beset here and there with squamules ; the cups diminished, and
somewhat concave. Fr. L c. Tuckerm. Lich. exs. n. 28, 117.

On the earth, to be especially studied in high mountains, but
found, in one form or another, throughout our region ; Muhlenberg
Catal. 1818. a, reaching its height of development in the lower
regions of the White Mountains, passes, at the south (South
Carolina, Ravenel ; Florida, Chapman ; Louisiana, Hale) into a
slender, smaller form, otherwise equally well-marked, which

occurs, also in Cuba, and Venezuela. a, * as respects what is

here referred to it, is certainly a macrophylline state of the
present species, and perhaps better referable to a, than to b
(in which Fries also recognizes a macrophylline condition), but
its greater robustness makes it less comparable with the Euro-
pean lichen, than with such American ones as the above-cited
Lich. Amer. n. 27. It has only occurred to me in the lower region

of the White Mountains. a, * * is known only from the coast

of Massachusetts, Oakes ; Willey. b, an intermediate form

between a, and c, and not always readily determinable, is com-
monly found wherever c is, throughout our northern regions, as
well Atlantic as Pacific ; and is sent from Wisconsin (E. L.

Greene] but I have not seen it from the south. c is especially

characteristical of arctic and alpine regions, but descends, at
least in the paler form, to the coast of Massachusetts, Oakes ;
and of Maine, Willey ; as of California, Mensies.

244 CLADONIA.

C. cornuta (L.) Fr. ; thallus as in the last; podetia
much elongated, cylindrical; mostly subulate; the epidermis
persistent, smooth, and pale- to dark-brown below, but thinner
above and dissolving there, more or less, into a fine white dust ;
cups much narrowed, as in C. gracilis v. elongata, from which
this is now commonly taken to descend ; apothecia as in that.
- Fr. L. E. p. 225. Tuckerm. Lich. exs. n. 123 (the terricoline
specimen). Nyl. Scand. p. 52. C. gracilis v. cornuta, Schcer.

On the earth, especially of burnt districts, in the White
Mountains, Tuckerman Syn. N. E. 1848. Tamarack swamps,
Wisconsin, Lapham. Canada, Macoun. British Columbia,
Lyall. Macoun.

2. Per vice. Podetia not cup -bearing ; and the simpler,
more turgid states which correspond to the cup-lichens, though sim-
ilarly dilated at the axils and summits, are normally open and
funnel- shaped ; or in the slender, much-branched states at least
perforate. - The truly fruticulose, dichotomously - branched
forms of this division are well distinguishable from the corre-
spondingly elongated but only proliferous ones of the Scyphiferce;
and the horizontal thallus, though far less abundant, in most of
the species, and finally quite deficient, is yet marked, in the
most, by a character of its own.

12. C. turgida (Ehrh.) Hoffm. ; thallus foliaceous, sub-erect,
membranaceous-cartilagineous, deeply and somewhat pinnately
laciniate; podetia from shortish, turgid, and obconical, soon
elongated; smooth; glaucous; the summits scyphiform but
mostly perforate, proliferously at length much-branched; apo-
thecia brown. - Ach. Syn. p. 272. Fr. L. E. p. 215. Tuckerm.
Lich. exs. n. 124. Nyl. Syn. p. 205.

b. conspicua (Schaer.) Nyl.; thallus disappearing; podetia
much elongated, densely crowded together and fastigiately
branched ; now beset with squamules ; ashy-green ; the sum-
mits stellate-dentate. - Nyl. I. c. C. turgida, v. grypea, Tuck-
erm. in Agass. Lake Sup., Append.

On the earth, especially in fissures of rocks on mountains.
Northern States, Muhlenberg Catal. 1818. Canada, Agassiz.
Newfoundland, Despreaux. Arctic America, Richardson. North
West Coast, Herb. Hook. - Best comparable with C. eenotea\
as especially now with some of the forms of C. furcata, a, cris-

CLADOKEA. 245

pata ; and at length, as respects the ultimate ramification, with
C. uncialis, b. This is the general view of Floerke, Schserer,
and Nylander ; and in fact, too, of Fries, though he assigns the
lichen a different place.

13. C. Paptttaria (Ehrh.) Hoffm.; thallus of minute, smooth,
finally squamaceous and lobulate granules; podetia short;
smooth or now granulate ; either sub-simple, and from papillae-
form becoming club-shaped and cylindrical - ventricose (a) or
much and fastigiately branched, growing in crowded clumps (b.
molariformis, Hoffm.), the summits dividing irregularly into gib-
bous branchlets ; glaucous, now a little yellowish ; apothecia

reddish-brown. FL Clad. p. 5. FT. L. E. p. 245. Tuckerm.

Lich. Exs. n. 115. Nyl, Syn.p. 188.

Sandy and gravelly earth, Tuckerman Syn. N. E. 1848. a,
on the coast of New England, Bennett; Farlow ; etc. ; as of New
Jersey, Austin. Virginia, common, Tuckerman. North Caro-
lina, Curtis. South Carolina, Eavenel. b, alpine region of the

White Mountains, Tuckerman. Schserer, whose acquaintance

with this species will scarcely be questioned, has plainly testi-
fied to gathering specimens of it 'furnished with a minute, nar-
rowly lacinulate thallus' (Enum. p. 203), a description really
bringing to mind the thallus of C. Ravenelii (described below)
imperfect squamules of which may be compared with certain
states of the granules of the present. And the true place of the
lichen is also suggested by its resemblance not only to C. turgida,
but to C. Santensis.

14. C. Santensis, Tuckerm. ; thallus squamulose, small, thick -
ish, elongated at length and laciniate, dentate-crenate ; podetia
thin and fragile, short, simple, turgid, and dilating, in the man-
ner of the last species, into proliferous-fimbriate summits ; or
more cylindrical and a little branched ; the epidermis passing
more or less into smooth granules ; glaucescent ; apothecia red-
dish-brown. Suppl. 1, L c.p. 427.

b. Beaumontii-, podetia elongated ; cylindrical; very slender,
dichotomously much-branched, and intricate ; the summits cris-
tate-ramulose.

On the earth, South Carolina (Ravenel), Tuekerman I. c. 1858.

Texas, Wright; Hall. 6, North Carolina, Curtis. Alabama,

J. F. Beaumont. The granules afford a very characteristical

246 CLADONIA.

note of this species, but they finally disappear, when a rather
stouter lichen of California (Bolander) comes near.

15. C. eenotea (Ach.) Schser. ; thallus squamulose, for the
most part Ill-exhibited, but the squamules at length elongated
and dissected, and the few scattering ones on the lower part of
the podetia stalked and acanthiform ; podetia longish ; dividing
dichotomously by repeated proliferation ; the at first smooth,
from pale-greenish at length dark-brown membranaceous epi-
dermis soon scurfy below, and passing above into a fine whitish
powder; the funnel-shaped axils and summits gaping, with in-
curved margins ; apothecia sessile; from flesh-coloured becom-
ing dark-brown. FL Clad. p. 125. Tuckerm. Lick. Exs. n.

125. Cenomyce, Ach. Syn. p. 271. Cladonia brachiata, Fr. L.
E. p. 228.

b. furcellata, Fr. ; podetia much elongated, slender, fruticu-

lose, the summits subulate and forked. Fr. I. c. Tuckerm.

Lick. exs. n. 126.

On rotten logs, and on the earth among mosses. White
Mountains and coast of Massachusetts, Tuckerman Syn. N. E.
1848. b, on the earth in old pastures, Massachusetts, etc.

16. C. squamosa, Hoffm. ; thallus foliaceous- squamulose,
soon elongated and much dissected ; podetia longish ; irregularly
at length much branched ; the soon granulate epidermis disap-
pearing at length in crowded, ashy-green squamules ; axils and
summits either dilated and funnel-shaped (f. ventricosa, Fr.) or
the slenderer podetia attenuate, with subulate summits (f. atten-

uata, Fr. ) ; apothecia cymose, brown . Fr. L. E. p. 231 . Tuck-

erm. Lich. exs. n. 30. Nyl. Scand. p. 57.

On the earth, mossy rocks, and rotten logs, common in the
northern mountains, Tuckerman Syn. N. E. 1848. New Jersey,
Austin. Ohio, Miss Eiddlecome. Illinois, Hall. Lake Supe-
rior shores, Agassiz. Lake Winnipeg, Herb. Hook. North West
Coast, Herb. Hook. ; etc. North Carolina, Curtis. South Car-
olina and Tennessee, Ravenel. Alabama, Peters. Louisiana,
Hale. The southern specimens inferior and less typical, ex-
cept a small form (f. botryoides) sent from South Carolina and
Georgia, Eavenel-, and Louisiana, ifofe; with smoother, scarcely
squamulose podetia, and much of the look generally of C. Botry-
tis, for which it might be mistaken ; but the apothecia are
finally dark-brown.

CLADONIA. 247

16(5). C. delicata (Ehrh.) Fl. ; small; the thallus associable
primarily with reduced states of that of C. squamosa, but soon
disappearing in crowded, white granules; podetia short; slender;
simple for the most part, or only now branching above ; soon
decorticate ; besprinkled with granules ; apothecia heaped ; be-
coming dark-brown. Nyl. Syn. p. 210. C. parasitica, Schcer.

Tuck. Syn. N. E. p. 51 ; Lich. Amer. exs. n. 29. C. squamosa,
v. delicata, Fr. L. E.

Decaying wood. Northern and middle States, Muhlenberg
Catal. 1818. Ohio, Miss Biddlecome. Illinois, Hall. Indiana,
V. d. Bosch. South Carolina, Eavenel. Alabama, Peters.
Louisiana, Hale.

16(c). C. ccespiticia (Pers.) FL; thallus small but foliaceous,
much elongated, erectish, with many-cleft, crisped divisions;
compacted into a dense clump ; pale-green ; podetia very short;
naked ; or now wanting, and the brown apothecia sessile on the

leaflets. FL Clad. p. 8. Tuck. Syn. N. E. p. 48. Nyl. Syn.

p. 210.

Old trunks of trees, and rocks. New York, as throughout
the northern States, Halsey View 1823. Ohio, Lesquereux.
Illinois, Hall. Virginia, Curtis. Tennessee, and South Caro-
lina, Eavenel. Thallus now much reduced.

17. C.furcata (Huds.) Fr. ; thallus squamulose, small and
sparse, but at length much like that of C. squamosa except in
size ; podetia dichotomously fruticulose ; cartilagineous-corticate ;
polished ; brownish-green ; axils and fertile summits pervious ;

the fertile ones corymbose; apothecia brown. Fr. L. E. p.

229. Til. Fr.Scand.p. 78.

a. crispata, Fl. ; podetia at first short and scyphiform, often
not unlike simple forms of C. gracilis, a, but pervious, and tur-
gescent ; soon elongated, and, by proliferation from the margin
much branched; from pale-greenish at length brown ; now
squarnulose ; the axils and summits funnel-shaped (now also

not seldom closed, and cup-shaped). Fl. Mon. 148. Fr. L c.

Tuck. Lich. exs. n. 31.

b. racemosa, Fl. ; podetia elongated ; more or less inflated ;
and, together with the axils, here and there gaping ; the branches
spreading, and curved, and beset at length thickly with squam-
ules; the sterile summits subulate ; from pale-greenish at length
brownish. Fl. Mon. 152. Fr. I. c. Tuckerm. Lich. exs. n. 32.

248 CLADONIA.

c. subulata, Fl. ; squamules rare or deficient; podetia slen-
derer, straighter, and much branched; more commonly darker;
the axils' slightly more or less perforate ; the sterile summits

subulate, and forked. FL Hon. p. 143. Fr. I. c. Twkerm.

Lich. exs. n. 33.

d. pungens, Fr. ; smallish ; very slender and fragile ; divari-
cately much branched ; pale ; growing in dense clumps. Fr.

1. c. Nyl. L c.

On the earth, common, a, Northern States, Tuckerman Syn.
N. E. 1848. Wisconsin, E. L. Greene. Newfoundland, Despre-
aux. Arctic America, Richardson in herb. Hook. Rocky Mount-
ains, Herb. Hook. ; Hall British Columbia, Macoun, etc. Cal-
ifornia, Bolander. fy range quite the same with that of the

last, but probably also occurring in the southern States* at least

in the mountains. c, range the same, but fine at the south, as

far as Florida, Ravenel. d, White Mountains, in the alpine

region, Tuckerman. Northern shore of Lake Superior, Agassiz.
And probably southern ; specimens possibly referable to it have
been sent from Alabama, Peters. It is very fine, and now beau-
tifully foliose in Cuba (Wright Lich, Cub. n. 33).

18. C. ranglferina (L.) Hoffm. ; horizontal thallus deficient;
podetia elongated ; erect ; fruticulose ; variously roughish or
mealy; trichotomously very much branched, the lubricate
branches divaricated; axils sub - perforate ; fertile summits

cymose ; apothecia brown. Fl. Clad. p. 160. Fr. L. E. p.

243. Nyl. Syn. p. 211.

a. pale-ash-coloured ; verruculose ; the summits drooping.
Fr. I. c. Tuckerm. Lich. exs. n. 127.

b. sylvatica, L. ; pale-yellowish ; perhaps rather more deli-
cate, and more loosely branched; smoothish; the summits com-
monly straighter. Fr. I. c. Tuck. Lich. exs. n. 128.

c. alpestris, L. ; with the coloration of the last ; softish ;
mealy or now as if tomentose ; the branches and branchlets very

densely thyrsoid-entangled. Fr. I. c. Tuckerm. Lich, exs.

n. 129.

On the earth, common everywhere ; found also in degenerate
states on dead wood. Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Carolina,
DilleniuSj Hist. Muse. 1741. Canada (a) and Carolina (c),
Michaux. Arctic America, G-ieseke, Richardson, etc. North

CLADONIA. 249

West Coast, Herb. Hook. ; Hall ; Macoun, etc. b is found at

the south in a delicate, well-coloured form ; North Carolina,
Curtis; South Carolina, Ravenel ; Alabama, Beaumont ; Florida,

Chapman. c is also more delicate at the extreme south;

Florida, Chapman-, and this is perhaps Michaux's v. minor,
found by him in Carolina.

Ser. II. Ochroleucce. Apothecia pale flesh coloured,
oftener becoming reddish-brown. Podetia pale sulphur col-
oured, or straw-coloured.

19. C. Botrytis (Hag.) Hoffm. ; thallus squamulose, minute,
erose-crenate, at length lobate ; podetia short; cylindrical;
slender; cartilagineous - corticate ; verruculose; pale-sulphur-
coloured ; dividing more or less above into sub-fastigiate branch-
lets which are crowned by the largish, pale, flesh-coloured at

length brownish apothecia. Fr. L. E. p. 234. Nyl. Syn-

^.202.

Rotten pine wood, British Columbia, Macoun. Growing
mixed with these specimens is a cornute, always simple lichen,
agreeing with similar (small) forms of C. flmbriata in general
character, as in becoming powdery above, but with the colour of

the present, to which it is difficult not to refer it. According

to Scha3rer (Enum. p. 192) the species is also a native of Vir-
ginia (Herb. Shuttleworth) and of Carolina (Herb. Moug.) but I
have seen nothing resembling it from the Atlantic region except
the small form of C. sguamosa called here f. hotryoides, which,
though very like the first, has the coloration and the thallus,
and belongs without doubt to the stock, of the other. Fries
took the present for an abortive cup-lichen ; a representative
therefore in the present series of the club-shaped group of the
preceding one.

20. C. lepidota, Fr. ; thallus squamulose, minute, sub-entire,
but becoming elongated and much-lobed ; podetia shortish ; cyl-
indrical; cartilagineous-corticate ; soon verrucose; sub-simple
or sparingly branched; the scarcely dilated summits passing
into erectish, fastigiate branchlets, which, are densely at length
beset, as more or less also the lower portions, with rounded
squamules ; greenish - straw - coloured ; apothecia from pale-
brownish-flesh-coloured at length darker. Fries in Utt.

Tuckerm, Gen. p. 148.

250 CLADONIA.

On the earth, Mexico (Liebmann), Tuckerman Gen. 1872.
Coast of Massachusetts, Oakes. Willey. New Jersey, Austin.

Aiken, South Carolina, Eavenel. Most readily comparable

with conditions of C. degenerans \ but the scyphiferous type by
no means as clear as in that.

21. C. carneola, Fr. ; thallus squamulose, minute, crenate-
lobate, greenish ; podetia membranaceous-corticate soon becom-
ing powdery ; pale-sulphur-coloured ; apothecia flesh-coloured,
at length brownish. Fr. L. E.p. 233. Nyl Syn. p. 201.

a. podetia short, turbinate ; all cup-bearing ; simple, or pro-
liferous. Fr. I c.

b. cyanipes, Sommerf. ; podetia elongated ; cylindrical ; slen-
der ; fragile ; from simple soon sparingly and irregularly short-
branched; the cups disappearing in subulate branchlets.—
Nyl. 1. c. Th. Fr. Scand, p. 73. C. Despreauxii (Bor.) Tuck-
erm. Syn. N. E. p. 54.

On the earth, a, Greenland, Fries I. c. 1831. Cascade mount-
ains, Oregon, Hall. b, Newfoundland (Despreaux), Tuck-
erman I c. 1848. Alpine region of the White Mountains.

22. C. amaurocrcea (Fl.) Schser.; horizontal thallus defi-
cient ; podetia growing more or less loosely in clumps, elongated :
slender; much curved-decumbent ; irregularly branched; scyphi-
ferous and repeatedly proliferous, or the cups obsolescent be-
low, and the axils now open, or again largely obsolete above v
and the tips subulate ; straw-coloured with brown summits ; the
cups narrowed and concave, with cristate - dentate margins i

apothecia flesh-coloured fuscescent. Fl. Clad. p. 119. Seh&r*

Enum. p. 197. Tuckerm. Syn. N. E. p. 53 ; & Lich. Amer. exs.
n. 130. Nyl. Syn. p. 216.

On the earth in alpine districts. Arctic America, Floerke
1. c. 1828; Richardson-, Wright-, etc. Newfoundland, Despre-
aux. Lake Superior, northern shores, Agassiz. White Mount-
ains, Tuckerman. Manifestly the analogue of C. gracilis, and

when the normal, scyphiferous condition is well-marked it is
impossible to confound the lichen with C. uncialis ; subulate
conditions are often more difficult, but perhaps not much more
so than in the species first-named.

23. C. uncialis (L.) Fr. ; horizontal thallus deficient ; pode-
tia growing in dense clumps, soon elongated ; turgid-cylindrical ;

CLADONIA. 251

dichotomously branched j either slender for the most part, and
somewhat attenuate, with often imperforate axils, and subulate
summits (a. Auct.) or turgid, with gaping axils, and fastigiately
at length much-branched, radiate summits, with cristate-dentate
tips (b. adunca, Auct.) ; fertile podetia iucrassated above, cymose ;

apothecia brown. Fr. L. E. p. 244. Tuckerm. Licit, exs. n.

34, 35. Nyl. Syn. p. 215. C. stellata, Schcer. Fl. Clad. p. 172.

c. Caroliniana ; podetia not unlike those of b. adunca in its
most turgid forms, but bullate-ventricose, and the obconical
branches terminating in sub-truncate, obtuse summits beset here
and there with short, thorn-like branchlets of the same colour.

Dufourea, dein Cenomyce CaroUniana, Schwein. herb. Cla-

donia, Tuckerm. Suppl. 1,1. c. p. 427. Nyl. Syn. p. 216 (sub-sp.).

On the earth, throughout North America. Canada, Michaux
Flora 1803. Arctic countries, Richardson ; Valil ; Wright, etc.
Newfoundland, Despreaux. North West Coast, Lyall. Northern
and Middle States, Muhlenberg. Southern States, Curtis-, Rav-

enel. a is often short, and well contrasts in size, as in other

respects, with b-, but, like the latter, becomes at length much
elongated and inflated, without wholly losing its other distinc-
tions. b is finally very turgid (f. turgescens, Schaer.) though

not otherwise differing. Both these large forms belong to alpine
and arctic regions. I cannot distinguish from the last-named
the Newfoundland C. Delisei, Despreaux ! in herb. varr. ; nor at
all refer it, as Nylander (1. c.) has done, to C. Boryi. c, mount-
ains of Georgia, and Tennessee, Ravenel; Alabama, on sand-
rocks, Peters.

23(b). C. Boryi, Tuckerm.; horizontal thallus deficient;
podetia turgid, now much distended ; elongated-turbinate ; divid-
ing above fastigiately ; or now more narrowed and sub-cylin-
drical, dichotomously much -branched; reticulate-lacunose pass-
ing into cribrose j pale-straw-coloured ; scyphiferous and re-
peatedly proliferous, as also proliferous-fimbriate ; but the cups
not uncommonly perforate, and disappearing at length in cris-
tate-dentate extremities ; apothecia brown. Syn. N. Eng. p.

54 ; Lich. Amer. exs. n. 36. C. uncialis, v. reticulata, Russell in
Essex Journ. Nat. Hist. Cenomyce lacunosa, Bory fide sched.
in Herb. Berol. (nomen.).

On the earth near the sea, Newfoundland (Despreaux), Tuck-
ermau 1. c. 1848. Labrador, Mr. W. A. Stearns. Coast of Mas-

252 CLADONTA.

sachusetts, Dr. Jacob Porter ; Russell-, etc.; as of Rhode Island,

Mr. Bennett. It was found in Japan, by Mr. Wright. A

reduced, more or less incrassated, and glaucescent state (Lick.
Amer. exs. n. 132) occurs in the alpine region of the White
Mountains ; and is scarcely different from Hook. & Thorns.

Herb. Ind. Or. n. 2129, from the Himmalayah. Podetia of the

coast-lichen now eight lines in diameter, and five where the
branches begin. The plant, which is too remarkable to be
passed over, occurs now with much the habit, and the cups of
C. gracilis v. hybrida ; but these cups are very commonly more
or less perforate, and pass at length into tips quite like those of
C. uncialis, b, in its more turgid conditions. The herbarium-
name first-given is credited also to Delise (Herb. Spreng.); I
retain the name by which the lichen was first described.

Ser. III. Coccinece. Apothecia scarlet. Podetia from
yellowish or greenish more or less finally gray.

24. C. Cornucopioides (L.) Fr. ; thallus squamulose, the
squamules small to middling-sized and now ample, crenate-
lobate; podetialong-turbinate; cartilagineous-corticate; smooth
becoming warty, or now even squamulose (a) or very commonly
more or less powdery above (b. pleurota, Schser.) from pale-yel-
lowish most often ashy-greenish ; the dilated cups cyathiform ;

apothecia scarlet; or now yellow (c. ochrocarpia). Fr. L. E.

p. 236. Tuckerm. Lich. Amer. exs. n. 37. Nyl. Syn. p. 220.

On the earth in sterile soils, a, & ft, common. Northern and
middle States, Muhlenberg Catal. 1818. Arctic America, Rich-
ardson-, Gieseke; Wright. Canada and British Columbia,
Macoun. Oregon, Hall Along the mountains southward, as in

North Carolina, and Georgia, Eavenel. c is rare ; South shore

of Massachusetts, Willey.

25. C. bettidiflora (Ach.) Schasr. j thallus squamulose, the
squamules from smallish at the base becoming middling-sized
above and irregularly much lobed ; podetia elongated ; ventri-
cose-cylindrical ; cartilagiueous-corticate ; smooth, clothed more
or less densely and imbricated with squamules (a) or the squa-
mules more or less entirely wanting (b. Hookeri, Nyl.) finally
somewhat branched, and now subulate j ashy-greenish now yel-
lowish ; cups small ; apothecia scarlet. Fl. Clad. p. 95. Fr.

L. E. p. 237. Nyl. Syn. p. 221.

CLADCXNTA. 253

On the earth, and on rocks, in alpine and arctic regions.
Greenland, Floerke Clad. 1828. Labrador, Wenck, etc. New-
foundland, Despreaux. British Columbia, Macoun. Marin

county, California, Bolander. ft (C. Hookeri, Tuck. Syn. N. E.

1848) Newfoundland, Herb. Hook. A rock-lichen of the White

Mountains, of the present series, with densely squamulose pode-
tia, is, for the most part, scarcely distinguishable from the species
last preceding ; but notwithstanding offers now no differences at
all from small forms of the present.

26. C. deformis (L.) Hofifm. ; thallus squamulose, the squa-
mules sparse and small, but at length more ample, rounded, and
lobed; podetia elongated-cylindrical more or less ventricose ;
incrassated j simple becoming somewhat branched ; menibrana-
ceous-corticate ; ashy-greenish and smooth below, above finally
sulphureous-powdery ; cup's cupulaeform, and the erect, now pro-
liferous margin crenate-deutate, but at length dilated and very

irregularly torn-lobed ; apothecia scarlet. Fr. L. E. p. 239.

Tucker m. Licit, exs. n. 38. Nyl. Syn. p. 222.

On the earth in our highest New England mountains, and
northward. Canada, Michaux Fl. 1803 ; Agassiz. Newfound-
land, Despreaux. White Mountains, Tuckerman. Coast of
Massachusetts, rare, Oakes. Rocky Mountains, alpine, Hall

British Columbia, Herb. Hook. ; Macoun. An ochrocarpious

form occurs commonly in Sweden (Fr.) but has not been seen
here.

27. C. digitata (L.) Hoffm. ; thallus squamulose, the squa-
mules becoming ample, round-lobed, and crenate ; podetia cylin-
drical ; membranaceous-corticate ; smooth and yellowish-green
below, finely white-powdery above ; cups narrowed, with an in-
curved, entire margin, but at length dilated, and irregularly pro-
liferous-palmate ; apothecia scarlet. Fr. L. E. p. 240. Tuck-

erm. Lick. exs. n. 39. Nyl. Syn. p. 222.

On rotten wood, and on the earth, in the highest New Eng-
land mountains, Tuckerman Syn. N. E. 1848. Canada, A. T.
Drummond. Greenland, J. Vahl. Very rarely also on the coast
of Massachusetts, Oakes. Ochrocarpious states unknown here.

28. C. -wacetoto(Ehrh.) Hoffm. ; thallus squamulose, minute,
sparse, the squamules crenate-lobate j podetia cylindrical; slen-
der; membranaceous-corticate; from simple at length irregu-

254 CLADOtflA.

lady somewhat branched; below, like the squamules, pale-
greenish, becoming above finely hoary-powdery ; cups obsolete ;
apothecia conglomerate and confluent ; scarlet (or now yellow,

b, ochrocarpia). Fr. L. E. p. 240. Tuck. Syn. N. E. p. 55;

& Lich. Amer. exs. n. 134. Nyl. Syn. p. 223.

On rotten wood, as also on the earth, and rocks ; northern
and middle States, Muhlenberg Catal 1818. Ohio, Miss Biddle-
come. Illinois, Hall. Wisconsin, Lapham. South Carolina,
Eavenel. Alabama, Beaumont. ft, White Mountains, Tucker-
man. A rock-form otherwise referable here has yet the char-
acter of the very uncertain C. Floerkiana, Fr. ; but I cannot
attempt to separate specifically from C. macilenta what only
differs from it in the epidermis continuing throughout, for the
most part, smooth and entire. Indeed Fries himself did not
escape confounding the two; — his Lich. Suec. n. 52 (C. maci-
lenta, Fr.) consisting, in my copy, all but wholly of C. Floerkiana
— which it is admitted to be in part by Dr. Th. Fries (Scand.
p. 66).

2S(b). C.pulchella, Schweiu. ; thallus conspicuous, the squam-
ules at length elongated and dissected ; podetia short, slender,
denudate, granulose; besprinkled and finally imbricated with
pale-green, and glaucescent squamules ; cups obsolete ; apothe-
cia as in the last preceding. Tuckerm. Suppl. 1, /. c. p. 427.

Roots of trees, and decaying wood, North Carolina (Schwein-
itz), Tuckerman/. c. 1858. South Carolina, and Georgia, Eavenel.
Florida, Chapman. Alabama, Beaumont. Louisiana, Hale. Texas,

Wright. Not a little resembling C. bellidiflora in miniature ;

but the more granulose states related, through C. muscigena,
Eschw. (Lich. Cub. n. 42) to C. macilenta. Fries (L. E. p. 232)
has indicated the analogy of the lichen to such forms as C. de-
licata.

29. C. Eavenelii, Tuckerm. ; thallus sub-squamulose, the
squamules very minute, from rounded and sub-entire becoming
erose-laciuulate, or more commonly disappearing in granules,
white ; podetia small ; short-turbinate ; simple ; smooth becom-
ing granulate- verrucose, and granulose; from yellowish-green
white; cups dilated, cyathiform, palmately proliferous; apothe-
cia scarlet.

On dead wood, South Carolina, and Florida, H. W. Eavenel,
Esq. Also in the island of Cuba, Wright. Comparable, as

CLADONTA. 255

respects the thallus, to some extent, with C. delicata, but yet
different, and exhibiting perhaps rather the ultimate if scarcely
reached type of that of C. Papillaria. The granulate condition
passes into a fine-powdery one; but the turbinate and cup-
bearing podetia suggest resemblance to a minute C. Cornucopi-
j rather than to any C. macttenta.

30. C. cristatella, Tuckerm. ; thallus squamulose, the squam-
ules minute, but at length rather elongated, cut, and crenate ;
podetia of middling size ; cylindrical often ventricose and not
rarely elongated; cartilagineous-corticate : smooth, warty, or
wrinkled, or beset at length with squamules ; not forming cups,
but the dilated summits passing into fastigiate (fertile) branch-
lets ; from yellowish- at length ashy-green ; apothecia scarlet, or
now yellow (b, oclirocarpia). - Obs. Lick. 2, 1. c.p. 394. C.
Fiocrkiana, Tuck., pro p., Syn. N. E. p. 55; & Lic/i. Amer. Exs.
n. 133. C. substraminea, Nyl. Syn. p. 204.

c. ramosa, Tuckerm.; podetia spreading-brauched more or
less below, and dichotomously much-divided above. - C. cris-
tatella j Suppl. 1, I. c.p. 428.

On the earth, dead wood, etc., common throughout the
northern and middle States, Tuckerman I. c. 1858. Southward*
Virginia, Behrich ; North Carolina, Curtis ; South Carolina and
Georgia, Eavenel. Alabama, Peters. Texas, Hall. - />, White
Mountains, and elsewhere. - c, White Mountains, Tuckerman.
Illinois, Hall. - A state with densely squamulose podetia (f.
vestita) now very like the southern C. pulchella, has occurred
in Massachusetts, and New Jersey, Miss Biddlecome. - A re-
duced form, as I cannot but consider it, with conspicuously
powdery squamules, and the short, simple apothecia now epi-
phylline (v. paludicola) inhabits Cypress, and other swamps;
and corresponds closely with' the European C. Cornucopioides v.
incrassata. - Some small forms of the present species resemble
greatly (7. Floerkiana, Fr. ; but the two lichens are quite dis-
tinct, and C. cristatella might rather be regarded as standing in
the same relation to C. Cornucopioides as C. sympliycarpa to C.
pyxidata. - C. substraminea, Nyl. Syn. 1860, was founded on
the ochrocarpious form of the present, with which the very dis-
tinct C. kpidota of the Ochroleucce, was mistakenly joined.

31. C. leporina, Fr. ; thallus squamulose, squamules minute,
narrowed, erose-lacinulate, finally disappearing ; podetia frutic-

256 THAMNOLIA.

ulose ; more or less turgid ; from smooth soon wrinkled ; sending
up now, from prostrate stems, inflated, sub-simple, turbinate
branches soon divided radiately above; or now more slender,
and divaricately very much branched in densely intertaugled
clumps ; from yellowish- ashy-green ; axils sub-perforate ; apo-

thecia scarlet. Fr. L. E. p. 243. Tucker m. Suppl. 1, /. c. p.

428 ; & in Wright Lich. Cub. n. 44. Nyl. Syn. p. 227.

On sand, in Pine barrens, southern States, Fries I. c. 1831.
North Carolina, Curtis. South Carolina, and Georgia, Ravenel.
Florida, Chapman* Alabama, Peters. Texas, J. Drummond,

as also in the island of Cuba, Wright. Analogous, in the

present series, first to C. furcata, as well to the v. crispata as to
the v. racemosa, etc. ; and then to C. rangiferina.

XLII. — THAMNOLIA (Ach.) Mass.

Apothecia sub- globose -patellseform; immersed many
together in cephalodium-like thalliue receptacles opening
by cribrose perforations 5 variously coloured (not black).
Spores fusiform-ovoid; simple; colourless. Spermatia
staff-shaped ; on multi-articulate sterigmas. Podetia cyl-
indrical ; flstulous ; coriaceous ; subulate ; the cortical layer
continuous and persistent ; horizontal thallus deficient.—
For the anatomy, see Nylauder, Syn. p. 264, t. 8, /. 6.
Schwendener Untersuch.2,p. 167, t. 6, /. 21, 22. Minks
Monogr. in Flora, 1874, n. 22, 23, t. 4.

T. vermicularis (Sw.) Schaer. ; podetia simple for the most
part, or sparingly forked ; smooth or at length wrinkled ; very
white ; either slender and prostrate (a. subuliformis, Schaer. ) or
ventricose, and erectish, becoming furrowed and branchy, and
beset now here and there with cornute branchlets (b. taurica,
Schser.); neither the spermogones, nor the apothecia observed as

yet here. Nyl. Syn. p. 265. Koerb. Parerg. p. 14. Minks

Monogr. I. c. Cladonia, Floerk. Clad. p. 175. C. gracilis, v.
vermicularis, & taurica, Tuckerm. Syn. N. E. p. 49 ; & Lich. exs.
n. 118.

On the earth in alpine and arctic districts ; Arctic America
(Richardson), Hooker 1. c. 1823. White Mountains, Tuckerman.
Adirondack Mountains, W. F. Macrae. Rocky Mountains,
Macoun.

CCENOGONIEL— CCENOGONIUM. 257

Fain. 2. — CCENOGONIEI.
Thallus horizontal : eonfervoid-filamentous.

The Pannariei, with all that the ultimate structure of the
family associates with it, are here regarded as au unavoidable
intercalation in the series of lichens which beginning with Usneei
finds its completion in Lecanorei (Gen. Llch. p. 150) and Ccenog-
onium as conceivably filling a similar place in Lecideacei. Leci-
deine elements are indeed far from unknown in the very various
differentiation of the Pannariei, etc. ; and Coenogonium found a
place in this Parmeliaceous neighbourhood, with Montagne, as
formerly with Fries. The same elements occur also in Gyalecta,
the first section of which (as here taken) is so well comparable
in the fruit with the genus now before us that when, in Cuban
specimens, the two plants are found growing together, it might,
without examination, be readily supposed that the apothecia of
Gyalecta lutea, wandering over some Confervaceous plant, thus
constituted Camogonium ; and Nylander places the latter next
before Gyalecta. It is not easy to follow him in reducing Gyal-
ecta to Lecidea; but perhaps nothing better now offers than to
regard Cwnogomum as Lecideaceous.

XLIII. — CCENOGONIUM, Ehrenb.

Apothecia patellseforrn, pale. Spores (in narrowed
thekes) fusiform-ellipsoid, simple and bilocular, colourless.
Spermogones globular; spermatia fusiform, on simple ste-
rigrnas. Thallus composed of jointed filaments, loosely in-
tertangled, forming a more or less determinate, and rounded
web ; each filament consisting of 1, a central row of larger,
cylindrical cells with greenish content, taken to represent
gouidia; and 2, of slender thread-cells resembling and
answering to the ordinary lichen-filaments, which longitudi-
nally band, or loosely surround the first. ,

The principal authority for this type is Nylander, Obs. sur
les Ccenog. in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4, 16. p. 89, t. 12. Schwendener
Untersuch in Naeg. Beitr. 4, p. 172, t. 23, f. 18-21, should also be

consulted ; and a note by Miiller in Flora, 1881, p. 235. The

species belong all of them to the warmer regions of the earth.

258 CYSTOCOLEUS.

1. C. Linkii, Ehrenb. ; thallus orbicular, attached at the
side in the manner of some Polypori, and with a similar strati-
form, growth; glaucous-green; apothecia from pale-yellowish
becoming reddish. Spores fusiform-ellipsoid, simple and bilocu-
lar, -^ mic. Mont. Cuba, p. 107.

On trees in tropical countries, Mexico. G. Linkii, v. Lep-

rieurii, Mont. Guy. in Ann. 3, 16, p. 47, can scarcely be kept
apart by the given character. C. Leprieurii, Nyl. Coenog.,
founded apparently on the Guyana lichen, is yet differently dis-
tinguished by the greater slenderness of the filaments (11-16
mic. thick, according to Nylander, while the filaments of this
author's C. Linkii are reckoned 20-30 mic. thick) and simple
spores ; but the latter difference is not to be depended on, and
the former, so far as my specimens (averaging say 12-20 mic.)
go, is equally uncertain.

2. C. interpositum , Nyl. ; thallus irregularly effuse ; of the
colour of the preceding ; apothecia pale. Spores oblong, simple
and bilocular, -^ mic. Obs. sur. les Cosnog. 1. c. p. 91.

Trees. Louisiana (Hale], Nylander I. c. 1861. Texas, Hall.
Florida, Austin. As also in Cuba (determ. Nyl.), Wright Lien.

Cub. n. 171. Filaments from 14 mic., scarcely exceeding 20

mic., in thickness. From this, Nylander I. c. has distinguished

his C. disjunctum by coarser filaments (23-36 mic. thick, Nyl.)
and larger spores (^^ mic., Nyl.) which may possibly be repre-
sented here by a too small specimen from Mobile, Alabama,
Mohr, in herb. Willey. The Cuban specimen of this C. disjunc-
tum (Wright Licli. Cub. n. 170) which is accepted by Nylander,
is a better developed plant than C. interpositum, and has much
of the regularity of C. Linkii.

3. C. moniliforme, Tuckerm. ; thallus effuse; thin; from
yellowish- becoming olive-green ; the short filaments moniliform ;

apothecia bright red. Spores oblong, bilocular, •— mic. Tuck.

in litt., and in Wright Lich. Cub. n. 172. Nyl. Ccenog. I. c. p. 92.
Tuck. Obs. Lich. 2, I. c. p. 416.

Trees. Florida, Austin. As in Cuba, Wright.

XLIV.— CYSTOCOLEUS, Thwaites.

A sterile, confervoid plant, blackish-brown when dry, but
shewing black-greenish when wet, and differing also from Cceno-

CYSTOCOLEUS. 259

goniwm in its erectish habit of growth, but agreeing with that
generally in the axial cells, the greenish colour of the content of
which is also supposed to be due to chlorophyll, as the cells
therefore to correspond also with gonidia. But the thread-cells
with colourless content which, as in Ccenogonium, surround the
central ones, are few (4-6) in number, and dark-brown, and
coalesce into a sheath. The only species is C. rupestris (Pers.)
Rabenh. (Racodium rupestre (Pers.) Fr. Cystocoleus ebeneus,
Thwaites I infra cit.) which inhabits rocks, and has occurred in
North Carolina, M. A. Curtis ; in Pennsylvania, Wolle; and in
Ehode Island, Farlow.

Besides Thwaites (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 2, 3), De Bary
(Morph und Phys. der Pilze, etc., p. 270), and Schwendener
(Untersuch in Naeg. Beitr. 4, p. 173) have described the plant.

ADDENDA.

P. 82, before Genus XIII., insert

OMPHALODIUM (Mey. & Flot.) Koerb.

Apothecia scutellaeform, much as in Parmelia. Spores
ellipsoid, simple, colourless. Spermatia short-acicular ; on
sub-simple sterigmas. Thallus sub-monophyllous and stel-
late-lobate, attached to the substrate at a single point, by
a disk-like process, in the manner of Umbilicaria.

0. Arizonicum-, thallus ample; coriaceous j becoming wrink-
led, and ridged ; greenish-yellowish ; beneath black, reticulately
ridged and thickly besprinkled with black tubercles, and the
ridges passing also into ragged extensions; apothecia ample,
a little elevated ; disk dark-chestnut ; the margin finally flexu-
ous and sub-crenate. Spores (in 8s, in veutricose thekes, among
agglutinate paraphyses) ellipsoid, liinbate, colourless, ~ mic.

Upon rocks, Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, Mr. C. G.
Pringle-, comm. Sprague. Thallus exceeding at length three
inches across ; and the apothecia from two reaching more than

eight mic., in width. Omphalodium (upon which the author's

Gen. Lich. p. 28, may be compared) is a group constituted of a
South African lichen— 0. Hottentottum (Ach.) Flot., and a
Peruvian 0. Pisacomense, Flot. Our plant is very near to the
former of these ; differing especially in its wider lobation, and,
so far as can be judged from the descriptions and specimens,
the brighter colour of its thallus, the less entire apothecia, and
the larger spores. The fibrils of the under side, and of the
exciple, which are so marked a feature of 0. Hottentottum, are
indeed quite deficient in the American lichen, but they are
wanting sometimes in the African (Delis. Stict. p. 136) and their
place is taken in ours by tubercular processes exactly like a com-
mon anamorphosis of the fibrils in Umbilicaria vellea, and U.

Dillenii. The disappearance of the fibrils of one form in the

processes just referred to of another, the passing of the ridges

MYRIANGIUM.

261

into ragged extensions as in UmUlicaria erosa, and U. Muhlen-
bergiij the disk of attachment, — in short the whole under side of
Omphalodium, with not a little of the general habit of the
lichens brought together in it, is sufficiently significant of an
Umbilicarieine rather than Parmelieine affinity.

P. 161, after L. pulchtllum, add L. hypotrachynum, Mull.
Lich. Beitr. in Flora, 1881, n. 6, Mexico, on trunks, Sumichrast ;
with a specimen of which I have been favoured by the author :
but I cannot well separate it from the species first-named.

P. 229, after Gyrostomum, would correspond to the place
chosen, for lack of a better, in the author's Genera Lichenum, for
a plant of obscure affinity which is often taken for a lichen, and
has not yet found any other place.

MYRIANGIUM, Mont. & Berk.

Apothecia lecanoroid j multilocular • each cell containing
a single theke j paraphyses deficient. Spores in 8s, oblong-
ovoid ; Bub-muriform ; commonly without colour. Spermo-
goues deficient. Thallus wholly cellulose • orbiculate, with
something of the aspect of some Omphalarice, and the cir-
cumference becoming plicate-striate and effigurate; but
friable ; and gouiinous cells deficient.

M. Duritfi (Mont. & Berk.) Tuckerm. ; thallus apparently
crustaceous-adnate, but the at length sub-lobulate circumference
free j from dark-brown blackening, dull ; apothecia at length a
little elevated ; of the colour of the thallus; the flat disk bordered
by a stout but depressed, very entire margin. Spores ^p mic.
—Gen. Lich. p. 140. M. Duricei, & M. Curtisii, Mont. & Berk.
in Mont. Syll. p. 380. Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 139, t. 4, /. 1-5.

Upon trees. North and South Carolina, M. A. Curtis-, Rav-
enel. Alabama, Beaumont. And no less in Cuba, Wright ; and
New Granada, Lindig. It occurs also at the north ; in Massa-
chusetts, Sprague ; Connecticut, Wright ; Khode Island, Bennett ;
Pennsylvania, Michener.

INDEX OF THE GENERA.

PAGE.

ALECTORIA, ... 40

CETRARIA, ... 28

CLADOKLA, ... 236

CCENOGONIUM, . . 257

COLLEMA, . , . 142

CONOTREMA, . . 217 j

CYSTOCOLETJS, . . 258 |

ENDOCARPISCUM, . 113 j

EPHEBE, ... 131

ERIODERMA, . . 110

EVERNTA, ... 38

GYALECTA, . 217

GYROSTOMUM, . . 228

HEPPIA, . . . 114

HYDROTHYRIA, . . 167

LECANORA, ... 181

LEPTOGIUM, . . 154

LICHINA, ... 133

MYRIANGIUM, . . 261

NEPHROMA, ... 102

OMPHALARIA, . . 138

OMPHALODIUM, . . 260

PAJWARIA, . . . 116

PARHELIA, 52

PAGE.

PELTIGERA, ... 105

PERTUSARIA, . . 211

PILOPHORUS, . . 235

PLACODIUM, . . 169

PHYSCIA, 67

PHYSMA, . . . 115

PYRENOPSIS, . . 135

PYXINE, .... 78

RAMALINA, ... 20

RINODINA, ... 205

ROCCELLA, ... 19

SCHIZOPELTE, . . 46

SOLORINA, . . . Ill

SPEERSCHNEIDERA, . 47

SPILOISTEMA, ... 131

STEREOCAULON, . . 230

STICTA, .... 91

THELOSCHISTES, . 48

THELOTREMA, . . 223

THERMUTIS, . . 130

UMBILICARIA, . . 82

TJRCEOLARIA, . . 222

USNEA, 40

41971
gorth

part