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SYNOPTICAL
FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA.

SYNOPTICAL

FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA.

By ASA GEAY, LL.D.,

F.M. R.S. & L.S. Lond., R I.A., Roy. Soc. Upsala, Stockholm, Gbttingen;
Roy Acad. Sci. Munich, Berlin, &c. ; Corresp. Imp. Acad. Sci. St Petersburg, &c.

FISHER PEOFESSOK OF NATURAL HISTORY (bOTANT) IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY.

Vol. II. — Part L
Gamopetal^ after COMPOSIT-E.

NEW; Y O R K :
IVISON, BLAKEMAN, TAYLOR, AND COMPANY.

LONDON: TRUBNER & CO., LUDGATE HILL.

LEIPSIC: T. O. WEIGEL.

May, 1878.

Copyright,
By Asa Gray,

1878.

Cambridge :

PREFACE.

This volume commences where the Flora of North America by Torrey
and Gray stopped, thirty-five years ago, namely at the close o£ the great
order of Compositae ; and the present part comprises the remaining
Gamopetalee. It is intended to complete this Synoptical Flora in two
volumes, of about 1200 pages each ; the first to cover the ground which
was gone over in the work referred to (now wholly out of print as well
as antiquated), that is, to contain the orders from Ranunculaceae to Com-
positae, newly elaborated. The next ensuing part of the present volume
will be devoted to the Apetalse and Gymnospermss, and the final portion
to the Monocotyledones and the Vascular Cryptogamia.

Botanists will need no particular explanation of the plan of this work.
Geographically it comprises the United States and all the North Amer-
ican continent and islands northward, Greenland excluded. The series
of Natural Orders adopted is that of Bentham and Hooker's Genera
Plantarum. The generic characters are given synoptically, but with
essential completeness, at the beginning of each order. The characters
of sections of genera, when of comparatively high rank, are designated by
the sectional mark (§) and printed in the larger type ; and those of
first "importance, such as may be termed subgenera, are distinguished by
having a substantive name. Subsections, and also primary divisions
when of low rank, are in small type. Such subdivisions are very freely
made, for convenience of analysis and to save repetition of identical
phrases under the included species ; and they are preferred to artificial
keys to the species, because enabling these to be grouped more naturally.
If somewhat less facile for rapid determination, they are more ex-
haustive and less liable to mislead ; and they permit the ultimate specific

vi PREFACE.

characters to be more simply diagnostic. In monotypic genera, it has
been found more convenient to give the details under the species, in
the form of a specific character. Throughout the work, from the order
down to the species or variety, the endeavor is to avoid repetition of
statement.

The names of introduced species, sufficiently established to claim a
place in our flora, are printed in small capitals, as are such adventitious
or extraneous species as require mention.

In the accentuation of generic, sectional, and specific names, no
attempt is made (as in the Manual of Botfany of the Northern United
States and other works) to mark the quality of the accented vowel, but
only to designate the syllable upon which the principal accent falls.

Compactness being essential, only the leading synonymy and most
important references are given, and these briefly. All deficiency in this
respQct will be amply supplied by the Bibliographical Index to North
American Botany, pre'pared at the Harvard University Herbarium
by Sereno Watson, and now in course of publication by the Smith-
sonian Institution. The first part of this most important adjunct to the
present work, which is just issued, gives the full bibliography of the
Polypetal^ (the subject of the first volume of Torrey and Gray's Flora
of North America, published in 1838 and 1840), with revision, critical
corrections, and additions up to the present time. Its continuation may
be expected to proceed pari passu with this Flora.

Harvard Uxiversity Herbarium,

Cambridge, Massachusetts, April 10, 1878.

CONTENTS.

Page

goodeniace^ 1

lobeliace^ , . . . 7 1

Campanulace^ 9

Ericace^ 14

Lennoacejj 50

DlAPENSIACE^ 51

Plumbaginace^ 53

Primdlace^ 55

Mtesinace^ i 64

Sapotace^ 66

Ebenace^e 69

Stteacace^ 70

Oleace^ 72

Apoctnace.e 79

AsclepiadacejE 85

loganiace^ 106

GENTIANACEiE 110

POLEMONIACE^' 128

Page

Htdrophtllace^ 152

borraginace^ 177

convolvulace^ 207

solanace^ 224

scrophulariace^ 244

Orobanchace^ 310

Lentibulaeiace^ 314

BlGNONlACE^ 318

Pedaliace^ 320

acanthace^ 321

Selaginace^ 332

Verbenace^ 332

LABiATJi; 341

Plantaginace^ 388

Additions and Corrections . . . 393

Index 397

SYNOPTICAL
FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA.

Division II. GAMOPETALOUS DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS

CONTINUED AFTER COMPOSITjE.

Order LXXIV. GOODENIACE^.

^ Shrubby or herbaceous plants, chiefly with alternate leaves and no proper
stipules, most resembling Lobeliacece, especially in having the corolla cleft down
between two of the lobes more deeply than between the rest; but without
milky juice, the anthers separate, and a cup-like indusium around and at first
enclosing the stigma. Mainly Australian and Oceanic, one or two species of
the following genus reaching or overpassing the northern tropic.

1. SC^VOLA, L. (Diminutive of sc«ua, a left-handed person; application
obscure.) Calyx adnate to the 2-celled ovary ; the limb 5-cleft or a mere border
around the base of tlae epigynous 5-lobed corolla, the tube of which is cleft down
one side to the base ; its lobes valvate-induplicate in the bud. Stamens 5,
epigynous, or lightly connected with the base of the corolla, alternate with its
lobes, distinct. Ovules solitary or a pair in each cell, erect. Fruit drupe-like,
or when dry nut-like. Flowers in axillary cymes, or sometimes solitary.—
L. Mant. 145 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 539.

S. Plumieri, Vahl. Low and shrubby, with fleshy obovate entire leaves, woolly-bearded in
the axils, otlierwise smooth: limb of the calyx a truncate border: corolla white, an
mch long ; the tube as long as the lobes, very woolly inside. — Lobelia, Plum. Ic. t. 165 •
Catesb. Car. i. t. 79. — Seashore, S. Florida. ( W. Ind., S. Afr., S. Asia.)

Order LXXV. LOBELIACE^.

Herbs (out of the tropics), the juice usually milky and acrid, with alternate
simple leaves, no stipules, racemose inflorescence, and perfect 5-merous flowers ;
having the calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, epigynous irregular corolla and sta-
mens, the latter as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, and

1

2 LOBELIACE^. Nemacladus.

usually both syngenesious and monadelphous. Limb of the calyx divided down to
the ovary, which is wholly inferior or sometimes a large part free ; its lobes generally
persistent. Corolla (with the stamens) inserted just where the calyx becomes
free from the ovary, its lobes mostly valvate or induplicate in the bud, commonly
deeper cleft or completely split down between two of the lobes, the cleft mostly on
the upper side (next the axis of inflorescence) m the open blossom, but becoming
so by a twist ; in the early bud the cleft looks toward the bract. The 5 petals
occasionally disposed to separate from below upward, and the limb to be bilabiately
hregular. Filaments generally free from the corolla, sometimes more op less ad-
herent to its tube : anthers 2-celled, introrsely dehiscent, firmly united around the top
of the style into a ring or short tube (except in an anomalous tribe). Ovary
2-celled with placentse projecting from the axis, or sometimes 1-celled with 2
parietal placentse. Style entire: stigma commonly 2-lobed, girt with a rim of
hairs. Ovules aud seeds mostly indefinitely numerous, small, anatropous. Embryo
small or narrow, straight, in the axis of fleshy albumen. (Too near the Cam-
panulacece, and nearly passing into them, therefore united by recent authors ; but
as there are two dozen genera, agreeing in the indefinite inflorescence, irregular
corolla, aud mostly in the syngenesious anthers, it seems best to retain the order.)
Tribe I. CYPHIE^. Anthers entirely separate,- merely surrounding the stigma.

1. NEMACLADUS. Calyx partly or wholly free. Corolla bilabiately irregular; lower
lip 3-, upper 2-lobed or parted. Filaments monadelphous above the middle : anthers oval,
glabrous. Style incurved at tip : stigma capitate, 2;lobed, obsoletely annulate. Capsule
2-celled, 2-valved from top, 20-40-seeded.

Tribe II. LOBELIE^E. Anthers syngenesious. CoroUatrulygamopetalous, at least
above, in ours distinctly bilabiate, two lobes turned away from the other three.
* Corolla open down to the base on one (the apparently upper) side.

2. LOBELIA. Calyx-tube short. Corolla with tube commonly straight; the lobe each
side of the cleft erect or turned backwards ; the throe others larger and somewhat combined
to form the spreading or recurved (apparently) lower lip. Stamens free from the tube of the
corolla, monadelphous except near the base. Capsule tlun-walled, 2-celled, many-seeded,
loculicidally 2-valved at the top or free upper part.

* * Corolla with a closed tube : capsule wholly inferior.

3. PALMER.ELLA. Calyx-tube turbinate ; the lobes slender. Corolla with an elongated
linear and straight tube, not at all dilated at the throat; the short limb abruptly spreading;
two lobes small, spatulate-linear and recurving ; the three larger obovate or oblong and
slightly united at base. Filaments more or less adnate to the corolla up to near the throat,
then monadelphous and free, or farther adnate on one side only : anthers oblong; the three
larger naked ; ti'e two shorter tipped with a tuft of very unequal stout bristles. Stigma,
ovarj', and probably capsule as in Lobelia. ^

4. LAURENTIA. Calyx-tube turbinate or oblong. Corolla with its tube as long as the
limb, which is like that of Lobelia. So are the stamens, pistil, &c. Capsule short,
2-vaIved at the summit.

5. DOWNINGIA. Calyx-tube very long, stalk-like. Corolla with a very short tube, and an
ample bilabiate limb; lips spreading, the larger 3-lobed and broad; the two distinct divi-
sions of the smaller narrower. Anther-tube incurved : one or both of the shorter an-
thers tipped with a stout bristle-like point ; the others naked. Ovarj^ at first two-celled.
Capsule very long and linear, crowned with the foliaceous and linear calyx-lobes, terete
or 2-3-angled, earlj' becoming 1-celled with 2 parietal and many-seeded filiform placentse,
remaining closed at the narrow apex, dehiscent longitudinally by from one to three long
fissures or valves.

1. NEMACLADUS, Ivutt. (Nyfia, a thread, and y.lddo^^, branch, from the
very slender stem and branches.) — Two small annuals a span high, at length
excessively branched and diffuse : leaves minute ; the radical obovate ; cauline
reduced to subulate bracts,; pedicels capillary, racemose on zigzag branches :
corolla flesh-color. — Gray in Jour. Linn. Soc. xiv. 28.

Lobelia. LOBELIACE^E. 3

^wfp? °fiK-^'?'Y1;^!'**\ ^'"u'"^'' "^""P* '^^ "^'""^^^y V^hen^^nt tuft of radical
sh o.n«.,li^ , t ^= " ":^' '""'^i''^'^' "^"^'•^ '"^ '^' lower third of the ovary and round-
ish capsule, which does not exceed the rather unequal lobes : corolla short (a line long 1
soon separating into 3 or 5 parts or petals: filaments monadelphous above: seeds oblong:
oval. - PI. Gamb. (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. viii.), 254 ; Torr. Mex. Bound. 108 t. 35 -
Gravelly or sandy soil, California to New Mexico.

N. longiflorus Gray. Radical leaves more canescent: calyx 5-parted. free from and
much shorter than the narrow oblong capsule, its lobes equal: corolla narrower, firmly
gamopetalous, f ulb^ 3 Imes long, 3 or 4 times longer than the calyx : filaments long-mona-
delphous: seeds short-oval. - Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 60. -S. California, Wallace, Lemmon.

2. L0B:&LI A, L. (Commemorates Matthias de V Ohel, latinized Lohelius, an
early Flemish herbalist.) — Ours herbs, flowering in summer, some of them showy •
common m the Atlantic, almost absent from the Pacific United States. Tube
of the corolla more or less disposed to split up in age into three pieces or into
Its five petals ; at least the two shorter anthers with a bearded tuft at tip.

§ 1. HoMOCHiLus, A.DC. Lips of the corolla somewhat equal; one of them
3-toothed, the other 2-parted : flowers long-peduncled from the axil of leaves
or large leafy bracts, in ours red and yellow : perennials.

L. laxiflora HBK., var. angustifolia. Tall and branching: leaves lanceolate or
even hnear, 3 or 4 inches long, denticulate : peduncles 2 to 4 inches and corolla an inch
long: calyx-lobes hardly longer than the inh^. - L. persica^folia, HBK., not Lam. L.
Cavamllesu MKvt.; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3600. -Damp ground, just below the Mexican
border of Arizona, north of Arispe, Thurber. (Mex ) A form intermediate in the breadth
of the leaves between the var. and the L. Cavanilksii, Cav. Ic. t. 518, or the plant culti-
nelrl ^4^^'^^''''""^-!''"' ^''°^'""- Anthers sometimes long-hirsute externally, sometimes

§ 2. EuLOBELiA. {Eulohelia, Hemipogon, & Holopogon, Benth. & Hook.)
Larger lip of the corolla 3-parted or 3-cleft and spreading or dependent; the
other two lobes either erect or turned backward: flowers racemose or spicate.

L. cardinalis L. (Cardinal-flower.) Minutely pubescent or glabrous : stem 2 to 4 feet
high, commonly simple: leaves from oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, tapering to both
ends, irregularly serrate or serrulate : lower bracts leafy : tube of calyx and capsule hemi-
spherical, much shorter than the subulate linear lobes: tube of the corolla about an inch
long: seeds oblong, rugose-tuberculate : the intense red of the corolla varying rarely to
rose-color or even white. -Bot. Mag. t. 320; Bart. Med. Bot. t. 48.- Wet ground, New
Brunswick to the Saskatchewan, Florida, and the borders of Texas.

L splendens, WiUd. More slender, glabrous or nearly so : leaves lanceolate or almost

erv lif "tt f ''^''^ '^* "" ^'"^^ ^^"^'^^ ^--^-^ ^-^ tuberculate: otherwise

ve y like the precedmg. -Hort. Berol. t. 86, the corolla-lobes larger and longer than in
wild specimens. LTe.ensis, Raf. Ann. Nat. (1833) 20.- Wet grounds, Texas and through
New Mexico and Arizona to southern borders of San Diego Co., California, rahier.
Also Mexico. Lobes of the corolla in our plant (as in many Mexican) only 3 to 6 lines
long. Anthers sometimes a little hairy on the back.

^^ti/J""^",^ 'l^'r Of, Pa'"''y ^^liite, sometimes varying to white: tips of the three lar-er anther,
naked or short-bearded, or rarely with a tuft like the other two. '=' ^"^^^^'^

■¥- Flowers rather large (tube of the corolla half or over a third of an inch long), spicate-racemose-
capsule short and broad : stems leafy : plants perennial, mostly by offsets. lacemose.

•H- Leaves short and small (about half an inch long), thickish, very numerous up to the inflores-
cence, and passing into fohaceous bracts. => "P 10 uie innores-

L. brevifolia, Nutt. Glabrous or minutely pubescent: stem virgate and simple a foot
or two high: leaves rather fleshy, strongly toothed, mostly 2 lines broad; the lowest

4 LOBELIACE^. Lobelia.

obovate or spatulate; the upper oblong-linear, often crowded and widely spreading or
refiexed, sometimes even pinnatifid-tootlied, the teeth callous : spike-like raceme few -
many-flowered: short pedicels mainly appressed and equalled by the short foliaceous
bracts: calyx-lobes lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, strongly and pectinately toothed,
auriculate-appendaged at base, fully half the length of the puberulent tube of the corolla:
anthers all liairy above, but only the two shorter with conspicuous beard at tip : capsule
very short. — A. DC. Prodr. vii. 377; Bertol. Misc. x. 28. L. crassiuscula, Hook. Comp.
Bot. Mag. i. 100. — Open pine barrens, Louisiana, Alabama, and Florida; flowering late.
Tube of the corolla nearly half an inch long.
++ ++ Leaves rather large and broad (1 to 5 inches long), from ovate to broadly lanceolate,

numerous ; the upper passing into foliaceous bracts: lip and upper part of the tube of the corolla

glabrous within.
L. syphilitica, L. Somewhat pubescent with scattered hairs: stem rather stout, very
leafy, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves thinnish, lanceolate or oblong and tapering to both ends,
irregularly serrate or repand-denticulate (the larger 5 or 6 inches long) : spicate raceme
leafy below, a span to a foot long : calyx-lobes mostly hairy or ciliate, moderately shorter
than the tube of the corolla, tiie sinuses conspicuously appendaged by deflexed auricles:
larger anthers wholly naked at tip. — Dill. Elth. t 242 ; Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 597 ; Bot. Reg. t. 537.
L. (jiandulosa, Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxxii. t. 63. — Wet grounds, Canada to Georgia, Louisiana,
and west to Kansas and Dakotah. Runs into some varieties: var. Liidoviciana, A.DC, is a
south-western smoother form, with thickish leaves : there are also garden hybrids. Auricles
of the calyx sometimes reaching the base of the ovary, sometimes short. Corolla bright
liglit blue, rarely varying to white or purple ; its tube broader than in the following,
half an inch long.
L. puberxila, Michx. Soft-pubescent with very short and fine hairiness, 2 feet high:
leaves from ovate to oblong, mostly obtuse and an inch or two long, pale or slightly
hoary, callous-denticulate or more toothed ; the upper passing into ovate foliaceous lower
bracts of the strict and virgate spike-like raceme: flowers mostly crowded, becoming
horizontal on the short appressed pedicels : calyx-lobes lanceolate, little shorter than the
tube of the corolla (about 4 lines long, rarely shorter in proportion) ; the auricles at the
sinuses short and rounded, commonly very short, often inconspicuous: larger anthers
minutely short-bearded at tip: ovary generally hirsute. — Fl. ii. 152. L. amc^a, Ell. 1
A.DC. Prodr. vii. 377, not Michx. L. glandulosa, Engelm. & Gray, PI. Lindh. i. 14.—
Damp sandy grounds, New Jersey to Illinois, Florida, and Texas. Passes insensibly into

Var. glabella, Hook. (Bot. Mag. t. 8292, not of Ell.): a greener form, with slender,
more glabrous, and usually more naked virgate spike, glabrous calyx, &c., and flowers
more secund. — L. glandulosa, var. obtusifoUa, A.DC. 1. c. ; Bertol. Misc. x. 29. — N. Carolina
to Florida and Texas.
L. amdena, Michx. Green and glabrous throughout, or nearly so : stem 1 to 4 feet
high, in the larger plants leafy to the virgate raceme : leaves thinnish, oblong-lanceolate
or narrower, mostly tapering to both ends, 2 to 4 inches long, irregularly serrate or den-
ticulate ; the upper passing into conspicuous lanceolate or linear bracts; these often glan-
dular-denticulate, and the foliaceous lower ones equalling the flowers : calyx- lobes long
and very slender, little shorter than the narrow tube of the corolla, from filiform- to
linear-subulate, commonly quite entire, little widened and not auriculate at base: larger
anthers wholly naked or merely puberulent at tip : o'vary glabrous : lobes of the large
lip of the corolla broadly ovate. — L. sj/phillfica, Wa.\t. Car. 218; Juss. Ann. Mus. xviii.
t.l, f.l. L. puberula, var. glabella, Ell. Sk. i. 267. L. glandulosa, var. glabra, A.DC. 1. c.
L. colorafa, Don, Brit. Fl. Gard. n. ser. t. 180, and L. horlensis, A.DC. 1. c, are a hybrid
form of this. — Deep swamps, N. Carolina to Florida. Raceme a span to a foot long;
tube of bright blue corolla half an inch long. Calyx-lobes sometimes with a few teeth ;
the sinuses absolutely naked, or sometimes obscurely bordered. — To this belongs
Clayton's plant referred by Gronovius to L. Cliffortiana, L.

Var. obtusata. Cauline leaves oblong, obtuse, and almost entire : spicate raceme
virgate and naked : calyx-lobes subulate, shorter, only half the length of the tube of the
corolla : larger anthers densely very short-pubescent at tip. — L. amana, Chapm. Fl., in
part. — Middle Florida, Chapman.

Var, glandulifera. A foot or two high, often slender and sparsely leaved, below
sometimes hirsute-pubescent; leaves from oval to lanceolate-oblong, an inch or two long.

lohelia. LOBELIACE^. 5

mainly obtuse and the margins beset with glandular salient teeth : raceme secund slender
and loosely or few-flowered : bracts mostly shorter than the calyx; these and the ender
calyx-teeth beset with slender gland-tipped teeth or lobes: sinuses of the calyx omSs
decidedly auriculate- appendaged : anthers as in the preceding var. or more hai^y - ?
glandulosa, A DC m part. -Moist grounds, S. Virginia to Florida and Alabama. -These
three forms clearly run together. j^nebe

++++++ Leaves long (2 (o 5 inches) and narrow ; the upper few and =inar<iP • Hn nf ««, ii w
Sdicd.''" '■ """"^ ' P'" °' ^'^"'^ "■ ^"^" ^•^^^''^^ ^-'^"^' ^^ '^ bLrof the' trt
L. glandulosa, Walt. Glabrous, or sometimes stem sparsely and often the calvx-tubP
densely hirsute: stem slender, 1 to 4 feet high: leaves thick and smooth, bright ereen
anceolate or linear (U to 4 lines wide), callous- or glandular-denticulate : raceme or spike
loosely few-many-flowered, secund, often as it were long-peduncled : bracts linear and
subulate, more strongly glandular-toothed : calyx-lobes subulate, half the length of the
tube of the corolla, bearing few or numerous salient gland-bearing teeth or lobes or occa
sionally qmte entire ; the sinuses not auriculate-appendaged : tube of the light blue corolla
C or 6 Unes long: anthers all bearded at the tip. — Ell. Sk. i. 265; A. DC. 1. c (excl vars ) •
Chapm. Fl. 254. L. crassiuscvla, Michx. Fl. i. 252 ; Nutt. Gen. ii. 76. — Pine-barren swamnV
S. Virginia (Bailey) to Florida : fi. autumn. ^ '

H- -(- Flowers smaller or small : tube of the corolla not exceeding 2 or 3 lines in length.
■H. Stem scape-like and mostly simple, hollow: leaves all or mainlv in a rosulate cluster at the
base, flesl.y: bracts of the raceme shorter than the pedicels: lobes of the cah x s bXe and
entire, the smuses naked or nearly so: tibrous-rooted and mostly aquatic ven- glabrous Peren
nials, with pale blue or whitish Howers half an inch long. ' gwoious peren-

L. paludosa, Nutt. A foot or two or even 4 feet high : stem in the larger plants some-
times branching above and bearing several few-many-flowered racemes : leaves flat from
hnear-spatulate to oblong, repand-denticulate or entire (1 to 9 inches long) sometimes
scattered along the lower part of the stem : corolla pubescent at the base of the lip inside
—A. DC. 1. c. 376. — In water (but foUage emerged), Delaware to Florida and Louisiana.
L. Dortmanna, L. Scape a span to a foot high, naked except a few fleshy bracts •
leaves in a radical tuft, linear, fleshy, terete, hollow and with a longitudinal partition •
raceme loosely few-flowered: lower lip of the corolla almost naked. — Fl. Dan. t.39. — Boi^
ders of ponds, often immersed, New England to Penn., and to subarctic Amer. (Eu.)
'■*^^^Jftf' " 'f fy- "'f <b.7i'»ple, strict, and continued into a more or less pedunculate and elongated
Ml gate and naked spike-like raceme: leaves from lanceolate to obovate, barely denticulate or
repand : lip prominently 2-tuberculate within at base. •' "'^""^""*^« or

= Flowers or at least the capsules horizontal, secund, scattered in the slender raceme laree for the
section, the tube of the corolla 3^ to 2 lines long. '-^^^mti, large 101 me

L. Ludoviciana, Gray. Glabrous, 2 or 3 feet high (from a perennial? root) slender-
leaves lanceolate, acute, or the lowest spatulate and obtuse, merely denticulate, tliickish'
an mch or two long (not over 4 lines broad), all with tapering base and the lower petioled :
raceme loosely 5-20-flowered : flowers commonly puberulent : corolla half an inch Ions-
calyx with nearly hemispherical tube; its lobes ovate-lanceolate, or rather cordate-Ian'
ceolate being rounded auriculate at the sinuses (their margins entire or obscurely few-
denticulate), only half the length of the tube of the corolla, and hardly longer than
the capsule: larger anthers densely hirsute at and near the summit, 'but with no^iearded
r ;r i:'^^ '''^- '^'- ^^- ~ ^^* prairies, W. Louisiana, Hale. Texas near Houston,

Lindheimer. Tube of the corolla fully a quarter of an inch long: barely a trace of pu-
bescence on the base of the lip. The five short auricles at the sinuses of the calyx broad
and entire. Intermediate, as it were, between L. paludosa and the following.

L. appendiculata, A. DC. Neariy glabrous, or the strong angles of the slender stem
above scabrous, a foot or two high from an apparently annual or biennial root, not rarely
branching: leaves thin, mostly denticulate or repand, an inch or two long, obtuse, the
lowest obovate, the others oval or oblong and mainly sessile by a bjoad base : spike-like
raceme very slender, several-many-flowered: corolla a third of an inch long: calyx with
turbinate tube ; its lobes linear-acuminate from a broader base, minutely hispid-ciliate,
equalling the tube of the corolla, tlieir bases sagittately extended into the deflexed auricles,
which are sometimes subulate and all 10 distinct, but more commonly united partially or
wholly into 5 lobes which not rarely cover the tube : base of capsule hemispherical, much

6 LOBELTACE^. Lobelia.

shorter than the calyx-lobes : larger anthers slightly hirsute on the hack, but naked at tip.

— Proclr. vii. 376. — Moist grounds, W. Louisiana, Arkansas, and E. Texas: flowering
early. Tube of the bluish corolla 2 to 2-^ lines long. Calyx-appendages, as in allthese
species, very variable.

= = Flowers or at least the fruit-bearing pedicels ascending, mostly very numerous and hardly
secund in the elongated and virgate spike-like raceme: tube of the corolla barely 2 lines long:"
upper leaves passing into bracts ni tlie stronger plants : calyx-lobes loose and spreading in flower.

L. leptostachys, A. DC. Calyx-tube short-turbinate and in fruit becoming hemi-
spherical, the sinuses each with a pair of subulate or linear strictly deflexed appendages,
■which mostly soon equal or even exceed the tube; otherwise as the next. — Prodr. vii. 376.

— Sandy dry soil, Ohio to Illinois and Missouri, and Virginia to Georgia : fl: early summer.
L. spicata, Lam. Puberulent: stem virgate, 1 to 4 feet high (irom a biennial 1 root) :

leaves pale, barely denticulate, obtuse ; the radical and lowest obovate, 1 to 4 inches long ;
the upper spatulate, gradually smaller, and at length linear-oblong or lanceolate and bract-
like : spike-like raceme from 3 to 18 inches long : tube of the calyx turbinate ; the lobes
subulate or linear-subulate and shorter than the tube of the (light blue, pale, or rarely
white) corolla; the sinuses not appendaged. — Diet. iii. 587. L. Clayloniana, Michx. Fl. ii.
1-53. L. pallida, Muhl. Cat., Ell., &c. L. goodenioides, Willd. Hort. Berol. t. 30. L. nivea,
Raf . Ann. Nat. 1820, 15, white-flowered form. — Gravelly or sandy and mostly dry soil, N.
New England to Saskatchewan, Louisiana and Arkansas : fl. through summer.

Var. parviflora, a small form, with calyx-lobes broadly subulate, and pale corolla
only 3 lines long. — L. pallida, Muhl.? —Swamps, Lancaster, Penn., Porter: fl. June.

Var. hirtella, a western form, with somewhat scabrous pubescence, and minutely
liirsutely ciliate bracts and calyx-lobes, the latter subulate-linear and fully as long as the
tube of the corolla . — Chiefly towards and beyond the Mississippi.

++ ++ -H- Stem very leaf}', simple and strict, continued into a very leafy-bracted spike: leaves
and bracts laciniate-toothed : lips of the corolla of nearly similar lobes, smooth and naked: seeds
with a very smooth and even coat.

L. fenestralis, Cav. Annual or at most biennial, 2 or 3 feet high, nearly glabrous, or the
sharp decurrent angles of the stem hau-y : leaves oblong or lanceolate, all the upper partly
clasping and acuminate, passing into the similar bracts of the long spicate inflorescence,
these mostly exceeding the crowded flowers : calyx-tube obovate ; the lobes linear and
mostly with some slender teeth : tube of the corolla 2 lines long, surpassing the stamens
and style : larger anthers short-bearded at tip. — Ic. vi. 8, t. 512 ; Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxiv.
t. 47. L. pectinata, Engelm. in Wisliz. Rep. 108. — S. W. Texas to Arizona and Mexico.
++++++++ Stems leaf}', often paniculately branched : flowers loosely racemose : sinuses of the
calyx not appendaged : mainly biennials or annuals.

= Cauline leaves chief!}' linear, entire or merely denticulate: capsule not inflated.
a. Tube of the corolla fully 3 lines long: perennial from filiform rootstocks.

L. gruina, Cav. Puberulent or glabrous : stems nearly simple, slender, a foot or two
high : leaves all lanceolate or linear, acute, denticulate, an inch or two long : raceme
mostly slender-peduncled and few-flowered : calyx-lobes slender-subulate, shorter than the
tube of the corolla. — Arizona, in the Sierra Tilanca, at 7000 feet, Rothrock. Flowers smaller
than in Mexican specimens ; the tube of corolla only 3 lines long. (Mex.).
b. Tube of the bright blue (rarely varying to white) corolla not over 2 lines long; the two superior
lobes small and naiTOw : plants mainly glabrous, slender and erect: inflorescence disposed to
become paniculate.

L. Boykini, Torr. & Gray. Perennial : stem a foot or two high from a creeping root-
stock, fistulous, mostly simple : leaves all small and scattered, filiform or nearly so, an inch
or less long and above reduced to setaceous bracts : filiform pedicels rather longer than the
flower, spreading: calyx-lobes setaceous-subulate, spreading, very much longer than the
short tube, which in fruit is rounded at base : mature capsule half superior : seeds short-
oval, rough-rugose. — A. DC. Prodr. vii. 374; Chapm. Fl. 255. ^- Pine-barren swamps in
shallow water, S. Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, beginning to flower in May.

L. Canbyi, Gray.* Perennial from offsets ? or annual, 2 feet high, the larger plants pani-
culately branched above, obscurely puberulent, scabrous or nearly smooth : leaves linear,
remotely denticulate-glandular, an inch or two long, a line or two wide : racemes elongated,
often leafy at base : pedicels naked, erect or ascending, shorter than the bracts or the
flower : calyx-lobes subulate-linear, denticulate-glandular, hardly longer than the wholly

Lobelia. LOBELIACE^. %

inferior oblong-turbinate capsule: seeds oblong-obov^ate, rugose-reticulated. — Man. ed. 5.
284. — Wet swamps, New Jersey, Delaware, and S. Carolina : fl. late summer. Corolla
about 4 lines long. Capsule 2 lines long.

L. Kalmii, L. Biennial or perhaps perennial from small rosulate offsets, a ^an to a foot
or more high, often paniculately brandling, glabrous and smooth or below slightly hairy :
radical and lowest cauline leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, and the upper linear, an inch

• or two long : racemes loosely and mostly few-flowered, often leafy at base or panicled :
pedicels equalling or longer than the flowers, mostly 2-glandular or minutely bracteolate
above the middle : calyx-lobes subulate, a little longer than the broadly turbinate tube :
capsule shorter and blmiter at base than in the preceding, or even roundish, wholly inferior :
seeds oblong, reticulated. — Bot. Mag. t. 2238. — Wet banks. Lower Canada and Hudson's
Bay to L. Winnipeg", and to S. New York and Penu., but rare southward.

L. Nuttallii, Roera. & Schult. Annual, or at most biemiial, very slender, a foot or two
high, simple or sparingly and loosely branclied above : leaves an inch or less in length ; the
radical ones oblong or oval ; the others from lanceolate to linear, denticulate-glandular :
racemes slender : pedicels mostly longer than the bract and shorter than the flower ; the
minute bractlets, if any, near the base : calyx-lobes subulate, considerably shorter than the
tube of the pale blue corolla : capsule short and broad, obtuse or rounded at base, half
superior : seeds obovate-oval, roughish, these as well as the flowers only half the size of
those of L. Canhyi. — Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. 240. L. gracilis, Nutt. Gen. ii. 77. L. Kalmii, var.
gracilis, Bart. Fl. i. t. 34. — Moist pine barrens. New Jersey and Penn. to Georgia. Whole
corolla 3 or at most 4 lines long. — To this belongs the Rapuntium minimum Jiore pallida
caa-uleo ; Clayt., Gronov. Fl. Virg. ed. 2. 134.

= == Leaves chiefly ovate or oblong and more or less serrate or toothed: root annual: stems

branching.
a. Capsule not inflated, partly or sometimes mainly superior: pedicels of the pedunculate raceme

slender : leaves mostly petioled.

L. Cliffortiana, L. Glabrous or slightly and minutely hairy, a foot or so high: leaves
ovate or slightly cordate, obtusely toothed or repand, petioled, or the upper lanceolate and
sessile : pedicels filiform, longer than the flowers : calyx-tube obconical ; the lobes subulate
and shorter than the tube of the corolla : capsule ovoid, obtuse, nearly the upper half free :
seeds oval, very smooth and shining. — Hort. Cliff, t. 26, & Sp., excl. syn.-Gronov. ; Michx. Fl.
ii. 152 ? (Therefore L. Michauxii, Nutt. Gen.l )— Occasionally met with in the S. Atlantic
States, in waste or cult, grounds : probably introduced from Trop. Amer.

Var. Xalapensis differs in the fully two-thu-ds free and rather more oblong capsule
(which does not, as in L. micrantha, much exceed the calyx-lobes), and the stems are weaker
or diffuse.^!,. Xalapensis, HBK. — Peninsula of Florida (Canhy, E. Palmer, &c.) ; perhaps
introduced from W. Ind. and Mex.

Var. brach^poda, a remarkable and distinct form, with cauline leaves from obovate-
spatulate to lanceolate, and pedicels (2 or at most 3 lines long) rather shorter than the
flower or the capsule, which is that of genuine L. Cliffortiana. — L. Berlandieri, Torr. Mex.
Bound. 107, hardly of A.DC. — S. W. Texas, Wright, Parry. Adjacent parts of Mexico,
Berlandier, &c. (No. 3177 of the latter may be L. Berlandieri, A.DC, but is from Mata-
moras, not Tampico : it has long filiform pedicels and seems to be a depauperate form of
the true L. Cliffortiana.)

L. Feayana, Gray. Slender, a span high, diffusely branched from the base, glabrous
througliout: leaves small (a quarter to half inch long), repand-denticulate, roundish or
obovate, or the small uppermost spatulate or lanceolate and sessile : raceme loosely 4-10-
flowered : pedicels as long as the flower, twice or thrice the length of the subulate bract :
calyx-tube and capsule broadly obconical ; the latter two-thirds inferior, its free apex about
the length of the subulate calyx-lobes ; these only half the length of the tube of the bright
blue corolla: anthers glabrous (except the bearded tips of the shorter ones) : seeds oblong,
with a rough cellular coat. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 60. — E. & S. Florida, Dr. Feay, Dr. E.
Palmer, Mrs. Treat. Tube of the corolla under 2 lines long. Pedicels 2 to 4 lines long.
b. Capsule inflated, wholly inferior, longer than the pedicels : leaves sessile.

L. inflata, L. (Indian Tobacco.) Pubescent, a foot or two high, branching above, and
the spike-like but loose racemes paniculate : leaves ovate or oblong (an inch or two long),
obtusely "toothed, veiny ; the upper forming foliaceous bracts : uppermost bracts linear-

g LOBELIACE^. Palmerella.

subulate as long as the pedicels : corolla pale blue or whitish, 2 lines long, hardly sur-
passing the subulate-linear calyx-lobes : turgid capsule oval, 4 lines long, glabrous, trans-
versely veiny between the ribs: seeds oblong, roughish and reticulated. —Act. Ups. 1741,
23 t 1 • Schk. Handb. t. 269 ; Barton, Med. t. 16 ; Bigelow, Med. t. 19 ; Torr. Fl. N. Y. t. 63.
— Open rather dry grounds, Hudson's Bay to Saskatchewan, and to Georgia and Ar-
kansas. Herbage very acrid, formerly much employed in empirical medicine ; an acrid-
narcotic poison.

3_ PALMER:&LLA, Gray. (Named for the discoverer, Dr. Edward
Palmer.)— K single species. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 81, & Bot. Calif, i. 619.
P debilis Gray 1- e. A glabrous apparently perennial herb : stems simple or branched
above 2 feet high', slender and rather weak or spreading, very leafy : cauline leaves lan-
ceolate or Unear-lanceolate, about 2 inches long, entire or remotely denticulate, very
acute • the uppermost passing into foliaceous or at length slender-subulate bracts of the
few-many-flowered raceme: pedicels rather slender: lobes of the calyx slender or seta-
ceous-subulate, much longer than the tube, about half the length of the tube of the blue
corolla —In the Tantillas Caiion, just below San Diego Co., California, Palmer. Corolla-
tube whitish three-fourths of an inch long, tomentose within, in age disposed to split up
from below as in most Lobelias, and the filaments then separating, the sinus between the
small lobes completely closed, and the filaments most adnate on that side : three larger
lobes deep violet-blue, 3 or 4 lines long. Mature fruit not seen.

Var. serrata, Gray ; a form with inflorescence and tube of the corolla somewhat
Buberulent • all but the upper leaves acutely serrate ; the lowest broader, spatulate and
obovate. — Bot. Calif. 1. c. ; Bothrock in Wheeler Rep. 1877, t. 16. - Valley of Ojai Creek,
Ventura Co., California, RothrocL

4. LAURE]NTIA, Micheli. (In honor of 3f. A. Laurenti, Professor at
Bologna early in the 18th century.) — Low herbs, with the aspect and characters
of the small species of Lobelia, excepting the closed tube of the corolla : flowers
blue. Mainly S. Europe, Africa, and S. America : some have ovary almost free.
— A.DC. Prodr. vii. 409; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 549. Purterella, Torr. in
Hayden Rep. 1872, 488.

L carnosiala Benth. Annual, rooting in the mud, glabrous, 1 to 5 inches liigh, rather
'succulent • leaves oblong-linear or lanceolate, entire, sessile, a quarter to half inch long: flowers
axillary and above corymbose or racemose, long-pedicelled : calyx-lobes somewhat foliaceous,
linear obtuse, equalling the oblong-obconical or clavate tube, and also that of the corolla :
seeds elongated-oblong, smooth. -Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 444. LobeUa ca™os«/.^ Hook. & Am.
Bot Beech. 362. PortereUa carnosula (carmdosa), Torr. 1. c. ; Parry m Am. Nat. viii. 177. -
Muddy borders of ponds and streams, from California in the Sierra Nevada to Utah and
Wyoming. Limb of corolla deep blue with a white or yellowish throat ; three larger lobes
round-obovate, 2 or 3 lines long ; the other two small and lanceolate.

5 DOWNlNGIA, Torr. (In memory of A. J. Doivning, distinguished in
landscape gardening, pomology, and horticulture.) —Low and mostly showy-
flowered annuals (of Oregon, California, and one in Chili); with entire and ses-
sile slightly succulent small leaves, the upper passing into bracts to the axillary
sessile flowers, which, on account of the very long and slender calyx-tube and
ovary, seem to be racemose or corymbose. Corolla blue, with white or yellowish
throat or broad blotch on the large lip. Capsule sometimes twisted. Seeds oblong,
very smooth. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 116 ; Benth. & Hook. I.e. Clintoma, Dougl. ;
Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1241.
D elegans Torr. Stems a span to a foot long: loaves from ovate to lanceolate, acute

(4 to 10 lines long) : larger lip of the corolla moderately 3-lobed, the other lobes lanceolate :

seeds short-oblong. - C/intoma elegans, Dougl. ; Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1. 1241 . C. con,mhosa, A.DC .

Prodr. vii. 347, a more leafy form.- Wet ground, N. California to Washington Terr., and

Downingia. CAMPANULACE^. 9

S't incheslong.'^"^^ "^ '' ^°^^"^ ^ ^^^^^ *« ^^^ -°^ ^-g -^ I'-ad. Capsule
D. pulcheUa, Torr Mostly lower or weaker-stemmed: leaves more linear and obtuse:
large lip of he corolla deeply 3-lobed ; the other two lobes .oblong-ovate : seeds elongated-
oblong.- Chntonia pulcheUa, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1909; Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2. t. 412 -Wet
banks California, nearly through the State, and in the borders of N. Nevada and Oregon
Large lip of corolla much broader than long (9 or 10 by 5 or 6 Unes) ; all the lobes intense
blue ; the large centre mostly white. - Very like the preceding; both cultivated as orna-
mental annuals.

Order LXXVI. CAMPANULACE^.

Herbs, with bland milky juice, alternate simple leaves, no stipules, and regular
5-merous flowers ; the tube of the calyx adnate to the 2-5-celled many-ovuled
ovary ; the corolla and 5 stamens (alternate with its lobes) inserted where the
calyx becomes free, or the latter adnate merely to the base of the corolla ; fruit a
many-seeded capsule, rarely baccate. Calyx persistent, usually divided down to
the ovary. Corolla valvate, induplicate, or rarely imbricate in the bud. Stamens
mostly distinct : anthers with 2 parallel cells, introrse. Style one, almost always
pubescent or puberulent for some distance below the 2 to 5 introrse stigmas.
Ovules anatropous, on placentae projecting from the axis. Seeds small, usually
smooth. Embryo straight in the axis of fleshy albumen. Flowers often showy ;
the corolla commonly blue or in the same species white, and withering rather than
deciduous. In fertilization proterandrous ; the anthers opening in the bud, dis-
charging their pollen upon the style, where it accumulates upon the collecting
hairs or pubescence ; the stigmas (then firmly conniving) maturing and diVerging
much later, receiving only pollen conveyed from flower to flower by insects.

Tribe I. SPHEXOCLE^. Corolla imbricated in the bud, bearing the short sta-
mens. Style destitute of collecting hairs. Flowers simply spicate, centripetal.

1. SPHENOCLEA. Flowers all alike. Calyx with 5 roundish lobes ; the short tube ad-
nate aJmost to tlie depressed summit of the ovary. Corolla short-campanulate 5-lobed
deciduous, bearing the stamens on the lower part of its tube. Style very short • stigma
capitate-2-lobed. Capsule globular and cuneate at base, 2-celled, with stipitate placentiE
circuniscissile just below the calyx-lobes, which fall with the lid. Seeds very numerous)

Tribe II. CAMPANULE^. Corolla mostly valvate or induplicate in the bud, and
stamens free or adnate to its very base. Style below the stigmas clothed with pollen-
collecting hairs. Inflorescence mostly centrifugal, sometimes centripetal.
* Capsule opening by a perforation at the apex within the calyx.

2. GITHOPSIS. Flowers all alike and corolUferous. Tube of the calyx club-shaped,
strongly 10-nbbed, adnate up to the very summit of the ovary; limb of 5 long and linear
loliaceous lobes. Corolla tubular-campanulate 5-lobed. Filaments short, dilated at tlie
base : anthers long, linear. Ovary 3-ceIled : stigma 3-lobed. Capsule club-siiaped, cori-
aceous, crowned with tlie rigid calyx-lobes of its own length, strongly striate-ribbed, many-
seeded, opening when the persistent base of the style falls away by a round hole in its
place. Seeds fusiform-oblong. — Annual.

* * Capsule dehiscent by one or more small valvular openings on the sides, usually over
a partition, rarely disposed also to split septicidally.

3. SPECULARIA. Flowers in Amer. species dimorphous ; the earlier ones smaller, with
undeveloped corolla, and close-fertilized in the bud. Calyx-lobes in these flowers com-
monly 3 or 4, in the ordinary corolliferous flowers 5, narrow : calyx-tube more or less elon-
gated and narrow, usually prismatic. Corolla short and broad, rotate when expanded
or nearly so, 5-lobed or 5-parted. Anthers linear. Stigmas and cells of the ovary 3, some-
times 2 or 4. Capsule prismatic or elongated obconical, or cylindraceous ; the valvular
openings either near the summit or near the middle. — Annuals.

10 CAJ^IPANULACE^. Sphenoclea.

4. CAMPANULA. Flowers all alike and corolliferous. Calyx-lobes 5, narrow, its tube
short and broad. Corolla campanulate or nearly rotate, 5-Iobed or 5-parted. Filaments
dilated at base : anthers oblong or linear. Stigmas and cells of the ovary 3 to 5. Cap-
sule mostly short, opening on the sides or near the base by 3 to 5 small uplifted valves or
perforations.

* * * Capsule bursting indefinitely on the sides by the giving way of the thin walls.

5. HETEROCODON. Flowers dimorphous in the manner of Specularia. Calyx with
large and leaf-like ovate lobes, 3 or 4 in the earlier, 5 in the later flowers, much longer
than the obpyramidal tube. Corolla open campanulate, 5-lobed. Stamens, style, &c., as in
Campanula. Capsule 3-celled, 3-angled, very thin and membranaceous. Seeds numerous,
oblong, obscurely triangular. — Annual.

1. SPHENOCLEA, Gsertn. (-Tqpjjr, a wedge, and nXeico, to shut up, the
bases of the crowded capsules becoming wedge-shaped by mutual pressure.) — A
single species, native of tropical Africa or Asia, dispersed over the warmer parts
of the world.

S. ZeylAnica, Gaertn. Glabrous and somewhat succulent annual, a foot or more high :
leaves entire, from obovate to lanceolate, tapering into a petiole : flowers closely sessile in
a dense terminal pedunculate spike, small, each subtended by a short bract and pair of
bractlets : corolla white, a line or so wide, slightly exceeding the calyx. — S. Pongatlum,
A.DC. Prodr. vii. 548. Pongatlum Indicum (Juss.), Lam. — Low grounds, nat. in Louisiana.

2. GITHOPSIS, Nutt. (From the resemblance of the calyx to that of
Githago, the Corn Cockle.) — Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. viii. 258 ; Benth.
& Hook. Gen. ii. 559 ; Gray, Bot. Calif. L 446. — Single species.

G. specularioides, Nutt. Small annual, 2 to 10 inches high, hirsute or glabrate : leaves
small, linear-oblong, coarsely toothed, sessile : flowers simply terminating the stem or
branches, or becoming lateral, strictly erect : corolla blue : rigid capsule tapering into a
very short and stout peduncle. — G. calyclna, Benth. PI. Hartw. 32L G. pulchella, Vatke in
Linn, xxxviii. 714. — Open grounds, California, toward the coast, and Oregon. Calyx-
lobes from near half to three-fourths inch long, rigidly 1-nerved, sometimes few-toothed.
The form named G. calyclna has short corolla, exceeded by the long calyx-lobes ; the G,
pulchella, longer corolla surpassing the calyx-lobes.

3. SPECULiARIA, Heister, A.DC. (/Speculum Veneris, i. e. Venus's
Looking-Glass, an early popular appellation of the common European species.) —
Annuals, with leafy slender stems, and sessile or short-peduncled flowers, 1-2-
bracteolate, terminal or in the axils of the leaves. Corolla blue or purplish. The
American species, differing from those of the Old World chiefly in the dimorphism
of the flowers, are not to be generically separated. — Triodanis (not Triodallus),
Raf., founded on specimens with only the close-fertilized flowers yet appearing.
Dysmicodon, section of Specularia, Endl., but the true character unnoticed. Dtjs-
micodon ^ Campylocera, Nutt. 1. c.

§ 1. Campyl(5cera, Gray. Flowers dimorphous. Stigmas 2 to 4. Capsule
slender, straight or curved, occasionally twisted, in the close-fertilized flowers
at least disposed to split longitudinally into valves, sometimes by abortion one-
celled. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 82. Campylocera, Nutt. 1. c. '

S. leptocarpa, Gray. Minutely hirsute and roughish or nearly glabrous : stems (a
span or two high) virgate, mostly simple or branched from the base: leaves lanceolate:
flowers closely sessile in their axils : stigmas 2 or 3 : cells of the ovary as many,
or in the lower close-fertilized flowers only one with a parietal placenta : calyx-lobes
of the lower flowers 3: capsules nearly cylindrical (half to three-fourths inch long, only a
line thick), inclined to curve and rarely to twist, opening by one or two uplifted valves
near the summit ; the lowest also often spliting longitudinally from the summit : seeds
oblong. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. Campylocera leptocarpa, Nutt. 1. c. Specularia [Campanula)

Campanula. CAMPANULACE^. H

Linsecomii, Buckley, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 460. — Arkansas to W. Texas and Colorado.
Leaves an inch long or less. Expanded corolla half to three-fourths inch wide.
S. Lindheimeri, Vatke. Larger than the last : stems erect or diffuse (1 to 3 feet long),
paniculately branched above : leaves oblong-lanceolate or the lower oblong or spatulate :
flowers subsessile or short-peduncled, commonly terminating branchlets : stigmas 3 or 4 : cells
of the ovary as many : calyx-lobes even in close-fertilized flowers 5, about the length of
the ovary : capsules angular, narrowed to the base, mostly straight, not twisted, opening
by 2 or 3 downwardly turned or irregularly bursting small valves below the summit, and
afterwards somewhat disposed to be septicidal : seeds almost orbicular, flattened. — Linn,
xxxviii. 713 ; Gray, 1. c. Campanula Coloradoense, Buckley, 1. c. — W. Texas, on the Colo-
rado and Guadaloupe, &c. Larger leaves two inches long. Expanded corolla sometimes
an inch broad.

§ 2. DysmiC(5don, Endl. Flowers dimorphous. Capsule rather short, straight,
not disposed to split. — Dysmicodon, Nutt. 1. c.

S. biflora, Gray. Stem slender, mostly simple or branched from the base, minutely and
retrorsely serrulate-hispid on the angles : leaves sessile, ovate or oblong, or the upper re-
duced to lanceolate bracts, sparingly somewhat creuate : flowers sessile, singly or in pairs
in the axils : the lower and close-fertilized ones with 3 or 4 short subulate or ovate calyx-
lobes; the upper with 4 or 5 longer lanceolate-subulate calyx-lobes shorter than the
developed corolla : capsule oblong and cylihdraceous or slightly fusiform, obscurely ribbed,
the 2 or 3 valvular openings close under the calyx : seeds lenticular. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c.
Campanula biflora, Ruiz. & Pav. Fl. Per. ii. 55, t. 200, f. 6. C. Montevidensis, Spreng.? C. Lu-
doviciana, Torr. ined. C. intermedia, Engelm. in Nutt. 1. c. Dysmicodon Californicum &
D. ovatum, Nutt. 1. c. Specularia ovata, Vatke, 1. c. — Open grounds, often with the next,
S. Carolina to Texas and Arkansas ; also in California. Leaves half an inch or less in
length, the uppermost shorter than the flowers. (S. Am.)

S. perf oliata, A.DC. Stems commonly stouter and simple (8 to 20 inches high), very leafy
throughout, hirsute or hispid on the angles, sometimes smoother : leaves round-cordate
and clasping, mostly crenate, veiny : flowers sessile singly or clustered in the axils : calyx-
lobes of the close-fertilized flowers 3 or 4 and short, of the later and coroUiferous flowers
as long as the ovary : capsule oblong or somewhat obconical ; the 2 or 3 valvular open-
ings at or below the middle : seeds lenticular. — Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. 428, t. 65. Campanula
perfoUala, L. ; HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. t. 265. C. amplexicauUs, Michx., &c. Dysmicodon
perfoliatum, Nutt. 1. c. — Open gravelly ground, Canada to Texas, Utah, and Oregon.
(Mex., &,c.)

4. CAMPANULA, Tourn. Bell-flower, Hare-bell. (Italian Cam-
pana, a bell.) — Flowers mostly showy or pretty and blue or white, in summer.
Seeds smooth. A very large genus, dispersed over the northern hemisphere, but
scanty in North America. Ours all have a 3-celled ovary, and all but one on our
north-western borders have naked sinuses to the calyx. "Canterbury-bells" of
the gardens, O. Medium, represents the section with reflexed appendages in the
sinuses of the calyx, covering' the tube, and the cells to the ovary as many as
lobes to the corolla.

§ 1. Calyx with deflexed appendages at the sinuses more or less covering the
tube : our species perennial and the stigmas and cells of the' ovary 3.

C pilosa, Pall.- Stems an inch to a span high, 1-flowered, when young woolly-pubescent :
leaves mainly radical, from ovate to spatulate-lanceolate, crenate ; the cauline from lan-
ceolate to linear : calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate : corolla an inch or more long, open-cam-
panulate, internally soft-bearded ; its tube longer than the lobes and surpassing the calyx.
— Roem. & Sch. Syst. v. 148 ; Ledeb. Ic. t. 209 ; Herder in Radde, Reis. iv. 6. C. dasyantha,
Bieb. Cauc. ; Reichenb. Ic. Crit. i. t. 85; A.DC. Camp. t. 10, f. 4. C. Pallasiana, Roem. &
Sch. 1. c. C. Altaica, A.DC. 1. c. 229, t. 10, f. 3. — Alaska, Aleutian Islands, and northward,
(Kamtschatka and Siberia.)

12 CAMPANULACEiE. Campanula.

§ 2. Calyx wholly destitute of appendages at the sinuses : stigmas and cells of

the ovary 3.

* Style not longer than the corolla, straight: root perennial in all the North American species.
H— Openings of the capsule toward its summit: low and one-floAvered arctic-alpine plants.

C. lasiocarpa, Cham. An inch to a span high, rather slender : leaves denticulate or
laciniate with subulate salient teeth ; the radical spatulate or oblong, mostly aeute, and
slender-petioled ; cauline few and lanceolate or linear : calyx-tube obconical, villous ; its
lobes lanceolate-linear, laciniate-toothed : corolla between half and an inch long, broadly
oblong-campanulate, glabrous witliin ; its tube twice the length of its lobes and surpassing
the calyx : capsule turbinate. — Linn. iv. 39 ; Hook. Fl. ii. 28. C. algida, Fischer in A.DC.
Camp. 338, t. 11, f . 4. — Summit of high northern Rocky Mountains (Drummond) ; N. W.
Coast and Islands. (Kamtschatka.)

C. uniflora, L. Chiefly glabrous, 1 to 4 inches high : leaves small (an inch or less long),
entire or nearly so, thickish ; the lowest spatulate or oblong, obtuse, uppermost linear :
flower small (4 to 6 lines long), rather slender-peduncled : calyx-tube often pubescent, nearly
as long as the lobes, which are from fully to half the length of the bluish corolla : capsule
cylindraceous or clavate (half inch long). — Fl. Lapp. t. 9; Fl. Dan. t. 1512. — Arctic
regions from Labrador to Aleutian Islands, and south to the Colorado Rocky Mountains.
(N.W.Eu., N.E.Asia.)

■4— -h- Openings of the capsule at or near its base.
++ Rather coarse and large, pubescent, many-flowered European species, escaped from cultivated
ground and sparingly naturalized near the Northern Atlantic coast.

C. RAPUNCOLOiDES, L. Minutely roughish-pubescent : stem 1 to 3 feet high, simple or at
length branching : leaves more or less crenate and acuminate ; the lower and radical ones
cordate and long-petioled ; upper lanceolate and passing into bracts of the loose virgate
mostly one-sided true raceme : corolla oblong-campanulate deeply 5-lobed (an inch long),
blue : capsule globular, nodding on a short pedicel. — Fl. Dan. t. 1327. — Roadsides and
fields, Canada to Penn. (Nat. from Eu.)

C. glomerAta, L. Pubescent, a foot high: leaves serrulate; the lowest and radical cor-
date-oblong and slender-petioled ; the others closely sessile, ovate-lanceolate or oblong :
flowers sessile in a few terminal and upper axillary clusters, exceeding the leafy bracts :
corolla (an inch long) oblong-campanulate : capsule erect, opening near the base. — Fl.
Dan. t. 1328. — Roadsides, E. Massachusetts : rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

++ ++ Slender or low species, with filiform rootstocks, mostly glabrous, one-several-flowered (in-
florescence centrifugal): peduncles or pedicels slender,
= When several racemosely disposed on the simple smooth stem: capsule nodding: radical leaves
roundish or ovate and often cordate, at least on sterile shoots. (HARE-nELi.s.)

C. Scheuchzeri, Vill. Stem a span to a foot high, 1-4-flowered, more commonly 1-
flowered: cauline leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, sessile, not rarely denticulate;
lowest cauline spatulate : flower-bud nodding : campanulate corolla half to three-fourths
inch long, little or moderately exceeding the slender linear-subulate calyx-lobes. — Prosp. 22
(1779), & Dauph. ii. 503, t. 10; Koch, Syn. 538. C. Unifolla, Willd. ; A.DC. 1. c, &c., in
part, not Lam. (1785). C. diibia, A.DC. Camp. 286. C. Langsdorffiana, Gray in Am. Jour.
Sci. xxxiv. 254. — Alpine and subalpine or subarctic, Newfoundland and Labrador, and
Alaska ; Rocky Mountains d6wn to Colorado, Pairij, E. Hall. The latter specimens strictly
1-flowered, with the base or lower part of the leaves hirsute-ciliate, and calyx-lobes spar-
ingly denticulate. (Eu., N. Asia.)

Var. heterodoxa. Stems more diffuse and leafy : cauline leaves from lanceolate to
ovate-lanceolate (2 or 3 to even 5 lines wide), often sharply denticulate, nearly all tapering
into margined petioles ; the radical round-cordate or ovate (sometimes an inch in diameter) :
corolla two-thirds to a full inch long : slender calyx-lobes more spreading or even reflexed,
especially in fruit. — Vest in Roem. & Sch. Syst. v. 98 ; Bong. Sitk. 144. C. Langsdorffiana,
Fischer. C. UnifoUa, var. Lang&dorffiana, A.DC. Camp. 279, in part. C. Unifolla, var. hetero-
doxa, Ledeb. Fl. Ross. ii. 888. C'. pratensis, A.DC. 1. c. 287 ? excl. var. — Newfoundland,
Pi/laie ; Alaska and islands to the Shumagins.
C. rotundifolia, L. Stems diffuse or erect, a foot or two long, or sometimes dwarfer,
1-9-flowered ; orbicular or cordate slender-petioled leaves only on radical shoots ; cauline

Campanula. CAMPANULACE^. 13

leaves linear : flower-buds erect on the slender pedicel : campanulate corolla from half to
even an inch long: calyx-lobes setaceous-subulate. — Fl. Dan. t. 855 & 1086.— C./>e/;o/«<fl,
A.DC. I. c, is apparently this rather than the foregoing. — Rocky banks througli the sub-
arctic regions, and common northward, ranging south to the Alleghany Mountains, New
Mexico, and the northern borders of California. Calyx-lobes from a third to half the
length of the bright blue corolla, and erect or spreading ; or sometimes nearly equalling it,
almost filiform, and widely spreading after the flower opens. (Eu., N. Asia.)
= = Peduncles when several cymose or paniculate, erect in blossom and fruit: angles of the
weak stem and midrib or margins of leaves conunonly retrorsely scabrous: flowers small,

C. aparinoides, Pursh. Stem a foot or two high, almost filiform, equally leafy to the
top ; its sharp angles rough with almost prickly short retrose bristles : so also the midrib
beneath and the margins of the lanceolate or linear sessile leaves : flower-buds drooping :
corolla open-campanulate, deeply 5-cleft (the lobes 2 lines long or less) : calyx-lobes tri-
angular, short, about equalling the tube of the pale blue or whitish corolla. — Fl. i. 159.
C. erinoides, Muhl., Nutt., &c., not L. — Wet grassy grounds, Canada to Georgia, and from
the Saskatchewan to the mountains in Colorado. Leaves varying from linear, and 20
lines long by one wide, to lanceolate-oblong, less than an inch long and 3 lines wide.

C. Ploridana, Watson, in herb. Glabrous and smooth throughout: stems filiform,
simple or sparingly branched, a span high ; leaves ' from oblong to linear-lanceolate, re-
motely serrulate, almost sessile, about half an inch long: flowers few, terminating the
stem or branches : corolla 5-parted, blue, somewhat rotate ; the divisions ovate-lanceolate,
equalled by the slender lanceolate-linear smooth and spreading calyx-lobes. — E. and S.
Florida : Pease River, Dr. Feay ; and Indian River, &c., Dr. E. Palmer. Calyx lobes 2 to
at length 4 lines long.

C. linnaeif olia, Gray. A span to a foot high, simple or sparingly branched at summit :
leaves from roundish to ovate-oblong, obtuse, crenately serrate, nearly sessile, half inch or
less long ; the margins and the sharp angles of the stem retrorsely hispid-ciliate : flowers
solitary terminating the branches : corolla pale blue, campanulate, 5-cleft (barely half inch
long), its tube somewhat exceeding the broadly lanceolate calyx-lobes, which are retrorsely
ciliolate like the leaves : capsule globular. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 366, '& Bot. Calif, i. 448.
Wahlenhergia CaUfornica, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 158 ? — Swamps, Mendocino Co.,
California, Bolnnder, &c.

* * Style filiform and straight, exceeding the nari-ow campanulate corolla: capsule hemispherical
or short-tuvbinate, the openings near the middle or base: leaves sharply or laciniately serrate:
root perennial : indorescence centrifugal,

-1— Racemiform. Pacific species.

C. Scouleri, Hook. Glabrous or a little pubescent, stems slender, a span to a foot or so
long, at length spreading, often branching : leaves from ovate to lanceolate, mostly taper-
ing at base into a margined petiole : flowers more or less panicled, on long filiform pedicels :
corolla oblong in the bud, rather longer than the slender calj'x-lobes, somewhat deeply
5-cleft (4 lines long); its lobes ovate-oblong. — A.DC. Camp. 312; Hook. Fl. ii. 28, t. 125.
— Open coniferous woods, Puget Sound to the mountains in N. California.

C prenanthoides, Durand. Glabrous or roughish-puberulent : stems more erect, a
foot or two high : leaves more numerous and shorter (half to an inch or so long), more
copiously and sharply serrate, from ovate-oblong to lanceolate ; the cauline mainly sessile :
flowers racemose, scattered or clustered, generally numerous, short-pedicelled : corolla
slender-cylindrical in the bud, twice the length of the slender calyx-lobes (5 or 6 lines
long), almost 5-parted ; its lobes narrowly lanceolate and 2 to 4 times the length of the
tube. — Jour. Acad. Philad., n. ser. ii. 93; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad., 1. c. & Bot. Calif, i. 448.
C. Jiliflora, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 5. C. Roezli, Regel, Aniiuad. PI. Hort. Petrop.
1872, 6. — Coniferous woods and open grounds, California, along the coast from Monterey
to Mendocino Co., and through the northern part of the Sierra Nevada. Capsule thin-
walled, and with broad and retuse base.

-J— -1— Effusely paniculate. Alleghanj' species.

C. divaricata, Michx. Glabrous : stems paniculately branched, 1 to 3 feet high, slender :
leaves oblong to linear-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, strongly or laciniately serrate in
the middle, slightly petioled (2 or 3 inches long) : panicle very open and compound : filiform
pedicels as long as the flowers : corolla pale blue, campanulate, barely 3 lines long ; its

14 CAAIPANULACE^.

lobes and the subulate calyx-teeth considerably shorter than its tube. — C. yJexttosa, Michx.

Fl. i. 109, appears to be only a low form of this from the liigher mountains. — Rocks and

banks, along the AUeghanies from A'^irginia and E. Kentucky to Georgia.

* # * Long filiform style declined and upwardly curved, much exceeding the rotate corolla : cap-
sule dblong-clavate," sessile, erect; the openings close to the summit: inflorescence truly spicate
(centripetal): root annual or at most biennial.

C. Ainericana, L. Sparsely hairy or almost glabrous : stem mostly simple, a yard or
two high : leaves thin and large, ovate and ovate-lanceolate or the lowest cordate, petiolcd ;
upper passing into bracts of the elongated and loosely many-flowered virgate spike : corolla
white or blue, almost 5-parted; its lobes ovate or ovate-lanceolate, half an inch long,
exceeding the divergent subulate-setaceous calyx-lobes : capsules half an inch long. —
C ohliqua, Jacq. Schoenb. t. 336. C. acuminata, Michx. Fl. i. 108. C. dedinata, Moench.
C. IlUnoensis, Fresenius, a branched state with paniculate leafy spikes, which is not uncom-
mon. — Shaded low ground, W. New York to Iowa, soutli to Georgia and Arkansas.
C. PLANiFLORA, Lam. [C. nitida, Ait.), long ago described from cultivated specimens,

vaguely attributed to North America, is wholly unknown in the wild state; apparently allied

to C. persiccefoUa, L., and not N. American.

5. HETEROCCDON, Nutt. (EzsQa, different, and xcodojv, a bell, from
the two kinds of catnpauulate flowers.) — A single species, near Campanula, to
which Bentham joins it. — Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. viii. 255.
H. rariflormn, Nutt. A delicate little annual, sparsely hirsute : stems filiform, diffusely
spreading, leafy, branching: leaves orbicular with cordate partly clasping base (a fourth
to half inch long), coarsely many-toothed : flowers solitary, terminal and lateral, also axil-
lary ; the later ones only with well-developed pale blue corolla, which barely exceeds the
ovate and sparingly toothed foliaceous calyx-lobes ; these one to three lines long. — Shady
and grassy places, A^ancouver's Island to California and Nevada, along the coast ranges
and the Sierra Nevada.

Order LXXVII. ERICACE^.

Trees, shrubs, or some perennial herbs, with simple and undivided leaves des-
titute of stipules and commonly alternate, symmetrical (4-5-merous) and perfect
flowers, either regular or occasionally irregular, stamens free or nearly free from
the corolla and as many or more commonly twice as many as its lobes or petals,
the anthers 2-celled and in most opening by pores (in many awned or otherwise
appendaged), the pollen composed of 4 united grains (exce|)t in the fourth suborder
and a part of the third), and the style single. Calyx imbricated or sometimes
valvate in the bud, free and the corolla and stamens hypogynous, except in the
first suborder. Corolla not rarely 5- (or 4-) petalous, in the bud imbricated or in
some convolute. Anthers introrse, or in the PyroUnece primarily and normally
extrorse, but in anthesis introrsely inverted! Ovary 4-10-celled (or the cells
rarely 3 or 2 and fewer than the petals), with placentae in the axis (a tribe of
MonotroipecE excepted) ; the ovules numerous, generally very numerous, sometimes
solitary, anatropous. Stigma not rarely girt with a ring, entire or merely lobed ;
only in Clethra is the apex of the style 3-cleft. Fruit capsular, baccate, or dru-
paceous. Embryo small or minute, in fleshy albumen ; the cotyledons small and
short or undeveloped. [EricacecE, Vaceiniacece, Pyrolacece, & MonotropecB of
authors, all merging into one large family.)

Suborder I. VACCINIE.^. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary (or to the
greater part of it), which in fruit is baccate, either a true berry or drupaceous,
crowned with the calyx-teeth. Corolla always gamopetalous, and with the disk

ERICACEAE. 15

epigynous. Anthers erect, introrse; the cells partly separate or prolonged at
apex into a tip or a tubular appendage, where they open by a pore or chink.
Pollen-grams compound, of four united grains. Stigma not indusiate. Seeds
with a close and firm coat. — Shrubby or sufFrutescent, with scaly buds : leaves all
alternate.

* Ovary wholly inferior: herbage not aromatic.
^' s^^Ife^n^tlt^^"^- °'''^ ^^"'^^'^' ^^■"^"^^^' ^™* baccate-drupaceous, with 10

^' Zt(^!S}S^^\ ^^^"^ ^ ""f^^-' °^^^ false-partitions from the back of these ceUs
8-10 celled : ovules numerous. Fruit a berry; its cells several-many-seeded

* * Ovary at first one third to one half superior: herbage aromatic as in Gaultkeria.
"• I?tf £gft^lam^n?8T tllrf a^nS, tS^Tar^^^^^^^^^ Corolla short-campanu-

Suborder II. ERICINE^. Calyz free from the ovary. Corolla gamo-
petalous, rarely polypetalous or nearly so, hypogynous. Disk generally annular
or 8-10-lobed. Anthers upright, introrse. Pollen-grains compound. Shrubs or
small trees.

Tribe I. ARBUTE^. Fruit fleshy, either baccate or drupaceous. Corolla urceo-
late or globular 5-toothed or rarely 4-toothed, deciduous. Stamens twice as many
as the corolla lobes, included. Buds scaly. Leaves alternate.

^' it^^JIJy^l Anthers compressed, bearing a pair of reflexed awns on the back, each
cell openmg at the apex anteriorly by a termmal pore. Ovary 5- (rarely 4-) celled rinen
ing mto a granular-coated and many-seeded berry; with firm endocarp ' ^

5. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. Ovary 4-10-celled, with solitary ovules in the cells in fruit
formmg a drupe with as many seed-like nutlets or a solid stone.

Tribe II. ANDROMEDE.E. Fruit a loculicidal chiefly 5-celled and many-seeded
capsule ; the valves usually bearing the partitions, which separate from the per-
sistent placentiferous axis or columella. Corolla gamopetalous, deciduous. Stamens
twice the number of the corolla-lobes (mostly 10), more or less included. Leaves
mainly alternate.

* Anther-cells opening through their whole length, not appendaged : stigma 5-lobed • the
lobes adnate to a surrounding ring or cup. '

6. EPIG^A. Calyx of 5 nearly distinct and strongly imbricated dry and scarious sepals.
Corolla salver-form 5-lobed. Stamens 10, mostly equalling the tube of the corolla: fila-
ments filiform : anthers hnear-oblong, blunt.

^ * * Anthers opening only at the top : stigma usually entire.

-I- Calyx becoming fleshy and baccate in fruit, enclosing the small capsule.

7. GAULTHERIA. Calyx 5-cleft ; its lobes imbricated. Corolla ovate-urceolate to cam-
panulate. btamens 10 : filaments dilated towards the base : capsule deeply umbilicate •
placenta ascenduig.

-1- -J- Calyx unchanged and dry under the capsule.
•H- The lobes or sepals valvate or open in the bud, never overlapping.

8. ANDROMEDA. Corolla from globular-urceolate to cylindraceous, 5-toothed or 5-lobed.
Ovary and capsule 5-celled, umbilicate : placenta borne on the summit or middle of the
columella ; the seeds pendulous or spreading in all directions.

++ ++ Sepals or calyx-lobes more or less imbricated, at least in the early bud.
= Corolla cylindraceous or conical-urceolate, 5-toothed: anthers fixed toward their base:
leaves plane, usually large and broad : capsule not thickened at the dorsal sutures.

9. OXYDENDRUM. Calyx short, early open, naked at base. Corolla minutely canes-
cent. Anthers linear, unappendaged, narrower than the broadly subulate filaments ; the
cells opening by a long chink. Capsule ovoid-pyramidal : placenta on the short columella
at the base of the cells. Seeds all ascending or erect, scobiform, with loose reticulated
coat extended at each end much beyond the linear nucleus. Bracts and bractlets minute
and deciduous.

16 ERICACE^.

10. LEUCOTHOE. Calyx slightly or in one section much imbricated. Filaments sub-
ulate : anthers oblong, obtuse, blunt ; the cells opening by a terminal pore or chink, either
pointless, or 2-mucronate, or sometimes 1-2-awnecl from the apex : filaments subulate.
Capsule depressed-globose, 5-lobed ; valves mostly thin, entire ; placentae borne on the
summit or upper part of the columella. Seeds pendulous or in all directions ; the coat
various but usually loose.

11. CASSANDRA. Calyx of rigid and much imbricated ovate sepals, subtended by a
pair of similar bractlets. Filaments subulate (glabrous): anthers awnless ; the cells
tapering into a tubular beak, which opens by a pore at the apex. Capsule depressed-
globose : pericarp in deliiscence separating into two layers ; the chartaceous epicarp locu-
licidally 5-valved ; cndocarp cartilaginous, at length 10-valved ; sutures not thickened ;
placentae on the summit of the short columella. Seeds imbricated in 2 rows, compressed
and obtusely angled ; the smooth and shining coat much thickened on the side next the
placenta.

= = Corolla open-campanulate, 4-5-lobed or parted : anthers short, fixed nearly by their
apex : f ruticulose and heath-like, with small thick or acerose mostly imbricated leaves.

12. CASSIOPE. Calyx ebracteolate, of ovate imbricated sepals. Anther-cells each open-
ing by a large terminal pore, and tipped by a slender recurved awn. Capsule globose or
ovoid, 4-5-valved ; the valves 2-clef t. Seed-coat thin and close.

Tribe III. ERICE^E. Fruit a loculicidal or sometimes septicidal 4-5-celled capsule.
Corolla gamopetalous, marcescent-persistent; the lobes convolute in the bud. Sta-
mens twice the number of the corolla-lobes (8, rarely 10). Heath-like leaves com-
monly opposite or verticillate.

13. CALLUNA. Corolla campanulate, 4-parted, shorter and less conspicuous than the
4 concave colored sepals, both scarious and persistent. Anthers with a pair of auriculate
appendages on the back; the cells opening by a long chink. Ovary 8-angled: ovules
numerous, pendulous : style filiform. Capsule globose-4-angular, septicidally 4-valved.

Tribe IV. RHODODENDREiE. Fruit a septicidal capsule ; the valves (except in
Leiopkyllum, &c.) in dehiscence separating from the persistent placentiferous colu-
mella. Corolla deciduous, its lobes or petals chiefly imbricated in the bud. Anthers
destitute of awns or appendages. Stigma not rarely surrounded by a ring or
border. {Rliodorece Don, name changed by Maximowicz, because Rhodora falls
into Rhododendron.)

* Anthers opening by a pore or chink at the apex of each cell.
■h- Corolla gamopetalous : scaly leaf-buds none : flowers from the axils of coriaceo-foli-
aceous persistent (seldom scale-like or scarious) bracts, or rarely from those of ordinary
leaves : filaments and style filiform : capsule globular, 4-5-valved from above.

14. BRYANTHUS. Corolla from campanulate to ovoid, 4-6-lobed ; the lobes simply
imbricated in the bud. Stamens 8 to 10, straight. Leaves heath-like, alternate but crowded.

15. KALMIA. Corolla crateriform or saucer-shaped, with a short narrow tube, 5-lobed,
10-saccate below the limb. Stamens 10; the short anthers lodged in the sacs of the
corolla in the bud, so that the filaments are strongly recurved when this expands. Cap-
sule tardily septicidal. Leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled, flat.

•>r- -i- Corolla gamopetalous : buds, at least flower-buds, scaly-strobilaceous ; the thin or
scarious scales caducous or deciduous : capsule 4-5-valved (or sometimes more) from
apex to base : seeds usually (but not always) scobiform, having the loose coat produced
or appendaged at both ends : calyx often much reduced or obsolete.

16. MENZIESIA. Flowers usually 4-merous. Corolla from globular-urceolate to cylin-
draceous, 4-toothed or lobed. Calyx bristly-ciliate. Stamens included, mostly 8 : filaments
subulate : anthers mostly linear-sagittate ; the cells opening by an oblique pore or short
chink. Style included : stigma truncate. Capsule short.

17. RHODODENDRON. Flowers almost always 5-merous. Corolla various (but not con-
tracted at the orifice), lobed or cleft, or even parted, often somewhat irregular. Stamens
sometimes as few as the corolla-lobes, more commonly of twice the number, usually de-
clined : filaments filiform or slender-subulate : anthers short ; the cells opening by a ter-
minal orbicular pore. Style filiform : stigma capitate or somewhat lobed.

^— -1— -)— Corolla polypetalous or very nearly so : filaments filiform : seeds scobiform or
linear : placenta borne on the summit of the persistent columella.

18. LEDUM. Calyx 5-lobed or parted, small. Petals oval or obovate, widely spreading.
Stamens 5 to 10. Capsule oval or oblong, 5-celled, 5-valved from the base upward ; the
columella slender. Flowers umbellate or corymbose from separate strobilaceous buds.

ER1CACE.E. 17

19. BEJARIA. Calyx 4-5-lobe(l. Petals obovate or spatulate, somewhat erect. Stamens
12 or 14. Capsule depressed-globose, 6-7-lobed, 6-7-valved from above; the columella
short. Flowers (in ours) racemose: no strobilaceous buds.

* * Antliers opening longitudinally from the apex nearly or quite to the base of the
cells : corolla of distinct petals, or in Loiseleuria 5-clef t : no thin-scaly strobilaceous
buds: leaves entire: capsule 3-5- (rarely 2-) valved from above.

H— Low and small-leaved evergreens : coriaceous persistent leaves mostly opposite : flowers
small, corymbose . or fascicled : pedicels subtended by coriaceous foliaccous persistent
scales or bracts : calyx 5-parted : style and slender filaments not declined : anthers
globose-didymous : seeds oval, with a thin close coat.

20. LEIOPHYLLUM. Petals 5, obovate-oblong, spreading. Stamens 10 : filaments and
style filiform, exserted. Placentae borne on the middle of the columella, but carried
awa}' with the 2 or 3 valves in dehiscence.

21. LOISELEURIA. Corolla broadly canipanulate, deeply 5-clef t. Stamens 5: filaments
and style stout-filiform and included. Capsule 2-3-valved, and valves at length 2-cleft ;
tlie placentas left on the columella.

•t— -t— Erect shrubs, with deciduous alternate leaves : flowers larger, from leaf}' shoots of
the season : anthers oblong : filaments flat and subulate or linear : style long, more or
less decUned and incurved, thickened at the apex and annulate around the discoid
stigma : placentae persistent on the short columella : seeds with a loose cellular or
fungous coat.

22. ELLIOTTIA. Petals (3 to 5) mostly 4, long and narrow. Stamens as many or twice
as many : filaments short. Flowers in conspicuous terminal racemes or panicles.

23. CLADOTHAMNUS. Petals 5, oblong, spreading, equalled by the somewhat foUa-
ceous sepals. Stamens 10 : filaments dilated below. Capsule 5-6-celled, depressed-glo-
bose. Flowers solitary, terminating short leafy branches or sometimes axillary.

Suborder III. PYROLINE^. Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla poly-
petalous, hypogynous, deciduous. Anthers erect and extrorse in the bud, with
apex often pointed, emarginate or 2-horned at base, where each cell opens by a
pore, in anthesis mostly introrsely resui)inate on the filament, so that the really
basal pores become apical and the point or apex basal. Disk obsolete or obscure.
Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with a loose cellular coat. Sepals and petals
imbricated in the bud ; the former persistent. (Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 61.)

Tribk I. CLETHRE^. Shrubs or trees. Pollen-grains simple. Ovary and cap-
sule of the 5-merous flower 3-ceIled. Stigmas 3, distinct, over the placentae. Em-
bryo cylindraceous, as in Ericlnece.

24. CLETHRA, Petals 5, obovate or obcordate. Stamens 10: anthers sagittate and
pointed, after inversion obsaggitate, the diverging lobes opening by a chink or large pore.
Style filiform, persistent, conmionly 3-cleft at the apex : stigmas thickish and truncate.
Capsule globose or .3-lobed, 3-valved, and the valves at lengtli 2-cleft ; the many-seeded
porrect placentae remaining attached to the upper part of the columella.

Tribe II. PYKOLE^. Herbs or nearly so, from perennial slender rootstocks,
glabrous, with evergreen foliage, one species leafless. Pollen-grains compound.
Cells of the ovary and capsule as many as the petals or sepals (5, or rarely 4) :
valves of the capsule remaining attached to the columella. Seed-coat very loose
and cellular, enclosing a small nucleus. Embryo very minute.

* Stems leafy : flowers corymbose or sometimes solitary : stigma orbicular-peltate, barely
5-crenate, conceaUng the very short obconical style, which is immersed in the umbili-
cate summit of the ovary^ and capsule : the latter dehiscent from above downwards :
valves not woolly on the edges.

25. CHIMAPHILA. Petals 5, widely spreading, regular, orbicular, concave. Stamens
10: filaments short, dilated and mostly hairy in tiie middle.

* * Scape naked or leafy only at base : style mostly elongated. ^

26. MONESES. Flowers solitary, sometimes 4-merous, regular. Petals widely spreading,
orbicular. Stamens 10, or sometimes 8 : filaments subulate, naked. Style straight : stigma
large, peltate, and with 5 or sometimes 4 narrow (at first erect, at length radiating) lobes.
Valves of the capsule not woolly on the edges.

2

18 ERICACE^.

27. PYROLA. Flowers in a raceme, 5-merous. Petals concave or incurved and more or
less converging. Stamens 10, often declined : filaments subulate, naked. Style often de-
clined or turned downward : stigma 5-lobed or toothed and annulate. Capsule depressed-
globose and 5-lobed, umbilicate at apex and base, dehiscent from the base upward ; the
edges of the valves cobwebby when opening.

SuBORDKR IV. MONOTROPE^. Calyx free from the ovary. Pollen-
<Trains simple. Capsule loculicidal. — Herbaceous root-parasites or saprophytes,
scaly, destitute of all greeu herbage, one closely related to Pyrolece, oue to Eri-
cinea, the others more peculiar. (Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 370.)
TuinE I. EUMONOTROPE^. Ovary 5-celled, or sometimes 4-celled ; the pla-

centjB projecting from the thick central columella.

* Anthers extrorse, in flower becoming introrsely pendulous : corolla none.

28. ALLOTROPA. Calyx of 5 roundish sepals, marcescent under the capsule. Stamens
io : anthers didymous, on long and slender filaments : cells opening by a cliink from tlie
apparent apex to the middle. Disk none. Style short: stigma large, peltate-capitate.
Capsule globose. Seeds scobiform, linear.

# * Anthers introrse or introrsely pendulous from the first : corolla gamopetalous, and
with the calyx persistent or marcescent,

-K- Globular-ovate, with 5 short recurved lobes or teeth : anthers 2-awned.

29. PTEROSPORA. Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla globular-urceolate ; the lobes con-
volute or mostly so in the bud. Stamens 10, included : filaments subulate-filiform : anthers
ovate-didymous, introrse, erect, or in bud horizontal-inflexed, fixed near the base, there
dorsally 2-awned; the slender awns deflexed ; the cells opening lengtlnvise. Disk none.
Style short : stigma 5-lobed. Capsule depressed-globular, 5-lobed. Seeds broadly winged
from the apex.

.,_ .}_ Corolla campanulate, with barely spreading lobes, rather fleshy : anthers nmticous :
seed-coat reticulated, but conformed to tlie nucleus : sepals 5, oblong, erect, nearly equal-
ling the corolla, persistent : filaments slender.

30. SARCODES. Stamens 10, shorter than the cylindraceous-campanulate corolla : anthers
iinear-oblong, erect, inserted above tlie base; the two cells strictly combined throughout,
the wliole apex opening by a large introrsely oblique terminal pore. Disk none. Ovary
low-conical and 5-lobed: style colunmar, rather long: stigma capitate and somewhat
6-lobed. Capsule depressed-5-lobed. Seeds oval and with a small conical protuberance
.at the apex.

31. SCHWEINITZIA. Stamens 10, hardly shorter than the oblong-campanulate corolla,
this 5-gibbous at base : anthers short, somewhat didymous, introrsely pendulous, being
attached dorsally near the apex ; the saccate cells opening by the wliole apex as a large
pore. Disk 10-crenate. Ovary globose-ovate: style short and thick: stigma large,
5-sided, umbilicate.

* * * Anthers innate or transverse on the apex of the filament, opening across the top ;
tlie cells more or less confluent : corolla 4-5-petalous and with tiie sepals or bractlets
tardily deciduous.

32. MONOTROPA. Sepals of 2 to 5 lanceolate bract-like scales. Corolla of 4 to 6 erect
and oblong or spatulate scale-like fleshy petals, wliich are gibbous or saccate at base.
Stamens twice the number of the petals: filaments filiform-subulate: anthers somewhat
renifonn ; the valves moderately or very dissimilar. Disk 8-12-toothed ; tlie teeth deflexed.
Style columnar, tubular: stigma fumielform, with obscurely crenate margin. Capsule
ovoid ; the columella very thick and fleshy. Seeds innumerable, very small, scobiform ;
nucleus minute in the loose-cellular elongated coat.

Thibe ir. PLEURICOSPORE^. Ovary one-celled or spuriou.sly 4-5-celled; the
4 or 5 placentfe parietal and 2-lamellate. Disk none or obscure: anthers linear or
oblong, erect, introrse, fixed by the base to the long and slender filaments, opening
longitudinally.

33. PLEURICOSPORA. Calyx complete, of 4 or 5 oblong-lanceolate scale-like sepals,
their margins fimbriate-laciniate. Corolla of 4 or 6 oblong and fimbriate-laccrate plane
petals, resembling but rather shorter tlian the sepals. Stamens 8 or 10, glabrous : fila-
ments ligulate-filiform : anthers linear, apiculate ; the cells opening from base to apex
into two equal valves. Ovary ovate, strictly one-celled : style columnar : stigma depressed-
capitate or somewhat funnelform. Capsule fleshy i. Seeds obovate, with a smooth or
polished close coat.

Gayhmacia. ERICACEAE. I9

34. NEWBERRYA. Calyx incomplete, of 2 bract-like entire sepals. Corolla tubular-
urceolate, 4-5-lobed marceseent Stamens 8 or 10 : filaments filiform, long-hairy above the
miclclle: anthers oblong ; tlie cells opening from apex to base into two unequal valves
Ovary ovate, contracted at apex mto a long style, tipped with a depressed-capitate ami
b.icate and pervious st.gnu : p acent^ 4. with broad divergent lamella, which meet at
adjacent edges, ovuliferous on both sides, giving the appearance of four exterior cells
surroundmg a central larger one. ° ^x ^^>- caichui i,eiuj

1. O-AYLUSSACIA, HBK. Huckleberry. (In honor of a distin-
guished French chemist, Gay-Lussac.) —Shrubs (of Eastern N. and S. America) ;
with either evergreen or deciduous leaves, commonly glandular or resinous-atomi-
ferous, flowers in lateral racemes from separate scaly buds, bracteate and often
bracteolate pedicels, reddish or greenish or white' corolla, and edible fruit.
Flowering in spring; fruit ripe in summer, blue or black. — Torr. Fl. N. Y.
i. 448 ; Gray, Chloris (Mem. Am. Acad, iii.), 51, & Man. Bot. Decackcena, Torr.
& Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. xlii. 43 (1841). Decamerium, Nutt. in Trans. Am.
Phil. Soc. n. ser. viii. 260 (1843).

§ 1. Leaves thick and evergreen, somewhat serrate, destitute of resinous atoms.
G. brach^cera, Gray. Very smooth and glabrous, the young parts barely puberulent,
a foot high or less : branches angled : leaves oval (half to full inch long) : racemes ia the'
axils, short, almost sessile, of few crowded flowers : bracts and bractlets scaly, caducous :
corolla cylindraceous-campanulate, white or flesh-color, 2 lines long: anthers slightly
pointed, shorter than the ciliate filament. — Man. ed. 1, 259. Vacdnium brachycerum, Michx.
Fl. i. 2.34. V. buxi folium, Salisb. Parad. t. 4 ; Bot. Mag. t. 28 ; Bot. Cab. t. 648. — Wooded
hills, Alleghanies, from Perry Co., Penn. (Baird), to Virginia. Sussex Co., Delaware, A.
Commons. Leaves like those of Dwarf Box.

§ 2. Leaves deciduous, entire, more or less sprinkled with minute resinous or
waxy atoms : racemes from axils of the former year.

# Leaves thickish and almost coriaceous, preen both sides, the upper face shining: bracts foil-
aceoiis and persistent: anthers with filiform tubular appendages longer than the cells and
almost equalling the corolla. " o

G. dumosa, Torr. & Gray. A foot or two high from a creeping base, somewhat hairy
and glandular : leaves obovate-oblong or lanceolate-spatulate, veiny, conspicuously mu-
cronate : racemes loose : bracts oval, as long as the slender 2-bractcolate pedicels : ovary
either glandular-pubescent or hairy : corolla campanulate, white or rose-red : fruit black,
mostly pubescent, watery and rather insipid. — Gray, Man. 1. c. G. hiriella, Torr.. Fl. N. Y.'
i. 448. Vuccinium dumosum, Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 112; Bot. Mag. t. 1106; Dunal in DC. Prodr.
vii. 566. V. frondoxnm, Michx. 1. c, not L. Decamerium dumosuin, Nutt. 1, c. — Sandy
swamps, Newfoundland, and along the coast to Florida and Louisiana ; southward espe-
cially passing freely into

Var. hirtella, Gray, 1. c. Branchlets and especially racemes and ovary, and some-
times the leaves, glandular-hirsute or hispid. — G. hirtella, Klotzsch in Linn. xiv. 48. Vac-
cinium hirtel/um, Ait. Kew. ed. 2, ii. 357 ; Dunal, 1. c — Chiefly Southern States.

* * Leaves thinner, dull or paler: bracts much smaller, deciduous.
•*- Branches slender and widely spreading; flowers in very loose racemes, on long filiform pedi^
eels: corolla between globular and campanulate, greenish-purplish, 2 lines or less in length.

G. frondosa, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous, or puberulent when young, from 3 to 6 feet
high, with light gray branches : leaves oblong or oval-obovate, obtuse or retuse, pale,
whitish and very veiny beneath: bracts tardily deciduous: anthers with rather long
tubular tips: fruit dark blue and glaucous, sweet and edible (Blue Tangle or Blue
Huckleberry).— Vaccinium frondosum, L. ; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 140. V. vemtstum. Ait. Kew.
ed. 1, ii. 11. V. (jiaucum, Michx. I. c. V. decamerocar/mn, Dunal, 1. c. excl. syn. Wang.
Decamerium frondosum, Nutt. 1. c — Low and shaded grounds, coast of New Hampshire and
mountains of Penn. to Kentucky, Louisiana, and Florida.

Var. tomentosa, a form with foliage and shoots tomentose-pubescent. — Vaccinium
tomentosum, Pursh, ined. — Georgia, Enslin. E. Florida, Dr. E. Palmer.

20 ERICACEAE. Vaccinhivi.

G urslna Torr & Gray. Somewhat pubescent, 2 to 4 feet high f leaves gre6n and
n.embranaceous, lanceolate-obovate or oblong, acuminate (2 to 4 inches long), loosely
veiny • bracts rather scaly, caducous: anthers with very short tips: frmt reddish, turnmg
black insipid (Bear HucKLEBERRY).-Gray, Chloris, 49, t. 10; Chapm. Fl. 258. Vac-
ciniiun ursiniun, M. A. Curtis in Amer. Jour. Sci. xUv. 82. — Moist woods, confined to the
mountains of tlie southern part of North Carolina and adjacent parts of South Carolma,
Curtis, Buckley, &c.

^ ^- Branches erect : flowers short-pedicelled in short sessile racemes: corolla ovate-conical and
5-angulai-, becoming campanulate or cylindraceous, reddish, as are the scale-like caducous
ovate bracts.
G resinosa, Torr. & Gray. A foot to a yard high, rigid, glabrous or minutely pubes-
cent, when young very clammy : leaves yellowish-green, from oval to lanceolate-oblong,
commonly obtuse, mucronulate, of rather firm texture and paler beneath when mature :
racemes secund, drooping, 5-8-flowered : corolla 2 or 3 lines long : anthers with tubular
tips: fruit black, rarely varying to white, without bloom, pleasant (the common Huckle-
berry or Black Huckleberry of the market).— Vaccinium resinosum. Ait. Kew. 1. c. ;
Michx. Fl. i. 232 ; Bot. Mag. t. 1288. V. parviflorum, Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 12-5. Andromeda
haccata, Wang. Amer. Ill, t. 30, fig. 69. Decamerium resinosum, Nutt. 1. c— Rocky wood-
lands and swamps, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan and south to Upper Georgia. The
only species in the northern Mississippi States, where it is rare.

2. VACClNIUM, L. Blueberry, Bilberry, or sometimes Huckle-
berry, and Cranberry. (Classical Latin name.) — Shrubs or suffruticose plants
(chiefly of the northern hemisphere), with either deciduous or evergreen leaves ;
the flowers white or reddish, either solitary in the axils, or in racemes or fascicles,
mostly nodding. Corolla small, of thinnish texture, and various in form. Sta-
mens 8 or more, commonly 10: filaments usually hairy or ciliate : anthers awned
on the back or awnless, opening by a terminal hole or slit of the tubular apex of
each cell. Flowers in spring: berries ripe in summer or autumn, sweetish or
sometimes acid, mostly edible. — Vaccinium & Oxycoccus, Pers. ; Benth. & Hook,
Gen. ii. 573, 575. The following are excluded, viz. : —

V. MUCRONATUM, L., whicli was founded, not on " one of the Mespilus or Pi/rus tribe," as
Smith opined, but on a fruiting specimen of Nemopanihes Canadensis.

V. ALBUM, L., founded on a specimen of Lonicera ciliata, from Ivalm, who sent it as a Vac-
cinium with white berries.

V. LiGUSTRiNUM, L., foundcd on a specimen of Andromeda pamculata, also from Kalm.

V GLABRUM, Wats. Dendr. Brit. t. 125, d., probably Gaylussacia resinosa.

V OBTUSUM Pursh, from Oregon, collected by Menzies, probably Gaullheria Myrsmites.
V. HUMiFU§uM. Graham in Edinb. Phil. Jour. 1831, 8, probably also Gaultheria MyrsinUes.

§ 1. Batodendron, Gray. Corolla open-campanulate, 5-lobed : anthers
tipped with long and slender tubes, and 2-awned on the back : ovary and (hardly
edible or mawkish) berry spuriously 10-celled (ripening in autumn) : leaves decidu-
ous, but of rather firm texture : flowers axillary and solitary or m leafy-bracted
racemes, slender-pedicelled : bractlets minute or none. — Chloris, 1. c. 52.

* Flower articulated with its pedicel : anthers included : berry black, many-seeded. [Batodemlron,
Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, ser. 2, viii.261.)
V arboreum, Marshall. (Farkle- or Sparkle-berry.) Shrub 6 to 25 feet high,
witli spreading branches, glabrous or somewhat pubescent : leaves thinnish-coriaceous, very
smooth and shining above, reticulate-veiny, obscurely glandular-denticulate or entire from
obovate or round-oval to oblong: flowers profuse, axillary along the branches and lealy-
racemose: corolla white, moderately 5-lobed: awns of anthers more than half the length
of the tubular tips : berry globose, small, with a dry rather astringent pulp. — Arbust. lo7 ;
Lodd. Bot. Cab. 1. 1885. V. diffusum, Ait. ; Bot. Mag. t. 1607. V. mucronatum, W alt., not L.

Vaccinium. ERICACEAE. 21

Batodendron arhoreum, Nutt. 1. c, & Sylv. iii. 43. — Sandy soil, Florida and Texas to N.
Carolina and S. Illinois. There is an unusually narrow-leaved form in Texas.
* * Flower not articulated with the pedicel : anthers much exserted: berry greenish or yellowish,
ripening few and proportionately large seeds. (Pici-ococcus, Nutt. 1. c.)

V. Stamineum., L. (Deeebeery.) Shrub 2 or 3 feet high, with divergent branches,
minutely pubescent, or at length glabrous : leaves pale and dull or glaucous, especially
beneath, from oval to lanceolate-oblong : ovary glabrous : flowers nearly all axillary :
corolla dull purplish or yellowish-green, deeply 5-cleft : awns of the anthers very much
shorter than the elongated tubes : berry large, pear-shaped or globular, mawkish. — Andr.
Bot. Rep. t. 263. V. elevatum, Solander; Dunal, in DC. 1. c. 567 (excl. var.) V. cdhum,
Pursh, Fl. i. 28, not L. Picrococcus stamineus, elevatus, & Floridanus, Nutt. 1. c. — Dry woods,
Maine to Michigan and south to Florida and Louisiana : rare west of the Alleghanies.
( V. Kunthianum, lilotzsch, the V. stamineum, HBK. t. 353, has much shorter anther-tubes, and
a hairy ovary.)

§ 2. Cyanococcus, Gray. (Blueberry.) Corolla from cylindraceous to
campanulate-oblong or ovoid, 5-toothed : filaments hairy : anthers included, awh-
less : ovary and berry completely or incompletely 10-celled by a spurious par-
tition or projection from the back of each carpel: berry blue or black with a
bloom, juicy, sweet and edible, many-seeded : flowers (white or rose-color) in
fascicles or very short racemes, developed with or a little before the leaves from
large and separate scaly buds, short-pedicelled : scaly bractlets as well as bracts
mostly caducous or deciduous. (Atlantic North-American with one exception.)

* Evergreen leaves coriaceous : bracts of firmer texture, reddish, and tardily deciduous.
V. nitidum, Andr. Diffusely much branched and very leafy, a foot or two high : leaves
thick-coriaceous, sliining, at least above, slightly veined, from obovate to oblanceolate-
oblong, a fourth to half inch long, obscurely denticulate and glandular : calyx-teeth and
almost persistent bracts roundish and very obtuse :, corolla rose-red or turning white, rather
short and broad (2 lines long) : berry " somewhat pear-shaped, black." — Bot. Rep. t. 480 ;
Dunal in DC. 1. c. ; Chapm. Fl. 259. — Low pine barrens, Florida and Georgia. Near to or
passing into the next.
V. Myrsinites, Lam. A span to 2 feet high, much branched : branchlets, &c., when
young puberulent ; leaves from obovate and obtuse to oblong-lanceolate and acute or spat-
ulate, often cuspidate, from a third to a full inch long, sometimes denticulate, moderately
coriaceous, mostly shining above, dull or paler and sometimes glaucous underneath, more
veiny : bracts from ovate to lanceolate, less persistent ; calyx-teeth acute or acutish :
corolla at length cylindraceous, 2 or 3 lines long, soon white : " berry globose, blue." —
Diet. i. 73; Michx. Fl. i. 233; Pursh, Fl. i. 290 (with vars. /anceofatum and ohlusum) ; Dunal,
1. c. ; Chapm. 1. c. V. nitidum, var. decumbens, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1650 ? — Sandy pine
barrens, Florida to Louisiana and N. Carolina.

Var. glaucum. A low form, with small leaves dull or glaucous above and very
glaucous beneatli,"at least when young. — New Orleans ? (Drummond) to Alabama, &c.

# * Leaves thinner, deciduous : scalj' bracts more deciduous.
^— Corolla when developed cylindrical or cylindraceous. Southern species, the leaves far south-
ward sometimes persisting until flowering" the next spring.
V. formosuin, Andr. Two or 3 feet high : leaves ovate or oblong, entire (an inch or
two long), smooth and bright green above, either glabrous or pubescent beneath, of firmer
texture than in the others of the section : flower-clusters loose : calyx and tardily decidu-
ous bracts red or reddish: corolla rose-red, 4 or 5 lines long. — Bot. Rep. t. 97. — Georgia
or Florida, " Wm. Young," James Reed: specimens by the latter with flower-clusters in tlie
axils of persistent leaves. Related to large-leaved forms of the preceding, and may
probably pass into the next.
V. virgatum, Ait. Low, or a yard or so high, more or less pubescent : leaves from
ovate-oblong to cuneate-lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, usually acute or pointed and
minutely serrulate, thinnish, lucid at least above, commonly an incli or so in length : flower-
clusters sometimes virgate on naked branches : bracts more deciduous : corolla rose-color,

22 ERICACEAE. Vaccinium.

3 or 4 lines long: berry black, sometimes with a bloom. — Hort. Kew. ed. 1, ii. 12; Andr.
Bot. Rep. t. 181 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3522. V. ligustrinum, Pursh, not L. V.fuscatum, Ker.
Bpt. Reg. t. 302 (not Ait.), a form with deep rose-colored flowers, and red pedicels and
bracts, approaching V. foTmosum. — Swamps, Florida to S. Carolina and Louisiana.

Var. tenellum,, a low form, mostly small-leaved, with nearly white flowers in shorter
or closer clusters : corolla barely 3 lines long and less cylindrical. — V. tenellum. Ait. Kew.
1. c. ; Chapm. Fl. 260. V. galezans, Michx. Fl. i. 232. V. gali/ormis, Smith in Rees. Cycl.—
Virginia to Arkansas and southward.

Var. parvif olium, a peculiar form, with leaves half to three-fourths inch long, entire
or nearly so, mostly oblong and obtuse ; stems tender, 3 to 8 feet high : flowers also small.
— V. myHilloides, Ell. Sk. i. 500, not Michx., nor Hook. V. Elliottii, Chapm. 1. c. — S. Caro-
lina to Arkansas and Louisiana. An ambiguous form.

^_ H— Corolla shorter and broader, from ovate-urceolate to at most oblong-campanulate, white or

obscurely rose-colored.
++ Ovarv and berry glabrous, as in the genus generally : scarious bracts and bractlets early de-
ciduous. (Edible JBlueberries or Blue HucKLEBEHRiES.)

V. Pennsylvanicum, Lam. Dwarf, a span to a foot or more high, with green and
warty stems, mostly glabrous, and branches : leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblong, green

■ and somewhat shining both sides, glabrous, or not rarely hairy on the midrib beneath, dis-
tinctly serrulate with bristle-pointed teeth : flowers very short-pedicelled : corolla cam-
panulate with orifice slightly contracted, barely 2^ lines long : berries ripening early, large
and sweet, bluish-black and glaucous. — Diet. i. 72 ; Michx. Fl. i. 223 ; Hook. Bot. Mag.
t. 3434; Gray, Man. ed. 1, 261. V. myrtilloides, Michx. 1. c. V. tenellum, Pursh, Fl. i. 288,
not Ait. V. ramuhsum & V. humile, Willd. Enum. Suppl. 20 ? V. multijiorum, Wats. Dendr.
Brit. t. 125 ? — Dry hills and woods, from Newfoundland to Saskatchewan and southward
to New Jersey and Illinois ; commoner northward. Tlie lowest and earliest-fruited qf the
blueberries.

Var. angustif olium, Gray, 1. c. ( V. angustifolium, Ait. 1. c), a more dwarf form, a
span or less high, with lanceolate leaves. — V. salicinum, Aschers. in Flora, 1860, 319, not
Cham. — Labrador and Hudson's Bay, Newfoimdland, and alpine region of the White
Mountains of New Hampshire.

V. Canadense, Kalm. A foot or two high, with branchlets and both sides of the
elliptical or oblong-lanceolate entire leaves downy witli soft spreading pubescence : flowers
few in the clusters : corolla shorter (2 lines long), greenish-white, and more open-cam-
panulate : otherwise as in the preceding. — Richards, in Frankl. ed. 2, 12 ; Hook. Fl. ii. -32,
& Bot. Mag. t. 3446. V. album, Lam. 1. c, not L. — Swamps or low woods, Hudson's Bay to
Bear Lake and the northern Rocky Mountains, south to N. New England, mountains of
Penn. and Illinois. Named by Kalm in herb. Leche, now in herb. Banks.

V. vacillans, Solander. A foot or a yard liigh, glabrous : branchlets yellowish-green :
leaves obovate, oval, or broadly oblong, entire or nearly so, pale or dull, commonly glau-
cous, at least beneath : flowers in rather loose clusters : corolla oblong-campanulate or
with obscurely narrowed orifice, 2 or 3 lines long, about tlie length of the pedicel : calyx-
lobes proportionally large and roundish : berries bluish-black with a bloom, ripening later
than the common low blueberries. — Gray, Man. 1. c. ; Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. 445. V. vinjatum,
Bigelow, not Ait. V. Pennsi/lranicum, Torr. Fl. N. U. S. i. 416, excl. char., not Lam. —
Dry or sandy M-oodlands and rocky places. New England to N. Carolina and Missouri.
Flowers generally on the leafless summits of the twigs, more greenish or yellowish than

, tliose of the next, and apt to be tinged with red. The commoner species of the Northern
and Middle States west of the Alleghany Mountains.

V. corymbosum, L. Tall, 5 to 10 feet high : branchlets yellowish-green turning brown-
ish : leaves from ovate or oblong to elliptical-lanceolate: flowers more commonly race-
mosely than corymbosely disposed on the naked twigs : corolla from turgid ovate- to
cylindraceous-campanulate, 3 or 4 lines long, commonly shorter than the pedicels, 3 or 4
times the length of the lax calyx-lobes : berries blue-black with a copious bloom (except
in one var.), ripening later than the preceding. — Smith in Rees Cycl. no. 13; Gray, Man.
I.e. V. disomorphum, Michx. 1. c. — Swamps and low woods, from Newfoundland and
Canada through the Atlantic U. S. to Louisiana, but rare in the Mississippi region. The
typical form of this, the common Tall Blueberry or Blue Huckleberry, is minutely

Vacci7iium. ERICACEJE. 23

more or less pubescent when young, sometimes perfectly glabrous (var. glabrum, Gray,
Man.), and commonly soon becoming so; the leaves with naked entire margins. Tliere
are numerous gradations between the following forms : —

Var. amoenum, Gray, a form with ciliate-serrulate or bristly-ciliate leaves, rather
bright green both sides: pubescence slight or sparse. — Man. ed. 5, 292. V. amoenum, Ait.
1. t;. ; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 138 ; Bot. Reg. t. 400. V. corymhosum, var. fuscatum, Hook. Bot.
Mag. t. 34-33? V. Mariamm, grandiflorum & elongatum, Wats. Dendr. Brit. 1 —Mainly in
the Middle Atlantic States.

Var. pallidum, Gray, 1. c, a pale and very glaucous or glaucescent form, with or
without some pubescence, generally low ; otherwise nearly as in the preceding. — V. pal-
lidum, Ait. 1. c. ; Gray, Man. ed. 1, 262. V. albifloi-um. Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3428. V. Con-
stabUei, Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. xlii. 42 ; Chapm. 1. c. — Common through the Alleghauies
southward, mostly on the tops of the liigher mountains, and 2 to 4 feet high.

Var. fuscatum, a tall form, with the mature and entire leaves fuscous-pubescent
beneath: flowers virgately somewhat spicate on the naked flowering twigs. — V. fuscatum,
Ait. 1. c. — Alabama and Florida to Arkansas and Louisiana.

Var. atrococcum, Gray, 1. c, the most distinct form, with the permanently and at
length rusty pubescent leaves of the foregoing, but with a more diffuse habit, rather
smaller flowers, and berries purplisli-black, without any bloom.— V. fuscatum. Gray, Man.
ed. 1, 262. V. disocarpum, Bigelow, Bost. ed. 2, 151. — Common from N. England to Peun.

++ ++ Ovary and berry glandular-hirsute : bracts less scarious and more persistent.
V. hirsutum, Buckley. A foot or two high : branchlets, entire ovate leaves, and even
the ovoid-campanulate corolla pubescent with soft and short persistent spreading hairs :
style hairy: hirsute berries bluish-black. — Am. Jour. Sci. xlv. 176; Chapm. 1. c. — Moun-
tains of Cherokee Co., N. Carolina, Buckley. Rare and little known: the local name is
Bear Huckleberry.

§ 3.. EuvAcciNiuM, Gray. (Bilberry.) Corolla from ovate to globular and
more or less urceolate, 4-o-toothed, rose-color or nearly white : filaments glabrous :
anthers 2-awned on the back, included : ovary and berry 4— o-celled, with no false
partitions : leaves deciduous : flowers on drooping pedicels, solitary or two to
four together, developing with or soon after the leaves.

* Flowers 2 to 4 in a fascicle, or sometimes solitary, from a distinct scaly bud, in the manner of
Ci/rniococciw, more commonly 4-n)ei-ous and 8-androus: leaves quite entire, and usually almost
sessile: limb of the calyx deeply 4-5-parted : berries blackish-blue with a bloom.

V. uliginosum, L. A span to a foot or two high, much branched, glabrous or minutely
puberulent : leaves thickish, mostl}' pale or glaucescent, obovate, oval, or oblong-cuneate,
obtuse or retuse, reticulate-veiny, especially beneath, half inch or more long : corolla ovate-
or globular-urceolate : berry proportionally large, sweetish. — Fl. Dan. t. 581 ; Reichenb.
Ic. Germ. xvii. t. 1168. V. puhescens, Hornem. Fl. Dan. t. 1516. V. gaultherwldes, Bigel. —
Arctic America to the alpine region of the mountains of New England, New York, and
shore of Lake Superior, westward to Oregon and Alaska. (Eu., Asia.) In our northern
regions low, in Oregon sometimes even 4 feet high.

Var. mucronatum, Herder. Depressed-cespitose : leaves small, bright green
both sides, conspicuously reticulated, usually roundish, abruptly mucrouate or cuspidate.
— Alaska and Aleutian Islands to Behring Straits.

V. OCCidentale, Gray. A foot or more liigh, glabrous : leaves thinner, glaucescent,
obscurely veiny, from oval to obovate-oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish (half to
three-fourths inch long) : flower mostly solitary from the scaly bud: corolla oblong-ovate
(1 or 2 hnes long) : berry small, barely 3 lines in diameter. — Bot. Calif, i. 451. — Sierra
Nevada of California at 5-7000 feet, from Mariposa to Mt. Shasta, and Uinta Mts., Utali.

V. salicinum, Cham. Depressed-cespitose: leaves cuneate-lanceolate and acuminate
(4 to 8 lines long), tapering into a kind of petiole, bright green, coarsely reticulated beneatli,
entire : flowers solitary : " corolla cylindraceous-urceolate, 3 lines long." — Spreng. Syst.
Cur. Post. 147, & Linn. i. 525 (not Aschers. in Flora, 1860, 369). — Unalaschka, in moss,
Chamisso. Perhaps this is only a remarkably narrow-leaved form of V. uliginosum, var.
mucronatum.

24 ERICACE^. Vacci7iium.

* * Flowers solitary in the earliest axils, usually 6-nierous and 10-androus : calyx less or very
slightly lobed.

•i— Dwarf and cespitose : branches not angled.

V. CSBSpitosum, Michx. Glabrous or nearly so, 3 to 6 inches high : leaves from obo-
vate to cuneate-obloug, obtuse or rarely acutish, thickly serrulate, bright green both sides,
reticulate-veiny (one to three-quarters inch long): corolla ovate or ovoid-oblong: bgrry
proportionally large, blue with a bloom, sweet. — Hook. Fl. ii. 33, t. 126 ; & Bot. Mag. t.
3429. — Hudson's Bay and Labrador, alpine summits of White Mountains of New Hamp-
shire, and Colorado Rocky Mountains to Alaska.

Var. arbuscula. Erect and a foot high, much branched: leaves obovate, thicker,
little exceeding half an inch in length: flowers and berries rather smaller. — Sierra
Nevada, California, in Plumas Co., Mrs. Austin. In Oregon passes into the ordinary form
and into the following.

Var. cuneifolium, Nutt. A span to near a foot high, bushy : leaves spatulate-
cuneate and with rounded apex, passing in one form (var. anguslifolium, Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. viii. 393) to spatulate-lanceolate and acute ; the earliest not rarely entire. — Mem.
Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. viii. 262. — Mountams of Colorado and Utah to California, British
Columbia, and east to Lake Superior.

•i— -i— Low : branches sharply angled and green : leaves small.

V. Myrtillus, L. (Whortlebekrv, Bilberkv.) a foot or less high, glabrous: leaves
ovate or oval, thin, shining, serrate, conspicuously reticulated-veiny, and with a prominent
narrow midrib (in ours half to two-thirds inch long) : limb of calyx almost entire: corolla
globular-ovate: berries black, nodding. — Schk. Handb. t. 107; Reichenb. Ic. Germ. 1. c.
t. 1169; Hook. Fl. ii. 33. V. myrlilloides, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 209, not of others.—
Rocky Mountains, extending as far south as Colorado and N. E. Utah, and north-west to
Alaska. (Eu., Asia.)

Var. microphj^llum, Hook. 1- c. ; a remarkable diminutive form, 3 to 6 inches
liigh: leaves 2 to 4 lines long: corolla proportionally small, a line long: berries at first
"light red." — Higher Rocky Mountains, south to Colorado and Utah, and in the Sierra
Nevada, California, down to 7000 feet.

H— ^— +- Mostly taller or tall, with spreading branches.

V. myrtilloides, Hook. (Gray). Glabrous or glabrate, 1 to 5 feet high: branchlets
slightly angled : leaves ovate or oval and oblong, sharply serrulate, membranaceous, green
both sides, but not shining, loosely reticulate-veiny, an inch or two long, the larger or later
mostly acute or acuminate: limb of calyx entire: corolla depressed-globular or semi-
globose-urceolate (nearly 2 lines long and broad, yellowish or greenish-white with a purple
tmge): pedicel erect in fruit: berry purplish-black, rather acid. — Gray, Man. ed. 5, 291.
V. luyrtiUoides, partly. Hook. Fl. ii. 32, & Bot. Mag. t. 3477 (excl. syn. Ait., &c. and var.
riqidum), not Michx.! (which is V. Peiinsijlvanicum, var. anyuslifuHum). V. memhranaceum,
Dougl. ined. ; Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exp. 377, the larger-leaved coast form ( V. myrtiUoides, var.
memhranaceum, Hook. 1. c.). — Damp woods. Lake Superior to the coast of Oregon and.
British Columbia. — There is nothing to prevent the retention of this specific name,
going back only to Hooker, and excluding the original of Michaux.

V. ovalifolium, Smith. Glabrous and glaucescent, 4 to 12 feet high, straggling:
branchlets more or less angled : leaves oval, mostly obtuse or rounded at both ends, merely
nmcronulate, entire or with a few irregular serratures, pale or glaucous, at least beneath
(one or two inches long): corolla globose-ovoid: pedicel nodding in fruit: berries blue
with a bloom. — Rees Cycl. 1. o. ; Hook. Fl. ii. 33, t. 127; Gray, Man. 1. c. V. Cluimissonls,
Bong. Sitk 525. — Woods, Lake Superior (on the south shore, Bobbins), and Oregon to
Unalaschka. (Japan.)

V. parvif olium, Smith, 1. c. Glabrous, glaucescent, 6 to 12 feet high and straggling :
branches and branchlets slender, sharply and conspicuously angled, green, articulated :
leaves oblong or oval, obtuse or rounded at both ends, pale and dull, especially beneath,
entire, one to three-quarters inch long : calyx 5-lobed : corolla globular : pedicel nodding
in fruit: berries light red, rather dry, hardly edible. — Hook. 1. c. t. 128. — Shady and low
woods, northern part of California, near the coast, to Alaska and Aleutian Islands.
§ 4. Vitis-Id^'a, Koch. Corolla, ovary, &c., as in the preceding section :

filaments hairy : anthers awuless (at least in ours) : leaves coriaceous and jjer-

Vaccinium. ERICACEJE. 25

sistent : flowers in short racemes or clusters from separate buds : bracteate and
2-bracteolate.

* Flowers 5-mei-ous, lO-androus.

V. OVatum. Pursh. Erect evergreen shrub, 3 to 5 feet high, rigid : branchlets pubes-
cent : leaves thick and firm, very numerous, from oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute
mmutely and acutely serrate, glabrous or nearly so, bright green both sides, an inch or so'
long; the vems obscure or hidden: flowers in short and close axillary clusters : bracts and
bractlets deciduous : corolla campanulate, 2 lines long, rose-color or flesh-color, barely
tlirice the length of the triangular acute reddish calyx-lobes : berries reddish turning
black small, sweetish. - Fl. i. 290 ; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1354. V. lanceolatum, Dunal in DC
1. c. o70, a narrow-leaved form. Metagonia (Pyxothammis) ovata, Nutt. 1. c — Vancouver's
Island to Montevey, &c., California, on hills near the coast.

V. crassif Olium, Andr. Procumbent, the trailing slender stems 2 or 3 feet long
glabrous or nearly so : leaves small, a quarter to half inch long, from oval to narrowly
oblong, sparsely mucronate-serrulate or entire, shining: flowers few and almost sessile in
small axillary clusters : bracts scaly-coriaceous, persistent : corolla globose-campanulate
nearly white : anther-cells barely pointed at apex : berries black. — Bot. Rep. t 105 • Bot
Mag. t 1 152 ; Chapra. Fl. 259. V. carnosum, Pers. Syn. i. 479. V. myrtifoUum, Michx! Fl. i.
T? ;• ^^fT""" "'^'■^'>^*«' Nutt. 1. c. - Sandy bogs, N. Carolina to Georgia, near the coast.
Habit of Cranberry.

* * Flowers 4-merous, 8-androus.

V. Vitis-Id*a, L. (Cowberry, Mountain Cranberry.) Almost glabrous, tufted, 3
inches to a span or more high from creeping stems : leaves crowded, obovate or oval
emarginate (a quarter to over half inch long), shining above, paler and bristly dark-dotted
beneath ; the margins revolute, entire or obscurely serrulate : flowers crowded in a short
and termmal secund and nodding raceme: bracts reddish, nearly persistent: corolla white
or rose-color, open-campanulate, rather deeply 4-lobed : berries dark red, acid and bitterish,
edible when cooked (a fair substitute for cranberries). — Fl. Dan. t. 40; Lodd. Bot. Cab!
t. 616. V. jmnctahun. Lam. — Round the Arctic circle, south to the coast and mountains of
N. New-England, and Lake Winipeg; on the western coast south to Britisli Columbia.
(Greenland to Japan.)

§ 5. OxTcoccus. (Oxycoccus, Pers.) Corolla deeply 4-cleft or 4-parted; the
lobes linear or lanceolate-oblong and reflexed : anthers exserted, awnless, with
very long terminal tubes : ovary and berry 4-celled, destitute of false partitions :
flowers axillary and terminal, nodding on long filiform pedicels, appearing in early
summer ; fruit maturing in autumn.

* Erect shrubs, with deciduous membranaceous leaves and berries of ^Mmccinmm, but corolla of
irxx^Oxy coccus: flowers solitary ni the axils : pedicel bractless but minutely 2-bracteolate at base:
corolla conical-rostrate in the bud, deeply 4-cleft : filaments villous. ( V. Japonicum of Miquel is
a very nearly related Japanese species. ) — Vaccinium § Oxycoccoides, Benth. '& Hook. '

V. erythrocarpon, Michx. Divergently branching shrub, 1 to 4 feet high, slightly
pubescent : leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, acuminate, finely serrate with bristle-
tipped teeth, thin, bright green both sides, veiny, acute or merely obtuse at base (H to
3 inches long) : pedicel about half the length of the leaf: corolla flesh-color (about half
inch long) : berry light red, turning nearly black at full maturity, watery, slightly acid. —
Fl. i. 227. Oxycoccus erectus, Pursh, Fl. i. 264. 0. erythrocarpus, Ell. Sk. i. 447. — Damp
woods in the higher Alleghanies, Virginia to Georgia. •

* * (CRANnERRY.) Trailing and creeping lignescent plants, with filiform stems, and small per-

sistent leaves with entire revolute margins and the lower face whitened: filiform pedicels 1 to 4
from a terminal scaly bud, erect, and bearing a flesh-colored or pale rose-colored flower nod-
ding from Its apex : corolla conical-cylindraceous in the bud, deeply 4-parted: filaments puberu-
lent: berry red and acid. — Oxycoccus (Pers.), Benth. & Hook.

V. Oxycoccus, L. (Small Cranberry.) Stems very slender, creeping: leaves ovate,
acute, 2 to 4 lines long ; the margins much revolute : pedicels 1 to 4 in a fascicle from a
terminal and not proliferous thin-scaly bud : filaments commonly fully half the length of
the anthers : berry globose, a quarter to a third of an inch in diameter, often spotted when

26 ERICACE^. Vaccinium.

young. — Fl. Dan. t. 80. Oxycoccus palustris, Pers. I.e. 0. vulgaris, Pursh, 1. c. SchoUera
Oxyroccus, Roth. — Sphagnous swamps, around the subarctic zone, from Newfoundland
and Labrador south to mountains of Pennsylvania, to the Saskatchewan district, and to
Alaska. (Greenland to Japan.)
V. macrocarpon, Ait. (Large Amer. Cranberry.) Stems stouter, 1 to 4 feet long,
and with more ascending branches : leaves oblong or narrowly oval, obtuse, a third to half
inch long ; the margins less revolute ; veins evident : pedicels several and somewhat race-
mose, the firmer scaly bracts separating as the bud develops above into a proliferous leafy
shoot : filaments one third the length of the anthers : berry ovoid or oblong, half to three-
fourths inch long (variable in shape and size, much larger than in the preceding). — Ait.
Kew. ed. 1, ii. 13, t. 7 ; Bot. Mag. t. 2806 ; Emerson, Mass. Rep. ed. 2, t. 30. V. Oxycoccits,
var. oblong if alius, Michx. 1. c. Oxycoccus macrocaqms, Pursh, 1. c. ; Bart. Fl. i. t. 17. — Bogs,
&c., Newfoundland to N. Carolina, through Northern States and Canada to Saskatchewan.
Said by Hooker to abound at the mouth of Columbia River ? (Japan 1)

3. CHI6GENES, Salisb. Creeping Snowberry. (From ;fjcor, snow,
and yf'vog, offspring, in allusion to the snow-white berries.) — Flowers very small
and inconspicuous, solitary in the axils of the small Thyme-like leaves, ou short
nodding peduncles ; a pair of large ovate persistent bractlets under the calyx.
Tube of the latter adnate to the lower half of the ovary, or rather more ; the
limb 4-parted. Corolla little exceeding the calyx, 4-cleft, greenish-white. Sta-
mens 8, included, inserted on an 8-toothed disk : filaments very short and broad :
cells of the anther ovate-oblong, separate, neither awned on the back nor pro-
duced into tubes, but each minutely 2-pointed at the apex, and opening by a large
chink down to the middle or lower. Style columnar. Berry globular, crowned
by the 4 short calyx teeth, largely inferior, the calyx-tube being now almost
wholly adnate. Seeds rather numerous, obliquely obovate, with a close and firm
coriaceous minutely reticulated coat. — Genus naturally related rather to Gaultheria
and Pernettya than to Vaccinium^ except in the adnation of the calyx.

C. hispidtlla, Torr. & Gray. A slender trailing or creeping evergreen, with the habit
of Cranberry, the aroma and taste of Wintergreen or Sweet Birch : filiform brandies
strigose-hispid : leaves ovate, with rounded or obtuse base and revolute margins, thick-
coriaceous, 2 to 4 lines long, short-petioled, glabrous, except tlie scattered rusty bristles of
the margins and lower surface: bractlets foliaceous and al/nost equalling the flower:
white berry also minutely bristly, slighlly spicy but otherwise insipid, ripe late in summer.
—Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. 450, t. 68 ; Gray, Man. ed. 1, 262. C. serpyUifolla, Salisb. Trans. Hort.
Soc. Lond. ii. 94. Vaccinium Idspidulum, L. (excl. syn.) ; Michx. Fl. i. 228, t. 23. Arbutus
JUiformis, Lam. Diet. i. 228. A. t/iynii/olia. Ait. Kew. ed. 1, ii. 72. Oxycoccus hispiclulus, Pers. ;
Nutt. Gen. i. 251. Gaultheria serpyUifolla, Pursh, Fl. i. 283, t. 13 (bad). G. hlsphlula, Muhl.
Cat. ; Hook. Fl. ii. 36. Glycyphi/lla hlspldula, Raf. in Am. Month. Mag. 1819. Plialerocarpus
serpy/Jlfohus, G. Don, Syst. iii. 841 ; Dunal in DC. 1. c. 577 ; Klotzsch in Linn. xxiv. 67 (char,
bad). — Spliagnous swamps and damp woods, Newfoundland to tlie nortliern Rocky Moun-
tains, and in tlie Atlantic States south to the cooler parts of New Jersey and Pennsylvania,
thence along the Alleghanies to North Carolina.
C. Japonica, a second species (C. hlspldula, Miquel), the representative in Japan, has

obovate or oval leaves, all acute or tapering at base.

4. Arbutus, Toum. (Classical Latin name.) — Low trees or shrubs (of
S. Europe and W. America from Oregon to Mexico) ; with evergreen and cori-
aceous alternate petiolate leaves, and white or flesh-colored small flowers in a
terminal cluster of racemes or panicles. Bracts and bractlets scaly. Calyx small,
5-parted. Corolla from globular to ovate. Ovary on a hypogynous disk : ovules
crowded on a fleshy placenta projecting from the inner angle of each cell. Style
rather long : stigma obtuse. Berry more or less eatable.

Arciostaphylos. ERICACEAE. 27

A. LAURiFOLiA, L. f. Suppl. 238, may be Pnmus Caroliniana, but is indeterminable.
A. LANCEOLATA, Lam. Diet. i. 227, is possibly the same, but has no valid foundation, having
been described solely from a .sterile branch of some cultivated shrub of uncertain origin.
A. AcADiENSis, L., founded on a phrase cited from Tournefort, which cannot be found, is
wholly obscure.

A. Menziesii, Pursh. (Madrona.) Tree 80 to 100 feet high, with trunk a foot or two
in diameter in northern habitats, a shrub in its southern : bark close and smooth by exfoli-
ation, turning brownish-red : leaves oval or oblong, entire or serrulate, paler beneath, 3 to
6 inches long: spicate racemes minutely pubescent: corolla globular, white: berries dry,
somewhat drupaceous, hardly eatable, orange-color. — Hook. Fl. ii. 36 ; Nutt. Sylv. iii. 42,
t. 95 ; Newberry in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 23, fig. ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 452.* A. procera, Dougl.
Bot. Reg. t. 1753. A. laurifolia, Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxx. t. 67 (small-leaved Mexican form),
not L. f. A. Texana, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Pliilad. Dec. 1861 ; Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees,
U. S. 17, the small-leaved form of Texas and Mexico, possibly distinct, but apparently a
mere form of the Pacific species. — Puget Sound and southward tlirough the coast-region
of California to Arizona? and W. Texas. (Mex.)

5. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS, Adans. Bearberry, Manzanita. (Com-
posed of aQXTog, a bear, and oxacfvlri, grape or berry.) — Shrubs or small trees ;
with alternate leaves, and small mostly white or rose-colored flowers, chiefly in
racemes, spikes, or panicles, both bracteate and bracteolate. Flowers nearly as in
the preceding genus, but less rarely 4-merous, and ovules solitary in the cells,
which become bony nutlets or combine into a few-several -celled stone ; the drupes
somewhat bitter or astringent, or in Californian species subacid and more or
less edible. Leaves in the erect species almost always more or less vertical by a
twisting of the petiole, Fl. spring. — Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 116 ; Benth. &
Hook. Gen. ii. 581.

§ 1. Arctous. Flowers preceding the thin and deciduous leaves: fruit juicy.
A. alpina, Spreng. Depressed or prostrate and tufted, rising little above the ground,
glabrate : leaves obovate with a tapering base, conspicuously rugose-reticulated, ciliate
when young : flowers few in a fascicle from a terminal lax-scaly bud : drupe rather large,
black, containing 4 or 5 stones. — Syst. ii. 287 ; DC. Prodr. vii. 584. Arbutus alpina, L. ;
Fl. Dan. t. 73 ; Engl. Bot. t. 2030. — Arctic America, south to Newfoundland and alpine
summits in New England ; also northern Rocky Mountains and Aleutian Islands. (Arctic-
alpine round the Old World.)

§ 2. UvA-URSi. Leaves coriaceous and evergreen, in erect species inclined to be

vertical, and the bark mahogany-color : drupe smooth, mealy ; its nutlets separate

or separable, or irregularly coalescent : bracts persistent and usually becoming

rigid. — Xerohotrys, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. viii. 267. Daphnido-

staphylis, Klotzsch in Linn. xxiv. 80.

* Depressed-trailing or creeping, green, glabrous or minutely pubescent, no bristlv hairs: flowers
rather few in simple small clusters, 2 lines long: ovary aiid reddish fruit glabrous: nutlets 1-
nerved on the back.

A. Uva-ursi, Spreng. (Bearberry.) Leaves oblong-spatulate, retuse, an inch or less
long, tapering into a petiole: fruit insipid. —yi. officinalis, Wimmer, Koch. Arbutus Uva-
ursi, L. Fl. Lapp. t. 6 ; Bigel. Med. Bot. t. 6. Daphnidostaphylis Fendleriana, Klotzsch in
Linn. xxiv. 81. — Rocky or sandy ground, Penn. to New Mexico, N. California, and north
to the arctic circle. (Arctic-montane Eu. & Asia.)

A. Nevadensis. Leaves obovate or oval to lanceolate-spatulate, cuspidate-mucronate,
thicker, abruptly petioled : berries subacid. — A. pungens, var. (small Manzanita), Gray,
Bot. Calif, i. 453. — Sierra Nevada, California, common at 8-10,000 feet. Rising only a
few inches, or at most a foot above the surface of the ground, from rigid procumbent main
stems: apparently there are no transitions into A. pungens, which is sometimes found at
the same altitudes.

28 ERICACE^. Arciostaphylos.

* * Erect low shrubs, with mostly clustered short racemes or spikes: flowers only a line or two
long: leaves half inch or at most an inch long.

A. pumila, Nutt. A foot or less high, tomentulose : leaves pale, oblong-obovate, obtuse
or retuse, sometimes obscurely mucronulate, entire, short-petioled : fruit unknown. —
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 266; Gray, Bot. Calif. I.e. Daphnidoslaphylis pumila,
Klotzsch, 1. c. — Monterey, California, Nuttall, Rich. Not yet met with by recent col-
lectors.

A. Hookeri, Don, A foot or two high, diffuse, puberulent or glabrate : leaves green,
ovate or oval, cuspidately mucronate or acuminate, sometimes spinulose-denticulate, slen-
der-petioled : fruit glabrous, 2 lines in diameter, reddish. — Syst. iii. 836. • Arbutus pungens,
Hook. & Am. Bot. Beech, 144. Andromeda ? venulosa, DC. Prodr. vii. 607. Xerohotrys
venulosus & Arctostaphi/los acuta? Nutt. in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. I.e. A. pungens, -p&rtly,
Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 453, into which it may pass. But the smaller forms seem quite distinct,
and the drupes are very small. — Monterey, &c., CaUfornia.

A. nummularia, Gray. A foot or two high, nearly glabrous, excepting scattered setose
bristles on the branches and short petioles, very leafy : leaves mostly broadly oval with
both ends rounded or the base slightly cordate, usually entire, bright green : fruit unknown.
— Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 366, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. — Mendocino plains, California, Bolander.

* * * Erect shrubs or low trees, with short clustered racemes: flowers 3 or 4 lines long and drupes
4 or 5 lines in diameter, yellowish turning reddish: leaves 1 to 3 inches long.

A. Andersonii, Gray. Long and spreading bristles copious on the branchlets, &c. (along
with fine pubescence) : leaves thin, bright green, glabrous, lanceolate-oblong to ovate-lan-
ceolate, with a sagittate "or cordate base, sessile or very short-petioled, conspicuously
spinulose-serrulate or rarely entire : drupes depressed, densely clothed with exceedingly
viscid-tipped bristles. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 83, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. — Santa Cruz, California,
under Redwoods, Anderson.

A. tomentosa, Dougl. Tomentose or pubescent when young, and the branchlets, &c.,
usually bristly: leaves pale, coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate to ovate, entire or sparingly
spinulose-serrulate, petioled ; the base acutish, rounded or subcordate : ovary hirsute : drupes
minutely puberulent or becoming glabrous. (Runs into endless forms, of which one has
narrow-oblong and rather small leaves, acutish at base, apparently connecting with the
next species.) — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t,1791 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3220. A. cordi/olia, Lindl. 1. o.
Arbutus tomentosa, Pursh, Fl. i. 282 ; Hook. Fl. ii. 36, t. 130. Andromeda ? bracteosa, DC.
Prodr. vii. 607. Xerobotrys tomentosus, cordifolius, & argutus, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
n. ser. viii. 268. — Dry hills, from Paget Sound to San Diego Co., California, and Arizona.
The berries are used in California in infusion for a subacid drink. Nutlets 8 to 10,
either all separate or some united in pairs.

A. pungens, HBK. Glabrous or minutely tomentose-pubescent, 3 to 20 feet high : leaves
thick and rigid, green or glaucescent, oblong-lanceolate to round-ovate, commonly mucro-
nate-cuspidate, entire, obtuse or rounded at base, slender-petioled : pedicels glabrous :
drupes smooth and glabrous : nutlets thick-walled, carinate or thickened on the back,
sometimes firmly coalescent. — Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 278, t. 259; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2937;
Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxx. t. 217; Torr. in Emory Rep. t. 7 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 453, in part.
Daphnidostaphylis pungens, Klotzsch, 1. c. — Arizona and S. Utah to California. (Mex.)

Var. platyphylla, the commoner Manzanita in California, especially northward,
reaching Oregon, Nevada, and Utah : leaves pale or glaucescent, oblong to orbicular, 1 to 2
inches long, commonly muticous. — Arctostaphylos glauca, Watson, Bot. King, 210, &c., not
Lindl. A. pungens, Gray, 1. c, partly.
§ 3. Xylococcus. Leaves coriaceous and evergreen, entire : drupe not warty,

ovoid-globose, with a thin pulp and a thick completely solid woody or bony 1-6-

celled putamen. — Xylococcus, Nutt. 1. c. vii. 258.

A. glauca, Lindl. Erect, 8 to 24 feet high, wholly glabrous except the glandular-pubes-
cent slender pedicels : leaves, &.C., as of A. pungens, var. platyphylla, or paler : drupes half an
inch or more in diameter, minutely glandular, sometimes viscid, with a thin flesh around
the solid mucronate-apiculate stone : seeds and cells 4 to 6, or by abortion fewer, very
small in proportion to the size of the putamen. — Bot. Reg., under 1791 ; Gray, Bot. Calif.
i. 454 — California, commoner from Monterey southward. Except by the larger and solid
drupe hardly distinguishable from the common glaucous variety of A. pungens.

:ericace^: 29

A. bicolor, Gray. Shrub .3 or 4 feet high: leaves petioled, not vertical, oblong-oval
thin-coriaceous, pinnately-veined, l.or 2 inches long, white-tomentose beneath, as are the'
ovate obtuse bracts and much imbricated sepals: pedicels very short: corolla rose-color

lu\aa r? . p^^./^'"""*^ f '^^*'™ •■ '^'•"P^ ^ "'• 4 ^^'' '" di^^^ter. - Proc. Am. Acad!
v^i. 366, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. Xylococcus bicolor, Nutt. 1. c. - San Diego Co., Cahfornia, Nuttall,
Cooper, Cleveland, &c. Fl. February. ,-i^uuuu,

A. Clevelandi. More pubescent : leaves sessile, narrower, acuminate, margins more
revolute: inflorescence leafy: bracts and sepals acute: corolla 4 lines long, equalled bv

■ the pedicels : fruit unknown. (When the friut becomes known.it may refer this recently
discovered species to the following section.) -Potrero, San Diego Co., California Cleve-
land, il. Sept. '

§ 4. CoMAROSTiPHYLis. Leaves coriaceous, evergreen : drupe with granulate

or warty surface and a solid few-celled putamen. — Comarosfaphylis, Zucc.

A. polif olia, HBK. Shrub 5 to 8 feet liigh, glabrous : leaves linear-lanceolate pale

beneath : flowers in a loose terminal raceme or panicle : calyx-lobes triangular and acute •

corolla reddish, ovoid : drupe dark purple, small. — Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 277, t. 258; Ton-.'

Mex. Bomid. 108. — California, on the southern boundary, and Mexico.

6. EPIGJ&A, L. Mayflower. (Fornaed of 'm, upon, yij, the earth, from
the mode of growth.) — Prostrate or somewhat creeping; the short slender stems
barely shrubby, rusty-bristly, leafy only toward the summit of the flowering
slioots ; the leaves petioled, alternate, thin-coriaceous, veiny, pale green, persistenr,
round-oval or elliptical, mostly cordate, entire. Flowers in earliest spring, almost
sessile in a short and close terminal cluster, bracteate and 2-bracteolate ; the
somewhat scale-like persistent bracts equalling the calyx. Sepals ovate-lanceolate
and acuminate, nearly scarious and often purplish. Lobes of the corolla oval,
either quiucuncially imbricated in the bud or imbricate-convolute. Capsule
depressed-globose and somewhat 5-angled, bristly, thin-walled. Seeds numerous
on the much-projecting placentae, round-oval, with a close and thin reticulated
coat. The flowers are heterom'orphous and inclined to be dioecious or dioecio-dimor-
phous. Those with fully polliniferous anthers seldom set fruit: their stigmas short,
erect, slightly projecting beyond the margin of the 5-toothed ring (to tlie teeth of
which they severally are adnate) ; the style sometimes longer than the stamens
and projecting, sometimes shorter and included. Fully fertile flowers on other
plants ; their style (as in the former sort sometimes long and exserted, sometimes
shorter and included) with stigmas elongated and much surpassing the ring, short-
linear, glutinous, radiately divergent; their stamens either slightly polliniferous,
or reduced to abortive filaments, or even wanting. — Gray, Man. ed. 5, 293, &
Amer. Jour. Sci. ser. 3, xii. 74.

E. repens, L. (Mayflower, Trailing Arbutus, Ground Laurkl.) Flowers mostly
numerous or several in the cluster, spicy-fragrant : corolla rose-color to almost white,
bearded inside ; its tube more or less exceeding the calyx. — L^m. 111. t. 367 ; Andr. Bot.'
Rep. t. 102; Bot. Reg. 3, t. 201; Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 384. — Gravelly or sandy wood-

. lands in the shade of evergreens, Newfoundland westward to Saskatchewan, and south to
Kentucky and Florida. (The other and very nearly related species is E. Asiatica, Maxim.,
of Japan.)

7. GAULTHl^RIA, Kalm, L. Aromatic Wii^tergreen. (Dedicated by
Kalm to " Dr. Gaulthier " of Quebec, whose name, as appears from the records,
was written Gaultier. The genus therefore should not be written Gualtheria,
(Scop.,&c.), nor Gualteria, Gautiera, &c., as by others. If changed at all, the right

30 ERICACE^. GauWieiia.

orthograpTiy would be GauUiera.) — Shrubs or almost herbaceous plants (Asiatic
and American) ; with broad evergreen leaves, shining above, and usually spicy-
aromatic in flavor, axillary white or rose-colored nodding flowers in early summer,
succeeded by red or blackish " berries," consisting of the at length baccate calyx
enclosing the capsule. Cells of the anthers opening by a terminal pore, and
commonly tipped with two points or awns. Stigma truncate or obtuse, entire.
Disk 10-toothed or of 10 scales. Ovary and capsule depressed, iimbilicate, com-
monly 5-lobed : placentae ascending, although often borne toward the summit of
the short columella. Seeds very many, with a close shining coat. Pedicels or
calyx bracteolate.

* Corolla short campanulate, 5-lobed: filaments glabrous: apex of the anthers obscurely 4-pointed.
G. Myrsinites, Hook. Cespitose-procumbent or depressed, a few inches high : leaves
orbicular or ovate, denticulate with minute bristle-tipped teeth (half inch to inch and a
half long) : pedicels solitary in the axils, very short, 3-5-bracteolate : fruit scarlet, with
pine-apple flavor. — Fl. ii. 35, t. 129. Vaccin iuiii humifusmn, Gra-ham in Edinb. Phil. Jour.
1831, 8. — Rocky Mountains from Colorado northward and in Utah, and northern borders
of California, to Brit. Columbia. One form glabrous or nearly so, with small round leaves ;
another with rusty hirsute hairs on the stem and calyx, and larger ovate leaves.
* * Corolla ovate or urceolate, 5-toothed: filaments hairy : anthers 4-awned at the summit.
G. procumbens, L. (AVintergreen, Checkerberry, Boxberry.) Nearly glabrous
and as if herbaceous : slender but ligneous stems extensively creeping, generally under-
ground, sending up flowering shoots a span high : leaves crowded towards the top, obovate
and oval, mucronate, more or less serrulate with bristly -tipped teeth : pedicels mostly soli-
tary in the axils, 2-bracteolate close under the calyx : fruit red, this and the foliage
aromatic-tasted, with flavor as of Sweet Birch, but warmer. — Lam. 111. t. 367 ; Andr. Bot.
Rep. t. 316 ; Bigelow, Med. Bot, ii. 27, 1. 12 ; Bot. Mag. t. 1966. Gautiera procumbens, Torr.
Fl. N. Y. i. 433. — Low woods under evergreens, Newfoundland to L. Superior and sub-
. arctic Amer., and through the Atlantic States southward to upper Georgia.
G. Shallon, Pursh. (Salal.) Shrubby, a foot or two high, with rather stout spreading
stems: branches, pedicels, and even the corollas glandular-hairy or pubescent: leaves
ovate or obscurely cordate, acuminate, strongly serrulate (2 to 4 inches long) : racemes
from large both terminal and axillary chartaceous-scaly buds, elongated, many-flowered,
secund : scaly bracts persistent : pedicels 2-bracteolate below the middle : corolla large for
the genus (3 or 4 lines long), viscid : fruit purple becoming black, eaten by Indians under
the name of "shallon" (Lewis & Clark) or salal. — Fl i. 284, t. 12; Hook. Bot. Mag.
t. 2843, & Fl. ii. 35; Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1. 1411. — Shady woods, Brit. Columbia along and
near the coast to the mountains behind Santa Barbara, California.

8. ANDR6MEDA, L. (Fancifully named in allusion to the fable of An-
dromeda. See the poetical account by Linnteus, under the original species, in
Fl. Lapp. 126.) — Shrubs; with evergreen or deciduous and broad or rather nar-
row mostly petioled leaves, and umbellate-fascicled or paniculate racemose flowers,
in spring or early summer; all of the northern hemisphere. Calyx naked at
base, usually very early open in the bud, 5-parted or of nearly separate sepals,
the edges of which do not overlap even at the base. Corolla white or rose-color.
— Gray, Man. ed. 2, 253, & ed. 5, 295. Andromeda, Zenobia (Don), Pieris
(Don), & Lyonia (Nutt), Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 587.

§1. EuANDROMEDA. Corolla globose-urceolate : calyx small, deeply 5-parted,
early open : filaments bearded and not appendaged : anthers short; each cell
surmounted by a slender ascending awn : placentaa attached next the summit of
the columella: seeds turned in all directions, oval, with a smooth and shining
crustaceous coat. — Andromeda, Don, DC, Benth. & Hook.

Andromeda. ERICACEAE. 3^

\nA^?^l?:.h, ^'''"^ r/°f °' '^ high, glabrous and glaucous: the firm-coriaceous
and evergreen Kosemary-Iike leaves from linear to lanceolate-oblong, witli stronKly revo-
lute margins white beneath: flowers (early spring) in a small termtal umbel: peSs
from the axils of ovate persistent scaly bracts, naked. - Fl. Lapp. t. 1, f. 3 • Fl Dan t 54
A. rosmann,foha, Pursh Fl. i. 291. A. glaucophyUa, Link, Enum i. 394.- Wet bogs &c
tlZ.^^ f'T ^"? ^^""^^^^"'^' ^»d on the Pacific side from Norfolk Sound t^ the

§ 2. Zenobia. Corolla open-campanulate, obtusely 5-lobed : calyx barely 5-
parted thickish, with the thin margins valvate in the early bud : filaments naked,
abruptly dilated at base : anthers lanceolate ; each cell surmounted by a pair of
slender ascending awns : capsule depressed-globose, obtusely 5-lobed, and some-
what cannate at the dorsal sutures : placentae on the middle of the very short
columella : seeds oval, angled, with a rather soft minutely reticulated coat —
Zenobia, Don, &c.

A. speciosa Michx. Shrub 2 to 4 feet high, glabrous, often glaucous: leaves cori-
aceous but deciduous, oval or oblong (an inch or two long), commonly crenulate or
sparsely serrulate, reticulate-veiny : flowers in umbel-like fascicles from axillary buds
mostly racemose on naked brandies of the preceding year: pedicels naked, drooping-
calyx-lobes triangular, short: corolla white (a third of an inch high and wide) Varies
Irom briglit green to chalky-white with a dense glaucous bloom. — Fl. i. 256- Pursh Fl i
294 ; Lodd. Cab. t. 55L A. nitida, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 970. A. cassine/oha nud'a, Vent.'cel's '
1. 60. Zenohta speciosa, Don, 1. c. The following relate to the var. puloerulenta, Michx. i e'
the white glaucous form : Andromeda pulvendenta, Bartr. Trav. 476, with plate ; Sims Bot"
Mag. t. 667. A. cassinefolia pulverulenta, Vent. Malm. t. 79. A. dealbata, Lindl. Bot 'lleg
t. 1010, a state with corolla 5-parted. — Low pine-barrens, Florida to N. Carolina.

§3. PoRTUNA. Corolla ovate-urceolate, 5-toothed: calyx deeply 5-parted;
the lobes firm-coriaceous and thick-edged, ovate-lanceolate, strictly valvate in the •
bud : filaments not appendaged : anthers oblong ; the cells each with a slender
deflexed awn on the back at the junction with the filament: capsule globose, not
thickened at the sutures : placent-e borne on the summit of the columella : seeds
mostly scobiform: fiowers in axillary and terminal racemes, formed during the
preceding summer, remaining naked until early the following spring, when the
(white) blossoms unfold : pedicels minutely bracteate and 2-3-bracteolate : leaves
coriaceous, evergreen. — Portuna, Nutt. 1. c. Pieris § Portuna & § PMUyreoides,
Benth. & Hook. 1. c. (Here also belong A. Cubensis, Griseb., A. Japoiiica, Thunb.,
and A.formosa, Wall.)

A. floribunda, Pursh. Shrub 2 to 6 feet high, very leafy : young branchlets, &c.,
stngose with rusty or dark hairs : leaves tliinnish-coriaceous, lanceolate-oblong acute or
acuminate, minutely serrulate and bristly-ciliate, rounded at base, somewhat glandular-
dotted beneath (2 inclies long) : racemes crowded in a terminal sliort panicle, densely
flowered : corolla (3 lines long) strongly 5-angled and at base 5-saccate, twice the lengtii of
the calyx: seeds linear-oblong with a very loose cellular coat, large, all pendulous from
tlie summit of the cell.-Fl. i. 293; Bot. Mag. t. 1566; Bot. Reg. t. 807. A. {Leucolhoe}
viontana, Buckley in Amer. Jour. Sci. xlv. 172. Leucothoe. flonhunda, Don, 1. c. Zenobia
flonhunda, DC. 1. c. PoHuna floribunda, Nutt. 1. c— Moist shaded hills, in the AUeglia-
nies, Virginia to Georgia.

A. phillyreif olia, Hook. Shrub a foot or two high, nearly glabrous : branches slender,
alternately leafy and scaly-bracteate : leaves firm-coriaceous, oblong or lanceolate-oblong'
obtuse, more or less serrulate or few-toothed near the apex (an inch or two long) : racemes'
solitary and axillary, loosely 4-12-flowered : bracts deciduous : corolla ovoid, not angled,
twice the length of the calyx : seeds small and short, borne on all sides of the placentce,'
which occupy the middle of the cells of the depressed-globular umbilicate capsule; the

32 ERICACE^. Andromeda.

minutely reticulated coat conformed to the nucleus. — Ic. PI. 1. 122 ; Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxx.
t. .30; Chapm. Fl. 262. Pieris phillyreifolia, DC. Prodr. vii. 699. — Wet pine barrens, W.
Florida, especially Apalacliicola.

§ 4. Pieris. Corolla from ovate-urceolate to cylindraceou.s, 5-toothed : calyx
of 5 uearly distinct and early open sometimes herbaceous sepals : filaments nar-
row, usually pubescent or ciliate, 2-setose or 2-tootlied at or below the apex (these
teeth or awn-like appendages spreading or recurved, rarely obsolete) : anthers
oblong, awnless: dorsal sutures of the 5-angular capsule with more or less of
a thickened ridge (sometimes separating in dehiscence) : placentas usually borne
about the middle of the columella and of the cells : seeds scobiform or oblong
and with a loose thin coat. — Pieris § 1 & § 4, Benth. & Hook. 1. c. — Original
Pieris, Don, is Asiatic, with racemes chiefly terminating leafy branches ; and the
seeds pendulous. The two American, of subsection Maria {Pieris § Maria, Benth.
& Hook.), bear the flowers in axillary umbels or fascicles, the pedicels scarious-
bracteate and bracteolate at base ; and the placentae as low as the middle of the
columella ; the seeds therefore iu all directions. All combine into one subgenus
in structure of flower, capsule, and bisetose filaments.

* Leaves thick-coriaceous and evergreen ; sepals thickish and rigid, purplish : flowers honey-
scented, in early spring.

A. nitida, Bartr. (Fetter-bush.) Very glabrous, 2 to 6 feet liigh, and with acutely
triangular branches: leaves Myrtle-like, rigid, bright green, very shining above, punc-
ticulate beneath, ovate to lanceolate-oblong, acuminate, entire, the minutely revolute edge
bordered by an intramarginal nerve : flower-clusters in the axils of the persistent leaves of
the preceding year : corolla ovoid-cylindraceous with contracted orifice (3 or 4 lines long,
from white to rose-red) : filaments nearly glabrous, bearing the setiform small appendages
close to the summit : style abruptly fusiform-thickened above the middle : capsule ovoid-
globose, little exceeding the calyx. — Bartrara, Cat. & in Marsh. Arbust. (1785) 8; Walt.
Car. 137 ; Michx. Fl. i. 252. A. hicida, Lam. Diet. i. 157 (1783), not Jacq. A. conacea, Ait.
Kew. ed. 1 (1789), ii. 70; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1045. A. Mariana, Jacq. Ic. Rar. iii. t. 465,
not L. A. marginata, Duham. Arb. ed. nov. i. 188, t. 40. A. myrtifolia, Salisb. A. ohovata,
Raf., a form with smaller and rhombic-obovate obtuse leaves. Lyonia marginata, Don.
Leucothoe coriacea, DC, excl. syn. A. rhomboidalis ? L. marginata, Spach. — Low pine barrens,
N. Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. (Cuba : A. lacustris, C. Wright.)

* * Leaves almost membranaceous, deciduous: flowers (late spring or summer) consequently on

leafless branches of the previous year, in the manner oi Zenvbia: sepals thinner, larger, and
nearly foliaceous, deciduous with the leaves! {Leucothoe § Maiia, DC.)
A. Mariana, L. (Stagger-bush.) Glabrous or slightly pubescent, 2 to 4 feet high:
leaves oblong or oval, obtuse or acute at both ends, entire, loosely veiny (1 to 3 inches
long) : fascicles of nodding flowers racemose on naked shoots : corolla cylindraceous-cam-
panulate with slightly narrowed orifice, white or pale rose-color (almost half inch long) :
filaments hairy outside; their very small setose appendages below the summit, occasionally
obsolete or wantuig : capsule ovate-pyramidal, truncate at the contracted apex; the pla-
centas low down. — Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1579; Duham. 1. c. t. 37; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 296.
A. pulchella, Salisb. Lyonia Mariana, Don, 1. c. Leucothoe Mariana, DC. 1. c. — Low grounds,
Rhode Island to Florida along the low country ; also Arkansas and Tennessee. Foliage
said to be poisonous to lambs and calves.

§ 5. Lyonia. Corolla from globular to urceolate, pubescent or glandular :
calyx 5- (rarely 4-) cleft ; the valvate lobes early open, short : filaments flat,
pubescent ; these and the short anthers both destitute of appendages or awns :
capsule as in the preceding section, i. e. with ribs at the dorsal sutures which are
more or less separable in dehiscence : placentae on the apex of the columella
and at the top of the cells : seeds all pendulous, narrow, scobiform, having a loose

LeucotTioe. ERICACE^. 33

and thin cellular-reticulated testa : flowers (small and white) racemose or fascicled :

bracts minute and deciduous. — Lyonia, Nutt. Gen. i. 266 ; Benth. & Hook Gen.

ii. 587.

* Lepidote-scurfy, not pubescent : flowers fascicled in the axils of persistent coriaceous leaves.

A. ferruginea, Walt. Low shrub, or taller and arborescent : leaves rigid, cuneate-obo-
vate, rhombic-obovate, or cuneate-oblong, entire, with revolute margins (1 or 2 inches long),
smooth and shining above, or obscurely lepidote when young, grayish or ferrugineous-
lepidote beneath, much exceeding the fiower-clusters : capsule oval-pentagonal, barely
2 lines long. — Car. 138; Michx. Fl. i. 252 ; Vent. Malm. t. 80. A. ferruginea & A. rigida,
Pursh, Fl. i. 295; Lodd. Cab. t. 430. Lyonia ferruginea & L. rigida, Nutt. 1. c — Michaux's'
two forms are pretty well marked, viz. var. arborescens, witli narrower less reticulated
leaves, usually crowded ; and var. fruticosa, with sparser leaves conspicuously reticulated,
mostly cuneate-obovate or rhomboidal. To this belongs A. rhomboidcdis, " Veill." in Duham.'
Arb. ed. nov. i. 192, therefore Leucothoe rhomboidalis, Don, 1. c. — Sandy pine barrens
S. Carolina to Florida. (W. Ind. & Mex. ?) '

* * Somewhat pubescent, but not scurfy : leaves deciduous : flowers racemose-panicled.

A. ligustrina, Muhl. Shrub 3 to 10 feet high, much branched : pubescence minute :
leaves from obovate or broadly ovate to lanceolate-oblong (1 or 2 inches long), thinnish,
obscurely serrulate or entire : racemes few-leaved at base, or mainly from separate buds
(in summer), crowded in naked or leafy panicles : pedicels either scattered or fascicled :
corolla globose, barely 2 lines long : capsule globular : seeds oblong, obtuse at each end. —
Ell. Sk. i. 490; Torr. Fl. 421; Gray, Man. I. c. A. paniculala, Ait.; Michx. Fl. i. 254,
partly, not L. (except as to syn. Pluk.). A. racemosa, Lam., not L. Vaccinium ligustrinum, L.
Spec. 1. 351. Lyonia paniculala, Nutt. 1. c. L. Jigusfrina, DC. 1. c. L. paniculala, caprecffolia,
salicifolia, & multifJora, Wats. Dendr. t. 37, 127, 128. — Wet grounds, Canada to Florida and
Arkansas.

Var. pubescens. A form cinereous with dense and soft fine pubescence. A. fron-

dosa, Pursh, Fl. i. 295 (anthers not awned in specimen of herb. Enslin) ; Ell. 1. c' A.
paniculala, va.v. foliosifora, Michx. I c, in part. Lyonia frondosu, 'Nutt. I. c. — Virginia? to
Georgia.

9. OXYDl^NDRUM, DC. Sorrel-tree, Sour-wood. (Composed of
ol^vg, sour, and dt'vdQOV, tree, from the acid foliage. Oxydendron, Benth. & Hook.,
but DeCandolIe's form follows the analogy of Epidendrum.) — A single species,
witk Peach-like foliage : fl. summer.

O. arboreum, DC. Tree 15 to 40 feet high: leaves membranaceous and deciduous,
oblong or lanceolate (4 to 6 inches long), acuminate, serrulate, glabrous, or at first glaucous,'
veiny, slender-petioled : inflorescence a panicle of many-flowered racemes terminating the
leafy shoots of the season, appearing in early summer: flowers tardily opening: corolla
from cylindraceous- to ovate-conical (3 hues long), white, minutely pubescent. -Prodr.
vii. 601. Andromeda arhorea, L. (Catesb. Car. t. 71) ; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 905; Michx.
f. Sylv. iii. t. 7; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. 1, t. .30. Lyonia arborea, Don, 1. c. — Rich woods,
Penn., Ohio, and along the Alleghany region to Florida.

10. LEUC6TH0E, Don. (Mythological; the name of one of the fifty
daughters of Nereus.) North and Sotith American and Japanese shrubs, of
various habit ; with entire or serrulate leaves, and racemose chiefly white flowers.
— Don in Edinb. Jour. xvii. 159 ; Gray, Man. 1. c. Leucothoe & Agnrista (at
least mainly), Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 584, 586. {Agarista of Don is evidently
founded on the Mauritius and Bourbon species, the section Agaurm, DC., geinis
Agauria, Benth. & Hook., to which are added S. American species, all or chiefly
belonging to Leucothoe.)

§ 1. EuLEUCOTHOE. Calyx not bracteolate, 5-parted ; the divisions usually
only early or slightly overlapping, herbaceous or membranaceous : anthers awn-

3

o^ ERICACE.^. Leucothoc.

less: leaves' coriaceous and evergreen: bractlets at or near the base of the pedi-
cels ; these articulated with the flower.

* (Nearest Gaulthena.) Racemes dense and spike-like, sessile in the axils of persistent leaves of
the former season, developing in spring, at first resembling catkms; the ovate concave scaly
oersistent bracts being imbricated, little shorter than the pedicels : filaments minutely scabrous,
nearlv straight: anther-cells obscurely or manifestly bimucronate : stigma large, depressed-capi-
tate and 5-rayed. Glabrous shrubs with green erect and recurving branches, and serrulate leaves
bright green and shining above and loosely pinnately veined.
L. axillaris, Don. Stems 2 to 4 feet high; often minutely pubescent when young:
leaves from oval to oblong-lanceolate (2 to 4 inches long), mostly with an abrupt acumi-
nation, serrulate mainly toward the apex with cartilaginous or somewhat spinulose teeth :
petiole's very short: sepals broadly ovate and obviously imbricated. — Gray, Man. 1. c. ;
Chapm. Fl. 261 ; also DC. Prodr. vii. 601, excl. var. & habitat. Andromeda axillaris, Lam.
Diet. i. 157; Ait. Kew. ed. 1, ii. 69; Duham. Arb. ed. nov. i. t. 39. —Low grounds, Vir-
ginia to Florida and Alabama toward the coast ; not in the mountains.
L Catesbeei, Gray. Shoots longer (3 to 6 feet) and more recurving, glabrous : leaves
ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate and tapering into a long and slender acumination, serrulate
throughout with appressed strongly ciliate-spiniilose teeth (4 to 7 inches long), conspicu-
ously petioled : sepals ovate-oblong, not overlapping in the flower : capsule chartaceous,
depressed, strongly lobed : seeds oval, flat, witli a loose cellular-reticulated coat much
larger than the nucleus. — Man. ed. 2, 252, & ed. 5, 294. Andromeda Caleskei, Walt. Car.
1.37 • Willd. Spec. ii. 613 (excl. syn. Catesb.) ; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1055 ; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t.
1.320 A Walteri, Willd. Enum. 453. A. lanceolata, Desf. ? A. axillaris, Michx. Fl. i. 253,
chiefly. A. axillaris, var. lonyifolia, Pursh, Fl. i. 293 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2357, hardly Lam.
A. spimdosa, Pursh, 1. c, excl. habitat. Leucoihoe spinulosa, Don, 1. c. ; DC. 1. c, excl. syn.
Duham, &c.'— Moist banks of streams, Virginia to Georgia, along and near the mountains.
(Pursh characterized the two species, but transposed the habitats.) Flowers later than the
other, and with the unpleasant odor of chestnut-blossoms.

* * Racemes loose and few-flowered in the axils of the persistent reticulated leaves: bracts and
bractlets minute: pedicels slender: tilaments pubescent, sigmoid-curved toward the apex (in the
manner of Brazilian species) : anthers nearly pointless : stigma small.
L acuminata. Don. (Pipe-wood.) Shrub 3 to 12 feet high, with spreading hollow
branches, glabrous, or puberulent when young: leaves ovate-lanceolate, gradually acu-
minate with callous entire or obscurely serrulate margin, rounded at base, short-petioled ;
the midrib only prominent; the veins and veinlets all minute and finely reticulated:
racemes shorter than the leaves : calyx very short and small at base of the cylindraceous
(4 or 5 lines long) corolla : capsule coriaceous : seeds oblong, pendulous. — Andromeda
aaaninala, Ait. 1. c. ; Smith, Exot. Bot. t. 89. A. lucida, Jacq. Ic. Rar i t. 79 A. popuh-
folia, Lam. Diet. i. 159. A. reticulata, Walt. Car. 137. A. launna, Michx. Fl. i. 2o3. —
Sandy swamps, coast of S. Carolina to E. Florida.

*** Racemes clustered in a terminal naked panicle: bracts and bractlets small and scarious or
whitish? pedicels short: filaments glabrous, slender, straight : anther-c^ells 2-mucronate: stigma
rather small, 5-rayed.
L Davisise Torr Shrub 3 to 5 feet high, very leafy, nearly glabrous : leaves oblong,
obtuse at both ends, obscurely serrulate, bright green (1 to 3 inches long) : racemes nearly
sessile slender, many-flowered : flowers recurved-pendulous (3 lines long) : divisions of the
deeply parted whitish calyx ovate-oblong, obtuse, not overlapping in the flower : seeds
pendulous, oblong, flat, scobiform, the thin reticulated coat being much larger than tlie
oval nucleus, and its margin densely fimbriate with clavate-oblong hair-like cells. — Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 400, & Bot. Calif, i. 455; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6247. - California, in
the Sierra Nevada, Plumas and Nevada Counties, Lohb, Miss N. J. Davis, &c.
§ 2. EuBOTRYS. Calyx bibracteolate ; the persistent bractlets and distinct
sepals firm-chartaceous, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, much imbricated,
(whitish or reddish) : corolla cylindraceous : filaments glabrous, straight : anther-
cells 1-2-awned from the apex : stigma merely truncate : placentJB short and por-
rect : leaves membranaceous and deciduous : flowers \n secund spike-like racemes,
which mostly terminate, the branchlets, formed early in summer, remaining naked

Cassiope. ERICACEAE. 35

and undeveloped until late in the ensuing spring, when the flower-buds complete
their growth and the blossoms expand : bracts foliaceous-subulate, deciduous at
flowering : the short pedicels articulated with the rhachis. — Gray, Man. 1. c.
Euhotrys, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. viii. 269. (Between Ealeucothoe
and the genus Cassandra. The two Japanese species agree with this subgenus
only in foliage.)

L. racemosa, Gray. Shrub 4 to 10 feet high: branches erect: leaves oblong or oval-
lanceolate, acute, serrulate, somewhat pubescent when young and on the midrib beneath :
racemes or spikes mostly solitary, erect or ascending : sepals lanceolate-ovate, very acute :
anther-cells each 2-awned : capsule coriaceous, not lobed : seeds angled and wingless, the
shining smooth coat conformed to the nucleus. — Man. ed. 2. 252, ed. 5, 294. Andromeda
racemosa & A. paniculata (chiefly), L. Spec. 394. A. spicata, Wats. Dendr. t. 36. Lyonia
racemosa & Leucothoe spicata, Don, 1. c. Zenobia racemosa, DC. 1. c. Cassandra racemosa,
Spach, Hist. Veg. ix. 478. Euhotrys racemosa, Nutt. I.e. — Varies with awns of anthers
very short. — Moist thickets (Canada, Pursh, but most doubtful), Massachusetts near the
coast to Florida and Louisiana.

L. recurva, Gray, 1. c. Lower than the foregoing, and with divaricate branches : leaves
more acuminate : racemes spreading or recurved : sepals ovate : anther-cells 1-awned :
capsule chartaceous, strongly depressed and 6-lobed : seeds flat, with a broadly winged
loose cellular coat. — Andromeda {Zenobia) recurva, Buckley in Am. Jour. Sci. xlv. 172. —
Dry hills in the Alleghany Mountains, Virginia to Alabama.

11. CASSANDRA, Don. Leather-Leaf. (Mythological: Cassandra
was the daughter of Priam and Hecuba.) — A single good species.

C. calycillata, Don. A low and much branched shrub, a foot or two high, with re-
curving branches : leaves coriaceous and persistent, very short-petioled, oblong, obtuse,
obsoletely serrulate, dull green and lepidote-scurfy, an inch or so in length : flowers on
short recurved pedicels in the axils of the upper leaves, these becoming gradually smaller
and bract-like : calyx and bractlets rusty-lepidote : flowers formed in summer and expand-
ing early the next spring : corolla cylindraceous-oblong, 5-Iobed, white, 2 or 3 lines long :
capsules small. — Andromeda calyculata, L. ; Pall. Fl. Ross. t. 71 ; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1286;
Lodd. Cab. t. 530 & 862. Chamaidaphne calyculata, Moench. Lyonia calyculata, Reichenb. —
Bogs, through the cooler parts of the Northern Atlantic States, and in the Alleghanies to
Georgia; N. Illinois to Newfoundland; Kotzebue's Sound. (N. Eu. & N. Asia.)

Var. angustifolia is a remarkable form, unknown in an indigenous condition: leaves
linear-lanceolate, and the somewhat revolute margins undulate or crisped : bractlets acute :
sepals more pointed. — Andromeda calyculata, va,r. ancjustifolia, Ait. Kew. ed. 1, ii. 70. A. an-
gustifolia, Pursh, Fl. i. 291. A. crispa, Desf. Cat.; Guimp., Otto, & Hayne, Holz. t. 51.—
" North America and Siberia," Hort. Kew. " Carolina to Georgia," Pursk ; but that is a
random guess.

12. CASSfOPE, Don. {Cassiope v^a.?, the mother oi Andromeda.) — Arc-
tic-alpine f rutlculose evergreens, resembling Heaths or Lycopodiiim ; with small
or minute and imbricated or crowded entire and yeinless leaves, often opposite or
whorled, and solitary flowers nodding on the apex of an erect naked peduncle.
Sepals ovate, thickened at base. Corolla white or rose-color. Style thickened at
base or conical. Placentae many-seeded, pendulous from the summit of the short
columella: seeds with a thin close coat. — DC. Prodr. vii. 610.

* Leaves loose or spreading, narrow, flattish : peduncle terminal : corolla deeply cleft: stjde conical.
C. Stelleriana, DC. Diffusely spreading, with the habit of Empeti-um : leaves oblong-
linear, obtuse, widely spreading, obscurely serrulate (less than 3 lines long) : peduncle very
short : corolla 4-5-parted. — Andromeda Stelleriana, Pall. Fl. Ross. 58, t. 74 ; Hook. Fl. ii.
37, t. 131. Erica Stelleriana, Willd. Menziesia empetriformis, Pursh, Fl. i. 265, not Smith.
Bryanthus Stelleri, Don, Syst. iii. 833. — N. W. Coast, Sitka to Behring Straits.

36 ERICACE^. Cassiope.

C. hypnoides, Don. Cespitose, 2 to 4 inches high, with the habit of a moss or small
Lycopodium: leaves somewhat erect, loosely imbricated, linear-acerose, a line long: pe-
duncle slender: corolla deeply 5-cleft. — Edinb. Phil. Jour. xvii. 157. Andromeda hypnoides,
L. Spec. 393, & Fl. Lapp. t. 1 ; Fl. Dan. t. 10; PaU. 1. c. t. 73; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2936.—
Alpine summits of the mountains of N. New England and New York, Labrador, &c. (Green-
land, Lapland, Arct. Siberia.)

* # Leaves appressed-erect, closely imbricated in four ranks, thick, boat-shaped or triangular, ovate
or oblong in outline: peduncles lateral: corolla 5-Iobed: style slender, but slightly thickened
downward.

C. lycopodioides, Don. Very low or creeping stems filiform : leaves barely a line long,
roundish on the back, not ciliate : peduncles filif orrii. — Ledeb. Fl. Ross. ii. 912. Andro-
meda lycopodioides, Pall. 1. c. t. 72; Hook. 1. c— Aleutian Islands to Oregon. Cusick.

C. Mertensiana, Don. Stouter, with rigid ascending stems and fastigiate branches, a
foot or less in height, resembling the next : leaves li or 2 lines long, glabrous, carinate
and not furrowed on the back : pedicels rather short. — DC. 1. c. ; Gray, Bot. Calif, ii. 456.
Andromeda Mertensiana, Bong. Sitk. 152, t. 5. A. cupressina, Hook. Fl. ii. 38. — Sitka, &,c.,
northern Rocky Mountains, and along the Cascade Mountains to the Sierra Nevada, Cali-
fornia, as far south as Mount Dana.

C. tetragona, Don. Stems ascending, a span or two high, with fastigiate branches :
leaves H to 2 lines long, thick, and with a deep furrow on the back, often pubescent when
young : parts of the flower sometimes in fours. — Andromeda tetragona, L. ; Fl. Dan. 1. 1030 ;
Pall. 1. c. t. 73, f. 4; Hook. I.e. & Bot. Mag. t. 3181. — Northern Rocky Mountains, and
Cascade Mountains in Oregon, to the arctic regions. (Greenland round to Kamtschatka.)

13. CALLtJNA, Salisb. Heather, Ling. (From xccUwo), to brush or
sweep, brooms being made of it.) — Grayish-evergreen undershrub, with no scaly
buds, minute opposite leaves imbricated in four ranks on the branches, and very
numerous small flowers in the upper axils, subtended by two or three pairs of
bractlets, the inner scarious. — Single species.

C. vulgaris, Salisb. A foot or less high, in broad tufts, more or less whitish-tomentose
or glabrate : branches 4-sided by the imbricated leaves : these minute, 3-sided, grooved on
the back: flowers appearing in summer, crowded on the branchlets, as if spicate or
racemose, commonly secund, rose-colored or sometimes white. — Linn. Trans, vi. 317;
Reichenb. Ic. Germ. xvii. t. 1162 ; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 297. C. Atlantica, Seem. Jour. Bot. iv.
305, t. 53. Erica vulgaris, L. ; Lam. III. t. 287 ; Engl. Bot. t. 1013. — Low grounds, Massa-
chusetts, at Tewksbury [T. Dawson) and W. Andover [James Mitchell); Cape Elizabeth,
Maine (Pickard) ; and less rare in Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, Newfoundland, &c. (Iceland,
the Azores, N. Eu. to W. Asia.)
Erica cinerea, a European Heath, has been found growing on rocks on Nantucket, Mass.,

but doubtless a waif.

14. BRYANTHUS, Steller, Gmelin. {Bqvov, moss, and dvdog, flower,
because growing among mosses.) — Heath-like fruticulose evergreens (all arctic-
alpine) ; with alternate much crowded linear-obtuse leaves (half an inch or less
in length), articulated with the stem, grooved beneath or margins revolute-thick-
ened. Flowers umbellate or racemose-crowded at the summit of the branches :
the pedicels glandular and bibracteolate at base. Sepals 4 or 5, sometimes 6,
imbricated, persistent. Anthers oblong, opening at top by oblique chinks. Seeds
oval or oblong; the coat close and rather firm. Flowers in summer, from purple
to ochroleucous. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 377, & Bot. Calif, i. 456. Bry-
anthus & Phyllodoce, Maxim. Rhod. As. Or. 4, 5 ; Benth. «& Hook. Gen. ii. 595.

B. Gmelini, Don, the typical species, and the only one not yet found in America, may be
^ expected on the American, as it belongs to tlie opposite, side of Behring Straits. It has the
cluster of few flowers raised on a naked peduncle, and an open 4-parted corolla.

Kalmia. ERICACEAE. 37

§ 1. Parabryanthus. Corolla open-campanulate, 5-cleft or 5-lobed : calyx
glabrous : flowers racemose-clustered : pedicels subtended by foliaceous and rigid
bracts: leaves almost smooth, with strongly revolute thickened margins. — Gray,
Bot. Calif. 1. c. Bryanthus, in part, Hook. & Benth. Gen. 1. c. Phyllodoce, in part,
Maxim. 1. c.

B. Br^weri, Gray. A span to a foot high, rigid: leaves 3 to 7 lines long: pedicels
numerous, at first shorter than the flowers : corolla rose-purple, almost saucer-shaped,
5-cleft ivlly to the middle, large for the genus, the spreading lobes 2 hnes long : stamens
(7 to 10) and style soon much exserted. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 377. — Sierra Nevada at
about 10,000 feet. Flowers comparatively large and showy.

B. empetrif ormis, Gray, 1- c. A span or so high : leaves similar to those of the pre-
ceding, or rough at the margin : pedicels fewer and more umbellate : corolla rose-color,
much smaller (between 2 and 3 Unes long), campanulate, barely 5-lobed; the lobes much
shorter than the tube : stamens included : style either included or exserted. — Blenziesia
empetrif or mis, Smith in Linn. Trans, x. 280 ; Pursh, Fl. i. 264 ; Graham in Edinb. Phil. Jour.
& Bot. Mag. t. 3176 ; Hook. Fl. ii. 40. M. Grahami, Hook. 1. c. Phyllodoce empetrif or mis,
Don, Syst. iii. 783. — Rocky Mountains from lat. 50° to 42°, and Mount Shasta, California
to Vancouver's Island.

Var. intermedius (Menziesia intermedia, Hook. 1. c), apparently a form with corolla
approaching cylindraceous and sepals rather acute. — Northern Rocky Mountains, Z)?-u?n-
mond, Lyall.

§ 2. Phyllodoce. Corolla ovate, contracted at the orifice, 5-toothed : calyx
glandular-pubescent : stamens and style included : pedicels umbellate ; the bract-
lets scarious and bracts thinnish : leaves more scabrous-ciliolate or roughish. —
Phyllodoce, Salisb. Parad. Lond. 36; DC. I.e., in part; Benth. & Hook. 1. c.

* Flowers purple, rarely rose-color, 2 to 6 in the umbel, or sometimes solitary.
B. taxifolius, Gray, 1- c. Barely a span high: leaves with acute scabrous-ciliolate
edges: pedicels minutely glandular: sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate: corolla from
urceolate-oblong to ovoid, glabrous, as are the filaments. — Andromeda taxifolia, Pall. Fl.
Ross. ii. 54, t. 72 ; Fl. Dan. t. 57. A. ccerulea, L. Fl. Lapp. t. 1, f. 5, but corolla not blue.
Menziesia ccerulea, Swartz in Linn. Trans, x. 377, t. 30. Phyllodoce taxifolia, Salisb. 1. c. ; DC.
1. c. Alpine mountain summits of New Hampshire and Maine; also Labrador. (Green-
land, N. Eu. to Japan and Kamtschatka.)

* * Flowers from white or whitish to sulphur-color.
B. Aleiiticus, Gray, l- c. A span or more high : leaves of the preceding: pedicels (7 to
15) and base of the acutish sepals very glandular: corolla almost globose, glabrous,
whitish: filaments glabroMS.. — Menziesia Aleutica, Spreng. Syst. ii. 202 ; Cham, in Linn,
i. 515 ; Hook. 1. c. ; not Bong. Phyllodoce Pallasiana, Don, & DC. 1. c. (as to pi. Cham.,
Andromeda ccerulea, var. viridifora. Pall. herb. ? ) ; Maxim. Rhod. As. Or. 6. — Unalaschka
and Alaska. (Kamtschatka to Japan.)
B. glanduliflorus, Gray, 1. c. A span or two high : leaves similar or thicker-edged :
'pedicels (3 to 8) and acuminate sepals glandular-hirsute : corolla turgid-ovate, glandular,
sulphur-color: filaments puberulent. — ilfenctesk glandaliflora. Hook. Fl. ii. 40, t. 132. M.
Aleutica, Bong. Sitk. 154, t. 3 (poor), not of Spreng. — Rocky Mountains, lat. 49° to 56°,
and west to Sitka.

15. KALMIA, L. American Laurel. {Peter Kalm, a pupil of Linn^us,
who travelled in Canada and N. States, and became professor at Abo.) — N.
American shrubs and one W. Indian ; with evergreen entire leaves, and umbellate
clustered or rarely scattered showy flowers, either rose-colored, purple, or white :
no scaly leaf-buds nor thin scaly-bracted flower buds ; the bracts ovate to subulate,
coriaceous or firm and persistent. Calyx 5-parted or of 5 sepals, imbricated in
the bud. Limb of the corolla in the bud strongly 10-cariuate from the pouches

38 ERICACE^. Kalmia.

upward, the salient keels running to the apex of the lobes and to the sinuses, the
limb imbricated in the bud. Anthers free and on erect filaments in the early
bud, in the full-grown bud received in the pouches of the corolla, and the fila-
ments bent over as the corolla enlarges, and still more when it expands, straight-
ening elastically and incurving when disengaged, thereby throwing out the pollen :
anther-cells opening by a large pore, sometimes extending into a chink. Stigma
depressed. Capsule globular, 5-celled : placentae pendulous or porrect from the
upper part of a small columella. Seeds with a thin and mostly close coat.

§ 1. Flowers in simple or clustered umbels, fascicles, or corymbs : calyx per-

•sistent under the capsule : leaves and branches glabrous or nearly so.

*= Inflorescence compound : branchlets terete : capsule depressed, tardily septicidal : seeds oblontr.

K. latifolia, L. (Laurel, Calico-bush, &c.) Widely brandling shrub 3 to 10, or in
S. Alleghanies even 30 feet high, with very hard wood : leaves alternate or occasionally
somewhat in pairs or tlu-ees, oblong or elliptical-lanceolate, acute or acutish at both ends,
petioled, bright green : inflorescence very viscid-pubescent : flowers produced m early sum-
mer ; the corymbose fascicles numerous and crowded in compound terminal corymbs :
corolla rose-color to white, viscid, three-fourths inch in diameter : capsules viscid-glandular ;
the almost closed valves or pieces generally carrying with them the placentae. — Sims,
Bot. Mag. t. 175 ; Schk. Handb. t. 116 ; Michx. f. Sylv. ii. t. 68 ; Bigel. Med. Bot. i. 133,
t. 13. (Catesb. Car. ii. t. 98; Trew, Ehret. t. 38.) — Rocky hills or northward in damp
grounds, commonly where wooded, Canada, Maine to Ohio and Tennessee, and chiefly
along the mountains to W. Florida.

K. angustifolia, L. (Sheep Laurel, Lambkill, Wickt.) Shrub 2 or 3 feet high,
simple : leaves mostly in pairs or threes, oblong, obtuse, petioled, an inch or two long, light
green above, dull or pale beneath : inflorescence lateral from the early growth of the ter-
minal shoot, puberulent, slightly glandular : flowers in early summer, not half as large as
in the foregoing, purple or crimson : capsules not glandular, on recurved pedicels. — Sims,
Bot. Mag. t. 331. (Catesb. Car. iii. t. 17; Trew, Ehret. t. 18.) —Hillsides, Newfoundland
and Hudson's Bay to the upper part of Georgia.

K. CUneata, Michx. Low shrub, somewhat pubescent: leaves oblong with cuneate
base, almost sessile and chiefly alternate, mucronate (an inch long) : inflorescence lateral,
few-flowered, nearly glabrous : sepals ovate, obtuse : corolla white or whitish, one-third
inch in diameter.- Fl. i. 257; Nutt. Gen. i. 268; Loud. Arb. fig. 1143. — Swamps, eastern
part of N. & S. Carolina (not in the mountains, as said Pursh) : little known.
* * Inflorescence a simple terminal umbel or corymb : branchlets 2-edged : capsule ovoid-^lobose,
freely dehiscent from the summit; the valves 2-cleft at apex ; placeutse left on the summit of the
columella : seeds linear, with a loose cellular coat.

K. glauca, Ait. Shrub a foot or two high, wholly glabrous, mostly glaucous : leaves all
opposite or rarely in threes, almost sessile, oblong or linear-oblong, or appearing narrower
by the usual strong revolution of the edges, glaucous-white beneath (an inch or less long) :
flowers in sprmg, lilac-purple, half to two-thirds inch in diameter: bracts large: sepals
ovate, scarious-coriaceous, much imbricated. — Hort. Kew. ed. 1, ii. 64, t. 8 ; Sims, Bot.
Mag. 1. 177 ; Lodd. Cab. 1. 1508. K. poUfoUa, Wang. Act. Nat. Ber. v. t. 5. Var. rosmarmi-
folia, Pursh, is merely a state with very revolute leaves : var. microphyila, Hook. Fl. a small
alpine form, a span high, with leaves barely half inch long. — Bogs, Newfoundland and
Hudson's Bay to Pennsylvania, and on the western coast at Sitka, &c., extending down
the Rocky Mountains to Colorado, and down the Sierra Nevada to Mt. Dana, California,
in the depauperate alpine form or variety.

§ 2. Flowers mostly scattered and solitary in the axils of ordinary leaves ;
these small and, with the branches and foliaceous sepals, hirsute : capsule shorter
than the calyx : placentae remaining upon the columella : seeds oval or roundish,
and with a close and firmer coat. (The Cuban K. ericoides, with rigid Heath-like
leaves, has inflorescence approaching the first section, and sepals apparently per-
sistent.)

Rhododendron. ERICACEAE. 39

K. hirsiita, "Walt. About a foot high, branching freely : leaves nearly sessile, plane,
oblong or lanceolate, a quarter to half inch long : flowers scattered and axillary, produced
through the summer, on pedicels longer than the leaves : sepals ovate-lanceolate and leaf-
like, as long as the rose-purple corolla (this barely half inch in diameter), at length decidu-
ous, leaving the old capsules bare. — Bot. Mag. t. 138. K. ciliala, Bartram, Trav. — Low

. pine barrens, S. E. Virginia to Florida.

16. MENZI]^SIA, Smith. (Archibald Menzies, assistant surgeon in Van-
couver's voyage, 1791-95, brought the original species from the N. W. coast.) —
Deciduous-leaved shrubs, of N. Am. and Japan ; with the foliage of the Azaleas,
but vfith small and mostly dull-colored 4-merous flowers (the corolla barely lobed,
in ours a quarter inch long, lurid-purplish), developed at the same time as the
leaves, from separate strobilaceous buds, which terminate the branches of the
preceding year ; the pedicels nodding in flower, erect in fruit. Leaves alternate,
membranaceous, glandular-mucronate. Capsule short: placentas attached to the
whole length of the columella. Flowers in early summer. — Smith, Ic. PL 59 ;
Salisb. Parad. Lond. 44 ; Maxim. Rhod. As. Or. 7.

* Seeds with tail or appendage at each end as long as the nucleus: capsule smooth and naked or
nearly so, inclined to obovate : filaments more or less ciliate below.

M. glabella. Strigose-chaffy scales wanting, or very few on young petioles and midrib
beneath : leaves obovate, mostly obtuse, barely mucronate-tipped, glaucescent and glabrous
or nearly so beneath (an incli or two long), sprinkled with some small appressed hairs
above, the obscurely serrulate margins minutely ciliolate: pedicels naked or somewhat
glandular: corolla ovoid-campanulate. — -.1/. globularis, Hook. Fl. ii. 41 ; Maxini. Rliod. As.
Or. 1. c, not Salisb. M. fei-ruginea, Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 393.— Rocky Mountains,
lat. 49°-56° (Drummond, Bourgeau), thence to Washington Territory and Oregon, Li/all,
Tolmie, E. Hall.

* # Seeds merely apiculate or very short-tailed : capsule ovate : filaments glabrous.

M. globularis, Salisb. Straggling or loosely branched shrub 2 to 5 feet high (like the
others), more or less chaffy : leaves obovate-oblong, usually obtuse, prominently glandular-
mucronate, strigose-hirsute especially above, glaucescent beneath : pedicels glandular :
corolla globular-ovate becoming ovate-campanulate : capsule beset with short gland-tipped
bristles. — Pursh, 1. c. M. Smithii, Michx. Fl. i. 235. M. ferruginea, var. (globularis), Sims,
Bot. Mag. t. 1571 ; Gray, Man. ed. 2 & 3. M. pilosa, Juss. in Ann. Mus. i. 56. Azalea pilosa,
Michx. in Lam. Jour. Nat. Hist. i. 410. — Woods, through the Alleghany Mountains, from
Pennsylvania to Georgia. Most like the preceding, but the seeds very different ; the small
calyx commonly more distinctly 44obed. Leaves an inch or two long.

M. ferruginea, Smith. Strigose-chaff not rare on young parts : leaves oblong or lan-
■ceolate-obovate, acute or acutish at both ends, prominently glandular-mucronate, more
ciliate with glandular bristles, rusty strigose-hirsute above, merely paler beneath (somewhat
blackening in drying) : pedicels bristly-glandular : corolla oblong-ovate and becoming
cylindraceous. — Pursh, Fl. i. 264 ; Hook. 1. c. ; Maxim. 1. c. — Woods, coast of Oregon
to Alaska and Aleutian Islands. (Kamtschatka ■»)

17. RHODODENDRON, L. Rose Bay, Azalea, &c. (The ancient
Greek name, meaning rose-tree.) — Shrubs or small trees, of diverse habit
and character, with chiefly alternate entire leaves : the principal divisions have
been received as genera, but they all run together. Only five are N. American
out of the eight subgenera of Maximowicz, Rhod. As. Or. 13. (Rhododendron &
Azalea, L.) — The first two subgenera are very anomalous.

• §1. TherorHodion, Maxim. Flowers one or two terminating leafy shoots
of the season ; the thin bud-scales of the shoot deciduous only with the annual
leaves: corolla- rotate, divided to the base on the lower side : stamens 10.

40 ERICACE^. Rhododendron.

R. Kamtschaticum, Pall. A span high : leaves thin and chartaceo-membranaceous,
sessile, obovate, or the upper oval, very obtuse, nervose-veined and reticulated, bristly
ciliate, shining : sepals large and f oliaceous, deciduous : corolla rose-purple, deeply 6-clef t,
nearly an inch long: capsule thin. — Fl. Ross. i. 48, t. 33; Hook. Fl. ii. 43. RJiodothamnus
Kamtschaticus, Lindl. in Paxt. Fl. Gard. i. t. 22. — Alaska and Aleutian Islands to North
Japan, &c.

§ 2. AzALEASTRUM, Planchon, Maxim. Inflorescence lateral ; the flowers
from the same bud as the leafy shoot or from separate 1-3-flowered lateral buds
below : scales caducous : leaves deciduous : corolla rotate or approaching cam-
pan ulate : stamens 5 to 10.

R. albiflorum, .Hook. Shrub 2 or 3 feet high, with slender branches, pubescent with
slender strigose or silky and some short glandular hairs when young, nearly glabrous
in age : leaves membranaceous, oblong, pale green : flowers from separate small buds of
the axils of the previous year, nodding on short pedicels : sepals niembranaceo-foliaceous,
oval or oblong, half the length of the white 5-cleft corolla, as long as the ovoid capsule :
stamens 10, included : filaments bearded at the base: stigma peltate-5-lobed. — Fl. ii. 43,
& Bot. Mag. t. 133. — Woods of the northern Rocky Mountains and Oregon to British
Columbia. Corolla less than an inch long.

§ 3, AzXlea, Planchon, Maxim. Inflorescence terminal ; with the umbellate
flowers from a separate strobilaceous bud, terminating the growth of the previous
year, surrounded at the base by lateral and smaller leaf-buds, developing in
spring or early summer ; the thin-scaly bud-scales and bracts caducous or early
deciduous : leaves deciduous, glandular-mucronate : calyx small, sometimes minute :
corolla chiefly funnelform, glandular-viscid outside : stamens and style more or
less exserted and declined (5 to 10). — Azalea, L. chiefly, DC. &c. (with Rhodora,
Duhamel).

* Strobilaceous flower-buds of numerous much imbricated scales : corolla with conspicuous funnel-
form tube, sliglitly irregular limb, and acute oblong lobes: stamens (chiefly 5) and style long-
exserted. Tkue "Azaleas.

+- Pacific States species : flowers more or less later than the leaves.
R. OCCidentale, Gray. Shrub 2 to 6 feet higii : branches not bristly : leaves obovate-
oblong, nearly glabrous at maturity, but ciliate, thickish, bright green and shining above
(1 to 3 inches long): lobes of the 5-parted calyx oblong or oval: corolla wiiite or barely
with a rosy tinge and a pale yellow band on the upper lobe, often 2^ inches long : capsule
oblong, three-fourths inch long. — Bot. Calif, i. 458. R. calendidaceum, Hook. & Am. Beech.
362. Azalea occidentahs, Torr. & Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 116. — California, western foot-
hills of the Sierra Nevada through the length of the State, and in the coast ranges, along
streams. Fragrance of blossoms sweet, but slightly unpleasant.

^_ 4_- Atlantic States species (commonlv called Swamp Honeysuckles), all from 3 to 10 feet
high and the leaves from obovate to oblong-oblauceolate. — Species oi Rhododendron, Torr. Fl.
N. &M. States (1824), 424.

-H- Flowers appearing later than the glabrous leaves, deliciously fragrant.

R. arborescens, Torr. "" No strigose or cliaffy bristles : leaves (fragrant in drying)
merely ciliolate, slightly coriaceous when mature, bright green and shining above, glau-
cescent beneatli : corolla rose-color, fully 2 inches long ; the tube and tiie conspicuous
narrow-oblong calyx-lobes sparsely glandular-bristly. — Fl. N. & M. States, 425. Azalea
arborescens, Pursh, Fl. i. 152; Gray, Man. ed. 1, 268. A. frugrans,!^^^ Ann. Nat. 12. —
AUegliany Mountains, Pennsylvania to North Carolina. Foliage exhales the odor of An-
(lioxanl/ium in drying.

R. viscostim, Torr. Branchlets and midrib of the leaves beneath more or less chaffy-
bristly : leaves more ciliate, an inch or two long, dull or hardly sinning above, pale be-
neatli : calyx very small : corolla white, or witii a rosy tinge, sometimes varying to reddish,
the outside very glandular-viscid. — Fl. N. & M. States, 1. c, & Fl. N. Y. i. 439, t. 66.
Azalea mcosa, L. (Catesb. Car. i. t. 67) ; Michx. Fl. i. 150; Emerson, Mass. Rep. ed. 2,

Rhododendron. ERICACE^. ^\

t. 24.— Swamps, Canada and Maine to Florida and Arkansas. Runs into manifold vari-
eties ; the following being those most marked : —

Var. glaucum. Leaves glaucous-whitened beneath, dull and sometimes glaucous
above &\&o.— Azalea viscosa, var. glauca, Michx. 1. c. A. glauca, Lara. 111. 1. 110. R glau-
cum, Don, 1. c. Form more strigose-hispid is A. hisplda, Pursh, 1. c. (R. hispidum, Torr. 1. c.)
A. scabra, Loddiges, &c. — New England to Virginia.

Var. nitidum. Leaves oblanceolate, brighter green both sides : stems a foot to a
yard high. — iJ. nitidum, Torr. 1. c. Azalea nltida, Pursh, 1. c; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 414 _
Mountains, New York to Virginia.
•H- ++ Flowers earlier and less fragrant, preceding or accompanying the leaves ; these soft-nubes-

cent beneath and more nierabranaceous, 1 to 3 inches long; the midrib and the branchlets either

slightly or not at all chaffy-strigose or hispid: calyx usually very small.

R. nudiflorum, Torr. 1. c. Corolla from light rose-color or flesh-color to rose-purple •
the viscid tube as long as or rather longer than the limh. — Azalea nudijlora, L. Spec'
ed. 2, 214; Sims, Bot. Mag. 1. 180; Emerson, 1. c. t. 24. A. lutea, L. Spec. ed. 1. A. peri',
dymenoides & A. canescens, Michx. 1. c. A. hicolor, Pursh, 1. c. Rhododendron canescens, bicolm;
&c., Don, 1. c. — Swamps, low grounds, or shaded hillsides, Canada to Florida and Texas!
Varying much in color, &c., at the south sometimes passing into yellow. Many hybrid
forms are in cultivation.

R. calendulaceum, Torr. 1. c. Corolla from orange-yellow to flame-red ; the tube
mostly hirsute-glandular, shorter than the ample limb: mature leaves more tomentose
beneath. — ^^a/ea cafe?!c/«/acea, Michx. Fl. i. 151; Pursh, l.'c. ; Bot. Mag. 1. 1721, 2143.—
Woods in the Alleghany Mountains, from Pennsylvania to Georgia, extending southward
into the middle country.

* * ^'™]',''^ceous flower-buds of fewer and early caducous scales : corolla irregular, with a short

or hardly any tube, anteriorly divided to the base; the limb equalling the 10 stamens and style.
— Jikodora, Duhamel, in Linn. Gen.

R. Rhodora, Don. A foot or two high, the young parts sparingly strigose-hairy :
flowers somewhat preceding the leaves, short-pedicelled : calyx very small : corolla less
than an inch long, purplish-rose-color, bilabiately parted or divided; the posterior lip
3-Iobed ; the anterior of two oblong-linear and recurving nearly or quite distinct petals :
leaves oblong, pale, glaucescent, more or less pubescent. — Syst. iii. 848 ; Maxun. 1. c.
Rhodora Canadensis, L. ; L'Her. Stirp. i. 161, t. 68 ; Lam. 111. t. 364 ; Bot. Mag. t. 474 ;
Duham. Arb. ed. nov. iii. 53 ; Emerson, 1. c. t. 25. Rhodora congesta, Mcench. Rhodo-
dendron pulchellum, Salisb. — Cool bogs, New England to mountains of Pennsylvania and
northward to Newfoundland : fl. May. Mature leaves 1 to 2} inches long, glandular-
mucronulate. Flowers rarely white, sometimes variably or variously cleft or divided, or
the lower petals more united to the upper lip.

§ 4. EuRHODODENDRON. Inflorescence terminal ; the umbellate or somewhat
corymbose flowers from a separate strobilaceous bud (of mostly numerous and
well-imbricated- caducous scales), terminating the growth of the previous year;
the leaf -buds lateral and below : leaves coriaceous and persistent : calyx various,
usually small or minute: corolla mostly S-lobed and little irregular: stamens
(commonly 10) and style rarely exserted, somewhat declined, or sometimes equally
spreading : flowers mostly large and showy, in early summer. — Eurhododendron
& Osmothamnus (DC), Maxim. 1. c.

* Not lepidote, glabrous or soon becoming so; the pubescence of young parts (if any) scurfy-
tomentose and deciduous: leaves ample and thick-coriaceous: stems and branches "stout and
erect: flowers many in the cluster, mostly developing earlier than the leaf-buds: seeds scobiforni
or scarious-appendaged at one or both ends;

-1— Pacific species: pedicels wholly glabrous : calyx lobes very short and rounded.
R. Calif ornicum, Hook. Shrub 3 to 8 feet high, glabrous : leaves broadly oblong,
3 to 6 inches long, obtuse with a mucronate or short-acuminate point, acute or acutish
base : corolla rose-purple, broadly campanulate (over an inch long) ; the broad lobes un
dulate : ovary rusty-hirsute. — Bot. Mag. t. 4863 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 458. — Woods
California from Mendocino Co. extending into Oregon {E, Hall). Corolla much resem^
bling that of R. Catawbiense.

42 ERICACE^. Rhododendron.

R. macrophyllum, Don. Shrub 10 to 15 feet high : leaves oblong, acute at both ends,
5 to 8 inches in length, thinnish : corolla white, less than an inch long; its lobes oblong:
ovary bristly hhsute. — Syst. iii. 843 ; Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exp. 382. R. maximum, Hook.
Fl. ii. 43, excl. syn. &c. — Woods, Puget Sound to Washington Territory. A little known
species.

•)— -)— Atlantic States species : pedicels glandular or pubescent.

R. maximuni, L. (Great Laurel or Rose Bay.) Shrub or small tree 6 to 35 feet
high : leaves elongated- or lanceolate-oblong, acute or sliort-pointed, narrowed toward tiie
mostly acute base, 4 to 10 inches long, commonly whitish beneath : pedicels viscid : calyx-
lobes oval, equalling the glandular ovary : corolla pale rose-color or nearly white, greenish
in the throat on upper side and with some yellowish or reddish spots, campanulate, an inch
long, rather deeply 5-cleft into oval lobes : capsule short. — Catesb. Car. iii. t. 17 ; Lam.
111. t. 364 ; Bot. Mag. t. 951 ; Michx. f. Sylv. i. t. 67 ; Bigel. Med. Bot. iii. t. 51. R. pur-
pureum & R. Purshii, Don, 1. c. (varying in color of flower, &c.). — Damp woods, rare in
Nova Scotia, New England and bordering part of Canada, common through the Alle-
ghanies on steep banks of streams, &c.. New York to Georgia. Flowering toward mid-
summer, simultaneously with the growth of the leafy shoots.

R. Catawbiense, Michx. Shrub 3 to 6 (rarely 20) feet high : leaves oval or broadly
oblong, mostly obtuse or rounded at both ends, 3 to 5 inches long : pedicels rusty -pubescent
when young, glabrous in age : calyx and its lobes very short : ovary oblong, rusty -pubes-
cent : corolla lilac-purple, broadly campanulate, an inch and a half high, with broad
roundish lobes: capsule narrowly oblong. — Fl. i. 258; Bot. Mag. t. 1671. Higher moun-
tains, Virginia to Georgia : fl. at beginning of summer. Largely hybridized with other
species, and varied in cultivation.

* * Lepidote-dotted or scurfy with scattered peltate scales : stems mostly spreading or diffuse :
flowers fewer or few in the umbel: seeds (iu ours and in most species) with a close coat, barely
apiculate at either end!

-i— Southern species : stems 3 to 6 feet high, with slender and often recurving branches : even the
outside of the short-funnelform corolla sprinkled with the resinous globules or dots: stamens
10 : flower-buds ovate or oblong and well imbricated.

R. punctatum, Andr. Diffuse, the slender branches recurved or spreading: leaves
lighter green and thinner-coriaceous, oblong or oval-lanceolate, acute or somewhat acu-
minate at both ends, 2 to 5 inches long : flowers developed later than or with the leaves of
the season (in early summer), copious : corolla rose-color, an inch long, short-funnelform
with an ample widely expanded limb and rounded-obovate slightly undulate lobes, ex-
ceeding the stamens and style : capsule resinous-dotted : seeds oval. — Bot. Rep. t. 30 ;
Vent. Cels. t. 15; Bot. Reg. t. 37. R. minus, Michx. Fl. i. 258. — Eastern portion of the
Alleghany Mountains from N. Carolina to Georgia, and extending to the eastern frontier
of the latter State on the Savannah River at Augusta, Corolla often darker-spotted and
greenish in the throat.

R. Chapmanii. More erect and rigid : leaves firm-coriaceous, oval or oblong, obtuse,
seldom an inch and a half long, duller, more crowded, short-petioled : flowers developed
earlier than the leafy shoots of the season : corolla rose-color, spotted within, more nar-
rowly funnelform ; the tube longer thantthe limb; lobes somewhat ovate, shorter than the
stamens and style : seeds narrowly oblong. — R. punctatum, var., Chapm. Fl. 266. — Sandy
pine barrens, W. Florida, Chapman.

-J— -1— Arctic-alpine species, small and depressed: corolla rotate-campanulate, deeplj' 5-cleft, not
lepidote or resinous-dotted : stamens 5 to 10 : flower-buds globular and less imbricated.

R. Lapponicum, Wahl. Divergently branched from the base, prostrate or a span
or two high : leaves a quarter to half an inch long, firm-coriaceous, oval or oblong, obtuse :
umbels 3^6-flowered : corolla purple, with darker spots within, half inch long : stamens
5 to 8, rarely 10.— Fl. Suec. 249; DC. Prodr. vu. 724; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3106. Azalea
Lapponica, L. ; Fl. Dan. t. 906. — Alpine region of the mountains of N. New York and
New England, Labrador to the northern Rocky Mountains and arctic coast, west to Norton
Sound and Unalaschka (Eschscholtz). (Greenland to Arct. Asia.) R. parvifolium, Adams
{Azalea Lapponica, Pall.), or at least the N. W. American form referred to it by Maximo-
wicz, seems hardly different; and all the American and Greenland specimens have the
filaments bearded or pubescent at base.

Leioplyllum. ERICACEAE. 43

18. Ll&DUM, L. Labrador Tea. (Jtjdov, ancient name of the Cistus.)
— Low shrubs, with alternate persistent leaves entire and more or less resinous
dotted, slightly fragrant when bruised. Flowers white, developed in early sum-
mer from separate and mostly terminal buds, their scales and bracts well imbri-
cated, thin and caducous. Stamens and the (persistent) style fully as long as the
petals. Stigma obscurely annulate. Pedicels slender, recurved in fruit. — We have
all the species. '

* Leaves densel}' tomentose beneath, the wool soon ferrugineous, and the margins strongly revo-
lute : inflorescence all terminal.

Li. pallistre, L. A span (in the arctic form) to 2 feet high : leaves linear (half to inch and

a half long): stamens 10: capsule short oval. — Fl. Dan. t. 1031; Lodd. Cab. t. 560. —

Bogs, Newfoundland, Labrador, and through the arctic regions to Alaska and Aleutian

Islands. (N. Eu. & Asia.)

Var. dilatatum, "Wahl. : approaching the next, having broader leaves and some-

V times long-oval capsules. — N. W. Coast, Sitka, &c.

L. latifolium, Ait. A foot to a yard high, erect: leaves oblong or linear-oblong (an
inch or two long), commonly half inch wide, very obtuse : stamens 5 to 7 : capsule oblong,
acutish. — Lam. 111. t. 363 ; Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 464. L. Grcenlandicum, Retz. Scand. L. palustre,
var. latifolium, Michx., &c. L. Canadense, Lodd. Cab. t. 1049. — Newfoundland and Lab-
rador (Greenland), through the wooded regions to Puget Sound, and south in the Atlantic
States to Wisconsin and Pennsylvania.
* * Leaves glabrous both sides : inflorescence sometimes also lateral. — Ledodendron, Nutt.

L. glandulosum, Nutt. Shrub 2 to 6 feet high, stout : leaves oblong or oval, or ap-
proaching lanceolate (one or two inches long), pale or whitish and minutely resinous-
atomiferous beneath : inflorescence often compound and crowded : calyx 5-parted : capsules
oval, retuse. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. viii. 270; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 459. — Woods
and swamps, coast of California from Mendocino Co. northward, and through the Sierra
Nevada ; thence north and east to Br. Columbia and northern Rocky Mountains.

19. BE J Am A, Mutis. (Written Be/aria by the younger Linnaeus, &c.,
biit originally '■^Bejaria, Mutis, ex Zea, Annal." iii. 151. Zea was a pupil- of
Mutis, and he declares that the name was given in honor of Bejar, professor of
Botany at Cadiz, and an intimate friend of Mutis.) — All but the following species
tropical American.

B. racemosa, Vent. Shrub 3 or 4 feet high, evergreen : branches sparsely hispid : leaves
alternate, sessile, oblong, coriaceous, glabrous, pale : flowers in pedunculate and sometimes
paniculate naked racemes terminating leafy branches : bracts and bractlets subulate, de-
ciduous : calyx obtusely 7-Iobed : petals spatulate, white tinged witli red, an inch long. —
Hort. Cels, t. 51 ; Ell. Sk. i. 533. Be/aria panicidata, Michx. Fl. i. 280, t. 26. Pine barrens,
Florida and Georgia near the coast : fl. summer.

20. LEIOPHYLLUM, Pers. Sand Myrtle. (Jshg, smooth, (fvXlov,
leaf, from the smooth and shining foliage.) — A single species, varying consider-
ably : flowering late in spring ; the coriaceous scales or bracts resembling reduced
leaves.

L. buxifolium, Ell. Shrub resembling Dwarf '^ox in miniature, a span or two high,
very glabrous, much branched, thickly leafy : leaves alternate or opposite, oblong or oval,
veinless, a fourth to half inch long, slightly petioled : flowers profuse, in terminal umbelli-
form corymbs : corolla white or rose-color (3 or 4 lines broad) : anthers brown or purple.
— L. buxifolium & L. serpyllifolium, DC. Prodr. vii. 730. L. thymifolium, Don, Syst. iii. 851.
Ledum buxifolium, Berg, in Act. Ups. 1777, t. 3, f. 1 ; Michx. Fl. i. 260 ; Lodd. Cab. t. 52.
L. .thymifolium, Lam. III. t. 363. Dendrium buxifolium, Desv. Jour. Bot. iii. 36. Ammyrsine
buxifolia, Pursh ; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 531. Fischera buxifolia, Swartz in Act. Mosc. v. 16.—
Saiidy pine barrens, New Jersey to Florida, and the mountains of Carolina. The state

44 ERICACE^. Loiseleuria.

(L. serpyllifolium,T)C) with "capsules sparsely puberulent" or often granulate-rougliish
is chiefly southern, and on the mountains passes into

Var. prostratum. Depressed-tufted, with the habit of Loiseleuria: leaves mostly
oval and deeper green : capsules from smooth and nearly even to sparsely muricate with
soft projecting points or processes. — (Gray, in Amer. Jour. Sci. xlii. 36.) L. prostratum,
Loud. Arb. 1155 ; DC. 1. c. — Summit of Roan Mountain, and of other high mountains of
Carolina.

21. LOISELEtJRIA, Desv. (Zozse/ewr-Z^e^on^rc^awjos, a French botanist.)
— A single, arctic-alpine species, which was included by Linnaeus in Azalea, but
is most unlike.

L. procumbens, Desv. Fruticulose and cespitose, depressed, glabrous, evergreen :
leaves nearly all opposite, rather crowded on the branches, distinctly petioled, oval or
oblong, thick-coriaceous, veinless, 2 to 4 lines long, with thick midrib beneath and revolute
margins : umbel 2-5-flowered from a terminal coriaceo-foliaceous bud ; the scales or bracts
persistent : pedicels short : corolla rose-color or white (2 lines high), barely twice the length
of the purplish sepals. — Jour. Bot. iii. 35; DC. 1. c. Azalea procumbens, L. Spec. & Fl.
Lapp. t. 6, f. 2 ; Fl. Dan. t. 9; Pall. Fl. Ross. t. 70, f. 2 ; Pursh, Fl. i. 164 (excl. pi. Grand-
father Mt., which is Leiophyllum) ; Lodd. Cab. t. 762. Ckamaeledon procumbens. Link, Enum.
i. 211. — Alpine region of White Mountains, New Hampshire ; also Labrador, Arctic America
to high N. W. coast and islands. (Greenland, Eu., N. Asia.)

22. ELLIOTTIA, Muhl. (Dedicated to Stephen Elliott, author of Sketch
of the Botany of S. Carolina and Georgia.) — Identified with a Japanese genus,
Tripetaleia, Sieb. & Zucc, forming a rather polymorphous but marked genus of
three species and as many sections, as arranged in Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 598.

E. racemosa, Muhl. Shrub 4 to 10 feet high, glabrous, with slender branches : leaves
short-petioled, oblong, mostly acute at both ends, about 2 inches long, mucronate with a gland,
thinnish, pale beneath, lightly veiny : raceme or racemose panicle loosely many-flowered, a
span to a foot long: bracts and bractlets minute, scarious, very caducous: calyx very
short, 4-lobed : corolla white, half inch long ; the petals 4, spatulate-linear, valvate or
nearly so at base and imbricated at summit in the bud, in blossom recurved-spreading :
stamens 8 : anthers somewhat sagittate, erect ; the cells callous-mucronate : style little
declined, incurved at apex: ovary not stipitate. (Parts of the flower rarely in fives ?) —
Muhl. in Ell. Sk. i. 448 ; Ciiapm. Fl. 273 ; Baill. Adans. i. 205. — Wet sandy woods, on or
near the Savannah River, at Waynesboro' (Elliott), and near Augusta ( IFray, and recently
Berchnans) in Georgia ; and on the S. Carolina side of the river near Hamburg, on David
L. Adams' place ( Olney, 1853) : rare and local : fl. early summer. Fruit still unknown.

23. CLADOTHAMNUS, Bong. (Khidog, branch, and da^rog, bush.) —
Bong. Veg. Sitk. 37, t. 1 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 598. Tolmiea, Hook. Fl. ii.
44. — A single species.

C. psrroleeflorus, Bong. Tall shrub with many virgate branches, glabrous, leafy :
leaves obovate-lanceolate, glandular-mucronulate, almost sessile, thin, an inch or so long,
pale : flower nodding on a short pedicel : petals reddish, hardly half inch long. — DC.
Prodr. vii. 722. Tolmiea occidentalis, Hook. 1. c. — Low woods, Washington Territory to
Alaska.

24. CL£;THIIA, Gronov. White Alder. (/CA?;(9pa, ancient Greek name
of the Alder, which the original species somewhat resembles in foliage.) — wShrubs
or small trees ; with alternate leaves, in ours serrate and deciduous, and white
flowers in simple or panicled chiefly terminal racemes ; these usually canescent
with a stellate pubescence. Bracts subulate, deciduous : bractlets none or ca-
ducous. Leaf-buds of few scales or naked. Capsule in ours nearly enclosed in

CUmaphila. ERICACE^. 45

the calyx. Petals imbricated (or sometimes nearly convolute) in the bud. Fila-
ments usually subulate : anthers fixed near the middle, in the bud extrorse, after
expansion becoming introrse. Stigmas over the cells according to Baillon, Adans.
i. 201. Fl. summer.

C. alnifolia, L. (Sweet Pepperbush.) Shrub 3 to 10 feet high : leaves cuneate-obovate
or oblong, sharply serrate, entire toward the base, prominently straight-veined, short-petioled :
racemes erect, mostly panicled : filaments glabrous : flowers spicy -fragrant. — Lam. 111.
t,369; Schk. Handb. t. 118; Michx. Fl. i. 260. (AlnifoUa Americana, &,c.,V\uk. Aim. t. 115,
f. 1 ; Catesb. Car. 1, t. 66.) C. dentata, Ait. Kew. ed. 1, ii. 73, with strongly serrate leaves.
C. paniculata, Ait. 1. c, with less toothed cuneate-lanceolate leaves green and glabrous both
sides. C. scabra, Pers. Syn. i. 482, with leaves somewhat scabrous above and more or less
pubescent beneath, as is common. — Wet woods and swamps, Maine to Florida, at the
north only along the coast.

Var. tomentosa, Michx., 1. c. More or less hoary : leaves tomentosecanescent
beneath.— C. tomentosa, Lam. Diet. ii. 46 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3743. C. incana, Pers. 1. c.
C. pubescens, Willd. Enum. 455. — S. Atlantic States, passing into the other forms.
C. acuminata, Michx. Tall shrub or small tree : leaves ample (3 to 7 inches long),
oval or oblong, acuminate, closely and sharply serrate almost to the base, witli somewhat
curved veins and rather long petioles, almost glabrous : racemes mostly solitary, nodding :
caducous bracts longer than the flowers : filaments hirsute, usually also the base of the
petals within the capsule hirsute. — Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. t. 71 ; Lodd. Cab. t. 1427.
C. montana, Bartram ; Duliam. Arb. ed. nov. v. 130. — Woods of the Alleghanies, Virginia
to Georgia.

25. CHIMAPHILA, Pursh. Pipsissevta, &c. (Composed of ;f8rj«a, winter,
and (ydsco, to love, being a sort of " Wintergreen.") — Low, with running lignes-
cent stolons, thick and shining toothed leaves either scattered or often imperfectly
opposite or verticillate on the short ascending stems, narrowish : a few flesh-
colored or white fragrant waxy-looking flowers on a terminal naked peduncle,
produced in early summer. Petioles short. Calyx 5-parted. Cells of the anther
oblong, with a short narrow neck under the orifice, imperfectly 2-locellate, -at
least when young. Stigma very broad, obscurely o-radiate. Bracts scaly. — We
have all the species, except one in Japan, near C. Menziesii.

C. umbellata, Nutt. (Pipsissewa, Prince's Pine.) A span or two high, very leafy
in irregular clusters or whorls, often branched: leaves cuneate-lanceolate, with tapering
base, sharply serrate, not spotted, shining: peduncle 4-7 -flowered : bracts narrow, de-
ciduous: filaments hairy on the margins only. —Bart. Mat. Med. i. t. 1 ; Hook. Fl. i. 49.
C. corijmbosa, Pursh, Fl. i. 300. Pip-ola umhellala, L. ; Lam. 111. t. 367 ; Fl. Dan. t. 1336 ;
Bot. Mag. t. 897; Bigel. Med. Bot. t.'21. P. corymbosa, Bertol. Misc. iii. 12, t. 3. — Dry and
especially coniferous woods, Canada to Georgia, west to the Pacific from Br. Columbia to
California. (Mex., Eu., Japan.)
C. Menziesii, Sprang. A span high, sparingly branched from the base : leaves from
ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute at both ends, small (6 to 18 lines long), sharply serrulate,
the upper surface often mottled with wliite: peduncle 1-3-flowered : bracts ovate or
roundish : filaments slender, with a round dilated portion in the middle villous : flowers
smaller, about half inch in diameter. — Syst. ii. 317; Hook. 1. c. t. 138; Gray, Bot. Calif,
i. 459. PijroJa Menziesii, R. Br. ; Don in Wern. Trans, v. 245. — Coniferous woods, British
Columbia to California.
C. maculata, Pursh, 1- c. (Spotted Wintergreen.) A span or more in height, more
simple : leave's oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse at base (an inch or two long), sparsely
and very sharply serrate ; the upper surface variegated with white : peduncle 2-5-flowered :
bracts linear-subulate : filaments villous in the middle : flower comparatively large, three-
fourths inch in diameter. — Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. i. 40, t. 11 ; Radius, Diss. Pyr. t. 5, f. 2;
Torr. Fl. N. Y. 1, t. 70. Pyrola maculata, L. ; Bot. Mag. t. 897. — Dry woods, Canada to
Georgia and Mississippi-

46 ERICACE^. Moneses.

26. MONESES, Salisb. (Formed of ^ovog, single, and ijaig, delight, from
the solitary handsome flower.) — Cells of the anther oblong, abruptly constricted
under the orifice into a conspicuous short-tubular neck, in the bud completely
bilocellate, so that the anther appears equally 4-lobed. Capsule not depressed,
opening from above downward. — A single species.

M. uniflora, Gray. Herb with 1-flowered scape 2 to 4 inches high, a cluster of roundish
and serrulate thin leaves at base, on a short stem or the ascending summit of a filiform
rootstock : corolla white or tinged rose-color, about two thirds inch in diameter (in early
summer). — Gray, Man. ed. 1, 273 ; Alefeld in Linn, xxviii. 72. M. grandiflora, Salisb., Don,
1. c. Pyrola uniflora, L. ; Fl. Dan. t. 8 ; Engl. Bot. 1. 146 ; Reichenb. Ic. Germ. xvii. t". 1156.
M. reticulata, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. viii. 271. — Deep moist woods, Labrador
to Oregon, south to Pennsylvania, &c., and along the mountains to Colorado, Utah, &c.,
north to the arctic regions. (Eu. to N. E. Asia.)

27. PYROLA, Tourn. Wintergreen, Shin-leaf. (Name said to be a
diminittive of Pyrus, Pear-tree.) — Acaulescent herbaceous evergreens ; with a
cluster of round or roundish leaves, and some scarious scales on the ascending
summit of slender subterranean rootstocks (one species leafless) : scape more or
less scaly-bracted, bearing a raceme of white, greenish, or purplish nodding
flowers, in summer. (Almost all N. American). — Pyrola {Actinocyclus, Klotzsch),
Amelia, & Thelaia, Alefeld in Linn, xxviii. 8.

§ 1. Amelia, Benth. & Hook. Style straight and short : stigma peltate, large,
obscurely 5-lobed : stamens equally connivent around the pistil : anthers not nar-
rowed below the openings : hypogynous disk none : petals orbicular, naked at
the base, globose-connivent. — Amelia, Alefeld, 1. c. (P. media, of the Old World,
connects with § Thelaia.)

P. minor, L. Leaves orbicular, thinnish, obscurely serrulate or crenulate, an inch or less
long : scape a span high, 7-15-flowered : pedicels short, rather Crowded : style much shorter
than the ovary, included in the globose white or flesh-colored corolla. — Fl. Dan. t. 55;
Radius, Diss. Pyrol. 15, 1. 1 ; Reichenb. Ic. Germ. xvii. 1. 1155. P. rosea, Smith, Engl. Bot.
t. 2543 ; Radius, 1. c. t. 2. Amelia minor, Alefeld, 1. c. — Cold woods, Labrador, White Moun-
tains of New Hampshire, Lake Superior, Rocky Mountains from New Mexico, Oregon,
and northward to the arctic regions. (Greenland to Kamtschatka.)

§ 2. EuPYROLA. Style straight and long : stigma peltate-5-lobed, large ; the
lobes at length radiately much projecting beyond the ring or border : stamens and
oblong petals equally connivent around the pistil : a pair of tubercles on the base
of each petal : anthers as in the preceding : hypogynous disk 10-lobed. — Pyrola,
Alefeld. Actinocyclus, Klotzsch.

P. secuuda, L. Inclined to be caulescent from a branching base : leaves thin, ovate,
serrulate or crenate, an inch or two long : scape a span long : flowers numerous in a secund
spike-like raceme : pedicels at first merely spreading, in fruit recurved : petals greenisii-
white, campanulate-connivent. — Fl. Dan. t. 402 ; Engl. Bot. t. 517. — Rich woods. North-
em Atlantic States to Labrador, and the mountains of Colorado and California, thence far
northward. (Mex., N. Eu. to Japan.)

Var, pumila, a smaller form, with rounded leaves half inch or little more in diameter,
and 3-8-flowered scape. — J. A. Paine, Cat. PI. Oneida Co., N. Y. ; Gray, Man. ed. 6, 302.—
Peat bogs of elevated regions in Central New York; also Labrador, Alaska, &c. (Green-
land.)

§ 3. ThelXia, Benth. & Hook. Style strongly declined or decurved and
toward the apex more or less curved upward, longer (or becoming longer) than
the concave somewhat campanulate-connivent or partly spreading petals : stigma

Pyrola. ERICACE^. ^*J

much narrower than the truncate and usually excavated apex of the style, which
forms a ring or collar ; its 5 lobes at first very short and even included, in age
commonly protruding, connivent or more or less concreted: stamens declined-
ascending : anthers more or less contracted under the terminal orifices, so as usu-
ally to form a neck or short prolongation, the other extremity with either a promi-
nent or often an obsolete mucro : hypogynous disk none. — Thelaia, Alefeld, 1. c.

* Anomalous, perhaps monstrous : petals and leaves acute : flowers ascending.
P. OXypdtala, C. F. Austin. Leaves ovate, coriaceous, an inch or less in length and
shorter than the petiole : scape 7 or 8 inches high, naked, 7-9-flowered : calyx-lobes tri-
angular-ovate, acute, short: petals greenish, lanceolate-oblong, acuminate (nearly 3 lines
long), campanulate-connivent : stamens slightly declined : anthers remaining extrorse,
obscurely produced at the openings, the other end conspicuously 1-mucronate: style
slightly curved; lobes of the stigma not projecting. — Gray, Man. ed. 5, 302. — Delaware
Co., New York, on a wooded hill near Deposit, C. F. Austin, 1860. Not since found.
* * Leaves orbicular, oval, or oblong : petals from orbicular to oblong, very obtuse.
4- Calj'x-lobes very short and obtuse or rounded, appressed to the greenish-white corolla.
P. chlorantha, Swartz. Leaves small (half to an inch in diameter), orbicular or nearly
so, coriaceous, not shining, shorter than the petiole : scape 4 to 8 inches high, 3-10-flowered :
anther-cells with distinctly beaked tips. — Act. Holm. 1810, 190, t. 6 ; Nutt. Gen. i. 273 •
Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1542 ; Hook. Fl. ii. 46, t. 134. P. asanfolia, Radius, Diss. 23, t. 4 ; Torr!
Fl. N. & M. St. i. 433, not Michx. — Rather dry woods, Labrador to Pennsylvania, Rocky
Mountains in Colorado, California ? to Br. Columbia, and north to subarctic regions.
(Eu., N. Asia ? ) The E. Asian species allied to this is P. renifolia, Maxim.

Var. OCcidentalis. Leaves thinner and inclined to ovate. — P. occidenialis, R. Br. in
herb. Banks ; Don in Wern. Trans, v. 232. Thelaia occidentalis, Alefeld, 1. c. 36, t. 1, f. 6
(excl. stamens, which apparently belong to P. secunda, var. minor ?). — Alaska to Kotzebue's
Sound, Nelson, &c. Rocky Mountains, Bourgeau.
•i— -t— Calyx-lobes ovate and acute, short: leaves membranaceous, longer than their petioles.
P. elliptica, Nutt. Leaves oval or broadly oblong, 1| to 2| inches long, acute or merely
roundish at base, plicately serrulate : scape a span or more high, loosely several-many-
flowered : corolla greenish white : anther-tips hardly at all beaked. — Gen. i. 273 ; Radius,
1. c. t. 5, f . 1 ; Hook. 1. c. 47, t. 135. P. rotundifolia, Michx. in part. Thelaia elliptica, Ale^
feld, 1. c. 47, 1. 1, f . 5. — Rich woods, Canada to Br. Columbia, and through the N. Atlantic
States to the mountains of New Mexico. (Japan.)

•1— -1— -I— Calj-x-lobes from ovate and acute to lanceolate : leaves coriaceous.
P. rotundifolia, L. Leaves generally orbicular or broadly oval, li to 2 inches long,
obscurely crenulate or entire, shining above, mostly shorter than the slender petioles :
scape a span to a foot high, several-many-flowered, scaly -bracteate : bracts lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate : calyx-lobes lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, lax or with spreading tips,
usually half or one third the length of the white or sometimes flesh-colored petals : anthers
with oblong cells contracted into a very short neck under the orifice ; the mucro at base
either short and distinct or obsolete. — Lam. 111. t. 367, f . 1 ; Engl. Bot. t. 213 ; Schk. Handb.
t. 119; Gray, Man. ed. 2, 259, ed. 5, 301. Thelaia rotundifolia, asarifolia, bracteosa, inter-
media, & grandiflora, Alefeld. 1. c. — Sandy or dry woods, from upper Georgia, New Mexico,
and California to the arctic regions. (Eu. to Kamtschatka.) With the following varieties
or forms, all but the last of which pass into each other freely.

Var. incarndta, DC. A rather small form : flowers from flesh-color to rose-purple :
calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate. — Coldwoods and bogs, Northern New England to the
Aleutian Islands.

Var. asarifolia, Hook. Leaves round-reniform, orbicular-subcordate, or inclined to
oblate-orbicular : scape slender : calyx-lobes from ovate-lanceolate to ovate, one third to
one fourth the length of the flesh-colored or rose-colored or rarely white petals. — Fl. ii.
46. P. asarifolia, Michx. Fl. i. 251, in part ; DC. Prodr. vii. 773 (excl. syn. Blgel., Torr.,
Nutt., & Muhl.) ; Gray, Man. ed. 1, 272. — Not uiicommon northward and westward to the
Rocky Mountains.

48 ERICACE^. Pyrola.

Var. tdiginosa, Gray. Calyx-lobes shorter, usually broadly ovate, sometimes ob-
tuse : leaves from subcordate to obovate, generally dull : flowers rose-colored or purple.

— Man. ed. 2, 259. P. uliginosa, Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. 452, t. 69. P. ohovata, Bertol. Misc. iii. 11, t. 2.

— Cold bogs, northward nearly across the continent : distinguished from the preceding with
reddish flowers only by shorter and broader calyx, and leaves seldom with a sinus at base.

Var. bracteata, Gray. Like the preceding forms, but larger: leaves commonly
2 or 3 inches long and thinnish, sometimes variegated with whitisli bands ; scape often a
foot or more high ; the scaly bracts large and conspicuous : anthers (as in all these forms,
but especially in this) distinctly mucronate at base : calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, commonly half the length of the rose-colored or purplish petals. —
Bot. Calif, i. 460. P. bracteata, Hook. 1. c. P. elata &, bracteata, Nutt. 1. c. 270. — Conifer-
ous woods of California to Br. Columbia ; the prevailing or exclusive form.

Var. pumila, Hook. I. c. A remarkable low variety : leaves firm-coriaceous, an
inch or much less in diameter : scape 3 or 4 inches high, 6-10-flowered : flowers propor-
tionally large, white: calyx-lobes oblong-lanceolate or linear-oblong. — P. Qraenlandica,
Horneni. Fl. Dan. t. 1817. P. grandiflora, Radius, I.e. 27, t. 3; Alefeld, I.e. t. 2, f. 12.
P. rotundifoHa, var. grandiflora, DC. 1. c. — Labrador to Mackenzie River along the arctic
coast. (Greenland.)

P. picta, Smith. Leaves firm-coriaceous, dull, commonly veined or blotched with white
above, pale or sometimes purplish beneath (1 to 2\ inches long), from broadly ovate to
spatulate or narrowly oblong, all longer than the petiole ; the margins quite entire, or
rarely remotely denticulate: rootstocks rigid and often branched or clustered: scapes a
span or more high, 7-15-flowered : bracts few and short : calyx-lobes ovate, not half the
length of the greenish-white petals : cells of the anther with a distinct neck or beak below
the orifice. — Rees Cycl. ; Don, 1. c. ; Hook. Fl. ii. 47 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 460. P. dentaia,
Smith, 1. c. ; Hook. 1. c. t. 136 ; a common form with narrow and erect leaves, remotely but
seldom strongly denticulate. Thelaia spathulata, Alefeld, 1. c. — Nootka Sound to California,
and east to Wyoming and S. Utah. In the drier regions often very small-leaved.
* * # Leafless, from deep scal3--toothed branching rootstocks, doubtless parasitic.

"P. aph^lla, Smith. Scapes a span to a foot high, subulate-bracteate, reddish or lurid :
raceme several-many -flowered : calyx-lobes ovate, acute, very much shorter than the ob-
ovate white petals : anthers tubular-beaked under the orifice of the cells : deflexed style
almost straight. — Hook. Fl. ii. 48, t. 137; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. '^Ql. — Thelaia aphylla, Ale-
feld, 1. c. — Coniferous woods, California to Puget Sound. According to Nuttall, there are
sometimes, " on infertile shoots, a few small, ovate or lanceolate, greenish leaves." These
not since seen ; but there is such a form of the preceding species.

28. ALLOTROPA, Torr. & Gray. {AXlorgOTtoc, in another manner, the
flowers not turned to one side as in Monotropa.) — A single species, connecting
the Pyrolece with the MonotropecB.

A. virgata, Torr. & Gray. Herb reddish or whitish, rather fleshy, a span or two high :
simple erect stem thicker at base, there densely and above more sparsely scaly : lower scales
ovate ; upper lanceolate, passing into linear bracts of the virgate many-flowered spike :
flowers 2-bracteolate. — Gray in Pacif . R. Rep. vi. 81, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 368, & Bot. Calif.
i. 461; Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exp. 385. — Under oaks, &c.. Cascade Mountains, Washington
Terr., to the Sierra Nevada, California.

29. PTER6SP0RA, Nutt. Pine-drops. (From nxBQov, wing, and
CTioQii, seed, alluding to the remarkable wing of the seed.) — Capsule becoming
nearly naked in age ; the thin valves persistent after dehiscence, being fixed by
the partitions to the columella, in the manner of Pyrola, &c. Seeds innumerable
(as in the tribe), on the pendulous placentfE ; the nucleus ovoid, with a nearly
close thin coat, apiculate at both ends, the upper apiculation bearing a broad and
hyaline rounded or reniform and reticulated wing, which is many times larger
than the body of the seed. — A single species.

Monotropa. ERICACEAE. 49

P. andromedea, Nutt. A chestnut-colored or purplish lierb, glandular and clammy-
pubescent: simple stem 1 to 3 feet high, bearing small and scattered lanceolate scales:
raceme long and many-flowered : pedicels slender, spreading, soon recurved : corolla white
a quarter mch long, somewhat viscid. — Gen. i. 38(3; Lindl. Coll. t. 5.— Under pines and
oaks, N. W. New England, Canada, and Pennsylvania to Br. Columbia and California:
fl. summer.

30. SARCODES, Torr. Snow-Plant.' (2'«oxoE,fi;;s^ flesh-like or fleshy,
from the appearance of this singular plant.) — Torr. PI. Frem. in Smithson. Con-
trib. iii. 17, t. 10. — A single species.

S. sanguinea, Torr. Stout fleshy herb, a span to a foot high, of flesh-red color,
somewhat glandular-pubescent, thickly clothed and when young imbricated with tlie firm
fleshy scales : lower scales ovate ; upper narrower, more scattered, and above pas&ing into
linear bracts of the thick spike or raceme which subtend and mostly exceed the reddish
flowers: pedicels erect, the upper ones very short : corolla glabrous, half inch long. — PI.
Frem. 1. c. ; Chatin, Anat. t. 55; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 607; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 4fi2.—
California, in coniferous woods of the Sierra Nevada, 4-9,000 feet, shooting up and flower-
ing soon after the snow melts away.

31. SCHWEINlTZIA, Ell. Sweet Pine-sap. (Named in honor of the
late Louis David von Schioeinitz.) — Flowers exhaling the odor of violets, produced
in spring. Anthers in the young flower-bud turned at right angles to the fila-
ment, so that apex and base are directed right and left; in anthesis becoming
vertical. — A single species.

S. odorata, Ell. Plant light brown, in tufts, 2 to 4 inches high, glabrous, beset with
thinnish ovate or oblong scales, and similar bracts, spicately several-flowered : spike nod-
ding in flower, erect in fruit: corolla flesh-color, a quarter inch long.— Ell. in Nutt. Gen.
addend. & Sk. i. 478; Gray, Chloris, 15, t. 2. 5. Caroliniana, Don, Syst. iii. 867. Mono-
tropsis odorata, Schweinitz in Ell. I.e.— Moist woods, Maryland (near Baltimore) to
North Carolina in and near the mountains, parasitic on the roots of herbs or on decaying
vegetable matter.

32. MON6TROPA, L. Indian Pipe, Pine-sap. (M6vog, one, and tQOTiog,
turn, the summit of the stem in flower turned to one side or drooping.) — White,
tawny, or reddish scaly and fleshy herbs, a span or two high ; the clustered stems
rising (in summer) from a thick and matted mass of fibrous rootlets, one-several-
flowered ; the summit of the stem straightening in fruit. — Comprises two very
distinct subgenera, in Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 607 restored as genera.

§ 1. EuMONOTROPA. (LvDiAN PiPE.). Plant inodorous, 1-flowered : scales
passing into an imperfect or irregular calyx of 2 to 4 loose sepals or perhaps
bracts ; the lower ones rather distant from the flower : anthers opening at first by
2 transverse chinks, at length 2-valved ; the valves almost equal and equally
spreading : style short and thick : edge of the stigma naked.

M. uniflora, L. Smooth plant a span or so high, waxy-white (blackish in drying), rarely
flesli-color: nodding flower two-thirds inch long; petals 5, rarely 6. —Lam. 111. t. 352;
Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. t. 86, f. 1 ; Hook. Exot. Fl. t. 85; Torr. Fl. N. Y. t. 71 ; Chatin, Anat!
t. 50. M. uniflora & M. Morisoniana, Michx. Fl. i. 266. M. Morisoni, Pers. (Moris. Hist,
iii. 502 (12), t. 16, f. 5; Pluk. Aim. t. 20.9, f. 2.) — Damp woods, nearly throughout the
U. S., Brit. Amex-, &c. (Mex., Japan to India.)

§ 2. Hypopitys. (Pine-sap.) Plant often violet-scented, commonly pubes-
cent, at least above, racemosely 3-several-flowered : terminal flower, earliest and
usually 5-merous and the lateral 3-4-merous : sepals less bract-like, as many as

4

50 LENNOACE^. Monotropa.

the petals : the latter saccate at base : anthers more reniform ; the cells completely
confluent into one, which opens by very unequal valves, the larger broad and
spreading, the other remaining erect and contracted : style longer : stigma glan-
dular or hairy ou the margin. — Hypopitys, Dill., Scop., &;c.

M. Hsrpopitys, L. A span or at length a foot high, tawnj^ or flesh-colored : scales and
bracts entire or slightly erose : flowers less than half inch long ; the lateral 4-petalous and
8-androus. — Lam. 111. t. 362 ; Fl. Dan. t. 282; Schk. Handb. t. 316; Reiclienb. Ic. Germ.
• t. 1152. M. lanuginosa, Miclix. ; Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. 457, t. 72. Hypopitys lulea. Dill. H. miil-
tijiora, Scop. H. Europaa & H. lanuginosa, Nutt. Gen. i. 271. — Under amentaceous and
coniferous trees, Canada to Florida and Louisiana, west to Oregon and Br. Columbia.
(Mex., Japan to Eu.)
M. fimbriata, Gray. Near a foot in height : obovate-cuneate upper scales and bracts
and spatulate sepals laciniately or erosely fimbriate : lateral flowers commonly 3-petalous
and G-androus. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 629, & Bot. Calif, i. 463. — Cascade Mountains in
Oregon, E. Hall. (Mistaken for Pleuricospora Jimbriolata in Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 394.)

33. PLEUIIIC6SP0RA, Gray. (nXevQinog, at the side, and gtioqcc, seed,
alluding to the parietal placentation.) — A single known species.

P. fimbriolata, Gray. Light brown or whitish plant, with the aspect of ifonotropa Hi/-
popitijs, but stouter, a span high, glabrous or nearly so, clothed with imbricated scales :
lowest scales ovate, firm, entire ; upper passing into the narrower and lanceolate scarious-
margined and lacerate-fringed bracts of the dense and erect cylindraceous spike : corolla
white or whitish, not exceeding the bracts, barely half inch long. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii.
369, & Bot. Calif, i. 463 (not of Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 394, which is Monotropa Jimhriata). —
California, in the Mariposa grove of Sequoia gigantea, Bolander.

34. NEWBERRY A, Torr. (Dedicated to the discoverer, Professor J. S.
Newberry, a geologist and naturalist, much devoted to fossil botany.) — Benth. &
Hook. Gen. ii. GOG. A single species.

N. congesta, Torr. Plant brownish, glabrous, a span high : scales crowded or loosely
imbricated, oval or oblong, thinnish, with obscurely erose margins ; the upper forming
similar bracts of the somewhat depressed head of numerous flowers : corolla hardly half
inch long ; its lobes within and the style hairy. — Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. 55 ; Gray, Bol. Calif,
i. 464. Hemiiomes congestum, Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 81, t. 12 ; char, and figure incorrect as
to the anthers, and the name inapplicable. — Cascade Mountains, in Des Chutes Valley,
S. Oregon, Newberry. Washington Territory, station unknown, George Gibbs.

Order LXXVIII. LENNOACEiE.

Root-parasitic leafless herbs, scaly and fleshy, with much the aspect of Mono-
tropece, but with stamens inserted in or near the throat of the tubular corolla,
and the polymerous ovary peculiar, the cells being at least double the number
of the other parts of the 5-10-merous regular and perfect flower, and uniovulate ;
the fruit drupaceo-polycoccous. Sepals 5 to 10, linear or filiform. Corolla hypo-
gynons, tubular or slightly funnelform, marcescent, 5-8-Iobed, the lobes plicate-
imbricated in the bud. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and alternate with
them: filaments very short: anthers 2-celled, introrse ; the cells opening longi-
tudinally: pollen simple, 3-sulcate. Disk none. Ovary depressed-globose, 12-
28-celled (doubtless of half as many 2-locellate carpels, surrounding a thick axis) :
style slender : stigma crenulate or somewhat lobed. Ovule horizontal, anatropous
or somewhat amphitropous ; the orifice superior. Fruit depressed-globular, with

Ammobroma. DIAPENSIACEiE. 5X

a thin fleshy at length dry epicarp which ruptures transversely, as if circumsclssile,
liberating the ring of numerous seed-like nutlets : these are crustaceous, lenticular,
and separable. Seed with a very thin proper coat: albumen farinaceous and
oily : embryo (according to Solms) minute, globular and undivided, i. e. as in
M>nofrope(Z.—Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 56 ; Solms-Laubach, Abhand. Nat.
Halle, xi. 1-60 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 621.

Lennoa (Corallophyllim, HBK.),the remaining genus of this small and very singular natural
o- (ler, is Mexican, with coralloid branclzing stems, and the stamens in two sets ; the cells of
the anther divergent.

1. PHOLISMA. Flowers sessile and densely spicate. Sepals 6, rarely 6, linear naked
shorter than the corolla; the short lobes of the latter mostly 6, midulate-phcate spread-
l!?^-. Stamens 6 or sometimes 5, in a single row : anthers oblong, the cells paraUel.
Jbruit lo-24-celled.

2. AMMOBROMA. Flowers short-pedicelled, thickly covering the expanded and hol-
lowed receptacle. Sepals mostly 10, filiform, plumose-hairy, pappus-like, equalling the
corolla ; the mostly 6 lobes of wJiich are erect, retuse, hardly plicate. Stamens 6 to 10
in a smgle row. Anthers, pistils, &c., as in PhoUsma.

1. PHOLISMA, Nutt. (From qiolii;, a scale, referring to the scaly stem.)
— Single species.

P. arenarium, Nutt. Herb brownish or reddish, with simple stems, in clumps, a span
or more high, somewliat glandular-puberulent, stout, beset with short and narrow scattered
scales : spike dense, oblong or cylindraceous (an inch or two long) : flowers purplish
(4 lines long), rather longer than the Imear bracts. — Hook. Ic. t. 626; Gray, Bot. Calif .
i. 464. — Sandy soil, Monterey to San Diego, California, Nuttall, &c. Parasitic on the roots
of Eriodicti/on tomentosum, according to D. Cleveland, also apparently upon those of some
Clematis. Flowers produced in spring. Nutlets half a line long, oval. Albumen of the
seed oily. Embryo not seen.

2. AMMOBROMA, Torr. (Formed of aixfiog, sand, and ^nufia, food.) —
Single species.

A. Sonorse, Torr. Root of tortuous fibres : stems simple, 2 to 4 feet long (but mainly
buried in sand), three fourths to an inch and a half in diameter, fleshy, gradually tapering
upward, but at summit dilated into an obconical dilated receptacle of 2 inches in diameter,
f unnelforra inside and lined with the flowers : scales lanceolate, acute, appressed, or on
the receptacle reflexed : corolla purple, 4 lines long : ovary about 20-celled. — Mem. Am.
Acad. V. 327, & Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. viii. 51, 1. 1 ; Gray, Bot. Cahf . i. 464 ; Solms-Lau-
baah, 1. c. t. 1.— Desert sand-hills, Adair Bay, near the head of the Gulf of California,
beyond the limits of the United States, Col. A. B. Gray. Arizona, between Pilot Knob
and Cook's Wells, Schuckard. The plant upon the roots of which it is parasitic is un-
known. The roasted stems are edible and even luscious; they are said to be an important
article of food of the Papigos Indians.

Ordee LXXIX. DIAPENSIACE^.

Low perennial herbs orsuffruticulbse tufted plants, wholly glabrous or nearly so,
with alternate simple leaves, no stipules, regular and symmetrical 5-merous flowers,
except the pistil which is 3-merous and the ovary 3-Celled, stamens adnate to the
corolla or connate with each other, those opposite its lobes when present reduced
to sterile appendages (staminodia), anthers mostly transversely or obliquely de-
hiscent, pollen simple, and capsule and seeds of EricacecB. F'lowers perfect, soli-
tary or racemose. Calyx and corolla imbricated in the bud, hypogynous. or with
slight adnation to base of ovary ; the former persistent, the latter deciduous.

52 DIAPENSIACE.^. Pyxidnnlliera.

Filaments commonly dilated. Style one : stigma 3-lobed, not indusiate. Ovules
indefinite, on projecting axile placentae, anatropous or nearly amphitropous. Cap-
sule coriaceous, loculicidally 3-valved, with or without a persistent columella.
Embryo small and terete in fleshy albumen ; the cotyledons very short. — Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 246; Maxim. Mel. Biol. ix. 18; Benth." & Hook. Gen.
ii. 618. Dlapensiacece, Lindl., as to our Tribe I., with Galacinem, Don, as to
Galax.
Tribe I. DTAPENSIE^. Suffruticulose depressed evergreens, crowded with small

entire and nerveless coriaceous leaves. Sterile filaments or staminodia none : fertile

filaments adnate to the campauulate corolla up to the sinuses: anthers 2-celled.

Capsule with persistent columella bearing the placentae. Calyx conspicuously brac-

teolate, strongly imbricated. Flowers solitary.

1 PYXIDANTHERA. Flowers sessile on short leafy branchlets. Sepals thin-char-
* taceous. Anther-cells "transversely 2-valved, the lower valve cuspidate-pointed. Seeds

globular, amphitropous, with a close pitted coat.

2 DIAPENSIA. Flower (or at least fruit) on a scape-Hke peduncle. Sepals broad and
' coriaceous. Aiither-cells muticous, divergent, obliquely 2-valved. Seeds oval or by

pressure cubical, anatropous, with a nearly close and reticulated coat.

Tribe II. GALACINE^. Acaulescent, with creeping rootstoclcs sending up long-
petioled round-cordate or oblong evergreen leaves, and a scape bearing racemose or
clustered or rarely solitary flowers. Staminodia opposite the lobes of the corolla.
(Besides the following genera are Schizocodon of Japan, near to Shortia, and Ber-
neuxia of Thibet, between the latter and Diapensia.)

3 SHORTIA Calyx strongly imbricated and scaly-bracteolate ; the sepals many-striate.
■ Corolla open'campanulate, 5-iobed ; the lobes undulate-crenate. Stamens distinct : anthers

2-celled; the cells obliquely dehiscent: staminodia small and scale-like, adnate to base of
corolla, incurved over the ovary. Style filiform : stigma obscurely 3-lobed Capsule
globular: partitions borne on the valves and separating from the persistent columella,
which bears the placentae. Seeds globular or ovoid with a close granulate coat.

4 GALAX Calyx rather strongly imbricated, minutely 2-bracteolate, 5-parted ; the oblong
divisions nerveless. Corolla of 5 entire oblong petals, distinct, except that their bases
are adnate to the base of the monadelphous stamen-tube, which is ovate-cyhndraeeous
10-lobed above; the lobes alternate with the petals very short and antheriferous ; those
onnosite the petals (i. e. the staminodia) longer, linear-spatulate petaloid : anthers sub-
Se 'hlckeSed, rounded and granulate on the back ; the pollimferous part mtrorse and
small, somewhat beak-like, one-celled, transversely 2-valyed. Style very short : stigma
obscurely 3-lobed. Capsule ovate; the placentiferous columella at length more or less
3-parted. Seeds angular, with a loose coat tapering upward.

1. PYXIDANTHEBA, Michx. Flowering Moss. (77r^<V, a small box.
and 'drdlpa, anther, the latter opening as by a lid.) — Fl. i. 152, t. 17 ; Gray, Bot.
Text Book, ed. 2, 436, fig. 785-790; Lindl. Veg. Kingd. 606, fig. 410; Hook.
Bot. Mag. t. 4592. — Single species.

P barbulata Michx. A small prostrate and creeping evergreen, leafy throughout,
loosely branching : leaves lanceolate or somewhat narrowed below, subulate-acuminate,
when young pubescent at base, much crowded, a quarter inch long : flowers abundant (in
early spring) closely sessile: corolla white or tinged with rose, open-campanulate ; its
lobes (2 lines' long) cuneate-obovate, retuse and obscurely erose : filaments hgulate. --
DiapeLia cmeifolia, Salisb. Parad. Lond. 105; Pursh, Fl. i. 148. D. barbulata, Ell. Sk.
i. 229. — Pine barrens, mostly in sand, New Jersey and N. Carolina.

2. DIAP^INSIA, L. (Said to be an ancient Greek name of Sanicle, some-
what altered, applied in a wholly meaningless way to the present genus.) —Arctic-
alpine, containing a Himalayan species (Hook. f. Kew. Jour. Bot. ix. t. 12), and
the following.

Galax. PLUMBAGINACE^. 53

D, Lu.pp6nica, L. Plant forming very dense cushion-like tufts, glabrous : leaves im-
bricated on the short shoots, cartilaginous, spatulate (3 to 5 lines long), witli mostly revo-
lute margins: pedmicle at length an inch or two long: sepals and 2 or 3 bractlets oval,
rigid : corolla white, open carapanulate ; the tube (2 lines long) not longer than the calyx,
neai'ly equalled by the rounded lobes : filaments linear. — Fl. Lapp. t. 1 ; Wahl. Fl. Lapp,
t. 9; Fl. Dan. t. 47; Bot. Mag. t. 1108. — Labrador, Alpine summits of White Mountains,
New Hampshire, Mount Mansfield, Vermont, and N. W. arctic coast. (Greenland eastward
to Japan.)

3. SH6RTIA, Torr. & Gray. (Dedicated to the late Dr. Charles W. Short,
of Kentucky.) — Gi'ay in Amer. Jour. Sci. xlii. 48, ser. 2, xlv. 402, & Proc. Am.
Acad. viii. 246 ; Maxim. Mel. Biol. ix. 19 ; Bentli. «fc Hook. Gen. ii. 620. —
Two species, one Japanese, from which the character of the corolla, stamens, &c.,
were drawn by Maximowicz.

S. galacifolia, Torr. & Gray. Rootstocks slender and apparently stoloniferous : leaves
(2 inches wide) orbicular, moderately cordate and retuse, repand-serrate and the teeth
mucronate : peduncles in fruit a span high, not surpassing the long petioled leaves, scaly
bracteate towards the summit: style elongated, persistent. — High mountains of N. Caro-
lina, Michaux. In fruit only.

4. GALAX, L., Sims. (If from ydla, milk, an mimeaning name.) — Linn.
Gen. ed. 5, 93, excluding all the character and the .synonymy; these wholly, of
ViticeUa, Mitchell, which is Hydrophyllum appendiculatum. Anonymos s. Bel-
vedere, Clayt. Virg. ed. 1, 25, with good character, which is wholly omitted by
Gronovius himself, in Fl. Virg. ed. 2, because quite incongruous with the generic
character of Galax by Liungeus. — Single species.

G. aph^Ua, L. Glabrous herb, with reddish creeping and matted rootstocks, sending up
leaves and scape : leaves round-cordate, thickly crenate-dentate, veiny, thin but persistent
over winter, rather shining, 1| to 3 inches broad, long-petioled : scape a foot or two high,
slender and very naked, almost bractless : raceme virgate and spike-like : bractlets minute,
deciduous: flowers numerous, small: corolla 2 lines long, white. — Spec. i. 200 (excl. syn.
Mitch.) ; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 754 (where the true char. gen. first appears with the name) ; DC.
Prodr. vii. 776. Erijthrorkiza rohmdifolia, Michx. Fl. ii. 36. BJanfordia cordata, Andr. Bot.
Rep. t. 343. Soknandria cordifolla, P. de Beauv. ex Vent. Malm. t. 69. — Wooded hillsides
and in mountains, Virginia to Georgia ; fl. early summer.

Order LXXX. PLUMBAGINACE^.

Herbs, occasionally somewhat woody, agreeing with Primulacecs in having the
stamens isomerous with the petals or divisions of the corolla and opposite them ;
the filaments adnate only to their base or completely hypogynous ; the free ovary
one-celled, with a solitary anatropous ovule pendulous on a slender funiculus
which rises from the base of the cell ; styles 5 and distinct or united ; the single
seed with a large and straight embryo surrounded by (or sometimes destitute
of) a sparing mealy albumen. Chiefly affecting saline soil. Leaves alternate,
mostly rosulate. Flowers regular and symmetrical, 5-merous, perfect. Calyx
gamosepalous, costate, plaited at the sinuses, persistent. Corolla with claws^ to
the nearly distinct petals, or these united into a tube, convolute or rarely im-
bricated in the bud. Anthers 2-celled, opening longitudinally. Disk none.
Fruit dry, utricular or akene-like, sometimes dehiscent by a lid or by valves. —
Innocent, with astringent roots or rootstocks.

54 PLUMBAGINACE^. Slallce.

Tribe I. STATICEiE. Calyx with open limb scai-ious, colored, strongly plicate.
Petals (long-unguiculate) and filiform styles distinct or united only below.

1 . STATICE. Flowers cymose-spicate, secund. Styles wholly separate. Leaves flat.

2. ARMERIA. Flowers capitate-glomerate. Styles mostly united at the very base, stig-
matose down the inner side. Leaves usually slender, with no distinction of blade and
petiole.

Tribe II. PLUMBAGINE.3]. Calyx with erect teeth or lobes, and merely scarious
sinuses. Claws of the petals completely united into a tube. Style filiform, 5-cleft
at the apex; the slender lobes stigmatic within.

3. PLUMBAGO. Calyx tubular, beset with glands. Corolla salver-forra with a long tube.
Stamens free from the corolla. Leafy-stemmed.

1. STATICE, Tourn. Sea-Lavender, Maksh-Rosemary. (The ancient
Greek name, referring to the use as an astringent.) — Large genus in the Old
World, very sparingly represented in the New, in N. America only by the section
Limonium, in which the styles are stigmatose down the inside ; the 1-3-flowered
spikelets about 3-bracteate, i.e. 1-bracteate and 2-3-bracteolate ; leaves all radical
and 1 -ribbed. Fl. late summer.

S. Limonitim, L. Root thick and woody, reddish: leaves thickish and rather fleshy,
oblong, spatulate or obovate-lanceolate, tapei'ing into a long or rather long petiole, obtuse
or retuse, and usually mucronate-tipped : scapes a foot or two high, loosely paniculate :
the branches spreading or rather erect : spikelets either crowded or soon rather scattered :
exterior or true bract ovate, herbaceous with scarious margin, much shorter and smaller
than the obtuse or retuse broadly scarious innermost bractlet: flowers lavender-color:
calyx hirsute on the angles below ; the lobes ovate-triangular and acute, and usually a
tooth in each sinus» — In various forms widely distributed over the world, mainly in salt
marshes of the coast. Ours are

Var. Calif ornica. Leaves thinnish, retuse or obtuse and muticous : scape 2 feet or
more high : branches of the ample panicle densely floriferous at the summit, the spikelets
almost imbricated in short cymose spikes : innermost bract only twice the length of the
outermost. — Bot. Calif, i. 466. S. CaUfomica, Boiss. in DC. Prodr. xii. 463. — S. W. Texas
(C. Wright) to California. Resembles dense-flowered European S. Limonium.

Var. Caroliniana, Gray (Man. 313). Inflorescence more paniculate than corym-
bose ; the 1-3-flowered spikelets soon separate or rather distant on the branching slender
spikes : bracts more unequal : calyx-lobes usually very acute or acuminate. — 5. Caro-
liniana, y\^&\t. Car. 118; Bigel. Med. Bot. ii. 51, t. 25; Boiss. I.e. S. Liinmmim,T:orv.Y\.
1. 329, & Fl. N. Y. ii. 17. — Labrador to Texas. The Southern plant thinner-leaved, with
ihucro often obsolete, branches of the spike filiform, and scattered spikelets small,
slender, and only 1-2-flowered : the northern forms with more fleshy veinless leaves, the
mucro conspicuous, flowers and 2-3-flowered spikelets larger, in closer less spreading
spikes; the smaller state nearly approaching the European var. Bahusiensis (S. Bahusiensis,
Fries).
S. Brasili^nsis, Boiss. Leaves oblong, rounded or retuse at the apex, thinnish : scape
(a foot or two high) and spreading branches of the panicle slender: spikelets 1-3-flowercd,
slender, more or less remote in the spreading spikes : bractlets very unequal : flowers white
or whitish: calyx perfectly glabrous; the lobes ovate and acutish. — DC. 1. c. — Coast of
N. Carolina to Florida. (Mex. ? Brazil to Patagonia.)

Var. angustata. Leaves linear or nearly so, tipped with an awn-like mucro, fleshy :
spikelets sparse. — Pine Key, Florida, in a salt marsh, Blodgett. Leaves 2 or 3 inches long
besides the petiole, 2 or 3 lines wide.

2. ARMi&RIA, AVilld. Thrift, Sea Pink. (The monkish Latin Flos
Armerioe, applied to a Pink, and transferred to Thrift). — Low and stemless
herbs, of the Old World, with one variable species widely dispersed in the New
and familiar in cultivation ; the narrow leaves much crowded on the crown or

Plumbago. PLUMBAGINACEiE. 55

short tufted stems, 1-5-nerved, persistent ; scapes simple and naked, terminated
by a compact glomerule of rose-colored or white short-pedicelied flowers, sur-
rounded and subtended by scai-ious bractlets and bracts ; the lower of the latter
empty and forming an involucre, the two lowest extended downward at base into
appendages forming a reverse sheath to the apex of the scape. Calyx more dry
and scarious than in Statice, at base oblique ori decurrent on the pedicel. Dilated
bases of the filaments adnate to the slightly united bases of the petals. Styles
hairy below. Fl. early summer.

A. vulgaris, "Willd. (Common Thrift.) Leaves narrowly linear, flat or flattish, more
or less 1-nerved : scapes a span to a foot high : bracts very obtuse : calyx at base simply
decurrent on the pedicel; the tube 10-nerved, hairy at least on the stronger nerves or
angles ; the lobes blunt or cuspidate. — Statice Armeria, L. Armeria vulgaris, viaritima &
alpina, Willd. Enum. 133. A. Lahradorica, arctica & sanguinolenta, Wallr. Armer. ; Boiss.
in DC. A. andina, Poepp., & var. Californica, Boiss. 1. c. — Through Arctic America to
Labrador on the Atlantic and to California on the Pacific coast ; in various forms, the
Calif ornian tall form recurrmg m Chili and Patagonia. (Eu., N. Asia.)

3. PLUMB AG-O, Tourn. Lead wort. (Latin name, from the lead-colored
flowers of some species.) — Herbs, or rather woody plants, some of them sarmen-
tose, and cult, in conservatories for the handsome Phlox-like blossoms, leafy ;
leaves with the sessile base or that of petiole commonly auriculate-clasping ; the
flowers in a terminal spike. Calyx valvate and corolla convolute in the bud.
Glands of the calyx stipitate. — Species mainly tropical.
P. soandens, L. Suffrutescent, decumbent or climbing, much branched: branches

sulcate-striate': leaves ovate-lanceolate, not auricled at base: calyx with 5 hooked teeth:

corolla white. —Boiss. in~ DC. Prodr. xii. 692. P. Floridana, Nutt. in Am. Jour. Sci. v. 290.

— S. Florida : perhaps introduced from W. Ind. (Trop. Amer.)

C-iDER LXXXI. PRIMULACE^.

Herbs, with simple leaves, regular and symmetrical perfect flowers, remarkable
for having the stamens of the same number as the lobes of the corolla and opposite
them (inserted on the tube or base), and a 1 -celled ovary surmounted by an un-
divided style and stigma, and containing few or numerous (mostly amphitropous)
ovules, sessile on a free central placenta. Calyx and corolla hypogynous, except
in Samolus, in which they cohere below with the base of the ovary. But Glaux,
with a partly colored calyx, is apetalous and the stamens perigynous ; Coris (which
belongs to the Old World) has irregular calyx and corolla ; and rudiments of a
second series of stamen's (staminodia) appear in Samolus and Steironema. Sub-
mersed leaves pinnately divided, and the ovules anatropous in Hottonia. Flowers
4-8-merous, commonly 5-merous. Calyx usually persistent, and the lobes im-
bricated in the bud. Anthers introrse. Fruit capsular. Seeds with copious
fleshy albumen and a small straight embryo.
Tribe I. HOTTONIE^E. Ovary wholly free : ovules fixed by the base, anatropous.

Aquatic : immersed leaves pectinate.
1 HOTTONIA. • Corolla short-salverform ; limb 5-parted, the lobes imbricated in the

" bud. Capsule globular, more or less 5-valved, many-seeded. Flowers verticillate and

racemose.

Tribe II. PRIMULE^. (PrmuZece & Xr/smac/uecE, Benth. & Hook.) Ovary wholly
free : ovules fixed by the middle, amphitropous or half-anatropous.

56 PRIMULACE^.

* Scapigerous or tufted : flowers chiefly 5-merou8, umbellate or solitary : capsule dehis-

cent (at least at the apex) by valves: lobes of the corolla imbricated (or sometimes
partly convolute) in the bud.

•i— Stamens exserted, connivent in a cone, monadelplious.

2. DODECATHEON. Corolla 5-parted with very short tube, and dilated thickened
throat; the long and narrow divisions (with the calyx-lobes in flower) reflexed. Stamens
inserted on the throat of the corolla : filaments short and flat, monadelphous (but sepa-
rable above in age) : anthers lanceolate or linear. Style fihform, exserted : stigma small.
Placenta columnar, many-seeded.

•i— -h- Stamens included, distinct, with short filaments and short and blunt anthers : corolla
salverform or f unnelform.

3. PRIMULA. Corolla with tube surpassing or at least equalling the calyx, and spreading
mostly obcordate or eraarginate lobes. Style filiform. Capsule many-seeded. Leaves all
radical.

4. DOUGL ASIA. Corolla with tube equalling or surpassing the calyx, somewhat inflated
above ; tlie throat more or less contracted and 5-formicate beneath the sinuses ; lobes
entire. Style filiform. Ovary 5-ovuled. Capsule tm-binate, 1-2-seeded. Leaves im-
bricated or crowded on tufted stems.

5. ANDROSACE. Corolla short ; its tube shorter than the calyx ; the throat constricted.
Style mostly short. Ovules and seeds numerous or few. Flowers small.

* * Leafy-stemmed : corolla rotate or somewhat so, and the divisions convolute or some-

times involute in the bud, in Glaux none : leaves entire.

-1— Capsule dehiscent vertically by valves or irregularly, mostly globose.

6. TRIENTALIS. Flowers 7-merous (rarely 5-6- or 8-merous. Corolla completely rotate,
without a tube, deeply parted ; the divisions convolute in the bud, ovate to lanceolate and
pointed. Filaments long and filiform, united at their insertion into a very short ring :
anthers linear, recurving when old. Style filiform. Leaves clustered at the summit of the
simple stem.

7. STEIRONEMA. Flowers 5-merous. Corolla rotate, with no proper tube, deeply parted,
and the sinuses rounded ; the divisions ovate, cuspidate-pointed, erose-denticulate above, each
separately involute or convolute around its stamen ! Filaments distinct or nearly so on the
ring at the base of the corolla : anthers linear and arcuate in age, nearly as in Trientalis:
sterile filaments (staminodia) 5, interposed between the fertilje ones, subulate. Capsule
10-20-seeded. Flowers nodding on the slender peduncles. Leaves opposite, destitute of
dots. Calyx valvate in the bud. v "-

8. LYSIMACHIA. Flowers 5-merous (or casually 6-7-merous). > Corolla rotate (or short
funnelform in some foreign species) ; the divisions entire, convolute in the bud. Filaments
more commonly monadelphous at base : anthers oblong or oval. No statninodia or ves-
tige of sterile stamens. Capsule few-several-seeded. Herbage commonly glandular-dotted.
Stems leafy throughout. Calyx lightly imbricated or valvate in the bud.

9. GLAUX. Flowers 5-merous. Corolla none. Calyx with 5 petaloid lobes, which are
imbricated in the bud and equal the campanulate tube. Stamens on the base of calyx,
alternate with its lobes : filaments slender : anthers cordate-ovate. Style filiform : stigma
capitate. Capsule 5-valved at apex, few-seeded. Leafy throughout : leaves mainly oppo-
site : nearly sessile flowers solitary in the axils.

+_ ^_ Globose capsule circumscissile, the top falling off as a lid : seeds numerous.

10. ANAGALLIS. Corolla completely rotate, 5-parted; tlie rounded lobes convolute in
the bud, exceeding the 5-parted calyx. Stamens on the base of the corolla : filaments
bearded or pubescent : anthers broadly oblong. .

1 1. CENTUNCULUS. Corolla with a globular tube and a 4-5-lobed limb, shorter than
the calyx ; lobes acute. Stamens on the tube of the corolla : filaments short and subulate,
beardless : anthers ovate or cordate.

Tribe III. SAMOLE^. Ovary connate at base with the base of the calyx : ovules
as in the preceding tribe.

12. SAMOLUS. Flowers 5-merous. Corolla perigynous, nearly campanulate ; the rounded
lobes imbricated in the bud. Fertile stamens 5, on the tube of the corolla, with short
filaments and cordate anthers. Staminodia or sterile filaments 5 in the sinuses of the
corolla, or in one species wanting. Style short or slender : stigma obtuse or capitate.
Capsule ovate or globular, 5-valved at the apex, many-seeded. Caulescent, alternate-
leaved, with racemose flowers.

Dodecatheon. PRIMULACE.E. 57

1. H0TT6NIA, L. Featherfoil. (In memory of Prof. Peter Hotton of
Leyden.) — Rooting, often floating, glabrous, branching, with air-bearing fistulous
stems and peduncles. Sepals linear. Corolla white. Filaments short. Stigma
capitate. Capsule membranaceous. Flowers dimorphous in the manner of
Primula in the European species, the earlier cleistogamous in the following.

H. inJBlata, Ell. Leafy stems and especially the internodes of the emersed flowering ones
or peduncles much inflated (the latter often as thick as fingers) : proper leaves dissected
, into long and numerous filiform divisions ; whorled bracts linear or spatulate, entire, a
quarter incli long, mostly exceeding the pedicels : corolla only a line or two long, with
short lobes as well as tube, not equalling the calyx ; the throat open : style short. — Sk.
i. 231 ; Nutt. Gen. i. 120. H. palustris, Pursh, &c., not L. — Shallow water, Massachusetts
to Louisiana : fl. summer.

2. DODECATHEON, L. Shooting Star, Amer. Cowslip. (Fan-
ciful name, from Sco'fisxa and Oeoi., twelve gods ; the specific name of the original
and, as we suppose, the only species commemorates Dr. Richard Mead, and was
given as generic by Catesby.) — Flowers, few or numerous in an umbel, termi-
nating a naked scape, in late spring or summer, handsome, resembling the solitary
flower of Cyclame7i: corolla from pink-purple to white. Calyx erect in fruit,
enclosing the lower part of the ovoid or fusiform crustaceous capsule.

D. Meadia, L. Perennial herb, with fibrous roots: leaves crowded on a thickish crown,
generally spatulate-oblong or oblanceolate and entire or nearly so, sometimes repand,
obtuse, below tapering into more or less of a margined petiole, in the typical or Atlantic
form 3 to 9 inches long ; while the scape is from a span to 2 feet higli ; and the flowers
from few to many in the umbel : bracts of the involucre linear or subulate, small : pedicels
slender and nodding with the flowers, erect in fruit. (Flower rarely 4-merous.) — ilfeacfta,
Catesb. Car. iii. t. 1 ; Ehret, PI. Sel. t. 12. D. Meadia & D. integrifoUum, Michx. Fl. i. 123.
D. integrifoUiun, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3622. Dianthus Car oUnianus, Walt. Car. 140. —The
Atlantic plant, in moist and sliaded grounds, Michigan and Penn., and through the upper
country to Georgia, thence to Arkansas and Texas. Westward the species extends to
California and Behring Straits, under very various forms and varieties, which may be
generally classified as follows (after Bot. Calif, i. 467) ; the Pacific forms generally having
shorter or blunter anthers than the Atlantic or typical D. Meadia, L.

Var. brevifoliiun. Leaves from obovate or ovate to broadly spatulate, half inch to
an inch and a half long, abruptly contracted into a petiole ; scape 3 to 12 inches high, few-
many-flowered : capsule seldom exceeding the minutely glandular calyx. — D. ellipticum,
Nutt. ex Durand, PI. Pratt, in Jour. Acad. Philad. n. ser. ii. 95. D. integri/olium, Benth. PI.
Hartw. 322. — Common in W. California. Forms nearly answering to this, or larger-leaved,
occur in Arkansas, Kentucky, and Pennsylvania.

Var. lancifolium. Leaves oblanceolate or elongated-spatulate, 3 to 10 inches long,
the short margined petiole included, quite entire, mucronate : pedicels and calyx commonly
minutely glandular ; lobes of the latter lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, nearly equalling
the short-ovoid cajisule. — D. Jaffrayi of the English gardens. — Wet mountain meadows
of California, especially in the Sierra Nevada.

Var. alpiniini. Like diminutive forms of the preceding, with shorter as well as
smaller leaves (half inch to an inch and a half long) : scape 2 to 10 inches long, 1-4-
flowered : pedicels and calyx glabrous. — High Sierra Nevada to the Rocky Mountains.

Var. macrocarpum. A large and stout form, emulating the conmion Atlantic
plant: leaves thickish (rarely laciniate-toothed), tapering gradually into a rather short
petiole : capsule oblong or even fusiform, 6 to 9 lines long, about double the length of the
narrow calyx-lobes. — W. California to Alaska.

Var. frigidum. Leaves from obovate to oblong, very obtuse, mostly entire, an inch
or two in length, with short or long and slender petiole : scape a span or two high, few-
several-flowered : lobes of the calyx longer than the tube, from broadly lanceolate to
almost ovate, shorter than the oblong capsule. — Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5871; Wats. Bot.

58 PRIMULACE.E. Primula.

King, 214. D.frigidum, Cham. & Schlecht. in Linn. i. 217; Seem. Bot. Herald, 38, t. 9.—
Behring Straits (both sides and islands) to the Rocky Mountains and high Sierras.
■ Var. latilobuun. Leaves thin, ovate or oval, repand or. undulate-toothed, long-
petioled : scape a span to a foot high, 1-several-flowered : calyx-lobes ovate or triangular-
ovate, not longer than the tube, about half the length of the oblong capsule. — Var. frigi-
dum, Watson, I.e., in part. D.dentatum, Hook. Fl. ii. 1191 —Cascade Mountains, British
Columbia or Washington Terr, to Wahsatch Mountains, Utah.

3. PRiMULA, L. Primrose. (Late Latin, from primula verts, the first
in spring, i. e. to blossom.) — Plowers in some species, but not in others, dimor-
phous, i.e. in different individuals either with elongated style and low-inserted
stamens, or with short included style and stamens inserted high in the throat,
so that the tips of the anthers show in the orifice of the corolla. Few N. Amer-
ican species of this large Old World genus, and none of the True Primrose or
Cowslip set, with thin rugose-veiny leaves. All perennials, chiefly with fibrous
roots from a short crown : ours glabrous or nearly so.

* Flowers small; the tube of the salverform corolla not over 2 or 3 lines long and little surpassing
the calyx ; lobes obcordate ; throat with more or less of a callous dug or processes. Species
passing into each other, probably reducible to two.

P. farinosa, L. More or less white mealy on the leaves, calyx, &c., at least when young :
leaves from cuneate-lanceolate to obovate-oblong or spatulate, denticulate, an inch or less
long, tapering into a short margined petiole : scape 3 to 9 inches high : umbel few-several-
flowered, close : pedicels seldom equalling the flower, sometimes very short : corolla from
flesh-color to lilac, with yellowish eye ; the lobes cuneate-obcordate, rather distant at base,
2 or 3 lines long. Varies with mealiness sparing or deciduous. — Fl. Dan. 1. 125; Curt.
Lond. ii. 21 ; Engl. Bot. t. 6. P. Scotica, Hook, in Curt. Lond. iv. 1. 133 ; Engl. Bot. t. 2608,
form with almost capitate umbel. — Labrador, Nova Scotia and Maine, Lake Superior,
Rocky Mountains from Colorado northward, through Arctic America. (Antarctic Amer.,
Eu., N. Asia.)

P. Mistassinica, Michx. Green, without mealiness or with mere traces of it, small
and slender : leaves half inch long, with or without a short petiole, spatulate or obovate,
repand or toothed : scape 2 to 5 inches high, 1-8-flowered : lobes of the flesh-colored corolla
from broadly to narrowly obcordate, 1^ or 2 lines long. — Fl. i. 124; Pursh, Fl. i. 137;
Lehm. Prim. 63, t. 7 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2973 ; Gray, Man. 314. P. stricta, Hornem. Fl.
Dan. 1. 1385. P. Hornemanmana, Lehm. 1. c. 55. P. pusilla. Hook, in Edinb. Phil. Jour. vi.
322, t. 11, Exot. Fl. t. 68, & Bot. Mag. t. 3030; Sweet, Br. Fl. Card. ser. 2, t. 5. — Wet
banks and shores, N. New England and New York to Lake Superior and N. Rocky Moun-
tains to the Arctic Sea. (Greenland, N. Eu.)

P. borealis, Duby. Between the preceding and the next : very slender : leaves nearly
of the latter, but only 3 to 5 lines long : scape 1-5-flowered : lobes of the purple corolla
obhmg, barely 2 lines long, deeply notched. — DC. Prodr. viii. 43 ; Herder in Radde, iv.
114. — Alaska and Islands to Kotzebue's Sound, &c. (Greenland, being apparently P.
Eqalikcensis, Hornem. Fl. Dan. 1. 1511.)

P. Sibirica, Jacq. Green, not at all mealy : leaves round-ovate, oval, or obovate, entire
or nearly so, a quarter to a full inch long, slender-petioled : scape a span higii, few-
flowered : bracts of the involucre almost spur-like at base : lobes of the lilac-colored
corolla broadly and usually deeply obcordate, 3 to 5 lines long ; the throat broadened. —
Misc. i. 161 ; Lehm. Prim. t. 5 ; Hook. Fl. ii. 121, & Bot. Mag. t. 3167, 3445 ; Trautv. Iraag.
Fl. Ross. t. 30, mainly. P. integrifolia, Gunner, ex Oed. Fl. Dan. t. 188, not L. — P. Fin-
markica, Jacq. 1. c. ; Fries, Sum. Scand. 198.— Arctic Amer. (Richardson) to the high N.W.
coast and islands. (Greenland to Kamtschatka.)

* * Flowers larger: tube of the corolla from 3 to 6 lines long, the throat open and unappendaged.
-)— Leaves entire or merely denticulate, clustered on the short erect subterranean crown.

P. angUStifolia, Torr. Small: scape 1 -flowered, one or two inches higli, equalling the
lanceolate-spatulate obtuse entire short-petioled leaves : involucre of one or two minute
bracts : lobes of the Ulac-purple corolla obovate, emarginate (3 or 4 lines long) ; the tube

Douglasia. PRIMULACEiE. 59

hardly exceeding the narrow teeth of the oblong calyx. — Ann. Lye. N. Y. i. 34, t. 3, & ii.
235. — Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado and New Mexico, James, &c.

P. Parryi, Gray. Large, sometimes obscurely puberulent: leaves rather succulent,
spatulate-oblong or oblanceolate, 4 to 12 inches long, often denticulate : scape a span to a
foot high, 5-12-flowered ; bracts of the involucre subulate, much shorter than most of the
pedicels: calyx ovoid-campanulate, glandular, commonly reddish; the lanceolate-subulate
lobes as long as the tube, rather longer than the ovoid capsule : corolla crimson-purple
with yellow eye ; the round-obovate lobes (about 5 lines long) emarginate or obcordate ;
the tube not exceeding the calyx. — Amer. Jour. Sci. scr. 2, xxxiv. 257 ; Watson, Bot. King,
213; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6185. — Margins of alpine brooks, through the higher Rocky
Mountains of Colorado {Parry, &c.), to those of Nevada and Arizona. The most showy
species.

P nivalis, Pall. Resembles the preceding, but funs into much smaller forms : leaves
from one to 6 inches long, thickish, either entire or closely denticulate : umbel 2-10-
flowered : bracts of the involucre ovate-subulate : pedicels usually short : calyx-lobes
oblong or broadly lanceolate, shorter than the oblong capsule : corolla lilac-purple ; the
lobes oblong or oval, entire (3 or 4 lines long) ; the tube fuunelforra and surpassing the
calyx. — " It. appx. t. G, f . 2," ex Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iii. 10 ; Cham. & Schlecht. in Linn,
i. 215; Hook. & Am. Bot. Beech. 129. — Unalaschka to Behriiig Straits and St. Paul's
Island ; chiefly the small form, var. pumila, Ledeb. 1. c. (N. Asia.)

•1— -f— Leaves more or less cuneate. coarsely toothed around the apex or sometimes laciniate, of firm
and thickish texture: bracts of the involucre subulate: pedicels and deeply cleft calyx obscurely
glandular.

P. CUneifolia, Ledeb. Leaves all rosulate-clustered on the thick short crown, obovatc-
cuneate, coarsely laciniate-toothed (3 to 12 lines long), mostly narrowed at base into a long
and slender petiole : scape 2 to 4 inches high, 1-several-flowered : corolla purple ; the lobes
deeply 2-cleft (3 to 5 or even 6 lines long), as long as the funnelform tube. -^ Mem. Acad.
Petersb. (1814) v. 522, & Fl. Ross. I.e. P. saxlfragoefoUa, Lehm. Prim. 89, t. 9; Cham. &
Schlecht. I.e. — Aleutian Islands to Behring Straits. (N. E. Asia.)

P. sufirutescens, Gray. Leaves thickly crowded on ligneous-fleshy and tufted creep-
ing stems or rootstocks (of a span or so in length), thick, cuneate-spatulate, 5-7-toothed at
summit, long-attenuate below into a margined petiole : scape 2 to 4 inches long, several-
flowered : corolla red-purple ; the lobes (three lines long) obovate and emarginate or slightly
obcordate, about equalling the tube. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 370^ & Bot. Calif, i. 468. —
Crevices of rocks, alpine region of the Sierra Nevada, California.

4. DOUGL Asia, Llndl. (Named for David Douglas, of Scotland, an inde-
fatigable explorer of N. W. Amer. Botany.) — Depressed and tufted little herbs;
the stems branching or proliferous, suffrutescent, or at least persistent ; the leaves
small, linear, imbricated or rosulate on the branches, or some of them scattered
and alternate. Flowers solitary or somewhat umbellate, small. — Lindl. in
Brande Jour. Sci. 1827 (not 1828 as generally cited), 383, & Bot. Reg. t. 1886;
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 371; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 632. Aretia, Gaud.,
Koch, &c., not L. Gregoria, Duby, Bot. Gall. 1828, 583, & DC. Prodr. viii. 45,
as to No. 1, namely the D. Vitaliana, of Europe, which has yellow flowers: iu
ours they are rose-purple.

* Flowers umbellate-clustered from the uppermost ro.sulate tuft of leaves: tube of the corolla
longer than the calyx.

D. nivalis, Lindl. Canescent with fine close pubescence, 3 or 4 inches high, repeatedly
3-4-chotomous : leaves nearly all in proliferous rosulate tufts, not ciliate, ratlier obtuse,
3 to 6 lines long: lobes of the corolla oval, shorter than the tube, 2 lines long. — Bot. Reg.
t. 1886. Androsace linearis, Graham in Edinb. Phil. Jour. July, 1829. — Rocky Mountains,
in lat. 52°, &c., at 12,000 feet, Douglas.

D. drctica, Hook. Glabrous : leaves ciliate with short and simple hairs. — Fl. ii. 120. D.
nivalis, var. glabra, Duby, in DC. 1. c. 47. — Arctic seashore between the Mackenzie and the
Coppermine, Richardson.

60 PRIMULACE.^. Douglasia.

* * Flowers solitary terminating the leafy slioots : tube of the corolla barely equalling the calyx :
leaves more or lessimbricated in the manner of D. Vitaliaha.

D. montana, Gray. Pulvinate-cespitose, an inch or two high, nearly glabrous : leaves
subulate, minutely somewhat ciliate, 2 lines long, somewhat interruptedly imbricate-clus-
tered : pedicel not longer than the flower, 1-2-bracteolate near the calyx : corolla-lobes
cuueate-obovate, 2 lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 371. — Rocky Mountains around
Helena City, Montana, M. A. Brown. Owl Creek Mts., Wyoming, J. D. Putnam.

5. ANDROSACE, Tourn. (Ancient Greek name of some sea-plant or
zoophyte, curiously transferred to these little plants of the mountains.) — Small
annuals or perennials, of various habit, numerous in species in the Old World,
few in the colder regions of the New : fl. summer.

* Perennials, proliferously branched at base and cespitose : leaves rosulate-imbricated at the base
of the many-flowered scapes : capsule usually few-seeded : umbel several-flowered.

A. Chamaejasme, Host. Leaves in more or less open rosulate tufts, from lanceolate
to oblong-spatulate or ovate, carinate-1-nerved (.3 to 6 lines long), at least their margins
with the scape (1 to 3 inches high) and somewhat capitate umbel villous with many-jointed
hairs : corolla white with yellowish eye (3 or 4 lines in diameter). — Koch, Syn. ed. 2,671 ;
Hook. Fl. ii. 119. A. carinata, Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. i. 30, t. 1; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard.
ser. 2, 1. 106. A. villosa, var. lati/oUa, Ledeb. Fl. Alt. ; Herder, Bot. Radde, iii. 118. Indeed
it may pass into A. villosa, L. — Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains from Colorado
northward to the arctic coast, Behring Straits and islands. (N. E. Asia to Eu.)

* * Annuals, acaulescent, with slender root, an open rosulate circle of leaves, and naked scapes,
bearing an involucrate few-many-flowered umbel: capsule many-seeded : corolla white, small.

■i— Calyx-tube obpyraniidal in fruit, whitish with conspicuous green teeth, which uiostlj' surpass

the capsule.

A. occidentalis, Pursh. Minutely pubescent, not over 3 inches high : radical leaves

• and those of the conspicuous involucre oblong-ovate or spatulate, entire, sessile : scapes
diffuse': bracts of tbe involucre ovate or oblong: lobes of the calyx triangular-lanceolate:
oblong or deltoid, as long as the tube, still longer in fruit, foliaceous : lobes of the corolla
oblong, shorter than the calyx. — Fl. i. 137 ; Nutt. Gen. i. 118. — Banks of the Missouri
from the mountains down to St. Louis, and extending down the Mississippi, and into Illi-
nois : also Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico.

A. septentrionalis, L. Almost glabrous : leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, nar-
rowed at base (often into a sort of winged petiole), from irregularly denticulate to laciniate-
toothed : scapes erect, usually numerous, 2 to 10 inches high : bracts of the small involucre
subulate : umbel several-many-flowered : pedicels filiform, mostly long : lobes of the calyx
mostly shorter than the tube, rather shorter than the obovate lobes of the corolla, from
triangular to subulate-lanceolate, acute. — Lam. 111. t. 98, f. 2; Fl. Dan. t. 7 ; Bot. Mag.
t. 2021. A. elongata, Richards., not L. A. linearis, Graham in Edinb. Phil. Jour. 1829'? —
Rocky Mountains, both high alpine (and small), and at much lower elevations. New Mexico
and Nevada to tlie arctic sea coast : also N. W. coast. (Kamtschatka to Eu. )

Var. subulifera. Lobes of the calyx slender-subulate, as long as the tube, surpass-
ing the corolla. — Rocky Mountains near Boulder City, Colorado, H. G. French. San
Bernardino, California, Pnrry & Lemmon.

H— -t— ' Calyx-tube hemispherical in fruit ; the short teeth barely greenish and rather shorter than
the globularcapsule.

A. filiformis, Retz. Glabrous: leaves, scapes (1 to 4 inches high), and pedicels nearly
as in the preceding or more capillary : flowers less than a line and globose capsule only a
line long: calyx-teeth broadly triangular, shorter than the very small corolla. — Obs. ii.
10; DC. Prodr. viii. 53; Reichenb. Ic. Germ. xvii. t. 69 ; Gray, in Proc. Acad. Pliilad. 1863,
70. — Rocky Mountains, from Colorado and Utah to Wyoming. (N. Asia.)

6. TRIENTALIS, L. Star-flower, Chickweed-WinterCxUeen.
(Latin, for the third of a foot high.) — Low and glabrous perennials ; the simple
st,em, from filiform rootstock somewhat tuberous-thickened at apex, bearing scat-

Steironema. PRIMULACEiE. 61

tered small scales or small leaves below, and a cluster or apparent whorl of larger
leaves at summit ; these veiny, entire or obscurely serrulate, nearly sessile.
Peduncles filiform in some of the upper axils, one-flowered, in spring. Sepals
slender, linear-lanceolate, united only at base. Corolla white or pinkish. Capsule
with about 5 re volute valves. Seeds few, rather large, covered with a white cel-
lular-reticulated pellicle, remaining for some time fast on the placenta in a globular
mass. — The following are all the known species.

T. Americana, Pursh. Stem very naked below, unequally 5-9-lea\'ed at summit, a
span high : leaves lanceolate, acumiaate at both ends : divisions of the white corolla finely
acuminate. — Bart. FI. Am. Sept. ii. t. 47. T. Europcea, Michx. T. Europcen, \a,r. Ameri-
cana, Pers., & var. angustifoUa, Torr. Fl. 1. 383. — Damp woods, from Labrador to the Sas-
katchewan and the mountains of Virginia.
T. Europeea, L. Stem either naked or with a few scattered leaves below the cluster of
obovate or lanceolate-oblong obtuse or abruptly somewhat pointed leaves : divisions of the
white or pink corolla abruptly acuminate or mucronate. — Alaska, &c. (Eu. to N. E. Asia.)
Var. arctica, Ledeb. Very like small specimens of the Old World plant, 2 to 4
inches high, with obtuse or retuse leaves, the larger barely an inch long, and gradually
decreasing ones down tlie upper part of the stem : corolla wliite. — T. arctica:, Fischer in
Hook. Fl. ii. 121. T. Europaa,C\\&m. Si, Sclilecht. — Mountains of Oregon to Aleutian
Islands and Behring Straits.

Var. latif olia, Torr. Stem naked below in the manner of T. Americana ; the whorl
or cluster of 4 to 7 oblong-obovate or oval mostly acute leaves (1| to 4 inches long), rarely
proliferous: corolla from white to rose-red. — Pacif. R. Exp. iv. 118; Gray, Bot. Calif,
i. 469. T. latifolia, Hook. 1. c. — Woods, W". California to Vancouver's Island.

7. STEIRONl&MA, Raf. (From orehog, sterile, and vrj^a, thread, refer-
ring to the presence of staminodia alternating with the 'fertile stamens.) —
Leafy-stemmed perennials, glabrous except the ciliate petioles, destitute of glands
or dots ; the leaves all opposite, but mostly in seeming whorls (in the manner of
Tnentalis) on the flowering branches ; the slender peduncles as in Trientalis ; so
also the corolla except that it is yellow. Filaments and bottom of the corolla
granulose-glandular. Fl. summer. — Raf. in Ann. Gen. Phys. Bruxelles, vii. (1820)
192; Baudo in Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 2, xx. 346; Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. xii.
62. Lysimachia § Seleucia, Bigel. Bost. ed. 2, 74. Lysimachia § Steironema, Gray,
Man. ed. 1, 283.

* Leaves membranaceous, pinnately veined even when linear, at least the lower ones petioled:
corolla sulphur-yellow.

S. ciliatuxa, Raf. Stem erect, 2 to 4 feet high, mostly simple : leaves ovate-lanceolate
or oblong-ovate, gradually acuminate (5 to 2 inches long), and mostly with rounded or
subcordate base, minutely ciliate ; the long petioles hirsutely ciliate : corolla exceeding the
calyx, about three quarters inch in diameter. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. I.e. Lysimachia
ciliata, L. ; Engl. Bot. t. 2922, & ed. Syme, 1. 1543 ; Reichenb. Ic. Germ. xvii. 1. 1086. L. quad-
rifolia, var., L. Syst. & Mant. — Low grounds and thickets, Nova Scotia to Georgia, and
west to Br. Columbia and New Mexico. (Sparingly nat. in Eu.)

S. radicans, Gray. Stem slender and branching, soon reclined, the weak long branches
often rooting in the mud : leaves smaller than in the foregoing, especially on the branches,
not at all cordate, not ciliate, the margined petioles slightly so : calyx-lobes broader (ovate-
lanceolate) and equalling the corolla, which is only a third of an inch in diameter. — Liysj-
machia radicans. Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 177. — Swamps, W. Virginia to Arkansas and
Louisiana.

S. lanceolatum, Gray. Stems erect, a foot or two high, simple or paniculately branched,
"somewhat angled : leaves lanceolate or linear, an inch or two long, tapering into a short
and margined ciliate petiole or attenuated base ; the radical and sometimes lowest cauhne
from oblong to orbicular, small: corolla about two thirds inch in diameter; its divisions

62 PRIMULACE^. Steironema.

conspicuously erose and cuspidate-acuminate, slightly exceeding the lanceolate calyx-
lobes. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. S. heterophijlla, Mni. I.e. 5. ./?oriWa, Baudo, 1. c, chiefly. Ann-
(jallis lutea, &c., Pluk. Aim. t. 333, f. 1. Lysimachia lanceolata, Walt. Car. 92. L. hyhrida &
heterophyUa, Michx. Fi. i. 126. L. ciliaia, var., Chapm. Fl. 280. L. decipiens, Bertoloni,
Amcrn. — Low grounds and thickets, western parts of Canada to Florida, and Nebraska
to Louisiana. Polymorphous ; the extremes in the following varieties, the first of which
verges to the two preceding species.

Var. h^bridum. Cauline leaves mostly petioled, from oblong to broadly linear. —
Lysimachia lanceolata, var. hyhrida, Graj', 1. c. L. hyhrida, Michx. 1. c. L. heterophyUa, Ell.,
Nutt., &c. — Commoner northward and westward.

Var. angustifolium. Stems more branched, a span to 2 feet high : cauline leaves
linear, acute at both ends, more sessile, a line or two broad. — L. angustifoUa, Lam. 111.
i. 440, not Michx. L. heterophyUa, Michx. 1. c. L. quadrijlora, Ell., hardly of Bot. Mag. —
The more marked form mainly southward.

* * Leaves of firmer texture and nearly veinless, mainly sessile : corolla deeper 3'ellow.
S. longifolium, Gray, 1. c. Glabrous : stems simple or very sparingly branched, slender,
quadrangular, a foot or more high : cauline leaves all narrowly linear and sessile, mostly
obtuse (2 to 4 inches long, 1| to 2| lines wide), lucid, the midrib prominent beneath, the
margins narrowly revolute : corolla three fourths inch wide ; the divisions somewhat ob-
' ovate, longer than the calyx. — S. longifolia 1 & S. revoluta, Raf . 1. c. Lysimachia quadrijlora,
Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 600, inappropriate name. L. longifolia, Pursh, Fl. i. 135 (at least chiefly) ;
Duby in DC. 1. c. (excl. habitat Carol.) ; Gray, Man. ed. 2, 273 ; Torr. Fl. N. Y. ii. 10. L.
revoluta, Nutt. Gen. I.e. L. angustifoUa, Gray, Man. ed. 1, not Lam. — Banks of streams,
Lake Winnipeg to Niagara, and Wisconsin to W. Virginia ; apparently not farther south..

8. LYSIMACHIA, Tourn. Loosestrife. (Inhonoroi King Lysimachus,
or from Xvoig, release from, [Aa/j], strife.) — A genus of wide distribution, but
very few species in America, and these rather polymorphous. Ours are perennials ;
fl. summer.

§ 1. Lysimachia proper. Corolla yellow, strictly rotate, and deeply parted,
with hardly any tube, and no teeth between the lobes : stamens more or less mon-
adelphous at Ijase, often unequal in length: leaves opposite or verticillate, or
some abnormally alternate.

# Flowers (middle-sized) in a tenninal and naked thyrsoid panicle: corolla destitute of dots and
colored streaks : ovules rather numerous.

L. Fraseri, Duby. Almost glabrous: stem 3 to 5 feet high, sulcate-angled : leaves in
whorls of 3 or 4, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acutely acuminate (3 to 5 inches long), more
or less reddish-dotted, mostly acute at base, very short-petioled ; tlie upper smaller and
commonly only opposite: panicle many -flowered, minutely glandular: bracts small and
subulate : divisions of the calyx linear-lanceolate, valvate in the bud, margined by a nai--
row reddish line, moderately shorter than the obovate obtuse divisions of the, corolla:
glandular filaments somewhat unequal, united into a cup at base: anthers narrowly
oblong, arcuate in age. — DC. Prodr. vii. 65. L. lanceolata, Pursh, Fl. ii. 729, ex char., not
Walt. — S. Carolina (Catesby in herb. Sherard, and Fraser in herb. DC); Columbus,
Georgia, Boykin ; Lookout Mountain, Tennessee, Dr. Allen. A striking and rare species,
of the L. vulgaris section, most related to L. Dahurica of N. E. Asia.

* * Flowers (small) in a virgate terminal raceme or in the upper axils : stem erect: leaves punc-
tate with pellucid and at length dark-colored dots: corolla dark-dotted or streaked; the divisions
longer than the narrow lanceolate sepals : filaments conspicuously monadelphous at base and
glandular, unequal: anthers barely oblong: capsule 1-5-seeded, sometimes 10-i5-ovuled. —
Tndynifi, Raf. I. c. L. § Cassandra, Bigel. 1. c.

L. quadrifolia, L. Stem a foot or two high, simple, leafy throughout, somewhat pubes-
cent : leaves in whorls of 4, sometimes of 3, 5, or 6, rarely only in pairs or partly scattered,
oblong-lanceolate or the lower ovate, more or less acuminate (1 to 3 inches long), equal,
and with flowers on filiform pedicels from most of the upper axils, or sometimes the upper
reduced to f oliaceous bracts and the flowers loosely racemose : divisions of the corolla

Anagallis. PRIMULACEiE. 63

ovate-oblong (2 lines long) : ovules 10 to 18. — L. Spec. i. 147 (not of Syst. Veg., where it is
confounded with L. ciliata, L.) ; Lam. 111. t. 101, f. 2. L. lutea, &c., Pluk. Amalth. t. 48,
f. 3. L. punctata, Walt. L. hirsuta, Michx. — Sandy or gravelly soil, New Brunswick and
Canada to Wisconsin and Georgia.

L. asperulaef olia, Poir. A foot or more high, mostly glabrous : leaves in whorls of 3
or 4, or some opposite, ovate-lanceolate from a broad closely sessile base, 3-5-ribbed, glau-
cous beneath, an inch or so in length ; the upper reduced to bracts of a small leafy-bracted
raceme : pedicels not longer tlian the flowers : divisions of the corolla lanceolate, 3 or 4
lines long. — Diet. Suppl. iii. 477 (wrongly said to come from Egypt) ; Duby in DC. I.e.
L. Herhemonti, Ell. Sk. i. 232; Chapm. 1. c — Pine woods, N. Carolina to Georgia.

L. striata, Ait. A foot or two high, glabrous, soon branched, very leafy ; the axils
bearing fascicles of small leaves or sometimes torose bulblets : leaves opposite and occa-
sionally alternate, lanceolate, acute at both ends, nearly veinless; the upper mostly
abruptly reduced to linear or subulate bracts of a long and closely many-flowered virgate
raceme : pedicels filiform, longer than the flowers : divisions of the corolla lanceolate or
oblong, 3 lines long. — Hort. Kew. ed. 1, i. 199. L. vulgaris, Walt. Car. 92. L. racemosa,
Lam.; Michx. Fl. i. 128. L. hulbifera, Curt. Bot. Mag. t. 104. Viscum terrestre, L. Spec!
ii. 1023, bulbiferous and flowerless. — Wet ground, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan and
Upper Georgia.

Var. producta, Gray, with a long and loose foliaceous-bracted raceme, gradually
passing into ordinary leaves subtending filiform pedicels : flowers rather larger. — L. race-
mosa, Michx. 1. c. (.herb.), in part. —New York and Michigan.

Var. angustifolia, Chapm. Leaves all narrowly lanceolate and linear, a line or
two broad : raceme rather few flowered. — L. angustifolia, Michx. 1. c. L. Loomisii, Torr. in
Croom, Cat. PI. Newbern, 46. — Low country, N. Carolina to Georgia.

* * * Flowers (rather large), solitary in the axils of ordinary leaves: corolla not dark-dotted nor
streaked : filaments slightly monadelphous at base.

L. nummulAria, L. (Moneywort.) Glabrous: stems prostrate and creeping: leaves
orbicular, short-petioled : sepals cordate-ovate, valvate and reduplicate in the bud, nearly
equalling the corolla. Sparingly naturalized, escaped from gardens into moist grounds
in N. Atlantic States. (Eu.)

§ 2. Naumburgia. Corolla with hardly any tube deeply 5- (or even 6-7-)
parted into linear divisions (light yellow and somewhat purplish-dotted), and with
a small tooth interposed in each sinus : filaments distinct, slender, equal : leaves
opposite, those at the base of the stem reduced to scales. — Naumburgia, Moench.
Thyrsanthiis, Schrank.

L. thyrsiflora, L. Glabrous or becoming so : stem a foot or two lugh from a slender
rootstock, naked below : leaves lanceolate, sessile : peduncles only from 2 or 3 pairs of
lower axils, much shorter than the leaf, bearing several or numerous small flowers in a
dense head or oblong spike: capsule glandular-dotted, few-seeded. — Engl. Bot. t. 176;
Fl. Dan. t. 517. L. capitata, Pursh, Fl. i. 135. — Wet bogs, Pennsylvania to Canada and
northward, thence west to Oregon and Alaska. (Eu. to Japan.)

9. G-LiAUX, Tourn. Sea-Milkwort. {From yXav-xog, sea-green.) — Single
species. Flowers dimorphous as to reciprocal length of filaments and style.

G. IQaritima, L. A somewhat succulent little herb, glabrous and glaucous or pale,
perennial b}' slender running rootstocks : stems a span or less higji, erect or spreading,
very leafy : leaves from oval to oblong-linear, a quarter to half inch long, entire, sessile :
calyx-lobes oval, purplish or white. — Salt marshes along both sea-coasts, from New Eng-
land and from California northward ; also in the interior west of the Mississippi, in sub-
saline soil: fl. summer. (Eu., Asia.)

10. ANAG-ALLIS, Tourn. Pimpernf.l. (Ancient Greek name, prob-
ably from dva, again, and aydllo), to delight in.) — Low herbs, mainly annuals
and of the Old World, one indigenous to Chili, one widely naturalized round the

64 PRIMULACE.E. Anagallis.

world : flowers on slender pedicels from the axils of the entire leaves, middle-
sized or small, in summer.

A. ARVENSis, L. Annual, glabrous : stems spreading : leaves ovate, sessile (half to a full
inch long, mostly shorter than the pedicels), opposite, in threes, or sometimes the uppermost
alternate: calyx-lobes narrow, nearly equalling the red, purple, or blue (rarely white)
corolla; the divisions of which are minutely denticulate or glandular-ciliate.— Waste
grounds, especially in sandy soil, naturalized both on the Atlantic and Pacific coast. (Eu.,
Asia, Afr.) '

11. CENTtyNCULUS, Dill. Chaffweed. (The meaning obscure.) —
Very small glabrous annuals, with mainly alternate leaves, and solitary incon-
spicuous flowers in their axils, in summer.

C. minimus, L. Stems ascending, 2 to 6 inches long, slender : leaves ovate, obovate, or
in ours often spatulate-oblong, contracted or tapering at base (2 or 3 lines long), all but
the lowest sessile: flowers nearly or quite sessile in the axils, 4-merous, sometimes 5-
merous: calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate, fully equalling the capsule. — Fl. Dan. 1. 177 ;
Reichenb. Ic. Germ. xvii. 1082 ; Fl. Bras. Prim. t. 23. C. lanceolatus, Michx. Fl. i. 93. — Low
grounds, Illinois to Florida and Texas (wanting in N. E. States), and west to Oregon.
(Eu., S. Amer.)

12. SAMOLiUS, Tovmi. Brookweed, Water-Pimpehnkl. (Celtic, name,
according to Piiny, the meaning unexplained.) — Low and glabrous herbs ; with
alternate entire leaves, and small white flowers in simple or panicled racemes ;
in summer. One species cosmopolite ; most of the others in the southern hemi-
sphere. Ours either annual or perennial, with fibrous roots.

S. Valerandi, L. Stems erect or ascending, branching from the base, leafy up to the
raceme: leaves obovate, thinnish ; the lower tapering into a petiole : pedicels ascending,
bracteate, 1-bracteolate near the middle : calyx adherent to the middle of the ovary and
capsule ; the lobes ovate, half the length of the short-campanulate corolla ; this only a
line long, the sinuses bearing inflcxed sterile filaments. — Engl. Bot. t. 703.— Near Philadel-
phia, &c. ; introduced in ballast. (Eu., Afr., Asia.)

Var. Americanus, Gray. More branched with age, becoming slender and diffuse,
with elongating and loose paniculate racemes of mostly smaller flowers on more filiform
and spreading pedicels : capsules sometimes one-half smaller. — Man. ed. 2, 274, &c. S.JIo-
ribundiis, HBK. ; Gray, Man. ed. 1, fee — Wet places, especially along brooks, N. Canada
to Florida, Texas, Oregon, and California. (Mex., S. Amer.)

S- ebracteatus, HBK. Leafy stems short : leaves fleshy, obovate, spatulate, or oblong-
oblanceolate, the lower tapering into a winged petiole and decurrent: racemes long-
peduncled or as if on a scape (a span or two high) : pedicels without bract or bractlet :
calyx almost 5-parted, adherent only to the base of the ovary and capsule : corolla oblong-
campanulate (about 2 lines long), with tube longer than the lobes : sterile filaments none.
— Nov. Gen. & Spec. ii. 22.3, t. 129; Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. u. 236; Chapm. Fl. 282. S.
longipes, Hook, ex Shuttleworth in Bot. Zeit. 1845, 222. Samodia ebracteata, Baudo in Ann.
Sci. Nat. ser. 2, xx. 350. — Saline and brackish soil, Florida to Texas and Upper Arkansas.
(Mex., W. Ind.)

Order LXXXIT. MYRSINACEiE.

Shrubs or trees, with the floral characters of PrimulacecB, i. e. stamens of the
number of the petals or corolla-lobes and opposite them, undivided style and
stigrna, and a one-celled ovary with a free central placenta, bearing few or
numerous peltate amphitropous ovules. These are generally immersed in the
placenta, and only one usually matures into a seed. This is globose, with a thin

Ardisia. MYRSINACE^. 65

coat, and a copious cartilaginous albumen. The fruit is pea-shaped, usually dry-
drupaceous, never capsular. Leaves simple, mostly alternate, without stipules,
commonly marked with some immersed dots or short lines, containing at first
pellucid but at length dark resinous matter ; these also appearing in the flower,
especially in the corolla. (There are similar dots or lines in Lysimachia, of the
preceding order.) No milky juice. Flowers small and the corolla short, rotate
or campanulate. — A tropical order, sparingly reaching the southern borders of
the United States.

Tribe I. MYRSINE^. Calyx perfectly free. No staminodia. Ovules usually im-
mersed in the fleshy placenta, only one maturing into a seed which fiJls the cavity
of the fruit.

^ ■ .^YRSINE. Flowers mostly polygamo-dioecious, in axillary or lateral fascicles. Corolla
4-5-parted, imbricated in the bud. Anthers short and usually blunt.

2, ARDISIA. Flowers in panicles, either terminal or from the upper axils. Corolla rotate,
&- (rarely 4-6-) parted ; the lobes convolute in the bud, or sometimes one wholly exterior.
Anthers lanceolate-sagittate, pointed; the cells dehiscent from the apex downward.

Tribe II. THEOPHRASTE.E. Calyx perfectly free. Staminodia or sterile sta-
mens in the throat at the sinuses of the corolia. Ovules numerous, not immersed
in the placenta, maturing few or numerous seeds.

3. JACQUINIA. Calyx 5-cleft, with lobes rounded and much imbricated. Corolla short-
saiverform or campanulate ; lobes rounded, imbricated in the bud : a rounded petaloid
appendage (representing a sterile stamen of the outer series) in each sinus. Stamens 5
inserted low down on the tube of the corolla : filaments subulate : anthers oblong or
ovate, extrorsely dehiscent. Fruit ovoid or globose, leathery, pointed with the base of
the style. Seeds few, imbedded in the mucilage of the placenta. Embryo with ovate
cotyledons and slender radicle.

1. MYRSlNE, L. (An ancient Greek name of Myrtle.) — Shrubs or
trees ; with glabrous coriaceous leaves, small whitish flowers, and small dry berry-
like fruits.

M. Rapanea, Roem. «& Schlilt. Shrub or small tree : leaves thickish (2 inches or
more long), oblong-obovate, obtuse or retuse, entire, narrowed at base into a short petiole:
flowers sessUe or nearly so in numerous small sessile clusters ; the cluster in age raised
on a short scaly-imbricated axis or spur: flowers 5-merous : drupe 2 lines in diameter,
obscurely pedicelled. — Syst. iv. 509 (following indication of 11. Br. Prodr.) ; A.DC. Prodr.
viii. 97 ; Miq. in Fl. Bras. ix. 307, t. 50-52. M.floribundn, Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 393. M. Flo-
ndana, A.DC. I. c. ; Chapm. Fl. 277. Rapanea Guyanensis, Aubl. Guian. i. 121, t. 46 ; the
large and tropical form. Samara floribunda, Willd. Sp. i. 665. — Florida Kevs Blodaett
Hassler. (W. Ind. to S. Brazil.) ^ '

2. ARDf SIA, Swartz. (From aQdig, the point of a thing, referring to the
pointed anthers, which are often connivent around the acute style, forming a
prominent cusp in the centre of the flower.)— A large and wide-spread tropical
genus, with white or rose-colored corolla, and white, red, or blue berry-like fruits.
Our only species differs from the most of the genus in having the corolla-lobes
sinistrorsely overlapping, instead of the contrary direction, or occasionally with
one lobe wholly outside and one inside, as often happens in this gestivation.

A. Pickeringia, Torr. & Gray. Shrub 5 to 9 feet high, glabrous : leaves from ob-
ovate to lanceolate-oblong, glaucescent, entire (2 to 4 inches long), contracted at base into
a petiole : panicle broad, many-flowered : lobes of the corolla oval, soon reflcxed, com-
monly dark-lined, 2 lines long: style filiform: fruit as large as peas. —A.DC. I.e. 124;
Chapm. Fl. 277. Cyrilla paniculata, Nutt. in Amer. Jour. Sci. v. 290. Pickerinrjia panicu-
lata, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 1. — E. Florida. (Mex. & W. Ind.)

6

66 MYRSINACEiE;. Jacqulnia.

3. JACQUf NIA, L. (In honor of Nicolas Joseph Jacquin.) — Tropical
American trees or shrubs ; with thick coriaceous entire leaves, and white or yellow
flowers in terminal or axillary racemes, corymbs or fascicles.

J. armillaris, L. Glabrous : leaves cuneate-spatulate or obovate-oblong, obtuse or rctuse,
sometimes mucronulate, nearly veinless, the margins somewhat revolute : flowers racemose
or rather corymbose, white. — Jacq. Amer. 53, t. 39 ; Miq. in Fl. Bras. ix. t. 27. — E. Florida
and Key West on the coast : perhaps introduced. (W. Ind., S. Amer.)

J. pungens, Gray. Shrub 8 to 12 feet high, glabrous, or the branchlets puberulent :
leaves crowded, very rigid, some imperfectly verticillate, linear-lanceolate, veinless,
minutely punctate beneath, with revolute margins, and tipped with a long pungent cusp :
flowers few or solitary at the end of the branchlets, short-pedicelled : corolhi orange : fruit
globose, half to three fourths inch in diameter. — PI. Thurb. in Mem. Am. Acad. v. 325.
— Mountains near Ures (Thurber), and elsewhere in Sonora, N. W. Mexico (Palmer);
probably reaching the borders of Arizona, but not received from within our limits. Related
to J. ruscifolia.

Order LXXXIII. SAPOTACE^.

Shrubs or trees, with perfect flowers, agreeing with the foregoing order in
having fertile stamens of the same number as the (proj^er) lobes of the corolla
and opposite them, and inserted on its tube, in the short corolla, undivided style
and stigma; differing in the few-several-celled ovary with solitary anatropous
or amphitropous ovules, and a comparatively large seed with a crustaceous or
bony testa (containing a large straight embryo with or without albumen), with
broad and flat or sometimes fleshy -thickened cotyledons ; and the juice in most is
milky. Flowers regular and small, in axillary clusters. Calyx free, of 4 to 7
distinct sepals, which are strongly imbricated. Corolla hypogynous, 4-7-cleft,
and the lobes imbricated in the bud, often with as many or twice .as many acces-
sory internal lobes or appendages borne on the throat. Staminodia (answering
to series of stamens) commonly present, alternate with the true corolla-lobes and
sometimes in the form of sterile filaments, or squamiform, or petaloid. Filaments
of fertile stamens subulate or filiform, generally short : anthers oftener extrorse ;
the cell opening longitudinally. Fruit baccate, commonly by abortion 1 -celled
and 1 -seeded; when several-seeded, the bony seeds are laterally flattened and dis-
posed in a ring around a thickened axis. Leaves alternate, simple and entire,
pinnately veined, mostly coriaceous : stipules small and caducous or none. Pubes-
cence when present silky or tomentose, composed of malpighiaceous or stellate
hairs. — Tropical or subtropical, except our species of Bumelia. Fleshy fruit
of some edible. Juice of certain trees of the order yields gutta-percha. Seed
albuminous in all ours excepting Bumelia.

* Calyx simple, i. e. of mostly 5 sepals in a single series, but strongly imbricated.
-1— No internal appendages to the corolla and no staminodia.

1. CHRYSOPHYLLUM. Corolla bearing 5 stamens, otherwise naked within. Ovary
5-10-celled. Seeds 1 to 10, attached by an elongated hilum.

H- -t- Staminodia one in each sinus of the corolla, but no other internal appendages or
divisions.

2. SIDEROXYLON. Staminodia more or less unlike and smaller than the lobes of the
corolla. Ovary 2-5-celled. Berry drupe-like, usually 1-seeded.

-1— -1— -1— Both staminodia and appendages or accessory lobes of the corolla present and
petaloid ; the latter one to each side of the proper corolla-lobes (or these 3-parted),
therefore geminate in the sinuses outside of the staminodia : flowers white : anthers

Bumelia. SAPOTACE^E. 67

extrorse, versatile : fruit cherry-like, with thin pulp, containing a mostly solitary erect
seed (from a 5-ovuled ovary) ; the scar small and basilar or nearly so.

3. DIPHOLIS. Petaloid staminodia mostly erosely or fimbriately toothed. Seed with
copious albumen; the embryo in its axis with flat cotyledons.

4. BUMELIA. Petaloid staminodia entire or denticulate. Seed destitute of albumen ;
the cotyledons very thick and fleshy, commonly consolidated.

# * Calyx double, of 6 or 8 sepals in two series : the outer almost valvate and enclosing
the inner and thinner.

5. MIMUSOPS. Corolla of 6 or more exterior proper lobes, and twice as many similar
appendages, a pair in each sinus outside of a thin scale-like or petaloid staminodium.
Anthers sagittate, extrorse. Ovary 6-8-ceIled. Fruit baccate, maturing one or few seeds.

1. CHRYSOPHYLLUM, L. Star-apple. (Formed of pfpf^Oi,', gold,
and (pvXlov, leaf, from the golden sheen of the lower face of the leaves.) — Hand-
some trees of tropical regions ; with the leaves in the commoner species green
and glabrous above, and beneath resplendent with a golden or copper-colored
silky pubescence, traversed by fine and close parallel transverse veins : flowers
small in axillary fascicles: fruit fleshy and commonly edible.

C. Cainito, L., the common Star-apple of the W. Indies, if spontaneous in Florida, is
doubtless an introduced tree. It has an 8-10-crenate stigma and an 8-10-celled large and
globose edible fruit, as large as an apple ; the foliage undistinguishable from the following.

C. oliviforme, Lam. Small tree: leaves oval; the lower face (also young shoots,
pedicels, and calyx) silky-tomentose and shining with the copper-colored or golden pubes-
cence : corolla white ; its tube' seldom exceeding the calyx ; stigma 5-crenate : fruit ovoid-
oblong, 1-seeded, blackish when ripe, insipid. — Diet. i. 552; Descourt. Fl. Ant. ii. t. 71 ;
Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 398. C. monopyrenum, Swartz ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3303 ; Mict. in Fl.
Bras. vii. 94. — S. Florida and Key West, Blodgett, Chapman. ( W. Ind.)

2. SIDEROXYLON, L. (Composed of aidt]Qog, iron, and ^vXov, wood,
from the hardness of the latter.) — A wide-spread tropical genus, of which a
single W. Indian species has reached Florida.

S. mastichodendron, Jacq. (Mastic-tree.) Bather large tree, glabrous: leaves
thinnish, oval, with undulate margins, rounded or bluntish at apex, acutish at base, shining
above (2 to 4 inches long), on slender (inch long) petioles : flowers crowded in lateral or
axillary fascicles much shorter than the petioles : calyx barely puberulent, half the length
of the 5-parted yellow corolla : staminodia lanceolate, with a subulate tip, nearly entire :
ovary glabrous, 5-celled : fruit plum-like, 1-seeded, "yellow." — Coll. ii. t. 17, f. 5 (Catesb.
Car. ii. t. 75) ; Gaertn. f. Carp. Suppl. 125, t. 202 ; A.DC. Prodr. viii. 181. S. pallidum,
Spreng. ; A.DC. 1. c. ; Chapm. Fl. 274. Bumelia pallida, Swartz. B.fcetidissima, Nutt. Sylv.
ill. 39, t. 94. — Key West (Blodgett) and Charlotte Harbor, Florida. (W. Ind.)

3. DIPHOLIS, a. DC. (Formed of dig, double, and q)oXig, scale, from the
pair of appendages in the sinuses of the corolla.) — Three W. Indian species,
with the aspect and seeds of Sideroxylon, one of them extending to Southern
Florida.

D. salicifolia, A. DC. Tree 60 feet high : leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, gla-
iDrous, tapering into a petiole: flowers in axillary fascicles : short pedicels and calyx rusty
silky-pubescent : staminsdia oval, erose-toothed, as long as the linear or subulate exterior
appendages : anthers oblong : fruit the size of a pea. —Prodr. 1. c. 188, & Deless. Ic. v. 40
(corolla-lobes and appendages too much fringe-toothed) ; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 401 ; Miq. in
Fl. Bras. vii. t. 18. Achras salicifolia, L. Bumelia salicifolia, Swartz. — Keys of S. Florida,
Blodgett. (W. Ind.)

4. BUMlfiLIA, Swartz. (Ancient Greek name of a kind of Ash, unmean-
ingly transferred to this genus.) — Shrubs or small trees (of Atlantic U. S. and

68 SAPOTACE^. Bumelia.

tropical America) ; with very hard wood, small white flowers fascicled in the axils

of the leaves, in summer, and a black cherry -like fruit. Axils often spiny :

therefore in S. States popularly called Buckthorn. Leaves in ours mostly

deciduous, and staminodia nearly as large as the proper corolla-lobes.

# Pedicels, calyx, and lower face of the leaves clothed with silky or somewhat tomentose pubes-
cence; the upper face of the leaves finely venulose-reticulated': pedicels longer than the short
petioles : fruit 4 or 5 lines long, oval.

B. tenax, "Willd. Shrub or small tree, 12 to 30 feet high, with divergent branches :
pubescence silky and close-pressed, yellowish or at first whitish, shining: leaves from
oblanceolate or spatulate to cuneate-obovate, obtuse (1^ to 2\ inches long) : fascicles very
many-flowered: staminodia ovate. — Willd. Spec. i. 1085; Nutt. Sylv. iii. 39, t. 92.
B. chrysophylloides, Pursh, Fl. 1. 155. B. reclinata, Chapm. Fl. 275? Sideroxylon tenax,
L. Mant. 48. S. sericeum, Walt. Car. 100. S. chrysophylloides, Michx. Fl. 1. 123. Chryso-
phyllum Carolinense, Jacq. Obs. iii. t. 54. — Sandy soil, coast of N. Carolina to Georgia.

B. lanuginosa, Pers. Shrub or tree, sometimes even 40 feet high, less spiny ; the
pubescence looser, more tomentos^, and not shining : leaves from oblong-obovate to
cuneate-obovate : fascicles 6-18-flowered : staminodia obscurely denticulate : otherwise in
the most eastern forms very like the foregoing ; in the western with paler or sparser down
to the leaves, or this partially deciduous in age so as to approach the next. — Syn. i. 237 ;
Pursh, 1. c. B. tomentosa, lanuginosa, & ohlongifolia (Nutt. Gen.), A.DC. 1. c. B. oblongifolia
& B.ferruginea, Nutt. Sylv. 1. c. 33. B. Texana, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Pliilad. 1862. Sider-
oxylon tenax? Walt. 1. c. 5. lanuginosum, Michx. Fl. i. 122. — Woods, Georgia and Florida
to Texas, S. W. Illinois, and Missouri ; the western form being B. ohlongifolia, Nuttall.

Var. macrocarpa. Low and depressed : leaves less than an inch long, glabrate
with age : " fruit edible, as large as a small date." — B. macrocarpa, Nutt. Sylv. 1. c. — Sand
.hills of the Altamaha, Georgia, Nuttall. To be rediscovered.

* * Pedicels and calyx glabrous, and leaves nearlj' or quite so throughout.
++ Leaves finely venulose-reticulated, rather thin.

B. lycioides, Gaertn. Shrub or low tree : leaves from oblanceolate to obovate-oblong
and on vigorous shoots ovate-lanceolate (1^ to 6 inches long), reticulated; the primary
veins numerous, prominent, and obliquely transverse ; the lower face not rarely whitish-
pubescent when young : fascicles very many-flowered, about the length of the petioles :
staminodia ovate, obscurely denticulate: fruit short-ovoid, 3 to 5 lines long. — Gaertn. f.
Carp. Suppl. 3. 127, t. 120 ; Loud. Arb. 1. 1016 ; Nutt. Sylv. 1. c. t. 91. Sideroxylon lycioides,
L. (excl. hab.) ; Michx. 1. c. S. decandrum, L. Mant. 48 ?. S. lave, Walt. 1. c. — Thickets, in
low grounds, coast of Virginia and Illinois to Florida and Texas. Staminodia (as large as
proper lobes of the corolla) sornetimes with a pair of minute scales at their base. — Smaller-
leaved forms in Florida and Louisiana pass into

Var. reclinata. Spreading or depressed shrub : leaves half inch to an inch or more
in length, oblong with more or less cuneate base : branches very spiny. — B. reclinata,
Vent. Choix. t. 22. Sideroxylon reclinatum, Michx. Fl. i. 122. — St. Mary's River, S. E.
Georgia (Michaux), and E. Florida, Garber, &c.

-h- -i— Leaves thicker, coriaceous, less veiny; veinlets obscurely if at all reticulated.

B. cuneata, Swartz. Shrub or small tree, glabrous : leaves from spatulate or linear-
oblanceolate to broadly obovate-cuneate, very obtuse (half to an inch and a half long),
rather fleshy; the veins inconspicuous and strongly ascending: fascicles few-many-
flowered : lanceolate appendages to the corolla and the ovate-lanceolate staminodia nearly
equalling the proper lobes, acute, denticulate : fruit oblong-oval) edible, 6 to 9 lines long ;
the seed oblong. — Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 496 ; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 401 (but "berry obovoid-glo-
bose"). B. myrsinifolia, A.DC. L c. 192. B. parvifolia, (A.DC. I.e.?) Chapm. Fl. 275.
B. angustifolia, Nutt. Sylv. iii. 38. t. 93. B. reclinata, Torr. Mex. Boimd. 109. — S. Florida
from Key West to Tampa Bay; lower part of the Rio Grande, Texas. (W. Ind., Mex.)

5. MIMUSOPS, L. (Formed of p/iw, an ape, and nxpig, appearance, but
the likeness is not apparent.) — Trees of the tropics; with coriaceous- leaves,
having slender and inconspicuous transverse veins and minutely reticulated vein-

Diospyros. EBENACE^. 69

lets, pedicels in axillary fascicles, corolla immersed or nearly so in the double

calyx, and a plum-like edible fruit.

M. Sieberi, A. DC. Tree 30 feet high: leaves elliptical-oblong or inclining to obovate,
retuse, glabrous and green both sides (2 to 4 mches long), slender-petioled; midrib stout :
fascicles several-flowered : corolla whitish, 6-parted ; its slender appendages 12 : staminodia
short, triangular, nearly entire : fruit the size of a pigeon's egg, brownish or yellowish
when ripe, pleasant. — Prodr. viii. 204 ; Chapm. Fl. 275. M. dissecta, Griseb. 1. c, as to
W. Ind. pi. Achras mammosa, Sieber, Coll., not L. A. ZapotiUa, var. parviflora, Nutt. Sylv.
ill. 28, t. 90. — Key West, Plorida, Bhdgett, Palmer. Said to be common ; probably indi-
genous. (W. Ind.)
Achras Sapota, L., the Sappadilla or Naseberrt of the West Indies and Central

America (for a variety of which Nuttall mistook the above tree), appears not to have

reached Florida.

Order LXXXIV. EBENACE^.

Trees or shrubs, with limpid juice, alternate entire leaves, and dioecious or
polygamous (rarely completely hermaphrodite) regular flowers ; the staminate
with at least twice or thrice as many stamens as there are lobes to the short gamo-
petalous hypogynous corolla (usually convolute in the bud), and inserted on its
tube or base, their anthers introrse ; the pistillate flowers mostly with some im-
perfect stamens; the several-celled ovary with one or two anatropous ovules
suspended from the summit of each cell ; the fruit a berry, maturing one or more
large and bony-coated seeds. These have a cartilaginous albumen, and a rather
small straight embryo, with foliaceous cotyledons and a mostly slender radicle.
Calyx persistent, often foliaceous and accrescent. Filaments short. Hypogynous
disk wanting. Styles as many or h^ilf as many as the cells of the ovary, 2 to 8,
distinct or partly united : stigmas sometimes 2-parted. Stipules none. Flowers
axillary, articulated with the pedicels. Wood very hard ; that of several species
of Diospyros furnishes ebony. — Hiern, Mon. Eben. in Trans. Cambr. Phil. Soc. '
xii, part i. — A small order, of warm regions, nearly two thirds of the species
belonging to the following genus.

1. DIOSPYROS, L. Date-Plum, Persimmon. (z/io?, nvQ6<i, Jove's
grain.) — Calyx 4-5-lobed, enlarging under the fruit. Corolla campanulate, short-
salverform or urceolate. Ovary 4-1 2-celled ; a pair of ovules in each cell. Berry
maturing only 4 to 8 oblong bony flattened seeds. Flowers essentially dioecious';
but the fertile flowers (commonly solitary in the axils) may have sterile stamens
more or less polliniferous ; the sterile flowers much smaller, usually racemose or
clustered, and with more numerous stamens. — A large genus, widely dispersed,
but the greater portion Asiatic : fruit edible.

D. Virginiana, L. (Comimon Persimmon.) Tree 20 to 70 feet high, with a rough bark :
leaves thickish-membranaceous, more or less pubescent when young, commonly soon
glabrate, oval (2 to 5 inches long) : sterile flowers in tlirees : calyx 4-parted : corolla
4-lobed, greenish-yellow, thickish, glabrous: stamens 16, in pairs, somewhat pubescent;
the sterile ones of the fertile flowers 8 : styles 4, 2-lobed at apex : ovary 8-celled, nearly
glabrous : fruit plum-like, an inch in diameter, excessively astringent when green, yellow
when ripe, and when frosted sweet and luscious. — Gaertn. f. Carp. Suppl. t. 207 ; Michx.
f. Sylv. ii. t. 93 (Catesb. Car. ii. t. 76). D. concolor, Moench. D. pubescens, Pursli, Fl.
i. 265 (var. microcarpa, Raf. Med. FL). — Woods and fields, Rhode Island ? and New York
near the coast, also from Ohio to Iowa, and south to Florida and Louisiana : fl. early
summer : fr. Oct. (Too near the N. Asiatic D. Lotus, L.)

70 EBENACE^. Diospyros.

D. Texana, Scheele. (Mexican Persimmon.) Shrub or tree 10 to 29 feet high, widely
much branched, with smooth bark and heavy white wood : leaves cuneate-oblong or ob-
ovate, rounded at apex, often retuse (an inch or two long), almost sessile, tomentose, as
also the branchlets : flowers silky-tomentose outside ; sterile few in a fascicle : calyx 5-6-
parted : stamens 16 to 20 in two ranks, glabrous ; none in the fertile flowers : ovary and
young fruit pubescent, 8-celled : stigmas 4, each 2-lobed : fruit globose, black, luscious

■ (ripe in August), with 3 to 8 triangular seeds. — Linnaea, xxii. 145 ; Torr. Mex. Bound. 109 ;
Hiern, Mon. Eben. 1. c. 239. — Woods along streams, Southern and Western Texas. (Ad-
jacent parts of Mex.)

Oeder LXXXV. STYRACACE^.

Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves, and mostly perfect regular flowers,
having at least twice as many stamens as the petals or lobes to the corolla, borne
on its tube or base, or sometimes inserted with it ; the filaments monadelphous or
4-5-adelphous at base ; style and stigma one ; calyx more or less adnate to the
2-5-celled ovary ; the fruit or its cells one-seeded ; seed anatropous, with a mostly
straight embryo in copious fleshy albumen. Calyx either imbricated or open in
bud. Anthers introrse or innate. Disk none. Ovules solitary, in pairs, or few
in each cell, most of them aborting in the fruit. Style filiform. — A small order,
in warm regions ; but nearly half the genera are represented in the United States.
— Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. v. 334 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 667.
Tribe I. SYMPLOCINEiE. Stamens in several series : anthers short, innate.

Calyx-lobes imbricated in the bud. Pubescence simple. Embryo terete.

1 SYMPLOCOS Calyx 5-lobed ; the tube adnate to the 2-5-celled ovary. Corolla
■ 5-parted, or nearly 5-petalous. Stamens very numerous, with filiform filaments, usually a

cluster adnate to the base of each petal. Ovules mostly a pan: suspended from the sum-
mit of each cell. Fruit a small dry drupe or nuMike, mostly 1-celled and 1-seeded.

Tribe H. STYRACE^. Stamens definite in a single series : anthers linear or
oblong, adnate, introrse. Pubescence more or less stellate or scurfy. Calyx-lobes
or teeth mostly very short or obsolete, open in the bud. Cotyledons flat or foliaceous.

2 HALESIA Calyx-tube obconical or obpyramidal, 4-ribbed, adnate to the 2-4-celled
ovary ; the short truncate limb 4-toothed. Corolla carapanulate 4-cleft, or sometimes
nearly 4-petalous, convolute or imbricated in the bud. Stamens 8 to 16 : filaments fiat-,
tened, more or less monadelphous in a ring at base and somewhat adnate to the base of
the corolla. Ovules 4 in each cell, the upper pair ascending, the lower pendulous. Iruit
dry-drupaceous or at maturity nut-like, 2-4-winged, within bony, l;4-celled pointed with
the persistent base of the style. Seeds single in each cell, cylindrical, with a thin coat.

■ 3 STYRAX Calyx-tube campanulate ; its base adnate only to the lower part of the

" primarily 3-celled ovary ; the truncate limb of very small or obsolete teeth. Corolla o-
petalous or 5-parted, or rarely 4-8-parted ; the lobes or petals imbricate or nearly con-
volute or valvate in the bud. Stamens double the number of the lobes of the corolla or
rarely fewer : filaments flat, in ours borne on the base of the corolla, either nionadelphous
or nearly distinct : anthers linear. Ovules several in each cell, ascending. Frujt usually
globular becoming one-celled and dry, coriaceous or crustaceous, sometimes 3-valved from
the top. Seed mostly solitary, filling the cell, erect, with a bony smooth coat.

1. SYMPLOCOS, Jacq. Sweet-leaf. (^'v/^ttXoxoc,-, connected, referring
to the stamens, which in some are highly monadelphous.) — Shrubs or small trees
(American and Asiatic) ; with pinnately veined leaves, which commonly turn yel-
lowish in drying and yield a yellow dye ; the flowers axillary and yellow. — Jacq.
Stirp. Amer. 166; L. Gen. 677. Ilopea, Garden; L. Mant. 15.
S. tinctoria, L'Her. Shrub 4 to 18 feet high : leaves rather coriaceous, oblong, acute

or acuminate, obscurely more or less serrate (4 or 6 inches long), soon glabrate and sliining

Styrax. STYRACACE^. 71

above, pale and pubescent beneath, tardily deciduous, or far south more persistent • flowers
in sessile fascicles from the axils of the preceduig year, 6 to 16 in a cluster, scaly-bracteate
the scales deciduous: calyx-tube turbinate: petals oblong, obtuse, barely connected at
base and bearing the stamen-clusters : ovary 3-celled : fruit nut-hke, oblong half inch or
less long.— Linn. Trans, i. 176; Willd. Spec. iii. 1436. Hopea tinctoria, L. Mant. 105-
Michx. f . Sylv. iii. 9. — In rich soil, Delaware ( Commons) to Florida and Louisiana ; fl. spring!
Flowers fragrant. Leaves sweet to the taste and in autumn greedily devoured by cattle
and horses (hence called Hoese-Sugae) ; also used for yellow dye.

2. HALESIA, Ellis. Snowdrop or Silver-bell Tree. (Commem-
orates Stephen Hales of England, author of Vegetable Statics, &c.) Small trees

of the Atlantic United States ; with partly stellate soft' pubescence : leaves
rather large, ovate-obloug, acuminate, more or less denticulate, slender-petioled,
deciduous; flowers showy, drooping on slender pedicels, in fascicles (or rarely
very short racemes) fi^om the axils of fallen leaves of the preceding year, pro-
duced in spring at leafing-time ; corolla white. Thin testa of the seed adherent
to the pericarp ; the delicate inner coat adherent to the albumen. — {Pterustyrax,
Sieb. & Zucc, of Japan, referred to this genus by Bentham and Hooker, although
nearly related, is better kept distinct, on account of the terminal paniculate inflo-
rescence, quinary flowers, and thinner small fruit.) Ellis in Phil. Trans, li. t. 22 ;
L. Gen. no. 596.

H. diptera, L. Tall shrub or small tree: leaves ovate or inclined to obovate, when full-
grown thinnish and venulose-reticulated (4 to 6 inches long) : corolla three-fourths uach
long : stamens 8 to 16, mostly 8, sometimes free : ovary rarely 4-celled : fruit oblong (2
inches long), 2-winged; its strongly angled body tapering into a long stipe withm the
whig. — Spec. ed. 2, 636; Cav. Diss. vi. t. 187; Lodd. Cab. 1. 1172. H. reticulata, Buckley
in Proc. Acad. Philad. I860. — Rich woods, Georgia and Florida to Louisiana. Flowers
larger and more numerous and showy than in the next.

H. tetraptera, L. Small tree (or in the mountains even a large tree) : leaves oval or
ovate-oblong : corolla half inch long : stamens 10 to 16 : ovary 4-celled : fruit ellipsoidal,
equally 4-wing-angled, over an inch long. — (Catesb. Car. i. t. 64.) Lam. 111. t.204; Cav.
1. c. t. 186 ; Bot. Mag. t. 910 ; Lodd. Cab. t. 1173. — Woods and along streams, W. Virgmia
and lUinois to Florida, mostly along and near the mountains.

H. parviflora, Michx. FoUage of H. tetraptera, but smaller : corolla 4 or 5 lines long:
fruit an inch or less in length, narrowly 2-winged, the oblong-clavate body with stipe
included m the acute base of the wing.— Fl. ii. 40, not Lindl. Bot. Reg., which is Styrax
Americana. — Georgia and Florida.

3. STYRAX, Tourn. Storax. (Greek 2ryj?«?, ancient name of the tree
which yields to orvQai, storax.) — Shrubs or small trees, the pubescence when
present scurfy or stellular. Leaves deciduous, at least in our species ; the flowers
(in spring) racemose, subcorymbose or somewhat cymulose, or sometimes solitary,
from the axils or summit of the branchlets. Corolla white, in ours campanulate
or more open, of petals distinct to the base or nearly so, soft and tomentulose or
puberulent, at least outside. Ovary 3-celled at base, with a thick placenta, which
divides and becomes obsolete at the summit. A widely dispersed genus, chiefly of
warm regions. — Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. 1. c, Proc. vi. 326, & Man. ed. 5, 309 ;
Benth. & Hook. 1. c.

* Petals nearly valvate in the bud, a third to barely half inch long.

S. Americana, Lam. Shrub 4 to 8 feet higb, glabrous or nearly so throughout : leaves

small (1 to 3 inches long), bright green, commonly entire, oblong or oval, mostly acute at

both ends, often acuminate : flowers single or in very few-flowered racemes, nodding :,

peduncles or branchlets minutely glandular, not hoary : 5-toothed calyx and sonietunes

72 STYRACACE^. Styrax.

the pedicel glandular-dotted : petals lanceolate-oblong, nearly glabrous. — Diet. i. 82 ; Gray,
Man. 1. c. S. lave, Walt. Car. 140. S.glabrum, Cav. Diss. vi. 500, t. 188 ; Michx. Fl. ii. 41.
S. IcBvigatum, Ait. Kew. ii. 75 ; Bot. Mag. t. 921. Halesla parviflora, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 952 1

Along streams, Virginia to Florida, Louisiana, and Arkansas.

4): # Petals lightly but decidedly imbricated or convolute in the bud, minutely sof t-puberulent out-
side, barely half inch long : calyx and inflorescence with the lower face of the leaves more or less
canescent.
S ptllverialenta, Michx. Low shrub : leaves as in the preceding, but more or less
pubescent or scurfy and hoary beneath, rarely 2 inches long on flowering stems : flowers
geminate in the axils on short branchlets and in short terminal racemes, fragrant : pedicels
not longer than the calyx: petals oblong-lanceolate. — Fl. ii. 41; Ell. Sk. i. 505. — Pine-
barren swamps, S. Virginia to Florida and Texas.
S grandifolia, Ait. Slirub from 4 to 12 feet high : leaves membranaceous, oval or ob-
ovate, usually denticulate, green and glabrous above, canescently pubescent or tomentose
beneath, the larger 3 to 6 inches long : flowers mainly in loose naked racemes of 3 to 6
inches in length, or some in leafy-bracted clusters, larger than in the preceding : petals
more overlapping in bud, oblong, fully half inch in length. — Lodd. Cab. t. 1016 (poor) ;
Michx. Fl. ii.41, as S. grandijlorum. S. officinale, Walt., not L. — Rich woods, S. Virginia
to Florida.

* * * Petals conspicuously overlapping in the bud, obovate or broadly oblong, two thirds to three
fourths inch longf short peduncle terminating the branches or short lateral branchlets, corym-
bosely 1-4-flowered: bracts minute: style long and filiform.
S. platanifolia, Bn^elm. Shrub 12 feet high, green and glabrous or nearly so : leaves
roundish, with subcordate or truncate broad base and slender petiole, undulate or angulate-
toothed,'or even sinuate-lobed, sometimes abruptly acummate, reticulate-veiny (2 to 4
inches in diameter) : even the pedicels and calyx glabrous or nearly so. — Torr. in Smiths.
Contrib. vi. 4, note. — Wooded bottoms, Texas, Lindheimer, Wright, &c.
S. Calif ornica, Torr. Shrub 5 to 8 feet high, with scurfy stellular pubescence, at first
hoary, sometimes soon green and glabrate : leaves oval, entire or sparingly undulate (an
inch or two long), short-petioled : pedicels with the calyx and corolla mmutely canescent :
style becoming an inch long. — Smiths. Contrib. 1. c. & Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 118 ; Gray, Bot.
Calif, i. 470. — W. side of the Sierra Nevada, California, Fremont, &c. Bony seed as large
as a small cherry.

Order LXXXVI. OLEACE^.

Trees or shrubs, rarely almost herbaceous, with colorless bland juice, opposite
(rarely alternate) leaves destitute of stipules, perfect or dioecious and regular
flowers (gamopetalous, 2-4-petalous, apetalous, or even achlamydeous) ; with
stamens 2 to 4, mostly 2 and fewer than the parts of the corolla, distinct ; the free
ovary 2-celled ; style one or none ; anatropous ovules mostly one or two pairs m
each cell ; seeds with a rather large straight embryo (its cotyledons flat or plano-
convex) in firm fleshy albumen, or sometimes exalbuminous.

FoRSTTHiA viRiDissiMA and F. suspENSA, of Japan and China, cultivated ornamental
shrubs, noted for their very early yellow blossoms, are peculiar in having numerous ovules.

Syringa, the Lilac, of the Old World, becomes spontaneous in a few places.

LiGUSTRUM voLGARE, the Privet, uscd for ornamental hedges, may be occasionally found
wild in the vicinity of towns m the Eastern Atlantic States, but is not a really naturahzed

plant. f n vf

Olea Europ^a, the Olive, has long been planted in the southern part of Calitorma.

TiUBE I. FRAXINE^. Fruit entire, diy, indehiscent, winged, a samai-a. Seed

suspended.
. 1 FRAXINUS. Flowers dioecious or polygamous, sometimes perfect. Calyx very small
■ 4-clef t or irregularly toothed, or entke, or wantmg. Petals none, or 4 and either separate

Fraxinus. OLEACEiE. 73

or united in pairs at the very base. Stamens 2, sometimes 3 or 4. Fruit by abortion
mostly 1-ceIled and 1-seeded, rarely 2-seeded ; the wing mainly terminal. ^^onion

Tribe II. OLEINE^. Fruit fleshy and indehiscent, a di-upe or rarely a berry not
lobed. Seed suspended or pendulous. Leaves simple. '

# Flowers apetalous, dioecious or polygamous.

2. FORESTIERA. Calyx minute, 4-parted or toothed, sometimes wantmg or deciduous
Corolla none, or rarely one or two small deciduous petals. Stamens 2 to 4° anthers ovate

f, ?T^^ ^""^7 °I^^^' ^'^^ ^ "^^^' ^° ^^^^ ^^^11= «tyle slender: stigma somewhat
iMobea. Drupe 1-seeded.

* * Flowers complete, sometimes polygamous : parts of the calyx and corolla 4.

3. CHIONANTHUS Calyx 4-cleft, persistent. Corolla of 4 long and linear petals
which are plane m the bud with slightly indupHcate margins, and united only and often
slightly at the base Stamens 2, rarely 3, short. Style short. Ovules a pair m each
ceil. Drupe mostly 1-seeded. Embryo in copious fleshy albumen : cotyledons flat.

4. HESPERELJEA. Calyx of 4 somewhat colored sepals, imbricated in the bud decid-
uous. Corolla of 4 spatulate unguiculate petals, imbricated at summit in the bud accres-
cent, deciduous. Stamens 4, hypogynous : filaments subulate : anthers oblong, mucronu-
iate. Style stout : stigma thick, 2-lobed. Ovules a pair in each cell.

5. OSMANTHUS. Calyx 4-cleft, short, persistent. Corolla short, 4-cleft: the lobes
broad and obtuse, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 2 (rarely 4), on the short tube of the
corolla, included: anthers ovate. Style short: stigma small, entire. Ovules a pair in
each cell. Drupe globose or ovoid, mostly 1-seeded.

Tribe III. JASMINES. Fruit didymous or septicidally 2-partible. Seeds ascend-
ing or erect. Parts of calyx and corolla 5 or more.

6. MENODORA. Calyx 5-15-cleft, persistent; the lobes mostly linear. Corolla from
rotate to salverf orm ; Umb 6-6-parted, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens 2
rarely 3: anthers oblong or nearly linear. Ovary emarginate : style slender: stigma
usually capitate or 2-lobed. Ovules 4 (or in a S. Amer. species only 2) in each cell.
Fruit a didymous or 2-parted at length membranaceous capsule, circumscissile at or near
the middle. Seeds usually a pair in each cell, large, with a thickened and spongy outer
coat : no albumen. Leaves often alternate !

1. FRAXINUS, Tourn. Ash. (Classical Latin name.) —Trees; with rather
light tough wood, chiefly opposite and odd-pinnate leaves, and small flowers, in
panicles, developed in spring. Petals when present narrow, induplicate-valvate
in the bud, white : anthers yellow, large in proportion. Stigma 2-lobed. Ovules
a pair from the summit of each cell, only one usually fertile ; the oblong seed fill-
ing the cell of the samara or key-fruit. Bark of shoots ash-color. Winter-buds
of few and usually dark-colored thickish scales. (Shape of the wing of samara
variable, not rarely some are 3-winged and 3-celled.)

Oknus Americana, Pers. &c., is probably only Fraxinus Ornus, L., and wrongly thought
to be American. A host of nominal species of Ash which were named by Bosc, character-
ized mainly by the foliage, and upon which his herbarimn throws little or no hght, must
pass unnoticed.

§ 1. 6rnus, Pers. Flowers 2-4-petalous, polygamous (many perfect), in
loose panicles, which mostly terminate leaf-bearing branches or spring from the
axils of new leaves.

* Petals 2 : stj'le manifest : Califoraian.
F. dipetala. Hook. & Am. Small tree, glabrous : leaflets 5 to 9, oval or oblong,
obtuse, serrate, mostly petiolulate, an inch or two long : panicles usually clustered on short
lateral spurs, naked or subtended by one or two leaves : calyx truncate and somewhat
toothed: petals oblong-obovate, equalling the linear anthers : fruit from linear-oblong' to
spatulate-oblong (usually an inch long), the flat body several-nerved on each side and
with sharp edges.— Bot. Beech. 362, t. 87; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 472. Omits dipetala, Nutt.
Sylv. iii. 66, t. 101. Chionanthus fraxinif alius, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 18. — "Western
part of California.

74 OLEACE^. Fraxinus.

Var. brach^ptera, a form with short obovate fruit, only half to three-fourths inch
long, and the terminal part of the wing only half the length of the body. — Borax Lake,
CaUfornia, Torrty.

Var. trifoliolata, Torr. Leaves (only the uppermost known) 1-3-foliolate : leaflets
small, an inch or less long, coriaceous, obsoletely serrate : fruit rather small. —Bot. Mex.
Bound. 167. — Mountains south of the boundary between Upper and Lower California,
Parry.

* * Petals (always?) 4: style none or hardly any: North Mexican and Texan species, with small
and minutely punctate leaflets, and small panicles chiefly terminating short 1-2-leaved lateral
brauchlets: flowers of the second species unknown.
P. CUSpidata, Torr. Shrub 5 to 8 feet high, with slender branches, glabrous : leaflets
5 to 7, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate and gradually acuminate mto a cuspidate tip, or
some of them ovate or oval and obtuse or even emarginate, acutely and sparsely few-
toothed or entire, petiolulate (half to a full inch or more in length) : petiole slightly mar-
gined between the leaflets : calyx deeply 4-cleft or 4-toothed : corolla 4-parted, half inch
long ; the lobes long-linear, several times exceeding the oblong anthers : stigma sessile :
fruit spatulate-oblong or obovate-oblong (half inch long), its wing rather shorter than the
flattened nerveless body. — Bot. Mox. Bound. 166. — South-western Texas, on the Rio
Grande from the great canon upwards, Parry, Wright, &c., in fruit. New Mexico, Palmer,
in flower.
F. Greggii, Gray. Shrub 5 to 9 feet high, glabrous, with slender mostly terete branches :
leaflets 3 to 7, from narrowly spatulate to oblong-obovate, obtuse, obtusely few-toothed or
entire, plane, firm-coriaceous, veinless or nearly so (a half to nearly an inch long), sessile :
petiole wing-margined between the leaflets : fruit 0 to 8 lines long, oblong-linear, the retuse
apex tipped with a very short distinct style. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 64. F. Schiedeana,
var. parvifolia, Torr. I.e. — On Umestone, S. W. Texas, Schott, &c. Adjacent parts of
Mexico, Gregg, Bigelow, Parry.

§ 2. FraxinXster, DC. Flowers apetalous, in mostly denser panicles (espe-
cially the staminate), which are developed from separate buds from upper axils of
the preceding year, or on the leafless base of shoots^ of the season.

* Flowers polygamous : leaves mostly simple!
F anomala Torr. Shrub or low tree, more or less soft-pubescent when young : leaves
thin-coriaceous, ovate, rotund, or cordate, rarely obcordate, entire or partly serrate, many-
veuied (an inch or two long), sometimes 2-3-foUolate with similar sessile leaflets : panicles
short: calyx campanulate, erose-toothed, longer than the ovary: anthers Unear-oblong :
fruit oblong (7 to 10 Imes long), winged from the base, the flattened striate-nerved body as
long as the terminal part of the wing. - Watson, Bot. King, 283. -S. Utah, Newberry,
Palmer, Bishop, &c.
* * Flowers dioecious ; the pistillate rarely with abortive stamens ; the staminate reduced to 2 or 4

stamens with a minute or obsolete calyx or none : leaves 3-11- (mostly 5-9-) foliolate.
•i- Leaflets petiolulate: anthers linear-oblong, mucronate or apiculate: small calyx to fertile
flowers present and persistent, sometimes deciduous m F. quadrangulata.

++ Fruit winged only from the summit or upper part of the terete or nearly terete body,
= Which is marginless ; the wing wholly terminal.
P pistacisef olia, Torr. Small tree, either velvety-pubescent or nearly glabrous : leaf-
lets 5 to 9 short-petiolulate, sometimes subsessile, small (one or two inches long), from
lanceolate to oval, entire or somewhat serrate : fruits small and crowded, spatulate (either
broadly or narrowly), the terete body (3 to 5 Unes long) somewhat clavate, about equal-
Ung and sometimes exceeding the wing.-Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 128, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 166.
— S. W. Texas to Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) _

Var coriacea A rigid form of arid districts : leaflets 3 to 5, firm-conaceous, usually
more serrate. - F. ueZuiina, Torr. in Emory, Rep. 1848,149, a velvety-tomentose form.
F. coriacea, Watson in Am. Nat. vii. 302, excl. pi. coll. Bigelow. - Arizona, Emory, Tl heeler.
P Americana L. (White Ash.) Large timber-tree : branchlets and petioles glabrous:
leaflets 7 to 9, from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, mostly acuminate, entire or sparsely serrate
or denticulate (3 to 5 inches long), pale or whitish and often pubescent beneath: fruit
usually about an inch and a half long ; the body oblong and cylindraceous, completely

Fraxinus. OLEACE^. 75

terete, barely acute at base, merely l-nerved at what would be the margins, half or thrice
shorter than the lanceolate or oblanceolate wmg. — Spec. ed. 2, 1510, excl. syn. Catesh •
Mulil. in N. Schrift. Berl. iii. (1801) ; Michx. f. Sylr. 1. 118 (excl. fruit, which is apparently
that of F. viridis) ; Torr. Fl. N. Y. ii. 125, t. 89 (on plate F. acuminata) ■ Emerson, Rep.
Trees, ed. 2, t. 12. F. acuminata, Lam. Diet. ii. 542. F. Novce-Anglice & F. Caroliniana?
Wangenheim. F. alba, Marsh. Arbust. 51. F. juglandifolia, Lam. 1. c. ? & Bosc in Mem.
Inst. 1808, 209. F. epiptera, Michx. Fl. ii. 256. F. Canadensis, G^rtn. Fruct. i. 122, t. 49.
F. discolor, Muhl. Cat. 111. — Rich or moist woods, Canada to Florida and Louisiana. Very
valuable timber-tree : fruit variable in size and shape of wmg, but that of the terete cylin-
draceous body quite constant. Monoecious flowers have been met with.

Var. microcarpa. Fruit (seemingly full grown but seedless) remarkably small,
half to two thirds inch long.— F. albicans, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1862, partly. F
Cwtissii, Vasey, Cat. Trees U. S. 20. — Eufaula, Alabama {Curtiss), &c.

Var. Texensis. Low tree, glabrous tliroughout : leaflets mostly 5, slender-petiolu-
late, from ovate to broadly oval, 1^ to 2 inches long, either rounded at apex or slightly
acuminate : fruit small, two-thirds to barely an inch long, the wing hardly double the
length of the body.— F. albicans, Buckley, 1. c, in part. F. pistacimfolia, B. Hall, List. PI.
Tex. M. 527. F. coriacea, Watson, I.e., as to pi. Bigelow, "Devil's Run Canon," Texas
(not "Arizona"), a form with remarkably long-petiolulate leaves of firmer texture, with-
out flowers or fruit. — Texas, on rocky hills, from Austin to Devil's River, near the Rio
Grande. Perhaps a distinct species.

= = Body of the fruit more slender, tapering gradually from summit to base, more or less mar-
gmed upward by the decurrent wing.

P. pubescens, Lam. (Red Ash.) Tree of middle or large size: inner face of the
outer bark of the branches red or cinnamon-color when fresh: young parts velvety-
pubescent, commonly permanently so : leaflets as of the preceding, or else longer and
narrower, the lower face and the petioles more tomentose : fruit commonly 1^ to 2 inches
long ; its body more than half (or even little less than) the length of the linear or spatulate
wing. — Dipt. ii. 548 ; Walt. Car. 254; Muhl. in N. Schrift. Berl. 1. c. ; Gray, Man. ed. 5,
402. F. Pennsijlvanica, Marsh. Arbust. 51. F. nigra, DuRoi. F. tomentosa, Michx. f. Sylv!
t. 119. F. oUongocarpa, Buckl^, 1. c. —Low grounds, Canada to Dakotah, and south to
Florida ; rare west of Ohio.

F. viridis, Michx. f. (Green Ash.) SmaU or middle-sized tree, glabrous: leaflets
5 to 9, bright green both sides, or barely pale beneath, from oblong-lanceolate to ovate,
mostly acuminate and sparsely and sharply serrate or denticulate (2 to 4 inches long) :
fruit nearly as in the preceding or with a rather more decurrent wing (from 9 to 18 lines long).
— Sylv. t. 120, excl. fruit (which must belong to F. Americana) ; Bosc, 1. c. ; Gray, Man.
ed. 2, 358. F. concohr, Muhl. Cat. ; Torr. Fl. N. Y. (on plate, F. pubescens in letter-press)
t. 90. F: juglandifolia, Willd. Spec. iv. 1104. F. Caroliniana (Willd. ?), Pursh, Fl. i. 9.
F. expansa, Willd. Baum. 150. — Along streams, Canada and Dakotah to Florida, Texas,
and Arizona 1 Pale-leaved forms, with som^ pubescence on the veins of the leaflets be-
neath, pass into the preceding.

Var. Berlaildieriana. Leaflets 3 to 5, with a more cuneate base : wing of the fruit
rather wider and more decurrent on the body.— F. Berlandieriana, DC. Prodr. viii. 278.
F. trialata, Buckley, 1. c, a state with 3-winged samara. — Texas. (Cuba?)
++ -H- Fruit with compressed and wing-margined body.

P. platycarpa, Michx. (Watek Ash.) Tree of middle size, glabrous or pubescent:
branchlets terete : leaflets 5 to 7, ovate or oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate or entire,
conspicuously petiolulate : fruit elliptical, obovate, or spatulate (one or two inches long),
contracted below into a stalk-like base, each face with an impressed midnerve, not rarely
3-winged. — Fl. ii. 256; Michx. f. Sylv. t. 124; Chapm. Fl. 370. F. Carolinensis, &c.,
Catesb. Car.i. t. 80. F. Caroliniana, Lam. I. c. ? F. excelsior? Walt. Car. 254. F. Ameri-
cana, Marsh. Arbust. 50. F. pallida, Bosc, 1. c. F. pauciflora, Nutt. Sylv. iii. 61, t. 100.
F. triptera, Nutt. 1. c, with 3-winged samara. F. Nuttallii & F. nigrescens, Buckley, in Proc.
Philad. Acad. 1860 & 1862. —Deep river-swamps, Virginia to Louisiana. (Cuba.)

P. quadrangXllata, Michx. (Blue Ash.) Large timber-tree, the inner bark yielding a
blue color to water, glabrous : branchlets square : leaflets 7 to 9, ovate-oblong to lancecilate,
acuminate, sharply serrate (3 or 4 inches long), short-petiolulate, when young often pubes-

^Q OLEACE^. Fraxinus.

cent beneath : fruit linear-oblong or cuneate-oblong (one or two inches long, 4 to 7 lines
wide), not stipitate and oftener not narrowed at base, Ughtly sereral-nerTed on both faces,
somewhat twisted when mature ; the minute calyx at length deciduous or obsolete, —
Fl. ii. 225; Michx. f. Sylv. t. 123. — Dry rich woods, Michigan to Tennessee.

^— H— Lateral leaflets sessile : common petiole angled : anthers short-oblong.
= Calyx small, persistent.

P. Oregana, Nutt. Tree of middle or ample size, with wood like that of White Ash,
the foliage and shoots villous-pubescent, at least when young : leaflets 5 to 7, lanceolate-
oblong to oval, entire or nearly so (2 to 4 inches long), veiny, the upper surface soon
glabrous : fruit with nearly clavate and slightly compressed body, the margined edges gradu-
ally widened upwards mto the longer oblanceolate wing (of an inch or less in length). —
Sylv. iii. 59, t. 99 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 472. F. pubescens, var.. Hook. Fl. ii. 51. F. grandifolia,
Benth. Sulph. 33. — Along streams, Washington Terr, near the coast to Cahfornia.
== = Calyx wanting : the flowers wholly naked.

F. sambucifolia. Lam. (Black Ash.) Small or middle-sized tree, with very tough
and fissile wood ; glabrous, except bearded hahs along the midribs beneath : leaflets 7 to
11, green and of similar hue both sides, oblong-lanceolate from a roundish base, gradually
acuminate, finely and acutely serrate (3 to 5 inches long), the pinnate primary veins of
numerous paks : fruit lanceolate-oblong or linear-oblong, flat throughout, finely nervose,
the acutely margined body of the same breadth as the whig. — Diet. ii. 549; Muhl. 1. c. ;
Michx. f. Sylv. t. 122 ; Emerson, Rep. Trees, ed. 2, ii. 381, t. 13. F. nigra, Marsh. Arbust.
51. _ Swamps and wet banks. Nova Scotia to Wisconsm, the mountains of Virginia and
Kentucky. Bruised foliage exhales the odor of Elder. Remarkable for the total absence
of calyx.

2. FORESTIlfiE/A, Poir. {M. Forestier, a French physician.) — Shrubs
(North American and W. Indian) ; with opposite simple leaves, mconspicuous
flowers, in early sprmg, from imbricated-scaly axillary buds, and small dark-colored
drupes ; the putamen thin. Fascicles or panicles yery short, few-flowered ; the
staminate sessile and in a sessile globular scaly glomerule : the bracts or bud-scales
deciduous. Branches minutely warty. — Tulasne m Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 3, xv. 265.
Adelia, Michx. Borya, Willd. Bigelovia, Smith. Fiptolepis, Benth.

* Leaves membranaceous and deciduous, not porulose, mostly minutely sen-ate : flowers from axils
of the preceding year.
F. actiminata, Poir. Shrub somewhat spinescent, 5 to 10 feet high, glabrous through-
out : leaves ovate-lanceolate and ovate-oblong, conspicuously acuminate, slender-petioled,
1^ to 4 inches long : fertile flowers several in a panicle : calyx obsolete or caducous : drupe
(when forming fusiform acuminate, and somewhat arcuate) elongated-oblong. — Diet.
Suppl. ii. 664 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. iv. 363, excl. var. Adelia acuminata, Michx. Fl. ii.
225, t. 48. Bonja acuminata, Willd. Spec. iv. 711. Forestiera Ugustrina, Willd. ex char. &
hab. ; Gray, Man. ed. 2, 358, not Poir. — Wet and shady river-banks, W. Illinois and Mis-
souri to W. Georgia and Texas. The habitat of this and of F. Ugustrina must have been
transposed in Michaux's Flora.
F. Neo-Mexicana, Gray. Slu-ub 6 to 10 feet high, glabrous -. leaves spatiilate-oblong,
obtuse or obtusely acuminate, short-petioled, obtusely or obsoletely serrulate, an inch
long : fertile flowers in sessile fascicles : calyx mmute and rather persistent: drupe obtuse,
short-oblong or ovoid. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 63. F. acuminata, var. parvifolia. Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. iv. 364. — New Mexico, and adjacent borders of Texas and Colorado, Fe/irf/er,
Wright, Palmer, Brandegee.

Var. Arizonica. Young shoots and foliage soft-pubescent ; only earUest leaves
seen, those entire. —Near Prescott, Arizona, Pa/mer.
F. Ugustrina, Poir. More or less pubescent with short spreading hairs : leaves obovate
or oblong with narrowed base, short-petioled, appressed-serrulate, rounded at apex, usually
a« inch long : fertile flowers in simple fascicles : calyx almost obsolete : drupe short-ovoid,
sessile : putamen smooth and even. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. iv. 364, partly. Adelia ligus-

Hesperelcea. OLEACE^. 77

trina, Michx. 1. c, excl. hab. Borya ligustrina, Willd. 1. c, but character wrongly altered, as
also by Poiret, 1. c. — Tennessee to Florida, &c., but not Illinois.
F. pubesoens, Nutt. Soft-pubescent: fertile flowers and oblong drupes pedicellate:
putamen striate: otherwise like the preceding. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 177.
F. ligustrina, var. pubescens, Gray, 1. c. — Florida, Arkansas, and Texas.
* * Leaves coriaceous (very small), not porulose.
F. sphasrocarpa, Torr. Low shrub ; leaves oblong or oval, obtuse, obscurely crenu-
late, minutely soft-pubescent, half inch long, short-petioled, mainly crowded at the tip of
the branchlets : drupe globular, very short-pedicelled. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 168. — S. W.
Texas, in dry ravines of the Rio Limpio, Bigelow.

* * * Leaves coriaceous, porulose-punctate beneath, often persistent until flowers develop in their
axils, or even to the maturity of the fruit,

■i— Their margins plane, often serrulate.
F. reticulata, Torr., 1. c. Glabrous throughout : leaves ovate or almost oblong, with
rounded base and obtuse or acute mucronulate apex, short-petioled, firm-coriaceous, lucid
above, conspicuously venulose-reticulated, an inch or more long : fascicles few-flowered
and very short in the axils of persistent leaves: drupe short-ovoid. — Western borders of
Texas, Wright, Bigelow, Schott.

H— -1— Margin of the leaves narrowlj- revolute, entire.
F. porulosa, Poir. Much branched shrub, glabrous : leaves thin-coriaceous, obovate-
oblong to lanceolate, tapering at base into a short distinct petiole, obtuse or rounded at
apex (one or two inches long), the scattered and spreading veins manifest : drupes short-
oblong, short-pedicelled. — Gray, 1. c, excl. vars. Myrica segregata, Jacq. Obs. ii. 273, & Ic.
Ear. t. 625. Adelia porulosa, Michx. 1. c. Borya porulosa, Willd. 1. c. Forestiera Jacquiniana,
Didrichson, Ind. Sem. Hamb. 1838, & Linn, xxvii. 737. — S. Florida : rare. (W. Lad.)
F. angustifolia, Torr. Densely branched and rather large shrub, glabrous: leaves
finn-coriaceous, linear or spatulate-linear (6 to 12 lines long and 1 to 3 wide), sometimes
linear-oblong (short and 4 lines wide), very obtuse, veinless or nearly so : flowers not rarely
hermaphrodite, few in the close cluster: drupe ovate, acute, very short-pedicelled. — Bot.
Mex. Bound. 168. F. porulosa, var. 1 angustifolia. Gray, 1. c. — Texas, from Matagorda Bay
and New Braunfels southward to Mexico.

F. PHiLLTREioiDES, Torr. 1. c. {Piptolepis phillyreioides, Benth. PI. Hartw. 29), of Mexico
{Hartweg, Gregg, &c.), appears to have leaves destitute of the pore-like punctuations, smaller
than those of F. porulosa, but similar in form and venation, the lower face more or less pubes-
cent, and the drupes oblong.

3. CHIONANTHUS, L. Fringe-tree. (From ^imv, snow, and ardog,
blossom, alluding to the snow-white and light clusters of flowers.) — Shrubs or
low trees (the genuine species E. North American and Chinese) ; with simple
and entire opposite deciduous leaves, and loose compound panicles of white
flowers, in early 'summer, from the uppermost axils of the leaves of the preceding
year. Petals sometimes nearly separate or separable, oftener united (but irregu-
larly) to about twice the length of the small calyx, in cultivation occasionally
5 or 6. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 231 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 677.

C. Virginica, L. Somewhat pubescent : leaves oval or oblong, 3 to 6 inches long, short-
petioled : panicles drooping, with very slender branches and pedicels and usually some
foliaceous bracts : petals an inch long, acute : fruit black or bluish, with thin pulp, glob-
ular, half inch or more long. — (Catesb. Car. t. 68.) Lam. 111. t. 9; Lodd. Bot. Cab.
t. 1264. — Along streams, S. Pennsylvania to Florida and Texas.

4. HESPEREL^A, Gray. (EaTtiga, evening or occidental, tlaia, the

olive-tree.) — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 83. — Single species.

H. Palmeri, Gray. Small tree, glabrous : leaves opposite, entire, coriaceous, oblong,
veiny : flowers sulphur-colored, crowded in a terminal compound panicle : pedicels short,

78 OLEACE^. Osmanthus.

articulated : petals twice the length of the sepals : fruit not seen, but evidently drupa-
ceous.— Guadalupe Island, off Lower California (beyond the limits of this Flora), Dr. E.
Palmer.

5. OSMANTHUS, Lour. (From oGnri, odor, and avdog, blossom, the
flowers fragrant.) — Shrubs and small trees (of E. United States, Pacific Islands,
and N. E. Asia) ; with evergreen chiefly opposite leaves, and small flowers in
axillary clusters. Genus founded on the Chinese 0. fragrans, cultivated as a
house-plant for its deliciously fragrant small blossoms ; now distinguished from
Oleahj the imbricated instead of valvate eestivation of the corolla. — Benth. &
Hook. Gen. ii. 677.

0. Americanus, Benth. & Hook. (Devil-wood.) Tall shrub or small tree, gla-
brous : bark wliitish : leaves firm-coriaceous, lanceolate-oblong, tapering into a short
petiole, entire, bright green, shining above (3 to 6 inches long), much longer than the
panicles of dull white (polygamous or even dioecious) flowers : drupe small, dark purple.
— Ligustrum laurifolio, &c., Catesb. Car. i. 61, t. 61. Olea Americana, L. Mant. 24; Michx.
n. ii. 222; Michx. f. Sylv. iii. t. 6. — N. Carohna to Florida near the coast: fl. spring.

6. MEN0D6RA, Humb. & Bonpl. (Ms'vog, force, and 8coqov, gift.) Low
shrubby, suffruticose, or nearly herbaceous plants (American and one S. African) ;
with simple entire or pinnately lobed leaves, many of them alternate, and con-
spicuous flowers terminating the branches, or becoming lateral, or sometimes loosely
corymbosely cymose : fl. in spring or summer: corolla in ours yellow. — PL
^quin. ii. 98, t. 110 ; Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xiv. 43 ; Benth. & Hook.

1. 0. Bolivaria, Cham. & Schlecht. in Linn. i. 207. Calyptrospermum, Dietr.
Spec. i. 226.

§ 1. BolivXria. Corolla with short or very short tube; its lobes blunt or

hardly acute ; the throat commonly bearded within : filaments filiform : anthers

pointless. (§ Bolivaria & § Menodora, Gray, 1. c.)

* Calyx-lobes rather short, 5 or 6, rarely some intemiediate ones : leaves entire.

M. spinescens, Gray. Thorny shrub, 2 to 4 feet high, rigid, divergently branched,
obscurely puberulent : leaves alternate, spatulate-linear and very small, commonly reduced
to minute scales or scars on the main branchlets : flowers small, almost sessile, terminating
short shoots : calyx-lobes a little shorter than the hght yellow corolla, the oblong lobes of
which (a line and a half long) are rather shorter than the funnelform tube : capsule of 2
almost separate and diverging obovoid divisions. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 388, &' Bot. Calif,
i. 471. — Nevada and adjacent borders of California, Anderson, Cooper.

M. SCoparia, Engelm. Shrubby at base, the slender branches herbaceous, glabrous or
nearly so : leaves linear or lanceolate, entire ; or the lower oblong or obovate, the upper
mainly alternate : flowers sparsely corymbose, short-peduncled : calyx-lobes at first little
longer than the tube of the almost rotate corolla (lobes of the latter ovate and 3 or 4 lines
long) : divisions of the capsule globular. — Bot. Calif. 1. c. — S. E. California, Arizona, and
adjacent parts of Mexico. Related to M. integrifolia of Buenos Ayres, and to the next.

* * Calyx-lobes 7 to 15, slender, linear or subulate : corolla nearly rotate, its obovate lobes much
longer than the tube.

M. scabra, Gray. Herbaceous from a woody branching base, a span to a foot high,
Flax-like, whole herbage or at least the lower part puberulent-scabrous : leaves mostly
alternate, linear or the lower oblong, chiefly entire, 4 to 10 lines long : flowers rather
numerous : peduncles remaining erect : lobes of the bright yellow corolla obovate, 3 or 4
lines long. — Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. ; Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. vii. t. 7. — W. Texas to N. New
Mexico and S. Arizona.

M. heteroph^^lla, Moricand. Nearly herbaceous, diffusely spreading, a span high,
almost glabrous but roughish : leaves mostly opposite and pinnately 3-7-cleft or parted ;

Menodora. APOCYNACE^. 79

the lobes and uppermost leaves linear : flowers sparse : lobes of the corolla obovate, 3 to 5
lines long, light yellow, sometimes purpUsh outside : short peduncles recurved in fruit. —
DC. Prodr. viii. 316 ; Gray, I.e. BoUvaria Grisebachii, Scheele in Linn. xxv. 254. — Dry or
rich soil, Texas. (Adjacent Mex.)

§ 2. Menodoropsis, Gray, 1. c. Corolla salverform with a long tube, glabrous

within ; the oval or ovate lobes mucronate-acuminate : anthers almost sessile in

the throat, apiculate : flowers vespertine, odorous, bright yellow : calyx with

about 10 setaceous lobes, exceeding the fruit : habit of M. scabra.

M. longiflora, Gray. Glabrous, numerous almost simple herbaceous stems a foot or

more high from a woody and branching base : leaves linear or lanceolate (an inch or less

long), smooth, entire (or some of the lowest rarely 3-cleft), the upper commonly alternate:

flowers several and cymose : tube of corolla 1^ to 2 inches long, slightly widening to the

summit; the lobes half an inch long. —Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. 45. — S. & W. Texas, Lind-

heimer, Wright.

M. pubens, Gray, 1. c. Pubescent throughout with soft and spreading hairs : leaves
rather broader : otherwise nearly resembling tlie preceding. — Valley of the Pecos, western
part of Texas, Wright.

Oeder LXXXVII. APOCYNACE^.

Herbaceous or woody plants, with milky and mostly acrid juice, simple and
entire pinnately-veined leaves, either alternate, opposite, or verticillate, no stipules,
and perfect regular 5-merous flowers ; the calyx free from the ovary or nearly so,
imbricated in the bud and persistent ; the lobes of the gamopetalous corolla con-
volute and often twisted in the bud ; stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and
alternate with them ; anthers introrsely dehiscent ; pollen of ordinary loose but
often glutinous grains ; two carpels either distinct or united into a 2-placentifer-
ous ovary ; a single common style, surmounted by a single stigma ; the proper
stigmatic surface a ring underneath a thickened or lengthened sterile terminal
portion. Ovules few or numerous, amphitropous or sometimes anatropous. Seeds
with or without a coma. Embryo straight and rather large, in sparing albumen.
Anthers distinct, but connivent around the stigma, and not rarely adhering to it
(by a process from the base of the connective). Inflorescence various : peduncles
either terminal or axillary.

Nerium Oleander, L., escaping from gardens and yards, inclines to be spontaneous in
Florida and Louisiana.

Thevetia neriifolia, Juss., of Tropical America, grows on Key West, doubtless in-
troduced.

Tribe I. PLUMERIE^. Anthers free (unconnected with the stigma) ; the cells
polliniferous to the pointless and usually rounded base. Ovaries 2, connected only
by the common (filiform) style. Corolla sinistrorsely convolute in the bud, in our
genera unai:)pendaged and salverform, with tube more or less dilated at simimit.
(Calyx in ours small, and anthers from ovate to oblong-lanceolate.)
* Anthers blunt, on very short filaments, inserted and included in the throat or enlarged
summit of the tube of the corolla, which is villous or hispidulous : seeds not comose.
-t— Disk none : leaves alternate.

1. VALLESIA, Corolla conspicuously constricted at the orifice. Stigma clavate or
cylindrical. Carpels drupaceous in fruit, oblong or clavate and curved, 2-4-ovuled,
1-seeded. Seed erect : radicle inferior. Shrubs.

2. AMSONIA. Corolla slightly or decidedly constricted at the villous throat. Stigma girt
underneath by a reflexed cup-like membrane ; the apex truncate-capitate or didymous.
Carpels many-ovuled, becoming slender terete and often torose follicles, erect, several-

80 APOCYNACE^.

seeded. Seeds cylindraceous or oblong, obliquely truncate at both ends, in a single row ;
the coat corky. Herbs.
-I- -t— Disk of 2 oblong or linear glands alternate with the carpels : leaves opposite.

3. VINCA. Corolla callous-constricted at the orifice; the lobes broad. Stigma a viscid
ring between a rotately dilated upper and a lower hairy or bearded sterile portion, the
upper truncate and often 2-apiculate, the lower subtended by a reflexed membranous ring
or cup. Carpels few-many-ovuled, in fruit narrow terete follicles. Seeds oblong, trun-
cate, with rough-granulate coat. Radicle superior.

* * Anthers acute, inserted at or below the middle of the tube : disk none : seeds comose.

4. HAPLOPHYTON. Calyx 6-parted; the lobes linear-subulate. Corolla salverforra
with open throat; its tube about the length of the obovate lobes. Anthers short-sagittate
with the short bases rounded. Style rather short : stigma cylindraceous, 2-lobed at apex,
unappendaged. Follicles filiform, striate, several-seeded. Seeds linear-fusiform, fixed by
the middle, sessile, furnished with a deciduous coma at both ends.

Tribe II. ECHITIDE^. Anthers with the cells produced into a sterile appendage
at base, connivent around the stigma and adherent to it by a point at the base of
the poUiniferous portion. Ovaries 2, united only by the common style or stigma, in
fruit follicles containing (at least in ours) comose seeds. Lobes of the corolla
almost always dextrorsely convolute, and the leaves opposite'. (Stamens in all
ours included.)

* Calyx-tube by means of a thickish disk adnate to the back of the ovaries below :
corolla appendaged within : style hardly any.

5 APOCYNUM. Calyx small, deeply 5-cleft. Corolla campanulate, 5-lobed, toward the
base bearing 6 small triangular-subulate appendages alternate with the stamens and
inserted rather higher. Stamens on the base of the corolla : filaments very short, broad:
anthers sagittate, acute. Disk fleshy at base, the free summit 5-lobed. Stigma ovoid,
obscurely 2-lobed. Follicles slender, terete. Seeds numerous, with a long coma at apex :
albumen little.

* * Calyx wholly free : style filiform, girt below by a ring which is commonly extended
into a reflexed entire or 5-lobed membranous cup or appendage, less conspicuous in
no. 9 : seeds numerous and comose at the apex.

-1— Stems erect, not twining.

6. CYCLADENIA, Calyx 6-parted, naked within; the lobes slender. Corolla funnelform
with dilated throat, in the base of which are 5 minute callous appendages, one behind
each stamen ; lobes ovate or obovate, not twisted in the bud. Stamens borne on the base
of the dilated portion of the tube : anthers sagittate, on short filaments, the tips and the
basal lobes slender-cuspidate. Disk an entire shallow cup encircling the base of the
ovaries. Stigma capitate-5-angled and truncate, girt by a conspicuous 5-lobed reflexed
membrane. Follicles lanceolate, turgid, smooth. Seeds ovate, narrowed at the apex under
the copious coma.

7. MACROSIPHONIA. Calyx 5-parted, multiglandular at base within; the lobes
slender. Corolla salverform, with a long tube and enlarged cylindraceous or funnelform
throat; the lobes broad, dextrorsely convolute but sometimes sinistrorsely twisted in the
bud, often crisped. Stamens borne in the throat : filaments short : anthers oblong or
sagittate-lanceolate, mostly obtusely tipped, and the basal appendages obtuse. Disk of
5 fleshy and distinct or partly united scales. Stigma thickened and firm, 5-costate, with
entire or 2-eleft small apex, the base appendaged with 5 reflexed lobes or a 5-cleft mem-
brane. Follicles long and slender, terete. Seeds oblong.

•»— -1— Stems twining, or at least sarmentose : calyx gland-bearing at base M-ithin : corolla
wholly destitute of internal scales or appendages ; the lobes usually more or less
twisted (to the left, i. e. contrary to the overlapping) in the bud : filaments very short :
disk mostly 5-lobed or of 5 glands : follicles long and slender.

8. ECHITES. Flowers comparatively large. Corolla salverform, funnelform, or with
abruptly dilated campanulate throat. Appendage of the stigma conspicuous and reflexed,
in the form of a reversed membranous cup or of 5 strong lobes. Inflorescence simple or
nearly so.

9. TRACHELOSPERMXJM. Flowers comparatively small. Corolla salverform or
somewhat funnelform. Tips of the sagittate and gradually acuminate anthers sometimes
exserted ; the basal lobes acute. Apex of style more or less thickened or obconical under
the narrow or inconspicuous ring of the stigma. Seeds linear, beakless. Inflorescence
open-cymose.

Amsonia. APOCYNACE^. 31

1. VALLl&SIA, Ruiz & Pav. (Francis Vallesio, a Spanish physician.) —
Glabrous shrubs ; with alternate leaves, and small terminal or soon lateral cymes

of small flowers. Calyx not glanduliferous within. — Prodr. Fl. Per. 28 t. 5.

The principal species is —

V. glabra, Cav. Leaves coriaceous and somewhat fleshy, shining, almost veinless
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute, short-petioled, about 2 inches long : corolla white 3 lines'
long : drupes half inch long, dry, slender, often single. - Ic. iii. t. 297. V. dichotoma! Uuiz &
Pav. (Fl. Per. ii. 26, 1. 151) & V. chiococcoides (HBK.) ; A. DC. Prodr. viii. 349 — Key West
Florida. (W. Ind. to Lower Calif, and Chili.)

2. AMS6NI A, Walt. (Dedicated to Charles Amson.) — Perennial herbs (E.
North America and Japan) ; with very numerous membranaceous and alternate
leaves, varying from ovate to linear, and rather compact small cymes of bkie or
bluish flowers in a terminal thyrsus : fl, spring and early summer. Inside of the
tube of the corolla below the stamens beset with reflexed hairs. Liber of tough
fibres, as in Apocynum, &c.

§ 1 . Stigma with depressed-capitate or truncate entire apex : corolla not con-
stricted under the limb : eastern species.

A. Tabernsemontana, Walt. About 3 feet high, glabrate: leaves from ovate to
lanceolate, acuminate (2 to 5 inches long), distinctly petioled, pale beneath : calyx very
small : corolla in the bud slender-beaked by the convolute limb ; its lobes lanceolate,
becommg linear and as long as the tube ; the latter at first mostly villous at the enlarging
summit : follicles slender, 2 or 3 inches long. — Car. 98 ; A.DC. Prodr. viii. 385. ( Tabemce-
montana Amsonia, L.) A. latifolia, Michx. Fl. i. 121 ; Bot. Reg. t. 151. A. tristis, Smith in
Pees Cycl. A. salicifolia, Pursh, Fl. i. 184 ; Bot. Mag. 1. 1873 ; A.DC. 1. c, with var. ciliolata.
—Low grounds, N. Carolina and Illinois to Florida and Texas.
A. angustifolia, Michx. Stems (1 to 3 feet high) and commonly inflorescence and
leaves (or at least then- margins) when young villous with loose hairs, these deciduous :
leaves much crowded, linear-lanceolate to narrowly linear (an inch or two long, half line
to 4 Imes wide), indistinctly petioled, the margins at length somewhat revolute : calyx
small and short : corolla glabrous outside ; its f unnelform tube (3 or 4 lines long) little
longer than the ovate-oblong or at length linear-oblong lobes : follicles slender and even,
2 to 5 inches long. — Fl. i. 121 ; Pursh, 1. c. Tahemcemontana angustifolia, Ait. Kew. ed. l'
i. 300 (1789). Amsonia ciliata, Walt. Car. (1788), 98 ; A.DC. 1. c. ; Chapm. Fl. 360 ; a decep-
tive specific name, and barely the older. — Dry soil, N. Carolina to Florida and Texas.

Var. Texana. A foot or two high from creeping woody subterranean shoots, com-
pletely glabrous : leaves of firmer texture, lanceolate-oblong to linear. —. Texas, in rocky
prairies and at the base of limestone hills. Pope, Lindheimer, E. Hall, &c.
§ 2. Stigma apiculate with two distinct obtuse lobes above the truncate body :
tube of the corolla clavate, being constricted (at least in bud) under the conspicu-
ously shorter limb: calyx deeply 5-parted into slender-subulate lobes (2 or 3
lines long) : stems lower, more branching, and bearing smaller or simpler cymes :
western species.

* Follicles torose, inclined to break into thickish articulations : corolla rather short.
A. brevif olia, Gray. About a foot high, glabrous : leaves thickish, ovate, varying
above to lanceolate, nearly sessile by a narrowed base (8 to 18 lines long) : lobes of the
corolla ovate or becoming oblong, 2 or 3 lines long, nearly half the length of the tube ;
the throat bearded only within the constricted orifice : mass of the stigma between the
ring and the apical lobes longer than wide : follicles 2 or 3 inches long, thickish, irregu-
larly moniliform, chartaceous, and disposed to break into one-seeded joints. — Proc. Am.
Acad. xii. 64. — Southern Utah and W. Arizona, to the border of California, Mrs. Thompson,
Parry, Palmer.

A. tomentosa, Torr. A foot or more high, cinereous-tomentose or puberulent, varying
to glabrous : leaves from lanceolate to narrowly linear, sessile : lobes of the corolla oblong,

82 APOCYNACE^. Ainsonia.

2 or 3 lines long, fully half the length of the tube ; orifice bearded : mass of the stigma
between tlie ring and the lobes broader than high : follicles as in the preceding 1 — Frem.
Rep. ed. 2, 316, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 158. — Sandy plains and ravines, W. border of Texas
to S. Utah, Fremont, Wriglit, Mrs. Thompson, &c.

* * Follicles slender and continuous : tube of the corolla much longer than the lobes.

A. Palmeri, Gray. Glabrous or nearly so, a foot or two high : leaves narrowly lanceo-
late or linear, sessile (1^ to 3 inches long) : clusters simple and few-flowered: lobes of the
white corolla ovate, 1^ to 2 lines long, about a quarter the length of the tube, which is

• reflexed-bearded within almost to the base : mass of the stigma didymous, puberulent, di-
vided almost down to the ring. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. — Arizona, Palmer.

A. longiflora, Torr. Minutely scabrous or even scabrous-pubescent, or above glabrous :
leaves linear, sessile (i to 2 lines wide, 1 to 2 inches long) : lobes of the corolla narrowly
oblong, white, a quarter the length of the greenish-purple clavate tube ; this over an inch
long and glabrous within except toward the summit : body of the stigma trochleate, much
longer than wide, surmounted by the small and short lobes. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 158. —
Rocky ravines, "W. Te.xas and New Mexico on the Rio Grande, and adjacent Mexico.

3. VtNCA, L. Periwinkle. (Ancient Latin name, of obscure meaning.)
Flowers handsome, usually axillary. Juice hardly milky. — Two distinct sub-
genera: § 1. Pervinca ; herbaceous and procumbent or creeping Old World
species, blue-flowered, anthers with wide connective, and carpels only 6-8-ovuled ;
includes V. minor, L., the common Periwinkle of the gardens and the related
species. § 2. Lochnera, A.DC. ; low and erect shrubby plants, with white or
rose-colored corolla, anthers with narrow connective and carpels several-seeded ;
represented by the following species.

V. rosea, L. Low erect shrub, puberulent : leaves oblong, short-petioled : flowers almost
sessile : 'tube of corolla an inch long, the narrowly dilated upper portion with a necta-
riferous pit (externally salient) behind each anther; the throat with a hairy ring over the
tips of the stamens and a slighter one at the narrow orifice ; lobes obovate, shorter than
the tube, white with a pink eye, sometimes all rose-color or white, showy. — Bot. Mag.
t. 248. — Loc/mero. vincoides, Reichenb. — S. Florida : possibly native. Widely distributed
as a weed in the tropics ; cult, as a house-plant. (Trop. Amer.)

4. HAPL6PHYT0N, A.DC. (Composed of dnloog, simple, and -qiviov,
plant, alluding to the want of calycine glands and disk.) — DeCandolle was not
aware of the double coma, and Benth. & Hook, (Gen. ii. 722) wrongly assign to
it adnate anthers with empty tails, referring it to the EchitidecE. Single species.
H. cimicidum, A.DC. Herbaceous or nearly so from a suffrutescent base, slender, a

foot or two high, branching, somewhat cinereous-puberulent : leaves hispidulous-scabrous,
opposite and alternate, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, short-petioled, an inch or two long :
flowers terminating the branches, short-peduncled : corolla sulphur-color, half inch or more
long; the lobes as long as the tube. — Prodr. viii. 412; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 159. — S.
Arizona, in crevices of rocks, Wriglit, Schott, Thurber. (Mex., Guatemala, Cuba.)

5. AP6CYNUM, Tourn. Dogbane, Indian Hemp. (Ancient Greek
name for Dogbane ; and, far from, y.vcor, dog.) — Perennial herbs (of northern
temperate zone), pale or glaucescent; the liber very tough-fibrous;, and the leaves
opposite, oval or oblong, miicronate-tipped. Flowers (in summer) small, in ter-
minal minutely subulate-bracteate cymes, white or rose-color. Follicles 2 to 7
inches long, slender-pointed, often deflexed.

A. androseemifolium, L. A foot to a yard high, glabrous, or rarely soft-tomentose,
branched above : branches widely spreading : leaves ovate or roundish, distinctly petioled :

Macrosiphonia. APOCYNACE^. 33

cymes loose, spreading, naked and mostly surpassing the leaves : corolla flesh-color, open-
campanulate (3 or 4 lines long) with revolute lobes ; the tube exceeding the ovate acute
calyx-lobes. - Spec. i. 213 ; Lam. 111. t. 176 ; Bot. Mag. t. 280 ; Bigel. Med. t. 36. - Borders
K^]^ "^' ^^"'^'^^ ^° Georgia, New Mexico, California, and Brit. Columbia. Var. zncanum
A.DC, IS tlie downy-leaved form, not uncommon northward. *

. Y^r, pumUum, a very low and pecuUar round-leaved form, common from California
to Brit. Columbia.

A. cannabinum, L. Erect or ascending, glabrous or sometimes soft-pubescent : branches
ascending, leafy to the top : leaves from oval to oblong and even lanceolate, from short-
petioled to sessile, with a rounded or obscurely cordate base : cymes erect, densely flowered •
corolla greenish-white or slightly flesh-color, smaller than in the preceding, with almost
erect lobes, and tube not longer than the lanceolate calyx-lobes. — Spec. 1. c. ; Hook Fl
t. 139 ; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 394. A. hjperidfolium, Ait. Kew. ed. 1, i. 304 ; Hook. 'l. c. t. 140 •
form with mostly sessile and sometimes subcordate leaves. A. Sibiricum, Jacq! Vind ill'
t. 66. A. pubescens, R. Br. in Wern. Soc. i. 67 ; the downy form. — Moist grounds and banks
of streams, same range as the preceding, and more southern ; occurring in a much greater
number of forms, hardly to be distinguished as named varieties.

_ 6. CYCLADENIA, Benth. (Kvxlog, a ring, and dSi^v, gland, from the
circular glandular disk around the pistil.) — Low perennial herbs (Californian) ;
with a creeping rhizoma sending up a simple stem, hardly a span high, and bear-
ing 2 or 3 pairs of opposite petiolate leaves, of a thickish texture, and one or two
slender terminal or apparently axillary peduncles, with a few rose-purple flowers
on slender pedicels, developed in spring. — PI. Hartw. 322.

C. humilis, Benth. Glabrous and green, or pruinose when young : leaves ovate or
obovate, thickish, 1 to 3 inches long: calyx-lobes from lanceolate to nearly linear- corolla
three-fourths inch long. -Yuba to Shasta Co., California, in the mountains, HdHweg
Brewer, &c. '^'

C. tomentosa, Gray. Densely tomentose-pubescent throughout: leaves ovate and
oblong, 2 or 3 inciies in length: calyx hirsute. — Bot. Calif, i. 474. —Plumas Co. CaU-
fornia, with the preceding, Lemmon. ^ '

7. MACROSIPHONIA, Muell. (Arg.) (Ma-^Qog, long, and aicpcov, tube,
m reference to the corolla.) — Erect sufFrutescent or more woody plants (of Mexico,
Texas, and Brazil) ; with rather simple stems or branches, numerous opposite or
sometimes verticillate leaves, and proportionally large showy flowers, either ter-
minal or becoming lateral, on short peduncles or pedicels ; the corolla commonly
soft-puberulent or tomentose outside. Follicles erect. — Mart. Fl. Bras. vi. 137,
t 42, 43 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 727. — Flowers in ours white or externally
tinged with rose-color, vespertine, fragrant, in spring or summer ; the leaves
very short-petioled.

M. Berlandieri. A foot or two high, shrubby, white-tomentose : leaves from oval or
cordate-ovate to orbicular (an inch and more long), becoming greenish and merely pubes-
cent above, the diverging veins at length conspicuous : corolla merely puberulent outside,
Its slender tube (with the cylindraceous-dilated throat) 3 to 5 inches long, many times
exceeding the calyx and the round-obovate (nearly inch long) lohes. — Echites macrosiphon,
Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 158, t. 43.— Rocky soil, W. Texas and adjacent parts of Mexico,
Berlandier, Wright, Lindheimer.

M. Wrightii. Slender, branching, a foot high, soft-puberulent : leaves narrowly lan-
ceolate, acute, white-tomentulose beneath, glabrous or nearly so above : tube of the corolla
and its cylindraceous throat each half inch or more in length, tomentulose, the lobes
half inch long. — W. Texas, in mountains beyond the Limpio, Wright.

M. brach^siphon. A span to a foot high, branching, minutely puberulent, green or
barely cinereous : leaves oblong or ovate, acute or mucronate-pointed, or some rounded at

34 APOCYNACE^. EcJdtes.

the apex (half to barely an inch long) : corolla minutely puberulent outside ; its somewhat
f unnelforra throat and the obovate lobes as well as the narrow tube each about half an
inch in length. — J^oAites brachysiphon, Torr. 1. c. — Southern New Mexico and Arizona,
Wright, Schott, Thurber, Palmer, Rothrock.

8 ECHITES, p. Browne, L. {'Eiiz^g is the serpent-stone; application to
this genus obscure.) — Twining woody plants; with opposite leaves, and ter-
minal or lateral peduncles, bearing racemosely or sometimes simply cymosely dis-
posed flowers, oi ample size ; the corolla white, rose-color, or more commonly
yellow. Nearly all tropical American, barely reaching the south-eastern shores
of the United States, in three species belonging to as many genera of Mueller,
hesitatingly adopted by Bentham; perhaps better as two, viz., the following, here
arranged as subgenera.

§ 1. Mandevillea. Corolla with cylindrical or cylindraceous tube abruptly
dilated above into an inflated- or oblong-campanulate wide throat. — Mandevillea,
Lindl. (Amblyanthera, Muell.), with Rhabdadenia & Urechites, Muell.
E Andrewsii, Chapm. Glabrous or occasionally pubescent, low, usually twining:
leaves oval or 'oblong, often mucronate (about 2 inches long): peduncles corymbosely
3-5-flowered : lobes of the calyx as long as the proper corolla-tube, linear-subulate : corolla
yellow (2 inches long and the limb as broad) ; the much enlarged throat oblong-campanu-
late, hardly thrice the length of the narrow tube, little longer than the ovate spreading
lobe's: anthers abruptly produced at apex into a long linear-fiUform appendage: seeds
with a long filiform beak, the lower half of which is naked, the' upper plumosely comose.
— Fl 359 (1860). Echites suberecta, Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 187; Sims, Bot. Mag. 1. 1064, not
Jacq E. neriandra, Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 415 (1864). E. Catesbcei, Don? Neriandra sub-
erecta A.DC. Prodr. viii. 422. Urechites suberecta, Muell. in Linn. xxx. 444, in part ? —
S Florida and Keys, Blodgett, Palmer. — E. suberecta, Jacq. & Griseb., is hardly distinguish-
able except by the longer throat and shorter lobes of the corolla, and the unappendaged
anthers! (W. Ind.)
E Sagrsei A DC. Much smaller than the preceding : leaves half to barely an inch
long the margins more revolute : peduncles longer than the leaves, somewhat racemosely
flowered • calyx-lobes ovate-subulate and mucli shorter than the tube of the yellow (barely
inch long) corolla, the lobes of which are half the length of the throat : anthers bluntish,
unappendaged : beak of the seed plumosely-comose to the base. — Prodr. viii. 450 ; Gnseb.
1. c. Rhabdadenia Sagrcei, Muell. 1. c. 435. -Pine Key, Florida, Blodgett. (W. Ind.)
§ 2. EuECHiTES, A.DC. Corolla truly salverform, i.e. cylindrical up to the
limb, but the upper half (above the insertion of the stamens) abruptly somewhat
laroer. — Echites & Stipecoma, Muell.

E umbellata, Jacq. Glabrous, twining : leaves ovate or oval (2 inches long), mucro-
nate or short-pointed, slightly cordate : peduncles exceeding the leaves, somewhat umbel-
lately 3-7-flowered : calyx short : corolla greenish-white, 2 inches long, narrow-tubular :
the tube abruptly swollen a little below the middle, thence tapering upwards, 4 times the
length of the roundish lobes : anthers rigid, slender-hastate, bluntish and unappendaged
at tip: coma sessile on the top of the seed.-Amer. Pict. t. 29 (Catesb. Car. i. t. 58);
Chapm. 1. c. ; Griseb. I. c. — S. Florida. (W. Ind.)

9. TRACHELOSPifiBMUM:, Lemaire. (TQaxnlog, cmQiia, i.e. seed
with a neck : unhappily it has none or hardly any : the proposer, ignorant of
this, gave the name in reference to Rhynchospermum.) — Twining shrubby plants ;
with oval or oblong opposite short-petioled leaves, and small or smallish flowers
in terminal or lateral loose cymes : corolla white or greenish-white. — " Lemaire,
Jard. Fleur. i. t. 61 ; Moore & Henfr. Mag. Bot. ii. 113 ;" Benth. «& Hook. Gen.

Trachelospermum. APOCYNACE^. 85

ii. 720; name changed from Rhynchospermum, Lindl. (not Reinw.,nor A.DC, nor
is there a beak to the seed). Parechites, Miq., Gray in Mem. Am. Acad. vi. 403.
To this (Japanese, Himalayan, and Malayan) genus is here referred, somewhat
dubiously, the following.

T. difforme. Climbing lO or 15 feet high, somewhat pubescent when young or glabrous •
stems slender: leaves from ovate or oval to lanceolate, acuminate, membranaceous (U to
3 mches long) : peduncles shorter than the leaves : flowers rather numerous in open cymes
short-pedicelled : corolla "greenish," 4 lines long; the ovate lobes much shorter than the
cylmdraceous tube with its considerably dilated throat : style obscurely dilated under the
narrow membranous ring of the stigma: follicles long (6 to 9 inches) and slender.—
Echites difformis, Walt. Car. 98 ; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. i. t. 10. E. puberula, Michx. Fl. i. 120
Forsteroma difformis, A.DC. Prodr. viii. 437. Secondatia, Benth. & Hook. 1. c. — River-
hanks, Vh-ginia to Florida and Texas : fl. spring and summer.

^ Order LXXXVIII. ASCLEPIADACE^.

Characters of Apocynacea: as to herbage and general structure of flowers and
fruit ; distinguished by the peculiar aggregation and cohesion of the pollen into
grauulose or waxy masses (pollinia), one or sometimes two in each anther-cell,
and connected with the stigma or rather stigmatic disk in pairs or fours by means
of 5 glands or corpuscles, which alternate with the anthers. Estivation of the
corolla often valvate or nearly so. A corona (crown) of five parts or lobes
usually present between the corolla and the mostly monadelphous stamens, and
adnate either to the one or the other. Hypogynous disk within the stamens
none. ^ Styles distinct up to the common stigmatic mass, or none. Fruit always of
2 follicles, or by abortion of one ovary solitary, several-many-seeded ; the seeds
almost always bearing a long and soft coma at the apex.' Radicle superior.
Stems herbaceous or merely shrubby, not rarely twining. Leaves almost always
opposite or whorled, destitute of stipules. Inflorescence terminal, pseudo-axillary,
or sometimes axillary, cymose, often umbelliform. Bracts small or minute. The
tube of monadelphous filaments, commonly named gynostegium (a term which has
been applied also to the anther-portion), we call the column.

PERfpLOCA GRiECA, L., a woody climbing plant of the Old World, in ornamental culti-
vation, and m one or two places inclined to be spontaneous, represents the tribe or suborder
Periplocea, with granulose pollen loosely aggregated in two masses in each anther-cell. AH
the American genera have a single firm-waxy pollen-mass to each anther-cell, i.e. thev
belong to the suborder Asclepiadeje.

Tribe I. CYNANCHE^. Anthers tipped with an inflexed or sometimes erect
scarious membrane ; the polliniferous cells lower than the top of the stigma : pol-
Imia suspended, attached in pairs (one of each adjacent ceU of different anthers) to
the corpuscle or gland.

* Crown (corona) or appendages to the corolla or ancJrcEcium none.
1. ASTEPHANUS. Calyx destitute of glands. Corolla urceolate or short-campanulate,
b-clett ; the lobes slightly and dextrorsely convolute : stamens inserted on the base of its
tube. Top of the stigma obtusely conical or more elevated. Folhcles smooth.

* * Crown double ; the exterior annular, interior of 5 flat fleshy or hood-like scales or
processes.

^' ,?HI^IBERTIA. Calyx minutely 5-glandular within. Corolla open-campanulate or
(m all ours) rotate; the lobes dextrorsely convolute, narrowly overlapping. Exterior
crown a membranaceous ring adnate to the base of the corolla; interior of 5 scales adnate
to the base of the usually very short stamen-tube or column. Top of stigma flat or um-
bonate, or with a short 2-clef t beak. Follicles rather thick, smooth, acuminate.

86 ASCLEPIADACE.E.

* * * Crown single, sometimes with accessory processes or denticulations alternate with
the anthers : calyx 5-parted, mostly small, commonly bearing some minute glandular
processes at base within.

-i- Stems erect or merely decumbent, never twining : corolla rotate, 5-parted, dextrorsely
valvate-convolute in the bud (the lobes obscurely or more manifestly overlapping by
their edges, or at least by their tips) : body of the stigma &-angular or 6-lobcd, flat-
topped : crown consisting of distinct cucuUate or hollowed nectariferous appendages
(cucuUi or hoods), one opposite each anther : anthers margined with mostly corneous and
salient wings.

•H- Hoods remote from the anthers, at the base of the long column.

3. PODOSTIGMA. Corolla oblong-campanulate, 5-parted nearly to the 5-angular base;
the lobes erect, oblong, obtuse. Hoods of the crown short, somewhat incurved, and tlie
margins involute, forming pitcher-shaped nectariferous bodies. Column (and enclosed
styles) slender, almost as long as the corolla : five small processes under and alternating
with the short anthers. Wings of the latter widening downward to the truncate acute-
angled base. Follicles linear-fusiform, unarmed.

++ ++ Hoods approximate to the anthers : corolla in anthesis patent or reflexed.

= Hoods cristate- or corniculate- appendaged within.

4. ANANTHERIX. Corolla reflexed in anthesis. Column under the hoods very short
but distinct. Hoods as long as the corolla and far longer than the anthers, ascending,
oblong-clavate with incurved summit, mainly solid, with narrow bilamellate ventral mar-
gin widening to and rounded at the summit, there enclosing a narrower and pointless
lamelliform crest. Anthers of membranous texture throughout ; their papery (instead
of corneous) wings much broadened downward and horizontally truncate at base. Cau-
dicles almost capillary, more than double the length of the oblong pollinia ! Leaves
opposite.

5. ASCLEPIODORA. Corolla rotate-spreading in anthesis. Hoods basilar, inserted orer
the whole very short column, spreading and arcuate-assurgent, little surpassing the an-
thers, slipper-shaped and the rounded apex fornicate, hollow and with a thickish fleshy
back, traversed (at least the upper part) by a salient crest which near tlie apex divides
the cavity. Anther-wings (corneous) narrowed at base, angulate above the middle if at
all. Caudicles shorter than the pyriform pollinia. Leaves commonly alternate.

6. ASCLEPIAS. Corolla almost always reflexed in anthesis. Hoods involute or com- '
plica'te, not fornicate, bearing a horn or crest-like (pointed or rarely pointless) process
from the back or toward the base within, eitlier sessile next tlie corolla or elevated on a
column which is shorter than the anthers. Corneous anther-wings widening down to the
base, usually triangular, the salient base being truncate or semihastate, or not rarelj'
broadly rounded. Leaves opposite, sometimes varying to alternate or verticillate.

= = Hoods wholly destitute of crest or appendage within : corolla reflexed in anthesis.

7. ACERATES. Hoods involute-concave or somewhat pitcher-shaped. Anther-wings
widened or angulate if at all near or above the middle, thence narrowed to the base.
Otherwise as Asdepias. Leaves prevailingly alternate or scattered.

8. SCHIZONOTUS. Hoods saccate, dorsally bivalvular, cleft posteriorly from apex to
base, the ventral side adnate to the whole length of the column. Leaves opposite. An-
thers, &c., of Acerates.

9. GOMPHOCARPUS. Hoods various, open ventrally or at the top. Anthers, &c., of
Asdepias.

•i— H— Stems twining (at least in ours) : corolla 5-parted or deeply cleft : crown of dis-
tinct or united plane or concave processes, or rarely cup-shaped.
++ The 5 divisions abruptly pointed, 2-3-lobed or appendaged at the apex.

10. ENSLENIA. Corolla erect-campanulate ; lobes ovate-lanceolate, slightly dextrorse-
overlapping in the bud. Crown nearly sessile at base of the anthers ; its divisions dis-
tinct, thin, oblong, the abrupt or truncate apex bearing a long-ligulate or awnlike (single
or) double appendage. Pollinia elliptical. Stigma with an elevated 2-lobed tip. Anther-
wings, follicles (smooth, ovate), seeds, &c., nearly of Asdepias.

11. ROULINIA. Corolla rotate-spreading. Crown 5-parted; its divisions simply and
abruptly acuminate or ligulate-tipped. Anther-wings tuberculiform and short. Stigma
flat-topped. Otherwise nearly as the preceding.

-H- ++ Divisions or lobes of the crown not tipped with any appendage or prolonged mid-
dle lobe : follicles smooth.

12. METASTELMA. Calyx short and the lobes obtuse. Corolla usually campanulate,
6-clef t or 6-parted ; the lobes strictly valvate in the bud, commonly papillose-puberulent

Philibertia. ASCLEPIADACEiE. g7

e[th''eronfhe''Si. nT" ''\ ^ ^^' ^'- ^^^""^^ ^^^^ -instinct scales or processes, borne
the centre "^ "™- ^^'^""^ "^'^^ ^^' '^P °^ ^'^^ ^ mere apicula [ion at

13. MELINIA. Calyx-lobes narrow and acute. Corolla with thin-edeed lobes slishtlv
overlapping in the bud. Crown of 5 distinct fleshy scales at the Se of the cXmZ
Stigma abruptly long-rostrate, the beak entire. i-wiuiua.

^\7.}f.?'^^^^]^^^- ^°™'}^ '"^^" ^'^ ««"^ewhat carapanulate, 5-parted; the lobes
?ts?unP ?n^ overlappnig or nearly yalvate in the bud. Crown on the short column or at
Its junction wth the corolla, cup-shaped or annular and usually 5-10-lobed or parted or
of 5 distinct plane scales, not appendaged. Stigma with flat or obtusely conical top.

Tribe II. GONOLOBE.E, Anthers usually with short if any scarious tip, and
borne on the margin of or close under the disk of the stigma ; the cells opening
more or less transversely. Pollinia horizontal or nearly so, otherwise as in the pre-
cedmg tribe, but usually smaller.

15. GONOLOBUS. Corolla rotate or rarely campanulate, 5-parted or 5-lobed; the lobes
dextrorsely convolute m the bud : crown annular or cupulate, entire or lobed, rarely di-
vided. Stigma flat-topped. r , > j

1 . AST:6PHANUS, R. Br. (^azECpavog, crownless.) — Slender and small-
flowered herbaceous or suffrutescent plants, chiefly of the southern hemisphere.
— Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 747.

A. Utahensis, Engelm. Perennial from a thick root, low, nearly glabrous : stems
filiform, twining : leaves filiform-linear, acute : short peduncles umbellately 3-5-flowered :
corolla dull yellow, little longer than the calyx, campanulate (a line high and wide) ; the
Ipbes ovate, somewhat cucullate with points inflexed, papillose-puberulent internally : fol-
hcles long-acuminate : surface of the seed rough-granulate. — Am. Naturalist, ix. 349.—
Dry sandhills, St. George, S. Utah, Parry. Hardy viile, Arizona, Palmer.

2. PHILIB:6RTIA, HBK., Benth. & Hook. (J. C. PIdUbert, author of
some French elementary botanical works.) — Perennial herbaceous or shrubby
twining plants (of warmer N. and S. America) ; with petiolate leaves, and usually
dull-colored or parti-colored fragrant flowers: peduncles umbellately several-
many-flowered: fl. summer.— Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 750. Sarcostemma, as
to spec. Amer., HBK., Decaisne in DC, &c. Corolla in our species deeply 5-
cleft or parted (= Sarcostemma, HBK.), the lobes commonly ciliate.

* Column manifest, rather longer than the tumid scales of the inner crown on its summit.
P. undlilata, Gray. Low-twining, glabrous or cinereous-puberulent, pale: leaves
thickisli, from lanceolate and gradually acuminate to linear from a hastately cordate base
(2 or 3 inches long), the margins undulate-crisped : peduncle 6-10-flowered, longer than the
petiole and pedicels: corolla dull purple, glabrous above, half inch in diameter; the lobes
ovate ; outer crown saucer-shaped : follicles 4 or 5 inches long. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 95.
Sarcostemma undulata, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 161. — W. Texas and New Mexico, Parry,
Bigelow, Wright, &c.

* * Coliunn none or very short and inconspicuous : peduncles about equalling or surpassing the
plane leaves : follicles tomentulose or glabrate. no is

P. Torreyi, Gray. Freely twining, densely pubescent with soft spreading hairs : leaves
cordate-lanceolate and acuminate or sagittate, an inch or more long : peduncle 10-15-
flowered : corolla apparently white, two-thirds to three-fourths inch in diameter ; the lobes
little shorter than the pedicel, broadly ovate, obtuse, externally puberulent, strongly vil-
lose-ciliate, outer and inner crowns contiguous. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 94. Sarcostemma
elepans, Torr. 1. c, not Decaisne. — Rocky hills, S. W. Texas, on the Rio Grande and its
tributary the Cibolo, Parry, Bigelow. — P. elegans is less pubescent, with smoother corolla
purple in part within, the lobes narrower, and a short column developed between the thick
and prominent outer crown and the inner.

P. cynancholdes, Gray, 1. c. Tall-climbing (8 to 40 feet), glabrous or glabrate : leaves
from deeply cordate to sagittate or almost hastate, abruptly cuspidate or short-acuminate,

88 ASCLEPIADACE^. Pkilibertia.

1 to 2i inches long : peduncle 15-25-90^616(1 : pedicels filiform and much longer than the
flowers : corolla white or whitish, scarcely half inch in diameter, smoothish ; the lohes
oblong-ovate, acutish, somewhat ciliate : crowns separated by a very short column. — Sar-
costemma cynanchoides, Decaisne in DC. Prodr. viii. 541. S. bilobum, Torr. 1. c, not Hook. &
Am. "? Gonolobus viridiflorus, Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 219, not Nutt., and probably not
from " St. Louis." — Along rivers, Texas to S. Utah and Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.)

P. linearis, Gray, 1- c. Slender, low twining or when young erect, puberulent or gla-
brate : leaves narrowly linear, acute or nearly so at both ends, short-petioled (an inch long) :
peduncle exceeding the leaves, 8-10-flowered : corolla yellowish, purplish, or whitish, barely
puberulent, a third inch in diameter ; the lobes ovate : crowns contiguous. — Sarcostemma
lineare, Decaisne, 1. c, & in PI. Hartw. 25. — S. Arizona. (Mex.)

Var. hirtella. Chiereous-pubescent throughout with short spreading hairs, little
clnnbing : leaves as in the original species in form and size : sepals more slender. — Sar-
costemma heterophyllum, var. hirtelliim, Gray, Bot. Cahf . i. 478. — Fort Mohave, California, on
sandy river-banks, Cooper, &c. Hardyville, Arizona, Palmer.

Var. heterophylla. More twining, glabrous, merely puberulent or above pubescent :
leaves 1 or 2 inclies long, 1 or 2 lines wide, some tapering into the petiole, some with
rounded and more with somewhat dilated or auriculate-cordate or truncate base : corolla
smoother, half inch in diameter. — Sarcostemma heterophyllum, Engelm. in Torr. Pacif. R.
Rep. V. 363, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 1. c. (with var.?); Gray, Bot. Calif. I.e. — California,
from San Luis Rey, San Diego, &c. to Arizona.

P. viminalis. Gray, 1. c. Glabrous or nearly so, freely twining : leaves thickish, from
ovate-oblong to lanceolate, cuspidate-acuminate, obtuse or rounded at base, short-petioled
(an inch or two long), shorter than the many-flowered peduncle: corolla half an inch or
more in diameter, white ; the lobes ovate, puberulent outside. — Asclepias viminalis, Swartz,
Prodr. 53; Willd. Spec. i. 1270 (Sloane, Jam. t. 131, f. 1). Sarcostemma Brownii, G. F.
Meyer, Fl. Esseq. 139 ; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 419. 5. clausum, Decaisne, 1. c. S. crassifolium,
Chapm. Fl. 368. — Keys of Florida. (W. Ind. to Guiana.)

3. PODOSTfGMA, Ell. (/loi^V, nodog, foot, and Gxiyfia, i. e. stalked
stigma.) — Sk. i. 326. Stylandra, Nutt. Gen. i. 170. — Single species.

P. pubescens. Ell. 1. c. Perennial herb, a span to a foot high from a thickened root :
stem erect, simple or sparingly branched : leaves opposite, linear-lanceolate, nearly sessile :
peduncles terminal and axillary, short, umbellately several-flowered: flowers greenish-
yellow, fragrant, 4 lines long: follicles tomentulose. — Deless. Ic. v. t. 65; Chapm. Fl.
366. Asclepias pedicellata, Walt. Car. 106. Stylandra pumila, Nutt. 1. c. — Low pine barrens,
N. Carolina to Florida : fl. summer.

4. ANANTHERIX, Nutt. (Composed of a, privative, and avOsoi'E, awn,
i.e. destitute of the horn of Asclepias.) — Single species, being Ananlherix,
Nutt. Gen. i. 169, not of Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, v. 201, except as to the
first species.

A. connivens. Gray. Stem erect, 2 feet high from a perennial root, minutely pubes-
cent above: leaves opposite, sessile, oblong (1| to 2| inches long), or the uppermost small
and lanceolate, transversely veined, rather fleshy : umbels 2 to 6 along the naked summit
of the stem, several-flowered : lobes of the greenish corolla ovate, 5 lines long : hoods
whitish, incurved-conniving over the stigma ; a pair of small and narrow internal appen-
dages before the base of each : hyaline anther-tips elongated: follicles not seen. — Proc.
Am. Acad. xii. 66. Asclepias connivens, Baldw. in Ell. Sk. i. 320 (1817). Anantherix viridis,
Nutt. Gen. 1. c. (1818), but not Asclepias viridis, Walt. Acerates connivens, Decaisne in DC.
Prodr. viii. 521. — Wet pine barrens of Georgia and Florida : fl. summer.

5. ASCLEPIODORA, Gray. (Jia-ATjmdg and dmQov or dcoQsd, the gift
of Asclepias.) — Perennial herbs (of Atlantic N. America), rather low and stout.
often decumbent ; distinguished from Asclepias by the anther-wings and hood, the
latter with a crest answering to the horn of that genus, from the original Anan-

Asclepias. ASCLEPIADACE^. 89

therix by the same characters. Leaves mainly alternate or scattered. Flowers

proportionally large : corolla-lobes ovate, greenish. Follicles ovate or oblong and

acuminate, usually bearing some scattered soft-spinulose projections, arrect on

recurved or sigmoid pedicels. — Pioc. Am. Acad. xii. 66. Ananlherix in part,

Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. Acerates in part, Decaisne, 1. c.

A. Viridis, Gray, 1. c. About a foot high, almost glabrous, very leafy to the top r leaves

from ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, mostly obtuse, short-petioled, 3 or 4 inches long :

umbels few and corymbose or clustered, sometimes soHtary : corolla globular-ovate in bud ;

the lobes a third to half inch long : hoods purphsh or violet, about half the length of the

corolla-lobes, lower than the anther-column : wings of the anthers narrow, hardly angulate

above, and below less prominent than the connectives : pollinia narrow, little longer than

their caudicles. — ^sc/eT^icw viridis, Walt. Car. 107. Podostipna? viridis, Ell. Sk. i. 327.

Anantherix panicidatus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. A. Torreyanus, Don, Syst. iv. 146.

Asclepias longipetala, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 757. Acerates paniculata, Decaisne, 1. c. 521.—

Prairies and dry barrens, S. Carolina to Texas, New Mexico, and westward of the AUe-

ghanies north to Illinois.

Var. angustior, a lower form, with smaller and oblong-linear leaves, and rather more
assurgent hoods. — Anantherix paniculatus, var. angustior, Engelm. ined.— Texas, Lindheimer
E. Hall. '

A. deciimbens, Gray, I. c. Scabrous-puberulent : leaves firmer m texture, from lan-
ceolate to linear, tapermg to the, apex: umbel sohtary : corolla depressed-globular in bud
4 or 5 hues long, hardly twice the length of the yellowish or dark-purplish hoods, which
overtop the somewhat depressed anther-column: anther-wings salient, especially at the
broader and strongly angulate upper portion: polhuia pyriform, short-caudicled. — ^mn-
therix decumbens, Nutt. 1. c. (& in Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 219, without name).— ^. Nut-
talhanus, Don, Syst. iv. 147. Acerates decumbens, Decaisne, 1. c. Asclepias brevicornu, Scheele,
1. c. 756. — Dry plains, Arkansas and Texas to New Mexico and Utah. FoUicles always'
smooth? (Adjacent Mex.)

6. ASCLlfiPIAS, L. Milkweed, Silkweed. (The Greek name of
^sculapius, applied by the ancient herbalists to various plants of the present and
the preceding order.) — Herbs, rarely woody at base (American, mainly North
American with one or two African) : upright or merely spreading stems from
deep and thickish perennial roots: leaves opposite varying to verticillate, or
sometimes alternate or irregularly scattered. Flowers (in summer) umbellate ;
the peduncles terminal and lateral, usually between the petioles. Stem often
marked with decurrent lines of pubescence. Follicles soft-echinate or warty in
two or three species, otherwise naked. Coma of the seeds often wanting in A.
perennis. Corolla not reflexed in A. Feayi. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 754 ; Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 66.

§ 1. Hoods sessile, broader or at least not attenuate at base ; the horn or crest
various, but conspicuous : anther-wings broadest and usually angulate-truncate
and salient at base.

* Corolla and hoods orange-color: follicles arrect on a deflexed fruiting pedicel, naked : leaves
mostly irregularly alternate, seldom truly opposite : juice of stem not milky !

A. tuberosa, L. (Butteefly-weed, Pleurisy-root.) Hirsute or roughish-pubescent, a
foot or two high, very leafy to the top : leaves from lanceolate-oblong to linear-lanceo-
late, sessile or slightly petioled: umbels several and mostly cymose at the summit of the
stem, short-peduncled : column short : hoods narrowly oblong, erect (2 or 3 lines long),
deep bright orange, much surpassing the anthers, almost as long as the purplish- or
slightly greenish-orange oblong corolla-lobes, nearly equalled by the filiform-subulate
horn : follicles cinereous-pubescent. — (Dill. Elth. t. 30, f. 34.) Bot. Reg. t. 76 ; Bart. Med.
t. 22; Bigel. Med. t. 26. Dry and especially sandy soil, Canada to Florida, Texas,
and Arizona.

90 ASCLEPIADACE^. Asdepias.

Var. decumbens, Pursh, a form with reclining stems, broader and more commonly
opposite leaves, and umbels from most of the upper axils, racemosely disposed. — A.
decumbens, L. Spec. 216 ; Sweet, Br. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 24, but flowers too red. — Ohio to
Georgia, &c. (A liybrid between A. tuberosa and A. incarnata was found in South Carolina
by Dr. Mellichamp.)

* # Corolla bright red or purple : follicles naked, fusifonn, arrect on the deflexed fruit-bearing
pedicel, except in the first and last species : leaves opposite, mostly broad. {A. quadnfoha might
be sought here.)

-1— Hoods bright orange, raised on a distinct column : plants glabrous.
A. Curassavica, L. A foot or two high, becoming somewhat woody at base : leaves
oblong-lanceolate, thin, short-petioled, 2 to 4 inches long : peduncles not longer than the
leaves : lobes of the scarlet corolla ovate : hoods ovate, equalling the anthers, shorter than
their subulate incurved horn: follicles and fruiting pedicels erect. — (Herm. Par. t. 36 ;
Dill. Elth. t. 30, f. 33.) Bot. Reg. t. 81. — S. Florida and Louisiana: perhaps introduced
from Tropical America.
A. paupercula, Michx. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, remotely leafy above or naked at the
peduncle-like summit, which bears solitary or few pedunculate naked umbels : leaves elon-
gated-lanceolate or linear and tapering to both ends, 4 to 10 inches long, nearly sessile,
thickish, very smooth except the roughish margins : flowers rather few (5 to 12) in the
umbels, large (fully half inch long when the narrowly oblong lobes of the deep red corolla
are reflexed) : bright orange hoods obovate or broadly oblong, not twice the length of the
anthers, much exceeding the incurved horn. — ^. lanceolata, Walt. Car. 105. — Marshes
near the coast. New Jersey to Florida and Texas.

H— ^_ Hoods purple or purplish : umbel mostly many-flowered.
++ Flowers rather large; the hoods about a quarter inch long and double the length of the anthers:
lobes of the corolla dull-colored outside, deep-colored within : leaves transversely vemed, 3 to 8
inches long.
A. riibra, L. Glabrous, 1 to 4 feet high, somewhat remotely leafy : leaves from ovate to
lanceolate, sessile or almost so, tapering from near the rounded or obscurely cordate base
to an acuminate apex, bright green : umbels solitary (terminal and from the uppermost
axils) or 2 to 4 raised on a naked common peduncle: corolla-lobes and hoods lanceolate-
oblong, purplish-red, or the hoods obscurely orange-tinged ; the horn of the latter long,
very slender, straightish : column short but manifest. — Spec. 217 (founded on pi. Clayt.
no. 263 Gronov. Fl. Virg., with upper leaves accidentally alternate) ; Gray, in DC Prodr.
& Man.' ed. 1, 368. A. polystachia, Walt. ? A. cordata, Walt. ? A. laurifoUa, Michx. Fl. i. 117.
A. acuminata, Pursh, Fl. i. 182. A. periplocifolia, Nutt. Gen. i. 167. -Moist grounds. New
Jersey and Penn. to Florida and Louisiana.
A. purpurascens, L. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, leafy to top : leaves ovate-oval or oblong,
short-petioled, tomentulose beneath, soon glabrous above: peduncles shorter than the
leaves ; corolla dark and deep (sometimes dull) purple within ; the lobes oblong : hoods
pale red or purple, oblong or somewhat ovate ; the horn short-subulate from a broad base,
falcate-recurved : column extremely short. — Spec. 214 (Dill. Elth. 32, t. 28, f. 31) ; WiUd.
Spec. i. 1265 ; Decaisne in DC viii. 464 ; Torr. Fl. N. Y. ii. 120, t. 85. A. aniana, L. Spec.
217 (pi. Dill. 1. c. 31, t. 27, f . 30) ; Michx. I. c. ; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 82. —
Dry ground, New England to Wisconsin and Tennessee. Habit of A. Cormdi.
++ ++ Flowers small ; the hoods a line long and equalling the anthers : veins of the leaves ascend-
ing : milky juice scanty.
A. incarnata, L. Nearly glabrous or a little pubescent: stem 2 or 3 feet high, very
leafy to the top, sometimes branching : leaves oblong-lanceolate, short-petioled (3 to 5
inches long), obtuse or acutish at base : peduncles somewhat corymbose at or near the
summit of the stem, shorter than the leaves : corolla from deep rose-purple to flesh-color ;
the lobes oblong (2 lines long) : column narrow, more than half the length of the broadly
oblong obtuse pale hoods ; these a little exceeded by their slender uncinate-incurved horn:
follicles only 2 or 3 inches long, erect on erect pedicels. — (Cornuti, Canad. t. 93.) Jacq.
Vind. t. 107 ; Bot. Reg. t. 250 ; Decaisne, I. c. excl. syn. in part. A. amama, Brongn. in
Ann. Sci. Nat. xxiv. t. 13, anal. — Swamps, Canada to Saskatchewan and Louisiana.

Var. pulchra, Pers., the form with copious and somewhat hirsute pubescence, and
usually broader leaves (lanceolate lo oblong) often subcordate at base. — 4. incarnata, L.

^sclepias. ASGLEPIADACEJE. 91

as to Hort. Cliff. ; Michx. 1. c. A. pvlchra, Ehrhart ; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2 t. 18 —
With the smooth form. '

Var. longifolia. Leaves elongated- or linear-lanceolate, 4 to 7 inches long a third
to half inch wide, glabrous or with minute pubescence : stems 4 to 6 feet high :' flowers
paler. — ^. tuberosa, Torr. in Pacif. K. Rep. vii. 18. — Texas to New Mexico.

* nr cf ^"™"^ t"^\ T^^ greenish, yellowish, white, or merely purplish-tinged: leaves opposite
or sometimes whorled, or the upper rarely alternate or scattered. "^ " ^ i l'"'*""

H- Follicles echinate with soft spinous processes and denselv tomentose, large (3 to 5 inches lone)
ancl ventricose. ovate and acuminate, arrect on deflexed pedicels: leaves large and broad short-
petioled, transversely veined: stems stout and simple, 2 to 5 feet high.
A. speciosa, Torr. Finely canescent-tomentose, rarely glabrate with age : leaves from
subcordate-oval to oblong, thickish : peduncles shorter than the leaves : pedicels of the
many-flowered dense umbel and the calyx densely tomentose : flowers purplish large •
corolla-lobes ovate-oblong, 4 or 5 lines long : hoods 5 or 6 lines long, spreading, the dilated
body and its short inflexed horn not surpassing the anthers, but the centre of its truncate
summit abruptly produced into a lanceolate-ligulate thrice longer termination: column
hardly any : wings of the anthers notched and obscurely corniculate at base. — Ann. Lye.
N. Y. ii. 218. A. Douylasii, Hook. Fl. ii. 53, t. 142, & Bot. Mag. t. 4413. — Along streams,
Nebraska to Arkansas, and west to S. Utah, California, and Washington Territory.
A. Cornuti, Decaisne. (Common Milkweed.) Finely soft-pubescent or tomentulose •
leaves green and early glabrate above, oval or oblong, obtuse or roundish at base: pe-
duncles little longer than the very numerous pubescent pedicels : corolla dull purple or
greenish-purple, rarely almost white ; the lobes ovate, three or four lines long : hoods
whitish, ovate, rather longer than the anthers, with a tooth on each side below the middle ;
the subulate horn short and incurved : column short. — Prodr. 1. c. 564 ; Torr. Fl. N. y!
ii. 119. A. Syriaca, L. (Cornuti, Canad. t. 90) ; Spenner in Nees Gen. Germ. fasc. 21, t. 1-3.'
— Canada to Saskatchewan and N. Carolina, chiefly in fields.

-1- -1- Follicles minutely warty-echinate along the tapering apex, otherwise as in the succeeding:
wings of the anthers emarginately bicorniculate at base.
A. Sullivantii, Engelm. Glabrous throughout, a yard high, leafy to the top : leaves
opposite, thickish, oblong, with subcordate or rounded base, nearly sessile (4 or 5 inches
long) : umbels terminal and from the uppermost axils, short-peduncled, rather many-
flowered: flowers flesh-colored: corolla-lobes oval, 5 lines long: column short: hoods
oval, with a gibbosity on each side near the base, almost truncate at summit, a third
longer than the anthers ; the falcate-subulate horn rising from near the base, horizontally
and slightly exserted from the middle. — Gray, Man. ed. 1, 366, ed. 5, 395. — Low grounds,
Ohio (Sullivant) to Kansas (Freviont). Follicle 3 to 5 inches long, ovate-lanceolate, nearly
glabrous, smooth, except small and soft conical warty processes scattered along the beak.

•f- -f- -1- Follicles wholly unarmed and smooth throughout, either glabrous or tomentulose-pubes-
cent. ^

++ Arrect or ascending on the deflexed or decurved fructiferous pedicels.

== Umbel solitary on the perfectly simple strict stem, elevated on a naked terminal peduncle:
leaves all closely sessile, broad, transversely veined : plant glabrous and pale or glaucous : follicles
fusiform : anthers either bicorniculate or salient-angled at base of the wing.

A. Obtusifolia, Michx. Stem 2 or 3 feet high : leaves undulate, oblong or elliptical,
3 to 5 inches long, with rounded or refuse apex and cordate-clasping base : peduncle 2 to
12 inches long: umbel loosely many-flowered: corolla dull greenish-purple; the lobes
oblong, 4 lines long : column as high as broad : hoods flesh-color, erosely truncate and
somewhat toothed at the broad summit, hardly exceeding the anthers, shorter than the
falcate-subulate incurved horn : anther-wings bicorniculate at base in the manner of A.
Sullivantii. — Fl. i. 113; Decaisne, I.e. 565. A. purpurascens, Walt. Car. 103. — Dry or
sandy soil. New England to Florida, Texas, and Nebraska.

A. Meadii, Torr. A foot or two high : leaves plane and even, ovate-lanceolate, or
rarely lanceolate, obtuse or acute, rounded at the sessile base, rough-margined, 1^ to 3
inches long : peduncle 2 to 4 inches long : umbel 6-20-flowered : corolla greenish-yellow ;
the lobes ovate, 3 or 4 lines long : column very short : hoods purplish, with rounded-trun-
cate entire summit and a tooth at the inner margins, exceeding the anthers and the subu-
late inflexed horn : anther-wings with entire but descending salient angle at base. — Gray,
Man. ed. 2, addend. 704, ed. 5, 397. — Dry ground, Illinois, 5. B. Mead, Iowa, Vasey, &c.

92 ASCLEPIADACE^. Asclepias.

= = Umbels usually more than one and on peduncles overtopping or equalling the leaves : stein
tall and simple: leaves broad, resembling those of the three preceding species.
A glaucescens, HBK. Glabrous up to the peduncles, and inclined to be glaucous :
leaves as of A. obtiisifolia, but only slightly undulate, 2^ to 4 inches long : umbels 2 to 4 or
rarely solitary, many-flowered : pedicels pubescent or villous, rather short : corolla greenish-
white ; the lobes ovate, 3 or 4 lines long : column very short : hoods obovate-truncate,
about equalling the anthers, with fleshy gibbous-incurved back and (white ■? ) petaloid sides,
the whole length within occupied by a broad and thin crest, which is 2-lobed at the sum-
mit the outer lobe broad and rounded, the inner a short and triangular-subulate nearly
included horn. —Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 290, 1. 127 ; Decaisne in DC. 1. c. 505. A. SuUivantn,
Torn Bot. Mex. Bound. 162, wholly 1 — S. W. Texas and New Mexico (but the only
specimen in herb. Torr. from " Plains near the Rio Limpio "), Bigelow. (Mex.)
^ = =, Umbels more than one, on peduncles longer than the orbiciUar leaves or than the much
abbreviated stem.
A nummularia, Torr. Clustered stems an inch or two high : leaves in 2 or 3 approxi-
mated pairs, orbicular, mucronate, thickish, canescently toraentose, glabrate with age :
peduncles H to 2 inches long, many-flowered: corolla greenish-white; the lobes ovate,
2 lines long : column hardly any : hoods ovate, a little longer than the anthers : the horn
short and stout : folUcles ovate-lanceolate, tomentulose. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 163, t. 45. —
New Mexico, Bigelow, Thurber, &c. (Adjacent Mex.)

^ ^. = = Umbels mostly more than one: peduncle not overtopping the leaves (except per-
haps in A. cinerea ), sometimes none.
o. Leaves broad (from orbicular to oblong-lanceolate), proportionally large : hoods broad, little if
at all overtopping the anthers: stems from a foot to a yard or more m height, except the lirst
species.
1. Glabrous or some minute pubescence or tomentum on young parts, no floccose wool.
A cryptoceras Watson. A span or two high, almost completely glabrous : stems
decumbent : leaves 3 or 4 pairs, ovate-orbicular with mucronate apiculation, glaucescent,

1 or 2 inches long, very short-petioled : flowers large, all at the summit, few in each of the

2 or 3 umbels : the lateral of these sessile, the terminal short-peduncled : lobes of the
greenish-yellow corolla ovate, 6 lines long : column none : hoods flesh-colored, saccate-
ovate abruptly and minutely bi-acuminate, equalling the anthers, enclosing the falcate-
subulkte horn : follicles ovate. — King Exped. 283, t. 28. Acerates latifoUa, Torr. in Frem.
Rep. ed. 2, 317. — Utah, W. Nevada, and Idaho, Nuttall, Fremont, Watson, &c.

A ampleiicaulis, Michx. Glaucous and glabrous : stems decumbent, a foot or two
long- leaves in numerous rather crowded pairs, cordate-ovate and clasping, obtuse, suc-
culent whitish-veiny, 3 to 5 inches long : peduncles about half the length of the leaves,
longer than the numerous slender pedicels: lobes of the greenish-purplish corolla oblong,

3 lines long : column very short : hoods white, obovate-truncate, nearly enclosing the tri-
angular-arcuate crest-like horn : follicles ovate-lanceolate. — Fl. i. 113 ; Ell. Sk. i. 322. A.
himistrata, Walt. Car. 105, except " floribus rubris." — Dry sandy barrens, North Carohna
to Florida.

A. Jamesii, Torr. Farinose-puberulent when young, soon green and glabrous : stem
stout, erect' or ascending, a foot or more high : leaves about 5 pairs, approximate, re-
markably thick and large (when dry coriaceous, the larger 4 to 6 inches long), orbicular
or broadly oval, often emarginate and with a mucronation, subcordate at base, nearly
sessile copiously transversely veined : umbels 2 or 3, all or mostly lateral, densely many-
flowered, on peduncles shorter than the pedicels : flowers greenish : lobes of the corolla
ovate, 4 or 5 lines long : column very short but distinct : hoods barely equalhng the an-
thers,'broad, with truncate entire summit, which is equalled by the upper margin of the
falciform-triangular crest, the apex of which extends into a short subulate horn partly
over the top of the stigmatic disk : follicles turgid-ovate, barely acute, 2^ or 3 inches long.
— Bot. Mex. Bound. 162. A. ohtusifoUa, var. latifoUa, Torr. m Ann. Lye. ii. 117. — Plains
of Colorado to W. Texas and E. Arizona.

A. phytolaccoides, Pursh. Bright green and glabrous : stem 4 or 5 feet high : leaves
membranaceous, from oval to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, short-petioled,
4 to 8 inches long: peduncles (1 or 2 inches long) seldom longer than the numerous fili-
form lax pedicels : corolla greenish ; the lobes ovate or oblong, 4 luies long : column short :

Asclepias. ASCLEPIADACEiE. 93

hoods white or pale, flesh-colored, broad and erect, rather shorter than the anthers trun-
cate horizontally, the truncate margin somewhat erose or toothed and with a slender tooth
at the inner angles, much surpassed by the erector slightly incurved slender-subulate horn •
lolUcles fusiform and slender-acummate, at length glabrous.— Fl. i. 180- Decaisne in DC

1. c. A. Syriaca, var. exaltata, L. Spec. ed. 2, 313. A. nivea, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1181 not h
A. exaltata (acuminata), Muhl. Cat. 28. — Shaded and moist ground, New England to Wis-
consin and south to Georgia in the mountains.

A. variegata, L. A foot or two high: leaves 3 to 7 pairs, thinnish (the middle ones
sometimes 4-nate), oval or ovate, or the upper oblong, obtuse at both ends, mucronate-
apiculate or short-acuminate, not rarely somewhat undulate, bright green and glabrous
above, pale and sometimes tomentulose beneath (at least when young), 3 to 6 inches long
conspicuously petioled : peduncles 1 to 3, terminal and subterminal, short equalling or
exceeding the very numerous pedicels of the compact umbel, both usually tomentulose •
flowers white with some pink or purple at the centre, i. e. on the distinct column and base
of the corolla: lobes of the latter ovate or oval, 3 lines long: hoods globular-ventricose
from a narrow base, spreading, overtopping the short anthers and stigmatic disk • the
semilunate subulate horn horizontally short-exserted : follicles fusiform and long-acuminate
—Spec. 215, & ed. 2, 312 (founded on syn. Dill. & Pluk.) ; Walt. Car. 104 ; Sims, Bot. Mag
t. 1182 ; Ell. 1. c. ; Decaisne, 1. c. (excl. syn. Hook.) ; Gray, Man. 1. c. ; Torr. Fl. N Y t 86
A. nivea, L. as to syn. Gronov. & herb. A. citrifolia, Jacq. Coll. & Ic. Rar. t. 343. A hybrida
Michx. 1. c — Dry shaded grounds, S. New York and Ohio to Florida, Arkansas and W
Louisiana. '

2. Tomentose or pubescent, South Atlantic States or New Mexican species: umbels all lateral
short-peduncled : flowers greenish: follicles tomentose or canescent. '

A. tomentosa, Ell. Tomentulose or merely soft-pubescent, sometimes minutely so ■ stems
a foot or sometimes a yard high, very leafy above : leaves from oval-obovate to oblong-lan-
ceolate obtuse or short-acuminate at both ends, 2 to 4 inches long, rather conspicuously
petioled : umbels 3 to .10 in alternate axils, very short-peduncled, loosely many-flowered •
lobes of the corolla ovate, 3 or 4 lines long: column very short: hoods oval-obovate
obliquely truncate, decidedly shorter than the broadly-winged anthers; the broadly subu-
late horn ascending and moderately exserted at the upper interior angle • " follicles lan-
ceolate." - Sk. i. 320 ; Chapm. Fl. 363. A. acerafoides, M. A. Curtis in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2
vu. 407. — Dry sandy barrens, N. Carolina to Florida.

A. arenaria, Torr. Lanuginous-tomentose, in age glabrate : stems about a foot high
stout, ascending, thickly leaved : leaves coriaceous wlien old, obovate or oval and retuse
or the lower ovate, with rounded or subcordatebase, somewhat undulate, distinctly petioled
2 to 4 inches long : umbels rather densely many-flowered, shorter than the leaves : lobes
of the greenish-white corolla oval, 5 linos long : column nearly half the length of the
anthers : hoods about as broad as high, surpassing the anthers, truncate at base and sum-
mit, the latter oblique and notched on each side near the inner angle, which forms an
obtuse tooth ; horn with included ascending portion or crest broadly semilunate as higli as
the hood ; the abruptly incurved apex subulate-beaked, horizontally exserted, or the slender
termination ascending: follicles oblong-ovate and long-acuminate, tomentulose. —Bot.
Mcx. Bound. 162. — Colorado, on sand-banks of the Upper Canadian and Red Rivers
(Bigelow, Marcy) to New Mexico, Wislizenus, &c. —Allied to A. Jamesii.

3. Floccose-lanuginous or tomentose-canescent, Western species; the dense wool not rarely decidu-
ous with age: stems stout, 1 to 4 feet high: leaves occasionally alternate, large ^2 to 6 inches
long): umbels terminal and lateral, many-flowered: follicles (where known) ovate.
A. Premonti, Torr. Canescently tomentose with short and fine wool, or the stem (a
foot or less high) puberulent: leaves oval or oblong, obtuse, retuse, or apiculate-acute,
often subcordate, smooth-edged, distinctly petioled : umbels 1 or 2, on peduncles not longer
than the lanuginous pedicels: lobes of the whitish corolla oblong-ovate, 3 lines long:
column very short : hoods nearly erect, equalling the anthers, somewhat evenly truncate
and tlie inner angles produced into an acute or obtusish tooth, with no notch behind it ;
the subulate apex of the broad horn inflexed and a little exserted. — Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 87,
name only. — California, on the Upper Sacramento, Fremont, Newberry, «&c. Follicles when
young densely canescent-tomentose, in age glabrate. Herbage with the pubescence of the
preceding rather than of the following species.

94 ASCLEPIADACE^. Asclepias.

A. erosa, Torr. Canescent with fine and appressed white wool when young, or the stem
only puherulent : leaves glabrate and green with age, sessile, ovate to ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate, coriaceous, the base rounded or slightly cordate, the margin scarious-cartilagi-
nous and rough with minute irregular denticulation or erosion : umbels numerous, on pe-
duncles equalling (or the lower exceeding) the lanuginous pedicels : lobes of the greenish-
white corolla oval, fully 3 lines long, merely hoary and soon glabrate outside : column
distinct: hoods yellowish, with a duplication on each side at the edge below, erect and
nearly horizontally truncate, rather surpassing the anthers; the falcate or claw-shaped
horn attached below the middle and longer than the hood, incurving over the disk of the
stigma : ovaries glabrous : follicles canescent when young, often glabrate at maturity. —
Bot. Mex. Bound. 162, glabrate state. A. leucophylla, Engelm. in Am. Naturalist, ix. 349;
Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 476, in the canescent-lanuginous state. — Arizona on the Gila (Sckott,
Thurher) to S. Utah {Parry) and San Diego Co., California, Cooper, Palmer.

Var. obtusa, a form with elliptical and very obtuse leaves and scanty wooUiness. —
A. leucophylla, var. obtusa, Gray, I.e. — Bartlett's Canon, interior of Santa Barbara Co.,
California.

A. eriocarpa, Benth. Densely floccose-woolly, even to the calyx, the loose wool hardly
deciduous except from the angled stem below : leaves not rarely ternate and the upper-
most alternate, elongated-oblong or the upper lanceolate, obtuse or subcordate at base,
short-petioled, 4 to 8 inches long : umbels few or several, all on stout peduncles mostly
longer than the pedicels : flowers dull white : corolla at first woolly outside ; the lobes
ovate, 3 lines long : column short but distinct : hoods shorter than the anthers, rather
spreading, ventricose, oblately semiorbicular in outline and open round to near the middle
of the back, the summits produced inwardly into an acute angle or tooth, barely enclosing
the falciform acute horn: ovaries glabrous or merely the summit or the styles villous:
"follicles densely woolly," according to Benth. PI. Hartw. 323. — California, in dry ground,
from near Monterey (Hartiveg) to San Diego Co.

A. vestita, Hook. & Arn. Densely floccose-woolly, usually even to the, outside of
the corolla, the white wool deciduous in age : leaves from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, very
acute or acuminate, often subcordate, short-petioled or the upper sessile, 4 to 6 inches
long : umbels 1 to 4, the terminal usually peduncled, the lateral all sessile : corolla green-
ish-white or purplish ; the lobes ovate, 3 lines long : column very short : hoods nearly
erect, ventricose, slightly surpassing the anthers, entire at the back of the somewhat trun-
cate summit, auriculate-extended at the inner angle, the auricles or angles involute; the
vomer-shaped crest rather than horn attached up to the summit of the hood, blunt, not
exserted: an interior crown of 10 tooth-like processes in pairs between the hoods : ovaries
glabrous : follicles at first canescent. —Bot. Beech. 363 (not Bot. Mag. t. 4106) ; Gray, Bot.
Calif, i. 476. A. eriocarpa, Torr. in Pacif . R. Bep. iv. 128, not Benth. — Dry ground, Cali-
fornia, from the Sacramento to San Diego Co. and the Mohave.

i. Leaves narrow (lanceolate or linear, 1 to 3 inches long), green and nearly glabrous ; the veins
oblique: stems branching, ascending, a span or two high: hoods obtuse, shorter or little longer
than the anthers: corolla-lobes oblong-ovate, about 2 lines long: column hardly any: follicles
ovate, acute or acuminate, when young tomentose-canescent.

A. brachystephana, Engelm. Stems 6 to 10 inches high, very leafy, cinereous-puber-
ulent or tomentose when young, the inflorescence more floccose-tomentose : leaves from
lanceolate with a broader rounded base to linear, short-petioled (sometimes 3 inches long),
when young often cinereous-toraentulose beneath, very much surpassing the (3 to 8) few-
flowered umbels : peduncles as long as the pedicels or much shorter : floM'ers lurid-purplish :
hoods only half the length of the anthers, erect, strongly angulate-toothed at the front ;
the tip of the erect subulate horn exserted. — Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 163. — Dry sandy
soil, from Wyoming Terr, and Colorado to W. Texas and Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.)

A. involucrata, Engelm. Minutely pubescent when young, glabrate, a span or less
in height : clustered stems spreading : leaves from lanceolate with roundish or subcordate
base to linear with acute base, short-petioled (occasionally alternate), tomentose on the
margins ; the uppermost involucrating the mostly solitary sessile or short-peduncled 10-20-
flowered umbel and commonly overtopping it : flowers greenish-white or purplish-tinged :
hoods ovate, moderate-longer than the anthers; the short incurved horn slightly exserted
from about their middle. — Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 163. — Sandy soil. New Mexico and
Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.)

Asclepias. ASCLEPIADACE^. 95

c. Leaves extremely nan-ow, sessile: hoods thrice the length of the anthers, slender, acute, open.
A. macrotis, Torr. Glabrous or nearly so : stems barely a span high, numerous and

much branched from a suffrutescent thickened base : leaves narrowly linear with revolute
margms, almost filiform, an inch or more long : umbels 3-5-flowered, terminal and lateral
short-peduncled or sessile: pedicels little longer than the pui-plish or greenish flowers'
corolla-lobes ovate, 2 lines long: column hardly any : hoods with ovate erect base as long
as the anthers, above contracted into a gradually attenuate twice longer subulate spreading
portion, the apex incurving; the broad horn short and blunt, with barely exserted apex •
follicles ovate-lanceolate, an inch long. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 164, t. 45. — Rocky hills along
the Rio Grande, borders of Texas, New Mexico, and Chihuahua, especially near El Paso
Bigelow, Parry, Wright. '

d. Leaves from ovate to oblong, mostly pubescent or puberulent: stems erect, a foot or more high :
hoods obtuse, twice or thrice the length of the anthers, not tapering to base, entire at summit;

1. Involute-concave or more open; the falcate or subulate horn free at or b.^low the middle of 'the
hood, and incurved or mflexed over the stigmatic disk : follicles tomentose or soft-pubescent.

A. OValif olia, Decaisne. Tomentulose-pubescent : stem rather slender : leaves thin-
nish, from ovate or oval to ovate-lanceolate, mostly acute, rounded at base, distinctly
petioled (li to 3 inches long), glabrate with age, at least the upper face, the midrib as
well as primary veins slender, and veinlets reticulated : umbels few, loosely 10-18-flowered,
on peduncles wliicli seldom equal the pedicels, or sometimes sessile : corolla greenish-white
with purplish outside; the lobes oblong-ovate, 2 or 3 lines long: hoods oval or broadly
oblong in outline, not auriculate at base, the inner margins below the middle extended into
a large acute tooth or lobe ; the horn broad and rather short : anther-wings rounded and
entire or minutely and obscurely notched at the prominent base. — DC. Prodr. viii. 567
(excl. habitat) ; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 396. A. variegata, var.. Hook. Fl. ii. 252 t. 14L A Nut-
talUana, Gray, Man. ed. 2, 352, 704. — Saskatchewan, Lake Winnipeg, and' Dakotah to N.
Illinois and Wisconsin, in oak-openings and prairies.

A. Hallii, Gray. Puberulent, glabrate : stem stout : leaves thickish, ovate-lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate with rounded base and rather acute apex (3 to 6 inches long), short-
petioled, the stout midrib and the slightly ascending straight veins promment underneath :
umbels few and corymbose, many-flowered, on peduncles somewhat longer than the
pedicels : corolla greenish-white and purplish ; the lobes oblong, 3 lines long : hoods elon-
gated-oblong in outHne (3 lines long), entire, hastately 2-gibbous above the narrower base,
a little surpassing the sickle-shaped horn : anther-wings even and unappendaged at base.
— Proc. Am. Acad. viii. G9. A. ovalifoUa, Gray in Proc. Acad. Philad. March, 1863 75
coll. E. Hall. n. 480. — Colorado, near Denver ? E. Hall Head-waters of the Arkansas'
Brandegee, &c. PoUicles tomentulose, glabrate. In aspect resembles A. Sullivantii, but with
some pubescence, and base of the anther-wings destitute of the corniculation.

A. obovata, Ell. Cinereous with soft pubescence or tomentum on the lower face of the
leaves : stem a foot or two high : leaves oval or oblong, only the lower obovate, somewhat
undulate, mucronate-apiculate, rounded or subcordate at base, very short-petioled (U to 3
inches long), the midrib stout, the veins transverse and slender : umbels (3 or 4 a't the
upper axils) almost sessile, densely 10-14-flowered : lobes of the yellowish-green corolla
oblong, 3 or 4 lines long, half the length of the pedicels : hoods purplish, oblong, strictly
erect (3 or 4 lines long), involute so that the thin inner edges meet for almost their whole
length, dorsally hastately bigibbous above a short contracted base, thence narrowly Aving-
appendaged upward and inward for some length, a pair of broad and short fleshy internal
auricles at very base within ; horn narrowly falcate, fleshy ; the exserted upper part of
the free portion strongly inflexed, subulate, its upper or dorsal face caniculate-concave :
anther-wings bicomiculate at the basal angle (in the manner of A. obtnsifoUa and A. Svl-
livantii). — Sk. i. 321 ; Decaisne, 1. c. 570 (excl. syn. Torr.) ; Chapm. Fl. 363. —Dry ground,
S. Carolina, near the coast, to Florida and Louisiana.

2. Hoods laterally much compressed, mainly solid, with a narrow dorsal keel and a broader ventral

wing ; the latter bearing two semi-obovate lamella», its broad upper part enclosing a lamelliform

crest of equal width, which bears a short subulate exserted horn at the inner angle.

A. nyctaginif olia, Gray. Roughish-puberulent, apparently a foot high and ascending :

leaves rhombic-ovate, with ascending and branching veins, 2 or 3 inches long, rather long-

petioled : umbels all lateral, very short-petioled, 4-8-flowered : pedicels equalling the

96 ASCLEPIADACEiE. Ascleplas.

petiole : lobes of the greenish corolla oblong (half inch long) : column hardly any below
the greenish white hoods, which are little shorter than the petals, almost thrice the length
of the anthers, barely retuse at apex ; the truncate upper edge of the crest erose ; the
exserted horn from its inner angle thin-subulate, a line long : auricles at base of the hood
very small, roundish : anther-wings broadly rounded at base: follicles not seen. — Proc.
Am. Acad. xii. 70. — Rock Spring, Providence Mountains, S. E. California, Palmer.

++ ++ Follicles pendulous on recurving pedicels, at least not erect : leaves subulate-filiform or
wanting on the junciform naked stems : hoods elongated, broader upward.
A. subulata, Decaisne. Cinereous-puberulent or soon glabrous and glaucous : stem
3 or 4 feet high, naked and rush-like or bearing a few nearly filiform leaves, usually few-
branched above : umbels terminal and lateral, 5-20-flowered, on peduncles mostly shorter
than the pedicels : flowers yellowish-white : lobes of the corolla oblong, 4 or 5 lines long :
column distinct : hoods purplish, narrowly oblong-panduriform, erect, twice the length
of the column, entire, a narrow crest adnate up to the apex, above dilated and inwardly
pointed by a very short and blunt subulate horn ; 10 short internal appendages forming
a pair of fleshy auricles within the base of each hood : follicles fusiform and long-acu-
minate, 4 inches long, smooth. — DC. Prodr. viii. 571 ; Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. v. 362, t. 7.
— Desert region of S. E. California and "W. Arizona. (Lower Calif., W. Mex.? )

++ ++ 4+ Follicles er?ct on erect fruiting pedicels, fusiform : leaves not rarely verticillate, in one

species commonly alternate : hoods moderately if at all exceeding the anthers.
__ Leaves from ovate to broadly lanceolate, glabrous or nearly so, thin, rather slender-petioled :
corolla white or pinkish.
A. quadrifolia, L. A foot or two high, simple, usually leafless below : leaves 3 or 4
pairs, or commonly a whorl of four in place of each middle pair, ovate to ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate, 2 to 4 inches long : umbels 2 to 4, loosely many-flowered : peduncle seldom
longer than the slender pedicels : corolla from light pink to almost white ; tlie lobes 2^
lines long, oblong : column short : hoods white, twice the length of the anthers, ovate-
oblong, a salient tooth or lobe on each margin toward the base ; horn short, very broadly
falcate-subulate, incurved over the anther-tips. — Jacq. Obs. t. 33 ; Barton, Fl. Ani. Sept.
ii. t. 43; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1258. A. vanilla, Raf. in Am. Month. Mag. iv. 39 (1818), ex
Neob. 62. — Dry soil, Canada and Wisconsin to N. Carolina and Arkansas.
A. perennis, Walt. Stem a foot or two high, commonly branching, leafy throughout,
sometimes rather woody at base : leaves all opposite, from ovate to oblong-lanceolate,
mostly acuminate at both ends, 2 to 4 inches long : umbels several and rather small, on
peduncles of about twice the length of the pedicels : flowers white throughout : lobes of
the corolla 1 or 2 lines long, oblong : column narrow, half to three fourths of a hne long :
hoods oval, entire, erect, not twice the length of the column, hardly surpassing the an-
thers one third shorter than their straightish or falcate almost filiform horn : seeds not
rarely destitute of coma. -Car. 107 ; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 396; Chapm. Fl. 365. A. dehilis,
Michx Fl. i. 116, in part ; the Obs. relates to A. quadrifolia. A. parvijiora, Ait. Kcw. i. 30/ ;
Pursh Fl i 180; Decaisne, I.e. Matalea? /cews, Nutt. in Am. Jour. Sci. v. 291. — Muddy
shores' &c. from S. Indiana and Illinois, and from Carolina to Florida and Texas.

Var. parvula, barely a foot high, and leaves an inch or two long. — Torr. Bot. Mex.
Bound. 164. — Head of Rock Creek, W. Texas, Bi(jdow, Wright.

A NfvEA L. (Dill. Elth. t. 29, & Plum. Ic. t. 30), is a W. Indian species (Griseb. Fl. W.
Ind excl. s'yn. Bot. Mag.), very near A. perennis, but corolla greenish-white, hoods longer
than the anthers, the wings of which become auriculate-undulate next the base, and are
not overtopped by the horn. " Louisiana," Grisebach, 1. c. ; but this is probably a mistake.

A. VIRGAT4 Lag. Gen. & Spec. 14, Sweet Brit. Fl. Card. ser. 2, t. 85 [A.angiistifolia, Hort.
Berol. Roem. & Sch., & A. linearis of gardens, A. linifolia, HBK. 1) is a nearly related species,
with white or rose-tinged corolla, anther-wings plane, and narrow leaves as of the succeeding
section, probably only Mexican. See Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 70.

^^ = Leaves from elongated-lanceolate to filiform, sessile or nearly so, glabrous.

a. Corolla reflexed (as in the genus generally): horn of the hoods subulat* and exserted.

1. Column conspicuous, at length about half as long as the anthers.

A Mexicana, Cav. Stem 3 to 5 feet high : leaves in whorls of 3 to 6, or uppermost and

lower opposite, sometimes also in axillary fascicles, linear or narrowly lanceolate (3 to 6

Asdepias. ASCLEFIADACEiE. 97

inches long, 2 to 6 lines broad) : umbels corymbose, densely many-flowered, on peduncles
longer than the pedicels : flowers greenish-white, sometimes tinged with purple : corolla-
lobes obloug, 2 lines long : hoods broadly ovate, entire, shorter than the anthers, exceeded
by the stout-subulate incurved horn. — Cav. Ic. i. 42, t. 68; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 71.
A. fascicularis, Decaisne in DC. Prodr. viii. 469 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 475. A. macrophylla,
Natt. PI. Gamb. 180. — Dry or moist ground, Oregon and California, to Nevada and
Arizona. (Mex.)
A. verticillata, L. Stems a foot or two high, slender, very leafy : leaves mostly in
whorls of 3 to 6, or some scattered, filiform-linear and with revolute margins (2 to 4 inches
long) : umbels numerous, small, many-flowered, on peduncles longer tlian the pedicels :
corolla greenish-white ; the lobes oblong, 2 lines long : hoods white, broadly ovate and
entire, with somewhat auriculate involute base, barely equalling the anthers, much shorter
than their elongated-subulate falcate-incurved horn. — (Pluk. Aim. t. 336.) Hook. Fl. 1. 144 ;
Lodd. Cab. t. 1067 ; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 144 ; Decaisne, 1. c. (excl. var. UnifoUa) ; Torr.
Fl. N. Y. t. 87. A. galioides, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 188.— Dry soil, Canada to
Nebraska and south to Florida, Texas, and New Mexico. (Mex.)

Var. pumila, Gray, 1. c. A span or more high, many-stemmed from a fascicled root :
leaves much crowded, filiform ; peduncles seldom longer than the pedicels. — Dry plains,
Nebraska to Kansas and New Mexico.

Var. sub verticillata, Gray, 1. c. Stems single, 1 to 2i feet high : leaves all oppo-
site or barely in threes, 3 to 5 inches long, 1 to 3 lines wide, flatter, the margins less or
little revolute : horns sometimes rather less exserted. — A. verticillata, var. galioides, Torr.
Bot. Mex. Bound. 164, chiefly, hardly of Decaisne. A. linearis, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 758.
A. verticillata, var. UnifoUa, Engelm. ined., but not A. UnifoUa, HBK. (which may rather
be A. virgata, Balb.), nor of Decaisne, 1. c, which seems to be a mixture of two or three
species. — W.Texas and New Mexico. (Adjacent Mex.)

A. LinXria, Cav., with the aspect of the foregoing, has the horn short and nearly in-
cluded in the hood, a very short column, and turgid-ovate follicle arrect on the deflexed
pedicel : enumerated in Torr. Mex. Bound. 1. c, from Northern Mexico, but not yet found
very near the U. S. boundary.

2. Column manifest, but not higher than broad.
A. quinquedentata, Gray. A span or two high : leaves all opposite, narrowly linear
and elongated, resembling those of A. veriicillata, var. subverUcillata : umbels 4-10-flowered :
peduncle longer than the pedicels : lobes of the greenish-white corolla oval, 2^ or 3 lines
long : hoods white, about the length of the anthers, conduplicate, somewhat quadrate in
outline, the keeled back ending below in a truncate salient base, the truncate summit
prominently and acutely 5-toothed ; horn adnate up to the summit, falcate, ending in a
small acute dorsal tooth and in an inflcxed and moderately exserted subulate proper apex.
— Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 71. A. verticillata, var. galioides, Torr. 1. c. in part. — Prairies or
rocky hills on the San Pedro River, W. Texas, Wright (1689). Fruit unknown; but,
according to Engelmann, it may be arrect on a decurved pedicel, as in A. Linaria.
A. angustifolia, Ell. Minutely puberulent, or the foliage glabrous : stems a span to a
foot long, decumbent or ascending, very leafy : leaves irregularly alternate or the lower
opposite, narrowly linear (1|- to 4 inches long, 1 to 3 lines wide), the margins little if at all
revolute : umbels 1 to 3, terminal, many-flowered : peduncle usually much longer tlian the
pedicels : lobes of the greenish corolla oval, barely 2 lines long : hoods (purplish, " nearly
orange-colored," Ell.) ovate, entire, considerably surpassing the anthers, longer than the
broad subulate horn, which is inflexed-exserted from the middle. — Sk. i. -325. A. tuberosa?
Walt, fide Ell. A. longifolia, Michx. herb , in part. A. Mickauxii, Decaisne, I c. 569 ; Chapm.
Fl. 365. (Elliott's name was published in 1817, earlier than the homonyms.) — Low pine
barrens and sand-hills, S. Carolina to Florida.
A. viridula, Chapm. Nearly glabrous : stem slender, erect, a foot or two high : leaves
all opposite, narrowly linear or (when with revolute margins) fihform, erect or ascending
(1 to 3 inches long), surpassing the short-peduncled 5-12-flowered umbels: lobes of the
yellowish-green corolla oblong, 2 lines long : hoods oblong, one third longer than the an^
thers, the margins with an auriculate incurved tooth below the middle, otherwise entire,
longer than the subulate incurved horn. — Fl. 362. — Wet pine barrens near Apalachicola,
Florida, Chapman.

7

98 ASCLEPI ADAGES. Asdepias.

3. Column none.
A. cinerea, Walt. Glabrous or nearly so : stem very slender, a foot or two high : leaves
all opposite, spreading, very narrowly linear (1 to 3 inches long, half to a line wide);
umbels terminal and subterminal at the naked summit of the stem, loosely 5-7-flowered :
filiform drooping pedicels longer than the peduncle : corolla dull purplish outside, ash-color
within ; the lobes tardily reflexed, oval, 3 lines long : hoods considerably shorter than the
anthers, broader than high, truncate at the back, the involute inner angles extended in a
triangular acute ascending lobe, which exceeds the broad triangular horn. — Car. 105;
Ell. Sk. i. 325 ; Chapm. 1. c — Low pine barrens, S. Carolina to Florida.
6. Corolla and calyx merely roUtely spreading, not reflexed.
A. Feayi, Chapm. Stem filiform, erect, a foot or two high : leaves all opposite, in 4 to
6 pairs, spreading, linear-filiform (2 to 4 inches long, barely half a line wide), glabrous, often
wanting above at the 2 or 3 approximate short-peduncled 3-5-flowered umbels : corolla
white ; the lobes oblong or at length narrower, 3 or 4 lines long : column none : hoods white
and petaloid except a thickish midrib, barely as long as the sagittate-based anthers, spread-
ing, concave, entire ; in place of horn a semioval entire crest or plate adnate to the middle
of the back within : follicles not seen. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 72. — Tampa, Florida,
Leavenworth (in herb. Torr.), Dr. Feay, Dr. Garber.

§ 2. PoDOSTKMMA, Gray. Hoods long-stipitate, their stalks adnate to nearly
the whole length of the antheriferous column, surpassing the anthers ; the crest-
like process adnate to the nearly open lamina : anther-wings broader and some-
what angulate about the middle : umbels all lateral. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 72.
A. longicornu, Benth. A span to a foot or more high, minutely and somewhat hir-
sutely pubescent : leaves all opposite, from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, 2 to 4 mches
long, petioled : umbels short-peduncled or nearly sessile, several-many-flowered : flowers
yellowish-green: corolla-lobes a fourth to half inch long, oblong: hoods with stalk-like
portion twice the length of the gradually dilated whitish somewhat 2-3-lobed or toothed
lamina; the process infra-apical and divided into 2 short subulate and fleshy horns ; the
exterior horn barely equalling the apex of the hood ; the inner twice longer, incurved and
somewhat exserted : follicles arrect on the deflexed pedicel, ovate-oblong, acimiinate, at
first canescent or pubescent or roughish. — PI. Hartw. 24 ; Decaisne, I. c. 570. A. Lmdheimeri,
Engelm. & Gray, PI. Lindh. ii. 42. — Texas and New Mexico. (Mex., Nicaragua.)
§ .3. NothacerXtes, Gray. Anther-wings widening to the broadly rounded
base and conspicuously auriculate-notched just above it: hoods sessile, with a
narrow wholly adnate internal crest terminating in a minute horn : habit of
Acerafes : pollinia short and thick, arcuate-obovate.

A. Stenophylla, Gray. Puberulent, but foliage glabrous : stems slender, a foot or two
high simple: leaves long and narrowly linear (3 to 7 inches long, 1 to 2i lines wide), with
scabrous and more or less revolute margins and a strong midrib ; the upper alternate and
the lower opposite : umbels several, short-peduncled or subsessile, 10-15-flowered : pedicels
about twice the length of the greenish flowers : corolla-lobes oblong, 2 lines long : column
very short : hoods whitish, erect, equalling the anthers, oblong, conduplicate-concave, tlie
base of each inner margin appendaged by a cuneate erosely truncate lobe, the apex
2-lobed and the narrow internal crest exserted in the sinus in the form of an intermediate
tooth : interior crown of 5 very small 2-lobed processes between the bases of the anthers :
follicles slender-fusiform and long-acuminate, erect on the ascending pedicel. — Proc. Am.
Acad xii 72. Pohjotus angmtifolius, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, v. 201. Acerates
angusti folia, Decaisne, I. c. 622. — Dry prairies, W. Arkansas and N. Texas to Nebraska and
Colorado. Connecting link between Asdepias and Acerates.

7. ACERATES, Ell. (Formed of «, privative, and a^'oag, a horn.) — At-
lantic U. S. perennial herbs, resembling Asdepias ; with comparatively small
flowers greenish or barely tinged with purple, in summer. Umbels many-flowered,
sessile or ahort-peduncled. Distinguished only by the total absence of horn or

Acerates. ASCLEPIADACE^. Ogf

crest to the hoods, and by the wings of the anthers not angulate nor dilated (but
rather tapering) at base. — Ell. Sk. i. 316 (1817) ; Engelm. mss. ; Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. 1. c. Polyotus, Nutt. in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 1. c. Gomphocarpus
in part, Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 754.

* Mass of anthers and stigma globular, noj equalled by the hoods : column below the hoods evi-
dent: leaves mainly alternate-scattered, verj' numerous.

A. auriculata, Engelm. Glabrous up to the inflorescence: stem 2 or 3 feet high,
slender: leaves linear-filiform (4 to 6 inches long, a third to a line and a half wide), their
scabrous margins not revolute : umbels several, lateral : pedicels short : column below the
hoods very short : hoods oval or quadrate, emarginately or sometimes 3-crenately truncate,
the involute margins at base appendaged with a pair of remarkably large and broad
auricles : anther-wings narrow and of equal breadth from top to bottom : poUinia elongated-
oblong, not tapering upward. — Engelm. in Bot. Mex. Bound. 163. — Prairies and rocky-
ground, from S. Texas and New Mexico to Colorado. Unless the characters are noted,
very likely to be confounded with Asdepias (Noihacerates) stenophjlla.

A. longif olia, Ell. Minutely hirsutely scabrous-pubescent, or smoothish : stems 1 to 3
feet high, erect or ascending : leaves from linear to elongated-lanceolate (3 to 8 inches long,
1 to 6 lines wide) : umbels few or numerous, terminal and lateral : pedicels slender : column
rather conspicuous below the hoods : these purple or purplish, oval, obtuse, entire, unap-
pendaged, adnate by the ventral margins to the whole upper half of the column, therefore
pitcher-like, rising barely to the middle of the anthers : anther-wings semi-rhombic, more
attenuate to base: poUinia (as generally in the genus) with tapering apex. — Sk. i. 317;
Decaisne in DC. Prodr. viii. 522. Asdepias lonqifoUa, Michx. Fl. i. 116, mainly. A. Flori-
dana. Lam. Diet. i. 284. A. incnmata, Walt. Car. 106, not L. Polyotus longifolius, Nutt. in
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. v. 522. — Moist prairies and pine-barrens, Florida to Texas, and
north to Ohio and Wisconsin. Varies greatly in height, length of peduncles, foliage, &c. :
a Florida form has few or single slender-peduncled umbels, and smaller flowers.

# * Mass of anthers and stigma longer than broad, almost equalled by the hoods, the short inser-
tion of which covers the very short column: leaves not rarely opposite', mostly broader.

A. viridiflora, Ell. Tomentose-puberulent, becoming glabrate, or the foliage somewhat
scabrous : stem a foot or two high : leaves oval or oblong and obtuse or retuse (one or two
inches long), or sometimes narrower and longer and also acute, commonly mucronate, occa-
sionally undulate : umbels 2 to 5 or sometimes solitary, mostly lateral and subsessile, dense :
pedicels little over double the length of the reflexed narrowly oblong lobes of the greenish
corolla : hoods somewhat fleshy, lanceolate-oblong, with small auricles at base much in-
volute and concealed, otherwise entire, alternated by as many short and roundish or gland-
like small internal teeth : anther-wings semi-rhomboid above, with a much longer'tapering
base. — Asdepias viridijlora, Raf . in Med. Rep. xi. 360, & Desv. Jour. Bot. i. 227 ; Pursh,
Fl. i. 181; Torr. Fl. 284 (excl. var. oiomta); Hook. Fl. ii. 53, t. 143. Polyotus heterophyllus,
Nutt. I. c. — Dry sterile soil. New England and Canada to Saskatchewan, and south to
Florida and Texas. Runs into

Var. lanceolata, with lanceolate leaves 2\ to 4 inches long. — Asdepias lanceolata,
Ives in Amer. Jour. Sci. iv. 252, with plate. A. viridijlora, var. lanceolata, Torr. I. c. ; Hook.
1. c, dextral figure. With the broader-leaved form.

Var. linearis, with elongated linear leaves and low stems : umbels often solitary. —
Winnipeg Valley to New Mexico.

A. lanuginosa, Decaisne. Hirsute rather than woolly : stems a span or two high,
terminated by a single pedunculate umbel : leaves frequently alternate or scattered, from
oblong-ovate to lanceolate (1 to 3 inches long), with roundish base: pedicels 3 or 4 times
the length of the oblong lobes of the greenish corolla : hoods purplish, broadly oblong,
obtuse and entire, involute auricles at base obscure if any ; the alternating internal teeth
or lobes small and emarginate : anther-wings broadest and obtusely angulate below the
middle (approaching those of Asdepias): fruit not seen. — Gray, Man. ed. 3, & ed. 5.
A. monocephala, Lapham in Gray, Man. ed. 2, addend. Asdepias lanufjinosa,l!iutt. Gen. i. 168.
A. Nuttalliana, Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 218. Polyotus lanugiiiosus, Nutt. in Trans. Am.
Phil. Soc. I. c. — Prairies, Wisconsin and N. Illinois, Lapham, Vasey, &c., to the Missouri at
White River, Nuttall, and the Yellowstone, Mr. Allen.

;L00 ASCLEPIADACE^. ScJiizonotus.

8. SCHIZ0N6TUS, Gray. (-TxCw, I cleave, varog, the back, the hoods
of the crown open posteriorly as if split down the back ; in which it differs from
Acerates.) — Single species.

S. purpiirascens, Gray. Herb a span to a foot high, canescently puberulent : leaves
opposite, cordate (an inch or more long), thickish: umbels 2, terminal, densely many-
flowered on peduncles longer than the pedicels : corolla reddish purple outside, flesh-color
within ; the oLbng lobes a line and a half long ; the pale hoods about the same length :
anther-wings lunate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 63. Gomphocarpus purpurascens, Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. x. 70, & Cot. Calif, i. 477 (§ Schizonotus). — California, on an open mountain sum-
mit in Lake Co., Greene (Mr. Towle) : fl. June.

9. G-OMPHOCARPUS, R. Br. {Foficpog, a peg or club, and ^taoTtog, fruit.)

Old World and chiefly African genus, to which these two Californian species

are technically referred ; distinguished from Asclepias merely by the absence of
horn or crest to the hoods. — Benth. &, Hook. 1. c, excl. Acerates & Anantherix.
Qt, cordifolius, Benth. Glabrous : stem 2 or 3 feet high : leaves ovate or ovate-lan-
ceolate with cordate clasping base, acute, opposite or rarely in threes, 2 to 5 inches long:
umbels 1 to 4, loosely many-flowered ; slender filiform pedicels equalling or shorter than
the peduncles : calyx villous-pubescent : corolla dark red-purple ; the lobes oval or oblong,
3 or 4 hues long : hoods erect on the summit of the short column, purpUsh, thin, ventricose,
-with dorsally truncate summit produced at the ventral margins into subulate slender ascend-
ing cusp, equalling the anthers, a narrow fissure down the ventral side : follicles ovate-
lanceolate, smooth and glabrous, arrect on the deflexed fruiting pedicels. — Gray, Bot. Calif.
1. 477. Acerates cordifoUa, Benth. PI. Hartw. 323. A. atropurpurea, Kellogg, Proc. Calif.
Acad. 1. 65. Asclepias " ecorniUam," Kellogg, 1. c. 65. — California, common in dry ground
through the great valley and foot-hiUs.

G. tomentosus, Gray, 1. c. Tomentose up to the calyx or outside of the corolla with
soft floccose matted wool, resembling Asclepias vestita ; stem 2 or 3 feet high, angled : leaves
opposite (rarely somewhat scattered), ovate or oblong, acute or acuminate (2 to 4 inches
long), mostly rounded at base, short-petioled : umbels terminal and lateral, sessile or nearly
so, loosely several-flowered : corolla greenish or dull purplish ; the lobes 4 lines long : hood
attached to the summit of the short distinct column, ventricose and rounded, spreading,
reaching to near the middle of the anthers, pointless, open, and as if 2-valved across tlie
top and to the middle of the back. — Acerates tomentosa, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 160, t. 44.
— Dry hills, California, from Monte Diablo to San Diego Co.

Var Xanti Gray, 1. c, distinguished only by the hoods ; these somewhat oval, and
depending, so that the fissure becomes as if dorsal, and extends two-thirds down. — Fort
Tejon, Xantus. Ojai, Santa Barbara Co., Dr. Peckham.

10. ENSL:6NIA, Nutt. {AloysUs Enslen, an Austrian botanist, who col-
lected in the Atlantic U. S. early in the century.) — Perennial twining herbs
(N. and S. American) ; with membranaceous and cordate opposite leaves, and
whitish flowers in small axillary pedunculate cymes.

B albida Nutt. Tall-climbing, glabrous, with some slight pubescence : leaves some-
what hastately cordate, slender-petioled, acuminate-tipped: cymes 15-30-flowered : appen-
dages of the crown 2-awned : anther-tips erect, longer than the body of the anther :
ligulate awn-like appendages of the crown geminate. —Gen. i. 164; Decaisne in DC.
1. c. 518 ; Deless. Ic. v. t. 63. — River banks, S. Pennsylvania and Virginia to Ilhnois, Mis-
souri and Texas : fl. summer.

1 1 . ROULlNI A, Decaisne. (Dr. Roulin, a French naturalist.) — Twining
plants (Texas to Buenos Ayres), with the habit of Enslenia. — T)C. Prodr. viii.
516 ; Deless. Ic. v. t. 62.

R. unif aria, Engelm. Aspect and growth of Enslenia albida : leaves deeply cordate,
with rounded basal lobes of the larger ones incurved, abruptly slender-acuminate : cymes

Melinia. ASCLEPIADACE^. 101

10-20-flowered, somewhat paniculate or racemiform : flowers greenish-white, hardly 3 lines
in diameter : corolla-lobes oblong, thickish-edged : divisions of the crown short (hardly at
all exceeding the anthers), merely and obtusely 3-lobed at the apex; the middle lobe at
most twice the length of the lateral ones, obtuse or eraarginate : follicles oblong, thick, 3
or 4 inches long. — Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 160. Gonolobus uni/arius, Scheele in Linn. xxi.
760, the insignificant specific name from the pubescence in a line down the stem, in a
manner most common in the order. — Along streams, Texas, Lindheimer, Wright, &c.

12. METAST^ILMA, R. Br. (Formed of fierd, change of, and atiXfia,

girdle or crown, having 5 processes or scales in place of the ordinary crown.) —

Twining perennial herbs or somewhat woody plants (American and mainly

tropical), usually slender, and with small opposite leaves. Flowers small in

axillary umbelliform clusters, white or sometimes greenish.

§ 1. EuMETASTELMA, Benth. & Hook. Crown borne on the base of the

corolla or of the short or else obsolete column.
M. FrAseri, Decaisne in DC. Prodr. viii. 513, " Carolina 1 Fraser," was probably West

Indian, perhaps same as M. albijiorum, Griseb., doubtless not Carolinian.

M. barbigerum, Scheele. Glabrous : stems slender : leaves from ovate-oblong to nar-
rowly lanceolate, cuspidate-acuminate, rounded at base, glandular at base of midrib :
peduncles shorter than the petiole and the 3 to 5 pedicels, often very short: corolla (nearly
2 lines long, greenish outside), 5-parted ; the lobes linear and strongly white-villous inside :
scales of the crown slender-subulate, on the base of the corolla, a little surpassing the
anthers: column extremely short. — Linn. xxi. 760; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 159. — Open
woods and rocky banks, Texas. (Adjacent Mex.)

M. Blodgettii, Gray. Nearly glabrous : stems filiform : leaves narrowly lanceolate, very
acute (half inch or more long, a line or so wide), rounded at base, short-petioled : peduncle
very short or obsolete, 3-6-flowered : pedicels about the length of- the flower (one line) ;
corolla cleft almost to base ; the lobes oblong-lanceolate, within densely penicillate-bearded
just below the apex, glabrous or with a few sparse hairs below : scales of the crown
slender-subulate, inserted on the base of the corolla, half the length of its lobes, hardly
surpassing the anthers : column distinct but shorter than the anthers. — Proc. Am. Acad,
xii. 73. M. parvijiomm, Chapm. Fl. 367, not R. Br. — Piue Key, S. Florida, Blodgett. (Prob-
ably also W. Indian.)
M. Calif6rnicum, Benth. Sulph. 33, t. 18, is from Bay of Magdalena, Lower California,

nearly under the tropic.

§ 2. Epicion, Griseb. Crown borne on the summit of the elongated column

close to the anthers.

M. Bahamense, Griseb. Nearly glabrous : leaves round-oval to oblong (an inch or
less long), mucronate-cuspidate, slender-petioled : peduncles equally or slightly surpassing
the petiole, 3-6-flo\vered : corolla 2 lines long, campanulate ; the lobes ovate-oblong, densely
puberulent along the broad thickened margins : column 3 or 4 times the length of the
anthers, 5-wing-angled at base : scales of the crown oblong-falcate, laterally compressed
and internally carinate, equalling the anthers. —Cat. Cubens. 174. M. Cwiense, Griseb.
Fl. W. Ind. 417, not Decaisne. M. Schlechtendalii, Chapm. Fl. 366, not Decaisne. — Keys of
Florida, Blodgett. (Bahamas.)

13. MELINIA, Decaisne. (From fir/Xivog, yellowish, the color of the small
flowers.) — Two or three extra-tropical S. American species, which have cordate
leaves and slender peduncles ; to which is appended the following, doubtfully, for
its habit is that of Metastelma.

M. angustif olia, Gray. Nearly glabrous : stems filiform, branching from a ligneous base,
a foot or two long, spreading, more or less twining: leaves opposite, narrowly linear (9 to
20 lines long, a line or less wide), acute, distinctly petioled : peduncles 1-2-flowered, iiardly
longer than the flowers : calyx-segments lanceolate-acuminate, nearly equalling the caitr-
panulate 5-parted corolla : scales of the crown spatulate-oblong, nearly plane, half the

102 ASCLEPIADACE^. Vincetoxicvm.

length of the corolla-lobes, surpassing the column under the anthers : terminal membrane
of the latter oblong, longer than their cells, slightly surpassed by the slender columnar
entire beak to the stigma: young follicle tapering from the base. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii.
73. Metastelma ? angustifolia, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 159. — Ravine at Santa Cruz,
Sonora, near the southern boundary of Arizona, Wright. Corolla a line long, smooth
.within, except a minute and apparently glandular tuft at the base of the midrib, and the
obscurely puberulent recurved tips; the sides below narrowly but distinctly convolute-
overlapping in a2stivation. Scales of the crown wholly separate, inserted at the junction
of the corolla with the column.

14. VINCETOXICUM, Moench. (Old herbalist name of the typical
species, from vincezts, that which serves for binding, and toxicum, a poison, i. e.
poisonous bindweed.) — Herbaceous perennial or under-shrubby plants (of the
Old and New Worlds) ; with twining or erect stems, mostly opposite leaves, and
small or minute flowers, usually dull-colored. — A polymorphous and rather loosely
defined genus, as extended in Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 761 ; the indigenous North
American (and most other American) species forming a distinct subgenus.

§ 1. Seu"tera. Grown of 5 thin or thinnish scales or processes, either dis-
tinct or barely united at base : corolla-lobes narrowly or sometimes obscurely
overlapping. — Lyonia, Ell., not Nutt., but rather earlier. Seutera, Reichenb.
Consp. 131. Amphisfehna, Griseb.

V. palustre. Stems filiform, herbaceous, freely twining upon rushes and saline grasses :
leaves linear, acute, fleshy (an inch or two long, a line or two wide) : peduncles longer tlian
the leaves, umbellately several-many-flowered : corolla greenish, with ovate-lanceolate
acuminate lobes nearly 2 lines long : scales of the crown oblong-obovate, retuse or emar-
ginate, nearly half the length of the corolla, slightly surpassing the deeply sagittate-based
anthers, distinct or very nearly so : stigma with obtusely conical apex. — Ceropegia palustris,
Pursh, Fl. i. 184. Lyonia maritima, Ell. Sk. i. 316. Cynanchum angustifolium, Nutt. Gen.
i. 164. Seutera maritima, Decaisne in DC. 1. c. 590. Amphistelma salinarum, C. "Wright in
Griseb. Cat. Cubens. 175. — Salt marshes along the coast from North Carolina to Texas :
fl. summer. (W. Ind.)
"V". SCOparilim. Stems filiform, much branched, ligneous below, the branches diffuse and
more or less twining, becoming leafless and rush-like : leaves slender-linear, tliin, very
acute: umbels sessile and few-flowered: flowers very small (only a line long), greenish :
corolla-lobes lanceolate, almost valvate in the bud : scales of the crown much shorter than
the antiiers, ovate, hardly united at base. — Cynanchum scoparium, Nutt. in Am. Jour. Sci.
V. (1822) 291. Cynoctonum? scoparium, Chapm. Fl. 367. Amphistelma Jiliforme, Griseb. T\.
W. Ind. 418. A. ephedroides & graminifolium (probably), Griseb. Cat. Cubens. 174. Meta-
stelma JUiforme, C. Wright, in Sauvalle", Fl. Cubana, 120. — Dry soil, E. Florida. ( W. Ind.,
Mex.?)

§ 2. ViNCETOXicuM proper. Crown more fleshy and cup-like, almost entire,
lobed, or sometimes 5-parted : stems erect or feebly twining.

V. ni'grum, Mojnch, of Europe, with feebly twining stems, ovate acute leaves, and peduncled
cymes of blackish-purple flowers (3 or 4 lines in diameter), the saucer-shaped crown cre-
nately 5-lobed and with obscure interposed denticulations — sparingly occurs as a weed in
and near gardens, New England to Penn., but does not deserve a place in our flora.

15. G-ONOLiOBUS, Michx. (Formed of ycovia, angle, and Ao^'ot,', pod, one
of the original species having costate-angled follicles.) — Perennial herbs, or in
warmer regions shrubby (all American) ; with twining or trailing stems, usually
cordate opposite leaves, and mostly umbellate cymes or small fascicles of dull or
dark-colored flowers, produced in summer, succeeded by follicles which generally
resemble those of Asclepias. — Fl. i. 119 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 1'6, 74.

Gonolohus. ASCLEPIADACE^. 103

§ 1. DiCTTOLOBus, Gray, I.e. Corolla reticulated and sometimes rugulose
with a fine network of colored veins ; the lobes commonly broad or roundish :
crown single. (The species mainly tropical and rather large-flowered.)
G. reticuldtus, Engelm. High-climbing, hirsute (especially the stems) with spreading
and reddish bristly hairs, minutely somewhat glandular : leaves (H to 4 inches long) deeply
cordate with incurved auricles, acute or acuminate : peduncles equalling or exceeding the
slender petiole and sometimes longer than the leaf, 5-9-flowered, thrice the length of the
flower : corolla lurid green, with purplish venation, half inch in diameter, glabrous within,
somewhat hairy without ; the lobes broadly ovate or obovate : crown a narrow entire ring
around the base of the distinct column : stigma circular : follicles fusiform and long-acu-
minate, 3 to 6 inches long, strongly muricate. — Gray, 1. c. G. granulatus, Torr. Bot. Mex.
Bound. 165, not Scheele. — Thickets and rocky banks, Texas to E. Ariz);>na. (Monterey,
Mex.) :^

§ 2. EurxONOLOBUs, Gray, I.e. Corolla not venulose-reticulated (at least not
conspicuously) ; the lobes from ovate-acuminate to linear : crown simple, un-
appendaged within, inserted at the junction of corolla and column or higher on
the latter : angles of the stigma little or not at all salient : stems herbaceous,
usually freely twining. (Pubescence variable, especially the hirsute and spread-
ing or reflexed hairs, which often occur on the stems, petioles, and sometimes on
the leaves.)

* Peduncles umbellately or sometimes more cvmosely few-many-flowered: corolla rotate, 5-
parted ; the lobes stellately spreading or recurving,

+-- Thickish in texture, dull or dusky yellowiah-green, sometimes turning lurid-purplish within, at
least toward the base; the bud conical-acuminate, at least the outside (as well as cal^'x, pedicels,
and short peduncle) glabrous: crown a low and undulately lO-Jobed fleshy disk at base of short
column under the stigma: anthers narrowly bordered at summit with a scarious membrane which
overlies the edge of the stigma: follicles uuanned, glabrous, 3-5-costate or angled, fleshy and
when mature and dry of spongy texture. •

G. SUberosus, R. Br. Leaves cordate with an open and shallow or sometimes deeper
and narrow sinus, acuminate, minutely pubescent, glabrate, or sometimes hairy (3 to 5
inches long) : umbels 3-9-flowered, much shorter than the petiole : corolla broadly conical
and with abrupt acumination, twisted in the bud ; its lobes ovate or becoming triangular-
lanceolate, acute, of thickish and firm texture, dusky, minutely whitish-pubescent inside,
but sometimes glabrate, hardly double the length of the calyx-lobes. — Mem. Wem. Soc.
(name only) & Hort. Kew. ed. 2, ii. 82 (1811) ; Gray, Proc. 1. c, not Decaisne. Cynanchum
suberosum, L. Spec, as to Dill. Elth. i. 300, t. 229, f. 296. Vincetoxicumgonocarpos, "Walt. Car.
104, at least in part. Gonolobus macrophyllus, Chapm. Fl. i. 368, not Michx. — Virginia to
Florida, along and near the coast.

G. l»vis, Michx. Usually less pubescent or hairy : leaves (in the typical form) oblong-
cordate with a deep and narrow but open sinus, conspicuously acuminate (3 to 6 inches
long) : umbels 6-10-flowered, barely equalling the petiole : corolla rather elongated-conical

' in the bud, not twisted; its lobes. (3 to 5 lines long) narrowly or linear-lanceolate, obtuse,
glabrous inside, 3 or 4 times the length of the calyx. — Fl. ii. 119 ; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 399.
— Mississippi to Arkansas and E. Texas. Passes freely into

Var. macroph^^llus. Leaves broadly cordate, and \^ith the rounded basal lobes
approximate or even overlapping, abruptly acuminate, the larger often 9 or 10 inches long
and 7 or 8 broad, the under side commonly soft with a line and short or sometimes granular-
glandular pubescence : calyx-lobes often ciliolate toward the apex. — G. macrophyllus,
Michx. 1. c. G. viridijlorus, Nutt. Gen. i. 163 ; therefore G. NuUallii, Decaisne in DC. Prodr.
viii. 698. G. tilioefolius, Decaisne, 1. c. 596. G. granulatus, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 769. Vtnce-
toxicum gonocarpos, Walt. Car. 104, in part. — Virginia and Carolina to Texas, Kentucky and
Missouri.

"*- •»— Corolla thinner in texture, mostly purple or whitish ; the lobes obtuse : crown cnpulate, as
high as the anthers : membrane of the latter inconspicuous or obsolete, or not inflected over tlie
edge of the stigma: peduncle with the umbel or cymose cluster equalling or surpassing the
petiole: follicles ovate-lanceolate, terete, muricate: stems in all variaijiy hirsute : calyx and out-
side of the corolla more or less pubescent or puberulent.

104 ASCLEPIADACEiE. Gonolohus.

++ Crown fleshy, the border merely crenate.
G obliquus, R. Br. Leaves from rounded- to ovate-cordate with a narrow sinus,
Abruptly acuminate (3 to 8 inches long) : umbel many-flowered, sometimes cymosely com-
pound or geminate: corolla in the bud oblong-conical; its lobes linear-ligulate (5 or 6 hues
long, barely a line wide), crimson-purple inside, dull or greenish and minutely pubescent
outside : margin of the crown 10-crenulatc, with the intermediate crenatures sometimes
2-dentate. — Rcem. & Schult. Syst. vi. 64; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. t. 99; Gray, Man. ed. 5,
399. G. hirsutus, Nutt. Gen. i. 163, not Michx. G. macrophyllus, Decaisne, 1. c, chiefly, not
Michx. Gomlobium hirsidum, Pursh, Fl. i. 179. Ci/nanchum obliquum, Jacq. Coll. i. 148, &
Ic. Rar. t. 341. C. discolor, Sirfis, Bot. Mag. t. 1273; therefore Gonolobus discolor, Rceni. &
Schult. 1. c. C. hirtum, L. ?, as to Apocynum scundens Virginianum, etc., Moris. Hist. iii. 611,
t. 3, fig. 61. — Mountains of Virginia (and Carolina 1 ) to Pennsylvania, Ohio and Kentucky.
Anthers with^'a distinct dorsal membrane which barely reaches the edge of the stigma.

Var. Sh6|'tii, apparently a form with dull purplish and larger flowers (corolla-lobes
a line and a lialf wide), said to have the scent of CoiycanfAits-blossoms. — Dry woods, near
Lexington, Kentucky, Short, Peter.
G. hirsutus, Michx. Commonly more hairy : leaves nearly as the preceding, the basal
lobes sometimes overlapping : peduncles fewer-flowered : corolla in the bud ovate ; its
. lobes elliptical-oblong, 3 or 4 lines long, barely puberulent outside, dull or brownish-purple :
margin of the crown obtusely 10-crenate. — Fl. i. 119 (excl. syn. Walt.) ; Gray, Man. 1. c,
excl. syn. in part. Apocynum hirsutum, etc., Pluk. Aim. 37, t. 76. — Maryland and Virgmia
to Tennessee and Florida. Corolla in dried specimens showing some reticulate venation.
++++ Crown of thinner texture, 5-lobed and with intermediate geminate or 2-cleft longer teeth :
peduncle commonly longer and inflorescence more cymose or umbellate-clustered : leaves, &c., as
in the preceding sp"ecies : flower-bud oblong, barely puberulent outside.
G. Carolinensis, R. Br. Corolla brownish-purple ; the lobes oblong or linear-oblong,
4 or 6 lines long : crown undulately and very obtusely 5-lobed and with a longer bifid
subulate process in each sinus which equals or somewhat surpasses the stigma. — Roem. &
Schult. 1. c. 62; Ell. Sk. i. 328 (excl. fruit) ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. G. hirsutus. Sweet,
Br. Fl. Gard. 1. 1 . Cynancham Cmrolinense, Jacq. Coll. ii. 228, & Ic. Rar. t. 342. Vincetoxicum
acanthocarpos^WaXi. Car. 104, ex char. — S. Carolina to Louisiana and Arkansas.
G. BaldwinianUS, Sweet. Corolla wliitish, thin in texture ; the lobes less spreading,
oblong or becoming spatulate, 4 or 5 lines long : crown almost membranaceous, deeply
cleft ; the 6 broader lobes quadrate, with the summit commonly emarginate ; in their si-
nuses a pau- of slender linear-subulate processes of about double the length, which promi-
nently surpass the stigma. - ^ macrophyllus, Ell. Sk. i. 327 ("corolla obscure yellow"), not
Michx. G. Carolinensis, Nutt. Gen. i. 163 ("flowers yellowish"), not R. Br. G^. hirsutus,
Lodd Cab. t. 365 ? — Georgia and Alabama {Buckley, " flowers white ") to N. W. Arkansas,
Engelmann ; " flowers whitish with offensive odor." Transition to Polymeria of Decaisne.
* * Flowers solitary and subsessile in the axils : corolla deply 5-cleft: anthers prominent and more
separate from the stigma.
G sagittif oliUS, Gray. Barely puberulent, small and low, but twining : leaves rather
fleshy (a quarter to half inch long, and with petiole of half the length), sagittate, with
auricles obtuse or rounded: corolla "yellow," glabrous, 2i lines long; the lobes lanceolate-
linear • crown at the base of corolla, entire and saucer-shaped : follicles lanceolate, smooth
and nearly glabrous. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 77. — Mountain sides along the Rio Limpio,
Western Texas, Wright. A peculiar species, in Bot. Mex. Bound, confounded with G.
parvi/olius.

§ 3. ChthamXlia, Gray, 1. c. Corolla not conspicuously venulose-reticulated,
campanulate or rotate : crown appendaged or crested within, or else double (the
internal appendages beuig free), inserted at the junction of the column with the
corolla, or more adnate to one or the other : anthers more prominent and distinct
from the stigma (not rarely with short corneous wings in the manner of Asclepias) :
flowers small : stems mostly low and little or not at all twining. — Chthamalia (at
least in part) & Lachnostoma, in part, Decaisne in DC. 1. c. Lachnostoma, Benth.
& Hook, in part, not HBK. (The first species nearly wants the technical character.)

Gonolobus. ASCLEPIADACE^. 105

* ^n^Tu!l%T^^}°' '"T^-"' "" *":'i""2' °"^ ^y *^^ reduction of uppermost leaves to bracts : pedicels
twining. ' "^ ^' "''"'= stems afoot or two long, procmnbent or diffSse, not

G. pubiflorus, Engelm. Soft-pubescent and somewhat hirsute : leaves (about an inch
long) broadly cordate or reniform, on petioles hardly longer than the basal lobes, the upper
acute or sometimes acuminate: pedicels rather shorter than the flower: corolla campanu-
late, 5-cleft barely to the middle (3 lines long) ; its lobes oblong-ovate, very villous inside •
crown globular cup-shaped, higher than the anthers and acutely 5-angled stigma, thinnish
obscurely 5-lobed at the involute somewhat plaited summit ; the lobes undulate-truncate and
with a prominent callous tip, obscurely glandular within, and the tube within traversed with
5 light salient (or almost obsolete) ribs or crests ; also 5 small adnate auricles at very base
within : follicles " oval, smooth." — Pi. Lindh. 1. 44 ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 165. G. pros-
tratus, Baldw. in Ell. Sk. i. 329, not R. Br. Chthamalia pubiflora, Decaisne in DC. I. c. 605. —
Georgia, on sandhills of the Altamaha River, &c., Lyon, Baldwin, LeConte : rare.

G. biflorus, Nutt. Hinsute-villous : leaves cordate (an inch or so in length), on slender
petioles much longer than basal lobes, the upper triangular-cordate, uppermost occasionally
reduced and bract-like : pedicels in pairs or sometimes solitary, nearly equalling the petiole •
corolla rotate, deeply 5-cleft, dark dull-purple (2^ lines long) ; the lobes oblong, sparsely
pubescent both sides : crown saucer-shaped, 5-lobed, and the sinuses occasionally 2-3-den-
ticulate ; the lobes traversed within by a salient canaliculate crest, which at base is adnate
to the base of the column and at summit extends into a conspicuous callous acumination
which incurves over the edge of the stigma : follicles muricate. — Torr. 1. c. 165. .ChOiamalia
hiflora, Decaisne, 1. c. —Arkansas (Nuttall, &c.) and Texas.

Var. Wrightii, a form with corolla almost 5-parted into oblong-linear lobes : the
callous acumination of the crown shorter, and the large and stout follicles hirsute as well
as muricate. — E. Texas, Wright.

Q. cynancholdes, Engelm. Pubescent and somewhat hirsute : leaves cordate (an
inch or two long) on short petioles mostly longer than the basal lobes, the upper often
ovate-lanceolate and subcordate, uppermost not rarely reduced to bracts ; the inflorescence
thus becoming somewhat racemose-clustered at naked summit : pedicels also in pairs from
a few of the axils below, rather longer than the petiole : corolla rotate-campanulate dark
greenish-purple (2 lines long), almost 5-parted ; its lobes ovate or oblong, somewhat pubes-
cent outside, glabrous within : crown saucer-shaped, thick, 5-lobed ; the lobes broad and
rounded, with a callous obscurely 3-crenulate margin, appendaged inside by a prominent
crest or ligule ; which is free and obtuse at apex, channelled below, and at base decurrent
on the column: anther-tips (as in preceding) partly inflexed over the stigma: follicles
ovate, sparsely short-muricate, pubescent. — PL Lindh. i. 48 ; Torr. 1. c. — Dry prairies,
Arkansas and Texas, Berlandier, Dnimmond, Lindheimer, &c.

* * Peduncles none: flowers solitary (or rarely geminate) and nearly sessile in the axils of the
very small and somewhat hastate leaves: stems low but twining.

G. parvif olius, Torr. Puberulent, much branched, sparingly climbing : leaves thickish,
deltoid or hastate, 2 to 5 lines long, and rather long-petioled : corolla globose in the bud,'
barely a line and a half long, dull yellow, glabrous throughout, nearly rotate, deeply 5-lobed ;
the lobes ovate, obtuse : crown at the base of the very short column, fleshy, deeply 5-lobed ;
the lobes broadly ovate, obtuse or emarginate, spreading, almost equalling the undivided
portion of the corolla, concave, appendaged by a broad and wholly adnate thin crest which
is connected with the base of the very short column, and at tip within is extended into
a minute projecting tooth. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 166 (oxcl. fruit) ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad,
xii. 78. — S. W. Texas, in a canon of the Rio Grande below Mount Cannel, Parry. Fruit
unknown, that described belonging to G. sagittifoUus.

G. hastulatus, Gray, 1. c. Canescently pubescent : filiform stems freely twining :
leaves mostly hastate, 2 or 3 lines long, slender-petioled : corolla narrowly oblong in the
bud, 2 lines long, whitish, glabrous, 5-parted ; the lobes ligulate-linear : crown borne on the
summit of the distinct column close to" the anthers, of 5 white and thinnish Asclepias-Hke
hoods, which are complicate-concave, acutely 3-toothed at summit, its internal crest free
at the apex, falcate, and extended into a subulate process which is inflexed over the stigma :
follicles fusiform, sparsely muricate. — Lacknostoma hastidatum, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 620. —
Tantillas Caiion, below the southern boundary line of California, Palmer.

106 LOGANIACE^. Gonolohus.

* * * Peduncles at the axils shorter than the leaf and umbellately 3-5-flowered : corolla 4 lines
long : crown cup-shaped, crenately lobed : stem twining or trailing, 2 to 4 feet long.

G. productus, Torr. Minutely pubescent : leaves sagittate-cordate, or the broadest
■with 8on\ewhat reniform base, and above gradually tapering-acuminate (an inch or two
long), the rounded and mostly incurved auricles much shorter than the slender petiole :
peduncles about the length of the petiole : corolla oblong-campanulate, as long as the
pedicel, dull greenish-purple, pubrt-ulent outside, nearly glabrous within, 6-cleft to rather
below the middle ; the lobes linear-oblong, somewhat erect : crown nearly equalling the
anthers and stigma, thinnish, inserted at base of the short column, and connected with it
by 6 membranaceous lamellae or crests (2-toothed at the upper edge, which only is free)
opposite the short lobes, the cavity of the crown thus as it were 5-celled : follicles ovate,
smooth. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 185. — W. Texas to Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.)

* * * * Peduncles at the axils and terminal, filiform, surpassing the leaves, somewhat raceinosely
several-flowered : corolla a line long : crown laciniate and double : stems not twining.

G. parvillorus, Gray, 1. c. Hirsute-pubescent : stems much branched from the tuber-'
ous base, a span or more high : leaves thinnish, ovate or the lower almost orbicular, not
cordate, often undulate, an inch or less long, short-petioled, the upper acute or acuminate :
slender peduncles 1 to 4 inches long: flowers short-pedicelled : corolla rotate, purplish,
glabrous, 5-parted ; the lobes ovate, becoming lanceolate : crown free from the column,
membranaceous, 5-parted; the lobes each deeply cleft into a pair of slender subulate pro-
cesses and before their base each augmented with a similar and rather longer free one, all
of them surpassing the stigma and more or less connivent over it : follicles large, ovate,
pubescent, tuberculate-muricate. — Lachnostoma ? parviflorum, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 165.
— S. W. Texas, Wright, Schott.

OEDEb LXXXIX. LOGANIACE^.

Herbs, shrubs, or within the tropics trees, a few climbing, destitute of milky-
juice ; distinguished by having, along with a free 2-celled ovary and axile pla-
centas, opposite (occasionally verticillate) simple leaves, and stipules between their
bases, or a stipular line or narrow membrane in their place ; the flowers regular
and 4-5-merous, with stamens on the tube or throat of the corolla alternate with
its lobes ; pollen of ordinary loose grains ; style one ; stigma terminal ; amphi-
tropous or anatropous seeds, and embryo rather small in copious albumen. There-
fore mainly like Rubiacece, but with a superior ovary, while they also variously
approach Apocynacece, Gentianacece, and even Scrophulariacece. The greater [)art
tropical.
Tribe I. GELSEMIEJE. Stigmas 4, the apex of the style being twice 2-cleft.

1. GELSEMIUM. Calyx 5-parted, imbricated. Corolla open-funnelform, 5-lobed ; the
lobes broad and imbricated in the bud. Stamens 5, on the tube of corolla : anthers linear
or oblong and sagittate. Style filiform ; the 4 lobes stigmatose inside. Ovules numerous
in each -cell, on linear placentae. Capsule elliptical, compressed contrary to the narrow
partition, septicidal ; the conduplicate valves at length 2-cleft at the apex. Seeds several
or numerous in each cell, winged. Embryo straight or slightly curved in fleshy albumen ;
the ovate flat cotyledons much shorter than the slender radicle.

Tribe IT. L0GANIE.S3. Stigma single, entire or barely 2-lobed. Ovules numerous.

* Corolla valvate in the bud, 5-lobed : capsule didymous or 2-lobed : herbs.

2. SPIGELIA. Calyx 5-parted ; the lobes narrow, usually very slender. Corolla tubular-
f unnelform or salverform, 15-nerved. Stamens 5 ; anthers linear or oblong, 2-lobed at
base. Style filiform, articulated near or below the middle, the upper part often hollow,
above puberulent or pubescent. Ovules numerous in each cell, on a peltate stipitate pla-
centa. Capsule didymous, somewhat compressed contrary' to the partition, circuniscissile
above the cupule-like persistent base, and 2-coccous, the carpels soon loculicidally 2-
valved. Seeds few, peltate, angled by mutual pressure, closely packed on the placenta
into a globular mass. Embryo short and straight in fleshy or cartilaginous albumen.

Spigelia. LOGANIACE^. 107

3. MITREOLA. Calyx 5-parted ; the lobes lanceolate. Corolla small, urceolate, bearded
in the throat. Stamens 5, short : anthers cordate. Ovary 2-celled and with a broad tip :
style short, early dividing into two from the base, united by a common stigma, soon
wholly separate and divergent. Capsule divaricately 2-lobed or 2-horned at summit, de-
hiscent by the ventral suture of each lobe. Seeds numerous, small, on stipitate placentae.
Embryo linear, nearly the length of the fleshy albumen.

* * Corolla imbricated in the bud, 4-lobed, sometimes 5-lobed : embryo small and straight
in fleshy albumen. Pentamerous flowers occasionally occur.

•1- Calyx deeply 4-5rparted : capsule loculicidal : annual herb.

4. POLYPREMUM. Corolla campanulate, bearded in the throat, shorter than the subu-
late foliaceous sepals. Stamens 4, inserted low on the tube of the corolla, included:
anthers ovate. Style short: stigma capitate, entire or obscurely 2-lobed. Capsule glo-
bular-ovoid but slightly compressed contrary to the partition and didymous, loculioidally
2-valved and at length somewhat septicidal. Seeds numerous on oblong placentae ascend-
ing from near the base of the partition, minute, smooth.

H- -)_ Calyx 4-toothed or 4-cleft : capsule septicidal, globose or oblong ; valves mostly 2-
clef t at apex and separating from the united placentae : shrubs,with leaves often dentate 1

5. BUDDLEIA. Calyx campanulate. Corolla rotate-campanulate (or sometimes salver-
form) ; the lobes ovate or orbicular. Anthers 4, sessile or almost so in the throat or tube
of the corolla, ovate or oblong-cordate.

6. EMORY A. Calyx oblong, 4-cleft ; the lobes linear-subulate. Corolla salverform, with
tube somewhat enlarged above ; the short lobes ovate. Stamens exserted : filaments fili-
form and elongated, inserted on the middle of the tube : anthers cordate-oblong. Style
very long and filiform.

1. GELSl^MIUM, Juss. " Yellow Jessamine " of S. States. {Gelsemino,
an Italian name of the Jessamine.) — Twining and glabrous shrubby plants, with
a mere line marking the place of the minute glandular caducous stipules, con-
necting the bases of the opposite or sometimes ternate entire leaves ; the flowers
showy, in ours heterogone-dimorphous, fragrant, produced in spring. — Two E.
Asian species and the following.

G. sempervirens, Ait. Stems slender, climbing high : leaves evergreen, thin-coriaceous,
shining, oblong- or ovate-lanceolate (H to 2\ inches long) : peduncles very short, axillary,
scaly -bracteolate, cymosely 1-3-flowered : corolla deep yellow, over an inch long : stigmas
of one form and anthers of the other protruding : capsule deeply sulcate down the flat
sides, cuspidate-pointed. — Gelseminum sen Jasminum. luteum odoratum, etc., Catesb. Car.
i. .53, t. 53. Bignonia sempervirens, L. Spec. ii. 623. Anonymos sempervirens, Walt. Car. 99.
Gels'emium nitidum, Michx. Fl. i. 120. G. lucidum, Poir. " Herb. Amat. 3, t. 169." — Woods
and low grounds, E. Virginia to Florida and Texas. (Mex.)

2. SPIGrifilLIA, L. Pink-root. {Adrian Spiegel, latinized Spigelius, a
Dutch botanist of the 17th century.) — Herbs, rarely suffruticose (all American),
usually low ; with membranaceous and more or less pinnately veined entire leaves,
and small interpetiolar stipules or a transverse membranous line. Upper portion
of the style usually, but not always, furnished with pollen-collecting hairs : the
stigma terminal, usually emarginate or 2-lobed : lower part or base of the style
persistent. — Our species glabrous, or merely scabrous-puberulent on the veins,
&c. : stems 4-angled : flowering in early summer.

§ 1. Flowers showy, unilateral-spicate on the single or sometimes geminate or
umbellate and naked terminal peduncles of a scorpioid inflorescence: bracts
minute and subulate or wanting : corolla red or pink, elongated-tubular, not plicate
and the edges of the lobes slightly or not at all turned outward in the bud : anthers
and especially the summit of the style exserted ; the articulation of the latter low
down : root perennial, fibrose.

108 LOGANIACE.E. Spigelia.

S. Marilandica, L. Indian Pink, &c. Stem a foot or two high : leaves from ovate-
lanceolate to ovate and acuminate, 2 to 4 inches long, closely sessile by a rounded base,
one or two pairs of veins basal : inflorescence 1-2-spicate, short-pedunculate : corolla scarlet
outside, yellow within, an inch and a half long ; the tube somewhat clavate, four times
the length of ovate-lanceolate lobes. — Mant. 338 ; Bot. Mag. t. 80 ; Lodd. Cab. t. 930 ;
Bigel. Med. ii. 1. 14. (Catesb. Car. ii. t. 78.) Lonicera Marilandica, L. Spec. — Woodlands,
New Jersey to Wisconsin and Texas.

§ 2. Flowers smaller, naked spicate as in the preceding : corolla white or pur-
plish, funnelform ; the limb more or less plicate in the bud with the edges of the
lobes turned outward : anthers and style included.

S. gentianoides, Chapm. Stem a span to a foot high from a perennial root, rough-
ish : leaves ovate and the lower roundish, an inch or more long : spike few-flowered : corolla
an inch long; the ovate-lanceolate lobes rather erect. — A.DC. Prodr. ix. 5; Chapm. Fl.
182. — Light soil, W. Florida, Chapman.

§ 3. Flowers small, terminal aud in the forks of leafy branches, mostly short-
peduncled : Qorolla nearly salverform, white or nearly so ; the limb plicate in the
bud and the edges turned outward: anthers and style included; the latter articu-
lated in the middle, its tubular upper portion beset with collecting hairs fully half
way down : root annual ? — Coelostylis, Torr. & Gray.

S. loganioides, A.DC. A span or more high, ascending: leaves oval, sessile (half to
three-fourths inch long) : sepals narrowly linear and with the scarious margins denticulate :
corolla 4 or 5 lines long, somewhat funnelform : capsule with minutely granulate surface
(not Uneolate) : seeds smoothish. — Prodr. ix. 4. Codosti/lis loganioides, Torr. & Gray in
Endl. Iconogr. t. 101 (beard on the style represented too short), & Fl. N. Am. ii. 44. —
E. Florida, near Fort King, &c.. Dr. Burrows, Rugel, Buckley.

S. Lindheimeri. A span high, diffusely much branched from the base, puberulent-
scabrous : leaves from ovate-oblong to lanceolate (an inch or less long), acutish at base,
the lower somewhat petioled : sepals linear and the scarious margins conspicuously den-
ticulate : corolla salverform, 4 lines long : capsule minutely lineolate : seeds at maturity
tuberculate-rugose as well as minutely pitted. — Prairies of W. Texas, Lindheimer, WrigU.

S. Texana, A.DC. 1. c. About a foot high, nearly smooth and glabrous : leaves ovate- to
lanceolate-oblong, thinner and larger (one or two inches long), mostly acute at both ends,
the lower somewhat petioled : sepals setaceous-subulate, only one-nerved ; the margins
very obscurely serrulate-scabrous : corolla salverform, half inch long : capsule smooth,
not lineolate : seeds minutely rugulose and punctate. — Codostylis Texana, Torr. & Gray, 1. c.
— E. Texas, Drummond, Lindheimer, Wright, &c.

3. MITREOLA, L. (Diminutive of mitra, a turban or mitre, from the
shape of the capsule.) — Glabrous low herbs (E. American, Asiatic and Austra-
lian), ours annuals ; with entire leaves, small entire stipules between them, and
very small white flowers unilaterally spicate on the naked branches of the ter-
minal cyme : fl. summer. — Cynoctonum, Gmelin.

M. petiolata, Torr. & Gray. A foot or two high : leaves membranaceous, from ob-
long-lanceolate to ovate (1 to 3 inches long), acute, narrowed at base into more or less of
a petiole. — Fl. N. Am. ii. 45 ; A.DC. Prodr. ix. 8 ; Progel in Mart. Fl. Bras. vi. t. 82, fig. 1.
Ophiorhiza Mitreola, L. Spec. i. 150 ; Swartz, Obs. t. 3. 0. lanceolata, Ell. Sk. i. 238. Anony-
mos petiolata, Walt. Car. 108. Cynoctomim peiiolatum, Gmel. Syst. 4. Mitreola ophiorhizoides,
A. Rich. Me'm. Soc. Nat. Hist. Par. i. 63, t. 3, includes both our species. — Wet grounds,
E. Virginia to Texas. (Mex., W. Ind., &c.)
M. sessilif olia, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Stems more simple and virgate : leaves thicker
and firmer in texture (half inch or more long, and veins more prominent), roughish-mar-
gined, from round-oval to oblong, sessile : flowers and fruit smaller and more crowded. —
Anonymos sessilifolia, Walt, 1. c. Cynodonum sessilif olium, Gmelin, 1. c. Ophiorhiza Mitreola,

Buddleia. LOGANIACE^. 109

Michx. Fl. i. 148. 0. ovnlifolia, Muhl. Cat. 0. Croomii, Curtis in Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. i.
128. Var. anpustifoUa, Torr. & Gray, 1. c, is a depauperate state of the narrower-leaved
form. —Moist ground, N. Carolina to Florida and Louisiana.

4. P0LYPR:&MUM, L. (Name altered from TtoXvjtQEnvog, with many
trunks, from the diffuse branching next the ground.) — Single species, an insig-
nificant weed : fl. late summer.

P. procumbens, L. A span or more high, much branched from an annual (sometimes
almost ligneous) root, glabrous; the rigid stems erect or ascending rather than procum-
bent, 4-angled, repeatedly branching : leaves narrowly linear or almost acerose, half inch
or more long, the uppermost gradually reduced to bracts, their margins obscurely scabrous,
their bases united by a membranous stipular line : flowers sessile m the forks or somewhat
cymose at the summit of the branches : inconspicuous corolla barely a line long white —
Act. Ups. 1741, t. 78; Lam. 111.' t. 71. P. Linncti, Michx. Fl. i. 83.— Sandy soil Penn
(adventive), Maryland to Texas. (Mex., W. Ind.)

5. BUDDL:&IA, Houston. {Adam Buddie, an early English botanist, who
corresponded with Ray.) — Shrubs, or some arborescent, a few herbaceous (mainly
tropical), usually canescent or tomentose with floccose or furfuraceous stellate
down ; the leaves sometimes dentate, the petioles connected by a transverse
stipular line, or by more evident stipules. Flowers commonly small, and crowded
into capitate clusters or cymules, which are variously disposed ; rarely some are
."i-merous ; the corolla in our few (chiefly Mexican) species very short.

* Flowers in comparatively loose and very numerous clusters, disposed in an ample and naked
terminal panicle. ^ ^

B. Humboldtiana, RcBm. & Schult. Minutely ferrugineous-tomentose : leaves
oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, denticulate, 3 inches long, rounded at base, rather
long-petioled, copiously pinnately-veined, in age glabrate above : flowers a line and a half
long. — Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 4-38. B. acuminata, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. ii. 349, t. 187,
not Poir. — Mexican borders of S. W. Texas and New Mexico, Tlmrher, &c. (Mex.)
B. lanceolAta, Benth., with smaller and narrower leaves tapering to base, and simpler

contracted inflorescence, also inhabits Northern Mexico, and may reach the boundary. B.

CROTONOiDEs, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. y. 165, is from Lower California, under the tropic.
* # Flowers in numerous and small dense pedunculate heads, disposed in a virgate raceme.

B. racemosa, Torr. Stems 1 to 3 feet high, loosely branching, nearly glabrous : leaves
from ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate with a truncate or obscurely hastate base, irregu-
larly crenate-dentate, mostly obtuse, thinnish, 2 to 4 inches long, short-petioled, green and
glabrous above, puberulent-canescent beneath : raceme of heads a span to a foot long :
heads about a quarter inch in diameter, on shorter or longer peduncles: corolla little
exceeding the tomentulose calyx. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 121. — Rocky banks, W. Texas.
Lindheimer, Riddell, Wright, &c.

Var. incana, Torr. 1. c. Leaves barely an inch long, fulvous-canescent-tomentose
beneath. — San Pedro River, W. Texas, Wright.

* * * Flowers in solitary or geminate heads or capitate clusters : leaves, branches, and heads
densely soft-tomentose throughout.

B. marrubiif olia, Benth. 1. c. Much branched, canescent or ferrugineous : leaves obo-

vate or oval with cuneate base, arcuate, about half inch long, short-petioled, the dense

■ tomentum somewhat velvety : flowers in a globose terminal head (half inch in diameter)

on a short peduncle, "odorous: corolla golden yellow turning orange red." — Torr. Bot.

Mex. Bound. 121. — S. Texas on the Rio Grande. (Mex.)

B. SCOrdioides, HBK. Much branched, ferrugineous-tomentose : leaves narrowly
oblong or cuneate-linear, nearly sessile, obtuse, coarsely crenate, rugose, an inch or less
long : dense clusters of flowers sessile in the axils of all the upper leaves, the pair com-
bined around the stem into a globular head. — Nov. Gen. & Spec. I.e. t. 183; Torr. 1. c. —
S. E. Texas to Arizona. (Mex.)

110 GENTIAN ACE^. Emorya.

6, EM6RYA, Torn (In honor of Major, now General, W. H. Emory, the
U. S. Commissioner of the Mexican Boundary Survey in which the plant was
discovered.) — Single known species.

B. suaveolens, Torr. Shrub 3 to 6 feet high, mucli branched, somewhat pulverulent or
puberulent: the leaves canescent beneath, somewliat deltoid or hastate, sinuate-dentate
with a few coarse teeth, obtuse, petioled, half inch or more long : inflorescence a nar-
row and pedunculate thyrsus or panicle: flowers pedicellate, loose and rather few, sweet-
scented : corolla over an inch long, " greenish-white or yellowish ; " the roundish lobes
only a line or two long. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 121, t. 36 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 794. —
Canons of the Rio Grande, Texas, below Presidio, Parry.

Order XC. GENTIANACE^.

Herbs, with bitter colorless juice, and (the Menyanthece excepted) with opposite
or rarely verticillate simple and entire sessile leaves, no stipules, perfect and reg-
ular flowers, persistent calyx and often marcescent corolla, the latter (with one or
two exceptions) dextrorsely convolute in the bud, a one-celled free ovary with
2 parietal many-ovuled placentae, or the whole parieties ovuliferous, single style
and usually 2-lobed or 2-lamellate stigma, and the capsule dehiscent through the
placentae. Seeds indefinitely numerous, or rarely few, anatropous, commonly
small, and with a minute embryo in fleshy albumen. Stamens, as in all the
related orders, borne on the tube or base of the corolla, as many as its lobes and
alternate with them : anthers in our genera 2-celled and opening longitudinally.
Style rarely cleft, at least the divisions stigmatose down the inner face of the
lobes. Plants almost all glabrous and smooth throughout, and the flowers cymose
or simply terminal. Ovary in all our genera one-celled, or half two-celled by
introflexion of the placentae (in some exotic genera 2-celled). The Menyanthe(B
differ almost ordinally in the foliage and aestivation. Oholaria and Bartonia are
remarkable for the imbricated aestivation of the corolla : the sepals of the latter
are reduced to two : their lower leaves or scales are often alternate.

Suborder I. GENTIANE^. Leaves always simple and entire, sessile
(except some radical ones), never alternate, except in one Swertia. Estivation
of the corolla never valvate.

* Lobes of the corolla convolute in the bud.
•1— Style filiform, usually deciduous from the capsule : stigma bilamellar or bicrural, but
the divisions at first often connivent as if united, the flowers being proterandrous :
seeds numerous, with a close and reticulated or foveolate coat.

-M- Calyx 4-toothed and 4-angled : anthers cordate-ovate and unchanged in age.

1. MICROCALA. Corolla short-salverform, bearing the 4 short stamens in its throat.
Stigma as if compressed-capitate, but of 2 flabelliform lobes which at length separate.

•H- ++ Calyx 5-12- (or in Erythraa sometimes 4-) cleft or parted : anthers oblong to linear,
mostly twisting or curving in age : placentae more or less intruded.

2. ERYTHR^A. Parts of the flower 5 or sometimes 4. Calyx-lobes narrow and
carinate. Corolla salverform with either a short or rather long tube. Filaments slender:
anthers oblong or linear, commonly exsertod, twisting spirally in one or two turns after
anthesis. Style filiform : stigmas from oblong to flabelliform. 'Capsule from oblong-ovate
to fusiform.

3. SABBATIA. Parts of the flower 5 to 12. Corolla rotate. Filaments filiform, rather
short : anthers linear or elongated-oblong, soon arcuate, recurved, or revolute. Style 2-
cleft or 2-parted ; the lobes filiform, compressed-clavate or spatulate, introrsely stigmatose
for most of their length. Capsule globose or ovoid, thick-coriaceous or at first fleshy.

GENTIAN ACE^. HI

'^' ,??n^I^^^- 1,^^'*' °^ ^^f ^T^"" S'/ai-ely 6. Calyx-lobes long-acuminate, the midrib
cannate. Corolla campanulate-funnelform. Filaments filiform-subulate : anthers oblong
versatile, straight or recurving in age Style filiform, nearly persistent : stigma of 2 broad
oblong or oval lamellse. Capsule oval or oblong.

-t- -h- Style short or subulate and persistent, or none : anthers remaining straight.
++ Corolla without nectariferous pits or large glands : flowers usually 4-5-merous.

5, GENTIANA. Calyx commonly with a membranous or spathaceous tube. Corolla
lunnelform, campanulate, or salverform (or some rotate) ; the sinuses with or without
plaits or appendages. Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla. Style very short or
none: stigma of 2 spreading (rarely united) lamellje, persistent. Seeds very numerous
not rarely covering the whole parieties of the thin capsule. .

6. PLEUROGYNE. Calyx deeply 4-5-parted. Corolla rotate, 4-5-parted ; the divisions
acute, a pair of scale-like appendages on their base. Stamens on the base of the corolla •
anthers introrse, versatile. Style none: stigmas decurrent down the sutures. Capsule
lanceolate or oblong, not stipitate. Seeds extremely numerous, near the two suturesT

■^ "^u ,^f 0^1^ with one or two nectariferous pits, spots (glands), or an adnate scale to
each lobe : calyx 4-5-parted : seeds comparatively large.

'^' ^Y^I^^,^"^- ^o^oll* rotate, 5- (rarely 4-) parted ; the lobes dextrorsely convolute in the
bud. Style none, or very short : stigma 2-Iamellate or 2-lobed. Capsule ovate • the pla-
centa not intruded. Leaves sometimes alternate.

8. FRASERA. Corolla rotate, 4-parted ; the lobes dextrorsely convolute in the bud
bearing a single or double fringed gland, and sometimes a fimbriate crown at base. Sta-
mens on the very base of the corolla: filaments subulate, often monadelphous at base occa-
sionally with some interposed small bristles or scales. Ovary ovate, tapering into a dis-
tinct and often slender (but sometimes very short) persistent style: stigma small, 2-lobed
or nearly entire. Capsule coriaceous, commonly flattened; the placentae or edges of the
valves not intruded. Seeds comparatively few, compressed, commonly smooth and mar-
gined. Leaves verticillate or opposite.

9. HALENIA. Corolla campanulate, 4-5-cleft ; the lobes sinistrorsely convolute, mostly
erect; underneath each a hollow nectariferous spur or gibbous projection, which is gland-
ular at bottom (sometimes obsolete) : no fringes nor crown. Filaments slender, inserted on
the tube of the corolla. Ovary and capsule ovate-oblong ; the placentae more or less intro-
flexed : style very short or none : stigmas 2. Ovules and close-coated seeds oval or glob-
ular, in a single series on the margin of the valves.

* * Lobes of the corolla imbricated in the bud, i.e. 4, two exterior and two interior-
no appendages: ovules and extremely numerous minute close-coated seeds covering
the whole paneties of the ovary and capsule : stamens inserted in or little below the
sinuses of the corolla : anthers ovate-sagittate : foliage hardly any or discolored.

10. BARTONIA. Calyx deeply 4-parted ; the sepals lanceolate-subulate, carinate. Cor-
olla deeply 4-cleft, somewhat campanulate. Filaments slender, much longer than the
anthers. Stigma nearly sessile, of 2 erect or closed short lobes. Capsule oblong, acute
2-valved. ^' '

11. OBOLARIA. Calyx of 2 foliaceous spatulate sepals! Corolla oblong-campanulate,
4-cIeft; the lobes oval-oblong or in age spatulate. Filaments not longer than the anthers.
Ovary rather thick-walled, and with four thicker equidistant projections, making the
cavity cruciform : style distinct : stigma bilamellar. Capsule membranaceous, 2-valved or
rupturing irregularly.

ScBORDEK II. MENYANTHE.E. Leaves all alternate and mostly petioled,
sometimes trifoliolate, or crenate. ^Estivation of the corolla induplicate-valvate.
Seed-coat crustaceous. Marsh or aquatic perennials : flowers heterogenous.

12. MENYANTHES. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla somewhat funnelform or campanulate,
5-cleft ; the lobes widely spreadhig, fimbriate-bearded or crested on the face. Stamens on
the tube of the corolla: anthers sagittate, versatile. Hypogynous glands 5. Ovary
surmounted by a long style : stigma bilamellate, 2-lobed. Capsule globular, tardily 2-
valved or irregulariy bursting across the top. Seeds rather few and large, orbicular and
compressed ; the close crustaceous coat smooth and shining. Flowers on a scape.

13. LIMNANTHEMUM. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla almost rotate and deeply 5-cleft;
the lobes naked on the face (but sometimes fimbriate on the broadly induplicate mar-
gins). Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla. Style short or none. Capsule ovoid
or oblong, indehiscent or irregularly bursting. Flowers (in ours) as if borne on a filiform
petiole.

112 GENTIAN ACE^. Mlcrocala.

1. MICR6CALA, Link. Compounded of fiTxoOi', small, and xr'jXrj or -Aaloi,',
beautiful: should have been Microcalia, but that proper form of the name was
preoccupied. — One European species and the following : fl. in spring.

M. quadrangularis, Griseb. A little annual, with simple or branching filiform stem,
2 or 3 inches high : branches or peduncles l-flowered : leaves 2 or 3 pairs, oval or oblong,
2 or 3 lines long: calyx at first oblong-campanulate ; in fruit broader, truncate at top and
bottom, strongly 4-angled ; the teeth short and subulate : corolla saffron-yellow, 3 lines
long. — DC. Prodr. ix. 63 ; Progel in Mart. Fl. Bras. vi. 213, t. 58, fig. 3; Gray, Bot. Calif.
i. 480. Exacum quad rang dare, Willd. Spec. i. 636. E. infiatum, Hook. & Arn. in Jour. Bot.
i. 283. Cicendia quadrangularis, Griseb. Gent. 157. — Open moist ground, coast of California,
from Mendocino Co., southward. (S. Amer.)

2. E!RYTHR.^A, Renealm. Centaury, Cakchalagua. {From sQvdQog,
red, the flowers being mostly red or rose-color.) — Low herbs (of various parts of
the world), mainly annuals and biennials ; the flowers small or middle-sized, but
commonly numerous, in summer. Corolla-lobes becoming narrower with age.

E. cHiRONioiDES and E. speciosa. Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 479, are Mexican species, not yet
found near our borders, forming a section (the genus Gyrandra of Grisebach) with tube of the
corolla rather shorter than the ample lobes, and an oval capsule. All our species have a
longer and narrower capsule (elongated-oblong or cylindraceous), and a longer tube to the
corolla. Our E. veimsta, as to the corolla, is the connecting form.

* Flowers spicately disposed along the rather simple branches and sessile in the few forks.

E spicAta, Pers. Strictly erect, a foot or less high : leaves oblong : tube of the rose-col-
ored corolla hardly longer than the calyx-lobes, twice the length of the ratlier narrow
lobes.— i?. Pickeringii, Oakes in Hovey Mag. Chironia spicata. Smith, Fl. Grsc. t. 2o8. —
Coast at Nantucket, Mass. (Oakes), and Portsmouth, Virginia [Rugel). (Nat. from Eu.)

* * Flowers cymose or paniculately scattered ; ours all rose-red, and with broad stigmas.

■1- European species sparingly naturalized in the Atlantic United States : stigmas broadly oval
or obovate : lobes of the coVolIa oblong, obtuse.
E Centaurium, Pers. Strictly erect, a span to a foot high : leaves oblong the lowest form-
ing a rosulate tuft at the root: flowers cymose-clustered, at least the middle ones sessile :
lobes of the corolla 2i or 3 lines long. — Waste grounds, shores of Lake Ontario (Oswego,
New York) and Lake Michigan, Bahcock: rare. (Nat. from Eu.)
E RAMOsfssiM^, Pers. Lower, more slender, diffusely branched : leaves from oval to lanceo-
late, the lowest not rosulate : flowers effusely cymose, pedicelled : lobes of the corolla only
2 lines long — E. pukheUa, Fries, Novit. ii. 31 (Grisebach s var. pulcheUa, merely a small
form). E Muhlenbergn, Griseb. in DC. Prodr. ix. 60, as to pi. N. Y. and Penn. Lxacum pul-
chellum, Pursh, Fl. i. 100 ^ Chironia pulcheUa, Muhl. Cat. 23.— E. Pennsylvania, New Jer-
sey, &c. : rare. (Nat. from Eu.)
H- ^ Species indigenous from Texas to California: stigmas cuneate or flabelliform and truncate:

no rosulate tuft of radical leaves.
++ Flowers small : lobes of the corolla only 1^ to 2^ lines long, much shorter than the tube : an-
thers oblong.
E Texensis, Griseb. Slender, diffusely much branched above into a loose paniculate-
corymbose cyme : leaves linear or the lowest lanceolate and the uppermost reduced to
subulate bracts: flowers all slender-pedicelled : corolla (apparently light rose-color) with
very slender tube (4 or 5 lines long), and lanceolate-oblong lobes (2 lines long), which be-
come lanceolate-linear, longer, and acute: seeds globose-ovoid. — DC 1. c. 98. — Texas,
common on rocks and hills.
E. floribunda, Benth. Almost a foot high, corymbose-cymose at summit, rather strict
and closely flowered : leaves oblong or the upper lanceolate : flowers short-pedicelled or in
the forks nearly sessile : lobes of the light rose-colored corolla oblong and becoming lan-
ceolate, at most 2 lines long and 3 or 4 times shorter than the tube : anthers short-oblong
(shorter than in any other of this section and the stigmas smaller) : seeds globular-ovoid.
— PI. Hartw. .322; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 480. — California, on the Sacramento and its tribu-
taries, Hartweg, &c.
E. Muhlenbergii, Griseb. A span or less high, at length fastigiately branched from
the base, cyraosely flowered at summit: leaves oblong, obtuse; the floral lanceolate: ped-

ErythrcBa. GENTIAN ACE^. 113

icels short or hardly any in the forks ; the lateral often as long as the flower, but 2-bracteo-
late at summit: lobes of the rose-red corolla oval, very obtuse or retuse, in age merely
Ob ong, 2 or almost 3 lines long: seeds short-oval. -DC. 1. c. 60, as to California plant
only; Benth. PI. Hartw. 322; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 480. -Western part of California, and
south-east to the Mohave.

E. Douglasii, Gray. Slender, a span to a foot high, loosely and paniculately branched
usual y sparsely flowered: leaves from oblong to linear, mostly acute : flowers all on strict
and slender peduncles or pedicels : lobes of the pink corolla oblong, obtuse, at most 2 lines
long, nearly half the length of the tube: seeds globular. — Bot. Calif, i. 480. E NuttalUi
Watson Bot. King, 276, partly ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 398. Cicendia exaltata, Griseb. in
Hook. Fl H. 69, 1. 157, wrongly described. — Oregon and California to Utah and Wyoming.

E. Nuttallii, Watson. Like the preceding : lobes of the rather larger corolla more
ovate, acutish, sometimes nearly 3 lines long: seeds fewer, and much larger (a third of a
line long), oblong. — Bot. lung, 276, t. 29, mainly. — Nevada, Idaho, and Utah, Nuttall H
JLngelmann, Watson.

"^an'ther^^Huear '^''^^''' '^°™"^'^°^^^ ^^ to 6 lines long, but more or less shorter than the tube :

== Corolla-lobes narrow, in age by involution becoming acummate: branching and inflorescence
tastigiate-cymose : filaments and style very slender.

E. trichantha, Griseb. A span or less high: leaves from oblong-oval to lanceolate:
flowers in dense cymes, those in the forks all sessile or nearly so : corolla-lobes oblong-
lanceolate becoming linear-lanceolate, 34 or 4 lines long: stigmas small: seeds oval-oblong.
— DC. 1. c. 60 (excl. var.) ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 479. — Dry ground, W. California.

E. Beyrichii, Torr. 8z Gray. A span to a foot high, slender, at length fastigiately
much branched: leaves linear (an inch or more long, a line or much less in width) the
uppermost nearly filiform : flowers very numerous and all pedicellate : corolla-lobes linear-
oblong and becoming hnear, 5 Unes long: seeds globular. — Torr. in Marcy Rep. 291 t 13
E. trichantha, var. angustifolia, Griseb. in DC. 1. c. — Arkansas, Beyrich, Marc,/. Texas
Wright, Lindheimer. '

^^llTedSLtfsredsTloWl^' "'*""' ""^^ ^''"'" ^'^'^ ^'^ ^"^^•- -fl-escence loose: flowers
E. calycosa, Buckley. Paniculately or somewhat cymosely branched, a span to 2 feet
high : leaves from narrowly oblong to lanceolate or linear : pedicels mostly as long as the
calyx or the whole flower: lobes of the corolla oval or oblong, 3J to 5 lines long ; the tube
usually equalled by the calyx. — Proc. Acad. PMlad. 1862, 7.— W. Texas and New Mexico
Wright, Buckley, &c. (Adjacent Mex.) '

Var. nana. A span high, with leaves all linear and inflorescence corymbose-cymose •
approaching E. Beyrichii, but corolla-lobes only 3 or 4 lines long and broadly oblono-. —
Stony hills, _W. Texas, Wright (no. 1662), Woodhouse.

Var. Arizonica. Stems or branches a foot or so long, lax : inflorescence racemosely
paniculate or as if racemose: calyx-lobes mostly shorter than the tube of the corolla.—
S. Utah and Arizona, Wheeler, Palmer, &c.
E. venusta, Gray. A span or so high : leaves from ovate to oblong-lanceolate : flowers
somewhat cymose or paniculate, on short or sometimes long pedicels : lobes of the corolla
oval or obovate, becoming oblong, deep pink, 4 to 6 lines long, about the length of the yel-
lowish tube, which is equalled by the calyx. — Bot. Calif, i. 479. E. trichantha, Durand in
Pacif. R. Rep. V. t. 9, not Griseb. E. chironioides, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 156, t. 42, mainly,
excl. syn. — Dry hills, California, common from Plumas Co. southward.

3. SABBATIA, Adans. {Liheratus Sahbati, an early Italian botanist )

Atlantic North American biennials or annuals; with mostly showy rose-colored of
white flowers (in summer and autumn), terminating the branches or in cymes.
Calyx in most species deeply parted. Corolla usually with a yellowish or dis-
-colored eye. Style closed in early anthesis, and commonly turned to one side
of the flower (and sometimes spirally twisted), later erect and its branches or
stigmas diverging. Seeds very numerous and small, globular, pitted.

8

114 GENTIANACEiE. Sahhatia.

§ 1. Flowers 5-merous (or only occasionally some of them 6-7-merous) : an-
thers from apically recurved to helicoid.

* Branches all opposite : flowers corjTtibosely or paniculately cjTnose, short -pedicelled.
-t— Calyx very small, merely 5-toothed.

S. macroph^lla, Hook. Glaucous : stem simple, terete, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves rather
distant, thickish, nearly erect, ovate or ovate-lanceolate with cordate-clasping 3-5-nerved
base, acute or mucronate-acuminate (1 to 3 inches long) ; the uppermost reduced to small
subulate bracts : cymes flat-topped, naked and in a naked terminal corymb or compound
cyme : pedicels short and filiform : teeth of the small calyx subulate and shorter than the
tube : corolla white ; the lobes oblong, 3 or 4 lines long : style not cleft to the middle. —
Hook. Comp. to Bot. Mag. i. 171 ; Griseb. in DC. 1. c. 50 ; Chapra. Fl. 353. — Wet pine bar-
rens, Georgia to Florida and Louisiana.

•I— -I— Calj'x with long aud slender or linear lobes : stem more or less 4-angled.
++ Corolla white, fading j'ellowish : style 2-parted, its divisions spatulate-linear.

S. lanceolata, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple, 2 or 3 feet high, bearing a terminal and
naked corymbose cyme : leaves much shorter than the internodes (an inch or so long), from
ovate to lanceolate, 3-5-nerved, the floral reduced to subulate bracts : pedicels mostly short
but slender : calyx-lobes almost filiform, more than half the length of the corolla : lobes
of the latter obovate-oblong, a third to half inch long. — Gray, Man. ed. 1, 356 ; Chapm.
Fl. 353. Chironia lanceolata, Walt. Car. 95. C. cymosa, Lam. III. i. 479, therefore Sahbatia
cymosa, Don, Syst. C. paniculata, Michx. Fl. i 146, partly. Sahhatia paniadata, var. lati/olia,
Pursh, Fl. i. 138. S. corymbosa, Baldw. in Ell. Sk. i. 283. — Wet pine-barrens, New Jersey
to Florida.

S. panicxilata, Pursh. Stem a foot or two high, freely branching ; the branches cy-
mosely few-many-flowered and uppermost cymes corymbose : leaves from linear to lanceo-
late-oblong, obtuse ; the floral mostly linear and acute : pedicels very short to the central
flowers : calyx-lobes not more than half the length of the corolla : lobes of the latter
spatulate-oblong, 3 lines long. — Fl. I. c. (var. angustifolin, & excl. syn. Swertia diffbrmis, L.) ;
Gray, 1. c, not Ell. Chironia paniculata, Michx. 1. c. partly, and as to char. — Moist or dry
ground, Virginia to Florida.
++ ++ Corolla rose-color, varying to white : style cleft to the middle, its lobes slightly clavate.

S. brachiata, Ell. Stem slightly angled, a foot or two high: leaves from lanceolate-
oblong to linear, mostly obtuse, obscurely 3nerved at base : inflorescence thyrsiform-pan-
iculate ; the lateral cymes naked-pedunculate and about 3-flowered ; calyx-lobes narrowly
linear, shorter than or nearly equalling the light rose-color or nearly white corolla : lobes of
the latter obovate-oblong, half inch long. — Sk. i. 284 ; Chapm. 1. c. S. concinna, Wood,
Class-Book, 451. Chironia angidaris, var. angustifolia, Michx. 1. c. — Dry or low grounds,
Indiana and N. Carolina to Louisiana and Florida.

S. anglllaris, Pursh. Stem quadrangular with sharp angles, 2 feet high, paniculately
branched above ; the branches leafy : leaves cordate-ovate and clasping, 3-5-nerved : numer-
ous and crowded branches few-flowered, pyramidally or somewhat corj'mbosely cymose :
calyx-lobes linear, much shorter than the corolla : lobes of the latter deep rose-color, obo-
vate. fully half-inch long. --Ell. I. c. ; Bigel. Med. t. 57; Bart. Med. t. 24; Torr. Fl. N. Y.
ii. t. 83. Chironia angularis, L. ; Michx. 1. c, var. lati/olia. — Rich soil, W. Canada to Florida
and Louisiana.

* * Branches alternate or the lower opposite : foliaceous calyx-lobes longer and hardly narrower
than the lobes of the corolla : flowers not rarelj' 6-7-merous : style 2-parted.

S. calycosa, Pursh. Stem a span to a foot long, loosely branching : leaves from oblong
to broadly lanceolate, narrowed at base : peduncles scattered, 1-flowered, mostly elongated,
occasionally short: calyx-lobes from linear to spatulate, resembling upper leaves, half
inch or more long, not rarely double the length of the obovate-spatulate lobes of the rose-
colored or almost white corolla. — Bot. Mag. t. 1600. Chironia dicholoma, Walt. Car. 93.
C. calycosa, Michx. 1. c. Gentiana calycina. Lam. Diet. ii. 638. Sahhatia gracilis, var. Cuhensis,
Griseb. PI. Wright. Cub. ii. 521. — Sea-coast and near it, Virginia to Texas. (Cuba.)

* * * Branches alternate: calyx -lobes slender, seldom exceeding the obovate lobes of the corolla:
peduncles more or less elongated and scattered, naked, 1-flowered.

Sabbatla. GENTIAN ACE^. 115

•i— Calrx-tube prominentlj- 5-costate, nearly or quite enclosing the retuse capsule : corolla IJ to
2 inches in diameter.

S. campestris, !Niatt, A span or two high, divergently branched above: leaves ovate
with subcordate clasping base, somewhat 3-5-nerved, one-half to an inch long, those of the
branches lanceolate: peduncles about 2 inches long: calyx-lobes narrowly linear-lanceo-
late, acute, half to three-fourths inch long, equalling the broad lobes of the lilac-
colored corolla ; angles of its campanulate tube below the sinuses acute and wing-like in
flower, thickened in fruit : style very deeply 2-clef t. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 197 ;
Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5015. S.formosa, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1862, 7. — Prairies of
Arkansas and Texas. Very showy.

-)— -f— Calyx-tube verj' short, girding the base of the capsule, not conspicuously costate : plants
loosely paniculate-branching : corolla bright rose-color or pink, with white varieties, or the last
white.

S. stellaris, Pursh. Leaves rather fleshy, from oblong to lanceolate and the uppermost
narrowly linear: calyx-lobes subulate-linear, from half to nearly the full length of the
corolla-lobes : eye or star of the corolla conspicuous : style nearly 2-parted. — Fl. i. 137.
S. gracilis, Ell. 1. c, not Salisb. Chironia stellata, Muhl. Cat. — Brackish marshes, coast of
Massachusetts to Florida. Appears to pass into the next.

S. gracilis, Salisb. Stems more slender: branches and peduncles filiform : leaves linear
and the uppermost filiform or setaceous : calyx-lobes very slender and as long as those of
the corolla (6 to 9 lines long) : style 2-clef t to the middle. — Parad. Lond. t. 32 ; Pursh,
1. c. ; Griseb. in DC. 1. c. 49; Chapm. Fl. 354. Chironia gracilis, Michx. 1. c. C. campanu-
lata, L. Spec. 190?, but not from "Canada." — Brackish marshes and river banks, Nan-
tucket (an ambiguous form), and New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana, extendmg inland to
the mountains of Georgia. (Cuba.)

Var. grandiflora. Stem more rigid and erect: lower leaves fleshy: flower much
larger; the corolla-lobes from three-fourths to nearly a full inch long. — Coast of E. Flor-
ida, Leavenworth, Buckley, Palmer, &c.

S. Elliottii, Steud. Effusely and paniculately much branched, a foot or two high:
leaves small ; the lower cauline (half inch or less long) thickish, from obovate to lanceo-
late; upper narrowly linear and rather longer; those of the filiform flowering branches
setaceous-subulate : flowers numerous : lobes of the calyx slender-subulate, about twice
the length of the tube, very much shorter than the spatulate-oblong or oblanceolate lobes
of the (apparently always white) corolla; the corolla-lobes only 5 or 6 lines long: style
2-parted. — Chapm. Fl. 534. S. paniculata. Ell. Sk. i. 282 (ex char.), not Pursh. Swertia
difformis, L. Spec. i. 226 ? — Pine barrens on the coast (S. Virginia ? ) S. Carolina to Florida.
(Bahamas.)

§ 2. Flowers 8-12-merous, most commonly 9-11-merous, large and showy,
* Solitary on naked somewhat paniculate peduncles : anthers at length coiled into a helix.

S. chloroides, Pursh. Stem a foot or two high, loosely and sparingly branched above :
leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the lowest oblong-spatulate and the uppermost linear : calyx-
lobes subulate-linear, about half the length the spatulate-obovate lobes of the (rose-purple
or sometimes white) corolla : divisions of the deeply-cleft style linear-clavate. — Torr. Fl.
N. Y. ii. t. 84. Chironia dodecandra, L. Spec. i. 190 ; Walt. 1. c. Chlora dodecandra, L.
Syst. Chironia chloroides, Michx. Fl. i. 147. — Margin of pine-barren ponds along the coast,
Massachusetts to Florida and Alabama. Corolla about 2 inches in diameter.

Var. stricta. Stem more rigid, 1-few-flowered : leaves all linear. — Chironia decandra,
Walt. I. c. ? — S. Carolina ? Alabama, and Florida.

* Capitate-clustered or sometimes solitary flowers sessile and leafy-bracted : calyx-tube turbhiate :
anthers of firm texture, slightly curved. — Lnpithea,Gvi»&\).

S. gentianoides, Ell. Stem strict, a foot or two high : radical leaves in a rosulate tuft,
obovate or oblong : cauline very narrowly linear, 1^ to 3 inches long, a line or two wide ;

1 the uppermost involucrating the terminal cluster of 3 to 5 or sometimes one or two nearly
sessile flowers ; occasionally one or two in lower axils : calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate, very
much shorter than the spatulate corolla-lobes, these 6 to 10 lines long : style 2-clef t at the
apex, the lobes spatulate. — Sk. i. 286 ; Chapm. Fl. 354. S. oligophylla, Featherman in Univ.
Mississip. Rep. 1871. Lapithea gentianoides, Griseb. in DC. 1. c. 48. — Margin of pine-barren
ponds, Georgia and Florida to Texas.

116 GENTIANACE^. Sabbatia.

S. Bo^kini, Gray. A foot high, nearly simple : cauline leaves lanceolate-oblong or the
lower elliptical, 3-nerved (an inch or two long) ; the uppermost lanceolate : flowers 1 to 7
in the cluster; the bracts oval or oblong: calyx-lobes lanceolate, much shorter than the
corolla; lobes of the latter oblong-obovate, half inch long. — Chapm. Fl. 354. — Middle or
Upper Georgia, Boykin (in herb. Torr.) ; also in herb. Muhl. Little known.
S. sfiMPLEX, Bertol. Misc. x. t. 3, is Rlwxia stricta.

4. ETjrSTOMA, Salisb. (From sv, OTO^a, good mouth, i.e. mouth of good
size, alluding to the open-mouthed corolla.) — Glaucous and large-flowered an-
nuals ; with more or less clasping and connate thickish leaves, slender terminal
and more or less paniculate one-flowered peduncles, and bluish purple corolla vary-
ing to white ; the lobes commonly erose-deuticulate. — Only the following species.

E. exaltatum, Griseb. Lower tlian the next species : leaves oblong : lobes of the
corolla nearly oblong (barely an inch in length), twice the length of the tube: style little
longer than the stigmas: capsule elliptical-oblong, very obtuse. — DC. Prodr. ix. 51;
Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxxi. t. 13 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 621. Gentiana exaltata, L. Spec. ed. 2, 331 ;
Descourt, Ant. t. 15. Lisianthus exaltatus, Lam. 111. i. 478. L. cjlancif alius, J&cq. Ic. Rar.
t. 33. Eustoma silenifoUum, Salisb. Parad. Lond. t. 34; Don, Syst. iv. 211, excl. syn. Nutt.
Urananthus (jlaucifolius, Benth. PI. Hartw. 46. — Southern borders of the United States, from
Florida and Texas to California. (Mex., W. Ind.)

E. Russellianum, Griseb. 1. c. A foot or two high : leaves from ovate- to lanceolate-
oblong: lobes of the ample lavender-purple corolla obovate (inch and a half long), 4 times
longer than the tube: style elongated: capsule oblong, usually pointed : anthers hardly
curving in age. — Lisianthus (jlaucifolius, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 197, not
Jacq. L. RusselUanus, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3626. — Nebraska to Texas. Very showy.

Var. gracile. Smaller: leaves lanceolate : capsule not pointed. — £". ^raa'/e, Engelm.
in Fl. Calif. 1. c. — S. Texas, Beiiandier, &c. (Mex.)

5. G-ENTIANA, Tourn. Gentian. ( Gentius, king of Illyria.) — Erect
herbs (of the cooler parts of the world) ; with chiefly sessile leaves, and con-
spicuous flowers of various colors, produced in summer or autuma ; commonly
expanding only in sunshine or at mid-day. Seeds in most of our species exceed-
ingly numerous and borne over the whole inner surface of the capsule (as first
remarked by the late Prof. H. J. Clark, in Gray, Man. ed. 2, 1856, 345). Herb-
age and especially the roots very bitter.

§ 1. Gentianella. Corolla (not rotate) destitute of extended plaits or lobes
or teeth at the sinuses : anthers usually versatile (introrse, at length retrorsely
reversed) : stigmas distinct or only casually united : root annual in all ours except
in G. barbellata. — Gentianella, &c., Borkhausen.

* (Fringed Gextiaks.) Flowers large or middle-sized, solitary, mostly 4-merous: corolla cam-
panulate-funnelfonn, its lobes usually fimbriate or erose. not crowned: a row of glands between
the bases of the filaments. — § Crossopetalum, Froelich, Grisebach.
H— Flower on a naked and usually lonq; peduncle tevminatinsr the stem or branches, not bracteate
at base: filaments naked: root annual: calyx (e.Kcept in G. simplex) ovate-acuminate in the bud
and with acutely carinate lobes, the two exterior longer as well as narrower and more acuminate,
the tube sharply angled by the decurrent keels.

-w- Corolla enclosed in the ventricose wing-angled calyx?
G. ventricosa, Griseb. A foot high : leaves ovate-oblong : calyx ovoid and 4-wing-
angled ; the two external lobes much acuminate ; the two internal barely acute, rather
longer than the campanulate deeply 4-cleft corolla : ovate-oblong lobes of the latter regu-
larly " crenate-fimbriate " (or in the figures sharply serrate) : ovary not stipitate. — Gent.
259, in Hook. Fl. ii. 65, 1. 152, & DC. Prodr. ix. 102. — Grand Rapids of the Saskatchewan,
between Cumberland House and Hudson's Bay, Drummond. Little known and not since
collected : apparently described and figured from undeveloped specimens, perhaps nearly
related to G. crinita.

Genfiana. GENTIANACE^. 117

++ ++ Corolla (sky-blue, occasionally white) conspicuously longer than the wingless calyx.:
autumn-flowering.

Gr. crinita, Proel. A foot or two high, often paniculate-corymbose, leafy : leaves lanceo-
late or ovate-lanceolate from a rounded or subcordate partly clasping base : salient narrow
keels of the calyx-lobes conspicuously decurrent on the tube : corolla 2 inches long ; its
lobes cuneate-obovate, strongly fimbriate around the summit, less or hardly so down the
narrowing sides : capsule fusiform, conspicuously stipitate : seeds squamulose-roughened.
— Gent. 112; Bot. Mag. t. 2031; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. t. 80. G. ciUata Americana, L,.
G.Jimbriata, Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 509. Gentianella crinita, Don, Syst. iv. 179. — Low grounds,
Canada to Dakotah and southward to the mountains of Georgia.
G. serrata, Gunner. Stem 3 to 18 inches high: leaves linear or lanceolate-linear:
corolla an inch to an inch and a half long ; its lobes oblong or spatulate-obovate, eroscly
fimbriate or toothed around the summit and sides, or sometimes either part nearly bare :
capsule short-stipitate : seeds and calyx nearly as in G. crinita. — Fl. Norveg. 10 (also
under G. ciliata, 88, t. 2), & Fl. Dan. t. 317 ; Fries; Summ. Scand. 190; Gray, Bot. Calif, i.
481. G. detonsa, Rottb. Act. Hafn. x. 254, t. 1 ; Griseb. 1. c. ; Torr. Fl. N. Y. ii. t. 82. G.
ciliata, Pall. Fl. Ross. ii. t. 92, not L. G. harhata, Froel. Gent. 114. G. brachypetala, Bunge,
Consp. Gent, in Mem. Mosq. 1824, 225, t. 1. — Wet grounds, Newfoundland, Canada, and
N. W. New York to Saskatchewan and northward, and west to Colorado and W". Nevada,
■ mainly the larger and most fimbriate form, G. detonsa, var. harhata, Griseb., &c. (Siberia to
Norway and Greenland.)

Var. grandis, a form with stem 2 feet high or more, and corolla 2 inches long, a por-
tion only of the sides of the lobes coarsely fimbriate. — G. detonsa, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound.
157. — S. E. Arizona, between Barbacomori and Santa Cruz, Tkurber, Wright. (Perhaps G.
crinita, var. Cervantesii, Griseb. in DC. I.e. Mexico.)

Var. holopetala, Gray, a small or slender form, 2 to 16 inches high, with compara-
tively long peduncles : corolla an inch or more long, its lobes entire or merely erose-den-
ticulate romid the summit. —Bot. Calif, i. 481. — Sierra Nevada, California, at 5,000 to
10,000 feet, and Oregon.
G. simplex, Gray. Stem 2 to 10 inches high, simple, bearing 2 to 4 pairs of lanceolate
or linear-oblong leaves (3 to 9 lines long) and a single slender-pedunculate flower : calyx-
tube and lobes hardly at all angled or carinate ; the latter nearly equal and similar : corolla
an inch long ; its oblong-spatulate lobes entire or erose-dentate and sometimes a fringe of
a few bristly teeth low down on the sides : capsule stipitate : seeds smooth but longitudi-
nally striate, narrow, wingless when mature, except a cellular appendage at both ends. —
Pacif . R. Rep. v. 87, t. 16, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. — ffigher parts of the Sierra Nevada, Califor-
nia, to adjacent portion of Oregon.

^_ ^_ Flower 2-bracteate under or near the calyx : filaments ciliate-bearded below the middle :
calyx hardly at all angled or carinate: root perennial.
G. barbellata, Engelm. Stems single or in pairs from the slender fusiform root or
caudex, 2 to 5 inches high : leaves rather thick and fleshy, obtuse, with roughish callous
margins; the radical spatulate (an inch or two long) or slender-petioled ; the 2 or 3 cau-
line pairs spatulate-Unear, or the uppermost narrowly linear and connate at base : flowers
one to three, sessile or nearly so between the involucrate f oliaceous bracts : calyx-lobes
subulate-triangular : corolla bright blue, an inch to an inch and a half long, about twice the
length of the calyx, deeply 4-cleft ; the lobes oblong, erose-denticulate above, conspicu-
ously fimbriate along the middle: capsule short and not stipitate: seeds squamulose-
rougiiened. — Trans. Acad. St. Louis, ii. 216, t. 2. — Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains
in Colorado, Parry, &c. Related to G. ciliata of Europe.

* * Flowers smaller, 4-5-merous : corolla somewhat funnelform or salverform when expanded ;

the lobes entire (rarely with a few denticulations), their base sometimes crowned with setaceous

filaments: capsule seldom stipitate: seeds with a very close thin and smooth coat. — Endolriclia,

etc., Froel. § Amarella, Arctophila, &c., Griseb.

-t- Peduncles elongated and naked from a very short stem, 1-flowered: throat of corolla crowned;

no glands at its base : edges of leaves and sepals smooth.

G. tenella, Rottb. An inch to a span high : leaves (2 to 6 lines long) oblong or the

lowest spatulate: calyx deeply 5- (sometimes 4-) parted; the lobes foliaceous, oblong to

ovate, usually unequal: corolla 2\ to 4 lines long, double the length of the calyx (more

lengthened in fruit), blue ; its lobes ovate-oblong, rather obtuse, little shorter than the

118 GENTIANACE^. Gentlana.

tube : fimbriate crown conspicuous at the throat. — Act. Haf n. x. 436, t. 2, fig. 6 ; Froel. 1. c.
96; Reichenb. Ic. Germ. t. 1045. G. glacialis, A. Thomas in Vill. Delph. ii. 532. G.
Koenigii, Gunner, Fl. Norv. 102. G. dichotoma, Pall. Fl. Ross. ii. 116. G. borealis, Bunge,
Gent. 1. c. 251, t. 10, fig. 2. — High alpine region of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado
{Parry), Utah [L. Ward), and Idaho, Nuttall. Unalaschka and Kotzebue Sound, &c.
(Kamtschatka to Greenland.)

+- 4— Peduncles short or none, terminal and lateral ou a comparatively elongated stem, the angles

of which are acute or wiug-margiued.
++ Setaceous-fimbriate cro\s'n on the base of the corolla-lobes usually conspicuous and rather
copious, sometimes reduced to a few setje, or rarely evanescent : glands at the base of corolla
obscure or wanting: margins of the leaves and of the conspicuous foliaceous calyx-lobes minutely
scabrous.

G. auriculata, Pall. A span or two high : leaves oblong-lanceolate or the upper ovate :
calyx-tube turbinate, longer than the 5 (or rarely 4) lobes; these nearly equal and similar,
cordate-ovate, or the inner merely ovate : corolla violet-blue, 9 or 10 lines long ; its lobes
ovate. — Fl. Ross. ii. 102, t. 92, fig. 1 ; Griseb. 1. c. — Islands between N. E. Asia and Amer-
ica, and even on the N. W. American coast, according to Pallas ; but not since found.
(Kamtschatka, E. Siberia, &c.)

G. heterosepala, Engelm. A span or two high, rather simple and racemosely few-
flowered : leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong : calyx very unequally 5-parted ; two of the
lobes large and foliaceous, ovate, acute, equalling the tube of the pale blue corolla (4 to 6
lines long) ; the other 3 linear-subulate and shorter : sets of the crown copious, united
below into a membrane on the base of each corolla-lobe : capsule sessile. — Trans. Acad.
St. Louis, ii. 215, t. 8; Watson, Bot. King, 278. — Utah, in Uinta and Wahsatch Mountains,
H. Engelmann, Watson. New Mexico in the Sandia Mountains, Bigelow.

G. 'Wrightii. Nearly 2 feet high : stem virgate, simple, with strict raceniiform inflores-
cence: leaves thickish, ovate-oblong or elliptical (less than an inch long), erect, most of
the (about 12) pairs below the flowering portion nearly equalling the internodes, connate
at base : flowers rather numerous, 10 lines long : calyx very deeply 5-cleft ; its short tube
10-costate (the ribs answering to the sinuses stronger) ; the lobes somewhat unequal and
with strongly scabrous margins, all lanceolate, rather shorter than the tube of the campan-
ula te-funnelform white corolla : the latter not glandular at base ; its lobes ovate, one-third
the length of the tube, each with a crown of about 15 long and distinct seta3 : capsule
short-stipitate. — Accidentally named G. quinquejlora in Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 157. —
S. E. Arizona, in springy ground near Santa Cruz, Wright.

G. Amarella, L. From 2 to 20 inches high : leaves from lanceolate to narrowly oblong,
or the lowest obovate-spatulatc : inflorescence disposed to be racemiform : calyx 5-cleft (or
rarely 4-cleft) below the middle ; the lobes lanceolate or linear, equal or one or two of them

. longer, all shorter than the mostly blue corolla : the latter half inch or more long ; its
lobes oblong, obtuse, or becoming acute: capsule sessile. — Fl. Dan. t. 328; Reichenb. Ic.
Germ. 1. 1046 ; Griseb. 1. c. ; Herder in Radde, iv. 145. G. pratensis, Froel. 1. c. (Eu., Asia.)

Var. acuta, Hook. f. Calyx almost 5-parted : crown usually of fewer and some-
times very few setas. — Engelm. I. c. ; Herder, 1. c. G. acuta, Michx. Fl. i. 177; Griseb.
1. c. ; Engelm. 1. c. 214, t. 9, fig. 6 (var. nana, a dej)auperate high alpine form). G. Amarella,
Richards. App. Frankl. Journ. ; Watson, Bot. King, 1. c. G. plebeja, Cham, in Bunge,
Gent. 1. c. 250, t. 9, fig. 5. — Labrador and Lower Canada to Alaska, and south along the
Rocky Mountains to New Mexico, in the Sierra Nevada of California, and thence far north-
ward. (N. Asia, &c. Mex.)

Var. stricta, Watson, 1. c. Stem (sometimes 2 to 4 feet high) and branches strict,
remotely leafy : leaves thickish, the cauline lanceolate-linear : flowers numerous, commonly
4-merous, smaller: calyx rather less deeply cleft: corolla 3 to barely 5 lines long, whitish,
little longer than the unequal calyx ; setae of the croWn sometimes very few or even want-
ing ; glands at base of the tube not rarely evident : seeds smaller. — G. acuta, var. stricta,
Griseb. in Hook. Fl. & DC. 1. c. G. arctophila, var. densijlora, Torr. in Frem. Rep. 94, not
Griseb. — Mountains of Nevada, Idaho, and Wyoming. (Mex.)

Var. tenuis. Same as var. stricta, but calyx very deeply parted, according to figure
and description of G. tenuis, Griseb. Gent. & in Hook. Fl. 1. c. 63, t. 151. — Mackenzie
River and Bear Lake, Richardson. Not since found. Sets of the crown 3 to each lobe and
conspicuous, or wanting.

Gentiana. GENTIANACE^.

119

G. Wislizeni. Bngelm A foot or less high, with the habit and many.flowered thyrsoid-
pamculate inflorescence of Gqmn^uejiora, but smaller in all its parts : leaves from lanceo-
ate to ovate (an mch or less long), with obtuse or subcordate base : calyx barely ha!f the
length of the tube of the corolla; its scarious tube (li lines long) split down one side in
age some imes dejected, much longer than the 5 unequal linear herbaceous teeth • corolla
nearly salverform, pale purplish, 4 or 5 hues long ; its lobes oblong-ovate, copiously fringed
above the base: capsule sessile: seeds globose. — Trans. Acad. St. Louis u 215 t 7 —
Sierra Blanca, S. Arizona, Rothrock, a broad leaved form, the glands less' evident " (Ad
jacent Mex., Wislizenus.) i- ^au

"^.^^V" i^°.."°T^ *f. ^^^ ??J'''' ]^"* '*' 1°^^' t'PP^'^ ^^ith a setiform point or sharp acumination
and the glands at bottom of the tube manifest. — (Arctophila, Griseb. 'icumination

'lal]ri^5-prrSd?'^ ^'^^ '"''^^^''' °' ""'P'"" ''^'°°' '- '''''""^ ''^^^' °°^y 2 ^^ ^ ""^^^^^ 'i'^tant pairs :
G. aurea, L. Leaves ovate, 5-7-nerved ; the margins and those of the spatulate-lanceolate
calyx-lobes smooth : corolla yellow, violet, or commonly white, 4 lines long, little surpass-
ing the calyx ; its lobes almost as long as the campanulate tube. — Fl. Dan. t. 344 • Herder
c u, ^?" • ^V !""''^"^'"«^°' I^o"b. in Act. Hafn. x. 344, t. 1, fig. 2. G. Aleutica, Cham. &
Schlecht. m Linn. i. 175, fide Herder. G. Unalaschkensis, Cham, in Bunge, 1. c 240 t 9
fig. 2.-Unalaschka, &c. Also Sitka, according to Herder. (High northern Siberia to
Lapland, Iceland, and Greenland.)

G. propinqua, Richards. Stem slender, 2 to 7 inches high, mostly branched from the
base: leaves from oblong to lanceolate and the lowest spatulate, obscurely 3-nerved, the
edges and those of the calyx smooth: flowers chiefly 4.merous and rather slender-pedi-
celled: lobes of the calyx unequal; two of them ovate or oblong, the others linear-lanceo-
late, the larger rather shorter than the tube of the corolla : the latter bluish, narrow, 4 to
y Imes long, its lobes ovate or in age lanceolate, sometimes erose-denticulate. - App
Frank 1 Journ. 734; Griseb. 1. c. ; Hook. Fl. t. 150; Herder, 1. c. G. Rurikiana, Cham. &
Schlecht. m Lmn. i. 176. G setlflora, Bunge, 1. c. t. 9, fig. 4. - Labrador to Bear Lake, the
northern Rocky Mountains, Kotzebue Sound, &c. (Adjacent Asia.)

Var. densiflora, Griseb, 1. c, in alpine swamps of the Rocky Mountains (Dmm-
mond), a more condensed and leafy plant, occurring with the ordinary form, is said to differ
from the preceding species only in the inequality of the calyx-lobes.
G. arctophila, Griseb. Stem an inch to a span high : leaves ovate-oblong or the low-
est obovate ; the edges and especially those of the calyx-lobes scabrous : corolla 7 to 10
Imes long ; the round-ovate lobes more acuminate-cuspidate : otherwise very like large-
flowered G. propinqua (to which Herder refers it). — Gent. 251, & in Hook. Fl. ii. 61 t. 149
with a var. densiflora, having cordate-ovate leaves, and two of the calyx-lobes unusually
large. — Arctic sea-coast, Richardson. The variety in the alpine region of the northern
Rocky Mountains, Drummond.

= = Taller and leafy : calyx 5-cleft : capsule slender-stipitate.
G. quinqueflora, Lam. A foo't or two high ; the larger plants branching : leaves ovate-
lanceolate, with subcordate partly clasping base, 3-7-nerved, the upper acute or cuspi-
date-acuminate: inflorescence thyrsoid-paniculate ; the clusters 3-5-flowered: calyx one
fifth or fourth the length of the narrow funnelform bright blue corolla ; its lobes linear-
subulate: corolla half to three fourths inch long; its lobes ovate-triangular, short. — Diet,
ii. 643 ; Froel. Gent. 51 ; Griseb. 1. c. G. quingue/oHa, L., doubtless meant for quinquejiara.
G. amareUoides, Pursh, Fl. i. 186.— Moist hills, Canada, Maine to Michigan, and along the
AUeghanies to Florida.

Var. occidentalis, Gray. Sometimes 2 or 3 feet high and paniculately much
branched : inflorescence more open : calyx-lobes more foliaceous, linear or lanceolate, un-
equal, reaching to the middle of the broader funnelform corolla. — Man. ed. 1, 359, ed. 5, 387.
G. quinqueflora, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3496, mainly. — Ohio to Minnesota and south to Ten-
nessee and Louisiana.

Var. parviflora, Raf., collected in Virginia, Kentucky, &c. (Griseb. in DC. 1. c. 100),
is a depauperate and small-flowered state of the preceding variety, and is G. amareUoides
Michx. Fl. i. 175.

120 GENTIANACE^. Gentiana.

§ 2. PNEUMONixTHE. Corolla (funnelform or salverform) plicate at the si-
nuses, the plaits more or less extended iuto thia-membranaceous teeth or lobes:
no crowD nor glands : stigmas distinct : flowers almost always 5-merous : capsule
more or less stipitate. — Pneumonanthe, Necker. § Fneumonanthe, Chondropkylla,
Cmlanthe, Tretrorhiza, &c., Griseb.

* Root annual, and habit of the preceding section : leaves marginless : flowers cymose : calj'X
short, 5-cleft: anthers oblong-liuear, introrse, remaining erect.

G. Douglasiana, Bong. A span high, slender, cymosely branched : leaves ovate ; the
lowest rosulate ; the cauline of few remote pairs and somewhat cordate (2 to 4 lines long) :
corolla white, a third to half uich long; its lobes oblong, shorter than the funnelform tube,
not double the length of the conspicuous and equally broad 2-cleft accessory lobes in the
sinuses: capsule stipitate, obovate, ancipital above: seeds proportionally large (a line
long), elongated-oblong, with a close coat, apiculate at both ends. — Veg. Sitka, 38, t. 6 ;
Griseb. in Hook. Fl. ii. 60, t. 148. —Alaska to Oregon.

* * Root annual or biennial in our species: dwarf and small plants: leaves small and with white
cartilaginous or scarious margins; flowers solitary and tenninal: calyx narrow, 4-5-toothed :
corolla salverform when expanded; the lobes or plaits in the sinuses broad and eniarginate:
anthers cordate, versatile : seeds oblong, with a close coat. — § Chondrophylla, Bunge, Griseb.

G. humilis, Stev. Stems single or numerous from the slender root, 1 to 5 inches long,
erect or ascending : leaves glaucescent and broadly white-margined ; the radical orbicular
or ov^te and rosulate (a quarter to half inch long) ; cauline linear-oblong, erect, connate-
sheathing, 2 or 3 lines long : corolla whitish or dull-colored ; its tube little exceeding the
calyx ; the limb half inch in diameter : capsule clavate-obovate, at length exserted oh a
long and stout stipe much beyond the flower. — Act. Mosq. iii. 258 ; Griseb. 1. c. ; Engelm.
in Trans. Acad. St. Louis, ii. 217, t. 9, fig. 1-5. G. aquatica, Pall. Fl. Ross. ii. t. 97, fig. 2,
not L. G. Fremontii, Torr. in Frem. Rep. 94. — Grassy banks of streams in the Rocky
Mountains, Wyoming to Colorado. (Asia.)

G. prostrata, Haenke. Stems weaker than in the preceding and when elongated the
lateral ones often procumbent : leaves ovate, less erect, greener, and less white-margined :
flower (in the American plant always ? and in the European sometimes) 4-merous : corolla
azure-blue, in fruit enclosing the linear-oblong rather short-stipitate capsule. — Jacq. Coll.
ii. 66, t. 17, fig. 2; Griseb. 1. c. ; Engelm. 1. c. t. 9, fig. 9-14. (var. Americana) ; Herder, 1. c.
G. nutans, Bunge, 1. c. 1. 11, fig. 2. — Alpine regions of the Rocky Mountains, from Colorado
northward, and to Kotzebue Sound, Aleutian Islands, &c. (N. E. Asia to Tyrolese Alps.
Antarc. Amer.)

* * * Root perennial : flowers comparatively large, mostly short-peduncled or sessile : anthers
linear or oblong, more or less extrorse, remaining erect : usually a pair of bracts under the flower.
— § Pneumonanthe, Griseb.

-i— Rocky-Mountain and Pacific species : anthers unconnected, seldom connivent.
++ Dwarf, 1-5-fiowered : cauline leaves only 2 to 4 pairs.

G. glauca, Pall. Stem 2 to 4 inches high : leaves oval, glaucous, 3 to 5 lines long : calyx
campanulate; its teeth shorter than the tube: corolla blue, half inch or more long; its
tube cylindraceous, and ovate obtuse lobes short ; the short lobes of the plaits ovate and
entire : seeds oval, irregularly 3-4-wing-crested. — Fl. Ross. u. 104, t. 93, fig. 2 ; Griseb. in
Hook. Fl. ii. 58, t. 147. — Higher and northern Rocky Mountains to Kotzebue Sound.
(Kamts. to Siberia.)

G. frigida, Hsenke. Stems 1 to 5 inches high, 1-3-flowered : leaves linear, varying to
lanceolate or spatulate, thickish, 1 to 3 inches long, the pairs connate-sheathing at base :
calyx-tube obconical, longer than the oblong-linear lobes : corolla funnelform, an inch and
a half long, yellowish-white or tinged with blue, purplish-dotted; the lobes short and
broad ; the plaits entire and broad but slightly extended at summit : seeds with a loose
cellular coat extended into crested longitudinal ridges. — Jacq. Coll. ii. 13; Froel. Gent.
39, t. 1 ; Griseb. in DC. 1. c, with var. algida. G. algida, Pall. Fl. Ross. ii. 107, t. 95, a
large form. G. Romanzovii, Ledeb. in Bunge, 1. c. 1. 11, fig. 1. — Alpine region of the Rocky
Mountains in Colorado and Utah, Parry, &c. St. Paul and Shumagin Islands, Harrington,
Elliott, &c. (Kamts. to Carpathian Mts.)

G. Newberryi, Gray. Stems 1-flowered, 2 to 4 inches long, and ascending from the
axils of the rosulate-radical leaves: these obovate or spatulate, an inch or more long;

Gentiana. GENTIANACEiE. 121

cauline leaves much smaller, connate-sheathing; the lowest obovate, the uppermost lanceo-
late : calyx-lobes lanceolate or oblong, nearly the length of the oblong-cauipanulate tube-
corolla broadly funnelform, inch and a half long, pale blue, white within, greenish dotted-
Its lobes ovate, mucronate ; the interposed appendages 2-cleft or laciniate, subulate-tipped ■
seeds round-oval, smooth, broadly winged. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 84 & Bot CaUf i 482
G. calycosa? Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 86. -Sierra Nevada, California, in or near the
alpme region, from Mariposa Co. north to S. Oregon, Newberry, Brewer, &c.

++ ++ Low: stems several from the same caudex: cauline leaves 6 to 16 pairs, more or less con-
nate or even sheathing at hase; the uppermost involucrate around the sessile terminal flower or
3-5-flowered cluster: corolla campanulate-funnelform, blue, li to 1^ inches lone: the lobes
broadly ovate, and the appendages at the sinuses 2-cleft or lacerate. b . « ^ooeb

G-. setigera, Gray. Stems stout, about a foot long, decumbent : leaves thick and pale
oval or the upper oblong, very obtuse, an inch or less long; the pairs all with a connate-
sheathing base, the two uppermost involucrate around and covering the base of the soU-
tary flower: calyx-lobes oval, about the length of the tube: corolla almost campanulate;
the appendages of the plaits small and short, produced into 2 or 3 capillary bristles which
nearly equal the lobes : forming seeds orbicular, winged. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 84, & Bot.
Calif. 1. c. — California, on Red Mountain, Mendocino Co., in damp soil, Bolander.
G. calycosa, Griseb. Stems erect, a span to a foot high : leaves ovate (6 to 15 lines
long), commonly equalling or exceeding the internodes ; the lowest pairs usually smaller
and with connate-sheathing base, the upper hardly so ; the involucrate uppermost leaves
somewhat exceeding the calyx of the commonly solitary flower: calyx-lobes ovate or
oblong, or even subcordate, about the length of *the turbinate tube : corolla oblong-funnel-
form, its appendages in the sinuses triangular-subulate, laciniate, or 2-cleft at the tip,
shorter than the broadly ovate lobes : seeds lanceolate, acuminate, wingless. — Gent. 1. c. &
Hook. Fl. t. 146 ; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. — Varies with stems only 2 to 4 inches high, and
small leaves crowded (var. strida, Griseb. 1. c.) ; also with taller and more slender stem
2-3-flowered, occasionally with one or two axilliary conspicuously pedunculate flowe
subtended by a pair of smaller bracts. — Cahfornia (Sierra Nevada, Bridges, Brewer, Le,
moil), Oregon (Tolmie), and Rocky Mountains, lat. 420-49°, Porter, Lyall.
G. Parryi, Engelm. A span or more high : leaves glaucescent, thickish, ovate, varying
to oblong-lanceolate, three-fourths to inch and a half long, most of the pairs with some-
what sheathing base ; the upper 2 or 3 involucrating the 1 to 5 flowers, concealmg the
calyx and sometimes almost equalling the (bright purple-blue) corolla: lobes of the calyx
shorUinear, small, moderately or much shorter than the campanulate (sometimes spa-
thaceous-cleft) tube: appendages at the sinuses of the corolla narrow, deeply 2-cleft, little
shorter than the obovate lobes : seeds lanceolate, wingless, obtuse or less acute than in
G. calycosa, which the broad-leaved forms of this much resemble. — Trans. Acad. St. Louis,
ii. 218, t. 10; Watson, Bot. King, 279. G. calycosa, var. Parryi, Herder, 1. c. 178. — Alpine
and subalpine regions in the Rocky Mountains, New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, and N. E.
Nevada, Parry, &c.

•w- ++ ++ Stems either tall or low, many-leaved : flowers not involucrate: style manifest.

.^ate lobes more or less narrow(
usually from ovate to lanceolate,

ers

= Corolla (blue or bluish) oblong-campanulate, with broadlv ovate lobes more or less narrowed at
base, and the intervening plaits or lobes entire : calyx-lobes usually fi

or longer than the tube: seeds wingless.

G. platypetala, Griseb. Stems a span high, ascending, densely leafy above, bearing
a single sessile flower : leaves ovate-roundish, recurved-spreading : lobes of the 5-parted
calyx ovate, acute : campanulate tube of the blue corolla twice the length of the calyx ;
its short lobes somewhat reniform, mucronate (2 lines long and 3 wide), double the length
of the triangular acute and entire plaits. — Gent. 191, & in Hook. 1. c. ; DC. 1. c — " Sitka,
Kotzebue." The char, from Grisebach. Referred to G. calycosa by Herder, and it must
resemble its smaller form; but the sinus-plaits are said to be entire.

G. Menziesii, Griseb. 1. c. Stems a foot or less high, slender : leaves from narrowly
oblong to lanceolate (inch and a half or less long), somewhat 3-nervcd : flowers one or two,
short peduncled or sessile : calyx according to Grisebach spathaceous and the lobes obso-
lete, in our specimens with oblong-lanceolate foliaceous lobes (5 lines long) equalling the
turbinate-oblong tube: corolla an inch long; its lobes 3 lines long and wide; its plaits
truncate and obscurely 2-3-crenate : seeds ovate-lanceolate or oblong, barely acute or both

122 GENTIANACE^. Gentiana.

ends obtuse.— G. sceptrum, var. humilis, Engelm. ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 483. — Bogs, W.
Oregon {Menzies, E. Hall) to Mendocino Co., California, Bolander.
G. sceptrum, Griseb. !• c. Stem erect, 2 to 4 feet high, simple or short-branched above,
few-several-flowered: leaves from ovate to oblong-lanceolate (1^ to 3 inches long), indis-
tinctly 3-7-nerved : calyx-lobes unequal, lanceolate to ovate-oblong : corolla IJ to 2 inches
long, sometimes greenish-dotted ; its lobes nearly 4 lines long and wide ; its plaits truncate
or with barely rounded entire summit : seeds narrowly lanceolate and with scarious acu-
mmation. — Hook. Fl. t. 145; Gray, Bot. Calif., excl. var. — W. Oregon to Brit. Columbia.

__ Corolla (blue or bluish) funnclform. with ovate lobes not narrowed at base; the plaits

extended into conspicuous laciniate-toothed or cleft appendages, which sometimes almost equal
the lobes ; margins of the leaves scabrous : seeds surrounded hj a distinct and rather broad wjng,
ovate or oblong.
G. Oregana, Engelm. Stems erect and rather stout, a foot or two high, sometimes
more slender and ascending: leaves ovate, sometimes ovate-oblong (1 to 1^ inches long) :
flowers few at the summit, or occasionally several and racemose-scattered : bracts oblong or
ovate : calyx-lobes from oblong- to ovate-lanceolate, as long as the tube : corolla broadly
furmelform, over an inch long; its short lobes roundish. — Engelm. in herb. G. affinis, var.
ovata, Gray, Bot. Calif.- i. 483. — Brit. Columbia and W. Idaho (Lyall, Spalding) to Oregon
{Nevius, &c.) and W. California. Foliage and corolla somewhat as in G. calycosa, but the
smaller forms nearly approaching G. affinis.
G. affinis, Griseb. Stems clustered, a span to a foot high, mostly ascending: leaves
from oblong or lanceolate to linear : flowers from numerous and thyrsoid-racemose to few
or rarely almost solitary : bracts lanceolate or linear : calyx-lobes linear or subulate, une-
qual and variable, the longest rarely equalling the tube, the shorter sometimes minute :
corolla an inch or less long, rather narrowly funnelform ; its lobes ovate, acutish or mu-
cronulate-pointed, spreading. — Gent. 1. c. & DC. 1. c. 114; Watson, Bot. King, 279; Gray,
1. c, excl. var. — llocky Mountains from New Mexico and Colorado, and from the Sierra
Nevada, California, to British Columbia, thence east to the Saskatchewan.
^_ H_ Upper Mississippi-vallev species: flowers almost sessile, 2-bracteate under the calyx:
corolla open-funnelform with conspicuously spreading lobes: anthers merely connivent, soon
separate : seeds conspicuously winged, oblong, all attached at or near the sutures.
G. puberula, Michx. About a foot high, mostly single-stemmed from the root, very
leafy, at least the upper part of the stem, with the margins and midrib of leaves and
sepals minutely puberulent-scabrous : leaves rigid, from oblong-lanceolate (or the lower
oblong) to lanceolate-linear, an inch or two long: flowers solitary or several and clustered :
calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate or subulate-linear, about the length of the tube: corolla bright
blue H to 2 inches long; the ovate lobes (a fourth to even half incli long) widely spread-
ing in anthesis, twice the length of the 2-cleft and sometimes laciniate-toothed appendages.
- Fl. i. 176 (descr. not good as to corolla) ; Gray, Man. ed. 2, 347, ed. 5, 389. ( G. Saponana,
var. puberula, ed. 1.) —Dry prairies and barrens, Ohio, Kentucky, and Kansas to Wisconsm
and Minnesota.
H_ H_ H_ Atlantic U. S. species (one or two crossing the Mississippi): seeds covering the whole

parieties of the capsule : style manifest, in most conspicuous.
++ Corolla campanulate-funnelform, with the short lobes little if at all spreading in anthesis: an-
theTcoheriTin a ring or short tube: stem usually several-Howered: t^owers sessile or very
short-pedunckd and 2-bracteatc under the calyx, clustered at summit and often in upper axils.
= Calyx-lobes and bracts ciliolate-scabrous: seeds winged or appendaged.
G EUiottii Chapm. Puberulent-roughish in the manner of the preceding, a span to a
foot or more high, slender : leaves from lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, or the lower ovate,
an inch or less "long, the broadest subcordate : flowers 1 to 3 terminal, and sometimes also
in the axils, sessile, leafy-bracted : calyx-lobes lanceolate or broader, foliaceous, twice or
thrice the length of the tube, ciliolate-scabrous : corolla bright blue, 1 to li inches long;
the broadly ovate obtuse lobes (3 lines long) hardly twice the length of the broad and 2-
clef t erose-dentate or somewhat fimbriate appendages : seeds conspicuously winged, ovate-
or oblong-lanceolate in outline. —Fl. 356, specially the var. parvifolia, " G. Cateshai, Ell. not
Walt." according to Chapman. Perhaps an extreme form of the next ; but the Florida
plant appears to be quite distinct. — S. Carolina? to Florida.
G Sapondria L. Stem a foot or two high, smooth, or somewhat scabrous above : leaves
from ovate-lanceolate or oblong to broadly lanceolate, 2 or 3 inches long, more or less nar-

Gentiana. GENTIANACEiE. 123

rowed at base : calyx-lobes from linear to spatulate or oblong, mostly equalling and some-
times exceeding tlie tube : corolla liglit blue, an inch or more long, its broad and roundish
short lobes erect, little and often not at all longer than the 2-cleft and many-toothed inter-
vening appendages: seeds nearly as in the preceding. —Spec. i. 228 (Moris. Hist. iii. 484,
sect. 12, t. 5, fig. 4; Catesb. Car. i. t. 70); Griseb. 1. c. (excl. var.) G. Catesbaei, Walt.
Car. 109 ; Bot. Mag. t. 1039. G. Elliottii, var. ? latifolia, Chapm. 1. c. — Moist woods,
W. Canada and New York to Florida and Louisiana. A somewhat polymorphous species.
G. Andrewsii, Griseb. Stems stout, a foot or two high, smooth : leaves from ovate- to
broadly lanceolate, gradually acuminate, contracted at base, 2 to 4 inches long: calyx-
lobes lanceclate to ovate, usually spreading or recurved, shorter than the tube: corolla as
the preceding but more oblong and the lobes obliterated or obsolete, the truncate and
usually almost closed border mainly consisting of the prominent fimbriate-dentate inter-
vening appendages : seeds with a conspicuous wing, oblong in outline. — Gent. 287, & in
Hook. Fl. ii. 55 (with var. linearis, which is merely a narrower-leaved state) ; Gray, Man.

1. c. G. Saponariu, Froel. Gent. 32 ; Ell. 1. c. ; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. t. 79. G. Catesbcei,
Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 418. — Moist ground, New England and Canada to Saskatchewan, and
south to the upper parts of Georgia. Corolla from bright to pale blue, with white plaits,
sometimes all white.

= = Calyx-lobes and bracts (also leaves) smooth and naked on the margins (or sometimes very
minutely ciliolate-scabrous under a lens, especially the lower part of the bracts): seeds distinctly-
winged : flowers in a leafy-involucrate capitate cluster, and often solitary or clustered in upper
axils.
G. alba, Muhl. Smooth throughout : stem stojit, 2 feet high : leaves ovate-lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate and gradually acuminate from a cordate-clasping base, 2 to 4 inches
long : flowers usually rather numerous in the compact terminal cluster : calyx-lobes ovate
or subcordate, acute, reflexed-spreading, shorter than the tube : corolla dull white and
commonly tinged with yellowish or greenish, often an inch and a half long, like that of
G. Saponaria, but more campanulate and open ; its ovate lobes twice the length of the
broad and erose-toothed appendages. — Cat. ed. 2, 29, & Fl. Lancast. ined. ; Nutt. Gren.
i. 172 ; Gray, Man.' ed. 1, 360, ed. 5, 388. G. ochroleuca, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1551 ; Griseb.
in DC. 1. c, in part ; Torr. Fl. N. Y. 1. c, not Froel. G.flavida, Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. ser.

2, i. 80. — Low grounds and mountain meadows, W. Canada and Lake Superior, south to
Illinois, Kentucky, and the mountains of Virginia, east to Penn. and New York ? Begins
to flower early in August.

G. linearis, Froel. Smooth throughout : stem slender and strict, a foot or two high :
leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, \^ to 3 inches long, 2 to 5 lines wide, and with some-
what narrowed base : flowers 1 to 5 in the terminal involucrate cluster, and often solitary in
one or two axils below : calyx-lobes linear or lanceolate, shorter than the tube : corolla blue,
an inch or more long, narrow-f unnelform ; the erect lobes roundish-ovate and obtuse, 2 lines
long, a little longer than the triangular acute and entire or slightly 1-2-toothed appendages.
— Gent. 37; Pursh, Fl. i. 186, excl. syn. Michx. G. Pneumonanthe, Michx. Fl. i. 176; Bigel.
Bost. ed. 2, 105, not L. G. Pseudo-pneumonanthe, Roem. & Sch. Syst. vi. 146. G. Saponaria,
var. linearis, Griseb. 1. c. (excl. syn. G. Catesbcei, Ell., & G puberula, Michx., & char, foliis
margine scabris) ; Torr. Fl. N. Y. ii. 106, t. 81 ; Gray, Man. ed. 6, 389. G. Saponaria, var.
Frcelichii, Gray, Man. ed. 1, 360. — Bogs, along the Alleghanies of Maryland and Penn. to
northern New York and New England, New Brunswick {Fowler), and towards Hudson's
Bay (Michaux). Distinctly different from G. Pneumonanthe of the Old World in inflores-
cence, corolla, and distinctly winged seeds.

Var. lanceolata. Leaves lanceolate, or the upper and involucrate ones almost
ovate-lanceolate (1 or 2 inches long and even half inch wide) : appendages of the sinuses
of the corolla sometimes very short and broad. — G. rubricaulis, Schwein. in Keating, Narr.
Long Exped. Mississip. — Minnesota and along Lake Superior. Also Herkimer Co., New
York, Paine. Approaches narrow-leaved forms of G. alba.

===== Calyx-lobes and bracts with smooth, or nearly smooth margins : seeds oval and com-
pletely wingless, even marginless.

G. ochroleuca, Froel. Smooth, rather stout, a span to a foot high, often branching :
leaves obovate or the upper oblong, all conspicuously narrowed at base, 1 to 3 inches long,
pale : flowers sessile or nearly so in terminal and sometimes lateral leafy clusters : calyx-
lobes linear, unequal, longer than the tube ; the longer little exceeded by the somewhat

124 GENTIAXACE^. Gentiana.

open-f unnelfonn gi'eenish-white corolla, which is greenish-veiny and often purplish-striped
(and 1^ inches long) ; its lobes triangular-ovate and acute, much exceeding the triangular
oblique and entire or sparingly toothed appendages. — Gent. 35; Pursh, 1. c. ; Ell. Sk. i.
340; Griseb. 1. c. partly; Gray, Man. 1. c. G. Virginiana etc., Pluk. Aim. t. 186 (poor).
G. villosa, L. Spec, i. e. pi. Gronov., but it is glabrous. G. Saponaria, Walt. Car. 109, not L.
G. incarnata, Sims, Bot. Mag. 1. 1856. G. intermedia, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2303. G. serpentaria,
Raf. Ann. Nat. 13 1 — Dry or damp grounds, Pennsylvania to Florida and Louisiana.
++ ++ Corolla more funnelform and with longer spreading lobes : anthers connivent but not con-
nected: flowers solitary on the stem or occasional branches, commonly pedimcled and naked.
G. angustif olia, Michx. Smooth : stems scattered, a span or two long, slender, ascend-
ing, commonly simple : leaves narrowly linear, thickish, an inch or two long, a line or two
wide ; the lower narrowed downward ; the uppermost smaller and sometimes forming bracts
to the flower: calyx-lobes resembling the uppermost narrow leaves, longer than the tube:
corolla 2 inches long, deep and brilliant azure-blue, somewhat brown-dotted within (also a
snow-white variety with a greenish hue outside) ; the lobes ovate, half inch long, widely
spreading in anthesis, much longer than the broad and conspicuous laciniate appendages :
seeds slender, wingless. — Fl. i. 177; Ell. 1. c. ; Chapra. Fl. 356. G. purpurea, Walt. Car.
109, not L. G. porphi/ris, Gmelin. G.frigida, var. Drummondii, Griseb. in DC. 1. c. Ill, the
white-flowered variety from Florida. — Low pine-barrens. New Jersey (not "Canada") to
Florida. A most beautiful species.

6. PLEUROGYNE, Eschsch. (Formed of nX£VQ6v,f\h or side, and yvvri,
female ; from the remarkable stigmas, which, instead of terminating the ovary,
occupy the greater part of the length of the two sutures below its apex.) — Small
annuals of cold regions in the northern hemisphere, of three or four nearly related
species. Genus more related to Swertia than to Gentiana, the appendages to
the corolla, as in the former, adnate and apparently glandular at base. Liunasa,
i. 188 (1826). Lomatogonium, Braun in Flora, 1830, 221.

P. rotata, Griseb. Stems 2 to 10 inches high, the smaller simpler and 1-flowcred ; the
larger either simple and racemosely several-flowered or fastigiately much branched : leaves
hnear or lanceolate, or the radical ones short and spatulate : sepals similar to the upper
leaves, in ours mostly narrowly linear ; the longer equalling the blue or whitish corolla :
lobes of the latter ovate becoming oblong-lanceolate, 4 or 5 lines long, bearing at base a
pair of glandular and scale-like processes : ovary and capsule linear-oblong or lanceolate,
nearly marginless. — Griseb. Gent. 309, & Hook. Fl. U. 65; DC. Prodr. ix. 122; Herder,
1. c. 181. Sivertia rotata, L. ; Pall. Fl. Ross. ii. t. 89, fig. 1, 2. Gentiana sulcata, Willd. Spec.
i. 1351. G. rotata, Froel., Bunge, &c. — Labrador and Hudson's Bay to the high north-west
coast, Kotzebue Sound, &c., and Rocky Mountains south to lat. 39° : in the latter always
the slender-leaved form, var. tenuifolia, Griseb. (Kamts. to Greenland.)

P. Carinthiaca, Griseb. Low, few-flowered: leaves shorter and usually ovate: sepals
from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, much shorter than the corolla : ovary and capsule oblong-
ovate, distinctly margined. (Alps of Eu., east to N. E. Asia.)

Var. pusiUa. Leaves lanceolate or spatulate : sepals oblong-lanceolate, after anthe-
sis becoming as long as the ovate corolla-lobes and the oblong-ovate capsule. — (Near var.
Stelleriana, Griseb., G. Stelleriana, Cham., Swertia rotata. Pall. 1. c. as to fig. 3 ; but leaves
not ovate, &c.) Swertia pusilla, Pursh, Fl. i. 101. Pletirojj/ne Purshii, Steud. Nom. — Lab-
rador and alpine region of the Wliite Mountains of New Hampshire, according to Pursh,
the latter station very doubtful. Riviere du Loup, E. Canada, Dr. Thomas. (Himalayas,
Lapland.)

7. SWERTIA, L. {Emanuel Sweert, a German herbalist.) —The genuine
species are sim^jle-stemmed perennials, occasionally with alternate leaves, the
lower tapering at base into a margined petiole ; the inflorescence thyrsoid ; the
flowers blue, varying to white, in summer. . Seeds flat, commonly margined.

S. perennis, L. A span to foot or more high : lowest leaves oblong or obovate-spatu-
late (2 to 4 inches long), tapering into a long petiole; upper cauliue few and narrower.

Frasera. GENTIANACE^. 125

sessile ; some commonly alternate : inflorescence racemiform or narrowly paniculate, few-
many-flowered : flowers S-merous : sepals narrowly lanceolate : lobes of the corolla (4 to 6
lines long) oblong-ovate becoming lanceolate, the base bearing a pair of nectariferous pits
wliich are crested with a fringe. — Engl. Bot. t. 1041; Fl. Dan. t. 2047; Jacq. Fl. Austr.
iii. t. 243. — Ours the var. obtusa, Griseb. (<S'. obtusa, Ledeb.), with obtuser lower leaves and
corolla-lobes, but passing into the other and European form. — Rocky Mountains in Colo-
rado, Utah, &c., and Alaska. (N. E. Asia to Eu.)

8. FRASERA, Walt. (Joh7i Fraser, of Great Britain, made collections
in this country 1785-96, published Walter's Flora Caroliniana.) — Large and
stout herbs, or some smaller and more slender ; with single erect stem from a
mostly biennial and thick bitter root, verticillate or opposite leaves, the broader
ones commonly somewhat nervose, thyrsoid or paniculate-cymose inflorescence,
and copious flowers, produced in summer. Calyx-lobes from linear to ovate.
Corolla dull white, yellowish, or bluish, and commonly dark-dotted, mostly of firm
texture, not " deciduous " but marcescent. Flowers seldom, if ever, 5-merous.
Species all N. American, and all but one western ; the genus mostly well marked
in aspect, but in floral character distinguished from Swertia only by the distinct
style ; and this is very short in F. Parryi and F. thyrsijlora.

* Leaves marginless : a single round gland upon each corolla-lobe ; no crown at base : capsule (as
far as known) strongly flattened parallel with the valves: seeds orbicular, wing-margined: stem
large and stout: sepals narrow, almost the length of the corolla.

P. thyrsiflora, Hook. Stem 2 or 3 feet high : leaves in pairs or threes, oblong or
spatulate-obovate, the cauline 3 or 4 inches long : flowers in a dense interrupted thyrsus :
sepals subulate-linear (4 lines long) : lobes of the pale blue corolla ovate-oblong, thin, bear-
ing the gland near the base : style short and conical, in some flowers hardly any ! — Kew
Jour. Bot. iii. 288, where tlie flowers are said to be 5-merous ! F. CaroUnensis, Hook. Fl. ii.
66. Swertia fastig lata, Pursh, Fl. i. 101. — Idaho and interior of Oregon, on the tributaries
of the Columbia, Leivis, Douglas, Geyer, Spalding. Rare and little known. Pursh's plant
seen in herb. Lambert, where the true station is recorded : " in moist and wet places on the
Quamash flats, June 4, 1806," at which date Lewis and Clarke were on the Kooskooskie
(now Salmon) River, near wliich the species was collected by Spalding : the flowers in
both 4-merous. Douglas's and Geyer's specimens not seen.

F. Carolinensis, Walt. Stem 3 to 8 feet high : leaves mostly in fours, 12 to 4 inches
long ; the radical and lowest spatulate-oblong ; uppermost lanceolate ; those of the ample
and open thyrsoid-paniculate inflorescence often only opposite and small or reduced to
bracts : flowers mostly slender-pedicelled : sepals narrowly lanceolate : corolla ochroleucous
and with brownish-purple dots ; its broadly oblong lobes bearing the large and long-
fringed gland below the middle : style slender-subulate : stigma of 2 oval lobes. — Car. 87 ;
Torr. Fl. 187, & Fl. N. Y. ii. 89. F. Waken, Michx. Fl. i, 97 ; Bart. Med. ii. t. 35. Swertia
difformis, L. herb., not Spec. — Rich dry soil, W. New York to Wisconsin and Georgia.
Thick bitter root has been used as a tonic, under the name of American Columbo.

* * Leaves marginless: a pair of oblong glands on each corolla-lobe and a separate crown below
them: capsule compressed contrary to the deep-boatshaped or almost conduplicate valves : seeds
oblong, flat, margined: sepals naiTow-linear, equalling the corolla.

F. speciosa, Dougl. Stem stout, 2 to 5 feet high, very leafy : leaves in fours and sixes,
nervose ; the radical and lowest cauline obovate or oblong, 6 to 10 inches long ; the upper
lanceolate and at length linear : flowers very numerous in a long leafy thyrsus : the slender
pedicels and peduncles at length strict : lobes of the greenish-white or barely bluish and
dark-dotted corolla oval-oblong, acutish, half incli long, bearing the pair of contiguous and
densely long-fringed glands about the middle, and a distant transversely inserted and seta-
ceously multifid scalelike crown near the base : usually some minute seta; between the
bases of the filaments : style subulate, shorter than the ovary. — Griseb. Gent. 329, in
Hook. Fl. ii. 66, t. 153, & DC. 1. c. 131 ; Watson, Bot. King, 279; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 484.
TessarantUum r'adiatum, Kellogg, Proc. Acad. Calif, ii. 142. — In the mountains, Wyoming
to Oregon, and south to New Mexico and the Sierra Nevada of California.

126 GENTIANACE^. Frasera.

* * * Leaves with cartilaginous white margins, thickish, lanceolate or linear: glands on the

corolla-lobes solitary, but sometimes 2-lobed.
-I— Capsule turgid ; its valves strongly convex : seeds elongated-oblong, thickish, scabrous, mar-
ginless: corolla-lobes with a double longitudinally adnate crown confluent with the gland : in-
florescence loosely paniculate.

P. paniculata, Torr, Stem 2 or 3 feet high : cauline leaves linear, opposite (about 3
pairs) : flowers in a loose and ample panicle, slender-pedicelled : sepals ovate, barely half
the length of the whitish corolla : lobes of the latter oblong, obtuse, 2 or 3 lines long,
bearing a plane and roundish discolored gland about the middle, which is lightly fringed
round the border, its base confluent with a pair of coronal crests, which are adnate down
the lobe, bilamellate and strongly ciliate fimbriate above, tapering and tubular below :
filaments distinct to the base: style slender-subulate: stigma very small. — Pacif. R. R^.
iv. 126. — N. Arizona, sand bluffs at Inscription Rock in the Zuni country, Bigelow. Habit
of the two following species. What was described as a pair of glands rather belongs to the
crown.

H— -I— Capsule compressed parallel with the flat or flattish valves : seeds as far as known flat,
smooth, and acute-margined.

++ Inflorescence ample and effusely paniculate; the pedicels longer than the flowers: corolla white
or 3'ellowish with scattered dark dots, of rather firm texture and enduring ; the lobes acuminate
or mucronate, longer than the ovate-lanceolate sepals.

F. Parryi, Torr. Stem stout, 2 or 3 feet high, including the large and very compound
pyramidal or corymbose panicle : leaves in pairs or occasionally in threes, lanceolate, or
the radical oblong, 3-nerved, 3 or 4 inches long ; the upper becoming much sliorter, often
ovate-lanceolate, and soon reduced to small bracts : lobes of tlie white corolla ovate, be-
coming oblong, half inch long, bearing a large and lunate-obcordate conspicuously
fringed gland about on the middle, the base naked and destitute of a crown : some very
minute setae at the base of the filaments : style distinct, but only one fourth the length of
the ovary: stigma small. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 156, & Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 126; Gray, Bot.
Calif, i. 484. Southern and eastern part of San Diego Co., California, to the borders of
Arizona, Coulter, Parry, Palmer.
F. albomarginata, Watson. Stem more slender, 1 to 3 feet high, including the
ample and very compound broad cymose panicle : leaves in fours and sometimes opposite,
linear, or the lower and radical oblanceolate, and the uppermost reduced to subulate bracts
subtending the long branches of the panicle : lobes of the greenish-yellow corolla ovate,
becoming oblong, cuspidate-acuminate, 3 or 4 lines long, twice the length of the sepals,
bearing the obcordate moderately villous-fringed gland about on its middle, this decurrent
into a longitudinally adnate crown with fringed free margins and a somewhat hooded base :
style slender : stigma small. — Bot. King, 1. c. ; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. — S. Utah and S. Ne-
vada, Palmer, Miss Searls, Parry. Leaves with conspicuous silvery-white and commonly
undulate border.

++ ++ Inflorescence a virgate interrupted thyrsus of 3 to 5 pairs of sessile (or the lower short-
peduncled) dense cymes, forming a series of glomerate clusters: pedicels very short: leaves nar-
row and gramineous, merely opposite ; the cauline only 3 to 5 pairs : corolla lavender-blue, of
thin texture: the lobes ovate or oblong becoming narrower, 3 or 4 lines long, rather longer than
the subulate-lanceolate sepals; the fringed gland elongated, extending from the base to near the
middle, saccate and with a longer and coarser ft-inge at base : crown stamineal, consisting of a
conspicuouslj' laciniately parted or nearly entire scale between each filament : style slender,
twice the length of the ovary : stigma entire : capsule flat, few-seeded.

F. nitida, Benth. Completely glabrous, a foot or more high, slender: leaves linear-
lanceolate (2 to 4 lines wide, the upper 2, and the radical 6 or 8, inches long), those
subtending the upper flower-clusters reduced to small bracts : corolla sometimes greenish-
spotted ; the lobes barely acute, bearing an elongated oblong obtuse gland : thin scales
between the filaments ovate or oblong-linear, entire or sparingly laciniate, longer than the
ovary. — PI. Hartw. 322 ; Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 126 ; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. —Foothills of
the Sierra Nevada, California, to the Dalles in Oregon.

F. albicaulis, Dougl. Very minutely pruinose-puberulent : sepals rather longer and
narrower: corolla-lobes ovate-lanceolate and acuminate; the gland oblong-linear: scales
between the filaments more or less dissected into setiform processes : otherwise as the pre-
ceding.— Griseb. 1. c, & Hook. Fl. ii. 67, t. 164. — Interior of Oregon and Idaho, on the
eastern waters of the Columbia, Douglas, Geyer, Spalding.

Obolana. GENTIANACE.E. 127

9. HALi£!NIA, Borkh. (John Halm, who wrote of Kamtschatka plants.) —
Low herbs (of N. Asia and America) ; with opposite leaves, and small terminal
and axillary often panicled cymes of usually 4-merous flowers ; the corolla whitish,
bluish, or yellowish. Occasionally or in some flowers the spurs or nectariferous
gibbosities are wanting or nearly so.

H. deflexa, Griseb. Annual, 6 to 18 inches high : radical leaves obovate or spatulate
and petioled ; cauline oblong-lanceolate to ovate, acute, 3-5-nerved (an inch or so long) :
sepals lanceolate or spatulate and acuminate : corolla dull whitish or purplish, 3 or 4 lines
long ; the lobes triangular-ovate and acute ; spurs deflexed or obliquely descending, thick-
ish, considerably shorter than the corolla. — Gent. 324 ; Hook. Fl. ii. 67, t. 155. Swertia
corniculata, Michx. Fl. i. 97, not L. S. deflexa, Smith in Rees. Cycl. S. Michauxiana, Roem.
& Sch. Syst. vi. 130. — Damp and cool woods, N. Maine and New York to Lake Superior
and northern Rocky Movmtains, Labrador, &c.

Var. Brentoniana, a depressed form, with rather shorter and thicker spurs. — R.
Brentoniana, Griseb. 1. c. ; Hook. 1. c. t. 156. — Newfoundland and Labrador. H. heterantha,
Griseb. 1. c, & Hook. 1. c. 1. 156, also Newfoundland, appears to be nearly the same, with
some corollas spurless.

H. Rothrockii, Gray. Annual, a span or two high, loosely flowered : leaves linear :
pedicels slender : sepals linear-lanceolate : corolla bright yellow, 4 or 5 lines long ; the
lobes ovate ; spurs divaricate and slightly ascending, shorter than the corolla. — Proc. Am.
Acad. xi. 84 ; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. t. 21. — Arizona, on Mount Graham, Roihrock.

10. BARTONIA, Muhl. {Prof. Benjamin Smith Barton, of Philadelphia,
one of the earliest teachers of botany in the U. S.) — Small and filiform annuals
or biennials, of Atlantic U. S. ; with fibrous root, simple or paniculately branch-
ing stems, leaves reduced to subulate appressed scales or bracts, and small pedun-
culate scattered flowers with white corolla. — Willd. in N. Schrift. Berl. iii. 144
(1801) ; Torr. Fl. 185 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 818. Centaurella, Michx. Fh
i. 97, 1803. Andrewsia, Spreng. Syst. i. 428.

B. tenella, Muhl. A span to a foot high, rather rigid : flowers racemose or racemose-
panicled, barely 2 lines long : lobes of the yellowish-white corolla oblong, little longer
than the calyx (sometimes twice as long) : ovary 4-angled and the cell somewhat cruci-
form. — Willd. 1. c. ; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 389. Sayina Virginica, L. Centaurella panicidata,
Michx. 1. c. 1. 12, fig. 1. C. auiumnalis, Pursh, Fl. i. 100 ; Griseb. 1. c. Centaurium autumnale,
Pers. Syn. i. 137. Andrewsia autumnalis, Spreng. 1. c. Centaurella Moseri, Steud. Nom. ;
Griseb. in DC. Prodr. ix. 121, an occasional form, with leaves or scales and branches mostly
alternate. — Open woods, Newfoundland to Wisconsin and Louisiana ; flowering late.

B. verna, Muhl. A span high or less, somewhat corymbosely l-few-flowered, the stem
weaker or less rigid : lobes of the white corolla obovate-spatulate, 3 or 4 lines long, very
obtuse, thrice the length of the calyx: ovary compressed. — Centaurella verna, Michx. I.e.
fig. 2 ; Griseb. 1. c. C. vemalis & C.cestivalis, P&rsh, 1. c. Centaurium vernum, Pers. 1. c. An-
drewsia verna, Spreng. 1. c. — Bogs, S. Virginia to Florida and Louisiana; flowering in early
spring.

11. OB OL ARIA, L. (V^olog, a small Greek coin, from the rounded
leaves.) — Gray, Chloris, 21, t. 3. — Single species.

O. Virginica, L. Herb a span or less in height from a tufted fibrous perennial root, of
dull purplish-green hue and rather fleshy texture, simple or sparingly branched above : lower
leaves reduced to obtuse loose scales ; upper ones cuneate-obovate, about half inch long
and wide : flowers usually in threes and nearly sessile in the axils and terminating the stem
and branches, white or purplish, 4 lines long, produced in spring. — Spec. ii. 632 (Gronov.
Virg.) ; Darl. Fl. Cest. ed. 1, 21, t. 2 ; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. t. 90; Renter in DC. Prodr.
xi. 45; Gray, 1. c.,.& Man. ed. 5, 390. Orobanche Tirginiana, etc., Moris. Hist. iii. 504, sect.

12. 1. 16, fig. 23 ; Pluk. Aim. t. 209, fig. 6. — Moist woods, New Jersey to Illinois and south
to Georgia and Texas.

128 GENTIANACE^. Memjanthes.

12. MENYANTHES, Tourn. Buckbean. (Ancient name, from fxi]v,
month, and avdog, flower, some say from its flowering for about that time.) — Bog-
perennials (of the cooler parts of the northern hemisphere).; with long and
thickish creeping rootstocks, bearing either trifoliolate or reniform leaves on long
petioles, with scarious sheathing base, and a naked erect several-many-flowered
scape ; fl. in spi'ing or early summer. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 819.

M. trifoliata, L. Petioles and scape a span or two high, stout: leaf divided into 3 oval
or oblong-obovate pinnately veined entire or repand leaflets: flowers racemose: corolla
white or tinged with rose; the tube longer than the calyx; the upper surface of the lobes
copiously fimbriate-bearded. — Lam. 111. t. 100 ; Fl. Dan. t. 541 ; Bigel. Med. t. 46 ; Reichenb.
Ic. Germ. t. 1043. — Bogs, Newfoundland and Labrador to Penn., Ohio, and northward:
also Rocky Mountains to California and Aleutian Islands. (Japan to Eu. and Greenland.)

M. Crista-galli, Menzies. Petioles and scape at length slender and a foot or two high :
leaf reniform and sometimes emarginate, crenate! (2 to 4 inches wide) : flowers in a simple
or 1-2-forked cyme : corolla white ; its tube not longer than the calyx ; the lobes naked
but with a medial crest. — Hook. Bot. Misc. i. 45, t. 24. \ullarsia Crista-galli, Griseb. 1. c. —
Marshy ground, coast of Br. Columbia to Alaska, Menzies, Meiiens, &c.

13. LIMNANTHEMUM, Gmelin. Floating Heaht. (From %'jj,
marsh or pool, and uvdEfior, blossom.) — Perennial fibrous-rooted water-plants (of
temperate and tropical regions) ; with proliferous or stoloniferous growth ; the
leaves orbicular or ovate and deeply cordate, entire or repand, floating; the flowers
in our species as if umbellate-fascicled on the petiole, produced all summer, some-
times polygamous. Stolons sometimes tuberiferous.

Li. lacunosutn, Griseb. Petioles and stolons filiform, much elongated: leaves orbic-
ular-cordate, an inch or two long, mostly quite entire : umbel of flowers borne near to the
base of the leaf, often accompanied by a fascicle of thickened and short spur-like rootlets :
corolla white, a third to half inch in diameter; its broadly oval lobes naked (except a
crest-like yellowish gland at base), twice the length of the lanceolate calyx-lobes : style
none: seeds numerous, smooth and even. — Gent. 347, & in DC. Prodr. ix. 141, in part;
Gray, Man. ed. 1, 363, ed. 5, 390. Villarsia lacmosa, Vent. Choix, 9 ; Pursh, Fl. i. 139, excl.
syn. V. cordata. Ell. Sk. i. 230, a fitter name. — Shallow ponds, &c., Canada to Florida
and Louisiana.

L. trachyspermum, Gray, l. c. Larger : petioles, &c., stouter : leaves cordate-orbicu-
lar, 2 to 6 inches in diameter, with margins sometimes repand, of thick texture, the dis-
colored lower surface reticulate-veined, spongy and pitted : umbel usually destitute of
thickened rootlets : expanded corolla three-fourths inch wide : style none : seeds roughened.
— L. lacunosum, var. australe, Griseb. Gent. 1. c. Anonymos aquatica, Walt. Car. 109. Villarsia
aquatica, Gmel. Syst. i. 447. V. trachysperma. Ell. 1. c. Menyanthes trachysperma, Michx. Fl.
i. 126. — Ponds and streams, Maryland (Canby) and Virginia to Florida and Texas.

Order XCI. POLEMONTACE^.

Herbaceous or rarely shrubby plants, with bland colorless juice, simple or di-
vided leaves and no stipules, perfect and regular 5-merous flowers except that
the free ovary is trimerous (3-celIed with placentae in the axis) ; the persistent
calyx imbricated, and the corolla dextrorsely convolute (and not plicate) iu the
bud ; the fruit a 3-celled loculicidal capsule, usually with a thick placental axis ;
the few or many seeds small, amphitropous or nearly anatropous, with a thin or
soft coat, commonly developing mucilage when wetted ; the embryo straight and
rather large in the axis of a fleshy or harder albumen, the cotyledons flat or
flattish and rather broad. Stamens on the corolla alternate with its lobes, distinct.

Phlox. POLEMONIACEiE. 129

Style one, 3-lobed or cleft ; the introrse stigmas (or lobes of the style stigmatio
down the inner face) slender. Hypogynous disk generally manifest. Almost
exclusively American, and remarkable among the hypogynous gamopetalous
orders for the 3-merous pistil, but in 2 or 3 species of Gllia 2-merous. The corolla
is not always perfectly regular, and the 5 stamens are very commonly unequal in
length or insertion. Cobcea, common in cultivation, is very exceptional in the
order, climbing by tendrils belonging to pinnate leaves, and its capsule septicidal.
— Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 247 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 820.

* Stamens unequally inserted on the tube of the corolla, not declined.

1. PHLOX. Corolla strictly salverform, with slender tube and narrow orifice. Filaments
very short and unequally inserted : anthers mostly included. Ovules solitary or few in
each cell. Seed unaltered when wetted. Leaves opposite and entire.

2. COLLOMIA. Corolla tubular-funnelforra or salverform, with an open orifice, from
which the unequally inserted filaments commonly protrude. Ovules solitary or numerous.
Seed-coat developing mucilage and projecting uncoiling spiral threads (spiricles) when
wetted, except in one species. Leaves mostly alternate, and pinnately incised or divided.

* * Stamens equally inserted in or below the throa,t or sinuses of the corolla.

3. LCESELIA. Corolla tubular or funnelform, somewhat irregular, the limb being more
or less imequally cleft ; the naked filaments declined. Otherwise as Gilia.

4. GILIA. Corolla from campanulate to funnelform and salverform, regular. Filaments
not declined, naked (rarely pubescent) at base. Ovules and seeds from solitary to numer-
ous. Leaves various.

5. POLEMONIUM. Corolla from funnelform to nearly rotate, regular. Filaments more
or less declined and usually pilose-appendaged at base, slender. Ovules and seeds few or
several in each cell. Calyx herbaceous, not scarious below the sinuses nor the lobes cos-
tate, accrescent. Leaves all alternate, pinnate or pinnately parted.

1. PHLOX, L. (Ancient Greek name of Lychnis:, from qlol, flame.) — N.
American herbs, or a few suffrutescent, chiefly perennials, many cultivated for
their ornamental blossoms. Cauline leaves sessile and opposite, or some of the
upper varying to alternate. Flowers cymose, showy, from blue-purple or lilac to
crimson and white ; the calyx narrow, and the corolla strongly convolute in the
bud. Most species with long filiform style about equalling or surpassing the
corolla-tube, but some with short included style, perhaps by dimorphism ; but
only in P. subulata have both forms been found in the same species.

§ 1. Perennial herbs of the Atlantic States, with flat (broad or narrow) leaves,
and solitary ovules.

* Stem strictly erect (smooth or sometimes rough): cymules compact, numerous, in a pyramidal
or corymbose panicle or elongated thyrsus : pedicels very short: corolla with entire rounded lobes :
fl. summer.
P. paniculata, L. Stem stout, 2 to 4 feet high : leaves oblong-lanceolate and ovate-lanceo-
late, acuminate, tapering at base, or the uppermost more or less cordate : panicle ample,
pyramidal-corymbose : calyx-teeth subulate-setaceous : corolla pink-purple varying to
white. — Spec. i. 151 ; Lam. III. t. 108 ; Gray, I. c. 249. P. undulata, Ait. Kew. i. 205. P.
cordata, Ell. ; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 13. P. acuminata, Pursh ; Bot. Mag. t. 1880.
P. corymbosa, Sweet, I. c. t. 114. P. scabra, Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 248. P. Sickmanni,
Lehm. in Act. Nat. Cur. xiv. t. 46. P. decussata, Hortul. (Some of the above smooth,
others rough or hairy forms.) — Open woods, Penn. to Illinois, Louisiana, and Florida.
P. macillata, L. Stem more slender, 1^ to 2 feet high, commonly purple-spotted:
leaves very smooth, thickish ; the lower lanceolate and the upper nearly ovate-lanceolate
from a rounded or cordate base : panicle narrow and usually long : calyx-teeth triangular-
lanceolate, short: corolla pink-purple. — Spec. i. 152; Lam. 111. t. 108; Jacq. Vind. t. 127.
P. pyramidalis, Smith, Exot. ii. t. 87 ; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 233, with P. reflexa, Sweet, 1. c.
t. 232, & P. penduliflora, Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 46, robust cultivated forms. — Rich
woodlands and along streams, N. Penn. to Iowa and Florida.

130 POLEMOOTACEiE. Phlox.

Var. Candida, Michx., is a white-flowered form, commonly with spotless stem. —
P. suaveolens, Ait. 1. c, fide Benth. P. tardiflora, Penny, fide Benth. P. lorujijlora, Sweet,
1. c. ser. 2, t. 31. With the ordinary form.

* * Stems, at least the flowerine ones, ascending or erect : cjTnules corymbed or sometimes sim-
ple : flowers chiefly pedicelled : lobes of the corolla broad, obovate or ob'cordate.
H— Calyx-teeth lanceolate or triangular-subulate : whole plant glabrous or nearly so, never viscid :
stems" ascending or erect: pedicels equalling or shorter than the calyx: lobes of the pink or rose-
red corolla rounded and entire : fl. early summer.

P. OVata, L. Stems rather low, ascending from a decumbent or creeping base: leaves
ovate or oblong-lanceolate, the uppermost often subcordate and the lowest tapering into a
margined petiole : calyx-teeth short and broad, ovate or triangular-lanceolate, acute. —
Bot. Mag. t. 528 ; Gray, 1. c. P. Carolina, L. Spec. ed. 2, i. 216 ; Bot. Mag. 1. 1344 ; a taller
form, with narrower more tapering leaves and pointed calyx-teeth, approaching the next
species. P.latifoUa, Michx. Fl. i. 143. P. triflora, Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 29. — Open
woods, from Alabama northward in the mountain region to Pennsylvania.

P. glaberrima, L. Stems taller and erect: leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, or the
uppermost uarrowly ovate-lanceolate, tapering gradually to an acute point, firm in texture,
almost veinless, bright green and glossy above, often with revolute margins : calyx-teeth
triangular- or lanceolate-subulate, very sharp-pointed. — Spec. 1. c. 152 ; Sweet, Brit. Fl.
Gard. ser. 2, t. 36; Benth. in DC. 1. c. P. revoluta, Aikin in Eaton, Man. — Prairies and
open woodlands, N. Virginia and Ohio to Wisconsin and south to Florida.

Var. suflfruticosa, a form with more rigid stems, either smooth or scabrous, or the
inflorescence strongly rough-puberulent, and the upper leaves broadly lanceolate, verging
to narrow-leaved forms of the preceding species. — P. suffruticosa, Willd. Enum. 200;
Bot. Reg. t. 68. P. nitida, Pursh, Fl. ii. 730. P. Carolina, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1344 ; Sweet,
Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 190, not L. P. triflora, Michx. Fl. i. 143 ? P. carnea, Sims, Bot. Mag.
t. 2155, smooth form. P. Carolina, var. nitida & var. puberula, Benth. in DC. 1. c. — Georgia
and Tennessee to Florida and Louisiana.

.j_ ^_ CahTC-teeth long and slender : flowering stems erect, ascending, or sometimes spreading, at
least the "summit and the calyx more or less hairy or glandnlar-pubcscent : fl. in spring.
++ No runners or prostrate sterile shoots.

P. Floridana, Benth. Stems erect and strict, a foot or two high, slightly hairy or nearly
glabrous below, as are the lanceolate-linear or broadly linear rather rigid leaves, the
summit and the corymb glandular : teeth of the glandular-pubescent calyx lanceolate-
setaceous : lobes of the light purple corolla roundish-obovate, entire. — Prodr. I.e. 304;
Chapra. Fl. 309. — Dry open woods, Florida, Chapman, Rugel. Foliage, &c., nearly as in
the preceding, the calyx approaching the following.

P. pilosa, L. Villous-hairy, pubescent, or sometimes glabrate : stems erect, slender (a
foot or two high) : leaves linear or lanceolate, usually tapering gradually from near the
sessile base to the acute point : corymb at length loose : teeth of the hairy more or less
viscous calyx subulate-setaceous or awn-like : lobes of the (pink, purple, rose, or sometimes
white) corolla obovate and entire. — Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1307 ; Lodd. Cab. t. 1251. P. aris-
tata, Michx. ; Lodd. Cab. t. 1731 ; Torr. Fl. N. Y. ii. t. 80. P. cuspidata, Scheele in Linn,
xxiii. 1.39. — Dry or sandy woods, prairies, &c., from New Jersey to Iowa and Saskatche-
wan, and south to Florida and Texas. Very variable as to foliage and pubescence.
Slender southern forms pass into

Var. detonsa, Gray. Smoother or almost glabrous, but corymb and calyx more or
less pubescent : except in the calyx nearly approaches narrow-leaved forms of P. glaharima.

— Pro?. Am. Acad. 1. c. P. aristata, Benth., partly. — Alabama and Florida to Texas.

P. amdena, Sims. Softly villous-pubescent, or sometimes hirsute: stems ascending,
simple (a span or two high) : leaves erectish, short, oblong-lanceolate or nearly linear,
seldom acute, the uppermost subtending or involucrating the compact cymose cluster:
calyx-teeth narrow-subulate, very acute, but not awn-tipped: lobes of the (purple or
pink, seldom white) corolla (half inch long) almost equalling the tube, obovate, entire, or
rarely emaginate. — Bot. Mag. t. 1308 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. I. c. 251. P. pilosa, Walt.,
Michx., &c., not L. P. pilosa, var. Walteri, Gray, Man. ed. 2. P. Walteri, Chapm. Fl. 1. c.
P. procumbens. Gray, Man. ed. 5, 372, not Lehm. P. involucrata, Wood, Classbook, 1861, 568.

— Hills and dry barrens, Virginia and Kentucky to Florida.

PMox. POLEMONIACEiE. 131

++ ++ Sterile shoots from the base creeping or decumbent: leaves comparatively broad, and with
the stems and calyx softly more or less viscid -pubescent : pedicels rather slender.

P. divaricata, L. Stems diffuse or ascending, the sterile shoots decumbent or somewhat
creeping and bearing ovate sessile leaves : cauline leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, rather
acute: cyme open: calyx-teeth slenderly linear-subulate : lobes of the bluish or lavender-
colored (1 to 1^ inches wide) corolla cuneate-obcordate or barely emarginate (Bot. Mag.
t. 163, & P. Canadensis, Sweet, Brit. FI. Gard. t. 221), or not rarely quite entire (var.
Laphamii, Wood. P. glutinosa, Buckley in Am. Jour. Sci. xlv. 177, as to specimens, but
flowers not "red or scarlet.") — Damp woods, W. Canada and New York to Iowa, Florida
and Arkansas. Corolla with the sinuses open. Style (always 1 ) very short.

P. reptans, Michx. Stems weak and slender ; the sterile long and prostate or creeping,
runner-like, bearing obovate or roundish leaves with narrowed base ; the flowering erect, a
span or more high, bearing 3 or 4 pairs of oval or oblong mostly obtuse leaves : cyme sim-
ple, few-flowered : calyx-teeth linear-subulate : lobes of the purple or violet corolla round-
ish, mostly entire, about half the length of the tube. — Vent. Malm. t. 107. P. stoloni/era,
Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 563 ; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 293. — Damp woods of the Alle-
ghany region and near it, Pennsylvania to Kentucky and Georgia. Corolla-tube an inch
long; style long, the stigmas and some of the stamens often more or less projecting.

* * * Stems diffuse and branching, slender, low (a span high): flowers scattered or barely
cymulose, peduncled; the peduncles often elongated : lobes of the corolla narrowly cuneate and
bifid : calj'x-lobes subulate-lanceolate : fl. spring.

P. bifida, Beck. Minutely pubescent: lea.ves linear (an inch or two long, a line or two
wide), glabrate : lobes of the pale violet-purple corolla 2- (rarely 3-) cleft to or below the
middle into oblong or nearly linear diverging segments. — Am. Jour. Sci. xi. 167 ; Gray,
Man. ed. 5, 373. — Prairies of Illinois and Missouri.

P. Stellaria, Gray. Very glabrous: leaves barely somewhat ciliate at base, linear (an
inch or two long, a line or more wide), acute, rather rigid : flowers scattered, mostly long-
peduncled : lobes of the " pale blue or almost white " corolla bifid at the apex into barely
oblong lobes. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. 252. — Cliffs of Kentucky River (above Lexington?),
in fissures of the most precipitous rocks, Short. S. Illinois, G. H. French, &c. Bases of the
filiform and tufted or creeping stems rigid and persistent.

§ 2. Sufiruticulose and creeping-cespitose, evergreen, east of the Mississippi,
with mostly crowded and fascicled subulate and rigid leaves: lobes of the corolla
at most obcordate : fl. early spring.

P. subulata, L. (Ground or Moss Pink.) Depressed, forming broad mats, pubescent,
when old glabrate ; leaves squarrose-spreading, ciliate, varying from lanceolate- of subu-
late-linear to almost acerose, 4 to 10 lines long: flowers mostly slender-pedicelled : calyx-
lobes subulate: lobes of the (pink, purple, or white) corolla obcordate or rarely entire:
ovules solitary or in pairs (or rarely 3) in each cell. (Style generally long and ovules
solitary.) — Jacq. Fragm. t. 44 ; Bot. Mag. t. 411, & t. 415 (as setacea). P. setacea, L., form
with slender leaves. P. nivalis, Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 780; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. 1. 185: style
short; and ovules commonly (but not always) 2 or rarely 3 in each cell, and corolla white.
P. Hentzii, Nutt., a state of the last with lobes of the corolla entire or nearly so. P. aris-
tata, Lodd. I.e. 1. 1731, a white-flowered variety. — Rocky bare hills and sandy banks,
S. New York to Michigan, Kentucky and Florida. Very variable species.
P. PROCUMBENS, Lchm. (Ind. Sem. Hamb. 1828 ; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 7 ; Lodd.
Cab. t. 1722 ; P. subulata, var. latifolia, Benth. in DC. 1. c), is unknown as a wild plant, and
is apparently a hybrid between P. subulata and P. amcena.

§ 3. Suffruticulose or suffrutescent, rarely herbaceous to the ground, natives of
the Rocky Mountain region and westward, chiefly with narrow or minute and
thickish-margined leaves, and branches or peduncles mostly one-flowered, in
spring and summer. (Species most difficult, passing into one another.)

* Densely cespitose and depressed, mostly forming cushion-like evergreen mats or tufts ; the short
leaves (li to 5 lines long) crowded up to the solitary and sessile (or in the last species short-pe-
duncled) flowers, and also fascicled, scarious-connate at base, the old ones marcescent: ovules
solitary in each cell. The earlier species of the series most depressed, pulvinate, and imbncate-
leaved ; the last looser, longer-leaved and approaching the next subsection.

132 POLEMONIACE^. PMox.

•t— Leaves moie or less beset or ciliate with cobweb-like or woolly hairs,
++ Very short, broadish or scale-like, soft, barely mucronate, appressed-imbricated : plants very
depressed, moss-like, forming pulvinate tufts: lobes of tlie corolla entire.

P. Richardsonii, Hook. Rather loosely tufted : leaves oblong-lanceolate, 3 lines long,
sparsely lanate above, and vrith thickened reflexed margins ; the marcescent older ones lax
and spreading : tube of the " brilliant lilac " corolla nearly twice the length of the calyx,
the broadly cuneate-obovate lobes 3 lines long. — Hook. Fl. ii. 73, 1. 160.— Arctic sea-
coast, Richardson, Pullen.

P. bryoides, Nutt. Habit somewhat of Selaginella rupestris, copiously lanate : leaves
(even the marcescent ones) very densely appressed-imbricated in 4 strict ranks on the loosely
tufted branches, scale-like, ovate- or triangular-lanceolate, minute (only H lines long), with
rather inflexed margins : tube of the corolla considerably longer than the calyx, its cune-
ate lobes barely a line and a half long.— PI. Gamb. 153. — High Rocky Mountains in
Wyoming, lat. 42°-45°, Nutlall, Parry.

P. muscoides, Nutt. Like the preceding, more resembling some canescent moss ; the
branches much tufted, very short ; leaves less strictly quadrifarious and less lanate, ovate-
lanceolate, mucronulate: tube of the corolla not surpassing the calyx. — Jour. Acad.
Philad. vii. 42, t. 6, fig. 2. — Rocky Mountains, at the sources of the Missouri, Wyeth.
++ ++ Leaves subulate or acerose, somewhat rigid, less appressed : plants forming broad mats, 2 to
4 inches high.

P. Hoodii, Richards. Sparsely or loosely lanate, becoming glabrate ; leaves subulate,
rather rigid, erect, somewhat loosely imbricated: tube of the (white'?) corolla not exceed-
ing the calyx ; its lobes obovate, entire, 2 to 2| lines long. — Prankl. Journ. Appx. t. 28. —
Sandy plains and hills of the Saskatchewan, &c., from lat. 54°, and along the Rocky
Mountains down to the south-west part of Wyoming.

P. canescens, Torr. & Gray. More lanate and canescent: leaves subulate, imbri-
cated soon recurved-spreading above the appressed base (3 to 5 lines long) ; tube of the
white corolla at length exceeding (often about twice the length of) the calyx; the obovate
lobes entire or emarginate, 3 or 4 lines long. — Pacif . R. Rep. ii. 8, t. 6 ; Watson, Bot.
King, 259. — Rocky Mountains of Wyoming and Colorado to the Sierra Nevada in Califor-
nia and New Mexico. Apparently passes into the preceding.

H- -1- Leaves rigid (one third to half inch long), destitute of woolly or cobwebby hairs, the mar-
gins naked or ciliate with rigid or rather soft hairs: plants either densely or loosely tufted; the
leaves mostly less crowded.

P. caespitosa, Nutt. Leaves linear-subulate or oblong-linear, commonly much crowded,
hispid-ciliate, otherwise glabrous or with some short glandular-tipped rigid hairs : corolla
with tube somewhat exceeding the calyx; its lobes obovate, entire, 3 lines long.— Jour.
Acad. Philad. vii. 41, t. 6, fig. 1. — Var. rigida, Gray, in Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. 254, is a de-
pressed form, with acerose-subulate at length recurved-spreading rigid leaves. P. rigida,
Benth. in DC — Var. condensata, Gray, 1. c, is a very dwarf, pulvinate-tufted form, with
short and erect closely imbricated leaves, only 2 or 3 lines long ; and is P. Hoodii, Gray,
Enum. PI. Parry (298) in Am. Jour. Sci. — Rocky Mountains of Colorado, Montana, &c., to
Oregon and the high Sierra in California. Laxer narrow-leaved forms pass into the next.

P. Douglasii, Hook. Less densely tufted, either pubescent or nearly glabrous : leaves
acerose or narrowly linear-subulate, less rigid and usually less crowded, often spreading,
their margins hirsutely-ciliate next the base or naked : flowers subsessile or short-pedun-
cled: corolla (purple, lilac, or white) with tube more or less exceeding the calyx, and
obovate entire lobes about 3 lines long. — Hook. Fl. ii. 73, t. 158 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
1. c. — Eastern and western sides of the Rocky Mountains, from Montana to Utah, west to
Oregon and the borders of California. Passes into the subjoined forms.

Var. diffusa, Gray, 1. c, with more loosely spreading or cespitose-decumbent stems,
and lax spreading leaves, growing in moister places. — P. diffusa, 'Benili. PI. Hartw. 325.
— Western slope of the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Mountains, California to British
Columbia.

Var. longif olia, Gray, 1. c, a rigid form, of more arid regions, and long and narrow
less fascicled leaves (linear-filiform or acerose, 5 to 8 lines long, either ascending or spread-
ing), approaching P. longifolia. — W. Nebraska to Oregon and N. E. California.

Plilox. POLEMONIACE^. 133

* Loosely tufted or many-stemmed from a merely woody-persistent base, or wholly herbaceous,
with linear or lanceolate (or rarely ovate) spreading (approximate or sometimes distant) leaves,
which are little if at all fascicled m the axils : flowers slender-peduncled, solitary or somewhat
cymulose.

-h- Style long and slender, often equalling or almost equalling the tube of the corolla.
•H- Arctic, with rather flaccid leaves and stems.
P. Sibirica, L. Mostly villous-pubescent, especially on the margins of the narrow linear
leaves, depressed and loosely cespitose, less than a span high : tube of the corolla little
longer than its obcordate or emarginate lobes, seldom surpassing the calyx : ovules 2 in
each cell. — (Grael. Fl. Sib. iv. t. 46, fig. 2.) Trautv. Imag. t. 24. — Kotzebue Sound. (N.
E. Asia.)

++ ++ Temperate, inhabiting the plains and mountains from the borders of British Columbia south-
ward : leaves and commonly erect or ascending stems more firm or rigid : calyx-tube between the
strong ribs scarious, inclined to be membranaceous and more or less replicate, forming intervening
angles : the narrowly subulate and mostly rigid teeth shorter than the tube of the rose-colored
or sometimes white corolla.

P. linearifolia, Gray. Glabrous, above sometimes minutely hirsute-pubescent, corym-
bosely much branched from a ligneous base, a span or more high : leaves very narrowly
linear (an inch or two long, about a line wide) : calyx-tube mostly saliently 5-angled from
the broader base by the strong replication of the white-membranaceoiis sinuses ; the lobes
nearly acerose : tube of the corolla little exceeding the calyx ; the obovate-cuneate lobes
entire or barely retuse : ovules 2 in each cell. — P. speciosa, var. linearifolia, Hook. Kew.
Jour. Bot. iii. 289, mostly. P. speciosa, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1. 1351 ; Benth. in DC. 1. c — From
the Dalles to the upper waters of the Columbia, Douglas, Spalding, Geyer, &c.

P. longifolia, Nutt. Nearly glabrous or pubescent, much branched or many-stemmed
from a ligneous base, 3 to 8 inches high : calyx more or less angled by the white-mem-
branaceous replicate sinuses : leaves mostly narrowly linear (1 to 2^ inches long) : lobes of
the corolla oborate- or oblong-cuneate, entire or retuse : ovules almost always solitary in
each cell. — Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 41. P. speciosa, var., Hook. Fl. ii. 72. P. humilis,
Dougl. ; Benth. 1. c. : a small and short-peduncled form, sometimes apparently passing into
P. Douglasii, var. longifolia. — From the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains, Montana to
Colorado, west to Nevada and Oregon, and north to British Columbia or nearly : south-
westward passing into

Var. Stansburyi, Gray, !■ c. Conspicuously pubescent throughout, or sometimes
glabrate, generally stouter and more open in growth : leaves from linear to linear-lanceo-
late : pubescence of the branches and calyx viscid or glandular : corolla mostly pink or
rose-color, and its tube commonly twice the length of the calyx ; the lobes emarginate or
erose at the apex: ovules sometimes a pair in one or two of the cells. — P. speciosa, var. 7
Stansburyi, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 143. — Utah and Nevada to New Mexico and Ai-izona.
Passes into

Var. brevif olia, Gray, 1- c, a depressed or dwarf form ; with leaves 9 to 4 lines long,
rigid and with more cartilaginous margins, at least the lower lanceolate or ovate-lanceo-
late: peduncles either short or none, or elongated. — From Dakotah (Black Hills) to N.
California and Arizona.

P. adsurgens, Torr. Glabrous, except the slender peduncles and scarcely replicate-
angled calyx, which are glandular-pubescent : stems diffuse and ascending, slender (a span
or two long) : leaves ovate-lanceolate and ovate, acute, 5 to 10 lines long, all but the lower
much shorter than the internodes: tube of the corolla nearly twice the length of the
calyx; its lobes obovate, entire (about 5 lines long) : ovules solitary in each cell. — Gray,
Proc Am. Acad. viii. 256. — Cascade Mountains, Oregon, Prof. A. Wood, C. W. Cusick.
H_ H_ Style very short, mostly shorter than the ovary and the linear stic^mas : calyx-tube cylin-
draceous, the thin-membranous portion between the ribs not projecting mto salient angles.

P. speciosa, Pursh. Above somewhat viscid-puberulent or glandular, below often gla-
brous, a foot to even a yard high ; the branches ascending from a shrubby base : leaves
lanceolate or linear (an inch or two long) ; the upper especially broadest at base : flowers
corymbose : corolla rose-pink or nearly white ; its tube little exceeding the calyx ; its
lobes obcordate: ovules solitary. — Gray, Proc. 1. c. & Bot. Calif, i.486. P. speciosa, var.
latifolia, Hook. Kew. Jour. Bot. I. c. P. divaricata, Durand. PI. Pratten., not Michx.
P.'occidentalis, Durand. in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 125 : a broad-leaved form. — Interior plams of

134 POLEMONIACE^. Plilox.

the upper Columbia to the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, California. In the larger Cali-
fornian specimens, the corolla is an inch or more in diameter.

Var. Sabini, Gray, 1. c. Differs only in the lobes of the corolla being entire or
barely retuse (obovate with a narrowed cuneate base). — P. Sabini, Dougl. in Hook. 1. c. ;
Benth. 1. c. P. speciosa, var. elatior, Hook. Fl. ii. 72. — Spokan lliver, Douglas, Lyall.

Var. WoodJaousei, Gray, 1. c. Small form, a span high, with linear leaves not
broadened at base, and a much smaller corolla ; its cuneate-obcordate lobes only 4 lines
long. — P. nana, Torr. in Sitgreaves Rep., not Nutt. — Arizona, near Williams Moimtain,
Dr. Woodhouse.
P. nana, Nutt. Glandular and roughish-pubescent, loosely and copiously branching
from a somewliat ligneous base, a span or more high: leaves linear (an inch or two long),
those of the branches often alternate : flowers scattered or somewhat corymbose : corolla
rose, " red " or " wliite," with tube somewhat exceeding the calyx ; its ample and broadly
cuneate-obovate or roundish lobes entire or nearly so (about half inch long) : ovules 2 or
often 3 in each cell. — PI. Gamb. 153; Gray, Proc. 1. c. 256. P. triovulata, Thurber in Bot.
Mex. Bound. 145. — Var. glabella. Gray, 1. c, is merely a less pubescent or glabrate form,
less branched and more erect, the leaves narrower and all opposite. — New Mexico, es-
pecially on the Rio Grande, and adjacent borders of Colorado and Texas.

§ 4. Annuals, all Texan, more or less pubescent with viscous or glandular
many-jointed hairs : leaves linear or oblong, most of the upper ones alternate :
calyx at length splitting almost to the base, the linear or subulate-lanceolate lobes
setaceous-tipped : style shorter or not longer than the stigmas : ovules in each
cell 1 to 5 : seeds with somewhat wing-like angles.

P. Drummondii, Hook. Loosely branching, villous and glandular: leaves mostly
oblong or lanceolate, mucronate-pointed ; the upper commonly half-clasping by a broader
somewhat cordate base : flowers mostly in crowded cymose clusters : calyx-lobes lanceolate-
subulate, soon recurved : corolla red, varying to rose, purple, or white ; the lobes broadly
obovate, entire or nearly so (about half inch long) ; the tube usually pubescent : ovules
solitary in the cells. — Bot. Mag. t. 3441 ; Bot. Reg. t. 1949 ; Br. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 316. —
Texas, especially in the eastern districts, and everywhere familiar in gardens.

Var. villosissima. Gray. A very villous and viscous form, with more scattered
flowers of large size, and barely spreading calyx-lobes : lobes of the pale corolla half inch
lone and broad. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. 257. — S. Texas on the Nueces, Wright.

Var, tenuis, Gray, 1. c. A small and slender form, much less pubescent ; with
mostly linear or almost glabrous leaves (about an inch long), rather narrower instead of
dilated at the base, and an open cyme of small flowers : lobes of the pink or purple corolla
only 2 to 4 lines long. — Common in Eastern Texas, Drummond, Lindheimer, Wright. Seem-
ingly very distinct.
P. Roemeriana, Scheele. Loosely branched from the base, a span or more high,
sparsely hirsute or glabrate (except the calyx-tube) : leaves lanceolate, or the oblong or
spatulate lower ones often glabrous except the margins : flowers solitary or sparse : calyx-
lobes linear, merely spreading : corolla pink or rose-colored ; the glabrous tube not exceed-
ing the calyx, about half inch long, shorter than the ample roundish-obovate entire
lobes : ovules in each cell 4 or 5 ! — Linnaea, xxi. 752. P. macrantha, Buckley, in Proc. Acad.
Philad. 1862, 5. — Texas, near San Antonio, &c., on high prairies. Commonly with most of
the leaves alternate !

2. COLLOMIA, Nutt. {Kolla, glue or gluten, the seeds when wetted mu-
cilaginous.) — Annuals or biennials of the western region, some with showy
flowers -vporthy of cultivation. Lower leaves usually opposite. — Nutt. Gen. i.
126 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 258.

§ 1 . EucOLLOMiA, Gray. Ovules solitary or in the last species 2 or 3 in each
cell : corolla salverform or almost so : annuals, more or less viscid-pubescent or
glandular. — Collomia, Benth. in DC. Prodr., with one Navarretia. ( (7. gracilis

Collomia.. POLEMONIACEiE. 135

alone wants the spiricles, which are so conspicuous on the seed-coat of the gen-
uine species, in which they were first detected.)

* Calyx obconical : leaves sessile, entire or sometimes sparingly incised.
■i— Flowers capitate-crowded and leafy-bracted, or a few of them scattered.
C. grandiflora, Dougl. Erect, a foot or two high : leaves linear- or oblong-lanceolate,
or uppermost lance-ovate : calyx-lobes broad and obtuse : corolla buff or salmon-color, nar-
row-funnelform, an inch long, showy. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1. 1174 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2894.
— Plains, &c., from the Rocky Mountains, lat. 48°, to Nevada and California. Var. tenuifolia,
Benth., is a form with more slender corolla.
C. linearis, Nutt. More branching and in age spreading, a span or two high : calyx-
lobes triangular-lanceolate, acute : corolla half inch long, from lilac-purple to nearly white,
very slender, little enlarged at the throat; the limb small. — Gen. i. 126; Lindl. Bot. Reg.
t. 1166; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2983. — Lake Winnipeg and Mackenzie River (and even New
Brunswick, on the coast. Fowler, perhaps a chance introduction), west to the Pacific, and
south to California and Colorado. Passes into

Var. subulata. Gray, 1. c. A low and slender form, diffusely branching from the
base : leaves narrow and acute : flowers few in the lower forks : calyx-lobes attenuate-
subulate ; the tips almost awnlike from a broad base, rather longer than the tube. — C. tinc-
toria, Kellogg, Proc. Acad. Calif, iii. 17; t. 2. — Nevada and adjacent parts of California
and Oregon.

■f— ••— Flowers scattered, all solitary in the forks.
C. tenella, Gray. Slender, 3 or 4 inches high, loosely branched, viscid : leaves linear
with a long tapering base, obtusish : flowers solitary in all the forks, remote, almost ses-
sile : calyx-lobes rather broadly triangular, acute, shorter than the broadly turbinate tube,
about half the length of the narrow purplish corolla, this 3 or 4 lines long. — Proc. 1. c. ;
Watson, Bot. King, 262, & Bot. Calif, i. 488. — Dry hills, Utah and Nevada to eastern and
northern parts of California.

* * Calyx rounded at base : leaves sessile, entire, the lower oftener opposite : flowers rather loosely
cymose or scattered. The mucilage-cells of the seed-coat wholly destitute of spiral fibres !

C. gracilis, Dougl. At length corymbosely much branched and spreading, 2 to 6 inches
high : leaves lanceolate, or linear or the lowest oval or obovate : corolla 5 lines long, pur-
ple or violet; the narrow tube yellowish and seldom longer than the subulate-linear
lobes of the deeply-cleft calyx. — Benth. in Bot. Reg. no. 1622, & DC. Prodr. ix. 308.
Gilia gracilis, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2924. CoUomia micrantha, Kellogg, 1. c. fig. 3. — Colorado
and New Mexico and from Brit. Columbia south to Arizona. (W. S. Amer.)

* * * Calyx obtuse or acute at base : leaves all alternate and mostly incised or pinnately divided,
all the lower petioled : corolla pinkish-purple, slender, half inch or less long, twice or thrice the
length of the calyx.

C. gilioides, Benth. Stems loosely branching, erect or diffuse, a span to 2 feet long:
leaves nearly simply cut or parted into lanceolate or narrowly oblong divisions : flowers
loose or scattered : calyx obtuse or rounded at base, deeply cleft ; the lobes linear-subu-
late : stamens moderately unequal in insertion : ovules solitary or rarely in pairs : capsule
globular. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. (with var. glutinosa) & Bot. Calif. 1. c. G. gilioides
& G. glutinosa, Benth. 1. c, the latter a more viscid state of this variable species. Gilia
divaricata, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 155, a slender form.

C. heterophylla. Hook. Low, diffuse : leaves thin, mostly pinnatifid with the lobes
again incised, or bipinnatifid, some of the uppermost less cut or even entire and bract-
Uke, subtending the more or less capitate or looser clusters of flowers : calyx acute at
base, cleft barely to the middle ; the lobes ovate-lanceolate : stamens very unequally in-
serted: ovules 2 or 3 in each cell: capsule ellipsoidal. — Bot. Mag. t. 2895; Bot. Reg. t.
1347. Courtoisia bipinnatifida, Reichb. Tc. Exot. t. 208. Gilia Sessei, G. Don. Navarretia
heterophylla, Benth. in DC. 1. c — Brit. Columbia to Cahfornia: common.
§ 2. PhlogjCnthea, Gray, 1. c. Ovules numerous, i. e. 6 to 12 in each cell:

filaments unequal as well as unequally inserted, sometimes a little declined:

biennials (sometimes perhaps perennials), or annuals, slightly if at all viscid.

(Species of Gilia, sect. Ipomopsis, Benth.)

136 POLEMOXIACEiE. ^Collomia.

* Cauline leaves simply pinnatelj' parted into few (3 to 7) narrow-linear or often almost filiform

di\isious, very numerous, all alternate : inflorescence thyrsiform or panicled : corolla salverform,

with tube littfe if at all dilated upward.

C. Cavanillesiana, Don. Biennial (or perhaps perennial southward) with a somewhat

woody base, more or less pubescent, virgately branched : flowers in small clusters in a

narrow or raceme-like leafy thyrsus : pedicels verj^ short or none : corolla white, ochroleu-

cous, or tinged with purple, only half inch long ; the tube 2 or 3 times the length of the

calyx ; the sinuses somewhat unequal ; lobes oblong : filaments moderately unequally

inserted high in the considerably funnelform-expanded throat : anthers roundish : ovules

5 to 7 in the cells. — Syst. iv. 246 ; Gray, 1. c. 260. Phlox pinnata, Cav. Ic. t. 628. Caritua
glomeriflora, Juss. Ann. Mus. Par. ii. 119. Gilia glomeriflora, Benth. 1. c. G. multijlora, Nutt.
PI. Gamb. 1. c. — New Mexico and W. Texas to Arizona. (Mex.)

C. Thurberi, Gray. Resembles the preceding in foliage and growth, but only minutely
pubescent : inflorescence more spicate : flowers much larger : corolla blue or lilac, showy,
salverform ; the tube an inch or rather more in length, very slightly and gradually dilated
upwards, 3 or 4 times the length of the calyx and of its orbicular lobes : filaments in the
throat: anthers short-oblong; ovules 8 or 9 in each cell. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. 261. —
New Mexico, near the Santa Rita coppermines, and in Arizona, Thurher.

C. longiflora, Gray, 1. c. Annual, glabrous, loosely paniculate-branched : divisions of
the leaves long and slender : flowers loosely somewhat corymbose on slender peduncles :
corolla white, strictly salverform and Phlox-like, showy ; the tube often an inch and a
half long, with narrow orifice; lobes orbicular or ovate (sometimes abruptly pointed):
filaments very \mequally inserted into the upper part of the tube, or 2 or 3 of them in the
throat : anthers elongated-oblong : ovules 10 or 12 in each cell. — Cantua longiflora, Torr. in
Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 221. Gilia longiflora, Don, Benth., &c. — AV. Nebraska and Colorado to
borders of Texas, and Arizona ; common in pine forests.

* * Leaves mostly entire, narrowly linear, scattered: corolla truly funnelform.

C. leptalea, Gray. Slender annual, 2 to 18 inches high, minutely glandular, otherwise
glabrous, branchmg into an effuse panicle : leaves 6 to 20 lines long, or the uppermost
reduced to small subulate bracts, the lower sometimes with 2 or 3 small lobes : peduncles
filiform or capillary : calyx small ; its lobes subulate : corolla pink-red, 5 to 10 lines long ;
its slender tube longer than the calyx, and rather abruptly expanded into a wide funnel-
form throat of about the length of the oval spreading lobes. — Proc. Am. Acad. I.e.

6 Bot. Calif, i. 488. Gilia capillaris, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 46. — California ; com-
mon on moist or wet banks in the Sierra Nevada, &c. A delicate species ; the corolla in
shape like that of Gilia tenuiflora.

3. LCESifiLiIA, L. (John Lossel, of the 16th century, author of a Flora
Prussica, &c.) — Somewhat shrubby or suffruticulose plants (of Mexico and ad-
jacent districts) ; with more or less rigid and commonly spinulose-toothed or
spinulose-ciliate leaves, and the uppermost forming conspicuous bracts to the
clustered flowers. But the following species form a section, Giliopsis, connect-
ing with Gilia, having more scattered flowers, hardly any bracts, and very nar-
row leaves (all alternate), merely with rigidly mucronate tips. Limb of the
corolla irregular by one of the lobes being separated by deeper sinuses from the
others ; the cuneate lobes erosely truncate or 3-denticulate : filaments incurved
below the apex. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 86.

L. tenuif olia, Gray. Much branched from a somewhat woody perennial base, a span to
a foot high, nearly glabrous : leaves linear-acerose, entire, or the lower and larger with 2 or
3 spreading subulate lobes : flowers rather crowded at the summit, the branches short-pedi-
celled : calyx-lobes subulate : corolla bright red, narrowly tubular-f unnelform, an inch long ;
the tube 3 or 4 times the length of the lobes : capillary filaments and style conspicuously
exserted: ovules 8 or 10 in each cell. — Bot. Calif, i. 500, & Proc. 1. c — Tantillas Moun-
tains, on the lower border of San Diego Co., California, Mr. Dunn, Palmer.
L. effusa, Gray. Diffusely much branched and rigid from an apparently annual root,
a foot high, nearly glabrous : leaves all entire and filiform or very narrowly linear, short

Gilia. POLEMONIACE^. 137

(a quarter inch or less long) : flowers effusely paniculate : calyx-teeth short and broadly
triangular : corolla pink purple, short-f unnelf orm, 5 lines long ; its lobes fully as long as
the tube, unequal, about equalling the incurved filaments and style. — Proc. Am. Acad.
1. c, & Bot. CaUf . i. 621. — With or near the preceding species, Palmer.

4. G-ILIA, Ruiz. & Pav. (Dedicated to Philip Gil, who helped Xuarez to
write a treatise on exotic plants cultivated at Rome.) — North American, chiefly
Western, with a few S. American species ; several cult, for ornament. Flowers
in some species, especially in § 3 and § 9, tending to dimorphism, mainly in the
length of the style. A polymorphous genus : most of the sections have been
taken for genera, but they lack definiteness. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 261.

Series I. Leaves either opposite or palmately divided to the sessile base,
usually both ; their divisions from narrowly linear to filiform : seed-coat in many
species mucilaginous when wetted, but destitute of spiricles.

§ 1. Dactylophyllum, Gray, 1. c. Corolla campanulate, rotate, or short-f un-
nelform; the lobes obovate : filaments slender: ovules numerous or sometimes
few in each cell : seed-coat when wetted developing more or less mucilage-cells
from beneath the epidermis : low or slender annuals, loosely and mostly rather
small-flowered : leaves opposite or the upper alternate.

* Flowers subsessile or short-pedicelled in the forks of the stem, at length crowded : calyx deeply
cleft or parted, the lobes unequal : corolla campanulate with hardly any proper tube (the filaments
inserted on its base); lobes entire or nearly so: plants barely 2 inches high, with 3-7-parted
leaves.

G. Parryae, Gray. Pubescent, much branched from the base, forming a tuft : leaves
short, 5-7-parted; the divisions linear-ace rose (barely quarter inch long) : calyx deeply 5-
cleft; lobes acerose with broad thin-scarious margins: corolla (white, yellowish or purple,
half an inch long) with broadly ovate somewhat pointed lobes as long as the imdivided
portion ; the throat below each crowned as it were by a broad adnate and emarginate or
obcordate scale: anthers oblong: capsule oval-oblong, many -seeded : seeds angular, not
mucilaginous when wetted. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 76. G. Kennedyi, Porter in Bot. Gazette,
ii. 77. — Desert Plains, S. E. California : near the head of the Mohave, Lemmon, Parry, Pal-
mer. Kern Co., W. L. Kennedy. Dedicated to Mrs. Parry, one of the botanical party which
discovered it. A handsome pygmy annual ; remarkable for having appendages to the
corolla not unlike those of many Hydrophyllaceoe.

G. demissa, Gray. Less pubescent, diffusely branching, forming a depressed tuft:
leaves 3-parted, or some of them simple (half inch long) ; the divisions acerose : calyx 5-
parted: corolla (white, sometimes purplish, 3 lines long) with obovate obtuse lobes and a
naked throat: anthers oval : ovules 6 or 7 in each cell. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 263, & Bot.
Calif, i. 489; Rothrock in Wheeler Eep. 1. 19. — Desert plains, S. E. California and W.
Arizona to S. Utah, first collected by Fremont, next by Cooper.

* * Flowers loose or scattered on slender or capillary pedicels : calyx barely 5-cleft :_ corolla shorl-
funnelform or approaching rotate, and with entire lobes: the filaments inserted in the throat:
anthers oval : leaves 3-7-parted, more or less hispidiilous, or rarely glabrous. — Gilia § Dactylo-
phyllum, Benth. in DC.

G. liniflora, Benth. Erect, at length diffuse, 6 to 18 inches high, nearly glabrous :
leaves Spurrey-like ; the divisions nearly filiform : flowers paniculate : pedicels 5 to 15 lines
long : corolla white or barely flesh-colored, somewhat rotate ; its throat pubescent at base
of the filaments ; the obovate lobes thrice the length of the narrow tube, 3 to 5 lines long
in the larger forms : ovules in the cells 6 to 8. — Benth. in Bot. Reg. no. 1622, & DC. 1. c.
315 ; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 5895. — California ; rather common ; passing freely into

Var. pharnaceoides, Gray, 1. c, a smaller form, with capillary diffuse branches
and flowers of only half the size. — G. pharnaceoides, Benth. 1. c. ; Hook. Fl. ii. 74, t. 161.
— California to Brit. Columbia and eastward to the Rocky Mountains; the smallest states
strikingly different from the original G. liniflora.

G. pusilla, Benth. 1. c. Small, diffuse, 2 to 6 inches high, very slender : divisions of the
leaves filiform-subulate or acerose (3 to 5 lines long) : capillary pedicels 6 to 10 lines long :

138 POLEMONIACE^. Gilia.

corolla purplish with yellow throat or nearly white, broadly short-funnelform, 2 lines or
more long ; the obovate lobes equalling or longer than the campannlate throat and short
proper tube : filaments nearly glabrous at base, inserted below the sinuses : ovules 3 to 5
in each cell. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c — The proper species, with corolla barely
exceeding the calyx, Guadalupe Island off Lower Cahfornia, Palnier. (ChiU.)

Var. Californica, Gray, 1. c. Corolla with larger lobes, 2 or 3 hues long, and
twice the length of the calyx. — Bot. Calif, i. 490. G. flipes, Benth. PI. Hartw. 325. —
Cahfornia, from the upper Sacramento to Nevada.
G. Bolanderi, Gray, 1. c. Like the variety of the foregoing ; but the tube of the
(blue- or purple-tinged) corolla long and narrow, almost equalling the narrow cylindra-
ceous calyx-tube, rather longer than the oblong lobes along with the very short and shghtly
dilated throat: filaments inserted just below the sinuses, glabrous : ovules 2 to 5 in each
cell. — California, on dry hills, Sonoma Co., to the Sierra Nevada, Bolander, A. Wood, Mrs.
Austin, Mrs. Ames. Corolla 3 or 4 lines long, but tlie comparatively small lobes only aline
and a half long. Longer pedicels an inch or so in length.
G. aurea, Nutt. Diffusely branched, 2 to 4 inches high : divisions of the hispidulous
leaves narrowly linear, barely 3 lines long : pedicels seldom longer than the flower, some-
what cymose : corolla mostly yellow, open and short-funnelform ; the rounded obovate
widely spreading lobes about as long as the obconical throat and the very short proper
tube : filaments inserted just below the sinuses, glabrous at base : ovules about 10 in each
cell. — PI. Gamb. 155, t. 22; Gray, 1. c — From Sta. Barbara, California, to Arizona and
New Mexico. Corolla with the limb a thkd to half inch in diameter when fully expanded,
bright or light yellow, sometimes purplish in the throat ; or, in

Var. decora, Gray, 1. c, white or pale violet, with or without brown-purple in the
tliroat. — California (Fremont, Brewer, &c.) and through Arizona to New Mexico.
" # * * Flowers terminating the branches, rather short-pedicelled : corolla short-funnelform, its
ample lobes fringe-toothed or denticulate: leaves all undivided and opposite. -i^cnzZia, Benth.
Gilia § Bianthoides, Endl.
G. dianthoides, Endl. Branching from the base, 2 to 5 inches high, more or less
pubescent : leaves narrow-lmear : corolla an inch or more long, lilac or purphsh usually
with darker or yellowish throat ; the slender nearly included glabrous filaments inserted
towards its base: ovules 12 to 20 in each cell. — Atakt. t. 29; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4876.
FenzUa dianthiflora, Benth. in Bot. Reg. 1. c. F. speciosa (a large^flowered form), & F.
concinna (a depauperate state), Nutt. Gamb. 157. — California, from Santa Barbara and the
islands southward. A showy Uttle plant, varying greatly in the size and hue of the flowers ;
the corolla-lobes in one form (coll. Coulter) only mmutely erose-denticulate.
§ 2. LinjCnthus, Endl., Benth. Corolla salverform ; the narrow tube about
equalling the cylindrical tube of the calyx (which is white-scarious, except the
ribs, prolonged into acerose-linear teeth) ; the broadly cuneate-obovate lobes com-
monly minutely or obsoletely erose or crenulate, strongly convolute in the bud :
stamens included in the tube of the corolla : filaments inserted below its middle,
slender: ovules 20 to 40 in each cell: capsule cylindraceous or oblong: erect and
slender glabrous annuals, about a span high or taller, with leaves all opposite,
filiform or nearly so, 3-5-divided, or the lower simple, sometimes nearly all
simple, especially in depauperate specimens : flowers mostly showy, white or
nearly so, terminal or in the forks and subsessile. — Linanthus, Benth., formerly.
G. dichotoma, Benth. Flowers showy ; the lobes of the corolla from half to nearly
an inch long : anthers linear : seeds roundish, with a very loose arilliform external coat,
not developing mucilage when wetted. -DC. 1. c. 314; Gray, 1. c. Linanthus dichotomus,
Benth. in Bot. Beg. 1. c. Gilia Linanthis, Steud. Nom. — California and Arizona ; common
westward. Leaves all entire only in some depauperate specimens.
G. Bigelovii, Gray. Flowers inconspicuous ; the lobes of the corolla not over 2 lines
long, hardly surpassing those of the calyx and only half or one-third the length of its tube :
anthers oval : seeds oval or oblong, with a close coat, freely developing mucilage when
wetted. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c: 265; Watson, Bot. King, t. 25. G. dichotoma, var. parvi-
Jlora, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 147. — W. borders of Texas to E. California.

Gilia. POLEMONIACE^. 139

§ 3. Leptosiphon, Endl., Benth. Corolla salverform, with the tube mostly
filiform and elongated; the very short throat commonly abruptly more or less
cyathiform-dilated : stamens inserted in the throat or orifice : anthers short :
ovules numerous : annuals, mostly low or slender, with opposite narrow leaves,
and handsome but commonly small flowers crowded into a capitate leafy-bracted
cluster. (Style either very long and more or less exserted, or rather rarely short
and included, in different individuals of the same species.) — Leptosiphon, Benth.

* Palmately-leaved genuine species, hairy, leafy-stemmed; commonly with leaves fascicled in the

axils and all 5-7-parted; their divisions linear-filiform: filaments slender, exserted more or less

from the throat of the corolla, shorter than its entire lobes : ovules 6 to 10 in each cell.

-1^ Large-flowered, and the tube of the corolla only equalling or little exceeding the obovate lobes.

G. densiflora, Benth. Kather stout and large, often strict: numerous divisions of the

leaves filiform, somewhat rigid: tube of the lilac or nearly white corolla (half inch long)

little if at all exserted beyond the calyx, and villous-hirsute bracts. — Gray, Proc. 1. c.

Leptosiphon densijioms, Benth. in Hort. Trans, viii. t. 18 ; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1725 ; Hook.

Bot. Mag. t. 3578. Gilia Leptosiphon, Steud. Nom. Varies with corolla-tube a little more

exserted, when it is G. grandijlora, Steud. & Benth. 1. c. and Leptosiphon grandijlorus, Benth.

in Bot. Reg. — CaUfornia; common towards the coast.

H_ 4_ Slender-flowered ; the filiform tube of the corolla 2 to 6 time's the length of the lobes ; these
from 4 to less than 2 lines long, oval or ovate. Species difficult to define.
G. brevicula, Gray. A span high, corymbosely branched, minutely pubescent and
above glandular : leaves few and short (quarter of an inch long) : tube of the corolla only
5 or 6 lines long, but much exceeding the calyx and bracts, hardly twice the length of
the (purple or violet) lobes : otherwise much hke the next. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 79. —
Southeastern California, on the Mohave River, Palmer.
G. androsacea, Steud. A span to a foot high: corolla much exserted beyond the
hirsute or villous-ciliate bracts and subtending leaves, lilac, pink, or nearly white with yel-
low or dark throat; its tube an inch or less long, thrice the length of the lobes (hmb 8 to
10 lines in diameter). — Gray, 1. c. & Bot. Calif, i. 491. Leptosiphon androsaceus, Benth. in
Hort. Trans, viii. t. 18; Hook. Bot. Mag.t. 3491; Lindl. Bot Reg. t. 1710. — California;
common west of the Sierra Nevada.

Var. rosacea, Gray. A dwarf and tufted form, with rose-red corolla, varying
however into other hues. — Bot. Calif. 1. c. Leptosiphon parvijiorus, var. rosaceus, Hook,
f. Bot. Mag. t. 5863. — Near San Francisco, Kellogg.

Var. detonsa, Gray, 1. c. Slender and almost glabrous form, the bracts and leaves
merely hispidulous-ciliate. — Western part of CaUfornia, Bridges, Brewer. A less marked
form occurs on the borders of Nevada, Anderson.
G. micrdntlia, Steud. Slender, a span or so high: tube of the corolla extremely
slender, three-fourths to incU and a half long, 4 to 6 times longer than the lobes ; these 2 or
3 lines long : pubescence of the bracts, &c., short and soft, rarely hirsute-ciliate. — Gray,
Proc. 1. c. excl. syn. var. rosaceus, Bot. Mag. Leptosiphon parvijiorus & L. luteus, Benth. in
Bot. Reg. Gilia mia-antha & G. lutea, Benth. in DC. 1. c. — California ; common through
the western part of the State. Flower from purplish or lilac to cream-color, sulphur-yel-
low, and even golden yellow (var. aurea, Benth. PI. Hartw.).

Var. longituba ( G. longituba, Benth. PI. Hartw. 324) is one of the larger-flowered
forms, apparently passing into G. androsacea. — Monterey, Hartweg, &c.
G. tenella, Benth. Mostly depressed, small : tube of the corolla less slender in propor-
tion to the size of the limb (6 to 9 lines long, the lobes only 1^) : bracts and leaves hispidu-
lous-ciliate.—PI. Hartw. .325. Leptosiphon Wco/or, Nutt. PI. Gamb., chiefly. — Puget Sound
to Santa Barbara, California. Has been confounded with the two foregoing. Corolla dull
purple, or pink, with yellow throat.
G. ciliata, Benth. Rigid, rough, 4 to 12 inches high, the taUer stems vu-gate : tube of
the corolla sHghtly or not at all exserted beyond the very hirsute or hispid-ciliate bracts
and subtending leaves (6 to 9 lines, and the lobes only H lines long) : calyx-lobes acerose.
— PI. Hartw. 1. c. ; Gray, 1. c. — Calif ornia, reaching into Nevada, &c. Greyish with short
pubescence on the stems, and longer both rigid and softer spreading hairs fringing the
leaves and bracts. Corolla rose or violet, fading to white.

140 POLEMONIACE^. Gilia.

» * Entire-leaved, wholly glabrous, very dwarf : anthers sessile in the throat of the corolla, the
cuneate lobes of which are somewhat undulate-toothed or 1-3-dentate at the broad apex: ovules
10 to 16 in each cell.

G. nndioatllis, Gray. Very glabrous, an inch to a span high, at length branching from
the base : stem (a long internode) leafless from the cotyledons up to the inflorescence,
which is a close head or glomerule subtended by an involucre of several ovate-lanceolate
or lanceolate foliaceous bracts : corolla white, pink, or yellow ; the tube 3 or 4 lines long
and thrice the length of the calyx, rather longer than the lobes. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii.
266; & Bot. Calif, i. 492. Collomia nudicaulis, Hook. & Am. Bot. Beech. 369. — Sandy
plains, in spring, interior of Oregon and Nevada to Colorado.

§ 4. SiPHONELLA, Gray. Like Leptosiphon, but tube of corolla not surpassing
the calyx, and its throat more funnelform, ovules only 2 or 4 in each cell, and
flowers less glomerate : perennials, more or less woody or suffrutescent at base,
cinereous-puberulent or the 3-7 -parted leaves glabrate : calyx cylindraceous, firm-
herbaceous, soon 5-parted ; the abrupt margins of the lanceolate-subulate lobes
and the sinuses not at all scarious : corolla white, with yellow throat, obovate
lobes (3 or 4 lines long), and tube externally puberulent: filaments short, slightly
exserted : anthers short. — Siphonella, Nutt. herb.

G. Nuttallii, Gray. Stems or branches a span to a foot high, rather simple, terminated
by a dense leafy cluster of flowers : divisions of the leaves narrowly linear (6 to 9 lines
long), mucronate : ovules a pair in each cell. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 267; Watson, Bot.
I^g, 265, t. 26. — Western side of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado and Utah to Arizona
and the Sierra Nevada in California.

G. floriblinda, Gray. Taller and more slender, paniculately or corymbosely branched :
the copious flowers in rather loose cymose clusters, often pedicelled : divisions of the leaves
very slender, almost acicular or filiform: ovules 4 in each cell. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c, &
Bot. Calif, i. 492. — San Diego Co., California, on the southern borders, and east to Arizona,
Coulter, Palmer, &,c.

§ 5. LeptodXctylon, Benth. Corolla salverform, with tube more or less ex-
ceeding the calyx ; the throat somewhat funnelform-dilated : filaments short,
inserted in or below the throat : anthers short, included : ovules numerous in each
cell: seeds with a close coat, developing neither spiricles nor mucilage when
wetted : perennials or undershrubs, commonly tufted, very leafy : leaves all alter-
nate, except in one species, and much fascicled in the axils, palmately 3-7-parted,
acerose or subulate, rigid and pungent : flowers showy (rose, lilac, or white), soli-
tary and sessile or few in a cluster at the summit of short branches or branchlets.
— Leptodactylon, Hook. & Am.

* * Leaves all opposite : stems or branches almost herbaceous from a woody base.
G. "Watsoni, Gray. Roughish-puberulent and glandular, or at length smoothish : slender
branches a span high from the woody caudex : leaves not much fascicled, widely spread-
ing; the slender acerose divisions (6 to 8 lines long) often shorter than the internodes;
calyx-lobes barely half the length of the tube : corolla nearly white (with purplish throat) ;
its tube and lobes each half inch long : anthers at the orifice : ovules 10 or more in each
cell. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. ; Watson, Bot. King, 265, t 26. — Rocky hills, Utah, Watson.
* * Leaves all alternate : stems decidedly wood}'.
G. Californica, Benth. Branches and very crowded soon widely spreading leaves
tomentose-pubescent, or rather villous when young : corolla (rose or lilac, its ample limb
an inch and a half in diameter) witli broadly wedge-obovate lobes, their margin often
minutely erose : anthers linear-oblong, included in the upper part of the tube : ovules 20 or
more in each cell. — DC. Prodr. 1. c. Leptodactylon Californicum, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech.
349, t. 89 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4872. — Dry hills, W. California, south to San Bernardino Co.
G. piingens, Benth. Branches and mostly erectish or little-spreading leaves viscid-
pubescent, puberulent, or glabrate: corolla rose, wliite, or "yellow" (Dough), the lobes

GiUa. POLEMONIACE.E. 141

narrower and only half as large aa in the preceding : anthers in the throat, oblong : ovules
8 or 10 in each cell. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. G. pungens & G. Hookeri, Benth. in DC. 1. c.
— Plains of the Upper Platte and Columbia to Arizona and E. California. Widely varia-
ble. The original Cantua -pungens, Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 26 {^gochloa Torreyi, Don), of
the Platte, is a low glabrate form.

Var. caespitosa, Gray, i.e. (Leptodactylm cceapitosum, Nutt. PI. Gamb.),i8 a low and
dense form, imitating Phlox Douglasii in growth. — Scott's Bluffs, Wyoming, Nuttnll.

Var. Hookeri, Gray, l. c. [Phlox Hookeri, Dougl. in Hook. Fl. ii. 73, t. 159, & G.
Hookeri, Benth.), is taller, with sparser more rigid leaves, and viscid-pubescent flowering
shoots. — Interior of Oregon, California, &c. Flowers not found to be " yellow."

Var. squarrosa, Gray, 1. c. A foot or two high, with virgate branches, beset with
stouter and more rigid recurved-spreading pungent leaves. — Dry interior region, Nevada
to Idaho and Washington Terr.

Series II. Leaves alternate and pinnately incised, cleft, or divided, or rarely-
entire, occasionally some of the lowermost opposite : filaments slender : seed-coat
(as m.Collomia) when wetted mucilaginous and sending out threads containing
each a spiral coil (spiricle), except in a few species.

§ 6. Navarretia, Gray, 1. c. Flowers capitate-crowded and densely foliaceous-
bracted (in the last species less so) : lobes of the calyx and oi the mostly (some-
times nearly palmately) multifid bracts rigid and acerose-pungent or spinulose,
often laciniate or unequal : corolla slender, tubular-funuelform or almost salver-
form, and with rather small oval or oblong lobes : filaments inserted in or below
the throat : anthers short : stigmas and cells of the ovary sometimes reduced to 2 :
low and much-branching annuals, sometimes glandular-viscid, never white-woolly ;
with chiefly 1-2-pinnately divided or cleft leaves, their lobes commonly subulate
and pungent. — Navarretia, Ruiz & Pav,, Benth.

* Leaves and bracts, or some of them, more than once pinnately parted, i. e. their primary divisions
incised or parted.

H— Ovules and seeds numerous (8 to 12) in each cell: stamens included in the throat of the corolla,
commonly unequal in length and slightly so in insertion : herbage very glandular-viscid and
unpleasantly aromatic-scented.

G. squarrosa, Hook. & Arn. Rather stout and rigid, often a foot high : upper leaves
and bracts spinescent: tube of the small blue (or sometimes whitish) corolla rather shorter
than the mostly enth-e calyx-lobes. — Bot. Beech. 151; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 1. e. 269.
G. pungens, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2977. Hoitzia squarrosa, Esch. jEgochloa pungens, Benth. in
Bot. Reg. 1. c. Navarretia squarrosa. Hook. & Arn. 1. c. 368. N. pungens, Hook. FI. ii. 75.
Plains of California and Oregon ; a common fetid weed.

•i- +- Ovules varying from 1 to 2 or 3 to 4 in each cell : stamens exserted out of the throat of
the corolla, at leng-th mostly equalling the lobes : herbage less viscid or glandular, in some not
at all so.

G. cotlllsef olia, Steud. Rigid, a span to a foot high, pubescent or below glabrate, above
mostly minutely glandular : leaves chiefly 2-pinnately parted ; the subulate divisions of the
upper and of the bracts spinescent : tube of the violet-blue or white corolla hardly longer
than the lobes of the sparsely villous calyx ; the throat f unnelform : ovules solitary
or rarely a pair in each of the (frequently only 2) cells of tlie ovary. — ^gocMoa pubescens
& cotula/olia, Benth. in Bot. Reg. Navarretia puhescens & cotulcefolia, Hook. & Arn. 1. c. ;
Benth. in DC. 1. c. — California; common westward, on dry hiUs : exhales the odor of Anthc-
mis Cotula.

G. intertexta, Steud. Erect or widely branched, low and rather stout, neither viscid
nor glandular: stem retrorsely pubescent: leaves mainly glabrous, with divaricate acerose-
spinescent divisions sparingly divided or simple : flowers densely glomerate : tube of the
calyx and base of the bracts strongly villous with white spreading hairs ; its lobes equalling
the white corolla : ovules and seeds 3 or 4 in each cell. — Navarretia intertexta, Hook. I. c. —
Plains of Columbia River to California and tlie Rocky Mountains. Corolla 3 or 4 lines
long, the stamens equalling its lobes.

142 POLEMONIACE^. Gilia.

G. mininia, Gray. Depressed, often forming broad tufts (half inch to 2 inches high),
glabrate : leaves acicular and with simpler and fewer divisions than the preceding : tube of
the calyx white-hairy in the broad sinuses, as long as the unequal lobes, which equal or
exceed the white corolla : ovules 1 to 3 in each cell. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. ; Watson, Bot.
King, 266, Navarretia minima, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 160. — Interior of Oregon and Nevada to
Colorado and Dakota, in very arid districts. Corolla a line and a half long; the stamens
mostly shorter than its lobes.

G. Breweri, Gray. Erect or at length much branched and diffusely spreading, an inch
to a span high, very minutely glandular-puberulent all over : flowers less glomerate :
leaves with mostly simple acicular-subulate divisions : calyx-lobes similar to these, narrowly
subulate, about equalling the yellow corolla, 3 or 4 times the length of the tube (which is
even shorter than the capsule) : ovules 1 or 2 in each cell. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. & Bot.
Calif, i. 494; Watson, 1. c. — Sierra Nevada, California (Brewer, &c.), and through the in-
terior to Utah and Wyoming. Corolla 3 or 4 lines long.

G. leucocephala, Gray, 1. c. Slender, a span or less high, seldom rigid, not glandular,
glabrous, except some woolly pubescence at the summit of the stem and of the thin calyx-
tube : leaves soft ; their often simple divisions slender ; those of the bracts barely pungent :
corolla white, longer than the calyx (4 lines long) : stamens considerably exserted : ovules
2 in each cell. — Navarretia leucocephala, Benth. PI. Hartw. 324. — California, on the Sacra-
mento and its tributaries, and Mendocino Co., in low grounds.

* * Leaves simply pinnatifid or incised, or many of them entire.
4— All .slender and filiform, except the bracts of the small heads, which are more or less pahnately
3-5-cleft: corolla rather slender, 3 or 4 lines long: stems slender, not over a span high, diffusely
branched : often with prohferous fihform branches.

G. divaricata, Torr. Not glandular-viscid, glabrate; the bracts and especially the
calyx woolly-pubescent : divisions of the uppermost leaves and the similar bracts acerose :
corolla purple or apparently yellowish: ovules 5 to 7 in each cell. — Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. viii. 270, & Bot. Calif, i. 494. — Calif ornia, from Lake Co. to Mariposa Co., up to 8000
feet in the Sierra Nevada.

G. filicaulis, Torr. More paniculate, glandular-viscid but not pubescent : upper leaves
filiform or setaceous and entire : bracts somewhat cuneate and the lobes pungent ; the inner
shorter than the violet corolla : ovules solitary or at most a pair in each cell. — Gray, 1. c.
— California, Mariposa Co. to Butte Co.

H— H— Leaves broader and rigid, linear or lanceolate, with spinulose lobes ; the floral ones dilated
at base and often cartilaginous : stems stout, 2 to 8 inches high: flowers densely glomerate:
corolla violet or purple, a third to half inch long, about twice the length of the subulate spinescent
calyx-lobes.

G. viscidula, Gray, 1. c. Viscid-pubescent, at length much branched : cauline leaves slen-
der and laciniate-pinnatifid or parted into setaceous-subulate ascending lobes ; the floral and
bracts only moderately dilated : ovules 1 to 4 in each cell. — Navarretia viscidula, Benth. PI.
Hartw. 325, a small form. — Dry hills, California, from Santa Barbara to the Sacramento
and east to the foothills of the Sierra Nevada.
■ G. atractyloides, Steud. Pubescent and very viscid, also very rigid, especially the
leaves and bracts ; these lanceolate or the uppermost even ovate, all pinnatifid, and with
divaricate subulate-spinescent lobes : flowers less glomerate : ovules 6 or 7 in each cell. —
yEgocMoa atractyloides, Benth. in Bot. Reg. 1. c. Navarretia atractyloides, Hook. & Arn. Bot.
Beech. 368 ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. ix. 310. — California, from Santa Cruz to San Diego Co.,
in open and dry ground.

•»—•»—-»— Depressed, an inch or two high, at length prostrate, hardly if at all viscid: leaves up-
wardly dilated : flowers comparatively loose and scattered: corolla half to two thirds inch long,
tubular-funnelfonn, much exceeding "the calyx.
G. setosissima, Gray. Pubescent or glabrate, strikingly setose ; the very long white
bristles terminating the lobes of the calyx and the 3 to 7 lobes or teeth of the narrowly
cuneate or linear leaves, and scattered or sometimes clustered down their sides : corolla
white, purple, or mottled ; the limb slightly irregular : ovules 3 to 10 in each cell. — Proc.
Am . Acad. 1. c. 271, & Bot. Calif. 494. Navarretia setosissima, Torr. & Gray, Bot. Ives
Colorad. 22. N. Schottii, Torr. Mex. Bound. 242 ( G. Schottii, Watson, Bot. ICing) ; an_early
and depauperate form. — Deserts of S. E. California, to W. Arizona and S. Utah, first col-
lected by Coulter.

GUia. POLEMONIACE^. 143

§ 7. HuG^LiA, Gray. Flowers capitate-glomerate and foHaceous-bracted : the '
3-5-cleft bracts and calyx densely implexed-woolly ; lobes of the latter acerose
or subulate and cuspidate or pungent : corolla salverform ; the lobes ovate or
oblong : filaments filiform, exserted : anthers deeply sagittate : herbage floccose-
lanate, at least when young, neither glandular nor viscid : leaves or their simple
divisions very narrow and mostly rigid. — Hugelia, Benth. in Bot. Reg. 1. c. Gilia
§ CoUomioides & § Pseudocollomia, Endl., Benth. in DC.

* Woodj'-based and rigid perennial : corolla violet-blue : ovules few or several in each cell.
G. densif olia, Benth. Canescent-lanate when young, glabrate with age : tufted stems
a span to a foot or more high from a ligneous base, leafy to the top, simple or sparingly
branched : leaves rigid, mostly pinnatifid or incisely laciniate mto short-subulate spinu-
lose lobes : flowers densely capitate-glomerate : tube of the corolla (half inch long) twice
or thrice the length of the calyx: anthers sagittate-linear. — DC. Prodr. ix. 311 ; Gray, 1. c.
(Hugelia densiflora, Benth. in Bot. Reg.), a short and stout form, with crowded leaves. G.
elongata, Steud. ; Benth. 1. c, a taller and looser form, with cells of the ovary usually only
2-8-ovulate. — California near the coast, from Santa Clara Co. southward, and thence to
W. Arizona and S. Nevada.
* * Herbaceous, and the root annual or biennial : leaves or divisions nearly or quite filiform.
■i- Corolla violet, blue, or purple, or fading to white: ovules few (but seldom if ever solitary) in
the cells.
G. virgata, Steud. White-floccose becoming glabrate : stem slender, either simple and
vu-gate (a span to a foot high) or with virgate branches from the base and paniculately
branched above : leaves slender-filiform ; the lower mainly entire and the upper rarely
more than 3-parted : flowers usually in rather small capitate clusters : corolla blue or lav-
ender ; the tube 4 to 6 lines long, surpassing the acerose calyx-lobes : anthers linear-sagit-
tate, a line long. — Hugelia virgata, Benth. 1. c. ; Hook. Ic. t. 200. — Calif ornia, on dry hills
from Monterey southward, and east to Arizona.

Var. floribunda, Gray. A remarkable form, with corymbose branches terminated
by much larger and very many -flowered capitate clusters: most of the leaves (even the
lower) pinnately 3-7-parted: corolla-lobes 3 or 4 lines long.— Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c, & Bot.
Calif, i. 495. — Santa Clara Co. to San Diego Co., Wallace, Brewer, Palmer.
G. floccosa, Gray. More branched and generally lower than the foregoing, 2 to 12
inches high, similarly floccose-wooUy, at length diffuse or spreading : corolla from violet-
blue to whitish ; its tube 3 or 4 lines long, surpassing the subulate calyx-lobes : anthers
narrowly oblong, fully half a line long. —Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. & Bot. Calif, i. 495, excl.
syn. " HicgeUa lutea, Benth." — Dry plains and desert, southern and eastern portions of Cali-
fornia and S. E. Oregon to Utah and Arizona.
G. filif olia, Nutt. Flowers smaller ; the lobes of the corolla seldom over a line in length,
and its tube hardly if at all exceeding the calyx and bracts : anthers cordate-oval, a quar-
ter or third of a line long: .otherwise like small forms of the preceding. — PI. Gamb. 156;
Gray, 1. c. — Santa Barbara and San Isabel, California, to the Rio Colorado.

Var. diffusa, Gray, 1. c. A diffuse form, barely a span high ; the leaves commonly
rather shorter and less slender. — Interior of Nevada and Arizona to the western frontier
of Texas.

^_ ^_ Corolla yellow : ovules solitary in the cells.
G. lutescens, Steud. A span high, closely resembles G. floccosa except in the above
particulars, and the bright sulphur-yellow corolla only 3 lines long ; its tube not exserted
and lobes hardly exceeding a line in length : anthers elongated-oblong : capsule oval, 3-
seeded. — Benth. in DC. 1. c. 311. Hugelia lutea, Benth. in Bot. Reg. 1. c. — W. California ;
back of Monterey ? Douglas. Back of San Simeon, Palmer, confirming the yellow color of
the corolla.

§ 8. Elaphocera, Nutt. Flowers capitate-congested or sometimes more
loosely cymose, more or less foliaceous-bracted : bracts and calyx-lobes commorily
cuspidate or aristulate (but not pungent), and pubescent or ciliate with long and
many-jointed somewhat viscid hairs : corolla (white or barely purplish) salver-

144 POLEMONIACEiE. Gilia.

form ; the tube little exceeding the calyx ; its lobes oval or oblong : stamens
shorter than the corolla-lobes, inserted in or near the sinuses : biennials, short-
lived perennials, or annuals, low or dwarf, more or less woolly-pubescent when
young : leaves simply pinnatifid or entire.

* Leaves all entire, acerose-subulate or filiform : filaments slender. (Approaches § fi^u^e/ia.)

G. "Wrightii, Gray. Stems rigid, virgate, a foot high from an indurated or woody base
or perennial ? root, very leafy to the top : leaves rigid, cuspidate-tipped : flowers capi-
tate-crowded : bracts ovate-lanceolate, the larger ones sparingly laciniate, tipped with an
awn-like cusp, as are the subulate calyx-lobes ; these slightly shorter than the tube of the
corolla : ovules 3 or 4 in each cell (4 lines long). — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 273. — W. Texas,
on the Rio Grande 40 to 60 miles below El Paso, Wright.

G. Gunnisoni, Torr. & Gray. Annual, a span high, slender, at length almost glabrous,
loosely paniculate-branched : leaves scattered, linear-filiform : bracts short, lanceolate,
entire, tipped (like the triangular calyx-lobes) with a short cusp: flowers capitellate ; the
heads terminating slender peduncle-like branches : tube of the corolla slightly longer than
the calyx and longer than its lobes : ovules 2 or sometimes 3 in each cell. — Pacif. R. Rep.
ii. 129, t. 9. — S. E. Utah, Kreusfeldt, Newbemj, Brandegee.

* * Leaves all or most of them pinnately parted into few narrow linear divisions, or sometimes all
entire: filaments short: tube of the corolla not at all or at length slightly exceeding the calyx:
flowers densely capitate-clustered: perennials of short duration or biennials; the base of the
simple or clustered stems or root hard and ligneous.

G. spicata, Nutt. Stems rather stout, erect, simple, or several from the fusiform root, a
span or two high: capitate flower-clusters crowded in an elongated virgate and spike-like
thyrsus : leaves thickish, almost filiform, some about 3-cleft, occasionally all entire, barely
mucronate : corolla-lobes oblong-ovate, shorter than the tube : anthers subsessile in the
throat : ovules 4 to 6 in the cells. — Benth in Kew Jour. Bot. iii. 290 ; Gray, 1. c. G. spicata
& G. trijida, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 156. — Rocky Mountains, Wyoming to Colorado and Utah.

Var. capitata, Gray, 1. c. A dwarf form : leaves nearly all entire : thyrsus short
and capituliform : filaments as long as the anther : approaches the next species. — Alpine
region, from Black Hills in Dakota to Colorado.

G. COngesta, Hook. Stems erect or spreading (3 to 12 inches high) from a tufted base,
bearing single terminal or few and corymbose capituliform cymes : leaves with 3 to 7 mu-
cronate divisions, or some of them entire : lobes of the corolla oval, nearly as long as the
tube, which does not exceed the usually aristulate-tipped calyx-lobes : exserted filaments at
length as long as the anthers : ovules 2 to 4 in each cell. — Hook. Fl. ii. 75, & Ic. t. 235. —
Wyoming and Colorado east of the Rocky Mountains to Oregon and the Sierra Nevada,
California. Tube of the white corolla not over 2 lines long.

Var. crebrifolia, Gray, 1. c. Depressed; the tufted stems 2 or 3 inches long,
crowded with small entire leaves, and terminated by a single capitate cluster. — G. crebri-
folia, Nutt. 1. c — Mountains of Colorado and Utah. Connected with G. congesta by some
intermediate forms.

G. iberidif olia, Benth. Leaves more rigid than in the preceding and the lobes cuspi-
date-tipped, as also the bracts : capitate cymes corymbose : filaments shorter : ovules soli-
tary in each cell. — Hook. Kew Jour. Bot. iii. 290. — Scott's Bluffs and Blackwater, North
Platte, Nebraska and Wyoming, Geyer, H. Engelmann. Perhaps only a form of G. congesta.

* * * Leaves pinnatifid, trifid, or some of them entire : flowers cymulose-glomerate and leafy
bracted, or at length loose : low annuals, branching from the base, only a span high : calyx-lobes
aristulate-cuspidate.

G. pumila, Nutt. Stems loosely woolly, at least when young, leafy : leaves narrowly
linear, entire or most of them 2-4-parted into diverging linear lobes, mucronate : tube of
the corolla slender, about thrice the length of its lobes and twice the length of the aristu-
late-tipped calyx-lobes : filaments slender, inserted in the sinuses, exserted, shorter than the
lobes of the corolla : ovules about 6 in each cell. — PI. Gamb. 156 ; Gray, 1. c. G. trijida,
•Benth. in Kew Jour. Bot. iii. 291. — W. Texas, and New Mexico to W. Nebraska, and west
to the Sierra Nevada. Tube of the corolla 3 or nearly 4 lines long; the limb small.

G. pol^cladon, Torr. Stems puberulent or sparsely pubescent, diffuse, very few-leaved :
leaves pinnatifid or incised ; the lobes short, oblong, abruptly spinulose-mucronate, those

<^'^*«- POLEMONIACE^. 145

subtending the cymose cluster longer than the flowers : tube of the corolla hardly exceeding

the anstulate-mucronate calyx-lobes: anthers in the throat, on very short filaments:

ovules 2 m each cell. - Bot. Mex. Bound. 147 ; Watson, Bot. King, 268. - Western Texas

to Utah and W. Nevada. Corolla a line or two long, white with a tinge of rose-color.

§ 9. Ipomopsis, Benth., partly. Flowers thyrsoid-paniculate, inconspicuously

bracted or ebracteate : corolla scarlet or red, with white varieties, narrowly tubular-

funnelform, gradually and regularly enlarging upward, very much surpassing the

subulate calyx-lobes and its own ovate or lanceolate spreading or recui-ving lobes :

stamens inserted in the throat or below the sinuses of the corolla, not longer than

its lobes : anthers oval or short-oblong : ovules numerous : biennials, not*woolly,

and usually showy-flowered. — Ipomopsis, Michx. Ipomeria, Nutt.

* Stem virgate, leafy: leaves pinnately parted into filiform or narrowly linear divisions: inflores-
cence contracted.

G. coronopifolia, Pers. (Standing Ctpeess.) Glabrous or barely pubescent: stem
2 to 6 feet high, very leafy throughout : divisions of the leaves and rhachis nearly filiform,
acute and niucronate : flowers very numerous in a long and narrow compact thyrsus or
panicle, inodorous : calyx-lobes setaceous-subulate, as long as the tube : corolla an inch or an
inch and a half long, scarlet (within yellowish and dotted with red) ; the lobes ovate, mode-
rately spreading, barely exceeding the slender filaments : seeds not developing mucilage
nor spiral threads when wet, but with a lax reticulate-cellular outer coat! — Lindl. Bot.
Reg. 1. 1691. . Polemonium ruhrum & TpornKa rubra, L. Cantua thi/rsoidea, Juss. C. pinnaHJidn,
Lam. C. coronopifolia, Willd. C. elegans, Poir. Ipomopsis elegnns, Michx.; Smith, Exot!
t. 13. Ipomeria coronopifolia, Nutt. Gen. i. 124. Gilia Floridana, Don (Cantua, Nutt.), & G
Beyrichiana, Bouche', are mere forms. — Dry sandy soil, South Carolina and Florida to
Arkansas and Texas. Common in gardens.,

G. aggregata, Spreng. Somewhat pubescent : stems 2 to 4 feet high, less leafy, some-
times loosely branching: leaves thickish, with narrowly linear mucronulate divisions:
tliyrsoid narrow panicle loose or interrupted-; the (fragrant) flowers sessile in small mostly
short-pedunculate clusters : calyx coinmorily glandular ; its lobes subulate : corolla from
scarlet to pink-red (rarely white), with narrow tube ; the lobes ovate or lanceolate, acute or
acuminate, widely spreading, soon recurved : filaments slender : seeds when wetted devel-
oping mucilage and spiricles. — Syst. i. 626; Don, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 218; Gray, 1. c.
Cantua aggregata, Pursh. (Ipomeria aggregata, Nutt.) C. coronopifolia ? & C. aggregata, Torr.
Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 220. Ipomopsis elegans, Lindl. Bot. Eeg. t. 1281. Gilia pulchella, Dougl.
in Hook. Fl. ii. 74 ; Benth. 1. c. — W. Nebraska to W. Texas, New Mexico to Oregon, E.
California and Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) More or less heterogone-dimorphous : both
stamens and style included (and^the style shorter) in some individuals, both exserted (and
the style longer) in most. Varies peatly : the extremes being

Var. attenuata. Corolla-lobes lanceolate, tapering gradually from the very base
into a slender acumination : calyx-lobes equally slender. — Colorado, in Middle Park, Parry.
A white-flowered form, with stamens and style included.

Var. Bridgesii, Gray, 1. c. ..-Stems low (6 to 18 inches) and diffuse or spreading,
as if from a perennial root : corolla bright red ; fts lobes oblong-ovate and merely acute :
calyx-lobes shorter and broader, from subulate-lanceolate to deltoid : lobes of the leaves
thicker and obtuse. — California, through the Sierra Nevada.

* * Stem low, loosely paniculate-branched : upper leaves reduced to bracts.

G. SUbnuda, Torr. Glandular-puberulent, a span or two high : leaves all undivided,
mainly crowded at the indurated base, spatulate or oblong and tapering into a margined
petiole, sparsely and irregularly dentate ; the few upper linear and entire ; the uppermost
subulate and minute : flowers rather crowded in a fcAv small clusters : calyx-lobes subulate,
about the length of the campanulate tube : corolla orange or scarlet; the tube (half inch
long) thrice the length of the ovate obtuse lobes : anthers included in the throat on very
short filaments : seeds developing mucilage and spiricles. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 276.
— Arizona and S. Nevada to New Mexico, Neivherry, Stretch, Palmer.

G. Haydeni, Gray. Almost glabrous, above slightly glandular, a span or more high,
effusely much branched, somewhat corymbose : radical leaves pinnatifid ; those of the

10 •

146 POLEMONIACE^. Gilia.

branches linear and subulate, bract-like, entire : flowers mainly pedicellate : calyx-lobes
subulate, shorter than the tube: corolla rose-red^ slender; the tube (half inch long) several
times longer than the obovate lobes : anthers subsessile in the throat : ovules only 6 in
each cell : seeds fewer, neither spirilhferous nor mucilaginous when wetted. — Proc. Am.
Acad. xii. 79. — S. W. Colorado or adjacent Utah, on the San Juan, Brandcgee.

§ 10. Gilij(ndra, Gray. Flowers thyrsoid-paniculate and hardly bracted,
rather small : corolla bluish or white, salverform ; the tube hardly double the
length of the calyx and little longer than its own obovate lobes : these surpassed
by the slender and much exserted filaments : anthers short : ovules about 6 in
each cell : seeds destitute both of mucilage and spiricles : glandular-puberulent
and rather low biennials, with simply pinuatifid leaves, the radical in a dense
rosulate tuft : calyx-lobes triangular. ■

G. stenoth^sa, Gray. Stem simple, virgate, very leafy up to the racemiform narrow
thyrsus : leaves pinnately cleft into short oblong lobes : bracts small and entire : stamens
moderately exserted : corolla somewhat funnelform, apparently white, nearly half inch
long. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 276. — Uinta Mountains, Utah, Fremont.

G. pinnatifida, Nutt. Stem simple or loosely branching, a span to 2 feet high : inflores-
cence open-paniculate, often compound : leaves pinnately parted into linear or narrowly
oblong lobes; these sometimes again 1-2-lobed; stamens conspicuously exserted (3 lines
long, inserted just uhder the sinuses): corolla strictly salverform, pale blue or violet, or
the narrow tube white (this and the lobes 2 or 3 lines long). — Gray, 1. c. — Rocky Moun-
tains, common from S. Wyoming through Colorado (and Utah ?) to New Mexico.

§ 11. MiCROGiLiA, Benth. Flowers scattered, very small: corolla white, sal-
verform : stamens inserted on and included in the tube : ovules solitary in the
cells: much-branched annuals, with filiform or slender-subulate and entire (or
sometimes 3-parted) small leaves : calyx short-campanulate, 5-toothed.

G. minutiflora, Benth. Glabrous, or minutely glandular-puberulent above : stem erect,
a foot or two high, with many virgate and rigid slender branches : upper leaves all reduced
to minute subulate appressed bracts ; tlie lower longer and some of them 3-parted : flowers
terminating and also sparsely spicately disposed along the branchlets, 2 lines long : tube of
the corolla about twice the length of the calyx and of its own lobes : filaments slender:
capsule oval: seed oblong. — DC. Prodr. ix. 315. Collomia (PicrocoUa) linoides, 'Nutt. F\.
Gamb. 159. — Interior of Oregon (or now Idaho, not " CaUf ornia "), Douglas. Wyoming
on the Upper Platte, Nuttall, Fremont.

G. tenerrima, Gray. Minutely and sparsely glandular, low, effusely much branched :
branches filiform : leaves entire : flowers loosely panicled, on slender divergent pedicels,
minute: capsule globular (barely a line long): seed turgid oval. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii.
277 ; Watson, Bot. King, 270. — Utah, Bear River Valley, near Evanston (in fruit), Watson.

§ 12. EuGiLiA, Benth., Gray. Flowers scattered, crowded, or rarely capitate-
glomerate, inconspicuously bracted or ebracteate : corolla from funnelform to
nearly rotate : stamens usually inserted in or just below the sinuses of the corolla,
not exceeding its lobes (or rarely moderately so) : filaments slender : leaves
various, all or chiefly alternate.

* Ovules solitary in the cells: corolla funnelform with slender elongated tube and rather abruptly
dilated tliroat (in the manner of § Navarretici, but no pungent or even mucronate tips to calyx-
lobes or leaves): sinuses of calyx somewliat replicate : very depressed small perennials, with fih-
form rootstocks and crowded leaves, among which the violet or purplish flowers are solitary aud
subsessile in the forks or axils.

G. Larseni, Gray. Filiform creeping rootstocks elongated: stems rising only an inch or
two above ground : leaves pedately 5-7-parted or the upper 3-oleft, rather surpassing tlie
flowers, soft-pubescent : corolla half inch long, with tube slightly exceeding the calyx ; its
rounded lobes somewhat surpassing the stamens and style. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 84, & Bot.
Calif. L 497. — California, on Larsen's Peak, in loose volcanic ashes, Lemmon, John Larsen.

^*'^««- POLEMONIACEiE. 147

G. debiHs. Watson. An inch or two high, minutely pubescent: leaves oblong 2-3-
lobed or entire, tapering into a short petiole, shorter than the flowers : corolla two thirds
inch long; the tube exceeding the calyx: lobes of the latter conspicuously S-nerved ■
stamens more or less and the style prominently exserted: "seed without mucilage or spi-
ricles. —Am. Naturalist, viii. 302 ; Rothrock, in Wheeler Rep. t. 19. — S. Utah, Wheeler.
* * Ovules and seeds few or numerous in the cells.
■h- Root annual.

'*^♦;ml™,l!^^'°'■fl ""^ ^^'' ^"""elform, having a distinct tube : corolla from blue to purplish or some-
times white: flowers in the first species much crowded and short-pedicelled, in tW last scattered.

""ni5fa*!'i*^T'-'T",'^ mucilage and spiricles when wetted, mostly numerous: leaves once to thrice
pmnately divided or cleft : herbage somewhat pubescent or glabrate.

G. capitata, Dougl. Stem slender, a foot or two high, nearly glabrous : leaves 2-3-pin-
nately divided into slender or even filiform-linear lobes : flowers numerous in dense capitate
clusters terminating long naked peduncles : calyx glabrous or nearly so : corolla light blue
(4 or 5 lines long) ; its tube about the length of tlie narrowly oblong or lanceolate-linear
lobes and the nearly glabrous calyx, only slightly dilated at the throat : stamens inserted
m the very sinuses of the corolla. — Hook. Bot. Mag. t.2698; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1170-
Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 287. — W. California and Oregon. Common in gardens.

G. achilleaefolia, Benth. Generally more pubescent and rather stouter than the pre-
ceding, and the head like flower-clusters larger and less compact : flowers larger : calyx
more or less woolly ; its lobes with short recurved tips : lobes of the violet-blue or lavender-
purple corolla obovate or broadly oblong; its throat abruptly and amply dilated. — Bot.
Reg. no. 1622, & Prodr. I. c. 311; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5939; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 447.—
Common throughout W. California.

G. mtllticaTllis, Benth. 1. c. A span to a foot high, at length diffuse : leaves mostly
twice pinnately parted into narrow linear lobes : flowers fewer and in a less dense shorter-
peduncled cluster than tJie preceding, some of the pedicels in fruit equalling the calyx :
corolla (4 lines long) violet ; its proper tube shorter than the calyx, and its obovate or
ovate lobes not longer than the funnelform throat: capsule ovoid. — Gray, Bot. Calif,
i. 498. G. achillecEfolia, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1682 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3440; Brit. Fl. Gard.
n. ser. t. 280, not Benth. G. mil/efollata, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. 1838, 35, a dif-
fuse and small-flowered form. G. sfricta, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 755. PoJemonium capitatum,
Eschsch. in Mem. Acad. Petrop. 1826 ? — California, very common throughout the western
part of the State.

Var. tenera, Gray, 1. c, a depauperate and attenuated form, in dry and poor soil,
with peduncle more loosely 3-5-flowered, or even 1-flowered. — G. sHcta Liebm Ind Sem
Hafn. 1853 ? — With the ordinary form.

G. tricolor, Benth. A span to a foot or two high, mostly slender, paniculately branched,
at length diffuse : leaves (as of the preceding or more slender) and calyx, &c., usually more
viscid-pubescent : flowers few or several and short-pedicelled or subsessile in cymulose
rather sliort-peduncled clusters : corolla (half inch long) twice or thrice the lengtii of the
calyx, with very short and yellowish proper tube, ample campanulate-funnelform throat
marked with deep brown-purple, and lilac or violet roundish lobes which surpass the
stamens. — Hort. Trans, viii. t. 18 ; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1704 ; Brit. Fl. Gard. n. ser. t. 264 ;
Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3463. — California, tliroughout the western part of the State: common
in cultivation.

G. latiflora. A span or two high, effusely paniculate, glabrous, and the inflorescence and
calyx sparsely glandular : radical leaves simply pinnatifid, linear-lanceolate (an inch or
two long), with short ovate or triangular and cuspidate-tipped lobes ; the cauline few and
small or minute, all but the lowest entire and subulate : paniculate cyme very loose : pedicels
equalling or shorter than the flower: corolla (7 to 11 lines long) purple with yellowish or
brownish throat, dilated-funnelform, abruptly contracted below into a narrow tube which
slightly exceeds the calyx ; its lobes rounded-obovate : capsule ovoid. — G. tenuiflnra, var.
latiflora, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 278, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. —California, San Diego and
Los Angeles Co., Fremont, Wallace, Palmer (402).

G. tenuiflora, Benth. A foot or more high, slender, loosely paniculate above : radical
and lower leaves bipinnately parted or divided, or simply divided and the narrow divisions

148 POLEMONIACEiE. GUia.

incised, the lobes short ; the upper becoming simple, small and entire : branches loosely
few-flowered: pedicels shorter than the flower: corolla (7 to 9 lines long) rose-color with
violet throat, narrowly funnelforra or even trumpet-shaped; its slender tube fully thrice
the length of the calyx : capsule ovoid-oblong. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1. 1888; Gray, 1. c, excl.
var. — California, from Monterey southward.
G. inconspicua, Dougl. Mostly low, a span to a foot or more high, usually with slight
woolly pubescence wlien young, and viscid glandular, branching from the base : leaves
mostly pinnatifid or pinnately parted, or the lowest bipinnatifid, with short mucronate-cus-
pidate lobes ; the uppermost becoming small, subulate, and entire : flowers either somewliat
crowded and subsessile or at length loosely panicled and some of them slender-pedicclled :
corolla violet or purphsh (3 to 5 lines long), narrowly funnelform, with proper tube shorter
or slightly longer than the calyx. — Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2883 (corolla too salverform) ;
Benth. in DC. 1. c. ; Gray, 1. c. G. parviflora, Spreng. Syst. i. 626. Cantua parvijlora, Pursh,
Fl. ii. 730. Ipomopsis inconspicua, Smith, Exot. 1. 14. — Wyoming to the western border of
Texas, and west tp California and British Columbia. Very variable in size and form of
corolla, passing into

Var. sinuata, Gray, 1. c. Corolla larger, at least in proportion to the calyx, becom-
ing thrice its length, with tube more exserted and throat and lobes more ample. — G. simiata,
Dougl. ; Benth. in DC. 1. c. G. arenaria, Benth. 1. c. — Oregon and California to New
Mexico. Some forms approaching the two preceding.

— — Seeds destitute of mucilage and spiricles when wetted, numerous: leaves nearly all radical,
barely pinnatifid or toothed; the cauline mainly reduced to small subulate bracts of the open
compound panicle, which is about a span high : some flowers with very short, others with slender
pedicels, in the manner of G. inconspicua and related species.
G. leptomeria, Gray. Minutely somewhat glandular-viscid : radical leaves oblong or
broadly lanceolate (an inch or more long), incisely toothed or sinuate-pinnatifid ; the ob-
tuse teeth or lobes minutely mucronate-cuspidate : cymose, panicle effuse: flowers incon-
spicuous : corolla whitish, 2 or 3 lines long, fully twice the length of the calyx, slender-
funnelform, and with very small acute lobes : capsule ovoid, equalling or surpassing the
triangular acute calyx-teeth. — Proc. 1. c. & Bot. Calif, i. 498 ; "Watson, Bot. King, 270,
t. 26, fig. 6-11. — Interior desert region, Nevada and Utah, Watson, Parry, Lemmon.
G. latifolia, Watson. Viscid-pubescent and above glandular : radical leaves oval or
roundish (an inch or two long), distinctly petioled, repand-dentate and the broad short
teeth slender-spinescent : panicle loosely many-flowered: corolla pinkish, 2^ lines long,
cylindraceous, little longer than the calyx; its lobes acute: capsule oblong, comparatively
large (3 lines long), somewhat exceeded by the spinescent-subulate calyx-lobes. — Am. Nat-
uralist, ix. 347. — S. Utah, Pairy.

•w- ++ Corolla campanulate or rotate: pedicels slenderer filiform, scattered.
= Western species, diffuse and slender, barely a span high : pedicels becoming horizontal or
at length refracted.
G. micromeria, Gray, 1. c. Nearly glabrous, glandless, effusely much branched:
branches filiform : radical and lower leaves pinnatifid, and the lobes obtuse ; the upper
linear and entire : pedicels capillary, half inch long, axillary or opposite the leaves : flower
barely a line long : corolla campanulate, white, a little longer than the o-clef t calyx : cap-
sule globular: seeds few, not mucilaginous. — Watson, I.e. fig. 12-14. — N. W. Nevada,
Watson. Lemmon.
G. filif ormis. Parry. Completely glabrous and smooth : stem erect ; the branches fili-
form and spreading : leaves all filiform or nearly so and entire : scattered capillary pedi-
cels (from 1 to 11 lines long) at length refracted: corolla cream-color, very open-campanu-
late, 2 lines long, deeply 5-cleft, exceeding the 6-parted calyx ; its lobes truncate and
obscurely erose-denticulate : capsule globular: seeds rather few, mucilaginous but not
spirilliferous when wet. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 75. — St. George, S. Utah, Parry.
Perhaps this species belongs to the § Dactylophyllum ; but all except the lowest leaves are
alternate. ,
G. campanulata, Gray. Minutely pubescent when young, obscurely viscid, diffusely
branched from the base, depressed: leaves lanceolate; the lower sparingly pinnatifid-
toothed ; the upper small and entire : pedicels not longer than the flower : corolla white,
oblong-campanulate, 3 or 4 lines long, twice the length of the 5-parted calyx, moderately

Polemonium. POLEMONIACE^. 149

5-lobed : stamens inserted next the base : anthers oblong : ovules about 7 in each cell.

Proc. Am. Acad. vili. 279; Watson, 1. c. fig. 16-18.— W. Nevada, on the banks of the
Truckee River, Watson.

= = Texan and Mexican: pedicels erect or ascending, loosely and effusely paniculate : seeds
mucilaginous and spirilliferous when wetted, rather numerous.

G. incisa, Benth. Merely puberulent : stenife slender and weak, diffusely branched from
tlie base, a foot or two high, leafy : leaves thin ; the radical and lower cauline slender-
petioled, roundish-ovate or obovate, acutely and incisely toothed or lyrately cleft; the
upper lanceolate, sparsely laciniate; uppermost linear, more entire, sessile, and gradually
reduced to subulate bracts : pedicels an inch or two long, rigid : corolla rotate, deeply 5-
cleft (white or blue, half inch or less in diameter), deeply 5-lobed; the lobes ovate: fila-
ments filiform : anthers oblong-oval. — DC. Prodr. ix. 312. G. Lindheimeriana, Scheele in
Linn. xxi. 763. — Shady banks and thickets, Texas. (Mex.)

-f— -i— Root perennial or base of stems lignescent.
•H- Corolla (as far as known) rotate and blue: leaves rigid.

G. rigidula, Benth. Glabrous or viscid-glandular : stems a span or so high, slender and
diffusely branched from a stout lignescent base: leaves mostly pinnately (or the upper-
most nearly palmately) parted or cleft into few or several lanceolate-linear oi- subulate
lobes : pedicels scattered, an inch or less long : corolla completely rotate (f to IJ inches in
diameter), 5-parted; its lobes obovate: filaments filiform: anthers elongated-oblong:
ovules and seeds several in each cell. — DC. 1. c. ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 280. G.
glandiilosa, Scheele, 1. c, one of the viscid-glandular forms. (Corolla opening wide in after-
noon sunshine, closing at sunset, Lindheimer.) — Rocky plains and hills, Texas and New
Mexico. (Adjacent Mex.)

Var. acerosa, Gray, 1. c. More dwarf, rigid, and suffruticose : branches very leafy :
the leaves all with slender-subulate or acerose and somewhat pungent divisions : pedicels
short: flower rather smaller: anthers barely oblong. — Northern New Mexico and borders
of Texas to Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.)

G. caespitosa, Gray. Depressed-cespitose, with a stout lignescent caudex : leaves nearly
all densely crowded on the very short tufted shoots, viscid-puberulent, spatulate or some-
what lanceolate, entire, thickish, half inch long or less : flowering shoots scape-like, 1 to 3
inches high, 1-6-flowered : flowers short-pedicelled : calyx narrow, 2 lines long, 5-clef t ; the
lobes slender-subulate : corolla and stamens not seen : ovules few in each cell. — Proc. Am.
Acad. xii. 80. — Rabbit Valley, Utah, on barren sandstone cliffs, at 7000 feet, L. F. Ward.
— Its proper place in the genus quite uncertain, perhaps next G. subnuda.
•H- ++ <,'oroIla tubular-funnelform: habit and foliage wholly of Pohmonium confertum,\a.r. mdli-
tam, but stamens straight.

G. Brandegei, Gray. Very viscid with glandular pubescence, pleasantly odoriferous,
cespitose : stems a span to near a foot high, simple : leaves all pinnate, elongated-linear in
circumscription ; the radical crowded and with short dilated and scarious sheatliinp petiole ;
the cauline scattered and similar : leaflets very small and numerous, 2 lines long, from oval
to oblong-luiear, sessile, some simple, others 2-parted and so appearing verticillate : flowers
several in a short and racemiform leafy thyrsus : corolla golden yellow, trumpet-shaped, an
inch or less long, more than twice the length of the oblong or cylindraceous obtusely 5-
lobed calyx; its lobes oval and short: the stamens included in its throat (not declined or
curved) : anthers roundish : ovules few in each cell. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 85. — San Juan
Gap, and Waggon-wheel Gap, on the Rio Grande, S. W. Colorado, on the face of high per-
pendicular cliffs, T. S. Brandegee.

Var. Lambornii. Corolla lurid-yellowish or greenish. — Alpine region of Sierra
Blanca, S. Colorado, R. H. Lamhom, A. Gray.

4. P0LEM6N1UM, Tourn. Grekk Valerian, Jacob's Ladder.
(Ancient name, from Ttoleftog, vpar, or more probably from the philosopher Floh'-
^ojr.) — Herbs, of the cooler parts of the northern hemisphere, and one in the
southern ; the leaflets or divisions of the pinnate leaves sessile and not serrate.
Inflorescence racemiform, thyrsiform, or cymulose-paniculate ; the upper pedicels
ebracteate. Flowers blue or white, rarely purplish, usually showy, produced in

150 POLEMONIACE^. Polemonium.

summer. Anthers commonly oblong in the bud, oval in the blossom. Hypogy-
nous disk fleshy and saucer-shaped, somewhat crenate. Seed-coat developing
mucilage and spiricles when wetted. Genus marked rather by habit than char-
acter, the first and last sections too near Gilia.

§ 1. Corolla strictly or even narrowjy funnelform ; its tube more or less ex-
ceeding the oblong or cylindraceous calyx, prominently longer than the lobes: fila-
ments uaked or nearly so and not dilated at base, usually inserted on the middle
of the tube, or occasionally adnate higher : leaflets very small and crowded, so as
seemingly to be verticillate : inflorescence capitate-congested or spiciform : cespi-
tose perennial. (Transition to Gilia )

P. confertum, Gray. A span or more high from a tufted rootstock, glandular-pubes-
cent and viscid, musky -fragrant : radical petioles conspicuously scarious-dilated and sheath-
ing at base : leaflets 1 to 3 lines long, mostly 2-3-divided, and so appearing as if in fascicles
or whorls ; the divisions from round-oval to oblong-linear : flowers densely crowded, honey-
scented ; corolla deep blue, from half to a full inch long ; its roundish lobes 2^ or 3 lines
long: ovules about 3 in each cell. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 73, Proc. Am. Acad, vii 280,
& Bot. Calif, i. 600 ; Watson, Bot. King, 271 ; Robinson, Garden, 1876, with a colored
plate. P. viscosum, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 154, in small part. — Alpine region of the Rocky Moun-
tains from lat. 49° southward to Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and in the high Sierra Nevada,
California.

Var. mellitvim, Gray, 1. c. Usually a taller form : inflorescence more lax and leafy,
becoming spiciform or racemose: corolla pale or sometimes white, fully an inch long, more
narrowly funnelform ; the lobes only one third or fourth the length of the tube. — With the
ordinary form in Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah.

§ 2. Corolla campanulate-funnelform, with tube not surpassing the open cara-
panulate calyx and shorter than the ample spreading limb: filaments usually
dilated and pilose-appendaged at base: inflorescence open and with very few
bracts : leaflets simple and entire, sometimes confluent: root perennial.

* Low, about a span hi^h from cespitose-branching and mostly thickened rootstocks : flowering
stems ouly 1-3-leaved : "flowers cymulose: leaflets seldom half an inch long.
P. viscosum, Nutt. Dwarf and with thick densely tufted rootstocks, viscid-puberulent :
leaflets very numerous and crowded or even imbricated, thickish, ovate or roundish, at most
a line and a half long : flowers in a rather close cymulose cluster : corolla blue or whitish,
barely twice the length of the calyx, its rounded lobes (2 lines long) about the length of the
included tube: filaments not appendaged at base. -PI. Gamb. 154 (mainly, excludmg
wliat relates to the "elongated lanceolate segments of the calyx"); Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. 1. c. — High Rocky Mountains, towards the sources of the Platte, Nultall.
P. humile, Willd. More slender, and from somewhat creeping rootstocks, more or less
"viscid-pubescent : leaflets 15 to 21, from round-oval to oblong, 2 to 6 lines long : flowers
rather few in the clusters : corolla blue or purplish ; its ampler rounded lobes much longer
than the short included tube : filaments pilose at the dilated base : ovules 2 to 4 and seeds
1 or 2 in each cell. — Roem. & Sch. Syst. iv. 792; Cham, in Lihn. vi. 562. A polymor-
phous or complex species, of which the large-flowered high northern form, with rather long
viscid pubescence about the calyx, &c., may be taken as type, after Chamisso, viz. his P.
humile and his var. mncranthum. P. Richardsonii, Graham in Bot. Mag. t. 2800. P. lanatum,
Fischer. P. capitatum, Benth. in DC. Prodr. ix. 317, mainly (excl. syn. Lindl. Bot. Reg.,
which belongs rather to P. cairuleim ; also excluding the original of Eschscholtz, from Cali-
fornia, which must be Gilla multicauUs or G. achiUecefoUa). P. pulchellum, var. macranthum,
Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iii. 85. — Arctic coast to St. Paul's and Shumagin Islands. (Kamts.
to Spitzbergen.) Lobes of the corolla often 5 lines long.

Var. pulchellum. Viscid pubescence mostly minute, or the leaflets often nearly
glabrous and naked : flowers smaller : the lobes of the corolla only 3 or 2 lines long, violet
or lavender blue, in some forms nearly white. (Varies in small-flowered forms with style
and even stamens exserted.) — P.pu/c/ie//u»i, Bunge, in Ledeb. Fl. Alt. 1. 233, & Ic. Ross.

Polemonium. POLEMONIACE^.

151

LfM^; t 907r' ^°™^^'°l?- , P- ^"""^«' Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1. 1304. P.pulcherrimum, Hook.
Bot. Mag t. 2979, a more viscid, lax or diffuse, and small-flowered form ; the corolla violet
varying to white. Us lobes narrower. -N. W. and Arctic coast, and southward along he
llocky Mountams to Colorado and the Sierra Nevada. (Karats. & Siberia.)
* * Taller, from slender rootstocks or roots: leaves and leaflets larger
■^m2rl^^^ *° ^^ '" T'' ?"= ^Je'^.e'-eft, 1 to .3 feet high: leaflets nun^erous and mostlv aporoxi-
T^^Sr^'^^Z:^^-^^ -^^ '- thesameVies either wfnS.Td

■^' *r^jy^®^^^' L- ^ith^'" glabrous or viscid-pubescent: stem mostly strict and virgate
1 to 6 feet high, 5-10-leaved : leaflets from linear-lanceolate to oblong-ovate (9 to 20 lines
long) : flowers numerous in a naked and narrow thyrsus or panicle: calyx cleft to or be-
yond the middle: corolla an incli or considerably less in diameter: elongated style usually
considerably and stamens often somewhat longer than the corolla — Fl Dan t 255 •
!l"trA^-/'- ^'™- *• ^^■^*' ^'^^' ^^"- ^^- ^' 371.- Wet or moist ground; very rare in
the IN. Atlantic States (in swamps in New York, viz. Schoharie Co., Dr. Howe, Delaware
Co., B. D. Gilbert, Herkimer Co., Clinton, also Warren Co., New Jersey, Porter; a' form with
rather open-panicled inflorescence and broadish leaflets) ; but common in western wooded
mountain districts, viz. from Colorado Rocky Mountains to California, Oregon and far
northward. (N. Asia, Eu.) '

Var. acutiflorum, Ledeb., is a high northern and reduced form, a foot to a span
high, with few and large flowers, and ovate more or less acute corolla-lobes, which exceed
the stamens and sometimes even the style. — P. acutiflorum, Willd. in Roem. & Sch. 1. c. •
DC. Prodr. 1. c. — High N. W. coast and Aleutian Islands, &c. (Siber., N. Eu.) '

P. foliosiSsimum. Very viscid-pubescent througliout and strong-scented : stem a foot
or naore high, very leafy throughout: leaflets from lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate (seldom
an inch long) : flowers corymbose-cymose, smaller than those of the preceding : corolla
commonly white or cream-color, sometimes violet, twice the length of the calyx, which is
5-cleft to or beyond the middle: style and stamens not protruding. — P. coeruleum, \a.T.l
pterosperma, Benth. in DC. Prodr. ix. 317 ; but the seeds, as in P. cceruleum, are either mar-
ginless or wing-margined. P. cceruleum, va.r.foliosissimum, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 281. —
Rocky Mountains of New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming, and west to Utah and Idaho.
Some forms approaching the preceding species ; but it is more like P. Mexicanum, Cerv.,
which is loosely branched, and has the violet corolla little exceeding the calyx, the lobes of
the latter barely half the length of the tube.

•t— ■*— _ Ovules only 3 or 4 in each cell : stem lax or with diffuse branches and open corymbiform or
paniculate inflorescence: leaflets fewer (5 to 15) and rather large, membranaceous, only the ulti-
mate at all confluent: herbage glabrous or slightly pubescent, neither viscid nor glandular : style
and stamens rather shorter than the corolla.

P. carneum. A foot or two high, rather stout : leaflets from ovate to oblong-lanceolate
(often an inch and a half long); branches somewhat umbellately 3-5-flowered: calyx
deeply 5-cleft ; the lobes ovate-oblong : corolla salmon-color or flesh-color (fading to pur-
plish), 8 to 12 lines long (the ample limb sometimes 1| inches in diameter when, fully
expanded); its lobes rounded-obovate. — In mountain woods, Siskiyou Co., California,
Greene. Also near San Francisco, Kellogg, G. R. Vasey.

P. reptans, L. A foot or less high, slender, weak and at length diffuse or spreading (but
never creeping) : leaflets ovate- or lanceolate-oblong: flowers several and loosely panicu-
late-cymulose on the branches : calyx with ovate lobes shorter than its tube : corolla light
blue, half inch or less in length. — Lam. 111. 1. 106 ; Bot. Mag. 1. 1887. — Open woods. New
York to Alabama and west to Minnesota and Missouri.
§ 3. Corolla almost rotate, shorter than the broad and open deeply .5-cleft

calyx : filaments almost naked at base: flowers scattered: root annual. (Another

transition to Giiia.) -

P. micranthum, Benth. Much branched from the base, slender, diffuse, more or less
viscid-pubescent: stems or branches 3 to 8 inches long: leaflets 5 to 13, obovate or lanceo-
late (2 to 4 lines long) : peduncles mostly solitary opposite the leaves : corolla whitish, a
line or two long: ovules 2 or 3 in each cell. — DC. Prodr. ix. 318; Gray, 1. c. — Springy
ground, British Columbia to California and Nevada : fl. in spring. (S. Chili, P. antarcticum,
Griseb. ex Benth.)

152 HYDROPHYLLACEiE.

Order XCII. HYDROPHYLLACE^.

Herbs, or rarely shrubs, with watery insi[)id juice, alternate or sometimes oppo-
site leaves, no stipules, mostly a scorpioid inflorescence in the manner of Borra-
ginacece, regular 5-merous o-androus flowers, with the stamens borne on the base
or lower part of the corolla alternate with its lobes, a 2-merous ovary, and the
two styles distinct or partly united (in Romanzoffia completely united into one) :
stigmas terminal. Ovules amphitropous or anatropous, from 4 to very many,
pendulous, or when numerous almost horizontal. Hypogynous annular disk at
the base of the ovary often conspicuous. Fruit a capsule, one-celled with
two parietal placentae, or incompletely 2-celled by the approximation or meeting
of the placentae (borne on senaisepta), or even completely 2-celled by their union
in the axis. Seeds with a close and usually reticulated or pitted testa, and a
small or slender embryo in cartilaginous or firm-fleshy albumen. Scorpioid cymes
sometimes complete, more commonly reduced to geminate or solitary false spikes
or racemes (which in description may be termed spikes or racemes) ; the pedi-
cels bractless. Calyx 5-parted, or of nearly distinct sepals. — Benth. in Linn.
Trans, xvii. 267 ; A.DC. Prodr. ix. 287 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix.312, & Bot.
Calif, i. 501.

Tribe I. HYDROPHYLLE^. Ovary and capsule strictly 1-celled, lined with a
pair of expanded, at first fleshy, at maturity thin and membranaceous placentae,
which form a lining to the pericarp, and enclose the 4 or more amphitropous
ovules and seeds. Calyx sometimes appendaged at the sinuses. Corolla mostly
convolute in the bud. Style more or less 2-cleft. Ovary hispid, at least at the
apex. Capsule globose, loculicidal, i. e. dehiscent by the dorsal sutures. Seeds
by abortion commonly fewer than the ovules, globular, or angled by mutual pres-
sure : albimien cartilaginous.

* Stamens and style mostly conspicuously exserted : calyx nearly unchanged in fruit :
ro"bt perennial or biennial : leaves alternate.

1. HYDROPHYLLUM. Calyx early open, with or without a small appendage at each
sinus. Corolla campanulate; the tube within bearing a linear longitudinal appendage
opposite each lobe, with infolded edges, forming a nectariferous groove. Filaments and
style long and filiform, the former bearded at the middle : anthers linear or oblong, in-
flexed in the bud. Seeds 1 to' 4 ; the ovules only 4.

* * Stamens shorter than the corolla : calyx accrescent in fruit : root annual : lower and
sometimes all the leaves opposite.

2. NEMOPHILA. Calyx with a reflexed appendage at each sinus. Corolla rotate or
approaching campanulate, usually longer than the calyx; the base within mostly with 10
appendages. Anthers usually sagittate-oblong. Ovules 4 to 20. Seeds commonly with
a deciduous or more persistent caruncle.

3. ELLISIA. Calyx destitute of appendages at the sinuses, usually much enlarged
under the fruit. Corolla campanulate, shorter or little longer than the calyx ; the
internal appendages minute or obsolete ; lobes in eestivation either all convolute, or
one exterior, or rarely quincuncial. Anthers oval or oblong. Ovules 4 to 8. Seeds
not carunculate.

Tribe II. PHACELIEiE. Ovary either strictly 1-celled or 2-celled by the meeting
of the linear or lanceolate placentae in the axis ; these separating in the loculicidal
dehiscence, and borne on the middle of the semiseptiferous valves, or sometimes
falling away. Calyx naked at the sinuses, deeply 5-parted. Corolla imbricated in
the bud. Style from 2-parted to (rarely) entire ; the branches at the apex or the
stigmas obscurely if at all thickened. Ovary mostly hispid or pubescent, at least
its apex. Albumen cartilaginous or firm-fleshy.

HYDROPHYLLACEiE. 153

* Leaves all opposite, entire : flowers cymose : style 2-cleft at the apex.

4. DRAPERIA. Calyx-lobes or sepals narrow-linear, equal. Corolla tubular-funnelform,
with 5 short lobes, not appendaged within. Stamens unequal and somewhat unequally
inserted low down on the tube of the corolla, included. Ovary 2-ceUed, with a pair of
collateral ovules pendulous from near the apex of each cell. Style long and filiform.
Capsule globose-didymous, membranaceous ; the thin semi-septa commonly adnate to each
valve, and the membranaceous central or placental portion falling with the four seeds.

* * Leaves all or all but the lowest alternate: flowers cymose, scorpioid-racemose or
spicate, or rarely in the forks.

+- Style 2-cleft, at least at the apex.

5. PHACELIA. Calyx-lobes all similar or nearly so. Corolla deciduous, not yellow.
Stamens equally inserted low down on the corolla. Inflorescence scorpioid. (Ovules and
seeds when reduced to a pair collateral and nearly as long as the cell.)

6. EMMENANTHE. Corolla (yellow or yellowish and campanulate) persistent ! Other-
wise as Phacelia. Seeds several.

7. CONANTHUS. Calyx-lobes all similar, narrow. Corolla deciduous, funnelform, not
appendaged ; the slender filaments unequally inserted more or less high up on its tube.
Stigmas capitellate. Seeds with a thin smoothish testa, 10 to 20. Flowers solitary and
subsessile in the leafy forks of the stem. Habit of Noma.

8. TRICARDIA. Calyx-lobes or sepals very dissimilar; 3 outer large and cordate,
2 inner linear. Corolla broad-campanulate, deciduous. Stamens equally inserted on the
base of the corolla. Ovary glabrous : ovules and seeds about 8. Flowers racemose.

-1- -)— Style and even the stigma entire : ovary glabrous.

9. ROMANZOFFIA. Calyx-lobes or sepals similar. Corolla funnelform or almost cam-
panulate ; the stamens inserted on the base of its tube, unequal. Style filiform : stigma
small. Inflorescence scapiform, loosely racemose. Leaves round-reniform and crenate-
lobed.

* * * Leaves (alternate) and 1-flowered peduncles all radical : style 2-cleft at apex.

1 0. HESPEROCHIRON. Calyx 5-(rarely 6-7-)parted ; the lobes linear-lanceolate, occa-
sionally unequal. Corolla campanulate or rotate, deciduous ; the stamens inserted on the
base of its tube. Ovary pubescent. Leaves spatulate or oblong, entire.

Tribe III. NAME^. Styles 2, distinct to the base ; their tips or stigmas commonly
clavate-thickened or capitate. Ovary completely or incompletely 2-celled. Cap-
sule loculicidal ; the valves bearing the (usually placentiferoiis) half-dissepiments
on their middle. Seeds with firm fleshy albumen. Corolla imbricated in the bud,
not appendaged vpithin. Leaves simple, alternate, or sometimes imperfectly oppo-
site. (Closely connected with the foregoing tribe through Draperia and Conanthus
on the one hand, and Lemmonia on the other.)

* Ovules and seeds only 2 in each cell, one above the other : placentae not transversely
dilated or bilamellar.

1 1. LEMMOISriA. Corolla short-campanulate. Filaments and styles short and included,
subulate : the former equally inserted, abruptly dilated or as it were appendiculate at the
very base : anthers cordate-didymous. Stigmas small. Capsule membranaceous, 2-
valved. Seeds proportionally large, globular-obovate. Depressed annual.

* * Ovules and seeds numerous or several, on transverse lamelliform placenta, which
approximate or cohere in the axis of the ovary, but separate in the loculicidal dehis-
cence and are borne on the lialf-dissepiments or half-valves of the capsule.

1 2. NAMA. Corolla funnelform or somewhat salverf orm. Filaments and styles filiform,
more or less included; the former commonly unequal and often unequally inserted,
slio-htly and gradually if at all dilated at base. Capsule membranaceous ; the valves and
placentae undivided. Ovules and usually the seeds numerous. Mauily low herbs or
suffrutescent.

1 3 ERIODICTYON Corolla funnelform or approaching campanulate. Filaments and
' style more or less included. Capsule crustaceous, 4-valved, i. e. first loculicidal, then sep-
ticidal, thus splitting into 4 half-carpels, which are closed on one side, owing to the w)dely
dilated placenta, and partly open on the other. Seeds rather few, pendulous. Slurubby,
with leaves mostly dentate.
Tribe IV. HYDROLEE^. Ovary and capsule completely 2-celled, and with large
and fleshy inseparable placentae; the dehiscence septicidally septifragal, or often

154 HYDROPHYLLACE^. Hydrophjllum.

iiTegular, leaving the thin dissepiment with the central placenta. Styles 2. Corolla
nearly rotate, imbricated in the bud. Seeds very numerous, with fleshy albumen.
Leaves all alternate, simple and entire.
14. HYDROLEA, The only genus.

1. HYDROPH'^LLUM, Tourn. Waterleaf. (Formed of vboiQ,
water, and (fvXXov, leaf, a name of no obvious application.) — North- American
herbs ; with petioled ample and lobed or divided alternate leaves, and cymose
clusters of violet-blue or white flowers, in early summer.

§ 1. Hydrophyllum proper. Perennial, with fleshy horizontal rootstocks :
calyx naked at the sinuses, except occasionally in the last species.

* Leaves pinnatifid or pinnate : at least the calyx and inflorescence hispid.
-)— Peduncles shorter than the petioles, generally shorter than the mostly dense inflorescence :
anthers short-oblong.

H. macrophyllum, Nutt. Hispid or rough-hirsute, stout, 2 or 3 feet high : lower
leaves commonly a foot long ; the divisions oval or oblong, obtuse, 2 or 3 inches long, in-
cisely toothed ; the upper ones confluent : stout peduncles commonly forked : cymes very
dense : calyx white-hispid, not deeply parted ; its divisions triangular-subulate, tapering
gradually from the broad base, loosely spreading: corolla dull white, half an inch long. —
Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 111. — Rich woods, Ohio to Virginia and Alabama, and west to
the Mississippi.

H. capitatum, Dougl. Only a span or so in height, tufted : copious fascicled roots
fleshy and almost as large as the short rootstocks : leaves longer than the stem, and with
blade mostly shorter than the petiole, ovate or roundish in general outline, 2 or 3 inches
long, softly hirsute or pubescent, pinnately 6-7-parted or at base divided ; the divisions
2-3-Iobed or cleft ; the lobes oblong, obtuse and mucronate : flowers capitate-cymose :
calyx very hispid. — Benth. in Linn. Trans, xvii. 273 (excl. Calif, pi. &c.) ; A.DC. Prodr.
ix. 289 ; Hook. Kew Jour. Bot. iii. 292 ( var. pumilnm) ; Watson, Bot. King, 249. — Hillsides,
&c., Washington Terr, to the Sierra Nevada, California, and Utah.

Var. alpinum, "Watson, I. c. Nearly acaulescent in dense tufts : flowers distinctly
pedicellate in a somewhat open cyme close to the ground : calyx densely white-hairy, but
less hispid. — Eastern Cahf ornia and Nevada, in the higher Sierra Nevada and Humboldt
Mountains,
•i— -t— Peduncle elongated, surpassing the petiole and often sui-passing the subtending leaf : anthers

oblong-linear. '

++ Cauline leaves elongated-oblong in general outline, pinnately parted or divided into 7 to 15
divisions.

H. OCCidentale, Gray. Pubescent, hirsute, or sparingly hispid, a foot or two high:
divisions of the leaves oblong, an inch or two long, mostly incised or few-cleft, obtuse :
peduncles rather slender : cymes mostly dense or capitate : calyx deeply parted, its divi-
sions lanceolate and rather obtuse, more erect : corolla violet-purple, varying to white, a
third inch long. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 314, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. H. capitatum, Torr. Pacif. R.
Rep. iv. 125, not Dougl. — Oregon (IVuttaU) and N. & W. California.

Var. Watsoni, Gray, 1. c. Commonly low, sometimes almost stemless, soft-pubes-
cent, especially the lower side of the leaves (which is sometimes canescent), as also the
sparsely hispid calyx : cyme sometimes open. — H. macrophyllum, var. occidentale, Watson,
Bot. King, 248, mainly. — Sierra Nevada, California, to Utah, Anderson, Bolander, Watson, &c.
Var. Pendleri, Gray, 1. c Pubescence mainly hirsute or hispid, not at all canescent
or cinereous : divisions of the leaves inclined to ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, in-
cisely serrate : peduncle shorter: cyme rather open: corolla white or nearly so. — Shady-
ravines, Santa Fe', New Mexico, to Colorado, Fendler, Greene, T. M. Coulter, &,c.
•w- ++ Cauline leaves ovate in general outline, 3-5-parted or divided.

H. Virginicum, L. Stem (a foot or two high) and bright green leaves almost glabrous,
or with short scattered hairs : divisions of the leaves (2 to 4 inches long) ovate-lanceolate
or rhomboid-ovate, acuminate or acute, coarsely incised-toothed ; the lowest commonly
2-clef t and the terminal -one often 3-lobed : peduncle usually once or twice forked : cyme

NemopMla. HYDROrHYLLACE.E. 155

at length open : calyx 5-parted to the very base into narrow linear and spreading liispid-
ciliate divisions : corolla nearly white or sometimes deep violet, about a fourth of an inch
long. — Lam. 111. t. 97 ; Schkuhr, Handb. t. 35 ; Bot. Reg. t. 331. — Rich woods, Canada
to the mountains of Carolina and through the western States northward to Washington
Terr, and Alaska (violet-flowered form). — Fleshy rootstock strongly toothed by the per-
sistent bases of former radical petioles.

* * Leaves palmately 5-7-lobed: calyx often bearing minute teeth in the sinuses.
H. Canadense, L. A foot or less high frorathickish and scaly-toothed rootstocks, nearly
glabrous or very slightly and sparsely hirsute even on the calyx : stems simple and naked
below, 1-2-leaved at the summit: leaves bright green, rounded and with a cordate base,
5-7-clef t to near the middle ; the larger ones 5 to 7 inches wide ; the radical ones on stout
petioles as long as the stem, not rarely furnished with several small and distant pinnately
arranged lateral divisions : peduncles mostly shorter than the cauline petioles, commonly
forked : small cymes rather open : divisions of the deeply 5-parted calyx narrowly lan-
ceolate-linear : corolla open-campanulate, mostly greenish-white : filaments very villous. —
Lam. 111. t. 97; Bot. Reg. t. 242. — Damp woods, Canada to the mountains of Carolina,
and west to the Mississippi.

§ 2. Dec^mium, Raf. Biennial : calyx appendaged with a reflexed lobe at
each sinus, and somewhat accrescent under the fruit (in the manner of Nemophila^
to which genus this approaches) : stamens little longer than the open-campanulate
corolla. — Viticella, Mitch. Nov. Gen. 62.

H. appendiculatum, Michx. A foot or so high, loosely branching, hirsute with long
spreading hairs, and above minutely somewhat viscid-pubescent : radical leaves pinnately
5-7-parted or divided; cauline rounded, with truncate or cordate base, palmately &-7-
angulate-lobed or the lower deeper cleft, somewhat dentate ; the lobes very acuminate :
peduncles exceeding the ujiper leaves : cymes loosely paniculate : pedicels filiform, equal-
ling or longer than the calyx ; the divisions of the latter lanceolate-subulate, spreading,
broadening at base under the one-seeded fruit. — Fl. i. 134. H. (Decemium) trilobum, Raf. Fl.
Ludov. 33. Decemium hirtum, Raf. Med. Fl. ii. 215. Nemophila paniculata, Spreng. Syst.
i. 569 ; Beck, Bot. 256. — Damp woodlands, Upper Canada to mountains of Carolina, and
west to Missouri and Wisconsin.

2. NEMOPHILA, Nutt. (Ns'fiog, a grove, and cpdam, I love.) — N. Amer-
ican annuals, in California chiefly winter-annuals, diffuse, more or less hirsute, of
tender texture ; with opposite or alternate and usually pinnatifid leaves, one-
flowered terminal or lateral peduncles, in one or two species inclined to be race-
mose, and white, blue, or violet corolla, which in one species only is shorter than
the calyx. — Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. ii. 179 ; Barton, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. t. 61 ;
Gray, 1. c. 314, & Bot. Calif, i. 503. (The larger-flowered species are common
ornamental annuals in gardens.)

* Ovules 8 to 24, maturing 5 to 15 seeds : leaves all or almost all opposite, surpassed by the slender

peduncle. (All Californian.)
^— Seeds globular, smooth or minutely pruinose, with a very prominent papillseform caruncle.
N. maculata, Benth. Leaves lyrately pinnatifid into 5 to 9 short lobes, or the upper-
most somewhat cuneate and 3-lobed : corolla white, with a deep violet blotch at the apex
of each of the broad lobes; its very broad scales partly free, hirsute-ciliate with long
sparse bristles. — Lindl. in Jour. Hort. Soc. iii. 319, & fig.; PI. Hartw. 326; Paxt. Mag.
xvi. t. 6 ; Fl. Serres,.v. t. 431. — California, valley of the Sacramento to the Sierra Nevada.
Corolla varying from 9 to 20 lines in diameter.
+- -h- Seeds oblong-oval, at maturity usually more or less tuberculate-corrugated or rugosp:

caruncle more deciduous.
N. insignis, Dougl. Leaves pinnately parted into 7 to 9 oblong and often 2-3-lobed
divisions : corolla bright clear blue ; the scales within its base short and roundish, partly
free, hirsute with short hairs. — Benth. I.e. 275, & Trans. Hort. Soc. i. 479; Bot. Reg.

156 HYDROPHYTJ.ACE^. Nemophila.

t. 1713; Bot. Mag. t. 3485. N. Menziesii, var., Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 372. — Common
nearly throughout California, flowering, like the other species, from early spring onward.
Corolla from an inch or more down to little over half an inch in diameter.
N. Menziesii, Hook. & Arn. Mostly smaller than the preceding: leaves pinnatifid
into 0 to 0 lobes : rotate corolla from light blue to wliite, and commonly with dark dots or
spots, especially towards the centre, or sometimes with a dark eye ; the scales at its base
narrow, wholly adherent, their free edge densely hirsute-ciliate : appei;idagcs to the calyx
usually small. — Bot. Beech. 152, & 372, first form ; Gray, 1. c. A^. linijlora, Fisch. & Meyer,
Sert. Petrop. fol. & t. 8, a large blue-flowered form, the corolla an inch wide. N. pedun-
culuta, Benth. I.e.; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 142 (as to char. & pi. coll. Coulter), a small-
flowered form. N. aiomaria, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Petrop. 1835, & Sert. Petrop. I. c. ; Bot.
Reg. t. 1940 ; Bot. Mag. t. 3774. iV. discoldalis, Hortul. ; Fl. Serres, 11. t. 75, a cult, form,
with the dark spots confluent into a uniform dark brown-purple eye, or almost covering the
corolla (Kegel, Gartenfl. 1864, t. 442). — Common in California, extending to Oregon. Co-
rolla from half an inch to at most an inch in diameter ; the larger forms many-ovulate and
much resembling N. iiisignis ; the smaller passing towards N. parviflora, and sometimes only
7-9-0 vulate.

* * Ovules onlv 4, i. e a pair to each placenta: leaves all or mainly alternate : flowers mostly
hirge: internal scales of the corolla very broad and partly free, conniving or united in pairs at
the base of the filaments: seeds globose, with inconspicuous caruncle or none: peduncles rarely
exceeding the leaves, or tlie later ones forming as it were a naked few-flowered corymb or
raceme.

N. phacelioides, Nutt. Sparsely hirsute, a foot or two high : leaves all but the
earliest alternate, with naked petioles, 5-9-parted ; the divisions oblong or oval, the larger
ones 2-5-lobed : appendages of the calyx oblong or ovate, almost half the length of the
lobes : corolla ample, blue ; the appendages in throat hairy outside : seeds obscurely im-
pressed-punctate. — Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. ii. 179, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser.
v. 192 ; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. ii. t. Gl ; Bot. Mag. t. 2373 ; Bot. Reg. t. 740 ; Brit. Fl. Card,
t. 32. N. NuttalUi, CoUa, Hort. Rip. App. i. t. 5. iV". Ursula & A'', pilosa, Buckley in Proc.
Acad. Philad. — Low grounds, Arkansas and Texas. Corolla an inch or more in diameter,
with white or pale centre.

N. aurita, Lindl. Hirsute, and the weak stems usually retrorsely hispid, a foot or two
long : leaves all with dilated clasping base or winged petiole ; the lowest opposite, deeply
pinnatifid ; the 5 to 9 oblong or lanceolate divisions more or less retrorse : appendages of
the calyx small : corolla violet, from two-thirds to nearly an inch in diameter ; its internal
scales with erose and somewhat ciliate margins: seeds favose-reticulated. — Bot. Reg. t.
1601 ; Brit. Fl. Gard. n. ser. t. 338. — California, from the Sacramento Valley to San Diego.
Upper peduncles almost always bractless and at length racemose.

N. racemosa, Nutt. More slender and weak than the preceding : leaves shorter and
with fewer divisions and a naked petiole destitute of auricled base : flowers only half the
size, the upper ones racemose. — Gray, Proc. I.e. & Bot. Calif. 1. c — San Diego, NuttaU ;
Island of Catalina, Dall and Baker. Leaves of ovate rather than linear outline. Corolla
little longer than the calyx, only 4 or 5 lines wide.

* * * Ovules onlv 4, i. e. a pair to each placenta: lower leaves opposite, and the upper commonly
alternate: flowers small or minute: corolla more campanulate; its internal scales delicate and
nearlv glabrous, or obsolete : seeds oval or globose, the caruncle at length evanescent: peduncles
shorter than the leaves: plants small or slender, diffuse or prostrate, hirsute-pubescent.

•1— Corolla, as in all preceding species, longer than the calyx.
N. parviflora, Dougl. Leaves pinnately 3-9-parted or cleft, or below divided; the
divisions obovate or oblong ; the distinct lower ones either sessile or petiolulate, the upper
confluent : appendages of the calyx rather conspicuous : corolla light blue or whitish, 3 to
5 lines in diameter; its lobes considerably longer than the tube; its oblong append-
ages manifest, wholly adherent by one edge: anthers oblong-sagittate: filaments' filiform,
inserted on the very base of the corolla. — Benth. 1. c. 275 ; Gray, 1. c. A^. parviflora & N.
pedimculata, Hook. Fl. ii. 79. iV. heterophyUa, Fisch. & Meyer, 1. c. ; a larger-flowered form.
— Shady places, British Columbia to California ; common, and exceedingly variable in the
foliage, size of corolla, &c. Seeds from one to four, smooth and even, with obscure im-
pressed punctures or pits, or becoming rather deeply pitted or scrobiculate. All but .the
upper leaves mostly opposite.

-^^^'^'"- HYDROPHYLLACE^. 157

N. microcalyx Fisch. & Meyer. Leaves pmnately 3-5-parted or divided, or the
upper only 3-cleft ; divisions obovate or cuneate, 2-3-lobed or incised, all approximate
commonly the wliole leaf with a triangulate-reniform or cordate general outline ■ appen-
dages of the calyx small and inconspicuous, in flower less evident than iu fruit • corolla
whitish or bluish, 1 to 2 lines long ; its lobes shorter than the carapanulate tube • the append
ages (always?) obsolete: filaments short, inserted rather high on the tube of' the corolla-
anthers oval. — Sert. Petrop. I.e.; Gray, Man. 368. N. evanescens, Darby, S Bot N.
parviflora, A. DC. 1. c, as to Louisiana plant. ElUsia microcalyx, Nutt. Trans. Am Phil Soc'
1. c. ; Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 172. E. ranunculacea, Nutt. 1. c, ex char. —Moist woods'
Virginia to Florida, Arkansas, and Texas. Leaves prevailingly and often all but the lowest
opposite. Seeds either globular or oval, when young minutely and sparsely pruinose with
little papillae, when old with impressed punctures.

-f— H— Corolla decidedly shorter than the calyx.

N. breviflora, Gray. A span or more high, at length diffuse : leaves sometimes all
alternate, pinnately 3-5-parted ; the divisions approximate, oblong-lanceolate, acute, entire
(3 to 9 Imes long): peduncles seldom exceeding the petioles; appendages of the calyx
nearly half the length of the proper lobes, both ciliate with long hirsute bristles : corolla
whitish or tinged with violet, broadly short-campanulate ; the lobes considerably shorter
than the tube; internal appendages cuneate, the broad free summit fimbriate-incised :
style minutely 2-cleft at apex : seed solitary, almost filling the cell, globose, nearly smooth
and even ; the caruncle evanescent. — Proc. Am. Acad. xl. 315. N. parviflora, Watson, Bot.
King, 249, excl. char. — Utah, in Parley's Park, Watson. Literior of Oregon, Tolmie,
W. C. Cusick. When full grown, the habit is somewhat that of Flcerkea. Seed nearly
2 Imes in diameter.

3. ELLlSIA, L, (In honor of John Ellis, an English correspondent of John

Bartram and of Linnaeus, and who published the first account of Dioncea, &c.)

North American annuals, with tender herbage, somewhat hirsute ; the once to
thrice pinnatifid leaves either all opposite or the upper alternate ; peduncles soli-
tary or racemose ; corolla whitish, mostly small in comparison with the at length
stellate calyx.

§ 1. EuELLi'siA, Gray. Ovules in the manner of the tribe all on the inner
face of the placentae, a pair to each : seeds globose, uniform, alveolate-reticulated :
leaves once pinnately parted.

B. Nyctelea, L. A span to a foot high, at length very diffuse : leaves on naked or
barely margined petioles, the upper mostly alternate ; the divisions 7 to 13, lanceolate,
acute, mostly 1-3-toothed or lobed : peduncles solitary in the forks or opposite the leaves,
or some of the later ones racemose andsecund: calyx-lobes lanceolate or at length ovate-
lanceolate, gradually acuminate, longer than the capsule : corolla cylindraceous-campanu-
late, rather shorter than the calyx: seeds very minutely reticulated. — (Moris. Hist. iii.
451, sect. 2, t. 28; Ehret in Act. Ups. i. 97, t. 5; Trew. PI. Sel. t. 99.) Linn. Spec. ed. 2,
1662. E. amhigua, Nutt. Gen. i. 118, merely a slender form. Polemonium Nyctelen, L. Spec
ed. 1, &c. — Damp and shady places, New Jersey to Virginia and west to Saskatchewan
and Missouri ; flowering through spring and summer.

B. membranacea, Benth. Weak, a foot or two long, sparsely beset with sliort hirsute
or hispid hairs or bristles, otherwise glabrous : leaves mostly opposite, on narrowly winged
or margined petioles ; the divisions 3 to 9, linear, obtuse, entire, or sometimes with a lobe :
flowers chiefly bractless and becoming racemose on a terminal peduncle; calyx-lobes oblong
or at length obovate, very obtuse, rather shorter than the open-campanulate corolla, not
exceeding the capsule : seeds rather coarsely reticulated. — Benth. 1. c. 274 ; A. DC. 1. c. ;
Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 505. — California, from the Bay of San Francisco to San Diego. Flow-
ers very much smaller than in the preceding : corolla 4 lines in diameter, one lobe outside
in aestivation. Ovary beset with a few subulate bristles.

§ 2. EuCRYPTA, Gray, 1. c. Ovules a pair on the back as well as on the face
of each placenta ; the seeds of the two dissimilar, oval ; the outer ones (usually

158 HYDROPHYLLACEiE. Ellisia.

solitary) flattened and hidden between its placenta and the valve : leaves twice or
even thrice pinnately parted. — Eucrypta, Nutt. PL Gamb. 159.

E. chrysanthemifolia, Benth. 1- c. Afoot or two high, erect, paniculately branched,
more or less hirsute and scabrous : leaves opposite or the uppermost alternate, on short
petioles auriculate-dilated at base, finely twice or thrice (or the uppermost once) parted or
cleft into small and short lobes : flowers loosely racemose, the short filiform pedicels bract-
less : calyx-lobes ovate or broadly oval, about equalling the small striate-nerved capsule,
shorter than the open-campanulate corolla : seeds oval ; the ordinary ones (2 to 4 maturing)
rugose-tuberculate, terete, discharged upon dehiscence ; a posterior one (or sometimes a pair)
enclosed between each valve and the placenta which lines it, meniscoid, smooth, usually
rather larger than the others. — Eucrypta paniculata & E.foUosa, Nutt. 1. c. Phacelia micran-
tha,va.T.1 hipinnatijlda, Torr. in Ives Colorad. Exjied. Bot. 21. — California, from Contra
Costa Co. to San Diego and to the borders of Arizona. Corolla and fruiting calyx about
3 lines in diameter, sometimes smaller. (Islands of Lower Calif.)

4. DRAPERIA, Torr. (Dedicated to Professor John William Draper of
New York, chemist and historian.) — A single species. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad,
vu. 401, X. 316, & Bot. Calif, i. 505.

D. S^styla, Torr. 1. c. Low and diffuse or decumbent perennial herb, branching from
slightly lignescent base, silky-hirsute and somewhat viscid, leafy : leaves all opposite, ovate,
entire, pinnately veined, slender-petioled : flowers crowded in a pedunculate terminal once
or twice 2-3-fi(l cyme ; the unilateral spikes or racemes of which slightly elongate in
age : sepals narrow-linear : corolla light purplish, 4 or 5 lines long : capsule thin ; the oval
placental portion usually separating from the dissepiment in dehiscence : seeds oval and
angled ; the coat very minutely or obscurely reticulated. — Nama si/stijla, Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. vi. 37. — California, ravines and shaded hillsides, along the Sierra Nevada ; first col-
lected by Lobb.

5. PHACfiLIA, Juss. (From (jprixfXot,', a cluster or fascicle, alluding to the
crowded flowers of the original species.) — Annual or some few perennial herbs
(all American, chiefly N. American) ; with alternate simple or compound leaves,
and more or less scorpioid cymes or so-called racemes or spikes. Corolla deciduous
(as generally in the order), at least thrown off by the enlarging capsule (ex-
cept in P. sericea /), blue, purple or white, never yellow, except the tube of certain
species ; the tube with or sometimes without appendages within ; these when
present generally in the form of 10 vertical folds or lamellar projections (borne
on a lateral vein), in pairs, either adnate to or free from and alternate with the
base of the slender filaments. Calyx-lobes commonly narrow, often wider up-
wards, more or less enlarging in fruit. Seed-coat reticulated or pitted. — Gray,
Man. ed. 5, p. 369, & Proc. Am. Acad. x. 316. Phacelia, Cosmanthus (Nolte),
Eutoca (R. Br.), & Microgenetes, ADC. Prodr. ix. 292, 297.

§ 1. EuPHACELiA, Gray. Ovules 4, i.e. a pair to each placenta: seeds as
many or by abortion fewer, vertical ; the testa areolate-reticulate or favose : lobes
of the campanulate corolla entire (or rarely erose-dentate) ; the tube with 10 lami-
nate appendages in pairs at the base of the stamens. — Phacelia, Juss., A.DC.

* Lower leaves and all the branches opposite : no hispid or hirsute pubescence : spikes or branches
of the cyme hardly at all scorpioid: pedicels much shorter than the calyx. (An anomalous
species.)'
P. namatoides, Gray. Annual, a span high, brachiately branched, glabrous and glau-
cous below, above glandular-pubescent: leaves narrowly-lanceolate, entire, tapering at
base, obscurely petioled ; only the uppermost alternate, equalling or surpassing the rather
loose spikes or branches of the cyme : sepals spatulate-linear, a little shorter than the

PhaceJia. HYDROPHYLLACEiE. 159

narrow-campanulate blue corolla, exceeding the globular sparsely hirsute-pubescent cap-
sule : stamens and at length deeply 2-parted style included : appendages at base of fila-
ment short : seeds alveolate-reticulated. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 317, & Bot. Calif, i. 506.
Nama racemosa, Kellogg, Proc. Acad. Calif, v. 51. — California, in the Sierra Nevada from
Calaveras to Nevada Co., at Cisco, Summit Station, &c., Bolander, Kellogg. Corolla and
capsule a line long.

* * Leaves (as in the rest of the genus) all alternate : pubescence or some of it hispid or hirsute :
spikes or branches of the cyme scorpioid and dense: pedicels short or hardly any (except in P.
pedicellata) : appendages of the corolla broad and salient, usually more or less united at the base
of the filament.

-I— Leaves all simple and entire, or some of the lower pinnately 3-5-parted or divided; the segments
or leaflets entire : capsule ovate, acute : seeds densely alveolate-punctate, upper end acutish.

P. circinata, Jacq. f . Hispid and the foliage strigose, and either green or canescent, a
span to 2 feet high from a perennial or biennial root : leaves from lanceolate to ovate,
acute, pinnately and obliquely straight-veined ; the lower tapering into a petiole and com-
monly some of them with one or two pairs of smaller lateral leaflets : inflorescence hispid ;
the dense spikes thyrsoid-congested : corolla whitish or bluish, moderately 5-lobed, longer
than the oblong-lanceolate or linear calyx-lobes : filaments much exserted, sparingly
bearded. — Eclog. 135, t. 91 ; Benth. 1. c. ; A. DC. Prodr. 1. c, where see the older synonymy.
(Aldea cj'rcmata, Willd. Enum.) P. heterophijUa, Pursh, Fl. i. 140. P. Calif ornicn, Chum, in
Linn. iv. 495. P. hastata, Dougl. in Hook. Fl. ii. 80. P. leucoph/Ua, Torr. in Frem. Rep. 93.
P. canescens, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 159, a dwarf very canescent state. — Dry ground, Dakota to
British Columbia, New Mexico, and California. (S. to the Straits of Magellan.) Very
variable : dwarf forms sometimes with a naked scape-like stem.

Var. calycosa, Gray, 1. c. Divisions of the calyx more foliaceous and ample, and
in fruit with narrowed base, oblong to obovate-spatulate, reticulated. — California ; not rare
in the western part of the State, under otherwise varying forms.

P. Breweri, Gray, 1. c. Resembling the preceding but smaller and slender, from an
annual root : corolla blue or violet, more broadly campanulate, nearly twice the length of
the linear calyx-lobes : filaments glabrous, a little shorter than the corolla. — Monte Diablo,
California, on dry and soft sandstone. Brewer. Leaves seldom an inch long, exclusive of
the petiole of the lowermost ; many of them 3-5-parted ; the lanceolate lobes ascending.
Corolla barely 3 lines long.

P. humilis, Torr. & Gray. Annual, diffusely branched from the base, a span high,
pubescent, or the infiorescence often hirsute : leaves spatulate-oblong or obianceolate,
rather obtuse ; the lower rarely with one or two lateral ascending lobos, the veins branch-
ing : spikes loosely paniculate or solitary, in age rather slender : pedicels either all very
short, or the lower sometimes almost as long as the calyx : corolla indigo-blue, rather
deeply lobed, surpassing the usually linear calyx-lobes : filaments moderately exserted,
glabrous or sparingly bearded above. — Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 122, t. 7 ; Watson, Bot. King, 250.
— Sierra Nevada, California, from Siskiyou to Mariposa Co., and E. Nevada. Leaves an
inch or two in length. Corolla 2 or 3 lines long.

Var. calycosa, Gray. A strict and slender form : corolla apparently pale : calyx-
lobes larger and spatulate, as in the similar variety of P. circinata. — Proc. Am. Acad. &
Bot. Calif, i. 507. — E. side of the Sierra Nevada, near Mono Lake, Bolander.

•i^ -I— Leaves simple, all petioled, rounded-cordate, somewhat palmately lobed or incised, the lobes
serrate.
P. malveefolia, Cham. Rather tall and stout, from an annual ? root, hispid with spread-
ing or reflexed stinging bristles, and the foliage more or less pubescent : leaves (1 to 3
inches in diameter) green and membranaceous, round-cordate, incisely 5-9-lobed, acutely
toothed : somewhat palmately ribbed at base : spikes solitary or geminate : corolla (3 or 4
lines long) white, longer than the unequal linear and spatulate calyx-lobes : stamens ex-
serted : seeds alveolate-scabrous. — Linn. iv. 494 ; Gray, 1. c. — California, Bay of San
Francisco, Chamisso, Kellogg, G. R. Vasey.

H— +_ H— Leaves oblon"- or narrower in outline, pinnatelv toothed, lobed, or compound, and the
lobes or diviF^ions toothed or incised: capsule globular or ovoid, obtuse: seeds with excavated
ventral face divided bv a sahent ridge: annuals, or rarely biennials (or one perennial I), mosUy
with cymosely or iimbellately or thyrsoid congested spikes.

++ Calyx, &c., not setose-hispid : stamens and style more or less exserted.

leO HYDROPHYLLACE^. Phacelia.

= Pedicels short, when anv, and erect in the fruiting spike : divisions of the calj'x entire, little
exceediiiy; tlie capsule: seeds minutely reticulated.
P, ixitegrifolia, Torr. A span, to 2 feet high, strict, viscid-pubescent or hirsute, very-
leafy : leaves ovate-oblong or lanceolate, sessile or the lower short-petioled with a com-
monly subcordate base, simply or mostly doubly crenate-toothed, sometimes incised : spikes
crowded, at first thyrsoid : corolla narrow-campanulate, whitish or bluish : stamens and
style long-exserted ; the latter cleft to the middle : capsule short-ovoid. — Ann. Lye. N. Y.
ii. 222, t. 3, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 143; Watson, 1. c. — Gypseous soil, Colorado and N. W.
Texas to S. Utah and Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.)

Var. Palraeri, Gray, 1- c. A strict form, apparently from a biennial root, more hir-
sute and viscid ; leaves more acutely sinuate-toothed : inflorescence thyrsoid-contracted. —
S. Utah, Palmer, Siler, and intermediate forms by Parry and Ward.
P. crenulata, Torr. A span or two high, often branched from the base and somewhat
spreading, viscid-pubescent or hirsute : leaves mainly petioled, spatulate-obong, crenately
toothed or pinnatifid, sometimes lyrate and the lowest divisions distinct or nearly so ; the
lobes crenulate-toothed : spikes soon open and spreading: corolla rotate-campanulate,
bright violet or paler ; the internal appendages very broad : stamens moderately exserted :
style cleft far beyond the middle : capsule globular. — Watson, Bot. King, 251 ; Gray, 1. c.
.7— Rocky slopes. New Mexico to Arizona and N.W.Nevada. Flowers commonly deep-
colored, half-inch in diameter, and showy, sometimes considerably smaller and paler.
P. glandulosa, Nutt. Viscid-pubescent and glandular, softly if at all hirsute, a span to
a foot or more high : leaves irregularly and interruptedly twice pinnatifid, or below divided ;
the numerous lobes small, oblong, somewhat incised, obtuse: calyx-lobes oblong or spatu-
late: corolla (2 lines long) bluish, purplish, or white, with lobes shorter than the tube:
stamens and 2-cleft style moderately or conspicuously exserted : seeds with the minute
reticulations even. — Nutt. PI. Gamb. 160 (very pubescent and viscid form) ; Gray, 1. c.
P. Popei, Torr. & Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 172, t. 10 (less pubescent form, with corolla lobes
quite entire). Eutoca (jlanddosa, Hook. Kew Jour. Bot. iii. 293. — Gravelly soil, N, W.
Texas and Colorado to Arizona. (Mex.)

Var. Neo-Mexicana, Gray, 1. c. Lobes of the corolla either slightly or conspicu-
ously erose-denticulate. — P. Neo-Mexicana, Thurber in Bot. Mex. Bound. 143. — Colorado
and New Mexico.
P. congesta, Hook. Pubescent and commonly cinereous, hardly in the least viscid or
glandular, a foot or more high : leaves pinnately 3-7-divided or parted, and with a few
interposed small lobes ; the main divisions oblong or oval, incisely pinnatifid or irregularly
lobed ; the lower ones mostly petiolulate and the upper confluent : calyx-lobes linear or
somewhat spatulate : corolla blue (3 lines long) ; the lobes as long as the tube : stamens
more or less exserted : seeds reticulate-scabrous, the fine sharp meshes being as it wer?
toothed at the junctions. — Bot. Mag. t. 3452 ; A. DC. 1. c. 249. P. conferta, Don. . P. tana-
cetifolia, A. DC. 1. c, as to pi. Tex. Berland. — Margin of thickets, &c., throughout Texas.
Not rarely cultivated.

= = Pedicels slender and horizontal, or divisions of calyx 3-5-lobed, much longer than the cap-
sule, villous. Extra-limital species, of Lower California.
P. pedicellata. A foot or less high, villous or soft-hirsute and glandular : not annual :
leaves pinnately 3-5-divided ; the divisions oval or oblong, incised and numerously toothed ;
the lower nearly sessile, the uppermost confluent or larger and .3-clef t : flowers much
crowded in short panicled or cymose-clustered racemes, small ; pedicels filiform, about the
length of the flower, somewhat deflexed in fruit : calyx-lobes linear or in age oblanceolate,
entire, villous (as also the pedicel), hardly twice the length of the globular capsule : corolla
apparently white (little over 2 lines long), moderately surpassed by the stamens and
2-cleft style ; the internal appendages short and rounded : seeds rugose-reticulated and
somewhat tuberculate at maturity. — Lower California, Dr. Thomas H. Streets.
P. phyllomanica, Gray. A foot or two high from a rigid (and possibly perennial)
base, very leafy, canescent with soft-tomentose and some longer villous pubescence, not
glandular : leaves elongated-oblong in outline, pinnately parted or below divided ; the
divisions 9 to 18 pairs, linear-oblong, pinnatifid ; the short lobes 1-2-toothed or entire : con-
densed spikes thyrsoid-crowded : flowers nearly sessile : calyx-lobes foliaceous, all or 2 or 3
of them pinnately 3-5-parted : corolla violet, a little longer than the calyx ; the expanded

Phacelia. HYDROPHYLLACEiE. 161

limb 3 lines in diameter : stamens and style slightly exserted : fruit not seen. — Proc. Am.
Acad. xi. 87. — Guadalupe Island, off Lower California (beyond our limits), Palmer.

Var. interrupta, Gray, 1. c. Lower, and with pubescence more villous or hirsute :
leaves with fewer and sparser divisions (the larger crenately pinnatifid) and some very
small interposed lobes. —With the other form.

++ ++ Calyx more or less setose-hispid, in fruit usually much surpassing the capsule; the

divisions entire, but often dissimilar: seeds favose-pilted or in age tuberculate ; style 2-|jarted.

(Species running together or difficult to discriminate: leaves mostly 1-3-pinnately "divided and

incised: corolla light violet or bluish, varying to white.)

P. tanacetifolia, Benth. Erect annual, roughish-hirsute or hispid, not glandular, or
above slightly so, 1 to 3 feet high : leaves pinnately 9-17-divided into linear or oblong-
linear once or twice pinnately parted or cleft divisions, all sessile or nearly so ; the lobes
mostly linear-oblong : spikes cymosely clustered, at length elongated : very short fruiting
pedicels ascending or erect : calyx-lobes linear or linear-spatulate, not twice the length of
the ellipsoidal capsule : stamens and style conspicuously exserted : seeds with very narrow
pits bounded by tliick walls. — Bot. Reg. t. 1696 ; Bot. Mag. t. 3703 ; Brit. Fl. Gard. n. ser.
t. 360. — California, very common, at least near the coast. Variable in foliage: the var.
tenui/olia, Thurber in Bot. Mex. Bound., is a common form, with fine Tansy-like foliage.
Common garden annual.
P. ramosissima, Dougl. About 2 feet high, decumbent or ascending from a perennial
root (according to E. L. Greene) ; the branches divergent, pubescent and more or less
viscid or glandular, or above hispid : leaves 5-9-divided or parted into oblong or narrower
pinnatifid-incised divisions: spikes glomerate, short and dense, little elongated in age:
flowers subsessile and in fruit ascending on the rhachis : stamens and style usually mode-
rately exserted: appendages to the corolla with a merely acute free apex: calyx-lobes
from linear-spatulate to obovate, twice or thrice the length of the ovate or short-ovoid
capsule: seeds oblong. —Benth. in Linn. Trans. I.e. 280; Hook. Fl. ii. 80 (but ovary not
glabrous in original specimens) ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 319, & Bot. Calif, i. 508, exel.
var. P. tanacetifolia, Thurber in Bot. Mex. Bound. 143. —Washington Territory and Oregon
(through the dry interior) to San Diego Co., California, and Arizona. In some forms very
near the foregoing.
P. hispida. A foot or less high from an annual root, diffusely branching, hardly viscid,
setose-hispid with long and slender white bristles : leaves with fewer and coarser divisions
than the preceding, the uppermost sometimes merely laciniate-incised : spikes soon loose
and loosely paniculate, 2 or 3 inches long in fruit : flowers nearly all on short but manifest
and slender horizontal pedicels: stamens and style equalling or barely surpassing the
corolla : calyx-lobes narrowly linear with attenuated base, nearly equalling the corolla, in
fruit 4 to 6 lines long and about 4 times the length of the globose capsule : seeds short-
oval. — P. ramosissima, var. hispida, Gray, 1. c. — Western part of California, from Santa
Barbara to San Diego, Nuttall, Wallace, Torrey, Cleveland. Bristles resembling those of
Borage.
P. ciliata, Benth. Erect or ascending, a span to a foot or more high from an annual
root, more or less pubescent or sparingly hirsute above : stems scabrous : leaves pinnately
parted, or the lower divided and the upper merely cleft ; the divisions or lobes oblong,
pinnatifid-incised : spikes rather short and in fruit rather loose : pedicels short or hardly
any, ascending: stamens and the 2-parted style shorter than or not surpassing the
corolla : appendages of the latter with pointed tips : calyx-lobes from lanceolate to ovate,
more or less shorter than the white or bluish corolla, accrescent and becoming venose-
reticulated in age, then sparsely ciliate with short rigid bristles, 4 or 5 lines long, only
twice the length of the ovate mucronate capsule : seeds oval, favose. — Linn. Trans. 1. c. ;
Gray, 1. c. — California, from the Sacramento and the vicinity of San Francisco to Monte-
rey, apparently in shaded moist soil.

* *■ * Flowers in loose and only slightly scorpioid racemes; the pedicels equalling or surpassing

the flowers: appendages of the very open corolla long and rather narrow, villous on the od.^e,

approximate between the stamens, from which they are remote: seeds with a rather fleshy

obscurely areolate testa.

P bipinnatiflda, Michx. A foot or more high from a slender biennial root, erect,

paniculately branched, hirsute-pubescent and above mostly viscid and glandular : leaves

slender-petioled, green and thin, pinnately 3-7-divided ; the divisions ovate or oblong-ovat«,

162 HYDROPHYLLACE^. Phacelia.

acute, coarsely and irregularly incised or pinnatifid ; the lower short-petiolulate and the
uppermost confluent : racemes loose, 7-20-flowered : pedicels spreading or in fruit recurved :
calyx-lobes linear, loose, longer than the globular capsule : corolla rotate-campanulate,
violet-blue, over half an inch in diameter, with rather short rounded lobes and very con-
spicuous internal appendages : stamens (bearded) and style usually more or less exserted.
— Fl. i. 134, t. 16 ; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 369. — Shaded banks of streams, Ohio and Illinois to
Alabama : flowering in June.

Var. brevistylis, Gray. A remarkable form, with corolla about one half smaller :
style and especially the stamens not exserted. — P. brevistylis, Buckley, in Am. Jour. Sci.
xlv. (1843) 172. —Alabama, Buckley, Nevius, &c.

§ 2. CosmXnthus, Gray. Ovules and seeds of Euphacelia : corolla destitute
of internal appendages, almost rot-ate ; its lobes fimbriate : filaments (villous-
bearded) rarely, longer than the corolla : ovary villous-hispid at the summit,
othervrise glabrous : low annuals, vrith loosely racemose flowers in the manner of
the last preceding species and of earliest of the next section. — Man. Bot. ed. 2,
328, & 5, 369. Cosma7ithus,'^olte. Cosmantkus § Eucosmanthus, A.DC. in part.

P. Purshii, Buckley. A span to a foot high, diffusely branched from the base, sparsely
hirsute: cauline leaves pinnately 5-11-parted, the upper closely sessile ; lobes oblong or
lanceolate, acute: racemes rather many-flowered, sometimes forking: calyx-lobes linear:
corolla light blue varjang to white (half inch in diameter). — Buckley in Am. Jour. Sci.
xlv. 172; Gray, Man. I.e. P. fimbriata, Pursh, &c. Cosmanthus fimbriatus, Nolte, A.DC.
Prodr. ix. 297. — Moist wooded banks, W. Pennsylvania to Minnesota and Missouri, North
Carolina and Alabama. — Pedicels filiform, 6 to 10 lines long. Perhaps only a variety of
the next. Seeds as in the preceding.

P. fimbriata, Michx. Weak and diffuse, a span high, less hirsute : cauline 3-7-clef t or
lobed or the lower lyrately divided ; the lobes obtuse or roundish : racemes few-flowered :
pedicels filiform : calyx-lobes linear-oblong or spatulate : corolla white (only 3 or 4 lines
broad), rather shorter than the stamens. — Fl. i. 134; Gray, Man. 1. c. In woods of the
higher Alleghany Mountains, Virginia to Alabama ; flowering early.

Var.? Bo;^kini, Gray. More robust, evidently growing in more exposed soil :
racemes rather many-flowered, at length strict, with fruiting pedicels erect and not longer
than the calyx : corolla far less fimbriate, bluish. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 320. —Upper part
of Georgia, Boykin. Perhaps a distinct species, more likely a state of P. fimbriata, growing
in a lower and warmer region.

§ 3. Cosmanthoi'dks, Gray. Ovules and seeds 3 to 8 (rarely only a pair) on
each placenta, the latter with reticulated testa : appendages of the rotately or
open-campanulate corolla wanting, or very inconspicuous and remote from the
stamens : capsule globular and pointless : low annuals of the Atlantic United
States, early-flowering, hirsute-pubescent or glabrate, with mostly pinnatifid leaves,
the upper closely sessile, simply racemose flowers, and somewhat villous-bearded
filaments about the length of the blue or white corolla.

* Ovules 2 to 4 on each (at length deciduous) placenta: globose capsule thiu-walled : slender and
smoothisli little annuals, with the aspect of Cosmanthus, but lobes of the corolla entire, its base
with no appendages or only obscure vestiges. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 320.
P. glabra, Nutt. Slender, 3 to 8 inches high, glabrous except a few hirsute short hairs
chiefly on the margins of the leaves and calyx: corolla 3 or 4 lines in diameter: calyx-
lobes in fruit little longer than the capsule, mostly oblong or oval : otherwise as in P. par-
vifiora. — Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 192; Gray, I.e. — Low prairies, Arkansas and
Eastern Texas. Very like slender and smoother forms of the next, into which it probably
passes. Ovules 4 in some flowers, 6 to 7 or 8 in others.
P. parviflora, Pursh. A span or more high, sparsely hirsute or glabrate, branched
from the base : radical and lowest cauline leaves lyrately pinnate, with 3 to 5 roundish
leaflets or divisions, or sometimes simple and entire ; the upper mostly sessile and 3-9-
parted or cleft into oblong or linear-lanceolate lobes : racemes loose, several-many-flowered ;

Phacelia. HYDROPHYLLACEtE. 163

the spreading filiform pedicels longer than the fruiting calyx : corolla light blue or nearly
white, 4 to 6 lines in diameter : calyx-lobes linear or lanceolate, in fruit nearly twice the
length of the capsule (this only a line and a half long).— Fl. i. 140 ; Gray, Man. I.e.
(Pluk. t. 245, fig. 5.) Polemonium dubium,L. Eutoca pardjiora, R. Br. in Richards. App.
Frankl. Journ. 36 ; Benth. 1. c. Cosmanlhus parvifloms, A.DC. 1. (•. Pliacella pusiUa, Buck-
ley, 1. c, ex char. — Shaded places, Pennsylvania and Oiiio to Carolina, jMissouri, and Texas :
the south-western and also Virginian forms passing into

Var. hirsuta, Gray. More hirsute and the stems less slender, apparently growing
in more open or dry soil: corolla larger, 5 to 7 lines in diameter. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c.
P. hirsuia, Nutt. 1. c. 191. — Prairies and barrens, south-western part of Missouri to eastern
Texas. Also similar forms from Giles Co., Virginia, and Stone Mountain, Georgia,
Canby. Well developed capsule 2 lines long. Ovules only 4 in some flowers, 8 in others.
* * Ovules (and commonly the seeds) about 8 on each placenta: plants stouter, with less divided

leaves: vestiges of appendages to the corolla sometimes manifest, in the form of very narrow

lamellae approximate in pairs between the stamens.

P. patuliflora, Gray. Rather softly cinereous-hirsute or pubescent, and the inflorescence
somewhat glandular, branched from the base, a span to a foot high, erect or diffuse : leaves
obovate or oblong (an inch or two long) ; the lowest lyrate-pinnatifid ; the upper commonly
only pinnatifid-incised, sessile : racemes lax, at length elongated : pedicels spreading or
nodding, especially in fruit, 4 to 7 lines or more long : corolla deep blue with yellow base,
from half to three quarters inch in diameter ; the lobes somewhat erose-denticulate : calyx-
lobes lax or spreading, linear or somewhat lanceolate, occasionally becoming spatulate or
obovate, sometimes twice the length of the rather thin-walled capsule. — Proc. Am. Acad.
X. 321. Eutoca patuliflora, Engelm. & Gray, PI. Lindh. i. 45. • Phacelia hispida, Buckley in
Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 463. — Low prairies and thickets, Texas along and near the
coast, Berlandier, Lindheimer, Wright, Buckley, &c. Capsule 2|- lines long : placentae at
length deciduous : seeds apparently as in the next.

P. Strictiflora, Gray, 1. c. Shorter and stouter than the preceding, more cinereous-hir-
sute : leaves rather more pinnatifid (an inch or so long) : racemes in fruit strict and mostly
dense, with pedicels erect and not longer than the capsule : corolla similar or rather larger :
calyx-lobes usually becoming spatulate : capsule firm-coriaceous (3 lines long) : seeds
round-oval, minutely alveolate-reticulated and coarsely more or less tubcrculate-rugose ! —
Eutoca strictiflora, Engelm. & Gray, 1. c. — Sand-hills, San Felipe and Austin, Texas, Drum-
viond, Lindheimer, E. Hall. Also Mississippi, SpiUman. Perhaps a variety of the last,
growing in more exposed soil. Capsule of firmer texture ; the placentae inclined to be
adnate. In the seeds alone there is some approach to the character of the Microgenetes
section.

§ 4. Gymnobtthus, Gray. Ovules and seeds very numerous on the dilated
placentas, descending or nearly horizontal ; the testa-favose-pitted : appendages of
the rotate-campanulate corolla wholly absent : capsule ovate and pointed : style
2-parted : very glandular and viscid Californian annuals, with ovate dentate leaves,
simple or sometimes geminate loose racemes, and very slender filaments (usually
a little bearded at base) about the length of the corolla. — Proc. Am. Acad.
X. 321. Cosmanthus § GymnohytJms, A.DC.

P. viscida, Torr. A foot or two high, branching, hirsute at base, very glandular above :
leaves ovate or obscurely cordate, doubly or incisely and irregularly dentate (an inch or
two long) : corolla deep blue with purple or whitish centre, from half to nearlj-^ an inch in
diameter. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 143; Gray, I.e. & Bot. Calif, i. 513. Eutoca viscida, Benth.
in Bot. Reg. t. 1808 ; Bot. Mag t. 3572. Cosmanthus viscidus, A.DC. 1. c. 296. — Open soil,
along the coast of California, from Santa Barbara southward. Calyx-lobes linear or be-
coming obscurely spatulate, about the length of the abruptly cuspidate-pointed capsule ;
the firm placentae of which persist on the valves.

Var. albiflora, Gray, 1- c, differs only in its white corolla. — Eutoca albiflora, Nutt.
PI. Gamb. 158. — Same range.

P. grandiflora, Gray, h c. Very like the preceding, or disposed to be more hispid:
corolla light blue or sometimes white, an inch to an inch and a half in diameter. — Eutoca

164 HYDROPHYLLACE^. Phacella.

grandifiora, Benth. in Linn. Trans. 1. c. 278. E. speciosa, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 1. c. Cosmaidhus
nrandijlorus, A.BC. I.e. — California, from Santa Barbara Co. sonthwa.Td, Douglas, Nuttall,
Peckham, &c. Capsule 4 lines long, the cuspidate persistent and indurated base of the
style a line in length.

§ 5. WhitlXvia, Gray. Ovules and seeds numerous or rather few ; the testa
favose-pitted : appendages of the corolla reduced to 5 small truncate or emar-
ffinate scales, one adnate to the inner base of each capillary somewhat exserted
filament : style 2-cleft above the middle : Californian annuals, with inflorescence
and habit of the preceding section, but less glandular, and with longer petioles and
pedicels, and looser racemes, the flowers showy. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 321.

* Corolla large (violet-purple, varying to white in cultivation), with tube longer than the rounded
lobes and much longer than the liuear calyx-lobes: placentae and seeds of preceding section. —

Whitlavia, Harvey.

P. "Whitlavia, Gray, 1- c. About a foot high, loosely branching, hirsute and glandular :
leaves ovate or deltoid, incisely toothed : corolla with cylindraceous ventricose tube usually
an inch long, thrice the length of the lobes : appendages to the filaments hairy. —Whitlavia
grandifiora (and W. minor), Harvey in Lond. Jour Bot. v. 312, 1. 11, 12; Bot. Mag. t. 4813.
— S. California, Coulter, &c. Cultivated as an ornamental annual.

P. campanularia. Lower : leaves subcordate, less deeply dentate : tube of the truly
campanulate corolla half inch long, expanded at throat, barely twice the length of the
lobes: appendages to the filaments glabrous and smaller; otherwise much resembles the
preceding, and almost as showy. — S. California, San Bernardino Co., Parry and Lemmon.
San Diego Co., Cleveland.

* Corolla rotate-campanulate, deeply-lobed, hardly twice the length of the narrow calyx-lobes :
racemes very loose ; pedicels filiform, widely spreadmg : herbage hirsute or somewhat hispid and
glandular.

P. Parryi, Torr. A span or two high, rather slender : leaves ovate. Irregularly and in-
cisely doubly toothed or laciniate, or the lowest sometimes pinnately parted ; the upper
cauline longer than their petioles : corolla cleft beyond the middle, deep violet, two-thirds
inch in diameter: filaments bearded : ovules on each placenta 20 or 30 and seeds 15 to 20.

Bot. Mex. Bound. 144 ; Gray, 1. c. — California, near Los Angeles and San Diego, Parry,

Cooper, Davidson, &c.

P. longipes, Torr. Slender, loosely branched : cauline leaves roundish-oval or subcor-
date, coarsely and obtusely 5-8-toothed, about half inch long, all shorter than the petioles :
corolla hardly half an inch long, apparently white, 5-cleft barely to the middle ; ovules on
each placenta 8 or 10, and the seeds fewer — Gray, 1. c. — Santa Barbara Co., California,
Torrey.

§ 6. EuTOCA, Gray. Ovules and seeds several (6 to 12) or more numerous
on each placenta ; the testa areolate-reticulated or favose-pitted, but not trans-
versely rugose: appendages of the mostly campanulate corolla in the form of
10 vertical salient lamellae: capsule ovate or oblong. (Chiefly occidental, one or
two boreal ; habit very various, several distinguished from analogous Eaphaceli(E,
&c.,ouly by the ovules and seeds.) — Man. ed. 2, 329, «fe Proc. Am. Acad. x. 322.
Eutoca, R. Br., excl. spec, Eutoca § Ortheutoca, A.DC.

* Perennials, or annuals, with conspicuously (in P. Bolanderi and P. Mohavensis more slightly)
exserted stamens and dense scorpioid inflorescence : appendages of the open-campanulate corolla
conspicuous and usually broad, more or less oblique, at base united in pairs with or across the
base of the filament, forming a kind of sac behind it.

-t- Root annual : spikes solitary terminating the branches, or geminate : ovules only 4 to 9 on each
placenta: anthers oval. , .

++ Low, a span or more high, diffusely branched, merely hirsute and with finer somewhat viscid

pubescence : leaves from ovate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, entire or rarely 1-2-toothed or incised,

tapering at base into a short petiole: appendages to the corolla elongated-oblong and adnate up

to the truncate summit : capsule ovate, acute.

P. Mohavensis. Barely a span high : leaves lanceolate or the lowest linear-oblong

(about an inch long) : racemes at length an inch or two long and strict : short pedicels erect :

Phacelia. HYDROPHYLLACE^. 165

calyx-lobes spatulate-linear : glabrous filaments and S-parted style (3 or 4 lines long)
slightly surpassing the purple corolla : ovules only 4 or 5 to each placenta. — South-eastern
California, on the Mohave River, May, 1876, Palmer. Habit somewhat of P. Menziesii,
but lower, more diffuse, less hispid, and with different appendages to the corolla, this fully
4 lines long.

Var. exilis, a slender form, more erect : leaves and calyx-lobes all linear and slightly
broader upward : corolla only 3 lines long : seeds as in the next species. — Bear Valley on
the Mohave slope of the San Bernardino Mountains, California, Parry & Lemvion.
P. grisea, Gray. A span or two high, more cinereous with a sparse liirsute and a close
finer pubescence, rather stout: leaves ovate or oblong: spikes more densely hirsute or
even hispid, at length 4 to 6 inches long, densely flowered : calyx-lobes obovate-spatulate,
little exceeding the capsule : corolla nearly white : filaments and 2-cleft style conspicuously
exserted ; the former minutely and sparsely retrorsely papillose or liirsute : ovules 5 or 6
to each placenta : seeds coarsely alveolate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 80. — W. California, on
Pine Mountain, back of San Simeon Bay, Palmer, 1876.

++ ++ Taller, setose-hispid : leaves pinnatifid and incised, petioled : appendages to the corolla
large, free and pointed at apex.

P. loasaef olia, Torr. A foot high, somewhat viscid-pubescent as well as hispid with long
and stiff spreading bristles : leaves ovate or oblong, rarely subcordate, more or less pin-
natifid, and the lobes acutely toothed or incised : spikes geminate : corolla short-campanu-
late (3 lines long), little exceeding the linear-spatulate calyx-lobes ; its internal appendages
transverse and auriculate-incurved, with the free apex acuminate or cuspidate : naked fila-
ments and 2-parted style conspicuously exserted : ovules 6 to 9 on each placenta : seeds
angled, alveolate. — Bot. Mex. Bound. I.e. ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 323, & Bot. Calif.
i. 509. Eutoca loascefolia, Benth. 1. c. — California, near Monterey, Douglas, Pairy. Little
known, in aspect between P. malvcefolia and P. ramosissima.

+- -)— Root probably perennial : scorpioid inflorescence at length open and geminate-racemose :
ovules and seeds about 50 on each dilated placenta: stamens hardly surpassing the very open
corolla : leaves conspicuously petioled, incised.

P. Bolanderi, Gray. Hispid with slender bristles, also viscid-pubescent, especiallj'-
above : stem stout, erect, a foot or two high, freely branching : radical and lower cauline
leaves lyrate and oblong in outline, with one or two pairs of small and incised lateral divi-
sions ; the terminal division and the short petioled upper leaves ovate or oval (2 or 3 inches
long), coarsely incised or lobed, truncate or subcordate at base : corolla nearly rotate when
expanded and almost an inch in diameter, white ; its appendages semi-obovate, almost as
broad as long, distinctly connected at base in front of the adnate and sparingly bearded
filaments : anthers oblong : style cleft nearly to the middle : capsule broadly ovate, acute,
shorter than the lanceolate or at length spatulate lobes of the calyx. — Proc. Am. Acad.
X. 322, & Bot. Calif, i. 509. — Cottonaby Creek, 20 miles north of Noyo, Mendocino Co., Cali-
fornia, Bolander. Lowest leaves 4 inches long, exclusive of the petiole. Cymes once to
thrice forked ; the short racemes at length open : pedicels 1 or 2 or sometimes the lower
3 lines long. Calyx 3 or at length 4 lines long, decidedly shorter than the ample corolla.

^_ H_ +_ Eoot perennial : spikes of the congested cyme once to thrice geminate or crowded at
the summit of a terminal peduncle, short and densely-flowered: ovules and seeds rather few:
appendages of the corolla very broad and obtuse : stamens and style conspicuously exserted :
anthers linear or oblong: leaves all petioled, incisely lobed.
P. hydrophylloides, Torr. A span or two high from slender subterranean shoots
proceeding from a thickened stock or root, canescently pubescent, and above hirsute or
hispid as well as glandular : leaves silky-pubescent both sides, slender-petioled, ovate or
rhomboidal, an inch or two long, obtuse, incisely few-toothed or lobed, or sometimes the
lowest lyrate, having one or two nearly detached small basal lobes or divisions : short
spikes or racemes of the glomerate cyme not elongating : corolla violet-blue or whitish ;
its appendages semi-oval, united at base with that of the naked filament : anthers short-
linear : style almost 2-parted : capsule about the length of the calyx, abruptlj^mucronate-
pointed : seeds 6 to 8, angled. -Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 400, x. 323, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. -
Dry sandy or gravelly soil in the Sierra Nevada, California, at 5-9,000 feet, from Mariposa
to Sierra Co., Breiver, Bolander, Lemmon, &c. Corolla 3 or 4 lines long : the appendages as
in the following species, but hardly connected in front of the base of the filament.

166 HYDROPHYLLACE^. Phacelia.

P. procera, Gray. Erect, 3 to 7 feet high, minutely soft-pubescent ; the summit of the
simple stem glandular, but even the calyx not hispid : leaves green and membranaceous,
2 to 5 inches long, ovate-lanceolate and ovate, acute, mostly laciniate-pinnatitid or cleft ;
the lobes 2 to 4 pairs and acute : spikes of the glomerate or bifid cyme somewhat length-
ened with age : corolla white or bluish ; the semi-obcordate oblique appendages united over
the base of the sparsely bearded filament : anthers oblong : style 2-clef t above the middle :
capsule globular-ovate, hardly mucronate : seeds 10-18, wing-angled. — Proc. Am. Acad.
X. 323, & Bot. Calif, i. 509. — In mountain meadows of the Sierra Nevada, California,
Nevada to Siskiyou Co., Bolander, Lemmon, Greene, Flowers at length very short pedicelled :
corolla cleft to the middle.

* * Perennial, with long exserted stamens and spiciform-thyrsoid inflorescence : appendages of
the campanulate marcesceni-persistent corolla conspicuous, ofilong, A'ertical, wholly free from the
filament: ovules moderately numerous.

P. sericea, Gray. A span to a foot high from a branching caudex, silky-pubescent or
canescent, or the simple virgate stems and inflorescence villous-hirsute, rather leafy to the
top : leaves pinnately parted into linear or narrow-oblong numerous and often again few-
cleft or pinnatifid divisions, silky-canescent or sometimes greenish ; the lower petioled ;
the uppermost simpler and nearly sessile : short spikes crowded in a naked spike-like
thyrsus : corolla violet-blue or whitish, very open-campanulate, cleft to the middle : anthers
short-oval: style 2-clef t at the apex : capsule ovate, short-acuminate, a little longer than
the calyx and marcescent-persistent corolla, 12-18-seeded : seeds oval-oblong, terete, acutish,
longitudinally costate and transversely alveolate, reticulated. — Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2,
(1862) xxxiv. 254, & Proc. 1. c. ; Watson, Bot. Iving, 252. Eutoca sericea, Graham ; Hook.
Bot. Mag.it. 3003; & Fl. ii. 79. E. pnsilla, Lehm. Pugill. — Higher mountains of Colorado
and Nevada, and north to British Columbia and the arctic region. Corolla 3, and stamens
and style 7 to 10 lines long. Shallow alveolations of the seed in vertical rows.

Var. Lyallii, Gray. Low, less silky : leaves green and sparsely hirsute-pubescent,
more simply pinnatifid; the lobes short and broad : inflorescence thyrsoid-capitate. — Proc.
Am. Acad. x. 323. — Rocky Mountains in lat. 49°, at 6-7,000 feet, Lydl, &c.

* * * Annuals, with stamens about the length of the rotate-campanulate corolla, and the densely-
flowered spikes or spike-like racemes thyrsoid-cymose or paniculate : appendages of the corolla
long and narrow, free at apex, and at tiase free from the (glabrous or slightly hairy) filaments :
anthers short: calyx-lobes linear: style 2-cleft at apex: capsule ovate, acuminate or acute.

P. Franklinii, Gray. A span to a foot or more high, soft-hirsute or pubescent : stem
erect, simple or corymbose at summit : lower leaves petioled and pinnately or somewhat
bipinnately divided or parted into numerous and short linear-oblong divisions or lobes, the
upper sessile and less divided : spikes cymose-glomerate or crowded, little elongated in age :
corolla pale blue or almost white : ovules 40 or more : capsule about the length of the
calyx : seeds oval, minutely alveolate in vertical lines (nearly as in P. sericea, but the lines
less conspicuous). — Man. ed. 2, 329, & ed. 3, 370. Eutoca Franklinii, R. Br. 1. c. t. 27 ; Hook.
Bot. Mag. t. 2985. — Shores of Lake Superior to Bear Lake, and on Snake River, south-
western Idaho.

P. Menziesii, Torr. A span to a foot high, at length paniculate-branched, hispid or
roughish-hirsute, usually also minutely cinereous-pubescent : leaves mostly sessile, linear
or lanceolate and entire, or some of them deeply cleft ; the lobes few or single, linear or
lanceolate, entire : spikes or spike-like racemes thyrsoid-paniculate, at length elongated
and erect,: corolla bright violet or sometimes white : ovules 12 to 16 : capsule shorter than
the calyx : seeds oblong, coarsely favose-reticulated. — Watson, Bot. King, 252. Hydrophyl-
lum lineare, Pursh, Fl. i. 134. Euioca Menziesii, R. Br. 1. c. t. 27, fig. 1-5 ; Hook. Fl. 1. c. &
Bot. Mag. t. 3762 ; Brit. Fl. Card. ser. 2, t. 334. E. mdtiflora, Dougl. in Lehm. Pugill. &
Bot. Reg. t. 1180. E. heterophylla, Torr. in Stansb. Rep. — Open soil, Montana to Utah, and
west to British Columbia, Oregon, and the Sierra Nevada in California. Very floriferous
and handsome : corolla half to three-fourths of an inch in diameter.

* * * * Annuals, with stamens shorter than (in P. divaricata sometimes equalling) the corolla,
and spiciform or racemiform inflorescence.

-I— Leaves pinnately compound, and seeds excavated and ridged on the ventral face, in the manner
of P. congesta, tanacetijolia, ice.
P. infundibviliforniis, Torr. A foot or so high, villous-hirsute or somewhat hispid,
viscid-glandular : leaves all petioled and pinnately divided ; the divisions 5 to 11, oval or

Phacelia. HYDROPHYLLACE^. 167

oblong, incisely pinnatifid ; the short lobes very obtuse or retuse, sometimes 1-2-lobed :
spikes mostly cymose or geminate, elongated in fruit, dense; the pedicels very much
shorter than the calyx : corolla pale purple or white, f unnelform ; the rounded and some-
what erose lobes not half the length of the tube ; its appendages narrow-oblong, free from
the stamens : ovules 8 to 12 on each dilated placenta : style 2-cleft at the tip : capsule
oblong, very obtuse or retuse, membranaceous, about the length of the narrow spatulate
calyx-lobes: seeds (about 20) oval, reticulated. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 144. — New Mexico,
near the Santa Rita copper mines, Wright, Bigelow (and south into Chihuahua, Biyelow).
Habit of P. congesta, &c. Corolla nearly 3 lines long, narrow. Capsule 3 hues long.
-1— H— Leaves simply pinnatitid ; the lobes short and obtuse.
++ Flowers crowded in at length elongated spikes : corolla small, white or nearly so.
P. brach^loba, Gray. A foot or two high, erect, roughish-pubescent, viscid-glandular
above : leaves elongated-oblong or spatulate, short-petioled ; the 7 to 15 lobes entire or
obtusely few-toothed : spikes solitary or geminate, at length much elongated and slender:
pedicels very short: corolla campanulate ; the lobes about half the length of the tube ; its
long and narrow appendages nearly free from the stamens : ovules about 6 ou each pla-
centa : style 2-cleft above the middle : capsule oblong-oval, very obtuse, membranaceous,
shorter than the narrow spatulate calyx-lobes : seeds oval, reticulated. — Proc. Am. Acad.
X. 324, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. Eutoca brachyloha, Benth. I.e. — California, near Monterey and
Santa Barbara [Douglas, Brewer, Torrey), to San Diego Co. [Cleveland) and the Mohave
region, Palmer.

++ ++ Flowers loosely racemose, long-pedicelled : corolla (blue or purple or varying to white) open-
campanulate, twice "the length of the calyx ; the appendages elongated, nearly free from the base
of the usually sparsely bearded filament: low and diffuse, a span or less high, with the leaves
mostly at or near the base.
P. Douglasii, Torr. Diffuse, pubescent and hirsute with mostly spreading hairs : leaves
elougated-oblong or linear in outline, pinnatifid or pinnately parted into several or numer-
ous pairs of lobes ; the terminal lobe not larger nor parallel-veined : racemes at length
elongated : pedicels filiform, mostly longer than the flower : calyx-lobes spatulate : append-
ages to the tube of the ample corolla semi-oblanceolate : style 2-cleft above the middle :
ovules to each dilated placenta 12 to 14 : capsule ovate, mucronate : seeds roundish-oval,
scrobiculate. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 143 ; Gray, 1. c. Eutoca Douglasii, Benth. 1. c. — California,
apparently ratlier common in the western part of the State south of Monterey. Habit
somewhat of Neinophila insignis. Pedicels half an inch to an inch long, spreading. Corolla
generally half an inch high, and proportionally broad when expanded.
P. Davidsonii, Gray. Resembles the preceding, but more hairy and hoary, the foliage
with strigose, the racemes and calyx with villous-hirsute and spreading pubescence : leaves
deeply pinnatifid into 2 to 4 triangular entire lateral lobes and a much larger oblong ter-
minal one, the evident veins of which are nearly parallel with the midrib (in the manner
of P. humilis and of the succeeding) ; some of the upper leaves occasionally entire : pedi-
cels seldom longer than the fructiferous calyx, in age inclined to be recurved-ascending or
sigmoid : calyx-lobes narrowly spatulate : appendages to the tube of the corolla semi-oval :
ovules to each placenta 8 or 10.— Proc. Am. Acad. x. 324, & Bot. Calif, i. 510, a depau-
perate and small-flowered form. — California, in Kern Co., Prof. Dam'dson, the small form
above mentioned. San Bernardino Co., a larger form, with flowers fully the size of P.
Douglasii, and limb or lobes of the corolla bright purple, Parry and Lemmon.
^^ ^— -)— Leaves entire (or the lower rarelv 1-2-lobed or toothed), petioled, not fleshy nor cordate,
the veins somewhat parallel or converging: pubescence not glandular: flowers spicate-racemose :
calyx hirsute or hispid with long spreading hairs: appendages of the tube of the corolla broader
at base and united with the base of the (usually pubescent or sparsely bearded) filaments: capsule
ovate, acute or mucronate, 6-16-seeded, much shorter than the linear or Imear-spatulate enlarguig
calyx-lobes : seed with favose-pitted or scrobiculate testa.
++ Corolla narrow, somewhat funnelform, little longer than the calyx, apparently pale or white,
much exceeding the stamens.
P. circinatif ormis, Gray, 1. c. Erect, a span or so high, hispid and puberulent : leaves
ovate and oblong-lanceolate, parallel-veined, somewhat strigose-hispid : racemes or spikes
dense : style 2-cleft above the middle : ovules 4 (or rarely more) to each placenta. — Eutoca
phacelioides, Benth. 1. c. — California, Douglas (from whose collection only is the species yet
known), probably from the vicinity of Monterey. Aspect of a small form of P. ciranaia.
Corolla 2^ to 3 Imes long. Fruiting calyx 5 lines long.

168 HYDROPHYLLACE^. Phacelia.

++ ++ Corolla broadly open-campauulate, violet or blue, not rarely nearly equalled by the stamens
and stj-Ie.

P. curvipes, Torr. Diffuse, 2 to 4 inches high, hirsute and puberulent: leaves from
oval to lanceolate, mostly shorter than the slender petiole: racemes simple, at length
loose, the lower pedicels as long as the calyx : style cleft to the middle : ovules 8 or 10 to
each placenta. — Watson, Bot. King, 252; Gray, I.e. — Foothills of the desert region,
W. Nevada (Carson City, Watson), and Owens Valley, California, Dr. Horn. Habit of P.
humilis. Blade of the leaf 6 to 10 lines long. Corolla barely 3 lines high. Hispid calyx
in fruit becoming 4 and 6 lines long. Pedicels from a line to 5 lines long in fruit ; the
lowest sometimes sigmoid-curved (deflexed and then ascending) ; and petiole sometimes
" more or less abruptly curved/' whence the specific name, wliich ordinarily seems rather
inappropriate.

P, divaricata, Gray, 1. c. Diffusely spreading, a span high, more or less hirsute and
pubescent ; leaves ovate or oblong, mostly longer than the petiole, occasionally 1-2-toothed
or lobed at base, the veins curving upwards : spikes or racemes at length loose ; the pedi-
cels usually much shorter than the calyx : style 2-cleft at the apex : ovules 12 to 20 on
each placenta (or rarely fewer "? ). — Eutoca divaricata, Benth. 1. c. ; Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1. 1784 ;
Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3706. E. Wrangeliana, Fisch. & Meyer ; Don, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2,
t. 362, a form (var. Wrangeliana, A.DC.) with leaves inclined to be lobed or 1-2-toothed.
— California, common about San Francisco Bay. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long. Flowers
pretty large ; the expanded corolla often three-fourths of an inch broad.

-H- -i— -1— -1— Leaves entire ov somewhat crenate-Iobed or toothed, slender-petioled, the veins di-
vergent or commonly obsolete : pubescence viscid or glandular: corolla narrow-campanulate or
somewhat funnelform, the appendages of the tube linear or oblong and nearly free from -the
unequal glabrous filaments: style 2-cleft only at the apex. (Species peculiar to the interior
desert region. )

++ Flowers and the very dense short spikes closely sessile : calyx equalling the narrow corolla :
leaves thickish, spatulate-oblong.

P. cephalotes, Gray, 1. c. Divaricately branching from the very base, nearly prostrate,
more or less viscid-pubescent and the calyx, &c., hispid-hirsute : leaves chiefly radical and
at the bifurcations, apparently fleshy-coriaceous, nearly veinless, oblong or spatulate,
entire (about half an inch long and tapering into the commonly longer petiole) : sessile
spikes or heads radical and in all the forks, at length oblong : calyx-lobes spatulate-linear,
twice the length of the oval obtuse 8-10-seeded capsule : seeds with a lax cellular-reticu-
lated pellicle. — P. curvipes, Parry in Am. NaturaUst, ix. 16, not Torr. — Southern Utah,
Bishop, Mrs. Thompson, Parry. Corolla 2 lines long, cylindraceous, white or yellowish, with
the short limb blue or purplish ; the internal appendages linear. Earliest spike radical,
much shorter than the subtending leaves ; the first internode of the prostrate branches
2 to 4 inches long.

++ ++ Flowers not so crowded, more or less racemose : calyx conspicuously shorter than the some-
what open-funnelform or campanulate corolla, a little longer than the obtuse capsule: leaves
thickish, apparently fleshy-coriaceous, roundish or oval, the veins mostly obscure.

P. demissa, Gray, 1. c. Diffusely branched from the base, less than a span high, viscid-
puberulent or glabrate : leaves from orbicular to obscurely reniform or subcordate, entire
or repand, half inch in diameter : flowers rather few and short-pedicelled in a sessile or
very short-peduncled spike which is mostly shorter than the petioles and the internodes of
the branches : corolla apparently white, barely 2 lines long, little exceeding the linear
calyx-lobes; its short appendages narrowly oblong: capsule (2 lines long) short-oval, very
obtuse, about 10-seeded : seeds oblong, proportionally large, alveolate-reticulated. -^ New
Mexico, Palmer.

P. pulchella. Gray, 1. c. Diffusely branched, barely a span high, merely viscid-puberu-
lent : leaves roundish-ovate or obovate, entire or crenate-toothed, obtuse or acutish at base,
half an inch or less in length : flowers numerous in the at length elongated panicled
racemes : pedicels mostly shorter than the calyx : corolla deep purple (with a yellowish base),
commonly thrice the length of the spatulate calyx-lobes : capsule narrowly oblong, very
obtuse, about 30-seeded. — P. crassifolia. Parry in Am. Naturalist, I. c., not Torr. — Southern
Utah, on gypseous clay knolls. Parry. A showy vernal species. Corolla 4 or 5 lines long,
with an ampler limb than in the related species ; the appendages conspicuous, semi-oval.
Seeds not half the size of those of the preceding species, short-oval, pitted.

Phacelia. HYDROPHYLLACEiE. 169

P. pusilla, Torr. Very small, not over 3 inches high, simple or loosely branching, glan-
dular-pubescent: leaves broadly oval or oblong, entire, a quarter to half an inch long:
flowers few in a loose raceme, on filiform pedicels : corolla white, not twice the length of
the narrow linear or obscurely spatulate calyx-lobes : capsule narrow-oblong, obtuse and
mucronulate, 18-24-seeded. — Watson, Bot. Iving, 253; Gray, 1. c — Western part of
Nevada to the borders of California, " under sage-brush and junipers," Watson. Corolla
hardly but capsule fully 2 lines long. Seeds somewhat pyriform, roughish-scrobiculate.
Pedicels 1 to 5 lines long.

■H- 'hi- -i-i- Flowers loosely racemose in fully developed inflorescence : calyx shorter than the cam-
panulate corolla, rather longer than the short-pointed capsule : leaves rouud-cordate and creuately
lobed or repand, obscurely palmatelj' veined.

P. rotundifolia, Torr. Diffusely branched, 2 to 4 inches high, glandular-hirsute : leaves
crenately 7-13-toothed or even lobed, mostly with a deep-cordate base (a quarter to a full
inch long), usually niuch shorter than the petiole: pedicels shorter than thehnear-spatulate
calyx-lobes : corolla white : style obscurely 2-cleft at apex : capsule oval-oblong, abruptly
pointed, 60-100-seeded. — Watson, Bot. King, 253 ; Gray, 1. c. ^ S. E. borders of Califorma,
near Fort Mohave, to S. Utah and Arizona, Cooper, Palmer, Parry. Corolla 2 lines long.
Capsule 2 lines long. Seeds globular, scrobiculate.

§ 7. MiCROGENETES, Gray. Ovules and seeds of the preceding section ; but
the latter oblong and strongly corrugated transversely (vermiculifoim !) : style
2-cleft only at the apex : stamens unequal, included : corolla with internal appen-
dages present or rarely wanting : low annuals, all W. American : leaves mostly
piunatifid. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 326.

* Corolla short, almost rotate ; the appendages 10 transverse plicae in the throat, remote from the
stamens ! — § Helmintkospermum, Torr. in herb.

P. micrantha, Torr. Slender, paniculately branched, a span or more high, minutely
hirsute-glandular : leaves membranaceous, pinnately parted into 5 to 9 obovate or oblong
very obtuse and mostly entire lobes ; the lower with margined petiole, the upper with
dilated and sometimes auriculate partly clasping base: racemes geminate or panicled,
very loose : pedicels as long as the calyx : corolla (bright blue with a yellowish tube, or
sometimes pale) little exceeding the obovate or spatulate and enlarging calyx-lobes: cap-
sule globular, obtuse, 20-24-sceded. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 144 ; Gray, 1. c, & Bot. Calif,
i. 511. — New Mexico and Arizona, from the Rio Grande near El Paso to S. Utah, and the
borders of California. Corolla barely 2 lines in diameter when expanded : no vertical
appendages at the base of the stamens and on the intermediate veins, but a pair of com-
pletely transverse short and narrow folds high upon the short tube, stretching from the mid-
vein of each lobe nearly to the lateral vein which springs from near its base. Style short,
glabrous. Calyx in fruit 2 lines long. Seeds cylindraceous, incurved, very deeply
rugose transversely and tuberculate.

* * Corolla funnelform or cylindraceous ; the appendages vertical, long and narrow, united more
or less to the base of the "filaments (in the Chilian P. Cuminyii obsolete): style more or less
hair_y below in our species : seeds minutely reticulated as well as coarselj' coiTugated : leaves chiefly
pinnatifid, and the petioles naked. — Microgenetes, A.DC. Prodr. ix. 292. Phacelia § Euylypta,
Watson, Bot. King, 1. c.

-1— Corolla white or pale purple, ^hghtly longer than the little-dilated calyx-lobes, 2 or at most
3 lines long.

P. Ivesidna, Torr. About a span high, diffusely much branched from the base, hirsute-
pubescent and glandular : leaves pinnately parted into 7 to 15 linear or oblong and entire
or incisely few-toothed lobes, rarely bipinnatifid: racemes loose, 6-20-flowered : narrow
appendages of the corolla adnate to the filament only at base: capsule oblong, 16-24-
seeded. — Ives Colorad. Exped. Bot. 21 ; Watson, Bot. King, 254. — Utah, Nevada, and
Arizona, from Salt Lake to the south-eastern borders of California. This species most
resembles P. Cumingii, the Microgenetes Ciuningii, A.DC. Narrow calyx-lobes becoming 3
or 4 lines long, and conspicuously surpassing the capsule. Seeds over half hue long,
strongly rough-corrugated.

4_ ^_ Corolla conspicuously longer than the caUTc; the limb violet or blue-purple; the throat and
tube yellow or whitish.

170 HYDROPHYLLACEyE. Phacelia.

++ I>eaves deeply once or twice pinnatifid: short fruiting pedicels erect: corolla half inch long:
pubescence minute, more or less viscid.
P. Fremontii, Torr. 1. c. A span to a foot high, much branched from the base : leaves
once pinnatifid into 7 to 15 oblong or obovate entire or obtusely 2-3-lobed divisions : flow-
ers crowded in the at length elongated spiciform raceme : corolla broadly f unnelform,
double the length of the spatulate calyx-lobes ; the long and narrow appendages united
below with the filament or almost free from it : capsule oblong : seeds 20 to 30, strongly and
somewhat evenly corrugated. — Watson, Bot. Iving, 253; Gray, I.e. — S.Utah and Nevada
to W. Arizona and Kern Co., California.
P. bicolor, Torr. Lower and more diffuse : leaves pinnately parted and the divisions •
again irregularly pinnatifid into small nearly linear lobes : spiciform racemes loosely 10-20-
flowered : corolla narrowly funnelform (sometimes 7 lines long), thrice the length of the
narrowly linear and obscurely spatulate calyx-lobes; the long and narrow appendages
united for more than half their length with the filament, forming a long tubular cavity
behind it: capsule ovaloblong: seeds about 16, shorter, minutely corrugated. — Watson,
Bot. King, 255 ; Gray, 1. c. ^W. Nevada and adjacent parts of California in the Sierra
Nevada, first collected by Anderson. The handsomest of the section.

++ ++ Leaves merely pinnatifid-dentate : corolla only 3 or 4 lines long.
P. gymnoclada, Torr. Diffusely branched from the base, a span or less high, some-
what viscid-pubescent ; the primary branches decumbent and with long naked internodes :
leaves obovate or oblong, obtuse, coarsely and obtusely toothed (an inch or less long),
mostly shorter than the petiole : spike several-flowered : short-f unnelform corolla (rarely-
white) not twice the length of the linear or obscurely spatulate-hirsute calyx-lobes; its
appendages united with the lower part of the filament : capsule globose-ovate, 8-16-seeded.
— Watson, 1. c. ; Gray, 1. c. — W. Nevada and E. California, in the foothills of the Sierra
Nevada and Humboldt Mountains, Watson, Lemmon.
P. crassifolia, Torr. Diffusely branched from the base, 3 or 4 inches high, viscid-
pubescent: leaves somewhat fleshy, oblong-ovate, scabrous (3 to 6 lines long), tapering into
a short petiole ; the lower with a few short obtuse teeth ; the cauline entire : racemes
rather loosely few-flowered ; the short pedicels spreading: funnelform corolla fully twice
the length of the linear calyx-lobes ; the obscure appendages free from all but the very
base of the filament: capsule ovoid, 6-8-seeded. — Watson, Bot. King, 255. — Reese River
Valley, Nevada, Watson. Seeds rather strongly rugose, oblong, half a line long.

6. EMMENANTHE, Benth. (From l^niva, I abide, and avdog., flower,
the corolla persisting.) — Low annuals (of California and Nevada), with much
the habit and general character of certain sections of Phacelia, but the yellow
or cream-colored campanulate corolla persistent (not carried off by the enlarging
capsule). — Gray, Proc. Am, Acad. x. 328, & Bot. Calif, i. 514.

§ 1. MiLTi'xziA, Gray. Diffuse or depressed, and with the general characters
of Phacelia § 3ficrogenetes, except the persistent corolla : flowers small : calyx-
lobes broader upward : seeds more or less rugose transversely or obliquely, as well
as minutely reticulated. — Miltilzia, A.DC. Prodr. ix. 296.

* Corolla bright yellow, merely 5-lobed, exceeding or at least equalling the calj^x both in blossom
and fruit, withering persistent and enclosing the capsule; the tube within mostly with 10 narrow
appendages : style persistent : herbage pubescent.

E. parviflora, Gray. Depressed, densely pubescent and viscid : leaves deeply pinnatifid :
flowers crowded in short spikes or racemes, on very short pedicels : corolla not longer than
the linear obscurely spatulate calyx-lobes : style hardly longer than the ovary : ovules 20
to 40: seeds 15 to 20. — Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 85, 1. 15. — Shores of mamath Lake, borders
of California and Oregon, Newhen-y. Specimen poor. Except for the greater number of
ovules and the shorter style (which may be inconstant), this would be referred to the next.

E. llitea, Gray. Diffusely branched, decumbent-spreading, more minutely pubescent,
somewhat viscid but hardly or slightly glandular : leaves oblong or obovate, incisely few-
lobed or toothed or pinnatifid : flowers rather crowded in short racemes ; the lower pedi-
cels often longer than the calyx : corolla exceeding the spatulate-linear calyx-lobes : style

Conanthus. HYDROPHYLLACE^. 171

filiform, much longer than the ovary : ovules about 12. —Eutoca ? lutea, Hook. & Am. Bot.
Beech. 373 ; Hook. Ic. t. 354. Miltltzia lutea, A. DC 1. c. Emmenanthe parvijlora, Watson,
Bot. King, 257, not Gray.— S. E. borders of Oregon (Tolmie), and W. Nevada to the bor-
ders of California, Anderson, Watson, Lemmon. Corolla nearly 3 lines long : the linear
appendages (like those of many Phaceliae) plainly discernible in this and the preceding,
but readily overlooked, slightly confluent below with the adnate base of the filaments.
Hypogynous disk conspicuous, saucer-shaped, much larger and more free than m the pre-
ceding.
E. glandulifera, Torr. Very slender, 3 or 4 inches high, diffusely branched, minutely
glandular-pubescent and viscid: leaves small (a quarter to half inch long), oblong or spat-
ulate, incisely few-toothed or the upper entire : flowers numerous in slender spikes or
racemes, mostly on very short pedicels : corolla narrow-campanulate, exceeding the linear
calyx-lobes: style filiform: ovules 6 to 12. — Watson, Bot. King, 1. c — W. borders of
Nevada, Anderson, Watson. Corolla 2 lines long : the appendages not found. Probably a
mere form of the preceding.

* * Corolla apparently nearly white, 5-cleft, short-campanulate, usually shorter than the calj'X
and capsule, investing the base of the latter at maturity , its internal appendages not manifest :
leaves mostly entire : capsule 8-10-seeded.

E. glaberrima, Torr. Wholly glabrous and glandless, diffuse or decumbent, a span or
less high, much branched : leaves thickish, somewhat succulent, oblong-spatulate or obovate,
entire, or the lower incisely 2-4-toothed (half an inch or more long), tapering into the pe-
tiole : flowers few or several, in short or at length elongated often geminate spikes or
racemes ; the short pedicels appressed ; corolla not exceeding the spatulate or oblong thick
calyx-lobes: style not longer than the wholly glabrous ovary: ovules 8 or 10: capsule
pointed with the subulate indurated base of the style. — Watson, Bot. King, 1. c. — Nevada,
in the lower Humboldt and Reese River Valleys, Watson. Also N. Arizona, Newberry, being,
according to Watson, the Eutoca aretioides of the botany of the Ives Expedition.

E. pusilla, Gray. Pubescent, an inch or two high, at length diffusely branched : leaves
spatulate or oblong-lanceolate, entire or nearly so (2 to 5 inches long), tapering into a peti-
ole of equal length : peduncles slender, loosely and racemosely 3-7-flowered ; the earliest
ones scapiform : pedicels spreading : corolla about half the length of the linear obscurely
spatulate calyx-lobes and of the ovoid very blunt capsule : style very short, at length
deciduous. —Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 87, & Bot. CaHf. i. 515. — North-western Nevada, Watson,
Lemmon. Calyx in blossom one line, in fruit 2 lines long.

§ 2. Emmenanthe proper. Erect, with comparatively large and very broad
cream-colored corolla : divisions of tlie calyx ample and broader downward (ovate-
lanceolate) : style deciduous : placentae conspicuously dilated in the axis : seeds
somewhat rugosely alveolate-reticulated.

E. pendtlliflora, Benth. A span to a foot Wgh, villous-pubescent and somewhat viscid :
leaves pinnatifid into numerous short and somewhat toothed or incised lobes: racemes
panicled, mostly short and loose, at base occasionally bracteate : pedicels filiform, as long
as the at length pendulous flowers: filaments slightly adnate to the very base of the
broadly campanulate corolla: ovules about 16. — Linn. Trans, xvii. 281. — California, not
rare from Lake Co. to San Diego, and east to S. Utah. (South to Guadalupe Island.)
Corolla 5 lines long, with short rotmded lobes, and no trace of internal appendages. Seeds
oblong-oval, a line long.

7. CONANTHUS, S. Watson. E^itocaH Conanthus, K.DC. (Name not
happily chosen, formed of xcowg, cone, and dvdog, flower, referring to the elon-
gated funnelform corolla.) — A single species, which would be referred to Nama
except for the united styles ; the flowers apparently 2-3-morphous as to length
and insertion of style and stamens.

O. aretioides, "Watson. A small and depressed winter-annual, 2 or 3 inches high,
repeatedly forked from the very base, forming a matted tuft, hirsute-hispid, copiously
flowering through a long season : leaves spatulate-linear : flowers comparatively large and

172 HYDROPHYLLACE^. Tricardia.

conspicuous, sessile in the forks, fully half inch long: corolla purple, funnelform, with
rather long narrow tube and ample limb : calyx-lobes filiform-linear, not widening upward,
hispid with long spreading hairs : stamens unequally inserted ; style 2-clef t at the apex,
sometimes only slightly so: ovules about 20: seeds usually fewer; the testa thin and
translucent, smooth, or in age obscurely and sparsely excavated. — Bot. ICing, 256 ; Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad. x. 329, & Bot. Calif, i. 585. Euioca aretioides, Hook. & Am. Bot. Beech.
374; Hook. Ic. t. 355. E. ? (Conanthus) aretioides, A. DC. Prodr. ix. 295. Nama demissa,
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 283, in part. — Through the dry interior region, from Oregon
to Arizona along the eastern borders of California. Style and filaments sometimes long
and sometimes short in different plants, but not reciprocally so.

8. TRICARDIA, Torr. (From zqi- three, and ytagSia, heart, referring to
the shape of the three larger sepals.) Sepals thin ; the three exterior much
enlarging after flowering, becoming somewhat scarious and finely reticulate-veiny.
Corolla with the 10 narrow internal appendages free and rather distant from the
filaments. — A single (Nevadan) species : —

T. "Watsoni, Torr. Perennial herb, branched from the base ; the ascending stems a
span high, pubescent with long and soft cottony hairs, more or less glabrate with age :
leaves all alternate, glabrate, entire ; the radical and lower cauline spatulate-lanceolate, an
inch or two long, and tapering into a conspicuous margined petiole; the upper much
smaller, short-petioled or sessile and more oblong: flowers rather few, loosely racemose :
short pedicels in fruit recurved : corolla purplish, about 3 lines wide, moderately 5-lobed :
stamens and style included : larger sepals of the fruiting calyx becoming two-thirds of an
inch long and wide, strongly cordate, much longer than the ovate pointed incompletely 2-
celled capsule : ovules 4 to each placenta : " seeds a line long, oblong, slightly roughened." —
Watson, Bot. King, 258, t. 24. — Western Nevada, at Truckee Pass, Watson. Rio Virgen,
S. Utah, Parry.

9. R0MANZ6FFIA, Cham. (Dedicated to Count Nicholas Romanzoff,
the promoter of Kotzebue's voyage, in which the original species was discovered.)
— Low and delicate perennial herbs, with the aspect- of Saxifrage ; the leaves
mainly radical, all alternate, round-cordate or reniform, crenately 7-11-lobed, long-
petioled; the lobes gland ular-mucronulate. Scapes or flowering stems a span or
less in length, racemosely or sometimes paniculately several-flowered ; the pedicels
filiform. Calyx-lobes oblong-linear or lanceolate. Corolla pale pink or purple,
varying to white, delicately veiny. Ovary and retuse capsule 2-celled or nearly
so : the placentae narrowly linear, many-seeded. Seeds oval : the testa alveolate-
reticulated.

R. Unalaschkensis, Cham. Loosely somewhat pubescent : rootstock not tuberifer-
ous : scape erect, 3 to 5 inches high ; the erect or ascending pedicels shorter than the flow-
ers : calyx-lobes herbaceous, a httle shorter than the very short-f unnelform corolla and
equalling or surpassing the capsule : style short. — Cham, in Hor. Phys. Berol. 71, t. 14 ;
Chois. Hydrol. t. 3; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 330. Saxifraga nutans, Don. — Unalaska and
adjacent islands, Chamisso, Nelson, Harrington, DaU, &c.

R. Sitchensis, Bongard. Slightly and sparsely pubescent or glabrate : slender root-
stocks tuberiferous : scapes fihforni, weak, a span long; the spreading pedicels longer than
the flowers: calyx-lobes very glabrous, much shorter than the funnelform corolla, and
shorter than the capsule : style long and slender. — Veg. Sitk. 41, t. 4 ; Torr. in Pacif. R.
Rep. iv. t. 25 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 6109 ; Gray, 1. c. — Sitka to the coast range of California,
as far south as Redwoods occur, viz. to Monterey Co.

10. HESPEROCHlRON, S. Watson. (Hesperus, evening, used for
western, and Chiron, a Centaur distinguished for his knowledge of plants, i. e.
Western Centaury, the plant having been supposed to belong to the Gentian

Nama. HYDROPHYLLACE^. 173

family). — Dwarf stemless perennials, or possibly biennials (W. N. American),
soft-pubescent ; with entire spatulate or oblong leaves, on mostly elongated mar-
gined petioles, crowning the caudex or rootstock ; and from their axils sending
forth naked one-flowered peduncles, equalling or shorter than the leaves. Parts
of the flower occasionally in sixes or sevens. Corolla purplish or nearly white ;
the tube and the base of the subulate filaments more or less hairy or hirsute ; the
lobes often slightly unequal. Disk none. Base of the calyx obscurely adnate to
the broad base of the conical-ovate ovary, which tapers into the rather stout style :
stigmas minute. Ovary 1-celled ; the narrow placentae projecting more or less on
incomplete half-dissepiments : ovules 20 or more to each placenta. Capsule
loculicidal, 15-20-seeded. Seeds pretty large, with a somewhat fleshy minutely
reticulated testa. — A genus of doubtful affinity, but most probably Hydrophyl-
laceous. — Watson, Bot. King, 281 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 330, & Bot. Calif,
i. 516; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 829.

H. Californicus, "Watson. Leaves copious in a rosulate radical tuft : corolla some-
what oblong-oampanulate ; the lobes shorter than the tube. — Bot. King, 281, t. 30. Ourisia
Californica, Benth. PI. Hartw. 327. Hesperochiron latifolius, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. v.
44, a large form. — Hills and meadows. Sierra Nevada, California, from the Yosemite north-
ward to Washington Terr., and east to the mountains of Utah. — Leaves an inch or two
long, besides the petiole, into which the blade abruptly contracts or gradually tapers.
Corolla from nearly half to three-fourths of an inch long in the largest specimens; the
lobes oblong. Here belongs Nicotiana nana, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 833.

H. pumilus, T. C. Porter. Leaves fewer, crowning the rather slender rootstock :
corolla nearly rotate ; its lobes longer than the tube, which is densely bearded within. —
Hayden, Geol. Rep. 1872, 768 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 330. Villarsia pumila, Dougl. ;
Griseb. in Hook. Fl. ii. 70, 1. 157. — Springy and marshy ground, mountains of Idaho to
Oregon, Douglas, Geyer, Hayden, &c. Also Plumas Co., California, Mrs. Austin.

11. LEMMONIA, Gray. (Named after John Gill Lemmon, the discoverer,
a most ardent and successful explorer of E. Californian and Nevadan botany.) —
Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 162. Single species.

L. Californica, Gray, 1. c. Small and depressed winter-annual, canescently pubescent,
and the calyx white-villous : stem branched from the base, divergently and repeatedly
dichotomous : leaves alternate, rosulate at base, and crowded at the summit of the branches ;
entire, spatulate and tapering into a short petiole, nearly veinless, 3 to 5 lines long : flow-
ers sessile, solitary in the lower forks, cymose-glomerate at the leafy extremity of the
branches : sepals very narrowly linear, not widening upward, in fruit 2 lines long and
exceeding the short-oval retuse capsule : corolla apparently white, a line long, not surpass-
ing the calyx, moderately 5-lobed : styles shorter or not longer than the ovary : placentae or
half-dissepiments narrow, adhering to the valves : seeds half a line long, somewliat rugose-
foveolate in the manner of Conanthus. — Desert region of San Bernardino Co., California,
about the sources of the Mohave River, May, 1876, J. G. Lemmon.

12. NAMA, L. {Nuiia, a stream or spring, in allusion to supposed place of
growth of the original species.) — Chiefly low herbs, some few suffrutescent or
woody-based (N. & S. American and one Hawaian), of various habit; the corolla
purple, bluish, or white ; the stamens sometimes equally, oftener unequally adnate
to the base or lower part of the tube. (Besides the following there are several
species in the bordering parts of Mexico.) — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 337,
viii. 282, x. 330, & Bot. Calif, i. 517, 621.

§ 1. Low annuals, merely pubescent or hairy : leaves entire : flowers terminal
or lateral, or in the forks of the stem.

l>j^ HYDROPHYLLACE^. Nama.

* Leaves decurrent on the stem.
N. Jamaicense, L. Diffusely spreading or prostrate, soft-pubescent: leaves membrana-
ceous (an inch or two long), broadly obovate or spatulate, tapering into a petiole-like base
which is continued into wing-like margins of the stem : flowers mostly solitary, terminal
and soon extra-axillary, short-pedicelled : corolla white, hardly longer than the narrow
linear sepals: capsule narrow oblong. — Lam. 111. t. 184; P. Browne, Jam. t. 18. —Low
grounds, Texas, Florida. (W. Ind., Mexico.)

* * Leaves not decurrent.
^- Cauline leaves all sessile, the upper by a more or less clasping base : villous-pubescent and
somewhat viscid : seeds very numerous.
N. undulatum, HBK. Erect, diffusely branched, at length procumbent, leafy : branches
a span to a foot 'long : leaves oblong ; the upper with a broad sessile base, the lower spatu-
late : flowers commonly subsessile : corolla funnelform, somewhat longer than the linear-
spatulate sepals : capsule oblong, more or less shorter than the sepals : seeds ov?.l, with a
smooth and thin diaphanous coat, which is obscurely striate lengthwise and minutely
pitted under a strong lens. — HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. ii. 130. (Mexico.)

Var. macranthiun, Chois. (Hydrol. 18, t. 2, fig. 1) ; a looser and less leafy form,
with flowers (solitary or 2 and 3 together) on pedicels which vary from 1 to 5 lines long:
corolla (4 or 5 lines long) almost twice the length, and capsule only about half the length
of the spatulate-tipped sepals. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 330. N. Berlandieri, Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. viii. 282. — Texas, along the Rio Grande near its mouth, and on the Mexican
side of the river.
N. stenocarpum, Gray. Like the preceding, or sometimes with narrower leaves :
pedicels, if any, short and rigid in fruit: capsule cylindrical, nearly linear (3 lines long),
nearly equalling the narrow linear sepals : seeds short, angled by mutual pressure, with a
thickish and opaque strongly reticulated and somewhat alveolate coat (only a quarter of
a line long). — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 331. A^. undulatum, Gray, 1. c. viii. 282, not HBK.—
Texas near the mouth of the Rio Grande, Berlandier. Along the northern borders of
Mexico to the province of Sonora on the borders of Arizona, Palmer.

^— H— Leaves not at all clasping, more or less tapering at base, at least the lower petioled.
++ Corolla narrow-funnelform, mostly much longer than the calyx: seeds oval, witli a thin and
diaphanous close coat: flowers subsessile or short-peduncled.
N. hispidum, Gray. A span to a foot high, repeatedly forked, liispid or hirsute :
leaves broadly or narrowly linear-spatulate, most of the cauline ones sessile: flowers
lateral and solitary, or 3 to 5 in terminal unilateral nearly bractless clusters : sepals nar-
rowly linear, very little if at all broadened upwards : capsule narrowly oblong, 30-40-
seeded: seeds smooth, very obscurely rugulose when highly magnified. — Proc. Am. Acad.
V. 339, & Bot. Calif, i. 517. N. Jamaicensis, Engelm. & Gray, PI. Lindh., not Linn. N.
dichotoma & N. biflora, var. spatliulata, partly, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound 147, &c. — Plains and
prairies, Texas to Arizona, and south-eastern borders of California. The extreme western
form, with softer pubescence, sometimes has 3 or 4 styles and placentae.
N. demissum, Gray. Dwarf, diffuse or depressed, 2 or 3 inches high, hirsute-pubescent,
sometimes hispid : leaves linear-spatulate, all or most of them tapering into a petiole :
flowers subsessile in the forks : sepals very narrowly linear, not at all broader upwards :
capsule short-oblong, 10-16-seeded : seeds much larger than in the preceding (oval or
oblong, a quarter to a third of a line long). — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 283 (mainly) ; Watson,
Bot. King. 259, 460; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 517. — Interior desert region, Washington Terr, to
Nevada, and Utah (form with corolla, only 3 lines long) ; also S. Utah, Arizona, and the
south-eastern borders of California; the latter forms with ampler purple or crimson corolla,
4, 5, or nearly 6 lines long. Filaments very unequally inserted, their adnate bases with
somewhat free margins.
N. Coulteri, Gray. Diffusely branched from the base, ascending, a span high, hirsute-
pubescent, somewhat viscid : leaves oblong-spatulate, the lower tapering into a petiole :
flowers mostly in the forks and short-pedicelled : sepals with spatulate-dilated tips, not
half the length of the narrow funnelform corolla : capsule narrowly oblong, 50-60-seeded :
seeds short-oval, obscurely rugulose-pitted. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 283, & Bot. Calif. 517.
— "California," Coulter. But probably from Arizona or the adjacent part of Mexico.
Corolla 5 lines long.

Erlodictyon. HYDROPHYLLACE^. 175

++ -H- Corolla short-fannelform, hardly exceeding the calyx: seeds' with a thickish opaque coat,
coai'sely pitted or sculptured.

N. dichotomum, Ruiz & Pav. A Mexican and South American species, with oval or
oblong-lanceolate leaves.

Var. angustif olilim, Gray. Erect, a span high, minutely pubescent, glandular :
stem repeatedly forked and with a nearly sessile flower in each fork : leaves narrow, linear
or nearly so (an inch or less long, a line or two wide) : sepals narrowly linear and slightly
broadened upwards: capsule oblong-oval (nearly glabrous): seeds oval-oblong, marked
with about 5 longitudinal rows of large pits, from 4 to 6 in each row. — Proc. Am. Acad,
viii. 284. — New Mexico, Fendler, Wright. Also Colorado, Haydcn, Rothrock, Brandegee.
Possibly a distinct species. Sometimes a weed of cultivated ground.

§ 2. Suffruticose and cespitose-procumbent, silky-woolly : leaves entire : flowers
thyrsoid-glomerate : ovary and styles hirsute.

N. Lobbii, Gray. Leaves linear or somewhat spatulate, tapering to the base, nearly
sessile (an inch or two long), more or less persistent; the older with revolute margins and
becoming glabrate ; the younger white with the soft villous wool : flowers clustered in the
upper axils and at the summit, nearly sessile : sepals subulate-linear, more than half the
length of the narrow funnelform (purple) corolla. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 37, viii. 285, &
Bot. Calif. 1. c. — Sierra Nevada, California, Lobb, Kellogg, Mrs. Pulsifer-Ames, Lemmon, &c.
Forming dense and broad tufts, the older stems rigid and woody. Corolla half an inch
long : the iilaments unequally adnate high up. Fruit not seen.

§ 3. Perennial or woody-stemmed, erect, hirsute or hispid : leaves sessile, un-
dulate or sinuate-dentate : flowers glomerate or spicate. (Approaching Wigandia,
but with the narrowly funnelform corolla (also the capsule) of Nama.)

N. Rothrockii, Gray. A span or two high from an apparently deep perennial root, her-
baceous, cinereous with a fine and somewhat viscid roughish pubescence, at least tlie inflores-
cence and calyx hispid with sharp spreading bristles : leaves lanceolate-oblong, almost
pinnatifid ; the pinnate veins running straight to near the sinuses between the strong teeth,
there forking : floM'ers numerous in a capitate terminal cluster : sepals hardly dilated
upward, half inch long, nearly equalling the corolla : ovary and capsule slightly hirsute :
seeds rather few (almost a line long), oval, minutely reticulate-pitted. — Bot. Calif, i. 621;
Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. t. 18. — Meadows on S. Kern River, California, Rothrock.

N. Parryi, Gray, 1- c. Stem 6 feet high ! below woody, over half inch in diameter and
with a large brownish pith: leaves (as far as seen) linear, 2 or 3 inches long, 2 or 3 lines
broad, villous-hirsute, numerously pinnate-veined, somewhat bullate ; the margins revolute
and undulate or repand: flowers unilateral and the fruit densely spicate on the few
branches of the compact scorpioid cyme : sepals nearly filiform, little surpassing the oval
capsule, barely 2 lines long: seeds oval (half line long), minutely reticulated. — S. E. Cali-
fornia, on the Mohave slope of the San Bernardino Mountains (seen only in winter ves-
tiges), Parry.

13. ERIODfCTYON, Benth. (Formed of f()<or, wool, and di'/.rvor, net-
work, on account of the netted veins and wooUiuess of the under surface of the
leaves.) — Low shrubs (California to New Mexico) ; with alternate pinnately
veined and finely reticulated leaves, of firm or coriaceous texture, their margins
mostly beset with rigid teeth, at base tapering into more or less of a petiole ; the
flowers scorpioid-cymose, forming a terminal usually naked thyrsus. Sepals nar-
row, not enlarging upwards. Corolla violet or purple, or sometimes white.
Filaments adnate variably and sometimes very extensively to the tube of the
corolla, usually sparsely hirsute. Ovary nearly or completely 2-celled by the
meeting of the dilated placentae in the axis. Capsule small (a line or two long),
globose-ovate, pointed. — Benth. Bot. Sulph. 35; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 313,
331, & Bot. Calif. 1. c.

176 HYDROPHYLLACE.E. Eriodlctyon.

B. tomentosum, Benth. 1. c. White-tomentose with a dense coat of short villous
hairs, sometimes rusty-colored with age, 6 to 10 feet high : branches leafy to the top ;
leaves oblong or oval, rigid, obtuse (2 to 4 inches long) : cymes at length broad : calyx
densely and corolla slightly villous, the latter somewhat salverform and about twice the
length of the former. — Torr. Mex. Bound. 148, &c. E. crassifolium, Benth. 1. c, described
from flowers with imperfect corollas. — Southern part of California, San Gabriel to San
Diego and Tejon.

B. glutinosum, Benth. 1. c. Glabrate, glutinous with a balsamic resin, 3 to 5 feet
high : leaves lanceolate (3 to 6 inches long), irregularly more or less serrate, sometimes
entire, whitened beneath between the reticulations by a minute and close tomentum, above
glabrous : cymes in an elongated naked thyrsus: corolla tubular-funnelform (lialf an inch
long), thrice the length of the slightly and sparsely hirsute calyx. — Wigandia Californica,
Hook. & Am. Bot. Beech. 364, t. 88. — Dry hills, rather common in CaUfornia. Infusion
of the leaves in spirit used as a tonic, under the name of Yerba Santa.

E. angustifolium, Nutt. Glabrate and glutinous : leaves narrowly linear or narrowly
lanceolate, rigid, and the margins at length revolute : corolla 2 or 3 lines long, short-f nnnel-
form or approaching campanulate : otherwise nearly as in the preceding. — PI. Gamb. 181.
E. glutinosum, var. angustifolium, Torr. 1. c. — S. Nevada, Arizona, and adjacent parts of New
Mexico. Leaves 1^ to 4 inches long, 1 to 3 lines wide.

14. HYDROLEA, L. {T8(oq, water, the plants inhabiting wet places.)
— Herbs, or rarely suffruticose plants (widely diffused in warm climates) ; with
ovate or lanceolate pinnately veined entire leaves, numerous on the stems, often
with a spine in the axils, and clustered blue or rarely white flowers. Sepals dis-
tinct to the base. Corolla rotate or very open campanulate, 5-cleft. Stamens
about the length of the corolla : filaments dilated at the insertion. Capsule
globular ; the fleshy or spongy placentae very large. Seeds' minute, generally
striate-ribbed. Styles and placentae occasionally varying to 3. — Ours appear to
be perennials, flowering through the summer.

H. corymbosa, Ell. Spineless or nearly so : stem slender, a foot or two high, above
minutely pubescent: leaves lanceolate, nearly sessile (an inch or so long), glabrous:
flowers in' a terminal corymbose cyme: sepals linear-lanceolate, villous-hispid ; shorter
than the corolla : filaments and styles long and filiform. — Sk. i. 336 ; A. W. Bennett in
Jour. Linn. Soc. xi. 275. — Pine-barren ponds, S. Carolina to Florida. Expanded corolla
two-thirds of an inch in diameter.
H. affinis, Gray. More or less spiny, glabrous throughout or nearly so : stems ascend-
ing : leaves lanceolate, somewhat petioled (2 to 5 inches long) : flowers in short axillary
leafy -bracted clusters : sepals ovate, equalling the corolla : styles shorter than the capsule.
— Man. ed. 5, p. 370. H. leptocauUs, Featherman, Louisiana Univ. Rep. 1871. — S. Illinois
to Texas. Often confounded with the next.
H. Caroliniana, Michx. More or less spiny, sparsely villous-hispid or the leaves
nearly glabrous : stem ascending : leaves lanceolate, short-petioled (3 or 4 inches long) :
flowers in short axillary clusters, or solitary in the upper axils : sepals linear or linear-
lanceolate, about the length of the corolla: styles shorter than the capsule. — Fl. i. 177.
H. quadrivalvis, Walt. Car. 110, an older but fklse and deceptive name. H. paniculata, Raf.
Neobot. 64. — N. Carolina to Florida and Louisiana ? (S. Amer.?)
H. ovata, Nutt. Spiny, minutely soft-pubescent and above slightly hirsute: stems a
foot or two high, paniculately branched at summit : leaves ovate, sometimes ovate-lan-
ceolate (8 to 20 lines long) : flowers clustered at the end of the branches : sepals lanceolate,
very villous-hirsute, shorter than the corolla ; this an inch broad when expanded : filaments
and especially the styles long and filiform. — Fl. Arkans. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2,
V. 196; Chois. Hydrol. t. 1 ; A. W. Bennett, 1. c. 270. H. ovatifoUa, Raf. Neobot. (1836),
64. H. Ludoviciana, Featherman, 1. c. — Margin of ponds, Arkansas, W. Louisiana, and
Texas. (S. Amer.)

BORRAGINACE^. 177

Order XCIII. BORRAGINACE^.

Mostly scabrous or hispid-hairy plants, with watery juice, entire and alternate
(or partly opposite) leaves, no stipules, prevalently scorpioid inflorescence, and
regular flowers (in Echium the corolla, &c., irregular), the 5 or sonaetimes 4
stamens on the tube or throat of the corolla, as many as and alternate with its
lobes, a single style rising between the divisions of a deeply 4-parted ovary, or
from the summit of an undivided one, the cells or lobes of which contain a solitary
ovule, the seed with little or no albumen, the embryo straight or rarely curved,
its radicle superior or centripetal. Flowers perfect, generally 5-merous. Calyx
and corolla free ; the lobes of the latter imbricated, convolute, or sometimes plicate
or induplicate in the bud. Hypogynous disk usually present, but inconspicuous.
Pistil of 2 biovulate carpels, although seemingly of 4 and uniovulate. Ovule
anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit of 4 nutlets (or by abortion fewer), or a
drupe containing 2 to 4 nutlets or cells, rarely reduced to one. — Some of the
first great division have serrate and even incised leaves, and are trees or shrubs,
of tropical or subtropical regions : these well distinguished from related orders
by the superior radicle. The true BorraginacecB are almost all herbs, mainly of
temperate climates, with undivided style and even stigma, surrounded at base by
the four distinct divisions of the ovary. Inflorescence and its nomenclature as
in the preceding order.

I. Ovary undivided (or only laterally 4-Iobed) and surmounted by the style.

Tribe I. CORDIE^. Style twice bifid: stigmas terminal, not annular. Fruit
drupaceous. Cotyledons longitudinally plicate or corrugated. Trees or shrubs,
with leaves sometimes dentate.

1. CORDIA. Calyx tubular or campanulate, merely toothed or lobed. Corolla funnel-
form or salverform ; the lobes and stamens sometimes more than 5. Stigmas clavate or
capitate. Ovary and drupe 4-oelled, 4-seeded, or fewer by the abortion of some of the
cells and seeds of the hard stone.

Tribe II. EHRETIEiE. Style once bifid or 2-pai-ted (the divisions sometimes
coalescent to the top) : stigmas more or less capitate. Cotyledons plane. Trees,
shrubs, or low herbs.

* Fruit drupaceous : ovules mostly amphitropous : trees or shrubs.

2. BOURRERIA. Calyx globular or ovoid, closed in the bud, valvately splitting at the
summit into 2 to 5 teeth. Corolla campanulate or short-funnelform. Drupe containing
4 more or less separable one-seeded nutlets.

3. EHRETIA. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft, imbricated or open in the bud. Corolla from
short-funnelform to rotate. Drupe usually containing 2 two-celled two-seeded nutlets.

* * Fruit dry : ovules anatropous, pendulous : herbaceous or suffruticulose plants.

4. COLDENIA. Calyx 5-parted, or in original species 4-parted; the divisions narrow.
Corolla short-funnelform or nearly salverform, seldom much surpassing the calyx; the
lobes rounded, imbricated or sometimes partly convolute in the bud. Stamens included.
Style 2-cleft or 2-parted. Ovary entire or laterally 4-lobed, 4-celled. Fruit separating at
maturity into 4 one-seeded nutlets, or by abortion fewer, or in one species by suppression
one-celled and one-seeded. Cotyledons thickish. Albumen none.

Tribe III. HELIOTROPIEiE. Style entire, sometimes wanting : stigma peltate-
annular, forming a complete ring, surmounted usually by an entire or 2-lobed (from
hemispherical to subulate) tip or appendage. Ovules pendulous. Seeds with a
straight or incurved embryo, in sparing or copious albumen. Leaves entire, rarely
denticulate. Inflorescence more or less scorpioid.
12

178 BORRAGINACE^.

5. TOXJRNEFORTIA. Fruit drupaceous. Shrubs or woody twiners, or rarely almost
' herbaceous. Otherwise nearly as Heliotropium.

6 HELIOTROPIUM. Calyx deeply 6-parted, persistent. Corolla salverform or funnel-
' form, plaited and mostly imbricated in the bud. Stamens included : filaments short or
none': anthers connivent, sometimes cohering by pointed tips. Ovary 4-celled, 4-ovuled.
Fruit dry, 2- or 4-lobed, separating into 2 indurated 2-celled and 2-seeded closed carpels, or
more commonly into 4 one-seeded nutlets. Seed sometimes with rather copious albumen,
and, with the embryo, curved. — Low herbs or \mdershrubs; the flowers almost always
small.
11. Ovary 4-parted (rarely 2-parted) from above into one-celled one-ovuled

divisions surrounding the base of the undivided (rarely 2-lobed) style : stigma

not annular, terminal.

Tribe IV. BORRAGE^. Style entire, in Echium 2-cleft at the apex: stigma trun-
cate or depressed-capitate, in a few species of Lithospermum tipped with a rudi-
mentary terminal appendage. Ovules amphitropous or almost orthotropous and
commonly ascending or erect, or when anatropous mostly pendulous. Nutlets 4
(or by abortion fewer), distinct, or sometimes at base united in pairs. Radicle
superior or centripetal. Albumen none. Chiefly herbs, with somewhat mucilagi-
nous watery juice and entire leaves. Flowers mostly near, but not in the axil of
leaves or bracts, or bractless in scorpioid so-called spikes or racemes. Estivation of
the corolla imbricated, except when otherwise indicated. (The depressed or elevated
disk, receptacle, or axis on which the nutlets are inserted, and from which they fall
away, is called the gynobase.)

* Corolla and stamens regular : style entire, or sometimes barely 2-cleft at the very apex.
-1- Ovary only 2-parted : fruit involved in a bur-like transformed portion of the calyx.

7. HARPAGONELLA. Calyx at first slightly but in fruit exceedingly unequal; three
of the lobes nearly distinct ; the remaining two more united, closely enwrapping the fruit,
and becoming cornute with 7 to 9 divergent long and uncinately glochidiate soft-spinous
processes, forming a bur. Ovule erect, anatropous. Nutlets one or sometimes both
maturing, obovoid-oblong, thin-coriaceous, very smooth, obliquely fixed by the narrowed
base to the small depressed gynobase. Seed filling and conformed to the nutlet, erect or
ascending. Radicle directed to the gynobase. Corolla, stamens, style, &c., as in
Pectocarya.

^_ ^ Ovary 4-parted or 4-lobed : fruit of 4 nutlets, or by abortion fewer, subtended
or surrounded by the unchanged or merely accrescent calyx.

++ Nutlets divergent or divaricate (either radiately or in pairs), outwardly or backwardly
extended much beyond the insertion (which is by a roundish or oblong areola or scar) :
seed accordingly horizontal or obliquely ascending, with radicle centripetal : _but the
anatropous ovule (and ovary -lobes) in flower erect or ascending. (Calyx deeply o-cleft or
parted, spreading or reflexed in fruit : corolla appendaged with strong fornicate processes
almost closing the throat: stamens short, included.)

8. PECTOCARYA. Nutlets flat and thin (depressed-obcompressed), attached at the inner
end underneath to the small depressed gynobase. either winged, laciniate-bordercd, or
pectinately setose around the thin margin ; tlie bristles or prickles simply uncinate at tip.
Style short : stigma capitate. Annuals, with minute white flowers imperfectly opposite
the leaves.

9. CYNOGLOSSUM. Nutlets equally divergent, horizonal or obliquely ascending on a
depressed or pyramidal gynobase, turgid, wingless, all over glochidiate-muricate, mostly
separating (by an ovate or roundish scar at the upper end of the inner face) and carrying
away an exterior portion of the indurated style from below upward, by which they are
for a time pendulous. Stigma small, on a comparatively long style. Perennials or bien-
nials, with flowers in usually bractless racemes.

++ ++ Nutlets erect and parallel with the style, or sometimes incurved,
= Obliquely attached by more or less of the ventral face or angle, or by the base or pro-
longation of it, to
a. The more or less elevated (from low-conical or globular to subulate) gynobase which
supports the style (and when narrow has been termed the base of the style), not stipi-
tate, and the scar not excavated.

BORRAGINACE^. 179

1 0. ECHINOSPERMUM. Nutlets armed (either along a distinct margin or more or less
over the whole back) with glochidiate prickles, forming burs. Calyx 5-parted, reflexed
or open in fruit. Corolla short-salverforra or somewhat funnelform, white or blue ; the
throat closed with prominent fornicate appendages.

1 1. ERITRICHIUM. Nutlets unarmed or rarely with a row of (non-glochidiate) prickles
around the back, very rarely wing-bordered. Calyx 5-parted or deeply cleft, closed or
not spreading in fruit (rarely circumscissile-deciduous). Corolla witii or occasionally
without fornicate appendages at the throat, white or blue, in one species yellow !

1 3. AMSINOKIA. Nutlets crustaceous or coriaceous, unappendaged, triquetrous or ovate-
triangular, attached below the middle to an oblong-pyramidal gynobase. Corolla salver-
form or tubular-funnelform, with a slender tube and open throat; the limb sometimes
plicate at the sinuses, yellow. Style fihform : stigma capitate or 2-parted. Cotyledons
each 2-parted.

b. Nutlets conspicuously stipitate, and the stipe more or less hollowed at the insertion upon
the broadly pyramidal or globular gynobase.

13. ECHIDIOCARYA. Calyx 5-parted, lax in fruit. Corolla between 8hor^salverform
and rotate, slightly constricted at the more or less appendaged throat ; the tube not
exceeding the calyx, shorter than the roundish lobes. Filaments very short, inserted on
the middle of the tube : anthers oblong, included. Style short : stigma capitate. Nut-
lets ovate-trigonous, oblique, acutely cristulate-muricate or rugose, dorsally and ventrally
carinate, incurved-ascending on a stout stipe ; the stipes either united in pairs or distinct.
Leaves all alternate. Flowers white.

c. Nutlets sessile or obscurely stipitate on a flat or merely convex receptacle.

14. ANTIPHYTUM. Corolla (short), &c., of Erilrichium. Nutlets crustaceous, ovate,
rounded on the back and granulate or rugulose, carinate ventrally down to the flat
roundish scar close to the base, which is either slightly protuberant and rather large, or
smaller and somewhat stipitate : gynobase plane or barely umbonate by the base of the
style. Flowers racemose, white, mostly bracteate. Leaves commonly opposite!

1 5. MERTENSIA. Corolla from tubular-funnelform or trumpet-shaped to almost cam-
panulate, with open throat, bearing obvious or obsolete transverse folds for crests.
Stamens with either flattened or nearly filiform filaments. Stjie filiform : stigma entire.
Nutlets from somewhat fleshy to coriaceo-membranaceous, attached hy a small or
short scar just above the base to a barely or sometimes strongly convex gynobase. Peren-
nials, often smooth and glabrous, with blue or rarely white flowers, mostly bractless.

= = Nutlets sessile and directly (usually centrally) attached by the very base to a plane
gynobase ;
a. The flat scar not excavated or perforate and bordered with a ring, mostly small.

16. MYOSOTIS. Corolla short-salverform or almost rotate; its throat contracted by
transverse crests ; the rounded lobes convolute in the bud ! Anthers ovate or oblong.
Nutlets small, ovoid, smooth and shining, thin-crustaceous ; the scar small. Racemes
mainly ebracteate.

17. LITHOSPERMUM. Corolla salverform, funnelform, or sometimes approacliing
campanulate, either naked or with pubescent lines or intruded gibbosities or low trans-
verse crests at the throat. Filaments mostly very short : anthers short, included. Style
slender : stigma mostly truncate-capitate or 2-lobed. Nutlets ovoid, bony, either polished
and wliite or dull and rough. Flowers all subtended by leaves or bracts.

18. ONOSMODIUM. Corolla tubular or oblong-funnelform, with open and wholly
unappendaged throat ; the lobes erect or hardly spreading, mostly triangular and acute ;
the sinuses more or less inflexed. Stamens not surpassing the corolla-lobes : filaments
flat or dilated : anthers oblong-linear or sagittate, erect (sometimes in Mexican species
becoming transverse). Style filiform or capillary, very long : stigma small and truncate,
exserted before the corolla opens. Nutlets ovoid or globular, bony, smooth and polished,
white. Flowers all subtended by leafy bracts.

h. The scar large and excavated, bordered by a prominent margin. (Old World plants.)

1 9. SYMPHYTUM. Corolla oblong-tubular, ventricose above the insertion of the sta-
" mens, or with campanulate-dilated limb, and with 5 short nearly erect lobes or teeth ;

the throat closed by 5 prominent lanceolate or linear papillose-margined scale-like
appendages. Anthers lanceolate, more or less included. Style filiform : stigma small.
Nutlets obliquely ovoid, crustaceous or coriaceous, the cartilaginous prominent ring den-
ticulate at the edge.
* * Corolla irregular with limb oblique and lobes unequal. (Old World genera.)
20 LYCOPSIS Corolla somewhat salverform ; the tube curved at the middle ; the
' more or less spreading lobes rather unequal ; the oblique throat closed with hispid for-

180 BORRAGINACE^. Cordia.

nicate scales. Stamens and style included: stigma 2-lobed. Nutlets ovoid, oblique,
coriaceous, coarsely reticulate-rugose, erect, almost laterally attached to a thickened
protuberant gynobase ; the scar large, oval, excavated or perforate, bordered by a
thickened cartilaginous ring.
2 1 . ECHIUM. Corolla f unnelform, with dilated throat oblique and not at all appendaged ;
* the lobes unequal, roundish, erect or slightly spreading. Stamens unequal and exserted :
filaments filiform. Style long and filiform, 2-cleft at apex : stigmas small. Nutlets car-
tilaginous, rough or rugose, ovoid, acute, erect, fixed to the flat gynobase by a plane and
marginless scar.
BorrAgo officinalis, L. (Borage), with very rotate blue corolla, is a not uncommon
annual in country gardens, but does npt run wild. Omphalodes linifolia, Moench, of
S. Europe, is given in Hooker's Flora Boreali-Americana, on the strength of a specimen re-
ceived from Newfoundland, to which it cannot be native, and the plant is rare in gardens,
in which 0. vekna is a hardy perennial, but it does not escape.

1. CORDIA, Plumier, L. (Valerius Cordus, a German botanist of the IGth

century.) — Tropical or subtropical trees or shrubs, the greater portion American.

— Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 838.

§ 1. Corolla large, an inch or two long, f unnelform, deciduous ; the tube longer

than the cylindraceous calyx; its lobes and the stamens 5 to 12: drupe enclosed

in the enlarged calyx: inflorescence open-cymose. — § Sebestenoides, DC.

C. Sebestena, L. Tall shrub or small tree, scabrous-pubescent or smoothish : leaves
ovate (4 to 8 inches long): flowers pedicelled : calyx not striate; the teeth irregular and
obtuse : corolla varying from orange to flame-color, 5-8-lobed. — Bot. Rep. t, 167. C. speciosa,
Willd., DC. — Keys of Florida. ( W. Indies, &d.)

C. Boissieri, A.DC. Soft-tomentose : leaves oval or oblong-ovate, when old minutely
rugose and somewhat scabrous above : calyx not pedicelled, somewhat campanulate and
striate; the teeth often acute: corolla white with a yellow centre, 5-lobed, externally
downy. — DC. Prodr. xi. 478; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 135. — Southern frontier of Texas
and New Mexico, Berlandier, Gregg, Schott, &c. (Mex.)
§ 2. Corolla small or proportionally large, salverform or funnelform, deciduous :

calyx short, not sulcate-striate ; its lobes and those of the corolla as well as stamens

no more than 5, sometimes 4 : flowers in our species capitate-glomerate, and the

leaves serrate ! — § Myxa, Endl.

C. globosa, HBK. Shrub hirsute or somewhat hoary : branches slender, spreading :
leaves oblong-ovate, obtusely serrate (an inch or two long), the pinnate veins rather con-
spicuous and the upper surface often rugose : peduncle mostly short : calyx-teeth nearly
filiform, longer than the tube: corolla funnelform, white (2 to 4 lines long), about twice
the length of the calyx. —Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 76. Varronia globosa, L.,& V. hullata in
part. Cordia hullata, DC. Prodr. ix. 496 ; Chapm. Fl. 329. — Keys of Florida, Blodgett, &c.
(W. Ind. to Isthmus.)

C. podocephala, Torr. A foot or two high, woody only at base, minutely strigose-
hirsute, scabrous : branches slender, erect : leaves varying from ovate-lanceolate to linear-
lanceolate, narrowed at the base into a short petiole, coarsely serrate (an inch or two
long) : peduncles filiform, 2 to 4 inches long, bearing a small and very dense head : calyx-
teeth triangular-subulate or ovate, very much shorter than the tube ; corolla broadly fun-
nelform, white or pale purple (half inch or more long), its narrow tube hardly exceeding
the calyx. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 135. — Lower Rio Grande, Texas to the borders of New
Mexico, Wright, Bigelow, Schott, &c. (Adjacent Mex.)
C. Greggii, Torr. 1. c, which is hardly of this section, is a Mexican species, found only at

a considerable distance from our frontiers.

2. BOURRERIA, P. Browne. (Named after one Bourrer, a Nuremberg
apothecary, not Beurrer, therefore the orthography Beurreria, Jacquin and others,
is not to prevail over the original form.) — Tropical American trees and shrubs ;

Coldenia. BORRAGINACE^. 181

with white flowers in open terminal cymes. Lobes of the style not rarely coales-
cent even to the stigma. — Beuth, & Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 840, excl. syn. Hymen-
esthes, Miers, which is a Gordia. Bourreria & Crematomia, Miers, Bot. Contrib-
ii. 230, 242.

B. Havanensis, Miers. Shrub or small tree, glabrous or nearly so : leaves mostly
obovate-oblong and acute at base (about 2 inches in length), bright green and shining
above, coriaceous, entire : cyme loose : calyx at length campanulate, glabrous or puberu-
lent, a little shorter than the tube of the corolla : style cleft only at the apex, or even quite
entire : drupe as large as a pea, orange. — Bot. Contrib. ii. 238, t. 36 (Ehreiia Havanensis,
Willd.), with B. recurua & B. ovata, Miers, 1. c. B. tomentosa, var. Havanensis, Griseb.
(Ehretia tomentosa, Lam.), is probably a pubescent form of the same species. Pittonia similis,
Catesb. Car. ii. t. 79. Ehretia Beurreria, Chapm. Fl. 329, not L. (the^. succulenta, Jacq.). —
Keys of Florida, Blodgett, &c., a glabrous and smooth form. (W. Ind.)

Var. radula. Upper face of the leaves tuberculate-scabrous or hispidulous from
papillosities, the lower and the branchlets either glabrous or minutely pubescent. —
B. radula, Don, Syst. iv. 390; Chapm. I.e.; Miers, 1. c. B. virgata, Griseb., not Swartz, ex
Miers. Ehretia radula, Poir., ex Miers. — Keys of Florida, Blodgett, Palmer, &c. (W. Ind.)

3. EHR^ITIA, L. ( George Dionysius Ehret^ a gifted botanical painter of
the 18th century.) — Trees or shrubs, chiefly tropical; with small white flowers
in open cymes or panicles, or rarely almost solitary. — Benth. & Hook. 1. c.

Ej. elliptica, DC. Tree 15 to 50 feet high : leaves oval or oblong, sometimes serrate,
nearly smooth and glabrous or (with the branchlets and open cymes) minutely hirsute-pu-
bescent and the upper face very scabrous : divisions of the calyx broadly lanceolate, acu-
minate, as long as the campanulate tube of the corolla : drupes yellow, globose, of the
size of small peas (the thin pulp edible). — Prodr. ix. 603; Torr. Mex. Bound. 136 ; Miers,
Contrib. ii. 228, t. 85. — River-bottoms South-western Texas, Berlandier, Lindheimer, &c.
(Adjacent Mex.)

4. COLDfiNIA, L. (Dr. Cadwallader Colden, Colonial Lieut.-Governor
of New York, a correspondent of Linnaeus.) — Low herbaceous or suffrutesceut
plants, canescent or hispid ; with small and mostly white flowers sessile and
usually in clusters; the original species a prostrate annual, with usually 4-merous
flowers and coarsely toothed leaves, the strong simple veins of which run to the
sinuses. (Lam. 111. t. 89 ; Gsertn. Fruct. t. 68, embryo wrongly figured.) Genus
extended by the addition of several North and W. South American species,
diverse in habit and minor characters, which might well form more than half as
many subgenera as there are species, but may be ranked under three. (Insertion
of stamens probably both high and low in the same species.) — Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. V. 340, viii. 292, x. 48, & Bot. CaUf. i. 520 ; Benth. & Hook.'Gen. ii. 841.

§1. EucoLDENiA, Benth. Fruit merely 4-sulcate; the nutlets with plane
contiguous sides and thick crustaceous walls, or in one species reduced by abortion
to a single cell : corolla not appendaged within : stamens equally inserted : veins
of the leaves straight and simple. — Stegnocarpus & PtilocaJyx, Torr.

C. canescens, DC. Prostrate or procumbent, with somewhat ligneous perennial base,
white-sericeous or tomentose : leaves (barely half inch long) ovate or oblong, entire, petioled,
obscurely veined : flowers solitary or in small clusters at the axils or forks : calyx-lobes
linear-lanceolate : fruit depressed-globose ; the four thick-walled nutlets smooth and rounded
on the back, obscurely rugose on the plane sides, pointless : embryo slightly curved. —
Prodr. ix. 559 (§ Stegnocarpus) ; Gray, 1. c. Stegnocarpus canescens, Torr. Pacif. R. Rep.
ii. 169, t. 7. — S. Texas to Arizona, Berlandier, Wright, &,c. (Adjacent Mex.)

282 BORRAGINACE^. Coldenia.

C. Greggii, Gray. Suffruticulose, a foot or two high, tomentose-canescent : leaves ovate
or oval (2 'to 4 Unes long), short-petioled, almost veiiiless, entire, the margins revolute :
flowers capitate-glomerate at the summit of the branches: calyx-lobes filiform from a
broader base, elongated-plumose with long villous hairs : ovary obscurely 4-lobed ; but tlie
fruit even, ovate-oblong, by abortion 1-celled and 1-seeded, the walls comparatively thin,
showing m'ere vestiges of three abortive cells : embryo straight. — Ptilocalyx Greggii, Torr.
1. c. 170^ t. 8. — Rocky ravines, New Mexico, and south-western borders of Texas, Gregg,
Wright, &c. (Adjacent Mex.)

§ 2. Eddya, Gray. Fruit deeply 4-lobed ; the mature nutlets rounded and
only ventrally united, thin-walled but crustaceous, rough-granulate: corolla not
appendaged : stamens unequally inserted : narrow leaves with very thick midrib,
veinless. — Eddya, Torr. 1. c.

C. hispidissima, Gray, 1- c. Suffruticulose, diffuse, soon procumbent, a span or two
higii; very setose-liispid, and with some minute cinereous pubescence : leaves fascicled,
rigid, lanceolate, soon linear or acerose by strong revolution of the margins, dilated at
b^se ; the lower or primary ones petioled : flowers scattered : calyx-lobes linear, resembling
the leaves: embryo straight. — £c?c?iya hispidissima, Toir. I.e. 170, t. 9. — Dry hills, &c.,
W. Texas ( Wright, &c.) to Arizona and S. Utah.

§ 3. TiQUiLiA, DC. Fruit deeply 4-lobed (or by abortion occasionally fewer) ;
the thin-walled nutlets rounded and united only at the centre, smooth and shining :
stamens equally inserted : leaves entire, petioled, veined. — Tiquilia, Pers. Gala-
pagoa,Uook. f. — In our species (§ Tiquiliopsis, Gray, 1. c), the corolla is appen-
daged within, and the cotyledons either 4-parted around or incumbent upon the
radicle.

C. Nuttallii, Hook. Prostrate annual, repeatedly and divergently dichotomous, canes-
cently pubescent, also sparsely hirsute or hispid : leaves ovate or rhomboid-rotund, 2 to 4
lines long and on longer petioles, with two or at most three pairs of strong and somewhat
curving veins, and margins somewhat revolute : flowers densely clustered in the forks and
at the ends of the naked branches : calyx-lobes Unear, sparsely hispid, equalling the tube
of the pink or whitish corolla : filaments shorter than the anthers, inserted nearly in the
throat of the corolla, the tube of which bears 5 short obtuse scales near the base : nutlets
oblong-ovate, marked with a linear and rhaphe-like ventral scar : embryo straight : cotyle-
dons very deeply horseshoe-form, their elongated bases almost enclosing the radicle. — Kew
Jour Bot. iii. 296; Watson, Bot. King, 248 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 520. Tiquilia hrevifolia
Nutt • Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 136, & Wilkes Exped. xvii. 417, t. 12, under the name of
T. Oregana. — Axi^ plams, Arizona through Utah and E. California to Wyoming and
Washington Terr.
C Palmeri Gray. Apparently perennial or even suffruticulose at base, less prostrate,
more canescent but not hispid or even hirsute : leaves obovate or ovate, about the length
of then- petiole, plicate-lineate by about 6 pairs of straight and strong veins : flowers fewer
in the clusters : calyx less deeply cleft ; the lanceolate lobes about half the length of the
bluish corolla, which bears 5 salient plates above the base of the tube, extendmg to the
insertion of the slender filaments : nutlets only one or two maturing, globular, with an
orbicular scar: cotyledons very thick, somewhat hemispherical, not even cordate, incum-
bent on the radicle. - Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 292, & x. 49 ; Watson, 1. c. Tiqmlia brev,fol,a,
var. plicata, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 136. — SandhUls on the Mohave and Colorado,
E. California and W. Arizona, Emory, Schott, Cooper, Palmer.

5, TOURNEFORTIA, L. (Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, of France, the
great botanist of the 17th century.) — Shrubby, arborescent, or rarely nearly
herbaceous plants ; a rather large genus all round the world in and near the
tropics, one or two extratropical. Flowers white, small, unilateral and as it were
spicate on the scorpioid cyme-branches, usually destitute of bracts. A polymor-
phous and artificial genus, in a few species too nearly approaching the next.

Heliotropium. BORRAGINACE^. 183

* Lobes of the small white corolla slender-subulate, valvate-induplicate in the bud.

T. Volubilis, L. Slender shrub, with filiform sarmentose more or less twining branches,
and minute usually rusty pubescence : leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute or acuminate,
slender-petioled : spikes of the loose cyme filiform and divaricate : slender flowers merely
2 lines long : drupe 1-3-seeded. — Messersmidtia volubilis, Roem. & Sch. Syst. iv. 644 ; Miers
Contrib. ii. 210. — Keys of Florida. ( W. Ind., &c.)

* * Lobes of the white corolla broad, more or less plicate in the bud and undulate.

T. mollis, Gray. Erect from a suffrutescent base, a foot or less in height, branching,
canescently silky-tomentose : leaves deltoid- or rhombic-ovate, obtuse, and with undulate
margins, rather long-petioled : flowers middle-sized, crowded in a pair of naked peduncled
spikes : tube of the corolla a little longer than the calyx, and longer than the rounded un-
dulate or crenulate lobes : drupe globose-ovate, minutely tomentose, excavated at base,
by abortion about 2-seeded. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 50. Heliophytum molle, Torr. Bot. Mex.
Bound. 138. — On the Rio Grande, Texas, at or opposite Presidio del Norte, Bigelow. Leaves
about 2 inches long, including the petiole. Corolla apparently white, 3 lines long, the
limb rather ample. Fruit probably fleshy in the living plant.

T. gnaphalodes, R. Br. Somewhat fleshy shrub, very white silky-tomentose through,
out, thickly leafy : leaves spatulate-linear, obtuse : flowers densely clustered : corolla
fleshy, downy outside : drupe ovate-conical, deeply excavated at base, with thin flesh,
and 2 two-seeded nutlets. — Heliotropium gnaphalodes, Jacq. Amer. 25, t. 173. (Pluk. Aim.
t. 193, fig. 5.) — Coast of Florida. (W. Ind.)

6. HELIOTROPIUM, Tourn. Tournsole, Heliotrope. (Ancient
Greek name, not indicating that the flowers turn to the sun, but that they begin
to appear at the summer solstice.) — Herbs, or low more or less shrubby plants,
belonging mainly to the warmer parts of the world, represented in cultivation by
the vanilla-scented H. Peruvianum, and in the southern part of the United States
by several indigenous and two or three naturalized species: fl. all summer. —
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 49 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 843.

§ 1. EuPLOCA, Gray, 1. c. Fruit didymous, solid ; the two carpels each split-
ting into two almost hemispherical one-seeded nutlets, their internal face flat and
smooth : embryo semicircular in rather copious albumen : corolla large, naked
arid not appendaged, strongly plicate in sestivation : anthers slightly cohering by
their minutely bearded tips : style long and filiform : cone of the stigma truncate
and bearded with a penicillate tuft of strong bristles : flowers scattered. — Eu-
ploca, Nutt.

H. COnvolvulaceura, Gray. Low spreading annual, strigose-hirsute and hoary, much
branched : leaves lanceolate, or sometimes nearly ovate and sometimes linear, short-peti-
oled : flowers generally opposite the leaves and terminal, short-peduncled : limb of the
bright white corolla ample, angulate-lobed ; the strigose-hirsute tube about twice the length
of the linear sepals: anthers inserted at or above its middle. — Mem. Am. Acad. vi. 403,
& Proc. V. 340. Euploca convohmlacea, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Pliil. Soc. ser. 2, v. 189 ; Hook. Ic.
t. 651 ; Torr. in Marcy Rep. t. 15. E. grandiflora, Torr. in Emory Rep. 147. — Sandy plains,
Nebraska to W. Texas. Soda Lake, S. E. California, Dr. Cooper. A showy plant ; the
sweet-scented flowers opening at sunset (Nutlall), in cultivation open nearly all day : tube
of corolla (including the abruptly somewhat dilated throat, constricted at orifice) 4 hues
long; the rotate border about half an inch broad ; the wide sinuses not produced into teeth
or appendages, but obscurely emarginate. Style fully thrice the length of the ovary :
annular stigma obscurely 4-lobed ; its strongly bearded terminal appendage rather longer,
truncate or obscurely 2-lobed. Fruit somewhat pubescent or hairy.
§ 2. EuHELiOTROPiuM. Fruit 4-lobed and separating at maturity into 4 one-
celled one-seeded nutlets : style usually short : cone or tip of the stigma slightly
bearded or naked, rarely obsolete : corolla plicate or induplicate in the bud ; the

184 BORRAGINACE^. Heliotropium.

lobes obtuse (with one exception) and usually broad : inflorescence in most species
either distinctly or indistinctly scorpioid. — § Euheliotropium &, Orthostachys,
Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 844. Heliotropium & Schleidenia (Endl.), Fresenius m
Fl. Bras. viu. 31, 33.

* Flowers all or some of them accompanied bj' bracts or leaves; when spicate, the so-called spikes
not naked, nor conjugate or forking to form a cyme, nor strongly coiled: anthers generally with
tips connivent or cohering over the' stigma.. — ^ 07'thostachys, K. Br.; A. DC; Benth. & Hook.
Freslea, Mart. Schleidenia, Endl.
•i- Stigma-tip elongated (sometimes 2-cleft): anther-tips lightly or only at first cohering: corolla
with naked and open throat, white: leaves narrowly linear: nutlets globular, beakless, externally
hispid or pubescent.
++ Divisions of the calyx similar, more or less shorter than the tube of the corolla: nutlets with a
pair of pits on the inner face.
H. Greggii, Torr. A span high, diffusely spreading from a slightly woody base, strigose-
cinereous : slender branches leafy : leaves narrowly linear, flat, about an inch long and a
line wide: flowers short-pedicelled or almost sessile in an at first crowded and short scor-
pioid spike, with or often mainly without bracts : corolla with an ample and slightly
6-lobed limb: anthers long, acuminate, minutely bearded at tip: stigma-tip subulate-
conical, much thicker than the very short style, as well as much longer. — Bot. Mex. Bound.
137 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 49. — Sandy or gravelly soil, western borders of Texas, New-
Mexico, and adjacent part of Mexico, first collected by Dr. Gregg. Flowers very fragrant :
corolla a third to nearly half an inch broad when expanded.
H. angustifolium, Torr. A span to a foot high, erect and densely branched from a
woody base, strigose-canescent : branches rigid, very leafy : leaves very narrowly linear,
with revolute margins, almost filiform when dry (4 to 9 lines long) : spike few-flowered, at
length slender, nearly straight, bracteate at base or without bracts : flowers small, short-
peduncled : corolla salverform, with narrow canescent tube and 5-parted limb ; the lobes
ovate-lanceolate (acute!) ; hardly a line long, or half the length of the tube: anthers with
mucronate glabrous tips : stigma-tip slender-subulate, longer and hardly broader than the
rather long style.— Bot. Mex. Bound. 137. — South-western borders of Texas, Wright.
(Adjacent Mex., Gregg,)

++ ++ Divisions of the calyi very unequal, the larger about the length of the corolla : nutlets
without pits on the inner face: inflorescence not in the least scorpioid.
H. tenellum, Torr. A span to a foot high, erect from an annual root, paniculately
branched, slender, strigose-canescent : leaves narrowly linear, with more or less revolute
margins (about an inch long and a line wide) : flowers scattered, terminal, becoming lateral
and axillary, on rather slender peduncles, many of them bractless : limb of the corolla
rather shorter than the narrow canescent tube; the lobes oblong or obovate, a line long:
anthers oblong and with nearly naked blunt tips scarcely at all cohering : stigma-tip nar-
rowly subulate, 3 or 4 times the length of the short style. — Torr. in Marcy Rep. t. 14, &
Bot. Mex. Bound. 138. Lithospermum lenellum, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, v. 189.
L. angustifolium, Torr. in Ann. Lye. ii. 225, not Michx. — Open dry ground, Kentucky to
Alabama, west to Kansas and throughout Texas.

^_ ^_ Sti"-ma-tip conical or more slender: anthers cohering by minutely bearded tips: corolla

appendaged and throat sometimes almost closed by a pubescent projection or gibbosity at or below

the base of each fold of the sinuses: divisions of the calyx usually of unequal breadth: nutlets

in our species beakless.

++ Diffuse or tufted, a span or less high : internal appendages of the corolla small roundish puber-

ulent gibbosities low in the throat.

H. confertifolium, Torr. Suffruticulose, very much branched and tufted, silvery-white

with a dense silky-hirsute pubescence : leaves crowded throughout and imbricated along

the upper part of the branches, from narrowly oblong to linear, 2 or 3 lines long, equally

white both sides, the margins somewhat revolute : inflorescence not in the least scorpioid :

flowers sessile among the leaves, mainly glomerate with them at the end of the branches

and hardly surpassing them: corolla pale purple; its silky-hairy tube hardly longer than

the calyx ; limb angulate-5-lobed, only 2 lines in diameter : style thrice the length of the

ovary : annular stigma much broader than the subulate-conical tip. — Herb. Torr. H. hm-

batum & var. confertifolium, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 138, not H. limhatim, Benth.— Sonth-

western borders of Texas, Berlandier, Wright, &c.- (Adjacent Mex.)

Heliotropium. BORRAGINACEiE. 185

H. phyllo^tachyum, Torr. Annual, diffusely spreading, strigulose-hirsute : leaves
oblong or broadly lanceolate, plane (3 to 7 lines long), obtuse, contracted abruptly at base
into a short petiole, those subtending flowers similar: flowers small, loosely unilateral-
spicate along the branches, very short-peduncled, some bractless, others at the axils of
leaves : calyx-divisions unequal, lanceolate, in fruit one of them mostly ovate-lanceolate
and larger: corolla white, hardly exceeding the calyx, its lobes ovate and the folds at the
sinuses sometimes more or less extended into teeth : style very short : nutlets with 2 deep
pits. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 1. c, in part (1859). H. myosotoides, Chapm. Fl. 330(1860).—
Rocky hills, southeastern part of Arizona, Wright. Key West, Florida, Blodgett, Palmer.
Flowers barely a line long. Fruiting-calyx becoming 2 lines long, the larger sepal fully
twice the length of the depressed-globose fruit. The Mexican specimens of Berlandier
referred to this by Dr. Torrey seem rather to belong to H. hispidum, HBK.

'^de'fl^x^d'^'' ^^°"* ^^°°* ^'^' "^^^"""^^ appendages of the throat of the corolla prominent and
H. polyph:^lluni, Lehm. Many-stemmed from a ligneous base or root, minutely stri-
gulose-cinereous : stems very leafy throughout: leaves' linear-oblong or lanceolate, 3 to 7
lines long, very short-petioled or sessile : flowers approximate in a leafy slightly scorpioid
spike : divisions of the calyx broadly lanceolate or one lanceolate-ovate : tube of the
(mostly white) corolla not longer than the calyx, nearly equalling the moderately 5-lobed
limb (this 3 or 4 lines in diameter) ; the strong folds of the sinuses produced at base into
conical and pouch-like appendages : style short : nutlets 2-pitted on the inner face. —Lehm.
Asper. 63, & Ic. t. 8 ; Gray, 1. c. H. glomeratum, A.DC. Prodr. ix. 550 ? H. bursiferum,
C. Wright in Griseb. Cat. Cub. 211. Schleidenia polyphylla, Fresen. in Fl. Bras. 1. c —
E. Florida, Buckley, Palmer, &c. (W. Ind. to Brazil.)

Var. Leavenworthii, Gray, 1. c. Stems a foot or two high, the larger plants de-
cidedly shrubby : corolla golden yellow ! — H. Leavenworthii, Torr. ined., at least as to the
original specimen. — Everglades of S. Florida, Leavenworth, Palmer, Garber. Appears to
differ only in the yellow color of the corolla, which is remarkable.

# * Flowers bractless, in distinct unilateral scorpioid spikes, which are commonly in pairs or
once or twice forked, forming the scorpioid cyme of this and related orders: anthers free. (Style
none and the corolla mainly white in our species.) — § Euheliotropium, DC, &c. Heliotropium
Fresenius, 1. c. '

+- Pubescent annuals, not fleshy : anthers pointless or mucronulate.

H. EDROP.EUM, L. A foot or so high, cinereous-pubescent, loosely branched : leaves oval
or obovate, long-petioled : spikes in pairs or single, becoming slender : flowers small, scent-
less : stigma-tip long and slender-subulate, 2-cleft at apex. Waste grounds of Southern
and rarely in Northern Atlantic States : nat. from Eu.

H. inundatum, Swartz. A foot or two high, strigose-cinereous, branching from the
base : leaves spatulate-oblong, varying to oblanceolate (commonly an inch long), rather
slender-petioled : spikes 2 or 4 in a cluster, filiform, hirsute : flowers very small, crowded
(corolla barely a line or so long): stigma thick, surmounted by a short obtuse cone. —
Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 343 ; DC. Prodr. ix. 539. H. procumbens, canescens, & cinereum, HBK. Nov.
Gen. & Spec. iii. t. 206. — Texas to the frontiers of California {Coulter). (S. Am. & W.
Ind.) The stems may become indurated, but the root is annual.
■i— -)— Wholly glabrous perennial (or sometimes annual?), fleshy and glaucous: anthers acuminate.

H. Curassavicum, L. Diffusely spreading, a span to a foot high : leaves succulent,
oblanceolate, varying on the one hand to nearly linear, on the other to obovate (an inch or
two long) : spikes mostly in pairs or twice forked, densely flowered : corolla with a rather
ample 5-lobed limb (3 lines broad) and open throat (white, with a j^ellow eye, sometimes
changing to blue !) ; the lobes round-ovate, rather shorter than the tube : stigma umbrella-
shaped, as wide as the glabrous ovary, flat, not surmounted by a cone ! — Hook. Bot. Mag.
t. 2669. — Sandy seashore from "Virginia (or farther north as a ballast-weed), and from
Oregon southward ; also in the interior, chiefly in saline soils. (Widely distributed over
most warmer parts of the world.)

§ 3, TiARiDiUM. Fruit at maturity more or less 2-lobed, and separating into
2 two-celled and two-seeded (or by abortion one-seeded) carpels, which may at
length each split into 2 nutlets, with or without empty cavities or false cells :

186 BORRAGINACE^. Heliotropium.

style very short or none : flowers in bractless scorpioid spikes, which are ■either
solitary, geminate, or collected in a cyme. — Tiaridium, Lehm. Asper. 13 (1818) ;
Cham. Beliophytum, DC. Heliotropium § Heliophytum with Gochranea (Miers),
Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 844.

* Fruit didymous ; the nutlets parallel.
H. ANCHUSiEF^LiDM, Poir. ; Fresen. in Fl. Bras. viii. 46 (which is Toumefortia heliotropioides,
Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3096, and probably also Heliophytum sidcefolium, DC), is a low perennial,
with oblong or lanceolate repand leaves, and a pedunculate close cj'me of 3 or 4 spikes of
bright violet-blue flowers, much resembling those of the Sweet Heliotrope (H. Peruvianum),
but not sweet-scented, and the nutlets when fresh with a thin fleshy exocarp : stigma sessile
and with a depressed cone. It is a native of Buenos Ayres and S. Brazil, is cultivated for
ornament, occasionally appears among ballast-weeds at Philadelphia, and is becoming spon-
taneous in East Florida.

"FT, parviflorum, L. Annual, or becoming woody at base, more or less pubescent, a foot
or two high : leaves oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at both ends,
pinnately veined, slender-petioled, some of them opposite : spikes single or sometimes in
pairs, filiform, 2 to 6 inches long : flowers small and crowded (a line long), white : fruit
hardly a line long, blunt, commonly with no distinct empty cell. — Heliophytum parvifiorum,
DC. ; Fresen. 1. c. 45, t. 10, fig. 6. — Keys of Florida and southern borders of Texas.
(Mex., Trop. Amer.)
H. glabriusculum, Gray. A span high, diffusely branching from a perennial and per-
haps rather woody base, minutely and sparsely strigulose-pubescent : branches slender,
leafy to the top : leaves green and except the midrib beneath nearly glabrous (an inch or
less long), rather obtuse and sometimes undulate, hardly veiny, short-petioled : spikes
rather short, solitary or forking : corolla M'hite with a green eye ; its tube longer than the
calyx and about the length of the oval lobes (these a line long) : fruit cinereous-pubes-
cent ; the nutlets turgid, by abortion often only 1-seeded, 3-4-toothed at summit, commonly
with 3 empty cells or spaces. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 50. Heliophytum glabriusculum, Tott.
Bot. Mex. Bound. 139. — W. borders of Texas, Wright, Bigelow. (Adjacent Mex.)

* * Fruit mitre-shaped (whence the name Tiaridium, founded on the following species); its two
lobes diverging : style deciduous.

H. Indicum, L. Coarse annual, hirsute, erect: leaves ovate or oval, sometimes rather cor-
date, on margined petioles, obscurely serrate or undulate : spikes mostly single, densely-
flowered (becoming a span to a foot long) : corolla bluish, the limb 2 or 3 lines in diameter :
fruit glabrous ; the nutlets acutely ribbed on the back, within a pair of large empty cells. —
Sims, Bot. Mag. 1. 1837. Tiaridium Indicum, Lehm. ; Cham, in Linn. iv. 452, t. 5. Helio-
phytum Indicum, DC; Fresen. I. c, 1. 10, f. 4.'— Waste grounds of the Southern Atlantic
States, reaching to Illinois along the great rivers. (Nat. from India, &c.)

7. HARPAGONfiLLA, Gray. (Diminutive of harpago^ a grappling-
hook.) — Single species with the aspect of Pectocarya, in company with which it
grows. Corolla only a line long, white ; the rounded lobes imbricate-convolute
in the bud. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 88, & Bot. Calif, i. 531 ; Benth. & Hook.
Gen. ii. 846.

H. Palmeri, Gray, 1. c. Small and insignificant annual, diffusely and rather simply
branched from the base, strigulose-hirsute : leaves linear ; the upper or bracts lanceolate :
flowers soon lateral and scattered, a little above and partly opposite the leaf, on short at
length strongly recurved and rigid peduncles : body of the bur-like fruiting calyx, oblong
or fusiform, completely enclosing the solitary nutlet, or sometimes a pair. — (Guadalupe
Island, off Lower California, Palmer.) Arizona, near Tucson, .S. Z. Greene. The two globu-
lar lobes of the ovary are unilateral, on the side of the style next the enveloping calyx-
lobes, and distinct ; they apparently belong to different carpels, each of which wants the
other half. Both carpels uniovulate and alike in flower, and both, according to Bentham,
are sometimes fertile and enclosed together in the calyx. Sometimes one is excluded and
naked, but falls away without maturing.

Cynoglossum. BORRAGINACE^. 187

8. PECTOCARYA, DC. (Compounded of ntmog, combed, and xagva,
in place of adgvov, nut, referring to the pectinate border of the nutlets.) — Dim-
inutive annuals, of the western coast of America, diffuse, strigose-hirsute or canes-
cent ; with narrow linear leaves, and small and scattered flowers along the whole
length of the stem, on very short and sometimes recurved pedicels : corolla white,
minute. — Meisn: Gen. 279 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 847.

§ 1. KTENOSPiRMUM. Nutlets bordered with a coriaceous undulate or laciniate
wing, geminately divergent. — Ktenospermum, Lehm. Del. Sem. Hort. Hamb.
1837, without char. Pectocarya, DC. Prodr. x. 120.

P. linearis, DC. Diffuse : nutlets with narrowly oblong body (one or two lines long),
surrounded by a broad wing, which is pectinately or lachnately and often irregularly parted
or cleft into subulate teeth, ending in a delicate miciuate-tipped bristle : cotyledons ob-
long.—Benth. Gen. 1. c. P. linearis & P. Chilensis, DC. Prodr. 1. c. P. Chilensis, C. Gay,
Fl. Chil. t. 52, bis, fig. 2. P. Chilensis, var. Cali/ornica, Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. v. 124. P.
laterijiora, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 531, &c., not DC. Cynoglossum lineare, Ruiz & Pav. Fl. ii. 6. —
Dry gravelly soil, southern part of Cahfornia, Utah, and Arizona. (Chih.) One form,
answering to P. linearis, DC, has coarsely cleft nearly plane wings ; another, answering to
P. Chilensis, DC, has narrower and more pectinate teeth to a somewhat incurved wing,
and the nutlet arcuate-recurved in age.

P. penicillata, A.DC, 1. c. Very diffuse and slender : nutlets with oblong body (aline
long) surrounded by a merely undulate or pandurate wing (incurved in age), its rounded
apex thickly and the sides rarely or not at all beset with slender uncinate bristles : cotyle-
dons oblong-obovate. — Cynoglossum penicillatum, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 371. — British
Columbia (Macoun) to California and W. Nevada. (The Missouri habitat and the syn.
of Nuttall, cited by A. DeCandolle, belong to Echinospermum Redowskii.)
P. LATERIFLORA, DC, of Peru, has broadly obovate and less geminate nutlets, as noted by

Bentham, with the wing dentate in the manner of P. linearis.

§ 2. Gruvelia. Nutlets broadly obovate and equably divergent (a line long),
the wing or margin entire : cotyledons broadly obovate. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad,
xii. 81. Gruvelia, A.DC. Prodr. x. 119.

P. setosa, Gray, 1. c. Hispid, as well as minutely strigose-pubescent, rather stout ;
calyx-lobes armed with 3 or 4 very large divergent bristles : nutlets bordered by a broadish
(entire or obscurely undulate) thin-scarious wing; the faces as well as margins beset with
slender uncinate-tipped bristles. — S. E. California, on the Mohave desert. Palmer.

P. pusilla, Gray, 1. c. Strigulose-canescent, slender : nutlets cuneate-obovate, wingless,
and with a carinate mid-nerve on the upper face, the acute margin beset with a row of
slender uncinate-tipped bristles. — Gruvelia pusilla, A.DC. Prodr. x. 119; C. Gay, Fl. Cliil.
1. c. fig. 3. — Common about Yreka, in the northern part of California, apparently native,
Greene. (Chili.)

9. CYN0G-L6SSUM, Tourn. Houndstongue. (Kvav, dog, and ylw a an,

tongue, from the shape and soft surface of the leaves of the commonest species.)

— Mostly stout and coarse herbs ; with a heavy herbaceous scent, and usually

broad leaves, the lower petioled. Flowers in panicled mostly bractless racemes

(purple, blue, or white), in summer.

* Biennial weed of the Old World : nutlets with somewhat depressed back surrounded bv a slightly
raised margin, ascending on the pyramidal g^vnobase, and after separation hanging by the splitting
from the base of exterior portions of the long-subuiate indurated style.

C. OFFICINALE, L. Common Houndstongue. About 2 feet high, soft-pubescent, some-
what canescent, leafy to the top : leaves lanceolate or the lower oblong : flowers rather
large: corolla rotate-campanulate, dull red purple (and a white variety), little exceeding
the calyx — Fl. Dan. t. 1147; Schk. Handb. t. 30. — Pastures and waste grounds, Atlantic
States : burs adhering to fleece, &c. (Nat. from Eu.)

188 BORRAGINACEiE. Cynoglossum.

# it^ Perennial and indigenous: racemes elevated on a naked terminal peduncle: nutlets hori-
zontal or nearly so, tumid, not margined,
+- Separating from the low-pyramidal gynobase and usually carrying away portions of the rather
short slender-subulate style.
C. Virginiciim, L. About 2 feet high, hirsute, few-leaved : radical and lowest cauline
leaves oval or oblong (4 to 10 inches long) and rather abruptly contracted into a long
margined petiole ; the upper oblong or ovate-lanceolate, conspicuously cordate-clasping :
common peduncle half a foot or so in length : tube of the corolla hardly longer than the
calyx-lobes (1 or 2 lines long) and not longer than the comparatively ample (pal6 blue)
lobes.— C. amplexicaule, Michx. Fl. i. 132. — Open woods, Upper Canada and Saskatchewan ■
to Florida and Louisiana.

+1 ^_ Nutlets horizontal on a very depressed gynobase, at separation free from the long and slen-
der style : Pacific species, with violet or blue and rather large paniculate-racemose flowers.
C. OCCidentale, Gray. Hirsute-pubescent or in age almost hispid, about a foot high :
lower leaves spatulate, tapering gradually into winged petioles ; the upper from lanceolate
to ovate and partly clasping : tube of the corolla longer than the lanceolate calyx-lobes,
and twice or thrice the length of its own roundish lobes : style wholly filiform : nutlets
very tumid, almost globular, 4 lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 58, & Bot. Calif, i. 531. —
California in the Sierra Nevada from Plumas Co. northward. Burgess, Lemmon, Mrs. Austin.
C. grande, Dougl. Soft-villous-pubescent, hardly hirsute below, becoming glabrate in
'age, about 2 feet high : lower leaves ovate- or subcordate-oblong and acute or acuminate,
4 to 8 inches long, on margined petioles of about the same length ; the upper smaller, from
ovate to lanc^eolate, abruptly contracted into shorter winged petioles : tube of the corolla
slightly exceeding the ovate calyx-lobes, and hardly longer than its own ample lobes (these
2 or 3 lines long) : slender style thicker towards the base: mature fruit unknown. — Hook.
Fl. ii. 85 ; DC. Prodr. x. 153 ; Gray, 1. c. C. officinale, Hook. & Am. Bot. Beech. 152, not L.
— In woods, from Monterey, California, to "Washington Terr.
C. laeve. Smooth and glabrous, except some soft and apparently deciduous pubescence on
the lower face of the leaves (which otherwise resemble those of C. grande), and more on
the lanceolate divisions of the calyx: flowers few: lobes of the corolla (1 or 2 lines long)
about half the length of the tube: filiform style hardly thickened downward; fruit not
seen. — Plumas Co., California, Mrs. Pulsifer-Ames.

* * * Perennials of doubtful genus (fruit unknown), with linear sessile leaves, bracteate racemes,
rotate blue corolla, and short st3'le.
C. Ciliatum, Dougl. A foot or more high, canescently hirsute, the hairs on the lower
part of the stem retrorse : leaves tomentose-hirsute, ciliate, 3-nerved ; the lower 4 inches
long and 2 lines wide, the upper an inch long : racemes subcorymbose : calyx-lobes lanceo-
late, obtuse: stigma capitate. —Lehm. Pug. ii. 24, & in Hook. Fl. ii. 85, from which the
above description has been compiled. — " Dry banks of mountain streams. Little Falls of
the Columbia and upwards to the Rocky Mountains, Douglas."
C. Howardi. Depressed-cespitose, sericeous-canescent with appressed pubescence : leaves
mainly crowded on the tufted branches of the caudex, 5 to 8 lines long, spatulate-linear :
flowering stems an inch or two high, 3-4-leaved, densely few-flowered at the summit : bracts
linear, equalling the linear calyx-lobes : corolla with rounded lobes (a line and a half long) ;
fornicate appendages large ; the tube very short : stigma truncate. — Rocky Mountains in
Montana, Winslow J. Howard. In flower only : apparently related to the preceding.

10. ECHINOSPidlRMUM:, Swartz. Stickseed. (Formed of f/a'c?, a
hedgehog, and amg^a, seed, referring to the prickly bur.) — Annuals, biennials,
or occasionally perennials (the greater part of the Old World), either pubescent
or hispid ; with racemose or spicate flowers, usually small, blue or whitish ; the
inflorescence either bracteate or nearly bractless. The nutlets are troublesome
burs.

§ 1. LjCppula. Prickles of the fruit glochidiate-barbed at the apex, naked
below (when only marginal sometimes confluent by their bases into a wing.) —
Lappiila, Moench. Echinospermum § Homalocaryum & § Lappula, A.DC.

Echinospermum. BORRAGINACEiE. 189

# Racemes panicled, leafy-bracteate only at base, minutely bracteate or bractless above : slender
pedicels recurved or deflexed in fruit: calyx-lobes lanceolate or oblong, sborter than the fruit,
and at length reflexed under it: scar of the nutlets ovate or triangular, medial or infra-medial:
gynobase short-pyramidal : biennials or annuals, some perhaps perennials, pubescent or hirsute,
not hispid.

+- Corolla short-funnelforra (blue) ; the tube surpassing the calyx, about the length of the lobes.

E. diffdsiim., Lehm. A foot or so high : leaves oblong-lanceolate ; or the lowest spatu-
late, narrowed at base into long wing-margined petioles ; the upper sessile, from oblong-
lanceolate to ovate or cordate, passing into small bracts : racemes commonly loose and
spreading : fruiting pedicels 3 to 5 lines long : limb of the bright blue corolla from half
inch in diameter to much smaller : style slender : fruit a globose bur ; the nutlets 3 lines
long, densely muriculate-scabrous, rather sparsely armed throughout with long and flat-
tened prickles ; the scar large and broadly ovate : gynobase broadly pyramidal. — Pug.
ii. 23, & in Hook. Fl. ii. 83. E. nervosum, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 146, fig. 42. E.
dpjlexum, y&r. floribundum, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 641, in part. — Open woods, &c., Oregon, and
California, along the Sierra Nevada, where it is common.
.^^ 4_ Corolla rotate (from blue to nearly white); its tube shorter than the calyx and the lobes.

B. floriblindum, Lehm., 1. c. Rather strict, 2 feet or more high, or sometimes smaller :
leaves from oblong- to linear-lanceolate ; the lowest tapering into margined petioles :
racemes numerous, commonly geminate and in fruit rather strict : nutlets with elongated
triangular back naked (2 lines long), merely scabrous ; and the margin armed with a close
row of flat subulate prickles, their bases often confluent ; scar smaller and narrowly ovate.
— Hook. Fl. ii. 84, 1. 164. E. deflexum, var. floribundum, Watson, Bot. King, 246 ; Gray,
1. c, mainly. E. subdecumbens, Parry in Proc. Davenport Acad. i. 148, a small form, said to
be perennial. — Lake Winnipeg to British Columbia, and south to New Mexico and Cali-
fornia. Limb of corolla varying from 2 to 5 lines in diameter.

E. deflexum, Lehm. Diffusely branched, a foot or so high : leaves from oblong to
lanceolate : racemes lax, loosely paniculate : flowers soon sparse, smaller than in the pre-
ceding : nutlets smaller, and the mostly naked back (a line long) broader. — Asper. 120, &
in Hook. I.e. Myosotis deflexa, Wahl. Act. Holm. 1810, 113, t. 4; Fl. Dan. 1. 1568. — Sas-
katchewan, and Winnipeg Valley, Druvimond, Bourgeau. Brit. Columbia, Lyall. Habit
intermediate between the preceding and following ; the American specimens having occa-
sionally some few prickles developed from the rough-granulate dorsal face of the nutlets.
Fruit as well as flowers about half the size of that of E. floribundum. (Siberia to Eu.)

E. Virginicum, Lehmi., 1. c. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, erect, with long and widely spread-
ing branches : radical leaves round-ovate or cordate, slender-petioled ; cauline (3 to 8 inches
long) ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends ; uppermost passing into
lanceolate bracts : loosely paniculate racemes divaricate, filiform : pedicel and flower each
about a line long : corolla slightly surpassing the calyx, pale blue or white : fruit globular,
2 lines in diameter, armed all over with short prickles. — Myosotis ^^rginiana, L. Spec. 189.
M. Virginica, L. Spec. ed. 2, 189 (Moris. Hist. iii. 449, sect. 11, t. 30, fig. 9). Cynoglossum
Morisoni, DC. Prodr. x. 155. — Borders of woods and thickets, Canada to Alabama and
Louisiana.

* * Spikes leafy-bracteate : pedicels erect or merely spreading, stout, shorter than the calyx :
lobes of the latter little shorter than the small corolla, becoming foliaceous and often unequal,
mostlv exceeding the fruit: scar of the nutlets long and narrow, occupj'ing most of the ventral
angle>orrespondmg with the subulate gynobase: annuals, with rough or hispid pubescence:
leaves linear, lanceolate, or the lower somewhat spatulate.

E. Lappula, Lehm., I.e. Erect, a foot or two high, branched above; nutlets rough-granu-
late or tuberculate on the back, the margins with a double row of slender and distinct
prickles, or these irregular over most of the back. — Fl. Dan. t. 692. — Waste and culti-
vated grounds, from the Middle Atlantic States to Canada. (Nat. from Eu.)

E. Redowskii, Lehm., i.e. Erect, a span to 2 feet high, paniculately branched : nut-
lets irregularly and minutely muricately tuberculate ; the margins armed with a single
row of stout flattened prickles, which are not rarely confluent at base. — Gray, Proc. Acad.
Philad. 1862, 165 ; Watson, Bot. King, 246, t. 23, fig. 9-12. Myosotis Redowskii, Hornem.
Hort. Hafn. i. 174. E. intermedium, Ledeb. Fl. Alt. & Ic. ii. t. 180. (N. Asia.)

Var. OCCidentale, Watson, 1. c, the American plant, is less strict, at length
diffuse and the tubercles or scabrosities of the nutlet are sharp instead of blunt or round-

190 BORRAGINACE^, Echinospermum.

ish, as in the Asiatic plant. — E. patulum, Lehra. in Hook. Fl. ii. 84 ; Terr, in Wilkes Exp.
xvii. 418. E. Lappula, Hook. & Am. Bot. Beech., not Lehm. E. pilosiim, Buckley in Proc.
Acad. Philad. 1861. Cynoglossum pilosum? Nutt. Gen. i. 114. — Plains, Saskatchewan and
Minnesota to Texas, and west to Arizona and Alaska.

Var. cupulatum, Gray. Prickles of the nutlet broadened and thickened below
and united into a wing or border, which often indurates and enlarges, forming a cup (the
disk becoming depressed), with margin more or less incurved at maturity, sometimes only
the tips of the prickles free. — Bot. Calif, i. 530. E. strictum, Nees in Neuwied, Trav. App.
17 ; Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 15, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 1. c, not Ledeb. E. Redowskii, var.
strictum, Watson, 1. c. E. Texanum, Scheele in Linn. xxv. 260. E. scahvosum, Buckley, 1. c.

— Nebraska to Texas and Nevada, with the common form, into which it passes.

§ 2. EcHiNOGLOCHiN, Gray. Prickles of the marginless nutlets (disposed
without order over the back) beset for their whole length with short retrorse
barbs; the scar next the base, ovate: calyx open but not reflexed in fruit: aesti-
vation of the white corolla between convolute and imbricate (i. e. convolute ex-
cept that one lobe is wholly interior) ; the fornicate appendages small : pedicels
of the partly bracteate raceme erect, apparently articulated with the axis. — Proc.
Am. Acad. xii. 163.

B. Greenei, Gray, 1. c. Annual, with the habit of Eritrichiumfulvum, i\Suse\y branched
from the base, a span high or more, strigulose-pubescent with whitish hairs, and the calyx
silky-hirsute with fulvous-yellow hairs : leaves linear (a line or more wide, the lower an inch
or two long), obtuse: racemes simple or forked, rather loose, leafy or bracteate at base and
occasionally above : flowers 2 lines long : calyx-lobes oblong-linear, obtuse, nearly equaUing
the corolla : dUated Umb of the latter 2 lines wide or nearly : stamens low on the tube :
nutlets a line and a half long, shorter than the calyx, ovate-trigonous, obtusely carinate on
the back, acutely carinate ventrally down to the low scar, minutely tuberculate-scabrous
throughout ; the scattered barbed prickles terete, rather slender, a third to half line long.

— Northern part of California, common about Yreka, E. L. Greene. An additional link
between Echinospermum and Eritrichium, perhaps deserving the rank of a genus.

11. ERITRICHIUM, Schrader. (Composed of ^oi-, wool, and tqix'ov,
small hair, the original species being woolly -hairy.) — Now a large genus of wide
distribution, but most largely W. N. American, between Myosotis on one hand
and Echinospermum on the other, not quite definitely distinguished from the
latter. Lower leaves not rarely opposite. Flowers (spring and summer) white,
in a few blue, only in the last species yellow. Calyx circumscissile and deciduous
from the fruit in a few species, otherwise persistent. — A.DC. Prodr. x. 124, excl.
spec. ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 55 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 850. Krynitzkia,
Plagiohothrys, &c., Fisch. & Meyer.

§ 1. EuERiTRiCHiUM, Gray, 1. c. Nutlets obliquely attached by the base of
inner angle to a low-conical or pyramidal gynobase ; the scar roundish or oblong,
small : seed amphitropous, ascending : tube of the corolla not exceeding the calyx :
pedicels not articulated with the rachis.

* (EcHiNOSPERMOiDEA.) Nutlets with a pectinate-toothed or spinulose dorsal border: cespitose
dwarf perennials. — Eritrichium, Schrader.
E. nanum, Schrader. Cespitose in pulvinate tufts, rising an inch or two above the
surface, densely villous with long and soft white hairs : leaves oblong, 3 to 5 lines long :
flowers terminating very short densely leafy shoots, or more racemose on developed few-
leaved stems of an inch or more in height, short-pedicelled, some of them bracteate :
corolla with limb very bright caerulean blue, 2 or 3 lines in diameter : crest-like or wing-
like border of the nutlet various, mostly cut into slender teeth or lobes. (Alps of Eu.)

Var. aretioid.es, Herder. More condensed : leaves varying from ovate to lanceo-
late : long villous hairs sometimes with papillose-dilated base. — Radde, Riesen, iv. 253 ;

Eriinchium. BORRAGINACEiE.

191

Gray, 1. c. E. aretioides, DC. Prodr. x. 125; Seemann, Bot. Herald, 37, t. 8. E. villosum.
var. amtoides, Gr^ymFrocAc^d. Philad. 1863, 73; Watson, Bot. King, 241. Myosotis
nana Torr. m Ann Lye N. Y. ii. 225. M. aretioides, Cham, in Linn, iv 443. -Highest
Rocky Mountains of /Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming, and north-west arctic coast and
islands. Teeth or spines of the nutlets not rarely with a few bristly points so that they
would be glochidiate in the manner of Echinospermum if retrorse. The Rocky Mountain
plant is very near the European, but whiter-villous. The form on the N. W. coast more
sparsely and less softly villous, passing into

Var. Chamissonis, Herder, l. c. A stouter form, with broader leaves imbricated

on the stems, and the grey hairs commonly with papillose-dilated base. —£. Chamissonis

DC. 1. c. Myosotis villosa, Cham. 1. c. — Island of St. Paul. (Adjacent Asia.)

* * (Myosotidea.) Nutlets not appendaged, ovate, oblong, or trigonous : low and mostlv diffuse

or spreading annuals (in South America some perennials), sparsely or minutely hirsute: leaves

hnear ; the lower commonly opposite : flowers white, some bracteate, others racemose or spicate

and bractless. *^

■h- Flowers very small: corolla only a line long; the folds or appendages in its throat inconspic-
uous and smooth : stems diffuse or decumbent, a span or so in length.

E. plebeium, A.DC. Sparsely and minutely hirsute or glabrate : leaves lax (the larger
2 inches long and 2 lines wide) : flowers scattered, on pedicels shorter than the calyx,
which is open in fruit and the divisions foliaceous-accrescent : nutlets ovate-trigonous, a
line long, coarsely rugose-reticulated, glabrous, sharply carinate ventrally down to the
large ovate scar and dorsally only along the narrowish apex. — Gray, 1. c. Lit/iospermum
plebeium, Chaxa. & Schlecht. in Linn. iv. 446. — Aleutian Islands, Chamisso, Harrington.
E. Calif ornicum, DC. Slender, more or less hirsute : leaves mostly smaller and nar-
rower : stems flowering from near the base : flowers almost sessile, most or all the lower
accompanied by leaves or bracts, at length scattered : calyx lax or open in fruit : nutlets
ovate-oblong, transversely rugose and minutely scabrous or smooth, small ; the scar almost
basal. —Prodr. x. 130 ; Watson, Bot. King, 242. Myosotis Californica, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind.
Sem. Petrop. 1835. — Springy or muddy ground, through California and Oregon to New
Mexico and Wyoming. Passes into

Var. SUbglochidiatum, Gray. Slightly succulent: lower leaves inclined to
spatulate: nutlets when young minutely more or less hirsute or hispid, especially on the
crests of the rugosities, some of these little bristles becoming stouter and appearing glo-
chidiate under a lens ! — Bot. Calif, i. 526. — E. California to Wyoming and Colorado.
-K- -i— Corolla surpassing the calyx, with comparativelv ample limb 2^ to 4 or even 5 lines in

diameter, therefore appearing rotate; the appendages in its throat conspicuous and yellow-

puberulent: inflorescence more racemose: most of the lower leaves opposite, merely sparsely

hirsute : calyx when young often ferrugineous-hirsute.

E. Scoiileri, A.DC. Slender, mostly erect, a span to a foot high : leaves narrowly linear
(an inch or two long) : flowers in geminate or sometimes paniculate slender naked spikes,
most of them bractless : pedicels erect or ascending, from very short to at most a line
long: calyx erect in fruit: nutlets rugulose, glabrous, half line long; the scar small.—
Gray, 1. c. Myosotis Chorisiana, Lehm. in Hook. Fl. ii. 83, not Cham. M. Scouleri, Hook. &
Arn. Bot. Beech. 370. Eritrichium plebeium, Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 124, not DC. E.
Chorisianum, plebeium, & part of Californicum, Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 397. — Compara-
tively dry soil, W. Oregon and California. Seems to pass into the next.

E. Chorisianum, DC. At first erect, soon diffusely spreading or decumbent: larger
leaves 2 to 4 inches long: flowers in lax usually solitary racemes, many of them leaf.v-
bracted : pedicels spreading, sometimes filiform and 2 to 9 lines long, sometimes even
shorter than the calyx : corolla more funnelform, its ample limb 3 to 5 lines in diameter :
nutlets (half line long) minutely rugose-tuberculate ; the scar narrow. — Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. X. 56, & Bot. Calif, i. 525. E. connatifolium, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 103,
fig. 51. Myosotis Chorisiana, Cham. & Schlecht. 1. c. — AVet ground, California along the
coast and the bays of Monterey and San Francisco.

§ 2. Plagiobothrts, Gray, 1. c Nutlets broadly ovate-trigonous, incurved
(the narrowed tips conniving over the short style), rugose, attached by the middle
of the concave or seemingly hollowed ventral face to a globular or short-conical
gynobase, by means of a salient caruncle-like portion, which at maturity separates

192 BORRAGINACEiE. Eritrichium.

from a corresponding deep cavity of the side of the gynobase, and persists on the
nutlet in place of the ordinary areola or scar (when only one nutlet matures it
becomes incumbent) : seed amphitropous, attached above the middle of the cell :
herbage villous-hirsute : calyx in the original species at length circumscissile
above the base ! — Plagiobothrys, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. 1835, 46;
not vs^ell characterized, the fruit being probably immature.

# (Genuina.) Mature nutlets very concave ventrally ; the caruncle narrow and projecting,usuallr
oval, each fitting into an orbicular cavity of the globular gynobase: low annuals, with small
flowers, and villous or silky-hirsute but not hispid calyx.
^— Nutlets dull or slightly shining, cartilaginous or coriaceous; the lines or ribs narrow and ele-
vated, bounding depressed areolae; the dorsal keel more or less salient.
E. fulvuxn, A. DC. A span to a foot high, slender, branched from the leafy base, loosely
hirsute or merely pubescent : leaves linear or the lower and larger lanceolate or spatulate ;
the upper sparse and small: spikes at maturity nearly filiform, bracteate only at base:
calyx, &c., densely clothed with dark-ferruginous and some merely fulvous hairs, circum-
scissile from the mature fruit; the lobes narrow-lanceolate: limb of corolla 2 lines in
diameter : nutlets (a line long) rugose with broad and shallow areolations. — Prodr. x. 132 ;
Gray, 1. c. 57. Myosotis fulva, Hook. & Am. Bot. Beech. 38 (the Chilian plant, which has
rather longer and narrower calyx-lobes), & 369. Plagiobothnjs nifescens, Fisch. & Meyer,
1. c ; A.DC. 1. c. 134. P. canescens, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 397 (no. 411, Hall).— O^en
grounds, California and Oregon, toward the coast. (Chili.)
B. canescens, Gray, 1. c. Stouter and generally larger than the preceding, leafy, vil-
lous-hirsute ; the pubescence whitish, even that of the calyx barely fulvous : leaves linear:
calyx larger and with broader lanceolate lobes, less closed over the fruit and hardly if at all
circumscissile: nutlets usually with more prominent transverse ribs. — Plagiobothrys ca-
nescens, Benth. PI. Hartw. 326. — W. California and north to the Columbia River.
.(_ +_ Nutlets crustaceous, vitreous-shining or enamel-like at maturity ; the lines bounding the
long transverse and closely packed rugae very slender and impressed: low plants, seldom a
span high: limb of corolla' a line or two in diameter: calyx hardly if at all circumscissile at
maturity.
E. tenellum, Gray, 1. c. Hirsute with rather soft hairs ; those of the calyx more or less
fulvous or rusty -yellowish : stems slender and erect: radical leaves in a rosulate tuft,
oblanceolate or broadly linear; the cauHne rather few and small: spike few-flowered and
interrupted, leafy only at base: calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate: nutlets (a line long)
very shining, somewhat cruciate from the abrupt contraction at both base and apex, hol-
lowed on the ventral face, the close and straight transverse wrinkles either smooth or
sparsely and sharply muvic^tG. — E.fulmm, Watson, Bot. King, 243 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad,
viii. 397, not A.DC. Myosotis {Dasymorpha) tenella, Nutt. in Hook. Kew Jour. Bot. v. 295.
— Northern California ta British Columbia, Nevada, and Idaho.
E. Torreyi, Gray, 1- c. More hispidly hirsute, the hairs even of the calyx greyish, much
branched from the root : stems diffuse or decumbent, leafy ; the flowers mainly leafy-
bracteate: leaves broadly oblong: nutlets rather larger than in the preceding and less
shining, broadly ovate, not cruciate nor muricate but smooth (or next the margins obscurely
tuberculate), the straight wrinkles rather broader; caruncle not projecting. — California,
Sierra Nevada, near Yosemite Valley, Torrey. Sierra Valley, Lemmon ; the latter a de-
pressed and very leafy form, with scattered flowers, accompanied throughout by leaves.
* * (Ambigua.) Mature nutlets moderately incurved, affixed to the obtusely conical or pyra-
midal gynobase by a vertical narrow crest (answering to the caruncle) which occupies the middle
third of the concave face of the nutlet (terminating above in the sharp ventral keel which ex-
tends to the apex); the cavities of the gynobase oblong-ovate in outline: calyx, &c., more or less
setose-hispid.
E. Kingii, Watson. Apparently biennial, villous-hirsute and more or less hispid : stems
a span or 'so high, rather stout: leaves from spatulate or oblong to spatulate-linear : inflo-
rescence at first thyrsoid ; the flowers in short spikes or clusters which are commonly leafy
at base : tube of the corolla not longer than the lanceolate calyx-lobes ; its limb 4 hues in
diameter, or sometimes one-half smaller : nutlets coriaceous, dull, irregularly rugose, not
distinctly carinate on the back, fully a line long. — Bot. King, 243, t. 23 (in flower) ; Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad. x. 60, & Bot. Calif, i. 528. — Eastern portion of the Sierra Nevada, va. Ne-

EritricMum. BORRAGIXACE^. I93

7t^t^lotlT^ ^""""^T ^-T' ^"^""' " larger-flowered form. Sierra Valley, Lemmon,
sectTon ^''^ '""' ^''^'- Connects Pla^ioMhrys with the following

§ 3. Krtnitzkia, Gray. Nutlets ventrally attached from next the base to
the middle or to the apex to the pyramidal or columnar or subulate gynobase ;
the scar mostly sulcate or slightly excavated: seed from amphitropous to nearly
anatropous, commonly pendulous : corolla (except in the last species) white •
calyx 5-parted, closed in hmt. — Kryniizkia, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop.
1841, 52. § Krynitzkia & § Piptocalyx, Gray, 1. c.

* rounck7-Toro'^L'';\o=^"'^!!' iT'^l^r*. r ^' }^'^'^^ «"f^'^^ «'• ™«^-^'°«' ^^e sides more commonlv
ova": root annual ^ ' surpassing the mostly setose-hispid calyx : anthers

■^.oSSh.f^v'Lt''"''"'"'-'''''?^' *^^ ^-'^^^^^ "PP" P""'"" f^"''"? away, leaving a membranaceous
aXTs mncrnn.T'^fl''''""^ base persjstent around the fruit: corolla with naked and open throat:
anthers mucronate : flowers all leafy-bracteate and sessile. — Piptocalyx, Torr.

E. Circumsclssum, Gray. Depressed-spreading, very much branched from the annual
root, an inch to a span high, whitish-hispid throughout: narrow linear leaves (a quarter to
half mch long) and very small flowers crowded, especially on the upper part of the
branches : nutlets oblong-ovate, smooth or minutely puncticulate-scabrous, attached by a
narrow groove (with transverse basal bifurcation) for nearly the whole length to the pyra-
midal-subulate gynobase. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 58, & Bot. Calif, i. 527. Lithospermuvi cir-
cumsassuvi, Hook. & Am. Bot. Beech. 370. Piptocalyx circumscissus, Torr. in Wilkes Exp.
xvu. 414. t. 12. — Desert plains, E. California to Utah, Wyoming, and Washington Terr.
''~uT~ ^^'7^ neither circumscissile nor disarticulating from the axis in age; the lobes linenr-
oblong, obtuse, nearly nerveless ; the bristles short and even, not setose or pungent : corolla with
minute if any appendages at the throat: nutlets attached for the whole length to a slender
columnar gynobase by a groove which does not bifurcate nor sensibly enlarge at base : flowers all
leafy-bracteate, short-pedicelled : style at length tWckened !

E. micranthum, Torr. Hirsute-canescent, slender, 2 to 5 inches high, at length dif-
fusely much branched : leaves linear, only 2 to 4 lines long: flowers in the forks, and much
crowded in short leafy spikes, about equalling the upper bracts : corolla barely a line high,
and its lobes one to two-thirds of a line long, obscurely appendaged at the throat : nutlets
oblong-ovate, acute or acuminate, smooth and shining or dull and puncticulate-scabrous (half
to two-thirds of a line long) : style becoming thicker than the gynobase, or even pyramidal.
-^Bot. Mex. Bound. 141; Watson, Bot. King, 244. — Dry plains, western border of Texas
through Utah and Arizona to E. California, where larger flowered specimens connect with
_ Var. lepidmn. Less slender and more hirsute : corolla larger, its expanded limb 2 or 3
lines in diameter ; the appendages or folds in the throat very manifest : nutlets nearly a
line long, puncticulate-scabrous. — California, in San Diego Co., D. Cleveland.
••" 1- ,•»- Calyx not circumscissile, 5-parted, conspicuously and often pungentlv hispid with Inrge

stiff bristles, and the lobes usually with a stout midnerve; the whole calyx (or short pedicel) in.

several species inclined to disarticulate at maturity and to form a sort of bur, loosely enclosing

the nutlets : inflorescence scorpioid-spicate, without or partly with bracts.
•H- Gynobase slender and naiTOw : nutlets with narrow grooved scar, or continued into a groove

above the attachment and so running the whole length of the ventral face : spikes when developed

mainly bractless : leaves in all linear.

= Lobes of the fructiferous calyx very narrow; the strong bristles below reflexed and partly unci-
nate: appendages in the throat of the small corolla obsolete or wanting: only cue nutlet
usually maturing.

E. oxycaryum, Gray. Somewhat canescently strigulose-pubescent or above hirsute,
slender, 6 to 20 inches high : leaves narrow : spikes dense in age, but slender, becoming
strict, and with the sessile fruiting calyx appressed : this at most 2 lines long, tliickly beset
toward the base with stout reflexed bristles (of a line or less in length), the tips of some
of them curving: nutlet ovate-acuminate or ovate-lanceolate, very smooth and shining,
fully a line long, much surpassing the subulate gynobase and style, affixed to the latter
only by the lower half or third of the narrow ventral groove. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 58, &
Bot. Calif, i. 526. Myosotis flaccida, Hook. & Am. Bot. Beech. 369, ex Benth., not Dougl.
Krynitzkia leiocarpa, Benth. PI. Hartw. (no. 1872), 326, not Fisch. & Meyer. — Common in
W. California. (Not seen from Oregon.)

13

194 BORRAGINACE^. Eritriclium.

= = Lobes of fructiferous calyx very narrowly linear, twice or thrice the length of the nutlets,
armed with remarkably long an'd straight spreading bristles : appendages in throat of corolla evident.
E. angustifolium, Torr. Hispid with spreading bristles, a span high, diffuse : leaves
narrowly linear: spikes often geminate, dense and slender: corolla barely a line long and
with a small limb : calyx-lobes almost filiform in age, seldom over a line long, beset with
divaricate bristles of the same length : nutlets half a line long, ovate-triangular, with mi-
nutely granulate surface, all four maturing, little longer than the conical-subulate gyno-
base, to which they are attached by a narrow grooved scar with somewhat broader base.
— Pacif. R. Rep. v. 363, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 141. — South-eastern California and Western
Arizona. (Lower Calif.)
E. barbigerum. Hispid and hirsute, stouter, a span to a foot high, freely branching :
leaves broader : spikes solitary or paniculate, elongating ; the flowers at length rather
sparse and less secund : limb of the corolla sometimes 3 lines in'diameter : calyx-lobes
linear-attenuate, in fruit 3 or 4 lines long, thickly beset with long shaggy bristles (of 1^ to
2 lines length), which are sometimes accompanied with long white-villous hairs: nutlet
commonly by abortion solitary, and a line or more in length, surpassing the style, ovate-
trigonous and somewhat acuminate, muricate-papillose, attached by the lower half and
more to the subulate-columnar gynobase, the scar dilated at base (infertile ovary-lobes
remaining on the gynobase, attached for almost their whole length). — S. California, from
Santa Barbara Co. to S. Utah and Arizona, Parry, Palmer, Smart, Rothrock, &c. Has been
confounded in imperfect specimens with the preceding and some of the following.
:= = = Lobes of the fructiferous caljTc less attenuated, and the bristles less elongated: appen-
dages of the throat of the corolla conspicuous: all four nutlets usually maturing.
E. leiocarpum, "Watson. Roughish-hirsute or hispid, with mostly ascending hairs, a
span to a foot high, usually branching freely : spikes when elongated becoming rather
loosely-flowered : limb of corolla 2 lines or less in diameter : fructiferous calyx-lobes sel-
dom over 2 lines long, from narrowly lanceolate to narrow-linear : nutlets ovate and oblong-
ovate, very smooth and shining, a line or less long, somewhat surpassing the persistent
style, attached from the middle downward to the subulate gynobase by a very slender scar
which is divergently bifurcate at the very base. — Bot. King, 244; Gray, 1. c.—Echim-
spermiim leiocarpum, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. 1835, 36. Krynitzkia leiocnrjia,
Pisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. 1841, 52; A.DC. I.e. Myosotis flaccida, Dougl. in Hook.
Fl. ii. 82. — Calif ornia to borders of British Columbia, and east to New Mexico and
Saskatchewan. A wide-spread and also variable species.
E. muriculatuin, A.DC. Stouter, leafy, more hirsute-hispid with spreading hairs, a
foot or two high : spikes often geminate or collected in a 3-5-radiate pedunculate cyme :
limb of corolla 2 or 3 lines in diameter : calyx-lobes lanceolate, in fruit only H to 2 lines
long and seldom twice the length of the nutlets: these ovate-triangular, obtuse, a line
long, not equalling the style, dull or nearly so, muricate-papillose on the back and some-
times on the inner faces also, attached to the subulate gynobase for two-thirds of their
length by a grooved scar which widens downward and is transversely dilated at base. —
Prodr. ix. 132. Myosotis muricata. Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 369. — California, Douglas
(specimen, in flower only, wrongly referred, in Proc. Am. Acad. x. 59, to E. canescens), Brewer,
Palmer (in fruit, San Buenaventura and back of San Simeon Bay), Coulter, Xantus, &c.

Var. ambiguum. Fruit of E. mwiculatum, or usually sparsely and more minutely
muriculate, equally dull, equalling and usually somewhat surpassing the persistent style,
yet occasionally shorter : in whole habit, sparse spikes, and generally the longer and nar-
rower calyx-lobes agreeing with E. leiocarpum, of which there is also a form with lanceolate
and shorter calyx-lobes. — £■. viuriculalum, Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exp. xvii. 416, t. 13; Gray,
1. c, mainly. E. angustifolium, Watson, Bot. King, 241, not Torr., at least not the original
plant. — California and Nevada to Washington Terr.

++ ++ Gynobase broader, pyramidal or conical : nutlets with a corrcspondingh' broader scar
{E. Texanum excepted): corolla small or minute (the limb only a line or two in diameter):
calyx very hispid with yellowish or fulvous bristles: rough-hispid annuals, with spikes loose m
fruit, and mostly leafy-bracteate at base.

= Nutlets all fertile and alike, small: midrib of calyx-lobes not thickened.
E. pusillum, Torr. & Gray. Low (2 or 3 inches high) and slender: linear leaves
mainly clustered at the root : flowers rather crowded in small spikes : calyx-lobes ovate-

EritricUum. BORRAGINACE^. 195

lanceolate : crests in throat of corolla inconspicuous : nutlets half a line long, ovate-tri-
angular, strongly muricate-granulate on the rounded back, which is bordered by acute
angles ; the inner faces very smooth and concave when dry ; the ventral angle beveled by
the deltoid-lanceolate scar which terminates below the apex in a narrow groove : gynobase
subulate-pyramidal. — Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 171. — North-western borders of Texas and adjacent
New Mexico, Pope, Wright. Calyx in fruit about a line long, apparently not 'deciduous
with the fruit.
B. hispidum, Buckley. A span or more high, greyish-hispid, diffusely much branched,
even the loose paniculate spikes mostly leafy : leaves linear : flowers rather scattered :
calyx-lobes lanceolate : crests in throat of the corolla rather conspicuous : nutlets half
to two-thirds of a line long, triangular-ovate, without lateral angles, coarsely granulate
(sometimes almost smooth) round to the deltoid or triangular-lanceolate excavated scar.
— Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 462 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 59. E. heliotropioides, Torr. Bot.
Mex. Bound. 140, mainly, excl. syn. DC. — Plains and sandy banks, AV. Texas to New
Mexico, extending into Mexico. Calyx a line long, closed at maturity, and deciduous with
the enclosed fruit, like a bur.

= = Nutlets either solitary or dissimilar: calyx-lobes linear, obtuse, thickish, closed over the
fruit (2 or 3 lines long) ; the midrib below becoming much thickened and indurated.

E. Texanum, A.DC. About a foot high, loosely branching, rough-hispid : leaves obovate-
oblong or spatulate, or the uppermost linear : spikes mostly leafless : flowers nearly sessile :
calyx in fruit separating by an articulation : nutlet usually only one maturing, fully a line
long, oblong-ovate, rounded on the back, smooth and even, but minutely puncticulate, fixed
by a narrow scar from base to below the middle to a small conical-columnar gynobase. —
Gray, 1. c. — Texas, about Austin, &c., Drummond, Wright, E. Hall. Flowers smaller and
midrib of the sepals less thickened than in the next.

B. crassisepalum, Torr. & Gray. A span high, diffusely much branched from the
base, very rough-hispid : leaves oblanceolate and linear-spatulate : flowers short-pedicelled,
many or "most of them bracteate : lobes of the persistent calyx greatly thickened below in
fruit : nutlets ovate, acute, rounded on the back, dissimilar, three of them muricate-granu-
late and one larger and smooth or nearly so (fully a line long), fixed to the conical-pyra-
midal gynobase from base to middle by an ovate-lanceolate excavated scar. — Pacif. R.
Rep. ii. 171 ; Gray, Proc. 1. c. — Plains, Western Texas and New Mexico to Nebraska and
Saskatchewan. The larger and smooth nutlet, like the similar and only fertile one of E.
Texanum, appears to be unusually persistent. Short pedicel thickened and indurated with
the calyx at maturity, disposed to separate tardily by an articulation.

* * (Ptkrygium.) Nutlets and flowers of the foregoing subsection; but the former (either all or
three of them) surrounded by a conspicuous firm-scarious crenate or lobedwing: crests in the
throat of the corolla rather small.

E. pterocaryum, Torr. Annual, slender, loosely branching, hirsute : leaves linear, or
the lowest spatulate, often hispid : inflorescence at first cymose-glomerate, usually develop-
ing a pair of short spikes, mostly bractless : calyx-lobes oblong and in fruit ovate, erect,
and with rather prominent midrib: corolla very small (its limb less than a line in diam-
eter) : nutlets oblong-ovate, rough or granulate-tuberculate on the rounded back, aflSxed
for nearly the whole length to the filiform-subulate gynobase by a narrow groove which
widens gradually to the base ; one of them commonly wingless and rounded at the sides ;
the others with lateral angles extended into a broad radiately striate wing with toothed or
crenulate margins. — Wilkes Exp., vii. 415, 1. 13 ; Watson, Bot. King, 245 ; Gray, 1. c. — Dry
interior region, from the plains of the Columbia River, Washington Territory, through
Nevada and the borders of California to Arizona, New Mexico, and the borders of Texas.
Fruiting calyx 2 lines long, rather sparsely hispid, very short-pedicelled, apparently not
falling with the fruit. Nutlets a line and a half long, including the surrounding broadly
ovate wing. , , , . • i

Var. pectinatum, Gray, 1. c, has all the nutlets winged, and the wmgs pectmately
cleft half way down. — S. Utah and Arizona, Parri/, Palmer.

* * * (Pseudo-Myosotis.) Nutlets triangular or triquetrous, with acute or even winged lateral
andls attached bv half or nearlv their whole length to the subulate or slender-pyramidal gyno-
bafe the scar ve.T slender and usuallv with transversely dilated base : corolla w,th prominent
fornicate crests at the throat, and near the base within annulate: biennials or perennials, mostly
with thyrsiform and leafy-bracteate infiore.=;cence.

jgg BORRAGINACE.E. Eriirichium.

H_ Tube of the corolla not longer than the calyx and little if any longer than the lobes ; a ring of
10 small scales or glands above the base within: anthers oval or oblong: style rather short.
++ Nutlets margined all round with a firm. entire wing : plant setose-hispid : corolla small.
E. holopterum, Gray. About a foot high, perhaps from an annual root, loosely pan-
iculate-branched,' rather slender : leaves linear, an inch or so long, very rough with the
papilliform bases of the rigid short bristles • paniculate spikes rather few- and at length
loosely flowered : calyx and corolla about a line (and the former becoming 2 lines) long:
immature nutlets ovate-trigonous, a line long, muriculate on the convex back, abruptly
wing-margined (the wing nearly the breadth of the dorsal disk), attached for nearly the
whole length to the conical-subulate gynobase. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 81. — Ehrenberg,
Arizona, Palmer.
E. setosissimiun, Gray. Stem robust, 2 feet or more high from an apparently biennial
root, nearly simple,' very hispid (as is the whole plant) with long and stiff but slender
spreading bristles (with or without papilliform base), also cinereous with fine spreading
hairs : leaves lanceplate-spatulate, the lower 4 or 5 inches long (including the tapering base
or margined petiole) : spikes in fruit elongated (3 or 4 inches long), dense and strict in a
naked thyrsus : corolla 2 or hardly .3 lines long : anthers on short and thickened inflexed
filaments : fructiferous calyx fully 3 lines long ; the lobes oblong-lanceolate, carinate by a
strong midrib : nutlets obcompressed, almost 3 lines long, broadly ovate in outline, dull,
merely scabrous on the back ; the conspicuous wing much narrower than the disk and ex-
tended round the base ; the scar narrow at base : gynobase elongated-subulate. — - Proc.
Am. Acad. 1. c — Shores of Fish Lake, Utah, at the elevation of 8,700 feet, L. F. Ward.
Known only in fruiting specimens, which so much resemble E. glomeratum, var. virgatum,
that intermediate forms may occur, and the great size, flatness, narrow-based scar, and con-
spicuous wing of the nutlets may prove inconstant.

' ++ ++ Nutlets acutely triangular, wingless.

E Jamesii Torr. A span or two high from a perennial root, rather stout, branched
from the hard or lignescent base, canescently silky-tomentose and somewhat hirsute, be-
coming strigose-hirsute or even hispid in age : leaves oblanceolate or the upper linear,
obtuse : spikes somewhat panicled or thyrsoid-crowded, moderately elongating, bracteate :
limb of the short and broad corolla about 3 lines wide : fruiting calyx mostly closing over
the depressed-globular fruit, which consists of 4 closely fitting very smooth and shining
broadly triangular nutlets (hardly higher than wide).— Marcy Rep. 294, & Bot. Mex. Bound.
140 ; Gray, 1. c. E. multicaule, Torr. 1. c, a more hispid form. Myosotis suffruticosa, Torr.
in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 225. — Plains and sandj^ shores, western borders of Texas and New
Mexico to Arizona and Wyoming. —Nutlets almost exact quarters of a sphere, or with
angles more acute and sides rather concave, attached by the inner angle, also with a
short transverse scar at base.
E glomeratum DC. A span to a foot or more high from a biennial root, greyish-hirsute
"and hispid • leaves spatulate or linear-spatulate : inflorescence thyrsiform and mostly dense ;
the short and often forked lateral spikes at length commonly exceeding the subtendmg
leaves • calyx very setose-hispid : limb of the corolla 3 to 5 lines in diameter : the crests
truncate : nutlets forming an ovoid-pyramidal fruit ; each triangular-ovate, sparsely more
or less tuberculate-rugose on the back (a line long), with sharp lateral edges, and sulcate
ventral angle extending into a broad basal scar. - Watson, Bot King, 242, t 23 ; Gray L c.
Cynonhssum glomeratum, Pursh, Fl. ii. 729. Myosotis glomerate, Nutt. Gen. i. 112 ; Hook. Fl.
ii 82 t 162. Rochelia glomerata, Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1. c. ; Nutt. m Jour. Acad. Philad. vn.
45 'e qlomeratum, var. hispidissimum, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 140, may be taken for nearly
the original of Nuttall and Bradbury, of the Upper Missouri. -Plains of Saskatchewan
to New Mexico and Utah. Two varieties mark the opposite extremes.

Var humile Gray. Barely a span high, often tufted on an apparently perenmal
root: pubescence 'less hispid and generally canescent, at least the lower leaves; these
spatulate, an inch or more long: thyrsus spiciform: pubescence and bristles of calyx
either whitish or tawny yellow. -Proc. Am. Acad. x. 61. -Rocky Mountams from the
British Boundary to Utah, at 8000 feet, and higher parts of the Sierra Nevada, California.
Passing on one hand into the typical form, on the other approaching the next species.

Var virgatmn, Porter. Very hispid, not at all canescent: stem strict, a foot or
two high flowering for most of its length in short and dense nearly sessile clusters, which

Amsinckia. BORRAGINACEiE. 197

are generally much shorter than the elongated linear subtending leaves and forming a long
virgate leafy spike : nutlets less or slightly rugose on the back, at most a line and a lialf
long. — Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado, 102 ; Gray, 1. c. E. glomeraium, Gray in Am.. Jour.
Sci. ser. 2, xxxiv. 225. E. viryatum, Porter in Hayden Rep. 1870, 479. — Along the base and
eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains up to 8000 feet, Colorado, Parry, Hall, Porter, &,c. A
well marked form, clearly biennial.

H— ^— Tube of the salverform corolla longer than the calyx, and twice or thrice the lenijth of the
lobes; the ring within (at base of the tube; inconspicuous and truncate, its glands indistinct;
crests of the throat large, of ten elongated : anthers linear-oblong: stvle long and filifonn: silky-
canescent perennials, with contracted thyrsoid inflorescence. — § Psendomyusutis, A.DC.

E. fulvocanescens, G-ray. A span or so high, cespitose : leaves linear-spatulate or
oblanceolate, silky-strigose or even tomentose ; the lower with bright white and soft hairs ;
the upper and the thyrsoid glomerate inflorescence and calyx with fulvous-yellow more
hirsute hairs and some hispid bristles : corolla white : nutlets roughish or granulated. —
Proc. Am. Acad. x. 91, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. E. glomeratum, var. 1 fulvocanescens, Watson, But.
IGng, t. 23, fig. 7. — Mountains of New Mexico (Fendler, &c.) to those of Nevada, and north
to Wyoming. Habit of the dwarf and hoary forms of the preceding species, with longer
corolla, style, and anthers of the next.

B. leucophseum, A.DC. A span to a foot high, many-stemmed from the lignescent
base or root : leaves silky-strigose and silvery-canescent, lanceolate and linear, acute :
spicate-glomerate inflorescence and calyx hirsute and hispid with spreading whitish or yel-
lowish hairs and slender bristles : corolla cream-colored or yellow : style very long : nutlets
ovate-triquetrous, smooth and polished, ivory-like, large (1| or 2 lines long) : gynobase very
slender. — Gray, 1. c. Myosotis leucophma, Dougl. in Hook. Fl. ii. 82, t. 163. — Barren grounds,
interior of British Columbia and Oregon, Southern Utah, and near Mono Lake, E. Cali-
fornia. Anthers (always ?) borne on the tube of the corolla close below the throat.
RocHELiA PATENS, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 44, founded on a specimen collected by

Wyeth on " Flat-Head River " in the Rocky Mountains, would seem to be an Eritrichium, but

has not been identified, nor is the specimen to be found in the Academy's herbarium.

12. AMSiNCKIA, Lehm. (In memory of Wm. Amsinck, a burgomaster
of Hamburg and benefactor of the botanic garden.) — Rough-hispid annuals (W.
N. American and one Chilian) ; with oblong or linear leaves, and scorpioid-spicate
flowers, sometimes the lowest and rarely (in the last species) all leafy-bracteate ;
the corolla yellow, slender, with open throat, either wholly naked or with minute
bearded crests. Stout bristles of the herbage commonly with pustulate-dilated
base. Calyx-lobes in several species disposed to be occasionally united 2 or 3
together almost to the top. Flowers in most species all heterogone-dimorphous, at
least in the insertion of the stamens ; when these are high the throat of the corolla
is quite naked. — Lehm. Del. Sem. Hamb. 1831, 7 ; Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem.
Petrop. 1835, (1) 26 ; DC. Prodr. x. 117; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 851.

§ 1. Nutlets (resembling those of Eritrichium leucophcemn, which is peculiar in
its long and yellow corolla) ovate-triquetrous, straight, at maturity very smooth
and polished, attached at the lower part of the sharp inner angle by a narrow
scar, all three faces plane or nearly so.

A. vernicosa, Hook. & Arn. A foot or more high, erect, sparsely setose-hispid :
leaves from linear to ovate-lanceolate : tube of the light yellow corolla slightly longer
than the calyx. — Bot. Beech. 370 ; DC. 1. c. ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 54, & Bot. Calif,
i. 525. — California, near the coast, Douglas, Coulter, &e. Nutlets almost 2 lines long, in
shape resembling a grain of buckwheat.

Var. grandiflora, Gray. Robust, strongly setose-hispid, remarkably large-flowered,
the more exserted and funnelform tube of the corolla almost half an inch long, and the
limb ample : nutlets broader, rather concave on the back. — Bot. Calif. 1. c. — Lower
Sacramento, at Antioch, Kellogg.

198 BORRAGINACEiE. A^nsincHa.

§ 2. Nutlets (not unlike those of EritricMum § Plagiohothrys) rugose or
muricate, dull, ovate-trigonous and somewhat incurved, carinate ventrally down
to the short and broad usually somewhat protuberant scar.

* Nutlets crustaceous, tessellate-rugose: calyx-lobes obtuse.
A. tessellata, Gray. Coarsely and strongly hispid, stout, a foot or two high : leaves
from linear-lanceolate to oblong, mostly obtuse : tube of the orange-yellow corolla some-
what longer than the ferrugineous-hispid calyx (about 3 lines long) and much longer than
the lobes : nutlets very broadly ovate, with narro\ved apex and flattish back, thickly
covered with granulate-warty projections which fit together in age, forming more or less
conspicuous transverse lines or wrinkles ; the scar toward the middle of the ventral face.
— Proc. Am. Acad. & Bot. Calif. 1. c. A. lycopsoides, Watson, Bot. King, 240, partly. —
Dry grounds, California from the Contra-Costa range through the interior to Nevada and
S. Utah. Calyx-lobes either narrowly or rather broadly lanceolate.

* * Nutlets muricate or sharply scabrous, in age sometimes loosely rugose. (Species difficult to
discriminate.)

H— Calyx-lobes narrowly linear-lanceolate or linear, acutish, all over hispid and hirsute : leaves
linear or lanceolate.

A. echinata, Gray, 1. c. Stem strict, 2 or 3 feet high : corolla light yellow, about twice
the length of the fulvous-hispid calyx, little dilated at the throat ; the limb 2 or 3 lines in
diameter : immature nutlets with the strongly convex and carinate back muricate with
soft slender prickles and intermediate scabrous points, not rugose. — S. E. California in the
Mohave region. Cooper.

A. intermedia, Fisch. & Meyer, 1. c. A foot or two high, branching: bristles even
of tiie calyx whitish or barely fulvous : leaves from oblong-lanceolate to linear : corolla
not above 3 lines long, little exceeding the calyx; the small limb hardly at all plaited:
nutlets very convex and carinate on the back, muricate-scabrous and at maturity obliquely
more or less rugose. — DC. I.e.; Gray, Bot. Calif. I.e. A. lycopsoides, Gray, Proc. Am,
Acad. X. 54, in part; and of gardens. Benthamia lycopsoides, Lindl. (Introd. Nat. Syst.) in
Hort. Soc. Lond. 1828, &c., thence becoming A. lycopsoides of cultivation, but probably not
of Lehm. — California and W. Nevada to the borders of Brit. Columbia; a common and
variable species.

A. spectabilis, Fisch. & Meyer, 1. c. Mostly slender, a span (when depauperate) to
a foot high : leaves mostly linear : tube of the bright orange corolla twice or thrice the
length of the linear lobes of the ferrugineous-hispid calyx, nearly half inch long, or some-
times shorter ; the throat enlarging, and the limb'conspicuously plaited in the bud (a third
to half inch wide) ; anthers when high protruded from the throat : nutlets granulate-rugose,
carinate and roundish on the back. — A. spectabilis & A. Douglasiana, DC. 1. c. — Open
groimd, California from San Diego to Plumas Co.

.j— 4_ Calyx loosely enclosing the fruit, more sparsely setose-hispid, greener and soft-herbaceous
in texture'; the lobes lanceolate or ovate-oblong, mostly obtuse, 2 or 3 of the lobes not rarely united.

A. lycopsoides, Lehm. Loosely branched, soon spreading, sometimes decumbent,
sparsely but strongly setose-hispid, the bristles on the foliage at length with very pustulate
base : leaves greener, from lanceolate to ovate, the margins commonly undulate-repand :
upper flowers mainly bractless : corolla light yellow, about 4 lines long, with tube little
or considerably exceeding the calyx ; the throat little enlarged and limb 2 or 3 lines in
diameter : anthers short, included : nutlets reticulate-rugose. — Del. Sem. Hamb. 1. c, name
only ; DC. Prodr. x. 117 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 524. — Coast of California, from San Simeon
Bay northward to Oregon. Passes into

Var. bracteosa, a smaller-flowered and more decumbent form (corolla 2 or 3 lines
long and the limb a line or two broad), with most of the flowers subtended by a foliaceous
bract. — Lithospermum lycopsoides, Lehm. Pug. ii. 28, & in Hook. Fl. ii. 89, therefore properly
the original of AmsincJcia lycopsoides, Lehm. I. c. — San Francisco Bay to Puget Sound.

13. ECHIDIOCARYA, Gray. ('i<://5fOJ', a diminutive viper, and xdgvov,
nut, the nutlets with the stalk resembling the head and neck of a snake or other
reptile.) — Annuals or biennials of two species, with the habit of Eritrichium

Mertensia. BORRAGINACE^. 199

§ Plagiobothrys, intermediate between tliat group and Antiphytum, hirsute, hardly
hispid, branched from the base ; the stems or branches diffuse, a span or two
high ; leaves spatulate-linear, all alternate ; scovpioid spikes slender and at length
remotely flowered, bractless, or with some scattered foliaceous bracts : white corolla
with lobes sometimes almost convolute in the bud. — Gray in Benth. & Hook.
Gen. ii. 854 ; Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 89, xii. 163.

E. Arizonica, Gray, 1. c. Lobes of the corolla a line or less long ; the throat somewhat
narrowed by very small and rather obscure intrusive folds : nutlets attenuate and much
compressed at apex, sparsely cristate-muricate, hardly longer than their thick basal stipes,
which are united at base in pairs over the prominent receptacle, the pair with a very large
excavated scar. — Arizona, on the Verde Mesa, Dr. Smart. Also near Tucson, Greene.

E. Calif ornica, Gray. Corolla larger ; the orbicular lobes a line or two in length ; the
throat closed by strong andpuberulent intrusive appendages : nutlets smaller (a hne long),
less acute, coarsely rugose-alveolate and the sharp elevated rugosities often echinulate ;
the stipes supra-basal, all four wholly distinct, laterally compressed, shorter than the
diameter of the nutlet ; the small caruncular scar concave. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 164. —
San Bernardino Co., S. E. California, Parry & Lemmon, no. 278, coll. 1876.

14. ANTlPHYTUM, DC, partly. {Avxi, op^Dosite, and cpvrov, plant;
the leaves in the typical species being all opposite, in this unlike most of the
order.) — Restricted in Benth. & Hook. Gen. PL ii. 859 to Brazilian species, all
suffruticose and opposite-leaved, with short-stipitate areola to the nutlets. But
the subjoined species exhibit the characters of the genus in a lesser degree. —
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 54. (In separating from the insertion, a delicate
funicle-like process, which penetrated a minute central perforation of the scar,
persists on the flat gynobase.)

A. heliotropioides, A.DC. Woody perennial ? a foot or two high, paniculately much
branched, softly strigose-hirsute and at least when young canescent : leaves linear, an inch
or less long ; the lower mainly opposite : flowers rather small and scattered, on filiform
pedicels much longer than the calyx, the lobes of which are oblong-linear : corolla almost
rotate, with conspicuous crests in the open throat : stigma capitate : scar of the nutlets
large and sessile, but edged with an acute salient margin ; the minute perforation above
its centre. — Prodr. x. 122 ; Gray, 1. c. Eritrichium heliotropioides, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound.
140, as to the plant of Berlandier only. — San Carlos, on the Mexican side of the Rio
Grande, close to Texas. Turgid nutlets only half a Hne long, not (as in the next) con-
tracted behind the scar.

A. floribundum, Gray, 1- c. Herbaceous from a "perennial" or perhaps biennial root,
a foot or two high, paniculately branched above, cinereous with fine and close and with a
coarser nearly hispid pubescence : leaves perhaps all alternate, narrowly linear, an inch or
so long ; the upper gradually diminished to linear-subulate bracts : flowers very short-
pedicelled, in short panicled racemes or spikes : lobes of the calyx linear-lanceolate, acu-
minate: corolla rotate-campanulate (8 lines in diameter), not appendaged in the throat:
filaments longer than the anthers : stigma 2-lobed : nutlets granulate, acute ; the salient
ventral edge terminated a little above the base of the nutlet by the small and protuberant
or slightly stipitate scar. — Eritrichium Jloribundum, Torr. I.e. — South-western Texas, on
or near the Rio Grande, in the mountains of Puerte de Paysano, Bigelow. Flowers some-
times 6-merous.

15. MERTENSIA, E-oth. {Francis Charles Mertens, a German botanist,
1797.) — Perennials, of the cooler parts of the northern hemisphere, either gla-
brous and remarkably smooth, or with some soft or moderately scabrous pubes-
cence; the leaves commonly broad, and the lowermost petioled; the flowers
commonly handsome, blue, purple, or rarely white, paniculate-racemose or cymose,

200 BORRAGrN-ACE^. Mertensia.

all pedicellate, the lowest occasionally leafy-bracteate. Fl. spring and summer.
— DC, Prodr. x. 87 ; Gray in Am, Jour. Sci, ser. 2, xxxiv. 339, & Proc. Am.
Acad. X. 52 ; Benth. & Hook. 1. c. (Stamens, in all but one of our species, pro-
truding from the throat, but shorter than the limb of the corolla.)

§ 1. StenhammjCria. {Sieenhammera, Reichenb., wrongly written.) Nutlets
very smooth and shining, acute, fleshy-herbaceous, in age becoming utricular ; the
scar small : corolla short, o-lobed ; the crests in the throat evident.
M. maritima, Don. Very smooth, pale and glaucous, much branched and spreading :
leaves fleshy, ovate, obovate, or spatulate-oblong, an inch or two in length, upper surface
sometimes becoming pustulate: flowers small (3 or 4 lines long) on long and slender pedi-
cels : tube of the blue or whitish corolla hardly as long as the limb and shorter than the
ovate-triangular lobes of the calyx: filaments rather narrower and much longer than the
anthers. — Syst. iv. 320. Cerinthe maritima, Dill. Elth. t. 65. Pulmonaria maritima, L. ;
Lightfoot, Fl. Scot. i. 134, t. 7 ; Fl. Dan. t. 65. P.parvijlora, Michx. Fl. i. 132. Lithospermum
viaritimum, Lehm. Asper. 291. Steenhammera maritima, Reich. Fl. Excurs. i. 387. Stenham-
maria maritima, Fries, Summa, 12 & 192. Hippoglossum maritimum, Hartw. ex Lilja in Linnaea,
xvh. 111. — Sea-shore, Cape Cod to Hudson's Bay, and Puget Sound to Polar coasts-
(Greenland, N. Eu., & Asia.)

§ 2. EuMERTENSiA. Nutlets dull and with obtuse angles if any, wrinkled or
roughish when dry. (Corolla commonly villous inside near the base, and below
sometimes with a-lO-toothed ring.)

* Corolla trumpet-shaped, with spreading border nearly entire; the plicate crests in the throat
obsolete : tilaments slender, much longer than the oblong-linear anthers : hypogynous disk pro-
duced into two opposite narrow lobes which become as high as the ovary.

M. Virginica, DC. Very smooth and glabrous, pale, a foot or two high ; leaves obovate
or oblong, veiny, or the lowest large and rounded and long-petioled : racemes at first short
and corymbose : flowers on nodding slender pedicels : corolla purple and blue, an inch
long, between trumpet-shaped and salverform, many times exceeding the short calyx. —
M. pulmonarioides, Roth, Cat. Pulmonaria Virginica, L. ; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 160. (Trew,
PI. Sel. t. 42.) — Alluvial banks. New York to Minnesota, S. Carolina in the mountains,
and Tennessee : fl. spring ; not uncommon in gardens.

* * Corolla (blue, rarely white) with conspicuously 5-Iobed limb, which above the throat (i. e.
the whole expanded upper portion) is usually opeu-campanulate ; the small crests in the throat
obvious and commonly puberulent or pubescent.

•i— Filaments enlarged, as broad as the anthers and shorter or only a little longer, always inserted
in the throat of the corolla nearly in line with the crests : style long and capillary, generally
somewhat exserfed. (There are traces of some dimorphism as to reciprocal length of filaments
and style, at least in one species.)

++ Tube of the corolla twice or thrice the length of the hmb and of the calj-x.
M. oblongifolia, Don, 1. c. A span or so high, smooth or almost so : leaves mostly
oblong or spatulate-lanceolate, rather succulent, and veins very inconspicuous : flowers in
a somewhat close cluster : lobes of the 5-parted or deeply 5-cleft calyx lanceolate or linear,
mostly acute : tube of the corolla 4 or 5 lines long, narrow ; the moderately 5-lobed limb
barely 2 lines long. — Hook. Kew Jour. Bot. iii. 295 ; Watson, Bot. King, 238. Pulmonaria
oblongifolia, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 43. Lithospermum marginatum, Lehm. in Hook.
Fl. K 86. — Mountains of Montana to the borders of British Columbia, and south to
Nevada, Utah and Arizona, at 6-9,000 feet. On moist slopes ; flowering early.

++ ++ Tube of the corolla little or not twice longer than the throat and limb.

= Stems mostly tall, 1 to 5 feet high: leaves ample and mainly broad, veiny: the upper with

very acute or acuminate apex; the lowest ovate or subcordate (usually 3 or 4 inches long and

long-petioled): calyx deeply 5-parted.

M. Sibirica, Don, 1. c. Pale and glaucescent, glabrous and smooth or nearly so, very

leafy : cauline leaves oblong- or lanceolate-ovate, hirsuto-ciliolate : short racemes panicled:

calyx-lobes oblong or oblong-linear, obtuse, commonly ciliolate, half or a quarter the

length of the tube of the bright light-blue corolla (this and the limb each about 3 lines

long). — Gray, 1. c. Pulmonaria Sibirica, L. Spec. i. 135, not Pall. P. denticidata, Roera. &

M^rtensia. BORRAGINACE^. 201

Kellogg in Proe. CaHf. Acad. ii. 147. fig. \^:'^li^,''^o:::Z- ^..'L tlZ^t'^;
wa'rT rE.lst r '" '''''" '"'' '' '^' ^'^"* ^«^*^*' California, and far norrh^

abIfa'n?n'"T'^°''?H'^ ^T^^' ^••'- ^"'"'^' ^ ^^^^ ^^^^ -^ ^'^^'^ ^^^'^S' ^^ssile, only
about an inch long with barely denticulate-scabrous margins and obsolete veins : corolla

o? [he nZ ?^' if' T^ ''T f '°"^^^ *'^" ^'^^ ^""^ ^"^ hardly twice the length
li 26 & ,-n S l""S.' «« °^'''^ the calyx. -Z.-.Aospem«., Z^rum^^eon^^u, Lehm. Fulfill.
11. 26, & m Hook. F . ii. 86. Mertensia Drummondii, Don. Syst. iv. 319.-Arctic sea-shore.

oiM^'sZ'ica ^^ '"'''"^'^ "'^"'""^ ^"^ ^- "'^'""' ^"^ ^PP^^^^tly an arctic variet;

M. paniculata Don, 1. c. Greener, roughish and more or less pubescent : cauline leaves
ovate to oblong-lanceolate: racemes loosely panicled: calyx-lobes lanceolate or linear and
mostly acute, hispid-ciliate or throughout hirsute, equalling or only half shorter than the
tube of the purple-blue (6 or 7 lines long) corolla. - Gray. 1. c. Puimonaria paniculata, Ait.
Sn:, V ^^^' ^°"^- ^''*' ^^^- *• ^^^^- ^-P'^"'^' Cham.in Linn, iv.49. P.pnbescens
Willd. m Kcem. & Sch. iv. 744 ? Lithospermum Kamtschatiaim, Turcz. in Bull. Mosc. 1840
75.^ Mertensia paniculata, pilosa, puhescens ? & Kamtschatica, DC. 1. c. M. Sibirica, Torr. in
Wilkes Exp. xvii. 412. Lithospermum corymbosum, Lehm. Pugill. ii. 27, therefore M. corym-
bosa, Don, 1. c. (Some forms connect with the preceding species, which is on the whole
quite distinct.) — Hudson's Bay and Lake Superior, thence to the Rocky Mountains (south
to Utah and Nevada), Alaska, Behring Straits. (N. E. Asia.)

Var. nivalis, Watson, an alpine form, a span or so high, with thicker leaves only
an inch long, and rather slender tube to the corolla: ambiguous between this "species
if. oblongifolia, and the next. — Bot. King. 239. — High mountains of Utah, up to 12 000 feet'
Watson. ' '

= = Stems from a foot down to a span high : leaves smaller (one or two inches long), nearly
veniless, obtuse or barely acute, pale or glaucescent.

M. lanceolata, DC. Either glabrous or hirsute-pubescent, simple or paniculately
branched : leaves from spatulate-oblong to lanceolate-linear : racemes at length loosely
panicled : calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute, sometimes obtuse, ciliate or hirsute, or rarely gla-
brous, more or less shorter than the tube of the blue (5 or 6 lines long) corolla, which is
hairy near the base within : filaments generally longer than the anthers. — Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. x. 53. Puimonaria lanceolata, Pursh, Fl. ii. 729, rather large form. P. marginata,
Nutt. Gen. i. 115. Lithospermum marginatum, Spreng. Syst. i. 547. Mertensia alpina, Gray in
Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. in part ; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6178. — Hillsides, along tlie lower
Rocky Mountains and their eastern base, from Dakota and Wyoming to northern New
Mexico. A variable species ; the largest forms approaching too near the preceding ; the
smaller extremely different in appearance. Seemingly occurs in two forms as to length
of style and filaments, the latter conspicuous in both forms.

Var. Fendleri, Gray, 1. c, is a (commonly hirsute) state, with calyx 5-cleft only to
the middle. — M. Fendleri, Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. — New Mexico {Fendler, Palmer) and
Colorado.

•J- •)— Filaments extremely short and naiTOwer than the anthers, inserted either on the margin of
the throat or about the middle of the tube (evidently heterogone-dimorphous): style in both kinds
inchided.

M. alpina, Don, 1. c. A span or more high, either nearly glabrous and smooth or pubes-
cent : leaves oblong, somewhat spatulate or lanceolate, rather obtuse ; the cauline sessile
(1 or 2 inches long) : flowers in a close or at length loose cluster: calyx 5-parted or deeply
5-cleft ; its lanceolate lobes equalling or rather shorter than the tube of the corolla, which
hardly ever exceeds its limb : anthers nearly sessile, in the low-inserted form scarcely
equalling the conspicuous crests of the corolla : style in this form reaching only to about
the base of the anthers, in the other reaching almost to the mouth of the tube. — Gray in
Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c, mainly, & Proc. Am. Acad. x. 53. Puimonaria alpina, Torr. in Ann.
Lye. 1. c. Mertensia brevistyla, Watson, Bot. King. 239. t. 23. fig. 1, 2, the form with low
anthers and short style. — Colorado Rocky Mountains, at 9-11,000 feet, and at lesser eleva-
tion in those of Utah. Corolla 3 or 4 lines long.

202 BORRAGINACE^. Myosotii.

16. MY0S6TIS, L. Forget-me-not. (From jm4', mouse, and ovt,-, coTOt,-,
ear, i. e. mouse-ear, to which the leaves of some species are likened.) — Low and
small or spreading herbs, usually soft-hairy ; with sessile cauline leaves, and small
mostly blue flowers in at length elongated racemes, destitute of bracts. Stamens
and style in the genuine species included. Fl. summer or spring.

* Calvx open in fruit, beset with fine and short appressed hairs, none of them hooked or glandular-
tipped: racemes very loose, with widely spreading pedicels: herbage green; the pubescence
being rather sparse and short.
M. PALUSTRis, Withering. (Forget-me-not.) Perennial by subterranean stolons: stems
soon decumbent, rooting at base : leaves lanceolate-oblong : calyx-lobes triangular, much
shorter than the tube : corolla with flat limb (3 or 4 lines in diameter), sky-blue with yel-
lowish throat: nutlets somewhat angled or carmate ventrally.— Koch, Germ. 504; Syme,
Engl. Bot. ed. 3, t. 1104. M. scorpioides, var. palustris, L. &c. — In wet ground, probably
only where it lias escaped from cultivation, and not indigenous. (Nat. from Eu.)
M. laxa Lehm. Perennial from filiform subterranean shoots, or perhaps annual : stems
very slender, decumbent : pubescence all appressed : leaves lanceolate-oblong or somewhat
spatulate : pedicels usually double the length of the fruiting calyx : lobes of the latter as
long as the tube : limb of the corolla rather concave (2 or 3 lines broad, paler blue) : nut-
lets about equally convex both sides. — Asper. 83 ; Gray, Man. ed. 1, 338. M. caspilosa, var.
laxa, DC. Prodr. x. 105. M. palustris, var. micrantha, Lehm. in Hook. Fl. ii. 81. M. palustris,
xa.TJaxa, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 365. M. lingulata, Lehm. Asper. 110 ; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Isl. 252
(M. ccBsp'itosa, Schultz; Syme, Engl. Bot. 1. c. t. 1103), a European form. — In water and
wet ground. New York and Canada to Newfoundland. (N. Asia, Eu.)
* * Calvx closed or with lobes erect in fruit, beset with looser and some bristly hairs having
minutely hooked tips.
M. sylvatica, HofEm. Perennial, not stolonifero^js, hirsute-pubescent, either green or
cinereous: stems erect: leaves oblong-linear or lanceolate; the radical conspicuously
petioled : pedicels as long as the calyx or longer : calyx almost 5-parted, hirsute with erect
hairs mixed near the base with some more spreading and hooked ones ; the lobes merely
erect or slightly closing in fruit : corolla with (blue or at first purple) flat limb, 3 or 4 lines
in diameter : nutlets more or less margined and carinate ventrally at the apex. — Perhaps
none of the typical form in N. America. (Eu., N. Asia.)

Var. alp^stris, Koch. Stems tufted, 3 to 9 inches high : racemes more dense :
pedicels shorter and thicker, ascending, seldom longer than the calyx: nutlets larger. —
M. alpestris, Schmidt ; Lehm. Asper. 86 & in Hook. Fl. I. c. ; Syme, Engl. Bot. ed. 3, t.
1106. M. rupicola, Smith, Engl. Bot. t. 2559. — Rocky Mountains, from Colorado (in the
higher alpine regions) and Wyoming (mainly with short pedicels) northward, and north-
west to Kotzebue Sound. (N. Asia, Eu.)
M. arvensis, Hoffm. Annual or sometimes biennial, loosely hirsute : stem erect, loosely
branching, often a foot or more high : leaves oblong-lanceolate : racemes loose, naked and
peduncled : pedicels spreading in fruit, longer or twice longer than the equal 5-cleft calyx,
which is copiously beset with spreading hooked hairs : corolla blue (rarely white) ; the con-
cave limb a line or so m diameter : calyx closed in fruit. — Lehm. Asper. 1. c. ; Syme, I. c.
t. 108. M. scorpioides, var. arveiisis, L. 3f. intermedia. Link., DC. —Fields in low grounds,
New Brunswick to Louisiana (?), rare, perhaps not native. (Eu., N. Asia.)
M. VERsfcoLOR, Pers. Annual, slender, hirsute : leaves narrowly oblong : racemes slender,
mostly naked at base : pedicels much shorter than the deeply and equally 5-cleft calyx :
corolla yellowish, then blue, at length violet, not larger than in the preceding species,
which it otherwise resembles. — Smith, Engl. Bot. t. 480; Syme, 1. c. t. 1110, not Lehm. in
Hook. Fl. — Fields, sparingly introduced (Delaware, Canhy). (Nat. from Eu.)
M. verna, Nutt. Annual or biennial, roughish-hirsute or hispid : stems erect, 3 to 9
inches high : leaves spatulate or linear-oblong : racemes strict, leafy at base : pedicels
erect or appressed below but spreading toward the apex, equalling or shorter than the
5-cleft hispid unequal calyx: corolla white, small. —Gen. ii. in addit. unpaged; Gra.y,
Man. ed. 5, 365. Lycopsis Virginica, L. Spec. i. 139, the plant of Gronov. Virg. M'/osotis
striata. Gray, Man. ed. 1, not Link. M. inflexa, Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci. xlvi. 98. —
Dry ground, E. New England to Florida, Texas, Missouri, &c.

Lithospermum. BORRAGINACE^. 203

Var. macrosperma, Chapm. Taller, looser, often a foot high : pedicels rather
more spreading: flowers larger: the calyx sometimes 3 lines long, with lower calyx-lobes
twice the length of the upper : nutlets larger in proportion. — Fl. 333. M. macrosperma,
Engelm. 1. c. M. versicolor, Lehm. in Hook. Fl. ii. 81. — Florida to Texas : also W. Idaho,
Oregon, and British Columbia ; sometimes passing into the typical form.

17. LITHOSPi&RMUM, Tourn. Gromwell. (From lidog, a stone,
aud an^Q^a, seed.) — Chiefly herbs ; with reddish roots, sessile leaves, and axillary
or subaxillary or leafy -bracted flowers, developed in spring and summer, sometimes
dimorphous as to length of style and height of insertion of anthers reciprocally.
Calyx 5-parted. Stamens in our species with very short filaments. Stigma com-
monly single and truncate-capitate, sometimes as in § 3, capitate-2-lobed ; in L.
orvense there is a pair of stigmas below a slender bifid apex, a transition toward
the mode in Heliotropiece.

§ 1. Annuals, with small at length widely scattered flowers : corolla white or
whitish, little longer than the calyx.

L. ARVENSE, L. Slightly canescent with minute appressed hairs : stem loosely branching
from the base, erect, a span to 2 feet high : leaves linear or lanceolate, with prominent
midrib and obsolete lateral ribs : corolla f unnelform, about 3 lines long ; the throat with
puberulent lines : nutlets dull, coarsely wrinkled and pitted, brownish. — Spec. 132 ; Fl.
Dan. t. 456; Engl. Bot. 123. — Waste sandy grounds, not rare from Canada southward.
(Nat. from Eu.)

L. Matamorense, DC. Hirsute or hispid : stems much branched from the base and
diffusely spreading, slender : leaves oblong, very obtuse (an inch or so long), at length
rough : pedicels very short : corolla almost campanulate, 2 lines long, a prominent trans-
verse crest at base of each lobe: nutlets at length shining but usually brownish and
uneven, also coarsely pitted. — Prodr. x. 76. L. prostratum, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad.
1861. — Plains and river-banks, Texas, Berlandier, Wright, &c.

§ 2. Perennials, with small or rather small flowers : corolla greenish-white or
pale yellow, short ; its tube hardly if at all longer than the calyx : mature nutlets
bony, white and polished.

* Corolla with intruded crests in the throat: flowers sparse, or at least the fruits scattered : nutlets
apt to be solitary.

-i— Pubescence soft, fine, and short, only the upper face of the leaves becoming scabrous.

L. OFFICINALE, L. Copiously branching, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves lanceolate or ovate-lan-
ceolate, acute, pale (2 inches or less long) ; a pair of lateral ribs more or less manifest:
tube of the dull-white corolla considerably longer than the limb : style nearly equalling
the stamens : nutlets less than 2 lines long. — Engl. Bot. t. 134 ; Fl. Dan. t. 1034. — Road-
sides, Canada and New England. (Nat. from Eu.)

L. latifolitim, Michx. More sparingly and loosely branched : leaves greener, ovate
and broadly oblong-lanceolate, gradually acuminate, all acute and the lower tapering at
base (2 to 6 inches long), with 2 to 4 pairs of ribbed veins : tube of the corolla little longer
than the limb : style shorter than the stamens : nutlets globose-ovate, over 2 lines long. —
Fl. i. 131 ; Jacq. Eclog. t. 1.36. L. officinale, var. latifolium, Willd., &c. — Open ground and
borders of thickets, Upper Canada to Wisconsin and south to Virginia and Tennessee.
Flowers yellowish-white, or sometimes light yellow, when it is L. lutescens of N. Coleman
in Cat. PI Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1874, 29.

-(— -I— Pubescence hispid or rough-hirsute.

L. tuberosum, Rugel. Stem at first low, in age often more than 2 feet high, with some
spreading branches : leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, or the large radical ones obovate-
oblong, mostly obtuse ; the upper triple-ribbed, the others nervose-veined ; bristles of the
upper and even of the lower face at length with pustulate base : flowers short-pedicelled :
corolla "yellowish-white," 2 or 3 lines long: nutlets globular, much shorter than the at

204 BORRAGINACEiE. Lithospermum.

length elongated-linear calyx-lobes: "roots bearing oblong tubers." — DC. Prodr. x. 76;
Chapm. Fl. 332. — Florida, on rocky river-banks, Ritgel, Chapman. Texas, Wright, Lind-
keimer, only in fruit. Larger leaves at length 4 to 6 inches long, and calyx-lobes in the
Texan plant becoming almost half inch long.

* * Corolla nearly naked at the throat, but obscurely puberulent and thickened under each lobe:
inflorescence dense and very foliose.
Li. pilosum, Nutt. Soft- hirsute and pubescent, pale or canescent : stems numerous from
a stout root, a foot high, strict, mostly simple, very leafy : leaves linear and linear-lanceo-
late, 2 to 4 inches long, mostly tapering from near the base to apex ; the lateral ribs oir
veins obscure : flowers densely crowded in a leafy thyrsus : corolla campanulate-funnel-
form, almost half an inch long, silky outside, dull greenish-yellow : style slender: nutlets
broadly ovate, acute, smooth and polished, 2 to 2-^ lines long. — Nutt. in Jour. Acad.
Philad. vii. 43 ; Wats. Bot. King, 238. L. Torreyi, Nutt. 1. c. L. ruderale, Dougl. in Hook.
Fl. ii. 89. — Hills and canons, Montana and British Columbia to Utah and the eastern bor-
ders of California.

§ 3. BXtschia, Endl. (Puccoon.) Perennials, with long and deep red
roots (filled with dyeing matter), very leafy stems, and mostly showy flowers:
corolla yellow, much exceeding the calyx (except in cleistogenous or depauperate
blossoms), more or less appressed-pubescent outside; the lobes commonly undulate
or crenulate and sinuses plicate-mfolded : pubescent crests in the throat apparent :
stigma capitate-2-lobed : nutlets white, smooth and polished, the inner face rather
conspicuously carinate. — Batschia, Gmelin.

* Corolla light yellow, rather small; later floral leaves reduced to bracts, not surpassing the calyx.
L. multiflorum, Torr. Minutely strigose-hispid : stems virgate, of ten paniculate at sum-
mit, a foot or two liigh : leaves linear or linear-lanceolate : flowers numerous, short-pedicelled,
the later spicate : corolla narrow (5 or 6 lines long), with very short rounded lobes and
tube fully twice the length of the calyx ; the crests or folds in the throat inconspicuous. —
Watson, Bot. King, 238 (remark) ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 51. L. pilosum, Gray in Am.
Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiv. 256, not Nutt. — Lower Rocky Mountains, Colorado to Arizona
and W. Texas. Expanded hmb of corolla 5-cleft, the minutely undulate rounded lobes
only a line and a half long : ring at base of the tube sparingly bearded. Anthers in all
known specimens inserted high in the throat and the style only half the length of the
corolla ; but a counterpart form may be expected.

* * Corolla bright and deep yellow or orange ; the tube from one half to twice longer than the
calyx, and the crests at the throat little if at all projecting or arching; the lobes barely undulate
or entire : floral leaves or foliaceous bracts large, much surpassing the calyx. (Dimorphism as to
height of insertion of stamens and length of style manifest.)

L. Calif ornicum, Gray. Soft-hirsute, a foot high : leaves lanceolate or oblong: corolla
hardly an inch long ; its proper tube hardly twice the length of the calyx ; its funnelforra
throat considerably longer than the very short lobes, almost destitute of crests ; tlie glan-
dular ring at base of the tube inconspicuous and naked. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c, & Bot.
Calif, i. 522. L. canescens, Torr. in Pacif . R. Rep. iv. 124, not Lehm. — California, in
Nevada and Plumas Counties, Bigelow, Lemmon, Mrs. Austin. Short-styled and high-sta-
mened form only known.

L. canescens, Lehm. (Puccoon of the Indians.) More or less canescent when young:
stem hirsute, a span to a foot or more high : leaves oblong-linear or the upper varying to
ovate-oblong, mostly obtuse, softly silky-pubescent, greener with age but not rough : corolla
orange-yellow, with rather ample deeply 5-cleft limb, prominent crests in the throat, and
glandular ring at the base naked: flowers nearly sessile. — Gray, Proc. 1. c. L. canescens,
& L. sericeum, Lehm. Asper. 305, 306. Batschia canescens, Michx. Fl. i. 130, t. 14 ; Barton, Fl.
Am. Sept. t. 58. Anchusa canescens, Muhl. Cat. — Plains and open woods, in sandy soil,
Upper Canada and Saskatchewan to Alabama, New Mexico, and Arizona. Tube of the
corolla 3 or 4 lines long; the well-developed limb about half an inch in diameter ; in one
form style about the length of the tube and stamens, inserted below its middle. — To this
species also belongs L. sericeum, Lehm., but not Anchusa Virginica, L., which as to the Lin-
naean herbarium is not identified, as to the plant of Clayton's herb, is an Onosmodium, as to
Morison's is probably L. hirtum, and as to Plukenet's may be either of the Puccoons.

Onosmodium. BORRAGINACE^. 205

L. hirtum, Lehm., 1. c. Hispid or hirsute, and at length rough, a foot or two hidi •
leaves lanceolate or the lower linear and floral ovate-oblong: cofol a brig' t orange with
ample and rotate deeply 5-cleft Ihnb and prominent crests in the throat; the ri^g It
base withmbearmg 10 very hirsute lobes or teeth: flowers mostly pedicelled and lin'e ar
lanceolate: calyx-lobes elongated. -^a^.c/^.a Ca,-./<nen«5, Gmel. Syst. i. 315. S VS
ti- r- p "" t? f""^^- ^^'- Lithospennum decumbens, Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y.
n 225. Z. Bejanense DC 1. c. 79. -Pine barrens, &c., Michigan to Minnesota, Virginia,
Flonda, Texas and Colorado. -Tube of the intense orange corolla 4 or 5 lines long the
outspread limb sometimes almost an inch in diameter, but often half smaller. In some
specimens, the stamens are inserted on the middle of the corolla and the style rises to
the throat ; in others, the style rises only to the middle and the stamens are in the throat.

* J thP £r"\'il'''^''^ r"°T,' ^^b'^^'-fo'-m ; its tube in well-developed flowers 2 to 4 times the length
of the calyx ; the crests in the throat consp cuous and arching; the lobes undulate and more or less
erose : later flowers cleistogenous. — Pen^d/opAiw, A.DC. "'"le ur iess

L. angustif olium, Michx. Erect or diffusely branched from the base, a span to a foot
or more high, minutely scabrous-strigose and somewhat cinereous: leaves all linear:
flowers pedicelled, leafy-bracted, of two sorts ; the earlier and conspicuous kind with tube
of the corolla an inch or less in length and the rounded lobes commonly crenulate-erose ;
later ones, and those of more diffusely branching plants, with mconspicuous or small and
pale corolla, without crests in the throat, probably cleistogenous, the style shorter than the
nutlets ; in these the pedicels are commonly recurved in fruit : nutlets usually copiously
impressed-punctate, conspicuously carinate ventrally. — Michx. Fl. i. 130 (the state with
inconspicuous flowers) ; Bebb in Am. Naturalist, vii. 691. L. linear if olium, Goldie in Edinb.
Phil. Jour. 1822, 319, the same state (unless possibly Goldie's plant is L. aruense). L. brevi-
fiorum, Engelm. & Gray, PI. Lindh. i. 44, a similar state. Long-flowered plant is Baischia
longifiora (Pursh, Fl. i. 132), & B. decumbens, Nutt. Gen. i. 114. Lithospermum longiflomm,
Spreng. L. incisum, Lehm. 1. c. ; Hook. Fl. ii. t. 165. L. Mandanense, Spreng. ; Hook. 1. c.
t. 166, a small and smaller-flowered form. Pentalophus longijloms & P. Mandanensis, A.DC.
Prodr. X. 87. — Dry and sterile or sandy soil, prairies and banks of streams, Illinois and
Wisconsin to Saskatchewan and Dakota, south to Texas, and west to Utah and Arizona.
Root thick and deep, abounding in violet-colored dye. Glandular ring at base of corolla
naked. In the state with large and showy flowers, as far as known, the stamens are
always borne at the upper part of the tube, and the filiform style is slightly exscrted :
but perhaps there is some heterogone-dimorphism. There are seemingly all stages
between these conspicuous and the cleistogenous blossoms which are produced through
the season.

18. ONOSMODIUM, Michx. ("OvoGfia, and ddog, likeness, from the re-
semblance to the Old- World genus Onosma.) — Perennials (of the Atlantic States
and Mexico, «S:c.), rather stout and coarse, rough-hispid or hirsute; with nervose
or costate-veined leaves, and leafy-bracteate flowers crowded in scorpioid spikes
or racemes, when fruiting more separated; the bracts resembling the leaves.
Fl. spring and summer, strongly proterogynous, the style early exserted. Corolla
greenish-white or yellowish-green: a glandular 10-lobed ring adnate to the base
of the tube within. Nutlets as in most Lithosperma. — Michx. Fl. i. 132.
Onosmodium and Macromeria in part, Don ; DC. Prodr. x. 68 ; Benth. & Hook.
Gen. ii. 859. True Macromeria (exserta) has versatile anthers on capillary and
long exserted filaments.

§ 1. Macromerioides. Corolla 3 or 4 times the length of the calyx, narrow ;
the sinuses plane : filaments slender, longer than the linear-oblong obtuse anthers.
— Macromeria, Don, & DC. partly. (One or two Mexican species have the
anthers promptly versatile or transverse ; in ours they remain erect.)

O. Thlirberi. Somewhat sparsely strigose-liispid with short bristles (at least on the
foliage) and minutely appressed-pubescent or when young canesccnt : stem simple, 2 or 3
feet high: leaves pinnately 5-7-ribbed ; the cauline oblong-lanceolate or oblong (4 or 6

206 BORRAGINACE^. Omsmodium.

inches long), passing into ovate bracts (at length an inch or two long) : leafy-racemose inflo-
rescence in age elongated, many-flowered : pedicels 4 or 6 lines long : calyx parted to the base
into narrow linear lobes (often an inch long) : corolla narrowly trumpet-shaped, 2 inches
long, whitish and densely villous outside, yellow inside ; the lobes oblong-ovate, obtuse,
nearly equalled by the erect anthers. — Macromeria viridijlora, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 139,
not DC, according to Ic. Mex. t. 904, which has broadly subcordate-ovate and acute corolla-
lobes, giving the appearance of " excised sinuses," shorter and versatile anthers, &c. — New
Mexico, Thurber, Bigelow, Wright. Arizona, in dry woods, Rothrock. The portions of base
of the corolla lobes which are interior in the bud are rouadish-auriculate.
§ 2. Onosmodium proper. Corolla seldom twice the length of the calyx ; the
lobes somewhat conduplicate in the bud ; the sinuses gibbous-inflexed : filaments
shorter (in our species very much shorter) than the mostly sagittate glandular-
mucronulate or acuminate anthers : leaves pinnately nervose-ribbed. — Onos-
modium, Michx.

O. Bejariense, DC. Stems 1 to 3 feet high, rather stout, hispid with spreading bristles :
leaves oblong-lanceolate, 5-7-ribbed (the lower obtuse, upper acutish); upper surface
appressed strigose-hispid, the lower more or less canescent with fine and soft pubescence :
flowers short-pedicelled : corolla funnelform (6 to 9 lines long), about twice the length of
the calyx, white ; the greenish ovate-triangular acuminate lobes about one quarter the
length of the tube, minutely pubescent externally and with some long hirsute hairs. —
Prodr. X. 70. 0. Carolinianum, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 1. c, not DC. — Border of thickets,
nearly throughout Texas ; first coll. by Berlandier.
O. Carolinianum, DC, 1- c. Stout, 2 or 3 feet high, shaggy-hispid : leaves ovate-lan-
ceolate and oblong-lanceolate, acute, 5-9-ribbed, generally hairy both sides : flowers nearly
sessile : corolla short (4 or 6 lines long), yellowish-white, oblong-funnelform ; its ovate-
triangular acute lobes very hairy outside, and nearly half the length of the tube. — Litho-
spermum Carolinianum, Lam. 111. & Diet. Suppl. ii. 837. Purshia mollis, Lehra. Asper. 383. —
Alluvial grounds, Upper Canada to Georgia and Texas.

Var. molle. A foot or two high ; the pubescence shorter and less spreading or
appressed : leaves mostly smaller (about 2 inches long), when young softly strigose-canes-
cent beneath.— Onosmodium molle, Michx. Fl. i. 133, t. 15 ; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 302. Purshia
mollis, Lehm. Asper. 382. — Illinois to Saskatcliewan, Utah, and Texas.
O. Virginianum, DC, 1- c. Strigulose-hispid throughout with mostly appressed short
bristly hairs : stems rather slender, a foot or two high, often paniculate : leaves narrowly
oblong or somewhat lanceolate, obtuse (1 to 2| inches long), 3-5-ribbed : corolla yellowish,
small (4 lines long) ; the lobes lanceolate-subulate, sparingly long-bristly outside, little
shorter than the cylindraceous tube. — 0. hispidum, Michx. 1. c. Purshia hispida, Lehm. 1. c.
Lithospermum Virginianum, L. — Hillsides and banks, New England to Florida and Louisiana.
The specific names conferred by Michaux on this and the preceding species were replaced
in the Prodromus by earlier ones under Lidwspermum ; which may be agreed to, Michaux's
0. hispidum being far less hispid than 0. Carolinianum, and 0. molle is a misnomer except for
the western variety (which cannot be separated) on which Michaux's specieS is founded.

19. S^^MPHYTUM, Tourn. Comfret. (Ancient Greek and Latin
name.) — Coarse perennial herbs ; with large and thick bitterish roots, mucilagi-
nous juice, and loose or nodding racemose flower-clusters : bracts small or none.
Fl. early summer. All of the Old World.

S. OFFICINALE, L. (Comfret.) Two or 3 feet high from very thick roots, branching,
rather soft-hirsute : cauline leaves long-decurrent on the branches, ovate-lanceolate and
narrower, large : corolla yellowish-white, half inch long : style exserted : nutlets wrinkled
or almost smooth. — Escaped from gardens into moist grounds sparingly in N.Atlantic
States. (Nat. from Eu.)

S. ASPERRiMUM, Sims, a Caucasian species, with almost prickly stems, very scabrous leaves,
and blue-purple flowers, is cultivated both as an ornamental and as a forage plant, and is not
unlikely to run wild.

Echium. CONVOLVULACE^. 207

20. LYCOPSIS, L. BuCxLOSS. (y/t;x6i,', wolf, and o;f(?, face or likeness ;
from some fanciful resemblance.) — Coarse setose-hispid annuals, of the Old
World, small-flowered and leafy-bracted, one species sparingly introduced into
the Eastern Atlantic States.

L. ARVENSis, L. Rough and inelegant weed, a foot or two high, with spreading bristly-
hairs at length pustulate at base : leaves lanceolate, undulate-margined : flowers more or
less racemose : corolla blue, or at first purple ; the tube not longer than calyx ; lobes barely
a line long. — Dry waste grounds, Canada to Virginia : scarce. (Nat. from Eu.)

21. ECHIUM, Tourn. Viper's Bugloss, Blueweed. (Old Greek name,
from fug, a viper ; the shape of the nutlets likened to a snake's head.) — Bien-
nials (or rarely shrubs), of the Old World ; flowering in summer. One species
an introduced weed.

E. vulgAre, L. Rough-hispid herb, a foot or two high : leaves lanceolate, or the upper
linear, sessile : flowers in short lateral spikes disposed in a raceme-like tiiyrsus : corolla
almost an inch long, showy, purple changing to deep blue (rarely pale). — Roadsides and
meadows of the Middle Atlantic States. (Nat. from Eu.)

Order XCIV. CONVOLVULACEiE.

Herbs or shrubs, with stems generally twining or trailing, and many with milky'
juice ; the leaves alternate and petioled, destitute of stipules ; peduncles truly
axillary, 1 -flowered or cymosely 3-many-flowered ; flowers regular and perfect,
5-merous or rarely 4-merous, except as to the gynoecium which is almost always
2-carpellary ; calyx mostly of distinct and imbricated sepals, persistent ; corolla
either plicate and the plaits convolute, or induplicate-valvate, or sometimes im-
bricated in the bud, the limb either lobed or entire ; stamens as many as the
corolla-lobes and alternate with them, usually inserted low down on the tube ;
hypogynous disk commonly annular and manifest; ovary 2-celled or rarely
3-celled, with a pair of erect anatropous ovules in each cell, or spuriously
4-6-celled (each cell being more or less divided into a pair of 1-ovuled half-cells
by a false partition), or rarely 2-4-parted from above around tlie style in the
manner of Borraginacece ; style single or once or twice divided ; stigmas terminal
or introrse ; fruit capsular or sometimes fleshy ; seeds comparatively large, filled
by a crumpled or plaited embryo involving or partly surrounded by a little muci-
laginous or fleshy albumen, its cotyledons ample and foliaceous, or in Cuscuta
a spiral embryo and no cotyledons. Cuscuta moreover is leafless. JVolanecs form
an exceptional tribe with several or many indehiscent carpels, narrow cotyledons,
&c., but are all South American, and connect with the following order. The
present large order is well distinguished from all its allies by the character of the
solitary or geminate seeds, size and nature of the embryo, and inferior radicle,
along with the usually twining or trailing growth, alternate leaves, &c.

Tribe I. DICHONDRE^. Ovary divided into 2 or 4 carpels or almost separate
lobes, surrounding a pair of basilar styles.

1. DICHONDRA. Corolla deeply 5-cleft or 5-parted, not plicate; the lobes imbricated
in the bud. Filaments and anthers short. Ovary 2-parted, forming 2 indeliiscent or irreg-
ularly bursting utricles in fruit : styles 2 or at base united into one, filiform : stigmas
capitate. Seed by abortion solitary, globular, smooth. Embryo biplicate : cotyledons
elongated-oblong. Creeping herbs.

208 CONVOLVULACEiE. Dichondra.

Tribk II. CONVOLVULE^. Ovary entire. Plants with ordinary foliage, not
parasitic.

* Corolla plicate at the sinuses and the plaits dextrorsely convolute : cotyledons broad,
often emarginate.

2. IPOMCEA. Style undivided, terminated by a single capitate or 2-3-globose stigma.
Corolla from salverform or f unnelform to nearly campanulate. Capsule globular, 4-6- (or
by abortion fewer-) seeded, 2-4-valved.

3. JACQUEMONTIA. Style undivided : stigmas 2, ovate or oblong, thick but somewhat
flattened. Otherwise as Ipomaa and Convolvulus, and intermediate between tlie two.

4. CONVOLVULUS. Style undivided or 2-cleft only at the apex : stigmas 2, from linear-
' filiform to subulate or ovate, when broad always thin and flat. Stamens included. Corolla

from funnelform to campanulate. Capsule globose, 2-celled, or sometimes imperfectly
4-celled by spurious partitions between the two seeds, or by abortion 1-celled, mostly
2-4-valved.

5. BRE WERIA. Style 2-cleft or 2-parted ; the divisions simple, each bearing a capitate
stigma. Corolla, stamens, and capsule of Convolvulus.

6. EVOLVULUS. Styles 2, distinct or sometimes united below, each 2-cleft: stigmas
* linear-filiform or somewhat clavate. Corolla from funnelform to almost rotate. Otherwise

like Convolvulus on a small scale, not twining.

* * Corolla not plicate in the bud, 6-cleft : cotyledons linear, biplicate, entire.

7. CRESSA. Styles 2, distinct, entire : stigmas capitate. Calyx of 5 nearly equal sepals,
equalling the oblong-campanulate tube of the corolla ; the limb of the latter 5-parted into
oblong-ovate lobes, lightly convolute-imbricaie and somewhat induplicate in the bud.
Filaments filiform, exserted from the throat of the corolla. Ovary 2-celled, 4 ovuled.
Capsule by abortion often 1-seeded. Stems not twining.

Tribe III. CUSCUTE^. Ovary entire. Leafless parasitic twining herbs, destitute
of foliage and of all green color; the spirally coiled filiform embryo even destitute
of cotyledons. Corolla imbricated in the bud, appendaged below the stamens.

8. CUSCUTA. The only genus.

1. DICHONDRA, Forst. (Formed of dig, double, and xovdQog, grain or
roundish mass, from the twin fruit.) — Small prostrate and creeping perennials
(found almost all round the warmer parts of the world, but most in America) ;
with filiform'stems, slender petioles to the reniform or round-cordate entire leaves,
and naked peduncles bearing a single small flower. Corolla greenish or yellowish-
white. Carpels pubescent. — Char. Gen. 39, t. 20. The following may be the
only species.

D. repens, Forst. Soft-pubescent or slightly sericeous, but green or greenish : leaves
mostly with a deep basal sinus : sepals obtuse, at length obovate with narrowed base or
spatulate : corolla-lobes ovate, nearly glabrous. — Lam. 111. t. 183 ; Smith, Ic. Ined. t. 8.
D. sericea, Swartz, Prodr. 54, & Fl. Ind. Occ. t. 11, a small and silky form. D. Carolinensis,
Michx. Fl. i. 1-36, a large and greener form. D. repens, macrocalyx, & sericea, Meissn. in Mart.
Fl. Bras. vii. 357. — "Wet ground, Virginia to Texas, near the coast, and Arizona. (Trop.
& S. Am., Asia, Oce'anica, Australia, S. Africa.)

D. argentea, 'Willcl. Canescently sericeous and silvery : leaves mostly with a shallow-
sinus or even truncate, and with comparatively short petioles : sepals from oblong-oval to
lanceolate : corolla-lobes oblong-lanceolate, acutish, villous outside. — Hort. Berol. 297,
t. 81 ; Meissn. 1. c. — S. Texas to Arizona. (Mex., S. Amer.)

2. IPOMC&A, L. Morning Glory. (According to Linnaeus, composed
of <>, iTtog, and Ofiotog, like ; but ixp is a worm.) — A large genus, mainly of
twining herbs, some prostrate, diffuse, or even erect: fl. summer. Calyx not
bracteate at base, but the outer sepals commonly larger. Limb of the corolla
entire or barely 5-angulate, or slightly 5-Iobed. Valves of the capsule usually
septifragal. Cotyledons broad, commonly 2-lobed. Genus here taken in the

Ipomcea. CONVOLVULACE^. 209

extended sense, as in Meissn. in Mart. Fl. Bras. vii. 215, & Benth. & Hook. Gen.
ii. 870.

I. LEUCANTHA, Jacq., a South American species, is mentioned by Choisy in DC. Prodr. as
having been collected by Charpentier in Arkansas ; but we have it not.

I. Carolina, L. (Catesb. Car. ii. t. 91), belongs to the Bahamas and other West Indies,
not Carolina.

Aniseia aurea, Kellogg, in Proc. Calif. Acad. iii. 229, with plate, is a 5-foliolate Ipomcea
of Lower California, perhaps undescribed, and the same as no. 81 in the collection of Xan-
tus, in the same district, wliich was referred to /. sinuata, \ar.foliis integris, in P^oc. Am. Acad.
V. 165.

§ 1. Calonyction, Griseb. Corolla salverform, ample, with very long tube,
flat limb, and throat not dilated; in aestivation contorted: sepals herbaceous,
becoming coriaceous, the outer sometimes cornute-tipped : style capitate-didyraous :
ovules 4, geminate in 2 cells, or commonly solitary in 4 : flowers white, opening
at evening and for one night, fragrant. — Calonyction, Choisy.

I. Bona-nox, L. Extensively twining, glabrous : stem lactescent, usually becoming
muricate-tuberculose : leaves from ovate-cordate to hastate, entire or 3-5-lobed, acuminate :
peduncles 1-7-flowered : outer sepals commonly with an infraterminal cusp or horn : corolla
with slender tube 3 or 4 inches long and limb 4 or 5 inches wide, green externally between
the plaits : stamens and style short-exserted ; capsule ovate-conical, acute : seeds glabrous.
— Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 40-3 ; Bot. Mag. t. 752. Calonyction speciosum, Choisy, Convolv. 59, & in
DC. Prodr. ix. 345. — S. Florida, perhaps indigenous : cult, for ornament, especially south-
ward. (Mex., W. Ind., S. Araer., and scattered through most tropical regions.)

§ 2. QuiMOCLiT, Meissn., &c. Corolla salverform or with somewhat funnelform
but narrow tube ; the limb not contorted in the bud : sepals membranaceous or
herbaceous : stamens and style more or less exserted : ovules solitary in the
4 cells, i. e. the 2 cells bilocellate by a spurious partition : flowers red, opening by
day. (Ours glabrous annuals.) — Quamoclit, Tourn., Choisy.

I. QuAMOCLiT, L. (Cypress- Vine.) Slender: leaves pinnately parted into linear-filiform
divisions, short-petioled or sessile : peduncles few-flowered : corolla over an inch long,
scarlet-red ; the tube narrowly funnelform above ; lobes ovate : sepals merely mucronate
or blunt. (Hybridizes with the following.) — Lam. 111. t. 104; Bot. Mag. t. 214. Quamo-
clit vulgaris, Choisy , &c. — Cult, and sparingly spontaneous in S.Atlantic States. (Trop.
Amer., &c.)

I. coccinea, L. Rather tall-climbing : leaves slender-petioled, cordate, or with somewhat
sagittate or hastate base, conspicuously acuminate, entire, or angulate, or 3-5-tootlied:
peduncles few-several-flowered : corolla 9 to 20 lines long, scarlet or verging to orange ;
the tube clavate ; limb obscurely lobed, half to two-thirds inch wide : sepals mostly with
slender appendage below the tip. — Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 221 ; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 499. /. luteola,
Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 35, with orange-colored corolla. Quamoclit coccinea, Mcench, Mcth. 453 ;
Choisy in DC. — River-banks, &c.. Middle and S. Atlantic States (apparently introduced,
but well naturalized), and New Mexico and Arizona, where it is probably indigenous.
(Trop. Amer., &c.)

Var. hederifolia. Leaves from angulate (or the earlier quite entire) to 3-lobed or
even 3-parted, or sometimes pedately 5-parted : corolla usually rather larger. — /. hederifolia,
L.; Meissn. in Fl. Bras. vii. t. 76, fig. 1. /. sanguinea, Vahl, Symb. iii. 33 ; Bot. Reg. t. 9;
Bot. Mag. t. 1769. Quamoclit hederifolia, Choisy. — W. Texas to Arizona. (Trop. Amer.)

§ 3. EuiPOMCEA. Corolla funnelform or nearly campanulate : stamens and
style not exserted. — Ipomcea, Batatas, Pharhitis, & Aniseia, Choisy. Ipomcea &
Pharbitis, Meissn.

* (Morning Glory.) Lobes of the stigma and cells of the ovary 3 (rarely varyincr to 2): sepals
long and nan-ow, acuminate or attenuate upward, herbaceous, mostly hispid or hirsute below:
corolla funnelform, purple, blue, and white : seeds glabrous. — Pharbitis, Choisy.

14

210 CONVOLVULACE^. lpom<za.

-I— Eoot annual: flowers opening early in the morning, soon closing under sunshine. (All in-
cluded under Convolvulus hederaceus, L., Hort. Cliff. & Spec. ed. 1.)

I. hederacea, Jacq. Leaves deeply 3-lobed and deeply cordate ; the lobes ovate or
ovate-lauceolate, and the middle one narrowed at base, lateral ones sometimes repand -
2-lobed : peduncles either short or very short, 1-3-flowered : pedicels none or hardly any :
sepals (two-thirds to near an inch long) linear-attenuate from a dilated and densely long
villous-hirsute base, in age the upper part recurved-spreading: corolla short-funnelforni,
sky-blue with whitish tube, less than 2 inches long. — Ic. Rar. t. 36 ; Bot. Reg. t. 85 ; Meissn.
I.e. 228; but not the Convolvulus hederaceus, L. Spec. ed. 2, 219, at least as to the cited
figures of Dill. Elth., but clearly C. N'il, L. 1. c, as to the lower figure cited (fig. 92), and
therefore of Amer. authors. I. harbata, Roth, Cat. i. 37. Pharbitis hederacea, Choisy, 1. c.
— Waste and cult, grounds, Penn. to Florida and Louisiana, barely naturalized northward,
perhaps indigenous far southward. (Trop. Amer. and now widely dispersed.)
I. Nil, Roth, Cat. i. 16, and of most botanists who distinguish /. hederacea, ( Convolvulus Nil,

L. 1. c, only as to fig. 91 in Dill. Elth., & Bot. Mag. t. 188, and doubtless C. hederaceus, L., as

to Dill. Elth. t. 81, fig. 93), is an Old World species with larger and longer corolla (2 or 3

inches long), attenuate and erect calyx-lobes an inch long, the peduncle and pedicels short

but distinct, the leaves less lobed, &c. To this belongs Pharbitis triloba, Miq., and P. Nil, var.

limbata, Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 5720, a cultivated plant. To it properly belongs the Oriental

name Nil.

I. Mexicana. Slender : earlier leaves angulate-3-lobed or some entire ; the others as in
/. hederacea, or the middle lobe often broadest at base: peduncles slender (from half inch
to 3 inches long), commonly equalling or even surpassing the petiole : fruiting pedicels (1 to
3) as long as the caly.x : sepals (only half inch long) lanceolate, rather sparsely hirsute or
hispid with comparatively short hairs, erect : corolla violet-purple, only an inch long, and
limb an inch or so in diameter. — Convolvulus Jlore purpurea, &c.. Dill. Elth. t. 83, fig. 96,
therefore in part C. hederaceus, L. : it might have taken this specific name had not another
of the confused species been early taken up by Jacquin in Ipomcea. I. Nil, var. diversifolia,
Choisy in DC. Prodr. ix. 343, viz. Pharbitis diversifolia, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1988. I. Nil,
Meissn. in Fl. Bras. 1. c. 228, in part, & t. 79, fig. 1. — New Mexico and Arizona, Fendler,
Wright, Thurber, &c. (Mex., &c.) Nearer to the following than to the preceding.

I. purpiirea, Lam. (Common Morning Glory.) Leaves cordate, entire: peduncles
elongated (2 to 5 inches long), 1-5-flowered : umbellate pedicels fully twice the length of
the calyx, thickened and usually refracted in fruit : sepals lanceolate, half inch long, less
hirsute : corolla about 2 inches long, violet, purple, or pink, varying to white and diversely
variegated. — Convolvulus purpureus, L. ; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 113, 1005, 1682. Pharbitis his-
pida, Choisy, 1. c. — Cult, grounds, an escape from cultivation in the Atlantic States.
Texas, Berlandier. San Diego Co., California {Cleveland), where it may be indigenous.
(Mex,, &c., and widely dispersed.)

-»— •)— Root perennial : flowers more diurnal?

I. Lindheimeri. Finely appressed-pubescent (the stem retrorsely so), when young
canescent : leaves deeply 5-clef t or 5-parted, all or the 3 interior lobes ovate or ovate-lan-
ceolate with a much contracted base, the contracted portion often half the length of the
dilated lobe: peduncle slender, 1-2-flowcred (1 to 3 inches long) : pedicels a quarter to half
inch long : sepals lanceolate-linear from an at length broadish base, fully an inch long,
erect, sparsely hirsute (all alike) : corolla light blue, elongated-funnelform with narrow
tube, about ^ inches long. — I. heterophylla, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 149, not Ortega.—
Rocky soil, W. Texas to New Mexico, Lindheimer, Wright. (Adjacent Mex., Gregg.)

I. cathartica, Poir. Glabrous or nearly so, even to the calyx : leaves cordate, acu-
minate, entire, or some of them 3-lobed or deeply cleft : peduncles eq,ualling the petiole,
1-5-flowered : outer sepals larger and ovate-lanceolate, the inner narrowly lanceolate, all
long-acuminate : corolla 2| or 3 inches long, pink-purple or crimson. — Diet. Suppl. iv. 633;
Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 473. /. fastigiata, Chapm. Fl. 433, not Sweet. Convolvulus pudibundus,
Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 999. Pharbitis cathartica, Griseb. 1. c. — S. Florida, Blodgett, Palmer. Per-
haps introduced. (Bahamas to Brazil.)

* * Stiscnia 2-lobed or entire : ovules only 4 and proper cells of the ovary only 2 , but these in
some divided by cellular matter forming an additional partition between the two seeds : sepals
membranaceous", or rather fleshy, or becoming coriaceous, mostly very much imbricated.

Ipomaa. CONVOLVULACEiE; 211

-I- Creeping (or at least prostrate and not twining) perennials, glabrous or nearly so: flowers rather
large, opening at morning.

I. Pes-caprSB, Sweet. Herbage succulent : leaves orbicular, mostly emarginate at
both ends, 2-glandular at base, fleshy, pinnately raany-veined, 2 or 3 inches long, about
ecLualled by the petiole : sepals oval, obtuse : corolla (nearly 2 inches long) broadly short-
funnelform, purple: mature capsule 2-celled : seeds rusty-pubescent. — " Hort. Lond.
ed. 2, 289 ; " Roth, Nov. PI. 109 ; Desc. Ant. u. t. 130. /. maritima, R. Br. ; Bot. Reg. t. 319.
I. orbicularis, Ell. Sk. i. 257. Convolvulus Pes-caprce & Brasiliensis, L.— Drifting sands of
the coast, Georgia to Texas. (Most tropical coasts.)
I. acetosaefolia, Rcem. & Sch. Stem slender, extensively creeping and freely rooting :
leaves slightly succulent, slender-petioled, exceedingly various ; the earlier oblong or sub-
cordate, or emarginate at both ends, either entire or panduriform or 3-lobed ; the others
sometimes linear, sometimes deeply 3-5-lobed or parted, and the lobes narrowed at base ;
lobes obtuse': peduncles 1-flowered : sepals oblong, mucronate or acuminate : corolla
oblong-f unnelform, white with yellowish throat, IJ to 2 inches long : capsule globose, thin-
walled, half inch broad, 4-celled : seeds densely villous-woolly, globular. — Syst. iv. 246 ;
Desc. Ant. ii. 1. 145 ; Meissn. in Fl. Bras. vii. 255, t. 94. 7. camosa, R. Br. Prodr., ex Benth.
Fl. Austr. iv. 420. Convolvulus littoraUs, L. C. acetoscef alius, Vahl, Eel. i. 18. C. stoloniferus,
Desr. in Lam. Diet. iii. 550 ; Cyr. Pi. Rar. i. 14, t. 5. C. obtusilobus, Michx. Fl. i. 139 ; Ell.
1. c. Batatas acetoscefolia & littoraUs, Choisy in DC. Prodr. ix. 338, excl. syn. /. longijblia,
Benth. — Sandy sea-coast, S. Carolina to Texas. (Most tropical shores.)
I. longifolia, Benth. Prostrate stems stout, 6 to 10 feet long: leaves thickish, short-
petioled, pinnately-veined, from linear- to oblong-lanceolate, entire, merely obtuse at- base,
mucronate at tip, 2 to 5 inches long : peduncle 1-flowered : sepals broadly oblong or oval,
very obtuse : corolla very broadly open-f unnelform, white with purple throat, 4 inches
long, or when widely expanded 3 or 4 inches in diameter : capsule ovate, 2-celled, with
firm-coriaceous valves, an inch long : seeds oblong, rather minutely hairy at the angles. —
PI. Hartw. 16 ; Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxvi. t. 21 ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 149. I. Shumardi,
Torr. in Marcy Rep. 191. — S. E. Arizona, Thurber, C. Wright. (Adjacent Mex.)
I. BatAtas, Larn., the Sweet Potato of cultivation, belongs here, although it has the
fleshy roots of the following, and the stems trail rather than creep : the leaves vary from
cordate-hastate to deltoid, and from nearly entire to laciniate-lobed or parted. Origin un-
known, unless from I.fastigiata of Trop. Amer.

-I— -1— Twining, or at fii-st trailing, but not creeping : leaves cordate or sagittate, or with divisions
broader than linear.

•H- Perennials, with immense fleshy-farinaceous roots: leaves cordate, entire, or some of them -3-5-
lobed : peduncles one several-flowered : sepals oblong or ovate, obtuse or merely mucronate, over
half inch long : corolla over 2 inches long.

I. Jalapa, Pursh. Freely twining from a napiform or thick fusiform root (white, some-
times weighing 40 or 50 pounds), tomentulose-pubescent, at least the lower face of the
shallow-cordate plicate-veinj' repand or sometimes lobed leaves (these 3 to 5 inches long) :
corolla " opening at night," 3 or 4 inches long, white or light pink-purple ; the narrow tube
and throat 3 or 4 times longer than the calyx and deep purple : ovary imperfectly 4-celled :
seeds densely clothed with long villous wool. — Fl. i. 146 ; Bot. Reg. t. 342, 621 ; Griseb 1. c.
Convolvulus Jalapa, L. Mant. 43 ; Desf. in Ann. Mus. Par. ii. 126, t. 40, 41 ; Sims, Bot. Mag.
t. 1572. Ipomaa macrorhiza, Michx. Fl. i. 141. Conrolmdiis macrorhizus, Ell. Sk. i. 352.
Ipomcea Mechoacan, Nutt. in Am. Jour. Sci. v. 289. /. Michauxii, Sweet, 1. c. ; Chapm. Fl.
343. I. Purshii, Don, Syst. 1. c. Batatas Jalapa, Choisy, Convolv. & DC. 1. c. 338. — Light
sandy soil along the coast, S. Carolina to Florida. (Mex., W. Ind., &c.) Apparently same
as the Mexican false or Mechoacan Jalap, but root of the U. S. plant hardly purgative.

I. pandurata, Meyer. Glabrous or nearly so : stems trailing or twining : root very
long and large (at length weighing 10 to 20 pounds) : leaves (2 to 4 inches long) usually
cordate and entire, or some of the later angulate or panduriform-cordate, occasionally
hastate-3-lobed : corolla rather broadly funnelform, 2 or 3 inches long, white with a dark-
purple throat: ovary only 2-celled: seeds woolly on the angles. — Esseq. 100, as to name
only; Ker, Bot. Reg. t. 588; Choisy, 1. c. 381. Convolvulus megalorhizos, etc.. Dill. Elth. 100,
t. 85, fig. 99. C. panduratus, L. ; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1939 ; Ell. 1. c. ; Barton, Med. t. 23.
C. candicans, Solander in Bot. Mag. 1. 1603, with some minute pubescence of leaves. Var.

212 CONVOLVULACE^. Ipom<£a.

rubescens, Choisy, I.e., is merely a longer-flowered form, from Kentucky; and Convolvulus
ciUolatus, Michx. 1. c, from Knoxville, Tennessee, is probably the game. — Dry ground,
Upper Canada to Florida and Texas. There is a double-flowered state.
++ ++ Perennial with a thick root: leaves all sagittate: peduncle mostly l-flowered: sepals as of
the preceding but barely half inch long: corolla proportionally very large.

I. sagittata, Cav. Glabrous : stems slender : leaves deeply sagittate, otherwise entire,
acute or acuminate ; some with linear-lanceolate lobes ; some (at least the earlier) larger
and broader, with ovate-lanceolate outline and oblong obtuse basal lobes : corolla pink-
purple, 2 or 3 inches long; the tube with the narrowish throat very much exceeding the
calyx : seeds somewhat villous on the back or sides. — Ic. ii. 4, t. 107 ; Desf. Fl. Atl. i. 177.
/. sagitti/olia, Ker, Bot. Reg. t. 437 ; Chapm. Fl. 344. Convolvulus CaroUnensis, &.C., Catesb.
Car. i. 35, t. 35. C. speciosus, Walt. Car. 9-3. C. sagittifoUus, Michx. Fl. i. 138. — Salt
marshes on the coast, N. Carolina to Texas. (Cuba, Spain and Barbary.)
++++++ Perennials with roots not very large and thick, or annuals : corolla an inch and a half
long or smaller.

=^ Calyx almost an inch long, large for the size of the corolla.

I. sinuata, Ortega. Root perennial : stem (rather woody at base) and petioles hirsute
with long spreading hairs from a papillif orm base : leaves nearly or quite glabrous, 7-parted ;
the divisions lanceolate or narrowly oblong, sinuately and laciniately pinnatifid or incised :
calyx equalling the throat of the open-funnelform corolla (white with purple eye) : seeds
glabrous. — Dec. vii. 84 ; Choisy, 1. c. ; Chapm. 1. c. /. dissecta, Pursh, not Willd. Convol-
vulus dissectus, L. Mant. 204 ; Jacq. Obs. iv. t. 28, & Vind. ii. 1. 159. — Near the coast in
Georgia to Texas. (Trop. Amer.)

= = Cal^-x in fruit over half inch long, setose-hispid.

I. barbatisepala. Apparently annual, glabrous except the calyx : leaves pedately 5-7-
parted ; the divisions lanceolate with narrowed base, an inch or two long, or the lateral
ones mostly short, entire : peduncles 1-2-flowered, not longer than the petiole : sepals
attenuate-linear from a broader base, nearly equal, in fruit 7 or 8 lines long, a third longer
than the 2-celled 4-seeded globular capsule, the back strongly hispid with long and stout
spreading bristles : corolla purple, less than an inch long : stigmas 2, globose : seeds gla-
brous or minutely scurfy. — W. borders of Texas ; declivity of mountain near El Paso,
Wright (1849, no. 507). Calyx nearly as of /. hederacea, Jacq., but with stififer beard.
== = == Calyx 5 to 9 lines long, completely glabrous : root perennial.

I. Thlirberi. Glabrous throughout, apparently with only low twining stems from a thick-
ened root or tuber : leaves palmately or pedately and deeply 5-7-cleft (an inch or more in
diameter) ; the widely divergent lobes triangular-lanceolate, or the one or three middle
ones somewhat caudately prolonged, the narrow tip obtuse : peduncle short, l-flowered,
clavate in age : corolla, &c., not seen : sepals in fruit 8 or 9 Hnes long, lanceolate-attenuate
from a broader base, nearly twice the length of the 4-celled 4-valved globular coriaceous
capsule : seeds clothed with fine brownish somewhat furfuraceous pubescence. — South-
eastern border of Arizona, near Santa Cruz, Thurber (no. 966), Wright.

I. trifida. Don. Much resembles /. commutata ; but the root perennial, the pubescence
shorter and softer, peduncles longer, and calyx glabrous. — Convolvulus trijidus, HBK. Nov.
Gen. & Spec. iii. 107. (Trop. Amer.)

Var. Torreyana. Nearly glabrous throughout, freely twining : leaves cordate, about
2 inches long ; some entire or merely angulate : most 3-cleft, with ovate lobes, the lateral
externally rounded : peduncles surpassing the leaves, umbellately 3-10-flowered : pedicels
in age muriculate-scabrous : sepals oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, mucronate-acurainate,
chartaceous, 5 lines long, not at all ciliate : corolla f unnelform, pink or lilac-purple, over
an inch long : capsule globular, chartaceous, simply 2-celled, either glabrous or sparingly
pilose at tip, about equalling the calyx: seeds glabrous and very smooth.—/, commutata,
Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 149, not Roem. & Sch. I. fastlgiata 1 Torr. 1. c, not Sweet. — W.
and S. Texas, Wright, Bigelow, Lindheimer, Schott.

Var. Berlandieri. Perhaps only a depauperate form : leaves smaller and deeper
cleft, some almost 3-parted ; the middle lobe lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate and longer,
giving a somewhat hastate outline ; the lateral divisions often 2-lobed or 2-3-cleft and
their lobes acute: peduncles only an inch long. — Bejar, Texas, Berlandier. Referred by
Choisy to /. commutata.

Ipomoea. CONVOLVULACE^. 213

= == = = Cal^'x 3 to 6 lines long, thinnish, pilose or at least ciliate with some long and soft
hairs rising from a more rigid or papilliform base, more or less longer than the small and thin-
walled globuhir 'i-cclled capsule, which is sparsely pilose but sometimes glabrate at the upper
part: seeds glabrous : stems freely twining: root annual.

I. COmmutata, Roem. & Sch. Hirsute-pubescent or glabrate : leaves (2 or 3 inches
long), cordate, some entire, some strongly 3-lobed with middle lobe ovate-lanceolate and
acuminate ; the lateral usually shorter and broader, sometimes again 2-lobed : peduncles
slender, 1^ to 3 inches long, 1-3-flowered : sepals oblong, acuminate, 5 lines long : corolla
an inch or more long, purple or pink. — Syst. iv. 228 ; Choisy, 1. c. Convolvulus Carolinus,
L. Spec. i. 154 (Dill. Elth. 100, t. 84, fig. 98) ; Michx. Fl. i. 139. Ipomcea Carolina, Pursh,
Fl. i. 145, not L., which is W. Indian. /. trichocarpa, Ell. Sk. i. 258, which slightly antedates
the name commutata, but is misleading, the fruit being not rarely glabrate or glabrous. —
Dry or low grounds, S. Carolina to Texas.

I. lacunosa, L. Slightly pubescent or hirsute, or nearly glabrous : leaves as the pre-
ceding or less lobed, more commonly ovate-cordate and entire, conspicuously acuminate :
peduncles shorter : sepals commonly broader and mostly naked, except the long-ciliate

. margins : corolla half inch or so in length, narrow-funnelform, white or with a purple
acutely 5-angulate border : globose capsule more turgid and pilose. — Spec. i. 161 (Dill. 1. c.
t. 87, fig. 102) ; Michx. 1. c. ; Ell. 1. c. Convolvulus micranlhus, Riddell, Syn. Fl. W. States,
70. — River banks and low grounds, Penn. to Illinois, S. Carolina, and Texas.

I. triloba, L. Stems slender, sparsely pubescent : leaves usually glabrous, very deeply
3-lobed or almost 3-parted; the divisions mostly entire; the middle ovate or lanceolate-
ovate with narrowed base ; the lateral semicordate : peduncles usually elongated : sepals
3 lines long, oblong-ovatc : corolla narrow, two-thirds inch long, resembling that of the
preceding, but purple. — Choisy, 1. c. 383; Chapm. Fl. 343. — Key West, Florida; perhaps
introduced. (Trop. Amer.)

= = = = == Calyx only 2 lines long, naked and glabrous, shorter than the glabrous simply

2-celled thin-walled capsule: herbage glabrous throughout: root not seen.

I. "Wrightii. Stems very slender: leaves all digitately divided into 5 narrowly lanceolate
entire leaflets (all 12 to 18 lines long, or the lateral shorter, obtuse or acutish and mucro-
nulate) : peduncles slender, 1-flowered, not exceeding the petiole : sepals ovate, very obtuse^
equal: corolla pink or purple, narrowly furmelform, half inch long: capsule ovoid, 4 lines
long : seeds globular, minutely and densely puberulent. — Texas, Wright, probably from
the southern part of the State. Habit of /. quinquefolia, but leaves, corolla, &c., different.
A plant resembling it was collected by Dr. Palmer on the Yaqui River, in the north-
western part of Mexico, in which the leaves seem to be pedate, and the long filiform
peduncles coil in the manner of tendrils.

I. cardiophyila. Very glabrous : leaves broadly cordate and with basal lobes somewhat
incurved, entire, acuminate, an inch or two long : peduncles mostly 1-flowered and shorter
than the slender petiole : sepals ovate, acute, thickish but scarious-margincd, more or less
muriculate-glan^ular on the back : corolla purple, three-fourths inch long, campanulate-
funnelform above the narrow tube, which barely equals the calyx : capsule ovoid, half
inch long ; the thin valves finely lineolate : seeds oval, brownish-puberulent. — Western
borders of Texas, in the mountains near El Paso, Wright. In calyx and foliage considerably
resembling /. violacea.
^_ ^ H_ stems erect or diffuse, feebly if at all twining, never creeping or even prostrate : leaves

or their divisions all linear or narrower and entire.
++ Leaves simple and entire : flowers large : root perennial, immense, weighing from 10 to 100
pounds.

I. leptoph:^lla, Torr, Very glabrous: stems erect or ascending (2 to 4 feet high), and
with recurving slender branches : leaves linear (2 to 4 inches long, 2 or 3 lines wide), short-
petioled, acute : peduncles short, 1-2-flowered : calyx 3 or 4 lines long ; the sepals broadly
ovate, very obtuse, outer ones shorter : corolla pink-purple, funnelform, about 3 inches
long : capsule ovate, an inch long : seeds rusty-pubescent. — Frem. Rep. 95, & Emory Rep.
148, t. 11. Convolvulus Caddoensis, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1862. — Plains of Ne-
braska and Wyoming to Texas and New Mexico : a striking and showy species, first col-
lected, in Long's Expedition, by Dr. E. James, who singularly mistook it for an annual.
Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 223. ( Convolvulus.)

214 CONVOLVULACEiE. Ipomcza.

++ ++ Leaves palmately or pedately divided or parted,
= Almost sessile and the divisions all simple: root perennial, an oblong tuber.

I. muricata, Cav. A span or two high, erect, loosely branched, glabrous, slender : leaves
of 5 (or sometimes pedately 7) narrowly linear or filiform raucronate-acute divisions or
leaflets (6 to 10 lines long) : peduncles shorter than the leaves, 1-flowered : sepals lanceo-
late-ovate, tuberculate-muricate on the back or midrib: corolla narrowly funnelform,
crimson-purple, an inch long : capsule globose, nodding, hardly 3 lines long : seeds almost
glabrous. — Ic. v. 52, t. 478, fig. 2 ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 150. Convolvulus capUlaceus,
HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 97. — New Mexico and Arizona. (Mex., &c.)

= = Leaves distinctly petiolate : root annual : stems diffuse, filiform.

I. leptotoma, Torr. Diffuse or procumbent and feebly twining, a foot or two long,
glabrous up to the pedicels : leaves pedately 5-7-parted into narrowly linear attenuate-
acuminate or acute divisions ; the middle and longer one an inch or two long : peduncles
slender, equalling or exceeding the leaf, 1-2-flowered : pedicels and lanceolate attenuate-
acuminate 3-nerved sepals hirsute : corolla funnelform, purple, over an inch long : capsule
globose-ovoid, shorter than the calyx : seeds glabrous. —Bot. Mex. Bound. 150. — Arizona,
Thurber, Wright, Palmer.

I. COStellata, Torr. 1. c. Erect and diffuse, at length procumbent or slightly twining,
glabrous or minutely hirsute : leaves pedately 7-9-parted into linear or somewhat spatulate
(or the upper into filiform) divisions of somewhat equal length (half to an inch long) :
peduncles filiform, surpassing the leaf, 1-3-flowered : sepals ovate-lanceolate or oblong,
acute, glabrous (as is the pedicel), carinately l-nerved or obscurely 3-nerved; the keel of
the outer ones salient and often undulate-cristate or tuberculate : corolla narrowly funnel-
form, approaching salverform, a third or hardly half inch long, twice or thrice the length
of the calyx, pink-purple or paler, with 5 short mucronate-pointed lobes : capsule globular,
as long as the calyx : seeds minutely puberulent. — S. Texas to Arizona. (Mex.)

3. JACQUEM6NTIA, Choisy. ( Victor Jacquemont, a French naturalist
and traveller, died in India.) — A rather small genus, tropical or subtropical,
mostly with the aspect of Convolvulus. Fl. summer. Seeds in ours roughish.

J. ABDTiLofDES, Benth., to which belongs Dr. Kellogg's Aniseia azurea, is of Lower Cali-
fornia. It is doubtful if either of the following are indigenous.

J. violacea, Choisy. Twining, pubescent or almost glabrous : leaves cordate or ovate-
lanceolate, cuspidate-acuminate: peduncles slender, umbellately or cymosely several-
flowered : sepals ovate, acuminate ; the outer larger and subcordate : corolla short-funnel-
form, half inch long, violet. —Chapm. Fl. 344. Convolvulus violaceus, Vahl. C. pentanlhos,
Jacq. Ic. Ear. ii. t. 316 ; Bot. Mag. t. 2151. — Key West, Florida, Blodgett: (Trop. Amer.)
J. tamnif olia, Griseb. Erect or at length twining, fulvous-hirsute : root annual : leaves
cordate and ovate, long-petioled, pinnately veiny : peduncles elongated, capitately many-
flowered : glomerate cluster involucrate with foliaceous bracts : sepals subulate-linear, fer-
rugineous-hirsute, 5 lines long, nearly equalling the violet corolla. — Fl. W. Ind. 474;
Meissn. in Fl. Bras. vii. 302. Ipomcea tamnifolia, L. (Dill. Elth. t. 318, fig. 414.) Convolvulus
ciliatus, Vahl. C. tamnifolius, Ell. Sk. i. 258. —Cult, and waste grounds, from S. Carolina
and Arkansas southward. (Trop. Amer.)

4. CONVOLVULUS, L. Bindweed. (From convolvo, I entwine.) —
Herbs or somewhat shrubby plants (of many species, most of them in the Old
World), either twining, erect, or prostrate ; with small or rather large flowers (in
summer), some opening at dawn, some in bright sunshine. — Convolvulus & Caly-
stegia, R. Br. ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 874.

§ 1. Calystegia. Stigmas from ovate or oval to oblong, very flat: solitary
flower' involucellate by a pair of persistent membranaceo-foliaceous broad bracts,
which are close to the calyx and enclose or exceed it : corolla open in sunshine :
ovary and capsule commonly somewhat one-celled by the imperfection of the par-

Convolvulus. CONYOLVULACE^. 215

tition : perennials, with filiform creeping rootstocks. — Calystegta, R. Br., Hook.
& Benth., &c.

Calystegia paradoxa, Pursh, Fl. ii. 729, which was described from Sherard's herbarium,
and supposed to come from Virginia or Carolina, is not recognizable, and is certainly no true
Calystegia.

C. Soldanella, L. Glabrous, fleshy : stems low and mostly short, creeping or trailing :
leaves reniform, entire or obscurely angulate, often emarginate, an inch or two wide, long-
petioled : bracts roundish and obscurely cordate, not longer than the se.pals : corolla pink-
purple, 12 to 18 lines long, short-f unnelform : stigmas ovate. — Spec. i. 159 ; Engl. Bot.
t. 314 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 533. Calystegia Soldanella & C. reniformis, R. Br. Prodr. 433. —
Sands of the Pacific coast, Puget Sound to California. (Most Pacific shores, Eu., &c.)

C. spithameeus, L. Soft-pubescent or tomentose: stem erect or ascending, or sometimes
decumbent, a span to 2 feet long, mostly simple and not twining : leaves short-petioled,
oblong, with rounded or subcordate or sometimes short-sagittate base : bracts ovate, not
auricled at base : corolla white, campanulate-f unnelform, 1| to 2 inches long : stigmas oval.
— Spec. i. 158 ; Ell. Sk. i. 251. C. stans, Michx. Fl. i. 136. Calystegia spithamcea & C. tomen-
tosa, Pursh, Fl. 1. 434. C. spithamcea, Hook. Exot. t. 97, but stigihas too narrow. — Dry and
sandy or rocky soil, Canada to Wisconsin and south to Florida.

C. sepium, L. Glabrous, or more or less pubescent, freely twining : leaves slender-petioled,
deltoid-hastate and triangular-sagittate (2 to 6 inches long), acute or acuminate; the basal
lobes or auricles either entire or angulate-2-3-lobed : peduncles mostly elongated : bracts
cordate-ovate or somewhat sagittate, commonly acute : corolla broadly f unnelform, 2 inches
long, white or tinged with rose-color : stigmas from oval to oblong. — Curt. Fl. Lond.
t. 32 ; Engl. Bot. t. 318 ; Fl. Dan. t. 458. Calystegia sepium, R. Br. Prodr. 483 ; Reichenb.
Ic. Germ, xviii. t. 1340. — Moist alluvial soil, or along streams, Canada and N. Atlantic
States to Utah. (Eu., &c.)

Var. Americanus, Sims. Corolla pink or rose-purple: bracts obtuse. -:- Bot.
Mag. t. 732. C. sepium of Am. authors in large part. Calystegia sepium, var. rosea, Choisy
in DC. Prodr. ix. 433. — Canada to Carolina and Oregon. (N. Asia.)

Var. repens. Corolla from almost white to rose-color : bracts from very obtuse to
acute: herbage from minutely to tomentose-pubescent : sterile and sometimes flowering
stems extensively prostrate : leaves more narrowly sagittate or cordate, the basal lobes
commonly obtuse or rounded and entire. — Convolvulus repens, L. Spec. i. 158 (as to pi.
Gronov., excl. syn. Plum. & Rheede) ; Michx. 1. c. Calystegia sepium, var. pubescens, Gray,
Man. ed. 5, 376. C. Catesheiana, Pursh, Fl. ii. 729 ; Choisy, 1. c. —Canada ? to Texas, and
west to Dakota and New Mexico, on banks and shores. Sometimes with almost glabrous
and thickish leaves ; Calystegia sepium, var. maritima, Choisy, in part. (The species widely
diffused over the world and variable.)

§ 2. Stigmas linear or oblong-linear, flat : bracts at the base of the calyx as in
the preceding section or smaller, or various at the base of a short pedicel. Cali-
fornian species.

C OCcidentalis, G-ray. Glabrous or minutely pubescent : stems freely twining : leaves
slender-petioled, from angulate-cordate with a deep and narrow sinus to sagittate or tlie
upper hastate ; the posterior lobes often 1-2-toothed : peduncles elongated, surpassing the
leaf, sometimes proliferously 1-3-flowered : bracts at base of calyx ovate or obscurely cor-
date, membranaceous, equalling it or rather longer, mostly obtuse : corolla campanulate-
f unnelform, white or pinkish, 12 to 18 Hnes long: stigmas linear.— Proc. Am. Acad, xi.89,
& Bot. Calif, i. 533. — Dry hills, W. California, from San Francisco Bay to San Diego.

Var. tenuissimus, Gray, 1. c, a form with narrowly hastate or sagittate leaves
(only an inch or two long), the middle and mostly the basal lobes narrowly lanceolate :
bracts ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate. — Santa Barbara and San
Diego, Nuttall, Cooper, &c.

C. Californicus, Choisy. Minutely and often densely pubescent : stems very short
and erect from filiform rootstocks, flowering close to the ground, or at length witli prostrate
branches a span or even a foot long : leaves slender-petioled, from ovate or round-obovate
to deltoid or subcordate and obtuse, or the later somewhat sagittate or hastate and acute

216 CONVOLVULACE^. Convolvulus.

(an inch or so long) : peduncles shorter than the petiole : bracts at base of calyx oblong,
obtuse, about equalling and somewhat resembling the outer very obtuse sepals : corolla
broadly funnelform, li to 2 inches long, white, cream-color, or flesh-color : stigmas linear-
oblong. — DC. Prodr. ix. 405; Gray, 1. c. Calystegia subacaulis, Hook. & Am. Bot. Beech.
363. — W. California, on hills, &c., from San Francisco Bay southward.

C. villosus, Gray, 1. c. Densely velvety-tomentose throughout, mostly silvery-white,
low : steins decumbent or prostrate, feebly if at all twining : leaves slender-petioled, from
reniform-hastate to sagittate, an inch or less long ; the basal lobes often angulate-toothed :
peduncles shorter than the leaf : bracts at base of and equalling the calyx, oval or ovate,
white-tomentose : corolla campanulate-funnelform, cream-color, an inch long : stigmas nar-
row-linear. — Calystegia villosa, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 17. — Dry and sandy soil,
California, Monterey Co., and Plumas Co. to Tejon.

C. luteolus. Gray, 1. c. Glabrous or soft-pubescent : stems a span or two long and
ascending or more elongated and twining : leaves slender-petioled, from triangular- or del-
toid-hastate to sagittate, an inch or two long : peduncles equalling or surpassing the leaves :
bracts about their own length distant from the calyx, narrowly oblong varying to linear-
lanceolate, 2 to 4 lines long, much smaller than the chartaceo-coriaceous very obtuse
unequal sepals, a second flower rarely in the axil of one of them (occasionally the bracts
alternate) : corolla 12 to 18 lines long, campanulate-funnelform, pale yeUow (sometimes
purplish or fading to purple 1): stigmas linear. — Ipomcea sagittifolia, Hook. & Am. Bot.
Beech. 151 (as to Calif, plant) ; Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 127, the stigmas certainly linear !
Convolvulus Californicus, Benth. PI. Hartw. 326, not Choi&y. — California, from around San
Francisco Bay northward, and in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada.

Var. f ulcratus, Gray, 1. c. Soft-pubescent : bracts foliaceous, hastate or sagittate,
and short-petioled, resembling diminutive leaves, 3 to 6 lines long, about their length dis-
tant from the calyx or sometimes closely subtending it. — Convolvulus arvensis, var. villosus,
Torr. 1. c. — ^Foothills of the Sierra Nevada from the Stanislaus southward.

§ 3. Stigmas filiform or narrowly linear : no bracts at or near the base of the
calyx.

* Procumbent or low-twining perennials: bracts of the 1-3-flowered peduncle small or minute and

subulate: corolla an inch or less long, broadly short-funnelform.

^— Introduced species, nearly glabrous : leaves broad and entire.
C. ARVENSIS, L. Mostly procumbent : leaves oblong-sagittate or somewhat hastate, an inch
or two long ; the basal lobes short and acute : bracts a pair at the base of the pedicel,
small, subulate: corolla white, commonly tinged with rose: stigmas filiform. — Fl. Dan.
t. 459 ; Reichenb. Ic. Germ, xviii. 1. 1337. —Old fields, N. Atlantic States. (Sparingly nat.
from Europe.)
-t— -1— Indigenous Texan species, cinereous-pubescent or canescent : leaves commonly lobed or

dentate : flowers opening in afternoon sunshme : corolla ferrugineous-silky-hirsute outside in the

bud.
C. hermannioides. Sericeous-tomentulose : stems 3 to 5 feet long, mainly procumbent :
leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, and with sagittate or narrowly cordate base,
1| to 3 inches long, repand- or sinuate-dentate, sometimes obsoletely so, rather short-
petioled ; the veins not plicate-impressed above nor prominent beneath : peduncles rather
longer than the leaves, 1-2-flowered : sepals half inch long or nearly so, oval-oblong,
mucronate and obtuse or barely acute : corolla white, an inch long, the border merely
angulate. — C. Hermannice, Choisy in DC. 1. c. as to Texan plant; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound.
148, not of L'Her., which is Peruvian and Chilian. — Texas, in dry prairies. Narrow-leaved
forms approach the next.
C. incanus, Vahl. Cinereous or canescent with a close and short silky pubescence
(rarely greener and glabrate) : stems filiform, 1 to 3 feet long, mainly procumbent : leaves
polymorphous ; some simply lanceolate- or linear-sagittate or hastate (1 or 2 inches long,
2 or 3 lines wide, obtuse and mucronate, entire, and with the narrow elongated basal lobes
entire or 2-3-toothed) ; some pedate, having narrowly 2-3-cleft lateral lobes or divisions,
some more coarsely 3-5-parted, with lobes entire or coarsely sinuate-dentate ; some of the
early ones ovate- or oblong-cordate and merely sinuate-dentate : peduncles 1-2-flowered,
as long as the leaf : sepals a quarter inch long, oval, obtuse, or merely mucronate-tipped :

Breweria. CONVOLVULACE^. 217

corolla white or tinged with rose, half inch long, the angles salient-acuminate. — Symb.
iii. 23 (1790). C. Bonariensis & C. dissectus, Cav. Ic. v. t. 480 (1799). C. equitans, Benth. PI.
Hartw. 16. C. kastatus, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, v. 194. C. lobatus, Engelm.'&
Gray, PL Lindh. i. 44. C. glaucifoUus, Choisy in DC. Prodr. ix. 412, but probably not IpomvEa
glauci/olia, L., viz. Dill. Elth. t. 87, fig. 101, which is "glaucous and glabrous." — Dry
prairies and hills, Arkansas and S. Colorado to Texas and Arizona. (Mex., Extra-trop.
S. Amer.)

* # Erect and much branched feebly twiaing perennial, glabrous throughout, small-leaved.
C. longipes, Watson. Stems slender, loosely much branched, a foot to a yard high :
leaves mostly linear-hastate, short-petioled (an inch or two long, a line or two wide),
thickish, veinless, entire, cuspidate-mucronate, the upper gradually reduced to linear-
subulate bracts ; these on the l-flowered peduncles mostly alternate : sepals ovate, obtuse,
often mucronulate, the outer shorter: corolla fully an inch long, broadly funnelforra,
glabrous throughout, white or cream-color : stigmas very narrowly linear : seeds globular,
minutely tuberculate. — Am. Naturalist, vii. 302; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 534; Rothrock in
Wheeler Rep. t. 20. — Arid desert region, S. Nevada and S. E. California, Lieut. Wheeler,
Dr. Horn, Palmer.

5. BREWERIA, R. Br. (Samuel Brewer, an English Botanist or ama-
teur of the ISth century.) — Chiefly perennial herbs, some suffruticose, of the
warmer parts of the world, resembling Jpomoea and Convolvulus; with simple
entire and usually short-petioled leaves, and the corolla mostly silky-pubescent or
silky-hirsute outside in the bud, with angulate or obscurely lobed border: fl.
summer and autumn. — Prodr. 487; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 877. Stylisma,
Raf. in Ann. Sci. Phys. viii. 268 ; Choisy in DC. Prodr. ix. 450. Bonaniia,
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 336, & Man. ed. 5, 376, not Thouars, in which the
corolla is lobed and not plicate.

* Procumbent: peduncles very short and l-flowered: capsule large: seed glabrous.
B. ovalif olia. Sericeous-canescent : leaves ovate or oval, mostly subcordate, an inch

long : style 2-clef t above the middle : capsule globose, half inch in diameter, about the

length of the broadly ovate sepals, by abortion 1-seeded. — Evolvulus ? oualifolius, Torr. Bot.

Mex. Bound. 150. — S. W. borders of Texas, on the Rio Grande (the Mexican side) below

San Carlos, Parri/. Corolla not seen.

* * Procumbent slender perennials: peduncles slender and elongated, 1-5-flowered: flowers small:
corolla almost campanulate: capsule small. — Stylisina, Raf., &c.

B. huraistrata. Sparsely pubescent or glabrate : leaves from elliptical and subcordate
to narrowly linear (an inch or two long), mucronate, and the broader emarginate : peduncles
1-7-flowered: bracts shorter than the pedicels : sepals glabrous or almost so, oblong-ovate,
acuminate: corolla white, half inch long: filaments hairy: styles united at base. — Con-
volvulus humistratus, Walt. Car. 94. C. patens, Desr. in Lam. Diet. iii. 547. C. trichosanthes,
Michx. Fl. i. 137, partly. C. Sherardi, Pursh. Fl. ii. 730 ? C. tenellus. Lam. 111. i. 459 ;
Ell. Sk. i. 250. Ecolvulus ? Sherardi, Choisy. * Sti/lisma evolmdoides, Choisy, 1. c, in part.
S. humistrata, Chapm. Fl. 346. Bonamia humistrata, Gray, Man. ed. 6, 376. — Dry pine bar-
rens, Virginia to Louisiana.

B. aquatica. Soft-pubescent or cinereous-tomentulose : leaves from elliptical to subcor-
date-lanceolate, very obtuse, seldom over an inch long : peduncles 1-3-flowered : sepals
strongly sericeous-pubescent, acute or acuminate : corolla rose-purple : filaments glabrous :
styles distinct nearly to base. — Convolvulus aquaticus, Walt. 1. c. ; Ell. 1. c. C. trichosanthes,
Michx. 1. c, partly. C. erianthus, Willd. in Spreng. Syst. i. 610. Sti/lisma aquatica, Chapm.
1. c. Bonamia aquatica, Gray, 1. c. — Wet pine barrens and margin of ponds. North Carolina
to Texas.

B. Pickeringii. Pubescent, or the leaves glabrate : these from narrowly spatulate-
linear with acute and subsessile base to filiform-linear : peduncles seldom surpassing the
leaves, 1-3-flowered : bracts foliaceous and exceeding the flowers : sepals vilioussericeous,
ovate, obtuse, half the length of the ovate-conoidal capsule : corolla white, a tlurd of

218 CONVOLVULACE^. E volvulus.

an inch long, equalled by the almost glabrous filaments and the moderately 2-cleft style.
— Convolvulus Pickerinffii, ToTT. ; M. A. Curtis in Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. i. 129; Gray, Man.
ed. 1, 349. Stylisma evolvuloides, var. angustifulia, Choisy in DC. 1. c. S. PicJceringii, Gray,
Man. ed. 2, 335; Chapra. I.e. Bonamia Pickeringii, Gray, Man. ed. 5,376. — Dry pine
barrens and prairies, New Jersey to North Carolina; Louisiana and Texas; also W.
Illinois, H. N. Patterson.

6. EVOLVULUS, L. (From evolvo, I unroll, the name a counterpart of
Convolvulus.) — Low and small herbaceous or sufErutescent plants (of the warm
parts of the world, largely American) ; with erect or commonly diffuse or pros-
trate stems, not twining, entire leaves, one-few-flowered and sometimes paniculate
peduncles, and small flowers, produced in summer and autumn. Corolla in ours
almost rotate, white, rose-colored, or blue.

E. Mdhlenbergii, Spreng. Pugill. i. 27, habitat not given, is something not identified, and
by "peduncles opposite the leaves" not of this order.

* Peduncles filiform, 1-3-flowered, mostly longer than the leaves: either perennials or annuals '?
E. alsinoides, L. Villous of hirsute, commonly with some long and spreading hairs :
stems slender, ditf use or decumbent, a foot or two long : leaves from oval or oblong to
lanceolate, somewhat petioled: pedicels at length nodding or refracted on the peduncle:
corolla about 3 lines broad. — (Founded on the Asiatic plant, Burm. Zeyl. ii t. 6, fig. 1, &
t. 9, fig. 1, and Rheede, Malab. xi. t. 64, apparently also indigenous to the New World,
and diverse.) E. alsinoides, var. fuTticaulis, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound 150. E diffusus, Chapm.
Fl. 345. — S. Florida and Texas, Blodgett, Berlandier, Wright^, &c. (All trop. regions ?)
E. linifolius, L. Too like narrow-leaved and slender forms of the preceding, but the fine
sericeous pubescence all appressed : leaves small and linear-lanceolate, nearly sessile : blue
corolla only 2 or 3 lines in diameter. — Spec. ed. 2, 1 392, founded on Convolvulus herhaceus,
erectus, &c., P. Browne, Jam. 152, 1. 10, fig. 2, not Choisy in DC. — S. Arizona, near Tucson,
Greene. (Hex., W. Ind., &c.)
E. Arizonicus. Minutely sericeous or cinereous with fine appressed pubescence, pani-
culately branched : stems very slender, erect and diffuse or decumbent-spreading : leaves
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, subsessile or short-petioled (6 to 12 lines long, 2 or 3 wide) ;
the upper reduced to bracts so that the inflorescence becomes paniculate : peduncles mostly
1-flowered : sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute : corolla blue or bluish, half inch in diameter
when expanded. — E. alsinoides, Torr. 1. c, partly. E. holosericeus, var. obtusatus, Torr. 1. c,
partly, excl. syn. — Sandy or dry prairies, Arizona and New Mexico ; a common species
of the region. (Adjacent Mex.)
B. mucronatus, Swartz. Glabrate and green, or when young sparsely villous-seri-
ceous with appressed pubescence : stems decumbent or prostrate : leaves thickish, oval or
round-obovate (about half inch long), short-petioled, the obtuse or retuse apex mucronate :
peduncles barely surpassing or some shorter than the leaves : corolla pale blue or wliite,
4 lines in diameter. — Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 475; Meissn. I.e. 345. E. glabriusculus, Choisy,
Conv. 156, & in DC. 1. c. 448 ; Chapm. 1. c. — South Florida, Blodgett. Perhaps E. nummu-
larius, Nutt. Gen. i. 174 (not L.), on the Mississippi below New Orleans. (Trop. Amer.)

* * Peduncles or rather pedicels (bibracteolate at base, solitary and one-flowered) short, usually
verv short; the lower sometimes half the length of the leaf, recurved in fruit: very low peren-
nials.
H— Upper surface of the leaves green and glabrous, otherwise sericeous : corolla white or pale
blue.
E. sericeus, Swartz. Stems slender or filiform, a span or two high : leaves subsessile,
• lanceolate or linear-lanceolate (6 to 10 lines long), erect or ascending, mucronate-acuminate
or acute ; silky pubescence fine and close-pressed, sometimes short, whitish or fulvous :
sepals ovate-lanceolate : corolla 3 or 4 lines in diameter. — Prodr. 55, & Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 676 ;
Nutt. Gen. i. 174; Chapm. 1. c. ; Choisy, 1. c. ; Meissn. in Fl. Bras. vii. 353. Convolvulus
erectus, herhaceus, &c., P. Browne, Jam. 153, t. 10, fig. 3. E. holosericeus, Torr. 1. c. partly,
not HBK. — Pine woods, &c., Florida to Louisiana, Texas, and Arizona. The western
forms with looser and longer hairiness. (Mex., W. Ind., S. Amer.)

■Cuscuta. CONVOLVULACE^. 219

E. DfscoLOR, Benth. {E. holosericeus, var. obtusatus, Clioisy,!. c), of Mexico, with shorter and
procumbent or prostrate stems, ovate or oblong obtuse leaves, more villous pubescence and
larger corolla, seems to be a good species, as Meissner also supposes ; but is not found on our
immediate borders. Dr. Torrey's plant so referred is mainly E. Arizonicus.

-t— -t— Both sides of the leaves, steins, and calyx densely silky-villous.
E. argenteus, Pursh. Stems numerous from a lignescent base, rather stout and rigid,
erect or ascending, a span or so high, very leafy : dense pubescence sometimes silvery-
canescent, usually fulvous or ferruginous : leaves from spatulate and obtuse to linear-
lanceolate and acute (a quarter to half inch long) : pedicels very short : sepals lanceolate-
subulate : corolla purple or blue (not " yellow " as says Pursh), 3 to 6 lines in diameter. —
Fl. i. 187, not R. Br. ; Choisy, 1. c. ; Torr. 1. c. E. pilosus, Nutt. Gen. i. 174 (as additional
name), & in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, v. 195, not Lam. E NuttalUanus, Roem. & Sch.
Syst. vi. 198. — Sterile plains and prairies, Nebraska to Texas and west to Arizona. Pine
Key, Florida, Blodgett, in small and insufficient specimens. (Adjacent Mex.)

7. CRESSA, L. (Greek name for a female Cretan.) — Genus apparently
of a single but very variable and widely diffused species.

C. Cretica, L. Low canescent perennial, much branched from a lignescent base, erect or
diffuse, a span or two high, very leafy : leaves entire, from oblong-ovate to lanceolate,
sessile, 2 to 4 lines long : flowers subsessile or short-pedicelled in the upper axils, or the
upper crowded as if in a leafy-bracteate spike : corolla white, 2 or 3 lines long, sericeous-
pubescent outside. — Lam. III. t. 183; Sibth. Fl. Grasca, t. 256. (S. Eu., Air., 8. Asia,
Australia, &c.)

Var. Truxillensis, Choisy. A more silky-villous and stouter form, mostly larger-
leaved: capsule larger, 2 or 3 lines long. — Choisy in DC. 1. c. 440; Torr. 1. c. C. Truxil-
lensis, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 119. — On or near the sea-shore or in saline soil, Cali-
fornia, and from Arizona to S. Texas. (Hawaian Islands, S. Amer., &c.)

8. CtJSCUTA, Tourn.* Dodder. (Name said to be of Arabic derivation.)
' — Flowers 5-merous, rarely 4-merous, white or whitish, small, in loose or dense
cymose clusters, usually produced late in the season. Calyx cleft or parted.
Corolla from campanulate or somewhat urceolate to short-tubular, with the
mostly spreading lobes between convolute and imbricated in the bud, not
plicate, marcescent-persistent either at base or summit of the capsule. Sta-
mens inserted in the throat of the corolla above as many scale-like lacerate
appendages (scales) ; these rarely absent. Ovary globular, 2-c6]led, 4-ovuled.
Styles distinct, or rarely united, persistent: stigmas globose, or in Old- World
species filiform. Capsule 1-4-seeded, circumscissile or transversely bursting,
or indehiscent. Seeds large, globular, or angular by mutual pressure. Embryo
filiform, spirally coiled in the firm-fleshy albumen, wholly destitute of cotyledons,
but the apex, or plumule, often bearing a few alternate scales, germinating in the
soil, but not rooting in it, developing into filiform and branching annual stems
of a yellowish or reddish hue, which twine dextrorsely upon herbs or shrubs,
and become parasitic by means of suckers which penetrate the bark in contact,
the base soon dying away. Small scales of the same color as the stem take
the place of leaves and bracts. — Choisy in Mem. Genev. 1841 (cited " Cusc") &
DC. Prodr. ix. 452 (1845) ; Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci. xliii. (1842), 333, Gray,
Man., & Trans. St. Louis Acad. i. 453 (1859), here cited as " Cusc."

§ 1. GrXmmica, Engelm. 1. c. Styles (more or less unequal) terminated by
peltate-capitate stigmas. — Grammica, Loureiro. (Comprises the greater part
of the species of this large genus, almost all of them American and Polynesian.)

* Contributed by Dr. George Engklmann.

220 CONVOLVULACE^. Cuscuta.

(Clistogrammica, Kngelm. 1. c.) Capsule indehiscent.
■*— Calyx gamosepalous.
++ Ovary and capsule depressed-globose.
= Flowers in dense or globular clusters: corolla with short and wide tube, in age remaining at
base of the capsule: styles mostly shorter than the ovary.
C. obtusiflora, HBK. Stems orange-colored, coarse : lobes of calyx and corolla
rounded, as long as the tube : scales various. — Nov. Gen. & Spec iii. 122 ; Engelm. Cusc.
491. (Cosmop.)

Var. glandulosa, Engelm. 1. c, the only form in our flora, has all parts of the
flower (1 to li lines long) dotted: scales large, equalling or exceeding the tube, deeply
fringed. — Wet places, Georgia to Texas, on Polygonum, &c. (W. Ind.)
C. chlorocarpa, Engelm. Stems coarse, orange-colored : lobes of calyx and corolla
acute, often longer than the tube: scales small, 2-cleft, often reduced to a few teeth. —
Gray, Man. ed. 1, 350, ed. 5, 378 ; & Cusc. 494. C. Polygonorum, Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci.
xliii. 342, t. 6, fig. 20-29. — Wet places in the Mississippi Valley from Arkansas to Wis-
consin ; also in Penn. and Delaware, often on Polygonum. Flowers white, 1 to li lines
long ; the thin capsule pale greenish-yellow.
C. arvensis, Beyrich. Stems pale and slender, low : flowers smaller (scarcely a line
long) : calyx-lobes obtuse, mostly very broad: those of corolla acuminate, longer than the
tube, with inflexed points: scales large, deeply fringed. — Engelm. in Gray, Man. ed. 2,
336, ed. 5, 378, Cusc. 494, &F1. Calif, i. 535. Calyx often large and angled (var. pentagona,
Engelm. 1. c, & C. pentagona, Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. 340, t. 6, fig. 22-24), sometimes
smaller and papillose or glandular- verrucose (var. verrucosa, & C. verrucosa, Engelm. 1. c.
fig. 25), and in a western form (var. calycina, Engelm. I.e.) larger-flowered, approaching
the preceding species. — Rather dry soil, on various low plants. New York to Florida and
Texas, Illinois and Missouri, California and Oregon : the varieties principally in Texas.
(Mex., S. Amer.)

== == Flowers in paniculate often compound cymes : styles slender, mostly longer than the ovary.
C. tenuiflora, Engelm. Stems coarse and yellow, usually rather high-climbing :
flowers (a line or less long) on short thick pedicels, often 4-merous : lobes of calyx and
corolla oblong, obtuse ; the latter mostly shorter than the slender deeply campanulate
tube : scales shorter than the tube, fringed : marcescent corolla capping the large capsule.
— Gray, Man. ed. 1, 350, ed. 5, 378, & Cusc. 497. C. Cephalanthi, Engelm. in Am. Jour.
Sci. 1. c. fig. 1-6. — On tall herbs or shrubs, such as Cephalantlws, in wet places, Penn.
(Porter) to Wisconsin, north to Saskatchewan, and south to Texas and Arizona. Readily
distinguished from small-flowered forms of C. Gronovii by the depressed capsule covered by
the corolla.
C. Californica, Choisy. Capillary stems low : flowers rather small, delicate, in loose
cymes : lobes of the calyx acute : those of corolla lanceolate-subulate, as long as the cam-
panulate tube or longer : scales none or rudimentary. — Cusc. 183 ; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech.
364 ; Engelm. Cusc. 498, & Bot. Calif, i. 535. (Independently published, in the same year,
1841, by Choisy and by Hook. & Am.) —California, on arid herbs, Eriogonum, &c., in dry
soil. Among various forms the following are the extremes.

Var. breviflora, Engelm. 1. c. Flo<\-ers scarcely over a line long, on shorter
pedicels : calyx-lobes acuminate, equalling or surpassing the tube of the corolla : filaments
and anthers short: style hardly longer than ovary: corolla marcescent at base of or
around the 2-4-seeded capsule. — From the coast at Monterey, &c., to the Sierra Nevada.

Var. longiloba, Engelm. 1. c. Flowers longer-pedicelled and larger (U to 2^
lines long) : calyx-lobes often with recurved tips : corolla-lobes often twice the length of
the tube: filaments and anthers more slender: styles much longer than ovary : capsule
mostly 1-seeded, enveloped by the corolla. — Principally S. California and Arizona.
++ ++ Ovary and capsule pointed ; the latter enveloped or capped by the marcescent corolla.
= Flowers short-pedicelled or clustered.
C. salina, Engelm. Stems slender, low: flowers (H to 2| lines long) delicate white;
calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute, as long as the similar but mostly broader and over-
- lapping denticulate lobes and as the shallow-campanulate tube of the corolla : filaments
about as long as the oval anthers : fringed scales mostly shorter than the tube, sometimes

Cuscuia. CONVOLVULACEiE. 221

incomplete: styles equalling or shorter than the ovary: capsule surrounded (not covered)
by the marcescent corolla, mostly 1-seeded. — Bot. Calif, i. 536. C. subinclusa, var. ab-
breviata, & C. Californica, var. 1 squamigera, Engelm. Ousc. 499, 500. — Saline or brackish
marshes of the Pacific coast, on Salicornia, Suceda, &c., California to Brit. Columbia, and
eastward to Arizona and Utah. Intermediate between the preceding and following, distin-
guished from the former by larger flowers and the presence of infra-stamineal scales;
from the latter by less crowded flowers, more open, and of more delicate texture.

C. subinclusa, Durand & Hil^ard. Stems rather coarse : flowers sessile or short-
pedicelled, at length in large (half to full an inch thick) and compact clusters, 2i to 3^ or 4
lines long: calyx cupijlate, fleshy ; its lobes ovate-lanceolate, overlapping, mucii sliorter
than the cylindrical tube of the corolla : lobes of the corolla ovate-lanceolate, minutely
crenulate, much shorter than the tube : oval anthers nearly sessile : scales narrow, fringed,
reaching only to the middle of the tube : slender styles longer than the ovary : capsule
capped by the marcescent corolla, mostly 1-seeded. — Jour. Acad. Philad. ser. 2, iii. 42, &
Pacif. R. Rep. v. 11 ; Engelm. Cusc. 500, & Bot. Calif. 1. c — California, the most common
species throughout the State, on shrubs and coarse herbs. The long and narrow tube of
the corolla, only partially covered by the thick and mostly reddish calyx, readily distin-
guishes this species.

C. denticulata, Engelm. Low stems capillary : flowers (about a line long) on short
pedicels, in small clusters : tube of the broadly campanulate corolla included in the round-
lobed denticulate calyx, and as long as its round-ovate lobes : oval anthers on very short
filaments : scales reaching to the base of the stamens, denticulate at the rounded tip :
styles as long as tlie ovary : stigmas very small, not much thicker than the style : capsule
covered by the marcescertt corolla, 1-2-seeded. — Am. Naturalist, ix. 348, & Bot. Calif, i.
636. — South-western Utah, in dry soil, on herbs and low shrubs, Pmry.
= = Flowers more pedicelled, in paniculate cymes.
a. Acute tips of corolla-lobes inflexed or corniculate.

C. decora, Choisy (but name altered). Stems coarse: flowers fleshy and more or less
papillose : lobes of the calyx triangular, acute ; those of the broadly campanulate corolla
ovate-lanceolate, minutely crenulate, spreading: scales large, deeply fringed: capsule
enveloped by the remains of the corolla: seeds usually 4. — Engelm. Cusc. 502; Gray,
Man. ed. 5, 378, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. ; the negative prefix in C. indecora, Choisy, omitted.
(U. S. to Brazil.)

Var. pulch^rrima, Engelm. 1. c. The larger form, with coarser stems, and con-
spicuous flowers li to 2^ lines long and wide : anthers and stigmas yellow or deep pur-
ple. — C. pulcherrima, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 750. C. neuropetala, Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci.
xlv. 75. — W^ prairies, on herbs and low shrubs, principally LeguminosK and Composite (the
largest-flowered forms in brackish soil on the Texan coast), Florida and especially in
Texas, north to Illinois, and west to Arizona and California. (W. Ind., Mex., Brazil.)

Var. indecora, Engelm. 1. c. Stems lower and more slender : flowers smaller, in
looser paniculate clusters, often warty ( C. verrucosa, Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. xliii.
341, fig. 25) or papillose-hispid (C. hispidula, Engelm. 1. c. xlv. 75). C. indecora, Choisy,
Cusc. 182,' t. 3, fig. 3, & DC. 1. c. 457. — Texas, &c., first collected by Bcrlandier.

C. inflexa, Engelm. Similar to the preceding : flowers of the same structure, but
smaller (only a line long), generally 4-merous : corolla deeper, witli erect lobes, finally
capping the capsule: scales reduced to a few teeth. — Cusc. 502, & Gray, Man. cd. 5.
C. Coryli, Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci. xliii. 337, fig. 7-11. C. umbrosa, Beyrich, in part ;
Engelm. in Gray, Man. ed. 1, 351. — Open woods and dry prairies, on shrubs (hazels, &c.)
or coarse herbs, S. New England to Arkansas, and Nebraska.

C. RACBMOSA, Martius, var. Chiliana, Engelm. Stems coarse: flowers (H to 2 lines long)
in loose panicles, thin in texture : tube of corolla deeply campanulate, widening upward ;
the spreading lobes shorter, acutish : scales large, deeply fringed. — Cusc. 505, & in Bot.
Gazette, ii. 69. C. suaveolens, Seringe ; Gay, Fl. Chil iv. 448. C. corymbosa, Choisy, Ciisc.
180, not R. & P. C. Hassiaca, Pfeiffer in Bot. Zeit. i. 705. — Introduced into California with
seeds of Medicayo satica, as also 40 years ago into Europe, whence, after causing much
damage for several years, it has now disappeared. (Adv. from Chili.)
b. Obtuse lobes of the corolla spreading.

C. Gronovii, Willd. Stems coarse, often climbing high : corolla-lobes mostly shorter
than the deeply campanulate tube : scales copiously fringed : capsule globose, umbonate.

222 CONVOLVULACE^. Cuscuta.

— Willd. Rel. ex Roera. & Sch. vi. 205; Choisy, Cusc. t. 4, fig. 1; Engelm. Cusc. 507, & in
Gray, Man. ed. 5, 379. C. Americana, L. Spec. i. 124, as to pi. Gronov. Virg. C. vulgivaga,
Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci. xliii. 338, t. 6, fig. 12-16. C. umbrosa, Beyrich, ex Hook. Fl. ii. 78.

Wet shady places, Canada to Iowa and south to Florida and Texas ; the commonest

and most diffused Atlantic species. Flowers sometimes 4-merous (from less than a line to
2 lines long, usually about 1^ lines) : calyx usually thick and warty, and corolla glandular-
dotted, very variable in size and compactness of clusters (sometimes 2 inches thick), and
size of capsule (mostly 2 lines, sometimes 3 lines in diameter).

Var. latiflora, Engelm. 1. c, is a form with flowers of more delicate texture, and
shorter tube and longer lobes to the corolla. — C. Saururi, Engel,m. in Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c.
fig. 17-21. — Common northward.

Var. calyptrata, Engelm. 1. c, distinguished by the corolla eventually capping
the capsule. — Louisiana and Texas.

Var. curta, Engelm. 1. c., perhaps a distinct species, representing C. Gronovii west
of the Rocky Mountains, and imperfectly known, has smaller flowers, with broad lobes of
the corolla and calyx half the length of its tube, very short bifid scales, and styles much
shorter than the ovary. — C. umbrosa, Hook. 1. c, in part.
C. rostrata, Shuttleworth. Similar to the preceding : flowers larger (2 or 3 lines
long), more delicate and whiter: lobes of the corolla and calyx shorter than its tube:
slender styles longer : ovary bottle-shaped : capsule long-pointed. — Engelm. in Bost. Jour.
Nat. Hist. Soc. v. 225, Cusc. 508; & Gray, Man. ed. 5, 379. — Shady valleys in the AUe-
ghanies, from Maryland and Virginia southward, on tall herbs, rarely on shrubs.

,,, ^_ Calj'x of 5 distinct and largely overlapping sepals, surrounded by 2 to 5 or more similar
bracts: styles capillary, scales of coVoUa large and deeply fringed: capsule mostly 1-seeded,
capped by the marcescent corolla.

++ Flowers on bracteolate pedicels, in loose panicles.
C. CUSpidata, Engelm. Stems slender: flowers (1^ to 2i lines long) thin, membra-
naceous when dry : bracts and sepals ovate-orbicular and oblong lobes of the corolla cuspi-
date or mucronate, rarely obtuse, shorter than the cylindrical tube : styles many times
longer than the ovary, at length exserted. — Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. Soc. v. 224, & Cusc. 1. c.
"Wet or dry prau'ies, on Ambrosia, Iva, some Leguminosa, &c., Texas to Nebraska, occa-
sionally straying down the Missouri as far as St. Louis (H. Eggerl). The northern form has
laxer inflorescence and fewer bracts under the calyx.

++ ++ Flowers closely sessile in densely compact clusters.
= Bracts and sepals concave and appressed.
C. squamata, Engelm. Orange-colored stems slender: glomerules few-flowered,
often contiguous : flowers white, membranaceous when dry (2^ to 3 lines long), cuspi-
date or obtuse sepals and lanceolate acute lobes of the corolla, both shorter than the
cylindrical upwardly widening tube : styles many times longer than ovary. — Cusc. 510.
— W.Texas and New Mexico. Common in the bottomlands on the Rio Grande from El
Paso to Presidio del Norte. — Similar to the last, but the larger and whiter flowers are
closely sessile.
C. compacta, JUSS. Stems coarse : flowers (nearly 2 lines long) at length in continuous
and often very thick clusters : orbicular bracts and sepals crenulate, nearly equalling or
shorter, and ovate-oblong lobes much shorter than the cylindrical tube of the corolla :
styles little longer than the ovary. — Choisy, Cusc. t. 4, fig. 2, & in DC. Prodr. ix. 458;
Engelm. 1. c. C. remoti flora & C.fridicitm, Bertol, Misc. x. 29. — Canada to Alabama along
and west of the Alleghany Mountains, west to Missouri and Texas, in damp woods, almost
always on shrubs. The original C. compacta of Jussieu's herbarium is a slender form, with
smaller flowers and more exserted corolla : it is found from N. New York southward along
the Alleghanies. The var. adpressa, Engelm. Cusc. 511 (Lepidanche adpressa, Engelm. in
Am. Jour. Sci. xlv. 77, and probably C. acaulis, Raf. Ann. Nat. 1820, 13), is the common
form westward.

= = Bracts (8 to 15) and sepals with recurved-spreading and crenate tips.
C. glomerata, Choisy. Stems coarse, orange-colored, soon withering away, leaving
'dense flower-clusters closely encircling in rope-like masses the stems of the foster plant :
sepals nearly equalling and its oblong obtuse lobes much shorter than the cylindrical up-
wardly widening tube of the corolla: styles several times longer than the ovary. — Cusc.

Cuscuta. CONVOLVULACE^. 223

184, t. 4, fig. 1, & DC. 1. c. ; Engelra. Cusc. 610. C. paradoxa, Raf . 1. c. ? Lepidanche com-
positarum, Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci. xliii. 344, fig. 30-35. — Wet prairies, Ohio to Wisconsin,
Kansas and Texas, mostly on HeUanthus, Vernonia, and other tall Composiice. The rope-like
twists, half to three-fourths inch thick, of white flowers with golden yellow anthers im-
bedded in a mass of curly bracts, have a singular appearance and justify Rafinesque's
name, which probably belongs here.
* * (EuGRAMMiCA, Engelm. Cusc. 476 ) Capsule more or less regularlv circumscissile, usually

capped by the remanis of the corolla: styles capillary and mostly much longer than the depressecl

ovary.

•i~- Lobes of the corolla acute.
C. odontolepis, Engelm. Stems slender: flowers conspicuous (2| to 3 lines long), on
short pedicels in large clusters : lobes of the campanulate calyx and of the tubular corolla
ovate, acute, rather shorter than the cylindrical tube: scales hardly reaching to the base
of the anthers, incisely dentate toward their rounded apex. — Cusc. 486. — Arizona,
Wright, on Amaranthus. A large-flowered species, distinguished from the large-flowered
Mexican forms of C. corymbosa by its circumscissile capsule.
C. leptantha, Engelm. 1. c. Stems low and capillary : flowers (2 to 2J lines long),
4-merous, on slender fascicled pedicels : papillose calyx and lanceolate lobes of the
corolla mucli shorter than the slender tube : scales incisely dentate and much shorter than
the tube. — Mountains of W. Texas, on a prostrate Euphorbia (albo-marginatd), Wright.
The only N. American species (as far as known) with uniformly 4-merous flowers.
C. umbellata, HBK. Stems low and capillary : flowers (li to 2 lines long) few together
in umbel-like clusters, usually shorter than their pedicels : acute calyx-lobes and lance-
olate-subulate lobes of the corolla longer than its shallow tube : scales deeply fringed and
exceeding the tube : styles mostly little longer than the ovary. — Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 121 ;
Engelm. Cusc. 487. — Dry places, on low herbs (Portulaca, &c.), from S. E. Colorado to
Texas and Arizona. (Mex., &c.)

-t— -f— Lobes of the corolla broad and obtuse.
C. applanata, Engelm. Stems low and slender : flowers (a line or rather more in
length) clustered on sliort pedicels: rounded lobes of calyx and corolla thin in texture, as
long as the wide and shallow tube : scales deeply fringed, often exceeding tlie tube : styles
scarcely longer than the ovary : marcescent corolla enveloping the depressed capsule. —
Cusc. 479. — On weeds, such as Ambrosia, Mirabilis, &c., S. Arizona, Wright. Glomerules
3 or 4 lines tliick, often strung together like beads. Capsule much broader than high.
C. AmericAna, L. (Sloane, Jam. 85, & Hist. i. 201, t. 128, fig. 4, and the plant in herb. L.)
Coarse stems climbing high : flowers (a line or two long) very abundant, on short pedicels in
globose clusters : calyx globular-cupulate, almost enclosing the corolla; the lobes of which
are much shorter than the slender tube : anthers globular and almost sessile : scales short,
more or less dentate : seed usually solitary. This S. American and West Indian species,
easily known by its proportionally large calyx and small corolla, is here characterized be-
cause it may be looked for in South Florida.

§ 2. MoNOGYNELLA, Engelm. 1. c. , Styles united into one : stigmas capitate :
capsule circumscissile. — Monogijnella, Desmoulins. (Consists of few species, of
the largest size, mostly Asiatic, extending to Europe, S. Africa and N. America.)

C. exaltata, Engelm. Stems thick, climbing high : lobes of the fleshy calyx and corolla
orbicular, the former covering and the latter half the length of the corolla-tube : anthers
sessile : scales small, bifid or reduced to a few lateral teeth : styles two-thirds united. —
Cusc. 513. — S. W. Texas, from the Colorado to the Rio Grande, on trees, such as Dioxpyros
Texana, Ulmus crassifolin, Live Oak, &c. Stems a line or two thick, climbing 10 to 20 feet
high. Elower 2 lines long. Capsule 3^ to 5 lines long.

§ 3. Edcuscuta, Engelm. 1. c. Styles distinct, equal, bearing elongated

stigmas: capsule circumscissile. (Old- World species.)

C. EpfLiNUM, Weihe. Stems slender, low: globular flowers (half line long) sessile in dense
heads : corolla short-cylindrical, scarcely exceeding the broadly ovate acute calyx-lobes,
surrounding the capsule,: scales short and broad, denticulate: stigmas longer than the

224 SOLANACE.E.

styles. —Archiv. Apoth. viii. 54; Reichenb. Ic. Crit. t. 693; Choisy, I.e. C. densifiora,
Soyer-Willem. in Act. Soc. Linn. Par. iv. 28L — Flax-fields of Europe, doing much injury,
occasionally appearing in those of the Atlantic States. (Adv. from Eu.)

Oeder XCV. SOLANACE^.

Herbs, shrubs, or even trees, commonly rank-scented, with watery juice, alternate
leaves and no stipules ; the inflorescence properly terminal and c3'mose, but
variously modified, sometimes scorpioid-racemiform in the manner of Borraginacea
and Hydrophyllacece, the pedicels either not accompanied by bracts or not in their
axils ; flowers perfect and regular (or only slightly irregular) and 5-4-merous ;
the stamens as many as and alternate with the corolla-lobes; these induplicate-
valvate or plicate (rarely merely imbricate) in the bud ; ovary wholly free, nor-
mally 2-jcelled with Indefinitely many-ovuled axile placentae, and surmounted by
an undivided style : stigma entire or sometimes bilamellar ; ovules anatropous or
amphitropous ; fruit either capsular or baccate ; embryo terete and incurved or
coiled, or sometimes almost straight, in fleshy albumen, the cotyledons rarely
much broader than the radicle. The leaves, although never truly opposite, are
often unequally geminate, so as to appear so. Obviously distinguished from Con-
voh'ulacece by the greater number and the character of the seeds, less definitely so
from ScrophulariacecB by the regular flowers with isomerous stamens and plicate
or valvate testivation of the corolla, and centrifugal inflorescence, but in the last
tribe nearly confluent with that order by the imperfection or abortion of one or
three of the stamens, and some obliquity and bilabiate imbrication of the limb or
lobes of the corolla. Nicandra has a regularly 3-5-celled ovary ; that of Lycoper-
sicum, &c., becomes several-celled in cultivation ; that of Datura is spuriously
4-celled.

Bassovia 1 HEBEPODA, Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii. 407, characterized from a specimen com-
municated to De Candolle by Teinturier of New Orleans, in fruit only, is a mere riddle. It is
said to resemble Bassovia lucida.

WiTHANiA MoRisoNi, Dunal, 1. c, is doubtless not a Virginian or even a Mexican plant.
From the figure it is likely to have been W. somnifera, as Dunal suggested.
Tribe I. SOLANE^E. Corolla (mostly short) with the regular limb plicate or val-
vate in the bud, usually both, i.e. the sinuses or what answers to them plicate and the
edges of the Igbes induplicate. Stamens (normally 5) all perfect. Fruit baccate
or at least indehiscent, sometimes nearly dry. Seeds flattened: embryo cun-ed or
coiled, slender ; the semiterete cotyledons not broader than the radicle.
* Anthers longer than their filaments, either connivent or connate into a cone or cylinder :
corolla rotate: calyx mostly unchanged in fruit: parts of the flower 5 or varymg to
more, especially in cultivation.

1. LYCOPERSICUM. Anthers connate into a pointed cone, tipped with an empty closed
acumination ; the cells dehiscent longitudinally down the inner face. Otherwise as m the
next, but leaves always pinnately compound.

2. SOLANUM. Anthers connivent or lightly connate : tlie cells opening at the apex by a
pore or short slit, and sometimes also longitudinally dehiscent even to the base; the con-
nective inconspicuous or obsolete.

m * Anthers unconnected, mostly shorter than their filaments, destitute of terminal pores,
dehiscent longitudinally.

H- Calyx not investing the fruit, nor much changing under it.

3. CAPSICUM. Calyx short, either truncate or merely 5-6-dentate. Corolla rotate,
deeply 5-6-cleft, valvate in the bud, not plicate. Anthers oblong or somewhat cordate.
Berry, or juiceless and thin-coriaceous pericarp, acrid-pungent, girt only at base by the
nearly unchanged calyx.

SOLANACE^. 225

4. SALPICHROA, Calyx 5-parted or 6-cleft; the divisions narrow, herbaceous. Corolla
from tubular to (in ours) short-urceolate, 5-lobed; the lobes short, valvate-induplicate in
the bud. Stamens inserted high on the tube of the corolla ! Berry globular or oblong.

5. ORYCTES. Calyx deeply 6-cleft ; the lobes narrow, herbaceous. Corolla short-tubu-
lar or oblong, 5-toothed; the triangular lobes plicate in the bud, apparently erect. Sta-
mens inserted on the base of the corolla, included : filaments filiform, unequal : anthers
didymous. Berry apparently dry, globose, 10-20-seeded. Embryo apparently of this
tribe, but not seen mature.

H- -i- Calyx herbaceous and closely investing the fruit or most of it, not angled.

6. CHAM^SARACHA. Corolla rotate, 5-angulate, plicate in the bud. Filaments fili-
form : anthers oblong. Berry globose, filUng the investing calyx, and its summit usually
more or less naked. Pedicels solitary in the axils, refracted or recurved in fruit.

H— -J— -1— Calyx becoming much enlarged and meinbranaceous-inflated, enclosing the
fruit, reticulate-veiny,

++ Five-toothed or lobed, vesicular in fruit : ovary 2-celled.

7. PHYSALIS. Corolla rotate or rotate-campanulate, plicate in the bud, 5-angulate or
obscurely 6-lobed. Stamens not connivent. Calyx in fruit 6-angled or 10-costate, and
the teeth or short lobes connivent, completely and loosely enclosing the juicy berry.
Pedicels solitary.

8. MARGARANTHUS. Corolla urceolate-globose and 5-angular-gibbou8 above a short
narrow base, and with minutely 5-toothed contracted orifice, including the connivent
stamens. Otherwise as Physalis.

•H- ++ Five-parted calyx connivent-vesicular in fruit : ovary 3-5-celled.

9. NICANDRA. Corolla open-campanulate, with entire or obscurely lobed border,
strongly plicate in the bud. Filaments filiform, included, dilated into a pubescent scale
at base. Calyx strongly 5-angled ; the scarious-membranaceous and reticulated divisions
cordate-sagittate, the deflexed auricles at the sinuses acuminate. Fruit globose, dry or
nearly so at maturity. Pedicels solitary, recurved.

Tribe II. ATROPE^. Corolla with the regular limb imbricated in the bud, the
sinuses little or not at all plicate. Stamens (4 or 5) all perfect. Baccate fruit
and seeds as in the preceding.

10. LYCIUM. Calyx campanulate, irregularly 3-5-toothed or cleft, or somewhat truncate,
valvate or nearly so in the bud. Corolla from campanulate to tubular-funnelform or
salverform ; the lobes oblong or roundish, plane. Stamens often exserted : filaments
filiform : anthers short. Style filiform : stigma capitate or broadly 2-lobed. Berry
globular or oblong, subtended by the calyx, few-many-seeded, rather dry. Seeds reni-
form or rounded, flattened. Flowers either 5-merous or 4-merous.

Tribe III. HYOSCYAME^. Corolla with the limb either plicate or imbricated in
the bud. Stamens (5) all perfect. Fruit a capsule. Seeds and embryo as in the
preceding tribes.

1 1 . DATURA. Calyx prismatic or tubular, 5-toothed, in ours at length circumscissile near
the base, the base remaining as a peltate border under the fruit (rarely splitting length-
wise). Corolla funnelform, with ample spreading border 5-10-toothcd, convolute-plicate
in the bud. Stamens included or slightly exserted : filaments long and filiform. Style
long: stigma bilamellar. Capsule muricate or prickly (rarely smooth), commonly firm
and 4-valved from the top, sometimes fleshy and bursting irregularly at the top, 2-celled ;
the large many-seeded placentae projecting from the axis into the middle of the cells
and connected with the walls by an imperfect false partition, so that the ovary and fruit
are 4-celled except near the top, and the placentae as if borne on the middle of the
abnormal partitions. Seeds large, reniform-orbicular.

12. HYOSCYAMUS. Calyx urceolate or tubular-campanulate with a 5-lobed limb, en-
larged and persistent, becoming many-costate and reticulate-veiny, enclosing the capsule.
Corolla short-funnelform, with an oblique 5-lobed limb, plicate-imbricated in the bud ;
the lobes sometimes conspicuously unequal, those of one side being smaller ! Stamens
more or less exserted and declined. Style filiform: stigma capitate-dilated. Cap-
sule membranaceous, circumscissile towards the summit, which separates as a lid. Seeds
less flattened.

Tribe IV. CESTRINE^. Corolla (usuaUy elongated) with the regular limb in-
duplicate-valvate or induplicate-imbricated in the bud. Stamens (mostly 5) all
perfect. Fruit either baccate or capsular. Seeds little or not at all flattened. Em-

226 SOLANACE^. Lycopersicmi.

bryo either straight or only slightly curved ; the cotyledous usually broader than
the radicle.

1 3. OESTRUM. Corolla salverform or tubular-f unnelform ; the short lobes induplicate-
valvate in the bud. Filaments filiform : anthers short, explanate after dehiscence.
Dvary usually short-stipitate, few-ovuled. Fruit a rather dry globular berry. Seeds
few, or by abortion solitary, with a smooth testa : cotyledons usually broad and flat.

14. NICOTIANA. Corolla funnelform or salverform, plicate and somewhat imbricate in
the bud. Filaments filiform, mostly included : anthers ovate or oblong, often explanate
after dehiscence. Ovary normally 2-celled, with large and thick placentae, bearing very
numerous ovules and seeds. Style filiform : stigma depressed-capitate and often 2-lobed.
Fruit a capsule, more or less invested by the persistent calyx, septicidal and also usually
loculicidal at summit; the valves or teeth thus becoming twice as many as the cells, i.e.
usually 4. Seeds very small, with granulate or rugose-foveolate testa : cotyledons little
broader than the radicle.

Tribe V. SALPIGLOSSIDE^. Corolla with lobes (either regular or somewhat
irregular) plicate or iiiduplicate and also more or less hilabiately imbricated, the two
superior external. Stamens 5, conspicuously unequal, four being didynamous and
the fifth smaller, the latter (and even one pair of the others) sometimes imperfect
or abortive. Seeds globular or angular, not compressed. Embryo curved or nearly
straight, with cotyledons usually broader than the radicle. (Transition to Scrophula-
riaceoe.^

* Stamens all five perfect (or rarely the fifth wanting), inserted low down on the funnel-
form or salverform corolla, included.

15. PETUNIA. Calyx 5-parted. Anther-cells distinct. Hypogynous disk fleshy. Stigma
dilated-capitate, unappendaged. Capsule with 2 undivided valves, parallel with and sepa-
rating from the placentiferous dissepiment.

16. BOUCHETIA. Calyx oblong-campanulate, 5-cleft, with narrow lobes. Corolla short-
funnelform. Anthers connivent ; their cells somewliat confluent at summit. Hypogy-

•nous disk none or obscure. Stigma transversely dilated, somewhat reniform. Capsule
at length 4valved. Seed-coat minutely reticulated.

* * Stamens 4, didynamous, the fifth a sterile filament, included in the throat of the long-
tubed corolla.

17. LEPTOGLOSSIS. Calyx 5-cleft or 6-toothed. Corolla salverform, with slendpr
tube and more or less gibbous ventricose throat, at base of which the stamens are in-
serted. Anthers somewhat reniform, confluent at summit; the upper pair much smaller,
sometimes imperfect. Stigma or the style under it petaloid-dilated. Capsule membra-
naceous, 2-valved ; the valves at length 2-cleft.

1. LiYCOP^lRSICUM, Tourn. Tomato, &c. (Jmog, wolf, nsgoiHov,
peach.) — Chiefly annuals, natives of the warmer parts of America ; with once
or twice pinnate leaves, rounded petiolulate leaflets, racemes (so called) of small
flowers becoming lateral or opposite the leaves, articulated pedicels reflexed in
fruit, and red or yellow pulpy berries, in cultivation esculent and often becoming
several-celled,

L. ESCULENTUM, Mill., var. cerasif6rme. (Cherrt-Tomato.) Annual, hirsute on the
branches and more or less glandular: leaves interruptedly 1-2-pinnate; the larger leaflets
incised and toothed, the interposed small ones rounder and often entire : calyx little shorter
than the yellow corolla : inflorescence bractless : berry globose and even, small. — L. cerasi-
forme, Dunal. Solamim Lycopersicum, var., L. S. Pse.udo-Lycopersicum, Jacq. Vind. t. 11. —
The normal form, probably, of the Tomato of the gardens : spontaneous on the southern
borders of Texas (Berlandier, &c.) : introduced from Trop. Amer.

2. SOLANUM, Tourn. Nightshade, &c, (Late Latin name of Night-
shade, probably from solamen, solace.) — Herbs or sometimes shrubs, of various
habit; with the leaves (as in many other genera of the order) often geminate,
the proper leaf being accompanied by a smaller lateral or extra-axillary (rameal)

Solanum. SOLANACE^. 227

one, and the peduncles also extra-axillary or lateral. Flowers cymose, mostly
after the scorpioid manner, or by unilateral suppression in appearance racemose,
or rarely solitary, sometimes polygamous through the abortion of the pistil of
many of the flowers. A vast genus, generally diffused over the temperate and
warmer parts of the world, but sparingly represented in North America.

S. VikginiAnum, L. (founded on Dill. Elth. t. 267, and Pluk. Aim. t. 62, fig. 3), is some
one of the very prickly exotic species and not of Virginian origin.

S. MAMMOSUM, L., a West Indian species, attributed to Virginia by Linnaeus and succeed-
ing authors, is unknown " in the country. The less hairy 5. aculeatissimum may sometimes
have been taken for it. In Chapman's Flora a form of S. Melongena seems to represent it.

S. TexAnum, Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii. 359, is probably not Texan, although raised from
seed said to have been collected there. It is a plant of the Melongena (Aubergine or Egg-
Plant) type, and is probably S. integrifolium, Poir. (S. uEthiopicum, Jacq. Vind. t. 2, not L.),
and according to Tenore his S. Lobelii. It has a 7-8-clef t calyx, and the fruit (from a solitary
fertile flower) 5-10-ceIled.

S. FloridAnum, Dunal, 1. c. 306, taken up from an imperfect specimen so named by Shut-
tleworth in herb. DC, collected by Rugel at St. Mark's, Florida, is not identified, is prob-
ably some waif of ballast ground, and, having long-hairy and retrorse-prickly stems and
pinnately parted leaves, cannot be a variety of S. Carolinense, to which Chapman referred it.

§ 1. Fruit naked, i. e. not enclosed in the accrescent calyx (in one species
somewhat so) : stamens all alike.

* Tuberiferous-perennial, pinnate-leaved : anthers blunt.

S. tuberosum, L. (Potato-plant), var. boreale. Low, more or less pubescent : tubers
about half an inch in diameter, sending off long creeping subterranean stolons : leaflets
5 to 7, ovate or oval, and with only one or two interposed small ones, or sometimes none
at all: peduncle few-flowered: corolla blue or sometimes white, angulate-5-lobed. — S.
Fendleri, Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. ser..2, xxii. 285; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 151. — New
Mexico, especially in the mountains, and southward : apparently not specifically distinct
from the Potato-plant, which extends along the Andes to Chili and Buenos Ayres.

S. Jamesii, Torr. Low, a span or so in height: leaflets 5 to 9, varying from lanceolate
to ovate-oblong, smoothish ; the lowest sometimes much smaller, but no interposed small
ones : peduncle cymosely few-several-flowered : corolla white, at length deeply 5-cIeft :
otherwise as in the last. — Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 227; Gray, 1. c. — Mountains of Colorado
to New Mexico and Arizona. (Mexico, probably under several names.) Seems on the
whole distinct ; but Fendler's no. 669 belongs here, at least in part.

* * Annuals (at least in our climate), simple-leaved, never prickly, but the angles of the stem

sometimes minutely denticulate-asperate : anthers blunt: pubescence when present simple:

flowers and globose berries small.

^— Leaves deeply pinnatifid.
S. triflorum, Nutt. Green, slightly hairy or nearly glabrous, low and much spreading :
leaves oblong and pinnatifid, with wide rounded sinuses ; the lobes 7 to 9, lanceolate, 3 or
4 lines long, entire or sometimes 1-2-toothed : peduncles lateral, 1-3-flowercd : pedicels nod-
ding : corolla small, white, a little longer than the 5-parted calyx : berries green, as large
as a small cherry. — Gen. i. 128. — Plains from Saskatchewan to New Mexico, chiefly as a
weed near habitations and in cultivated ground.
-) 1— Leaves varj'ing from coarsely toothed to entire: flowers in small pedunculate umbel-like

lateral cymes: corolla white and sometimes bluish: berries usually black when ripe, rarely red or

yellowish, only as large as peas. (Section Morella, Dunal.)
S. nigrum, L. Low, green and almost glabrous, or the younger parts pubescent:
leaves mostly ovate with a cuneate base, irregularly sinuate-toothed, repand, or some-
times entire, acute or acuminate : calyx much shorter than the corolla. ^^ Includes many
and perhaps most of the 50 and more species of Dunal in the Prodromus, weeds or weedy
plants, widely diffused over the world, especially the warmer portions. A. Braun's charac-
ters for several species, founded on the hairiness or smoothness of the filaments, length
of the anthers and of the style, and whether the calyx is loosely appresscd to the ripe
berry or reflexed, do not hold out. Our common form, the true S. nigrum, has corolla only

228 SOLANACE^. Solarium.

3 or 4 lines in diameter, filaments more or less hairy inside, style little if at all projecting,
and fruiting calyx merely spreading. To this belongs mainly the following, referred to N.
America by Duiial : viz. S. pterocaulo7i,'Duna,l. (Dill. Elth. t. 275, fig. 356), aS. crenato-dentatum,
ptycanthum, and probably inops, DC. — Common in damp or shady, especially cultivated and
waste grounds, appearing as if introduced. (Cosmopolite.)

Var. viLLOSUM, Mill. Low, somewhat viscid-pubescent or villous : leaves conspicu-
ously angulate-dentate, small: filaments glabrous to the base: berries yellow. — S. vil-
losum, Lam. — Ballast-grounds, Philadelphia, &c. — Var. alAtum (S. datum, Moench, S.
miniatum, Benth.), a similar form, but with angled branches and red berries, has reached the
shores of San Francisco Bay, California. (Adventive from S. Eu.)

Var. Dillenii. Taller and leaves mostly entire or merely repand : filaments more or
less bearded, at least at the base : style exserted or sometimes not exceeding the stamens.
— Dill. 1. c. fig. 355. S. Dillenii, Schult., Dunal, 1. c. ; A. Braun, Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol.
1853. — Florida to S. America. Entire-leaved forms differ from the next only in the hairy
filaments. S. Americanum, Mill. Diet., with glabrous leaves, should be the same, but S.
Besseri, Weinm., to which Dunal refers it, is a canescently-puberulent variety, with rather
large and entire leaves. (S. American.)

Var. nodiflorum. Slender, often tall : leaves entire, rarely few-toothed, acuminate :
filaments glabrous : style generally exserted : calyx in fruit reflexed. — S. nodiflorum, Jacq.
Ic. Rar. t. 326. — Texas and New Mexico to S. America. Seems to pass into

Var. Douglasii, Gray. Either herbaceous and annual, or southward decidedly with
lignescent stem 3 to 5 or even 10 feet high : leaves variously angulate-toothed, or some
nearly entire : flowers larger : corolla 5 to 8 lines in diameter, white, or sometimes light
blue : filaments hairy inside : fruiting calyx erect. — Bot. Calif, i. 538. S. Douglasii, Dunal
in DC. 1. c. 48. S. umhelliferum, var. trachycladon, Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. vii. 17, a remarkably
large form. — W. California.
S. grAcile, Link. Cinereous-pubescent or puberulent, rather tall (2 or 3 feet high), with
virgate spreading branches : leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acutish or obtuse, entire or
nearly so : corolla white or bluish (about 5 lines in diameter) : filaments slightly hairy
inside: style exserted beyond the anthers : stigma rather large : calyx somewhat appressed
to the (black) berry. — Hort. Berol.; Dunal, 1. c. 54, not Sendt. — Coast of N. Carolina,
Curtis. Ballast-grounds near Philadelphia. (Nat. or adv. from Extra-trop. S. Amer.)
* * * Perennial and more or less woody, at least the base, never prickly : anthers merely oblong

or linear-oblong, not tapering but very blunt at apex: leaves rarely geminate.
-1— Pubescence of simple or in one species of branching hairs, never stellate: cells of the anther
opening by a short vertical slit at the apex, which extends downward usually for the whole
length.
++ Corolla 5-parted: pedicels solitary or few in a lateral fascicle: common peduncle hardly any:
berry large, scarlet.
S. Pseddo-CApsicum, L. (Jerusalem Cherry.) Low erect shrub, with spreading
branches verv leafy, glabrous : leaves oblanceolate or oblong, often repand, bright green
and shining, narrowed at base into a short petiole : corolla white : berry globose, scarlet,
rarely yellow, half inch or so in diameter. — Cult, for ornament, nat. m Florida, &c., from
Madeira, where probably it is not indigenous.

4^ ^ Corolla 5-parted or deeplv cleft, violet, purple, or sometimes white: peduncles slender, ter-
minal or soon lateral, bearing several flowers in a paniculate or umbel-like cvme; the pedicels
nodose-articulated at base: sfems or branches mostly sarmentose orflexuous: leaves inclined to
be cordate and often 3-lobed : berries small, red.
S DulcamAra L. (Bittersweet.) More or less pubescent: shrubby stems climbing
'and somewhat twining several feet high : leaves ovate and acuminate, mostly slightly
cordate some with an auriculate lobe on one or both sides at base, which are sometimes
nearly separated into small leaflets: corolla half inch in diameter: berry oval. — Curt.
Lond. ii. t. 5; Bigel. Med. t. 18. — Near dwellings and in low grounds. Northern Atlantic
States. (Nat. from Eu.)
S triquetrum Cav. Nearly glabrous : stems suffruticose, flexuous or sarmentose,
hardly at all climbing, a foot to a yard high : branches angled but hardly triquetrous :
leaves deltoid-cordate (and the larger 2 inches long), varying to hastate, and m smaller
forms to hastate-3-lobed or even 5-lobed, with the middle lobe lanceolate or hnear
and prolonged (an inch or only half an inch long) : cymes commonly umbellately few-

Solarium. SOLANACE^. 229

-flowered : pedicels in fruit clavate-thickened at summit : corolla nearly as the preced-
ing: berry globose. — Ic. iii. 30, t. 259; Dunal, 1. c. 153, with the small-leaved variety.
S. Lindheimerianum, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 766. — Low grounds and thickets, W. Texas
(Berlandier, Lindheimer, Wright, &c.) to Arizona 1 Coulter. (Mex.)

++++++ Corolla angulate-5-lobed, ample and widely rotate, blue or violet, varying to white :
peduncles mostly short, terminal or becoming more or less lateral, thickened often as if into a
cupulate node at the articulation of the slender pedicels: "berries purple," the base covered by
the appressed moderately accrescent calyx.

S. Xanti, Gray. Herbaceous nearly to the base, viscid-pubescent with simple hairs, or
glabrate: branches slender: leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, thinnish, entire or undulate-
repand, occasionally auriculate-lobed at the base, which is obtuse or rounded, or some of
the upper acute, or the larger subcordate : cyme often forked : corolla about an inch in
diameter. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 90, & Bot. Calif, i. 539. — California, throughout the
length of the State and into the borders of Nevada : confused in collections with the fol-
lowing species. Calyx lobes (as in that) ovate or triangular, equalling or shorter than the
short and broad tube. Style much exserted. Pubescence of jointed viscid hairs, some of
them gland-tipped.

Var. Wallacei, Gray, 1. c. Leaves and flowers much larger ; the former sometimes
4 inches long, and the violet corolla fully an inch and a half in diameter : branches and
the forking cyme villous. — Island of Santa Catalina off San Pedro, California, Wallace.
(Coulter's no. 586, without flowers, may be a glabrous form of this.)

S. umbelliferum, Esch. Woody below, tomentose-pubescent and cinereous with short
many-branched hairs, sometimes glabrate : flowering branchlets mostly short and leafy :
leaves rarely ovate and acute, commonly obovate and oblong, obtuse, entire, half inch to
an inch or two long, more or less acute or narrowed at base, or the lower and larger ones
rounded, on short petiole : umbels short-peduncled, few-several-flowered : corolla about
three-fourths inch in diameter. — Esch. in Mem. Acad. Petrop. x. 281. S. Califomicum &
S. genistoides, Dunal in DC. 1. c. 86 ; the latter a starved and twiggy very small-leaved form,
of arid soil or the dry season. — California, common from the f ootrhills to the coast, pro-
ducing handsome blue (rarely white) flowers throughout the season.

-t— •*— Pubescence of stellate hairs or down: cells of the anther opening only by a short terminal
transverse slit or hole: corolla 5-parted, downy outside: peduncles usually terminal, erect,
rather long and stout, bearing a many-flowered cyme.

S. verbascifolium, L. Shrub erect, very soft-tomentose throughout: leaves ovate,
rounded at base (4 to 10 inches long), entire, very hoary beneath : corolla white, its lobes
ovate : ovary woolly. — Jacq. Vind. i. t. 13. — Key West, Florida; also in Mexico near the
Texan borders. (Tropics.)

S. Blodgettii, Chapm. Shrub spreading, with rather slender branches, hoary with a
fine somewhat furfuraceous and roughish pubescence: leaves narrowly oblong, obtusish
at both ends (3 to 5 inches long), greenish and roughish above, soft and canescent beneath,
entire : cyme twice or thrice forked : pedicels as long as the flower, erect in fruit : corolla
white, deeply 5-parted, its lobes lanceolate (4 lines long) : ovary glabrous : berry green, turn-
ing red. — Fl. 349. — Key West, &c.. South Florida, Dr. Easier, Blodgett, Palmer. Perhaps
merely an unarmed form of some normally prickly species, allied to S. lancece/oUum and
S. igneum.

* * * * Perennials, or one or two introduced weeds here annuals, more or less prickly : anthers
more or less elongated and tapering at the apex; the cells opening only by a terminal hole:
berries in all our species glabrous.

-1— Corolla deeply 5-parted and not plaited : leaves entire : scurfy down stellate : calyx 5-toothed :
peduncles termmal or soon lateral : berries red.

S. Bahamense, L. Shrubby, beset with straight and subulate tawny prickles : leaves
lanceolate-oblong, obtusely pointed or obtuse (2 to 4 inches long), sometimes repand,
stellate-scurfy with a minute roughish pubescence, which is denser but scarcely canescent
beneath: flowers racemose, on slender pedicels wliich are recurved in fruit: divisions
of the purplish or whitish corolla (3 or 4 lines long) linear with tapering tips, a little hairy.
— Dill. Elth. t. 271, fig. 250. S. radula, Chapm., 1. c. not Vahl. — Keys of Florida, Blodgett,
Palmer. (W. Ind.)

.)_ H_ Corolla 5-parted and not plaited: leaves sinuate-lobed or pinnatifid: no scurf, and the
pubescence all of simple hairs: calyx deeply 5-cleft: anthers broadly lanceolate: peduncles

230 SOLANACE^. Solanu7n.

lateral, short, few-flowered : berries smooth, becoming red or yellow. (Tropical American, spar-
ingly introduced as weeds on and near the coast of Southern Atlantic States, growing as annuals.)
S. AC0LEATfs8iMUM, Jacq. Vlllous wlth scattered long and weak jointed hairs, or soon
nearly glabrate, beset (even to the calyx) with slender-subulate straight prickles : leaves
pretty large, membranaceous, ovate or slightly cordate, mostly sinuate-pinnatifid : corolla
white, its lobes ovate-lanceolate : berry globose : seeds very flat and thin, with a membra-
naceous border. — Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 41. — Waste grounds, a weed near dwellings, from N.
Carolina to Florida and Texas. (Nat. from tropics.)

•4— •»— -(— Corolla 5-cleft or angulate-5-lobed, plicate in the bud : pubescence all or partly stellate.
++ Indigenous perennials, a foot or two high, with deep running rootstocks : corolla violet, rarely
white : anthers lanceolate or linear-lanceolat« : pedicels recurved or reflexed in fruit : mature
berries naked, merely subtended by the calyx.

S. elseagnifoliura, Cav. Silvery-canescent all over by the dense and close scurf-like
pubescence, composed of many-rayed stellate hairs : stems often woody at base : prickles
small and acicular, sometimes copious, sometimes nearly or wholly wanting: leaves lan-
ceolate and varying to oblong and to linear, rather obtuse, sinuate-repand or entire :
cymes at first terminal, short-peduncled, few-flowered: pedicels rather long: calyx 5-
angled, with slender lobes fully as long as the tube : corolla moderately 5-lobed, about an
inch in diameter ; the lobes triangular-ovate : ovary white-tomentose : berry globose, seldom
half an inch in diameter, yellowish, or at length black. — Ic. iii. t. 243. *S. leprosum, Ort.
Dec. ix. 115 ; Dunal, Sol. t. 12, a prickly and sinuate-leaved form. S. Jlavidum, Torr. in
Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 227. S. Hindsianum, Benth. Sulph. 39. 5. Texense, Engelm. & Gray,
PI. Lindh. i. 45. <S. Rcemerianum, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 767. — Prairies and plains, Kansas to
Texas, and west to S. Arizona. (Lower Calif., Mex., Extra-trop. S. Amer.)

S. Torreyi, Gray. Cinereous with a somewhat close f urfuraceous pubescence composed
of about equally 9-12-rayed hairs : prickles small and subulate, scanty along the stem and
midribs, or sometimes nearly wanting : leaves ovate with truncate or slightly cordate base,
sinuately 5-7-lobed (4 to 6 inches long); the lobes entire or undulate, obtuse, unarmed:
cymes at first terminal, loose, 2-3-fid: lobes of the calyx (often 6) short-ovate with a long
abrupt acumination: corolla an inch and a half in diameter; its lobes broadly ovate:
berry globose, an inch in diameter, yellow when mature. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 44. S.
platyphyllum, Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 227, not HBK. S. mammosum 1 Engelm. & Gray,
PI. Lindh., i. 46. — Prairi6s, &c., Kansas and Texas. — Anthers 4 to 5 lines long. Flowers
large and handsome.

S. Carolinense, L. Hirsute or roughish-pubescent with 4-8-rayed hairs, many of them
with the central division elongated: prickles stout and subulate, yellowish, copious or
rarely scanty : leaves oblong or sometimes ovate, obtusely sinuate-toothed or lobed or sin-
uate-pinnatifid : cymes or racemes simple, soon lateral, loose, few-several-flowered : lobes
of the calyx acuminate : corolla an inch or less in diameter, light blue or rarely white, the
lobes ovate : berries about half inch in diameter, globose. — (Dill. Elth. t. 269 ; but the fig.
of Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 331 is dubious.) — Sandy soil and waste grounds, Connecticut and S.
Illinois to Florida and Texas. Southward a troublesome weed in cult, grounds. Var.
Floridanum, Chapm. Fl. 349, is a mere form with deep-lobed leaves.

Var. hirsuttini (S. Mrsutnm, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 109, S. pimilum, Dunal,
1. c), judging from an imperfect original specimen, is a depauperate and more hirsute
variety, little prickly, with leaves merely repand and tapering to the base, as in the low-
est leaves of S. Carolinense. S. Pleei, Dunal, I. c, may be a more developed state of the
same. — Milledgeville, Georgia, Boijkin, &c.

++ -H- Introduced annuals or more enduring and woody in the tropics, with partly simple pubes-
cence: anthers lanceolate: racemose fructiferous pedicels merely spreading: berry wholly or
partly enveloped by the loose calyx.

S. sisymbriif6lium, Lam. Green, stout, villous-pubescent with simple more or less glan-
dular and viscid hairs, mixed on the leaves with some few-rayed stellate hairs (their middle
division elongated), much armed even to the calyx with long-subulate straight prickles:
leaves deeply pinnatifid and the oblong lobes sinuate or even again somewhat pinnatifid :
flowers several or numerous in 'terminal or soon lateral pedunculate racemes : corolla light
blue or white, an inch or more in diameter, 5-lobed : lobes of the 5-parted calyx lanceolate,
becoming ovate-lanceolate and at length loosely and completely or incompletely surround-
ing the globose red berry : seeds minutely reticulate-pitted. — Dunal in DC. 1. c. S. vis-

Salpichroa. SOLANACE.E. 231

cosiim, Lag. S. injiatum, Hornem. 5. brancce/olium, Jacq. Eel. t. 7. 5. decurrens, Balbis. S.
Balbisii, Dunal ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2828, 3964. S. Saheanum, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad.
1862. — Waste grounds, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, and Texas : adventive or escaped from
cultivation. (Brazil and Buenos Ayres.) — Calyx not greatly accrescent and not enclosing
the berry in wild specimens, and in some later flowers of cultivated plants.
§ 2. Androceka. Fruit enclosed by the close-fitting and horridly prickly
calyx and even adhering to it : stamens and especially the style much declined :
anthers tapering upwards, linear-lanceolate, dissimilar; the lowest one much
longer and larger, and with an incurved beak : seeds thickish, coarsely undulate-
rugose : racemose pedicels erect in fruit : leaves 1-3-pinnatifid : annuals, some-
times woody below, armed with straight prickles. — Androcera^ Nutt. Gen. i. 129.
Nycterium, Vent, in part, but not the typical one, which has a naked fruit.

S. heterodoxum, Dunal. Pubescent with glandular-tipped simple hairs, with a very
few 5-rayed bristly ones on the upper face of the irregularly or interruptedly bipinnatifid
leaves ; their lobes roundish or obtuse and repand : corolla violet, an inch and a half or
less in diameter, somewhat irregular, 5-clef t ; the lobes ovate-acuminate : four anthers yel-
low, and the large one tinged with violet. — Sol. 235, t. 25 (small-flowered form cult, at
Montpeher) ; HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 47; Jacq. Eel. ii. t. 101. S. (Nycterium) citruUi-
folium, Braun, Ind. Sera. Frib. 1849; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 152. — W. Texas and New
Mexico. (Mex.) Leaves Watermelon-like in form and division.

S. rostratum, DunaL Somewhat hoary or yellowish with a copious wholly stellate
pubescence, a foot or t\yo high : leaves nearly as in the foregoing or less divided, some of
them only once pinnatifid : corolla yellow, about an inch in diameter, hardly irregular, the
short lobes broadly ovate. — Sol. 234, t. 24, & in DC. 1. c. 329. S. keterandrum, Pursh, Fl. i.
156, t. 7. S. Bejariense, Moricand in DC. 1. e. Androcera lobata, Nutt. Gen. i. 129. — Plains
of Nebraska to Texas. (Mex.) S. cornutum, Lam., of Tropical Mexico, should be known
by its simple pubescence.

3. CAPSICUM, Tourn. Cayenne Pepper. (Name conjectured to come
from xuTZTM, to gulp down, alluding to the pungency of the fruit used as a con-
diment, or from capsa, a pod, the pericanp of the larger-fruited species being dry at
maturity and almost capsular.) — Herbs or shrubs, originally all American and
nearly all tropical, green and commonly glabrous ; with many-times forking stems,
ovate and entire or merely repand thin and usually acuminate leaves, and small
solitary or cymose flowers on slender (or when the fruit is recurved stouter)
pedicels : corolla mostly white : anthers generally bluish ; the red or yellowish
berries (or in some cultivated forms vesicular pod-like fruits) charged with a
very pungent aromatic acridity. — Fingerhuth, Mon. Caps. 1832.

C. FRUTESCENS, L. Shrub 2 to 4 feet high, with flexuose branches : berry ovate-oblong,
obtuse, half an inch or more long, on an erect or inclined peduncle. — Key West, Florida.
(Nat. from Trop. Amer.)

C. baccatum, L. (Bird Pepper.) Shrubby, a foot or two high, with slender divergent
branches : leaves slender-petioled : calyx more or less toothed in the flower, truncate in
fruit : berry elliptical-globular or globose : peduncles in fruit erect. — Fingerh. 1. c. 19, t. 4,
fig. 6. C. microphyllum, Dunal in DC. 1. c. 421 (sometimes small-leaved). — S. Texas to Ari-
zona, indigenous. S. Florida, doubtless introduced. (Trop. Amer. and other tropical regions.)

4, SALPICHROA, Miers. {Zdlmvl, trumpet, and xQ<^?i complexion or
color, the typical species having trumpet-shaped and handsome corolla ; but in
some it is urceolate and rather short, in ours especially so.) — South American,
except the dubious

S. "Wrightii. Low herb, apparently perennial, pubescent with rather slender simple
hairs : leaves membranaceous, ovate, entire (an inch or more long), slender-petioled : pedi-

232 SOLANACEJS. Oryctes.

eels solitary or sometimes 2 or 3 together, soon deflexed : calyx hirsute (a line and a half
Lecoming in fruit 2 or 3 lines long), divided to the base; the divisions lanceolate : corolla
oblong and hardly longer than the calyx, naked within : dry berry globose, 4 lines in
diameter : seeds flat, rugose, oval, with excised hilum. — Arizona on the Sonoita, Wright
(no. 1692), with mature fruit and some undeveloped flower-buds ; from the habit, calyx,
seeds, and high insertion of the stamens referred to the present genus.

5. OR"^CTES, S. Watson. ( '0(>t^'xT);t,', a digger, name given to this dubious
plant because it grows in the country of the Digger Indians.) — A single species,
known only from incomplete materials.

O. Nevadensis, Watson. A low and insignificant winter-annual, 2 to 4 inches high,
when young somewhat scurfy or pruinose-pubescent, rather viscid : leaves oblong-ovate or
lanceolate, undulate, tapering at base into a petiole : pedicels 3 or 4 in a lateral fascicle,
shorter than the flower : calyx-lobes lanceolate, obtuse, rather shorter than the corolla,
about the length of the globose berry, loose: corolla 3 lines long, narrow, apparently
cylindraceous, blue or purplish ; the sinuses deeply induplicate in the bud : filaments
somewhat hairy, inclined to be unequal in length ; tlie longer ones and the filiform style
nearly equalling the corolla : seeds orbicular, flattened, foveolate-reticulated. — Bot. King,
274, t. 28, fig. 9, 10 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 893 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 542. — W Nevada,
at the eastern base of the Virginia mountains, near the Big Bend of the Truckee, imder
Artemisia bushes, in spring, Watson.

6. CHAM^SARACHA, Gray. (*S^aracAa is a tropical American genus,
dedicated by Ruiz & Pavon to Isidore Saracha, a Spanish Benedictine : the prefix
labial, on the gi'ound, makes the meaning low Saracha.) — Texauo-Californian
depressed perennials ; with mostly narrow leaves, either entire or pinnatifid, and
tapering into margined petioles, filiform naked pedicels, and either white, ochroleu-
cous, or violet-tinged corolla ; the close-fitting calyx in fruit obscurely if at all
veiny. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 891. Saracha § ChamcBsaracha, Gray, Proc,
Am. Acad. x. 62.

* Stems branching, diffuse or at length depressed-procumbent: fruiting calyx almost globose:
seeds thickish, rugosely favose.

C. Coronopus, Gray. Green, almost glabrous, or beset with some short and roughish
hairs, diffusely very much branched : leaves lanceolate or linear with cuneate-attenuate
base,' varying from nearly entire to laciniate-pinnatifid: peduncles elongated: calyx more
or less hirsute (the hairs often 2-forked at tip).— Bot. Calif, i. 540. Solatium Coronopus,
Dunal in DC. Prodr. 1. c. 64. Withania ? Coronopus, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 155. Saracha
{Chamcesaracha) Coronopus, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 62. —Clayey soil, Texas to southern
parts of Colorado and west to Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) Corolla (yellowisli), berry
(nearly white), and fruiting calyx nearly as in the next species, with which some speci-
mens seem to connect. To this probably belongs Saracha acutifolia, Miers in Ann & Mag.
Nat. Hist. 1849, & 111. S. Am. PI. ii. 19, described from an incomplete specimen in Coulter's
collection, from California, or probably Arizona.

C. sordida, Gray, 1. c. Much branclied from the root or base, somewhat cinereous with
short viscid or glandular pubescence, which occasionally becomes furfuraceous, also more
or less villous with longer hairs: leaves from obovate-spatulate or cuneate-oblong to
oblanceolate, and from repand to incisely pinnatifid (or even with the lobes sinuate-in-
cised): calyx when young viscid-villous. — Withania? sordida, Dunal in DC. 1. c. 456,
Torr. 1. c. Solarium coniodes, Moricand ex Dunal, 1. c. 64. S. Linsecumii, Buckley in Proc.
Acad. Philad. Saracha ( Chamcesaracha) sordida, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. — Dry or
clayey soil, Texas and South-western Kansas to Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) Corolla
dull pale yellow or sometimes violet-purple, about half inch in diameter. Berry the size
of a pea, all but the summit closely invested by the herbaceous calyx. Dunal's two
plants are the same, both being rather hoary and less hairy forms of a very variable
species.

Physalis. SOLANACE^. 233

* * Stems very short and tufted on a branching rootstock: fruiting calyx hemispherical, open:
seiads very flat, smoothish and minutely punctate.

C. nana, Gray. Seldom a span high, sometimes nearly acaulescent, minutely cinereous
with appressed pubescence, not viscid : leaves crowded and large in proportion, oblong-
ovate and ovate-lanceolate, mostly acute, entire or undulate, an inch or two long, and with
the roundish or cuneate base abruptly contracted into a margined petiole of about equal
length : peduncles mostly shorter than the petioles : rotate corolla white or bluish, 7 to 9
lines wide. — Saracha ( Ckamcesaracka) nana, Gray, Proc. 1. c. — Sierra Co., California, at
about 5,000 feet in the Sierra Nevada, Bolander, Lemmon.

7. PHTTSALIS, L. Ground Cherry. ((Jjvaalig, a bladder, from the
bladdery-iufiated fruiting calyx which characterizes the genus.) — Herbs, chiefly
American or of probably American origin ; with entire, toothed, or lobed leaves,
very commonly geminate, and solitary or sometimes geminate (rarely ternate)
drooping or nodding pedicels ; the flowers small or middle-sized, white, yellow, or
violet-purple : berries greenish, red, or yellow, often edible. — Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. X. 62.

§ 1. Cham^physalis, Gray, 1. c. Young parts sparsely (or on stalks and
calyx densely) scurfy-granuliferous, otherwise quite glabrous : some leaves sinu-
ate-pinnatifid : corolla flat-rotate : anthers short, yellow : seeds comparatively few
and large, thickish and somewhat rugose-tuberculate round the back. (Habit
nearly of Chamcesaracha, but fruiting calyx of true Physalis.)

P. lobata, Torr. Low and small, diffusely branched from a perennial root : leaves ob-
long-spatulate or obovate.from repand to sinuate-pinnatifid (an inch or two long), the base
cuneately tapering into a margined petiole : pedicels commonly geminate, longer than the
flower: corolla violet (probably never "yellow "), 6 to 9 lines in diameter, the centre with
a 5-6-rayed white-woolly star : globular-inflated fruiting calyx strongly 5-angled, half inch
or more long; with short bluntish teeth. — Ann. Lye. N. Y. i. 226 (1826) & Bot. Mex.
Bound. 152. P. Sabeana, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861. Solanum luteoUflorum,
Dunal in DC. Prodr. 1. c. 64, at least as to var. suhintegri/olium. — Plains, Texas to Colorado
and "W. Arizona.

§2. Physalis proper. Not granulose-scurfy : leaves never pinnatifid: corolla
mostly rotately spreading from a somewhat campanulate throat or base : seeds
with a thin and even margin.

P. Alkekengi, L., the Winter Cherry of the south of Europe, with white 6-lobed corolla
and a red berry in a calyx which turns red also, and

P. Peruviana, L., the Cape Gooseberry, with greenish-yellow corolla spotted by a brown-
purple star in the centre, and a yellow berry, — both perennial-rooted species, — were intro-
duced into cultivation several years ago, for their esculent fruit, under the name of
Strawberry Tomato. But they have now mainly disappeared.

P. Carpentekii, Riddell, Cat. FI. Ludov. (N. O. Med. & Surg. Jour. viii. 758, 1852, name
only), referred to Withania Morisoni, in Bot. Gazette, iil. 11, is some adventitious Athencea.

* Corolla pure white or tinged with blue, wholly destitute of any dark centre, tomentose at the
throat, proportionally large, widely rotate, with border almost entire : pubescence simple : fruit-
ing calyx ovate-globose.

P. grandiflora, Hook. Annual, with stout erect stem 2 feet or more high, viscid-pu-
bescent and young parts villous with some long and slender viscid hairs : leaves oblong-
ovate or lanceolate-ovate, acute or acuminate, mostly entire: pedicels often in threes,
shorter than the flower : calyx-lobes lanceolate : corolla often an inch and a half in diam-
eter: anthers yellow, commonly with a tinge of violet: fruiting calyx less than an inch
long, well filled and distended by the berry, the angles therefore obsolete, and the summit
open. — Fl. ii. 90; Gray, Man., & Proc. Am. Acad. x. 63, 381. — S. shore of Lake Superior
to the Saskatchewan district, springing up in new clearings. Connects with Chama:saracha
through C. nana.

234 SOLANACE^. Physcdis.

P. "Wrightii, Gray. Annual, a span high, widely branched, nearly glabrous ; the ap-
pressed and rather sparse pubescence on pedicels and young parts very short and mi-
nute : leaves oblong or lanceolate-oblong, sinuate-toothed or repand, acute at base, about
an inch long : pedicels filiform, longer than the flower and the fruiting calyx : corolla over
half uich in diameter, apparently pure white : anthers with or without a tinge of violet :
fruiting calyx half inch long, nearly filled by the berry: — S. W. Texas, on prairies of the
San Pedro, Wright.
* * Corolla lurid greenish-white or yellow, mostly darker-colored or brownish in the centre, with

or without a brown-purple eye, small or middle-sized, 3 to 10 lines in diameter.
•i— Strictly annuals, glabrous or nearly so; the pubescence if any minute, and neither viscid nor
. stellate :' anthers violet.

++ Corolla small, 3 to 6 lines broad: fruiting calyx at first acutely angled and inflated, closing
over, but at full maturity nearly replete with the greenish-yellow berry: stem and branches con-
spicuously angular: petioles long and slender.

P. obscura, Michx. Branches widely diffuse : leaves broadly deltoid-ovate, mostly with
truncate or subcordate base, unequally dentate, abruptly acuminate, membranaceous (1^ to
3 inches long) : slender pedicels about half an inch long : corolla (3 or 4 lines broad) pale
yellow with a dark eye : calyx deeply 5-cleft into lanceolate-subulate lobes, in fruit ovate-
pyramidal and acuminate (over an inch long), very smooth, with 5 strong keeled angles
which are hardly obliterated at maturity, the 5 intermediate nerves much less distinct. —
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 64. P. obscura, var. glabra, Michx. Fl. i. 149. P. pridnosa, Ell. Sk.
i. 279, not L. P. Bj-asiliejisis, Sendtner in Mart. Fl. Bras. x. 133 7 — " Carolina," Michaux.
Key West, Florida, Blodgett. Near Houston, Texas, E. Hall, no. 503.

P. angulata, L. Erect, or at length declined or spreading, 2 to 4 feet long : leaves
mostly ovate-oblong and with somewhat cuneate base, coarsely and laciniately toothed (2
to 5 inches long) : slender pedicels an inch or more long :" corolla (3 to 6 lines broad) green-
ish-white or yellowish and with no distinct eye : calyx-lobes shorter than the tube,'trian-
gular : fruiting calyx at first ovate-pyramidal and 10-angled, the 5 principal angles sharply
keeled, at full maturity nearly replete and globose-ovate. — Dill. Elth. i. 13, t. 12. — Open
rich grounds, through #he Middle and Southern Atlantic States. (Widely diffused over
tropical regions.)

Var. Linkiana, Gray, 1. c. Leaves with margin more laciniate-dentate; the irreg-
ular salient teeth lanceolate-subulate: calyx-lobes longer and narrower. — P. Linkiana,
Nees in Linn. vi. 471. (Moris. Hist. iii. 526, sect. 13, t. 3, fig. 22, exaggerated.) — S. Atlan-
tic States. (Trop. Amer.)

P. eequata, Jacq. f . Erect, much branched, a foot or two high, the younger stems and
branches a little hairy or pubescent : leaves ovate or oblong, repand or sinuate-toothed
(an inch or two long or rarely larger) : pedicels very short (a line or two long) : corolla
(3 to 5 lines broad) light yellow with a brownish eye: calyx-lobes short and broadly ovate-
triangular : fruiting calyx ovate-globose at maturity, about equally lO-nerved, an inch or
considerably less hi length. — Eclog. ii. t. 137 ; Nees, 1. c. ; Dunal, 1. c. P. Philadelphica,
var. minor, Dunal, 1. c. 450. — Waste grounds, S. Texas and New Mexico to the border of
California or near it. (Mex., W. Ind.)

++ ++ Corolla larger, 7 to 10 or sometimes 12 lines broad : fruiting caljTC at maturity replete and
distended with the large reddish or purple berry, and open at the mouth, sometimes bursting.

P. Philadelphica, Lam. Erect stem and branches angled, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves
obliquely ovate or oblong, repand-angulate and sometimes few-toothed (2 to 4 inches long) :
corolla greenish or yellowish with a dark eye : calyx-lobes broadly ovate or triangular, not
longer than the tube; fruiting calyx globular, an inch in diameter. — Diet. ii. 101. P.
ckenopodifolia, Willd., not Lam. "P. atriplicifolia, Jacq. Fragm. t. 85." — In fertile soil,
Pennsylvania to lUinois and Texas : sometimes cult, for the esculent fruit,
•t— -1— Annuals or perennials, strong-scented, villous or pubescent with viscid or glandular simple
hairs : fruiting calyx ovate-pyramidal and carinately 5-angled at maturity, closed, loosely envel-
oping the green or at length yellow berry : leaves ovate or cordate.
++ Root annual : anthers violet.
P. pubescens, L. A foot or two high, with at length widely spreading branches : leaves
ovate or cordate, varying from nearly entire to coarsely and obtusely repand-toothed,
sometimes becoming nearly glabrous except on the midrib and veins (commonly about 2
inches long) : corolla barely half inch in diameter when expanded, dull yellow with a

Physalis. SOLANACE^. 235

purplish brown eye : pedicels (3 to 5 lines long) much shorter than the fruiting mostly
pubescent and viscid {inch to almost 2 inches long) calyx. — (Moris. Hist. iii. 527, sect. 13,
4, 3, fig. 24; Dill. Elth. t. 9, fig. 9.) P. obscura, var. viscido-pubescens, Michx. 1. c. P. hir-
siita & P. pubescens, Dunal in DC. 1. c. P. viscosa? Ell. Sk. i. 279. P. pruinosa, L. (from
N. America ? ), is most probably a form of this with long pedicels and yellowish anthers,
same as Dill. Elth. t. 9. — Low grounds, New York to Iowa, Florida, and westward from
Texas to the borders of California. (Trop. Amer., &c.)

•H- -H- Perennial : anthers mostly yellow.

P. Virginiana, Mill. A foot or so high from slender and deep creeping subterranean
shoots, at length spreading or decumbent, pubescent or hirsute-villous with (usually more
or less viscid) many-jointed hairs : leaves ovate, occasionally subcordate, either repandly
or saliently few-toothed^or some nearly entire : corolla from three-fourths to a full inch in
diameter, dull sulphur-yellow with a brownish centre : calyx-lobes narrowly triangular :
pedicels half to an inch long, equalling or shorter than the fruiting calyx. — Diet. no. 4, &
Fig. PI. 138, t. 206, fig. 1 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 65 (by mistake " P. Virginica "). P.
heterophylla, Nees in Linn. vi. 463, excl. syn. Walt. " P. nutans, Walt. Car. 99 1 " ex Nees,
L c. ; but no such name in Walter. P. heterophylla, nyctaginea, & viscido-pubescens, Dunal, 1. c.
P. viscosa, Gray, Man., not L. — Light or sandy soils. Upper Canada to Florida and Texas.
This early name of Miller, taken up for the present species in Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c, must
from the size of the flower belong to it, or to a broad-leaved and hairy form of P. lanceotata.
Miller's remark that " the root does not creep in the ground," is most applicable to the
latter ; but the color as well as size of the corolla and the " pale yellow " fruit, also the
diffuse growth, best accord with this common species.

Var. amblgua, Gray, 1. c. A coarse and very villous form with anthers violet ! —
P. Pennsylvanica, Hook. FL, at lea^t in part. — Wisconsin (Lapham) to Saskatchewan,
Bourgeau, Drummond, &c.

P. hederaefolia, Gray, 1. c. A foot or less high, erect or at length diffuse from a
thick perennial stock or root, densely viscid-pubescent or on young parts more or less vil-
lous, not unpleasantly scented : leaves roundish-cordate or almost reniform, or sometimes
ovate, coarsely and obtusely angulate-toothed (three-fourths to an inch and a half in
diameter): corolla half an inch in diameter: anthers yellow: calyx-lobes triangular:
pedicels (2 to 4 lines long) shorter than the flower, much shorter than the fruiting calyx. —
P. Alkekengi ? var. digitalifolia & P. mollis, in part, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 153. — Rocky
hills. New Mexico to S. W. Texas, Arizona, and adjacent parts of Mexico. " Herbage des-
titute of the nauseous odor of the common viscid species, rather sweet-scented," Wright.

Var. puberula, Gray, 1. c. Pubescence short and minutely glandular, less viscid:
stems inclined to be procumbent and leaves smaller. — Western borders of Texas, Wright.

P. Palmeri. A span or two high from a thickish perennial stock, erect, viscid-pubescent
with short jointed hairs : leaves ovate or deltoid-ovate, or the lowest rotund (rarely even
subcordate), angulate-dentate with few obtuse teeth, the upper leaves acute (10 to 18 lines
long) : corolla light yellow with brownish centre, 7 or 8 lines in diameter: pedicels mostly
longer than the flower : fruit not seen. — Rock Spring in the Providence Mountains, S. E.
California, Palmer. Apparently allied to the preceding.

H— H— 4— Perennials, not viscid, mostly low: anthers almost always yellow.
++ Very minutely cinereous-puberulent or glabrous throughout, no stellular pubescence whatever:
corolla (yellowish) wholly destitute of a darker eye: leaves all cordate or broad and abrupt at
base, thickish : pedicels long and filiform.
P. glAbra, Benth. (not Martins & Gal.), of Lower California, if found within the United

States will be known by being completely smooth, and the leaves ovate- or hastate-lanceolate.

P. crassifolia, Benth. Minutely puberulent, or the leaves at length nearly glabrous :
stems a span to a foot long, branching from the base, sometimes soon procumbent : leaves
ovate or rounded-subcordate, repand or entire : pedicels commonly an inch long : corolla
ochroleucous, half inch in diameter: fruiting calyx an inch long, 5-angled. — Bot. Sulph.
40 ; Gray, 1. c. & Bot. Calif. 1. 541, the small-leaved form. — S. E. California and Western
Arizona. (Lower Calif.)

Var. cardioph^Ua. A more upright form : leaves thinner and larger (6 to 15 hnes
long), sometimes with a few angulate and more prominent teeth. — P. cardjophylla, Torr.
Bot. Mex. Bound. 153. — On or near the Rio Colorado, Fort Mohave, Fort Yuma, &c.

236 SOLANACE^. Physalis.

++ ++ Pubescence stellular or branching, at least on the calyx, &c. : leaves all or most of them

cordate or ovate with abrupt base : corolla usually with darker eye : anthers occasionally with a

tinge of blue : fruiting calyx globose-ovate. '

P. Pendleri, Gray, 1- c. Pruinose-puberulent ; the pubescence microscopically minute

and partly simple, partly branched or stellular, sometimes a little glandular : stems a span

to a foot high from a deep tuberous stock, slender, much branched : leaves small (an inch

or less long), from deltoid-ovate or slightly cordate to ovate-lanceolate, and from repand-

undulate to coarsely sinuate-toothed, mostly acute : pedicels shorter than the flower : corolla

half an inch in diameter. — P. inollis, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound., in part. —Rocks and plains,

New Mexico, Fendler, Thurber, Wright, Bigelow, Parry. Also S. Colorado.

P. mollis, Nutt. Softly ciuereous-tomentose or canescent throughout with stellate or

many-branched woolly hairs : stems a span to a foot or more high : leaves varying from

ovate (or some of the lower obovate) to rounded-cordate, mostly obtuse, angulate-toothed

or repand (an inch or two long), on slender petioles : pedicels usually filiform and equalling

the petiole : corolla half to three-fourths inch in diameter : fruiting calyx an inch or more

long. —Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, v. 194 ; Torr. 1. c, in part; Gray, Pr&c. Am.

Acad. X. 66. P. tomentosa, Dunal in DC. I. c. ? not Walt. — Thickets and banks of streams,

Arkansas (Nuttall, &c.) and Texas. (Mex.) Sometimes very white-woolly (as in coll.

E. Hall) ; but passing into

Var. cinerascens, Gray, 1. c. Greenish ; the pubescence much shorter and less
dense, the hairs less compound : leaves roundish, rarely at all cordate, some of the lower
with cuneate base : pedicels sometimes shorter. — P. Pennsylvanica, var. cinerascens, Dunal
in DC. I. c. 435. — Indian Territory (Palmer) and through Texas (Drummond, Schott, E. Hall,
&c.) to Mexico. Berlandier collected it at Matamoras.

++++++ Pubescence stellular, or simple and somewhat rigid, or nearly none : leaves from oval
to lanceolate-linear and tapering into the petiole, or in the first species occasionally subcordate:
style commonly clavate.
P. visCOSa, L. Cinereous or when young almost canescent with short and soft stellular or
2-3-f orked pubescence : stems ascending or spreading from slender creeping subterranean
shoots, a foot or two long : leaves ovate or oval, varying to oblong and obovate, entire or
undulate (H to 3 inches long): pedicels about the length of the petioles: corolla two-
thirds to three-fourths inch in diameter, greenish-yellow with a more or less dark throat :
fruiting calyx globose-ovate, an inch or more long : berry yellow or orange. — Dill. Elth.
t. 10 ; Jacq. Vind. t. 136 ; Michx. Fl. i. 149 ; Gray, 1. c. P. Pennsylvanica, L. Spec. ed. 2,
1670,' but not from Pennsylvania or near it, P. tomentosa, Walt. Car. 99. P. maritima,
M. A. Curtis m Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, vii. 407. P. Jacquini, Link, Enura. Berol. ; Dunal, I. c.
P. Walteri, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 112. — In sands on and near coast, Virginia
(L.), N. Carolina to Florida. (Buenos Ayres, &c.) Specific name from the viscous berry.

Var spathlilsefolia, Gray, I. c. Leaves spatulate or oblong-lanceolate, gradually
tapering into the petiole. — P. pubescens, Engelm. & Gray, PI. Lindh. 1. 19. P. lanceolata,
var. spathulmfoUa, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 1. c. — Sea beaches, Florida and Texas. Glabrate
forms approach the next.
P. angustifolia, Nutt. Bright green, very minutely stellular-pubescent when young,
or glabrous from' the first, except a fine soft stellular pubescence on the margins of the
leaves, or at least on the calyx-lobes : stems erect or ascending from filiform running
shoots, a span to a foot or more high: leaves from oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate to
linear, tapering into a very short petiole (1^-3^ inches long) : corolla three-fourths mch
in diameter when expanded: flowering calyx broadly campanulate and 3 or 4 hnes long,
the subglobose fruiting calyx seldom an inch long. — Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 112; Gray,
1. c. — Sandy coast and Keys of W. Florida.
P. lanceolata, Michx. More or less hirsute-pubescent with short and stiff (or on the
stem often longer and somewhat villous-hispid) tapering hairs, most of which are simple,
a few 2-3-forked, varying to nearly glabrous : stems a span to a foot high from rather
stout subterranean shoots, angled, somewhat rigid : leaves pale green, varying from oblong-
ovate to narrowly lanceolate, and from sparingly angulate-few-toothed to undulate or
entire, mostly acute at base or tapering into a short petiole : corolla ochroleucous with
more or less dark eye, two-thirds to three-fourths of an inch in diameter : calyx (4 or 5
lines long) commonly hirsute, in fruit conical-ovate with sunken pyramidal base, 1 to 1^

Lycium. SOLANACEiE. 237

inches long ; berry reddish. — Fl. i. 149 ; Ell. 1. c. ; Dunal in DC. 1. c. ; Gray, 1. c. P. pumila
Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 193. P. Pennsylvanica, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 382, in
part, not Linn. 1 P. Elliotti, Kunze in Linn. xi. 33. —Dry open ground and bottoms, Lake
Winnipeg to Florida and Texas, Colorado, Utah, and New Mexico. Calyx-lobes vary-
ing from triangular-lanceolate to ovate-triangular ; fruiting calyx pyramidal-ovate, large.

Var. laevigata, Gray, I. c. Glabrous or almost so throughout, or with some ex-
tremely short and pointed appressed rigid hairs on young parts, calyx, &c., or on the mar-
gins of the leaves : petioles commonly longer. — P. longifolia, Nutt. in Trans. Amer. Phil.
Soc. 1. c. P. pumila ? var. Sonorce, Torr. Bot. Hex. Bound. 1. c. — Nebraska to Texas, New
Mexico and Arizona.

Var. hirta, Gray, 1. c. A remarkable and ambiguous form, approaching P. mollis,
var. cinerascens ; much of the hirsute pubescence of the leaves being 2-3-forked, as also
are some of the villous-hispid abundant hairs of the stem. — P. Pennsylvanica, var., Gray in
E. Hall's list, Coll. Tex. no. 501. — Wet woods, Houston, Texas, Drummond, E. Hall.
Lawrence, Kansas, J. H. Carruth.

8. MARGARANTHUS, Schlecht. (Composed of fxagyagov, a pearl, and
(hdog, flower, from a fancied resemblance of the corolla.) — Resembles an annual
Physalis on a small scale, except in the globular (livid or violet-tinged) corolla ;
the small berry wholly included in the globular and vesicular fruiting calyx,
rather dry, 20-30-seeded. — Single species.

M. solanaceus, Schlecht. Nearly glabrous slender annual, a span to two feet high,
erect, divergently branched : leaves membranaceous, ovate and ovate-lanceolate, entire or
somewhat repand, occasionally 1-2-toothed, an inch or two long, slender-petioled : pedicels
short, recurving : corolla barely 2 lines and globular-conical fruiting calyx 4 to 6 lines long.
— Ind. Sem. Hort. Hal. 1838, & Hort. Hal. Ic. i. t. 1 ; Torr. Bot. Hex. Bound. 154. M.
tenuis, Miers, 111. ii. 74, t. 57, with more acute or acuminate leaves. — Southern and western
borders of Texas (Berlandier, referred to Physalis divaricata by Dunal in DC. Prodr. 1. c.
444) and New Mexico, Wright, Bigelow. (Mex.)

9. NICANDRA, Adans. Apple-of-Perd. {Meander of Colophon.)
— Single species, sparingly naturalized, from gardens : fl. summer.

N. PHVSALOiDES, GsErtn. Glabrous annual, 3 or 4 feet high, with the habit of an overgrown
Physalis, and very smooth Stramonium-like leaves laciniate- or sinuate-lobed : pedicels
solitary, recurved : flower rather showy : corolla blue or bluish (an inch long and with a
broad nearly entire limb): fruiting calyx over an inch long: included fruit so dry and
thin-walled as to appear capsular. — Fruct. ii. 237, t. 131 ; Miers, 111. ii. t. 43. Atropa phy-
saloides, L. ; Jacq. Obs. t. 98. — Waste grounds near dwellings and old gardens. (Peru, and
now dispersed tlirough warm regions.)

10. LYCIUM, L. {Lycia, the country of the earliest-known species.) —
Shrubby plants (of warm-temperate and dry tropical region.s), often spinose ; the
entire and usually narrow leaves commonly fascicled in the axils, often veinless.
Flowers from greenish or white to purple, on solitary or fascicled terminal or
axillary pedicels, in spring or summer. — Miers, 111. S. Am. PI. ii. 88 ; Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 45, vii. 388, & viii. 292.

* Introduced from Old World, sparingly escaped from cultivation.
L. vttlgAre, Dunal. (Matrimony- vine. Box-thorn.) Tall, the long and slender
branches recurving or somewhat climbing, glabrous : spines few or none : leaves oblong-
lanceolate with a tapering base or somewhat spatulate : peduncles slender : corolla short-
funnelform, dull greenish-purple ; the style and slender filaments equalling its lobes : berry
oval, orange-red. — L. Bnrbarum, L., in part. — Escaped into waste grounds and thickets in
Penn., &c. (Mediterranean region.)

.238 SOLANACEiE. Lycium.

* * Indigenous, southern and western: berries red or reddisli (one species excepted), globular.
-J— Large-flowered : f unnelform corolla nearly an inch long.
L. pdllidiun, Miers. Glabrous : stems and branches widely spreading, 2 to 4 feet high,
spiny : leaves pale, spatulate and oblanceolate, an inch or two long : pedicels about
equalling the deeply 5-cleft calyx : corolla greenish, tinged with purple ; the lobes broad
and rounded: filaments exserted: anthers tipped with a deciduous point. — 111. 1. c. 108,
t. 67 ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 154 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 45. — New Mexico and Ari-
zona : also S. Utah, Fremont, Fendler, &c.

+- -1— Large calyx, with lobes commonl3^ longer than or equalling the tube, foliaceous and obtuse :
corolla half inch long or less : stamens included : herbage puberulent.
++ Flowers 4-merous.

L. Palmeri, Gray. Apparently unarmed, with slender branches : leaves narrowly spat-
ulate : flowers short-pedicelled, 4 or 5 lines long: calyx-lobes lanceolate, equalling the
oblong-campanulate tube of the corolla, which is little longer than its oval lobes. — Proc.
Am. Acad. viii. 292. — Yaqui Kiver, W. Sonora, Mexico, added because it may reach
Arizona.

++ ++ Flowers 5-merous: corolla-lobes ovate, short, recurved-spreadlng.

L. Cooperi, Gray. Branches stout, and with some very short spines; leaves spatulate,
minutely viscid-pubescent or puberulent, half inch or more in length: pedicels at least
equalling the cylindraceous at length campanulate calyx, both hirsute or pubescent ; the
oblong-lobes of the latter more or less shorter than the tube : corolla narrowly funnelform,
apparently white, half inch long, its lobes obtuse : filaments hairy at base : anthers oval,
mucronulate. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 388, & Bot. Calif. 542. South-eastern border of Cali-
fornia and adjacent part of Arizona, Cooper, Palmer.

Var. pubiflora. Corolla strongly pubescent outside : calyx shorter. — On the Mohave
River, with the ordinary form. Palmer.

L. pubenilum, Gray. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, with slender divergent and spinescent
branches : leaves obovate and oblong-spatulate, a quarter to half inch long, minutely and
densely puberulent : flowers solitary and sessile in the fascicles of leaves : calyx-lobes
oblong, much shorter than the tube of the corolla, twice the length of their own tube :
corolla 4 or 5 lines long, tubular-funnelform, white, with the triangular-ovate acute lobes
not longer than the abruptly dilated throat and tinged with greenish-yellow : filaments
glabrous, inserted in the throat : anthers roundish-cordate. — Proc. 1. c. vi. 46. — Borders of
Texas and New Mexico, on the Rio del Norte, near El Paso, Wright.

L. macrodon, Gray, 1- c. Spiny : leaves spatulate-oblanceolate, glabrate, 2 to 4 lines
long: pedicels at most a line and a half long: lobes of the minutely viscid calyx narrowly
linear, twice the length of the short campanulate tube (3 lines long), half the length of
the narrow corolla : filaments a little hairy at base : anthers oval-oblong. -^ California or
Nevada 1 Fremont, 1849 : not since seen.

+- ^— ^_ Short-flowered ; the tube and throat of corolla only a line or two long, and the limb
comparatively large : calyx with short lobes or teeth or irregularly clef t : herbage glabrous or
nearly so.

++ Corolla comparatively large, nearly half inch in diameter: leaves fleshy. .
L. Carolinianum, "Walt. Glabrous, 2 or 3 feet high, widely spreading, spiny : leaves
linear-spatulate or so thickened as to be clavate, an inch or less long : pedicels slender :
flower 4-5-merous : calyx short, irregularly cleft in age : corolla purple, its almost rotate
limb deeply parted into oval lobes: slender filaments (woolly at base) and style elongated.
— Car. 84; Michx. Fl. i. 95; Miers, 1. c. t. 71. L. salsum, Bartr. Trav. 9. — Salt marshes,
S. Carolina to Texas.

++ ++ Corolla small; the expanded limb under 3 lines wide, about equalled by the stamens:
■pedicels a line or two long or none: bi-anches more or less spinescent: leaves linear-spatulate.

Li. Calif ornicum, Nutt. Slender stems very much branched, 2 feet high : leaves thick-
ish and apparently fleshy-coriaceous, very small (1 to 3 lines long), from obovate or spat-
ulate to nearly linear : pedicels sometimes hardly any : tube of the white corolla included
in the campanulate 4-toothed calyx ; its rotate 4-parted limb barely 2 lines in diameter. —
Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 542. — Clayey hill-sides, California, near San Diego, Nuttall (without
flowers), Clevelaid, Palmer, (Islands of Lower California.)

Datura. SOLANACEiE. 239

L. parviflorum, Gray. Stems 2 to 4 feet high : leaves 2 to 5 lines long, narrow not
fleshy : corolla (2 lines long) funnelform, rather more than twice the length of the short-
campanulate often irregularly 2-3-clef t calyx ; the 4 lobes very short : style at length much
exserted. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 48. — Southern Arizona, Thurber, Parry.

L. barbinodmn, Miers. Stouter, 6-10 feet high ; the old spurs or nodes densely short-
woolly: leaves linear-spatulate, 6 to 12 hues long: corolla (2 lines long) with narrow
tube about equalling the commonly 2-3-cleft short calyx, abruptly enlarged into a broadly
campanulate throat; the lobes 5, short, roundish. — 111. 1. c. 115, t. 68, the corolla badly
drawn and unlike the description. — N. W. Mexico (Seemann) and Magdalena, Sonora, Thur-
ber (who says the berries are white and translucent) ; doubtless in adjacent Arizona.
L. BREVIPE8, Benth., and L. Richii, Gray, are little known species of Lower California.
•>—■•—. -1— -»— Long-flowered; the corolla tubular or when funnelform with tube and throat over
two lines long and much exceeding the lobes, white, cream-color, or tinged with violet: stamens
little if at all exserted. '

++ Leaves, pedicels, and calyx puberulent: flowers 5-merous.

L. Fremonti, Gray. Stem 2 to 4 feet high : leaves spatulate, 4 to 9 lines long : pedicels
shorter than or barely equalling the cylindraceous calyx : corolla narrowly tubular-funnel-
form, 4 to 6 lines long, with very short ovate lobes : filaments nearly naked : style soon
exserted. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 46, & Bot. Calif, i. 543. — S. E. California or Nevada, Fre-
mont. Arizona, Palmer.

Var. Bigelovii, Gray, 1. c. Calyx shorter-campanulate : corolla broader and merely
4 lines long: filaments slightly hairy at base. — Williams Fork, N. Arizona, Bigelow.

L. gracilipes, Gray. Minute pubescence somewhat viscid or glandular : leaves small
(2 to 6 lines long), spatulate or the smaller oblong-obovate, thickish : pedicels filiform, as
long as the flower : calyx campanulate, short-toothed : corolla elongated-f unnelform, half
inch long, white with a violet tinge or sometimes deep violet ; the lobes rounded-ovate,
very obtuse, a line long : filaments inserted low in the throat, a little hairy at base : anthers
and style not exceeding the corolla-lobes. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 81. — Williams Fork, N.
Arizona, Palmer.

++ ++ Glabrous throughout, or merely some woolly pubescence on the spurs at the insertion of the
leaves and pedicels : flowers in the same species either 5-merous or 4-merous.
= Pedicels filiform, as long as the commonly 4-merous rather short funnelform corolla.

L. Berlandieri, Dunal. Spiny, 3 to 8 feet high, with mostly slender branches : leaves
spatulate-linear, 6 to 12 lines long: corolla 3 or 4 lines long, mostly thrice the length
of the campanulate calyx which nearly includes its narrow proper tube ; the lobes oval or
oblong (a line long): filaments villous at base. — DC. Prodr. xiii. 520; Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. vi. 47. L. slolidum & L. senticosum, Miers, 1. c. t. 68, 71. — S. Texas, Berlandier,
Wright, to Arizona, Palmer.
= = Pedicels (1 to 3 lines long) shorter than the tubular-funnelform corolla: flowers copious.

L. Andersonii, Gray. Exceedingly branched, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves mostly very
small (2 to 6 lines long), linear-spatulate or broader : calyx short-campanulate : corolla
half inch long or nearly, tubular, very gradually widening upward ; the expanded limb
only 2 or 3 Hues wide; its rounded lobes with nearly glabrous edges: filaments slightl}'
hairy at base : berries bright red, "edible." — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 388, & Bot. Calif. 1. c.
— Utah, S. Nevada, and N. Arizona, first collected by Anderson.

Var. W^rightii, Gray. More leafy and sparsely flowered, spiny, smaller-flowered :
corolla 4 or 5 lines long. — Bot. Calif. 1. c. L. stolidum, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound., in part.
L. Berlandieri, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 47, in small part. — S. Arizona, Wright, Palmer.

L. Torreyi, Gray, 1. c. More or less spiny, 4 to 8 feet high: leaves mostly larger than
in the preceding, sometimes over an inch long and over 2 lines wide : pedicels 2 or 3 lines
long : corolla 5 or 6 lines long, more funnelform ; the limb about 4 lines wide, and the lobes
tomentulose on the edges: filaments woolly at base: berries red, "not edible." — L. barbi-
node, Torr. in Pacif . R. Rep. v. 363, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 154. — Western border of Texas,
near El Paso, to S. E. California.

11. DATtTRA, L. Stramonium, Thokn- Apple. (From the Arabic
name, Tatorah.) — Herbaceous plants, or some tropical species woody and arbo-

240 SOLANACEiE. Datura.

rescent, of rank odor, and narcotic-poisonous qualities, natives of America and
tropical Asia;, with ovate leaves, and large flowers on short peduncles in the
forks of the branching stems, produced through the season. Corolla commonly-
white or violet, usually more or less fragrant.

D. arb6rea, the Tree-Stramonium, representing the section Brugmansia, with very large
pendulous flowers, and oblong indehiscent fruit reflexed, cultivated in conservatories, may
perhaps have become spontaneous on the southern borders of the United States.

§ 1. Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed : border of the corolla with 5 acute teeth : cap-
sule dry, 4-valved : seeds thickish, with a dark-colored and more or less rugose or
pitted crustaceous coat : annuals, with flowers erect.

* Capsule strictly erect : seeds somewhat scrobiculate-rugose.
D. iNERMis, Jacq. Vind. iii. 44, t. 82, which may sometimes be met with in waste ground, is
very similar to D. Stramonium, but with a perfectly smooth and unarmed capsule.
D. Stram6nium,L. (Common Stramonium or Jamestown-weed.) Green, glabrous, 1 to 4
feet high : leaves sinuately- and laciniately angled and toothed : corolla white, about
3 inches long: capsule thickly armed with short stout prickles, the lower ones mostly
shorter. — A weed of waste grounds, common, especially in the Atlantic States. (Nat.
from Asia 1 )
D. TAtula, L. Stem purple, commonly taller: corolla pale violet: prickles of the capsule
afl nearly equal : otherwise similar to the preceding. — Waste grounds in the Atlantic
States. (Nat. from trop. Amer.)
D. quercif6lia, HBK. Green, and young parts commonly somewhat pubescent: leaves
sparingly but mostly deeply sinuate-pinnatifid : corolla nearly as of D. Tatula : capsule
armed with large and unequal flattened prickles, some of the upper not rarely an inch long
(nearly as in D. ferox). — S. W. borders of Texas to Arizona. (Nat. from Mex.)
* * Capsule nodding: seeds rugose-tuberculate.
D. DISCOLOR, Bernh. More or less cinereous-pubescent, low : leaves sinuately or laciniately
toothed : corolla white tinged with purple, 2 or 3 inches long : globose capsule and its stout
large prickles pubescent. — Linn, (in Lit.) viii. 138; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 1(35. D.
Thomasii, Torr. in Pacif . R. Rep. v. 362, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 155. — Colorado, Arizona, and
S. E. California. (Introd. 1 from Mex.)

§ 2. Calyx tubular, mostly 5-toothed: corolla large, 6 to 8 inches long; the
border with 5 or 10 acute teeth : capsule nodding on the short recurved peduncle,
globose, succulent, bursting irregularly at maturity : seeds flatter, with a softer
and pale smoothish coat : flowers erect.

D. raeteloides, DC. Pruinose-glaucescent with minute puberulence or pubescence, a
foot to 3 feet high from a (at least commonly) perennial root : leaves xmequally ovate,
merely repand or nearly entire: calyx cylindrical, about 3 inches long: corolla white
suffused with violet, sweet-scented, 7 or 8 inches long when well developed, the widely
dilated and very open funnelform limb 5 or 6 inches in diameter, and with 5 slender subu-
late teeth : persistent base of the calyx narrow .- capsule 2 inches in diameter, thickly
muricate with short and equal prickles : seeds with a narrow and sometimes cord-like mar-
gin.— Dunal in DC. Prodr. 1. c. 544 (the descr. and drawing of Mo^ino and Sesse wrong
as to 10-dentate corolla) ; Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 154 ; Fl. Serres, t. 1266. D. Wrightii,
Hortul. ; Regel, Gartenfl. viii. t. 260. D. Metel, var. quinquecuspida, Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep.
vii. 18. — Along streams, S. W. Texas, on the Rio Grande, to Arizona and Santa Bar-
bara, California. (Adjacent Mex.)

12. HYOSC^AMUS, Tourn. Henbane. (From vg, vog; a hog, and
Y.vanog, a bean, said to poison swine.) — Natives of the Old World, one species,
the medicinal Henbane, sparingly introduced.
H. nIger, L. (Black Henbane.) Biennial with a fusiform root, or sometimes annual,

viscid-pubescent or villous, heavy-scented (narcotic), a foot or two high: leaves oblong,

Nicotiana. SOLANACE^. 241

sinuate-toother] or somewhat pinnatifid, the upper all more or less clasping and partly de-
current; uppermost subtending the secund at length spicate flowers : corolla lurid-yellowish
with reticulated purple veins. — Waste grounds and roadsides. (Nat. from Eu.)

13. C]&STRUM, L, (Ancient Greek name of some plant, applied by Lin-
nasus to this genus.) — Shrubs or low trees of tropical America. Leaves entire,
short-petioled, pinnately veined. Flowers variously clustered on axillary pe-
duncles, or forming a terminal panicle or corymb ; the corolla narrowly tubular-
funnelform or clavate : berries reddish or blackish. — Several are in cultivation,
both day-blooming and night-blooming, the latter very sweet-scented. One
species is sparingly spontaneous in Florida, viz. —

C. DitJRNUM, L. Glabrous: leaves oblong, very bright green above: flowers sessile in a
short close cluster on an axillary peduncle : corolla white, enlarging very gradually from
base to summit, not narrowed at the throat, half an inch long, with lobes short and roundish,
open through the day. (Dill. Elth. t. 154, fig. 186.) — Key West. (Adv. from W. Ind.)

14. NICOTIANA, Tourn. Tobacco. (In memory of John Nicot, who
was thought to have introduced Tobacco into Europe.) — Herbs, or one peculiar
species arborescent, mostly American, narcotic-poisonous, heavy-scented, usually
viscid-pubescent ; with entire or sometimes repand or pandurate leaves, and pani-
culate or racemose flowers.

§ 1. TabXcum, Don. Capsule septicidal, dividing the two placentse ; the valves
at length 2-cleft at the apex: leaves ample: flowers diurnal, naked-panicled :
corolla funnelform with ventricose throat and acute or acuminate spreading lobes
or teeth, purplish-red or rose-color, sometimes white in cultivation.

N. Tabacum, L. (Common Tobacco.) Tall annual, more or less glutinous-pubescent:
leaves from ovate- to narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, the lower commonly 2 or 3 feet
long: flowers pedicelled: corolla about 2 inches long. ^ Cult, from S. Amer., and sponta-
neous in waste grounds along the south-western borders of the United States.

Var. UNDULATA, Sendtner, a marked form, with long and narrow lanceolate gradually
caudate-acuminate leaves, undulate below, and corolla-lobes caudate-acuminate. — Mart,
n. Bras. X. 166. N. lancifolia, Willd., & N. Yliarrensis, HBK. To this probably belongs the
Yaqui Tobacco, found by Dr. Palmer cultivated in Arizona, and also N. caudala, Nutt. PI.
Gamb., at Monterey, California.

§ 2. NicoTiA, Gray. Capsule septifragal, 2-4-valved (in anomalous forms
several-valved) ; the thin dissepiment remaining with the entire central placenta :
corolla mostly white or greenish. Ours annuals. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 907.

* Corolla oblong-inflated, open throughout the day: leaves all broad and petioled.
N. RUSTicA, L. A foot or two high, very viscid-pubescent : leaves ovate or the lower
rounder and subcordate, very obtuse (often a foot long) : flowers thyrsoid-paniculate :
calyx with broad round-ovate teeth, not equalling the globular at first merely 2-valved
capsule: corolla about three-fourths inch long, lurid yellowish or greenish, not thrice the
length of the calyx, inflated from a short narrow base and with contracted orifice ; the
short and rounded lobes reticulate-veiny. —Bart. PI. Am. Sept. i. 25; Reichenb. Ic. Fl.
Germ. xx. t. 1626. — Spontaneous in waste grounds, rare, formerly cult, by Indians. Prob-
ably indigenous to the Old World, but of unknown nativity.

* Corolla salverform or tubular-funnelform: calyx-lobes narrow.
-H- Leaves undulate-crisped or repand, or panduriform, all the upper more or less clasping: flowers
vespertine: tube of the corolla almost filiform, U to2i inches long: filaments very short, mserted
in the throat: stem loosely branching, racemosely loose-flowered.
N. plumbaginif olia, ViV. Somewhat scabrous-pubescent or glabrate : cauline leaves
sessile and with partly clasping base, undulate and sometimes even crisped along the mar-
gins: the lowest oblong or obovate-spatulate ; the others oblong-lanceolate and acuminate,

16

242 SOLANACEvE. Nicotiana.

above passing inta linear-siibulate bracts : corolla greenish-white, less than 2 inches long,
somewhat contracted between the limb and the subclavately dilated throat ; the lobes 2 or
3 lines long, acute. — Dunal in DC. ;. c. 569. — Damp grounds around Matamoras, Ber-
Imidier. Probably on the Texan side of the Rio Grande also. (Mex., W. Ind.)
N. repanda, Willd. Minutely pubescent or above glabrate, 2 or 3 feet high, with loose
slender branches, extending into open racemose or somewhat paniculate naked inflores-
cence: leaves thin (3 to 6 inches long and 1 to 4 wide), ovate, or the lower obovate and
sometimes panduriform, commonly repand ; the lowest contracted into a winged petiole ;
upper deeply cordate-clasping : bracts minute or often wanting : calyx-lobes slender, fully
as long as the short-campanulate acutely 10-ribbed tube : corolla with tube frequently 2
inches long, somewhat clavate or funnelform at the open throat; the spreading limb
white, or sometimes tinged with rose, 7 to 12 lines in diameter; its lobes short and obtuse
or acutish. — Lehm. Nicot. 40, t. 3 (depauperate) ; Dvmal in DC. 1. c, but not Hook. Bot.
Mag. and perhaps not N. lyrata, HBK. N. pandurata, Dunal, 1. c. N. Roemeriana, Scheele
in Linn. xxi. 767. — Low grounds, Texas. (Mex.)

^_ ^_ Leaves entire, or the margins sometimes obscurely undulate: filaments slender,

+-1- Equally inserted low down on the tube of the salverform corolla, which is not enlarged at the

throat, and is very much longer than tlie small obtusely 5-lobed limb.
= Leaves, even the lower, with more or less clasping base : flowers open throughout the day.
N. trigonoph^Ua, Dlinal. Viscid-pubescent : stem 1 to 3 feet high, simple or vir-
gately branched : leaves all sessile or only the lower tapering into a winged petiole, and
obovate-oblong ; the upper oblong-lanceolate with a broader cordate half -clasping hase, or
some spatulate-lanceolate with a dilated auriculate-clasping base (1 to 4 inches long) : in-
florescence at length loosely paniculate-racemose, with the later bracts very small or want-
ing, and somewhat unilateral pedicels about the length of the calyx : calyx-lobes subulate-
lanceolate but rather obtuse, equalling the campauulate tube, attaining the middle of the
corolla-tube, about equalling the 4-valved capsule, somewhat callous-margined : corolla
greenish-white or yellowish, about three-fourths inch long, somewhat pubescent, a little
constricted at the' orifice; tlie tube" slightly enlarging upward; the sinuately-lobed limb
about 4 lines in diameter. — DC. Prodr. xi. 562; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 54.5. N. multijlora,
Torr. in Pacif . R. Rep. v. 362, excl. " Nutt. PI. Gamb." N. ipomopsiflora, Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. V. 166, and perhaps of Dunal, 1. c, but the figure in Mo?ino & Sesse, Ic. Fl. Mex.
ined. t. 909, represents a more funnelform corolla. N. glandulosa, Buckley in Proc. Acad.
Philad. 1862, 166. — Texas to S. E. California. (Mex.)
N. PalmerL Viscid-tomentose throughout, except the corolla : stem apparently 3 feet
high, loosely branched above : leaves as of the preceding, but acuminate and mostly with
undulate margins, the larger 5 or 6 inches long : flowers sparsely racemose, short-pedicelled :
calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate, somewhat unequal, longer than the tube, half the length
of the corolla, conspicuously surpassing the capsule : corolla white tinged with green, an
inch long, neither constricted nor dilated at tlie orifice, externally somewhat pubescent :
the conspicuously o-lobed limb 6 or 7 lines in diameter. — Northern Arizona, on Williams
Fork, Pdmer (no. 433, coll. 1876).

= = Leaves not clasping : flowers vespertme, and closing before noon or under sunshine.
N. Cleveland!. Viscid-pubescent, or the stem (a foot or two high) villous : leaves ovate
or the upper ovate-lanceolate (2 or 3 inches long) ; the lower obtuse and with margined
petiole not dilated at base ; the upper subsessile and gradually narrowing from a broad and
rounded or truncate subsessile base into an acuminate apex : bracts lanceolate : flowers
paniculate-racemose; caly.x-lobes linear, miequal; the longer fully twice the length of the
tube, more tlian half the length of the corolla: the latter greenish-white tinged witii violet,
almost glabrous, an inch long, quite salverform ; the somewhat 5-lobed limb half inch in .
diameter. — California, in dry bed of streams, ChoUas Valley near San Diego, Cleveland,
Palmer (no. 267, coll. 1875). Near Santa Barbara, Rotlirock, a smaller-flowered form.
N. attenuata, Torr. More or less viscid-pubescent, a foot or two high : leaves all on
naked and mostly slender petioles and acute or merely obtuse at base ; the lower ovate or
oblong (H to 4 inches long) ; the upper from oblong-lanceolate and attenuate-acuminate to
linear-lanceolate or linear : inflorescence loosely paniculate and naked above : pedicels
short : calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate or subulate, with tliin edges, almost equal, much

P^i^nia. SOLANACE^.

243

-co?Xi:r?hrtt'-i:nthVf^^^^^ thefcgoing: diameter of the li.b of the

^;o^\!f lolpi' /^^*^°?- f' ^T 'i '^' ^'^^ '■ ^'^''' o^long-lanceolate, sessile or nearly
so, the lo^er (5 to ^ inches long) with tapering base; tlie upper (3 to H inches long) more
acuminate, with either acute or some with broader and partly clasping base : ' nflc^-l^nce
oosely racemiform, with all the upper flowers bractless: cal^x-teeth unequal, linear-subu-
late, about equalling the tube, surpassing the capsule: tube of the corolla U to 2 inches
long, narrow, with a gradually expanded throat; the 5-angulate-lobcd limb 12 to 18 lines
in diameter. -Bot. King 276, t. 27, fig. 3, 4 ; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. 546. N. plurr,ba,in{foUa?
var B,gelovn Torr Pac.f. R. Rep. iv. 127. - California, from Shasta Co. to San Diego, and
eastward to Nevada and the border of Arizona. •

Var. WaUacei, a form with corolla smaller (the tube 12 to 16 lines long) and
calyx-teeth shorter, but variable, sometimes hardly surpassing the capsule : upper leaves
more disposed to have a broad and roundish or subcordate slightly clasping base ■ herbatre
&c., more viscid. — Near Los Angeles and San Diego, Wallace, Cleveland.

^rr,7^,Pj^7- '^"'i, ''^P^"'^ globular, 4-several-ceIled, at first somewhat succulent: the valves at
matuiity thin and rather membranous : coiolia with ampler limb and proportionally shorter more
funnelform tube. — Po/^rfjc/ia, Don. PolyclicUs, Miers!, po i ouaiij saoiier more

N. quadrivalvis, Pursh. A foot high, rather stout, more or less viscid-pubescent low-
branching : leaves oblong or the uppermost lanceolate, and the lower ovate-lanceolate
acute at both ends, mostly sessile (3 to 5 inches long) ; the lowest larger and petioled •
flowers few : calyx-teeth much shorter than the tube, about equalling the 4-celled (or
sometimes 3-celled?) capsule: tube of the corolla barely an inch long, the 5-lobcd limb an
mch and a half or more in diameter ; its lobes ovate and obtusish, veiny. — Sims Bot Mag
t. 1778; Lehm. Nicot. 45, t.4; Nutt. Gen. i. 132; Gray, Bot. Calif, i.e. Poh/d'icUs nuadri
valvis, Miers, 111. i. 164, & ii. 55, 60, fig. 2-14. — Oregon, and cultivated by the'lndians from
Oregon to the Missouri : their most prized tobacco-plant. Perhaps a derivative of the
preceding species.

Var. multivalvis, Gray, 1. c. An abnormal form of cultivation (by aborigines),
generally stouter, with calyx, corolla (often over 2 inches wide), and stamens 5-8-merous,'
anil capsule several-celled, sometimes an inch in diameter. — .V. muUivabis, Lindl. Bot. Reg.'
1. 1057. Polydiclis multivalvis, Miers, 1. c. t.60, fig. 1 & 9. — Oregon, probably known only
as an escape from aboriginal cultivation.
N. NANA, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 833, Nierembergia nana, Miers, must be HesperocMron Callfomicus.

15. PETtJNIA, Juss. {Petun is an aboriginal name of Tobacco.) — Viscid
Sotith American herbs, with entire leaves, the upper disposed to become opposite,
and scattered flowers becoming lateral : two large-flowered species and their
hybrids familiar in gardens ; an inconspicuous small-flowered one is a naturalized
weed, and perhaps indigenous along the southern borders of the U. S. It forms a
peculiar section, and has received several generic names.

P. parviflora, Juss. A small prostrate or diffusely spreading annual, much branched,
more or less pubescent : leaves oblong-linear or spatulate, rather fleshy, seldom half an
inch long, nearly sessile : peduncles very short : calyx-lobes resembling the smaller leaves :
corolla purple with a pale or yellowish tube, 4 lines long, funnelforni ; its short refuse lobes
slightly unequal: capsule small, ovoid. — Juss. in Ann. Mus. ii. 216, t. 47 ; Miers, 111. i.
t. 23; Dunal. 1. c. 575. Nicotiana parviflora, Lehm. Nicot. 48. Lindernia Montecidensis,
Spreng. Calllbrackoa pronimbens, Llav. & Lex. Nov. Mex. Veg. ii. 3. Salpiglossis prostratn,
Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 123. Leplophragma prostrata, Benth. mss. ex Dunal, 1. c. 578. —

244 SOLANACEiE. Bouchetia.

Waste grounds and coasts, S. Florida and Texas to California ; also adventive at some
seaports of tlie Atlantic States: an insignificant little weed. (S. Amer., &c.)

16. B0UCH:&TIA, DC. (In memory of B. Bouchet, an obscure botanist
of the south of France.) — Prodr. xiii. 589, ui part ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii.
908. — Single species.

B. erecta, DC. 1- c. Much branched from a perennial root, ascending, a span high, mi-
nutely appressed-pubescent : leaves oblong-spatulate, or the lower oval and petioled, and the
upper lanceolate and sessile, rather small : peduncles terminal or lateral and scattered :
corolla white, 6 to 9 lines long, about twice the length of the calyx ; the broadly funnel-
form limb deeply 6-lobed ; lobes roundish. — Nierembergia anomala, Miers in Lond. Jour. Bot.
iii. 175, & 111. i. 99, t. 20; Dunal in DC. 1. c. 528; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 156. N. siaticce-
folia, Sendtner in Mart. Fl. Bras. x. 179. Leucanthea Rcemeriana, Scheele in Linn. xxv. 250.
— Moist prairies and rocky hills, Texas. (Mex., S. Brazil, &c.)

17. LEPT0G-L6SSIS, Benth. {JsTnog, thin or small, and ylaaoig, in
place of -jlwrxig, the mouth of the windpipe, the throat of corolla being narrow.)
— Extra-tropical S. American herbs, resembling Niereynbergia (which has 5 fer-
tile stamens borne at and exserted from the orifice of the open saucer-shaped
limb), but with tubular-funnelform throat, in the lower part or base of which the
didynamous stamens are inserted. Besides the genuine species, a Texan and a
Mexican species constitute a subgenus,

§ 1. Brachyglossis, with strictly salverform corolla of Nierembergia; the
long and filiform tube abruptly saccate-dilated just under the ample rotate limb :
stigma rather narrowly 2-lobed, and the lobes alate-decurrent on the apex of the
style : habit and foliage of Bouchetia. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 164.

L. Texana, Gray, 1- c. Low perennial, diffusely much branched from a suffrutescent
base, a span high, viscid-pubescent : leaves spatulate-obovate or oblong, acute (half inch
long), narrowed at base, the lower into a short margined petiole : peduncles mostly shorter
than the campanulate-funnelform 5-toothed calyx (the teeth deltoid) : corolla apparently
white ; the filiform tube 8 or 9 lines long; the almost regular broadly 5-lobed plane limb
of about the same diameter ; the very short campanulate throat hardly over a line in
height and width : winged appendages under the stigma narrower than wide : capsule only
half the length of the 10-nerved calyx : seeds somewhat reniform, coarsely transverse,
rugose, otherwise smooth. — Nierembergia (Leptoglossis) viscosa, Sf Browallia (Leptoglossis)
Texana, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 155, 156. —Rocky hills, W. Texas, Wright, Bigelow. (Ad-
jacent Mexico, at San Carlos, Berlandier, no. 3194.) L. Coulteri, Gray, I.e., a nearly related
Mexican species of this section, is minutely pubescent, and has ovate leaves on slender
petioles, longer peduncle, calyx cleft to the middle, and very broad wings to the apex of
the style.

Order XCVI. SCROPHULARIACEiE.

Herbs, shrubs, or rarely small trees, with leaves either alternate or .opposite
and destitute of stipules, primary inflorescence centripetal and the secondary when
developed centrifugal, perfect flowers with the bilabiately irregular corolla (^)
imbricated and not plicate in the bud, didynamous or diandroUs stamens, 2-celled
ovary with axile several-many-ovuled placentse, usually capsular fruit, and ana-
tropous or amphitropous seeds (generally numerous), with a small and straight or
only slightly curved embryo in fleshy albumen, the cotyledons little if at all
broader than the radicle. The calyx and corolla are mostly 5-merous, and the
former persistent ; but sometimes they are 4-merous, at least apparently, and

SCROPHULARIACEiE. 245

either with or without all four stamens present ; sometimes the corolla is nearly
or quite regular, and even with all five stamens present and complete (uniformly
so in Verbascum, abnormally in several species of Pentstemon) ; and the ovules
are sometimes few and definite, rarely solitary. The posterior or superior stamen
is the deficient or abortive one. Corolla wanting in one Synthyris. Style one
and undivided : stigma either entire, or 2-lobed, or bilamellar (bilabiate) ; its lobes
and the cells of the ovary anterior and posterior. Seeds comparatively small,
rarely winged. — This large order has its tribes arranged by Bentham and Hooker
(Gen. ii. 915) under three series, hardly to be regarded as suborders, the first of
which closely connects with the preceding order, except as to inflorescence. The
ambiguous Salpiglossideoe are referred to that order.

I. (PsEUDOSOLANE^.) Leaves all alternate. Inflorescence simply centri-
petal. Corolla hardly if at all bilabiate ; the 2 posterior lobes external in the
bud. All five stamens sometimes present and perfect.

Tribe I. LEUCOPHYLLEiE. Corolla campanulate or short-funnelform ; the lobes
plane or merely concave.

1. LEUCOPHYLLUM. Calyx short, 5-parted ; the lobes nearly valvate. Corolla with
5 rounded and spreading nearly equal lobes. Stamens 4 and didynaraous, or rarely 5 and
the fifth imperfect, included : anthers with cells confluent at the apex, at length divari-
cate. Stigma emarginate or bilamellar. Capsule 2-valved, and the valves at length 2-
cleft. Tomentose shrubs.

Tribe II. VERBASCE^. Corolla rotate, with hardly any tube. Anthers by con-
fluence 1-celled. (None indigenous to America.)

2. VERBASCUM. Stamens 5, all with anthers ; all or the three superior filaments
woolly-bearded. Style flattened and dilated at apex. Capsule globular or oblong, septi-
cidally 2-valved ; the valves 2-clef t at apex. Seeds very numerous, rugose.

II. (Antirrhinide^.) Leaves prevailingly opposite, at least the lower. In-
florescence when simple centripetal, when compound the partial centrifugal ; i. e.
the peduncle cymosely few-several-flowered. Upper lip or lobes of the corolla
external in the bud, with a few occasional and irregular exceptions. Fertile
stamens very seldom more than four.

Tribe III. ANTIRRHINE^. Corolla bilabiate and more or less tubular; the base
of the tube gibbous or saccate or spurred on the lower side, and the lower lip often
with an intrusion (palate) at the throat. Capsule opening by irregular perforations
or lacerate chinks, not by normal valves, many-seeded. Inflorescence simple and
racemose, or the flowers solitary and axillary.

* Stamens 4, with more or less 2-celIed fertile anthers.

3. LINARIA. Corolla with a spur at base (this rarely abortive) and a prominent palate
nearly closing the throat. In the occasional monstrosity called Peloria, the corolla be-
comes regular by the production of 5 spurs and 6 regular short lobes.

4. ANTIRRHINUM. Corolla merely saccate or gibbous at base, otherwise nearly as
Linaria, or the palate in some species much less prominent. Seeds destitute of any proper
wing.

5. MAURANDIA. Corolla barely gibbous at base, nearly funnelform, ringent, with two
longitudinal and commonly bearded intruded lines or plaits instead of palate. Capsule
equal or hardly oblique. Seeds winged or wingless.

* * Antheriferous stamens only 2 (the anterior pair) ; the posterior reduced to small
abortive filaments.

6. MOHAVEA. Corolla with short tube merely gibbous at base, and very ample bilabiate
but somewhat campanulate-erect limb ; the lips obovate-dilated or fan-siiaped, the upper
2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed and bearing a prominent but comparatively small palate, bearded
down its middle; lobes all broad, erose-denticulate, and abruptly short-acuminate. An-
thers of the two fertile stamens one-celled by confluence. Style slender and straight :

246 SCROPHULARIACEiE.

stigma depressed-capitate. Capsule and the cyathiferous seeds of Antirrhinum § Pseudo-
rontium.
Tribe IV. CHELONExE. Corolla more or less bilabiate and tubular, not saccate
or otherwise produced at base anteriorly. Antheriferous stamens 4, and rudiment
of the fifth commonly present. Capsule dehiscent by valves. Inflorescence nor-
mally compound (at least the peduncle 2-bracteate) , and leaves opposite. (Chion-
ophila is exceptional and of doubtful position, having flowers simply spicate, and
the leaves sometimes alternate. In some species of CoUinsia, the flowers are solitaiy
in the axils on a bractless peduncle or pedicel.)

* Corolla gibbous or saccate on the upper or posterior side of the tube : ovules and seeds
few or solitary in the cells: calyx deeply 5-cleft, campanulate: peduncles or pedicels
simple and ebracteate.

7. COLLINSIA. Corolla declined, deeply bilabiate ; its upper lip 2-cleft, with lobes rnore
' or less erect and replicate ; lower larger and 3-lobed ; its lateral lobes pendulous-spreading ;

middle one conduplicate into a keel-shaped sac which encloses the 4 declined stamens and
style. Filaments long and filiform ; the lower or anterior pair inserted higher on the
corolla than the other: anthers round-reniform ; their two cells confluent at the apex
into one. Gland at base of corolla on the upper side represents the fifth stamen. Style
filiform : stigma small, entire, or minutely 2-cleft. Capsule ovate or globose, at first sep-
ticidal; the valves soon 2-cleft. Seeds amphitropous and peltate, concave ventrally.
Leaves undivided.

8. TONELLA. Corolla little declined, obscurely bilabiate, and the 5 more or less unequal
' lobes somewhat rotately spreading ; the lower not enclosing the soon ascending stamens ;

tube slightly gibbous posteriorly. Ovules and seeds 1 to 4 in each cell, oval. Cauline
leaves mainly ternately divided or parted.

* * (Genuine Chelonece.) Corolla-tube not gibbous.posteriorly : ovules and seeds indefi-
nitely numerous : calyx deeply 5-parted or of distinct sepals, imbricated : inflorescence
mostly thyrsoidal, i. e. the axillary clusters centrifugal or cymose, or when reduced to a
single" flower the peduncle or pedicel 2-bracteate : capsule septicidal.

^- Sterile stamen represented by a scale on the upper side of the throat of the corolla.

9. SCROPHULARIA. Corolla short; the tube ventricose and globular or oblong; lobes

* 5, unequal, four of them erect and the two posterior longer ; the fifth or anterior reflexed
or spreading. Stamens 4, declined, usually included or shorter than the corolla lobes :
anthers transverse and confluently 1-celled. Stigma entire or emarginate. Seeds margin-
less, rugose.

•1- -)- Filament of the sterile stamen conspicuous and elongated : corolla from ventri-
cose-campanulate to elongated-tubular; the limb either obscurely or strongly bilabiate.

10 CHELONE. Seeds surrounded by a broad membranaceous wing. Otherwise nearly
'as Pentstemon. Anthers long-woolly as in the first division of that genus ; the wool mainly
confined to the inner face.

1 1 PENTSTEMON Seeds angulate, marginless. Antheriferous stamens 4, declined at
"base, ascending above : filaments filiform : anther-cells either united or confluent at apex.
Style filiform : stigma small, entire.

* * * Corolla-tube not gibbous : ovules and seeds rathernumerous : calyx not deeply
cleft : inflorescence simply spicate : capsule at first loculicidal.

1 2 CHIONOPHIL A. Calyx f unnelform, thin-membranaceous becoming scarious, merely
'and obtusely 5-lobed. Corolla tubular, with slightly dilated throat and bilabiate limb,
somewhat personate ; upper lip erect and shghtly concave, barely 2-lobed, the sides some-
what recurved; lower with convex densely bearded base forming a palate and ci-lobed
the short lobes recurving. Stamens of Eupentslemm : cells of the anthers divaricate and
confluent. Sterile filament small and short, or even minute, naked. Style filiform : stig-
ma minute, entire. Capsule oblong, enclosed in the marcescent calyx and corolla, loculi-
cidally 2-valved, and the valves soon septifragal and 2-parted ; placental dissepiment
flat. Seeds rather large, oblong, with a very loose and arilliform cellular-reticulated
outer coat.

Tribe V. GRATIOLE^. Corolla from bilabiate to almost regular, not saccate or
otherwise produced at base. Antheriferous stamens 2 or 4: no rudiments of the
fifth. Capsule dehiscent, many-seeded. Inflorescence simple and centripetal; the
pedicels solitary in the axil of bracts or leaves and ebracteolate. Leaves opposite (or
verticillate), or only the uppermost alternate.

SCROPHULARIACE^. 247

* Calyx prismatic and barely 5-toothed, or rarely campanulate and hardly 6K:left : corolla
more or less bilabiatte : stamens 4. wiona

13 MIMULUS. Corolla with either elongated or.short tube; upper lip 2- and the lower
d-lobed or parted; the former often erect and the sides turned back; a pair of palatine
ridges (either bearded or naked and more or less intruded) running down the lower
side ol the throat. Stamens inserted low witliln the throat or on the tube. Antliers
generally approximate m pairs, on filiform filaments ; their cells divergent, either distinct
or confluent at the apex. Style filiform : stigma bilamellar, or sometimes peltate by the
union of the two dilated lips, or rarely even funnelform. Capsule enclosed in tlie
calyx, locuhcidal ; the placenta either firmly united, or in one section barely contieuouB
in the axis.

* * Calyx 5-parted : corolla more or less bilabiate : stamens 4, inserted below the throat,
included: anther-cells distinct.

H- Sepals narrow and nearly alike : capsule septicidal or septif ragal.

14. STEMODIA. Corolla with cylindraceous tube, somewhat erect and hardly 2-lobed
upper lip, and more spreading lower one. Anther-cells separate and stipitate. Stigma
2-lobed. Capsule \yith valves soon 2-parted : placenta left in the axis.

15. CONOBEA. Corolla nearly of the preceding, or more equally G-lobed, Anther-cells
distinct but not stipitate, parallel. Stigma bilamellar. Capsule septifragal ; valves en-
tire or rarely 2-cleft. Seeds striate.

-)— -t- Sepals unequal and imbricated ; the posterior one considerably or much broader tiian
the anterior; the two lateral ulterior and usually much narrower: capsule septicidal or
loculicidal; the valves entire or 2-parted, separating from the undivided placentiferous
column.

16. HERPESTIS. Corolla with short cylindraceous tube, and spreading lips; upper
emarginate or 2-lobed; lower 3-lobed, plane. Anther-cells parallel or divergent. Cap-
sule globose or ovate.

* * * Calyx 5-parted or deeply 4-5-lobed : antheriferous stamens only 2,
-f— The posterior pair; the anterior pair sterile rudiments or sometimes wanting: flowers
not minute : corolla manifestly bilabiate ; upper lip entire or 2-lobed ; lower 3-cleft :
sepals narrow, little unequal : stigma dilated and mostly bilamellar.

17. GRATIOLA. Corolla with cylindraceous tube and lips nearly of equal length. Sta-
mens both fertile (with anther-cells distinct} and sterile inserted below the throat and in-
cluded. Capsule both loculicidal and septicidal ; valves separating from the placentif-
erous column. Seeds striate and transversely reticulated.

18. ILYSANTHES. Corolla with cylindraceous tube, or more dilated throat; upper lip
erect and concave, 2-lobed; lower larger, spreading, with 3 broad nearly equal lobes.
Fertile stamens inserted rather low down and somewhat included: sterile filaments
inserted at the orifice and forked; one fork glandular and obtuse ; the other smooth and
naked, acute, sometimes reduced to a mere tooth, sometimes more elongated and even
bearing the rudiment of an anther. Capsule ovoid or oblong, septicidal or septifragal ;
the valves entire, at length separating from the placentiferous column. Seeds foveolate-
rugose.

H— The anterior pair of stamens antheriferous, at least only a single pair antheriferous,
and no rudiments of sterile ones : flowers minute : corolla only 4-lobed : anthers short, of
roundish distinct cells.

19. MICRANTHEMUM. Calyx usually 4-cleft or 4-lobed. Corolla with very short tube,
obscurely bilabiate ; its upper lip short or almost none ; the lower .3-lobed and the middle
lobe longer. Stamens inserted in the throat : filaments short, dilated or appendaged at
base. Style short : stigma dilated or 2-lobed. -Capsule globular, tliin, becoming 1-celled
by the vanishing of the partition, leaving the several-many-seeded placenta in the axis.
Seeds oblong, minute.

20. AMPHIANTHUS. Calyx 5-parted, unequal. Corolla funnelform, with spreading 4-
cleft limb; lobes rounded, one of them larger. Stamens on the tube of the corolla,
included : filaments filiform, not appendaged. Style subulate : stigma minutely 2-cleft.

. Capsule obcordate, compressed, loculicidal ; valves bearing the partition. Seeds numer-
ous, linear-oblong, striate, transversely rugulose.

* * * * Calyx and corolla both 5-lobed and nearly regular : antheriferous stamens 4,
nearly equal : no sterile filament.

21. LIMOSELLA. Calyx campanulate; the lobes short. Corolla between rotate and
campanulate ; its lobes oblong or ovate. Stamens borne on the tube of the corolla : fila-
ments slender, unappendaged : anthers by confluence 1-celled. Style short : stigma de-
pressed-capitate. Capsule globose-ovoid, 2-celled only at base; the large central pla-
centa many-seeded. Seeds ovoid, rugulose.

248 SCROPHULARIACE^.

III. (Rhinanthide^.) Leaves various. Inflorescence simply centripetal.
Lower lip or lateral lobes of the corolla external in the bud. Stamens very
rarely more than 4.

Tribe VI. DIGIT ALE^. Corolla usually little if at all bilabiate; the lobes all
plane, the lateral or one of them external. Anther-cells contiguous at apex and
often confluent. Herbs, or some shrubs, none parasitic.

* Stamens 4 or sometimes 5, nearly equal: corolla sliort-campanulate or nearly rotate.

22. SCOPARIA. Sepals 4 or 5, rather broad, imbricated. Corolla 4-clef t, densely hairy in
the throat. Stamens 4 : anther-cells distinct. Style slightly clavate : stigma truncate.
Capsule septicidal. Leaves opposite or verticillate.

23. CAPRARIA. Sepals 5, narrow, hardly imbricated. Corolla 5-cleft. Stamens often
5 : anthers sagittate or horseshoe-shaped ; the cells confluent at apex. Style with thick-
ened apex : stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 2-sulcate, locuhcidal. Leaves alternate.

* * Stamens 2 (only abnormally 3 or 4), distant, straight, exserted, inserted at or below
the sinuses between the two lateral and the posterior lobe of the, corolla : style usually
filiform, with terminal usually small -capitate stigma : capsule mostly compressed and
obtuse or emarginate, few-many-seeded, loculicidal ; the valves tardily if at all separat-
ing from the placentiferous axis. (Hypogynous disk mostly conspicuous and crateri-
form or annular.)

24. SYNTHYRIS. Corolla from oblong- to short-campanulate, 4-cIeft, more or less irreg-
ular (upper lobe longer), sometimes irregularly and variably parted, occasionally want-
ing. Sepals 4, oblong. Anther-cells parallel or somewhat divergent belOw, not confluent
at apex. Placentas short, chiefly at the centre of the valves. Seeds discoidal, orbicular
or oval, with very close and strictly conformed smooth coat.

25. VERONICA. Corolla from rotate with very short or hardly any tube to salverform;
its lobes 4 (or sometimes 5), one usually smaller. Anther-cells more or less confluent at
the apex. Seeds various.

Tribe VII. GERARDIEiE. Corolla little or not at all bilabiate; the lobes all
plane and mostly spreading, the anterior one external in the bud. Stamens 4:
anther-cells distinct to the very apex, or sometimes one of them wanting. Capsule
loculicidal, many-seeded. Herbs, most of them partially root-parasitic, and their
green foliage inclined to blacken in drying: some African and Indian genera are
wholly parasitic and destitute of green herbage, in the manner of OrobanchacecB.

* Anthers by abortion 1-celIed : corolla salverform ; tube slender : flowers 2-bracteolate.

26. BUCHNERA. Calyx 'tubular or oblong, 5-10-nerved, 5-toothed. Corolla with
straight or slightly curved tube, and almost equally 5-cleft widely spreading limb. Sta-
mens didynamous : anthers approximate in pairs ; the cell vertical. Style with somewhat
clavate and entire apex. Valves of the oblong capsule separating from the placentifer-
ous axis. Seeds with reticulated close coat.

* * Anthers 2-celled ; the cells equal and parallel : pedicels ebracteolate.
-t— Stamens equal or nearly so, more or less exserted : posterior lobes of the corolla united
to near their middle.

27. SEYMERIA. Corolla short, somewhat carapanulate or rotate, pale yellow, calyx 5-
cleft or parted. Filaments short, usually woolly at base : anthers obtuse at base, not
exceeding the corolla-lobes. Capsule globular or ovate, with more or less pointed and
compressed apex. Seeds with a loose reticulated coat.

28. MACRANTHERA. Corolla (orange-color) salverform, with tube very much longer
than the small lobes ; its narrow orifice somewhat oblique ; posterior and partly united
lobes somewhat erect, the others soon reflexed. Calyx 5-parted ; the divisions long and
narrow. Stamens inserted toward the bottom of the corolla : filaments filiform, becoming
conspicuously exserted, sparsely glandular-hairy, as are the linear-oblong anthers when
young: cells of the latter acuminate at base. Style long and fihform : stigma simple or
2-cleft. Capsule globose and bisulcate ; the valves at length 2-clef t. Seeds obovate,
lamellate-crested on the back.

-1— -1— Stamens conspicuously didynamous, shorter than the corolla.

29. GERARDIA. Corolla from campanulate to f unnelform ; the throat ampliate ; limb
5-parted, and with the two posterior lobes often rather smaller or more united. Calyx
campanulate, 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Stamens commonly more or less hairy : anthers more
or less approximate in pairs. Style fihform : stigma clavate-thickened or flattened. Seeds
usually angulate and with a rather loose coat.

SCROPHDLAKIACE^. 249

''ZlJll irt!r;„.'„°™^--"-''^ bilabiate, the upper >ip erect and

concave or galeate, eutire or emavi

■ginate, rarely 2-cleft; the lower 3-cleft, mostly

spreading, external in the bud. Stamens 4 and didynamous, or rarely 2 ascending

Tf^i:.^ VT^ ''^'- "f'"""^^^ ^^^'^"°*' «^-^"-- one Abortive' o^'ntty
S Tf^ fiMorm and stxgma entire, rarely 2-lobed. Capsule loculicidal. Leafy
heibs, not rarely drying blackish ; these partially root- parasitic. ^

* Ovules and usually the seeds numerous.

•)- Anther-cells unequal or dissimilar ; the
ulcus from '■ ' "

lb unequal or mssimi ar; the outer one affixed by its middle; the other pend-
Its upper end, mostly smaller, sometimes sterile or deficient- seeds with a
loose reticulated coat: leaves alternate or only the lowest opposite
30. CASTILLEIA Calyx tubular, laterally flattened, more or less cleft anteriorlv or
^n'JiT'V" both; the lobes entire or 2.cleft. Corolla tubular, more or iS lSl?r
Sn3 1 n'^' especially the elongated and conduplicate or carinate-concave and ent e
«n^mf P. (galea); lower lip short and small, often very small, 3-toothed, 3-carinate or

rnrSll^^^^LSam^bet"^ ^^^^'^ *'^ *"'^ "^^^^^^ ^"^^''^^^ ^" ^^^ ^^'^^ S^"
^^■tp?ww^?P^^r^^- ^^^^""r tubular-campanulate, 4-cleft, or cleft anteriorly and pos-

TJZJ mi^' '^''^'"°!1' ^-'^f.*' "" P^""^^^- Co^o''^ ™o«t'y ^^''th slender tube ; upper lip

(galea) li tie longer and usually much narrower than the mflated l-Ji-saccate lower one

btamens 4; the smaller anther-cell sometimes wanting.
^^'S,2^rF^t\^^'^^^^:^^^y'' spathaceous, diphyllous (anterior and posterior), or by the

Pnn.nl ^h..'"''^'''"" ?"'!'^T tnonophyllous. Corolla tubular, with lips commonly of

equal length; the upper (galea) nearly as in Orthocarpus ; the lower 3-crenuIate or entire.

btamens of Orthocarpus, or sometimes the shorter pair wanting: anther-cells eitiier ciliate

iTndTtb^^- '^'''^'«^!i^^'' and apex. Style hooked at tip and somewhat thickened
under the stigma. Seeds mostly few.

•f- -1- Anther-cells equal, parallel and alike in all 4 stamens.
++ Flower 2-bracteoIate under the calyx.

33. SCHWALBEA Calyx tubular, 10-12-ribbed, oblique, 5-toothed ; the posterior tooth
much smaller; the 2 anterior united higher. Corolla with cylindraceous tube anS lips of
tXA!l^J'"^^^L*^^''P?7.^''i^* ^"^ galeate, oblong, entire; lower erect-spreading,
nh^int tf b^.f' obtusely 3-lobed at summit. Stamens slightly didynamous! anthers
oblong, the cells barely mucronulate at base. Seeds linear, with a loose hyaline coat
mcluding a small nucleus.

++ ++ Flowers ebracteolate.

34. EUPHRASIA Calyx tubular or campanulate, 4-cleft, and rarely with a fifth smaU
posterior obe Corolla with dilated throat; upper lip erect, barely concave, 2-lobed,
and the sides folded back ; lower larger, 3-lobed, spreading; its lobes obtuse or emargi-
nate. Anther-cells raucronate at base. Seeds numerous, pendulous, oblong, longitudi-
nally sulcate. Leaves opposite.

35 BART SI A. Calyx equally 4-cleft. Corolla with upper Up entire and sides not folded
back. Seeds sulcate and with salient or alate ribs. Otiierwise much as Euphrasia.

36. PEDICULARIS. Calyx various, cleft anteriorly and sometimes posteriorly. Corolla
with cylindraceous tube and narrow throat, strongly bilabiate; upper lip (galea) com-
pressed laterally, fornicate or conduplicate ; lower erect at base, 2-cristate above, 3-lobed ;
the lobes spreading or reflexed, the middle one smaller. Anthers transverse,' approxi-
mate in pairs. Capsule compressed and often oblique or falcate, rostrate. Seeds nu-
merous, various. Leaves mainly alternate or verticillate.

37. RHINANTHUS. Calyx ventricose-compressed, 4-toothed, inflated in fruit. Corolla
with cylindraceous tube ; galeate upper lip ovate, obtuse, compressed, entire at the apex,
but with a minute tooth on each side below it ; lower lip shorter, with 3 spreading
lobes. Anthers approximate in pairs, transverse, pilose, niuticous. Capsule orbicular,
compressed. Seeds few in each cell, orbicular, wing-margined. Leaves opposite.

* * Ovules only two in each cell, one sessile and ascending, the other stipitate and later-
ally attached : flowers ebracteolate : leaves opposite : flowers in our species scattered.

38. MELAMPYRUM. Calyx campanulate or short-tubular, 4-toothed ; the teeth usually
setaceous-acuminate, the posterior larger. Corolla with cylindraceous tube, enlarging at
throat : galeate upper lip erect, compressed, obtuse, and with narrow replicate margins or
a tooth to each ; lower rather longer, erect-spreading, biconvex below, 3-lobed at apex.
Stamens 4: anthers approximate in pairs, nearly vertical; the cells equal and parallel,
mucronulate at base. Capsule compressed, oblique or falcate : cells 1-2-seeded. Seeds
smooth, strophiolate.

250 SCROPHULARIACE^. Leucopliyllum.

1. LEUCOPH'^LUM, Humb. & Bonpl. {Atv^og, light or white, and
cpvllov, foliage.) — Low and much-branched shrubs (of -Mexico and its northern
borders), densely scurfy-to men tose with usually silvery-white wool; the flowers
showy, on short bractless peduncles in the axil of the small obovate or roundish
and short-petioled entire leaves ; the corolla violet-purple. Fl. in summer. —
PI. ^quin. ii. 95, t. 109 ; Miers, 111. ii. 76, t. 58.

L. Texanum, Benth. Shrub 2 to 8 feet high : leaves tomentose, obovate, half inch or
more long, almost sessile : calyx-lobes lanceolate-oblong : corolla almost campanulate ; the
limb an inch in diameter, deUcately sof t-viUous within. — DC. Prodr. x. 344 ; Gray in Bot.
Mex. Bound. 115. —Southern borders of Texas, Berlandier, Wright, &c. (Adjacent Mex.)

L. minus Gray, 1- c. A foot or two high : leaves minutely silvery-canescent, obovate-
spatulate 'with long tapering base, half inch or less long: calyx-lobes linear: corolla with
narrower and more f uunelform tube and throat which much exceed the limb ; that half
inch in diameter, sparsely pubescent within. — South-western Texas, Wright, Bigelow, Parry.

2. VERBASCUM, L. Mullein. (Altered from Barbascum, old Latin

name.) Coarse weeds, from Europe, mostly biennials ; cauline leaves sessile

and often decurrent on the stem : fiowermg in summer : flowers ephemeral. Hy-
brids abound.

* Woolly or scurfy, tall and stout : flowers yellow, occasionally white.

V. ThApsus, L. (Common Mullein.) Densely woolly throughout: stem simple, 3 to 6
feet high, winged by the decurrent bases of the oblong nearly entire crowded leaves :
flowers in a dense long spike, yellow: lower filaments mostly naked —Fields, a common
weed in the Atlantic States, rare in the Pacific. A white-flowered form ( V. elongatum,
Willd.), probably of hybrid origin, occurs occasionally. (Nat. from Eu.)

V. LYCHNfris, L. (White Mullein.) Clothed with fine somewhat mealy wooUiness,
often paniculate-branched at summit : leaves ovate, acute, somewhat crenate, not decur-
rent, the upper surface becoming naked and green: racemes panicled, close: filaments
white-woolly. — Fields, N. Atlantic States, rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

* Slender, green, more loosely-flowered, filaments all bearded with violet woolly hairs.

V. Blatt.'Cria, L. (Moth Mullein.) Below glabrous; the loose virgate raceme and
calyx glandular: leaves oblong, obtuse, crenate or sometimes sinuate, not decurrent; the
small upper ones ovate, acute, partly clasping : pedicels solitary and much longer than
the linear-lanceolate calyx-lobes: corolla yellow or white and purple-tinged. — F. Claj/toni,
Michx. Fl. i. 148. Roadsides, Atlantic States. (Nat. from Eu.)

V. virgAtum, Withering. Somewhat pubescent or hairy as well as glandular, especially
the raceme :' pedicels often in twos and threes, not longer than the calyx-lobes ; otherwise
very like a taller form of the last. — California. (Nat. from Eu. by way of Mexico 1 )

3. LINARIA, Tourn. Toad-Flax. (Name formed from Linum, Flax.)
— Herbs, chiefly natives of the Old World. Calyx 5-parted. Style filiform :
stigma small, nearly entire. Leaves, &c., very various. Fl. summer.

* Indigenous species, slender glabrous annuals or biennials; with entire leaves, linear and alter-
, nate on the erect flowering stems, smaller and oblong and mainly opposite or whorled on procum-
bent shoots or suckers from the base : small blue flowers m a naked tenninal raceme.
L. Canadensis, Dumont. Flowering stems nearly simple, 6 to 30 inches high : leaves
flat (a line or two wide) : pedicels erect, not longer than the filiform and curved spur of
the corolla. — Chav. Mon. Antirr. 149 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3473. Antirrhinum Canadense,
L.; Vent. Cels, t. 49. Linaria Texana, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 761, large-flowered form.—
Sandy or gravelly soil, Canada to Texas, California, and Oregon. (S. Amer., &,c.)
L. Ploridana, Chapm. Flowering stem at length paniculately branching, a span or
two high ; its leaves filiform : pedicels spreading, filiform, sparsely and minutely gland-
ular-hispid, much longer than the flower : raceme at length flexuous : spur very short and
inconspicuous, subulate, slightly projecting below the calyx. — Fl. 290. — Sands of the

Antirrhinum. SCROPHULARIACE^. 251

coast, E. and W. Florida. Corolla much smaller than in the preceding, 2 or 3 lines long.
Seeds shorter, paler, smoother, and less broadly truncate at apex.
* * Naturalized from the Old World.

-I— Perennial, erect, 1 to 3 feet high, glabrous, with nan-ow entire and alternate pale leaves, and
yellow fiowers in a terminal raceme.

L. tulgAris, Mill. (Ramsted, Butter & Eggs.) Leaves linear or nearly so, extremely
numerous : raceme dense, often paniculate below : corolla an inch or more long, including
the slender subulate spur : seeds winged. — Fields and road-sides, Atlantic States : a
showy but pernicious weed. (Nat. from Eu.)

L. GENiSTiFOLiA, Mill. Glaucous, paniculately branched : leaves lanceolate, acute : flow-
ers smaller and more scattered : seeds wingless. — Sparingly naturalized near New York.
(Adv. from Eu.)

•t— -)— Annual, procumbent, and much branched, with broad and abruptly petioled veiny alternate
leaves, and purplish and yellow small flowers from their axils.

L, ElAtine, Mill. Spreading over the ground, slender, hairy: leaves hastate or the lower
ovate, much surpassed by the filiform peduncles : calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute : corolla
3 or 4 lines long, including the subulate spur. — Sandy banks and shores, rather rare.
Canada to Carolina. (Nat. from Eu.)

L. SPURIA, Mill., like the preceding, but with roundish or cordate leaves and ovate or cor-
date calyx-lobes, and one or two other Old World species occasionally spring up in ballast
or waste grounds near cities. L. Cymhaldria, Mill., a smooth and delicate creeping species,
is common in cultivation, but seldom becomes spontaneous.

4. ANTIRRHlTvTUM, Tourn. Snapdragon. (J^tTe^eiW of Theophras-
tus, from the snout-like aspect of the flowers.) — Herbs, rarely shrubby, of very
various aspect, indigenous to the warmer parts of the Old World and of North
America and Mexico, in our species all or all but the lower leaves alternate.
Calyx deeply 5 -parted. Cells of the anthers either distinct or more or less con-
fluent.

§ 1. Orontium, Benth., partly. Capsule oblique, firm-coriaceous; the cells
opening by a definite hole at the top : seeds cup-shaped on ventral 'face, with
thickened incurved border, smooth and carinately one-ribbed on the back.

A. Orontium, L. Annual, a span or two high, erect, slender, glandular-pubescent : leaves
oblong-linear or lanceolate, entire : flowers subsessile : corolla purple or white, half inch
long. — Cult, and waste ground, sparingly spontaneous in Atlantic States. (Nat. from Eu.)

§ 2. PsEUDOKONTiUM, Gray. Capsule not oblique, somewhat didymous, char-
taceo-membranaceous ; the equal cells irregularly bursting at the apex : seeds
strongly cup-shaped ; the body muriculate on the back and far smaller than the
involute wing. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 81.

A. CYATufFERUM, Benth. Bot. Sulph. 40, t. 19, of Lower California, appears to dififer from
the following in having linear-lanceolate sepals, of only half the length of the tube of the
corolla, and a shallower cup to the seeds.
A. chytrospermum, Gray, 1. c. Annual, viscid-pubescent : stem a span to a foot high : -
leaves ovate, entire, 3 to 9 lines long and contracted into a margined petiole : flowers
axillary, short-peduncled : sepals oblong-lanceolate, equalling the tube of the purple
corolla (this barely 3 lines long) : cup of the seed several times larger than the body.—
Ehrenberg, Arizona; Palmer.

§ 3. ANTiRRHiNisTRUM, Chavanncs. Capsule more or less oblique ; the per-
sistent style or its base bent forward : cells opening by one or two holes : seeds
rugose-alveolate or tuberculate, similar on the two sides : palate of corolla closing
the orifice or nearly so : leaves entire, piunately veined, and with short petiolea
or none.

252 SCROPHULARIACE^. AniirrMnum.

* Perennial Old World species.
A. mAjus, L. (Common Snapdragon.) A foot or two liigh : leaves thickish, from oblong
to linear, smooth : flowers short-pedicelled in a glandular-pubescent terminal raceme :
corolla 1^ or 2 inches long, purple, rose, or white. — Sparingly escaped from gardens to
road-sides in Atlantic States.

* * Indigenous Califoi-nian species, annual so far as the root is known, small-flowered: promi-
nent palate closing the orifice of the corolla ; its upper lip spreading and lobes of the lower usually'
deflexed : filaments dilated at their apex. — § Sarorhinum, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 372, but
a misnomer, the palate not gaping.

-)— Erect, in no way climbing, destitute of prehensile branchlets.

•t-i- Flowers racemose-spicate, mostly rose-colored : capsule surmounted by a slender style : seeds
fimbrillate-favose.

A. virga, Gray. Glabrous throughout : root not seen : stem strict, simple, 2 or 3 feet
high : leaves thickish, linear-lanceolate ; the lower 2 or 3 inches long, often 3 lines wide ;
the upper passing into filiform-subulate bracts of the long virgate spiciforra raceme : flow-
ers sometimes secund, soon horizontal: corolla with cylindrical tube (half inch long) fully
twice the length of the lips and of the ovate-lanceolate sepals ; sac at base mammaeform :
filaments viscid-hirsute ; the dilated tips of the longer pair broader than the anther :
capsules erect, ovoid, longer than the unequal sepals. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 873, & Bot.
Calif, i. 549. — W. California, Bridges, in flower. Mendocino Co. in fruit, G. R. Vasey.

A. glandulosum, Lindl. Very glandular-pubescent and viscid throughout : stem
stout, branching, 3 to 5 feet high, very leafy : leaves lanceolate, mostly sessile, above
gradually passing into bracts of the leafy dense spike or raceme; these equalling or
shorter than the oblong tube of the corolla : sepals oblong-lanceolate, unequal ; the longer
equalling the capsule : filaments all moderately dilated upwards. — Bot. Reg. t. 1893 ;
Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 291. — Dry ground, California, from Santa Cruz southward.

•H- ++ Flowers sessile or nearly so in the axils of all but the lowest almost uniform leaves : corolla
only 3 or 4 lines long, yellowish or dull purplish ; the lips nearly the length of the tube; the sac
prominent : sepals equal, linear, not longer than the ovate-globular capsule ; the whole style indu-
rated and persistent, stout at base.
A. cornutum, Benth. Viscid-villous, simply branched, a foot or so high : leaves linear-
oblong or lanceolate, obtuse (an inch long) ; the lower tapering into a short petiole: fila-
ments all obliquely obovate-dilated at apex : style rather longer than the capsule : seeds
echinate-favose. — PI. Hartw. 328 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. — Valley of the Sacramento,
California, Hartweg.
A. leptaleum, Gray, 1. c. Viscid-villous, mostly simple, a span or two high : leaves
nearly linear, mainly sessile (the lowest less than an inch long, uppermost small and spatu-
late-oblong) : shorter filaments hardly dilated at apex: style rather shorter than the cap-
sule: seeds rugose-pitted. — A. cornutum, Durand in Pacif. R. Rep. v. 11, t. 10, not Benth.
— California ; Sierra Nevada from Mariposa Co. to Kern Co.

-I— -i— Spreading or erect, branching, producing filiform and at length tortile axillary branchlets
by which the plant is disposed to chmb : cal3'x unequal: corolla (purple, violet, or yellowish-
white) short; both hps spreading, the lower usually conspicuously larger and as long as the tube.
++ Flowers in a naked spike or dense raceme : bracts minute.
A. CoTllterianxiin, Benth. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, gaining support by its numerous
filiform tortile branchlets acting as tendrils, below glabrous, as also the (from linear to
oval) distant leaves: inflorescence villous-pubescent with viscid and sometimes glandular
hairs; the spike virgate, 2 to 10 inches long: pedicels shorter than the calyx: sepals
linear or lanceolate, obtuse, the 3 upper a little longer, all shorter than the oval or ovate-
oblong glandular-pubescent capsule, which is twice the length of the style. — DC. Prodr.
X. 592 ; Gray, 1. c. — Santa Barbara Co. to San Diego, California. Corolla either violet-
purple or white with yellowish palate ; the lower lip with its great palate forming the
larger part of the flower; the tube only 3 lines long, its sac broad and mammaeform.
Tendril-shoots mostly below, sometimes also in the lower part of the inflorescence.

•H- ++ Flowers (purple) scattered along the slender diffuse branches, or somewhat racemose but
leafy-bracteate at the summit, often accompanied by tortile prehensile branchlets from the same
axils: upper sepal conspicuously larger than the others: leaves short, from linear to ovate.

= Peduncles shorter than the flower, mostly shorter than the calyx or hardly any : tube of the
corolla rather longer than the hps : seeds tuberculate.

Antirrhinum. SCROPHULARIACEvE. 253

A. vdgans, Gray, 1. c. Very diffuse, sparsely setose-hirsute and often glandular, vary-
ing to nearly glabrous : leaves from lanceolate to oblong-ovate, thickish : flowers compara-
tively large (half inch long) : sepals or at least the large and mostly oblong upper one
equalling the tube of the corolla ; the others linear : style slender, as long as the capsule.
— Watson, Bot. King, 216, t. 21, fig. 5. A. Coulterianum, var. appendiculatum, Durand, 1. c.
11, 1. 11. — California, common through the western part of the State.

Var. Bolanderi, Gray, 1. c, a form with broader and thinner leaves, those of the tor-
tile branchlets orbicular, and unusually large posterior sepal, grows mainly in the shade
of Redwoods. A. Breweri, var. ovalifolium, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. 375, from the upper
part of the Sacramento River, may be a depauperate form of this, with shorter calyx,
approaching the following.

A. Breweri, Gray, 1. c. Slender, at first erect, a foot or two high, minutely or softly vis-
cid-pubescent : leaves from oblong-linear to oval (half to an inch long), obtuse : pedicels
shorter than the calyx: flowers small; the tube of the corolla (only 3 lines long) con-
siderably longer than the moderately unequal sepals, rather narrowly saccate at base:
style subulate, glandular, at length strongly deflexed, rather shorter than the capsule. —
California, common from Lake Co. to Plumas Co. and northward.

= = Peduncles more conspicuous : tube of the corolla not longer than the widely spreading lips,
merely gibbous at base : the weakly tortile branchlets bearing small leaves.

A. Nuttallianum, Benth. Softly viscid-pubescent, sometimes glabrous below, at
length diffusely much branched, 1 to 3 feet high : leaves ovate or subcordate (the largest
an inch long), nearly all distinctly petioled : peduncles or at least the lower ones longer
than the flowers, sometimes longer than the leaf and disposed to be tortile : sepals shorter
than (or the ovate or oval posterior one equalling) the tube of the violet-colored corolla
(this 2 or 3 lines long) : palate very prominent : seeds almost alately costate. — DC. Prodr.
X. 592 ; Gray, 1. c. — Common through S. California, near San Diego, &c.

Var. efflisura, Gray. Slender stems climbing over bushes by tortile leafy branchlets,
reaching 4 or 5 feet high : filiform peduncles mostly twice the length of the leaves : ribs
of the seeds less wing-like. — Bot. Calif, i. 622. — S. E. California, in the Mohave region,
Parry, Leriimon, Palmer.

A. Kingii, "Watson. Slender, mostly erect, a span to a foot or more high, somewhat
hairy at base, above nearly glabrous : leaves from narrowly lanceolate to linear ; the upper-
most minute : pedicels at length equalling or exceeding the sparsely glandular calyx : corolla
small (2 or 3 lines long, dull white) ; its tube half the length of the linear-oblong poste-
rior sepal and about equalling the other sepals ; the lips small : persistent style short and
subulate, glabrous, half the length of the slightly oblique globular capsule : seeds favose-
tuberculate. — Bot. King, 215, t. 21, fig. 1-4.— N. W. Nevada to Utah, Watson, Lemmon, &c.

§ 4. MAURA.NDKLLA, Gray, 1. c. Capsule and calyx equal or nearly so : seeds
as in preceding : corolla with prominent palate partly or quite closing the orifice :
herbs with entire or lobed leaves (all but the lower alternate), destitute of pre-
hensile branchlets, but mostly climbing by tortile filiform petioles or peduncles,
or by both, mainly glabrous. — Maurandia § Antirrhinijlorce, Benth. in DC. 1. c.

* Annuals, with mostly lanceolate or linear short-petioled leaves, but long and fihform prehensile
peduncles : caljTc rather shorter than the globose capsule.

A. strictum, Gray, 1. c. Erect, nearly simple, a foot or two high : lowest leaves ovate-
lanceolate ; upper ones linear, or the upper floral filiform, much shorter than the tortile race-
mose peduncles: corolla violet-purple (nearly half, inch long), with hairy palate and gib-
bous base : capsule crustaceous, tipped with a straight style of equal length. — Maurandia
stricta, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 375 ; Benth. 1. c. — California, near Santa Barbara,
Douglas, Brewer.

A. Cooperi, Gray, 1. c. Climbing 2 to 4 feet high by the long filiform peduncles (of 2 or
3 inches in length) : very slender stems at length much branched : lowest leaves ovate or
oblong; the others linear; upper floral minute: corolla bright yellow (half inch long),
conspicuously saccate at base, with hairy palate : style deciduous from the nearly mem-
branaceous capsule: seeds rough-rugose and with 3 or 4 corky ribs. — Ravines near Fort
Mohave, S. E. California, Cooper, Almendinger. S. Utah, Parri/.

254 SCROPHULARIACE^. Antirrhinum.

A. filipes, Gray, 1. c. More delicate than the preceding, and with broader more mem-
branaceous leaves : capillary tortile peduncles equally long : flowers very small, " white."
— Ives Colorad. Exped. Bot. 19. — Arizona, in desert arroyos of the Colorado, Newberry,
Flowers perhaps imperfect, the corolla little exceeding the calyx. Perhaps a depauperate
or attenuated state of the foregoing.

* * Perennial, climbing by the slender tortile petioles and axillaiy peduncles : calyx longer than

the globular capsule.

A. raavirandioides, Gray, !■ c. Low or tall climbing : leaves triangular-hastate or the

' lower cordate-hastate ; the lateral lobes often with a posterior tooth : corolla purple or

sometimes white (half to an inch long), with a nearly closing palate: sepals lanceolate,

very, acute: style slender: seeds strongly costate, the ribs corky. — Usteria antirrhinijlora,

Poir. Maurandia antirrhinijlora, Willd. Hort. Berol. t. 83; Bot. Mag. 1. 1643; Benth. I.e.

M. personata, Lagasca. — Texas to Arizona and the borders of California. Common in

cultivation. (Mex.)

§ 5. Gajib^lia, Gray, 1. c. Capsule and seeds of preceding section : stems
erect and more or less shrubby, not climbing : palate of the tubular corolla some-
what prominent, but not closing the throat: most of the. leaves opposite or in
threes. — Gambelia, Nutt. FI. Gamb. 149.

A. speciosum, Gray, 1- c. Shrub, 3 or 4 feet high, somewhat pubescent, leafy through-
out: leaves' oval or oblong, short-petioled, coriaceous: corolla "scarlet" or pink-red,
hardly an inch long, thrice the length the lanceolate sepals, and the tube thrice the length
of the narrow lips. — Gambelia speciosa, Nutt. 1. c. t. 22. — California, on the Island of
Catalina, Gamhell. (Guadalupe Island, Lower Calif., Palmer.)
A. junceum, Gray, l-c. Shrubby slender stems glabrous, 2 feet high: leaves small,
oblong-linear, or above hardly any: tube of the corolla 8 to 12 lines long. — M. juncea,
Benth. Sulph. 41. — From San Diego southward (to the bay of Magdalena in Lower Cali-
fornia, Hinds; also Cerros Island, Dr. Streets).

5. MAURANDIA, Ortega. (Dr. Maurandy, a botanical teacher at Car-
thagena.) — Perennial herbs (Mexican and Arizonian), climbing by the slender
tortile petioles and sometimes by the axillary peduncles ; the leaves cordate-
triangular or hastate, only the lower opposite ; and showy purple or rose-colored
■ or rarely white flowers. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 377. Maurandia (excl.
§ 1) and Lophospermum (Don), Benth. in DC. Prodr. I.e. This comprises the
two true Maurandias with wingless tuberculate seeds, Lophospermum, of one or
perhaps two species, with seeds bordered by an irregular and lacerate wing ; and
the section Epixiphium, Engelm., with a narrow entire wing to the seeds, and
capsule pointed by the subulate indurated style, containing the following
sj>ecies.

M. Wislizeni, Engelm. Glabrous, mostly low-climbing : leaves hastate, or some of
them sagittate ; the lowest obtuse, the others acuminate and with pointed basal lobes :
peduncles short: corolla (pale blue, an inch long) with lips about half the length of the
rather ample tube : sepals in flower linear-lanceolate, becoming in fruit triangular-lanceo-
lafe and gradually acuminate, much enlarged, rather rigid, very veiny-reticulated, and
strongly saccate-carinate at base, enclosing the coriaceous globose-ovate capsule, and
about the length of the sword-shaped indurated style : seeds compressed, oval, surrounded
by a narrow entire wing, the sides chaffy-rugose. — Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 111. — New
Mexico, on the banks of the Eio Grande, &c., and adjacent borders of Mexico, Wishzenus,
Parry, Wright, Bigelow.

6. MOHAYEA, Gray. (Name of the river on the banks of which the
plant was discovered by Fremont. It had been previously collected, in fruit
only, by Dr. Coulter.) — Single species.

Collinsia. SCROPHULARIACE^. 255

M. Viscida, Gray. Erect annual, a span to 2 feet high, corymbosely branched, pubescent
and very viscid : leaves lanceolate, entire, 2 inches long, tapering to both ends, somewhat
petioled ; the lower opposite ; upper alternate : flowers short-pedicelled : sepals lanceolate,
acuminate, nearly equal: corolla inch and a half long, sulphur-colored,. with some purple
dots : capsule globular : seeds very numerous, oblong, smooth and even on the back ; the
ventral face deeply cup-shaped, with thickened somewhat corky sides. — Gravelly banks,
S. E. California and adjacent parts of Arizona : fl. early spring.

7. COLLINSIA, Nutt. {Zacchem Collins of Philadelphia, who published

nothing, but was the most accurate botanist of his place and time.) — N. American

winter-annuals, flowering early in spring and summer, low or slender ; with

simple opposite sessile leaves, or the lowest petioled and the upper yerticillate,

the uppermost often reduced to subulate bracts. Flowers handsome, in series of

cyraosely umbellate fascicles or in whorls, or sometimes solitary in the axils ; the

pedicels ebracteolate, and no common peduncle. Corolla not rarely 2-colored.

The stamens and style occasionally rise out of the sac of the corolla into a more

erect position before all the pollen is shed. Ovules and seeds usually few (6 to

2) and sometimes solitary in each cell. — Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. i. 190, t. 9 ;

Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 91, & Bot. Calif, i. 553.

* Flowers short-pedicelled or almost sessile, verticillastrate-crowded, below in the axils of leaves,
above in the axils of bracts: corolla half to three-fourths inch long: seeds several or few,
meniscoidal.

-(— Corolla strongly declined; the much-inflated and gibbous saccate body (which we denominate
the throat) full as broad as long, and forming an obtuse or right angle with the very short proper
tube: gland short and small, sessile: upper pair of filaments more or less bearded toward the
base : ovules and seeds several.

0. bicolor, Benth. A foot or so high, from nearly glabrous to hirsute, or above viscid-
pubescent: leaves more or less dentate and oblong or lanceolate; the upper usually ovate-
lanceolate, sessile by a broad or subcordate and nervose base : pedicels shorter than the
acute calyx-lobes, mostly several in the fascicle; corolla with lower lip violet or rose-pur-
ple and the upper paler or white (occasionally both white) ; saccate throat very oblique to
the tube ; recurved-spreading upper lip a little shorter than the lower : seeds rugose-reticu-
lated. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1734; Don, Brit Fl. Card. ser. 2, t. 307; Hook. Bot. Mag.
t. 3488. C. heterophylla, Graham, Bot. Mag. t. 3695, rare form with lower leaves 3-cleft. —
Moist grounds, common through the western part of California. Commonly cultivated.

C tinctoria, Hart'Weg. Like the preceding, but with more glandular and viscid brown
or yellowish pubescence, which stains the fingers : flowers almost sessile : calyx-lobes lin-
ear or oblong-linear, mostly obtuse : corolla yellowish, cream-color, or white, usually' with
some purple dots or lines; axis of saccate throat forming a right angle with the tube; the
upper lip and its lobes very short: seeds smaller, rounder, and smoother. — Benth. PI.
Hartw. 328 ; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. 553. C. harbata, Bosse in Verhand. Gartenb. Preuss.
1853, & Bot. Zeit. xii. 905. C. septemnervia, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 224, fig. 69. —
Common in California, especially along the Sierra Nevada and its foot-hills.

■t— -t— Corolla less declined or oblique; the gibbous throat much longer than broad: stems only a
span or two high : leaves crenate or obtusely dentate, obtuse, thickish, seldom over an inch long.

-H- Filaments and interior of corolla somewhat bearded : upper hp of the latter crestless, but with
transverse callosity : calyx-lobes rather broad and obtuse.

C. bartsisefolia, Benth. Puberulent and somewhat glandular, rarely hirsute-pubes-
cent above : stem strict : leaves from ovate-oblong to linear : flower-clusters 2 to 5 or
fewer : corolla purplish or whitish ; its upper lip about the length of the curved gibbous
throat ; the lower with narrow base and emarginate or obcordate lateral lobes : gland ses-
sile and elongated, porrect : seeds only a pair in each cell, smooth. — DC. Prodr. x. 318 ;
Gray, I.e. C. hirsuta, Kellogg, I.e. 110, fig. 34, a hirsute form. — Sandy soil, common
tlirough California, less showy than preceding.

C. corymbosa, Herder. Almost glabrous, cespitose-branching from base and diffuse or
decumbent : leaves oblong or oval, very obtuse, rather fleshy : flowers mainly m a soli-

256 SCROPHULARIACE^. Collinsia.

tary leafy -bracteate capitate cluster : corolla straightish, white or ochroleucous ; its upper
lip blue or bluish and very short, the lobes being almost obsolete ; lobes of elongated
lower lip entire : gland small, oblong, compressed, short-stipitate : seeds 4 or 6 in each cell,
rugose-reticulated. — Ind. Sem..Petrop. 1867, & Gartenfl. 1868, 35, t.668; Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. vii. 378, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. — Shore of the northern part of California, Bolander, &c.
(Doubtless not " Mexico.")
++ ++ Filaments and interior of corolla glabrous : upper lip of latter prominently fomicate-crested :

flowers fewer : seeds about 4, smooth. ,

C. Greenei, Gray. Slender and smaller, erect, glandular-puberulent : leaves oblong-
linear, tapering to base, sparsely and coarsely dentate : flowers 2 to 6 in the clusters, on
pedicels sometimes as long as the calyx : corolla violet-purple, 5 or 6 lines long ; its upper
lip much shorter than the oblong throat, about half the length of the lower ; the crest
under the origin of the limb developed into a pair of conspicuous callous teeth on each
side ; lateral lobes of lower lip small : gland small and sessile. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 75,
& Bot. Calif. 1. c. — On rocks. Lake Co., California, Greene.

* * Flowers slender-pedicelled, umbelliform-verticillate, or sometimes solitary.
-I— Calyx-lobes acute, from lanceolate or even ovate to subulate, usually surpassing the capsule :

plants glabrous, or the stems and pedicels puberulent, not glandular or viscid : leaves in the same

species either somewhat sen-ate or entire : seeds about 4, smooth or nearly so.
++ Eastern species : showy corolla half inch long, with very gibbous throat much shorter than the

limb : upper filaments more or less bearded below.

C. verna, Nutt. 1. c. Stem 6 to 20 inches high : leaves ovate or oblong, or the lowest
rounded and slender-petioled, and the upper ovate-lanceolate and partly clasping; the
upper floral reduced to subulate-linear bracts : whorls about 6-flowered : pedicels filiform,
longer than the flowers : throat of the corolla equalling the calyx-lobes ; the ample lower
lip bright blue ; the upper white or purplish ; lobes barely emarginate : gland subulate,
porrect : seeds thick, not flattened, oblong, arcuate. — Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 220 ; Hook.
Bot. Mag. t. 4927. — Moist woods, W. New York and Penn. to Wisconsin and Kentucky.

C. violacea, Nutt. Lower : leaves thickish j the upper lanceolate : whorls 2-4-flowered :
pedicels as long as the flower: corolla violet; the upper lip much smaller than the lower;
all the lobes obcordate. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 179; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad,
xi. 93. Antinhimm tenellum, Pursh, Fl. ii. 421 ? — Arkansas, NuttaU, Pitcher. Little known

species.

++ •!-(• Western species, one extending north-eastward.

= Flowers showy: corolla strongly dechned; its saccate-ventricose throat shorter than the limb.

C. grandiflora, Dougl. A span to a foot high : leaves thickish ; the lowest roundish
and petioled ; upper from oblong to linear and sessile ; the floral in whorls of 3 to 7 : pedi-
cels in whorls of 3 to 9, about the length of the flower : calyx-lobes lanceolate gradually
subulate-attenuate to a very acute point: corolla half to two-thirds inch long, white or
purple with lower lip deep blue or violet ; its very saccate throat as broad as long, almost
or quite transverse with the tube, as long as the recurving (internally 2-callous) upper lip;
lobes of the larger lower lip merely retuse or emarginate : filaments glabrous : gland ses-
sile and capitate: seeds roundish, smooth. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1. 1107 ; Gray, I.e. — Shady
hills, &c., from Mendocino Co. California to Brit. Columbia along the coast.

Var. pusilla. Small form, a span or more high : corolla only 4 or 5 lines long, more
blue or violet throughout. — Plumas Co. California to Brit. Columbia.

C. sparsiflora, Fisch. & Meyer. More slender: upper leaves all lanceolate and
linear, all opposite, or the uppermost small bracts in threes : pedicels solitary or some of
■the upper 2 or 3 in a whorl, sometimes longer than the flower : calyx-lobes from ovate to
deltoid-lanceolate, acute : corolla 4 to 8 lines long, violet ; the saccate throat very oblique
but not- transverse; upper lip hardly shorter than the lower : filaments hirsute below : gland
sessile, elongated-subulate : seeds meniscoidal, acute-margined, obscurely reticulated. — Ind.
Sem. Petrop. 1835, ii.33; Gray, I.e. C. soUtaria, Kellogg, I.e. 10. — Rocky places, Cali-
fornia, from San Francisco northward.

— = Flowers small, 2 or 3 lines long : corolla less declined or oblique ; the oblong gibbous throat
longer than the limb : stigma 2-cleft.

C. parviflora, Dougl. About a span high, at length diffuse or spreading : leaves oblong
or lanceolate ; the upper narrowed at base and entire ; the floral often in whorls of 3 to 5 :

Tonella. SCROPHULARIACE^. ' 257

•pedicels solitary or above 2 to 5 in the whorl, usually longer than the flowers : calyx-
lobes lanceolate or triangular-subulate, usually almost equalling the blue (or partly
white) corolla, hardly longer than the mature capsule : filaments glabrous : gland small,
capitate, short-stipitate : seeds thickish, marginless. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1. 1802; Hook. Fl.
ii. 94 (misprinted C. paucijlora) ; Gray, 1. c. —Shady moist grounds, Upper Michigan (shore
of L. Superior) to the Pacific in Washington Territory, and south to Arizona and Utah.
C. minima, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 47, of N. W. Rocky Mountains, is ambiguous,
but apparently a dwarf and large-flowered form of C. parvijlora, with corolla proportion-
ally longer, 3 or 4 lines long.

-t— -K- Calyx-lobes obtuse: corolla (blue) 3 or 4 lines long, fully twice the length of the calyx:
filaments glabrous : gland subulate or conical : stem slender, only a span or so high.

•t"t- Not glandular nor viscid : ovules and usually seeds 6 or 7 in each cell ; the latter round-oval,
when young discoidai, reticulated.

C. Pdrryi. Puberulent : stem strict, simple : leaves (less than an inch long) lanceolate-
linear, obtuse; the upper mostly entire and closely sessile; the lowest smaller, narrowly
oblong, crenate, petioled : pedicels solitary, in pairs, or the upper in threes, as long as the
flowers : calyx-lobes oblong, equalling the moderately oblique throat of the deep blue
corolla, not exceeding the capsule : lips of the corolla almost equal in length, not longer
than the throat ; the lobes emarginate. — San Bernardino Co., South-easteru California,
Parry, Lemmon (no. 296).

++ +-I- Filiform pedicels and upper part of the stems more or less glandular-pubescent and viscid :
ovules solitary in the cells: seed oblong, thick, almost terete, somewhat arcuate, smooth: calyx
shorter than the throat of the corolla.

C. Chlldii, Parry, Herb. Stem mostly simple, puberulent : leaves thinnish ; the lower
obovate-rotund or oblong, obtusely more or less serrate, petioled; the upper oblong-lanceo-
late with narrowed base, subsessile : flowers rather few : pedicels and calyx pubescent and
partly glandular: lobes of the latter lanceolate or oblong, surpassing the capsule: corolla
light blue ; the oblong moderately oblique throat longer than the lips, the lobes of which
are of about equal length and entire. — South-eastern California, in deep woods (of Libo-
cedrtis decurrens) in the San Bernardino Mountains, Parry & Lemmon, H. S. Child. Also Kern
Co., Kennedif.

C. Torreyi, Gray. Stem divergently much branched, very floriferous : slender branches
and pedicels viscid-glandular ; leaves thickish, linear with attenuate base and entire, or the
lowest spatulate or oblong and petioled ; floral mainly reduced to subulate 3-4-nate bracts
subtending whorls of 3 to 6 deep blue or violet flowers : corolla rather strongly declined,
thrice the length of the calyx, the lobes of which are shorter than the capsule ; upper lip
equalling and the lower longer than the ventricose throat. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 378, &
Bot. Calif. I.e. — California, in open woods, through the Sierra Nevada from Mariposa
Co. northward to Siskiyou Co.

8. TONi^LLA, Nutt. (An unexplained and probably quite meaningless
name.) — Two known species, slender annuals, small-flowered, with the habit of
Gollinsia. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 378, xi. 92, & Bot. Calif, i. 555.

T. CoUinsioides, Nutt. Diffuse, nearly glabrous : filiform branches a span to a foot
long: radical and lowest cauline leaves ovate or roundish (3 to 6 lines long), slender-
petioled, mostly entire; the others shorter-petioled or sessile, many of them 3- parted or
else quite divided into oblong or lanceolate divisions or leaflets; the floral in whorls of
three ; uppermost simple and shorter than the slender filiform (solitary, geminate, or some-
times ternate) pedicels: flowers minute: corolla blue, a line long; its 5 lobes of equal
length ; the lower one transversely oval or roundish, very much larger than the oblong
lateral and upper ones, and separated from them by deeper sinuses : ovules solitary in each
cell : capsule exceeding the calyx. — Gollinsia tenella, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 593, where
the mss. name of Tonella collinsioides of Nuttall is cited. — N. California and Oregon, in
shady places.

T. floribunda, Gray, 1- c. Larger, a foot or two high : most of the cauline leaves 3-5-
f oliolate : whorls numerous in a loose elongated raceme, each of 3 to 7 flowers : corolla
larger more rotate, 3 or 4 lines broad, much exceeding the calyx, purple ; the three lobes of

17

258 SCROPHULARIACE^. Scrophularia.

the lower lip obovate and nearly alike, smaller than those of the 2-clef t upper lip : ovules
and seeds 3 or 4 in each cell. — W. Idaho, Spalding, Geyer, &c.

9. SCROPHULARIA, Tourn. Figwort. (A reputed remedy for
scrofula.) — Rank herbs, chiefly perennials, of homely aspect; with mostly
opposite leaves, and loose cymes of small flowers forming a narrow terminal thyr-
sus, in summer, proterogynous. Stamens in our species always shorter than the
corolla.

* Corolla bright red, comparatively large, oblong-urceolate.
S. COCCinea, Gray. Glabrous, a foot or two high : leaves deltoid-ovate, slender-petioled,
coarsely dentate, sometimes doubly so : pedicels and calyx minutely glandular : corolla
two-thirds to three-fourths inch long ; the 2-cleft upper lip much longer than the lower :
rudiment of sterile stamen obovate. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 111. — New Mexico, in moun-
tains near Santa Rita del Cobre, Wright, Bigelow.

* * Corolla lurid-purplish or greenish, 3 or 4 lines long, ventricose-ovoid.
S. nodosa, L. Nearly glabrous, 2 or 3 feet high : thyrsus naked or nearly so, elongated
and open: leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, and with rounded or subcordate base,
sharply and often rather doubly serrate : cymes pedunculate : calyx-lobes broadly ovate,
nearly marginless: rudiment of fifth stamen orbicular. (Eu., N. Asia.)

Var. Marilandica. Taller, sometimes 5 feet high : leaves larger and thinner, acu-
minate, often ovate-lanceolate, seldom at all cordate, mostly simply serrate : pedicels more
slender. — 5. Marilandica, L. S. lanceolata, Pursh, Fl. ii. 419, form with narrower leaves.
— Damp grounds, Canada to Florida, and west to Utah and perhaps Oregon.
S. Californica, Cham. Leaves smaller, oblong-ovate, with truncate or cordate base, or
the upper narrowly deltoid, acute, coarsely doubly toothed or sometimes laciniate-incised ;
the lower occasionally with a pair of detached lobelets near the summit of the petiole :
thyrsus very loose, mainly naked : peduncles and pedicels minutely glandular : rudiment
of fifth stamen spatulate or cuneiform, either roundish or acutish at base. — Linn. ii. 585;
Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 552. S. nodosa, var., Benth. PI. Hartw. 327. — Moist grounds, nearly
throughout California, and in W. Nevada.

10. CHELONE, L. Turtle-head, Balmont. (XsIwvt], a tortoise, the
corolla in shape resembling the head of a reptile.) — North American perennial
herbs, glabrous or nearly so, large-flowered ; the leaves opposite and acutely ser-
rate. Seeds upwardly imbricated, compressed as well as broadly winged. Sterile
filament shorter and smaller than the others. Capsule ovate : valves entire. Fl.
late summer.

§ 1. EuCHELONE. Flowers in axillary and terminal short and close spikes :
bracts and bractlets imbricated, ovate or orbicular, concave, membranaceous, and
the broad sepals similar : corolla (white or rose-color) strongly ventricose and
with lips of about equal length ; the upper broad and carinate-fornicate, almost
entire, and from under its apex protrudes the recurved tip of the long filiform
style ; the lower moderately spreading, broad, 3-lobed, the middle lobe smaller,
woolly in the throat : filaments woolly.

C. glabra, L. A foot or two (or in Illinois 6 or 7 feet) high,: leaves from narrowly to
rather broadly lanceolate (4 or 5 inches long, 4 to 12 lines wide), gradually acuminate,
serrate with sharp appressed teeth, narrowed at base usually into a very short petiole :
bracts not ciliate : corolla white, or barely tinged with rose, an inch long. — Spec. ii. 611 ;
Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. t. 76. C. glabra, alba, Fursh, &c. — Wet places, Newfoundland to
Saskatchewan and south to Florida.
C. obliqua, L. A foot or two high, less strict or with spreading branches: leaves from
broadly lanceolate to oblong (2 to 5 inches long), sometimes laciniately serrate, more veiny
and duller, acute or obtuse at base, mostly short-petioled : bracts ciliolate : corolla deep and

Pentstemon. SCROPHULARIACEiE. 259

bright rose-color. — Syst. Nat. & Syst. Veg. ; Schk. Handb.. i. 172 ; Bot. Reg. t. 175. C.
foliis ovato-lanceolatis, &c., Mill. Ic. t. 93. C. purpurea, MiU. Diet. C. glabra, var. purpurea,
Michx., Pursh, &,c. C. glabra, var. lanceolata, Nutt. Gen. ii. 51. C. lalifoUa, Mulil. Cat., ex
Ell. Sk. ii. 127. — Damp or wet shady grounds, IlUnois and Virgmia to Florida. Varies
between the preceding and following.
C. Lyoni, Pursh. ■ About 2 feet high : leaves ovate or subcordate, acuminate (4 to 7
inches long), thin, evenly serrate, on rather slender naked petioles: bracts minutely cilio-
late: corolla bright rose-purple. — Fl. ii. 737 ; Don, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 293. C. major, Sims,
Bot. Mag. t. 1684. — Wet ground, mountains of N. Carolina and Tennessee to Georgia.

§ 2. NoTHOCHELONE. Flowers pedicellate, in a loose open terminal thyrsus :
bracts and sepals lanceolate, acuminate: no bractlets under the calyx: corolla
(violet-purple) with widely open orifice, a very short 2-cleft and not at all forni-
cate upper lip, and a 3-cleft spreading lower one ; the throat and filaments gla-
brous : upper part of the filiform sterile filament hirsute. Accords with Pentste-
7non, except in the winged seeds.

C. nemorosa, Dougl. A foot or two high : herbage of rank somewhat unpleasant odor :
leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acute, acutely dentate, 2 or 3 inches long ; the cauline
sessile or almost so by a truncate or subcordate base : peduncles 3-5-flowered, as long as
the pedicels: corolla fully an inch long. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1. 1211; Benth. in DC. I.e.
Pentstemon nemorosus, Trauttv. in Mem. Acad. Petrop. 1841, 250. — Woods along mountain
streamlets, Washington Terr, to the northern borders of California, Newberry, Greene.

11. PENTSTEMON, Mitchell. Beard-tongue. {Wvra, five, ar;;/i«^
stamen, all five stamens being conspicuously present, the fifth as a sterile filament,

which in rare instances, in several species, has been found to be antheriferous.)

North American (a few Mexican and one N. E. Asian) perennials, mostly herba-
ceous, some suffruticose ; usually with simple stems or branched from the base ;
the leaves opposite, rarely verticillate or very rarely the upper alternate ; inflo-
rescence from thyrsiform to almost simply racemose; and the fiowers mostly
handsome, in summer. — Nov. Gen. in Act. Phys. — Med. Nat. Cur. xiii. (1748)
36 ; Soland. in Ait. Kew. ii. 360 ; Beuth. in DC. Prodr. x. 320, 593 ; Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. vi. 56, & Bot. Calif, i.556. Pentastemon, Trauttv. in Mem. Acad.
Petrop. 1841.

§ 1. EuPENTSTEMON, Gray. Anther-cells soon divaricate or divergent, united
and often confluent at the apex, dehiscent for their whole length or nearly.

* (Erianth^ka.) Anthers densely comose with very long wool, in the manner of Chelone, pel-
tately e.xplanate in age : low and suffruticose, with coriaceous leaves.

P. Menziesii, Hook. A span or less to a foot high, woody at base : leaves commonly
ovate, obovate, or oblong, a quarter to an inch long, rigidly serrulate or some entire, gla-
brous or when young pubescent ; the lower short-petioled : inflorescence mostly glandular
or viscid-pubescent, racemose ; the pedicels almost all 1-flowered, usually 1-2-bracteolate :
sepals ovate-lanceolate or narrower and attenuate-acuminate : corolla (violet-blue to pink-
purple) an inch or more long, tubular-funnelform and moderately bilabiate, the upper lip
deeply 2- and lower 3-cleft : sterile filament short and slender, hairy at apex or nearly
naked. — Fl. ii. 98; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 56 (var. Lewisil) & Bot. Calif, i.556.
Gerardiafriiticosa, Pursh, Fl. ii. 423, t. 18. Pentstemon L^ioisii, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 321.
— On rocks and mountain tops, Brit. Columbia through the higher Sierra Nevada of
California, and Rocky Mountains of Idaho and Wyoming. Corolla at the north and on
Mti Shasta, &c., bright violet or bluish. Passes into

Var. Newberryi, Gray, a form with rose-purple or pink corolla. — P. Newhen-yi,
Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 82, t. 14. P. Menziesii, var. Rohinsoni, Masters in Gard. Chron.'
1872, 969, fig. 227. — Sierra Nevada, California, the only form soutliward.

260 SCROPHULARIACE^. Pentstemon.

Var. Douglasii, Gray, !• c, with entire and obovate-lanceolate or narrowly oblong
leaves, and (as far as known) lilac-purple corolla, pink-red at base. — P. Douglasii, Hook. 1. c,
in fruit only. P. crassifolius, Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxiv. 1. 16. — Interior of Oregon and Wash-
ington Terr. Passes into

Var. Scouleri, Gray, 1. c. Leaves lanceolate, or.even linear-lanceolate, acute ; the
larger 1^ to even 3 inches long, sparsely and acutely serrulate: corqlla commonly inch and
a half long, violet-purple. — P. Scouleri, Dougl. in Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1277. — Interior of
Oregon to Brit. Columbia. A form (var. Lyalli, Gray, 1. c. 76) is 2 feet or more high, with
remarkably long willow-like leaves.

^ * (Fri'TICosi.) Anthers glabrous, dehiscent through the apex and explanate after dehiscence:
stems branching and shrubby, at least below : leaves coriaceous or chartaceous, small or short,
mostly very short-petioled : filaments all bearded or pubescent at base,
-t— Corolla unknown : probably of this section.

P. microphallus, Gray. Cinereous-puberulent and glabrate, much" branched : pri-
mary leaves not seen ; those of axillary fascicles only 2 lines long, pbovate, obtuse, entire,
thick-coriaceous : inflorescence racemose : sepals lanceolate-ovate, acute : persistent style
(and therefore probably the corolla) short. — Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 119. — N. W. Ari-
zona, on Williams Fork, Bigclow.
-1— -J— Corolla red, long and narrow-tubular, an inch or more in length; its upper lip erect and

the lower more or less spreading : inflorescence somewhat glandular, mostly compound : sterile

filament bearded down one side.

P. cordifolius, Benth. Somewhat scandent over shrubs by long sarmcntose branches,
very leafy, scabrous-puberulent : leaves subcordate or ovate with truncate base, acutely
serrate or denticulate, veined, an inch or less long : thyrsus short and leafy : peduncles
several-flowered: sepals ovate-lanceolate : corolla scarlet; its tube near an inch and lips
half inch long. — Scroph. Ind. adnot., & DC. Prodr. x. 329. — California, common from
Santa Barbara to San Diego.

P. corymbosus, Benth. Erect, a foot or two high, cinereous-pubescent or glabrate :
branches leafy up to the naked and few-many-flowered corymbiform cyme : leaves oblong
or oval, barely obtuse at base, obscurely or sparingly denticulate, somewhat parallel-
veined (half to 2 inches long): sepals lanceolate: corolla scarlet, an inch long. — DC.
Prodr. X. 593; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 557. — California, from Shasta Co. to Santa Cruz, &c.

P. ternatus, Torr. Glabrous and the long virgate flowering shoots (2 to 4 feet long)
glaucous : leaves linear-lanceolate, rigid, acutely serrate or denticulate with salient teeth
(8 to 18 lines long) ; the upper ternately verticillate : flowers in a long racemiform thyrsus :
sepals ovate-acuminate : corolla pale scarlet, an inch long and the lips about 3 lines long.
— Bot. Mex. Bound. 115; Gray, 1. c. — Mountains of S. California, from Kern Co. south-
ward.

•t— -1— -)- Corolla yellow or yellowish, merely tinged with purple, less than an inch long, with tube
shorter than the r'ingent linib; upper lip fornicate and merely emarginate; the lower pendulous-
recurved.

P. breviflorus, Lindl. Glabrous, 3 to 6 feet high, with slender or virgate branches
leafy to tlie narrow many-flowered racemiform thyrsus : leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceo-
late, denticulate, seldom if ever verticillate, an inch or more long : sepals ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate : corolla yellowish with flesh-color, striped within with pink, about half inch
long: upper lip beset with long and viscid hairs: sterile filament naked. — Bot. Reg. t.
1946 ; Gray, 1. c. P. carinatus, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. i. 62. — Dry hills and banks,
California to the borders of Nevada, common on the flanks of the Sierra Nevada.

P. antirrhinoides, Benth. Minutely cinereous-puberulent or glabrous, 1 to 5 feet high,
much branched, very leafy : leaves small (barely half inch long), spatulate or oval, entire :
inflorescence leafy-paniculate : peduncles 1-flowered, short : sepals broadly ovate : corolla
ventricose, 8 to 12 lines long, unusually broad, lemon-yellow : sterile filament densely
bearded on one side. — DC. Prodr. x. 594; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 6157 ; Gray, 1. c. P. Lobhii,
Illustr. Hort 1862, t. 315. — S. California, San Diego Co., &c.

H— -I— H— ^_ Corolla apparently purplish or flesh-color, not over half inch long, with tube and
throat longer than the open lips : shrubby at base ; the slender branches more herbaceous.
P. Rothrockii. A span or two high, minutely puberulent, oval- or ovate-oblong, obtuse,
mostly subcordate or truncate at subsessile base, usually undulate-dentate, 4 or 5 lines

Pentstemon. SCROPHULARIACE^. 261

long : inflorescence loosely spiciform, leafy below : subsessile and mostly solitary 2-brac-
teolate flowers and their bracts or floral leaves commonly alternate : sepals ovate-lanceo-
late, puberulent, slightly if at all glandular : corolla 4 lines long, rather narrow, glabrous :
sterile filament glabrous. — S. E. California, on Little Olanche Mountain, toward the sources
of Kern liiver, at 10,400 feet, Rothrock.
P. Lemmoni, Gray. Glabrous .up to the pedicels, 2 to 4 feet high, slender, rather
remotely leaved : leaves ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, thinnish, acutely and sparsely serril-
late, an inch or less long : thyrsus loose, leafy below : peduncles all opposite, slender, few-
several-flowered : short pedicels and ovate-lanceolate sepals viscid-pubescent : corolla half
inch long, somewhat campanulate-dilated above, viscid or glandular: filament strongly
yellow-bearded on one side of the curved apex. — Bot. Calif . i. 557. — California, from
Mendocino to Plumas Co., Kellogg, Lemmon. ■ '

•t— -H- -1— -1— -)— Corolla (white or purplish) nearly an inch long, oblong-campanulate from the
base, hardh' at all bilabiate.

P. frutescens, Lamb. A span or less high from a woody (subterranean? or prostrate)
stock : stems pubescent, leafy ; leaves oblong, with somewhat narrowed base, denticulate,
glabrous (1^ to 3 inches long, 7 to 12 lines wide) : thyrsus terminal, 3-9-flowered : pedicels
and lanceolate acuminate sepals villous and viscid : lobes of the corolla short and broad,
nearly equal and equally somewhat spreading : lower part of the fertile filaments and
most of the sterile one hirsute-bearded. — Linn. Trans, x. 250, t. 6, fig. 1; Pursh, Fl. ii.
428 (excl. hab.) ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 321. — " Unalaschka, Pallas." Not since detected
there, and perhaps a mistake. Certainly not found " on the north-west coast " by Lewis.
(Kamtschatka and Japan !)

* *■* (Ambigui.) Anthers glabrous, reniform, not explanate in age, the line of dehiscence stop-
ping a little short of the base of the cell.s : stem suffruticose and leaves thick-coriaceous.

P. baccharifolius, Hook. Glabrous, or the rigid branches obscurely puberulent,
2 feet high, leafy below : leaves oblong, nearly sessile, rigidly and acutely dentate, almost
veinless, an inch long ; the uppermost abruptly reduced to small ovatg bracts of the loose
and racemose glandular inflorescence : peduncles 1-3-flowered : sepals ovate : corolla deep
carmine-red, an inch long, broadly tubular and with a short moderately bilabiate limb;
upper lip somewhat erect, 2-lobed ; lower recurved and 3-parted: sterile filament naked.
— Bot. Mag. t. 4627; Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 115, & Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 58. — S. W.
Texas, on the San Pedro River, Wright.

* * * * (ElmIgera ) Anthers glabrous (rarely villous); the cells dehiscent from the base
towards but not to the apex, consequently not explanate after dehiscence : corolla tubular, little
ampliate upward, red: sterile filament mostly glabrous : lierbs glabrous and usually glaucescent,
glabrous even to the calyx and outside of the corolla, or merely pruinose-puberulent : stems vir-
gate and simple: leave's all entire; the cauline sessile or partly clasping : thvrsus elongated
and virgate, loosely-flowered, racemiform or paniculate. — Elviigei-a, Reichenb. § Elmigeror
(Benth. in DC. 1. c, excl. spec), Gray in Froc. Am. Acad. 1. c.

-1— Corolla strongly bilabiate; upper lip erect and concave, 2-lobed at apex; lower reflexed and

3-parted : peduncles and pedicels mostly slender.
P. barbatus, Nutt. Usually tall, 2 to 6 feet high : leaves lanceolate or the upper linear-
lanceolate ; the lowest and radical oblong or ovate : sepals ovate : corolla inch long, from
light pink-red to carmine ; base of the lower lip or throat usually bearded with long and
loose or sparse yellowish hairs ; anthers even in the bud divergent, soon divaricate. — Gen.
ii. 53; Benth. I.e.; Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxv. t. 21, flesh-colored variety; Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. vi. 59. Ckelone barbata, Cav. Ic. i'ii. 22, t. 242; Bot. Reg. t. 116. C. ruellioides, Andr.
Bot. Rep. t. 34. Elmigera barbata, Reichenb. in Steud. Nom. — Mountains oi Colorado and
New Mexico ; and commonly cult. (Mex.)

Var. Torreyi, Gray, I.e. (P. Torreyi, Benth. in DC. Prodr. I.e.), a tall and usually
deep scarlet-red-flowered form, with few or no hairs in the throat ; but in cultivated and
even in wild specimens the distinction vanishes. — W. borders of Texas to Colorado and
New Mexico.

Var. puberulus, Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 114, is pruinose-puberulent, otherwise
like the preceding. — Guadalupe Caiion, Arizona, Thurber.

Var. tricharxder, Gray, is also like a low form of var. Torreyi, except that anthers
are beset with long woolly hairs ! — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 94. — S. W. Colorado, Brandegee.

Var. labrosus, Gray. . A low and narrow-leaved form, with almost simply race-
mose flowers : corolla apparently red with a yellowish tube; the lips remarkably long (6

262 SCROPHULARIACE^. Pentstemun.

to 8 lines), the lobes of the lower very narrow. — Bot. Calif, i. 622. — S. E. California ; on
Mt. Pinos, Kern Co. at 7,000 feet, Rothrock. San Bernardino Co., Parry &, Lemmon.

Var. WisLiZENi, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad vi. 59 (P. coccineus, Engelm. in Mem. Wisliz.
107), known only from Chihuahua, Mexico, is between P. barhatus and P. imberbis, having
nearly the corolla of the latter, with the early divaricate anthers of the former.
^_ ^_ Corolla obscurely bilabiate and the lobes hardly spreading : peduncles and pedicels short.
P. Eatoni, Gray. A foot or two high, hardly glauccscent : leaves from lanceolate to
ovate; the upper partly clasping : thyrsus virgate and strict, simple ; the peduncles very
short, 1-3-flowered, and pedicels seldom much longer than the ovate-lanceolate sepals :
corolla an inch long, bright carmine-red, tubular, hardly enlarged at the naked throat; its
» broadly oval lobes (2 lines long) all nearly alike except that the two of the upper lip
are united higher: anther-cells usually (but not always) early divergent or divaricate,
dehiscent for only three-fourths their length : sterile filament sometimes minutely bearded
at the apex. —Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 395, & Bot. Calif, i. 560, but flowers in Wallace's
collection, mistakenly referfed to it, are of P. Clevelandi. P. centranthif alius, Watson,
Bot. King, 219, not Benth. — Dry banks and canons, Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, to S.
Nevada and Arizona. Intermediate in aspect between P. barbatus and P. centranthifolius.
***** (Speciosi. ) Anthers with the diverging or divaricate and distinct cells dehiscent
from base nearly or quite to, but not confluently through, the apex, not peltately explanate after
dehiscence, either glabrous, hirsute, or rarely long-pilose: herbs with simple stems and closely
sessile mostly very glabrous (rarely pubei-ulent) entire cauline leaves: inflorescence never glan-
dular-pubescent or viscid : flowers showy : corolla blue or violet, ventricose-ampliate above ; the
lobes of tlie moderately or slightly bilabiate limb roundish and equally spreading.

-t— Corolla two-thirds to three-fourths inch long, funnelform, little ventricose.
P. Fremonti, Torr. & Gray. A span or more high, minutely and densely pruinose-
pubescent : cauline leaves lanceolate or the lowest (like the radical) spatulate : thyrsus
spiciforra, virgate, rather densely flowered : peduncles and pedicels very short : sepals
oblong-ovate, acute, with irregular scarious margins : corolla very obscurely bilabiate ; the
lobes 2 lines long*: anthers hirsute : sterile filament with dilated bearded apex. — Proc.
Am. Acad. vi. 60. — Utah, "on the Uinta plains," Fremont.

Var. subglaber. A span to a foot high, merely puberulent below, glabrous above :
upper leaves oblong-lanceolate: sepals conspicuously acuminate. — Idaho (in mountains
near Fort Hall, Burke), &c.

-1— -t— Corolla an inch to an inch and a half in length, ventricose-ampliate above.
P. strictus, Benth. Glabrous, or minutely pruinose, more or less glaucous : stem slen-
der, virgate, 6 to 20 inches high : radical leaves from oval to spatulate ; cauline narrowly
lanceolate or linear ; floral reduced to small subulate bracts of the elongated narrow and
loose thyrsus : peduncles and pedicels commonly slender: sepals ovate or oval, obtuse, not
over 2 lines long, barely half the length of the narrow proper tube of the violet-purple or
blue (about inch long) corolla; the throat of which is strongly ampliate: anthers either
thickly or sparsely comose with very long flexuous hairs : sterile filament naked or with
some similar slender hairs. — DC. Prodr. x. 324. P. comarrhenus, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad,
xii. 81. — Rocky Mountains of W. Wyoming to those of S. W. Utah. The original speci-
men [Fremont) is strict, with the inflorescence imperfectly developed, and no good corolla
extant, the cauline leaves 2 or 3 inches long and 2 lines broad. The long and soft, but
rather coarse hairs of the anther are not rarely a line and a half in length.
P. glaber, Pursh. Glaucous or glaucescent and very glabrous : stems ascending or
' erect, a foot"' or two high: leaves mostly oblong-lanceolate or the upper ovate-lanceolate:
thyrsus elongated and many-flowered: peduncles and pedicels short, commonly very short:
Sepals from orbicular-ovate and merely acute to ovate-lanceolate or strongly acuminate
from a broadish base: corolla (1 to 1| inches long) bright blue to violet-purple: anthers
(and also the apex of sterile filament) from glabrous to sparsely hirsute; the cells dehis-
cent to or very near their apex. — Fl. ii. 728, & Bot. Mag. t. 1672, &c., under the form P.
glabra. P. erianthera, Nutt. in Fras. Cat. & Gen. ii. 53, not Pursh. P. Gordoni, Hook.
Bot. Mag. t. 4319. P. speciosus, Dougl. in Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1720 ; Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2,
t. 259 ; a narrower-leaved form, with anthers and sterile filament commonly naked. P.
Kingii, var. glauca, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 39. — Plains of the Upper Missouri, in
Nebraska and Dakota, to Colorado and Arizona, and west to the Sierra Nevada in Cali-
fornia, and Oregon. — The following are extreme forms.

PenMemon. SCROPHULARIACEiE; 263

Var. alpfelUS, Gray. A span high : cauline leaves from narrowly to broadly lan-
ceolate : thyrsus abbreviated and few-flowered. — P. alpinus, Torn in Ann. Lye. N. Y. i. 35.
— Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains, from the Yellowstone to Pike's Peak.

Var. Utahensis, Watson. Stems a foot or two high, strict and slender (some-
times pruinose-puberulent) : cauline leaves lanceolate, or even linear lanceolate, the lower
tapering to the base : thyrsus virgate : sepals either narrower or much acuminate : sterile
filament and usually the anthers hirsute. — Bot. ffing, 217. — Utah to Arizona and the
borders of California, passing into the P. speciosus, Pougl., and the lower forms into the
preceding variety.

Var. cyananthus, Gray. Usually tall and less glaucescent : leaves all broad ; the
cauline ovate or subcordate and ovate-lanceolate : thyrsus dense : sepals much acuminate
or narrow : corolla bright blue : anthers and sterile filament from hirsute to nearly gla-
brous.— Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 60. P. cyananthus, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4464; Watson, Bot.
King, I. c. — Rocky Mountains, Wyoming and Colorado to the Wahsatch in Utah. Seems
very distinct, but passes into P. glaber.
P. Wardi, Gray. Low, a sparl or more high, minutely and densely cinereous-pubescent :
leaves thick, oblong or the upper oblong-lanceolate : corolla externally pale and sparsely
puberulent : anthers cartilaginous ; the cells dehiscent from the acutish base upward for
little more than three-fourths of their length, glabrous: sterile filament also glabrous:
otherwise like the preceding, of which it may be only a variety. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii.
82. — Glenwood, Utah, L. F. Ward.

****** (Genuini.) Anthers dehiscent from base to apex and through the junction of
the two cells, glabrous (or niereh\hirtello-ciIiate at lines of dehiscence), open after dehiscence,
usually explanate in age, in the greater number confluently 1-celled : herbs, or rarely suffrutes-
cent al base ; the species of the first following subdivision approaching the preceding.
-I— Glabrous throughout (or rarely minutely pruinose-puberulent or glandular) even to pedicels
and calj'x: leaves all entire, from linear to ovate, glaucous or pale: stems simple and erect:
thjTsus virgate or contracted, with short or hardly anj' peduncles : five lobes of the coi'olla plane :
anthers of cartilaginous or coriaceous textui-e.

•H- Corolla less than an inch long, lilac or mauve-purple, or verging to violet, abruptly campanu-
late-inflated, and the broad rather strongly bilabiate limb widely spreading or open.

P. secundiilorus, Benth. A foot or two high, including the elongated and racemi-
form strict many-flowered thyrsus : cauline leaves narrowly lanceolate (2 or 3 inches long
and lines wide) ; radical spatulate : peduncles 1-3-flowered: sepals ovate or oblong, acute
or obtuse, with somewhat scarious but entire margins : corolla with narrow proper tube
of nearly twice the length of the calyx, abruptly dilated into the broadly campanulate
throat of about one-third inch in height and width ; this nearly equalled by the widely
spreading lips ; the lobes round-oval : sterile filament glabrous or minutely bearded at the
dilated tip. — Prodr. x. 324. — Mountains of Colorado, common at 8 or 9,000 feet. A well-
marked and beautiful species.

P. Hallii, Gray. Allied to the foregoing, only a span or so high : leaves thickish, linear
and llnear-spatulate, or the lowest rather broader, obtuse : thyrsus short and more spici-
form, 5-15-flowered, obscurely viscid : sepals broadly ovate and with widely scarious erose
margins : corolla 7 to 10 lines long, broadly campanulate-inflated from a thickish and in-
conspicuous proper tube which is shorter than the calyx ; bilabiate limb rather short :
sterile filament short-bearded from the apex downward. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 71. — Colo-
rado Rocky Mountains, at 10-12,000 feet (common on Gray's Peak), Hall & Harbour, Pan-y,
Greene, &c.

Var. Arizonicus. An ambiguous form, almost a foot high, with flowers apparently
intermediate between those of P. Hallii and P. secundiflorus, and sterile filament of the lat-
ter; but corolla lips shorter than the less abruptly expanded portion. — Mount Graham,
Arizona, at 9,250 feet, Bothrock.

++ ++ Corolla two-thirds or three-fourths inch long, from blue to lilac : the tube gradually and mod-
erately dilated into the funnelform throat; lobes of the obscurely bilabiate 5-p'arted limb
short and widely spreading. (See also P. confertus, Watsoni, &c., which, being glabrous and
entire-leaved, might be referred here.)

P. acuminatus, Dougl. Glaucous, 6 to 20 inches high, generally stout and rigid, leafy :
leaves coriaceous, somewhat cartilaginous-margined ; radical and lowest cauline obovate
or oblong ; upper cauline from lanceolate to broadly ovate, or th6 upper cordate-clasping,
these mostly acute or acuminate : thyrsus strict, interrupted, leafy below, naked above ;

264 SCROPHULARIACE^. Pentstemon.

the dusters several-flowered, and peduncles and pedicels mostly very shoA : sepals ovate
and acute or lanceolate : corolla lilac or changing to violet ; the limb half or two-thirds
inch in diameter : sterile filament mostly bearded at the dilated tip : capsule firm-coria-
ceous and acuminate. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1285; Hook. Fl. ii. 97 ; Benth. in DC. I.e.;
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 61 (excl. syn. P. secimdijiorus), & Bot. Calif, i. 559. P. nitidus,
Dougl. ex Benth. in DC. 1. c. P. Fendleri, Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 168, t. 5, & Bot. Mex.
Bound. 114, excl. syn. — Plains of the Saskatchewan and Upper Missouri to the interior
of Oregon, and south to Nevada, New Mexico, and the western borders of Texas. (Ad-
jacent Mex.) Seems to pass into
P. caeruleus, Nutt. Low : leaves (even the radical) all from lanceolate to narrowly
linear (often 3 inches long and only a line or two wide) : thyrsus spiciform and usually
dense : sepals lanceolate-acuminate : corolla blue, varying occasionally to rose-lilac or
white: sterile filament much bearded above. — Gen. ii. 52; Benth. in DC. 1. c. ; Gray, 1. c.
P. angustifolius, Nutt. in Fras. Cat. ; Pursh, Fl. ii. 738. — Plains of Dakota and Montana to
Colorado at the base of the mountains.

•H- ++ -K-t- Corolla an inch or less long, red, tubular or funnelform, hardly bilabiate; the roundish
or short-oblong lobes all alike, except that the two upper are raiher more united: sepals ovate or
roundish, obtuse or acute: peduncles usually manifest and pedicels slender.

= Sterile filament filiform, naked: corolla narrow-tubular, deep scarlet; lobes short, little
spreading.

P. centranthif olius, Benth. Very glaucous : stem strict, leafy, 1 to 3 feet high :
leaves thick, from ovate-lanceolate or the lowest oblong to lanceolate-linear, the upper
with subcordate-clasping base : thyrsus virgate, elongated : corolla fully an inch long ;
the lobes (2 lines long) hardly longer than the width of the orifice. — Scroph.Ind. feProdr.
1. c. ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5142 ; Gray, 1. c. Chelone centranthifoUa, Benth. in Hort. Trans. ;
Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1737. — Open grounds, California, from Monterey southward, and W.
Arizona.

= = Sterile filament dilated at tip and retrorsely bearded down one side : corolla funnelform,
and with rather large and rounded widely spreading lobes.

P. puniceus, Gray. Very glaucous : stem stout, " 1 to 6 feet high," sparsely leafy :
leaves thick, oblong or the lowest obovate and the uppermost ovate, sometimes connate-
perfoliate : thyrsus virgate, interrupted, many-flowered : corolla almost an inch long, nar-
rowly funnelform, " brilliant scarlet ; " the limb two-thirds inch in diameter. — Bot. Mex.
Bound. 113, & Proc. 1. c. — Guadalupe Canon, Arizona, Thurber, E. K. Smith.

P. Parryi. Less glaucous : stem virgate, a foot or two high : leaves from oblong to nar-
rowly lanceolate ; the upper with auriculate or roundish partly clasping base ; radical
oblanceolate or spatulate : racemiform thyrsus more simple and fewer-flowered : corolla
narrowly funnelform, half to three-fourths inch long, " bright pink " or cherry-red ; the
limb half inch in diameter. — P. puniceus, var. ? Parryi, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 1. c. —
Western Arizona, Pctn-y, Palmer, Greene.- Southern Nevada, ilfi'ss 5ear/s,Pa/mer. Southern
Utah, Parry. Some specimens of this have been referred to the preceding, some to the
following species.

P. Wrightii, Hook. Pale and somewhat glaucous or glaucescent: stems rather stout,
a foot or two high : leaves oblong or the lowest obovate (2 to 4 inches long, an inch or so
wide); upper cauline partly clasping by a roundish base: thyrsus virgate and elongated,
loosely flowered : sepals when in bloom with spreading tips : corolla bright rose-color,
about three-fourths inch long and with artipliate throat, the expanded limb three-fourths
inch in diameter. — Bot. Mag. t. 4G01 (corolla too deep red). Gray, I.e.; Fl. Serres, vii.
t. 685. — W. Texas and New Mexico, Wright, &c.

•H- -t-t- ++ ++ Corolla showy, inch and a half or more in length, ventricose-funnelform, somewhat
bilabiate, the upper lip rat'her smaller: sterile filament hooked at apex: sepals ovate or oblong-
lanceolate, barely acute : thyrsus virgate, with hardly any common peduncles to the few-flowered
clusters: leaves glaucous, thickish, broad; the upper and the floral rounded, all but the obovate
radical ones clasping or perfoliate: stem 2 to 4 feet high.
P. grandiflorus, Nutt. Leaves all distinct at base : pedicels short : corolla lilac or
lavender-blue, abruptly ventricose above the proper tube, which exceeds the calyx: sterile
filament minutely pubescent at the dilated apex. — Fras. Cat. & Gen. 1. c. ; Bentli. I.e.;
Gray, 1. c. P. Bradhurii, Pursh, Fl. ii. 738. — Prairies, from Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Illi-
nois to Nebraska and Kansas. Capsule almost an inch long.

Pentstemon. SCROPHULARIACE^. 265

P. Murrayanus, Hook. Cauline leaves connate-clasping, and all the upper pairs
united into an oval or orbicular concave disk : pedicels slender : corolla deep scarlet, grad-
ually widening upward; the lobes rather small: sterile filament wholly glabrous. — Bot.
Mag. t. 3472; Gray, I.e. — Prairies of E. Texas, collected first by Berlandier, then by
Drummond, &c.

•f- -h- Glabrous and glandless throughout, even to the calyx : leaves oblong or ovate, rigid, glau-
cescent, very acutely and as it were spinulosely dentate or denticulate with salient teeth: cvmes
of the open elongated thyrsus pedunculate: flowers ample and showy; the corolla an inch long:
sepals ovate, sliort.

P. spectabilis, Thurber. Pale or glaucescent, 2 to 4 feet high : leaves thinnish-coria-
ceous, ovate or ovate-lanceolate or the lower oblong, acute; the upper pairs acuminate
and their broad bases connate-perf oliate : thyrsus many -flowered, elongated-pyramidal or
sometimes virgate, a foot or two long: peduncles and pedicels slender (half inch or more
long) : corolla rose-purple or lilac with the ample limb usually violet or blue, a full inch
long, with narrow proper tube twice the length of the calyx, then abruptly dilated into
the campanulate-ventricose or broadly f unnelform throat, moderately bilabiate ; the oval
or roundish plane lobes 3 or 4 lines long : sterile filament glabrous. — Gray in Pacif . R. Rep.
iv. 19, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 113; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5260. — Dry hills and plains, S. Cali-
fornia (from San Gabriel) to Arizona and New Mexico.

P. Cleavelandi, Gray. Resembling the preceding in foliage and growth: but leaves
less broad at base and commonly distinct, sometimes connate-perfoliate ; the lower on
naked petioles : thyrsus smaller and virgate : corolla crimson, three-fourths to a full inch
-long, much narrower, tubular-f unnelform ; its lobes 1|- or 2 lines long : sterile filament mod-
erately bearded above on one side. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 94 & Bot. Calif, i. 659. — S. E.
California, San Diego Co., Cleveland, Palmer, and San Bernardino Co., at Cucamonga, long
ago collected (panicles only) by Wallace, and now near San Bernardino, by Parry & Lem-
mon. (Adjacent Mex.)

-f— -1— -)— Verj' glabrous up to the loose elongated inflorescence and ovate appressed sepals:
leaves coriaceous, glaucous, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, mostly spinulose-dentate : corolla abruptly
much enlarged and remarkably wide.

P. Palmeri, Gray. Stems 2 or 3 feet high : leaves 1^ to 4 inches long ; the lower peti-
oled ; upper from closely sessile to completely connate-perfoliate, and from very sharply
dentate or denticulate to nearly entire: thyrsus pyramidal-racemiform, glandular or
pruinose-puberulent : lower peduncles 2-3-flowered, as long as the pedicels : corolla cream-
white and usually suffused or parti-colored with pink; the short narrow proper tube
hardly surpassing the calyx, very abruptly dilated into the ventricose-campanulate throat
of about three-fourths inch in length and width at orifice ; the lips broad ; the upper
erectish and 2-lobed ; lower 3-parted, widely spreading, sparingly bearded at base : sterile
filament long- and densely (yellow-) bearded above. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 378, & viii.
291 ; Watson, Bot. King, 220 ; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6064 (very highly colored). — Arizona
and S. Utah to W. Nevada and S. E. California.

H_ +_ +_ ^_ Puberulent or pubescent and above viscid or glandular : leaves from ovate to lan-
ceolate-hnear : thyrsus racemiform : corolla ample, purplish ; its proper tube little if anv longer
than the lanceolate sepals, abruptly dilated into the ventricose-campanulate or broadlv funnel-
form throat ; the spreadmg hnib obscurely bilabiate : sterile fllament more or less long-b'earded.

++ Corolla commonly 2 inches long : thyrsus lax and short : stem about a foot high : leaves large
and broad, most of them acutely denticulate or serrate.

P. Cob^a, Nutt. Soft-puberulent : leaves ovate or oblong, or the lower broadly lanceo-
late and the upper subcordate-clasping (2 to 4 inches long) : corolla abruptly campanulate-
ventricose above the narrow tube, from dull reddish purple to whitish, glabrous within :
slender sterile filament sparsely bearded. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 182 ; Hook. Bot.
Mag. t. 3465. — Prairies, Kansas to Texas.

++ ^-H Corolla about an inch long: thyrsus strict, leafy below: stems a span or two high: leaves
narrower, mostly entire, or the margins undulate.

P. Jamesii, Benth. Pruinose-puberulent : leaves all narrowly or linear-lanceolate (1^ to
3J inches long) : corolla abruptly dilated into a broadly cyathiform-campannlate throat, a
little hairy within : sterile filanient moderately bearded. — DC. Prodr. x 325; Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. vi. 67. P. albidus, in part, Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 229, not Nutt. — Prai-
ries, &c., S. Colorado, New Mexico, and W. Texas.

266 SCROPHULARIACEiE. Pentstemon.

P. cristatus, Nutt. Pubescent, or above viscid- villous : leaves from linear-lanceolate to
narrowly oblong (1 to 3 inches long) : corolla more funnelform, being less abruptly dilated
upward ; its lower lip long-villous within : sterile filament more exserted, inordinately
yellow-bearded. — Fras. Cat. & Gen. ii. 52; Benth. I. c. P. erianthera, Pursh, Fl. ii. 737,
excl. syn., not Nutt. — Plains, &c., Dakota to Nevada and S. Colorado.

4_ 4_ ^_ +- ^— Pruinose-puberulent and glandular or nearly glabrous : leaves all linear and entire,
narrow at base: corolla large, nearly inch and a half long, funuelfonn, purple or violet, very
obscurely bilabiate; the rounded lobes 2 or 3 lines long: sterile filament wholly glabrous : in-
florescence very loose, sometimes simply racemose : sepals ovate or oblong.

P. dasyphyllus, Gray. A foot high, simple, densely puberulent, and the few-flowered
simply racemose inflorescence glandular: pedicels alternate, bracteolate only at base:
leaves 3 or 4 inches long, 2 or 3 lines wide (rarely shorter and wider) ; uppermost reduced
to subulate bracts: sepals hardly acute. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 112, & Proc. I.e. — Eastern
Arizona and New Mexico.
P. stenophyllus, Gray, 1. c. Glabrous or obscurely puberulent, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves
3 or 4 inches long and the' larger only 2 lines wide, attenuate-acute ; the uppermost and
floral nearly filiform : thyrsus loosely paniculate : peduncles and pedicels slender : sepals
acuminate. — Southern Arizona, Wright. (Adjacent Mex., Wislizenus.)
P. lanceolAtus, Benth., of Mexico, may reach our borders. It is minutely puberulent,
has leaves mostly broader at base, racemose but not quite simple mflorescence, and a " red "
corolla barely an inch long.

.{_ 4— .}_ ^— H— ^— Puberulent, or viscid-pubescent, at least the inflorescence, or sometimes gla-
brous : leaves various : corolla from an inch down to 4 lines long, not abruptly campanulate-
ventricose above, except in P. keviyatus: sepals usually narrow or acuminate.
++ Leaves from ovate to lanceolate, or the upper cauline when narrower widest at base, undivided :
stems erect or ascending : thyrsus mostly many-flowered.

= Sterile filament bearded along one side, at least toward the apex.

a. Corolla hardly at all bilabiate, funnelform, with proportionally rather ample and nearly equal
spreading lobes, white or whitish, often with a tinge of purple', two-thirds or three-fourths inch
long and the limb about as broad : sterile filament thmly short-bearded : leaves entire or barely
and sparingly denticulate : thyrsus strict and verticillastriform-interrupted.

P. tubiflorus, Nutt. Wholly glabrous : stem 2 or 3 feet high, strict, naked above :
leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate ; the floral shorter than the remote and densely-flowered
clusters of the much interrupted virgate thyrsus : sepals ovate, merely viscid, only 2 lines
long, very short in proportion to the rather slender tube of the corolla. — Trans. Am.
Phil. Soc ser. 2, v. 181 ; Benth. 1. c. — Low prairies, Kansas and Arkansas. Still rare
and insufiiciently known. Thyrsus a span to a foot long, of several whorl-like clusters.

P. albidus, Nutt. Viscid-pubescent, 6 to 10 inches high : leaves oblong-lanceolate or
narrow: thyrsus strict, leafy below, of approximate few-several-flowered clusters : sepals
lanceolate, densely viscid-pubescent, 3 or 4 lines long : corolla with shorter tube and more
cyathiform throat. — Gen. ii. 53; Benth. 1. c. P. teretiflonis, Nutt. in Fras. Cat. P. vis-
cidulum, Nees in Neuwied Trav. app. 18. — Plains, Dakota to Colorado and Texas.
b. Corolla more manifestly bilabiate; lower lip usually somewhat bearded or pubescent within.
1. Leaves ovate, all or most of them serrate : corolla bright blue or changing to purple, rather nar-
row, half or two-thirds inch long.

P. pruinosus, Dougl. Stem a foot high, pubescent : leaves from ovate to oblong, glau-
cescent, an inch or two long; the radical and lowest and also uppermost cauline commonly
entire ; the others acutely and rigidly dentate or denticulate : thyrsus virgate, interrupted :
peduncles (several-flowered) and pedicels short; these and the lanceolate attenuate-acumi-
nate sepals viscidly villous : lower lip of the deep blue corolla slightly hairy within.—
Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1280; Benth. 1. c. — Interior of Oregon and Washington Territory,
Douglas, Lijall. Little known.

P. ovatus, Dougl. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, puberulent or pubescent : leaves ovate and
the upper subcordate-clasping, all acutely serrate (or the radical rarely entire), bright
green: thyrsus looser; the lower peduncles often longer than the clusters: sepals ovate or
oblong, barely acute, glandular: lower lip of the purple-blue corolla bearded in the throat.
— Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2903; Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 211 ; Benth. L c — Woods and banks,
Oregon to Brit. Columbia and the western part of Idaho.

Pentstemon. SCROPHULARIACEtE. 267

2. Leaves from oblong or ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, entire, or some denticulate, glabrous : corolla
from a third to two-thirds of an inch in length.

P. attenuatus, Dougl. Stem strict, a foot or two high ; the summit and inflorescence
more or less pubescent and viscid : leaves narrowly oblong to lanceolate, or the upper
sometimes ovate-lanceolate : thyrsus of the next species or less compact : sepals ovate- to
oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, narrowly scarious-margined, as long as the capsule :
corolla narrowly funnelform, over half inch long, ochroleucous, sulphur-yellow, or some-
times violet orblue. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1295; Hook. Fi. ii. 97; Benth. I.e. — Interior of
Oregon, Idaho, &c. No indigenous specimens yet seen accord with the figure, in robust-
ness, upper cauline leaves ovate-lanceolate and inch wide, and corolla 9 lines (or according
to Bentham 9 to 11 lines) long. The plants referred here verge to the next, but have longer
corolla, 6 or 8 lines long. The species is still uncertain.

P. confertus, Dougl. Glabrous throughout, or the inflorescence and calyx sometimes
viscid-pubescent or puberulent, a foot or two high : leaves from oblong or oblong-lanceo-
late to somewhat Unear, usually quite entire : thyrsus spiciform, interrupted, naked, of 2
to 6 verticillastriform dense many-flowered clusters (either subsessile or the lower pedun-
cled) : pedicels very short : sepals from oblong-lanceolate to broadly ovate, with broad
scarious margins commonly erose or lacerate, rather shorter than the capsule : corolla nar-
row, 4 to 5 or rarely 6 lines long, in the typical forms from ochroleucous to sulphur-color ;
lower Up conspicuously bearded within. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1260; Hook. I.e.; Benth.
1. c. ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 72. — Moist or dry grounds, Northern Rocky Mountains to
'Oregon. The commoner state is

Var. ceeruleo-pvirpureus, Gray, 1. c. A foot or two high, rarely more, or in the
higher mountains from 10 down to 2 inches high ; the latter with capituliform inflorescence :
sepals very variable, commonly very scarious and erose, sometimes with a long herbaceous
acumination : corolla blue-purple and violet. — P. procerus, Dougl. ex Graham in Edinb.
Phil. Jour. 1829; Hook. Bot. Mag. t 2954; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1616; Benth. I.e. P. Tol-
miei, Hook. Fl. ii. 97. P. micranthus, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 45. — Saskatchewan
and along the Rocky Mountains to Colorado, west to Oregon and through the whole
length of the Sierra Nevada, California.

P. Watsoni. Glaucescent and glabrous throughout, or inflorescence and calyx minutely
puberulent, but neither glandular nor viscid : stems a foot or more high, ascending or weak :
cauline leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate (1 to 2 inches long,
4 to 9 lines wide) : contracted thyrsus rather loose: peduncles several-flowered; the lower
slender : pedicels longer than the calyx : sepals broadly ovate or orbicular with a small acumi-
nation, somewhat scarious-margined, little over a line long, barely half the length of the
mature capsule : corolla narrowlj'- funnelform, 6 to 8 lines long, violet-purple or partly white ;
lower lip almost glabrous within. — P. Fremonti, var. Parryi, Gray ex Watson, Bot. King
218. — Mountains of W. Colorado, Utah, and Nevada {Fremont, Parry, Watson, Wheeler,
Vasey, Ward, &c.), to borders of Arizona, Palmer.

P. humilis, Nutt. Stems a span or two high, glabrous or above with the inflorescence
and flowers viscid-pubescent: leaves glaucescent, from oblong to lanceolate (an inch or
more long) ; the cauline commonly denticulate : thyrsus strict and virgate, 2 to 4 inches
long : peduncles (2-5-flowered) and pedicels short : sepals ovate or lanceolate and acuminate,
lax : corolla rather narrowly funnelform, half inch long, deep-blue or partly white ; lower
lip somewhat hairy within. — Gray, Proc. 1. c. ; Watson, Bot. King, 220. — Rocky Moun-
tains from the British boundary to S. Colorado, and west to the Humboldt Mountains in
Nevada. The larger forms may pass into P. gracilis.

Var. brevifolius. A low and rather diffuse tufted form, with weak stems : leaves
at most half inch in length ; cauline elliptical-oblong ; the radical oval or rotund : corolla
light blue. — P. humilis, var. 1 Watson, 1. c. — Utah, in the Wahsatch Mountains, at 9,000
or 10,000 feet, Watson, Eaton.

3. Leaves from ovate-lanceolate to linear, often denticulate : corolla an inch or three-fourths inch
long: cymes of the more or less open thyrsus pedunculate: sepals lanceolate, acute, raarginless.

P. gracilis, Nutt. A foot or less high, glabrous or merely puberulent up to the more or
less viscid-pubescent strict thyrsus : stems slender : cauline leaves mostly linear-lanceolate
(1 to 3 inches long, the serrations when present very acute or subulate) ; the radical spatu-

- late or oblong : peduncles 2-several-flowered : corolla tubular-f unnelform or almost cylin-

268 SCROPHULARIACE^. Pentstemon.

draceous, lilac-purple or sometimes whitish, three-fourths to nearly an inch long; the
throat open. — Gen. ii. 62; Graham in Bot. Mag. t. 2945; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1541 ; Benth.
1. c. P. pubescens, var. gracilis, Gray, Proc. 1. c. partly. — Saskatchewan to Wyoming, and
south in the mountains to Colorado. Intermediate between the preceding and following:
distinguished from slender forms of the latter by the open mouth and nearly terete throat
of tiie narrow corolla.

P. pubescens, Solander. Stem a foot or two high, viscid-pubescent, or sometimes
glabrous up to the inflorescence : cauline leaves from oblong to lanceolate (2 to 4 inches
long), usually denticulate ; the lowest and radical ovate or oblong : thyrsus loosely-flow-
ered, mostly naked, narrow : flowers drooping : corolla dull violet or purple, or partly
whitish, an inch long, very moderately dilated above the short proper tube, carinate-
angled for tiie whole length of the upper and deeply plicate-bisulcate on the lower side,
the upper part of the intrusive portion villous-bearded and forming a sort of palate ; orifice
crescentic or almost closed ; the lips and their lobes short : sterile filament densely bearded
far down. — Ait. Kew. ii. 360; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1424 ; Gray, I.e. excl. syn. P. Icevigatus.
Chelone hirsuta, L. C Pentstemon, L. Mant. 415. Asarina caule ererto, &c.. Mill. Ic. t. 152.
Pentstemon hirsutus, Willd. Spec. iii. 227. P. Mackayanus, Knowles in Fl. Cab. ii. 117, t. 74.
P. longifolias, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 764 ? — Dry or rocky grounds, from Canada to Iowa and
south to Florida and Texas.

P. laevigatas, Solander, 1. c. Mostly glabrous up to the glandular inflorescence :
stem 2 to 4 feet high : leaves of firmer texture and somewhat glossy ; cauline ovate- or
oblong-lanceolate with subcordate-clasping base, 2 to 5 inches long: thyrsus broader:
corolla about an inch long, white and commonly tinged with purple, abruptly campanulate-
infiated above the proper tube, more or less obliquely ventricose, obscurely angled down
the upper side, not at all intruded on the lower; orifice widely ringent, sparingly slender-
bearded at base of the lower lip : sterile filament thinly bearded above. — Sims, Bot. Mag.
t. 1425; Michx. FI. ii. 21 ; Pursh, Fl. ii. 427. Chelone Pentstemon, L. Spec. ed. 2, 850, excl.
syn. Arduin, Moris. &c. ; Lam. 111. t. 528. P. pubescens, var. multiflorus, Benth. in DC. 1. c.
(P. Digitalis, var. multiflorus, Chapm.) ; a small-flowered and small-fruited form, answering
to the figure by Lam. P. glaucophyllus, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 763 ? — Moist or rich soil,
Penn. to Florida and westward, where the commoner form is

Var. Digitalis. Stem sometimes 5 feet high : corolla larger and more abruptly in-
flated, white. — P. Digitalis, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 181 ; Reichenb. Exot.
V. t. 292 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2587 ; Benth. in DC. 1. c. 327 ; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 328. Chelone
Digitalis, Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 120. Penn. to Illinois, Arkansas, &c.

P. glaucus, Graham. Glabrous up to the inflorescence, more or less glaucous : stems
dwarf or ascending, a span to a foot high : leaves thickish, oblong-lanceolate or the radical
oblong-ovate (one or two inches long), entire or denticulate : thyrsus short and compact,
either simple or compound, villous-pubescent and viscid or glandular : corolla dull lilac or
violet-purple, less than an inch long, campanulate-ventricose above the very short proper
tube, gibbous, not at all plicate-sulcate ; the orifice widely ringent; the broad lower lip
sparsely villous-bearded within : sterile filament bearded mostly at and near the apex only,

— Edinb. Phil. Jour. 1829, 348; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1286; Gray, Proc. 1. c. P. glaber, var.
sfenosepalus, Regel in Act. Petrop. iii. 121 ?— Rocky Mountains north of 49° (Drummond) to
Wyoming and Utah ; southward, chiefly in the form of

Var. stenosepalus, Gray, 1. c. Sometimes over a foot high : thyrsus compara-
tively small and glomerate: sepals attenuate-lanceolate: corolla dull whitish or purplisli.

— Mountains of Colorado and Utah near the upper borders of the wooded region.

= = Sterile filament beardless (rarely with a few minute short hairs), sometimes completely
antheriferous in certain flowers.
P. "Whippleanus, Gray. Glabrous up to the inflorescence or nearly so : stems slender,
a foot long, ascending from a decumbent base, leafy : leaves membranaceous, ovate or
ovate-oblong, entire or repand-denticulate, acute or acuminate, commonly 2 inches long;
lower petioled ; upper cauhne closely sessile or partly clasping by a broad base: thyrsus
loosely few-flowered : peduncles 2 to 5, slender, 2-3-flowered : pedicels and the narrowly
linear-lanceolate lax and attenuate sepals villous, somewhat viscid : corolla an inch long,
campanulate-ventricose above the short proper tube, decidedly bilabiate ; the lower lip
longer than the nearly erect 2-lobed upper one, sparsely long-bearded within : sterile fila-

Pentstemon. SCROPHULARIACE^. 269

Slf ''Sron?''' '* ^^P;-^^"^- ^™- Aead. vi. 73. -New Mexico, Sandia Mountains,
Btgdou, Corolla in size and shape, and probably color, resembling that of P. glaucus.
P. deustus Dougl. Completely glabrous; the calyx at most obscurely granular-prui-
nose or glandular : stems a span to a foot high in tufts from a woody base,S lea es
ZZT\r ""'' '? «blong-linear or lanceolate (an inch or two long), i reg'lrly and
[fvr us vTr r "" "'^ '"'T' '' '""^ '' *^^"^ '""'''^ ' ^^^'' -"^'"^ '^'-''y sessile:

enaLfronf 7 T7 P^T"'"'"' '""'''^ ™any-flowered : peduncles and pedicel short
rivwitl . ^^^"'f 'r',"'"'^^ marginless: corolla ochroleucous or dull white,
n. fL Tt of purple, half inch or less long, either narrowly or rather broadly fun:

r. T4 'V ,T /r^' w '^ 'P''^''^'^^^ Reg. t.l318; Benth. I.e.; Gray

wit'h t.n f ■"'■ ?^i ^^^'T' ^"'- ^^"^' 222, who has seen the "filament bearded
with yellow hairs." P heterander, Torr. & Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 123. t. 8, a narrow-
leaved form having the fifth filament in some flowers antheriferous.-Dr; interior region
Ca iforma, on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada, and north to the borders of Brit!
Columbia and Montana.

P. heterodoxus. A span or more high, leafy, glabrous nearly up to the inflorescence:
2Z' "T ''^°^^°"S' o^t^se. ^"tire; the cauline closely sessile: thyrsus short, compact,
viscid-pubescent : sepals lanceolate: corolla 7 lines long, narrow-tubular, hardly dilated up
to the small limb probably purplish : fifth filament filiform, resembling the others, in some
flowers completely antheriferous. -P. Fremontl, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 622, not of Torr &
bray- - High mountain near Donner Pass, in the Sierra Nevada, California, Ton-eu
bpecies imperfectly known, frorii insuflBcient specimens.

^uV' ^T^' ^'■°"' ''"ear-spatulate to obovate, or the uppermost sometimes ovate, entire • stems
iv^ha'lf inch°lonrf.^'"/f' ^'"V' rr'"'^ °^'^'? suft'rr.tescent at base, few-fioweTeT: coronf
one side: ^' '' P"'"'' °'" ' ""'•'•"^'ly funnelform: sterile filament bearded down

^ = Leaves green and mostly glabrous, broad, half to quarter inch wide.
P. Harbourii, Gray. Tufted nearly simple stems 2 to 4 inches high, puberulent • leaves
about 3 pairs, thickish, obovate, oval, or the uppermost sometimes ovate, these sessile by a
broad base: thyrsus reduced to 2 or 3 crowded short-pedicelled flowers : sepals ovate-
oblong, villous and somewhat viscid : corolla little bilabiate, with rather broad cylindra-
ceous throat and tube, barely twice the length of the round-oval lobes ; lower lip bearded

II n."^^l°''- ^^'- ^''^^- ^^•'^1--Higli alpine region of the Colorado Rocky Mountains
JiaU & Harbour, Parry.

== = Leaves cinereous or canescent, a line or two wide: sepals lanceolate: corolla narrowly fun-

Wp''"'.r°f''-V'"T-^r"';''^1 '"^^ '.«"»= «°^^'^'-'"ff ^'°"S the short stems in the axils of the
leaves : short peduncles leafy-bracteolate, 1-3-flowered.

P. ptimUus, Nutt. Canescent (even to the marginless sepals) with a dense and fine
short pubescence: stems an inch or two high, erect or ascending, very leafy: leaves lan-
ceolate or the lower spatulate (the latter, including the attenuate base or margined petiole
an inch or more long) : eorolla with regularly funnelform throat, glabrous within : sterile
filament sparsely short-bearded, or more abundantly at the tip. -Jour. Acad. Philad vii
4b ; Gray, 1. c. 67. — Rocky Mountains in Montana? " on Little Goddin River " Wyeth A
small and few-flowered plant '

Var. Thompsoniae. Cespitose, from half inch to 4 inches high, suffrutescent at
base: stems copiously flowering for their whole length: lowest leaves obovate; upper
lanceolate: corolla two-thirds to three-fourths inch long.-S. Utah, 3frs. Thompson, cL.
Bishop (a dwarf and depressed form), also Siler, Palmer, a more developed and elongated
form, with corolla apparently bright blue.

Var. incanus. A small and very white-hoary form, few-flowered : leaves only 2 or 3
lines long, spatulate and obovate, more mucronate : corolla half inch long, slightly hairy
within down the lower side, somewhat as in the next. — Pahranagat Mountains, S. E.
Nevada, Miss Searls. S. W. Utah, SUer.
'. caespitosus, Nutt. Minutely cinereous-puberulent, spreading, forming depressed
broad tufts 2 to 4 inches high : leaves from narrowly spatulate to almost linear (8 to 8
lines long, including the tapering base or margined petiole) : peduncles mostly secund and
horizontal, but with the flower upturned : sepals more acuminate, and the margins below
obscurely scarious : corolla tubular-funnelform, and the lower side biplicate, the narrow
folds sparsely villous within : sterile filament strongly and densely bearded. — Gray, Proa

270 SCROPHULARIACEiE. Pentstemon,

Am. Acad. vi. 66; Watson, Bot. King, 219. — Rocky Mountains, Wyoming, W. Colorado,
and Utah, Nuttall, Hall & Harbour, Parry, Watson.

Var. SXlflruticosUS. A span or more high from a stouter woody base : leaves from
spatulate to obovate and more petioled, thicker, glabrate : sepals less acuminate : corolla
and stamens not seen : probably a distinct species. — Utah near Beaver, Palmer, in fruit.
++ ++ Leaves from narrowly linear-lanceolate with tapering base or linear-spatulate to filiform,
entire : stems or branches racemosely several-many-flowered.
= Stem herbaceous to the base, very simple, a foot or two high : corolla broad : sterile filament
glabrous: peduncles mostly opposite.

P. virgatus, Gray. Minutely glandular-pruinose or glabrous : stem strict and elongated :
thyrsus virgate : leaves all linear-lanceolate (l\ to 4 inches long): peduncles short, 1-3-
flowered : sepals ovate : corolla lilac with purple veins, three-fourths inch long, abruptly
dilated into a broadly canipanulate funnelform throat (as wide as long), distinctly bilabi-
ate; the broad lips widely spreading: stamens nearly equalling the lips. — Bot. Mex.
Bound. 112, & Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 66. — New Mexico and Arizona, Fenc?/er, Wright, &c.
Inflorescence and corolla in the manner of P. secundijlorus.

= == Stems or tufted branches mostly simple from a woody base (or herbaceous in the last
species), low : sterile filament longitudinally bearded : short peduncles commonly alternate.

P. linarioides, Gray, 1. c. Cinereous, minutely pruinose-puberulent: stems much
crowded on the woody base, filiform, rigid, very leafy, 6 to 18 inches high : leaves 6 to 12
lines long, from oblanceolate-linear (at most a line wide) to nearly filiform, mucronulate;
the floral short and subulate : thyrsus racemiform or sometimes paniculate ; onlj' the lower
peduncles 2-4-flowered : pedicel shorter than the ovate or oblong acuminate sepals : corolla
lilac or purple, half inch or more long, with dilated-funnelform throat, less bilabiate than
in the preceding ; lower lip conspicuously bearded at base. — Arid grounds. New Mexico
and Arizona, Wright, Thurber, Parry, &c.

Var. Sileri. A dwarf and sufEruticulose form, with smaller and fewer flowers, mostly
1-flowered peduncles subtended by proportionally longer floral leaves, and the lower lip
less bearded. — P. caspitosus, var.. Parry in Am. Naturalist, ix. 346, a much reduced form.
— S. Utah, Siler, Pairy.

P. Gairdneri, Hook. Cinereous-puberulent : stems a span high, rigid : leaves linear or
the lower more or less spatulate, obtuse, half to full inch long : thyrsus short and simple :
peduncles usually one-flowered : sepals oblong-ovate, glandular-viscid : corolla half inch
long, narrowly funnelform, obscurely bilabiate, purple. — Fl. ii. 99 ; Gray, 1. c. — Dry inte-
rior of Washington Terr., Oregon, and W. Nevada.

P. laricif olius, Hook. & Arn. Glabrous : lignescent caudex not rising above the
soil: leaves very slender, wlien dry filiform (the larger a fourth of a line wide, and with
margins revolute, an inch or less long), much crowded in subradical tufts and scattered on
the (2 or 5 inch long) filiform flowering stems : flowers few, loosely racemose, slender-
pedicelled: sepals ovate-lanceolate : corolla tubular-funnelform, half inch long; the small
limb obscurely bilabiate. — Bot. Beech. 376 ; Gray, I. c. — Interior of Oregon and Wyoming.
== = == Stems paniculatelv branching and slender, woody toward the base: corolla between
funnelform and salverform :" sterile filament glabrous : peduncles slender, opposite, all the upper
one-flowered.

P. ambigUUS, Torr. Glabrous, a foot or two high, diffuse and often much branched :
leaves filiform, or the lowest linear and the floral slender-subulate : inflorescence loosely
paniculate: sepals ovate, acuminate: corolla rose-color and flesh-color turning to white ;
the rotately expanded limb oblique but obscurely bilabiate ; lobes orbicular-oval^; throat or
its lower side somewhat hairy : sterile filament sometimes imperfectly antheriferous. —
Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 228, & Marcy Rep. t. 16; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 64. — Plains of E.
Colorado and New Mexico to S. Utah and Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) Var. foliosus, Benth.
1. c, is an undeveloped state. Corolla in the typical form with a narrow and somewhat
curved tube and throat, of half inch in length : but it passes into

Var. Thurberi, Gray, I.e. [P. Thurheri, Torr. in Pacif. R. Kep. vii. 15), with
shorter tube and more dilated throat. The two extremes of this have, in the larger forms,
limb of corolla half inch in diameter with tube and throat together only 3 lines long (Ari-
zona, Palmer, &c.); in the smallest, corolla-limb only half the size, with tube and throat
2 or 3 lines long (Arizona and adjacent Mex., Wislizenus, Rothrock). New Mexico, Arizona,
and S. Utah.

Pentstemon. SCROPHULARIACE^. 271

++++++++ Leaves pinnately parted into narrowly linear divisions !
P. dissectus, Ell. Merely puberulent : stem slender, 2 feet high : leaves in rather dis-
tant pairs; radical and lowest not seen; upper with 7 to 11 obtuse entire divisions, of
barely half line in width, on a rhachis of equal breadth : thyrsus long-peduncled, umbelli-
form or triradiate, few-flowered : pedicels slender : sepals ovate-oblong : corolla " purple,"
9 lines long, oblong-f unnelform ; the limb obscurely bilabiate : sterile filament bearded at
the apex. — Sk. i. 129 ; Gray, 1. c. — Middle Georgia, " Jackson" Darby.

§ 2. Saccanthera, Benth. Anthers sagittate or horseshoe-shaped ; the cells
confluent at the apex, and there dehiscent by a continuous cleft, which extends
down both cells only to the middle ; the base remaining closed and saccate, some-
times hirsute, never lanate. Pacific-States species, herbaceous or some rather
woody at base, mostly with ample and showy flowers.

* Soft-pubescent and viscid, with broad and thinnish leaves mostlj' serrate or denticulate.
P. glandulosus, Lindl. Stem rather stout, 2 or 3 feet high : radical leaves ovate or
oblong, 6 or 8 inches long, dentate: cauline from cordate-clasping to ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate, usually denticulate or few-toothed: thyrsus contracted and interrupted,
leafy below : cymes short-pedunculate, few-several-flowered : sepals attenuate-lance-
olate, lax : corolla lilac, over an inch long, with funnelform-inflated throat, and rather short
broad and spreading lips: sterile filament glabrous. —Bot. Reg. t. 1262; Hook. Bot. Mag.
t. 3868 ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 330 ; Gray in Proc, Am. Acad. vi. 74. P. staticifolius,
Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1770. — Mountain woods and along streams, Oregon and Washington
Terr, to Idaho.

* * Glabrous or merely puberulent: leaves serrate, incisely dentate, or sometimes laciniate : sterile
filament more or less fiairy above : corolla funnelform and moderately bilabiate, lilac, purple, or
light violet,

■i— Over an inch long : calyx remarkably small.
P. venustus, Dougl. Very glabrous : stems rather strict and simple, a foot or two
high, leafy : leaves thickish in texture, oblong-lanceolate or the upper ovate-lanceolate,
closely and subulately serrate (about 2 inches long) : thyrsus naked, mostly narrow : pe-
duncles 1-3-flowered : sepals ovate, acute or acuminate, only a line or two long, much
shorter than the proper and narrow tube of the corolla: upper part of fertile filaments
and of the sterile one (as also usually anthers and lobes of the corolla within) sparsely
pilose. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1309 ; Benth. 1. c. ; Gray, 1. c. P. amosnus, Kunze in Linn,
xvi. littbl. 1071 —Oregon and Idaho.

•1— -1— Corolla barely or less than an inch long : calyx and pedicels mostly puberulent or viscid-
glandular: stems (a foot or two high) ascending or "diffuse: thyrsus paniculate.

P. diffdsus, Dougl. Leaves from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, or the upper subcordate,
sharply and unequally and sometimes laciniately serrate (1| to 4 inches long): thyrsus
commonly interrupted and leafy : pedicels mostly shorter than the ovate or lanceolate and
acuminate (sometimes laciniate-toothed) sepals: corolla three-fourths inch long: anthers
glabrous: sterile filament villous-bearded above. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1132; Hook. Bot.
Mag. t. 3645 ; Gray, 1. c. P. serrulatus, Menzies in Hook. Fl. ii. 95. P. argutus, Paxt. Mag.
Bot. vi. 271, appears to be a form of this, connecting with the next species. — Wooded or
rocky banks, Oregon to Brit. Columbia.

P. Richardsonii, Dougl. Stems often loosely branching: leaves ovate- to narrowly
lanceolate in outline, from incised to laciniate-pinnatifid ; the upper commonly alternate
or scattered: thyrsus loosely panicled: sepals (ovate or oblong) and pedicels often gland-
ular and viscid: corolla three-fourths to an inch long: sterile filament sparingly villous-
bearded at apex. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1121 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3391 ; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t.
1641. — Bare rocks, &c., Oregon and Washington Terr.

P. triphyllus, Dougl, Stems slender, about a foot high, usually simple: cauline
leaves lanceolate or linear (an inch or so long), rigid, from denticulate to irregularly pin-
natifid-laciniate ; the upper sometimes ternately verticillate, sometimes alternate: thyrsus
narrow, loosely paniculate : sepals lanceolate, acuminate : corolla comparativel}' small and
narrow, half to two-thirds inch long: sterile filament densely bearded at apex. — Lindl.
Bot. Reg. t. 1245; Benth. in DC. Prodr. 1. c — Rocks, &c., Oregon to British Columbia.

272 SCROPHULARIACEiE. Penlstemon.

« # * Glabrous or merely puberulent : leaves all entire.
H— Corolla blue or violet, half inch long, slender-funnelform, moderately bilabiate : sterile filament
lightly bearded.
P. gracilentus, Gray. Stems slender from a lignescent base, a foot or more high,
rather few-leaved, naked above, terminating in a loose and rather simple paniculate thyr-
sus : leaves glabrous and green, lanceolate, or the upper linear and the lowest sometimes
oblong, all narrowed at base: peduncles (and calyx) viscid-puberulent, 2-5-flowered; the
lower elongated : pedicels short : corolla-lobes only 2 lines long, moderately spreading. —
Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 83, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 75, & Bot. Calif, i. 561. — Mountains, N. Cali-
fornia and adjacent parts of Oregon and Nevada, at 5-8,000 feet.

^_ ^_ Corolla blue to purple, more ventricose-funnelform, short-bilabiate, two-thirds to an inch
and a half long: sterile filament glabrous. (.Species too nearly allied, mostly lignescent or
rather shrubby at base.)

++ Inflorescence and calj-x glandular or viscid-pubescent: thjTsus open-paniculate.
P. l^tus, Gray. A foot or so high, cinereous-pubescent or puberulent, above glandular-
pubescent: leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate and the lowest spatulate : sepals ovate or
oblong, herbaceous: corolla an inch long, blue. — Jour. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc. vii. 147, Proc.
Am. Acad. 1. c, & Bot. Calif. 1. c — Open and dry grounds, California to the mountains
above the Yosemite and apparently even to Siskiyou Co.
P. Rdezli, Kegel, Smaller, a span to a foot high, below glabrous or minutely puberu-
lent; leaves all lanceolate or linear, or the lower oblanceolate: thyrsus either narrow or
more diffuse and compound, with the brandies divergent : corolla smaller (from half to
two-thirds inch long) and narrower, pale blue or violet. — Act. Hort. Petrop. ii. 326, &
Gartenfl. 1872, t. 239 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, ii. 567. P. heterophyllus, var.? Torr. & Gray in Pacif.
R. Rep. ii. 122. — Drier parts of the Sierra Nevada, California, from Kern Co. to frontiers
of Oregon and adjacent Nevada. Approaches smaller forms of the preceding.
++ ++ Inflorescence and calyx, as well as foliage, perfectly glabrous or else minutely puberulent
without glandulosity : thyrsus usually narrow.
•p. Kingii, Watson. Hardly glaucous: stems a span or so high from the depressed
ligneous base, leafy to the top, erect or ascendmg t leaves oblanceolate or lanceolate-linear,
acutish or obtuse, mostly narrowed to the base, an inch or so long : thyrsus strict, 1 to 5
inches long : sepals ovate-lanceolate and slender-acuminate, equalling the capsule : corolla
comparatively small (two-thirds inch long), " purple." — Nevada and Utah, from the W.
Humboldt to the Wahsatch and Uinta Mountains, Watson, &c.
P. azureus, Benth. Glaucous, rarely pruinose-puberulent : stems erect or ascending, 1 to
3 feet high': leaves from narrowly to ovate-lanceolate or even broader, the uppermost
wider at base : thyrsus virgate, loose, usually elongated : sepals ovate, with or without a
conspicuous acumination : corolla from 1 to 1^ inches long, azure-blue verging or changing
to violet, the base sometimes reddish ; the expanded limb sometimes an inch in diameter. —
PI. liartw. .327; Gray, 1. c. ; " Paxt. Fl. Gard. t. 64; Lem. Jard. Fl. t. 211; Moore, Mag.
1850, t. 209." — Dry ground, California, apparently through the length of the State, com-
mon'on the Sacramento, &c. Founded on a rather narrow-leaved form, but varies greatly
in the foliage.

Var. Jaffrayanus, Gray, 1. c. A low form : leaves oblong or oval, or the upper
ovate-lanceolate or ovate, very glaucous : peduncles 1-5-flowered : flowers large. — P.
Jnffrayamus, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5045. P. glaucifoUus, Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 82.
P. heterophyllus, var. latifoUus, Watson, Bot. Kin^, 222 ?— Northern part of California and
through the Sierra Nevada, also eastward to the Wahsatch Mountains in Utah, if the syn.
Bot. King is rightly referred.

Var. parvulus. Less than a foot high : leaves oblong and oval, barely an inch long :
many-fiowered thyrsus rather open: sepals broadly ovate: corolla hardly three-fourths
inch long: would be referred to the preceding variety, except for the smaller flowers.—
Northern part of California, in mountains above Jackson Lake, at 8,000 feet, Greene.

Var. angustissimus, the extreme narrow-leaved form : leaves narrowly linear or
sometimes the uppermost narrowly lanceolate from a broad base. — Yosemite Valley, &c.
Var. ambigUUS, a rather tall form, paniculately branched and slender, with lanceo-
late and linear leaves all narrowed at base in the manner of the following species, but pale
and glaucescent, and the corolla violet-blue (only an inch or less long) : sepals remarkably

Pentstemon. SCROPHULARIACE^. 273

small, ovate, merely mucronate. — P. heterophyllus, "Watson, Bot. King, 222. — Canons of
the Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, viz. of the Provo and American Fork, Watson, &,c.
P. heterophyllus, Lindl. Green, seldom glaucescent : stems or branches 2 to 5 feet
high from a woody base, slender: leaves lanceolate or linear, or only the lowest oblong-
lanceolate, mostly narrowed at base : corolla an inch or sometimes more in length, with
narrow tube rose-purple or pink, sometimes changing toward violet ; the bud often yellow-
ish : otherwise hardly distinguishable from narrow-leaved forms of the preceding. — Bot.
Reg. t. 1899; Hook. & Am. Bot. Beech. 376; Bot. Mag. t. 3853; Gray, 1. c — Dry banks,
through the western and especially the southern part of California.

•J— H— -t— Corolla scarlet-red, tubular-funnelform, conspicuously bilabiate, an inch long: sterile
filament glabrous.

P. Bridgesii, Gray. A foot or two high from a lignescent base, glabrous up to the vir-
gate secund thyrsus, or pruinose-puberulent : leaves from spatulate-lanceolate to linear ;
the floral reduced to small subulate bracts: peduncles (1-5-flowered) and pedicels short:
these and the ovate or oblong sepals glandular-viscid : lips of the narrow corolla fully one-
third the length of the tubular portion ; the upper erect and 2-lobed ; the lower 3-parted
and its lobes recurved : anthers deeply sagittate. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 379, & Bot. Calif,
i. 560. — Rocky banks, Sierra Nevada, California, from the Yosemite southward, on Wil-
liams Mountain, N. Arizona, and S. "W. Colorado (Brandegee).

P. NdttAllii, Beck in Am. Jour. Sci. xiv. 120, is wholly doubtful, perhaps P. loevigatus.
P. Ceerosensis, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad ii. 19,Jrom Cerros Island, off the coast of

Lower California, is said to have a tubular yellow corolla, 3-nerved sepals, &c. Probably

not of this genus.

P. CANOSO-BARBATUM and P. KOSTRiFLOKDM, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 15, Californian

species, remain wholly obscure.

12. CHI0N6PHILA, Benth. (XTcov, snow, and (piXog, beloved, growing
on snow-capped mountains.) — DC. Prodr. x. 351 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI.
ii. 942. — Single species : fl. summer.

C. Jamesii, Benth. 1. c. Dwarf perennial, glabrous or nearly so : leaves thickish, entire,
mostly radical in a tuft, spatulate or lanceolate, tapering into a scarious sheathing base ;
those on the scape-like (1 to 3 inches high) flowering stems one or two pairs, or occasionally
alternate, linear : spike few-many-flowered, dense, mostly secund, imbricate-bracteate :
bracts shorter than the flowers : corolla over half inch long, dull cream-color, in anthesis
twice the length of the calyx, at length more nearly enclosed by it. — Gray in Am. Jour.
Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 252. — Colorado Rocky Mountains, in the high alpine region, first col-
lected by Lh: James, in Long's Expedition, on James', now Pike's Peak.

13. MfMULUS, L. MoNKET-FLOWER. (Latin diminutive of tm'rmis, a
mime, from the grinning corolla.) — Large genus, of wide dispersion, but far most
largely N. American ; with opposite simple leaves, and usually showy flowers
from the axils, or becoming racemose by the diminution of the upper leaves to
bracts. Chiefly herbs, one polymorphous species shrubby; fl. in summer; sev-
eral cultivated for ornament. — Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 563, & Proc. Am. Acad,
xi. 95-, Benth. & Hook. 1. c. Mimulus, Diplacus (Nutt.), Eunanus, & Herpestis
§ Mimuloides, Benth. in DC. Prodr.

§ 1. EunXnus, Gray. Annuals, mostly very low, glandular-pubescent or viscid :
flowers sessile or short-pedicelled : calyx 5-angled and 5-toothed; the angles and
teeth more or less plicate-carinate : corolla in the typical species with long . and
slender tube : anthers approximate in pairs, forming crosses : upper part of style
pubescent or glandular : stigma variable, not rarely funnelform or peltate-petaloid :
p]acenta3 separated in dehiscence and borne by the half-dissepiment on the middle
of each valve. — Eunanus, Benth. in DC.

18

274 SCROPHULARIACE^. Mlmulus.

* Capsule cartilaginous, 2-4-sulcate, tardily dehiscent, oblique or gibbous at base : calyx gibbous
at base and very oblique at the orifice : corolla purple or violet, with spotted or variegated throat:
leaves entire or obscurely few-tOothed.

■t— Corolla-tube filiform and long-exserted, in the earlier state much longer than the stems, an
inch or more in length. — CEnoe, Gray in PI. Hartw. 329. Mimulus § (Erwe, Gray, Bot. Calif,
i. 503.

M. tricolor, Lindl. Leaves from oblong to linear, obscurely nerved, with narrowed base
nearly sessile : calyx hardly gibbous at base, ampler toward the very oblique orifice :
corolla about inch and a half long, with short-funnelform throat, lips of about equal
length, and lobes similar : capsule short-oval or ovate, slightly compound, rather acutely
angled before and behind : seeds obovate, oblique, much larger than in related species. —
Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. iv. 222 (June, 1849) ; Gray, 1. c. Eunanus Coulter i, Gray in Benth.
PI. Hartw. 329, Aug. 1849. — California, from the valley of the Sacramento to Mendocino
Co. and eastward, Plumas Co. Stem when beginning to flower only a quarter inch high,
at length may reach 3 inches.

Var. angustatus, Gray, 1. c. Leaves small and linear or nearly so : more slender
tube of corolla sometimes nearly 2 inches long. — Plumas to Placer Co., Bolander, &c.

M. Douglasii, Gray, 1. c. Leaves ovate or oblong, the 3-5-nerved base contracted into
a petiole : calyx soon very gibbous at base on upper side : lower lip of corolla very much
sliorter than the ample erect lower one, or even obsolete ; the throat more amply funnel-
form : capsule linear or linear-oblong, terete, 4-sulcate, gibbous or somewhat inflexed at the
very base : seeds oval, small, apiculate at both ends, as in all the following species of the
section : stigma very variable. — M. nanus, var. suhunijiorus, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 378.
Eunanus Douglasii, Benth. in DC. 1. c. 374. — California, on gravelly banks, tiiroughout the
length of the State. Stem from a quarter of an inch to 6 inches high : corolla, an inch
to one and a half inches long.
H— -I— Corolla-tube hardly exserted from the calyx : flowers not surpassing the subtending leaf.

M. latifolius, Gray, 1. c. Viscid-pubescent : stem a span high, loosely branching : leaves
all broadly ovate or oval, slightly petioled, membranaceous, 5-nerved at base, 9 to 12 lines
long : calyx in flower hardly oblique, in fruit very gibbous : corolla pink-purple, half to
three-fourths inch long; the funnelform throat as long as the tube: capsule narrowly
oblong, laterally sulcate. — Guadalupe Island, off Lower California, Palmer.

* * Capsule coriaceous or membranaceous, symmetrical : calyx equal at base, campanulate or
short-oblong: stigma peltate-funnelform, and entire or obscurely 2-lobed. — § Eunanus, Gray,
Bot. Calif. 1. 564.

•»- Corolla small, 3 to 6 lines long; the tube slender and exserted: calyx-teeth nearly equal.
M. leptaleus, Gray, 1. c. Viscid-puberulent, 1 to 3 inches high, at length much
branched : leaves from spatulate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, 2 to 6 lines long : calyx-teeth
ovate or triangular, not equalling the oblong-ovate obtuse capsule : corolla crimson, with
filiform tube, small throat, and oblique limb 1^ to 3 lines wide. — California, in gravelly
soil of the Sierra Nevada, at 5-8,000 feet.

-K- -1- Corolla ampler, half to fully three-fourths inch long,' funnelform, with widely spreading
limb and throat gradually narrowed downward into the included or partly exserted tube: stems
from an inch to a span or more high. (Species nearly related.)

++ Calyx hardly at all oblique ; the teeth almost equal in length.
M. Bigelovii, Gray, 1. c. Leaves oblong ; the upper ovate, acute or acuminate : calyx-
teeth very acutely subulate from a broad base (2 or less lines long), half the length of the
broadly campanulate tube, the anterior ones narrower ; throat of the corolla cylindraceous,
and the ample limb rotate (crimson with yellow centre) r capsule oblong-lanceolate, acute
or acutish, a little exceeding the calyx; the valves membranaceous. — Eunanus Bigelovii,
Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 121. — S. California, W. Nevada, and S. Utah.
M. nanus. Hook. & Arn. Leaves from obovate or oblong to lanceolate : calyx-teeth
broadly lanceolate or triangular, acute (a line long), a quarter of the length of the tube :
corolla sometimes rose-purple, sometimes yellow : capsule with tapering apex rather
exceeding the calyx; the valves chartaceous.-»- Bot. Beech. I.e. 378, (var. plurijlorus) ;
Gray, 1. c. Eunanus Tolmiai, Benth. 1. c. E. Fremonti, Watson, Bot. King, 226, not
Benth. — Hills, &c., Sierra Nevada, California and adjacent parts of Nevada and Oregon
to Wyoming.

Mimulus. SCROPHULARIACE^. 275

Var. bicolor, Gray, 1. c. A doubtful and insufficiently known form ; with throat of
corolla short and abruptly dilated, dark purple ; the limb yellow. — Eunanus bicolor, Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 381. — High Sierra Nevada in Fresno Co., Brewer.

M. Fremonti, Gray, 1. c. Leaves narrowly oblong or the lowest spatulate, obtuse :
calyx-teeth ovate, obtuse or acutish (less than a line long), less than a quarter the length of
the tube, surpassing the proper tube of the crimson corolla.— Eunanus Fremonti, Benth.
I. c. — California, from Santa Barbara Co. southward and eastward, first coll. by Fremont.
++ ++ Calyx decidedly oblique at the orifice : the teeth unequal, reaching to the base of the f un-
nelform throat of the corolla : stem rather slender : leaves quite entire.

M. Parryi, Gray, 1. c. Not pubescent, minutely glandular, 2 to 4 inches high : leaves
oblong or oblanceolate, half inch long : teeth of the campanulate calyx, acute ; the upper
and larger one ovate; the others subulate from a broad base, a third or fourth the length
of the tube : corolla yellow or pink, two-thirds inch long : capsule oblong-lanceolate, not
surpassing the calyx. — St. George, S. Utah, on gravelly hills, Parri/.

M. Torreyi, Gray, I.e. Viscid-pubescent, a -span to a foot high, simple or loosely
branching: leaves oblong or almost lanceolate, sometimes an inch long: calyx-teeth all
broad and obtuse ; the posterior one larger and barely a line long : corolla half to three-
fourths inch long, pink-purple : capsule chartaceous, lanceolate-oblong. — Eunanus Fremonti,
Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 83, not Benth. — California, through the Sierra Nevada, at
4,000 feet and upwards, from Mariposa Co. northward, first coll. by Newbeiry.
+-;•*—-'— Corolla large and wide, an inch or more long, with proper tube very shoi-t and included
m the calyx: teeth of the latter very unequal: stem simpler and taller: leaves often acutely
dentate or denticulate with salient teeth. (Transition to Eumimulus.)

M. Bolanderi, Gray, 1. c. A foot or less high, viscid-pubescent : leaves oblong, an inch
or two in length ; the lower surpassing the flowers : teeth of the very oblique calyx lan-
ceolate; the posterior and longer one 3 lines long and half the length of the oblong
tube : corolla purple, an inch long, cylindraceous : capsule fusiform-subulate, somewhat
coriaceous. — M. brevipes. Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 120; not Benth. — California, in foot-
hills and lower part of the Sierra Nevada.

M. brevipes, Benth. A foot or two high, very viscid-pubescent : leaves from lanceo-
late to linear, 1 to 4 inches long : calyx-teeth very unequal, acuminate ; the posterior fully

'■ half the length of the broadly campanulate tube: corolla yellow, sometimes H inches
long, and the expanded limb nearly as broad, campanulate, with ample rounded lobes :
capsule ovate, acuminate, firm-coriaceous. — DC. Prodr. x. 369; Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound.
116. — Calif ornia, from Monterey to San Diego and San Bernardino.

§ 2. DiPLACUS, Gray. Shrubby, glutinous ; with flowers as of the following
and capsule of the preceding section : tube of the funnelform corolla about the
length of the narrow prismatic carinate-angled calyx : style glandular : stigma
bilamellar: placentae meeting but even in the ovary not united in the axis, in
dehiscence borne on the linear firm-coriaceous valves. — Diplacus, Nutt. in Ann.
& Mag. Nat. Hist. i. 137 ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 368.

M. glutinosus, Wendl. Shrub 2 to 6 feet high, nearly glabrous but glutinous : leaves
from narrowly oblong to linear, from denticulate to entire (1 to 4 inches long), at length
with revolute margins : flowers 1| to 2 inches long, short-pedicelled : corolla usually buff
or salmon-color, obscurely bilabiate ; the spreading lobes laciniately toothed or notched. —
Obs. 51; Jacq. Schcenbr. iii. t. 264; Gray, I.e. M. aurantiacus. Curt. Bot. Mag. t. 354.
Biplacus glutinosus & D. latifoUus, Nutt. 1. c. D. stellatus, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 18. —
Rocky banks, &,c., California, common from San Francisco southward. Runs into many
varieties, such as

Var. puniceus. Gray, 1. c. Flowers from orange-red to scarlet, often slender-pedi-
celled: corolla-lobes commonly obcordate. — Diplacus puniceus, 'Swit. I.e.; Hook. Bot. Mag.
t. 3655. D. glutinosus, var. puniceus, Benth. in DC. 1. c. "VV. California.

Var. linearis. Gray, 1. c. Flowers very short-pedicelled, red-brown to salmon-
color: calyx commonly pubescent: leaves linear, more rigid, and revolute-margined. — M.
linearis, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 27. Diplacus leptanthus, Nutt. 1. c. ; Benth. 1. c. — From Mon-
terey southward.

276 SCROPHULARIACE^. Mimulus.

Var brachypus, Gray, 1- c. Flowers very short-pedioelled, salmon-color, large :
calyx viscid-pubescent' or villous : herbage often pubescent : leaves linear-lanceolate,
mainly entire. — i)(>/«cus hmjijiorus, Nutt. 1. c — From Santa Barbara southward.
§ 3. EuMiMULDS, Gray. Herbaceous : proper tube of the corolla mostly
included in the plicately carinate-angled 5-toothed calyx (the teeth traversed by
the strong nerve) : style glabrous : stigma bilamellar, the lobes or lips ovate or
rotund an°d equal : placenta remaining united in the axis of the capsule (or partly
dividing, in M. rubellus completely), from which the thin and usually membra-
naceous valves tardily separate.

* Larce-fiowered and perennial western species: corolla li to 2 inches long, red or rose-color,

with cvlindrical body longer than the limb; calyx oblong-prismatic ; the short teeth nearly equal:

anthers either villous or almost glabrous in the same species: pedicels elongated : capsule oblong:

leaves several-nerved from the base: seeds with a dull and loose epidermis, longitudinally

wrinided.

M cardinalis, Dougl. Villous and viscid, 2 to 4 feet high : leaves ovate, or the lower

obovate-lanceol'ate ; the upper connate ; all erose-dentate : corolla scarlet, with remarkably

oblique limb ; upper lip erect and the lobes turned back ; lower reflexed : stamens ex-

serted. — Lindl. Hort. Trans, ii. 70, t. 3; Brit. Fl. Card. ser. 2, t. p58; Hook. Bot. Mag.

t_ 3560. Along watercourses, through Oregon and California to Arizona.

M Lewisii, Pursh. More slender, greener, and with minute or finer pubescence:
leaves from' oblong-ovate to lanceolate, denticulate: corolla rose-red or paler, with tube
and throat proportionally longer; roundish lobes all spreading: stamens included. —Fl.
ii. 427, t. 20; Gray, 1. c. M. roseus, Dougl. in Bot. Reg. t. 1591 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 33o3;
Brit. Fl. Gar'd. ser. 2, t. 210.— Shady and moist or wet ground, Brit. Columbia to Califor-
nia along the whole length of the Sierra Nevada, east to Montana and Utah.
* * Moderatelv large flowered eastern species, perennial. glabrous: corolla violet, at most an inc>
lone with narrow tube and throat more or less exceeding the nearly equal calyx, and personate
limb: fructiferous calyx oblong: leaves throughout pinnately vemed: seeds not wrinkled.
(Corolla rarely varying to white, not very rarely with the lateral lobes of the lower lip exterior
in the bud!)
M ringens L. Stem square, 2 feet high : leaves oblong or lanceolate, closely sessile by
an auriculate partly clasping base, serrate : pedicels longer than the flower : calyx-teeth
subulate, slender: seed-coat rather loose, cellular. — Hort. Ups. 176, t. i. ; Lam. 111. t.523;
Bot. Mag. t. 283. — Wet places, Canada to Iowa and south to Texas.
M alatus Solander. Stem somewhat wing-angled : leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate,
less acutely serrate, tapering at base into a margined petiole : pedicels shorter than the
calyx • teeth of the latter short and broad with abrupt mucronate tips : seed-coat close
and smooth. -Ait. Kew. ii. 301 ;.Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 410; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. t. 94.-
Wet places, W. New England to Illinois, and south to Texas.

* * * Small- or moderately large-tlowered mainly western species: corolla from yellow or some-
thnes partly white to browh-red or crimson ; the throat broad and open: seeds with a thm and
smooth or shining (or in ^f. luUus duller and reticulate-striate) coat.
H- Leafy-stemmed, not villous, nor leaves pinnately veined, but with 3 to 7 primary veins from or

near the base, and hardly any, or only weak ones, from above the middle of the midnb.
++ Calyx oblique at the orifice ; the posterior tooth largest: leaves mostly broad, dentate, at least

the lower petioled : root fibrous.
= Perennial by stolons or creeping branches : upper leaves sessile by a broad or somewhat clasp-
ing base : lower lip of the corolla bearded at the throat.
M. Jamesii, Torr. & Gray. Diffuse and creeping, freely rooting, glabrate : leaves
roundish and often reniform, from denticulate to nearly entire (4 to 12 lines long), all but
the uppermost with margined petioles: flowers all axillary and slender-pedicelled: corolla
light yellow, 4 to 6 lines long : fructiferous calyx campanulate, about 3 lines long : seeds
oval, shining, almost smooth. — Benth. in DC. I.e. 371 (with var. Fremontii) ; Gray,
Man. ed. 2, 287. M. glabratus, Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound, 116, partly, hardly of HBK. —
In water or wet places, usually in springs, Illinois to Upper Michigan and Minnesota, west
to the Rocky Mountains in Montana, thence south to New Mexico and Arizona. (Adja-
cent Mex.)

Mimulus. SCROPHULARIACE^. 277

Var. Texensis. Xarger : leaves more ovate, seldom subcordate, usually more strongly
or even laciniately dentate; the uppermost sometimes reduced, so that the later flowers
become somewhat racemose. — M. ylabratus, Bot. Mex. Bound. 1. c, mainly. — Texas,
Wright, Lindheimer, &c. Probably in drier soil : near M. glabratus, of S. Am. and Mex.

M. lliteus, L. Glabrous or puberulent : stems erect, ascending or with later branches
spreading ; the larger forms 2 to 4 feet high : leaves ovate, oval-oblong, roundish, or sub-
cordate ; the upper cauline and floral smaller, closely sessile, not rarely connate-clasping ;
all usually acutely dentate or denticulate ; lower sometimes lyrately laciniate : inflores-
cence chiefly racemose or terminal: pedicels equalling or shorter than the flower: corolla
deep yellow, commonly dark-dotted witliin, and the protuberant base of lower lip blotched
with brown-purple or copper-color, in the largest forms from 1 to 2 inches long : calyx ven-
tricose-campanulate, half inch or less long: seeds oblong, rather dull, striate-reticulated
longitudinally. — Spec. ed. 2, 884; Bot. Mag. t. 1501, 3363; Bot. Reg. 1. 1030, 1796; Andr.
Bot. Rep. t. 661; Gray, I.e. M. guttatus, DC. Cat. Monsp. 127; Hook. Fl. ii. 99. M.
variegatus, Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1872. M. rivularis, Lodd. 1. c. t. 1575 ; Nutt. in Jour. Acad.
Philad. vii. 47. M. lyratus, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 28, form with lower leaves laciniate at

■ base. M. Scouleri, Hook. FI. ii. 100 ; a narrow-leaved form. M. Smithii, Lindl. Bot. Reg.
t. 1674. — Moist or wet ground, Aleutian Islands and Alaska to California, and east to and
through the Rocky Mountains. (Along tlie Andes, &c., to S. Chili.) Most variable and
polymorphous : extreme forms are the following

Var, alpinus, Gray. A span or so high, lax, leafy to top: stem 1-4-flowered:
corolla f to Ii inches long : seeds oval : some leaves rather distinctly pinnate-veined above
the middle ! — Proc. Acad. Pliilad. 1863, 71; Watson, Bot. King, 224; Gray, Bot. Calif,
i. 567. M. dentatus, Nutt. in DC. Prodr. 1. c. 372, appears from an original specimen to be
between this and M. moschatus, var. long!/loi-ux. M. Tilingii, Regel, Gartenfl. 1869, 321, t. 631 ;
plant which developed next year into a large many-flowered form, as figured in Gartenfl.
1870, 290, t. 665 (corolla distinctly personate by a palatine protuberance of base of lower
lip, as is often seen in other forms). M. cupreus, Regel, 1. c. 1864, t. 422 (throat of the
corolla wide open). M. tuteus, var. cuprea, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5478. — Alaska to high
Sierra Nevada, California, and Colorado Rocky Mountains. (Chilian Andes.)

Var. depauperatus, Gray. Includes reduced or depauperate forms, flowering as
slender annuals, 2 to 10 inches higli, with leaves 3 to 6 lines long, fructiferous calyx 2 or 3
lines long, and corolla 3 to 7 lines long. — Bot. Calif. 1. c. M. microphyllas, Benth. in DC.
1. c. 371. — "Washington Terr to California and the Rocky Mountains.

= = Apparently only annual : leaves all petioled : pedicels long and filiform.

M. alsinoides, Benth. Very glabrous : stems slender, at length diffusely branched, 3
to 12 inches long : leaves from rotund- to rhombic-ovate (from 4 to 16 lines long, besides
the abruptly long-attenuate base or margined petiole), thin, the upper part salient denticu-
late : pedicels at length divaricate : corolla light yellow (or lower lip with a brown spot),
3 to 6 lines long ; the limb small : calyx in flower narrow-cylindraceous, in fruit narrow-
oblong; its teeth all very short. — Benth. 1. c. ; Gray, 1. c. — Wet shady places, Oregon
to British Columbia, &c.

Var. minimus, Benth. I. c, consists of very small and depauperate forms, half
inch to 2 inches high, with corolla 2 to 4 line's long. — Same range.

M. laciniatus, Gray, 1. c. Glabrous or slightly pubescent: filiform stem diffusely
branched, a span or less high : leaves on filiform petioles, which mostly exceed the (quarter
to half inch long) hastately 3-Iobed or laciniately 3-5-cleft and obscurely 1-nerved blade,
about equalling the pedicels: corolla yellow, 2 lines long: calyx in fruit ovate, 2 lines
long: the teeth rather conspicuous. — Sierra Nevada, California, on a branch of the
Merced at Clark's.

++ +-•• Calyx equal or nearly so at the orifice, and the teeth almost alike : root annual.
= Cauline leaves contracted at base into margined petioles.

M. Pulsif erse, Gray, l. c. Viscid throughout, but hardly pubescent, a span high, loosely
branching: leaves from broadly ovate to lanceolate-oblong, sparsely denticulate or entire,
3-nerved at base (half inch or more long), equaljed or surpassed by the pedicels: corolla
yellow, 5 lines long: calyx cylindraceous-campanulate, in fruit 3 or 4 lines long, with short
ovate-triangular teeth. — California, in the northern part of the Sierra Nevada, on i-ocks,
from Sierra Co. to Siskiyou Co., Bolander, Mrs. Pulsif er- Ames, Greene.

278 SCROPHULARIACE^. Mimulus.

= = Cauline leaves mainly closely sessile by a broad base.
M. inconspicuus, Gray. Glabrous, 2 to 7 inches high, simple or branched from the
base: leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, entire, somewhat 3-5-nerved (quarter to half inch
long) : pedicels as long as flower : corolla 5 lines long, with rather small limb, yellow
or rose-color : fructiferous calyx oval, 4 or 5 lines long, appearing as if truncate ; the
teeth very short. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 120, & Bot. Calif. 1. c— Damp hillsides or rocks,
Los Angeles to the Sacramento, California, Bigelow, &c.

== = == Cauline leaves sessile or nearly so by a narrowed obscurely 3-nerved base : plants
minutely viscid-pubescent or glandular, erect, branched from the base, from 2 to 10 inches high.
M. bicolor, Benth. Viscid-pubescent: leaves lanceolate or linear-oblong, sometimes
spatulate, mostly denticulate, an inch long or less ; the upper shorter than the pedicels :
corolla half to three-fourths inch long, with ample limb, yellow, or lower lip commonly
white : calyx narrowly oblong, purple-dotted, in fruit 4 lines long; the teeth comparatively
large (a line long), triangular, acute. — PI. Hartw. 328; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 568. M.
Prattenii.'DuTa.nd in Jour. Acad. Philad. n. ser. ii. 98. — Calif ornia, through the foot-hills of
the Sierra Nevada.
M. Palmeri, Gray. Viscid, but hardly at all pubescent : leaves lanceolate or the lower
spatulate, mostly entire, half inch or so long, all shorter than the filiform pedicels :
corolla nearly three-fourths inch long, ample-funnelform, crimson, thrice the length of the
calyx; the lobes all about equal and equally spreading: fructiferous calyx 3 or 4 lines
long, narrowly oblong; the teeth broad and obtuse. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 82. — S. E.
California, on the Mohave River, Palmer, Parry & Lemmon. Corolla in shape and color as
of the Eunanus section, foliage, aspect, and capsule of the present group.
M. rubellus, Gray. Viscid and sometimes pubescent : leaves from spatulate-oblong to
linear, entire, rarely with a few salient teeth, a quarter to two-thirds inch long, commonly
equalling the pedicels; the lower sometimes obovate or ovate: corolla 3 or 4 lines long,
from one-third to twice the length of the calyx, yellow or rose-color, sometimes yellow
varying or changing to crimson-purple : fructiferous calyx oblong, 3 lines long ; its teeth
mostly short and obtuse. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 116, & Bot. Calif. I.e.; Watson, Bot.
King, 225. M. montioides, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 380, in part. — Gravelly moist banks,
"Washington Terr, to Arizona, Colorado, and E. New Mexico, chiefly in the mountains.

Var. latiflorus, Watson, 1. c. Stems an mch or two high : leaves from linear to
oblanceolate : corolla yellow, half to two-thirds inch long, with slender exserted tube, funnel-
form throat spotted with brown-purple, and comparatively large limb, resembling that of
M. bicolor. — M. montioides, Gray, 1. c, mainly. — W. Nevada, on the eastern side of the
Sierra Nevada, &c., Anderson, &c. Adopted in this form in Bot. Calif. 1. c. ; but probably
a distinct species.

-1- -I— Leafy-stemmed, villous and viscid, diffuse : leaves membranaceous, more or less pinnately-
veined and petioled, denticulate or serrate: corolla nan-ow, light yellow: calyx slightly if at all
oblique ; the teeth nearly equal.
M. floribundus, Dougl. About a span high from an annual root, flowering from
almost the lowest axils, at first erect, the lateral branches diffusely spreading: leaves
ovate and the lower subcordate, an inch long or less ; the upper shorter than the some-
what racemose pedicels : calyx short-campafnulate, becoming ovate or oblong and truncate
in fruit, 3 or 4 lines long ; the teeth short and triangular : corolla 3 to hardly 6 lines long,
about twice the length of the calyx: capsule globose-ovate, obtuse. — Lindl. Bot Reg. t.
1125; Benth. in DC. I. c. 372; Gray, 1. c. M. peduncidaris, Dougl. in Benth. Scroph. Ind.
29. Cupraria pusilla, Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. i. 36. — Moist soU, Rocky Mountains of
Colorado and Wyoming to California and Oregon.
M. moschatus, Dougl. (Musk Plant.) More villous and viscous, musk-scented:
stems spreading and creeping, thus perennial, a foot or so long : leaves oblong-ovate, an
inch or two long, mostly exceeding the pedicels : calyx short-prismatic, oblong-campanu-
late in fruit, 4 or 5 lines long; the teeth half the length of the tube, broadly lanceolate
and acuminate, somewhat unequal : corolla usually two-thirds inch long and barely twice
the length of the calyx: capsule ovate, acute. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1118; Benth. 1. c;
Gray, I. c. — Wet places, along brooks, British Columbia to California and Utah.

Var. longiflorus. Corolla elongated, reaching an inch in length, thrice the length
of the calyx: later peduncles surpassing the leaves. — The usual form in California, also
in Oregon.

Conohea. SCROPHULARIACE^. 279

-)—-)—•»- Scapose, i.e. peduncles scape-like: leaves 3-5-nerved, sessile.
M. primuloides, Benth. Perennial by filiform stolons : leaves all radical in a rosulate
tuft, or crowded on an upright stem of 1 to 3 inches in height, soft-villous when young,
glabrate with age, from obovate to oblanceolate, sparsely and sharply serrate or nearly
entire, from 5 to 16 lines long: filiform and often solitary pedicels (1 to 4 inches long) and
cylindraceous calyx glabrous : corolla golden-yellow, f unnelform, a quarter to three-fourths
inch long. — Scroph. Ind. 1. c, & DC. 1. c. ; Kegel, Gartenfl. 1872, t. 739 ; Gray, 1. c. —
Wet soil, through the Sierra Nevada, California, at 6-10,000 feet, extending to the Blue
Mountains of Oregon. Like the other species varies greatly in size of flower as well as in
stature.

§ 4. MiMULOiDES, Gray. Annual, with corolla of Eamimulus, capsule with
the divided placentee of Eunanus, but the calyx campanulate and 5-cleft ; its tube
not prismatic nor even carinate-angled, but almost nerveless ; its lobes plane :
stigma bilamellar. — Herpestis § Mimuloides, Benth.

M. pilosus, Watson. A span to a foot high, at length much branched, leafy, soft-vil-
lous and slightly viscid, rarely glabrate, flowering from near the base : leaves lanceolate or
narrowly oblong, sessile, entire, obscurely 3-nerved at base ; the lower surpassing and the
upper hardly equalling the pedicels : calyx oblique at orifice ; the tube somewhat 5-sulcate
below the sinuses ; the posterior tooth equalling and the others shorter than the tube ; all
oblong.or ovate, rather shorter than the bright yellow (3 or 4 lines long) rather obscurely
bilabiate corolla : lobes of the latter nearly equal, usually a pair of brown-purple spots on
the lower: capsule oblong-ovate, acute. — Bot. ffing, 2^5; Gray, 1. c. M. exilis, DUrand
in Pacif. R. Rep. v. 12, t. 12. Herpestis (Mimuhides) pilosa, Benth. in Comp. Bot. Mag.
ii. 57, & DC. 1. c. 394. — Gravelly soil along streams, nearly throughout California, and
along the borders of Nevada to Arizona. ■

14. STEMODIA, L. (Name shortened by Linnaeus from P. Browne's
Stemodiacra, meaning stamens with two tips, in reference to the disjoined stipi-
tate anther-cells.) — Chiefly tropical species, herbaceous or slightly shrubby, one
reaching our borders.

S. durantifolia, Swartz. Annual with indurated base, or sometimes perennial, viscid-
• pubescent : leaves either opposite or 3-4-nate, from oblong- to linear-lanceolate, serrate or
denticulate, narrowed below and with somewhat dilated partly clasping base : inflorescence
spiciform, leafy below: calyx 2-bracteolate : corolla purplish, quarter inch long. — Obs.
t. 240; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 383. Capraria durantifolia, L. Stemodia verlicillaris, Link;
Reichenb. Ic. Exot. ii. t. 149. — Wet grounds, S. Arizona. (Trop. Am.)

15. C0N6BEA, Aublet. (Unexplained name.) — Low or spreading an-
nuals, all American ; with opposite leaves, and small flowers on axillary pedicels,
2-bracteolate under the calyx. — Our species belong to

§ 1. Leucospora. Leaves pinnately 3-7-parted into cuneate-linear divisions :
anther-cellg completely disjoined but contiguous: seeds striate-costate. — Leuco-
spora, Nutt., with Schistophragma, Benth. in Endl. Gen. & DC. Prodr. x. 392.

C. multiflda, Benth. 1. c. A span high, diffusely branched, minutely viscid-pubescent :
pedicels as long as the greenish-white and purplish corolla : sepals very slender : capsule
ovate: seeds small, white, longitudinally costate. — Capraria multijida, Michx. Fl. ii. 22,
t. 35. Stemodia multijida, Spreng. Syst. ii. 811. Leucospora multijida, Nutt. in Jour. Acad.
Philad. vii. 87. Sutera multijida, Walp. Rep. iii. 271. — Along streams and shores, Ohio to
Illinois, Arkansas, and Texas : also adventive below Philadelphia.

C. intermedia, Gray. More viscid-pubescent : pedicels shorter than the calyx : sepals
narrowly linear-lanceolate; the posterior one rather longer: corolla larger (3 lines long):
capsule ovoid-lanceolate: seeds larger, spirally costate. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 117. — New
Mexico and Arizona, Wright, Rothrock.

280 SCROPHULARIACE^. Herpestis.

16. HERPifiSTIS, Gsertn. f. {'EQTtrjari^g, a creeping thing, the original
species creeping.) — Low herbs (chiefly American), commonly glabrous ; with
opposite leaves, and mainly axillary flowers, in summer.

§ 1. Corolla obviously bilabiate ; the two posterior lobes being united to form
the upper lip : pedicels and calyx ebracteolate : style dilated and 2-lobed at the
apex, or stigma bilamellar. — § Mercadonia^ Mella, & Ghoetodiscus, Benth. in DC.
Prodr. & Gen. ii. 952,

* Erect or ascending glabrous perennials, drj'ing blackish : leaves pinnatel y veined, mostly petioled
and serrate or crenate : anther-cells divergent : style curved at apex : stigmas obovate.

H. nigrescens, Benth. A foot or two high, mostly erect, very leafy : leaves from
oblong to cuneate-ianceolate, serrate, with entire tapering base (1 or 2 inches long) : pedi-
cels equalling and the upper surpassing the leaves : upper sepals oblong-lanceolate, not
much broader than the narrowly-lanceolate lower ones : corolla whitish or purplish :
valves of the capsule often 2-clef t. — Comp. Bot. Mag, ii. 56, & DC. Prodr. x. 394. Graliola
acuminata, Walt. Car. 61 ; Ell. Sk. i. 15 ; Curtis, PI. Wilmingt. in Jour. Bost. Nat. Hist. i.
130. — G. incEqualis, Walt. 1. c. 1 Gerardia cunei/olia, Pursh, Fl. ii. 422. Matourea nigrescens,
Benth. in Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 173. — Wet places, Maryland {A. Hay), and North Carolina
to Texas, along and near the coast.

H. chamsedryoides, HBK. A span or two high, generally diffuse or decumbent :
leaves ovate or oblong, serrate (half or three-fourths inch long), mostly surpassed by the
pedicels: upper sepal ovate; the lower ones ovate or oblong: corolla yellow. — Nov. Gen.
& Spec. ii. 369; Benth. 1. c. Erinus procumbens, Will. Diet. Mercadonia ovata, Ruiz &Fa.\.l
Lindernia dianthera, Swartz. Microcarprea Americana, Spreng. Syst. ii. 368. — Moist
ground, Texas. (Mex., W. Ind., S. ,Amer.)

Var. peduncillaris [If- peduncularis, Benth. 1 c.) is founded on a form with erect and
simpler stems, smaller and narrower leaves, and filiform pedicels of thrice their length. —
Texas, Drummond, also Berlandier, &c. A similar form, but with diffuse or procumbent
stems (U. peduncularis, Chapm. Fl. 291), is from Key West, Florida.

* * Creeping, or ascending from a creeping base, stoloniferous-perennial, rather succulent : stems
villous-pubescent or glabrate: leaves closely sessile and partly clasping, nervose from the base,
entire or obscurely crenulate : capsule 4-valved: corolla blue or violet, varying to wiiite.

-J— Leaves pellucid-punctate, aromatic when bruised : ovar}' girt by a slenderly 10-12-toothed hypo-

gynons disk : anthers somewhat sagittate : stigma dilated, obscurely 2-lobed : upper lip of corolla

obcordate.

H. amplexicaulis, Pursla. Stems a span to a foot or two long, creeping at base, then

ascending and nearly simple, very leafy : leaves ovate, obtuse, half to nearly an inch long,

sometimes a little pubescent: pedicels shorter than calyx or hardly any: upper sepal

cordate: corolla 5 lines long, ephemeral. — Fl. ii. 413; Benth. I.e. Obolaria Caroliniana,

Walt. Car. 166. Monniera amplexicaulis, Michx. Fl. ii. 22. — Margin of pine-barren ponds.

New Jersey ("? ) and Maryland to Louisiana.

H— ■+- Leaves not punctate : hypogynous disk obscure and entire or none : anthers parallel : stigma
2-lamellar: upper lip of corolla merely emarginate.

H. repens, Cham. & Schl. Glabrous, or summit of the creeping stems puberulent :
leaves oval and with broad clasping base (quarter to half inch long) : pedicels about the
length of flower and fructiferous calyx: upper and lower sepals broadly oval or sub-
cordate, reticulate-veiny, in flower almost equalling the white or whitish corolla. —
Linnsea, v. 107 ; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 4-30. H. micrantha, Benth. 1. c, mainly (not Pursh,
which is chiefly Micranthemum) ; Ell. Sk. ii. 105, ex char. Gratiola repens, Swartz, Fl. Ind.
Occ. i. 39, &, Ic. t. 3 —Wet soil, S. Carolina, &c. (W. Ind., Brazil.)

H. rotundifolia, Pursh. Larger : spreading and creeping stems usually villous-pubes-
cent; leaves obovate or rotund, with cuneate-narrowed but partly clasping flabellately
many-nerved base, often an inch long: pedicels longer than the flower (commonly in
threes) : corolla blue, almost twice the length of the ovate and oval sepals. — Fl. ii. 418;
Benth. 1. c. Monniera rotundifolia, Michx. 1. c. — Margin of ponds, Illinois and Missouri to
Louisiana and Texas. (Possibly also in " S. Carolina and Georgia," but //. rotundifolia of
Elliot is probably the H. amplexicaulis.)

Gratiola. SCROPHULARIACE^. 281

Hydranthelium Egense, Poepp. of Brazil, with aspect of Herpestis, was picked up in
New Orleans by the late J. Hale, and is enumerated in Mann's Catalogue, also by Chapman
in Bot. Gazette, iii. 10 : but it is probably a ballast waif and transient.

§ 2. Corolla obscurely bilabiate ; the limb being almost equally 5-lobed ; tube
somewhat campanulate : stamens hardly didynamous : anthers sagittate: stigma
capitate. — Bramia, Lam. § Bramia, Benth.

H. Monniera, HBK. Glabrous perennial, prostrate and creeping, somewhat fleshy :
leaves spatulate to obovate-cuneate, entire or obsoletely somewhat toothed, sessile (4 to 8
lines long), nearly veinless : pedicels at length longer than the leaves, 2-bracteolate at
apex : upper sepal ovate : corolla (4 or 5 lines long) pale blue. — Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2577.
H. cuneifolia, Pursh, Fl. ii. 418. H. Brownei, Nutt. Gen. ii. 42. Gratiola Monniera, L.
Monniera cuneifolia, Michx. 1. c. — River-banks and shores near the sea, Maryland to
Texas. (Cosmopolite near the tropics.)

17. GRATIOLA, L. Hedge Hyssop. (From the Latin gratia, grace
or favor, i. e. Herb-of-grace.) — Low herbs, of wide distribution ; with opposite
and sessile entire or dentate leaves, and solitary axillary pedicels, usually 2-brac-
teolate under the calyx : fl; summer.

§ 1. GratiolXria, Benth. Anther-cells transverse and separated by a mem-
branaceous dilated connective: capsule ovate or globular: soft-herbaceous and
diffusely branching, either annuals or fibrous-rooted perennials from a creeping
base, growing in wet soil.

# Sterile stamens wanting or reduced to minute rudiments.
•1— Calyx ebracteolate : Pacific species.
G. ebracteata, Benth. A span high or less, erect, nearly glabrous, obscurely viscid :
leaves lanceolate, entire, or sometimes sparingly and acutely denticulate : pedicels slender,
in fruit strict : sepals foliaceous, 3 or 4 lines long, equalling the yellowish corolla, mostly
surpassing the globular and somewhat 4angled capsule : seeds oblong. — DC. Prodr. x.
595 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 570. — Oregon and N. California.

-t— -t— A pair of foliaceous bractlets close to the calyx and equalling it: Atlantic species, one
extending westward to che Pacific.

++ Pedicels filiform, equalling or exceeding the leaves : seeds oblong or oval.

= Corolla golden yellow : capsule ovate-conical, acute, much exceeding the reflexed or spreading
calyx.

G. pusilla, Torr. Minutely viscid, almost glabrous, slender, 2 or 3 inches high : leaves
oblong-linear, obtuse, entire (1^ to 4 lines long): corolla 4 lines long; lobes retuse or
emarginate : capsule 2 lines long : seeds comparatively large, obliquely obovate-oblong. —
Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 402. — Arkansas and the adjacent parts of Texas, Leavenworth,
Wright, &c.

= == Corolla yellowish or whitish, commonly with a tinge of purple : capsule broadly or globose-
ovate, equalled b}' the calyx.

G. gracilis, Benth. 1. c. Glabrous or nearly so, small and slender, erect : leaves from
oblong- to linear-lanceolate, entire or sparingly dentate: corolla 3 lines long: capsule
globular, but acutish. — E. Texas, Drummond, &c. Little known.

G. Floridana, Nutt. Glabrous or nearly so, erect, a span or two high : leaves oblong-
lanceolate or broader, entire or repand, sometimes remotely dentate, narrow at base (an
inch long) : corolla 8 lines long, with yellowish tube 2 or 3 times the length of the calyx,
and the rather large white lobes all emarginate: capsule broadly ovate. — Jour. Acad.
Philad. vii. 103 ; Benth. in DC. 1. c. (with var.? intermedia, a form verging to next species) ;
Chapm. Fl. 292. — Florida, Georgia, and Alabama. Tennessee, Gattinger.

G. Virginiana, L. Viscid-puberulent or more pubescent, or below nearly glabrous,
divergently branched from the base, a span or less high: leaves commonly glabrous,
oblong-lanceolate, acute, from entire to denticulate-serrate, mostly narrow at base (the
larger an inch or two long) : corolla 4 or 5 lines long, with yellowish tube barely twice the

282 SCROPHULARIACE^. Gratiola.

length of the calyx ; lobes nearly white, the two upper emarginate : capsule ovate.— Spec.
i. 17 ; Torr. Fl. 13 ; Benth. I. c. G. officinalis, IMiehx. Fl. i. 6, not L. G. Carolinensis, Pers.
Syn. i. 14. G. negleda, Torr. Cat. PI. N. Y. G. Missouriana, Beck in Am. Jour. Sci.
X. 253, the viscid form. Conobea borealis, Spreng. Syst. ii. 771. — Canada to Florida and
Texas, and west (chiefly northward) to British Columbia, Oregon, and the eastern part
of California.

++ ++ Pedicels short, mostly shorter than the calyx : seeds linear.

G. sphserocarpa, Ell. Glabrous or nearly so : stem thick, erect or ascending from a
procumbent creeping base, a span to a foot high : leaves from oblong-lanceolate to obovate-
oval, from acutely dentate to repand, narrow at base (an inch or two long) : corolla 5 or 6
lines long, white: capsule globose, large (2 lines in diameter), pointless, usually somewhat
surpassed by the calyx and bractlets. — Ell. Sk. i. 14; Benth. 1. c. ; Chapm. Fl. 292. G.
acuminata, Vahl, Enum. i. 92, not Walt. G. Virginica, Pursh, 1. c, as to short pedicel, excl.
syn. Gronov., &c. G. Carolinensis, LeConte in Ann. Lye. N. Y. i. 105. — Maryland and
Illinois to Florida and Texas. Remarkable for the size and rotundity of the capsule, and
the short pedicel. (Mex.)

* * Sterile stamens conspicuously represented by a pair of filiform filaments with a minutely
capitate tip: cauline leaves seldom at all narrowed at the partly' clasping base: pedicels slender:
stems all more or less creeping at base, and somewhat quadrangular above.
-4— Corolla golden yellow.

G. aurea, Muhl. Glabrous or obscurely viscid-puberulent : leaves lanceolate, mostly
entire (5 to 10 lines long) : upper pedicels equalling the leaves : bractlets equalling the calyx,
longer than the globose-ovate capsule : corolla half an inch long : sterile filaments short.

— Cat. ed. 1, 1813; Pursh, Fl. i. 12 (but the sterile filaments overlooked), excl. syn.; Ell.
Sk. i. 13; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1399; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 404.— Lower Canada to
Florida, chiefly eastward.

•i— -1— Corolla white or purplish-tinged, and the tube yellowish within.
++ Bractlets conspicuous, either surpassing, equalling, or little shorter than the cal\Tt.

G. officinalis, L. Wholly glabrous : stem quadrangular, a foot or more high : leaves
lanceolate, distinctly 3-nerved, entire or sparingly serrulate (an inch or more long), all ex-
ceeding the pedicels and flower : bractlets usually exceeding the calyx : corolla 8 or 10
lines long: sterile filaments elongated: capsule ovate, acute. — Schkuhr, Handb. t. 2; Fl.
Dan. t. .363; Benth. I.e.; Chapm. I.e. (but corolla not "pale yellow"), not Michx. —
Georgia, LeConte, in herb. Torr. As this specimen is the only known authority, it is ques-
tionable whether it is really of American origin. (Eu., N. Asia.)

G. viscosa, Schwein. Viscid-puberulent or pubescent, a span high, rather simple :
leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acutely dentate or denticulate, conspicuously clasping
(one or two-thirds inch long), shorter than the pedicels : sepals and bractlets brbadly or
ovate-lanceolate: corolla 5 lines long: sterile filaments short: capsule shorter than calyx.

— LeConte in Ann. Lye. N. Y. i. 106; Benth. 1. c. — N. Carolina and Kentucky to Georgia,
in the upper country.

G. Drummondi, Benth. 1. c. Puberulent and somewhat viscid, a span or two high :
leaves lanceolate, acute, sparsely and acutely serrate (6 to 10 lines long), about equalling
the pedicels : sepals and bractlets linear-subulate, much longer than the capsule : corolla
from 5 to 6 lines long : sterile filaments short. — Chapm. Fl. 293. — Georgia to Arkansas,
Louisiana, and Texas.

++ +-t- Bractlets minute or obsolete.

G. ramosa, Walt. Minutely viscid-puberulent, a span or more high : leaves lanceolate
or linear-lanceolate, acute, serrate with sharp coarse teeth (6 to 10 lines long), equalling
or shorter than the pedicels : sepals linear (2 or 3 lines long), half the length of the corolla :
sterile filaments filiform. — Car. 61. G. Virginica, Lam. III. t. 16, fig. 2. G. quadridentata,
Michx. Fl. i. 6 ; Ell. 1. c. ; Benth. I. c. (this specific name later and no better than that of
Walter). — S. Carolina to Florida.

§ 2. SophronjCnthe, Benth. 1. c. Anther-cells vertical, contiguous ; the con-
nective not dilated: herbs with erect and strict rigid stems, hirsute or hispid,
growing in less wet soil : flowers subsessile, small : sterile filaments manifest,

llysantJies. SCROPHULARIACE^. 283

filiform, with minutely capitate tip : capsule oblong-conical, acuminate, about the
length of the 2-bracteolate calyx : seeds oval or short-oblong : corolla white or
purplish-tinged.

G. pilosa, Michx. Stem a foot or two high from an apparently annual root : leaves
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sparingly and acutely denticulate, closely sessile by a broad
base : corolla 3 or 4 lines long, little exceeding the calyx ; the tube oblong. — Fl. i. 7 ;
Pursh, 1. c. ; Benth. 1. c. ; Cliapm. Fl. 293. G. Peruviana, Walt. 1. c, not L. — New Jer-
sey to Florida and Texas.
G. SUbulata, Baldw. A span high from a ligneous perennial root, very leafy : leaves
linear-lanceolate, obtuse, entire, with revolute margins, rigid: corolla half inch long,
somewhat salverform ; its slender tube nearly tlu-ice the length of the calyx, marcescent
and recurving in age. — Benth. in DC. 1. c. ; Chapm. 1. c. Sophronanthe hispida, Benth. in
Lindl. Introd. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 445. — Coast of Florida, in sandy pine barrens.
G. megalocArpa, Ell. Sk. i. 16, is a factitious species, established by Elliott wholly upon
Pursh's G. acuminata, which is based upon Walter's character, but evidently confused with
some other plant.

G. iiiCRANTHA, Nutt. in Am. Jour. Sci. v. 287 (E. Florida, Ware), is characterized as hav-
ing an erect angulate stem, a foot high, lanceolate and serrate acute leaves attenuate at
base, peduncles shorter than the leaves, ebracteolate calyx 4-parted, and stamens 4. Prob-
ably Scopai-ia dulcis.

18. ILYSANTHES, Raf. ("Ilvg, mud, and avdi^, blossom.) — Low and
rather small flowered annuals, or chiefly so, glabrous, branching ; with opposite
undivided leaves, all but the lowest sessile, and flowers on filiform ebracteolate
pedicels, which are either axillary or by reduction of the leaves racemose or
paniculate, in fruit usually refracted. Calyx-lobes narrow. Corolla violet or
bluish, or partly white. Sterile filaments in ours glandular with a glabrous lateral
lobe. Flowering all summer, in wet soil. — Raf. Ann. Nat. 1820, 13; Benth. in
DC. Prodr. X. 418.

I. grandiflora, Benth. 1. c. Stems creeping at base, leafy throughout : leaves roundish,
entire, thickish : peduncles all much surpassing the leaves : corolla (3 or 4 lines long)
about thrice the length of the calyx: lobe of sterile filaments rather long and borne
below the middle. — Lindemia grandiflora, Nutt. Gen. ii. 43. — Eastern Georgia and Florida,
Nuttall, Garber, &c.

I. gratioloides, Benth. 1. c. Diffusely spreading from the base, or at first simple and
erect, leafy : leaves ovate or oblong, often slightly and acutely few-toothed ; the later
ones reduced to bracts : corolla (3 lines long) hardly twice the length of the calyx : lobe
of sterile filaments short : capsule ovoid, equalling the calyx. — Capraria gratioloides, L.
Spec. ed. 2, 876. Gratiola anagallidea, Michx. Fl. i. 5, G. dilatata, Muhl. Cat. G. atten-
tiata, Spreng. Syst. i. 39. G. ietragona, Ell. Sk. i. 15 1 Lindemia pyxidaria, Pursh, Fl. ii.
419, not Allioni. L. dilatata & L. attenuata, Muhl. .in Ell. Sk. i. 16; JSart. Fl. Am. Sept. i.
31. Herpestis callitrichoides, HBK. Ilgsanthes riparia, Kaf. 1. c. — Canada to Florida and
Texas; also Oregon and California. (S. Am., E. Asia, and nat. in W. Eu.)

I. refracta, Benth. 1. c. Stems a span or two high, erect from a rosulate tuft of spatu-
late-oblong or obovate radical leaves (of an inch or less in length), filiform, below bearing
one or two pairs of small and oblong or oblong-linear entire or obscurely serrate leaves,
and above only linear-subulate bracts, which are many times shorter than the almost
capillary racemose pedicels : corolla narrow (3 to 6 lines long), four times the length of
the calyx : capsule oblong, from one half to twice longer than the calyx : root perhaps
biennial. — Lindemia refracta, Ell. Sk. i. 579. L. monticola, Nutt. Gen. addend. — Mostly on
dripping rocks, Western N. Carolina to Florida.

Var. saxicola. Apparently only a smaller form, barely a span high, with more leafy
stems, shorter internodes, and capsule (as far as seen) little surpassing the calyx. —
Lindemia monticola, Muhl. Cat. 61 ? L. saxicola, M. A. Curtis in Am. Jour. Sci. xliv. 83.
Ilysanthes saxicola, Chapm. Fl. 294. — Mountains of S. W. North Carolina to E. Florida.

284 SCROPHULARIACE^. Micranihemum.

19. MICRANTHEMUM, Michx. (Composed of ^tnQog, small, and
avde^ov, flower.) — Creeping or depressed small (American) annuals, in mud or
shallow water, glabrous, branching, leafy throughout ; the leaves opposite, rounded
or spatulate, sessile, usually 3-5-nerved, entire. Flowers solitary in alternate
axils, white or purplish, inconspicuous. -^ Gray, Man. ed. 5, 330. Hemianthus^
Nutt., includes the species with limb of corolla as it were halved, the upper lip
wanting or nearly so.

M. orbiculatum, Michx. Creeping freely : leaves roundish, 2 to 4 lines long : pedi-
cels shorter than calyx : corolla white, hardly equalling the 4-cleft calyx ; its upper lip or
lobe manifest : stigma capitate. — Fl. i. 10, t. 2. M. emarginatum, Ell. Sk. i. 18. — N. Caro-
lina to Texas. (S. Am.)

M. Nuttallii, Gray. Creeping, with ascending branches an inch or two high : leaves
oblong-spatulate or oval-obovate, 2 or 3 lines long : pedicels equalling the campanulate
4-toothed calyx : corolla purplish or white, with obsolete upper lip ; middle lobe of the
lower lip linear-oblong, nearly twice the length of the lateral ones: appendage of the
stamens nearly equalling the filament itself: stigma of 2 subulate lobes. — Man. ed. 5,
331. Herpestis mkrantha, Ell. Sk. il. 105? Hemianthus mia-anthemoldes, Nutt. in Jour.
Acad. Philad. i. 123, t. 6. — Tidal mud of rivers, New Jersey to Florida: fl. late summer
and autumn.

20. AMPHIANTHUS, Torr. {Jinq)i, on both sides, avdog, a flower ; a
blossom produced both at base and apex of the stem.) — Single species.

A. pusillus, Torr. A minute annual, glabrous, bearing a radical tuft of oblong or obo-
vate leaves (each a bne or two long) and a subsessile flower, also sending up a capillary
scape an inch or two high and terminated by another similar flower subtended by a pair of
leaves: corolla white. — Ann. Lye. N. Y. iv. 82; Benth. in DC 1. c. 425. — Shallow pools
on flat rocks, Upper Georgia, particularly on Stone Mountain, Leavenworth, Canby, &c. :
fl. early spring.

21. LIMOS^LLA, L. Mud wort. (Lhnus, mud, and sella, seat.) —
Small annuals, or proliferous-perennial by stolons, glabrous (of wide distribution) ;
with fibrous roots and a cluster of entire fleshy leaves at the nodes of the stolons,
and short scape-like naked pedicels from the axils, bearing a small and white
or purplish flower, in summer.

L. aquatica, L. Tufts an inch or two high : clustered leaves longer than the pedicels,
when scattered on sterile shoots alternate, in the typical form with a spatulate or oblong
blade on a distinct petiole ; this in mud rather short, in water elongating to the length of 2
to even 5 inches. — Reichenb. Ic. Germ. t. 1722.— From Hudson's Bay to S. Colorado and
the Sierra Nevada, California, in brackish mud, and in fresh water; also on the Pacific
coast 1 (Eu., N. Asia, Australia, S. Am.)

Var. tenuif olia, Hofiin. Leaves subulate or filiform, with little or no distinction of
petiole and blade, seldom over an inch or so in length —Gray, Man. 1. c. ; Reichenb. Ic.
Germ. 1. c. L. ienui/oUa, Nutt. Gen. ii. 43. L. subulala, Ives in Am. Jour. Sci. i. 74, witli
plate. L. australis, R. Br. Prodr. 443. — Brackish river-banks and shores. Canada to New
Jersey. (S. Am., Australia, Eu., &c.)

22. SCOPARIA, L. {Scopce, twigs used for brooms.) —Tropical Amer-
ican undershrubs or herbs, much branched ; with small and slender-pedicelled
flowers in the axils of the opposite and verticillate leaves.

S. dulcis, L. Annual or suffrutescent, almost glabrous : leaves from oblong-spatulate to
narrowly lanceolate, tapering at base, the larger serrate and incised: sepals 4: corolla
white, 3 lines wide. — Lam. 111. t. 85. Gratiola mkrantha, Nutt. in Am. Jour. Sci. v. 2871
— S. Florida and perhaps on the Mexican border. (Mex., Trop. & Subtrop. Am., and now
in Asia, &c.)

Synthyris. SCROPHULARIACE^. 285

23. C APRARI A, L. ( Caprarius, relating to goats, i. e. Goat-weed. —
Tropical American herbs or undershrubs ; with rather small white or flesh-colored
flowers, on slender often geminate pedicels, in the axils of the alternate serrate
leaves. One species barely reaches our southern border.

C. biflora, L. SufEruticose, 2 to 4 feet high, pubescent or glabrous : leaves oblong-lanceo-
late, sharply serrate above the middle : sepals linear-subulate, equalling the capsule. —
Key West, and S. Texas on the coast j the glabrous form, mostly 5-androus, C. Mexicana
Moricand in DC. (Tropical shores.) '

24. S'^^NTHYRIS, Benth. (From avr, together, and dvQtc;, little door or
valve, the valves of the capsule long adhering below to the short placeutiferous
axis.) — W. North American perennials, nearly related to Wulfenia of S. E.
Europe and the Himalayas ; but the anther-cells not confluent and seeds discoidal.
Leaves largely radical and petioled ; those of the simple stem or scape and the
bracts all alternate. Flowers small, purplish or flesh-color, in a simple spike or
raceme ; in summer. Stamens inserted close to the sinuses of the corolla. — DC.
Prodr. X. 454, & Gen. ii. 963.

§ 1. Ovules and seeds only a pair in each cell, on a short partition : capsule
divaricately 2-lobed ; the cells transversely oblong : seeds with thickish margins
incurved at maturity : acaulescent, with naked scapes.

S. rotundifolia. Rootstock short and creeping, bearing a tuft of cordate-orbicular doubly
crenate or crenate-lncised leaves (glabrous or slightly hairy), and weak scapes hardly
exceeding the petioles (3 or 4 inches long) : pedicels of loose short raceme longer than the
bluish flowers (about half inch long): sepals spatulate: corolla campanulate. — S. reni-
formis, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 571, chiefly, not Benth. — Oregon, in shady coniferous woods of
the Columbia and Willamette, Niittall, E. Hall; and probably first collected in woods N. E.
of Fort Vancouver by Gairdner.

Var. cordata, a form with smaller and thicker almost simply crenate leaves of cord-
ate outline. — 5. reniformis, var. cordata, Gray, 1. c. — Gravelly hillsides, Mendocino Co.,
California, Kellogg &, Harford.

§ 2. Ovules and usually seeds several or numerous in each cell : capsule merely
emarginate : seeds plane or meniscoidal, thin-edged.

* Flowers racemose rather than spicate ; leaves of the preceding section : capsule orbiculate, much
compressed, acute-edged.

S. reniforrais, Benth. I. c. A span or so high : leaves orbicular-reniform, crenate and
crenately somewhat incised, an inch or two in diameter: surpassed by the somewhat
bracteate slender scape : pedicels mostly shorter than the bluish flowers : capsule trun-
cate-eraarginate. — H^!(//en/a reniformis, Dougl. in Hook. Fl. ii. 102, t. 71. (Fig. 3 repre-
sents the capsule much too long and too turgid.) — Oregon and Washington Terr. "Grand
Rapids of the Columbia and Blue Mountains," Douglas.

Var. major, Hook. Leaves of thicker texture and with multilobulate margin, the
lobelets crenate : raceme spiciform : capsule strongly emarginate. — Kew Jour. Bot. v. 257.
— Idaho. Fertile northerly slopes of snowy mountains, highlands of Nez Percez, Geyer, in
fruit. Porphyry Peak, Prof. Marcy, in flower.

* * Flowers in a dense spike terminating a stouter and more or less bracteate or leafy scape or
stem : rootstock or caudex short, thickish, not creeping: capsule turgid, from short-oval to ellip-
tical, slightl\' emarginate or retuse.

-t— Leaves laciniately cleft or divided, all radical : corolla cylindraceous, considerably longer than
the calyx, 4-cieft, to the middle.
S. pinnatiflda, "Watson. Tomentulose-pubescent and glabrate: leaves slender-peti-
oled, from round-reniform to oblong in circumscription, from palmately to pinnately 3-7-
parted or below divided, and the divisions again laciniately cleft or parted : scape spar-
ingly bracteate, a span high : spike narrow : flowers subsessile : corolla whitish. — Bot.

286 SCROPHULARIACE^. Synthyris.

King, 227, t. 22, wrongly depicted with 2 styles ! — Utah, in Wahsatch Mountains at 9,000
feet, Watson. S. Idaho, on mountains near Virginia City, Hayden.

Var. laciniata. Leaves all of roundish or reniform outline, and laciniately many-
cleft to the middle or less. — Fish-Lake Mountain, Utah, 11,700 feet, L. F. Ward.
•)— -H- Leaves undivided, merely crenate or crenulate : scape or stem leafy-bracteate.
++ Corolla mostly 2-parted, rarely 3-parted, and stamens inserted on its very base.

S. alpina, Gray. A span or only an inch or two high, early glabrate except the very
lanuginous inflorescence : radical leaves oval or subcordate, an inch or so long on a longer
petiole : base of stem or scape naked : spike very dense, oblong or cylindraceous : bracts
and lanceolate sepals very long-woolly-villous at margins : corolla violet-purple, very
unequal ; its broad upper lip twice the length of the calyx, the 2-3-parted lower one
small and included. — Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiv. 251. — Colorado Rocky Mountains in
the alpine region, first collected by Parry.

S. plantaginea, Benth. A foot or less high, rather stout ; tomentulose-pubescent when
young, tardily glabrate : radical leaves oblong, rarely cordate, usually obtuse at base,
pale or dull, 2 to 4 inches long : scape very leafy-bracteate : dense spike 3 to 5 inches long :
bracts and ovate sepals glabrate and villous-ciliate : corolla purplish; its upper lip little
exceeding the calyx, twice the length of the 2-3-lobed lower one. — Prodr. 1. c. ; Gray,
1. c. — Rocky Mountains of Colorado and New Mexico, in subalpine woods, first collected
in Long's expedition, by James.

S. Houghtoniana, Benth. A foot or two high, pubescent : radical leaves cordate or
ovate, 2 or 3 inches long : scape or stem strict, very leafy-bracteate : spike 4 to 8 inches
long, dense, or at base open : bracts and oblong-lanceolate sepals soft-pubescent : corolla
greenish or dull yellowish, not longer than the calyx, variously 2-4-parted ; the divisions
almost equal in length. — Gray, Man. ed. 6, 331. — Oak-barrens and prairies, Michigan and
Wisconsin to W. Illinois. Rarely with 3-celIed ovary, or 5-merous calyx, or 4 stamens,
the additional pair later.

++ -H- Corolla wanting: stamens inserted on the outside of the hj'pogj'nous disk.

S. rubra, Benth. 1- c. A span to a foot or more high, rather stout, more or less pubes-
cent, and the spike (2 to 5 inches long) tomentose : radical leaves ovate or obscurely
cordate (1 to 3 inches long), thickish ; the cauHne similar, but small and sessile: sepals
oblong: capsule turgid. — Gymnandra rubra, Dougl. in Hook. Fl. ii. 103, t. 172. — Along
streams, interior of Oregon to Brit. Columbia, Montana, and N. Utah. Name inappropri-
ate : perhaps the stamens are reddish.

25. VERONICA, L. Speedwell, Brooklime. (Flower of St. Vero-
nica ?) — Herbs in all the northern temperate regions, &c. (in Australia and New-
Zealand, in a peculiar section, shrubby or even arborescent, and with a turgid
septicidal capsule), of various habit; the leaves opposite or verticillate, or some-
times the upper alternate, as are the bracts. Flowers small, racemose, spicate, or
solitary in the axils, never yellow ; in spring or summer.

§ 1. LeptXndra, Benth. in DC. Corolla salverform; the tube longer than
the lobes : stamens and style much exserted, the former inserted low on the tube :
capsule ovate, turgid, hardly at all compressed, not at all emarginate, dehiscent at
apex by all four sutures, at length more loculicidal : seeds numerous, oval and
terete, with minutely reticulated coat: tall perennials: leaves mostly verticillate:
flowers in dense terminal and also upper axillary spikes, miinutely bracteate. —
Leptandra, Nutt. Gen. i. 7. Eustachya & Callistachya, Raf.

Leptandra angustifolia, Lehm. Del. Sem. Harab. 1839 ( Veronica angustifolia, Steud.),
mistakenly said to have been raised from New Orleans seed, is V. tuUJlora, Fischer & Meyer,
of E. Siberia.
V. Virginica, L. (Culver's Physic.) Nearly glabrous, or foliage pubescent: simple

stems 2 to 6 feet high : leaves in whorls of 3 to 9, lanceolate and slender-acuminate, some-

Veronica. SCROPHULARIACE^. 287

times oblong, very closely and sharply serrate, 3 to 5 inches long : terminal spike 6 to 10
inches long, with commonly several shorter ones from upper axils : corolla white, some-
times bluish. — Spec. i. 9 (Pluk. Aim. t. 70, fig. 2) ; Hoffm. Comm. Gaett. xv. t. 1 ; Thunb.
Fl. Jap. 20 ; Michx. Fl. i. 5. Eustacliya alba & purpurea, & Callistachya Virginica, &c., Raf.
Leptandra Virginica, Nutt. 1. c. Z. purpurea, Raf. Med. Bot. t. 59. Veronica Sibirica, L.
Spec. ed. 2, i. 12. V. Japonica, Steud. ; Miq. Prol. Jap. 50. — Moist woods and banks,
from Canada and Winipeg Valley to Alabama and Missouri: fl. summer. (Japan and
E. Siberia.)

§ 2. Veronica proper. Corolla rotate with very short tube : stamens at the
upper sinuses : capsule from emarginate to obcordate-2-lobed : seeds more or less
compressed anteriorly and posteriorly, or plano-convex, or the inner face hollowed :
low herbs.

* Perennials, stoloniferous or creeping at base : racemes in the axils of the opposite leaves.
-J— Capsules manv-seeded, turgid, orbicular and mainly emarginate : seeds merely compressed or
plano-convex : lower part of stems rooting in shallow water : racemes commonly from opposite
axils, loose and elongated : pedicels slender, widely spreading : corolla pale blue, often purple-
striped.

V. Anagallis, L. Glabrous, or inflorescence glandular-puberulent : leaves sessile by
broadish somewhat clasping base, and tapering gradually to the apex, oblong-lanceolate,
entire or obscurely serrate. -— Fl. Dan. t. 903; Engl. Bot. t. 781. — Canada to lUuiois, New
Mexico, and Brit. Columbia. (Eu., Asia.)

V. Americana, Schwein. Glabrous : leaves aU or mostly petioled, ovate or oblong,
truncate-subcordate at base, usually obtuse : pedicels more slender. — Herb. Hook. ; Benth.
in DC. 1. c. V. intermedia, Schwein. in Am. Jour. Sci. viii. 268, name only. V. Beccabunga
of older Am. authors. V. Anagallis, Bong. Veg. Sitk., &c. — Canada and N. Atlantic States
to New Mexico, California, and Alaska.

->— -f— Capsule several-seeded, strongly compressed contrary to the partition : seeds very flat :
racemes or spikes from alternate or sometimes from opposite axils: corolla mostly pale blue.

V. soutellata, L. Glabrous : stem slender, ascending from a stoloniferous base, a span
or two high : leaves sessile, linear or linear-lanceolate, acute, remotely denticulate (2 or 3
inches long): racemes several, filiform, flexuous: flowers scattered on filiform elongated
and widely spreading pedicels : capsule biscutelliform, being deeply emarginate at apex
and slightly at base. — Fl. Dan. t. 209; Engl. Bot. t. 782; Michx. 1. c — Swamps, Hud-
son's Bay and N. Atlantic States to British Columbia and N. California. (Eu., N. Asia.)

V. Cham-^drys, L. Stem ascending from a creeping base, pubescent, at least in two lines :
leaves ovate or cordate, incisely crenate, subsessile : racemes loosely-flowered : pedicels
little longer than calyx : blue corolla rather large: capsule triangular-obcordate. — Engl.
Bot. t. 073. — Sparingly introduced into Canada, New York, and Penn. (Nat. from Eu.)

V. officinalis, L. Soft-pubescent throughout : stems creeping and procumbent : leaves
short-petioled or subsessile, obovate-oval or oblong, obtuse, serrate, pale (an inch long) :
spikes few, alternate or solitary, rarely from opposite axils, densely many-flowered : pedi-
cels shorter than calyx : capsule obovate-triangular or cuneate, with a broad and shallow
notch at the apex. — Fl. Dan. t. 248; Lam. 111. t. 13; Engl. Bot. t. 765; Michx. 1. c —
Dry hills and open woods. New England to Michigan, and south to the mountains of N.
Carolina and Tennessee. (Eu., N. W. Asia.)

v. Kamtchatica, L. f . Villous with somewhat viscid hairs : stems ascending, 1 to 3
inches long, bearing 3 to 5 pairs of leaves separated by short internodes : leaves 6 to 18
lines long, broadly oval, obscurely serrate, contracted into a short petiole-like base : pedun-
cles 1 to 3, erect, surpassing the leaves, somewhat corymbosely 3-8-flowered : pedicels
about the length of calyx and bracts: corolla half inch or more in diameter, perhaps
bright blue. — Suppl. 83. V. grandiflora, of Gfertn. in Comra. Act. Petrop. xiv. t. 18, not
of Don, &c. V. aphjlla, var. (Willd. Spec. i. 60; Cham. & Schlecht. in Linn. ii. 556) gran-
diflora,^mi\\. in DCi. Prodr. x. 476; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iii. 245. — Kiska, one of the Aleutian
Islands, Doll. (Kamtschatka and adjacent islands.)

* * Low perennials, with ascending or erect flowering stems terminated by a single raceme :
cauline leaves above passing into bracts : seeds numerous, much compressed or somewhat menis-
coidal. (Specimens disposed to turn dark in drying.)
V. fruticul6sa, L., of Europe, is in Greenland, beyond our limits.

288 ' SCROPHULARIACE^. Veronica.

■+- Capsule ovate, elliptical, or oblong, merely emarginate : stems erect from a slender creeping
rootstock : leaves all sessile or nearly so : corolla blue or violet.
V. Cusickii. A palm high, glabrous or pubescent : leaves ovate or oblong, entire (half to
three fourths inch long) ; the pairs crowded up to the naked peduncle of the 3-9-flowered
raceme : pedicels slender, often as long as the flower and longer than the oblong-linear
bracts : corolla 4 or 5 lines in diameter, with ample rounded lobes : these surpassed by the
filiform filaments and style; the latter thrice the length of the deflorate calyx. —Alpine
region of the Blue Mountains, W. Oregon, W. C. Cusick, a form with glabrous thickish
leaves. Scott Mountains in N. California, at 8,000 feet, E. L. Greene, form with narrower
and hirsute-pubescent leaves, rarely with a denticulation or two. Nearly related to V.
macrostemon of Bunge.
V. Stelleri, Pall. A palm high, liirsute, leafy up to the sessile corymbose raceme :
leaves ovate, copiously crenate-serrate (three fourths inch long) : pedicels slender, longer
than the flowers : corolla as in the foregoing : stamens barely equalling its lobes : slender
style not surpassing the calyx: "capsule ovate, hardly emarginate." — Roem. & Sch. Syst.
Mant. i. 102; Cham, in Linn. ii. 557; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 481. — Unalaska and other
Aleutian Islands. (Kamtschatka and Curile Islands.)
V. alpina, L. A span or rarely a foot high, hirsute-pubescent or glabrate : leaves mostly
shorter than the internodes of the simple stem, ovate to oblong, crenulate-serrate or entire
(half to full inch long) : raceme spiciform or subcapitate, dense, or interrupted below :
pedicels erect, shorter than the calyx (at least in flower), much shorter than the bracts:
corolla will) comparatively small limb, 2 or 3 lines in diameter, surpassing the stamens and
short style: capsule elliptical-obovate, emarginate. — Fl Lapp. 7, t. 9, fig. 4; Spec. i. 11;
Fl. Dan. t. 16 ; Benth. 1. c. ; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iii. 248. F. Wormskioldii, Roem. & Sch. Syst.
i. 101 (villous inflorescence) ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2975 (as var. of alpina), the larger-leaved
and villous-pubescent form, commonest in N. America. V. nutans. Bong. Veg. Sitk. 39. —
Alpine regions, White Mountains of New Hampshire, Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada
for nearly their whole length, and north to Labrador, subarctic regions, and Aleutian
Islands. (Eu., Asia, Greenland.)

-4- -J- Capsule oblate! V orbicular and obcordate : lower leaves short-petioled ; upper sessile: corolla
usually ))luish or pale with blue stripes.
V. serpyllifolia, L. Glabrous or puberulent : stems creeping and branching at base,
with flowering summit ascending 3 to 9 inches high : leaves oval or roundish, entire or
crenulate (half inch or less long) ; the upper passing into bracts of the leafy spiciform
raceme: pedicels erect, as long as the calyx. — Fl. Dan. t. 492 ; Engl. Bot. t. 1075.—
Open and grassy grounds. Labrador to the mountains of Georgia, New Mexico, and
across the continent to California and Aleutian Islands. (Eu., Asia, S. Am.)
* * Low annuals : flowers in the axils of ordinary or of the upper more or less reduced and com-
monly alternate leaves: corolla mostly shorter than the calyx. (All but the first naturalized
from'the Old World )
^- ^- Seeds flat or flattish, small and numerous : flowers very short-pedicelled, appearing some-
what spicate, the floral leaves being reduced or unlike the others.
V peregrina, L. (Neckweed.) Glabrous, or above minutely pubescent or glandular :
stem and branches erect, a span or two high : leaves thickish ; lowest petioled and oblong
or oval, dentate; the others sessile, from oblong to linear-spatulate, mostly alternate;
uppermost more bractlike and entire: capsule orbicular and slightly obcordate. —F. Mari-
landica, Murr. Comm. Goett. 1782, 11, t. 3, not L. F. Caroliniana, Walt. Car. 61. V. Xala-
pensis, HBK. — Low grounds, and a weed in damp cultivated soil, throughout the U. S. and
Canada to Brit. Columbia. (S. Am., and now almost cosmopolite.)
V. ARVENSis, L. Pubescent, a span or two high, soon spreading: lower leaves ovate, cre-
nate, short-petioled: floral sessile, lanceolate, entire: capsule broadly obcordate. — Cult,
and waste ground, Atlantic States to Texas : rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.)
-I- -K- Seeds fewer, cyathiform, much hollowed on the ventral face (§ Omphalospora, Bess.): pros-
trate or spreadinsi annuals : flowers on slender at length recurving pedicels from the axils of
ordinary and petioled leaves.
V. AGRESTis, L. Pubescent: leaves from round-ovate or subcordate to oblong, crenate-ser-
rate, about equalling the pedicels: sepals oblong, surpassing the small corolla: ovules
numerous : capsule orbicular with a deep and narrow emargination, maturing few or soli-
tary seeds. — Sandy fields, New Brunswick to Louisiana : rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

Seymeria. SCROPHULARIACE^. 289

V. BuxBAtJMii, Tenore. More pubescent : leaves mainly roundish, crenate-dentate, shorter
than the filiform pedicels: corolla larger, nearly half inch in diameter, blue: sepals
divaricate in fruit, ovate-lanceolate : capsule broadly obcordate-triangular, with a widely
open emargination, ripening several or rather numerous seeds. — Waste grounds, rare in
Atlantic States. (Nat. from Eu.)
V. HEDER.Er6LiA, L. Hairy : leaves roundish, often subcordate (half inch long), somewhat
3-6-labed, commonly shorter than the pedicels: sepals triangular-subcordate, acute, at
length erect : corolla small : capsule turgid, 2-lobed, 4-ovuled, 2-4-seeded. — Moist banks,
New Jersey, Penn., &c. : rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

V. MarilAndica, L. Spec. i. 14 (PI. Gronov. Fl. Virg.) is Polypremum procumbens.
V. CaroliniAna, Poir, Diet. viii. 520, appears to be Mitreola petiolata.
V. RENiFORMis, Raf. in Med. Rep. & Jour. Bot. i. 228, is not made out : perhaps V. kede-
rcEfoHa, but its flowers are not " subsessile," nor are they said to be so in the original char-
acter in Med. Repository.

V. PuRSHii, Don, Syst. iv. 573 (F. remformis, Pursh, Fl. i. 10), collected by Lewis and
Clark " on the banks of the Missouri," is not identified, although described in detail ; probably
not of this genus.

26. BtrCHNERA, L. (/. G. Buchner, an early German botanist.) — Erect
perennials or biennials (of both worlds), drying blackish, scabrous; with un-
divided leaves, the lower opposite, and the upper gradually reduced to subulate
bracts of a terminal spike; the flowers white, bluish or rose-purple, produced in
summer.

B. Americana, L. Rough-hispid : stem strict, 2 feet high : lowest leaves obovate or
oblong, obtuse ; the others from ovate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, coarsely and sparsely
dentate, somewhat veiny, sessile : spike short, rather dense, or interrupted : calyx not half
the length of the tube of the purple (inch long) corolla : lobes of the latter cuneate-ob-
ovate, 3 or 4 lines long. — Spec. ii. 360 ; Michx. Fl. ii. 18 ; Benth. in DC. 1. c. 498. — Moist
sandy or gravelly ground, "Western New York and Wisconsin to Virginia, Arkansas, and
Louisiana.

B. elongata, Swartz. Scabrous, but seldom hispid, slender, a foot or more high, long-
naked above : radical leaves obovate ; lower oblong or lanceolate, obscurely or rarely den-
tate; upper .linear : spike slender, often few-flowered: tube of purple ("blue or wliite ")
corolla not twice the length of the calyx; its rounded lobes not over 2 lines long. — Fl.
Ind. Occ. ii. 1061 ; Benth. 1. c. — Pine barrens, S. Carolina to Florida and Texas. ( W. Ind.,
S. Am.)

27. SEYMERIA, Pursh. {Henry Seymer, an English amateur-naturalist.)
— Erect and mostly branching herbs (mainly of Atlantic States and Mexico, one
in Madagascar !) ; annuals or some perennials ; with copious and mostly opposite
incised or dissected leaves, the uppermost reduced to bracts of the somewhat race-
mose or spicate and comparatively small yellow flowers, produced in late summer.

§ 1. Style filiform and long: stigma simple or slightly capitate: corolla gla-
brous within, except a line at the insertion of the stamens : anthers dehiscent
from thQ apex and tardily to near the base : leaves small : stems paniculately
much branched.

* Leaves filiformly dissected: corolla very deeply cleft; the lobes oblong.
S. tenuifolia, Pursh. Glabrous, or the branches puberulent, very slender, 2 to 4 feet
high: leaves (half inch long) copiously 1-2-pinnately parted: pedicels filiform: corolla
about 3 and capsule 2 lines long : calyx-lobes setaceous : filaments minutely woolly at
base: anther-cells acutish. — Fl. ii. 737; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 511. Anonymos cassioides,
Walt. Afzelia cassioides, Gmel. Syst. 927. Gernrdia Afzelia, Michx. Fl. ii. 20. — Low pine
.barrens, N. Carolina to Florida and Texas.

* * Leaves or their divisions linear or broader: corolla-lobes obovate or oval, about the length of
the tube and throat : pedicels short.

19

290 SCROPHULARIACE^. Seymena.

■t— Capsule ovate and gradually acuminate, 4 or 5 lines long, glabrous or nearly so: anthers sagit-
tate, the cells very acute.

S. SCabra, Gray. Hispidulous-scabrous, not glandular, slender, 2 feet high : leaves
sparingly pinnately parted into few narrow linear divisions, or the upper few-lobed or
entire : calyx-lobes subulate-linear : corolla glabrous. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 118. — Mountains
near Rio Limpio, S. W. Texas, Wright.
^_ ^__ Capsule broadly ovate and merely acute, 2 lines long, glandular-hairy : anthers very obtuse.

S. pectinata, Pursh, 1. c. Minutely viscid-pubescent or glabrate, about a foot high,
slender : leaves pinnately parted into rather few short- or oblong-linear divisions, or the
upper incisely few-toothed or entire : calyx-lobes linear : corolla hairy outside, especially
in the bud. — Ell. Sk. ii. 122 ; Chapm. Fl. 297. — Dry sandy soil, N. Carolina to Florida and
Alabama, and perhaps to Texas.

S. bipinnatisecta, Seem. Very glandular-pubescent and viscid, a foot or two high,
stouter: leaves rather copiously 1-3-pinnately parted; the divisions from linear to oblong,
small, often incisely toothed ; even the bracts and sometimes the oblong-linear calyx-lobes
lobed or incised: corolla somewhat glandular-pubescent outside. — Bot. Herald, 323, t. 69 ;
Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 117, as var. Texana, with short pedicels, &c. ; but early flowers
more slender-pedicelled. — W. and S. Texas, Lindheimer, Wright, Bigelow, &c. (N. Mex.)

§ 2. Style short, with enlarged and compressed tip : corolla densely woolly
within above the insertion of the very woolly filaments : anthers oblong, freely
dehiscent to base : leaves ample. — § Brachygne, Benth.
S. macroph^lla, Nutt. Somewhat pubescent or glabrate ; stems rather simple, 4 or

5 feet high : lower leaves pinnately parted, and the divisions lanceolate and incisely toothed
or pinnatifid ; upper leaves lanceolate or oblong, mostly entire : flowers very short-pedi-
celled in the axils of the upper leaves and bracts : calyx-lobes from oval to lanceolate,
about the length of the tube : corolla barely half inch long ; the ovate lobes not longer
than the tube : capsule globose-ovate, with a flat mucronate point. — Gen. ii. 49 ; Benth.
in DC. 1. c. Gerardia macrophylla, Benth. in Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 205. — River banks and
copses, Ohio to Illinois, Arkansas, and Texas.

28. MACRANTH^IRA, Torr. {Ma^tgog, long, and dvdriQog, used for
anther, but it is here the filaments which are long.) — Genus of a single species,
most related to Esterhazya of Brazil. Fl. autumn.

M. fuchsioides, Torr. Tall biennial, minutely puberulent or glabrate, 3 to 5 feet high,
with some strict virgate branches : leaves all opposite, short-petioled, from entire to pin-
natifid or pinnately parted (the larger 4 to 8 inches long) ; uppermost reduced to linear or
lanceolate bracts of the elongated virgate raceme : pedicels (near an inch long) divaricate
or decurved with incurved apex, so that the flowers are erect : tube of the calyx very
short and broad ; tlie divisions distant, narrowly linear or somewhat spatulate, often pin-
natifid-incised, rather shorter than the minutely puberulent orange-colored corolla : tube of
tiie latter cylindrical, half to three-fourths inch long, slightly curved at summit ; the lobes
ovate, about 2 lines long: filaments with short and lax glandular beard: anthers less
bearded or glabrate; the linear cells mucronate-pointed at base. — Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 203,

6 Ann. Lycl N. Y. iv. 81 ; Benth. I. c, & DC. Prodr. x. 513; Chapm. Fl. 297. Conradia
fuchsioides, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 88, t. 11, 12. Dasystoma tuhulosa, Bertol. Misc. 13,
t. 3. — Pine barrens, Georgia, Alabama, and Florida (not " Louisiana "), Dr. Gates, &c.

Var. Lecontei, Chapm. I. c. Calyx smaller, with subulate wholly entire lobes
usually much shorter than the tube of the corolla : but passing into the preceding form. —
M. Lecontei, Torr. I. c. 83, t. 4. — Lower Georgia, LeConte. Middle Florida, Chapman.

29. G-ERARDIA, L. (Jo?in Gerarde, the English herbalist of the 16th
century.) — Annual or perennial erect and branching herbs (all American and
mostly of Atlantic U. S.) ; with mainly opposite leaves, the uppermost reduced to
bracts of the racemose or paniculate showy flowers. Corolla rose-purple or yel-
low ; the former color rarely varying to white. Fl. late summer and autumn.

Gerardia. SCROPHULARIACE^. 291

§ 1. Dasystoma, Gray, Man. Corolla more or less funnelform, yellow; the
proper tube within, as also anthers and filaments, pubescent or villous-woolly :
anthers all alike, hardly included ; the cells aristate at base : rather tall and large-
flowered perennials or biennials; with calyx-lobes sometimes foliaceous and
incised, and comparatively broad leaves often incised or pinnatifid. (For root-
parasitism, see Gray, Struct. Bot. 1. 145.) —Dasystoma, Raf. in Jour. Phys. Ixxxix.
99 ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 520.

* Pubescence partly glandular and viscid, especially on the slender pedicels and calyx; corolla
pubescent outside : root biennial or annual.

G. pedicularia, L. Paniculately much branched, 2 or 3 feet high, soft-pubescent or villous
and viscid, or the foliage hardly so : leaves mostly sessile, an inch or two long, oblong- or
ovate-lanceolate in outline, all pinnatifid ; the divisions crowded and incisely pinnatifid or
toothed : pedicels 4 to 12 lines long : calyx-lobes foliaceous, from linear to oblong, equalling
or longer than the tube, often denticulate or incisely serrate : corolla from 1 to 1^ inches
long. — Spec. ii. 611; Lam. Diet. ii. 529; Ell. Sk. ii 121. Dasystoma pedicularia,^QXvih.. in.
DC. 1. c. — Canada and west to the Mississippi, south to Florida.

Var. pectinata, Nutt. A southern more villous and glandular form, with rather
narrower leaves, and more foliaceous lobes of the calyx longer than its tube. — Gen. ii. 48.
G. pectinata, Torr. in Benth. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 206. Dasystoma pectinata, Benth. in DC.
1. c; Chapm. Fl. 298. — N. Carolina to Florida and Arkansas.

* * No glandular pubescence : corolla glabrous outside : root perennial.

G. grandiflora, Benth. Densely cinereous-puberulent : stem much branched, 2 or 3
feet high, leafy to the top : leaves somewhat petioled, ovate to oblong-lanceolate in out-
line, incisely and often lyrately pinnatifid, or the lower more divided and the upper merely
laciniate-dentate (2 inches long) ; inflorescence leafy : pedicels shorter or rarely twice longer
than the turbinate calyx-tube : lobes of the calyx lanceolate, entire or sparingly toothed,
equalling or shorter than the tube: corolla inch and a half long. — Comp. Bot. Mag. I.e.;
Gray, Man. ed. 5, 385. Dasystoma Drummondii, Benth. in DC. 1. c. — Oak openings, &c., Wis-
consin and Iowa to Tennessee and Texas.

Var. integriuscula. A form with slender branches, bearing either sparsely serrate
or entire leaves ; or the lower laciniate-pinnatifid. — G. serrata, Torr., Benth. 1. c. Dasy-
stoma Drummondii, var. serrata, Benth. in DC. — W. Louisiana, Hale.

Gr, flava, L. Densely puberulent and somewhat cinereous : stem nearly simple, 3 or 4 feet
high : leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, entire, or the lower sparingly sinuate-toothed
or pinnatifid (2 to 4 inches long): pedicels very short: calyx-lobes oblong or lanceolate,
entire, about the length of the tube : corolla inch and a half long, much dilated upward. —
Spec. ii. 610, as to syn. Gronov. & Pluk., not herb. ; Michx. Fl. ii. 19 ; Pursh, Fl. ii. 423 ;
Torr. Fl. N. Y. ii. 47, t. 74. Dasystoma pubescens, Benth. in DC. 1. c — Open woods, Canada
to Wisconsin and Georgia.

G. quercif olia, Pursh. Glabrous : stem at first glaucous, 3 to 6 feet high, simple or
commonly branching : lower leaves once or twice pinnatifid or incised (3 to 5 inches long)
and the lobes acute ; the upper often entire and lanceolate, acute : pedicels equalling or
shorter than the calyx : corolla not rarely 2 inches long, more funnelform and narrower
below than in the preceding. —Fl. ii. 423, t. 19. G. flava, L., as to herb. Rhinanthus Vir-
ginicus, L., as to Syn. Gronov. G. glauca, Eddy, Cat. ; Spreng. Syst. ii. 807. Dasystoma
quercifoUa, Benth. in DC. 1. c. — Dry. woods, from New England and W. Canada to Llinois
and south to Florida and Louisiana.

G. laevigata, Raf. Glabrous or obscurely puberulent, not glaucous : stem slender, a foot
or two high : leaves lanceolate (1^ to 4 inches long) ; all the upper entire; the lower often
incised or irregularly pinnatifid : pedicels and lobes of the calyx shorter than its tube :
corolla much dilated above the short tube, an inch long and the limb fully as broad. —
Ann. Nat. (1820), 13. G. integrifl}lia, Gray, Man. ed. 1, 307, ed. 5, 335. Dasystoma querci-
foUa, var. 1 integrifolia (& var. intermedia "i), Benth. in DC. 1. c. — Oak barrens, &c., Penn. to
Illinois and the mountains of Georgia.

G. patula, Chapm. Obscurely pubescent or glabrate, not glaucous : stem weak and
slender, loosely branching above, 2 or 3 feet long : leaves as of the preceding, but thinner :

292 SCROPHULARIACE^. Gerardla.

pedicels filiform, 8 to 15 lines in length, widely spreading, mostly longer than the bracts or
upper floral leaves: calyx-lobes about twice the length of the tube, spreading: corolla
funnelform, an inch and a quarter long. — Chapm. in herb. Dasystoma patula, Chapm. in
Bot. Gazette, iii. 10, 1878. — Upper Georgia, in the mountains, on the banks of Horse-leg
Creek, a tributary of the Coosa River, Floyd Co., Chapman.

§ 2. Otophylla, Benth. Corolla short-funnelform with very ampliate
throat, purple (rarely white), naked within, as also the filaments: anthers muti-
cous, glabrous or sparingly villous ; those of the shorter stamens smaller: scabrous-
hispid or hirsute annuals ; with sessile entire or divided leaves, sessile flowers,
and deeply cleft calyx. — Qtophylla, Benth. in DC. 1. c.

G. aiiricillata, Michx. A foot or two high, branching above : leaves lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate, an inch or two long, sessile by a broad base, entire, or some (at least the
upper) bearing an oblong or lanceolate lobe on each side at base : corolla seldom an inch
long. — Fl. ii. 20 ; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 335. Seymeria auriculata, Spreng. Syst. ii. 810. Otophylla
Michauxii, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 512. — Prairies and low grounds, W. Penn. to W. North
Carolina, and west to Wisconsin and Missouri.

G. densiflora, Benth. More hispid and rough, very leafy : leaves rigid, pinnately
parted into 3 to 7 narrowly linear acute divisions ; those subtending the densely spicate
flowers similar and much crowded : corolla over an inch long. — Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 206.
Otophylla Drummondi, Benth. in DC. 1. c. — Prairies, Kansas to Texas.

§ 3. EuGERARDiA, Benth. Corolla from short-funnelform to nearly campanu-
late, purple or rose-color (with one exception), varying occasionally to white :
calyx-teeth or lobes short : anthers all alike ; the cells either muticous or mucro-
nulate at base : cauline leaves linear or narrower and entire, rarely reduced to
mere scales; the radical rarely broader and sometimes incised: flowers from
middle-sized to small ; the corolla externally and the anthers usually more or less
pubescent or hairy : herbage glabrous or merely hispidulous-scabrous.
* Root perennial : leaves erect, very narrowly linear, acute : pedicels erect, as long as floral leaves :
calyx truncate : anther-crlls mucronate-pointed at base.
G. Wrightii, Gray. Very scabrous-puberulent : stems (a foot or two high) and virgate
branches strict : leaves nearly filiform, with revolute margins: calyx-teeth short and subu-
late : corolla glabrous within (and stamens nearly so), three-fourths inch long, light yellow !
— Bot. Mex. Bound. 118. — Valleys and hillsides along the Sonoita, &c., Arizona, Wright,
Bigelow, Rothrock.
G. linif olia, Nutt. Glabrous and smooth : stems 2 or 3 feet high, sparingly or panicu-
lately branched : leaves flat, thickish, a line wide : calyx-teeth minute : corolla an inch
long, minutely pubescent outside, villous within and lobes ciliate : anthers and filaments
very villous. — Gen. ii. 47 ; Benth. in DC 1. c. (not of Comp. Bot. Mag.); Chapm. Fl,
299. — Low pine barrens, Delaware to Florida. (Cuba, C. Wright.)

* * Root annual: stems more or less leafy: herbage blackish in drying except in the last.
-J— Pedicels little if at all longer than the calyx and capsule : inflorescence racemose or spiciform.
++ Calyx -lobes as long as the turbinate tube, and the sinuses very acute.
G. heteroph^lla, Nutt. Nearly smooth, a foot or two high, paniculately branched, or
the branches virgate : leaves rather erect, thickish or rigid ; the lowest 3-cleft or laciniate
(according to Nuttall) ; the others narrowly linear, mucronate-acute, scabrous on the mar-
gins ; those of the branchlets short and somewhat subulate : pedicels very short, alter-
nate: calyx-lobes subulately attenuate from a broad base, very acute. In age spreading:
corolla an inch or less long. — Trans.Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 180 ; Benth. Comp. Bot. Mag.
i. 207, & Prodr. 1. c. 517. — Prairies, Arkansas (Nuttall) and Texas.

++ -H- Calyx-lobes shorter than the tube, and mostly separated by broad or open sinuses.
G. dspera, Dougl. Stem and branches strict: leaves rather erect, strongly hispidulous-
scabrous, all filiform-linear: pedicels mostly equalling and sometimes moderately exceed-
ing the calyx, erect, most of them alternate : calyx-lobes deltoid-subulate or triangular-
lanceolate from a broad base, acute, about half the length of the tube : anthers obscurely

Gerardia. SCROPHULARIACEiE. 293

if at all mucronulate at base : capsule elliptical in outline, 4 lines long : otherwise nearly
like a scabrous form of the next, into which it may pass. — Benth. in DC. 1. c. ; Gray, Man.
1. c. G. longifolia, Benth. in Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 208, not Nutt. — Plains and prairies, from
Saskatchewan and Dakota to W. Arkansas, and east to Wisconsin and Illinois.
G. purpurea, L. Commonly a foot or two high, with virgate rather spreading branches :
leaves usually spreading, narrowly linear, either somewhat scabrous 'or smooth with
merely scabrous margins: pedicels shorter than calyx, mainly opposite: teeth of the
calyx acute, from very short and distant to half the length of the broad tube (then with
broad base and narrower sinuses): corolla an inch or les» long: anther-cells cuspidate-
mucronate at base : capsule globular, 2 or 3 Ihies long. — Spec. ii. 610, in part (confounded
with G. tenui/olia), & of syn. Pluk., &c. ; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. t. 97. G. maritima, var.
major, Chapm. Fl. 300. — Low and moist grounds, Canada to Florida and Texas near the
coast, also Great Lakes to Illinois, &c. (Cuba.) A polymorphous species, of which the
following are extreme forms.

Var. fasciculata, Chapm. Usually taller, 2 to 5 feet high : leaves (and mostly
branches) often alternate (and the cauline fascicled in the axils), very scabrous, narrowly
linear or nearly filiform : pedicels in great part alternate : corolla commonly a full inch
long. — Fl. 300. G. fasciculata, Ell. Sk. ii. 115. — S. Carolina to Florida, Texas, and Ar-
kansas, usually in brackish soil.

Var. paupercula. A span to a foot high, smoother : stem more simple or with stricter
branches : pedicels mainly opposite : flowers decidedly smaller : corolla usually only half
inch long, lighter rose-purple : calyx-teeth deltoid-subulate from a broad base, leaving com-
paratively narrower sinuses, sometimes over half the length of the tube. — G. purpurea,
Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2048 ; Hook. Fl. ii. 204. G. intermedia, Porter, in herb., a name to be
adopted if a distinct species. — Lower Canada to Saskatchewan, and southward from
coast of New England to Penn., N. Illinois and Wisconsin. A maritime form has many
spreading branches.
Gr. maritima, Raf. A span or two high, with short branches from below, smooth:
leaves fleshy, obtuse ; the floral small : flowers accordingly in a more naked simple
. raceme : pedicels about the length of the calyx : teeth of the latter broad, short, and very
obtuse: corolla glabrous, half inch, or in a Texan form (var. grandijiora, Benth., G. spici-
Jlora, Engelm. PI. Lindh. i. 19), three-fourths inch long: anther-cells mucronulate at base:
capsule globular or ovoid, 2 or 3 lines long. — N. Y. Med. Rep. ii. 361; Nutt. Gen. ii. 46;
Benth. 1. c. G. purpurea, var. crassifolia, Pursh, Fl. ii. 422. — Salt marshes on the coast,
Maine to Florida and Texas.
+- -^ Pedicels from once to thrice the length of the calyx, always much shorter than the corolla:

inflorescence or ramification paniculate; some flowers' appearing terminal: anthers mucronulate

at base.
G. Plukenetii, Ell. Commonly 2 feet high, with many slender spreading branches:
leaves all filiform, smooth or barely scabrous, seldom in fascicles, only some of the upper
alternate : pedicels 2 to 4 lines long and alternate in upper axils, and solitary terminating
leafy filiform branchlets : calyx truncate and with very short subulate teeth : corolla
three-fourths to near an inch long, loosely long-villous in throat, as are the filaments
and anthers. — Sk. ii. 114. Antirrhinum purpureum, &c., Pluk. Aim. 34, t. 12, fig. 4, poor.
G. linifolia, Benth. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 209, not Nutt. G. JUifoUa, var. Gatesii, Benth. in
DC. 1. c. G. setacea, Chapm. Fl. 300, not Walt. 1 nor Ell.? nor Pursh, nor Nutt., &c. —
Sandy or wet pine barrens. Middle Georgia, Alabama, and Florida. Larger leaves an inch
long.

Var. microphylla. Slender: cauline leaves setaceous, half inch or less long,
rather few, and on the branchlets reduced to minute subulate bracts (mostly less than a
line long) : corolla half to two-thirds inch long. — G. aphi/lla, var. grandijiora, Benth.
Comp. Bot. Mag. I. c. — Louisiana, Drummond, Hale. Keys of Florida, Blodgctt, &c.
Plukenet's figure (Aim. t. 12, fig. 4) may be rightly referred here ; but it is not character-
istic.
-I— H— +- Filiform pedicels about equalling or commonlj' exceeding the corolla in length : woolly

anthers cuspidate or almost aristate at base.

++ Leaves all but the lowest cauline alternate and copiously fascicled in the axils.
G. filif olia, Nutt. Smooth, often 2 feet high, paniculately branched above, very leafy up
to the loose paniculate-racemose inflorescence : leaves numerous in the fascicles, filiform

294 SCROPHULARIACEiE. Gerardia.

and slightly clavate, rather fleshy, less than an inch long : pedicels mostly from an inch
to half inch long : calyx-teeth short, triangular-subulate : corolla an inch or three-fourthg
long. — Gen. ii. 48; Ell. Sk. ii. 116; Benth. I.e. (excl. var.); Chapm. I.e. — Low pine
barrens, S. Georgia, Alabama, and Florida.

++ ++ All or most of the cauline (or even the rameal) leaves opposite, and few or none fascicled in
the axils,

= Blackening more or less in drying : capsule globular, hardly surpassing the calyx.

G. setacea, Walt. Mostly scabrous, at least the setaceous-filiform leaves, and loosely
and paniculately much branched : inflorescence more or less paniculate : pedicels ascend-
ing, from half to an inch and a half long: calyx-teeth subulate, from minute to a fourth
of the length of the tube: corolla three-fourths to about an inch long, often pubescent out-
side; the margins of the lobes thickly lanose-ciliate : anther-cells short-aristate. — Car.
170; Pursh, Fl. ii. 422, excl. hab. ; Nutt. Gen. ii. 47; Ell. 1. c; not Benth., nor Chapm.
G. filifolia & tenuifolia, var. Jiliformis [leptophylla in Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 209), Benth. 1. c. in
part. G. tenuifolia, \ar. Jiliformis, Chapm. Fl. 300. — Pine barrens, &c.. South Carolina to
Florida and Texas.

Var. longifolia ( G. hngifoUa, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 180, G.Jilifolia,\&T.
longifolia, Benth. in DC. I.e.) is described from simple-stemmed specimens, collected on the
" banks of the Arkansas," Nuttall, which have long (but not "2 inch ") leaves, setaceous-
subulate calyx-teeth about half the length of the tube (not "nearly its length") as in
some Texan specimens, and corolla barely three-fourths inch long.

G. tenuifolia, Vahl. Smooth or usually so, about a foot high, paniculately much
branched, but the inflorescence racemose : leaves mostly narrowly linear and plane, equal-
ling the lower but mostly shorter than the uppermost (half to inch long and commonly spread-
ing) pedicels : calyx-teeth very short : corolla about half inch long, nearly glabrous outside,
except the minutely ciliate margins of its nearly equal lobes: anther-cells cuspidate-
mucronate at base. — Symb. iii. 79, excl. syn. Pluk. ; Pursh, 1. c; Nutt. 1. c; Bart. Fl.
Am. Sept. iii. t. 82. G. purpurea, L. in part (as to ped. filiformibus, &c.). G.ereda, Walt.
1. C.I ; Michx. Fl. ii. 20. — Low or dry ground, Canada and Minnesota to Georgia and Louis-
iana. This sometimes has very narrow leaves, approaching filiform : it varies on the other
hand into

Var. macrophylla, Benth. Stouter: larger leaves 1^ to 2 inches long and
almost 2 lines wide, scabrous: pedicels ascending: calyx-teeth usually larger: corolla
little over half inch long. — Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 209. — Western Iowa to Colorado and
W. Louisiana.

G. Strictiflora, Benth. Obscurely scabrous, excessively paniculate-branched, rigid, a
foot or more high: leaves filiform-linear passing on the branches into subulate; these
erect and half to quarter inch long, rigid, shorter than the erect or ascending (half to
three-fourths inch) pedicels: calyx-teeth short but conspicuous, subulate, very acute:
corolla half inch long or more: anther-cells aristulate at base. — Comp. Bot. Mag. &
Prodr. 1. c — Texas, Drumviond, &c.

G. divaricata, Chapm. Smoothish throughout, very slender, a foot or so high, with
numerous lax 'and long branches and elongated racemose inflorescence : leaves filiform,
widely spreading ; the larger over half inch long ; upper gradually reduced to small seta-
ceous bracts : pedicels opposite, divaricate, capillary, about inch long : calyx-teeth minute :
corolla barely half inch long; the "two posterior lobes shorter, truncate, and erect:"
anther-cells abruptly aristulate at base. — Fl. 299. G. Mettaueri, Wood, Class Book, 1861.
— Low sandy pine barrens, W. & S. Florida, Chapman, &c.
z= = Herbage drying green.
G. Skinneriana, "Wood. Somewhat scabrous : stem simple or paniculately branched,
strongly striate, a' span to 18 inches high, slender: leaves mostly filiform, ascending; the
larger an inch long ; those of the branches much smaller, the uppermost reduced to small
bracts: pedicels racemose-paniculate, ascending, 4 to 8 lines long: calyx-teeth mostly
minute : corolla a third to half inch long, glabrous outside, delicately ciliate, usually rose-
color.— Class Book, 1847, excl. syn. G. setacea, Benth. in Comp. Bot. Mag. & DC. 1. c. ;
Gray, Man., &c., not of Walt., nor of Chapm. G. parvifolia, Chapm. Fl. (1860) 200. — Sandy
low ground, coast of Massachusetts ( W. E. Davenport, Mrs. Piper, but rare north-east-
ward), and Penn. to Iowa, and south to Florida and Louisiana.

Castilleia. SCROPHULARIACE^. 295

* * * Root annual: stems leafless: cauline leaves represented by minute subulate scales.

G. filicaulis, Chapm. 1. c. Smooth, glaucescent, apparently leafless: stem about a
foot long, filiform and weak, diffusely much branched ; the elongated paniculate brannh-
lets terminated by a flower or bearing a few short lateral pedicels : minute scales or bracts
mostly opposite : calyx-teeth minute : corolla 3 to 5 lines long ; the two posterior lobes
more erect and shorter: anther-cells aristulate at base.— G. aphylla, var. filicaulis, Benth.
in Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 210. G. Mettaueri, var. nuda, Wood, Class Book, 1861, 530, & later
G. nuda, Wood. — Low and grassy pine barrens of Florida and Louisiana, Drummond,
Chapman, &c.

G. aph:^lla, Nutt. Smooth : slender stem 1 to 3 feet high, strict and simple below,
about 4-angled, simple or mostly paniculate-branched above; radical leaves (rarely seen)
small and oval or oblong, thickish, hispidulous, half inch or less long ; cauline reduced to
appressed subulate and mostly scattered minute scales : pedicels short, rather crowded in
virgate mostly spiciform naked racemes : calyx-teeth minute : corolla 6 to 8 lines long, vil-
lous within ; " the upper lobes reflexed : " anther-cells hardly mueronulate at base. — Gen.
ii. 47 ; Ell. 1. c. ; Benth. 1. c. excl. varieties ; Chapm. 1. c. — Low and sandy pine barrens,
coast of N. Carolina to Florida and Louisiana.

30. CASTILLEIA, Mutis. Painted-Cup. {D. Castillejo, a botanist of
Cadiz.) — Herbs (American, mostly N. American, and two in N. Asia) ; with
alternate entire or laciniate leaves, passing above into usually more incised and
mostly colored conspicuous bracts of a terminal spike ; the flowers solitary in
their axils and ebracteolate, red, purple, yellowish, or whitish ; but the corolla
almost always duller-colored than the calyx or bracts, mostly of yellow or greenish
tinge. Fl. in summer. (Primary divisions generally received are not distinct
enough for subgenera, except Epichroma of Mexico, with a funnelform calyx.
Ours accordingly may all be embraced in § Euchroma, Euchroma, Nutt. Gen.
ii. 55.) — Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 335, & Bot. Calif, i, 573.

# Annuals or some biennials with fibrous root: at least the upper part of the bracts and sometimes
of the calyx petaloid (bright red or scarlet, occasionally varying to yellowish): pubescence vil-
lous or soft-hirsute. /

■i- Atlantic species, flowering in spring or early summer, a span to a foot high : floral leaves or
bracts dilated : calyx equally cleft before and behind into 2 broad or upwardly dilated entire or
retuse lobes.: galea (upper lip) shorter than the tube of the corolla, little surpassing the calyx,
much exceeding the short lower lip.

C. COCcinea, Spreng. (Painted-Cup.) Biennial, at least northward: rosulate radi-
cal leaves mostly entire, obovate or oblong ; cauline and bracts laciniate or .3-5-clef t ; the
middle lobe of latter dilated : calyx-lobes quadrate-oblong. — Syst. ii. 775; Benth. in DC.
Prodr. X. 259. Bartsia coccinea, L. Spec. ii. 602. (Pluk. Aim. t. 102, fig. 5.) Euchroma coc-
cinea, Nutt. 1. c. — Low sandy ground, Canada and Saskatchewan to Texas.
C indivisa, Engelm. Leaves lanceolate-linear and entire, or sometimes with 2 or 3
slender lateral lobes : bracts and calyx-lobes obovate-dilated, bright red. — PI. Lindh. i. 47 ;
Benth. in DC. 1. c. — Texas, Berlandier, Dmvimond, Lindheimer, &c. Winter-annual, flower-
ing in spring, no tuft of radical leaves surviving.

•1— -1— Ultramontane and Pacific annuals, with virgate stems, mostly tall and slender: leaves and

bracts all linear-lanceolate and entire; the latter or at least the upper with petaloid (red) linear

tips : flowers all pedicellate, the lower rather remote in the leafy spike : calyx gibbous and broadest

at base, ovoid or oblong in fruit, wholly green, about equally cleft before" and behind to near the

middle ; the segments lanceolate and acute or acutely 2-cleft at apex: galea of the narrow and

straight corolla very much longer than the small not callous lip: capsule oblong.

C. minor, Gray. A foot or two high : corolla half to three-fourths inch long, yellow :

the oblong galea much shorter than the tube. — Bot. Calif, i. 573. C. affinis, var. minor.

Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 119, & Am. Jour. Sci. I.e. — Wet ground, New Mexico and

Nebraska to W. Nevada.

C. stenantha. Taller, 1 to 5 feet high : corolla linear, double the length of that of the

preceding species ; the slightly falcate and commonly reddish galea one-half longer than

the tube.— C. affinis, Benth. PI. Hartw. 329, in part (no. 1897); Gray, 1. c. in part —

296 SCROPHULARIACE^. Castilleia.

Moist grounds, California from Monterey to San Diego, and through the southern part
of the Sierra Nevada.

# * Perennials.
•h- Calyx deeper cleft before than behind, tubular-cylindraceous, mostly colored red, as are a part
of the bracts : corolla large, an inch or two long, well exserted from the lower side of the spatha-
ceous calyx and at length somewhat arcuate or falcate, exposing the protuberant and very short
callous lip; its galea about equalling the tube: lower flowers commonly pedicellate.
C. affinis, Hook. & Arn. A foot or two high, mostly strict, villous-pubescent or gla-
brate: leaves narrowly lanceolate, entire, or some of the upper lacmiate-toothed at apex;
lower floral or bracts similar; upper shorter and broader, red: spike or raceme lax below :
calyx narrowly cylindrical, red, an inch long, its anterior fissure hardly twice the depth of
the posterior ; narrowly oblong lobes acutely 2-cleft at apex : corolla U to li inches long.
— Bot. Beech. 154, 380; Benth. in DC. 1. c, & PI. Hartw. no. 1896 ; Meyer, Sert. Petrop.
ii. t. 16 *? — California, in moist grounds about San Francisco Bay, on the Sacramento,
and south to Tejon, &c.
C. laxa, Gray. A foot high, weak and slender, short-pubescent : leaves linear-lanceolate,
entire, barely 2 inches long, 3-nerved, spreading : bracts similar or broader, the upper red-
dish : flowers few and crowded: calyx broadly cylindraceous, inch long, its anterior fissure
not twice the depth of the posterior, both short ; the lobes broad and broadly 2-toothed :
corolla inch and a half long, nearly straight; its galea shorter than the tube. — Bot.
Mex. Bound. 119 & Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c— Mountain side, southern border of Arizona
near Santa Cruz, Wright.
C. oblongifolia. Two feet or more high, very leafy, densely villous or pubescent :
leaves widely spreading, 5-nerved, 1 or 2 inches long, narrowly elliptical and very obtuse,
or the uppermost oblong-ovate and acute : bracts similar, the upper reddish : spike many-
flowered : calyx-lobes narrowly lanceolate or linear : corolla 2 inches long ; somewhat
falcate narrow galea as long as the tube ; lip very protuberant and fleshy globular-saccate,
its minute lobes subulate. — Southern borders of San Diego Co., California, Palmer. Col-
lected along with C. miniata.
C. linarieef olia, Benth. Mostly tall and strict, 2 to 5 feet high, glabrous below, the sev-
eral-many-flowered spike somewhat pubescent or villous : leaves linear, entire, or some of
the upper sparingly laciniate, and the uppermost and bracts 3-parted, 1-3-nerved ; divisions
not dilated : calyx narrowly cylindrical, over an inch long, mostly red or crimson, some-
times pale; the anterior fissure very much deeper than the posterior; the long upper lip
acutely 4-toothed or 2-cleft and the lobes 2-toothed : corolla 1^ or 2 inches long ; its nar-
row falcate and much exserted galea as long as the tube. — DC. 1. c; Gray, 1. c, & Bot.
Calif, i. 573. C. candens, Durand in Pacif. R. Rep. v. 12, a pubescent form. — Through
the mountains of Colorado and Wyoming to New Mexico, Arizona, and Sierra Nevada
of California.

H- -f- Calvx about equally cleft before and behind: floral leaves or bracts more or less dilated and
petaloid-colored (red or crimson, varying to yellowish or whitish).

++ Pubescence never tomentose nor cinereous-tomentulose.
= Galea equalling or longer than the tube of the corolla ; the lip very short.
C. latifolia, Hook. & Arn. A foot or two high, diffusely branched from the base,
'villous-hirsute and viscid: leaves short (half • inch or more), dilated-obovate or oval, very
obtuse, some 3-5-lobed : spike leafy : calyx 2-cleft to the middle ; the oblong-obovate lobes
entire or emarginate, almost equalling the small (B lines long) corolla. —Bot. Beech. 154. —
Coast of California.
C. parvitlora, Bong. A span to 2 feet high, villous-hirsute, at least above : leaves
variously laciniately cleft into linear or lanceolate lobes, or sometimes the cauline mainly
entire and narrow (rarely oblong) : calyx-lobes oblong and 2-cleft at apex or to below the
middle : corolla an inch or less long ; only the upper part of the narrow galea exserted ; the
small lip not protuberant. — Veg. Sitk. 157 ; Gray, 1. c. C. Toluccensis, Cham. & Schlecht.
in Linn. ii. 579 ? C. coccinen, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1136. C. hispida, Benth. in Hook. Fl. ii.
105, & DC. 1. c. 532. C. Douc/lasii, Benth. in DC. 1. c. 530; narrow-leaved and large-flow-
ered form of coast of Cahfornia. Euchroma Bradburii, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vli. 47.
E. angustifolia, Nutt. 1. c, a low and small-flowered subalpine form : same as C. deserlorum,
Gever, in Hook. Kew Jour. v. 258. — Dry or moist ground, Sitka to S. California and

Castilleia. SCROPHULARIACEiE. 297

mountains of Arizona, east to Dakota and Colorado. A most polymorphous species, and
the oldest name not a good one. Bracts, as in other species, varying from red to yellow or
white.
C. miniata, Dougl. A foot or two high, mostly simple and strict, glabrous or nearly so
except the inflorescence : leaves lanceolate or linear, or the upper ovate-lanceolate, acute,
entire (rarely laciniate-3-cleft) : spike dense and short: bracts from lanceolate to oval,
mostly bright red, rarely whitish, seldom lobed: calyx-lobes lanceolate, acutely 2-cleft:
corolla over an inch long ; the galea exserted, linear, longer than the tube ; very short lip
protuberant and callous, as deep as long, with ovate short teeth involute. — Hook. Fl. ii. 106 ;
Benth. 1. c. ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 574. C. pallida, var. Unalaschensis, Cham. & Schlecht.
1. c, partly. C. pallida, var. miniata, Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. 337. — Alaska to Sas-
katchewan and southward along the higher mountains through Colorado, Utah and Cali-
fornia.

= Galea decidedly shorter than the tube of the corolla and not over twice or thrice the length of
the lip.

C. pallida, Kunth. A foot or so higli, strict, commonly villous with weak cobwebby
hairs, at least the dense and short leafy-bracted spike, or below glabrous, not glandular or
viscid: leaves membranaceous, mainly entire ; the lower linear; upper lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate: bracts oval or obovate, partly white or yellowish, equalling the (half to inch
long) corolla: calyx cleft to or below the middle and again more or less 2-cleft; the lobes
oblong or lanceolate : galea 2 to 4 lines long, barely twice the length of the lip, its base
not exserted from the calyx. — Syn. PI. ^quin. ii. 100 ; Benth. 1. c. ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i.
575. C. Sibirica, Lindl. Bot. Reg. under 925. Bartsia pallida, L. Spec. ii. 602. — Subarctic
N. W. coast and islands, Chamisso, &c. (Siberia.) Passes into

Var. septentrionalis, Gray. A span to 2 feet high, sometimes almost glabrous :
bracts greenish-white, varying to yellowish, purple, or red : lip smaller, from half to hardly
a third the length of the galea. — Bot. Calif. I.e. C. septentrionalis, Lindl. Bot. Reg.
t. 925 ; Benth. 1. c. C. pallida, Hook. Kew Jour. Bot. v. 258. C pallida, var. Unalaschensis,
latifolia, Cham. & Schlecht. 1. c. C. acuminata, Spreng. 1. c. Baiisia acuminata, Pursh, Fl.
ii. 429. — Labrador, alpine summits of White Mountains and Green Mountains of New Eng-
land, and north shore of Lake Superior, to the Rocky mountains of Colorado and Utah,
and north-westward to Alaska, Aleutian Islands, &c. Some larger forms appear to pass
into C. miniata.

Var. OCCidentalis, Gray. Dwarf and narrow-leaved form, 2 to 6 inches high:
bracts comparatively broad, mostly incised or cleft, the tips and flowers whitish : lip
about half the length of the rather broad galea. — Bot. Calif. 1. c. C. occidentalis. Torn in
Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 230 ; Benth. 1. c. — High alpine region of the Rocky Mountains, Colo-
rado, and Sierra Nevada, California.

Var. Ha;^deni. More slender, 3 to 5 inches high : linear leaves sometimes with one or
two slender-subulate lobes : bracts merely ciliate-pubescent, laciniately 3-5-cleft into linear
lobes, bright crimson: lip not half the length of the galea. — Alpine region of the Sierra
Blanca, S. Colorado, Hayden, Hooker, & Gray. Seemingly very distinct from C. pallida,
but connected through the preceding variety.
C. viscidula. A span high, tufted, pubescent with very short stiff mostly glandular-
tipped hairs and somewhat viscid, only the dense naked spike with some short villous
hairs: stems slender: leaves linear, attenuate, entire, or uppermost 3-cleft: bracts 3-5-
cleft, more or less dilated ; the upper rather shorter than the flowers, with reddish or whit-
ish lobes : calyx-segments shorter than the cylindraceous tube, 2-parted into linear-lanceo-
late lobes : corolla three-fourths inch long ; galea hardly one-third the length of the tube,
twice the length of the lip ; lobes of the latter elongated-oblong, equal in length to the
ventricose obscurely 3-carinate but not callous lower portion. — Nevada, in the E. Hum-
boldt Mountains, at 9,000 feet, Watson (part of no. 810).
C. Lemmoni. A span or more high, pubescent, and the dense oblong spike somewhat
hirsute-villous, not glandular: leaves narrowly linear, entire or 3-cleft; uppermost more
dilated and cleft: bracts 3-cleft, the upper with reddish lobes and equalling the flowers:
calyx-segments as long as the tube, oblong, petaloid, emarginate or barely 2-cleft at apex :
corolla fully three-fourths inch long ; galea oblong, about a quarter the length of tube,
hardly twice the length of the ventricose lip ; lobes of the latter ovate, rather shorter than

298 SCROPHULARIACE^. Castilleia.

the saccate portion, the 3 narrow obtuse keels or plicje of which terminate under the lobes
in as many conical gibbosities. — Sierra Co., California, probably in the alpine region, Lem-
mon. Referred in Bot. Calif, to C. pallida, var. occidentalis. One of the transitions to the
first section of Orthocarpus.

-H- ++ Herbage white-woolly throughout; the tomentum loose or flocculent with age: leaves linear
and entire: bracts 3-parted ; tlie divisions more or less spatulate-dilated and petaloid : calyx-
lobes broad and with rounded entire or slightly 2-lobed summit : corolla almost included, 7 to 9
lines long, slender; the narrow galea little shorter than the tube; lip very short.
C. f oliolosa, Hook. & Arn. A foot or two high, and many-stemmed from a woody
base: woolly hairs intricately branched: leaves narrowly linear (inch or less long),
crowded below and fascicled in lower axils : spike close : galea shorter than the tube of
the corolla. — Bot. Beech. 154 ; Benth. 1. c. ; Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. & Bot. Calif, i.
574. — Dry hills, coast of California from San Diego to Mendocino Co.
C. lanata, Gray. Apparently herbaceous to base, branching, white with appressed
arachnoid wool : leaves larger (inch or two long) ; the galea longer than the tube : flowers
larger, more scattered in the spike: corolla rather more exserted. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 118.

— S. W. Texas to Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.)

++++++ Tomentulose or cinereous-puberulent, or the stem only lanate-tomentose : bracts, &c.,
conspicuously petaloid : primary calyx-sepments 2-cleft or 2-parted into narrow usually acute
lobes : corolla more exserted, inch long or over; galea shorter than the tube;

= Lip very short; its lobes not longer than the more or less callous saccat* portion.

C. integra, Gray. A span to a foot high : stem rather stout, tomentose : leaves cine-

reous-tomentulose, linear (1-J^ to 3 inches long, 1 to 3 lines wide), entire: bracts of the

short spike linear- or obovate-oblong, red or rose-color, entire or sometimes incised : corolla

inch and a quarter long ; galea rather broad ; lip strongly tri-callous, its lobes very short.

— Bot. Mex. Bound. 119, & Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. C. angustifolia, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound.
118, in part, not Nutt. C. tomentosa, Gray, 1. c, a more tomentose form. — Dry grounds,
W. Texas to Colorado and Arizona.

C. Lindheimeri. A span or two high, branched or many-stemmed from the base, cine-
reous-puberulent or the stem tomentulose: leaves narrowly linear, entire or sparingly
laciniate, or the upper 3-5-cleft, as are the bracts of the dense spike ; these mostly peta-
loid and dilated, from brick-red to rose-color or sulphur-yellow : calyx equally colored :
corolla (inch or so in length) rather slender ; the lobes of the lip ovate, not longer than the
callous saccate portion — C. purpurea, Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. 338, not Don & Benth.

— Stony or fertile mountain prairies, on the Pierdenales and Guadalupe, W. Texas, Lind-
heuner, &c. Much more showy than the next, and with different corolla.

= = Lip of corolla with longer and naiTow lobes, and base less saccate.
C. purpurea, Don. A foot or less high, minutely cinereous-pubescent and the stem
appressed-tomentose : leaves narrowly linear and entire, or mostly once or twice 3-cleft or
laciniate, with divisions and lobes all narrowly linear: bracts similar or with cuneate-
dilated base; the broader lobes of the upper and the calyx magenta-color or purple:
corolla (over an inch long) narrow ; galea very much shorter than the tube, only twice the
length of the lip: lobes of the latter elongated-oblong, plane and petaloid, very much
longer than the obscurely saccate and not callous basal portion.— Syst. iv. 615; Benth.
1. c. Euchroma purpurea, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 180. — Hilly prairies,
Arkansas, Nultall. E. Texas, Drummond (iii. no. 286 in part), Miss Hobart, Reverchon.
^— -1— -1— Calyx deeper cleft before than behind : corolla either slender or small, with galea much
shorter than its tube and lip comparatively long: bracts and calyx if colored at all yellowish:
leaves or their divisions narrowly linear, rather rigid : stems numerous from the root.
++ Lip of corolla half the length of the short galea, more or less trisacculate and little if at all
callous below the narrow lobes : flowers yellowish or greenish white : clefts of the calyx moder-
ately unequal.
= Cinereous-pubescent: leaves mostly 3-5-cleft and the slender divisions sometimes again 2-3-
cleft: bracts similar or with more dilated base, not even their tips colored.
C. sessiliflora, Pursh. A span or two high, very leafy, cinereous-pubescent: leaves
2 inches or more long, with slender lobes, rarely entire : lobes of the tubular calyx slender:
corolla exserted, about 2 inches long : lip with linear-lanceolate lobes very much longer
than the obscurely saccate base. — Fl. ii. 738 ; Benth. I.e.; Gray, I.e. C. grandijlora,
Spreng. Syst. ii. 775. Euchroma grandiflora, Nutt. Gen. ii. 65. — Prairies, Wisconsin and
Illinois to Saskatchewan, Dakota, and south to W. Texas and New Mexico.

Onhocarpus. SCROPHULARIACE^. 299

C brevifl6ra, Gray. Barely span high, more pubescent : lower leaves often entire and
upper only 3-5-parted, an inch or so long : bracts of the dense spike more dilated, not sur-
passing the flowers : calyx ovoid-oblong ; its lobes lanceolate : corolla little exserted, less
than inch long : lip with somewhat callous oblong plicae or saccate keels about the length
of the oblong obtuse lobes. — Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. 338. — Rocky Mountains of Colorado and
"Wyoming, in the alpine region, Nuttall, Parry, &c.

== = Very glabrous up to the merely pubescent naked dense spike : cauline leaves all entire :
bracts shorter than the flowers, dilateci and 3-cleft : the lobes with petaloid yellowish tips.

C. linoides. Stems strict, a foot high, rigid, branching at summit, very smooth, as also
the rigid leaves (these 1 or 2 inches long, a line or less wide) : calyx and corolla nearly of
C. hreviflora, the former with narrower lobes and the latter only half inch long. — Clover
Mountains, Nevada, Watson. In Bot. King, included under " C. pallida, var."

++ ++ Lip of corolla very short, globular-saccate and callous, and with verj' short ovate lobes:
anterior cleft of calyx deeper.

C. flava, "Watson. A foot high, with numerous slender stems, cinereous-puberulent, at
least above, and the elongated spike more pubescent : leaves entire or the upper with one
or two lobes: bracts 3-cleft and with dilated base; the upper and calyx yellowish : corolla
hardly an inch long; narrow galea little shorter than the tube. — Bot. King, 230. —
Mountains of E. Utah and Wyoming, in and near the Uintas, Watson, Porter.

31. ORTHOCARPUS, Nutt. (Vgdog, upright, and xagTio^;, fruit; the
capsule not oblique as in Melampyrum.) — Low herbs, almost all annual (W.
North American and one Chilian) ; with mainly alternate entire or 3-5-parted
and laciniate leaves ; the upper passing into bracts of the dense spike and not
rarely colored, as also the calyx-lobes ; the corolla yellow, or white with purple
or rose-color, often much surpassing the calyx. Seeds numerous or rather few.
Fl. spring and summer. — Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 535 ; Watson, Bot. King,
230, 457 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 575.

§ 1. Castilleioides, Gray. Corolla with lip (i. e. lower lip) simply or some-
what triply saccate, and with conspicuous mostly erect lobes ; the galea (i. e.
upper lip) either broadish or narrow : anthers all 2-celled : bracts with more or
less colored tips : seeds with very loose and arilliform cellular-favose coat. —
Bot. Calif. 1. c.

* Root perennial : lips of the short and yellowish corolla more equal and less dissimilar than in
any of the following ; lower one rather obscurely saccate; galea broadish, obtuse : filaments gla-
brous. Transition to Castilleia.

O. pallescens, Gray. Cinereous-puberulent, not hairy: leaves 3-5-parted into linear
lobes, or the lower entire : bracts similar with dilated base, or upper with shorter obscurely
whitish or yellowish lobes : calyx deeply 2-cleft, with broad lobes merely 2-cleft at apex:
corolla over half inch long. — Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiv. 339, & Proc. Am. Acad vii.
384, in part, but only as to Nuttall's Euchroma pallescens in herb. 0. Parryi, Gray in Am.
Naturalist, viii. 214. — Rocky Mountains of N. W. Wyoming to E. Oregon, Nuttall, Parry,
Cusick.

O. pilosus, Watson. From soft-villous to hirsute-pubescent, a span or two high, very
leafy : leaves of the preceding or more divided : bracts usually more dilated and colored,
from yellow or whitish to dull crimson : calyx-segments deeply cleft or parted; the lobes
linear. — Bot. King, 231; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 576. 0. pallescens, Gra)% 1. c, except as to
Nuttall's plant. — Sierra Nevada, California, at 5-10,000 feet, to Oregon. Varies with lax
and with rather rigid leaves, with soft-villous and with hirsute pubescence. &c.

* * Root annual: filaments glabrous: galea narrow and nearly straight, lanceolate-triangular or
broadly subulate, naked: lip moderately ventricose and somewhat plicate-trisaccate for its whole
length ; the teeth or lobes conspicuous, erect, oblong-linear : capsule oblong or oval.

O. attenuatus, Gray. Erect, slender, a span or two high, hirsute-pubescent above :
leaves hnear and attenuate, often with a pair of filiform lobes : spike virgate : lower
flowers scattered : bracts with slender lobes barely white-tipped : corolla narrow tliroughout,

300 SCROPHULARIACE^. Orthocarpus.

half inch long, white or whitish : narrow teeth of purple-spotted lip nearly equalling the
galea. — Pacif . R. Rep. iv. 121, & Bot. Calif. I. c. — Moist ground, San Francisco Bay to
Paget Sound.

O. densiflorus, Benth. Erect or diffusely branched from base, 6 to 12 inches high,
above soft-pubescent : leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, attenuate upward, entire or with
a few slender lobes : spike dense, many -flowered, at length cylindrical, or lowest flowers
rather distant: bracts 3-cleft, about equalling the flowers ; their linear lobes and (8 to 10
lines long) corolla purple and white : teeth of the lip shorter than the galea. — Scroph.
Ind. 13, & DC. Prodr. x. 636 ; Gray, 1. c. — Coast of California, in low grounds. San
Luis Obispo to Sonoma Co.

O. castilleioId.es, Benth. 1. c. At length diffuse and corymbosely branched, 5 to 12
inches high, minutely pubescent, or below glabrate and above somewhat hirsute : leaves
from lanceolate to oblong, commonly laciniate ; the upper and bracts cuneate-dilated and
incisely cleft, herbaceous, or the obtuse tips whitish or yellowish : spikes dense, short and
thick : corolla nearly inch long, dull white or purplish-tipped ; lip ventricose-dilated :
seeds longer or larger than in the preceding. — Pine woods and low grounds near the sea-
shore, from Monterey, California, to Puget Soimd or nearly.

* * * Root annual : filaments mostly pubescent : galea attenuate upward, densely bearded on
the back with many-jointed hajrs, uncinate or incurved at the obtuse tip, rather longer and very
much narrower than the open-saccate lip, the summit of which under the short and small recum-
bent lobes is trisacculate and the middle sacculus didymous: stigma verj' large, depressed -capi-
tate: capsule ovate. (Transition to § Triphysaria.)

O. purpurascens, Benth. 1. c. Erect, rather stout, at length much branched from
base, 6 to 12 inches high, hirsute : leaves with lanceolate base or body, and laciniately
1-2-pinnately parted into narrow linear or filiform lobes, or the upper palmately cleft :
spike thick arid dense: bracts equalling the (inch or less long) flowers, somewhat dilated :
their lobes and calyx-lobes with upper part of corolla crimson to rose-color, or sometimes
paler and duller. — California, common along and near the coast from Humboldt Co.
southward.

Var. Palmeri. Flowers smaller: galea more linear: filaments glabrous or almost so.
— Arizona, near Wickenberg, Palmer.

§ 2. True Orthocarpus, Benth. Corolla with simply saccate lip incon-
spicuously or obsoletely 3-toothed, and moderately smaller ovate-triangular galea ;
its small tip or mucro usually somewhat inflexed or uncinate : stigma small,
entire: anthers all 2-celled: seed-coat very loose, costate-reticulated : root an-
nual. — Orthocarpus, Nutt. Gen. ii. 56. Oncorrhynchus, Lehm.

* Bracts abruptlv and strikinglv different from the leaves, much dilated, entire or the lower with
narrow lateral lobes, more or less petaloid (purplish), becoming papyraceous and imbricated in the
dense fructiferous f oblong or at length cylindrical) spike, toward base often hispid-ciliate, other-
wise naked : corolla mostly rose-color : cauline leaves linear-attenuate; lower mostly entire and
upper 3-5-parted.

O. pachystachyus. A span high, scabrous-puberulent and the stem hirsute : bracts an
inch long, all the upper entire and oblong, rose-purple as is the (1^ inch) glabrous corolla:
tube of the latter much longer than the calyx: galea with conspicuous and slender
incurved tip: anther-cells linear-lunate, mucronate-attenuate at base, glabrous. —N. Cali-
fornia, near Yreka, Siskiyou Co., Greene.

O. tenuifolius, Benth. More slender, taller, somewhat pubescent or hirsute : bracts
about half inch long, oblong or oval, partly purplish : corolla purplish, half inch long,
puberulent ; the tube little surpassing the calyx ; inflexed tip of galea minute and incon-
spicuous : anther-cells oblong, sparsely pubescent. — Scroph. Ind. 12, & DC. 1. c. ; Gray,
Bot. Calif, i. 577. 0. imhrkatus, Torr. in "Watson, Bot. King, 458. Bartsia tenuifoUa, Pursh,
Fl. ii. 429, excl. "flowers deep yellow," which must refer to 0. luteus. — Dry ground, Mon-
tana to Brit. Columbia and south to the Sierra Nevada, California.

* * Bracts herbaceous, not colored, less or little different from the leaves, all 3- (rarely 5-) cleft
and with acute lobes.

-t— Spike dense or close, mostly many-flowered : seeds costate.
O. bracteosus, Benth. 1. c. Hirsute-pubescent: stem strict, a foot or less high : leaves
as of the preceding or the upper broader ; bracts of the thickish and dense spike broadly

Orthocarpus. SCROPHULARIACE^. 301

cuneate-dilated, shorter than the flowers, the divergent lobes broadly lanceolate : corolla
rose-purple, half inch long ; tube moderately longer than the calyx : galea with minute
inflexed tip. — Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. — Dry ground, Brit. Columbia to Oregon and northern
portion of Sierra Nevada, California.

O. luteus, Nutt. Pubescent and hirsute, sometimes viscid : stem strict, a- span to a foot
high : leaves from linear to lanceolate, occasionally 3-cleft : bracts of the dense spike
broader or with more dilated base, completely herbaceous, mostly 3-cleft, about equalling
the flowers : corolla golden yellow, less than half inch long, twice or thrice the length of
the calyx ; tip of galea obtuse and straight. — Gen. ii. 57. 0. strictus, Benth. 1. c. ; Hook.
Fl. ii. 104, t. 172. —Plains, &c., N. Minnesota and Saskatchewan to Colorado, eastern
borders of California, and Brit. Columbia.

O. Tolmiei, Hook. & Arn. Puberulent, a span or two high, loosely branched : leaves
narrowly lanceolate-linear, chiefly entire: bracts of the small and short spikes little
dilated, often 3-cleft, the upper shorter than tlie flowers : corolla bright yellow, half inch
long, 3 or 4 times longer than the calyx ; minute tip of galea inflexed. — Bot. Beech. 379 ;
Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 536 ; Watson, Bot. King, 230. — Utah, in the Wahsatch Mountains,
to S. Idaho.

•I— Spike looser, few-flowered : seeds with loose reticulated coat.

O. purpureo-albus, Gray. Minutely pubescent, somewhat viscid, simple or branched,
a span or two high : leaves entire or mostly 3-cleft, filiform : bracts similar or somewhat
dilated at base : corolla three-fourths inch long, purple and often partly white, with tube
twice or thrice the length of the calyx ; tip of galea mucroniform, inflexed. — Watson, Bot.
King, 458; Bot. Calif. 1. c. — New Mexico and S. Utah, Woodhouse, Newberry, Pairy,
Mrs. Thompson.

§ 3. Triphys^ria, Benth. Corolla with conspicuously trisaccate lip very
much larger than the slender straight galea; its teeth minute or small; tube fili-
form or slender : stigma capitate, sometimes 2-lobed : bracts all herbaceous and
similar to the leaves (or with somewhat colored tips in two species) : root annual.
— Triphysaria, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. ii. 52.

* Anthers 1-ceIled: lip of corolla saccately 3-Iobed from the end: seed-coat close, conformed to the
nucleus, apiculate at one or both ends.

-1— Stamens early escaping from their enclosure in the less involute oWong-lanceoIate galea.
O. pusillus, Benth. Small and weak or diffuse, branched from the base, a span or less
high, somewhat pubescent : leaves once or twice pinnatifid and bracts 3-5-parted into fili-
form or setaceous divisions : flowers scattered, small and inconspicuous, shorter than the
bracts : corolla purplish, 2 or 3 lines long ; tube not surpassing the calyx ; lip moderately
3-lobed, beardless : capsule globose. — Scroph. Ind. 12, & DC. 1. c. ; Gray, Bot. Calif,
i. 578. — Low ground, San Francisco Bay to Oregon.
O. floriblindus, Benth. 1. c. Erect, a span or more high, branched above, almost
glabrous : upper part of leaves pinnately parted into linear-filiform divisions, some again
cleft : bracts of the mostly dense many-flowered spike 3-5-clef t and dilated at base ; upper
ones not surpassing the calyx: corolla white or cream-color, half inch long; tube twice
the length of calyx ; lip with 3 divergent oval sacs, 2 hairy lines within ; the teeth lanceo-
late, erect, scarious. — Gray, Bot. Calif. I. c. Chloropyron palustre, Behr in Proc. Calif.
Acad. i. 62, 66 1 — Hillsides, California, around San Francisco Bay, &c. •
H— -1— Stamens more strictl}' enclosed in the acute involute-subulate galea: lip of 3 obovate or
globular-inflated sacs, not more than a quarter of the length of the filiform and mostly densely
pubescent tube, the two folds separating the sacs within villous-bearded : flowers numerous in a
rather dense spike: upper bracts not exceeding the calyx; lower and the leaves pinnately parted
above the broader entire base into setaceous or filiform divisions.
O. erianthus, Benth. I. c. Erect, a span or more high, fastigiately much branched,
pubescent: corolla sulphur-color, with slightly falcate galea brown-purple: tube 6 to 8
lines long, thrice the length of the calyx. — Low grounds, coast of California, from Mon-
terey northward.

Var. roseus, Gray, 1. c. Corolla rose-colored, or probably cream-colored changing
to rose-purple ; the tube shorter. — Triphysaria versicolor, Fisch. & Meyer, 1. c. ? — Sandy
fields, Noj'o, Mendocino Co., Bolander, &c.

302 SCROPHULARIACE^. Orthocarpus.

O. faucibarbatus, Gray. Aspect of the preceding, but nearly glabrous up to the
short-hirsute or appressed puberulent bracts, less branched : divisions of the leaves rather
coarser: corolla apparently white, with smaller sacs and less beard within the lip; the
straight galea pale. — Pacif . R. Rep. iv. 121 ; Bot. Calif, i. 679. — Moist ground, San Fran-
cisco Bay to Mendocino Co., California.

* * Anthers 2-celled (lower cell mostly imperfect in the first two succeeding species): seed-coat
loose and ariliiform, coarsely reticulated.

-t— Lip of corolla very broad ; its sacs deeper horizontally than long.
•H- Galea truncate at tip : sacs small, somewhat conical : capsule oblong, obtuse.

O. gracilis, Benth. 1. c. Minutely pubescent, or below glabrous, branched from the
base : slender branches a span or more high : leaves mostly 3-parted, linear-filiform : upper
bracts of the rather dense spike shorter than the flowers ; the tips of their lobes purplish-
tinged : corolla pubescent, purplish (over half inch long) ; slender tube twice the length of the
calyx : lip decidedly shorter than galea. — California, near San Francisco or Monterey,
Douglas, Nuttdl. Little known.

++ ++ Galea subulate : sacs ample, ver}' ventricose : stem simple or few-branched : spike thickish
and dense, at least above : capsule ovate.

O. campestris, Benth. Glabrous below, but the calyx hirsute : stem 2 to 4 inches high :
leaves and bracts narrowly linear and entire or nearly so: corolla white (9 lines long, and
lip 2 lines deep) : teeth of the lip scarious, slender, rather conspicuous. — PI. Hartw. 329;
Gray, 1. c. — Fields, Butte and Plumas Co., CaUfornia, Hartweg, Mrs. Ames.

O. lithospermoides, Benth. Copiously hirsute above, pubescent below : stem a span
to a foot high, strict, simple or with some erect branches, very leafy : leaves lanceolate or
somewiiat linear, 2-5-cleft or lowermost simple: bracts of the dense many-flowered spike
cuneate-dilated and 3-5-cleft, about equalling the flowers : corolla an inch or less long,
cream-color, often turning pale rose-color ; sacs 3 lines deep ; the teeth short and incon-
spicuous. — Scroph. Ind. & DC. 1. c. ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 579. — Moist and dry ground,
California, from San Francisco Bay northward.

-)— -)— Lip not so ample, surpassed by the subulate galea; sacs not deeper than long: stems strict
and simple, or branched above : leaves or their lobes linear, mostly attenuated : spikes leafy :
calyx-lobes slender: pubescence hirsute.

-H- Corolla yellow; the sacs nearly as deep as long.

O. lasiorh^nchus, Gray. Soft-hirsute : leaves mostly 3-parted and bracts 4-6-cleft :
corolla an inch long, with filiform' tube ; lip 3 or 4 lines long ; galea subulate-linear, densely
white-villous. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 82. — S. E. California, on and near the Mohave
River, Palmer, Pairjj & Lemmon.

O. lacerus, Benth. Rather soft-hirsute and above viscid: leaves pinnately and bracts
palmately 3-7-cleft or parted : corolla half or two-thirds inch long ; the lip only 2 lines
long: subulate galea glabrous or merely puberulent. — PI. Hartw. 329; Gray, Bot. Calif,
i. 579. 0. hispidus, Watson, Bot. King, 230, in part. — Dry ground, California; .common
through the whole length of the Sierra Nevada, and valley of the Sacramento.
++ ++ Corolla white or merely purplish ; sacs longer than deep.

O. hispidus, Benth. Soft-hirsute rather than hispid: stem strict, mostly simple:
leaves with few and slender divisions, or the lower entire : leafy spike virgate : calyx-lobes
much shorter than the tube: corolla white, half inch long; lip barely a line deep.—
Scroph. Ind. & DC 1. c, at least in part ; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. — Low grounds, W. Ore-
gon and northern part of California.

O. linearilobus, Benth. Hirsute or nearly hispid : stem stouter, more branched : divi-
sions of the leaves and bracts long and slender; tlie latter equalling the densely spicate
flowers, their tips sometimes purplish-tinged: calyx-lobes much longer than the tube:
corolla three-fourths inch long (white or purplish ?) : sacs deeper than in the preceding at
the upper part, narrowing gradually downward. — PI. Hartw. 350; Gray, 1. c. — N. Cali-
fornia, in mountain pastures, &c., Butte Co. to Mendocino Co., Hartweg, Bolander.

32. CORDYLANTHUS, Nutt. {Koq^vIti, a club, and avdog, flower, the
corolla somewhat clavate.) — W. North American branching annuals ; with alter-
nate and narrow leaves, either entire or 3-5-parted, and mostly dull-colored

Cordylanthus. SCROPHULARTACE^. 303

flowers in small terminal heads or clusters, or more scattered along the branches ;
the bracts and calyx not colored, and corolla seldom much surpassing the calyx!
Seeds comparatively few and large, often apiculate or appendiculate at one or
both ends. Fl. summer. — Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 597 ; Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. viii. 381, & Bot. Calif, i. 580; Watson, Bot. King, 450.' Adenostegia,
Benth. in Lindl. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 445, & in DC. Prodr. x. 537, but the name
abandoned in the same volume for the more appropriate one of Nuttall.

§ 1. Anisochei'la. Calyx diphyllous : corolla cleft to the middle; the lower
lip only half the length of the upper, entire, hardly saccate : stamens 4, with
one-celled anthers (and rarely a vestige of the lower cell) : both divisions of the
calyx 6-nerved : no gland at tip of leaves : corolla " bright yellow."

C. laxiflorus, Gray. A foot or two high, much branched, very hirsute, above some-
what viscid : leaves short, linear, entire, or the uppermost 3-cleft : flowers approximate or
scattered on the leafy branchlets (8 lines long), either sessile and ebracteolate or short-
peduncled and 1-2-bracteolate : corolla little longer than the calyx: filaments villous
below: seeds coarsely favose, not appendaged. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 120, & Proc. Am.
Acad. 1. c. 383. — Hills and ravines, Arizona, Thurher, Palmer, Rothrock. The habitat " Salt
Lake, Utah, Fremont," needs confirmation.

§ 2. Adenostegia, Gray, I. c. Calyx diphyllous : corolla 2-lipped at summit ;
lower lip about equalling the upper, 3-crenate : flowers short-peduncled or sub-
sessile, 2-4-bracteolate : upper leaves and bracts commonly with a depressed gland
or callosity at the truncate or retuse apex : corolla greenish-yellow or purplish. —
Adenostegia, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 537.

* Corolla more exserted and conspicuous, fully inch long: stamens 4: anthers 2-celled : seeds
coarsely favose.

C. 'Wrightii, Gray. A foot or two high, loosely branched, almost glabrous, or above
puberulent-scabrous : leaves setaceous-filiform, 3-5-parted ; floral similar, the tips not
dilated : flowers several in the mostly dense terminal heads : corolla purplish, with rather
long lips : anthers villous. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 120, & Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. — S. W. borders
of Texas to N. Arizona, Wright, Rothrock.

* dlstSts'l^ ^''"°^^ included, half to three-fourths inch long. (Natives of California and adjacent

+-■ Stamens 4: anthers 2-celled: filaments villous: both divisions of calyx 5-6-nerved ; the pos-
terior eutn-e or emarginate.

++ Seeds rather numerous, about 20, delicately favose.

C. ramosus, Nutt. l. c. A span or two high, diffusely much branched, cinereous-puber-
ulent: leaves filiform, all but the lower usually 3-7-parted ; no distinct apical gland or
dilatation : flowers few in the small terminal heads or upper axils : corolla dull yellow,

, barely lialf inch long. — Watson, 1. c. ; Gray, 1. c. — Dry interior region of Oregon and W.
Nevada, to Wyoming.

++ ++ Seeds fewer and larger, mostly apiculate or appendiculate at one end; the coat close,
minutely and closely hneolate with sinuous lines or reticulations, or at maturitv smooth and even
through their obhteration : callous gland generally apparent at the tip of some of the upper leaves
or bracts. <=.;■. t-i

0. filifolius, Nutt. Tall, 1 to 3 feet high, loosely branched above, roughish-puberulent
and somewhat viscid or nearly glabrous below, commonly more or less hispid above,
especially the margins of the floral leaves : leaves 3-5-parted or some of the lower entire ;
the divisions from filiform to linear; those of the upper and the more dilated bracts usually
broadening upward and with retuse tip : heads rather many-flowered, often proliferous :
corolla purplish, over half inch long. — Benth. 1. c. Adenostegia rigida, Benth. in Lindl.
JNat. Syst. & DC. 1. c. 537. (Name replaced in the same volume by the then unpublished
one of Nuttall.) — Dry and moist banks, throughout all but perhaps the northern part of
California. Varies greatly in foliage, pubescence, &c., but generally well marked by the
hispid- or setose-ciliate bracts and floral leaves.

304 SCROPHULARIACE^. Cordylanthus.

Var. brevibracteatus, Gray, is glabrous up to the floral leaves, these hispid-cili-
ate with short bristles, also shorter and fewer, as are the flowers in the head. — Bot. Calif,
i. 622. — Soda spring, Kern Co., Rothnck.

C. pilosus, Gray. Paniculately branched, 2 to 4 feet high, soft-villous throughout,
somewhat viscid, no rigid hairs : leaves linear, all but the floral entire ; these commonly
3-parted and with emarginate or callous-3-toothed tip : flowers few in the irregular termi-
nal clusters, or some lateral and solitary ; corolla yellowish or purplish, half inch or more
long. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 383, & Bot. Calif, i. 581.— W. California, in open dry ground
from Santa Clara Co. northward.

Var. Bolanderi, Gray, 1. c. Lower, less pilose, more viscid or glandular : flowers
all scattered. — Mendocino Co., Bolander. Also from Plumas Co. to Tuolumu^ Co. in the
foothills of the Sierra.

C. tenuis, Gray, 1. c. Effusely paniculate, a foot or two high, minutely cinereous-puber-
ulent, at summit sometimes more pubescent and glandular ; leaves very narrowly linear,
entire : flowers scattered along the almost filiform branches, or some loosely clustered at
their summit: flowers as of the preceding or smaller and the upper sepal narrower. — Dry
ground, Cahfornia from the mountains of Mendocino Co. to Lake Tahoe, and adjacent
borders of Nevada.

^_ ^_ Stamens 2: anthers 1-celled : filaments nearly glabrous : posterior division of calyx only
2-nevved, 2-cleft at apex: seeds few, minutely favose.

C. capitatus, Nutt. A foot or two high, paniculately much branched, soft-pubescent
and cinereous : leaves very narrowly linear, or those subtending the several-flowered ter-
minal head broader and 3-5-clef t : corolla purplish, half inch long : capsule 8-seeded. —
Benth. 1. c. 597; Watson, Bot. King, 231, 459; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c — S. Idaho and N.
Nevada, Nuttall, Watson.

§ 3. Hemist^gia, Gray, 1. c. Calyx monophyllous ; the anterior division
wanting : flowers strictly sessile in the axil of a clasping bract or leaf, ebracteolate :
corolla purplish or yellowish : no callous gland at the tip of leaves : herbage not
glandular : seeds (those of C. maritimus not seen mature) rather numerous,
scarious-appendaged ; the coat cellular-favose.

* Stamens 2 : anthers 2-ceIled : filaments glabrous : seeds somewhat reniform.
C. ni611is. Gray. Barely a foot high, rather stout, much branched, villous-hirsute :

leaves and bracts oblong-linear, obtuse, entire or the upper laciniate-toothed or pinnatifid :

flowers in a thickish short spike : corolla three-fourths inch long. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii.

384, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. — Salt marshes of San Francisco Bay, California, around Vallejo,

Wright, Greene.

* * Stamens 4 • anthers of longer stamens 2-celled, of the shorter with only the small lower cell :
filaments c;labroiis or nearlv so: leaves and even bracts all entire, pale or canescent; lower ones
linear- upper and especially the looselv imbricated bracts, lanceolate or broader and concave or
somewhat conduplicate: inflorescence at first capitate, becoming short-spicate.

C. maritimus, Nutt. 1- c. A span or two high, corymbosely branched, cinereous-pubes-
cent: leaves giabrate, slightly fleshy: pairs of filaments very unequal. — Gray, 1. c —
California, in sandy salt marshes, from San Diego to San Francisco Bay.

C. canescens. Gray, 1. c. A foot or less high, corymbosely much branched, canescent
with soft and short villous pubescence : uppermost leaves and bracts from oblong- to
ovate-lanceolate : smaller filaments sometimes obscurely hairy. — Saline soil. Sierra Nevada,
on the eastern border of California to Salt Lake, Utah.

Var. Parryi. A slender form, with narrower bracts and sparser flowers : smaller
filaments with some scattered hairs.— C. Parryi, Watson in Am. Naturalist, ix. 346.—
S. W. Utah, Parry, Palmer.

* * * Stamens 4: anthers all 2-celled: filaments villous: leaves and bracts mostly 3-5-parted
into linear-filiform divisions : habit and inflorescence of § Adenosteyia.

C. Kingii, Watson. A foot or less high, diffusely branched, viscid-pubescent or villous :
leaves 1 or 2 inches long: flowers loosely glomerate or somewhat scattered at the summit
of the slender branchlets : calyx 4-6-nerved : corolla less than an inch long, purplish. —
Bot. King, 2.33, t. 22. — W. Nevada, Watson. S. Utah, Parry, Siler. S. W. Colorado,
Brandegee,

Pedicularis. SCROPHULARIACEiE. 305

33. SCHWALBEA, Gronov. Chaff-seed. {O. G. Schwalhe, who
wrote a tract on Sarsaparilla in 1715.) Clayt. Fl. Virg. ed. 1, 71.— Single
species.

S. Americana, L. Perennial herb, minutely soft-pubescent : stem strict, 2 feet high,
leafy : leaves sessile, ovate or oblong, 3-nerved, entire, an inch or more long ; upper grad-
ually reduced to bracts of the loose virgate spike : corolla full inch long, yellowish and
purplish : bractlets linear. — Spec. ii. 606 (Pluk. Mant. t. 348, fig. 2) ; Benth. in DC. Prodr.
X. 538. — Low sandy ground, Mass. to Louisiana, near the coast. Fl. early summer.

34. EUPHRASIA, Tourn. Etebright. (Greek for hilarity, from
reputed power to restore impaired eye-sight.) — Genus of wide distribution, but
only a single and insignificant N. American species.

E. officinalis, L. Low annual: leaves from round-ovate to oblong, incisely dentate;
the upper witli very strong setaceous-tipped teeth ; lowest crenate : galea and lobes of
lower lip of the purplish or bluish corolla deeply emarginate.— N. E. coast of Maine and
Canada : depauperate and small-flowered forms, perhaps introduced from Europe. Alpine
region of White Mountains of New Hampshire, shore of L. Superior, northern Rocky
Mountains to Aleutian Islands and far northward ; chiefly the var. Tartarica, Benth. in
DC. (E. latifoUa, Pursh, Fl. ii. 430) ; a low form with small flowers (2 or 3 lines long), and
mostly rounded leaves (3 to 6 lines long) : fl. summer. (Eu., N. Asia.)

35. B Arts I A, L. (Dt. I. Bartsck, an early friend of Linnzeus, who died
in Surinam.) — Herbs, the genuine species chiefly of mountains or cold regions,
both of the Old and New World ; with opposite sessile leaves, and subsessile
flowers, in the upper axils and in a terminal leafy spike.

B. alpina, L. A span high, simple from a perennial root, pubescent, leafy : leaves ovate,
crenate-dentate, half inch long : spike short : corolla over half inch long, purple, with
obovate somewhat arching galea : anthers hairy on the back. — Spec. ii. 602 ; Engl. Bot.
361 ; PursTi, Fl. u. 430. — Labrador. (Greenland, Arct. & Alp. Eu.)

B. Odonti'tes, Huds. A span or two high from an annual root, branching, scabrous
pubescent: leaves oblong-lanceolate, coarsely and remotely serrate: spikes elongated,
loosely flowered, partly in the axils of ordinary leaves : corolla small, rose-red : anthers
nearly naked. — Fl. Angl. 268 ; Engl. Bot. 1. 1415. Euphrasia Odontites, L. Odontites mbra.
Pers. Syn. ii. 150. — Coast of Maine and of Nova Scotia. (Sparingly nat. from Eu.)

36. PEDICULARIS, Tourn. Lousewort. {Pediculus, a louse; no
obvious application, unless the herb was used as an insectifuge.) — Large genus,
of perennial herbs, or rarely biennial or annual (as in P. paliistris and P. euphra-
sioides) ; many arctic-alpine, rather few N. American, still fewer S. American.
Leaves commonly pinnately cleft or dissected, mainly alternate ; flowers in a ter-
minal bracteate spike, rarely in a raceme or scattered ; in spring or summer. —
Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 560 ; Maxim. Diagn. in Bull. Acad. Petrop. x. 1877.

* Cauline leaves and flowers verticillate or mostly so : caljTc 5-toothed : galea toothless.

P. Menziesii, Benth. About 10 inches high, nearly glabrous, simple : leaves deeply
pinnatifid or pinnately parted into oblong incisely toothed divisions : lower whorls of tlie
spike rather distant: calyx infla,ted-globose ; the teeth short, ciliate, somewhat crested:
tube of corolla exceeding the calyx ; galea straightish, slightly if at all rostrate, shorter
than the depending lower lip. — Prodr. 1. c. 563. — N. "W. Coast, Menzies, in herb. Smith.
Not identified : char, copied. Corolla of P. versicolor, but with much-thlated throat.

P. verticillata, L. A span high, glabrate or above pilose : leaves 1-2-pinnately parted
or pinnatifid into small ovate or oblong divisions or lobes: spikes interrupted: cal^'x-teeth
entire or serrulate : corolla red (half inch long) : galea short, barely incurved at tlie blunt
apex, nearly equalled by the lower lip. — Jacq. Austr. iii. t. 206 ; Benth. 1. c. ; Reichenb. Ic.
Germ, t. 1762. — Alaska to arctic regions, and Aleutian Islands. (Asia, Eu.)

20

306 SCROPHULARIACE^. Pedicularis.

P. Chamissonis, Stev. Commonly a foot high, robust, glabrous : leaves deeply pinna-
tifid; divisions lanceolate, serrate or incised: lower whorls of the spike remote: calyx-
teeth entire: corolla yellow (over half inch long); galea with incurved acuminate beak,
becoming straitish. — Monogr. in Mem. Soc. Nat. Mosc. vi. 20, t. 4, fig. 1 ; Hook. Fl. ii.
107. P. Romanzovli, Cham, in Spreng. Syst. ii. 778. — Aleutian Islands, Chamisso, Ball, &c.
(Adjacent W. Asia.)

* * Leaves alternate, or some occasionally opposite.
■h- Galea produced into a filiform porrect or soon upturned beak; throat with a tooth on each side ;
tube of corolla nearly included in the 5-toothed calyx: leaves lanceolate in outline, pinnately
parted; the linear or lanceolate divisions acutely or laciniately serrate, or the larger again
pinnatifid: stems simple, strict, from a span to a foot and a half high : spike dense and many-
flowered, naked: corolla dull rose-red or crimson-purple.

P. GrcBnlandica, Retz. Glabrous : spike 1 to 6 inches long : calyx-teeth short : beak
of the galea half inch or more long, twice the length of the rest of the corolla, decurved
on the accumbent lower lip, thence porrect and soon upwardly recurved. — Fl. Scand. ed.
2, 45; Fl. Dan. t. 1166 (with flowers not well developed); Terr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 223;
Hook. 1. c. P. Groenlandica & surrecta, Benth. 1. c. 566. P. incarnata, Retz, Fl. Scand. ed.
1, 117, & Obs. iv. 27, t. 1 (representing well developed ascending beak), not Jacq. &c.—
Wet ground, Labrador and Hudson's Bay to Alpine and subalpine Rocky Mountains,
extending south to borders of New Mexico, west to Brit. Columbia, and south in the
Sierra Nevada to King's River, California, Dr. Matthews. (Greenland.)

P. attollens, Gray. More slender : spike loosely lanate-pubescent when young : flowers
smaller : calyx-teeth nearly as long as the tube : corolla dull violet purple : galea much
shorter than the broad lower lip, about half the length of the obtuse and abruptly
upturned or retrocurved filiform beak, which is only 2 or 3 lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad,
vii. 384, & Bot. Calif, i. 682. — Wet ground. Sierra Nevada, California, from the Yosemite
district to Placer Co., at 6-10,000 feet. Bridges, Brewer, &c.

H— -1— Galea of the (short, half inch long) white corolla produced into a slender elongated-subu-
late circinate-inciu-ved beak, nearly reaching the apex of the broad lower lip : calyx cleft in
front : whole plant glabrous.

P. contorta, Benth. A foot or less high, simple : leaves pinnately parted into linear
incisely serrate lobes ; the upper reduced to simpler small bracts : spike naked, cylindrical,
rather loosely many-flowered : galea with the slender beak almost circinate. — Hook. Fl.
ii. 108, & DC. I. c. 575. — Mountains of Oregon and Idaho, Tolmie, Hayden, &c.

P. racemosa, Dougl. A foot or so high, simple or sometimes branching, leafy to the
top : leaves lanceolate, undivided, minutely and doubly crenulate (2 to 4 inches long) :
flowers short-pedicelled, in a short leafy raceme or spike, or the lower in remote axils and
uppermost with bracts hardly surpassing the 2-toothed calyx : slender beak of galea
hamate-deflexed. — Hook. 1. c, & DC. 1. c. — Subalpine regions, British Columbia to N.
California, Utah, and Colorado.

4_ H_ ^^ Galea falcate and with a conical or thick-subulate beak, edentulate : leaves at least pin-
natifid : flower about half inch long.

++ Stems more or less leafy, low: leaves simply pinnatifid: corolla ochroleucous.

P. Lapponica, L. Merely puberulent : stems clustered, a span or more high, leafy up
to the short close spike : leaves lanceolate, pinnatifid half way down in many and close
small oblong and incisely toothed lobes : calyx cleft in front, minutely 2-toothed behind :
galea erect, with abruptly incurved conical short beak. — Fl. Lapp. t. 4, fig. 1; Fl. Dan.
t. 2; Pursh, Fl. ii. 309. — Labrador and Arctic America: apparently uncommon. (Green-
land, Lapland to Kamtschatka.)

P. Parryi, Gray. Glabrous, or the inflorescence slightly pubescent : stem a span or two
high, very leafy at base, slightly so above : leaves linear-lanceolate in outline, deeply pin-
nately parted; the divisions linear-lanceolate, acute (2 or 3 lines long), closely callous-
serrate ; uppermost leaves reduced to narrow linear bracts : spike dense, \\ to 4 inches
long : calyx 5-toothed ; the teeth entire : corolla ochroleucous or more yellow ; galea
strongly falcate, with decurved subulate-conical be?ik, of about the length of the width of
the galea. — Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 250; Porter & Coulter, Syn. Fl. Colorad. 97. —
Rocky Mountains, from Wyoming or Montana through Colorado to Utah, within and on
the border of the alpine region.

Pedicularis. SCROPHULARIACE^. 307

++ ++ Stem scapiform, or sometimes bearing a pdir of leaves, low: leaves doubly pinnatifid:
corolla probably purple: decurved or porrect narrow beak longer than the breadth of the galea:
plants nearly' glabrous, only a span high.

P. pedicellata, Bunge. Leaves pinnately parted, and the oblong or lanceolate divi-
sions incisely pinnatifid ; lobes very small, dentate : spike capitate and with one or two
more distant pedicellate leafy-bracted flowers at base : calyx-lobes toothed or incised :
corolla fully half inch long : lower lip much smaller than the galea. — Walp. Repert. iii.
432 (name only) & in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iii. 278 ; Maxim. 1. c. 111. P. nasuta, Bong. Sitk., not
Bieb. P. subnuda, Benth. in DC. 1. c. 577. — Sitka, Mertens, &c. Norfolk Sound, Eschscholtz.
Also Labrador, according to Bunge, 1. c.

P. ornithorhyncha, Benth. Habit, foliage, &c., of the preceding, according to the
character : " spike interrupted : calyx ovate-inflated ; the teeth nearly entire." — Hook. 1. c.
& DC. 1. c. — " On Mount Ranier, Oregon, Tolmie." Said to be related to P. rostrata, but
with more dissected leaves, having very acute lobes, and a smaller lip.
-I— -1— -i— -1— Galea falcate, arcuate, or with apex more or less incurved, -or anteriorly curvilinear;

the beak very short and thick, or commonly none.
•H- Stems branching from a biennial or perhaps annual root : flowers from the axils and in short
terminal spikes : galea about the length of the lip, slender-bidentulate at the lower part of the
apex.

P. euphrasioides, Stephan. A span or more high, puberulent: leaves lanceolate;
lower pinnately parted into lanceolate incisely serrate divisions ; upper pinnatifid ; upper-
most closely crenate : calyx cleft in front and with 2 or 3 entire teeth behind : corolla half
inch long, yellowish and purplish ; galea little shorter than the tube, with a very short
and truncate horizontal beak. — Willd. Spec. iii. 204 ; Reichenb. Iconogr. i. t. 14 ; Benth.
1. c. P. Labradorica, Houtt. Linn. Syst. viii. 39, t. 57. — Labrador to Behring Straits.
(Kamts. to Greenland.)

P. palustris, L., var. Wlassoviana, Bunge. A foot high, glabrous: leaves all pin-
nately parted ; the small segments oblong, incisely crenate : calyx 2-clef t ; lobes incisely
cristate : corolla narrow, half inch long, purplish; lips much shorter than the tube ; galea
not at all rostrate, nearly straight, the anterior face curvilinear, a pair of minute additional
denticulations at the throat. — Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iii. 283 ; Maxim. 1. c. P. Wlassoviana,
Stev. Monogr. 27, t. 9, fig. 1 ; Benth. 1. c. P. parviflora, Smith, ex Benth. — Hudson's
Bay to Kotzebue Sound, and south to Oregon. (Siberia.)

++ ++ Stems simple, from a perennial root, leafy, and along with the spike longer than the leaves.
= Atlantic States species, not alpine : leaves pinnatifid : spike short and dense.

P. Canadensis, L. Hirsute-pubescent and glabrate, a span to a foot high : leaves ob-
long-lanceolate, rather deeply piniiatifid ; lobes short-oblong, obtuse, incisely and the larger
doubly dentate : spike leafy-bracteate : calyx cleft in front : corolla ochroleucous or tinged
or variegated with purple, narrow, less than inch long; cucullate summit of the galea
incurved, its slightly produced tip emarginate-truncate and below conspicuously cuspidate-
bidentate: capsule gladiate-lanceolate. — Mant. 86; Sims, Bot. Mag t. 2506; Sweet, Brit.
Fl. Gard. t. 67. P. gladiata, Michx. Fl. ii. 18. P. czquinodialis, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. ii.
232. — Moist woodlands and gravelly banks, Canada to the Saskatchewan, south to
Florida, and west to the Colorado Rocky Mountains. (Mex.)

P. lanceolata, Michx. Glabrous or sparsely pubescent : stem robust, 1 to 3 feet high :
leaves not rarely opposite, thickish, lanceolate or oblong, moderately pinnatifid and the
short and broad lobes doubly crenate-dentate, or the upper leaves merely crenate and the
teeth minutely crenulate : leafy bracts shorter than the flowers : calyx 2-lobed ; lobes
crested with a roundish appendage : corolla straw-color, an inch long, rather broad ; cucul-
late summit of the galea incurved and produced into a somewhat beak-like evenly trun-
cate and edentulate apex : capsule ovate, oblique. — Fl. ii. 18 ; Benth. 1. c. 582. P. T7r-
ginica, Poir. Diet. v. 126. P. pallida, Pursh, Fl. ii. 424. P. aimculata, Smith, ex Benth. —
Swamps, Connecticut to Virginia, Ohio and the Saskatchewan. Perhaps tins is also
P. resupinata, Pursh, 1. c, from Canada.

= = Rocky Mountain species, tall or slender, not alpine,
o. Leaves undivided: galea bidentulate at tip, equalled by the lip.

P. crenulata, Benth. Villous-pubescent, at length glabrate : stems a foot or less high :
leaves oblong-linear or narrower, obtuse (l-J- to 3 inches long), closely crenate and the

308 SCROPHULARIACE^. Pediculam.

broad crenatures minutely crenulate: spike short and dense: calyx cleft in front, 2-3-
toothed posteriorly : corolla whitish or purplish, three-fourths of an inch long, like that
of P. Canadensis, but the teeth at the apex of galea less conspicuous. — Prodr. 1. c. 668 ;
Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorad. 97. — Meadows and parks, Colorado Rocky Mountains, at
7 to 10,000 feet, Fremont, Vasey, &c.

b. Leaves all pinnately parted and the lower divided, ample : divisions lanceolate or linear-lan-
ceolate, acutely laciniate-serrate or the larger pinnatifid : spike naked, many-flowered: bracts
unlike the leaves : calyx 5-clef t ; the lobes slender and entire : galea almost straight, cucullate at
summit.

P. bracteosa, Benth. Glabrous, or the dense cylindraceous (1^ to 3 inch) and usually
pedunculate spike somewhat pilose : stem 1 to 3 feet high : divisions of the leaves ^ to 2
inches long, linear-lanceolate : bracts ovate, acuminate, shorter than the flowers : calyx-
lobes slender-subulate, equalling the tube : corolla less than inch long, narrow, pale yellow ;
galea much longer and larger than the lip, its cucullate summit slightly produced at the
entire edentulate orifice, but not rostrate. — Hook. Fl. & DC. 1. c. P. recutita, Pursh, Fl.
ii. 425, probably. P. elata, Pursh'? not Willd. — Mountain and subalpine woods, Saskatch-
ewan to British Columbia, and south to Utah and the Colorado Rocky Mountains.

P. procera, Gray. Puberulent : stem robust, l^,to 4 feet high : leaves pinnately divided
into lanceolate (1 to 3 inches long) and irregularly pinnatifid segments, or the uppermost
deeply pinnately parted ; lobes mucronately serrate or incised : bracts lanceolate, caudate-
acuminate, mostly longer than the flowers, serrate or denticulate, or the upper entire:
spike 8 to 15 inches long : calyx-lobes lanceolate or subulate, much shorter than the tube :
corolla about an inch and a half long, sordid yellowish and greenish-striate ; galea hardly
longer than the ample lip; its broad cucullate summit slightly incurved, hardly at all
extended at the orifice, the lower angle with a short triangular tooth on each side : capsule
broadly ovate. — Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiv. 251. — Low or wooded grounds of the Rocky
Mountains in Colorado and New Mexico, at 8 or 9,000 feet. Leaves more compound,
the bracts and calyx-lobes longer, and corolla larger than in the allied Siberian P. striata,
Pall.

=^ = = Rockj'-Mountain-alpine : stem few-leaved, only a span or so high.

P. SCOpulorum. Glabrous, except the arachnoid-lanate dense oblong spike : calyx-teeth
triangular-subulate, entire, membranaceous, very much shorter than the tube : galea of
the reddish-purple (three-fourths inch long) corolla with its somewhat produced apex
obliquely truncate, edentulate or produced on each side into an obscure triangular tooth :
otherwise as the following. — P. Sudetica, var., Gray in Am. Jour. I.e. — Colorado Rocky
Mountains, at 12 to 14,000 feet. Parry, Hall & Harbour, &c.

= = = == Arctic-alpine, in America only in high northern regions.
a. Galea falcate-incurved and with somewhat produced bidentulate summit.

P. Sudetica, Willd. Glabrous, or the spike commonly hjrsute-villous or lanate : stem a
span high, few-leaved : leaves simply pinnately-parted ; divisions lanceolate, incisely ser-
rate or crenate ; the teeth somewhat cartilaginous : spike dense, mostly short : calyx-
teeth lanceolate or linear, little shorter than the tube, serrulate : corolla purple (9 or 10
lines long) ; galea longer than the erose-crenulate lobes of the lip; the tooth at the lower
side of truncate apex on each side conspicuous and cuspidate, sometimes shorter and
triangular-acuminate. — Spec. iii. 209; Stev. Monogr. 44, t. 15; Reichenb. Iconogr. iv.
t. 390, & Ic. Germ. t. 1750; Bunge in Ledeb. 1. c — Kotzebue Sound, St. Paul and St.
Lawrence Islands, &c. (Adjacent Arctic Asia, N*. Siberia to Lapland, E. Alps.)
b. Galea less falcate or straightish, with rounded-obtuse summit not at all produced anteriorly, yet
sometimes bidentulate: calyx 5-toothed: capsule acuminate, usually double the length of the
calyx: spike dense, its evolution according to Maximowicz centrifugal or nearly coetaneous (but
this hardly iipparent), except in true P. Langsdorffii.

P. Langsd6rflQ,i, Fisch. Stem stout, glabrous below, at base bearing numerous leafless
brown scales, 3 to 8 inches high, including the at length elongated leafy-bracteate more or
less hirsute or lanate spike : leaves pectinately pinnatifid or the radical parted into small
oblong denticulate lobes : bracts mostly like the upper leaves : calyx-teeth or most of
them denticulate : corolla rose-color or purple (rarely yellowish, 9 or 10 lines long), with
oblong-linear somewhat falcate galea longer than the lip, commonly with a slender tooth on
each side below the apex; filaments all or one pair more or, less pilose above: capsule
gladiate-lanccolate. — Stev. Monogr. 49, t. 9, fig. 2 ; Hook. Fl. ii. 109 ; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iii.

Pedicularis. SCROPHULARIACE^. 309

288; Maxim. 1. c. P. purpurascens, Cham, in Spreng. Syst. ii. 781. — Aleutian and more
northern Islands, Kotzebue Sound, &c. (Adjacent N. E. Asia.) Evidently passes into

Var. lanata. Spike conspicuously and densely lanate : galea rather shorter, nearly
equalled by the lip, often edentulate : one pair of filaments glabrous : capsule ovate-acu-
minate. — P. LaH^srfor^i, var., Stev. 1. c. P. lanata, Willd. ex Cham, in Linn. ii. 683;
Bunge, 1. c. P. arctica, R. Br. App. Parry, 280, ex char. P. Ursula, Benth. 1. c, in part.
P. Kanei, Durand in Jour. Acad. Philad. n. ser. ii. 195. — Same range as the type on the
north-west coast ; also arctic coast and islands, and high northern Rocky Mountains. (Green-
land, Nova Zembla, Arctic Asia.)

P. hirsiita, L. More sparsely-leaved, 2 to 10 inches high: leaves pinnately parted or
divided down to the broad rhachis, which is almost as wide as the length of the (line long)
divisions : spike capitate, lanate, or the calyx rather hirsute : corolla smaller, not over half
inch long, flesh-colored ; the closed galea not excised or notched anteriorly : filaments all
glabrous. — Fl. Lapp. t. 4, fig. 3; Fl. Dan. t. 1105; Bunge, 1. c. — Arctic seacoast, Capt.
Parry. (Greenland, Spitzbergen, Lapland, Arct. Siberia.)

P. flammea, L. Rather sparsely-leaved, glabrate or glabrous, 2 to 4 inches high : leaves
deeply pinnately parted ; divisions crowded, ovate or oblong, incisely and doubly serrate
(hardly 2 lines long) : bracts of the narrow naked spike shorter "than the pedicellate flow-
ers, linear-lanceolate, merely denticulate : calyx-teeth lanceolate, unequal, much shorter
than the cylindraceous tube : corolla narrow, half inch long, citron-yellow with crimson
or dark purple tip to the oblong almost equal-sided but slightly arcuate galea, which much
exceeds the small lip : filaments all glabrous. — Fl. Lapp. t. 4, fig. 2 ; Fl. Dan. t. 30, & t.
1878; Bunge, 1. c. — Labrador to the northern Rocky Mountains and northward. (Green-
land, Arct. Eu.)

P. versicolor, Wahl. Like the preceding, mostly larger : calyx more deeply 5-toothed :
corolla three-fourths inch long, with more arcuate and gibbous galea, dilated throat, and
larger lip: two longer filaments hairy. — Veg. Helvet. 118 (not Fl. Suec.) ; Cham. &
Schlecht. in Linn. ii. 585 ; Hook, 1. c. ; Bunge, 1. c. — N. W. Coast 1 Island of St. Lawrence,
Chamisso. (Arctic E. Asia to Himalayas and Swiss Alps.)

++++++ Stem scapiform, leafless or one-leaved, and with the head of few large flowers surpassing
the radical leaves : galea edentulate : anthers muticous.

P. capitata, Adams. Pubescent or glabrate: leaves pinnately divided; divisions
ovate, pinnately incised and dentate : scape 1 to 4 inches high : bracts foliaceous : calyx
campanulate, 5-clef t ; the lobes incisely dentate : corolla over an inch long, " white " or
" yellow ; " its tube little exserted ; galea elongated, arcuate-incurved, of equal breadth
throughout, obscurely produced at the orifice, twice the length of the lip : filaments gla-
brous. — Mem. Soc. Nat. Mosc. v. 100 ; Stev. Monogr. I. c. 19, t. 3, fig. 2 ; Cham. & Schlecht.
1. c. ; Trautv. Imag. 55, t. 36. P. Nelsoni, R. Br. in Richards. Frankl. App. 743 ; Hook, in
Parry, App. 402, t. 1. P. vertlcillata, Pursh, Fl. ii. 426, not L. — Arctic seacoast, Kotzebue
Sound, Unalaska, and more northern islands. (Arct. Asia.)

++++++++ Stem short or hardly any : radical leaves exceeding the short spike or head : galea
edentulate: anther-cells mucronate or aristate at base : lower lip nearly the length of the galea:
calyx 5-cleft into lanceolate unequal lobes : capsule ovate, nearly included in the calyx.

P. semibarbata, Gray. Nearly acaulescent, depressed, pubescent and glabrate: leaves
(6 to 9 inches long) in a radical tuft and as bracts to the lowest flowers, on petioles mostly
exceeding the irregular sessile spikes, twice pinnately parted or nearly so, and the oblong
lobes laciniately few-toothed: corolla yellowish and purplish, pubescent outside, two-thirds
inch long; the almost straight galea rounded obliquely at summit, not cucuUate : longer
filaments villous above the middle: anthers mucronate at base. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii.
385, & Bot. Calif, i. 583. — Open woods of the Sierra Nevada, California, at 5 to 10,000
feet, south to San Beimardino Co.

P. centranthera, Gray. Glabrous : leaves (2 to 5 inches long) moderately exceeding
the short and dense spike, deeply pinnatifid ; the ovate or oblong divisions doubly crenate-
dentate and their margins thickly bordered with minute white-cartilaginous teeth : bracts
shorter than the flowers, similarly margined and toothed, or the upper and calyx-lobes
nearly entire : corolla inch long, purple and yellowish ; tlie galea slightly incurved and
conspicuously cucullate at summit : filaments glabrous : anthers aristate at base. — Bot.
Mex. Bound. 120. — W. New Mexico and S. Utah to S. E. California, Bigelow, Newberry,
Mrs. Thompson, Palmer, &c.

310 SCROPHULARIACE^. Pedicularis.

much
erefore

^_ ^_ H_ ^_ +- Galea completely straight and anteriorly rectilinear, edentulate, very
longer and larger than the depauperate hp, slightly broader upwards; the whole corolla thi
more or less clavate.

P. densiflora, Benth. Pubescent or glabrate : stem stout, 6 to 20 inches high, leafy :
leaves ample (4 to 12 inches long), of oblong outline, twice pinnatifid or pinnately parted,
and the lobes laciniate-dentate ; the irregular salient teeth cuspidate-tipped : spike at first
very dense, oblong (2 or 3 inches long), in age looser and longer (sometimes a foot or more
long) ; lower bracts leaf-like.; uppermost almost entire and equalling or shorter than the
short-pedicellate or sessile flowers: calyx deeply 5-toothed; the teeth lanceolate or subu-
late : corolla scarlet-red, fully an inch long ; lip a line or two long : filaments glabrous.
— Hook. Fl. ii. 110, & DC. 1. c. 574 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 583. P. attenuata, Benth. in
PC. 1. c. — Dry hills, almost throughout California, at least in the western part of the State.
A variable but most distinct species.

37. RHINANTHUS, L. Yellow-rattle. (Formed of qiv, snout, and
uvdog, flower, now meaningless, for the species with beak to the upper lip of the
corolla have been removed to another genus.) — Comprises a very few annuals of
northern temperate zone ; with erect stem, opposite leaves, and mostly yellow
subsessile flowers in the axils, the upper ones crowded and secund in a leafy-
bracted spike ; in 'summer. Seeds when ripe rattle in the inflated dry calyx,
whence the popular name.

B. Crista-galli, L. About a foot high, glabrous, or slightly pubescent above : leaves
from narrowly oblong to lanceolate, coarsely serrate ; bracts more incised and the acumi-
nate teeth setaceous-tipped : corolla barely half inch long, only the tip exserted ; trans-
verse appendages of the galea transversely ovate, as broad or broader than long : seeds
conspicuously winged. — Spec. ii. 603, mainly ; Engl. Bot. t. 657. R. minor, Ehrh. Beitr. vi.
144. _ Coast of New England, rare, and perhaps introduced. Alpine region of the Wliite
Mountains, New Hampshire, Labrador and Newfoundland, Lake Superior, Rocky Moun-
tains, extending south to New Mexico, and north-west to Alaska and Unalaska ; clearly
indigenous. (Greenland, Eu., Asia.) Varies much in size, but apparently we have no
R. major, Ehrh.

38. MELAMP'^RUM, Tourn. Cow- Wheat. (The name, from jus'la? and
nvQog, means black wheat : in Europe some species are weeds in grain fields.) —
Low and branching annuals ; with opposite leaves ; chiefly European, one Atlantic
N. American : fl. summer.

M. Americanum, Miohx. Nearly glabrous, a foot or so high, loosely branched :
leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, short-petioled ; lower entire ; upper with abrupt base
and one or two bristly-acuminate teeth, or nearly hastate : calyx-teeth longer than the tube,
subulate-fiUform, one-third the length of the slender pale yellow (barely half mch) corolla :
flowers scattered in the axils of ordinary leaves. - Fl. ii- 16; Gray Man. 338. M.Jn,e«r.,
Lam. Diet. iv. 23. M. latifolium, Muhl. Cat. ; Nutt. Gen. ii. 58. M. sylvaticummo^.Jl u.
106 not L. M. pratense, var. Americanum, Benth. in DC Prodr. x. 584. M. brachmhm
Sch'wein. in Keating, Narr. St. Peter R. Appx. 115, a slender form. - Thickets, &c., Hud-
son's Bay to Saskatchewan, and through Atlantic States, chiefly eastward, to the moun-
tains of N. Carolina.

Order XCVII. OROBANCHACE^.

Root-parasitic herbs, destitute of green foliage (whitish, yellowish, reddish or
brown), with alternate scales in place of leaves, the two (single or double) multi-
ovulate placentae parietal, and ovary consequently one-celled, the very small and
innumerable seeds with a minute embryo having no obvious distinction of parts,
otherwise nearly as Scrophulariacece. Flowers hermaphrodite, 5-merou3 as to

Orobanche. OROBANCHACE^. 311

perianth, with didynamous stamens and the dimerous pistil of all the related
orders, but the stigmas and the placenta sometimes divided or separated so as
apparently to be .four : all the flower commonly marcescent-persistent. Corolla
ringent. Anthers always 2-celled. Ovary ovoid, pointed with a mostly long
style: stigma sometimes peltate or dipshaped and entire, often bilabiate, occa-
sionally 4-lobed, i. e. the anterior and posterior stigma each 2-lobed, and some-
times these lobes or half-stigmas combine laterally, forming two right and left
stigmas which therefore are superposed to (instead of alternate with) the parietal
placenta. When the latter are four, it is because the half -placenta are borne
more or less withm the margin of each carpel. Capsule 2-valved, each valve
bearing on its face a single placenta or a pair. Hypogynous gland not rarely at
the base of the ovary on one side. Flowers solitary in the axils of bracts or
scales, sometimes on scapiform peduncles, sometimes collected in a termmal spike :
evolution always centripetal.

* Flowers all alike and fertile. -
-1- Anther-cells deeply separated from below, mucronate or aristulate at base.
++ Foreign, sparingly introduced from Europe.

1. OROBANCHE. Flowers spicate, sessile. Calyx cleft before and behind almost or
quite to the base into a paii- of lateral and usually 2-cleft divisions. Corolla bilabiate ;
upper lip erect, 2-lobed or emarginate; lower spreading, broadly 3-lobed. Stamens
included. Lobes of the stigma when distinguishable right and left.

++ ++ Indigenous and peculiar to North America.

2. APHYLLON. Flowers pedunculate or pedicellate, sometimes subsessile and thyrsoid-
spicate. Calyx 5-cleft ; lobes nearly equal, acute or acuminate. Corolla somewhat bila-
biate ; upper lip more or less spreading, mostly 2-lobed, lower spreading. Stamens included.
Stigma peltate or somewhat crateriform, or bilamellar, the lobes anterior and posterior.
Style deciduohs. Placentae 4, either equidistant or contiguous m pairs.

3. CONOPHOLIS. Flowers in a dense simple scaly-bracted spike, 2-bracteolate. Calyx
spathaceous, deeply cleft in front, posteriorly about 4-toothed. Corolla ventricose-tubular,
strongly bilabiate ; upper lip fornicate and emarginate; lower shorter, spreading, 3-parted.
Stamens somewhat exserted ; the pairs little unequal (rarely the 5th stamen present).
Stigma capitate, obscurely 2-lobed ; the lobes anterior and posterior. Placentae 4, almost
equidistant. Seeds oval, with a thick coat.

-1— -t- Anther-cells closely parallel and muticous at base.

4. BOSCHNIAKIA. Flowers sessile in a dense simple scaly-bracted spike, ebracteolate.
Calyx_ short, cupuliform, posteriorly truncate or obliquely shorter, and with 3 distant
teeth in front. Corolla ventricose ; upper lip erect or fornicate, entire ; lower S-parted.
Stamens slightly exserted. Stigma dilated and bilamellar (the lobes right and left) or 4-
lobed. Seeds with a thin reticulated coat.

* * Flowers dimorphous ; lower cleistogamous ; upper commonly infertile.

5. EPIPHEGUS. Flowers subsessile and spicately scattered along slender paniculate
branches. Calyx short, 5-toothed. Corolla cylindraceous, slightly curved and upwardly
enlarged, almost equally 4-lobed at summit; the rather larger upper lobe or lip fornicate
or concave, barely emarginate. Stamens slightly exserted : anther-cells parallel, mucro-
nate at base. Broad gland adnate to base of the ovary on the upper side. Style filiform :
stigma capitate-2-lobed. Cleistogamous flowers short unopened buds : style hardly any.
Capsule 2-valved at apex : a pair of contiguous placentse on each valve. Seeds with a
thin and shining striate-reticulated coat.

1-, OROBANCHE, L. Broom-Rape. ("OQO^og and dvxovT], a vetch-
strangler.) — Old- World parasites, on roots of various plants, very numerous iu
species or forms, one species sparingly and probably recently introduced into the
Atlantic United States.

O, MINOR, L. Parasitic on clover, New Jersey to Virginia, a span to a foot high, pubescent,
pale yellowish-brown, or with purplish-tinged flowers in a rather loose spike : corolla half
inch long. (Nat. from Eu.)

312 OROBANCHACE^. Aphyllon.

2. APH"^LLON, Mitchell. Cancer-root. (From a privative, and givUoj',
foliage, i. e. leafless.) — North American and Mexican, brownish or whitish, low,
commonly viscid-pubescent or glandular, and with violet-jDurplish or yellowish
flowers. — Nov. Gen. in Act. Phys.-Med. Acad. Nat. Cur. viii..(1748), 221 ; Gray,
Man. ed. 1, 290, & Bot. Calif, i. 584; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 983.

§ 1. Gymnocaulis, Benth. & Hook. 1. c. Peduncles or scapes long and slen-
der from the axils of fleshy loose scales of a short and commonly fasciculate root-
stock or caudex, naked, not bracteolate under the flower : calyx regularly 5-lobed :
corolla with elongated somewhat curved tube, and widely spreading somewhat
equally 5-lobed limb, only obscurely bilabiate : stigma peltate and slightly bila-
mellar, broad and thin : placentae nearly equidistant : seed-coat thin and minutely
reticulated. Fl. summer. — Aphyllon, Mitchell, 1. c. Orohanche § Gymnocaulis^
Nutt. Gen. ii. 59. 0. § Anoplon, Wallr. Orobanch. 66. Anoplanthus § Euano-
plon, Endl. Gen. 727.

A. uniflorum, Gray. Scaly stem short and nearly subterranean, bearing few scapes (a
span high): calyx-lobes mostly much longer than the tube, subulate, usually attenuate:
corolla violet-tinged (and flower viole^scented, inch long) ; the lobes obovate and rather large.
— Man. 1. c. & Bot. Calif, i. 584. Orohanche uniflora, L. ; Bart. Med. Bot. t. 60. 0. biflora,
Nutt. 1. c. Phelipcea biflora, Spreng. Syst. ii. 818. Anoplanthus unijlorus, Endl. Iconogr. t. 72
(stigma wrong); Reuter in DC. Prodr. xi. 41. Anoplon biflorum, Don, Syst. iv. 633. —
Damp woodlands, Newfoundland to Texas, California, and Brit. Columbia : flowers early.

A. fasciculatum, Gray, 1. c. More pubescent and glandular : stem often emergent and
mostly as long as the numerous fascicled peduncles, not rarely shorter : calyx-lobes broadly
or triangular-subulate, not longer than the tube, very much shorter than the dull yellow or
purplish corolla; lobes of the latter oblong and smaller. — Orobanchefasciculata, 'Nutt. 1. c. ;
Hook. n. ii. 93, t. 170. Phelipcea fasciculata, Spreng. 1. c. Anoplanthus fasciculatus, Walp.
Repert. iii. 480 ; Reuter in DC. 1. c. — Sandy ground. Lake Michigan and Saskatchewan,
southward west of the Mississippi to Arizona, and west to Oregon and California; on
Artemisia, Eriogonum, &c.

Var. luteum, a very caulescent and short-peduncled form, with sulphur-yellow corolla,
and whole plant light yellow. — Phelipoea lutea, Parry in Am. Naturalist, viii. 214. — Wy-
oming, Parry. Parasitic on roots of grasses.

§ 2. NoTHAPHYLLON, Gray. Caulescent, and the inflorescence racemose, thyr-
soidal, or spicate : pedicels or calyx 1-2-bracteolate : corolla manifestly bilabiate ;
upper lip less or not at all 2-cleft : stigma sometimes crateriform : seed-coat
favose-reticulated : placentae approximate in pairs.

* Flowers all manifestly pedicellate: corolla lobes oblong, spreading; upper lip less so.

A. comosum, Gray. Low, puberulent : short stout stem branching close to the ground :
pedicels corymbose or paniculate-racemose, shorter than the (inch or more long) flower :
bractlets one or two on the pedicel or sometimes at the base of the flower : calyx deeply
5-parted ; lobes subulate-linear and attenuate, about half the length of the pink or pale
purple corolla: anthers woolly. —Bot. Calif, i. 584. Orohanche comosa, Hook. PI. ii. 93,
t. 169 (but lobes of lower lip seldom so notched). Anoplanthus comosus, "Walp. 1. c. Phelipcea
comosa. Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 118. — Dry hiUs, parasitic on Artemisia, &c., Washington
Terr, to California.

A. Calif ornicum, Gray, 1. c. More pubescent and viscid, and with stouter and simpler
stem, about a span high : flowers crowded in an oblong dense raceme or thyrsus : pedicels
shorter than calyx : bractlets close to the calyx, and with the subulate-linear lobes of the
latter almost equalling the yellowish or purplish corolla; the lobes of which are shorter
and less spreading : anthers glabrous or slightly hairy. — Orohanche Californica, Cham. &
Schlect. in Linn. iii. 134. Phelipcea Californica, Don. I. c. P. erianthera, Watson, Bot.
King, 225, not Engelm. — California and W. Nevada. Lower pedicels soinetimes half inch
long ; upper very short.

BoscTiniaUa. OROBANCHACE^. 313

* * Flowers nearly sessile or the lower ones short-pedicelled, simply spicate or thj'rsoid : calyx
bibracteolate, deeply 5-cleft into linear-lanceolate lobes : upper lip "or all the lobes of the more
tubular corolla less spreading: whole plant viscidly pruinose-puberulent.

A. multifldrtim, Gray, 1. c. A span or two high : calyx almost 5-parted, fully half the
length of the ample' (inch or more long) purplish corolla: anthers very woolly. — Orobanche
multiflora, Nutt. PL Gamb. 179. Phelipoea Ludoviciana, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 110, in part.
P. erianlhera, Engelm. in Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 372. — Gravelly plains and pine woods,
W. Texas, New Mexico, and S. Colorado, to Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.)

A. Ludovicianum, Gray, 1. c. Rather less pubescent : spikes more frequently com-
pound: calyx less deeply and somewhat unequally 5-cleft: corolla about half smaller;
upper lip sometimes almost entire: anthers (before dehiscence) glabrous or nearly so. —
Orobanche Ludoviciana, Nutt. Gen. ii. 58. Pkelipaa Ludoviciana, Walp. 1. c. ; Reuter in DC.
1. c. — Illinois and Saskatchewan to Texas, thence west to Arizona and the south-eastern
borders of California. (Adjacent Mex.)

* * * Flowers subsessile or short-pedicelled, thyrsoid-paniculate, small, otherwise nearly as in
the preceding section: stems with a thickened tuber-like squamose base: anthers glabrous:
corolla yellowish, half inch long.

A. tuberosum. Gray, 1. c. Pruinose-puberulent, seldom a- span high : short and dense
spikes corymbose-glomerate at the summit of the tliick stem : calyx-lobes lanceolate, longer
than the tube. — Phelipoea tuberosa, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 371. — Dry ridges, Califor-
nia, from Monterey to San Diego, and San Bernardino Co., Brewer, Palmer, Parry.

A. pinetorum, Gray, 1. c. More pubescent : stem rather slender above the large tuber-
ous base, a span to a foot high: flowers in a rather loose elongated panicle: calyx-lobes
subulate from a broad base, not longer than the tube. — Orobanche pinetorum, Geyer in
Hook. Kew Jour. Bot. iii. 297. — Oregon to British Columbia, on the roots of Fir-trees.

3. CONOPHOLIS, Wallr. Squaw-root. (Kcivoi;, cone, and (folig, scale,
the young plant, clothed with the imbricated dry scales and bracts, not unlike a
slender Fir-cone.) — Single species.

C. Americana, Wallr. Glabrous, simple, 3 or 4 and in fruit becoming 6 to 10 inches
long, as thick as the thumb, light chestnut-colored, and with yellowish flowers : scales at
first rather fleshy, at length firm-chartaceous. — Orobanch. 78 ; Endl. Iconogr. t. 81. Oro-
banche Americana, L. f. Suppl. 88. — Oak woods, in clusters among decaying fallen leaves.
New England to Michigan and Florida : fl. summer. (Mex.)

4. BOSCHNIAKIA. C. a. Meyer. (In memory of Boschniahi, a Rus-
sian botanist.) — Short and thick, simple-stemmed from a tuberous caudex, brown,
glabrous, scaly ; the sessile flowers each subtended by a scaly bract nearly equal-
ling the corolla ; the whole forming a mostly dense cylindrical spike. W. N.
American, E. Asian and Himalayan : fi. summer.

* Calyx-teeth short and broad : placentae 2: scales (acutish) and corolla-lobes somewhat ciliate.

B. glabra, C. A. Meyer. A span to a foot high : scales ovate : anterior calyx-tooth
larger : lower lip of the ovoid ventricose corolla almost obsolete : filaments merely gland-
ular at base. — Bong. Veg. Sitka, 158, where the genus was first described. Orobanche, &c.,
Gmel. Sibir. iii. 216, t. 46. 0. Rossica, Cham. & Schlecht. in Linn. iii. 132. 0. (Bosch.)
glabra, Hook. Fl. ii. 92, t. 167. — Aleutian Islands and east to Slave Lake. (Japan,
Siberia.) The reference in DC. Prodr. to E. United States and Mexico was an oversight.

B. Hookeri, Walp. Smaller : scales oblong, rather sparse : spike short : lower lip of
the oblong corolla fully half the length of the upper ; its lobes ovate-oblong : filaments
bearded at base. — Rep. iii. 479 ; Reuter in DC. 1. c. 39. Orobanche tuberosa, Hook. Fl. ii. 92,
t. 168. — N. W. Coast, Menzies : not since seen.

* * Calyx-teeth linear-subulate and longer than the tube: scales very broad and obtuse: pla-
centas 4, equidistant.

B. strobilacea, Gray. A span high or less, stout and thick, brownish-red, flowering
almost from the base : scales much imbricated, orbicular and round-obovate : lower lip of

314 LENTIBULARIACEiE. Epiphegus.

the oblong (white and brownish-striped) corolla about as long as the upper; its lobes
oblong, widely spreading: filaments densely bearded at base. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 118, &
Bot. Calif, i. 585. — California ; on dry steep hills, S. Yuba, Bigelow. Santa Lucia Moun-
tains, parasitic on Manzanita-roots, Brewer. San Bernardino Co., Lemmon. (Mex. ?)

5. EPIPH^G-US, Nutt. (Written Epifdgus.) Beech-drops, Cancer-
root. (Composed of ijr/, upon, and cptjyog, Beech, being parasitic on the roots
of that tree.) — Single species.

E. Virginiana, Bart. Annual, slender, a foot or so high, with thickened base produc-
ing siiort fibrous matted roots, glabrous, dull purple or yellowish-brown, paniculately
branched : scales and bracts minute and sparse : cleistogamous flowers a line and capsules
2 lines long : developed corolliferous flowers along the upper part of the branches 3 to 8
lines long, purplish and whitish. — Comp. Fl. Philad. ii. 50 ; Gray, Man. 1. c. ; Renter in
DC 1. c. 4. E. Americanus, Nutt. Gen. ii. 60; Endl. Iconogr. t. 80. OrohancheVirginiana, L.
Leptamnium Virginianum, Raf. in Am. Month. Mag. 1819. Mylanche, Wallr. Orobanch. 75.
— Beech woods, New Brunswick to Florida and Missouri : fl. autumn.

Order XCVIII. LENTIBULARIACE^.

Herbs, growing in water or wet soil, when terrestrial acaulescent, with scapes
or scapiform peduncles simple and one-few-flowered, calcarate corolla always
and calyx usually bilabiate, a single (anterior) pair of stamens, confluently one-
celled anthers contiguous under the broad stigma, no hypogynous disk, and a free
one-celled ovary with free central multiovulate placenta (either sessile or stipi-
tate) which becomes a globular many-seeded capsule ; the anatropous seeds with
a close coat, no albumen, and filled by the apparently solid ellipsoidal or oblong
embryo. Style short or none : stigma bilamellar, or the smaller anterior lip
sometimes obsolete. Upper lip of the corolla commonly erect or concave, or the
sides replicate, from entire to 2-lobed, interior in the bud ; lower larger, spreading
or reflexed, 3-lobed, with a palate projecting into the throat and a nectariferous
spur beneath. Flowers always perfect. Capsule commonly bursting irregularly.

— The following are the two priucijial genera. (For action of bladders of Utri-
cularia and leaves of Pinguicula, see Darwin, Insectivorous Plants, p. 368-453.)

1. UTRICULARIA. Calyx 2-parted or deeply 2-lobed ; lobes mostly entire, nearly equal.
Upper lip of strongly bilabiate and more or less personate corolla erect. Filaments thick,
strongly arcuate-incurved, the base and apex contiguous. Dissected foliage or stems of
aquatic species bladder-bearing.

2. PINGUICULA. Calyx with upper lip deeply 3- and lower 2-cleft or parted. Corolla
ringent or less personate, and the lobes all spreading. Filaments straighter : anthers nearly
transverse. Terrestrial, with entire rosulate leaves next the ground.

1. UTRICULARIA, L. Bladderwort. (Utriculus, a little bladder.)

— Cosmopolitan small herbs : terrestrial species with inconspicuous or fugacious
radical leaves ; aquatic with the dissected leaves, branches, and even roots, bearing
little bladders, which are furnished with a valvular lid, and commonly tipped with
a few bristles at orifice. Scapes one-flowered or racemosely several-flowered, in
summer. — Lentibularia, Vaill.

§ 1 . Scape bearing an involucriform whorl of dissected leaves, which are buoyant
by ample inflated-bladdery petioles filled with air : cauline leaves of the immersed
branching stems capillary-dissected and bladder-bearing, in the manner of the fol-
lowing section : roots few or none.

Utricularia. LENTIBULARIACEiE. 315

U. inflata,"Walt. Inflated petioles of the whorled leaves oblong or clavate, tapering to
each end, the bases of the lower divisions also inflated; setaceous divisions pinnateiy
multifid : scape 3-10-flowered, a span or so long : pedicels recurved after flowering : flow-
ers rather large, yellow : spur conical-lanceolate, emarginate, appressed to and half the
length of the lower lip : capsule apiculate with a short distinct style : seeds globular,
squamose-echinate. — Car. 64 ; Ell. Sk. i. 20; A.DC. Prodr. viiL 4 ; Gray, Man. ed. 6, 318.
U. ceratophylla, Michx. Fl. i. 12 ; LeConte in Ann. Lye. N. Y. i. 73, t. 6, fig. 1. — Floating
in still water, Maine to Texas along the coast.

§ 2. Scape leafless, emersed from submersed or floating leafy stems, which are
free swimming and mostly rootless in deep water, or in some sparingly rooting
where the water is shallow : leaves dissected into capillary or filiform divisions,
some or many of them (as also stems) bearing small bladders : chiefly perennial,
or continued by hybernacular tuber-like buds set free in autumn.

* Cleistogamous flowers along the submersed copiously bladder-bearing stems.
U. clandestina, Nutt. Leaves of the slender stems repeatedly forked : scapes slender,
3 to 5 inches high, 3-5-flowered: corolla yellow, 3 lines long; lips nearly eq\ial in length,
the lower broader, somewhat surpassing the approximate thick and obtuse spur : cleisto-
gamous flowers, scattered on the leafy stems; their short peduncle soon deflexed : seeds
(from the clandestine blossoms) depressed-globular; the coat minutely reticulated. — Herb.
Greene, & in Gray, Man. ed. 1 (1848), 287. U. striata, Tuckerm. in Am. Jour. Sci. xlv. 29,
not of LeConte. U. geminiscapa, Benjamin in Linn. xx. 305 ? But that may be a form
of U. intermedia. — Ponds, from New Brunswick and New England to New Jersey, near the
coast.

* * No cleistogamous flowers.
-1— Pedicels (few or several) recurved in fruit: corolla j'ellow.
U. vulgaris, L. Stems long and rather stout, densely leafy : leaves 2-3-pinnately
divided, very bladdery : bladders about 2 lines long : scapes a foot or less long, 5-16-flow-
ered: corolla (half inch or more broad) with sides of lips reflexed ; upper nearly entire,
hardly longer than the prominent palate : spur conical, porrect toward the slightly 3-lobed
lower Up, shorter than it, in the N. American plant (var. Americana) commonly narrower
and less obtuse than in the European. — Lam. 111. t. 14 ; Engl. Bot. t. 253; Fl. Dan.
t. 138 ; Gray, Man. 1. c. U. macrorhiza, LeConte, 1. c. — Slow streams, &c., Newfoundland
and Saskatchewan to Texas, and west to California and Brit. Columbia. (N. Asia, Eu.)
U. minor, L. Leaves scattered on the filiform stems, repeatedly dichotomous, smaU, se-
taceous : bladders barely a line long : scapes slender, 3 to 7 inches high, 2-8-flowered :
corolla pale yellow, 2 or 3 lines broad, ringent ; upper lip not longer than the depressed
palate of the lower : spur very short and obtuse. — Fl. Dan. t. 128 ; Engl. Bot. t. 254 ;
A.DC. 1. c. U. setacea, Hook. Fl. ii. 118, ex char. — Shallow still waters, Canada and
Saskatchewan to New Jersey, mountains of Utah and Nevada, northern Sierra Nevada,
and Brit. Columbia. (Eu., Siberia.)

•<— -i— Pedicels erect in fruit, few and slender: corolla yellow.
++ Spur of corolla thick and conical, shorter than the lower lip and approximate to it.
U. gibba, Li. Branches delicate, root-like : leaves sparse, sparingly dissected, capillary,
sparingly bladder-bearing: scape filiform, 1^ to 3 inches high, 1-2-flowered: corolla 3
lines broad ; tlie lips broad and rounded. — Spec. i. 18 (Gronov. Fl. Virg.) ; Pursh, Fl. i. 116.
U. pumila, Walt. Car. 64? Benjamin in Linn. xx. 313. U.' fomicata, LeConte, 1. c. U.
minor, Torr. Fl. N. Y. ii. 21, not L. — Shallow water, Massachusetts to Alabama and
Illinois. Apparently in a subalpine pond in Colorado, Greene.
U. bipartita, Ell. Sk. i. 22, from St. John's, S. Carolina, said to have "spur scarcely
half as long as the corolla, very obtuse," and " lower lip of the calyx generally 2-cleft,
sometimes divided to its base " (an anomalous character), has not been identified.
•H- +-1- Spur of corolla narrower, equalling or little shorter than the lower lip.
= Scapes 2 to 4 inches high, 1-3-flowered : corolla less than half an inch broad.
U. biflora, Lam. Floating or submersed stems filiform, small : dichotomously dissected
leaves delicately capillary, usually copiously bladder-bearing: spur narrowly oblong.

316 LENTIBULARIACEiE. Utricularia.

obtuse, porrect or curved upward: seeds somewhat scale-shaped, imbricated, smooth. —
111. i. 60 ; Poir. Diet. vui. 272 ; Vahl, Enum. i. 200 ; Ell. Sk. i. 23. U. pumila, Walt. 1. c. 1
a rather earlier name, but uncertain. U. integra, LeConte, 1. c. ex Ell. 0. fibrosa, Chapm.
Fl. 283, not Walt. & Ell — Ponds and shallow waters, S. Virginia? and S. Illinois to
Texas.

— = Scapes 4 to 12 inches high, slender, few-several-flowered : corolla over half inch broad :
leaves dichotomously dissected : bladders wholly or mostly borne along leafless portions of the
slender stems.
U. fibrosa, Walt. Leaves somewhat scattered, small and capillary, sometimes bladder-
bearing : scape 2-6-flowered : lips of the corolla nearly equal, broad and expanded ; upper
undulate, concave, plicate-striate in the middle; lower slightly 3-lobed, with projecting
emarginate palate and reflexed sides ; equalled by the nearly linear obtuse or emarginate
spur: seeds minutely muricate. — Car. 64 (ex char.); Vahl, 1. c. •? Ell. Sk. i. 20. U.
longirostris, LeConte in Ell. 1. c. 21. U. longirostris & U. striata, LeConte in Ann. Lye. N. Y.
1. c. U. bipartita, Chapm. Fl. 283. — Shallow ponds and pine-barren swamps. Long Island
and New Jersey to Florida and Alabama.
U. intermedia, Hayne. Leaves crowded, 2-ranked, repeatedly dichotomous, rigid ; the
divisions filiform-linear, flat, with margins not rarely^ setaceous-serrulate ■: scape 1-4-flow-
ered : lower lip of corolla very broad and with large palate, larger than the upper, some-
what exceeding the conical-subulate acute spur. — Schrad. Jour. 1. 18, t. 5, & Fl. Germ.
i. 55 ; Vahl, 1. c. ; Engl. Bot. t. 2489 ; Reichenb. Ic. Germ. 1. 1824. U. vulgaris, minor, L. ;
Oede'r Fl. Dan. t. 1262. — Shallow water, Newfoundland to New Jersey and Ohio, and
thence far northward. Also Plumas Co., in the Sierra Nevada, California, Mrs. Austin.
(N. Eu., N. Asia.)

4_ H— ^— Pedicels erect in fruit, rather long : corolla violet-purple.
U. purpurea, Walt. Leaves verticillate on the rather long and large free-floating
stems, petioled, decompound; the divisions capillary, rather copiously bladder-bearing:
scape'a span or two long, 2-4-flowered : corolla over half inch broad ; lower lip 3-lobed, its
lateral lobes saccate and the central larger, about twice the length of the conoidal com-
pressed spur: seeds globular, chafEy-muricate. — Car. 64 ? (doubtful, because the flowers
are said to be small) ; Pursh, Fl. i. 15; LeConte, 1. c. ; A.DC. 1. c. 5. U. saccata, Ell. Sk.
i. 21, said to have been so named by LeConte. — Ponds, Maine and N. Penn. to Florida,
mainly near the coast. (Cuba.)

§ 3. Scape leafless and solitary, the base rooting in the mud or bog, usually
rising from or producing filiform and root-like creeping shoots, which bear slender
subulate-gramineous (occasionally septate) simple leaves, or branches which take
the place of leaves, to the lower part of which, as also to the colorless shoots,
bladders are sparingly attached, usually fugacious or unnoticed, so that the flower-
ing plant appears to be a leafless and naked scape only.

* Flower ^^olet-purple, solitary and transverse on the summit of the scape: leaves of the rooting
shoots sometimes furnished with a few capillary lobes.

U. resupinata, B. D. Greene. Scape filiform, a span high: corolla 4 or 5 Unes long,
deeply 2-parted ; lips almost entire ; upper narrowly spatulate ; lower dilated and with a
small palate : spur oblong-conical, very obtuse, ascending, shorter than and remote from
the corolla, which appears as if resupinate: leaves an inch or so long, attenuate. — Hitch-
cock, Cat. PI. Mass.; Bigel. Bost. ed. 3, 10; A.DC. Prodr. 1. c. 11; Gray, Man. ed. 1,
286, ed. 5, 319. U. Greenei, Oakes in Hovey, Mag. Hort. 1841. — Sandy bogs and^ borders of
ponds, Maine to Rhode Island near the coast, B. D. Greene, Oakes, Olney.

* * Flowers mostly yellow, solitary or several : spur descending: leaves entire, terete : these and
the bladders seldom seen.

U SUbulata L. Filiform radical shoots and leaves rather copious, but commonly evan-
escent: scape filiform, an inch to a span high, 1-9-flowered ; the raceme becoming zigzag:
pedicels slender: corolla 2 or 3 lines broad; lower lip plane or with margins recurved,
equally 3-lobed, much larger than the ovate upper one, nearly equalled by the oblong
acutish appressed spur. — Spec. i. 18 (Gronov. Virg., ex herb. Clayt.) ; Pursh, 1. c. ; A. DC.
1. c. 16. U. setacea, Michx. Fl. i. 12 ; Vahl, 1. c. — Wet places in pine barrens. New Jersey
to Florida and Texas near the coast. (W. Ind. to Brazil.)

Pinguicula. LENTIBULARIACE^. 317

Var. cleistogama. An inch or two l»igh, bearing one or two evidently cleistogamous
purplish flowers, not larger than a pin's head : capsule becoming a line long. (Gray, Man.
ed. 5, 320; Ell. Sk. i. 24.) — With the ordinary form. Pine barrens of New Jersey,
J. A. Paine. Evidently also seen in Georgia by Elliott.
U. cornuta, Michx. Filiform radical shoots apparently none : leaves fasciculate, evan-
escent, rarely at all seen : scape strict, a span to a foot high, 1-10-flowered : pedicels very
short, 2-bracteolate at base : corolla an inch long, including the long subulate acute spur ;
lower lip very large, the sides strongly recurved, and the central palate-like portion as if
galeate, merely equalled by the obovate upper lip: seeds nearly smooth. — Fl. i. 12; Pursh,
1. c. ; A. DC. 1. c. U. personata, LeConte, 1. c. ; Bertol. Misc. viii. 21. — Sphagnous or sandy
swamps, Newfoundland to L. Superior and south to Florida and Texas. (Cuba, Brazil.)

2. PINGrUlCULA, Tourn. Butterwort. (From pinguis, fat, in allu-
sion to the greasy- viscid surface of the leaves.) — Terrestrial acaulescent herbs, of
moist or wet ground (in northern hemisphere and the Andes) ; with fibrous roots,
broad and entire leaves in a rosulate radical tuft, their upper surface with a coat-
ing of viscid glands, to which insects, &c., adhere, the margins slowly infolding
under irritation ; scapes naked, 1 -flowered, circinate-coiled in vernation. Upper
lip of the corolla 2- and lower 3-lobed or parted ; the lobes sometimes incised ;
the base anteriorly saccate, and the bottom of the sac contracted into a nectari-
ferous spur.

* Corolla distinctly bilabiate, purple, violet, or rarely whitish ; upper lip decidedly smaller, 2-Iobed
or parted; lowerS-parted; lobes mostly quite entire : boreal species.

P. villosa, L. Small: leaves oval, nearly glabrous, half inch long or less : scape villous-
pubescent, inch or two long: corolla (pale violet with yellowish-striped throat) 2 lines long,
and with a slender spur of nearly the same length or half shorter. — Fl. Lapp. t. 12, fig. 2 ;
Fl. Dan. t. 1021; E. Meyer, Labrad. 39; Reichenb. Iconogr. i. t. 82; Cham, in Linn,
vi. 568. P. acutifolia, Michx. Fl. i. 11, the erect-rosulate oval and very acute leaves described
are really the scales of a hybernacular bud, and the plant (with mature fruit) had lost its
leaves. — Labrador, Hudson's Bay, Northern islands and shores of the N. W. Coast.
(Greenland, Arctic Eu., & Asia.)

P. alpina, L. Somewhat glabrous : leaves oblong, barely inch long : scape 3 or 4 inches
high: corolla (whitish) 4 lines long, and with a conical obtuse divergent incurving spur of
less than half the length of the lower lip. — Fl. Lapp. t. 12, fig. 3; Fl. Dan. t. 453;
Reichenb. 1. c. t. 81 ; Engl. Bot. t. 2747. — Labrador, Steinhauer. Given by LeConte to
herb. Collins. Specimen not wholly satisfactory, but apparently of tliis species, not else-
where detected in America. (Eu. to Siberia.)

P. vulgaris, L. Minutely puberulent or almost glabrous : leaves ovate or oval, an inch
or two long, soft-fleshy : scape 1 to 4 inches high: corolla (violet) about half inch long,
with campanulate or short-funnelform body abruptly contracted into a narrow linear-
cylindraceous (acutish or obtuse) and mostly straight spur (of about 2 lines in length). —
Oeder. Fl. Dan. t. 93; Engl. Bot. t. 70; Reichenb. 1. c. t. 84; Hook. Fl. ii. 118; Herder in
Radde, iv. 96. P. grandiflom, Hook. 1. c. P. macroceras, Willd. ; Roem. & Sch. Syst. Mant.
i. 168 ; Cham, in Linn. vi. 568 ; A.DC. I. c. 30 ; a longer-spurred and commonly larger,
flowered form (corolla from two-thirds to almost an inch long). P. microceras, Cham. I. c.
(P. macroceras, Reichenb. 1. c. t. 82, fig. 169, 170), a depauperate small-flowered and shorter-
spurred form of high northern region. — Wet rocks, Labrador, Northern New England
and New York, L. Superior, &c., to Alaskan coast and islands, and northward ; the macro-
ceras and microceras forms north-westward. (N. E. Asia to Europe and Greenland.)

* * Corolla liicht violet, varving occasionallv to white, less bilabiate, the sinuses equal except
between the two lobes of the upper lip; the 'three lower lobes usually emarginate or obcordate;

Ealate conical or cultriform, verv protuberant, clothed with a dense yellow or sometime.'; white
eard : spur abrupt and narrow from base of a short conical sac : upper lip of stigma small, iiar-
\ rowly triangular ; lower semi-orbicular: fl. spring. (P. ccerulea, Walt. Car. 63, covers one or both
the following species, but the character is insufficient to secure the adoption of the name.)
P. pumila, Michx. Leaves half to full inch long, oval or ovate : scapes filiform, weak,
2 to 6 inches high : corolla a quarter to half inch long ; spur acute, longer than the rather

318 LENTIBULARIACE^. Pinguicula.

narrow saccate base; lobes retuse or emarginate; palate puberulent-bearded, conical,
salient. — FI. i. 11; Pursh, Fl. i. 14; Ell. Sk. i. 19. P. australis, Nutt. in Jour. Acad.
Pliilad. vii. 103, tiie spur by no means "very short." — Low pine-barrens, Carolina to
Florida and Louisiana.
P. elatior, Michx. Leaves oblong or spatulate-obovate, 1 to 3 inches long : scapes 6 to
12 inches high : corolla an inch long or considerably smaller ; spur obtuse, mostly shorter
than the saccate base ; lobes obcordate ; palate oblong, parallel with the throat, the short
free apex more conspicuously bearded. — Fl. 1. c. ; Vahl, Enum. i. 191 ; Pursh, 1. c. ; Ell.
1. c. — Wet soil, Carolina to Florida and Alabama in the low country.

* * * Corolla golden vello'w, not bilabiate, except that the two upper lobes arc commonly more

united, all or most of' the lobes incisely 2-t-cleft, equal: stigma of the precedmg, or lips less

unequal. — Brandonia, Reichenb. - ■

P. lutea, Walt. Leaves from ovate to oblong-obovate, an inch or two long : scapes 5 to

12 inches high: corolla an inch or less long; the lobes longer than the short-campanulate

tube with the saccate base, all or the lower and lateral usually 4-lobed or 2-clef t with the

divisions obcordate, or variously sinuate; spur subulate, as long as the sac and tube;

palate oblong, verv salient, densely bearded. — Car. 63; Michx. I.e.; Ker, Bot. Reg. t.

126 • Ell. 1. c. ; A.DC. Prodr. viii. 32. P. campanulnta, Lam. in Jour. Hist. Nat. 1792, 336,

t 18 fig. 1. — Low pine barrens, N. Carolina to Florida and Louisiana.

V'ar. edentula, A.DC, 1. c. (P. edentula, Hook. Exot. Bot. t. 16, cult, from Savan-
nah), has lobes of corolla all simply and equally obcordate, shorter than the tube. Possibly
a hybrid of P. lutea and P. pumila.

Obdeb XCIX. BIGNONIACEiE.

Trees or shrubs, either erect or scandent (very rarely herbs), with mostly oppo-
site leaves, and large and showy flowers, with more or less bilabiate corolla, tetra-
dynamous or diandrous stamens, single style and bilabiate stigma, and numerous
anatropous ovules of the preceding orders'; distinguished from them by the large
and flat usually winged and transverse exalbuminous seeds, indefinitely numerous,
on parietal placentjje, or usually on a partition which separates from the two valves
of the capsule in dehiscence, although in the ovary and when the ovules are in
many rows the placentation often appears to be central ; the cotyledons broad
and thin, plane, commonly emarginate or 2-lobed, and the short straight radicle
included in the basal notch. Capsule either loculicidal or septicidal, often silique-
like. Anthers 2-celled : suppressed stamens commonly represented by rudimen-
tary filaments. Corolla bilabiately imbricated in the bud (in our genera, in a few
others valvate). Calyx gamosepalous. Leaves compound, or in two of our genera
simple ; sometimes a pair of basal leaflets and some.times an axillary pair of leaves
imitate stipules. Chiefly a tropical and rather large order; but few North
American.

* Leaves opposite, compound : perfect stamens 4 : seeds transversely winged, hj-pogynous
disk conspicuous : stems mostly scandent.

1 BIGNONIA Calyx with undulate or barely 5toothed margin. Corolla campanu-
■ late or cyHndraceous-ampliate above the narrow and short proper tube, somewhat equally

bilabiate-5-lobed. Anther-cells divergent, glabrous. Capsule linear compressed parallel
with the flat valves and partition, marginicidal and septifragal, a filiform margm usually
separating all round both from the edges of the valves and the partition. Seeds attaclied
in a single series on each side of both margins of the partition ; the thin wmg entire. Ten-
dril-climbers.

2 TECOMA Calyx distinctly 5-toothed. Corolla funnelform or somewhat campanulate
' above the short proper tube, somewhat bilabiately 5-lobed. Anther-cells divergent

glabrous or sparsely pilose. Capsule narrow, somewhat terete or turgid, loculicidal and
lentifragal ■ the valves contrary to the partition. Seeds imbricated in one or two or more
series on each side of the margins of the partition ; the wing hyaline. Rootlet-cliiiibing or
erect shrubs; flowers in terminal panicles or corymbs.

Catalpa. BIGNONIACEiE. 319

* * Leaves simple and entire: erect trees or shrubs: calyx closed in the bud, bilabiately
or irregularly dividing or bursting in anthesis : corolla-lobes undulate-crisped, hardly
unequal: anthers glabrous; the cells narrow, divaricate: hypogynous disk obsolete:
capsule long-linear, loculicidal, terete ; valves contrary to the partition : seeds narrow,
in 2 or more series on each side of partition ; lateral wings dissected into copious long

3. CATALPA, Corolla ventricose-ampliate above, somewhat oblique, bilabiate-5-lobed.
Antheriferous stamens 2, anterior, with filaments arcuate, and 3 rudimentary filaments
(rarely 4 stamens antlieriferous). Leaves mainly opposite and ovate or cordate.

4. CHILOPSIS. Corolla more funnelform; the lobes erose. Antheriferous stamens 4;
also a rudimentary filament. Leaves oftener alternate or irregularly scattered, linear.

1. BIGN6NIA, Tourn. (Commemorates the AbU Bignon.) — K large
tropical-American genus, with the following more northern one : fl. spring.

B. capreolata, L. (Cross-vine.) Extensively climbing, glabrous: transverse section
of older stems exhibiting a medullary cross : leaves of a single pair of ovate or oblong
acuminate and subcordate entire leaflets and a compound tendril; accessory leaves or
leaflets in some axils imitate foliaceous stipules : pedicels in fascicles of 2 to 5 on axillary
spurs : calyx membranaceous': corolla 2 inches long, orange-red without, yellow within :
capsule 6 inches long, 9 lines wide; valves 1-nerved. — Spec. ii. 624 (Catesb. Car. ii. t.
82); Sims, Bot.' Mag. t. 864; Jacq. Schoenb. t. 363; Michx. Fl. ii. 25. B. crucigera, L.
as to syn. Clayt. & Gronov. Virg.; Walt. Car. 169. — Woods, in low grounds, Virginia and
S. Illinois to Florida and Louisiana.

2. T^ICOMA, Juss. Trumpet-flower, or Trumpet-creeper. (Abridg-
ment of the Mexican name, Tecomaxochitl.) — Genus (of late divided into
several by monographers, but retained nearly intact by Benth. & .Hook. Gen. ii.
1044, digitate species excluded) of several species, widely dispersed; ours impari-
pinnate and the leaflets serrate, ovate, and acuminate. They have been referred
to different genera or subgenera on account mainly of the number of ranks of
seeds. Fl. summer.

T. radicans, Juss. Climbing by aerial rootlets: leaflets 9 to 11: flowers corymbose:
corolla tubular-funnelform, orange and scarlet, 2\ or 3 inches long : stamens not exserted :
capsule lanceolate, slightly stipitate; valves very convex, acutely narrowly margined:
seeds several-ranked. — DC. Prodr. ix. 223; Nutt. Sylv. iii. t. 104; Bureau, Mon. Bign.
t. 14. Bignonm radicans, L. (Catesb. Car. i. t. 65) ; Wangenheim, Amer. t. 26; Sims,
Bot. Mag. t. 485; Schk. Handb. t. 175. Campsis radicans, Seem. Jour. Bot. &c.— Moist
soil, Penn. and Illinois to Florida and Texas : common in cultivation.

T. stans, Juss. Erect shrub: leaflets 5 to 11, narrower or lanceolate, more incisely
serrate : flowers racemose or paniculate : calyx small : corolla more campanulate, yellow,
inch and a half long: fifth stamen often with abortive anther: capsule linear, elongated,
sessile ; valves carinate-convex : seeds single ranked. — Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3191 ; DC. 1. c.
224. Bignonia stans, L. (Plum. Ic. Amer. t. 54) ; Jacq. Stirp. Amer. t. 176. Stenolobium
stans, Seem. Jour. Bot. i. 87; Bureau, 1. c. t. 13. — S. Florida (introduced ?) and S. Texas
to Arizona. (W. Ind., Mex., &c.)

3. CATALPA, Scop., Walt. (Aboriginal name.) — There are a N. China
and a Japanese species allied to our own, and a few somewhat anomalous West
Indian species. Fl. summer; showy.

C. bignonioides, "Walt. Low or large tree, with spreading branches : leaves pubes-
cent, at least beneath, ample, cordate, ' acuminate, rarely somewhat angulate-lobed, long-
petioled : panicle large and loose, compound : lips of the calyx obovate, mucronate :
corolla inch long and broad, white or nearly so, dotted with purple and yellow in the
throat: pendulous slender capsules a foot long. — Cav. 64; DC. 1. c. 226; Bureau, Mon.
Bign. t. 25. C cor(/(/o//n, Jaume in Duham. Arb. t. 5; Ell. Sk. i.24. C. syringa;folla, Sims,

320 BIGNONIACE^. CUlopds.

Bot. Mag. t. 1094; Pursh, Fl. i. 10. Bignonia CataJpa, L. {excl. syn.); Catesb. Car. i.
t. 49; Michx. f. Sylv. ii. 64..— River banks, S. Illinois to Georgia, W. Florida, and Louis-
iana. Cult, north to New England.

4. CHIL6PSIS, Don. {XfiXog, lip, and '6\pig, resemblance ; name of no

particular application.) — Single species.

C. saligna, Don. Shrub or low tree, 10 to 20 feet high, with hard wood, pubescent
when young, soon glabrous : branches slender : leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 4 to 6
inches long, of firm texture : lower leaves often opposite or verticillate : flowers in a short
terminal raceme : corolla an inch or two long, white and purplish : capsule 6 to 10 inches
long. — Edinb. Phil. Jour. ix. 261: G. Don, Syst. iii. 228; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 587. C.
linearis, DC Prodr. ix. 227. Bignonia linearis, Cav. Ic. iii. 35, t. 269. — Water-courses in
dry districts, S. Texas to S. California. (Mex.)
Crescentia Cdjete, L., the Calabash tree of the West Indies, the type of an anomalous

tribe of this order, with indehiscent cucurbitaceous-like fruit, has been introduced on the

Keys of Florida, and in consequence has been figured by Nuttall, Sylv. iii. t. 103 ; but it

has no claim to a place in our flora.

Order C. PEDALIACE^.

Herbs, with mucilaginous or watery juice, chiefly opposite simple leaves, and
flowers as of the preceding order (to which it has more usually been annexed),
except in the structure of the ovary and fruit. Ovary either one-celled with two
parietal intruded placentae expanded into two broad lamellae or united into a
central columella, or variously 2-4-celled by the extension of the placentae and by
spurious partitions from the wall. Fruit capsular, drupaceous, or nucumentaceous,
few-many-seeded. Seeds wingless, mostly with a thick and close coat, filled by
the large embryo ; the cotyledons thickish. — A small extra-European and mainly
African order, or suborder, of warm climates, represented in the United States by
one sparingly naturalized, and one or two probably indigenous species.

1 SESAMUM. Calyx herbaceous, 5-parted, persistent. Corolla ventricose-campanulate
' or funnelform; limb bilabiately 5-parted, spreading; upper lobes smaller. Stamens didy-

namous • anther-cells parallel. Stigmas linear. Fruit an oblong quadrangular and 4-sul-
cate capsule, septicidal at summit, spuriously 4-celled, a false partition from tiie dorsal
suture of each of the two carpels reacliing the columnar placenta at the centre. Seeds
numerous in a single series in each half-cell.

2 MARTYNIA. Calyx 1-2-bracteolate, membranaceous, somewhat bladdery-campanu-
" late 5-cleft, sometimes splitting anteriorly to base, deciduous. Corolla ventricose-f unnel-

form or campanulate, somewliat oblique or decurved; the lobes of the bilabiately 5-
parted limb broad, somewhat undulate, slightly unequal. Stamens 4, strongly didynamous,
or sometimes only the anterior pair antheriferous : anthers tipped by a gland ; the cells
divaricate. Stigma bilamellar. Ovary one-celled, with two parietal placentae which
meet in" the axis and there diverge in broad lamella, bearing single or double rows of
ovules. Fruit fleshy-drupaceous, tapering into an incurved beak: fleshy exocarp at
maturity 2-valved and deciduous : endocarp fibrous-woody, scrobiculate, cristate at the
sutures 2-valved through the slender beak to the summit of the cells, indehiscent below ;
the cavity by the extension of the placentae to the walls 4-locelIate, and with a small
empty central cavity. Seeds rather numerous, oblong, large, witli a thick and somewhat
spongy tuberculate-rugose coat. Cotyledons obovate, fleshy : radicle very short.

.1. SESAMUM, L. Bene, Oil-plant. (From the Arabic semscn.) —

Chiefly African annuals ; the following widely dispersed through cultivation.

S. iNDicuM, L. Somewhat pubescent annual, 1 to 3 feet high, with mucilaginous juice and

oily seeds: leaves ovate-oblong or lanceolate, petioled ; lower often 3-lobed or divided:

corolla white or tinged with rose, inch long: capsule velvety-pubescent. — Bot. Mag.

Marlynia. PEDALIACEiE. 321

i. 1688 ; Endl. Iconogr. t. 70 ; DC. Prodr. ix. 249. S. Indicum & S. orientale, L., &c. — Spar-
ingly naturalized in the Gulf Atlantic States. Seeds yield a useful oil. (Adv. from Old
World.)

2. MART"^NIA, L. Unicorn-plant. {Prof. John Martyn, of Cam-
bridge.) — Diffuse and rank viscid-pubescent herbs (natives of America), of heavy
odor ; with ample rounded and subcordate petioled leaves, the lower usually oppo-
site and upper alternate, and large flowers in short and loose terminal racemes :
pedicels subtended by small bracts or none. Fl. summer. — Our species belong
to § Proboscidea, having 4 perfect stamens and beak longer than the body of
the fruit, and the calyx is more cleft anteriorly.

M. proboscidea, Glox. Coarse and heavy-s(3ented annual : leaves cordate, roundish,
often oblique, entire or obscurely undulate-lobed (4 to 12 inches in diameter) : bractlets
oblong-linear: corolla 1^ or 2 inches long, dull white, spotted within with some yellowish
or purplish, also varying to light yellow : endocarp crested on the posterior suture only.—
Obs. 14, ex DC. Prodr. ix. 253; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1056; Pursh, Fl. ii. 428. M. annua, L.
excl. syn. & hab. M. Louisiana, Mill. Diet. & Ic. t. 286. Banks of the Mississippi and
lower tributaries to New Mexico. Also naturalized or cultivated about gardens farther
north. (Mex., &c.)

M. f ragrans, Lindl. Less stout : leaves from roundish to oblong-cordate, somewhat
lobed and sinuate-dentate, 3 to 5 inches broad: corolla more campanulate, 1 or 2 inches
long and wide, sweet-scented, from reddisli-to violet-purple. — Bot. Reg. xxvi. misc., & xxvli.
t.6; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4292. /!/. violacea, Engelm. PI. Wisl. 101 ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound.
110, partly. — South-western borders of Texas and southern part of New Mexico, Wright,
Bigelow. (Northern Mex.)

M. altheaefolia, Benth. Low and small : leaves seemingly all alternate, long-petioled,
roundish-ovate and cordate, sinuately 3-7-lobed, 1 or 2 inches broad : bractlets linear-
oblong or oval : corolla inch and a half or less long, from buflf- to chrome yellow, or whit-
ish, mottled or dotted with brown and orange : endocarp armed with teeth on both sutures.
— Bot. Sulph. 38. M. arenaria, Engelm. PI. Wisl. 101; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 110.—
S. W. Texas to S. Arizona, Wright, Bigelow, Palmer. (Lower California.)

Order CI. ACANTHACE^.

Chiefly herbs, with opposite simple leaves, no stipules, and didynamous or dian-
drous more or less bilabiate or irregular flowers with the general characters of
Scrophulariaceee, &c. ; but corolla not rarely convolute in the bud ; the anatropous
ovules few and definite (from 2 to 8 or 10 in each of the two cells); fruit always
capsular, 2-celled, elastically loculicidal scattering the seeds ; seeds without
albumen (except sparingly in the first tribe), either globose, or orbicular and com-
pressed and the hilum marginal, wingless, in most supported on the upper face
of curved processes from the placentae (indurated and persistent funiculi ?) called
retinacula, the close coat not rarely developing mucilage and spiricles when
wetted, in the manner of Polemoniacece. Cotyledons plane, orbicular with cordate
base : radicle straight or accumbently incurved. Hypogynous disk conspicuous.
Style filiform, undivided, with one or two small stigmas. Corolla from almost
regular and 5-lobed (and then convolute in the bud) to deeply bilabiate (or in
Acanthus with only a lower lip). Calyx persistent, of 5 or sometimes 4 sepals,
commonly unequal and more or less imbricated, sometimes united. Inflores-
cence various : flowers usually conspicuously bracteate and often 2-bracteolate.
Stems commonly quadrangular. Cystoliths abound in the foliage. — A large

21

322 ACANTHACEiE.

and mainly tropical or subtropical order, one strongly marked tribe of which is
represented in ornamental cultivation by Thunhergia, another sparingly so by
the Acanthus of the Old World ; the others have several North American repre-
sentatives.

Tkire I NELSONIEiE. Corolla imbricated in the bud ; upper lip exterior. Seeds
small and globular, attached by a small ventral papilliform funicle, without reti-
nacula, not umcilaginous when wetted: embryo in a thin layer of albumen ! (In
char, nearest to ScrophulariaceoR, but capsule and habit of AcanlhncecB.)
1 FLYTRARIA Calyx 4-parted; lower division sometimes 2-toothed. Corolla with
cvlindraceous tube, funnelform tliroat, and 5-lobed or somewliat bilabiate limb. Stamens
2 ■ filaments very short, inserted low in the throat : anther-cells equa and parallel.
Stiema 2-lobed. Ovules 6 to 10 in each cell. Capsule oblong, thinner and contracted at
basi acute at tip. Seeds globular. Bracts of the solitary or fasciculate-clustered spikes
and the similar scales of the scape imbricated, glumaceous.
Tribe II. Ruellie^. Corolla convolute (sinistrorsely) in the bud, either bilabiate
or nearly regular. Seeds flat, attached by the edge to retinacula. (Stamens in
ours didynamous, the long and the short filament on each side contiguous or united
at base by a membrane •, the anthers 2-celled, and the cells equal and parallel :
style with linear or subulate stigmatose apex, the posterior lobe wanting or reduced
to a minute tooth, or rarely 2 equal uarrow stigmas.)

* Corolla deeply bilabiate : capsule terete and 2-celled to the very base.

2 TTYGROPHIL A Calyx deeply and almost equally 5-clef t or parted. Corolla narrow ;
lies erect at base and above (at least the lower) spreading, 2- and 8-lobed. Anthers oblong,
muticous. Capsule oblong-linear, several-seeded. Flowers sessile in the axils.

* * Corolla not obviously or only moderately bilabiate, the 5 lobes broad and roundish,
spreading : capsule with the base more or less contracted into a solid short stipe.

3 CALOPHANES Calyx deeply 5-cleft or parted ; lobes elongated setaceous-acuminate
' or aristiform Corolla funnelform, with ample limb, either somewhat manifestly bilabiate,

or with 5 equal broad and spreading lobes, the two posterior a little higher united. An-
thers mucronate, or at least mucronulate, or sometimes aristate at base. Ovules a single
pair in each cell. Capsule oblong-linear, 2-4-seeded. .

4 RUELLIA Calyx deeply 5-cleft or parted; lobes mostly linear or lanceolate. Corolla
' with funnelform or campaniilate throat on a narrow and sometimes elongated tube ; the

5 ovate or rounded lobes nearly similar and spreading, or the posterior rather more
united. Anthers muticous, oblong-sagittate. Ovules 3 to 10 in each cell. Capsule oblong-
linear or clavate, several- {G-20-) seeded.
Tribe III JUSTICIEiE. Corolla imbricated in the bud ; the posterior lobes or
lip interior. Seeds and capsule of the preceding tribe ; in the last two genera the
placentiferous half-portions separating below from the valve after dehiscence.

* Stamens 4, in the throat of the corolla : filaments short : anthers one-celled, ovate-lan-
ceolate or oblong, muticous at base, their tips sometimes lightly cohering by a minute
beard: corolla with 5 plane obovate lobes, the two posterior usually united a li tie
higher : stigma naked, truncate or obscurely funnelform : ovules 2 in each cell : calyx
5-sepalous or 5-parted into narrow nearly equal divisions.

5 STENANDRIUM Lobes of the salverform corolla all equally spreading. Low herbs.

6 BERGINIA Posterior lobes of the corolla nearly erect, forming an upper lip, the
3 others larger and widely spreading. Anterior pair of filaments bearded on the mner
side: anthers ovate-lanceolate. Seeds (mostly 2) rugose. Fruticulose.

* * Stamens 2 and no rudiments : anthers 2-celled: ovules 2 in each cell ; capsule usu-
ally more or less obcompressed, and with a conspicuous stipe-like solid base.

^- Placentae not separating from the valves of the capsule.

++ Anther-cells equ.al, parallel and contiguous, muticous: limb of corolla somewhat

eauallv 4-narted : shrubby plants : bracts and bractlets small and narrow or minute :

calyx small, 5-parted or 5-cleft ; the divisions narrow : stigma obscurely capitate or

emarginate :' filaments filiform, inserted in the throat.

7 PARLOV/RIGHTIA. Corolla with narrow tube shorter than the lobes ; throat not

dilated; limb 4-parted down to the tube; lobes entire, oblong, nearly similar, widely

Elytrarid.. ACANTHACEiE: 323

spreading and piano, or the posterior (interior in the bud) at first concave-infolded and
less spreading. Stamens nearly equalling the corolla-lobes. Capsule ovate, acuminate,
obconipressd, on a slender clavate stipe. Seeds very flat, minutely scabrous.
,8. ANISAOANTHUS. Corolla with elongated tube gradually somewhat wider at the
throat; the 4 lo\>es similar, lanceolate, entire, erectish recurving; the posterior (or upper
lip) rather more deeply separatQil. Stamens and style equalling or exceeding the corolla-
lobes. Capsule ovate on the long clavate stipe. Seeds smooth or rugulose.
++ ++ Anther-cells unequal or unequally inserted, one lower than the other or oblique ;
= The lower calcarate or mucronatc at base: corolla manifestly bilabiate; upper lip
erect and more or less concave, merely emarginate or 2-lobed at apex, not surpassed by
the stamens ; these inserted in or near the throat : calyx 5-parted (sometimes 4-parted),
small.
9. SIPHONOGLOSSA. Corolla with long-linear or filiform tube and short limb ; lower

lip broad and spreading, 3-cleft. Anther-cells contiguous and parallel, but one higher.
XO. BELOPERONE, Corolla deeply bilabiate, but with tube much longer than limb;
throat narrow ; lower lip 3-lobed at apex, erect-spreading. Anther-cells somewhat unequal
and oblique, on a more or less dilated connective. Seeds globular or thickened !

1 1. JUSTICIA. Corolla with short tube, and rather ampliate throat seldom longer than
the limb ; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed. Anther-cells oblique and disjoined. Seeds, as fa.f
as known, flat.

= == Anthers muticous, orbotli cells rarely mucronulate at base : calyx deeply 5-parted
• into narrow or subulate divisions, the fifth commonly siiialler : stamens not surpassing
the corolla. '

12. DIANTHERA Corolla bilabiate ; upper lip erect and concave or fornicate, entire or
2-tootIied; lower spreading and o-lobed, with a rugose or venose-reticulated convex base
or palate. Anther-cells ovato or oblong, not parallel, moderately or conspicuously dis-
joined on a dilated connective. Seeds glabrous, smooth, or echinulate-scabrous. Bract-
lets small

13. GATESIA. Corolla with slender tube, somewhat ampliate throat, and almost equally
4-lobed spreading limb ; lobes nearly similar, plane, ovate. Anthei'-cells oblong, contig-
uous and similar, but one a little lower and oblique. Stigma capitcllate. Seeds gla-
brous, minutely rugulose. Spikes short and dense : bracts and bractlets membranaceo-
foliaceous, 1-nerved and pinnately veined or triplinerved.

+^ -i— Placentae, by rupture of half-partition from the "base upward, at length separating
and diverging or incurving : anther-cells muticous, or rarely one or both mucronulate
at base : calyx small, dry, or somewhat glumaceous, 4-5-parted ; the divisions subulate
or linear-lanceoliite, equal, or the innermost (posterior) smaller: corolla with narrow
tube: filaments filiform.

14. TETRAMERIUM. Flowers solitary (rarely 2 or 3) covered by a large and herbaceous
primary bract, and subtended by two small and narrow bractlets. Corolla with an almost
equally 4-parted limb, or somewhat bilabiate ; the 3-parted and widely spreading lower
lip rather more separated from tiie less spreading or rather erect and slightly concave
entire and obOvate or oblong upper lip. Anther-cells equal and parallel or nearly so,
cither contiguous or separated by a slightly dilated connective. Seeds flat, rauriculate
or papillose. Spikes strobflaceous, quadrifarious.

15. DICLIPTERA. Flowers not covered by primary bracts (of main axis), but involu-
crate (either singly or in a fascicle) by 2 valvately opposed and nearly equal or 4 less
d.ilated and unequal herbaceous bractlets. Corolla deeply bilabiate ; upper lip erect, con-
cave or plane, entire or emarginate ; lower spreading, entire or 3-lobed at apex. Anthers
witli a narrow connective. Seeds either smooth or muriculate. Inflorescence various,
not strobilaceous-spicate.

1. ELYTRARIA, Michx. {'EIvtqov, a case or cover, the scape or pe-
duncle and spike covered vrith imbricated bracts.) — Low perennial herbs (chiefly
tropical American) ; with leaves crowded at base of a naked scape or at summit
of a short naked stem, tapering to the base, thinnish ; flowers small, solitary and
~ sessile under the bracts ; these and the scales of the scapes rigid-chartaceous or
glumaceous, alternate ! — Michx. FI. i. 8 (1803); Vahl, Enum. i. 106 (1804),
excl. spec.

E. virgata, Michx. Acaulescent : leaves from oblong to elongated spatulate, obtuse (2
to a inches 'long), with usually undulate margins : scape a foot or less high, bearing a short

324 ACAXTHACE^. Elylraria.

spike or a cluster of spikes : bracts ovate, cuspidate-acuminate: corolla white (3 or 4 lines
long): seeds nearly smooth and even. — Fl. 1.9, t. 1; Vahl, 1. c. ; not " E. Vahliana," as
says Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 63. Anoiiijmos Carolinensis, Walt. Car. 69. Tuhijiora Caroli-
nensis, Gmel. Syst. E. cupressina, Nees, I. c. 65, if N. Amer. ? — Low grounds, S. Carolina
to Florida: fl. summer.
E. tridentata, Vahl, 1. c. Acaulescent or with proliferous low stems : leaves lanceolate
or oblong, 2 or 3 inches long, clustered, as are the hardly longer peduncles or scapes, either
at the root or at tlie summit of naked stems : spikes slender: bracts ovate, mostly scarious-
margined; the upper commonly tricuspidate or aristate : corolla purple. — Griseb. Fl. W.
Ind. 451 ; Torn Bot. Mex. Bound. 122. E. ramosa, fiondosa, fasciculcita, &c., HBK. ; Nees,

1. c. — Arizona and New Mexico, along the Mexican border. (Mex. to W. Ind. & S. Brazil.)

2. HYGR6PHILA, R, Br. (From 'vygog, moist, and cpiXia, affection ;
plants which affect wet places.) — A large tropical genus, of which a single species
reaches the southernmost Atlantic States.

H. lacustris, Nees. Nearly glabrous : stem simple, 2 or 3 feet high from a creeping
base: leaves lanceolate, sessile, entire (about 4 inches long), scabrous-ciliolate : flowers
small, white: calyx-lobes and bracts subulate-lanceolate: anthers of the shorter stamens
smaller. — DC. Prodr. xi. 86. Ruellia lacustris, Schlecht. in Linn. v. 96. R. just i cue flora.
Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 170. — Swamps, Texas and Louisiana, Drummond, Riildell, Lind-
heimer, &c. W. Florida, Saurman. (Mex.)

3. CAL6PHANES, Don. {Kdlog, beautiful, and (faiva, to appear.) —
Low perennials, branched from the base, pubescent or hirsute, usually with pro-
portionally large or showy axillary flowers, either solitary or usually clustered
and nearly sessile ; the corolla blue or purplish, rarely white ; its tube not longer
than the calyx. Seeds as in Ruellia, or the hairs nearly destitute of rings or
spiral fibres. Fl. summer.

* Eastern-Atlantic species : calyx deeply 5-parted : stems from slender creeping base or rootstocks :
flowers solitary or few in the axils.

C. humistrata, Nees. Glabrous or almost so throughput, no hirsute hairs ; stems weak,
erect or decumbent from the creeping base ; leaves thinnish, oblong-obovate or the upper-
most oblong, narrowed at base into a petiole (6 to 18 lines long) : corolla white, barely half
inch long, seldom longer tiian the obovate or oblong foliaceous bractlets ; the tube very
short : sepals setaceous-aristiform from an oblong-lanceolate base, little shorter than the
corolla: anther-cells oblong, barely mucronulate. — DC. Prodr. xi. 108. Ruellia humistrata,
Michx. Fl. ii. 28. Dipteracanthus {Calophanes) r ipar ius, C\\a.T^m. Fl. 303, a luxuriant form.
— Low grounds, S. Georgia and Florida.

C oblongifolia, Don. Pubescent or soft-hirsute, sometimes glabraite: stems usually
erect and simple, a span to a foot high : leaves from narrowly oblong to oval, very obtuse,
sessile (an inch or less long) : corolla blue, sometimes purple-dotted or mottled, seldom an
inch long, twice the length of the narrowly oblong bractlets ; the tube shorter than the
ample throat: sepals distinct almost to the very base, filiform-setaceous, hirsute, hardly
half the length of the corolla: anther-cells oblong-linear, aristulate. — Brit. Fl. Gard. ser.

2, t. 181 ; Nees, 1. c. (Ruellia biflora, L. Spec. ii. 635, may be this, but it rests on a mere
mention by Dillenius, without character.) Ruellia ohloncjifolia, Michx. Fl ii. 23; Pursh, Fl.
ii. 420. Dipteracanthus biflorus, Nees in Linn. ocvi. 294. D. oblongi/olius, Chapm. 1. c. — Sandy
pine barrens, S. Virginia to Florida. An almost glabrous large form in Florida.

Var. anglista. A reduced form, a span or so high, nearly glabrous, very leafy :
leaves and flowers only half inch long, most of the former oblong-linear. — Dipteracanthus
linearis, Chapm. I.e. — S. Florida; Key West and Biscayan Bay, Blodgett, Palmer.
* * Texano-Arizonian species: cal3'X 5-cieft.
C. linearis. Hirsute with somewhat rigid and short hairs, or glabrate, not cinereous:
stems erect and strict (a span to a foot high), or branched and diffuse: leaves from linear-
oblanceolate to oblong-spatulate (9 to 20 lines long), rather rigid: flowers usually foliose-
glomerate : bracts and bractlets similar to and equalling the subtending leaves and about

Ruellia. ACANTHACEiE. 325

equalling the corolla : calyx-lobes subulate-setaceous, more or less liispid-ciliate, hardly
more than twice the length of the narrow tube : corolla purple ? ( 10 lines long) ; the tube
not longer than the abruptly ampliate throat: anther-cells linear-oblong, aristulate.—
JJipteracantlms ( Calopkmes) linearis, Torr. & Gray in PI. Lindli. i. 50. C. ovuta Benth PI
Hartw. 89, as to Texan sp. ; Nees, 1. c. ; surely not Ruellia ovata, Cav. C. oblonglfoha, var.
Texejws Sees, 1. c. ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 122 -Dry ground, Texas (Derlandler, Drum-
vwnd, Wrajlit, &c.) to the border of New Mexico. (Adjacent Mex.)
• C. decumbens. Cinercous-puberulent throughout, not at all hirsute, nor scabrous-
stems mostly spreading on the ground : leaves spatulate, or the lowest obovate and the
uppermost oblanceolate, with attenuate base, but Iiardly petioled (6 to 14 lines long) :
flowers few in the foliose-bracteolate clusters : setaceous-subulate calyx-lobes hardly twice
the length of the tube : corolla purple (8 or 10 lines long) ; its tube double the length of
the throat, nearly equalling the calyx-lobes: anther-cells oblong, mncroiMiie.— Calopkanes
ohlongi/olia, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 12.'), not Don. — Dry soil, western borders of Texas
( Wright, &c.) to S. Arizona, Thurber, Wriylit, Rolhrock, &c. (Adjacent Mex.)

4. RUELLIA, Plum. (/. Ritel, or de la Ruelle, of France, early lierbalist.)
— Large genus, chiefly American and tropical, perennials ; witli mostly entire
and broad leaves, and rather large flowers (in summer), usually violet or lilac-
purple, solitary or commonly clustered in the axils or in evolute cymes ; in several
species the earlier or later blossoms cleistogamous. Seeds in many clothed with
fine appressed hairs, which when wetted diverge and elongate, either marked with
fixed spiral bands or developing spiricles. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1077. — Our
species all rank under Ruellia proper {Cryphiacantkus and Dipter acanthus, Nees
in DC), with straight tube and almost or quite regular limb to the corolla, and
included stamens. Both stigmas equally developed occasionally in R. strepens
and R. ciliosa. Five stamens have been found in the latter.

# Flowers in open pedunculate cvnies from upper axils and forming a terminal panicle : bracts and
bvactlets small, linear or subulate: capsule 8-12-seeded, narrow: hairs of the seed developing
long .spiricles when wetted.

R. tuberosa, L. Glabroscent or minutely pubescent, a foot or two high, with somewhat
tuberous-thickened roots: leaves (2 or 3 inciics long) with undulate or obscurely repand-
dentate margins, ovate-oblong or elliptical, and with base cuneate-contracted or decurrcnt
into a rather long petiole: primary and secondary peduncles of tiie loose cyme slender:
calyx-lobes subulate-filiform (half inch or more long), much exceeding the bractlets, hardly
equalling the slender tube of the (inch and a half long blue or sometimes white) corolla,
which is about as long as the funnelform-campanulate throat: capsule narrowly subcla-
vate, 7 to 9 lines long, the stipitiform solid base mostly short but manifest, — Spec ii.6o5;
Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 452, but hardly of Desc. Ant. ii. 1. 113. R. claniiesUmi, L. 1. c. (Dill. Elth.
328, t. 148.) R. humilis, etc., Plum. Nov. Gen. Amer. 12, t. 2: Crfiphiamnllms Barbademis,
Nees in DC. 1. c. 197. Di/ileracanl/iiis nudijlorus, Engelm. & Gray, PI. Lindli. i. 21. — River-
bottoms, Texas. (W. Ind., Mex., S. Am.)

Var. OCCidentalis. Rather large and tall : inflorescence and (^aXyx conspicuously
viscid-pubescent; the latter usually shorter than the tube of the (1^ to fully 2 inch)
corolla: leaves from glabrate to velvety-pubescent, mostly ovate and with more abrupt or
even subcordate base, sometimes 6 or 7 inches long. — W. & S. Texas, DerUmdicr, Wrigld.
S. Arizona, Roilirock. " California " (or probably Arizona), Coulter. Tiie two latter glabrate
forms. (Mex.)

* * Flowers .solitary or 3 and cymulose on an axillary peduncle as long as the leaf: bracts foli-
aceous: seeds and 'capsule of the succeeding: stems branching.

R. pedunculata, Torr. Slightly pubernlent, 2 feet high, with spreading branches :
leaves ovate-oblong, acute, short-petioled (H to 3 inches long): peduncles spreading,
slender, 1 or 2 inches long, bearing a pair of bracts similar to the leaves (half inch or more
long) and equaUing the calyx and capsule of the single flower, or sliortcr than the similarly
2-.bracteolate pedicels when they are developed: calyx-lobes subulate-filiform, pubescent,
about the length of the narrow tube of the corolla : throat of the latter dilated-f unnel-

326 ACANTHACE^. Kuellla.

form : capsule puberulent. (Torr. in lierb., unpublished.) — Dry woods, in W. Louisiana,
J. Hale. Arkansas, BUje/ow, Mrs. Harris. Corolla about an incli and a half long.
* # « * Flowers subsessile and coninionlv glomerate in the axils, when short-peduncled with
fohaceoiis primary bracts or bractlets: stamens of almost equal length : capsule at most 8-seedcd:
sliort hispid hairs' of the seed spreading when wet, containing a fixed spiral iibre or band, but no
uncoilmg spiricles.
•J— Suffrutescent : leaves rigid: corolla white: capsule oblong, with hardly any stipe-like base,
R. Parryi. A span high, mucii branched from the lignescont base : leaves obovate-oblong, .
or the upper oblong-lanceolate, tapering into a distinct petiole, hispid-ciliate, otherwise
glabrate, an inch or less long (the older have cystolitlis) : flowers mostly solitary in tlie
axils, on a peduncle shorter than the petiole or subsessile : bractlcts oblong, surpassing
the slender-subulate often unequal calyx-lobes : tube of the corolla (inch long) slender,
dilated at the summit into a small narrowly funnelform throat, which is shorter than the
, lohes. — Dipleracaiitlius stiffnilicoaus, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 122 (but there is a R.suffni-
//coso, lloxb.).— Sotith-western borders of Texas: at Presidio del Norte, P«rr^, in flower.
Valley of the Pecos, in fruit, Wr'njhl.
' ^_, ^_ Herbaceous: stems mostly simple: corolla usually blue wr violet, except in R. tubljlora:
capsule more broadly clavate an'd obconi pressed.
++ Calvx-lobes liiiform-attenuate, longer than the capsule: cleistogamous flowers seldom seen.
il. noctiflora. Puberulent, or very young parts soft-villous, a foot or less high : leaves
narrowly oblong (1 to 0 inches long), mostly with tapering base, but sessile : bracts and
' bractlets of the solitary or few flowers linear-lanceolate : calyx generally soft-puberulent }
its lobes somewhat linear-filiform and hardly widened at base {sometimes 18 lines long),
■ barely half the length of the elongated (fully 2 inch) tube of the white corolla, the throat
of which is funnelform. — /i. tuhijlora, LeContc in Ann. Lye. N. Y. i. 142, not HBK.
Dipleracanlhus )wcliJJorns, Nees in DC. 1. c," partly ; Chapm. Fl. 304. — Low pine-barrens.
Lower Georgia, LeCWe. W: morida, Rugel, Chajman, &c. S. Mississippi, %a//s. Nighty
blooming? ■ .
R. ciliosa, Pursh. Usually hirsute with long spreading hairs, especially, the (about ijich
long) fililonn attenuate calyx-lobes: leaves oblong or the lower oval (an inch or two long),

• almost sessile : tube of the blue corolla cpmmonly twice the length of the calyx and of the
limb with the obconical throat, the whole not rarely 2 inches long. — Fl. i. 420 ; Gray, Man.
ed. 5, 3;}9. Dipleracanlhus ciliosns, Nees in Linn. xvi. 294, & Prodr. 1. c, with var. hi/bridits,
mainly! — Dry ground, Michigan and Illinois to Florida and Lo:uisiana : in various forms.

Var. longiflora. Pubescence sometimes cinereous, with or without long hirsute
hairs: stems sometimes flowering when 2 or 3 inches high, sometimes tall and slender:
leaves narrowly oblong or the lower obovate-spatulate, usually small: slender tube of
£orolla 1 or 2 inches long. — /?, fuunilix, Nutt. in Trans., A.m. Phil. Soe. n. ser. v. 182. ' .//(s-
Urin with char. & no name, Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 235. DqUeracaulfms Drmimmda,
Torr & Gray in PI. Lindh. i. 50. D. noctiJlorus/S^eQs, in DC 1. c, as to Texan pi. and var.
hi,m,hs, also D nhosus, var. Iiyhridus, in part. — Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas.

Var hybrida Either hirsute or cinereous-pubescent, sometmies almost velvety-

• pubescent: leaves from, ovate to oblong, mostly with distinct petioles : tube of the corolla
shorter than the throat and limb, sometimes shorter than the linear-setaceous calyx-lobes,

-.which- often want the hir.sute hairs. - fi. ^/W^/a, Pursh, Fl. ii.420; LeConte^ in Ann.

' Lye 1 c. R. sfrcnfxs, L. as to Dill. Elth. t. 240, at lea.st in part. R. hirsula, Ell. Sk. u. lOJ.
D;,>levacnnlhus afio.vis, var. fiyhridus, m. part, & /J. Mlichilliamis, Nees, 1. c. D. strepens, var.

. Dilfnili Nees, 1. c S. Carolina to Florida. Verges to the two followmg species.

Var ambigua. Sparingly hirsute-pubescent pr glabrate : leaves ovate-oblong, usu-
ally short-petioled, larger; tube of corolla little exceeding the hardly hirsute calyx.—
Dipterocanms alwms, var. parrijforus, Nees, I. c. - Virginia and Kentucky to Alabama. As
if a hybrid "between R. ciUosa !im\ R. sirepens, with aspect, of the latter, but the calyx of

. the former.- ,. > 'j "..■ ^ ,.v ' '

R Drummondiana. Cinereous-puberulent, tall ; leaves ovate, 3 to 6 inches long, peti-
oled- filiform-setaceous and canescent calyx-lobes (cpmmonly an inch or.more long) more
or less shorter than the tube of the (inch and a half long) corolla.-^ Dipl^raccthus Drnm-

. wondiam.'!, Nees in DC. I. c. D. Undheinkria>my Sfiheeleifl: Linn. xxi. i764, 1848. — Texas,

- Drummo)id\-Lmdhebncr.: .,- i.. ;.;; : .; '.).'<.'; •:■/!; i.i 'id:- v.'-,/;;':-; ..I; '. ; iW^.

Carlowrightia. . ACANTHACEa:. 327

■H- ++ Calvx-lobes lanceolate or linear, hardly surpassing the capsule: cleistogamous flowers
common.

R. strepens, L. Green and almost glabrous or pubescent, 1 to 4 feet high : leaves oblong-
ovate or oblong, 2 to 5 inches long, mostly contracted at base into a short petiole : calyx
sparingly soft-hirsute or ciliate : well-developed corolla H or 2 inches long, with tube
about the length of the campanulate-funnelform throat and limb. — Spec. ii. 634 (partly)
& Mant. 422 ; Schk. Handb. 1. 177 ; Pursh, 1. c. DipleracanLhus strepens, Nees, 1. c, mainly.
— Dry soil, Penn. to Wisconsin, Florida, and Texas.

Var. cleistantha. Leaves commonly narrower and oblong : flowers for most of the
season cleistogamous. — Dipieracanthus {Meiophanes) micmnthus, Engelm. & Gray, Pi. Lindh.
i. 49. D. strepens, var. strictus, Nees, 1. c, mainly. Hygrophila lUinoiensis, Wood in Bull.
Torrey Club, v. 41. — Common with the ordinary form.

5. STENANDR-IUM, Nees. (Composed of azsvog, narrow, and avdQia,
manhood, here taken for anthers.) — Low and small perennials, all American,
commonly with leaves all at base of scapiform flowering stems ; the flowers spi-
cate ; corolla rose-colored or purple.

S. dulce, Nees. Hirsute-pubescent or glabrate : leave? all radical, oval or oblong, thick-
ish, 9 to IG lines long, either narrowed or abruptly contracted into a rather long naked
petiole : scape equalling or shorter than the leaves, capitately few-flowered : bracts lanceo-
late, longer than the calyx, usually hirsute-ciliate (either nerveless or S-nerved) : tube of
tlie corolla narrow, rather longer than the calyx, the limb half inch or more in diameter :
capsule clavate-oblong, somewhat terete. — DC. Prodr. xi. 282, with -S. trinerve. Ruellia
dulcis, Cav. Ic. vi. 62, t. 585, •fig. 2. (Mex. to S. Chili.)

Var. Floridanum. Glabrous, only the upper bracts and bractlets lightly hirsute-
ciliate. — Indian River, E. Florida, Palmer.

S. barbatum, Torr. & Gray. Very hirsute with long and shaggy white hairs, many-
stemmed from the root ; a span or less high : leaves crowded, oblanceolate, attenuate at
base into an indistinct petiole, above passing into the lanceolate and crowded foliaceous
bracts of the rather many-flowered spike, which nearly equal the corolla: tube of the
latter hardly longer than the calyx; limb over half inch in diameter: capsule ovate,
obcompressed, not attenuate at base: seeds hispid. — Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 168, t. 4, & Bot.
Mex. Bound. 122. — Hillsides, western borders of Texas and adjacent parts of New Mex-
ico, Wright, Gen. Pope, &c.

6. BERG-lNIA, Harvey. (In honor of Mr. Bergin, of Dublin.) — Benth.
& Hook. Gen. ii. 1096. A single species.

B, virgata, Harvey. Low and branching, apparently suffruticose, minutely cinereous-
puberulent: branches slender: leaves linear-oblong, nearly sessile (half inch long); the
upper smaller and passing into obscurely 3-nerved bracts of the loose and interrupted
spike: calyx rather longer than the bracts, 2-bracteolate : corolla probably white, less
than half inch long ; its lower lobe bearded at and below the base. — Gray, Bot. Calif,
i. 588. — " California," Coulter. Probably Arizona : not since found.

7. CARLOWRlGHTIA, Gray. {Charles Wright, the discoverer of one
species, the earliest explorer of the district it inhabits, a most assiduous and suc-
cessful collector and investigator of the botany of several parts of the world.) —
Much branched undershrubs, minutely ciuereous-puberulent or glabrate ; with
slender branchlets, small and narrow entire leaves, and rather small loosely
spicate or paniculate-racemose flowers : corolla purple. — Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. xiii. 364.

C. linearifolia, Gray, 1. c. A foot high, ericoid-leafy : leaves filiform-linear, 4 to 8 lines
long; uppermost passing into similar bracts and bractlets of the somewhat paniculate in-
florescence : calyx deeply 5-parted; the divisions similar to and equalled by the bractlets :

328 ACANTHACEiE. Carlowrightia.

lobes of the purple and almost rotate corolla oblong, 2^ lines long, twice the length of the
tube: filaments hirsute-puberulent : anthers sagittate, the cells at base very obtuse or
retuse : stipe as long as the body of the capsule. — Shaueria lineari/olia, Torr. Bot. Mex.
Bound. 123 : referred by Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1114, to Dianthera, but it cannot properly
be included in that genus. —Western Texas ; on hills between the Limpio Pass and the Rio
Grande, Wright. Burro Mountains and Great Canon of the Rio Grande, Digeloio, Parry.
C. Arizonica, Gray, 1. c. Apparently low, diffuse : leaves oblong or lanceolate, 2 or 3
lines long : flowers sparsely spicate on filiform branchlets : bracts subulate, shorter than
the calyx : bractlets minute or none : calyx deeply 5-cleft ; the lobes subulate : lobes of the
bright purple corolla 4 lines long, thrice the length of the narrow tube, narrowly oblong,
or the posterior broader above and with a yellow spot on the face, contracted below : fila-
ments glabrous : anthers oblong : stipe shorter than the body of the capsule. — Arizona, on
rocks near Camp Grant, Palmer, 1867.

8. ANISACANTHUS, Nees. {^viaog, unequal, and anavdog, the Acan-
thus.) — Suffruticose or shrubby plants (of Mexico and its borders) ; with mostly
lanceolate and entire petioled leaves, and usually loosely spicate or scattered red
(an inch or more long) flowers : branches apt to be pubescent in alternate lines. —
Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1 1 17.

A. pumilus, Nees. Low shrub, nearly glabrous : leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate
(about 18 lines long) ; the larger short-petioled : calyx pubescent or tomentulose, 5-parted ;
the subulate or linear lobes about equalling the stipe of the capsule, which is not longer
than the body : corolla red or reddish. — DC. Prodr. xi. 445. Drejera puberula, Torr. Bot.
Mex. Bound. 121.— S. Arizona, Wright, Wheeler. Probably not distinct from A. virgularis,
Nees, the Jnsticia coccinea, Cav. and J. virgularis, Salisb. (Mex.)
A. Thlirberi. Shrubby, 2 to 4 feet high : young parts minutely hirsute : leaves oblong or
lanceolate (an inch or less long), thickish, subsessile : flowers more pedicellate, in short
leafy clusters at the axils: calyx-lobes long-attenuate, equalling the pointed capsule, twice
the length of its stipe: corolla red, more funnelform; its lobes little shorter tlian tlie'tube.
— Drejera Thurheri, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 124. — S. New Mexico and Arizona, Thurber,
Capt. Smith, Palmer.
A. Wrightii. Suffruticose, 2 to 4 feet high, puberulent or the foliage glabrous, panicu-
I'ately branched: leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate (an inch or two
long) : spikes loosely paniculate, naked : lobes of the deeply 5-cleft calyx oblong-lanceo-
late, obtuse, very much (commonly thrice) shorter than the stipe of the pointed capsule
(stipe 3 to 5 and capsule 3 or 4 lines long) : corolla purplish-red, mch and a half long, with
lobes considerably shorter than tube. — Z>re/era Wrightii, Torr. 1. c — S. and W. Texas,
between the Guadaloupe and the Rio Grande, Wright, &c.

A. Greggii, Drejera Greggii, Torr. 1. c, of northern part of Mexico, has leaves as the
last species, but more pubescent and veiny, longer and slender corolla, with linear lobes
longer than the tube, toraentose calyx 5-cleft only to the middle, and the single capsule
seen is obovate and obtuse or retuse, on a stipe of thrice its length and double the length
of the calyx.

9. SIPH0N0GL6SSA, Oersted. (2't'g)cor, tube, and yXwaaa, tongue.) —

Herbaceous or barely suffrutescent, chiefly Mexican.

S. Pilosella, Torr. Low, branching from a suffrutescent base, hirsute with scattered
spreading hairs: leaves ovate or oval, subsessile (5 to 15 lines long): flowers mostly soli-
tary in the axils : sepals 5, subulate : corolla pale blue or purple, with tube 8 or 9 and limb
3 or 4 lines long : lower anther-cell conspicuously mucronate-calcarate at base ; upper less
so at apex: seeds cordate-orbicular, rugulose. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 134. Adhuloda dipiera-
cantha, Nees in DC. 1. c. 396. Monechma Pilosella, Nees, 1. c. 412. — Dry ground, Texas and
S. New Mexico. (Adjacent Mex.) • ♦

S. longiflora. Glabrous, or the slender stems cinereous-puberulent, barely a foot high :
leaves lanceolate, glabrous, short-petioled, an inch or two long : flowers clustered in upper

Dianthera. ACANTHACE^. 329

axils: corolla (white or yellowish-white) with tube inch and a half long: lower anther-
cell mucronate-appendaged at base. — Adhatoda ? longijlora, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 125. —
S. Arizona, Schott, Rothrock.

10. BELOPERONE, Nees. {Bilog, an arrow or dart, and 7tE(j6vTj, some-
thing pointed.) — Shrubby plants ; with red flowers, all but the following tropical
American.

B. Californica, Benth. Low shrub, with spreading often leafless branches, tomentose
or cinereous-puberulent: leaves ovate, oval, or subcordate, petioled : racemes terminating
the branches, sliort, several-many-flowered: bracts and bractlets small, deciduous: calyx
deeply 5-parted ; lobes subulate-lanceolate : corolla dull scarlet, an inch long; both the lips
oblong and truncate ; lower 3-lobed at apex : anther-cells oval ; lower mucronate at base :
capsule obtuse, with broad and long stipe-like base obcompressed : seeds turgid, glabrous,
coarsely rugose. — Bot. Sulph. 38; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 588. Jacobinia Californica, Nees
in DC. 1. c. 729. Sericographis Californica, Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 125. — Desert region
along the southern borders of California, and Lower California.

11. JUSTfCIA, Houston, L. {James Justice, a Scotch cultivator and ama-
teur.) — A large and widely distributed genus, chiefly tropical, rejjreseuted here
by a single anomalous and little known plant.

J. "Wrlghtii. A span or less high and much branched from a suffrutescent base, cinereous-
puberulent : leaves rigid, 3 or 4 lines long, sessile ; lowest obovate ; upper linear-lanceolate,
mucronate-acute : flowers solitary and sessile in the upper axils ; bractlets similar to the sub-
tending leaf : Corolla purplish, 4 lines long, somewhat campanulate ; upper lip with a broad
emargination and two short narrow lobes ; lower larger with oval-obovate lobes : anther-
cells oblong ; the lower abruptly short-calcarate ; the upper smaller and mucronate at base
(fruit not seen : ovules 4). — Calcareous hills along the San Felipe, W. Texas, Wright (no.
445 of 1st coll.).

12. DIANTHERA, L. {/Jig, double, and avdriQcc, blooming, used for
anther.) — Chiefly perennial herbs, mostly American and of warm regions, various
in inflorescence and habit: fl. summer. — Rhytiglossa, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 335.

§ 1. EuDi ANTHER A. Flowcrs Capitate or spicate on a long and naked axillary
peduncle : bracts and bractlets subulate or linear : tube of the (purple or violet)
corolla shorter or not longer than the limb : glabrous perennials.
D. crassifolia, Chapm. Stem barely a foot high, simple or sparingly branched:
leaves few in distant pairs, fleshy, linear, or the lowest spatulate-lanceolate and short, and
tlie upper filiform and elongated (4 to 6 inches), about the length of the 2-6-flowered
peduncles: corolla an inch long, bright purple: capsule (with the long stipe) of the same
length. — Fl. 304. — Apalachicola, Florida, in wet pine barrens. Chapman.
D. Americana, L. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, sulcate-angled : leaves narrowly lanceolate,
3 or 4 inches long, tapering at base, subsessile : peduncles mostly exceeding the leaves,
capitately several-flowered : corolla pale violet or whitish, less than half inch long; base
of lower lip rugose. — Spec. i. 27 ; Gray, Man. ed. i. 293. ' D. ensi/onnis, Walt. Car. 03.
Justicia linearifolia, Lam. HI. i. 41. J. pedunculosa, Michx. Fl. i. 7. J. Americana, Vahl,
Enum. i. 140. Rhgtiglossa pedunculosa, Nees in DC. 1. c. 339. — In water, Canada to South
Carolina, Arkansas, and Texas.
D. humilis, Eagelm. & Gray. Stems a span to a foot high from a creeping base or
rootstock, mostly slender : leaves from oblong or obovate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, ses-
sile or slightly petioled, 1 to 3 inches long : flowers at length scattered in slender spikes on
a peduncle shorter than the leaf: bract and bractlets much shorter than the 5 equal subu-
late-linear caly'x-lobes : corolla violet or pale purple, 4 or 5 lines long : anther-cells more or
less mucronate at base. — PI. Lindh. i. 22. D. ovata, WaXt. Car. 63; Chapm. Fl. 304
(with var. lanceolata & angusta), a misleading name, as the leaves are never so broad

330 ACANTHACEiE. Dianlhera.

as ovate. Justicia humilis, Michx. Fl. i. 8; Pursh, Fl. i. 13; Vahl, Enum. i. 43. lihyti-
glossa humilis, Nees, 1. c. 340. R. obtusi/olia, Nees, 1. c. 338, as to N. Am. plant 7 — Muddy
borders of streams, S. Carolina, near the coast, to Texas. Narrowest leaved forms much
resemble the tropical D. pectoralis, which has smaller flowers and fifth sepal small.

p. parviflora, Drejera paivijiora, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. Dec. 1861, is like the
preceding, so far as an imperfect specimen shows : but leaves shorter (an inch or so long),
lanceolate from a broader and rounded subsessile base, the younger with a few hairs, and
tlie inflorescence puberulent, with also some short-stipitate glands. — W. Texas, Buckley.
§ 2. Anomalous species, cinereous-pubescent: flowers small, in the axils of

ordinary leaves and in slender spikes terminating the branches. {D. Sagrceana,

Griseb. with somewhat similar habit, is Justicia SagrcBana, the lower anther-cell

calcarate.)

D. parvif olia. Much branched from a somewhat woody root or base, a span or more
higli, erect or diffuse: leaves ovate, 3 to 8 lines long, petioled ; upper axils floriferous :
flowering branches mostly extended into slender sparsely-flowered spikes : bracts with
bractlets and sepals subulate, small : corolla white or purple, 4 lines long; the lips nearly
equal and about the length of the rather broad tube : anther-cells separated by a narrow

. connective, somewhat oblique and one a little lower. — Shaueria parvifolia, Torr. Bot. Mex.
Bound 122 — Dry soil, W. Texas to New Mexico, Wright, Schott, Liiidheimer, &c. Re-
ferred to this genus on the authority of Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1114.

13. G-ATESIA, Gray. (In memory oi Dr. ffezekiak Gates, -who almost hali
a century ago made and distributed a collection of Alabama plants, upon one of
which, viz. Petalostemon corymbosus, mistaken for a Composita, Bertoloni founded
his genus Gatesia.) — Single species : fl. summer. — Proc. Am. Acad. xiii. 365.

G. laete-virens, Gray, I. c. Perennial herb a foot or two high, puberulent or almost
glabrous : stem when dry with a contracted ring above each node, as if articulated : leaves
bright green, membranaceous, ovate-lanceolate or oval and acuminate at both ends (2^ to
5 inches long), petioled: flowers in oblong and somewhat strobilaceous usually short-

. peduncled spikes, both terminal and axillary : bracts oval or obovate with narrowed base,
mucronate, hirsute-ciliate (half inch long) : bractlets similar but smaller, about half the
length of the clavate-oblong firm-coriaceous capsule : calyx somewhat glumaceous, deeply
5-parted ; lobes setaceous-subulate, sparingly hirsute-ciliate, the innermost smaller : corolla

- white or flesh-color, almost salverform (about half inch and the lobes 2 lines long) : stipe-
like base shorter than the body of the 4-seeded capsule. — Justicia Imte-vireiis, Buckley in Am.
Jour. Sci. xlv. 176 (1843). Ehytiglossa viridijlora (meant for viridifoUa), Nees in DC. Prodr.
xi. 346. DicUptera Halei, Riddell, Cat. Fl. Ludov. in N. Orl. Med. Jour. 1852 ; Chapm. Fl.
305. — Shady damp ground, Northern Alabama, Buckley, Cabell, Beaumont. Lookout Moun-
tain, Tennessee, A. H. Curtiss. W. Louisiana, Hale. Eastern Texas, Wright. " Flowers open-
ing in the night : corolla dropping early next day," Lh: Cabell. More allied to Tetranierium
than to Dianthera, having, only the capsule of the latter, and the bractlets of DicUptera.

14. TETRAM:fiRIUM, Nees. {TEZQa^EQrig, quadripartite, limb of corolla
4-parted.) — Low perennial herbs, or barely suffrutescent at base (of and near
Mexico) ; with oblong or ovate and petioled leaves, dense spike terminating stem
and branches, its 4-ranked bracts imbricated and little exceeded by the (white or
purplish) corollas. — Bot. Sulph. 147, & DC. Prodr. xi. 467. {Hennja, Nees,
referred here iu Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1121, is distinguished by its small
primary bract, or ordinary leaf in place of it, aild conspicuous herbaceous bractlets,
as of DicUptera, which are usually vaginate and connate.)

T. hispidum, Nees, 1. c. Hirsute-pubescent, and the ovate or oblong strongly 3-5-
• nerved spinulose-pointed bracts hispid: leaves oblong, 1 or 2 inches long: calyx 4-parted:

lobes of the corolla shorter than its tube : seeds muriculate. — T. nervosum, var., Torr.

Bot, Mex. Bound. 125. — S. Arizona to the borders of Texas. (Mex.)

Dlcliptera. ACANTHACEiE. §31

^'lanSfo^TT' l''^^' ^- '• S'^^^^^^^-P^terulent. not at all hirsute: leaves oblong-
t". nil ■ f «»l>V"rd=^te. rhucronate-acuminate (half or two-thirds inch long), ligl.tly

trorrTol :,"^\7^= bractlets minute and subulate: calyx 5-partod: tube of purple

' TPvi« ^' f R '^'^'•r-^ly oblong lobes : seeds muriculate-scabrous.-S. borders of

Texas, near Rniggold Barracks on the Rio Grande, Schott.

15. piCLlPTERA, Juss. (z/tx^tV, two-valved, and mBQov, wing : applies
to the involucre of the typical species, but was explained to relate to the bipar-
tition and separation of the two parts of each valve of the capsule after dehiscence.)
— Chiefly herbs, dispersed over the warmer regions of the world. Fl. summer.
■Corolla often seemingly resupinate as relates to primary axis, on account of the
cymose inflorescence or the evolution of more than one flower in the involucre.
I^eaves petiolate. In the disruption of the valves of the capsule, the sides are
usually carried away with the placentae, leaving only a stalk-like base.

§ 1. EuDiCLi'pTE'.A. Bractlets of the flat involucre a single pair and broad,
opposite : internal bractlets small and tliin like the sepals : anther-cells oval, dis-
joined, one nearly over the other.

D. resupinata, Juss. A span to a foot or two higli from an annual or perennial root
nearly glabrous: stem G-angled : leaves from ovate to lanceolate or oblong: involucres on
naked simple or commonly trifid peduncles, l-3flowered, rotund- or deltoid-subcordate
rarely round-obovate, very flat, a tliird to half inch long and nearly as wide: lobes of tiie

• purple corolla obovate. — Ann. Mus. ix. 268 ; Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 474 ; Torr. Bot. Mex.

. Bound. 124. JusUcia sexangulans, Cav. Ic. ili. 2, t. 203. .7. resupinata, Vahl, Enum. i. 114.
Dlcliplera ihhspwides, Nees, 1. c. 1 S. Arizona (and California ? Coulter), Thurber, Schott.

■ Wrifjht,&c. (Mex.)

D. brachiata, Spreng. A foot or two high, from almost glabrous to pilose-pubescent :
stem G-angh^d, ratlier slender, witJi numerous spreading brandies: leaves oblong-ovate,
mostly -acuminate, membranaceous (2 to 4 inches long), slender-petioled : involucres clus-
tered in tiio axils and more or less paniculate, short-pedunclcd and subsessile, somewhat
convex, or at lengtli ventricose, its valves narrowed at base, 3 to 5 lines long, from broadly
obovate with rounded summit to spatulate-oblong, often unequal, frequently mucronate or
mucronulate: lobes of the purple or flesh-colored corolla elongated-oblong, half inch or
less long, about the length of the slender curved tube. — Syst. i. 80 ; Nees, 1. c. ; Chapm.
n. 305. D. resupinata, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 18.3, not Vahl. B. glaudulosa,
Scheele in Limi xxi. 765, a villous-pubescent form. — Shady and moist ground, N. Caro-
lina to Florida and Texas.

Var. attenuata, a form with the involucral valves narrower, spatulate or oblong, and
cuspidate-acuminate; and attenuate-acuminate leaves on long (sometimes 2 inch) petioles. •
— E. Texas, Wriyht. Also Arkansas, Nuttull: therefore his D. resupinata, in part; but not
according to his character " bracteis bivalvibus subcordatis."

§ 2. Dactylostegium. Bractlets 2 and narrow, and at base supplemented by
and sometimes partially concreted with a smaller aiid alternate pair, being the
outer and larger of the internal bractlets : anthers oblong-sagittate, the cells
usually pai-allel and equal : flowers loosely secund-spicate or paniculate : primary
bracts small and subulate. — Dactylostegium, Nees in Fl. Bras., Oersted. § Dac-
tylosteyice, Nees in DC. Prodr.

D. assurgens, Juss. 1. c. Glabrous or puberulent : stem 1 to 3 feet high, with virgate
branches: leaves ovate, acuminate, or the smaller upper ones oblong and obtuse: invol-
ucres cliiefly sessile and rather sparse in the slander simple or paniculate spikes : principal
bractlets of tiie involucre linear-spatulate, 4 or 5 lines long, 1-nerved, mucronate, nearly
twice the lengtli of the slender-subulate interior ones : cprolla much exserted, an inch long,
red or crimson, arcuate ; tlie nearly entire lanceolate-oblong iips shorter than tlie upwardly
ampliate tube. ^ Nees in DC. 1. c. 489; Cliapm. Fl. 305. ' Jusllcia assurgens, L. (P. IJrowne,
Jam. 110, t. 2, fig. l.[— Eastern S. Florida. (AV. Ind., Centr. Am.)

332 SELAGINACE^. Gymnandra.

Order CII. SELAGINACE^.

Shrubs or herbs, of various habit, confined to the southern hemisphere, except
two anomalous northern genera of dubious association, in character most like
Verbenacece, but the solitary ovules anatropous and suspended, and the radicle
of the terete straight embryo superior.

1 . G-YMN ANDRA, Pall, (rvfxrog, naked, driiQ, man ; stamens somewhat
protruding.) — Calyx spathaceous, cleft anteriorly, entire or 2-3-toothed pos-
teriorly. Corolla tubular, ampliate at the throat; limb 2-labiate ; upper lip
entire, erose- 2-3-crenulate, or 2-cleft ; lower usually longer, 2-3-cleft. Stamens 2,
inserted in the throat of the corolla, not surpassing its lobes : anthers versatile,
confluently 1-celled. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovulate: style filiform and elongated:
stigma subcapitate or 2-lobed. Fruit dry or slightly drupaceous, small, included
in the calyx and marcescent corolla, separating into two akene-like nutlets, or one
of them often abortive. Seed suspended : embryo a little shorter than the fleshy
albumen. — Perennial and subcaulesceut glabrous herbs ; with the aspect of Syn-
thjris in Scrophulariacece (p. 285) ; rootstock^ somewhat creeping: leaves alter-
nate ; the radical obovate or oblong and petioled ; those of the scapiform and
simple flowering stem sessile: flowers in a. dense terminal spike, each solitary
and sessile in the axil of a bract : corolla bluish. A few montane and arctic
Asiatic species, two of them reachhig N. America. — Pall. It. iii. 710 ; Choisy in
DC. Prodr. xii. 24; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1130.

G. Gmelini, Cham. & Schl. Somewliat robust, a span to a foot high : radical leaves
ovate or oblong, mostly obtuse at both ends, rcpand-crenate (2 to' 4 inches long) : cauline
smaller, passing into bracts of the dense and thick oblong spike : stamens much shorter
than the upper lip of the corolla, exceeding the style. — Linn. ii. 561; Hook. Fl. ii. 102.
6'. lioreulis, var., Pall. 1. c. G. ovata & reniformis, Willd. Lagotts ylauca, Gaertn. in Nov. Conun.
Tetrop. xiv. 533, t. 18, fig. 2. (Bartsia gijimandm, Pursh, Fl. ii. 4-30, referred here as to
plant of Columbia River, is probably Sijnthyris ?•«;»•«. ) —Unalaska, PopofE Islands, &c.,
recently coll. by Harringlon and EllioU. (Kamts., &c.)

G. Stelleri, Cham. & Schl. 1- c. Slender and smaller : radical leaves oblong, acute,
more attenuate at base, unequally and obtusely serrate: stamens about equalling the
upper lip of the corolla, shorter than the style. — Hook. 1. c. G. minor, dentala, & (jraahs,
Willd. — Kotzebue Sound, Lnij & Collie. Arctic coast, Richardson. Perhaps Island of St.
Lawrence, Chamisso. St. Paul's Island, EllioU. (Arctic Asia.)

Order CIII. VERBENACE.E.

Herbs or shrubs (in tropical regions some are trees), with chiefly opposite or
verticillate leaves, no stipules, bilabiate or almost regular corolla, with lobes
imbricated in the bud, mostly didynamous stamens, single style with one or two
stio-mas, an undivided mostly 2-carpellary but more or less completely 2-4-celled
(rarely 8-locellate) ovary, a pair of ovules to each carpel (one to each locellus or
half-carpel) ; the fruit either drnpaceo>us and 2-4-pyranous, or dry and separating
at maturity into as many nutlets ; embryo straight, and in true Verbenacea with
the radicle inferior. P/iryma, appended to this order for lack of other afifinity,
is a notable exception. Albumen in our genera scanty or none. Inflorescence
various. Foliage sometimes aromatic.

VERBENACEiE. 333

Tribe I. PHRYME^. Ovary one-celled, and with a single erect or ascending
orthotropous ovule. Seed without albumen. Radicle superior: cotyledons broad,
convolute round their axis. Inflorescence centripetal.

1. PHRYMA. Calyx cylindraceous, bilabiate ; upper lip of 3 setaceous-subulate teeth:
lower of 2 short subulate teetli. Corolla with cylindrical tube equalling the upper lip of
the calyx, and a bilabiate limb: upper lip almost erect, emarginate ; lower much larger,
spreading, .^-lobed. Stamens didynamous, included : antliers 2-celled, opening longitudinally.
Style slender: stigma 2-c!eft. Fruit a dry akene in the bottom of the calyx. Calyx
abruptly reflexed on the axis of the spike in fruit, strongly ribbed, and closed by the
narrowing of the orifice : the long slender teeth hooked at the tip.

Tribe II. VERBENE^. Ovary, or at least the fruit, with 2 to 8 cells or nutlets:
ovules anatropous or nearly so, erect. Radicle accordingly inferior. Inflorescence
centripetal and simple; the flowers in the spike commonly alternate: bractlets
none. Leaves simple, sometimes divided, but not compound. Stamens in our
genera included and distinctly didynamous.

* Flowers spicate or capitate.
+- Calyx ampliate-globular and closed over the fruit.

2. PRIVA. Flowers slender-spicate. Calyx at first cylindraceous, .with 5 ribs produced
into short teetli, membranaceous and enlarging with and closely investing the dry indu-
rated fruit, which splits into a pair of 2-locellate or by abortion 1-loccllate nutlets.
Corolla salverform, 5-lobed, obscurely bilabiate.

-t- -1— Calyx narrow, tubular, plicately 5-angled, 5-toothed, mostly enclosing the dry fruit :
corolla salverforin ; limb somewhat equally or unequally 6-lobed : akene-like nutlets
1-celIed, 1-seeded.

3. STACHYTARPHETA. Perfect stamens 2 (the anterior pair) and with divaricate
vertical anther-cells : posterior reduced to sterile filaments. Stigma terminal, orbicular,
subcapitate. Fruit separating into 2 oblong-linear nutlets.

4. BOUCHEA. Perfect stamens 4: anthers ovate, the cells -parallel. Stigma 2-lobed,
one lobe abortive, the other subclavate-stigmatose. Fruit separating into 2 nutlets.
Seed linear.

5. VERBENA. Perfect stamens 4 : anthers ovate ; the cells nearly parallel. Stigma mostly
2-lobed; anterior lobe larger ; posterior smooth and sterile. Fruit separating into 4 nutlets.
•»— -1— -)— Calyx small and short : anthers short, the cells parallel : cells of the ovary and

nutlets of the fruit 2, one-seeded : style mostly short : stigma thickish, mostly oblique.

6. LIPPIA. Calyx 2-4-cleft or toothed, ovoid, oblong-campanulate or compressed and
bicarinate, enclosing the dry fruit, which separates into 2 nutlets. Limb of corolla
oblique or bilabiate, 4-lobed.

7. LANTANA. Calyx very small and membranaceous, truncate or sinuate-toothed.
Limb of the corolla not bilabiate, obsiiurely irregular, 4-5-parted; the broad lobes obtuse
or retuse ; tube slender. Fruit drupaceous, merely girt at base by the calyx, fleshy or
juicy; its nutlets bony, mostly roughened.

* * Flowers in open racen'ies, minutely bracteate : calyx tubular-campanulate, with trun-
cate minutely .5-toothed border : corolla salverform ; the 5-partcd limb somewhat oblique
or unequal : anther-cells parallel : ovules aniphitropous : drupe juicy, containing 2 to 4
bilocellate 2-seeded bony nutlets : subtropical and tropical shrubs or trees.

8. CITHAREXYLUM. Calyx in fruit girting the base of the drupe. Stigmas 2. Nut-
lets 2. Sterile fifth stamen present, rarely antheriferous.

9. DURANTA. Calyx in fruit ampliate and enclosing the drupe. Corolla commonly
curved. Stigma unequally 4-lobed. Nutlets 4 : seeds therefore 8.

Tribe III. VITICE^E. Ovary, embryo, &c , of the preceding tribe. Ovules later-
ally affixed, amphitropous. Inflorescence centrifugal, cymose.

1 0. CALLICARPA. Flowers 4-merous (rarely 5-merous in calyx and corolla), nearly regu-
lar. Calyx short, sinuately toothed. Corolla with short or campanulate tube. Stamens
4, equal, exserted : anthers «hort ; cells parallel. Stylo elongated: stigma capitate or
2-lobed. Baccate drupe small, the base subtended by the calyx, containing 4 small
1-seeded nutlets or by abortion fewer. Cymes axillary.

Tribe IV. AVICENNIE.Sl. Ovary imperfectly 4-celled, with a central 4-winged
columella bearing 4 pendulous amphitropous ovules, these and the solitary seed des-

'334 TERBENACE^. Phryma.

titute of any coats. Fruit fleshy-capsular. Seed consisting solely of a' large
embiyo, which begins gennination at or before dehiscence: radicle villous, inferior:
cotyledons large, amygdaloid, conduplicate longitudinally: plumule conspicuous.
Flowers glomerate (inflorescence centrifugal); the capituUform clusters variously
disposed.
1 1 AVICENNIA. Calvx of 6 imbricated concave sepals. Corolla with short campan-
"ulate tube, and sliglitly irregular 4-parted spreading limb. Stamens 4, somewhat unequal
and exserted. Style short or none. Stigmas 2. Fruit compressed, 2-valved.

1. PHR"^MA, L. LoPSEED. (An unexplained name, substituted by Lin-
niBus for Leptostachya, Mitch, in Act. Phys.-Med. Nat. Cur. viii. 212, 1748.) —
Single species.

P. Leptostachya, L. Perennial herb, 2 to 4 feet high, slender, somewhat pubescent:
leaves ovate, acuminate, coarsely serrate; lower ones long-petioled : flowers small and
inconspicuous, sessile in slender and filiform at lengtli much elongated terminal spikes,
purplish, each in the axil of a setaceous bract and subtended by a pair of minute bractlets,
at Icngtii strictly reflexed ; the fructiferous calyx, detaching at maturity, apt to adhere to
fleece and clothing by the hooked tips of the awn-like teeth in the manner of a bur. —
Gsertn. Fr. t. 75; Lam. 111. t. 516; Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 520. — Moist and open woods,
Canada to Florida and Missouri: fl. summer. (Japan to Nepal.)

2. PRIVA, Adans. (Name of unknown derivation.) — Homely perennial
herbs of warm climates; with petioled coarsely serrate leaves, and terminal spikes
of small dull flowers, in sumther.

P. echinata, JUSS. Somewhat pubescent: leaves ovate, somewhat cordate: flowers
alternate-in the slender spike: fruiting calyx hirsute with small hooked hairs: fruit ovate,
4-angled, splitting into 2 nutlets, eacli 2-seeded, spiny-toothed on the back. — Jacq. Obs.
t. 24; Sloane, Jam. t. 110; Chapm. Fl. 206. — S. Florida. (Trop. Amer.)

3. STACHYTARPH£1TA, Vahl. (Name formed of craxvg, spike, and
raQ(fvg, dense, written Stachytarpha by Link and some succeeding authors, that it
might better accord with the etymology.) —Tropical herbs or undershrubs, chiefly
American ; with mostly serrate and sometimes alternate leaves, and dense ter-
minal spik,es ; the flowers, or at least the fruiting calyx, often half immersed in
longitudinal excavations of the stout rhachis, subtended each by a small and
usually paleaceous bract.

S Jamaicensis, Vahl. Annual, but suffrutescent, glab'rate : leaves oval or oblong,
coarsely serrate, tapering into the petiole : spike as thick as a goose-qmll, 6 to 10 mches
long : bracts appressed, striate, aristulate-acuminate : flowers sunk in deep excavations of
the tliickening rhachis: calyx becoming compressed and 2-cleft: corolla blue, its borcter
4 lines broad. -Enum. i. 206 (Sloane, Jam. t. 107; Uesc. Ant. vi. t. 692) ; Chapm. Fl.
" 308. Verbena Jamaicensis, L. — S. Florida. ( W. Ind. to Guiana.)

4. BOtrCHEA, Cham. {Charles and Peter Bouche, Berlin gardeners.) —
Between the preceding and following genera, American, African, and Indian:
flowers not immersed in the slender rhachis of the spike ; in summer.

§ 1. Leaves petioled and serrate (as in the genus generally) : flowers small.
B. Ehrenbergii, Cham. Annual, a span to 2 feet high", barely puberulent, brachiately
branched: leaves ovate or oval: spikes short: flowers crowded: corolla little exserted,
bluish, 3 lines long: tip of fruit exserted from the shortish tube of calyx. — Linn. vii. 253;
Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 558; Torr. in Bot. Mex. Bound. 126. Verbena prismatica, Jacq.
Ic. Rar. t. 208. — S. Arizona, Thurber, Wright, (Mex. & W. Ind. to Venezuela.)

Verbena. VERBENACE^. 335

§ 2. Leaves sessile or nearly so and entire : spikes lax : tube of (purple or white)
corolla exserted, and limb 6 to 9 lines broad: fruit somewhat shorter than the
narrow cylindrical calyx-tube. Peculiar species.

B. spatulata, Torr. Suffrutescent, puberulent: branches terete, very leafy: leaves
tliickish, obovate, entire, obtuse, tnucronate (9 lines long) ; upper ones passing into similar
foliaceous brarts ; uppermost lanceolate, about equalling the calyx. — Bot. Mex. Bound.
126. — S. W. Texas, canon of the Rio Grande, near Mount Carmel, Parry.

B. linifolia, Gray. Fastigiately and alternately branched from a perennial or suffrutes-
cent base, a foot or two high, glabrous and smooth: branches rigid, striate-angled and
sulcate, very leafy : leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, acute at both ends, l-nerved ; upper-
most passing into bracts of the loose spike : upper bracts subulate, much shorter than the
slightly pedicellate striate calyx : throat of corolla f unnelf orm. — Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2,
xvi. 98 ; Torr. 1. c. — Dry bed or banks of the San Pedro and Rio Grande, S. W. Texas,
Wright, Schott.

3. VERBi^NA, Tourn. Vervain. (Roman name of a sacred herb, of
Celtic derivation.) — A large genus of herbs (or a few S. American species suf-
fruticose), chiefly American, some mere weeds, some ornamental ; fl. summer.
Spontaneous hybrids abound, not here to be described ; many are noted by En-
gelmann in Am. Jour. Sci. xlvi. (1843) 99.

§ 1. Flowers small or comparatively so, in narrow spikes: anthers unappen-
daged.

* Spikes filiform, with the flowers or at least the fruits scattered, naked, and the inconspicuous
bracts shorter than the calyx.

•i— Leaves 1-2-pinnately cleft or incised, sessile or nearly so.

V. OFFICINALIS, L. Annual, slender : stem glabrous or nearly so : leaves minutely strigu-
lose-pubescent, chiefly once or twice pinnatifid or 3-5-cleft ; lower obovate, sometimes only
incised, narrowed below into a tapering base ; uppermost lanceolate : spikes very slender,
solitary or panicled : bracts shorter than calyx : lobes of the small purplish corolla usually
less than a line long. — Fl. Dan. t. 628; Lam. 111. t. 17. V. officinalis & V. spuria, L.
Spec. i. 18. — Road-sides and old fields, New Jersey to Texas, Arizona, and S. California.
(Nat. from Eu., &c.)

V. Xlitha, Lehm. Stouter and taller (2 or 3 feet high, from a perennial root ? ), hirsute-
pubescent : leaves more or less canescent, incisely pinnatifid or laeiniate, or some of the
lower 3-parted ; lobes coarsely toothed : flowers more crowded in the strict spikes, larger :
bracts equalling the calyx : lobes of the purple or blue corolla commonly a line and a half
long. — Ind. Sem. Hamb. 1834, & Linn. x. Literb. 115. V. strigosa. Hook. & Arn. Comp. Bbt.
Mag i. 176, not Cham. V. Lucmana, Walp. Rep. iv. 23; Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 547.
V.'ccErulea, Vatke in App. Ind. Sem. hort. Berol. 1876, 1. V. sororia, Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal.
104, & Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 202, is perhaps the same species. — Louisiana and Texas, southern
borders of California. (Mex.)

-f- -1- Leaves merely serrate, or sometimes sparingly incised : root perennial.

V. urticaefolia, L. From minutely hirsute-pubescent to almost glabrous, 3 to 5 feet
high: leaves thin, petioled, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate or acute, evenly or
doubly serrate : spikes slender-filiform, panicled, more or less sparsely flowered : bracts

■ ovate, acuminate, shorter than the short calyx : corolla a line or two, and lobes only half
a line long, white, sometimes bluish or purplish. — Waste or open grounds, Canada to
Texas, &c. (Trop. Am.)

V. polystachya, HBK. Less tall, more scabrous, sometimes hirsute or hispid, panicu-
lately branched : leaves from oblong to broadlj' lanceolate (1 or 2 inches long), sessile by a
narrowed base or short-petioled, obtuse or acute, incisely serrate, occasionally somewhat
lobed : spikes thicker and denser than in the preceding. — Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 608. V. poli/-
stachya, biserrata, & veroniccefolin ? HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. ii. 274, &c. V. Caroliniensis,
Dill. Elth. ii. 407, t. 301, fig. 388 : therefore V. Carolina, L. Spec. ed. 2, ii. 29, but not in
Carolina. V. CaroUniana, Spreng. Syst. ii. 748; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 156; Schauer
in DC. I. c. 546. California and Arizona : rare. (Mex.) '

336 VERBENACE^. Verbena.

V. Carolinidna, Michx. Cinereous-puberulent and scabrous-pubescent : stems mostly
simple, ascending, from 6 inches to 2 feet liigli, including the commonly solitary long and
virgate spike : leaves oblong and the lowest obovate, obtuse, sessile, finely and often doubly
serrate : flowers in the upper part of the spike crowded : bracts subulate, equalling the calyx :
corolla flesh-color; the lower lobe a line long, the others shorter. — Fl. ii. 13; Ell. Sk. ii. 99.
Phryma Carolimensis, Walt. Car. 166. Verbena CaroUniana, Ray, and as to this at least
V. Carolina, L., but seemingly not T. CaroUnensis, Dill. Elth. V. carnea, Med. ex Schauer
in DC. 1. c. 545. — Pine barrens, N. Carolina to Florida.
* * Spikes thicker or densely-flowered ; the fruits crowded, mostly overlapping each other or

imbricated: bracts inconspicuous, not exceeding the flowers: root perennial.
^— Pubescence short, sparse and hirsute or scabrous : spikes dense, strict, naked at base or more
or less peduncled: stem erect.
V. angUStif olia, Michx. 1- c. Stem and spikes often simple, a foot or two Tiigh : leaves
linear or lanceolate, coarsely rugose-veiny, serrate, tapering mto nearly sessile base:
corolla purple or lilac (3 lines long). — F. rugosa, Willd. Enum. 633. V. simplex, Lehm.
Pugill. i. 37. — Dry or sandy ground, Massachusetts (Amherst) to Wisconsin and Florida.
V. hastata, L. Tall, 3 to 6 feet high: leaves oblong-lanceolate, gradually acuminate,
coarsely or' incisely serrate, petioled, some of the lower commonly hastate-3-lobed at
base : spikes numerous in a panicle : corolla blue — V. paniculata, Lam. ; Bot. Mag. 1. 1102 ;
name applied to the form which wants the 3-lobed leaves; the better but the later name
for the species. — Canada and Saskatchewan to Florida, New Mexico, and (according to
Torrey in Wilkes Exped. Bot.) California: chiefly waste grounds and road-sides. — Var.
pinnatijida, Schauer (V. pinnalijida. Lam.), is a probable hybrid, of occasional occurrence.
^__ ^_ Pubescence softer and denser, commonly cinereous or canescent : spikes mostly sessile or
leafy-bracted at base.
V. Stricta, Vent. Erect, rather stout, a foot or two high : leaves cinereous with dense
soft-hirsute-villous pubescence, thickish, rugose-veiny, ovate or oblong, nearly sessile, very
sharply and densely mostly doubly serrate, rarely incised: spikes comparatively thick,
dense both in flower and fruit, canescent : bracts subalate-setaceous, equalling the calyx :
corolla blue (4 or 5 lines long) :' nutlets linear. — Hort. Cels, t. 53. V. rigens, Michx. Fl.
ii, 14. V. cnnei/olia, Raf. in Med. Rep. N. Y. xi 260?— Barrens and prairies, Ohio to
Dakota, Texas, and New Mexico, where a hybrid occurs between it and V. bradeosa,
V. lanceolata, Beck in Am. Jour. Sci. xiv. 118, may be one of the hybrids between
V. stricta and V. am/ustifolia which occur at St. Louis.
V. prostrata, R. Br. Diffusely spreading, at length much branched, from soft-villous
to hirsute : leaves obovate or oblong, with cuneate base tapering into a margined petiole,
veiny, acutely incised and serrate, often 3-5-cleft : spikes solitary or somewhat clustered,
elongated, hirsute or villous, dense when in flower: bracts subulate, shorter than the
calyx: corolla violet or blue, 2 lines long: nutlets oblong. — Ait. Kew. ed. 2, iv. 41;
Schauer, 1. c. ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 609. V. lasiosfachys, Link ; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech.
156. — Plains and open grounds, throughout W. California. Very variable.
* * Spikes (either thickish or slender) sessile and bracteose, i. e the rigid and somewhat foliaceous
bracts, or some of them, surpassing the flowers: root annual or becommg ligiiescent-perennial.
V. bracteosa, Michx. Much branched from the base, diffuse or decumbent, hirsute :
leaves cuneate-oblong or cuneate-obovate, narrowed mostly into a sliort margined petiole,
pinnately incised or 3-clcft, and coarsely dentate : spikes terminating tiie branches, thick :
lowest bracts often pinnatifid or incised ; the others lanceolate, acuminate, entire, rigid,
sparsely hispid, all exceeding the flowers : corolla purpHsh or blue, very small : nutlets
with a' broad and strongly convex or 2-facetted granulate-scabrous commissure. — Fl. ii.
14; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2910. F! s<7wnros«. Roth, Catal. Bot. iii. 3. V. canescens t Chapm.
Fl.'307, not HBK. — Prairies and open waste grounds, Wisconsin to W. Florida, and west
to Oregon, California, and Arizona.

Var. brevibracteata, a peculiar form, with dense spikes, most of the bracts little
longer than the flowers, and the uppermost barely equalling them, in fruit all ascending or
appressed. — W. Texas to Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.)
V. canescens, HBK. Much branched from the base, ascending or erect, canescent-
hirsute : leaves' oblong-lanceolate and cuneate-obovate, contracted into a margined base,
rigid, sharply toothed, incised, or some of them pinnatifld : spikes solitary, filiform,
mostly loosely-flowered : bracts subulate, the lower almost filiform and more or less ex-

Verbe7ia. VERBENACE^. 337

ceedlng the flowers, the uppermost ovate-lanceolate and only equalling them: corolla
bluish (about 2 Imes long) : nutlets with a narrower almost smooth commissure. -HBK
Nov. Gen & Spec. ii. 274, t. 136. V. gracilis, Best Cat. ed. 3, 393. V. remola, Benth.
"^^^T-. R^'neriana, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 755 ? -Dry open grounds, W. Texas to

S. California. (Mex.)

Var. Neo-Mexicana. Stems rather strict and slender : leaves bipinnately cleft or
almost parted: bracts not longer than the calyx.— V. officinalis, var. hirsula, Torr Bot
Mex. Bound. 28. — Borders of thickets near the Coppermines, New Mexico^ Wright Bigelow
Appears as if a hybrid between V. canescens and V. officinalis. S. Arizona, similar in foliage
but with long bracts, Rothrock.

§ 2. Flowers more showy, at first depressed-capitate, becoming spicate in fruit :
anthers of the longer stamens appendaged by a gland on the connective ; tube of
corolla at the upper part lined with reflexed bristly hairs, especially the anterior
side : anther-cells slightly oblique or unequal. — Glandularia, Gmelin, Nutt.
Billardiera, Moench. Shuttleworthia, Meissner. Uwarowia, Bunge.

* ^^?^,^ 2I ^^^ anthers small and short, sometimes inconspicuous, on the middle of the bacit:
mainly fibrous-rooted peveniiiais; but seedlings flowering as annuals: nutlets reticulate-rugulose
mostly scabrous on the commissure. Species difficult to distinguish, apparently passing into

v. Ciliata, Benth. Low or depressed, hirsute-pubescent or hispid, 3 to 10 inches high,
diffusely spreading from an apparently annual root; the branches not creeping nor rooting
at base : leaves once or twice 3-cleft or parted and variously incisely lobed, 6 to 12 lines
long, with cuneate base contracted into a margined petiole ; lobes from linear to oblong :
spikes short-peduncled or sessile, dense, at most oblong: fructiferous calyx oblong, 2^ or 3
lines long, with short subulate teeth: limb of the purple or bluish corolla 2 to 4 lines
broad: gland of the anther^ usually very small. — PI. Hartw. 21 ; Schauer in DC Prodr.
xi. 553; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 608. — Dry plains, W. Texas to Arizona and the southern
border of California. (Mex.)

V. bipinnatiflda, Nutt. A span to a foot high, hispid-hirsute, perennial, rooting from
subterranean branches: leaves (H to 4 inches long), bipinnately parted, or 3-parted into
more or less bipinnatifid divisions; the lobes commonly linear or rather broader: spikes
in age elongated, bracts setaceous-attenuate, mostly surpassing the calyx; teeth of the
latter slender, subulate-setaceous from a broader base, unequal: limb of the bluish-pur-
ple or lilac corolla 4 or 6 lines broad; lobes obcordate : nutlets at maturity usually
retrorsely murieulate-scabrous or hispidulous on the commissure. — Jour. Acad. Philad. ii.
123 ; Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 2-33 ; Schauer in DC. 1. c. 553. Glandularia bipinnaiifida,
Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 184. — Plains and prairies, Arkansas and Texas to
the base of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado, &c. Cult as " V. monlana."

V. Aubletia, L. A foot or less high, branching and ascending from a creeping or' root-
ing base, perennial (as rightly said by Jacquin), slender, soft-pubescent, hirsute, or gla-
brate: leaves (1 or 2 inches long) ovate or ovate-oblong in outline, with truncate or broadly
cuneate base tapering into a margined petiole, incisely lobed and toothed, often more deeply
3-cleft: spikes pedunculate, elongated in fruit: bracts subulate or linear-attenuate, shorter
than or equalling the similar slender and unequal teeth of the narrow calyx : limb of the
reddish-purple or lilac (rarely white) corolla half or two-tliirds inch broad: commissure of
the nutlets minutely white-dotted or nearly smooth. — Jacq. Vind. ii. 82, 1. 176; L. f. Suppl.
86; Bot. Mag. t. 308; Michx. Fl. ii. 13; Bot. Reg. t.294, 1. 1925 (var. Dnunmondi) ; Schauer
in DC. 1. c. 554, V. Ohletia, Retz. V. longifiora. Lam. Buchnera Canadensis, L. Mant. 88.
Glandularia Carolinensis, Gmel. Billardiera explanata, Moench. V. Lamberti, Sims, Bot. Mag.
t. 2200 ; Schauer, 1. c. ; form with narrower and more incised leaves. V. Lamberti, var.
rosea, Don, Brit Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 363, with large and light-colored corolla (three-fourths
inch wide, fragrant). — Open woods and prairies, Florida to Illinois, Arkansas, and New
Mexico. (Mex.) Cult., variously mixed.

* * Gland of the anthers oval, as high and almost as large as one of the cells: stem erect from an
annual root.
V. "Wrightii. Hispidulous-pubescent : stem simple below, 2 feet high : leaves pinnateiy
3-7-parted or deeply cleft, contracted at base into a margined petiole ; lobes mostly lan-

22

338 VERBENACE.E. Verbena.

ceolate, acute : fructiferous pedunculate spikes dense, oblong : fructiferous calyx with teeth
very much shorter than the oblong tube : corolla light purple : nutlets, &c., of V. Aubletia.
— Near Frontera, on the borders of Texas, and adjacent New Mexico, and Chihuahua,
Wright (no. 1504).

V. VENOSA, Gillies & Hook.j of S. America, one of the species cultivated for ornament, has
escaped into prairies in the vicinity of Houston, Texas.

6. LiPPIA, L. (Dr. A. Lippi, killed in Abyssinia early in the 18th cen-
tury.) — Herbs or shrubs (American, mainly southern, a few African, (fee, and one
or two widely dispersed species) ; with spikes or heads of small flowers, in summer.
Leaves often verticillate.

§ 1. Aloys I A, Schauer, Benth. & Hook. Flowers in slender and naked spikes,

with small and narrow bracts : calyx about equally 4-cleft, herbaceous, often

densely hirsute, the tube not compressed : nutlets thin-walled : shrubs, with foliage

commonly sweet-aromatic. — Aloysia, Ortega. (Z,. citriodora, of Uruguay, with

smooth calyx, &c., is the Lemon Verbena shrub, of cultivation.)

L. lycioides, Steud. Shrub 4 to 10 feet high, with long and slender branches, sometimes

splnescent, minutely puberulent: leaves (3 to 12 lines long) lanceolate-oblong, obtuse,

1-nerved, scabrous above, pale beneath, veinless, small and entire on flowering branches,

larger and incised or few-toothed on strong sterile shoots: spikes axillary, raceniose-

panicled, filiform : flowers white or tinged violet (fragrance of vanilla). — Schauer in Fl.

Bras, ix.'t. 36 & DC. Prodr. xi. 574. Verbena liguslrina. Lag. Nov. Gen. & Spec. 18. — Texas

to Arizona and " California," Coulter. (Mex., Uruguay, &c.)

L. Wrightii, Gray. Shrub 2 to 4 feet high, with many spreading slender branches,

minutely canescent-tomentose : leaves (4 to 8 lines long) orbicular-ovate, crenate, rugose,

abruptly short-petioled : spikes short-peduncled, densely flowered : calyx-teeth triangular :

corolla white, glabrous within : " odor of Sage." — Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xvi. 98; Torr. in

Bot. Mex. Bound. 126. — S.' W. Texas to Arizona, Thurher, Wright, Palmer, &c. (Adjacent

Mex., where var. macrostachya, Torr. 1. c, approaches L.scorodonioides, HBK., of S. Am.)

§ 2. ZapXnia, Schauer, Benth. & Hook. Flowers capitate or in short and

dense spikes, subtended and imbricated by broad bracts.

* Bracts decussately 4-ranked, complicate-carinate, persistent: flowers very small.
L. graveolens, HBK. Shrubby, 2 to 4 feet high, cinereous with close pubescence : leaves
ovate-oblong or 'oval, crenate-reticulate-rugose, hirsute-pubescent above, canescent beneath,
petioled : umbellate peduncles 3 to 6 in each axil, shorter than the leaves : bracts thin,
ovate, acute, silky, shorter than the yellowish-white salverform corolla. — Nov. Gen. &
Spec' ii. 266 ; Schauer, 1. c. L. Berlandieri, Torr. 1. c, not Schauer. — Texas, along and
near the Uio Grande. (Mex., &c.)

* * Bracts several-ranked, concave or flattish : calyx thin, more or less compressed fore and aft
and the sides carinate. — § Zf^xmia, Schauer.

H- More or less shrubby, erect: heads on short axillary peduncles.
L geminata HBK. 1. c. Pubescent leaves ovate or oblong, closely serrate, tripllnerved,
pinnately veined, and with rugose-reticulated veinlets, minutely strigose above, canescently
tomentose-pubescent beneath, petioled: peduncles mostly solitary in the axils, hardly
longer than the petiole : Jiead globular, at length cylindraceous : bracts broadly ovate,
abruptly cuspidate-acuminate, villous-canescent, a little shorter than the purple or violet
corolla. (Foliage with odor of citron.)- Verbena lanlanoldes, L. — S. Texas on the Kio
Grande. (Mex. to Uruguay.)

* * Herbaceous, procumbent or creeping: pubescence of fine and close hairs fixed by their middle
and both ends acute: peduncles chiefly axillary and slender: bracts closely imbricated: calyx
stronclv flattened fore and aft, with carinafe margins, and cleft into 2 lateral more or less con-
duplicate lobes : limb of corolla manifestly bilabiate; the smaller upper one refuse or emargmate:
pericarp crustaceous or corky, not readily separating into the two nutlets.

L. cuneif olia, Steud. Diffusely branched from a lignescent perennial base, procumbent
(not creeping), minutely canescent throughout : leaves rigid, cuneate-linear, sessile, incisely

Lantana. VERBENACE^. 339

2-6-toothed above the middle, nearly veinless, the midrib prominent : peduncles mostly
shorter than the leaves : heads at length cyUndraceous, almost half inch thick : bracts
rigid, broadly cuneate, abruptly acuminate from tiie truncate or retuse dilated summit :
calyx deeply 2-cleft ; tlie lobes oblong and emarginate, shorter than the tube of tlie (white?)
corolla : fruit oblong-oval. — Torr. in Marcy, Rep. 293, t. 17. Zapania cunei/olia, Torr. in
Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 234. — Plains, Nebraska to New Mexico and Arizona.

L. nodiflora, Michx. Creeping extensively, some branches ascending, "annual" or
probably perennial, cinereous or greenish : leaves cuneate-spatulate or oblanceolate, sessile
or nearly so, obscurely veiny or almost veinless, tlie long tapering base entire, sharply ser-
rate from above the middle to the apex: peduncles filiform (1 to 4 inches long), much
exceeding the leaves : heads cylindraceous in age, quarter inch thick : bracts mucronate or
pointless: lobes of the calyx linear-lanceolate; corolla rose-purple or nearly wiiite, short:
fruit globose or didymous. — Fl. ii. 15. Zapania nodiflora, Lam. III. 1. 17. Verbena nodiflora,
L. ; Sibth. Fl. Graec. t. 553. — Low grounds, Georgia to Texas and southward : also Cali-
fornia. (Cosmopolite in torrid zone.)

L. lanceolata, Michx. l. c. Like the preceding, and perhaps passes into it, but greener,
minutely and sparsely strigulose: leaves thinner, mostly broader (name therefore inapt)'
varying from obovate and lanceolate-spatulate to ovate, narrowed at base mostly into a
petiole, above sharply serrate, pinnately straight-veined; veins ending in the sinuses:
corolla bluish-white. — Gray, Man. ed. 5, 341. L. replans, HBK. 1. c? Zapania lanceolata.
Beck in Am. Jour. Sci. xiv. 284. — River banks, E. Penn. to lUinois and Missouri, south to
Florida and Texas. (Mex.)

7. LANTANA, L. (An old name of a Viburnum, transferred by Linnteus,
in view of some resemblance to this genus, which should have retained Plumier's
name of Camara). — Shrubs or undershrubby plants of warm regions ; with
mostly rugose and somewhat glandular-odorous pinnately veined petioled leaves
(not rarely in threes), and axillary pedunculate heads of rather showy small
flowers ; in summer. Several species common in gardens, two or three indigenous
to our southern borders.

§ 1. Drupe thin-fleshed or somewhat dry, at least with nutlets contiguous and
usually cohering more or less 'into a 2-celled putamen : stems never prickly.
(Transition to Lippia.)

L. involucrata, L. Canescent, much branched : leaves obovate-oval or ovate, rounded
at the apex, crenate, rugulose and veiny, scabrous above, soft-tomentose beneath, cuneate
at base, rather slender-petioled : peduncles equalling or exceeding the leaf: head hemi-
spherical or at length globose, not elongating : bracts silky, ovate, or the outermost some-
times oblong, these as long as the (white or hlac) flowers, and forming an involucre. —
S. Florida [L. imolucrata, var. Floriduna, Chapm. ; a form with long peduncles and white
flowers). S. borders of Texas {L. odorata, var. Berlandieri, Torr. Mex. Bound, and L. parvi-
fo/ia, Raf.' ) : a form with less obtuse leaves and white flowers. L. odorala, L. Syst., seems
not distinct. (Trop. Am.)

L. canescens, HBK. Cinereous-canescent throughout with fine and soft strigose pu-
bescence : branches slender : leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate and gradually
acuminate, with cuneate base, somewhat appressed-serrate, lineate-veined and minutely
rugose, about the length of the slender peduncles : heads ovoid, small, in age short-oblong :
bracts ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, lax ; the exterior larger, spreading and in-
volucrate : corolla small, white. — Nov. Gen. & Spec. ii. 259. Lippia pa/lescens, Bentli. Hartw.
245. As yet collected only on the Coahuila (Mexican) side of the Rio Grande, Berlundier,
Bigelow. (Trop. Am.)

L. macropoda, Torr. Cinereous with minute strigulose pubescence : stems slender,
1 to 3 feet higli, herbaceous almost or quite to the base : leaves ovate or oblong-ovate,
acute, coarsely and sharply serrate, obtuse or somewhat cuneate at base, petioled, usually
scabrous above and slightly canescent beneath, not at all rugose-reticulated, the primary
veins conspicuous and running straight to the sinuses : peduncles twice or thrice the length

340 VERBENACEiE. Lantana.

of the leaf (2 to 5 inches long) : heads globular, at length oblong : bracts ovate, cuspidate-
acuminate, nearly equalling the white or purple corolla; the outermost gradually larger
but hardly forming an involucre. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 127. — S. W. borders of Texas
( Wright, &c.), and adjacent parts of Mexico, Gregg, Palmer.

§ 2. Drupe juicy; the 2 nutlets separated, at least at base. Stems sometimes

prickly or hispid, but this very variable.

L. Camara, L. Scabrous and more or less hirsute, 1 to 4 feet high : prickles on the stem
short and hooked : leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, often subcordate, crenate-serrate, very
scabrous above, scabrous-iiirsute or softer-pubescent beneath (about 2 inches long) : pe-
duncles rigid, about the length of the leaf : head flat-topped in anthesis ; the rhacliis not
elongating : bracts lanceolate, strigose-iiirsute, about half the length of the yellow at
length orange or even flame-colored corolla. — Plum. Ic. t. 71 ; Dill. Elth. t. 56. L. horrida,
var. parvijiora, Schauer in DC. 1. c. ; Torr. I.e. — S. Georgia and Florida, S. Texas and
southward. (Trop. Am.)

8. CITHARlfiXYLUM, L. (Name c6mposed of Hiddga, guitar or lyre,
and ^vXov, wood, a translation into Greek of the colonial-English Fiddle-wood ;
but this name, unfortunately for the etymology, is an English corruption of the
earlier French-colonial name, hois jidele, meaning a wood trustworthy for strength.)
— . Tropical American shrubs or trees ; with somewhat coriaceous leaves, and small
flowers on a filiform rhachis, each subtended by a minute bract.

C. villosum, Jacq. Soft-pubescent or glabrate : leaves oblong-obovate or oblong, entire
or occasionally few-tootlied above the middle, veiny and with finely reticulated veinlets,
shining and barely scabrous above, pale and sometimes soft-canescent beneath, biglandular
at the narrowed base, tapering into the petiole : racemes declining, loose, but spike-like :
flowers very sliort-pedicelled : corolla white, glabrous externally. — Coll. i. 72, & Ic. Rar.
t. 118 ; Chapm. Fl. 309. —Key West, S. Florida ; perliaps S. Texas. ( W. Ind., Mex.)

9. DUHANTA, L. ( Castor Durantes, wrote upon W. Indian plants in the
16th century.") — W. Indian and S. American shrubs, often armed with axillary
spines ; one has reached our borders.

D. Plumieri, Jacq. Minutely pubescent or glabrate : branches 4-angled : leaves obovate,
oblong, or ovate, mostly entire, contracted at base into a short petiole : racemes panicled,
loose : lower bracts often leafy : calyx-teeth subulate from a broad base : corolla lilac :
drupe yellow ; the enclosing persistent calyx also yellowish, closed into a straight or con-
torted beak.— Jacq. Stirp. t. 176, fig. 76, & Ic. Rar. t. 502; Bot. Reg. t. 244; Chapm. I.e.
D. spinosa & D. jjierwis, L. ; the branches sometimes spiny, sometimes unarmed. D. Ellisia,
Jacq. Amer. t. 170, f. 77, & Hort. Schcenb. iii. t. 99; Bot. Mag. t. 1759. Ellisia acuta, L. —
Key West, S. Florida, Bhdgelt. (Trop. Am.)

10. CALLICARPA, L. (/CftUo?, beauty, and aaQnog, fruit: the berry-
like drupes ornamental.) — A rather large E. Asiatic and American genus, chiefly
of the warmer regions, one in the Atlantic States ; fl. late summer. Pubescence
stellular-branched or scurfy.

C. Americana, L. (French Mulberry.) Shrub low, with scurfy-stellate down and
glandular-dotted : leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, obtusely serrate, greenish above, whitish
or rusty beneath, acute or cuneate at base : cymes shorter than the petiole, many-flowered :
corolla bluish, iiardly 2 lines long: fruit violet-colored. — Catesb. Car. t. 47; Lam. 111. t. 69.
SpondyJococcus, Mitchell, Nov. Gen. Burchardta Americana, Duliam. Arb. ed. 1, i. t. 44. —
Rich or moist grounds, Virginia to Texas. (W. Ind.)

11. AVICIENNIA, L. White Mangrove. (Dedicated to Avicenna,
the Latinized name of Ihusina, most illustrious of Arabian physicians ; died in

LABIATJE. 341

1037.)— Maritime evergreen trees, of tropical regions, spreading from creeping
shoots ; their opposite entire and mostly canescent coriaceous leaves connected at
base by an interpetiolar line, giving the branchlets the appearance of being articu-
lated : peduncles axillary and terminal, commonly cymosely trichotomous : flowers
small, white or whitish, in late summer.

A. nitida, Jacq. Leaves oblong or lanceolate-elliptical, glabrate and at length sometimes
shining above : peduncles ternate or trichotomous : lobes of corolla minutely sericeous or
tomentulose both sides : style as long as stamens.— Jacq. Amer. t. 112, fig. 1 ; Schauer in
DC. Prodr. xi. 699 ; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 502. A. tomentosa, Meyer, Essequib. ; Nutt. Sylv.
iii. 79, t. 105, exserted style shown. A. ohlongifolia, "Nutt.? " Chapm. Fl. 310: name not
mentioned by Nuttall in Sylv. 1. c. — Keys and coasts of S. Florida, and mouth of the
Mississippi. (W. Ind. to Brazil.)
A. TOMENTOSA, Jacq. 1. c. fig. 2, with hardly any style, and corolla-lobes glabrous above, is

in the Prodromus and in Chapman's Flora attributed to " Florida, Nutlall." But Nuttall's

species figured under this name in the Sylva is clearly the A. nitida, and that is probably our

only species.

Order CIV. LABIATE.

Herbs or low shrubs, with aromatic herbage (usually dotted with small im-
mersed glands replete with volatile oil), with square stems, opposite simple leaves
and no stipules ; the perfect flowers with irregular more or less bilabiate corolla,
didynamous or diandrous ; filiform style mostly 2-cleft and 2-stigmatose at apex,
and around its base the divisions of a 4-parted (sometimes only 4-lobed) ovary,
which are uniovulate and ripen into akene-like nutlets, in the bottom of a gamo-
sepalous calyx. Ovule and seed mostly amphitropous or anatropous, and erect.
Embryo straight except in the Scutellarinece, with plane or plano-convex coty-
ledons and inferior radicle : albumen usually none or hardly any. Lobes of the
corolla imbricated in the bud, the posterior or the upper lip exterior and the
middle lobe of the lower lip innermost. Stamens borne on the tube of the corolla,
distinct or rarely monadelphous ; the fifth (posterior) stamen, and in diandrous
flowers the adjacent pair also, not rarely represented by sterile filaments or rudi-
ments : rarely the 4 fertile stamens equal. Hypogynous disk generally present,
sometimes as (one to four) gland-like lobes. Pistil as in all the related orders
dimerous, each carpel deeply 2-parted or 2-lobed. Inflorescence thyrsoidal ; the
general evolution of the clusters in the axils of leaves or primary bracts (these
occasionally reduced to single flowers) centripetal ; that of the clusters (cymes or
glomerules) centrifugal. The pair of sessile clusters, one to each axil, having
the appearance of a whorl (verticil) form what has been termed a verticiU aster.
Bracts or bractlets various. Leaves occasionally verticillate. Seed transverse
and the radicle incurved in Scutellarinece. (The Ajugoidem connect with the
tribe Viticece of the preceding order, and therefore are placed foremost. A
larger proportion of our Labiatce are Old World naturalized plants than of
any other order.) — Benth. Lab. & in DC. Prodr. xii. 26 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen.
ii. 1160.

I. Nutlets rugose-reticulated, with introrsely very oblique or even ventral and
comparatively large areola (scar of the attachment) : ovary merely 4-lobed or not
deeply 4-pa)led. (Seeds in the tribe here represented, as in most of the order,
exalbuminous.)

342 LABIATiE.

Tribe I. AJUGOIDE^. Stamens ascending, mostly exserted from the upper side
of the corolla, 4 in all our genera. Nutlets obovoid, dry. Ovule and seed more
or less amphitropous : calyx 5-10-nerved.

* Limb of the corolla merely or hardly oblique, of 5 somewhat equal and similar lobes,
therefore obscurely if at all bilabiate.

1. TETRACLEA. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, regular; the lanceolate lobes twice the length
of the short turbinate tube. Corolla nearly salverform in anthesis, with narrow tube sun
passing the calyx ; limb globular and erect (not oblique) in the bud; lobes oval oroblong-
obovate, similar and equally spreading, the three lower obscurely more united at base.
Filaments filiform, involute in bud, exserted : anthers cordate-oblong ; cells permanently
parallel and distinct. Ovary barely 4-lobed. Ovule and seed descending-amphitropous,
i. e. attached above its middle, rostellate at the micropyle. Areola of the nutlet very
large and ventral.

2. TRICHOSTEMA. Calyx barely 5-cleft, either oblique or almost regular. Corolla
with narrow tube and more or less obUque limb; the somewhat similar lobes oblong, more
or less declined. Filaments spirally coiled in the oblique unopened limb, curved in an-
thesis, capillary, very long-exserted, didynamous, sometimes monadelphous at base :
anther-cells divaricate or divergent, at length often confluent. Ovary deeply 4-lobed.
Amphitropous ovule and seed ascending, being attached below the middle.

3. ISANTHUS. Calyx nearly equally 5-cleft, campanulate ; lobes lanceolate. Corolla
short; tube included in the calyx ; throat somewhat campanulate ; limb almost regularly
5-parted ; lobes obovate, not declined. Stamens slightly incurved-ascending, not longer
than the corolla, didynamous : anther-cells at length divergent. Ovary deeply 5-lobed.
Ovule and seed nearly anatropous and erect. Areola of nutlet introrsely basal.

* * Limb of corolla irregular, seemingly unilabiate ; the upper lip being either spht down
or very short : stamens exserted from the cleft.

4. TEUCRIUM. Corolla deeply cleft between the two small lobes of the upper lip,
which are united one on each side with tlie lateral lobes of the declined lower lip ; middle
lobe much larger. Anthers confluently one-celled. Nutlets with a broad introrse areola.

5. AJUGA. Corolla with very short and as if truncate upper lip ; the large and spreading
lower lip with middle lobe emarginate or 2-cleft. Anther-cells less confluent.

II. Nutlets smooth or granulate ; areola basal, small : ovary deeply 4-parted.

Tribe II. OCIMOIDEjE. Stamens declined toward or resting on the lower lip of
the corolla, didynamous, all fertile. Corolla declined; lower lip apparently formed
of the anterior lobe only, which is unlike the other somewhat equal four lobes.

6. OCIMUM. Calyx deflexed after flowering; its posterior tooth broad, orbicular or
obovate, and with decurrent often wing-like margins ; the 4 others narrower. Corolla
with short tube, and flat or concave declined lower lobe. Disk enlarging into glands.

7. HYPTIS. Calyx mostly equally 5-toothed. Corolla with the lower lobe saccate,
abruptly deflexed at the contracted and callous base. Disk entire or with a gland on the
anterior side. Nutlets ovoid or oblong.

Tribe III. SATUREINE.1E. Stamens not declined; the posterior pair shorter or
wanting: anthers (in ours) 2-celled; the cells distinct or more or less confluent,
short. Corolla less strongly bilabiate and the lobes flatter than in succeeding tribes;
upper lip not galeate or concave, except in Acanlhominlha.

* Corolla with lower lobe larger and pendent, fimbriate or lacerate-toothed, very unlike
the 4 shorter and nearly equal lobes, which in appearance form the upper lip : stamens
straight and long, divergent: anther-cells divaricate and contiguous, or at length some-
what confluent : flowers in terminal racemes.

8. COLLINSONIA. Calyx short, small in flower, enlarging and declined in fruit, about
10-nerved, mostly somewhat hirsute in the throat, bilabiate ; the broader and at length
flattish upper lip 3-toothed ; the lower 2-parted. Corolla elongated, somewhat funnelform,
with a bearded ring inside at the insertion of the stamens. Stamens 2 or 4, much exserted,
spirally coiled in the bud.

* * Corolla about equally 4-lobed, small and short, hardly irregular, but the upper lobe
often broader than the others and emarginate : stamens erect, straight and distant :
anther-cells parallel, destitute of any thickish connective: flowers capitate-glomerate,
and the clusters sometimes confluent-spiked.

9. MENTHA. Stamens 4, similar and nearly equal. Calyx campanulate or short-tubular,
and 5-toothed. Upper lobe of corolla sometimes emarginate.

LABIATiE. 343

10. LYCOPUS. Stamens only 2 with anthers; the upper pan* sterile rudiments or else
wanting. Calyx campanulate, 4-5-toothed, naked in the throat. Upper lobe of corolla
entire. Nutlets 3-sided, truncate at top, narrow at base, thickened-margined.

* * •* 71^°™^^^ ™*^'"^ °^ ^^^^ evidently bilabiate ; the upper lip erect, entire or emarginate,
or m Monardella 2-cle£t ; the lower spreading and 3-clef t, destitute of bearded ring within,
except in Poliomintha. Calyx striate-nerved or costate, not much changed after
flowering.

•I— Stamens distant and straight, often divergent, never convergent nor curved.
++ Antheriferous stamens only 2 ; witli or without abortive rudiments of the upper pair.
ll.CUNILA. Calyx ovate-tubular, equally 6-toothed, very villous in the throat, 10-13-'
nerved. Upper lip of corolla emarginate ; the lower somewhat equally 3-clef t. Stamens
long-exserted. Nutlets smooth.

++ ++ Antheriferous stamens 4, didynamous : calyx 15-nerved.

12. HYSSOPUS. Calyx tubular, equally 5-toothed, naked in the throat. Tube of corolla
short : upper lip emarginate ; the lower 3-clef t, its middle lobe larger and 2-clef t. Stamens
exserted, divergent : anther-cells linear, divaricate.

•H- ++ ++ Antheriferous stamens 4, didynamous : calyx 10-13-(in Monardella 15-)nerved,

= Naked in the throat : flowers capitate-verticillastrate, or sometimes sparser.

13. PYCNANTHEMUM, Calyx ovate-oblong or tubular; the 6 teeth equal, or the 3
upper more or less united. Corolla short, with entire or barely emarginate upper lip, and
3-clef t lower one ; the lobes all short, ovate, obtuse. Stamens little imequal : anther-cells
parallel.

14. MONARDELLA. Calyx tubular, narrow ; the 6 teeth equal or nearly so. Corolla
glabrous within ; the 2-cleft upper lip and lobes of the 3-parted lower one all linear or
narrowly oblong, plane. Stamens strongly or moderately unequal, exserted: anther-
cells often divergent or divaricate. Flowers densely capitate-verticillastrate in the man-
ner of Monarda.

= = Calyx villous or hirsute-bearded in the throat : corolla short.

15. ORIGANUM. Calyx ovate-campanulate, in our (introduced) species equally 5-toothed.
Stamens exserted. Flowers spicate- or capitate-verticillastrate, imbricated with broad
colored bracts.

1 6. THYMUS. Calyx ovate, declined in fruit, villous in the throat, distinctly bilabiate ;
upper lip 3-toothed, spreading ; lower 2-cleft, its divisions subulate and ciliate. Flowers
scattered or crowded, the bracts inconspicuous.

H— -I— Stamens ascending (at least the lower part) or arcuate, often more or less con-
verging and sometimes ascending parallel under the erect upper lip of the corolla : con-
nective of the anther commonly more or less thickened, sometimes separating the
oblique or divaricate cells.

++ Calyx only about 10-nerved, naked in the throat, not declined nor gibbous : fertile
stamens 4.

17. SATUREIA. Calyx campanulate or short. Tube of the corolla short, or not ex-
ceeding the bracts.

++ -t-i- Calyx 12-15-nerved : upper lip of the corolla plane or slightly concave and straight,
as in the tribe generally.

= Style beardless : anthers muticous.
a. Stamens 4, all antheriferous.

18. MICROMERIA. Calyx oblong or tubular, terete, not gibbous nor declined, about
equally 5-toothed. Corolla short, its straight tube usually shorter qr hardly longer than
the calyx. Stamens arcuate, shorter than the corolla.

1 9. CALAMINTHA. Calyx oblong or tubular, often gibbous, bilabiate ; the upper lip
3-toothed or 3-cleft, the lower 2-parted. Corolla with a straight tube mostly exceeding
the calyx, anc^ a commonly enlarging throat. Stamens ascending parallel under or
beyond the upper lip, or conniving in pairs.

20. MELISSA. Calyx oblong-campanulate, bilabiate as in the preceding, but the broad
upper lip becoming flatter. Corolla rather short ; its tube at base declined, then ascend-
ing, included in the calyx. Otherwise like Calamintha. Leaves ovate, serrate, veiny.

21. CONRADINA. Calyx, &c., of Calamivtha. Corolla with a narrow and straight tube
rather shorter than the calyx, abruptly bent backwards at the throat, deeply bilabiate,
ringent ; the upper lip somewhat concave and incurved, emarginate or retuse ; the lower
dependent, contracted at the base, deeply 3-lobed ; the lateral lobes roundish, the dilated

344 LABIATE.

middle one emarginate-2-lobed. Stamens arcuate-ascending under the upper lip, parallel :
.cells of the anther at length separated on a transversely dilated connective, their base
bearing a small tuft of delicate villous hairs. Leaves linear, with entire revolute margins,
one-ribbed.

b. Stamens 2 antheriferous, ascending parallel under the upper lip ; the posterior pair either
wanting or rudimentary, or with imperfect (rarely perfect and poUiniferous) anthers :
calyx tubular or tubular-campanulate, more or less villous-bearded in the throat.

22. POLIOMINTHA. Calyx cylindraceous or cylindrical, terete and regular, 13-15-
striate, bearded in the throat, equally 5-toothed or nearly so. Corolla mostly with a hairy
ring within the throat or tube ; upper lip erect, emarginate ; lower 3-cleft and spreading,
the broader middle lobe emarginate. Posterior filaments mere subulate rudiments.
Fruticulose and canescent.

23. HEDEOMA. Calyx from tubular to oblong, usually gibbous, more or less bilabiate
or unequally 5-toothed (the two lower teetli diiierent and longer), mostly 13-striate, hairy
or villous-bearded in the tliroat, which is commonly contracted in fruit. Tube of corolla
naked : upper lip erect, entire or 2-lobed ; lower 3-cleft, spreading. Posterior stamens
either none, or sterile, or in the original species sometimes antheriferous ! Low herbs.

= = Style bearded or villous, sometimes sparingly so : antheriferous stamens 4 or some-
times 2.

24. POGOGrYNE. Calyx very deeply and unequally 5-cleft. at least the two longer (low.er)
lobes much longer than the campanulate or turbinate 15-nerved tube ; throat naked.
Corolla straight, tubular-funnelform, with short lips ; the erect entire upper lip and the
spreading lobes of the lower one oval and somewhat similar. Stamens ascending and
above somewhat approximate in pairs : anther-cells parallel and muticous : posterior fila-
ments much shorter and sometimes sterile. Style more or less hirsute-bearded above.
Flowers verticillastrate-glomerate and spicate : bracts and calyx strongly ciliate.

25. CERANTHERA. Calyx tubulose-campanulate, 13-nerved, nearly terete, villous in
the throat, bilabiate; lips short; the upper recurved-spreading and entire or slightly
3-toothed ; the lower scarcely longer and 2-cleft. Corolla with a straight narrow tube
barely exceeding the calyx, an abruptly much-dilated short throat, and rather short and
spreading lips ; the upper one nearly entire, the lower 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 4 : filaments
capillary, somewhat ascending, exserted, and above diverging : cells of the anther divari-
cate on a broad connective, aristate or pointed ! Style long-exserted, pubescent. Leaves
linear, entire.

+++-•-++ Calyx 13-nerved : upper lip of corolla concave and more or less incurved or
fornicate, after the manner of the succeeding tribes.

26. ACANTHOMINTHA. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 13-nerved, naked in the throat,
bilabiate ; upper lip 3-toothed ; lower 2-cleft ; teeth all acerose-spinulose from a broader
base ; the anterior shorter. Corolla with tube exceeding the calyx, naked within ; upper
lip entire, oblong ; lower broad and spreading, 3-lobed ; lobes siiort and rounded, middle
one deeply and the lateral slightly emarginate. Stamens 4, inserted high in the ampliate
throat : anterior pair fertile, ascending under the upper lip, bearing 2-celled anthers, the
cells divaricate and somewhat confluent : posterior pair much shorter, with filiform fila-
ments, and small Imperfect or abortive anthers. Style 2-lobed at apex; lobes or stigmas
subulate, the posterior shorter. Nutlets smooth.

* * * * Corolla obscurely bilabiate : a hairy ring at base of the tube within : calyx
irregularly about 10-nerved, reticulate-veiny,' enlarging and commonly inflated after
flowering.

27. SPHACELE. Calyx campanulate, deeply and nearly equally 5-toothed, membra-
naceous at least in fruit, naked within. Corolla with a broad tube, and 5 broad or
roundish and plane rather erect lobes, the lower one longest. Stamens4, distant, some-
what ascending : filaments naked : anthers somewhat approximate,, the cells diverging.
Leaves veiny.

Tribe IV. MONARDE^. Antheriferous stamens only 2 Cthe posterior pair rudi-
mentary or wanting), straight or commonly parallel-ascending; the anther with nar-
row usually oblong-linear cells, which are either widely separated on the upper and
lower ends of a linear or filiform commonly filament-like connective (which is usually
longer than the filament itself and articulated with it), or the lower cell wanting or
difformed, or the two cells confluent into one linear cell. Corolla bilabiate.

* Anther dimidiate on the elongated filament-like connective, which is articulated with
the filament, a fertile anther-cell at the ascending end, and sometimes one at the lower.
Calyx bilabiate; its lower lip 2-cleft.

LABIATiE. 345

28. SALVIA. Corolla with upper lip erect (entire, emarginate, or rarely 2-lobed above),
straight or falcate, usually concave ; the lower spreading, its middle lobe often emar-
ginate. Stamens inserted in the throat of the corolla : connective commonly linear or fili-
form, transverse on the short (sometimes very short) and mostly horizontal filament, its
descending or porrect portion continued beyond the articulation and either more or less
dilated and naked, or bearing an abortive rudiment of the second anther-cell, or some-
times one which is poUiniferous but unlike the upper one. Nutlets commonly developing

. mucilage and long spiricles when wetted.

29. AUDIBERTIA. Corolla with upper lip spreading, 2-Iobed or emarginate ; lower
spreading and 3-lobed, the middle lobe broad and emarginate. Filaments slender, exserted,
seemingly simple and bearing a linear one-celled anther, or with an articulation, showing '
that the portion above the joint answers to a filiform connective, the lower end of which
sometimes obliquely projects into a subulate point, but never bears even a trace of an
anther-cell. Otherwise as Salvia, but the calyx (always naked in the throat) more deeply
cleft in front, or oblique, or as it were spathaceous. Nutlets smooth, unchanged when
wetted.

* * Anther with both cells fertile and similar, contiguous and divaricate, more or less
connate or confluent at their junction, so as to become or to Imitate a single linear
cell, on a very small and inconspicuous dorsal connective : corolla with slender tube,
and lips of somewhat equal length ; the upper erect, linear or oblong, entire or barely
emarginate ; the lower spreading, 3-lobed, its middle lobe retuse or emarginate : stamens

• inserted in the throat of the corolla, ascending, usually more or less projecting from
the upper lip: calyx tubular, 13-15-nerved : inflorescence verticillastrate-capitate,
dense, many-flowered, multi-bracteate : outer bracts and bractlets broad ; inner from
lanceolate to setaceous.

30. MONARDA. Calyx elongated-tubular, mostly 15-nerved, regular or nearly so, almost
equally 5-toothed, more or less villous-bearded or hirsute at the orifice. Corolla narrow
or dilated at the throat; middle lobe of lower lip larger or longer than the lateral.

31. BLEPHILIA. Calyx shorter, naked in the throat, bilabiate; upper lip 3- and the
shorter lower one 2-toothed; teeth aristiform or subulate. Corolla dilated at the throat;
lower lip broader ; its linear-oblong middle narrower than the roundish lateral lobes.

Tribe V. NEPETE^. Stamens 4, both pairs fertile; the posterior (inner or upper)
pair surpassing the anterior. Corolla distinctly bilabiate. Calyx usually 15-nerved;
the upper teeth or lip commonly larger or longer.

* Anthers separated or distant (not approximate in pairs) ; their cells parallel or nearly so.

32. LOPHANTHUS. Stamens divergent or distant, exserted; the upper pair usually
declined ; the lower or shorter pair ascending. Calyx tubular-campanulate, more or less
oblique, 5-toothed. Corolla with tube not exceeding the calyx ; upper lip nearly erect,
2-lobed at the apex ; lower spreading, its broad middle lobe crenate.

33. CEDRONELLA. Stamens parallel, ascending. Calyx campanulate or short-tubular,
5-toothed, the throat little oblique. Corolla with short lips ; the fiattish erect upper one
2-lobed ; middle lobe of lower lip largest, commonly crenulate-erose and more or less
2-lobed.

* * Anthers more or less approximate in pairs ; their cells divaricate or divergent : fila-
ments ascending, not exserted.

34. NEPETA. Calyx more or less oblique at the throat, equally (or somewhat unequally)
5-toothed. Corolla with tube narrow at base ; throat dilated ; upper lip somewhat con-
cave, emarginate or 2-lobed; lower spreading, with middle lobe large.

35. DRACOCEPHALUM. Calyx equal at the throat, 5-toothed ; the upper tooth (at
least in ours) very much larger than the others, sometimes the 3 upper partly united.
Corolla, &c., of Nepeta.

Thibe VI. SCUTELLARINEiE, Visiani. Stamens 4, ascending and parallel; both
pairs fertile ; the anterior (lower or outer) pair longer and with anthers mostly one-
celled by abortion (the other cell rudimentary or wanting) ; those of the posterior
pair 2-celled. Corolla bilabiate; but with the small lateral lobes more connected
with the galeate upper lip; lower lip therefore of a single lobe. Calyx bilabiate,
closed in fruit; the lips entire. Upper fork of the style very short or none. Ovule
campylotropous or amphitropous. Nutlets depressed or globular, rough-granulate

■ or ttiberculate : seed transverse. Embryo curved ; the short radicle incumbent on
one of the cotyledons ! Herbage bitterish, little or not at all aromatic.

346 LABIATiE.

36. SCUTELLARIA, Calyx in anthesis campanulate, gibbous, with a crest-like or
casque-shaped projection (answering to the upper sepal) on the back, closed after the
corolla falls, not inflated, at maturity of the fruit splitting to the base ; upper part not
rarely falling away ; the lower persistent. Corolla with long exserted tube, naked within ;
its anterior lobe or lower lip with the sides recurved. Anthers ciliate-pilose. Nutlets very
rarely wing-margined.

37. SALIZARIA. Calyx globular or at first oblong, barely repand-bilabiate, not appen-
daged or gibbous on the back, much enlarged after anthesis, becoming vesicular-inflated
and reticulated. Nutlets depressed, tuberculate-roughened, marginless. Corolla, &c., of
Scutellaria.

Tribk VII. STACHYDEiE, Benth. (Lab., with part of Scutellarineoe.) Stamens 4;
both pairs fertile, parallel and ascending under the concave and commonly galeate
upper lip of the bilabiate corolla (or in Marrubium included in the throat) ; the an-
terior (lower or outei-) pair longer (except in a Phlomis) : anthers 2-celled or con-
fluently somewhat 1-celled. Calyx 5-10-nerved, or veiny. Bitter-aromatic or with
hardly aromatic herbage.

* Calyx reticulate-veiny, membranaceous or chartaceous, more or less inflated, deeply
bilabiate; the lips flattened and closed in fruit; upper lip plane and broad: corolla
with inflated throat from a more or less exserted tube.

38. BRUNELLA. Calyx oblong, somewhat lOnerved ; upper lip truncate, 3-toothed, its
teeth very broad and short ; lower 2-cleft, its teeth lanceolate. Corolla with assurgent
tube, ringent lips, and slightly contracted orifice ; upper lip galeate, entire ; lower 3-lobed ;
its middle lobe dependent, rounded, concave, denticulate. Filaments, at least of the upper
pair, 2-toothed at the apex, one tooth naked, the other bearing the 2-celled anther, the
cells of which are divaricate. Nutlets smooth and glabrous. Inflorescence verticillas-
trate-capitate or spicate.

39. BRAZORIA. Calyx short-campanulate, indistinctly nerved, mostly decHned in fruit ;
both lips broad; the upper 3-lobed and somewhat recurved; the lower 2-lobed and sur-
rected in fruit. Corolla with inflated throat, broad and barely concave upper lip, and
spreading 3-lobed lower one ; its lobes short and roundish. Filaments simple : anthers with
somewhat divergent cells. Nutlets smooth, glabrous or pubescent. Inflorescence race-
mose-spicate.

* * Calyx more or less membranaceous and inflated or enlarged after flowering, obscurely
nerved, but somewhat veiny, 3-5-lobed, not bilabiate, open : corolla showy ; throat in-
flated ; upper lip more or less concave, not galeate : filaments more or less villous.

40. PHYSOSTEGIA. Calyx nearly regular, and equally 5-toothed ; the tube campanu-
late or oblong, hardly nerved or veined, moderately turgid in fruit. Corolla gradually
inflated upward ; lips short ; the upper erect, rounded, entire ; lower somewhat spreading,
3-parted, its roundish middle lobe emarginate. Anthers uniform ; the cells nearly parallel,
denticulate or shghtly spinulose along the edges of the valves. Style almost equally
2-cleft at apex. Nutlets triquetrous, smooth and even. Flowers simply opposite in the
spikes, one under each bract.

41. MACBRIDEA. Calyx tubular-campanulate or funnelform, 3-lobed; upper lobe nar-
rower, oblong, entire, obtuse; the two others broad (each of two combined sepals) and
2-lobed or entire. Corolla much inflated above, rather deeply bilabiate ; upper lip round-
ish and fornicate, entire or nearly so ; lower spreading, with 3 roundish lobes, middle one
larger. Anthers unconnected, hairy on the face ; cells divergent. Style equally 2-toothed
at apex. Nutlets oblong, nervose. Inflorescence terininal and capitate, 2 or 3 flowers
under each bract.

42. SYNANDRA. Calyx campanulate, inflated, membranaceous, deeply 4-cleft ; the lobes
lanceolate-subulate, somewhat equal; the 2 lower slightly smaller, the fifth or uppermost
wanting. Corolla with narrow tube, inflated above into a very ventricose throat ; upper
lip somewhat fornicate, entire ; lower widely spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe emar-
ginate. Filaments very villous above : anthers nearly glabrous ; the cells divergent, the
contiguous ones of the upper stamens sterile and connate ! Upper fork of the style very
short. Nutlets smooth, ovate-compressed, with lateral angles almost winged. Inflores-
cence simply and loosely leafy-spicate.

* * * Calyx of firmer texture, distinctly 5-10-nerved or striate, 5-10-toothed.
-1— Stamens included in the short tube of the corolla, the upper lip of which is merely
concave.

43. MARRUBIUM. Calyx tubular-cylindraceous, strongly ribbed, and with 5 or 10 sub-
ulate or spinulose teeth. Tube of corolla included in the calyx; lips short; the upper

Trichostema. LABIATE. 347

erect and narrow, 2-lobed ; lower spreading, 3-cleft. Anther-cells more or less confluent.
Nutlets ovoid, smooth, obtuse. Leaves rugose.

■t- -f- Stamens ascending under the galeate upper lip of the corolla.

++ Introduced and naturalized from the Old World : stamens not deflexed after anthesis.

44. BALLOTA. Cal^x funnelform-dilated at tlie tliroat or border, 10-nerved, 5-toothed in

ours. Corolla nearly as in Stachys. Filaments not appendaged.
43. PHLOMIS. Calyx tubular, 5-10-nerved, 5-toothed in ours. Upper lip of the corolla
strongly galeate; tlie lower spreading, 3-cleft. Upper pair of stamens (in our species
rather longer) furnished with a subulate or hooked appendage at base !

46. LEONOTIS. Calyx tubular, 10-nerved, at length incurved above, oblique at the
orifice, and witii 5 or more unequal spinulose-tipped teeth, the upper one largest. Corolla
slender; the upper lip erect or incurved and elongated, entire; lower short and spreading,
3-cleft, its middle lobe not larger. Filaments not appendaged at base : anthers approxi-
mate in pairs. Upper fork of the style very short. Flowers densely capitate-verticil-
lastrate.

47. LEONURUS. Calyx turbinate, 5-nerved, with nearly equal truncate orifice, and 5
rigid and at length spreading subulate-spinescent teeth. Corolla short ; upper lip oblong,
entire. Filaments not appendaged : antlier-cells parallel or sometimes divergent ; valves
naked. Nutlets smooth, truncate at apex. Leaves cleft or incised, vehiy, all longer than
the capitate-verticillastrate flowers.

48. LAMIUM. Calyx tubular- or turbinate-campanulate, somewhat 5-nerved, commonly
oblique at ' the orifice ; tlie 5 teeth subulate but not spinescent. Corolla dilated at the
throat ; upper lip ovate or oblong, fornicate, narrowed at base ; lower lip spreading, its
lateral lobes truncate down to the throat, or sometimes oblong, and with or witliout a
tooth-like appendage ; middle one broad, emarginate, contracted and as it were stipitate
at base. Filaments not appendaged : anthers approximate in pairs ; their cells oblong,
divaricate, sometimes hairy; valves not ciliate. Nutlets trimcate at the apex. Leaves
mostly cordate.

49. GALEOPSIS. Resembles Lamium in habit and Stachys generally in flowers. But
antiiers transversely 2-'valved ; the inner valve of each cell hirsute-ciUate, the outer and
larger one naked.

•H- -H- Lidigenous (chiefly) : stamens all or the lower pair sometimes de^exed to the sides
of the throat or contorted after anthesis.

50. STACHYS. Calyx tubular-campanulate or turbinate, 5-10-nerved, equally 5-tootlied,
sometimes the upper teeth larger and more or less united. Corolla with cylindrical or
cylindraceous tube, not dilated at the throat ; upper lip erect, more or less fornicate or
concave, sometimes rather thrown back, entire or emarginate ; lower spreading, 3-lobed,
its middle lobe larger. Filaments naked : anthers approximate in pairs ; the cells either
parallel or divergent. Nutlets obtuse at the apex, not truncate.

1. TETRACL!^A, Gray. (From rnQa, four, and kXsigj, to close, referring
to the four distinct or closed nutlets of the fruit : first described as a Verbenaceous
genus.) — Single species.

T. Coulteri, Gray. Herb a foot or more high from a perennial root or suffrutescent base,
minutely puberulent : leaves petioled, ovate, nearly entire : flowers 2 or 3 on the short
axillary peduncles, short-pedicelled, cream-colored, in summer. — Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xvi.
98 ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 134, t. 41 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1220. — Rocky hills, S. W.
Texas- to Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.)

2. TRICH0ST:&MA, Gronov. (Trichostemma of some.) Blue-Curls.
(From dQi'i, hair, and (Tt/]/w«, for stamen, referring to the capillary filaments.) —
Herbs or suffrutescent plants, sweet-aromatic or strong-scented, mostly low ; with
entire leaves, and commonly blue or violet corolla and stamens: fl. summer: all
belonging to the U. S.

§ 1. Calyx very oblique and bilabiate ; its 3 upper divisions twice or thrice the
length of the lower two and united to above the middle : tube of the corolla
shorter than the limb : flowers loose, 1 to 3 on slender bibracteate peduncles, or
scattered on paniculate branches ; the alar ones, becoming lateral and secund or

348 LABIATE. Trichostema.

decurved, appear as if resupinate, and have the two short teeth of the calyx

uppermost: cismontane, low and pauiculately branched annuals. — % Strepto-

podium, Benth.

T. dichotomum, L. Viscid with rather minute pubescence : leaves oblong or lanceo-
late-oblong, obtuse, short-petioled : corolla blue or pink, sometimes white : stamens half
inch long. — Spec. ii. 598 ; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. 93. T. pilosum, Roth. — Sandy fields,
E. Massachusetts to Kentucky, Texas, and Florida.

T. lineare, Nutt. Puberulent : leaves linear, sometimes nearly glabrous : stems more
slender ; corolla rather larger : otlierwise similar. — T. dichotomum, Roth. T. brachiatum,
Lam., not L. T. linaruefolium, Bertoloni, Misc. xiii. t. 2. — Connecticut to Alabama and
Louisiana, near the coast, in sandy ground.
§ 2. Calyx campanulate, regular, almost equally 5-cleft (as in Isanthus) : far

western species. — § Orthopodium, Benth.

* Tube of corolla not exceeding the calyx,
-t- Peduncles (in the manner of the preceding) loosely 1-5-flowered and much longer than the
leaves.
T. Arizonicum, Gray. Puberulent, a foot or less high from a ligneous perennial root :
leaves ovate or oval, half inch long, short-petioled : pedicels as long as the calyx : bracts
minute : calyx-lobes ovate or oblong, sometimes irregularly united : lobes of the blue or
whitish corolla 3 to 5 lines long, oblong-spatulate, very much longer than the tube, much
shorter tlian the filaments. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 371. T. dichotomum, Torr. Bot. Max.
Bound. 134, not L. — S- Arizona, Wright, Rothrock.

•i- -i- Peduncles and pedicels short; the inflorescence shorter than the leaves, which are similar to
the summit of the stem, and are narrowed at base into short petioles : corolla small and mconspic-
uoiis: branching annuals.
T. micranthum. A span high, cinereous-pubescent : leaves lanceolate, not costate-veiny :
peduncles about the length of the 3-7-flowered cyraule : calyx-lobes little longer than the
tube, nearly equalling the (only line long) corolla: stamens moderately exserted. — San
Bernardino Co., California, in Bear Valley, Parri/ & Lemmon.
T. oblongum, Benth. A span to a foot high, soft-villous : leaves oblong or oval with
narrowed base, membranaceous, costate-veined : glomerate cymules many-flowered, sub-
sessile, villous : calyx-lobes narrow, much longer than the tube, nearly equalling the (3 line)
coroUa: filaments 4 or 5 lines long. —Lab. 659; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 606.— Oregon and
California to Mariposa Co.

* * Tube of the corolla slender and exserted, longer than the limb : nutlets sometimes tuberculate.
H- Annuals, a span to two feet high, leafy to the summit: leaves nervose-costate : cymes several-
many-flowered, when fullv developed the pedicels becoming secund-racemose in age : calyx-lobes
ovate or triangular-lanceolate: tube of blue corolla about 3 and hmb 2 lines long: stamens half
an inch longer.
T. labium, Gray. Diffusely branched, minutely soft-pubescent, rather sparsely leafy :
leaves lanceolate and oblong-lanceolate, acuminate-obtusish (2 or 3 inches long), rather
slender-petiolcd : cymes pedunculate, loose. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 387, & Bot. Calif. 1. c.
— California, from Sonoma Co. northward.
T. lanceolatum, Benth. 1. c. More strict and simple, with ascending branches from the
base : leaves crowded, sessile, lanceolate or the upper almost ovate-lanceolate, gradually
tapering from near the broad base to a very acute tip, strongly 3-5-nervose (an inch or
more long) : cymes subsessile or short-peduncled, dense, mostly undivided : calyx villous :
corolla somewhat pubescent. — California, throughout the whole western part of the State,
and north to Oregon.

^_ ^_ Shrubby, taller: cymes in a naked terminal thyrsus : leaves Rosemary-like.
T. lanatum, Benth. 1. c. Very leafy : leaves thickish, narrowly linear and with revolute
margins, 1-nerved, glabrate and shining above, canescent-tomentulose beneath, sessile, many
fascicled in the axils ; uppermost reduced to bracts : thyrsus racemiform, interrupted ;
cymules short-peduncled or subsessile ; whole inflorescence with calyx and even corolla
clothed with dense violet or purple wool : corolla half inch long and filaments an inch
or more longer. — Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 134, t. 40; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 607. — Rocky
places, California, from Santa Barbara southward.

^y«^a- LABIATE. 349

3. ISANTHUS, Michx. (From i'aog, equal, and avdog, flower : calyx and
corolla nearly regular.) — Single species.

I. caeruleus, Michx. Low and erect annual, somewhat viscid-pubescent, pungently
aromatic, copiously branched: leaves obloug-lanceolate or broader, acute at both ends,
somewhat petioled : peduncles axillary, 1-3-flowered : corolla blue, 2 or 3 lines long,

- little exceeding the calyx. — Fl. ii. 3, t. 30. Trichostema brachiatum, L. I.e. (Dill. Elth.
t. 285.)— Dry or sterile ground, common from Canada to Georgia, Kentucky, and Texas :
fl. all summer.

4. TEtrCRIUM, L. Germander. (Teucer, first king of Troy.) —Less
aromatic herbs or undershrubs, mainly of the Old World : fl. summer.

* Erect perennial herbs: leaves undivided: flowers in naked terminal spikes or racemes, short-
pedicelled, 1 to 3 to each bract : calyx campauulate, moderately 5-lobed ; two lower teeth tri-
angular-subulate; three upper ovate: nutlets globular and with a roundish scar.
T. Canadense, L. Soft-pubescent to canescenUomentose, 1 to 3 feet high: leaves
oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate, short-petioled : spike at length 6 to 12
inches long : flowers short-pedicelled : corolla purple, rost, or sometimes cream-color, half
inch long : calyx canescent, sometimes distinctly short-pubescent ; the 3 upper lobes very
obtuse. — Spec. ii. 564. T. Virginicum, L. 1. c. (pi. Gronov. Virg.) ; Schk. Handb. t. 155. —
Low grounds, Canada to Texas. (Mex.)

Var. angustatum. Leaves lanceolate, very acutely serrate (2 inches long, 3 to 6
lines wide) : pubescence all minute. —Camp Grant, Arizona, Palmer.
T. occidentale. Loosely pubescent, more branched, a foot or two high : leaves smaller
(1 or 2 inches long), ovate-oblong to broadly lanceolate : corolla 4 or 5 lines long : calyx
villous with viscid hairs ; upper lobes acute or the middle one acuminate. — Nebraska,
(Hayden, &c ) to New Mexico {Fendler, Wright), Arizona (Palmer), and on the Sacramento,
California (T. Canadense, Torr. in Bot. Wilkes), collected there only by the Wilkes Expe-
dition. [T. inflalum, Swartz, has a globular fructiferous calyx, with upper lobes obtuse,
nutlets angulate ventrally, &c.)

* * Low and diffuse herbs: leaves multifid or incised, having solitary pedicellate flowers in their
axils; the uppermost more or less reduced or bract-like: calj'X almost 5-parted into subulate-
lanceolate equal lobes.

T. Cubense, L. Glabrous or nearly so, branched from the annual root, about a foot
high : leaves cuneate ; the lower obovate-cuneate or rhomboidal and short-petioled, cre-
nately incised, sometimes 3-5-cleft to the middle ; upper sessile, palmately 3-cleft or 3-5-
toothed, exceeding the flowers : corolla (pale blue or white, 3 or 4 lines long) hardly
exceeding the calyx : nutlets suberous-thickened, obscurely few-ribbed lengthwise and
punctate-impressed between the ribs. — Mant. 80; Jacq. Stirp. t. 183, f. 74, & Obs. t. 30.
T. laivigatum, Vahl, Symb. i. 40. — Texas to S. E. Calif prnia. (W. Ind., Mex. to Buenos-
Ayres.)

T. laciniatum, Torr. Glabrous or liirsute-pubeseent, much branched from a lignescent
perennial root, a span or so high : leaves pinnately 3-7-parted into narrow linear entire or
2-3-lobed or toothed divisions, rather rigid ; the floral much crowded, 3-parted ; upper
equalling the flowers : corolla (pale blue or lilac, 6 to 10 lines long) with spatulate lower
lobe much surpassing the calyx: nutlets not obviously costate. — Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 231 ;
Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 578. T. Cubense, in part, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 135. — Plains
of Colorado to W. Texas and Arizona. (Adjacent Me-x.)

5. AJUGA, L. (Formed of « privative, and ^vyov, a yoke, from the seeming
absence of a yoke-fellow to the lower lip of the corolla.) — Low herbs of the Old
World (Europe to Japan and Australia), one scantily naturalized in a few stations :
fl. summer.

A. REPTANS, L. Perennial, a span or so high, with copious creeping stolons : leaves obovate
or spatulate, sometimes repand-sinuate ; cauline sessile ; lowest and radical with long taper-
ing base ; floral approximate, subtending several sessile blue flowers. — Fields, Montreal,
Canada, Maclagan. Saco, Maine, Goodale. (Eu., N. Asia.)

350 LABIATiE. Oclmum.

6. 6CIMUM, Tourn. (Ocymum of some authors.) Basil, ("i^xfjuov, the
ancient Greek name.) — Sweet-aromatic herbs or suffrutescent plants, of warm
regions, largely African and Brazilian.

O. BAsfLicuM, L., of the Old World, the Sweet Basil, is one of the sweet herbs of the

gardens.

O. micranthum, Willd. Glabrate or nearly glabrous low annual : leaves long-petioled,
ovate, more or less serrate : flowers in terminal racemes, about 3 to each early deciduous
small bract : calyx with large and roundish upper tooth, in fruit the decurrent wing ex-
tending down to the short pedicel : corolla white, 2 lines long: filaments separate, naked,
toothless. — Enum. 630. 0. Campechianum, Chapm. Fl., not Mill. •^ S. Florida, Key West.
(W. Ind., S. Am.)

7. H"^PTIS, Jacq. {"Tnriog, resupinate, or turned back, referring to the
lower lobe of the corolla.) — A large genus in South America, a few species
within our borders. Fl. summer.

# Herbs, minutely pubescent or smoothish, not canescent or white-woolly: flowers capitate or
spicate : leaves slender-petioled.

H. radiata, "Willd. Stems tall, mostly simple from a perennial root : leaves ovate-lan-
ceolate, too'thed, and with entire long-tapering base : axillary peduncles usually shorter
than the leaf, bearing a many-flowered soft-puberulent capitate glomerule which is mostly
shorter than its involucre of several lanceolate obtuse whitish bracts : calyx campanulate :
its teeth lanceolate-subulate and rigid: corolla white, purple-dotted. — Spec. iii. 84; Poit.
Ann. Mu8. vii. t. 27. CUnopodium rugosum, L. — Low ground, from North Carolina towards
the coast to Texas.

H. spicigera, Lam. Stem stout, from an annual root, rough-muriculate on the angles :
leaves ovate-lanceolate, unequally serrate : flowers in small and sessile glqmerules aggre-
gated in dense and narrow spikes (1 to 3 inches long] : bracts linear and subulate, equalling
the calyx ; teeth of the latter subulate, strict, rigid, equalling the small white corolla. —
Diet. iii. 186 ; Desc. Ant. viii. t. 581 ; Chapm. in Bot. Gazette, iii. 10. — S. Florida, Garber.
Perhaps an introduced weed. (W. Ind. to Brazil, Afr., E. Ind.)

H. spicata, Poit. Stem tall from an annual root, branching, rough-angled : leaves ovate,
acuminate, 'unequally serrate: flowers in small capitate glomerules, which are short-
peduncled'or sessile, and form Interrupted and often paniculate terminal racemes or spikes :
calyx cylindrical, with base somewhat inflated in fruit, then much exceeding the bracts ;
teeth subulate-setaceous, short, strict. — S. Florida. Ann. Mus. Par. vii. 474, t. 28, fig. 2 ;
Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 121.— (Mex., S. Am.)
H. polystAchya, HBK , allied to this, is said in Bot.Beechey, 156, but doubtfully, to have

been collected in California.

* * Shrubby, at least the calyx and short pedicels white-woolly with many-branched implexed
hah-s: bracts inconspicuous.

H Emoryi Torr. Shrub 6 feet high, lavender-scented, f urfuraceous-canescent : leaves
ovate crenate (inch or less long), rather slender-petioled: flowers on pedicels about the
length of the lanatc-furfuraceous calyx, in axillary short-peduncled cymes, and m denser
somewhat paniculate clusters at the end of the branchlets : corolla violet, only 2 lines
long -Bot. Ives Colorad. Exped. 20 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 591. //. lanata, Torr. Bot. Mex.
Bound. 129, excl. syn. — Arid region, S. E. California and Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.)
H Albida HBK of Mexico, not yet found within our borders (although a form of H.

Emoryi has been mistaken for it), has more oblong leaves, and sessile glomerules crowded in

terminal naked spikes.

H lanifl6ra Benth. Bot. Sulph. t. 20, a remarkable species, with rotund and angulate-

dentate glabrous leaves on slender petioles, open cymes on filiform peduncles and very

densely long-woolly calyx (the wool dendritic-branched), is known only from Cape San Lucas,

in Lower California.

H tephr6des, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 164, from the same place, collected by Xantus,

is minutely canescent, except the furfuraceous calyx, and has subsessile lanceolate leaves,

and paniculate inflorescence.

Mentha. LABIATE. 351

8. C0LLINS6NIA, L. Horse-Balm, Citronella. {Peter Collin-
son of Londou, who corresponded with Linnceus and John Bartram, and received
from the latter the original species.)— Odorous and large-leaved perennials (of
Atlantic North America) ; with thickened roots or rootstocks, ovate and serrate
veiny leaves, mostly on long petioles, and simple or panicled naked terminal
racemes of yellow or whitish flowers ; mostly only a single naked pedicel to each
small bract.

* Fertile stamens 2; upper pair rudimentary or obsolete: cah'x-teeth all subulate-acute: flowers
ill late summer or autumn, on slender pedicels, solitary from the axil of each small subulate bract.

C. SCabriuscula, Ait. Glabrate orminutely pubescent, 1 to 3 feet high from a tuberous
stock, commonly leafless below : leaves small for the genus (2 or 3 inches long), broadly
ovate, often rather scabrous above : corolla 3 or 4 lines long, yellowish or purple-spotted.
— Ait. Kew. ed. 1, 1. 47 (1789) ; Benth. Lab. & in DC. Prodr. xii. 253. C. prmcox, Walt. Car.
65? (1788), but not early flowering. C. tuberosa, Michx. Fl. 1.17. C. scabra, Pers. Syn.
i. 29; Pursh, Fl 1.20; Ell. Sk. i. 35. C. ovalis, Pursh, 1. c, from the char.?— Open
woods, S. Carolina to Florida and E. Arkansas.

O. Canadensis, L. (Horse-weed, Stone-root, &c.) Glabrous, or the inflorescence
glandular-puberulent, 2 to 4 feet high, leafy : leaves ample (4 to 9 inches long), from
broadly ovate to oblong, rarely subcordate : racemes amply paniculate : calyx in flower a
line, in fruit 4 or 5 lines long : corolla lemon yellow, lemon-scented, 5 or 6 lines long. —
Hort. Cliff, t. 5, & Spec. i. 28 ; Torr. Fl. N. Y. t. 75. C. decussata, Moencli, Meth. 379. C.
ovalis, Pursh, 1. c. & herb.,, ex Benth. — Rich woods, Canada to Wisconsin and south to
Florida, chiefly in the upper country.

Var. punctata. Inflorescence more puberulent and glandular: leaves minutely
tomentose-pubescent beneath and more obviously punctate. — C. serotlna, Walt. Car. 65.
C. punctata, Ell. Sk. i. 36. -^ Rich soil, Carolina and Georgia, towards tlie coast.

* * Fertile stamens 4, usually 2 ascending and 2 descending: corolla rather broader, about half
inch long, viscid-pubescent : flowers earlier.

C. verticillata, Baldw. Stem a foot high, leafless and glabrous below, at summit
bearing two approximate pairs or a seeming whorl of thin and large (3 to 7 inch) ovate
coarsely serrate and glabrous leaves : peduncle mostly simple and slender, viscid-pubes-
cent, supporting a single raceme : bracts minute : lower pedicels often in pairs or threes :
calyx-teeth all attenuate-subulate : corolla yellow or purplish, Ell. Sk. i. -37 ; Benth. Lab.
& in DC. 1. c. ; Chapm. Fl. 316. — Rich woods, western part of S. Carolina and Georgia to
Tennessee and Mississippi : fl. May.

C. anisata, Sims. (Citronella, French Tea.) Copiously viscid-pubescent, or the
foliage glabrate, sweet-scented : stem 2 or 3 feet high, leafy : leaves ovate, rarely subcord-
ate, obtusely serrate, veiny, somewhat rugose, 3 to 8 inches long : racemes paniculate :
bracts ovate, conspicuous, mostly subtending single short pedicels : upper lip of calyx with
very broad and ovate mostly obtuse teetli ; those of the lower lanceolate : corolla yellow-
ish or cream-color.— Bot. Mag. t. 1213; Pursh, Fl. i. 21; Ell. Sk. i. 37. — S. Carohna to
Alabama and Florida, chiefly in the middle country : fl. summer.

9. M:6NTHA, Tourn. Mint. (Mivdtj, the ancient Greek name.) — Odorous
perennial herbs, mostly spreading by slender creeping rootstocks : calyx naked at
the throat in our species. Flowers small, whitish or purplish, glomerate (in
summer), not rarely gynodioccious, i.e. some individuals produce female flowers
with impotent stamens instead of perfect ones.

* Introduced from the Old World, to which most of the species belong. Many hybrids.
H- Inflorescence terminal.
++ Densely capitate glomerules all much crowded in leafless narrow spikes: leaves either sessile or
very short petioled.
M. SYLVESTRLS, L. (HoRSE MiNT of Eu. ) Finely pubescent or canescent: leaves from
ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate, often glabrous above: spikes
rather slender, canescently pubescent or cinereous. — Spec. ed. 2, ii. 804; Engl. Bot. ed.

352 LABIATE. Mentha.

Syme, t. 1022. — Road-sides, &c., Pennsylvania, Porter. Also a seeming iiybrid between it
and M. viridis. (Nat. from Eu.)

Var. ALOPECURofoES, Baker. Intermediate between the above and the next species :
leaves larger, more nearly sessile, broadly oval and obtuse, often subcordate, coarsely and
sharply serrate, more veiny, but not rugose : spikes usually thicker ; bracts broader. —
Baker in Seem. Jour. Bot. iii. 238 ; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Isl. 279. M. alopecuroides, Hull, ex
Smith; Engl. Bot. ed. Syme, t. 1021. M. rolundifolia, Sole, Menth. Brit. t. 4, not L.—
Penn. and New Jersey, Porter, Parker, Lcggett. (Nat. from Eu.)

M. KOTUNDij'OLiA, L. Tomentose-canesccnt : stem strict : leaves from broadly elliptical to
roundish-subcordate, sessile, rugose, rather finely serrate : spikes slender, not canescent. —
Reichenb. Ic. Germ. t. 1282 ; Engl. Bot. ed. Syme, t. 1020. M. syhestris, Sole, 1. c. t. 3, not
L. — Atlantic States, at a few stations, Maine to Texas : rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

M. vfRiDis, L. (Spearmint.) Glabrous or nearly so: leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblong,
sparsely and sharply serrate : bracts linear-lanceolate and subulate, conspicuous. — Wet
ground, in cultivated districts. (Nat. from Eu.)

++ +-h Less capitate glomerules in interrupted leafless spikes, or some in the axils of upper leaves :
flowers distinctly pedicellate: leaves distinctly petioled: stems less erect.

M. PIPERITA, L. (Peppermint.) Glabrous, or in one variety somewhat hairy, very pun-
gent-tasted : leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate : spikes nar-
row, of numerous glomerules. — Along brooks, escaped from cult. (Nat. from Eu.)

M. aquAtica, L. Soft-pubescent or glabrate, the stem with reflexed hairs : leaves ovate,
roundish, or subcordate : spikes oblong and interrupted or capitate, thick : calyx and
usually the ^pedicels hairy. — M. citrata, Ehrh. ; Engl. Bot. ed. Syme, t. 1029 (Bergamot
Mint), a more glabrous and sweet-odorous variety. — Wet places, New England to Penn-
sylvania, &c. ; rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

Var. CRisPA, Benth. A glabrous or glabrate form, with lacerate-dentate and crisped
leaves. — M. crispa, L. ; Engl. Bot. ed. Syme, t. 1028. — Wet ditches, New Jersey, &c. (Nat.
from Eu.)

H— -1— Inflorescence axillarj', in dense verticillastrate glomerules, on stems leafy to the top: leaves
more or less petioled, ovate or oblong-ovate, pubescent or glabrate.

M. ARA^ENSLS, L. Leaves obtusely serrate : calyx-teeth deltoid, acute or obtuse, about one-
third the length of the eampanul^te tube : otherwise same as forms of the next, which
passes into it. — Engl. Bot. ed. Syme, t. 1038. — New England, &c., at a few stations. (Nat.
from Eu.)

M. sativa, L. Taller, generally more pubescent, the stem with reflexed soft hairs : leaves
sharply serrate: calyx-teeth triangular-subulate, lialf the length of the cylindraceous
tube, commonly hairy — Engl. Bot. ed. Syme, t. 1031, 1032. M. genlilis, Smith in Linn.
Trans, v. 208, & Engl. Bot. t. 2118, a glabrate variety with only calyx-teeth hairy, and
these longer. — Waste damp places, Mass. to Penn. ; uncommon. (Nat. from Eu.)

» * Tnditfenous : inflorescence axillary, consisting of distant sessile verticillastrate glomerules
in the axils of leaves, as iii the preceding species, the uppermost axils flowerless.
M. Canadensis, L. Stem often simple : leaves varying from oblong-ovate to oblong-
lanceolate, sharply serrate, acute, generally tapering into the petiole : calyx hairy ; the
short teeth triangular-subulate. — Spec. ii. 577. — Wet places, through the Northern U. S.
from Atlantic to Pacific, and Canada and Saskatchewan to New Mexico and California.
Villous-hairy, with Pennyroyal odor : passes into

Var. glabrata, Benth., with leaves and stem almost glabrous, the former sometimes
very short-petioled, and a sweater scent, as of Monarda. — M. boreuUs, Michx. Fl. ii. 2. —
Similar range.

10. L'^COPUS, Tourn. Wateu Horehound, Bugle-weed, Gipsy-
wort. {Amog, wolf, Trout;, foot, wolf's-foot.) — Perennials, of wet or low ground
(northern temperate and Australian), Mint-like, but bitter and only slightly
aromatic ; with sharply toothed or lobed leaves, and small white or whitish flowers
in their axils, in sessile capitate-verticillastrate glomerules. the uppermost axils
flowerless. Fl. summer. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 285.

Cunila, LABIATE.

,353

* ffro'irifThe fr ap°e">f ^"^°™ '■"°"'" ^''^'"''^ ^" '"'"""''■ ^^"^ ^^« ^»«« °^ '*>« ^t^'"' ^^'^^ t^^eri-

■^shor&t"S;"the nutleisf'™" '' °''"" ""^ '''^'^' ^'=""^'^' ^^ ^'^ ''^^ -••->' ^^^^ ^'•-^«. - ^-'^
L. Virginicus, L. (Bugle-weed.) Glabrous or somewhat pubescent: stem obtusely
angled, b to 24 inches high : leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, coarsely serrate in the
middle, acummate at both ends, tapering into a short petiole : calyx-teeth ovate or lanceo-
, late-ovate : sterile stamens minute rudiments. — Spec. i. 21; Raf Med. Fl. t. 61. L uni-
Jlorus, Michx. i. 14 (L. p«wi7«s, Vahl, L. Vinj.y&v. paucijiorus, Benth.),'a diminutive' and
northern few-flowered form, a span high. L. macroplajllus, Benth. Lab. & in DC. Prodr.
xu. 177 (var. macrophyllus, Gray, 1. c), a tall and large-leaved form of Northern Pacific
coast. — Labrador to Florida, Missouri, and north-westward to Brit. Columbia and Oregon.

■J- -t- Calyx-teeth 5, or occasionally 4, very acute, in fruit longer than the nutlets.
++ Bracts minute: corolla nearly twice the length of the calyx: rudiments of posterior stamens
very short, oval or lingulate : herbage glabrous or puberulent : stems 6 to 20 inches high.
L. sessilifolius, Gray, 1. c. Stem ascending, rather acutely 4-angled : leaves all closely
sessile, ovate or lanceolate-oblong (inch or two long), sparsely sharply serrate : calyx-teeth
subulate, rigid. — /.. £'«ro/wus, var. sessilifolius, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 345. — New Jersey, in pine
barrens, late-flowering, Canby, Parker.
L. rubellus, Moench. Stem rather obtusely 4-angled, erect or ascending: leaves ovate-
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate in the middle, attenuate-acuminate at both
ends (3 inches long), petioled: calyx-teeth triangular-subulate, not rigid-pointed. — Moench,
Meth. Suppl. 44G ; Fresenius in Regensb. Flora, 1842 ; Benth. ip DC. 1. c. L. obtusifolius,
Vahl ■? not Centh. L. Arkansams, Fresenius, 1. c. : puberulent form, with rather broader
triangular-lanceolate less pointed calyx-teeth, the rudiments of sterile stamens varying
from lingulate to linear-spatulate. L. Exiropreus, var. integrij'ulius, Gray, Man. 1. c. — Pcnn.?
and Ohio to S. Carolina, Louisiana and Arkansas.

++ ++ Outer bracts conspicuous, very acute, often equalling the flowers: corolla hardiv exceeding
the calyx : rudiments of sterile stamens slender and capitellate or clavate-tipped.
L. lucidus, Turcz. Stem strict, stout, 2 or 3 feet high, hirsute-pubescent or glabrate,
acutely angled above: leaves lanceolate and oblong-lanceolate (2 to 4 inches long), acute
or acuminate, very sharply and coarsely serrate with triangular-subulate ascending teeth,
sessile or nearly so by an obtuse or acute base, coarsely punctate : calyx-teeth attenuate-
subulate. (Siberia, Japan.)

Var. Americanus, Gray, 1. c. Leaves dull, often minutely puberulent both sides :
calyx-teeth less rigid. — Bot. Calif. 1. 592. L. obtusifolius, Benth! in DC. 1. c. ? — Saskatche-
wan to Kansas, Arizona, and California.

* * Not sfoloniferous, but rootstocks more or less creeping: calvx-teeth 5, cuspidate or spinulose-
tipped, rigid, nearly equalling the corolla, in fruit surpassing the nutlets : subulate outer bracU
often equalling the flowers.

L. sinuatus, Ell. Stem erect, 1 to 3 feet high, acutely 4-angled, glabrous, roughish, or
minutely pubescent: leaves oblong or lanceolate (H or 2 inches long), acuminate, irregu-
larly incised or laciniate-pinnatlfid, or some of the upper merely sinuate or incisely toothed,
tapering at base mostly into a slender petiole : calyx-teeth triangular-subulate and short-
cuspidate : rudiments of sterile stamens slender, conspicuous, and with a globular or sub-
clavate tip. — Sk. i. 187. L. Europceus, Walt. &c. L. sinuatus, exaltatus & anrjustifolius, Ell.
1. C. L. vulgaris & L. angustifolius, Nutt. Gen., without char. L. Europa^us, var. sinuatus.
Gray, Man. 1. c. — N. Canada to Florida, Texas, and west to Oregon and N. California.

L. EuROP^us, L., has less acutely angled stems, mostly broader and.shorter subsessile leaves
with less unequal teeth or lobes, subulate-spinulose calyx-teeth, and rudiments of sterile
stamens obsolete or minute. — Occurs as a ballast-weed at Norfolk and Philadelphia, Durand,
Parker. (Probably not yet nat. from Eu.)

11. CUNILA, L. Dittany. (An ancient Latin name of some Labiate

plant, applied by Linnjeus to a small American genus.) — Perennials, with small

purplish flowers, in summer. (Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8, 365.)

C. Mariana, L. Herbaceous, cymosely much branched, a foot high, glabrous except the

nodes : leaves nearly sessile, ovate with subcordate or rounded base, serrate, much punc-

23

354 LABIATE. Hyssopu.^.

tate • flowers in peduncled loose cymes, rudiments of the upper pair of stamens generally
apparent. — Spec. ed. 2, i. 30; Bart. Med. Bot. t. 42; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1205; Sweet, Brit,
n. Card. t. 243; Terr. Fl. N. Y. t. 76. Satureia origanoides, L., ed. 1. — Dry soil, S. New
York and Ohio to Georgia.

12. HYSSOPUS, Tourn. Hyssop. (The ancient name, from a Hebrew
word.) Only one species.

H. OFFICINALIS, L. Perennial herb, with somewhat woody base, virgate branches, lanceo-
late or linear entire leaves, and blue-purple flowers in small spiked clusters, in summer. —
Sparingly on roadsides eastward, and in California, escaped from gardens. (Nat. from
Eu. and Asia.)

13. PYCNANTHEMUM, Michx. Mountain Mint or Basil. (From
Tlvxvog, dense, avde^ov, blossom : glomerate inflorescence.) — Perennial erect
herbs (all N. American, and all but one eastern), pleasantly pungent-aromatic,
branching above ; with capitate-verticillastrate glomerules or dense cymes (com-
monly multibracteate) in the upper axils, or mainly cymosely terminal ; flowers
small, w'hitish or purplish, often purple-dotted, in summer. — Michx. Fl. ii. 7, with
Brachystemum, 1. c. 5 ; Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. xlii. 44.

§ 1. Flower-clusters naked in a terminal corymbose cyme, small, rather dense ;
the proper bracts minute and loose : calyx short-tubular ; the teeth equal : leaves
sessile and small.
P. nudum, Nutt. Nearly glabrous ; stem strict, 2 feet high : leaves oval, nearly entire,

less than inch long, shorter than the internodes : calyx-teeth triangular, villous. — Gen. ii.

34. — Low pine barrens, N. Carolina ■? to Florida, Alabama, &c.

§ 2. Flowers densely verticillastrate-cymose or glomerate, usually conspicuously
much bracted : calyx oblong or short-tubular. (Many of the species difficult of
discrimination, perhaps on account of hybridizing.)

* Bracts and equal calyx-teeth aristate-tipped, rigid, naked, equalling the corolla : leaves slightly
petioled, rather rigid.
P. aristatum, Michx. Minutely sof t-puberulent, mostly canescent : leaves ovate- and

lanceolate-oblong, sparingly denticulate; flower-clusters dense or capitate, terminal. — Fl.

ii. 8, t. 33. P. verticiUatum, Pursh, not Michx. P. setosum, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad.

vii. 100. Origanum incanum, Walt. — Pine barrens. New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana.
Var. hyssopifolium, Gray, 1- c. (P. hyssopifolium, Benth.): leaves narrowly

oblong or almost linear, nearly entire, obtuse. — Virginia to Florida.

* * Bracts and equal (or later species nearly equal) and similar calyx-teeth not arislate.

^— Leaves linear or lanceolate, nearly sessile, entire, mostly glabrous, very numerous throughout
the stems and copious braiichiets : "capitate glomerules small and numerous, densely fastigiate-
cvmose, copiously imbricaied with short appressed rigid and subulate-pointed or a"cute bracts,
which do not exceed the equally 5-toothed calyx : lips of the corolla very short. i^Brachystemuvi
Vir<jmlcuin, Michx. )
P. linif olium, Pursh. Glabrous up to the canescent inflorescence, 2 feet high, slender :

leaves linear, somewliat 3-nerved : bracts subulate or cuspidate-tipped from a broad base :

calyx-teeth lanceolate-subulate, rigid-pointed. — Fl. ii. 409. Satureia Virginiana, L., as to

syn. Pluk. Kodlia capilata, Moench, Meth. 408. Brachystemum linifoUam, Willd. Enum. 623.

Pycnanthemum temiifolium, Schrad. Hort. Gott. 10, t. 4. — Dry ground, Massachusetts to

Elinois, Florida, and Texas.
P. lanceolatum, Pursh, 1. c. Stem stouter and somewhat pubescent : inflorescence

viilous-canescent : leaves lanceolate or almost linear, nervose-veined, obtuse at base:

bracts ovate or lanceolate : calyx-teeth ovate-deltoid, merely acute — Satureia Virginiana,

Herm. Parad. t. 218 ; L. Spec. ii. 567. Thymus Virginicus, L. Mant. 409. T. lanceolatus,

Poir. Suppl. V. 305. Nepeta Virginica, Willd. Spec. iii. 56. Brachystemum lanceolatum, Willd.

Enum. 623. Pycnanthemum Virginicum, Pers. Syn. ii. 128. — Dry ground, Mass. and Canada

to Nebraska .and Georgia.

Pycnanthemum. LABIATE. 355

■i— -t— Leaves from lanceolate to ovate sessile, or almost so, denticulate or sometimes entire, pin-
nately veined : flowers in larger and fewer less dense heads: verticillastrateglomeruies, subtended
by fewer and looser bracts.

P. Calif ornicum, Torr. Usually tomentose-canescent, rather etout: leaves ovate-
lanceolate or almost ovate, with rounded or subcordate sessile base ; glomerules terminal
and in the axils of 2 or 3 uppermost pairs of leaves, at first very dense ((3 to 12 lines in
diameter): bracts setaceous, lax : teeth of the calyx lanceolate-triangular, villous, 3 or 4
times shorter than the cylindraceous tube. — Jour. Acad. Philad. n. ser. ii. 99, & Pacif. R.
Rep. ir. 122; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 592. California and borders of Nevada. Passes into

Var. glabellum, not canescent : leaves and stems from pubescent to almost glabrous :
inflorescence less dense. — Torr. 1. c. — Upper Sacramento, Bigelow, Brewer, &c.

P. muticum, Pers. 1. c. Puberulent, cinereous-pubescent, or glabrate but pale, much
branched : leaves from lanceolate to ovate, subsessile, rather rigid, commonly obtuse at
base; those subtending the (sometimes proliferous) dense capitate glomerules canescent:
calyx-teeth ovate-deltoid or triangular-lanceolate, acute. — Brachi/stemum muticum, Michx.
Fl. ii. 6, t. 32. Pyc. Arkansanum, Fresenius in Regensb. Flora, 1842, 325. — Maine to Flor-
ida and Arkansas. — Brachyslemum verticillatum, Michx. 1. c. t. 31 (coll. at Pittsburgh, Penn.),
is intermediate between the typical (eastern) plant, with short bracts, shorter and broader
calyx-teeth, and leaves glabrate or minutely cinereous, and

Var. pilosum. Cinereous with looser pubescence : leaves thinner, oblong-lanceolate,
mostly acute or acutish at base, sometimes ovate (Memphis, Fendler) : bracts and especially
the rather narrower calyx-teeth canescent with more copious often villous pubescence. —
P. pilosum, Nutt. Gen. ii. 33 ; Gray, 1. c. — Ohio to Illinois and Arkansas. — Calyx often
(but inconstantly) somewhat unequal, two or three of the teeth more united.

P. leptodon. Soft-pubescent, or glabrate below, loosely branched, tall : leaves mem-
branaceous, green (1^ or 2 inches long), lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, subsessile: glom-
erules larger and looser than in the preceding, canescent-hirsute : long-acuminate bracts
and calyx-teeth slender-subulate, villous-hirsute. — P. pilosum, var. t leptodon. Gray in Am.
Jour. Sci. I. c. — North-western N. Carolina and S. Missouri, Gray & Carey, Geyer. — Per-
haps a hybrid between P. muticum, var. pilosum, and P. Tullia, var. dubium.

+- -1— 4— Leaves linear- or oblong-lanceolate, short-petioled, not even the uppermost canescent :
flowers in mostly terminal capitate glomerules, wliich are dense even in fruit: calyx almost or quite
equally 5-toothe"d, cauescently pubescent, the teeth subulate. (Ambiguous species.)
P. Torreyi, Benth. Puberulent : stem strict, corymbose at summit ; leaves narrowly

lanceolate, green, glabrate, entire or slightly and sparingly denticulate : heads cymose-

corymbed, small; "the bracts subulate, mostly appressed : corolla rather large. — Prodr.

1. c. 188. P. Virginicum, Nutt. Gen. I. c. 1 — Dry ground, S. New York to Pennsylvania.
P. clinopodioides, Gray, 1. c. Pubescent : leaves broadly or oblong-lanceolate, sharply

denticulate or sometimes entire: heads fewer and larger: bracts loose. — Dry soil, S. New

York to E. Pennsylvania.

* * * Calyx distinctly bilabiate through the union of three teeth to form the upper lip: the (eefh
and the tips of the loose bracts if slender not rigid : flowers in dense flattened glomerate c_vmes,
which are usually expanded with age: leaves membranaceous, mostly serrate, distinctly' petioled,
the uppermost more or less canescent : stems loosely branching.
P. Tullia, Benth. Rather stout, loosely more or less pubescent : leaves ovate- or lanceo-
late-oblong, acuminate, obtuse or acutish at base, somewhat serrate, thin (2 to 4 inches
long), pale green both sides, only the uppermost tomentulose-whitened : calyx-teeth aristi-
form-subulate, equalling the tube in length, above and the long-attenuate tips of the bracts
setose-barbate. — Lab. 328, & in DC. I.e. i. 87. Tullia Pycnanthemoides, Leavenworth in
Am. Jour. Sci. xx. 243, t. 5. — S. Virginia and N. Carolina to Tennessee and Georgia,
chiefly in and near the mountains.

Var. dubium. Greener, not canescent, except the setose-villous bracts and calyx ;
the teeth of the latter shorter than the tube: leaves lanceolate. — P. dubium, Gray, 1. c. —
Ashe Co., N. Carolina, Gray &, Carey. Perhaps a hybrid between P. Tullia and P. leptodon,
or even P. muticum, var. jnlosum.
P. incanum, Michx. 1. c. Cinereous-pubescent: leaves ovate-oblong, with obtuse or
rounded base, serrate (2 to 4 inches long), the lower surface or both surfaces of tlie upper-
most canescent, at least when young, and with more or less loose or villous pubescence :
calyx-teeth subulate or triangular-lanceolate and cuspidate or pointed, not exceeding half

356 LABIATiE. Pi/cnanthemum.

the length of the tube, often bearing one or two bristle-like hairs. — Clinopodium incanum,
L. Spec. ii. 588. Origanum punctatnm, Poir. Pycnanthemum Loomisit, Nutt. in Jour. Acad.
Fhilad. vii. 100; form approaching the next. — New England and W. Canada to Ohio, and
south to Florida and Louisiana.

P, albescens, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Stems slender, puberulent, all the parts smaller
leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, obscurely serrate, small (inch or so long), canescent
beneath and the uppermost on both sides with a minute close pubescence, as also are the
short and beardless calyx and bracts ; teeth of the former short, triangular-ovate, obtuse.
— Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. P. incanum, var. albescms, Chapm. Fl. 316. — Alabama and Florida
to Texas.
§ 3. Flowers densely verticillastrate-capitate ; the globose glomerules sessile

and solitary at the summit of the stem and in some of the upper axils, copiously

and conspicuously bracteate : calyx tubular ; the short teeth nearly equal : aspect

somewhat of Monarda.

P. montanum, Michx. Sweet-aromatic, glabrous or nearly so : leaves ovate- or
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, acutely serrate, membranaceous (2 to 4 inches long), short-
petioled; bracts thin, lanceolate, long-acuminate, villous-ciliate : calyx-teeth triangular-
subulate, naked, very much shorter than the narrow tube. — Fl. ii. 8; Gray, 1. c. Monar-
della montana, Benth. Lab. 331. Monarda gracilis, Pursh, Fl. i. 17'?— Moist woods, Alle-
ghany Mountains, S. Virginia and Tennessee to Georgia and Alabama.

14, MONARDI^LLA, Benth. (Diminutive of Monarda, which this
wholly western American genus resembles in aspect, inflorescence, and calyx ;
while in the rest of the flower it is near Pycnanthe^num.) — Flowers in terminal
and solitary verticillastrate heads, subtended or involucrate by broad often mem-
branaceous and colored bracts : corolla red, rose, purple, or rarely white. Pleas-
antly aromatic fragrant herbs, mostly entire-leaved. — Benth. Lab. 331, & in DC.
Prodr. xii. 190 ; Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 100.

§ 1. Flowers large and comparatively few, rather loosely glomerate: tube of
corolla much longer than the limb : anther-cells oval-oblong, divaricate : root
perennial.

M. macrantha, Gray. A span high from creeping sufErutescent rootstocks, puberulent
or pubescent: leaves subcoriaceous, ovate, obtuse, glabrate, 5 to 10 lines long, slender-
petioled : heads 10-25-flowered, with lax and thin ovate or oblong obtuse bracts : calyx-
teeth lanceolate, acute : corolla very much exserted, inch and a half long, scarlet, with
tube slightly trumpet-shaped, and comparatively small lanceolate lobes only 3 or 4 lines
long. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. & Bot. Calif, i. 593; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6270. — San Diego
Co., California, Cleveland, Palmer. Also, in a more foliaceous and less showy form (taller,
more hirsute-pubescent, with leaves tliinner and a full inch long, and flowers rather
smaller), San Bernardino Co., Parry & Leinmon.
M. nana, Gray, 1- c. Hirsute-pubescent, a span high : leaves and heads nearly of the
preceding : corolla slender, less than an inch long, white tinged with rose ; pubescent tube,
little exceeding the calyx. — S. California, in mountains behind San Diego, Cleveland.
§ 2. Flowers smaller, more numerous, and densely capitate : calyx only a
quarter or a third of an inch long : tube of the corolla little exserted and little
longer than the limb : anther-cells shorter and less divaricate.

* Perennials, in tufts, often slightlv lignesceut at base : corolla from whitish or flesh-color to rose-
purple- the lobes linear: calvx-teeth lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, merely or hardly acute,
soft. (Seemingly transitional forms occur between all but the first species.)
•J- Leaves from ovate to lanceolate, petioled, more or less obviously pinnately veined : bracts
obtuse and pointless.
M. hypoleuca. Pubescent, a foot or two high : leaves densely tomentose-oanescent
beneath, silvery-white when young, glabrate and green above, ovate-oblong, obtuse, entire.

Monardella. LABIATE. 357

an inch or two long, all distinctly petioled ; veins conspicuous, impressed above : heads
large : bracts orbicular and ovate, nervose. — S. E. California, San Bernardino Co., Pmru
& Lemmon.

M. villosa, Benth. Soft-pubescent, or the heads and lower face of leaves villous, or
sometimes the whole herbage glabrate, a span to a foot high : leaves ovate, 6 to 14 lines
long, all petioled, from sparsely crenate-dentate to nearly entire: veins conspicuous, widely
spreading: bracts .ovate, foliaceous, more or less pinnately veined. — Lab. 332, Bot. Sulph.
t. 21, & DC. 1. c. 190; Gray, Bot. Cahf. i. 692. — Woods and banks, nearly throughout the
western part of California, especially along the coast. Leaves in the typical form often
tomentose beneath

Var. leptosiphon, Torr. A rather large-flowered form, cinereous with a finer
pubescence, and ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate nearly entire leaves. — Bot. Mex. Bound.
129. — Li tl)e central part of the State.

Var. glabella, Gray. Minutely cinereous-pubescent or puberulent, or glabrate,
except the head : leaves oblong, entire or barely and sparingly denticulate ; upper ones
sometimes subsessile : veins much less conspicuous. — Bot. Calif. 1. c. M. Shelioni, Torr. in
Jour. Acad. Philad. n. ser. ii. 99. — Pine woods, tlirough the Sierra Nevada and valley of
the Sacramento. There are transitions to the next.

M. odoratissima, Benth. 1. c. Cinereous-puberulent or minutely tomentulose, or
nearly glabrous, but pale ; a span to a foot high : leaves from narrowly oblong to broadly
lanceolate, entire or nearly so, short-petioled, or the upper subsessile, firm in texture, both
sides alike ; the veins inconspicuous or obscure : bracts thin-membranaceous and colored
(whitish or purple), nervose: calyx-teeth (as in the preceding) hirsute without and within :
odor of Pennyroyal. — Dry hills, Washington Terr., Oregon, and through the higher
mountains of California, Nevada, and Utah.

-t— -1— Leaves linear or oblong-linear, entire, thickish and nearly veinless, half to two-thirds inch
long, subsessile, or the lower oblong and petioled and with a few veins.

M. linoides, Gray. Canescent or cinereous with an almost imperceptible puberulence :
stems a span to 18 inches high, strict and rigid : bracts ovate, mucronate-acute, scarious-
membranaceous and wliite with pinkish, pinnately nervose : calyx-teeth narrowly lanceo-
late, merely pubescent : odor of Bergamot. — Proc. Am. Acad. & Bot. Calif. 1. c. — Southern
California, in mountains of San Diego Co. and on the Mohave, Cleveland, Palmer, Parry &
Lemmon, &c.

M. Palmeri. Glabrous and green, or obscurely puberulent up to the pubescent and pro-
portionally large head, a span high : bracts ovate, very obtuse, more nervose, otherwise
as in the preceding : calyx-teeth linear-lanceolate. — San Luis Obispo Co., California, under
Redwoods in the Santa Lucia mountains. Palmer.

* * Annuals: from a span to a foot or more high, loosely branching: leaves entire or merely
undulate, more distant, narrowed at base into a petiole : calyx-teeth mostly with rather strong
marginal nerves.

•i- Bracts rigidly cuspidate-acuminate, white and transparent-scaridus, except the nerves or veins :
corolla biiglit rose or pui-ple.

M. Douglasii, Benth. 1. c. Pubescent: leaves lanceolate: bracts ovate and ovate-lan-
ceolate, tapering gradually into the cusp, more or less hirsute, fenestrate, the pinnate
spreading greenish veins running from midrib to stout marginal nerves, forming a firm
frame for the hyaline and silvery interspaces : teeth of tiie hirsute calyx rigid and subu-
late : scent strong. — M. candicans, var. venosa, Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 123. — California,
through the valley and westward.

M. Breweri, Gray. Puberulent : leaves ovate-oblong : bracts broadly ovate, abruptly
cuspidate-pointed, less translucent, and with slender more nervose and whitish veins, only
those of the outermost bracts strongly pinnate, destitute of strong marginal nerves : calyx-
teeth triangular-subulate, merely acute. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 386, xi. 102, & Bot. Calif.
i. 594. — California, in Corral-Hollow, Contra-Costa Co.

•*— H— Bracts acute or obtuse: nervose, less translucent or tlie outer herbaceous: corolla rose-color
or purple : calyx-teeth not subulate, short.

M. lanceolata, Gray. Green and almost glabrous, or the stem puberulent : leaves
oblong-lanceolate or narrower, tapering into a slender petiole; the uppermost and the
ovate or ovate-lanceolate bracts acute ; the latter with cross-veinlets between the nerves or

358 LABIATE. Monardella.

primary veins: calyx-teeth acutish, glabrate outside, densely hirsute within.— Proc. Am.
Acad. xi. 102, & Bot. Calif. 1. c — California, common nearly through the State except on
mountains.
M. undulata, Benth. 1. c. Cinereous-pubescent or glabrate : leaves spatulate-oblong to
oblanceolate or linear with tapering base, obtuse, undulate-margined : heads mostly villous
or pubescent: bracts broadly ovate, thin, whitish-scarious, obtuse, no cross-veinlets be-
tween tlie parallel nerves : calyx-teeth villous, obtuse : " odor of peppermint." — Gray, I. c.
— California, near the coast.
^_ ^_ +- Bracts obtuse or obtuselv and sliffhtlv acuminate, broadly ovate, more or less white-

scarious, nervosa, and with some cross-veinlets' between the nerves: corolla white or nearly so,

small and short, not over 3 or 4 lines long: calyx-teeth villous and with white-scanous tips:

herbage cinereous or canescent.
M. candicans, Benth. Soft-puberulent, cinereous, but hardly canescent : leaves lan-
ceolate or narrowly oblong, obtuse, tapering into a slender petiole : bracts minutely pubes-
cent outside, ovate, greenish along the numerous nerves, at least the tip and margins
white-scarious, shorter than the flowers : calyx-teeth short, rather broad and obtuse, villous
both sides. PI. Hartw. 330 ; Gray, 1. c. — California, valley of the Sacramento and foot-
hills of the neighboring Sierra Nevada.

Var. exilis. Smaller : bracts mostly with a short scarious acumination : calyx-teeth
acute. — S. E. California or adjacent Arizona, Palmer.
M. leucocephala, Gray. Low, much branched, cinereous-pubescent : leaves oblong or
broadly lanceolate, short-petioled : bracts ovate-orbicular with slight acumination, wholly
thin-scarious and bright white, lightly nervose and with very sparing cross-veinlets (about
4 lines long and broad): calyx hirsute; the teeth attenuate-subulate. — Proc. Am. Acad,
vii. 385, xi. 102, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. — California, on the plains near Merced, in sandy soil,
Brewer.

15. ORfG-ANUM, Toum. Wild Marjoram. (Ancient Greek name,
from OQog, a mountain, and ydvog, delight.) — Old World plants, one introduced.
O. vulgAre, L. iiranching erect perennial, villous : leaves ovate, petioled : short spiciform

branches of the cymes densely panicled, crowded with ovate and obtuse purplish-colored
bracts : corolla purple. — Roadsides, Atlantic States : fl. summer. (Sparingly nat. from Eu.)

16. TH"^MUS, Tourn. Thyme. (Classical name, perhaps from dim, to
burn perfume. Thyme having been used for incense.) — Low and small-leaved
and small-Howered perennials, with persistent often somewhat woody base; 11.
summer. Old World genus, one species introduced.

T. Sekpyllum, L. (Creeping Thyme.) Prostrate-tufted: leaves green, flat, ovate, entire,
'veiny, more or less ciliate, short-petioled, 2 to 4 lines long, the floral ones similar: flowers
crowded at the end of the ascending branches, purplish. — Old fields, E. Massachusetts and
Pennsylvania. (Sparingly nat. from Eu.)

17. SATUIi:6lA, Tourn. Savory. (Ancient Latin name.) — Small-
leaved and low plants, sweet aromatic ; the genuine species all of the Old World ;
the single American one almost generically distinct.

§ 1. Satureia proper. Bracts of the loose inflorescence small or none : calyx
mostly equalling the tube of the corolla : fl. summer.
S. HORTENSis, L. (Summer Savory.) Annual, much branched, minutely pubescent: leaves

oblong-linear or lanceolate, tapering at base : flowers in axillary clusters, above becoming

interruptedly spicate : corolla short, pale purphsh : stamens short. — Cult, as a sweet-herb ;

escaping from gardens is sparingly wild in Ohio, Illinois, Nevada, &c. (Nat. from Eu.)

§ 2. Pycnothtmus, Benth. Flower-clusters crowded in a terminal oblong
head or spike, conspicuously bracteate : bracts as long as the corolla : calyx very
small, thin, much shorter than the slender tube of the corolla : fl. spring.

Calamintha, LABIATE. 359

S. rigida, Bartram. Cespitose-procumbent, sufErutescent : leaves crowded, rigid, subu-
late-lanceolate, with strongly revolute margins, obtuse, quarter inch long, scabrous or
becoming smooth, above passing into the broader and flatter villous-lursute bracts : calyx
equally and deeply 5-cle£t, membranaceous: corolla light purple; the tube (3 lines long)
much shorter tiian the lips : filaments at length exserted. — Benth. Lab. 354, & DC. Prodr.
xi. 211. —E. Florida, in sand.

^ 18. MICROMllRIA, Benth. {Mikq6?, small, and iiiQog, a part, from small
size of flowers, &c.) — Chiefly of the Old World. Our two species, of the section
Hesperothymus, are diffusely spreading or creeping perennial herbs, with slender
stems, rounded and petioled veiny thin leaves, and 1 to 3 slender-pedicelled purplish
flowers in their axils ; in summer. To these an anomalous Californian species is
added.

M. Brownei, Benth. Glabrous, or nearly so : leaves roundish, obscurely crenate : pedi-
cels bractless : calyx villous in the throat ; teeth lanceolate-ovate. — Lab. 372 ; Schmidt in
n. Bras. viii. t. 32. Thymus Brownei, Swartz. — River-banks, Florida. ( W. Ind., S. Am.)

Var. pilosiuscula, with leaves (perhaps shorter-petioled) and sometimes stem and
calyx sparsely pilose-pubescent : passes into M. Xalapensis, Benth., and as such is enume-
rated in Bot. Mex. Bound. 129. —Texas, near San Antonio ( Thurber), and southward. (Mata-
moras, Berlandier, Mex., &c.)

M. Douglasii, Benth. 1. c. (Yerba Bdena.) Somewhat pubescent: trailing and creep,
ing stem elongated : leaves broadly ovate or roundish : pedicels 2-bracteolate below : calyx
naked in the throat ; the teeth subulate. — M. barbata, Fisch. & Meyer. Thymus Douglasii
& T. Chamissonis, Benth. in Lmn. vi. 80. — Woods, Vancouver's Island to Los Angeles Co.,
California.

M. purpurea, Gray. Erect, much branched, probably from an annual root, minutely
and loosely pubescent : leaves short-petioled, lanceolate, acuminate, acutely serrate (inch
long), with dense umbelliform cymules subsessile in their axils : calyx oblong-campanulate,
a line and a half long, about equalling the pedicels, naked in the throat ; teeth slender-
subulate, almost equalling the small " purple-blue " corolla. — Bot. Calif, i. 595. Hedeoma
purpurea, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 52. (All 4 stamens antheriferous.) — Webb's
Landing on an island in the San Joaquin River, California, Kellogg. ■

M. bracteolAta, Benth. 1. c, founded on " Hedeoma bracteolaia. Pubescent, stem simple,
slender : leaves linear-sublanceolate, acute at each extremity, entire : pedicels setaceously
bracteolate, 3-5-flowered: calyx oblong, equal: corolla minute'? In Carolina." — Nutt.
Gen. Addend. This is wholly obscure.

19. CALAMfNTHA, Tourn., Mcench. Calamint. (Old Greek name
of some plant of this order.) — Herbs or undershrubs, chiefly of warm-temperate
regions, of various habit, flowering all summer. Ours are perennials, and are
various in habit.

C. PAlmeri, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 100, an annual, of the Acinos section and the habit
and odor of Hedeoma, belongs to Lower California, much beyond our limits.

§ 1. Flowers loose, and without long-subulate bracts : calyx in ours usually
villous in the throat : anthers naked.

* Herbaceous, small-flowered: corolla pale purple or nearly white.

4— Introduced, pubescent: peduncles short but mostly distinct, several-flowered : calyx conspicu-
ously villous ill the throat.
C. Nepeta, Link. (Basil Thyme.) Villous- or cinereous-pubescent, 1 to 3 feet high : leaves

roundisli-ovate, crenate (half inch long), short-petioled ; uppermost reduced to bracts :

bractlets minute : corolla 4 lines long. — Benth. Lab. & in DC. xii. 228. Melissa Nepeta, L.

Thymus Nepeta, Smith, Engl. Bot. 1. 1414. — Dry waste grounds, from Maryland to Arkansas.

(Nat. from Eu.)
C. OFFICINALIS, Moerich, Meth. 409, the common Calamint of Europe, is inclined to escape

from cultivation in a few places.

360 LABI AT JE. Calamintha.

•i~- +- Indigenous on wet limestone river-banks, glabrous or nearly so, except a villous ring in the
throat of the calyx: common peduncles in the axils hardly any: pedicels 1 to 5 : conspicuous
bracts at tlieir base subulate-acuminate : petioles short or none.
C. glabella, Benth. Stems lax or decumbent, a foot or two long : leaves oblong or
broadly lanceolate with tapering base ; the larger ones serrate : axils 3-5-flowered : calyx-
teeth of both lips attenuate-subulate : corolla nearly half inch long, barely twice the length
of the calyx. — DC. Prodr. xii. 230. Cunila glabella, Michx. Fl. i. 13. Zizophora glabella,
Roem. & Sch. Syst. i. 209. --Banks of the Tennessee near Nashville (Michaux) and of the
Kentucky River near Frankfort, Short & Peter.
C. Nuttallii, Benth. 1- c. Stems slender, branching, erect or ascending, a span or two
high, copiously stoloniferous at base : leaves entire, thickisli and veinless, with slightly
revolute margins; cauline linear or the lower spatulate, sessile, 5 to 9 lines long; those of
the creeping stolons ovate and orbicular, short-petioled, 2 or 3 lines long: flowers 1 to
3 in the axils: corolla a third of an inch long, fully twice the length of the calyx.—
Gray, Man. ed. 1 (1848), 325. Hedeoma glabra, Nutt. Gen. i. 16. H. Aikansana, Nutt. in
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 186. Cunila glabra, Torr. Fl. 23. Micromeria glabella
(mainly) & M. Arkansana, Benth. Lab. 730, 871. M. glabella, var. angustifoUa, Torr. Fl.
N. Y. ii. 67. Calamintha glabella, var. Nuttallii, Gray, Man. ed. 2, 307, ed. 5, 349. —Niagara
Falls to Lake Superior, S. Missouri to Texas.

* * More or less woody or shrubby at base : a foot or two high : lips of the calyx-teeth more un-
equal; the broader upper one barely and mostly obtusely 3-toothed.
C. Caroliniana, Sweet. Nearly glabrous: leaves ovate, obtuse, somewhat crenate
(6 to 14 lines long), abruptly narrowed into a short petiole : flowers few or several in the
axils, in a crowded subsessile cyme : bracts foliaceous : calyx oblong, strongly striate, very
villous in the throat, scarcely gibbous : corolla pink-purple or whitish and purple-spotted,
half inch long; the upper lip somewhat concave and incurved. — Hort. Brit. 809; Benth.
in DC. Prodr. 1. c. 229. Thymus Carolinianus, Michx. ii. 9. T. grandiflorus, Sims, Bot.
Mag. t. 997. Melissa Caroliniana, Benth. Lab. 388. — Dry ground, N. Carolina to Florida.
C. COCcinea, Benth. 1. c. Very minutely cinereous-puberulent or glabrous, bushy :
branches virgate : leaves obovate or cuneate-oblong, obtuse, subsessile, entire or obscurely
crenate, with somewhat revolute margins, thickish, veinless, about half inch long : short
peduncles 1-3-flowered : corolla scarlet, narrow, inch and a half long; the lips much
shorter than the tube. — Melissa coccinea, Spreng. Syst. ii. 224. Cunila coccinea, Nutt. ; Hook.
Exot. Fl. 1. 163. — Gardoquia Hoolceri, Benth. Lab. 401 ; Bot. Reg. t. 1747 ; Brit. Fl. Card,
ser. 2, t. 271. Satureia coccinea, Bertol. Misc. viii. 23. — Sandy soil, W. Florida to Mobile,
Alabama, near the shore ; flowering late.
C. ■ dentata, Chapm. Tomentulose-cinereous, diffusely branched : leaves obovate or
'somewhat cuneate, few-toothed at the rounded apex, subsessile, canescent and obscurely
veined beneath : flowers solitary or in threes, short-pedicelled : calyx shorter than in the
preceding; the short obscurely 3-toothed upper lip tinged with purple; subulate teeth of
the lower lip hairy: "upper stamens abbreviated, sterile." — FL 118. — Sand ridges near
Aspalaga, W. Florida, Chapman. In foUage, &c. much resembles C. coccinea, apparently
smaller-flowered : no perfect corolla seen.

* * * Herbaceous to the base? and large-flowered: calyx less bilabiate; the teeth of the upper
lip very like those of the lower: corolla orange.
C. mimuloides, Benth. Tall, somewhat viscidly hirsute : leaves ovate, coarsely ser-
rate, membranaceous, on slender petioles : flowers mostly solitary in the axils, on slender
pedicels foliaceous-bracteate at base : calyx tubular (8 lines long), nearly naked in the
. throat ; the teeth cuspidate from a broad ovate or triangular base, equal in length, those
of tlie upper lip spreading : corolla inch and a half long, with a narrow tube twice the
length of the calyx. — PI. Hartw. 33. — California, on shady banks of Carmel River, near
Monterey, Hartweg.

§ 2. Clinopodium, Benth. Flowers verticillastrate-capitate, and as it were
involucrate with conspicuous setaceous-subulate rigid bracts : calyx nearly naked
in the throat: anthers naked.

C. Clinopodium, Benth. (Basil.) Herbaceous, hirsute: leaves ovate, obtuse, almost
entire, petioled : verticillastrate heads globular, many-flowered : teeth of the narrow tubu-

Hedeoma. LABIATiE. 361

lar and gibbous calyx and the bracts very hirsute, nearly equalling the light purple nar-
row corolla. — Clinopodiumvidgare, L. ; Smith, Engl. Bot. t. 1401. — Borders of thickets and
fields, common northward, and seemingly introduced : indigenous from the Great Lakes to
the Rocky Mountains. (Eu., Asia.)

20. MELlSSA, Toura. Balm. (Greek name of the honey-bee, trans-
ferred to a plant the blossoms of which are sought by bees.) — Herbs, of the Old
World, only one common species.

M. OFFICINALIS, L. (Common Balm.) Upright or spreading and branching perennial,
pubescent ; with broadly ovate or cordate crenate-tootiied lemon-scented leaves, and loose
axillary cymes of white or whitish flowers ; in summer. — Escaped from gardens to waste
grounds, eastward. (Sparingly nat. from Eu.)

21. CONRADINA, Gray. (Named in memory of Solomon W. Conrad, of
Philadelphia, botanist, and publisher of his friend Muhlenberg's works.) — Proc.
Am. Acad. viii. 244. — Founded on a single species ; with leaves resembling Rose-
mary.

C. canescens, Gray, 1. c. Somewhat shrubby, much branched, minutely canescent,
leafy : the leaves also fascicled in the axils, narrowly linear, obtuse, with revolute mar-
gins : flowers solitary or in threes in the upper axils, short-pedicelled : teeth of the calyx
and sometimes the tube villous with long spreading hairs : corolla pink or white, dotted in
the throat, hairy outside, half inch long. — Calamintha canescens, Torr. & Gray in DC.
Prodr. xii. 229 ; Ciiapm. Fl. 318. — Sandy sea-shore and adjacent pine woods, Alabama and
Florida, from Mobile to Tampa Bay (Hulse), and Indian River on the. east (Palmer) : fl.
summer.

22. POLIOMINTHA, Gray. {Tlohog, hoary-white, and iiivOa, Mint.) —
Texano-Mexican low suffrutescent plants, canescent throughout or nearly so ;
with entire leaves, and few-several-flowered cymes or glomerules in their axils,
the uppermost sometimes diminished and bract-like. Corolla rose-color or purple,
with tube either equalling or much surpassing the calyx. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii.
295, 365; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1189. (Genus too near Gardoquia, of the
Andes from Mexico to Chili, not to be distinguished if that becomes really
diandrous.)

P. incana, Gray, 1. c. A foot or so high, very much branched, silvery with very close
and minute tomentum : branches virgate : leaves linear or the lower oblong (3 to 9 lines
long), sessile, veinless and the midrib obscure; the upper floral shorter than the 1 to 3 sub-
sessile flowers in their axils : calyx oblong or cylindraceous, 15-nerved, white-villous
(3 lines long), with conspicuous subulate teeth, half the length of the corolla, equalling its
tube, which is pilose-annulate at the summit. — Hedeoma incana, Torr. Mex. Bound. 130. —
Western Texas to S. Utah, Wright, Bigelow, Parry, Brandegee, Mrs. Thompson, &c.

P. mollis. Gray, 1. c. A foot or more high, more tomentose, herbaceous nearly to the
base: leaves ovate or oval, narrowed into a short petiole, 3-5-plinerved : calyx-teeth
minute, unequally spreading, one-fifth the length of the 13-striate tube, which is hardly
half the length of the corolla : tube of the latter not annulate but sparsely pilose within.
— Hedeoma mollis, Torr. 1. c 129. —Borders of Mexico and Texas, on cliffs of the Rio
Grande at Puerte de Paysano, Bigelow.

23. HEDEOMA, Pers. (Name altered from the Greek' Hdvoa^wv, a sweet-
smelling herb, probably of this family. The plants have the scent and taste of
the European Pennyroyal, Mentha Pidegium.) — Low herbs, all American, chiefly
of Atlantic U. S. and Mexico ; with small flowers, in summer. — Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. viii. 366; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1188.

362 LABIATE. Hedeoma.'

§ 1. EuHEDEOMA, Gray, 1. c. Flowers pedicellate, cymulose or rarely sub-
solitary in the axils of the leaves, the uppermost of which are sometimes dimin-
ished and bract-like : corolla with an even open throat : throat of the calyx in
fruit closed with a ring of villous hairs (except in H. acinoides) : low and diffuse
or much branched herbs, of dry soil, pungently sweet-aromatic, with small and
whitish or purplish flowers : pubescence of the stem usually retrorse.

* Filaments of the posterior stamens manifest, bearing a capitate rudiment or sometimes a polli-
niferous anther: calyx rather short, conspicuously bilabiate; its upper and lower lips very
dissimilar.

H. pulegioides, Pers. (American Pennyroyal.) Annual, erect, minutely pubes-
cent: leaves ovate or oblong, somewhat serrate, narrowed at base into a slender petiole;
floral similar or the upper merely smaller: calyx in fruit ovate-campanulate or oblong,
strongly gibbous ; upper lip broad and spreading, with 3 triangular teeth, about equalling
the two setaceous-subulate and hispid-ciliate teeth : corolla hardly exserted, 2 or 3 lines
long. — Syn. ii. 131 ; Bart. Med. t. 41. Melissa & Cunila pulegioides, L. Canada to Iowa
and southward ; common.

# * Filaments of the posterior stamens minute subulate rudiments, or sometimes obsolete : teeth

of both lips of the calyx subulate,
-(— About equal in length, all erect or in fruit curved upward : bracts linear or acerose-subulate,

spreading or at length reflexed : erect annuals, with the upper flowers somewhat capitately or

spicately crowded.

H. acinoides, Scheele. Minutely pubescent, slender: leaves nearly glabrous, thinnish,
slenderpetioled, obscurely denticulate ; the lower ovate, upper oblong, or the upper floral
oblong-linear : bracts equalling the slender pedicels : calyx tubular, gibbous at base (3 lines
long), barely hairy in the throat; limb slightly bilabiate; the teeth setaceous-subulate,
minutely ciliate, barely one-third the length of the tube : tube of the purple corolla
exserted, slender (4 lines long) ; its lower lip much larger than the upper, and middle lobe
deeply emarginate. — Linn. xxii. 592 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 366. — Arkansas, Leaven-
worth. Texas, Wright, Lindheimer, &c.
H. hispida, Pursh. Mostly low: leaves all similar, linear, entire, thickish, somewhat
nervose-veined, nearly sessile, crowded, almost glabrous, but their margins at least towards
the base hispid-ciliate : bracts mostly equalling the calyx, rigid : limb of the calyx bilabi-
ate ; the lips about half the length of the oblong gibbous hispid tube ; the teeth of the
upper subulate, of the lower more aristiform and hispid, equalling the (3 lines long) bluish
corolla. —Fl. ii. 414. H. hirta, Nutt. Gen. i. 16. Cunila hispida, Spreng. Syst. i. 54.—
Plains west of the Mississippi, from Dakota to Louisiana and Arkansas; also Ilbnois,
there apparently lately introduced.
•H- -K Two lower calyx-teeth decidedly longer than the three upper: bracts mostly erect and

subulate.
++ Leaves entire, or in the first species with rare and obscure denticulations or crenulations, into

which the few and inconspicuous veins do not run: root either indurated and perduring-annual or

perennial
H. thymoides. Cinereous-pubescent or puberulent, about a span high, at length diffusely
branched from the base : leaves ovate, obtuse (3 to 5 lines long), petioled ; the lower little
exceeding and the upper shorter than the flowers : bracts mostly subulate and shorter than
the pedicels : calyx oblong-tubular and at length rather strongly gibbous (the tube 1^ or 2
lines and the setaceous lower teeth a line or sometimes more in length); teeth of the upper
lip recurved away from the straightish and moderately longer lower ones : corolla little ex-
serted, only 3 lines long. — H. de.ntala, var. nana, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 130. H. piperita ?
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 366, not Benth., which must have much larger calyx, flat pedicels,
and more crenate leaves. — E. New Mexico to Arizona, Wright, Bigelow, Palmer, &c.

Var. oblongif olia. Stems ereqt, even strict, sometimes a foot high : leaves oblong,
or the lower ovate, shorter-petioled ; the reduced floral ones subsessile and acute. — H.
piperita, var. ohlongifolia. Gray, 1. c. — New Mexico and Arizona ; same collectors.
H. Drummondi, Benth. Cinereous-pubescent or puberulent, a span or two high,
copiously branched : leaves from oblong (or the lowest oval) to linear, obtuse, subsessile,
or narrowed at base into a very short petiole, thickish ; the upper mostly rather shorter
than the few flowers in their axils : small subulate bracts not longer than the pedicels :

Eedeoma. LABIATE. 363

calyx hirsute or hispid, from cylindraceous to at length ovate-tubular, sliglitly gibbous, in
age more or less curved, not obviously bilabiate ; the subulate-setaceous teetli at length all
connivent and slightly curved upward ; tlie lower nearly twice the lengtli of the upper :
corolla from 3 or 4 lines long, and little exserted, to G lines and double tiie length of the
calyx. — Lab. 308, & DC. 1. c. 245; Gray, 1. c. H. ciliata, Nutt. Gamb. 183, not Benth.—
Common from Texas to Arizona, and north to the plains of Colorado and even Nebraska.
(Adjacent Mex. )

Var. Reverchoni. Rigid : leaves greener, coriaceous, elliptical (half inch long, 3
lines or more broad), or the floral oblong, hirsute-pubescent or at least ciliate, the few
veins more prominent beneath. — Rocks, Brown Co., Texas, Reverchon.
II. hyssopifolia, Gray. Nearly glabrous throughout : stems slender, erect and simple
from a lignescent perennial base, 8 to 12 inches high : leaves all sessile and entire, nervose
veined (especially beneath), narrowly linear-lanceolate and about iialf inch long, or the
lowest much shorter and oblong or oval : short peduncles linear-bracteate, 1-5-flowered :
calyx obscurely pubescent, narrowly cylindrical, not gibbous (tlie tube 2i lines long), not
bilabiate ; the subulate-setaceous lower teeth nearly twice tlie length of the similar upper
ones, all straightish : corolla much exserted, 7 or 8 lines long, purplish. — Proc. Am. Acad,
xi. 96 ; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. ined. t. 17. — Arizona, on Mount Graham, Rothrock.

' ++ ++ Leaves senate with salient acute and callous teeth in which the veins terminate, all sub-
sessile or the lower short -petioled : many-stemmed perennials: cymes few-flowered: calyx nar-
row, at length somewhat gibbous or curved, 2 or 3 lines long, minutely hirsute.

H. dentata, Torr. Hirsute-pubescent : stems erect and slender, a foot high : leaves
oblong-lanceolate (4 to 6 lines long), coarsely few-dentate ; veins ascending, rather indis-
tinct: calyx-tube slender; limb hardly bilabiate; subulate-setaceous lower teeth erect and
moderately longer than the recurved-spreading upper ones : corolla pink, nearly twice the
length of the calyx, 4 lines long. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 130, in part ; Gray, 1. c. — S. Arizona,
near Santa Cruz, Thurher, Rothrock.

H. plicata, Torr. 1. c. Minutely soft-pubescent, a span or more high, at length diffuse :
leaves approximate, rigid, rhombic-ovate or the lower roundish-ovate and the uppermost
floral oblong (3 or 4 lines long), numerously and coarsely callous-serrate, conspicuously
lineate with the copious strong and straight mostly simple veins, which are very prominent
beneath and extend from the midrib through the acute teeth : calyx of the preceding, but
less slender and more gibbous or curved, also more evidently bilabiate : corolla shorter, 2
or 3 lines long. — Mountains along the Rio Limpio and Rio Grande, S. W. Texas, Wright,
Bigelow. (There is a similar, but larger flowered and villous species, H. costata, S. Mex.,
Ghieshreyht, no. 815.)

§ 2. Stachydeoma, Gray, 1. c. Flowers sessile or subsessile, verticillastrate
in a terminal interrupted spike, the floral leaves diminished to bracts, except
sometimes the lowermost : throat of the pink or purple corolla with a pair of
longitudinal projecting folds under the lower lip : calyx hardly at all gibbous,
rather short, long-hirsute : stem erect : leaves all sessile or nearly so, glabrous or
glabrate, with at least the uppermost hirsute-ciliate.

H. ciliata, Benth. A span or two high from an annual root : stem retrorsely puberu-
lent and above mostly hirsute with some spreading hairs : leaves oblong, obtuse, entire,
veinless (inch or less long) : flowers several in the clusters of the spike: calyx moderately
bilabiate; its 15-nerved tube and the subulate-linear bractlets conspicuously white-liirsute;
throat villous-bearded ; teeth more naked, similar and of equal length, slender-subulate
ciliolate, connivent after anthesis : tube of the rose-purple corolla not exserted ; upper lip
2-lobed; throat hairy at the insertion of the short included stamens: sterile filaments
wanting. — DC. Prodr. xii. 245; Gray, I.e. 367. — Sandy ground, Texas, Berlandier (ex
Benth.), Dnnnmond, E. Hall. •

H. graveolens, Chapm. Stems numerous, a foot or more high from a perennial base
or root, strict, often simple, soft-hirsute or pubescent: leaves round-ovate, subcordate,
obscurely pinnately veined (the larger half inch long) ; lower short-petioled and sparingly
dentate; upper passing into similar bracts, which are shorter tlian the usually solitary
flowers they subtend : bi-actlets oblong, foliaceous : tube of the 12-13-nerved and conspic-

364 LABIATE. Pogogyne.

uously bilabiate calyx oblong-campanulate ; the teeth especially hispid or hirsute with
long whitisli hairs ; those of the broad upper Up short aiid deltoid ; the two of the lower
aristiforiu subulate, equalling the tube of the purple and spotted corolla : fertile stamens
equaUing tlie emarginate upper lip of the corolla; sterile filaments subulate, sometimes
with small rudiments of anthers. — Gray, 1. c. ; Chapm. in Bot. Gazette, iii. (1878), 10.—
Low pine barrens, W. Florida, Chapman. From the name the species apparently is not
sweet-scented.

24. P0G6GYNE, Benth. {Tlcoycov, beard, yvv/j, female ; the style bearded.)
— Califoruian aunuals, of low stature, sweet-aromatic; with oblong-ovate or ob-
lanceolate mostly entire leaves, the lower narrowed into a petiole, the upper
diminished into bracts, these and the calyx usually conspicuously ciliate-bearded
with hirsute or hispid hairs. Flowers verticillastrate-glomerate and sessile, at least
the upper glomeruies spicate or capitate. Calyx-teeth mostly 3-nerved. Corolla
blue or violet purple, sometimes paler. Fl. spring and summer. — Benth. Lab.
414, & DC. I.e. 243 ; Gray in Bot. Calif, i. 596.

§ 1. Stamens all four with perfect anthers: style conspicuously bearded above ;
its subulate lobes or stigmas almost equal : corolla 6 to 9 lines long, with funnel-
form tube, and throat surpassing the (variable) calyx.

* Inflorescence oblong- or cylindrical-spicate and nearly continuous, conspicuously white-hirsute or
hispid witli the long and rigid marginal iiaii-s of the bracts and calyx.
P. Douglasii, Benth. 1. c. Rather stout, a span to a foot high : leaves spatulate-oblong
or narrower, veiny, rarely dentate : bracts linear, acute : flowers comparatively large, blue
or violet ; lower calyx-lobes twice the length of the tube, much longer and narrower than
the others. — Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5886 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 697. P. mullijlora, Benth. 1. c,
is merely a smaller form, with rather shorter bracts. — California, through the foothills of
the Sierra and westward.
P. parviflora, Benth. 1. c. More slender and lower: leaves narrower: spike shorter:
bracts mostly obtuse : corolla barely half inch long : lower calyx-lobes hardly longer and
the upper ones shorter than the tube. — From San Francisco Bay northward, Douglas,
Bolander, &c.

* * Verticillastrate clusters more or less distant: bracts and calyx inconspicuously hirsute-ciliate:

anthers of posterior stamens smaller but polliniferous.

P. nudiuscula, Gray. A span to a foot high: branches slender, puberulent: leaves

spatulate or narrower, obtuse, not over an inch long, glabrous : bracts linear-subulate and

cuspidate : corolla only half inch long, about twice the length of the calyx : lobes of the

latter lanceolate- or linear-subulate and cuspidate. — Bot, Calif, i. 597. —Near San Diego,

. D. Cleveland.

§ 2. Hedeomoides, Gray, 1. c. Posterior stamens sterile : style sparingly
hairy, its lobes very unequal : flowers smaller, some of the lower ones often dis-
tant and solitary or nearly so in the axils of ordinary leaves.

P. TENDi FLORA, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 100, of Guadalupe Island off Lower California,,
has the tube of corolla longer than the calyx, as in the preceding section. In the following
species the corolla is only 2 lines long, and at least its tube included.

P. ziziphoroides, Benth. Stem 2 to 6 inches high : leaves ovate or oval, thickish ;
' uppermost, witli the rigid narrow bracts and calyx, hirsute-ciliate with strong and white
bristly hairs: inflorescence capitate or short-spicate : calyx-lobes slightly unequal, broadly
lanceolate, very acute, hardly twice the length of the tube, the longer about equalling
the corolla : posterior filaments as large as the anterior, but their anthers abortive. —
PI. Hartw. 330 ; Gray, Bot. Cahf. 1. c. —Valley of the Sacramento River, Hartweg, Andrews,
Bolander.
P. serpylloid.es, Gray. Stems slender, branched from the base, ascending or at length
"diffuse, 3 to 6 inches high : leaves obovate-oval or spatulate, 3 or 4 hnes long ; the lower
distant, most of them single- or few-flowered in tlie axils ; upper more floriferous, approxi-
mate and becoming bracts to the oblong or often longer and much interrupted spike ; the

Sphacele. LABIATiE. 365

base of these and the calyx hirsute : lobes of the latter unequal, all much longer than the
tube, the longer fully equalling tlie violet or bluish corolla : sterile filaments small, with '
small capitellate rudiment of antiiers : style bearded above with very few coarse hairs. —
Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 386, & Bot. Calif, i. 598. Hedeoma ? serpylloides, Torr. in Pacif . R. Rep.
iv. 123. — Monterey to Humboldt Co. ; common.

25. CERANTHERA, Ell. {K^Qug, a horn, aud dvOrjQa, anther : cells of
the anther cornute.) — Peculiar to the southern Atlantic States, nearly glabrous
and slender erect annuals, a foot high, sweet-aromatic ; with broadly or narrowly
linear and obtuse entire leaves ; the uppermost on the virgate branches diminished
to similar bracts of the thyrsoid-racemose inflorescence. Flowers autumnal,
handsome : corolla pink-purple and spotted, the calyx commonly purplish. —
Sk. ii. 93; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1191. Dicerandra, Benth. in Bot. Reg.
1300, Lab. 413, & DC. Prodr. xii. 242.

C. linearifolia, Ell, 1. c. Inflorescence loose : cymes short-peduncled, few-flowered : calyx-
teeth obscurely ciliolate, hardly equalUng the tube of the (about half inch) corolla: anther-
cells slender-aristate. — i>/cera7!cfra linearis, Benth. Lab. 1. c. D. Iineari/olia, Benth. in DC.
Prodr. 1. c. ; Chapm. El. 318. — Sandy pine barrens, Georgia, Florida, and Alabama.

C. densiflora. Inflorescence dense ; the pedicels shorter and peduncle hardly any :
calyx-teeth appressed-ciliate, equalling the tube of tlie corolla : anther-cells conical-cor-
nute : leaves mostly sliorter and broader. — Dicerandra densijlora, Benth. in DC. Prodr. 1. c.
— E. Florida, J. Reed, &c.

26. ACANTHOMfNTHA, Gray, (^xav^a, a prickle or thorn, and pV^«,
mint.) — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1192. Calami7it/ia ? § Acanthomintha, Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 368, & Bot. Calif, i. .596. — Single species.

A. ilicifolia, Gray, 1. c. Low and nearly glabrous annual, slightly aromatic (rather
heavy-scented), branching from tlie base, leafy to the top : leaves coriaceous, rotund or
broadly cuneate, coarsely crenate-dentate (half inch or more long, the blunt teeth of the
upper ones mostly niucronate or cuspidate), contracted at base into a slender petiole:
axils nearly all verticillastrate-floriferous : bracts a pair in each axil, almost as large as the
leaves, but sessile, equally coriaceous and more rigid, orbicular or dilated-subcordate, pin-
na tely few-veined and witii fine reticulated veinlets, tlie callous margin armed with a few
distant and long slender prickles, each pair subtending 3 to 5 sessile flowers : corolla white
and rose-color, lialf inch long. — Southern borders of California, San Diego Co., Wm. Rich,
Cleveland. Allied to Gleclwn of Brazil, which is also referred to this tribe, rather than to
the Stachi/dea:.

27. SPHACELE, Benth, (^qidxog is the Greek name of Sage, which
these plants resemble in foliage.) — Shrubby or suffrutescent plants (chiefly* S.
American) ; with tlie floral leaves gradually reduced in size, and the flowers single
in their axils, above forming a leafy raceme.

S. calycina, Benth. Shrubby at base, 2 to 5 feet high,tomentulose-villous or glabrate:
branches leafy : leaves (2 to 4 inches long) ovate or oblong, obtuse, from crenate or
obtusely serrate to entire, obtuse or rarely subcordate at base, rugose-veiny, more or less
petioled ; uppermost and bracts of the short raceme sessile : lobes of the very loose calyx
triangular-lanceolate, rather shorter than the purplish or lead-colored (inch long) corolla:
anthers short — Lab. 563, & DC. Prodr. xii. 265; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 131, t^37; Gray,
Bot. Calif, i. 598. — Hillsides, common throughout the western part of California, especially
from San Francisco southward.

Var, glabella, Gray, 1. c. A minutely tomentulose and soon glabrate form, prob-
ably of sliady places. — Santa Barbara Co., and southward.

Var. TA7"allacei. Copiously villous : lower cauline leaves with truncate or hastate-
subcordate base: calyx-lobes attenuate-lanceolate from a narrower base, over half inch
long. — Probably near Los Angeles, Wallace.

366 LABIATE. Salvia.

28. SALVIA, L. Sage. (The old Latin name, from salveo, to save.) — A
vast genus, widely dispersed, comparatively few species N. American, and those
mainly southward : fl. chiefly in summer.

S. OFFICINALIS, L., Common Sage, of the Old World, represents the genus in the gardens.
S. SPLENDENS, Sellow, of Brazil, and S. fulgens, Cav., of Mexico, are the two commoner
red-flowered species of ornamental cultivation.

§ 1. SalviXstrum, Gray. Throat of the calyx conspicuously bearded and in
fruit closed by a ring of long and dense villous hairs : upper lip with 3 broad and
short teeth, lower 2-parted into lanceolate teeth, all cuspidate: corolla ringeiit
(blue or purple), pilose-annulate within : upper emarginate-2-lobed ; lower ample,
with 3 roundish spreading lobes, middle one 2-lobed : stamens separate : lower
anther-cells porrect, shorter, more or less polliniferous : nutlets abundantly spiril-
liferous: Texan low perennials, simple-stemmed, with copious mostly narrow
and entire leaves ; the diminished floral or bracts persistent, subtending 1 to 3
flowers ; these racemose or spicate. — Proc. Am. Acad, viii. 308. Salviastrum,
Scheele in Linn. xxii. 584; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1196. § Trichosphace,
Engelm. in Bot. Zeit. ix. 45.

S. Texana, Torr. Stems (a span or two high) with margins of the leaves and the calyx
hirsute with long and spreading bristly hairs : flowers spicate, the upper floral leaves not
exceeding the calyx, which equals the dilated throat of the widely ringent blue corolla. —
Mex. Bound. 132; Gray, 1. c. Salviastrum Texanum, Scheele, 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, Pacif R.
Rep. ii. t. 6. — Open rocky soil, W. Texas to the borders of New Mexico.

Var. canescens, Gray, 1. c., a form with leaves hoary-white with fine tomentum,
all narrowly linear, with strongly revolute margins, and fewer flowers in the axils of the
upper ones. — Hills of the Pecos and Rio Grande, S. W. Texas, Wriijht, Schott.

S. Engelmanni, Gray, 1. c. Minutely puberulent and glabrate, the setose hairs few
and scattered or nearly wanting: leaves thinner; lower sometimes denticulate; floral
mostly equalling the more scattered flowers : corolla (an inch or mpre long) with narrower
tube and throat twice the length of the calyx, light purple. — W. Texas, Wright, Lindheimer.

§ 2. EcHiNOSPHACE. (§ EcMnosphace & § Pycnosphace, Benth. Lab.) Throat
of the calyx villous-hairy or naked : upper lip much longer than the lower, more
or less incurved, 3-2-toothed ; the lower 2-parted ; teeth all spinulose-aristate :
corolla ringent (blue or purple) ; tube pilose-annulate inside ; upper lip 2-lobed :
stamens separate, remote from the upper lip ; lower fork of the long filiform
connective bearing a polliniferous anther-cell : Californian winter-annuals ; with
pinnatifid leaves, and densely capitate-verticillastrate inflorescence : globular heads
many-flowered, involucrate with the persistent bract-like floral leaves. (Called
Chia : nutlets abundantly mucilaginous in water, infused for drink.)

S. carduacea, Benth. White-woolly with lax cobwebby hairs : stem stout, simple, a
foot or two high, naked and scape-like, only at base subtended by a cluster of oblong sin-
uate-pinnatifid and spinulose-toothed Thistle-like leaves : verticillastrate heads 1 to 4 (an
inch or more in diameter), equalled or somewhat surpassed by the involucrate whorl of
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate bracts, which are oftener pectinate with spinescent teeth :
calyx long-lanate ; the tube multi-ncrvulose between the principal nerves ; the large upper
lip strongly 3-toothed, the middle tooth much the larger, the lateral distant, mostly sur-
passing those of the lower lip : throat villous : corolla lavender-color (an inch long) ; its
tube slightly exserted ; iippcr lip erose-dentate or fimbriate and 2-cleft ; lower with small
lateral erose lobes, and a larger flabelliform and deeply fimbriately multifid middle one :
proper filament hardly any : anther-cells pubescent. — Lab. 302, & Prodr. I.e. 349; Hook.
Bot. Mag. t. 4874; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 599. S. (Echinosphace) gossijpina, Benth. PI. Hartw.
330. — Dry grounds through the lower parts of California, especially southward.

Salvia. LABIATiB. 367

S. Columbarise, Benth. Soft-pubenilent : stems slender, branching and leafy below,
6 to 20 inches high, naked and pedunculiform above, terminated by soHtary or two pro-
liferous heads: leaves deeply 1-2-pinnatifid or pinnately parted into oblong crenately
toothed or incised obtuse divisions, muticous, rugose : involucrate floral leaves or bracts
not exceeding the head, broadly ovate, entire, resembling the more membranaceous some-
times purplish abruptly acuminate-aristate inner bracts : flowers small : calyx naked with-
in; its large upper lip arcuate-concave, hispid at base outside, tipped with a pair of con-

• nivent and partly connate short aristiform teeth (the third or middle tooth apparently
always wanting), very much surpassing the two small at length porrect teeth of the
lower lip : corolla blue, hardly exceeding the calyx ; its upper lip emarginate-2-lobed at
apex, the lower with small lateral lobes and a much larger transversely oval short-
unguiculate somewhat 2-lobed but otherwise entire or merely crenulate middle one : fila-
ments slender. — Common through California, and in adjacent Arizona and Nevada.

§ 3. Heterosphace, Benth. Throat of the calyx naked (or in a single species
ciliate-hirsute) ; the upper lip broadly truncate and remotely 3-toothed ; the lower
2-cleft: corolla elongated, mostly pilose-annulate inside; upper lip emargiuate or
entire : stamens separate : connective shorter than the slender often exserted fila-
ment ; the porrected lower fork also bearing a polliniferous anther-cell : herbs,
ours Atlantic- American perennials, with mostly lyrately-lobed or toothed or pin-
nately divided leaves ; inflorescence loosely racemose, the small bract-like floral
leaves persistent.

* Corolla blue or violet, thrice the length of the calyx : leaves at most pinnatifid ; the cauline,
if any, sessile or narrowed at base into wing-margined petioles.

S. lyrata, L. Perennial from a somewhat tuberous root, pilose or hirsute: stem com-
monly scapiform, a foot or, more high : radical leaves obovate, sinuate- or ropand-dentate, or
lyrate-pinnatifid; cauline of one or two somewhat similar pairs, or none ; floral oblong or
lanceolate and mostly shorter than the calyx : raceme of few or several at length dis-
tant about 6-flowered loose clusters, rarely branching : calyx campanulate, membranaceous ;
the broad and truncate upper lip with short or very short widely separated aristulate
teeth; lower with 2 longer lanceolate cuspidate-pointed teeth: corolla (almost an inch
long) ampliate-f unnelform beyond the calyx ; its erect upper lip much shorter and smaller
than the lower. — Spec. i. 23 (Dill. Elth. t. 175; Moris. Hist. &c.); Michx. Fl. i. 14.
S. Ifp-ala & iS. ohovala, Ell. Sk. i. 33 ; Benth. in DC. 1. c. 353 ; the latter merely a form with
thin and barely dentate leaves ; calyx-teeth variable in length. — Sandy woodlands. New
Jersey to Illinois, Florida, and Texas; flowering early.

* * Corolla scarlet-red, four times the length of the calyx: herbage softly and often canescently
pubescent: cauline leaves all slender-petioled, at least the lower ones 3-5-foliolate.

S. Roemeriana, Scheele. Stems (afoot or two high) and petioles below often sparsely
hirsute with long spreading hairs ; leaves or terminal leaflet roundish or reniform-cordate,
coarsely repand-toothed or crenately incised (an inch or two broad), membranaceous; the
lower usually witii 2 or 3 similar but smaller (subsessile or slender-petiolulate) lateral
leaflets, these occasionally reduced to dentiform appendages on the petiole : raceme loose
and elongated : floral leaves mostly shorter than the pedicels : calyx somewhat pubescent,
naked within ; its upper lip 3-aristulate or with the middle tooth obsolete ; the 2-parted
lower one of triangular-lanceolate cuspidate-acuminate teeth : corolla (an inch or more
long) deep scarlet, puberulent, narrowly tubular-funnelform, somewhat arcuate ; its
spreading lower lip with rounded and obcordate-2-cleft middle lobe, hardly longer than the
erect strongly emarginate upper lip ; lobes of the style more or less unequal. — Scheele in
Linn. xxii. 586; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 1.32. S. porphymntha (or porphijrata), Decaisne in
Rev. Hort. 1854, t. 16; Fl. Serres, t. 1080; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4939. — In light fertile soil,
W. Texas, Wright,- Lindheimer, &c. (Adjacent Mex.)

S. Henryi, Gray. More slender, less soft-pubescent : leaves or mostly leaflets smaller,
seldom cordate, angulate-lobed ; lower floral ones often similar, all as long as the pedicels :
calyx hirsute, ciliate-bearded or villous in the sinuses and throat: corolla apparently nar-
rower and with shorter less notched lips ; the bearded ring at base within obsolete. — Proc.
Am. Acad. viii. 368. 5. Rwmeriana, Torr. 1. c, in part. — New Mexico, on the Mimbres,

368 LABIATE. Salvia.

Dr. Henry, Thurber ; Florence Mountains, Bigelow. Adjacent borders of Texas, Wright. —
Throat of the calyx rather sparsely but not inconspicuously bearded !

§ 4. Calosphace, Benth. Throat of calyx naked, and of corolla not pilose-
annulate : anterior portion of the connective deflexed, linear or gradually some-
what dilated downward, closely approximate or connate, and destitute of an
anther-cell : all American species, with upper lip of corolla erect and concave. •

« Corolla crimson, its tube vilious-annulate towards the base inside ; upper lip conspicuously
larger and longer than tiie lower: anterior fork of connectives free and spatulate-dilated down-
wards, obscurely one-toothed at base, longer than the filament.

S. pentstemonoides, Kunth. Perennial, nearly glabrous, or below sparsely liirsute :
stems 2 to 5 feet higli, leafy to the summit: leaves thickish, oblong-lanceolate, acute,
nmcronate, entire or obscurely denticulate and with ciliolate-scabrous margins, the lower
(3 to 5 inches long) on long margined petioles ; upper gradually much smaller and sessile ;
the floral and the similar persistent bracts and bractlets of the elongated racemiform or
narrowly thyrsoidal inflorescence ovate-lanceolate or narrower, cuspidate : cymules subses-
sile, 3-5-flowered: calyx equalled by the pedicels, campanulate, strongly bilabiate (lialf
incli long), glandular-puberulent ; upper lip broad, truncate, with 3 short and broad cuspi-
date-mucronate teeth ; lower 2-parted, its teeth lanceolate and cuspidate : corolla inch and
a half long, slightly pubescent ; its large and nearly straight upper lip lialf the length of
the gradually enlarged exserted tube ; middle lobe of the small lower lip concave and entire :
style glabrous — Ind. Sem. Berol. 1848, 13. — W. Texas, on the Cibolo and Pierdenales and
towards tlie Rio Grande, Lindheimer, Wright.
* * Lower and sterile forlvs of the connectives mostly united with each other longitudinally, linear,

oblong, or semiiiastate: corolla naked within throug'hout,
.|. Red or scarlet, with tube exserted; the spreading lower lip longer than the erect upper one, its
broad middle lobe 2-cleft: upper lip of tubular-campanulate calyx and teeth of the 2-parted lower
lip ovate, mucronate-acute: inflorescence naked-racemose; the' small floral leaves or bracts more
or less deciduous or caducous.
S. Greggii, Gray. Shrubby, 1 to 3 feet high, glabrous or obscurely farinaceous-puberu-
lent: branches slender, leafy : leaves coriaceous (3 to 9 lines long), 1-ribbed, almost vein-
less, oblong, very obtuse, entire, narrowed at base into a short petiole : flowers rather few
in the raceme: calyx slightly pubescent or glandular (barely half inch long), with at
length spreading lips fully half the length of the tube: corolla (inch long, "red" or "pur-
plish-red ") glabrous; its tube enlarging and strongly ventricose-gibbous ; throat abruptly
contracted under the lower lip, which nearly equals the slightly glandular-puberulent upper
one : lower fork of connective oblong-linear : style hairy along the upper side. — Proc. Am.
Acad. viii. 369. 5. microphi/lla, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 131, not HBK. — S. borders of
Texas, on the Rio Grande, Pmry, ScAott. (Near Saltillo, Mex., Gregg.)
S. COCCinea, L. Perennial or annual, canescently pubescent or glabrate, or hirsute tow-
ards the base with long spreading hairs : leaves membranaceous, veiny, cordate or ovate,
mostly acute, crenate, slender-petioled, mostly soft-tomentulose beneath : raceme virgate ;
tl>e clusters few-several-flowercd and rather distant: lips of the calyx hardly half the
length of its tube: corolla (inch or less long, pubescent or pubernlent outside) deep scar-
let-red, twice or thrice the length of the calyx ; its narrow tube moderately enlarging
above '; lower lip twice the length of the upper, from which the stamens protrude : lower
forks of the connective long and narrowly linear: style glabrous. — Mant. 88; Murr.
Comm. Gott. 1778, t. 1. — Var. pseudo-coccinea is a commonly tall form of this species,
with stem, petioles, and often margins of floral leaves conspicuously beset with hirsute
hairs. S. pspudo-cocciriea, Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 209 ; Bot. Mag. t. 2864. S. ciliata, Benth. Lab.
286. — S. Carolina to Florida (but probably introduced), S. Texas. (Mex., &e.)
^_ 4_ Corolla blue or purplish, sometimes white, never red.
++ Herbs.
= Flowers from near an inch to over half inch and calyx fully quarter inch long: inflorescence
virgate-racemose or spiciform, sometimes paniculate: small floral leaves or bracts mostly decidu-
ous: corolla with prominentlv exserted tube, erect and verj' concave or galeate and pubescent
upper lip: the lower longer aiid much larger: style bearded above: perennials, 1 (o 5 teet high.
S. farinacea, Benth. Minutely and canescently pubernlent, or below glabrous : stems
numerous in a cluster : lower leaves ovate-lanceolate or even ovate, with obtuse or cuneate

Salvia. LABIATiE. 369

or rarely subcordate base, coarsely and irregularly serrate, on slender petioles ; upper lan-
ceolate or linear-lanceolate, sometimes entire; floral subulate or ovate-lanceolate, mostly
caducous : spiciform inflorescence on a long naked peduncle, interrupted, of densely many-
flowered clusters, finely and the calyx very densely and softly wiiite-tomentose (often
tinged with violet) ; the latter oblong-cylindraceous and in age striate-sulcate, as it were
truncate ; the teeth 3, very broad and obtuse, exceedingly sliort : lower lip of the violet-
blue corolla with middle division obcordate-two-lobed. — Lab. 274; Braun in Bot. Zeit.
ix. 44. S. iricliostijla, Bischoff, Ind. Sem. Heidelb. 1^47. .S". aimibilis, Kunth, Ind. Sem.
Berol. 1848. S. cwsia, Scheele in Linn. xxii. 588. — Texas, in rich soil; common.

S. aziirea, Lam. Glabrous or puberulent: lower leaves lanceolate or oblong, obtuse,
denticulate or serrate, tapering into a slight petiole ; upper narrower, often linear, entire ;
floral or bracts subulate, somewhat persistent : spiciform inflorescence looser, more inter-
rupted, and fewer flowers in the clusters, sometimes thyrsoidal or paniculate-branched :
pedicels short: calyx oblong-campanulate, usually minutely puberulent, obscurely bila-
biate ; the very broad and obtuse upper hp and the two similar but acutish lobes of the 2-
parted lower lip distinct but short : corolla deep blue (sometimes varying .to white) ; lower
lip sinuately 3-lobed and emarginatc. — " Diar. Hist. Nat. i. 409," & Diet. vi. 626 ; Pursh,
Fl. i. 19 ; Bot. Mag. t. 1728. S. Mexicana, Walt. Car. 65, not L. S. acuminatisslma, Vent.
Cels, t. 50. S. angustlfolia, Michx.-Fl. I. 13, not Cav. aS. acuminata, Pers. Syn. i. 24. S.
ehtla, Poir, Diet. vi. 625. S. coriifolia, Scheele in Linn. 1. c— S. Carolina to Florida and
Texas. Westward varies insensibly into

Var, grandiflora, Benth. Cinereous-puberulent : denser inflorescence and calyx
tonientulose-sericeous. — DC. Prodr. xii. .302. S. Pitcheri, Torr. in Benth. Lab.' & DC. 1. c.
S. elomjuta, Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 231, hot HBK. 5. lomjifolia, Nutt. in Trans. Am.
Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 185. — Mississippi tp. Kansas, Colorado, and Texas.

S. angustif olia, Cav. Slender, usually glabrous, except usually some scattered spread-
ing bristly hairs, especially at the nodes: leaves linear (H to 3 inches long, 1 or 2 lines
Avide), entire or obscurely denticulate, acute, somewhat petioled : inflorescence virgate,
slender, of distant few-flowered clusters : pedicels very short : calyx narrowly oblong or
cylindraceous, with lips half the length of the tube; upper ovate, entire, acute; lower of 2
similar but more pointed lobes: lower lip of tlie blue corolla as wide as long; the middle
lobe emarginate or undulate. — Ic. iv. 9, t. 317; Benth. I.e.; Bot. Reg. t. 1554; Brit. Fl.
Card. n. ser.^ t. 219. S. replans, Jacq. Schoenbr. t. 319. S. vircjata, Ort.— (Mex.)

Var. glabra. Wholly glabrous, even the hairy ring at the nodes wanting or obsolete.
— S. azurea, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 131, in part : that including these three species. — S. W.
Texas, Wright, &c. (Mex., Ilartwecj.)

= = Flowers barely half inch long or shovter, and bilabiate calyx a quarter inch long : corolla-
tube hardly at all exserted: st3-le glabrous or nearly so.

a. Annuals :_ leaves from linear- to oblong-lanceolate, tapering into the slender petiole : inflorescence
virgate-spiciform, interrupted, naked, the floral leaves or bracts very small : upper lip of calyx
ovate and entire.

S. lanceolata, VsT'illd. Puberulent or nearly glabrous, branched from the base, 5 to
12 inches high : leaves lanceolate or linear-oblong, obtuse, irregularly serrate witii obtuse
appressed teeth or nearly entire: the inconspicuous floral ones lanceolate or subulate,
somewhat persistent, seldom exceeding the pedicels : calyx minutely hairy on the nerves,
deeply bilabiate ; its lower lip 2-cleft, the teeth ovate and mucronatc-acute : corolla small
(4 lines long), little exceeding the calyx, its lower lip little prolonged : lower fork of the con-
nective narrowly linear, bearing its lateral lobe nearer the insertion. — Enum. 37 ; Jacq. f.
Eel. i. t. 13. S. tric/wstemoides, Pursli, Fl. i. 19. — Plains,. Nebraska to Texas, Arizona, and
southward. Also E. Florida, Leavenworth. (Mex.)

S. subincisa, Benth. More pubescent above, a foot or more high : leaves oblong-lan-
ceolate, incisely dentate (inch or two long) ; the floral minute, ovate, caducous : calyx gland-
ular-pilose, hardly equalling the throat of the (half inch) corolla; the broad lower lip
merely 2-toothed : lower fork of the connective bearing its lateral lobe at the middle. — PI.
Hartw. 20. — New Mexico and Adjacent Texas, Fcndler, Wriyht, Bigelow. (Mex.)

b. Perennials, or the Arizonian species uncertain : leaves ovate, serrate, mostly slender-petioled ;
those of the iutevnipted spiciform or racemiform inflorescence small and caducous.

S. serotina, L. A span to 2 feet high, much branched, pubescent: leaves ovate and
with truncate or subcordate base, obtuse, crenate-serrate (9 to 20 lines long) ; floral minute :

24

370 LABIATE. Salvia.

racemes simple, at first oblong, and the flowers crowded: calyx glandular-hirsute, with
obiong-campanulate tube (3 lines long in fruit) of nearly thrice the length of the lips ;
upper lip broadly ovate, acutish ; lower deltoid-ovate, mucronate-acute : corolla 3 to 5
lines long, tlie whole tube included: style beardless. — Mant. 25; Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 3 ;
Chapm. Fl. 319. S. Dominica, Vahl, Euum. i. 233 ; Swartz, Obs. 18, t. 1, fig. 1, not L. —
S. Florida. (W. Ind.)

S. albiflora, Mart. & Gal. Glabrous throughout, 2 to 4 feet high, paniculately branched :
leaves rhombic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, acutely serrate (inch or two long) ;
floral abruptly reduced to minute lanceolate and subulate bracts : clusters of rather loose
raceme approximate: calyx (often amethystine-tinged) with campanulate tube (2 lines
long), twice the length of the lips ; upper lip broadly ovate and entire ; lower 2-toothed
or parted into broad acute lobes: corolla (probably bluish) 4 or 5 lines long, with tube
almost included: style bearded along the base of the much longer upper lobe. — (Bull.
Acad. Brux., ex Benth. in DC. Prodr. 1. c. 307 ? ) Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 131. — S. Arizona
or Mexican border near it, Thurher, Scholt. (Mex.)

S. Arizonica. Glabrous, except 2 puberulent lines down the stem, a foot or more high :
leaves deltoid-ovate or with abruptly cuneate base, acute, coarsely and obtusely serrate (an
inch long besides the slender petiole) : inflorescence spiciformand interrupted; clusters sev-
eral-flowered : pedicels short (a line long) : floral'leaves abruptly reduced to membranaceous
ovate-lanceolate and caudate bracts, which equal the flowers and are caducous: calyx
4 lines long, bilabiate to the middle or nearly ; its upper lip subulately 3-toothed and
lower more strongly 2-toothed : corolla (blue) fully half inch long, with tube a little
exserted : style beardless. — S. Arizona, on Mount Graham, at 9,250 feet, Rothrock.

S. urticifolia, L. A foot or two high, villous-pubescent and somewhat viscid, or glabrate :
leaves coarsely and obtusely serrate, ovate, acute, with truncate or sometimes cuneate
base decurrent into a winged petiole, pale beneath, 2 to 4 inches long; floral all reduced to
small ovate and slender-acuminate very caducous bracts : inflorescence racemose-spiciform,
of numerous and several-flowered distant clusters: pedicels as long as the tube of the
obiong-campanulate calyx ; the broad lips of which are divergent and half the length of
the tube, the upper mucronately (often minutely) 3-toothed, lower 2-cleft, its teeth broadly
triangular-ovate and mucronate : corolla blue and white (5 or 6 lines long), twice the
length of the calyx, its ample sinuately 3-lobed lower lip about twice the length of the
upper, its broad middle lobe emarginate : connective ciliate opposite the insertion; its
subulate antheriferous fork obtusely toothed toward the base, and lower fork semihastate :
style strongly villous-bearded along the base of its much longer upper fork. — Spec. i. 24.
S. Chu/toni, M. A. Curtis, Cat. PI. N. Car., not Ell. 1 — Maryland and Kentucky to Georgia
and Louisiana.

= ==== Flowers onlv a third or a quarter inch long: corolla tube not exserted: inflorescence
slendcr-spicate ; the flowers or small chisters mostly distant,

a. Style-lobes or stigmas one or both subulate.

S. Chapmani. Tall and erect perennial, tomentulose or cinereous-puberulent : leaves
thickisli, ovate or ovate-lanceolate with short cuneate base, somewhat appressed-serrate or
crenulate (2 or 3 inclies long) ; the floral all reduced to small and membranaceous ovate
cordate-acuminate caducous bracts: calyx campanulate, in fruit 2 lines long; teeth sliort
and broad, mucronate: corolla 4 lines long and with the ample lower lip of the preceding
species. — 5. urticiJhUa, var. major, Chapm. Fl. 319. — Middle Florida, Chapman. Alabama,
Buckley.

S. Blodgettii, Chapm. Fl. 319, founded on incomplete specimens from S. Florida (Key
West), Blochjetl, apparently an annual, with indurated base; thin ovate leaves obtuse at
both ends, about half inch long, on filiform petioles of equal length ; bracts of filiform
racemes lanceolate or subulate, rather persistent, shorter than the pedicels ; these a Ime
long; calyx 2 lines, very like that oi S. serotina. It may prove to be either S. tenella,
Swartz, or 5. micrantha, Vahl (referred to it by Grisebach), weedy and insignificant W.
Indian species, likely to stray to Key West.

b. Style-lobes or stigmas both broad and thin, roundish, very obtuse or truncate: calyx glandular-
hirsute.

S. OCCidentalis, Swartz. Diffuse annual, minutely pubescent or nearly glabrous up to
the very slender inflorescence (which has the aspect of that of Verbena officinalis) : stems 2

Saloia. LABIATE. 371

to 6 feet long : leaves ovate, with rounded or cuneate base, serrate ; floral or bracts
minute, ovate, acuminate, persistent: flowers few in the clusters, subsessilo. seldom 2 lines
long including the slightly exserted corolla: calyx oblong, with very short pointless or
mucronate teeth, nearly closed in fruit, then only 2 lines long. — Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 43 ; Benth.
in DC. 1. c. 296. — S. Florida, Garher. (Trop. Am., &c.)
S. privoides, Benth. 1. c. Resembles the preceding (and both stigmas in our specimens
obtuse): but flowers more pedicellate, larger ; with fructiferous calyx fully 3 lines long,
rather deeply bilabiate ; the upper lip and the lobes of the lower abruptly aristulate. —
Bot Sulph. 150 & in DC. 1. c. S. occidenlalis, var. ? Garberi, Chapm. in Bot. Gazette, iii. 10.
— Manatee, Southern Florida, Garber. A much less hairy form than the original, and more
resembling the West Indian S. micrantha, Yahl, except in the style and the awn-tipped
calyx-lobes. (Trop. Am.)

++ ++ Shrubby.
= Leaves oblong or elliptical, short-petioled : calyx cylindraceous or campanulate.

S. chamaedryoides, Cav. Low, much branched, canescent and scabrous : leaves
thickish, more or less crenulate, obtuse (less than inch long) ; bract-like floral ones cadu-
cous : flowers geminate or few in the clusters of the raceme : calyx cylindracepus-campan-
ulate (4 lines long), striate, hispidulous on the nerves ; ovate upper lip and teeth of the
2-parted lower lip acute or acuminate, not half the length of the tube : corolla blue, over
half inch long ; middle lobe of lower lip broader than long, obcordate-lobed. — Ic. ii. 77,
t. 197 ; Bot. Mag. t. 808. S. Chamaedrys, Willd. Hort. Berol. t. 29. — S. W. borders of
Texas, in cafions of the Rio Grande, &c., Wright, Parry. Specimens insuflBcient, probably
of this species. (Mex.)

S. Parryi, Gray. Low, much branched : leaves ovate-oblong, mostly with truncate
base, obtuse, crenate, short-petioled, tomentulose-canescent, as are the branchlets : bract-
like floral leaves ovate, acuminate, membranaceous, glabrous above, apparently persistent,
longer than the interruptedly spicate flowers : these several in each cluster: calyx campan-
ulate, densely lanate with white dendritic-branched hairs; upper lip 3-toothed, lower 2-
clef t, equalling the tube of the short and small (blue 1 ) slightly dendritic-pubescent
corolla : upper lip of the latter emarginate ; middle lobe of the lower ample, 3-lobed, with
its middle portion much larger, rounded, and emarginate : connectives free ; lower fork
semihastate, as long as the subulate antheriferous one. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 369.
S. spicata? Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 131, not Rcem. & Sch. — Apache Springs on the Rio
Grande, on the borders of Texas. Lower leaves not seen, upper 9 to 5 and floral 3 or 4
lines long.

= = Leaves mostly ovate, slender-petioled : calyx short-funnelform, in fruit with ampliate reti-
culate-veiny 2-3-lobed limb exceeding the tube of the short corolla: lower fork of the connective
linear-obloiig: style ciliate-bearded above.

S. ballotseflora, Benth. (Majorano of the Mexicans.) Shrub 2 to 8 feet high,
tomentulose-canescent: leaves ovate or somewhat oblong, truncate-cuneate or subcordate
at base, crenate, reticulate-veiny, mostly rugose, glabrate and green above, white beneatli
(4 to 12 lines long) : flowers in short and rather dense simple racemes and in axils of upper
ordinary leaves, 4 lines long: calyx twice the length of the pedicel, in flower 2 or barely 3
and in fruit 4 or 5 lines long, then pendulous ; narrow tube striate-nerved ; its 3 lobes
broadly ovate, obtuse, entire, almost equal: connective hairy opposite its insertion : throat
of small bluish or purple corolla ventricose-gibbous. — Benth. Lab. 270; Torr. Bot. Mex.
Bound. 131. S. baUotftflora & S. laxa, Benth. in DC. 1. c. 313. — Southern and Western
Texas. (Adjacent Mex.)
S. PLATYCHEiLA, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 292, from Carmen Island in the Gulf of

California resembles the preceding, but has the lower lip of the calyx similar to the upper,

except that tlie apex is 2-toothed.

§ 5. SclXrea, Benth. & Hook. Throat of calyx naked, and of corolla not
pilose-annulate : anterior portion of the connectives deflexed, abruptly dilated
and connected by the callose lower extremity, destitute of an anther-cell, or with
a sterile rudiment : upper lip of corolla erect and concave, or falcate-compressed.
Old World species, sparingly introduced.

372 LABIATE. Salvia.

S. SclArea, L. (Clary.) Biennial, villous-pubescent, viscid : stem stout, 2 or 3 feet high :
leaves ample, long-petioled, ovate and cordate, crenate, rugose ; floral forming bracts of
the cylindrical or interrupted spike, ovate, acuminate, tinged with white and rose-color :
calyx campanulate; teeth spinulose-acuminate : corolla white and bluish, rather large,
widely ringent ; its short tube included; long upper lip falcate and compressed. — Penn-
sylvania, escaped from gardens. (Nat. from Eu.)

S. VERBENACEA, L., Muhl. Perennial, pubescent or villous, a foot or two high : leaves ovate
or oblong, often cordate at base, obtuse, mostly sinuate-incised or moderately pinnatifid
and the lobes crenate-toothed, rugose, almost glabrous; the few cauhne mostly sessile;
the floral inconspicuous, rounded-ovate : raceme interrupted : calyx reflexed after flower-
ing; its broad and rounded upper lip recurved-spreading, with 3 minute connivent teeth ;
the lower of 2 longer triangular-subulate and cuspidate teeth, equalling the throat of the
small bluish corolla, the upper lip of which is nearly straight. — S- Cluytoni, EU., excl.
reference to Clayton, whose plant is S. h/rata? — Dry sandy pastures around Beaufort,
S. Carolina, Elliott. Sparingly seen in the Middle States. (Nat. from Eu.)

29. AUDIBEBTIA, Benth. {3f. Audihert of Tarascon, Provence.) —
W. North American (all Californian, one species of wider range), fruticose or
perennial-herbaceous, mostly canescent-tomentose ; with crenate or crenulate and
reticulated leaves, and flowers resembling those of Salvia of the S. officinalis
type : fl. spring and summer. (Noted bee-plants in S. California.)

§ 1. Inflorescence densely verticillastrate-glomerate and interrupted-spicate,
much bracteate : corolla with tube longer than the limb.

* Large-flowered: corolla fully inch and a half long, crimson-purple; upper lip rather erect and

short, emarginate : lower leaves cordate or hastate at base.
A. grandiflora, Benth. Stem villous and glandular, stout,' suffrutescent, 2 or 3 feet
high : leaves very rugose, tomentose beneath, sinuate-crenate ; lower mostly hastate-lan-
ceolate, obtuse, 3 to 8 inches long, on margined petioles ; upper oblong and sessile ; floral
and bracts of the large heads broadly ovate, membranaceous : calyx spathaceous, deeply
cleft between the two small anterior cuspidate-tipped teeth ; ample concave upper lip
3-denticuIate : stamens much exserted : a conspicuous slender tooth representing the lower
fork of the connective. — Lab. 312, & DC. Prodr. xii. 359; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound, t. 38
(sterile filaments wrongly represented) ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 600. — California Coast Ranges,
&c., from San Mateo Co. southward.

* * Smaller-flowered : corolla less than an inch long, violet or bluish : leaves not cordate,
-t- Bracts, upper floral lea^-es, and bilabiate calyx scarious-membranaceous, reticulated, usually

colored, obtuse and muticous (or at most niucronate); the former large and roundish, half inch or

more long, hnbricating the close heads: corolla only half inch long, narrow, and with short hmb:

low suffniticose species of the interior arid region.
A. incana, Benth. 1. c. Closely tomentose-canescent, leafy : leaves spatulate or obovate,
obtuse or 'refuse, not rugose, entire (or sparsely crenulate), seldom inch long : bracts
obovate or oval, pubescent and ciliate, purple-tinged: calyx turbinate; anterior teeth
ovate or oblong, rather shorter than the truncate and emarginate very broad upper lip :
stamens much exserted : connective with or without a dentiform appendage. —Lindl. Bot.
Reg. t. 1469 ; Gray, 1. c. — From interior of Washington Terr, and Idaho south to Arizona,
and along the eastern borders of California.
A. capitata, Gray. Cinereous-puberulent : leaves oblong, acutish, very rugose, crenu-
late, slender-petioled : bracts of solitary head ovate or oval, apparently whitish : flowers,
&c.,'of the preceding. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 387, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. — Providence Moun-
tains, San Bernardino Co., S. E. California, Cooper.
^_ 4_ Bracts more or less herbaceous, at least not colored: leaves minutely rugose, crenulate:

species restricted to California.

•t-i- Corolla barely half inch long : all the calyx-teeth and bracts subulate or aristate-tipped.
A. humilis, Benth. 1. c. Stems simple and only a span high from a thickened suffruti-
cose base, almost leafless and scapiform : leaves crowded at the base, lanceolate or spatu-
late-oblon'g, very obtuse, finely rugose, densely crenulate, canescent, an inch or more long,

Audibertia. LABIATE. 373

tapering into a slender petiole ; the mostly inconspicuous floral ones and the bracts vil-
lous, membranaceous, ovate-lanceolate and lanceolate: calyx distinctly bilabiate but
rather more deeply cleft between the anterior teetli ; these and tlie 3 teeth of the ample
concave upper lip subulate but not rigid ; lower lip of the corolla crenulate-erose : stamens
and style long-exserted : connective continuous with the filament. — From tlie Yuba River
to San Diego Co., but rare.
A. Stachyoides, Benth. I.e. Shrubby, branching and leafy, a yard or more high,
cinereous-tomentulose or glabrate, rigid: leaves somewhat less rugose than in the last,
more crenate, oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at base or short-petioled ; tlie floral and ovate
or^ oblong bracts with the teeth of the bilabiate calyx cuspidate-acuminate or spinulose-
aristulate (rarely almost muticous) : style and especially the stamens little exserted : sub-
ulate appendage of connective often manifest. — From San Francisco Bay to the southern
borders of the State : forming thickets.

•H- ++ Corolla from two-thirds to three-fourths inch long, with tube much surpassing the calyx and
short more or less pointed thinnish bracts: upper lip of the calyx 1-3-mucronatc; teeth'of the
lower cuspidate: .stamens and style moderately exserted: stems woody below, 4 to 8 feet high,
with herbaceous long and virpate branches: glbmerules rather large, scattered or rather distant:
foliage minutely tomentose-cauescent.

A. Palmeri, Gray. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute (not unlike those of the preceding
species), the larger 2 or 3 inches long: verticillastrate heads several (4 to 8) and remote in
the elongated virgate spike : bracts oblong or lanceolate, slender-cuspidate or acuminate :
lower calyx-teeth subulate-setaceous. — Bot. Calif, i. 601. — Near Tighe's Ranch, mountains
north-east of San Diego, Palmer. ,

A. Clevelandi, Gray. Leaves oblong, or the. upper lanceolate-oblong, all obtuse, sel-
dom over an inch or so in length : heads fewer, often solitary or terminating short axillary
branches : bracts ovate or oblong, mucronate or abruptly short-pointed, viscid-pubescent,
as is the calyx ; the lower teeth of which are short and subulate, the upper lip entire and
cuspidate-tipped. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 76, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. — Mountains behind San
Diego, Cleveland, Palmer.

++++++ Corolla barel3' half inch long; its tube hardlj- exceeding the herbaceous obtuse and
muticous bracts and calyx teeth : whole plant hoary-white.

A. nivea, Benth. Canescent with a close white-farinose tomentum, 3 or 4 feet high,
shrubby below, leafy : leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the lowest ovate, obtuse ; upper with
truncate base, very short-petioled : bracts oval or oblong : calyx splitting down anteriorly,
at length emarginate posteriorly : corolla light-purple : stamens and style mucli exserted :
connective almost continuous with the filament. — Lab. 313 & DC. 1. c — Dry hills, from
Santa Barbara to San Diego Co.

§ 2. Inflorescence thyrsoid-paniculate : floral leaves, bracts, and bractlets small
and loose, at length reflexed, lanceolate or subulate, cuspidate-tipped : corolla with
ample lower lip twice the length of the upper ; the tube very short.

A. polystachya, Benth. 1. c. Shrubby, 3 to 10 feet high, minutely tomentose-canes-
cent : branches and elongated naked thyrsus virgate : leaves mostly very white, oblong-lan-
ceolate, minutely rugose and crenulate, 2 or 3 inches long: flowers subsessile, loose : upper
lip of the calyx truncate or 3-toothed, at length concave or galeate, longer than the trian-
gular-subulate lower teeth: corolla pale or white; lower lip half inch and tube quarter
inch long : style and divergent stamens long-exserted : filiform connective continuous with
the filament, its lower end usually indicated by a minute tooth. — Arid hills, Santa Bar-
bara to San Diego Co. One of the shrubs called Grease-wood.

30. MONARDA, L. Horse-Mint. (Nicolas Monardes, early writer upon
American medicinal plants.) — Aromatic erect herbs (of Atlantic N. America,
reaching to the Rocky Mountains), usually tall ; with the large verticillastrate-capi-
tate glomerules single, or as if proliferous-spicate, or in upper axils, and involu-
crate by numerous sometimes colored outer bracts and floral leaves : flowers rather
large, in summer. (Gray, Pi'oc. Am. Acad. viii. 369.)

374 LABIATE. Monarda.

§ 1. EumonXrda, Benth. Heads solitary and terminal or sometimes 2 or 3, as

if proliferous : stamens and style consi)icuously exserted from the linear and mostly

acute upper lip of the (red, purple, or white) corolla : leaves acutely more or less

sei'rate, pinnately veiny : root perennial.
* Leaves distinctly petioled: calyx-teeth little if at all longer than the width of the tube: corolla
with middle lobe of lower lip longer and narrower, eniarginate.

M. didyma, L. (Oswego Tea, Bee-Balm.) Villous-hirsute to glabrate: stem acutely
4-angled : leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate : bracts, &c., tinged with red : calyx
slightly hirsute in the throat; teeth narrowly subulate : corolla nearly glabrous, scarlet-
red (U or 2 inches long). — Spec. i. 22; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 540; Schk. Handb. t. 2. M.
purpurea, Lara Diet. iv. 256. M.Jisiulosa, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 145. M. coccinea, Michx. ¥1.
i. 16; Desc. Ant. v. t. 369. M. Kalmiana, Fursh, Fl. i. 17, 1. 1. M. Oswer;oensis,BnTt. Prodr.
Penn. i. 34. — Wet banks of streamlets, Canada to Michigan, and south to Georgia in the
mountains ; also in gardens.

M. clinopodia, L. Nearly glabrous to villous-pubescent : stem rather acutely angled :
leaves ovate-lanceolate and ovate, slender-petioled, thin, coarsely and sharply serrate :
bracts whitish : calyx moderately hirsute in the throat : corolla slightly pubescent, dull
white or flesh-colored, an inch long. — Spec. i. 22, excl. syn. Gronov. M. glabra, Lam.
Diet. iv. 256. M. rur/osa, Ait Kew. ed. 1, i. 36. M. altissima, Willd. Enum. 33 ; Rcichcnb.
Ic. Exot. ii. t. 182. P ycnanlhemum MonardeUa, Michx. Fl. ii. 8, t. 34. Monardella Carolin-
iana, Benth. Lab. 332. — Shady places, ravines, &c., W. Canada to Illinois, and along the
mountains to Georgia.

M. fistulosa, Li. 1. c. Soft-pubescent with short hairs, or somewhat hairy, or glabrate :
stem mostly with obtuse angles : leaves commonly of firmer texture than in the preceding :
bracts whitish or rarely purplish, the inner mostly hirsute-ciliate : calyx conspicuously and
densely bearded at the throat : corolla pubescent, at least on the upper lip, purple or pur-
plish-dotted, an inch or more long. — Origanum JisUdosum Canadense, Cornuti, Canad. 1.3,
t. 14. Moiiarda oblongata. Ait. 1. c, narrow-leaved form. M. longifolia. Lam. 1. c, narrow-
leaved form. M. allophylla, Michx. Fl. i. 16. M. varians, Bart. 1. c. M. involucrata, and
many others, Wenderoth, Sem. hort. Marb. M. altissima, mollis (Willd.), undulata (Tausch),
&affinis (Link), Reichenb. Ic. Exot. t. 170, 171, 181, 182.— Dry soil, Canada and Vermont
to Florida and Texas, west to Brit. Columbia and Arizona. The following are the more
marked forms of this polymorphous species.

Var. rubra. Corolla bright crimson- or rose-red : habit of M. didyma, but upper lip
of corolla villous-bearded on the back at tip : throat of calyx conspicuously hirsute, with
external bristly hairs widely spreading. — M. purpurea, Pursh, 1. c, excl. syn. Bot. Mag.1
— Alleghany Mountains, in moist ground.

Var. media. Corolla deep purple. — M. media, Willd. Enum. 32 ; Sweet, Brit. Fl.
Gard. t. 98. ^1/. purpurea, Lodd. Cab. 1. 1396. — Alleghany and soutliern Rocky Mountains.
Var. mollis, Benth. Corolla from flesh-color to lilac, glandular, and its upper lip
liairy outside or more bearded at the tip: leaves paler, soft-pubescent beneath, often
shorter-petioled ; throat of the calyx mostly filled with dense beard, with or without an
external ring of more bristly widely spreading hairs. — M. mollis, L. Amoen. Acad iii. 399;
Reichenb. 1. c. t. 171. M. scabra. Beck (in Am. Jour. Sci. x. 260), & M. menthce/olia,
Graham, in Bot. Mag. t. 2958 ; form with smaller firmer leaves and stem roughish-liirsute
on the angles. M. Lindheimeri, Engelm. & Gray, PI. Lindh. i. 20. — This extends to Sas-
katchewan, Brit. Columbia, interior of Oregon and Arizona.

* * Leaves subsessile or very short-petioled; floral ones often purplish or whitish: corolla flesh-
color or whitish, its lower lip" usually spotted with purple: calyx-teeth loose or stellate-spreading
after flowering: stem slender: head solitary.

M. Bradburiana, Beck. Pubescent with slender hairs or glabrate : leaves ovate or
ovate-lanceolate from a broad roundish or subcordate base, acuminate : calyx hirsute and
somewhat contracted at the orifice ; its teeth elongated and aristiform : tube of the corolla
not exceeding the long and narrow pubescent upper lip; the middle lobe of its broad
lower lip much longer than the lateral ones. — Am. Jour. Sci. x. 260; Benth. Lab. 317.
^f. Jistulosa, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3310, excl. syn. M. amplexicaulis, Bischoff, Ind. Sem.
Heidelb. 1838. M. villosa, Martens ; Walp. Repert. iii. 683. — Thickets, Illinois to Tennes-
see and Kansas.

Monarda. LABIATiE. 375

M. Russelliana, Nutt. Slender, sparingly pubescent : leaves lanceolate or narrowly
ovate-lanceolate from a rounded or subcordate base: calyx naked at orifice ; its slender-
subulate teeth muricate-glandular : corolla nearly glabrous, slender, with long and much
exserted tube; lower lip shorter, obscurely 3-lobed at the extremity. — Tra v. Arkans. &
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 185 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2613 & Exot. Fl. t. 130 ; Sweet,
Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 166. — Arkansas, NuttaU, T. L. Hwve.y.

- % 2. Cheilyctis, Benth, Heads (i. e. verticillastrate glomerules) commonly
in the axils of all the upper pairs of leaves, or interrupted-spicate, foliose-brac-
teate : upper face of the floral leaves and larger bracts often canescent and some-
times purple-tinged : corolla with shorter almost included tube, more dilated throat,
and oblong lips; the upper arching, emarginate or cleft at apex (either sparsely
bearded or glabrous in the same species), seldom at all surpassed by the stamens ;
lower with middle lobe often broadest : leaves lanceolate or oblong, sparsely ser-
rate or denticulate, tapering into the petiole : minute pubescence more or less
cinereous. — Gheilyctis^ Raf. Monarda § Coryanthm, Nutt.

* Corolla j'ellowish with copious brown-purple spots : calyx-teeth lanceolate- or triangular-subulate :
floral leaves and involucrate bracts mostly muticous: root perennial.

M. punctata, L. (Horse-Mint.) Stem commonly 2 feet high: floral leaves and bracts
(either whitened or purplish or both) often slender-acuminate : calyx-teeth rigid, soon stellate-
spreading, hardly longer than the width of the villous orifice of the tube. — Spec. i. 22 ;
Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 546 ; Bot. Reg. t. 87. M. lutea, Michx. Fi. i. 16. — Sandy ground, New
York to Wisconsin, and south to Florida and Texas. Varies in foliage, pubescence, &o.,
passing into

Var. lasiodonta, Gray, 1. c, with throat and teeth of calyx densely villous: plant
sometimes robust, often smaller, and narrow-leaved. — Texas, Drummond. New Mexico and
Arizona, Wislizenus, Wooodhouse, RothrocL

* * Corolla white or pinkish, not spotted, but more or less punctate: calyx-teeth aristiform or
subulate-setaceous : involucral bracts conspicuously aristate-tipped : root annual.

M. pectinata, Nutt. Rather low and slender : floral leaves and bracts of the compara-
tively small heads mostly green ; the latter oblong, short-aristate, obscurely 3-nerved, hir-
sute-ciliate : calyx-teeth subulate-setaceous from a broad base, soon spreading, villous-hir-
sute within, twice the length of the width of the very villous orifice. — PI. Gamb. 182,
M. citriodora, var. aristdata, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 369, in part, where Nuttall's name
was inadvertently written " M^ penicillata." — New Mexico, near Santa Fe', Gambel. Not
since seen. Seemingly a hybrid between M. punctata and M. citriodora.

M. clinopodioides. Slender, a foot or more high : bracts of the rather small heads
mostly green or greenish, erect, oblong-ovate to obovate-lanceolate, rigid, strongly 3-6-
nerved, hispid-ciliate : calyx-teeth always erect, rigid, aristiform-attenuate (tapering grad-
ually from the base), fully two-thirds the length of the hirsute tube, purplish, sparsely
hispid; throat densely short-villous. — M. aristata. Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3526, not Nutt. ~ M.
citriodora, var. aristdata, Gray, 1. c, in part. — Texas, Di~ummond, Wright, Reverchon.

M. citriodora, Cerv. Usually more robust, the larger forms (2 or 3 feet high) with the
aspect of M. punctata: bracts narrowly oblong, similarly whitened or purple-tinged, at
least their spreading or recurving and abruptly aristulate or slender aristate tips : throat
of the calyx densely villous; the teeth slender-aristiform, at length usually spreading,
|ialf or two-thirds the length of the mostly glabrous tube, from sparsely hirsute-plumose
with long soft hairs to naked. — Cervantes in Lag. Nov. Gen. & Spec. 2 (1816) ; Gray, 1. c,
the var. tenui-aristata. M. aristata, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 186 ; Benth.
Lab. 318, & DC. I. c. 363: excl. the char, of the calyx-teeth at the close, which was taken
from M. punctata, var. lasiodonta. — Plains of Nebraska to Texas, Eastern Colorado, and
Arizona. (Mex.)
M. GRACILIS, Pursh, Fl. i. 17, described from a specimen in Lyon's herbarium, said to

come from the mountains of South Carolina (to which Virginia and the accustomed v. v. are

added by Pursh), is not identified by the description. It may not improbably be Pycnanlhe-

mum montanum, Michx.

376 LABIATE. Blephilia.

31. BLEPHfLIA, Raf. (From ^Ucpagig, the eye-lash, suggested by the
conspicuously ciliate bracts, &c.) — Perenuial herbs, of the Atlantic United
States, resembling 3fonarda in foliage, &c., but with smaller verticillastrate-capi-
tate glomerules, the upper more spicate ; and small purple or bluish-white corolla,
with the lower lip darker-spotted : fl. summer.

B. ciliata, Raf. Stem a foot or two high, often simple, downy with short soft pubes-
cence : leaves short-petioled, oblong, obtuse, obscurely serrate ; the upper sessile and
mostly narrowed at base ; lower floral siijiilar, uppermost and outer bracts of the mostly
spicate-approximate heads ovate, cuspidate-acuminate, chartaceo-membranaceous, some-
what colored, strongly ciliate, conspicuously many-nerved from a stout midrib, about
equalling the calyx : corolla villous-pubescent outside, purple. — Jour. Phys. Ixxxix. 98 ;
Benth. Lab. 319 & DC. Prodr. xii. 364. Monarda ciliata, L. Spec. i. 23 (Pluk. Aim. t. 164,
fig. 3; Moris. Hist. iii. sect. 11, t. 8, fig. 6.) — Dry ground, Penn. (and recently at Hadley,
Mass. ), to Wisconsin, Georgia, and Missouri. Varies westward with more villous pubescence.

B. hirsuta, Benth. 1. c. Taller, loosely branching, villous-hirsute : leaves slender-peti-
oled, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, with rounded or subcordate base ; lower floral
similar, subtending remote heads ; upper floral and the bracts lanceolate and linear, subu-
late or aristate, few-nerved, hirsute with long hairs, as is the calyx : corolla less pubes-
cent, pale, with some conspicuous dark spots. — B. nepetoides, Raf. 1. c. Monarda hirsuta,
Pursh, Fl. i. 19. M. ciliata, Michx. Fl. i. 16, not L. — Moist shady places, Canada and
"Vermont to Wisconsin, south to Missouri and E. Texas, and through the Alleghanies to
Georgia.

32. LOPHANTHUS, Benth. {A6(fog, crest, and avOog, flower: appli-
cation not evident.) — Perennial erect herbs (of N. America and N. E. Asia),
mostly tall and coarse ; with serrate and veiny petioled leaves, the lower usually
subcordate and the upper ovate, and small flowers in dense and sessile verticillas-
trate glomerules, which are congested into a terminal spike, either continuous or
interrupted below : floral leaves reduced to short ovate and acuminate bracts.
Nutlets minutely hairy or glandular at the top. Fl. summer. — Bot. Reg. xv. &
Lab. 462. Agastache, Clayt., Gronov. Virg. ed. 2, 88.

* Calyx-teeth green and herbaceous, ovate, obtuse : corolla greenish-yellow, almost included.

L. nepetoides, Benth. 1- c. Glabrous or barely puberulent: stem '2^ to 5 feet high,
acute-angled: leaves ovate, acute : spike cylindrical, linear, nearly continuous. — Hyssopus
nepetoides, L. Spec. ii. 569 ; Jacq. Vind. t. 69. — Borders of woods, Vermont and Connecti-
cut to Wisconsin, and south to mountains of Carolina and Texas.

* * Calyx-teeth acute, membranaceous, more or less colored : corolla purplish or bluish, more con-
spicuous.

L. scrophularisefolius, Benth. 1. c. Stem 4 to 6 feet high, sjtout -. leaves ovate or the
lower cordate, acuminate, more or less pubescent or glabrous : spikes thickish, mostly
interrupted, 4 to 16 inches long: calyx-teeth ovate-lanceolate, acute, whitish : corolla dull
purplish. — H. scrophularicefolius, Willd. Spec. iii. 48. — Borders of thickets, New York to
Wisconsin, Kentucky, and mountains of N. Carolina.

L. anisatus, Benth. 1- c. Glabrous or very minutely puberulent, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves
ovate, often subcordate, canescent beneath, anisate-scented when crushed : spike short and
narrow, interrupted, sometimes leafy below and paniculate : calyx canescently puberu-
lent ; the teeth ovate-lanceolate and merely acute, tinged with purple or violet : corolla
blue. — Bot. Reg. t. 1282. Hyssopus anisatus, Nutt. Gen. ii. 27. II. discolor, Desf. Cat. Par.
Stackys fceniculum, Pursh, Fl. ii. 407. — Plains, Wisconsin to Saskatchewan, the northern
Rocky Mountains, and Nebraska.

L. urticifolius, Benth. 1. c. Like the last, but leaves green both sides, mostly crenate
and more or less cordate, sweet-aromatic : calyx-teeth lanceolate, subulate-acuminate :
corolla light violet or purplish. — Western slopes of RockyMountains to Oregon, Nevada,
and California.

Nepeta. LABIATE. 377

33. CEDR0N:6LLA, Moench. (Diminutive of Ksdqiov, oil of cedar,
from the sweet-scented leaves of G. triphylla of the Canaries and Madeira, the
Balm-of-Gilead of English gardens.) — The following are the other species;
sweet-odorous perennials; with petioled leaves, and flesh-colored or purplish
flowers, in summer. — Meth. 411 ; Benth. Lab. 501.

§ I. Tube of corolla little exserted beyond the ample calyx, its throat inflated :
stamens shorter than the upper lip : flowers rather few, loosely and almost simply
spicate.

C. COrdata, Benth. I. c. Low, hirsute-pubescent, producing long leafy runners : leaves
long-petioled, cordate, crenate ; the floral reduced to ovate bracts, each subtending 1 to 3
short-pedicelled minutely bracteolate flowers : calyx campanulate : corolla purplish, hairy
inside, over an inch long. — DracocepMum cordatum, Nutt. Gen. ii. 35. — Moist shady banks,
W. Penn. to Kentucky and mountains of N. Carolina and Tennessee.

§ 2. Corolla slender, with tube exserted beyond the narrow calyx : stamens
exserted : erect herbs of the Mexican region ; with the verticillastrate glomerules
or condensed cymes iuterrupted-spicate in the manner of Lophanthus, but less
condensed.

C. Mexicana, Benth. Puberulent or almost glabrous : stems 1 to 3 feet high : leaves
ovate-lanceolate, or the lower ovate and cordate, crenate-dentate; lower floral sessile and
often entire; upper ones lanceolate and reduced to short bracts of the many -flowered
spicate clusters : teeth of the purplish calyx subulate : corolla bright pink (an inch or
more long), thrice the length of the caAyx. — Dracocephalum Mexicanum, HBK. Nov. Gen.
& Spec. ii. 322, t. 160. Gardoquia betonicoides, Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxiv. misc. 86 ; Hook. Bot.
Mag. t. 3860. — Mountains of S. Arizona, near Santa Cruz, Wright. A form with mainly
ovate and obtuse coarsely crenate leaves, resembling C. pallida, Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxxii. t. 29,
but with (inch long) much exserted corolla. (Mex.)

Var. c4na, Gray. Pale and very minutely cinereous, or inclined to be so : leaves
smaller (half to inch and a half long), less toothed: corolla an inch long or sometimes
much smaller. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 370. C. cana, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4618; Torr. Bot.
Mex. Bound. 133, chiefly.— New Mexico, Wright, Bigelow, &c. A form with much smaller
(seemingly not well-developed) flowers is C. pallida, var., Torr. 1. c. and Hyptis spicata ? Torr.
1. c. 129. — S. Arizona, Wright, Thurber. (Adjacent Mex.)
C. micrantha, Gray, 1. c. Puberulent : stems slender, branching above : leaves thin,
slender-petioled, coarsely crenate-dentate ; the lower cordate-ovate, obtuse ; upper ovate-
lanceolate or oblong ; upper floral reduced to minute bracts and shorter than the calyx :
capitate clusters sessile, many-flowered, mostly approximate in a cylindrical naked spike :
calyx ovate-campanulate, less than 2 lines long, greenish ; the triangular-subulate teeth
about half the length of the tube: corolla (whitish, barely 2 lines long) and stamens little
exserted. — S. W. Texas, towards the border of New Mexico (station not recorded), Wright.
Spikes 2 inches long.

34. NEPETA, L. Cat-Mint. (Probably from the Etrurian city iVe/je^e.) —
A large genus in the Old World ; two are naturalized weeds in the New, repre-
senting, distinct sections, differing in habit and inflorescence, rather than in the
flowers, which are produced all summer.

N. CatAria, L. (Catnip.) Erect, branched, tall, minutely tomentose: leaves ovate or
oblong and cordate, coarsely crenate, green above, canescent beneath : glomerate cymes
many-flowered, spicate-crowded at the extremity of the branches, subtended by small
floral leaves: bracts and calyx-teeth slender-subulate, soft: corolla whitish with some
dark dots; tlie middle lobe of lower lip crenate-dentate. — Common eastward, especially
near dwellings. (Nat. from Eu.)

N. Glech6ma, Benth. Procumbent or creeping, slender, somewhat pubescent, equally leafy
throughout : leaves long-petioled, reniform or round-cordate, coarsely crenate : flov/ers 2 or

378 LABIATE. Dracuccphalum.

3 together in the axils of the leaves, short-pedicelled : bracts setaceous : calyx-teeth seta-
ceous-acuminate from a broad base, soon spreading : corolla light blue, inch or less long :
pairs of stamens very unequal : anthers in perfect flowers closely approximate in pairs ;
the anther-cells diverging at a right angle, and each pair forming a cross : but the plant is
gynodioecious, i. e. some produce only female flowers with abortive stamens. — Lab. 485.
Glechoma hederacea, L. — Damp or shady places east of the Mississippi, in woods as well as
near dwellings. Popularly named Gill-over-the-Ground. (Nat. from Eu.)

35. DRACOCifiPHALUM, Tourn. Dragon-head (as the name, com-
posed of d()dy.a)v and xscf.ah}, denotes). — Herbs, chiefly of North Asia, one
North American, peculiar for its small and included corolla.

D. parviflorum, Nutt. Annual or biennial, 6 to 20 inches high, rather stout, some-
what pubescent : leaves lanceolate or oblong, petioled, incisely dentate, or the lower pin-
natifid-incised ; the lower floral similar : flowers numerous in sessile glomerules crowded in
a thick terminal leafy-bracted head or short spike interrupted at base : bracts pectinate-
laciniate and the teeth aristate : upper tooth of the calyx ovate, the others lanceolate and
subulate-acuminate: corolla bluish, slender, hardly exceeding the calyx. — Gen. ii. 35;
Benth. in DC. xii. 400. Rocky or gravelly soil, N. New York (shore of Lake Ontario) and
L. Superior, to Brit. Columbia, and along the mountains to Utah and New Mexico : fl. spring.

36. SCUTELLARIA, L. Skullcap. (Scutella, a dish or platter, from
the form of the fruiting cal}'x.) — Large and widely diffused genus, of bitter
(not aromatic) chiefly perennial herbs, rarely undershrubby ; with single (mostly
blue or bluish) flowers in the axils of leaves, or when the floral leaves are reduced
to bracts then in (commonly secund) spikes or racemes : fl. spring and summer.
Corolla arrect. All but two of our species are perennial, and the flowers ha all
are opposite, one in each axil.

§ 1. Nutlets wingless, mostly marginless, on a low or slightly elevated gynobase.

* Flowers small (only a quarter inch long), in axillary and sometimes also terminal racemes.
S. lateriflora, L. (Mad-dog Skullcap.) Glabrous, a foot or two high, leafy : leaves
thin, oblong-ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, rounded at base,
slenderpetioled ; the lower floral ones of the terminal racemes similar : lips of the corolla
short, equal in length. — Spec. ii. 598; Lam. Diet. t. 515; Raf. Med. Fl. t. 84; Bart. Fl.
Am. Sept. i. t. 2L — Wet borders of streams, Canada to Florida, New Mexico, and north-
wardly to Oregon and Brit. Columbia.
* * Flowers larger (half to full inch long), iu terminal single or panicled racemes, which are

commonly more or less leafy below, the floral leaves being gradually reduced to bracts.
•1— Cauline leaves all cordate, crenate-toothed, and slender-petioled : lateral lobes of the corolla

almost equalling the short upper lip : anthers minutely ciliate.
S. versicolor, Nutt. Soft-pubescent: stem rather stout, erect, 1 to 3 feet high : leaves
rugosely very veiny, broadly cordate, mostly obtuse (3 or 4 inches long) ; the floral ovate,
entire (half inch long), crowded: racemes glandular-pubescent: corolla bright blue with
lower side and lip whitish. — Gen. ii. 38. S. Caroliniana, Walt. Car. 163 ? S. cordifolia,
Muhl. Cat. — Banks of streams, Penn. and Wisconsin to Florida and Texas.

Var. bracteata, Benth. Robust, with larger and firmer floral leaves, many of the
lower occasionally longer than the flowers, which thus appear to be axillary rather than
racemose. — Lab. 433. — Texas.

Var. minor, Chapm. Low, slender, and thin-leaved : floral leaves small. — Fl. 323.
S. rugosa, Wood, Class-Book. — Mountains of "Virginia, &c.
S. saxatilis, Riddell. Slightly and sparsely pubescent, or glabrous : stems slender, weak,
ascending (a span or two high), stoloniferous from the base: leaves thin, moderately
veiny, cordate-ovate, obtuse, crenate-dentate (inch or two long) ; floral ovate or oblong,
entire: raceme simple, loose: corolla light blue. — Cat. PI. Ohio, Suppl. (1836) 14 ; Benth.
in DC. Prodr. xii. 422 ; Gray, Man. ed. 1, 327. — Shaded moist banks, Delaware to Ohio
and Tennessee.

Scutellaria. LABIATE. 379

V ar. arguta. Pilose-pubescent : thin leaves narrower, acutish, more deeply crenate-
dentate. — S. arguta, Buckley in Am. Jour. Sci. xlv. 175; Chapm. Fl. 323. S. saxalilis,
var. ? pilosior, Benth. 1. c, at least in part. S. Chamcedrys, Slmttleworth in Ind. Sein. Lips.,
on char. — Mountains of Carolina and Georgia.

+- -)— Cauline leaves creiiate-dentaie or serrate, onlv the lowest if any cordate at base, more or
less petioled : lateral lobes of the blue corolla shorter than the galeate upper lip and more con-
nected with it. " ^f V

++ Corolla a full inch long, nearly glabrous : stem (a foot or two high) and loosely flowered some-
what leafy erect raceme simple, or rarely a pair of racemes at tlie base of the terminal one:
leaves (3 to 5 pairs) coarsely and sharply serrate, acute or acuminate, mostly acute at base, 2 to 4
inches long; the lowest floral usually large and similar; upper entire and lanceolate.
S. montana, Chapm. Soft-pubescent : leaves oblong-ovate or the lowest subcordate :
calyx velvety-pubescent : tube of the corolla ampliate upward, and the lips very broad,
the upper emarginate. — Bot. Gazette, iii. 11. — Dry woods and fields, in the mountains of
the north-western part of Georgia, Chapman.
S. serrata, Andr. Glabrous, or obscurely pubescent: leaves thin, ovate or ovate-ob-
long : corolla with narrow tube, moderately ampliate throat, and rather narrow upper lip.
— Bot. Rep. t. 494; Benth. in DC. I. c. 422. — Woods, Penn. to Illinois and N. Carolina.
++ ++ Corolla two-thirds or three-fourths inch long, canescently puberulent : racemes numerous,
thyvsoid-paniculafe, many -flowered.

S. canescens, Nutt. Minutely and canescently pubescent : stem 2 to 4 feet high,
leafy : leaves from oblong-ovate to lanceolate-oblong, crenate-serrate, acute (3 or 4 inches
long), the base obtuse or rounded, or of the uppermost acute, and lowest occasionally sub-
cordate, the upper surface green and glabrous, the lower canescent, as also the racemes
and especially the calyx : upper lip of corolla considerably surpassing the lower. — Gen.
ii. 38 ; Benth. 1. c. S. puhescens & S. incana, Muhl. Cat. S. serrata, Spreng. Syst. ii. 703,
not Andr. — River-banks, W. Canada and Penn. to Illinois, and the mountains of Carolina
and N. Alabama. Varies with the foliage greener, only a little paler beneath, and in

Var. punctata, Chapm., glabrate and minutely punctate beneath. — Georgia and
Florida, Chapman.

++ -H- ++ Corolla half inch long, nearly glabrous : raceme simple and terminal, or also from the
axils of one or two pairs of leaves.

S. pilosa, Michx. Hirsute-pubescent: stem slender, a foot or two high: leaves rather
remote, oblong-ovate, obtuse, crenate, veiny (inch or two long) ; the lower subcordate and
slender-petioled ; upper cuneate at base and subsessile; floral oblong: bracts of the oblong
raceme spatulate. — Fl. ii. 11 ; Benth. I.e. S. Caroliniana, Walt. Car. 163? S. elUptica,
Muhl. Cat. ■? S. polymorpha, C. Hamilton, Monogr. 39, in part, ex Benth. — Dry or sterile
ground, S. New York and Michigan to Florida and Texas.

Var. hirsuta, a large form, sometimes nearly 3 feet high, more hirsute : larger leaves
2 or 3 inches long, very coarsely crenate. — <S. hirsuta, Short, Cat. PI. Kentucky. — Richer
soil, Kentucky, Short.

Var. ovalifolia, Benth., a form with shorter and finer pubescence, and narrower
less veiny leaves. — S. ovalifoUa, Pers. Syn. ii. 136. — New Jersey to Virginia. .
S. viLLOSA, Ell. Sk. ii. 90, from upper part of Georgia (villous, and with lanceolate leaves

3 or 4^ inches long, coarsely dentate and acute at both ends, brachiate racemes, but flowers

not seen), is not identified.

^— +- -)— Cauline leaves entire (except in the first species), obtuse, narrowed at base: racemes
mostly simple and terminal, leafy below : corolla blue, upwardly much ampliate and with large
lips.
, ++ These much shorter than the downwardly attenuate tubular portion : pubescence wholly soft
or cinereous.

S. integrifolia, L. Manifestly pubescent or puberulent: stems mostly simple from a
fibrous root, 8 to 20 inches high, slender: leaves thinnish, from oblong to nearly linear, an
inch or more long; the upper narrowed at base and subsessile or short-petioled ; lowest
varying to ovate or even cordate and slender-petioled, often with a few coarse crcnatures
or obtuse teeth : corolla slightly pubescent, near an inch long ; lower lip about equalling
the upper: anthers long-ciliate : nutlets tuberculate. — (Pluk. Aim. t. 313, fig. 4.) 5. inte-
grifolia & 5. hyssopifolia, L. Spec. ii. 599, the latter a narrow-leaved form. S. Caroliniana,
Lam. 111. t. 515, fig. 3. S. polymorpha, A. Hamilton, Monogr. 38, in part. — Dry ground,
New England to Florida and Texas.

380 LABIATE. Scutellaria.

S. brevifolia. Cinereous-puberulent throughout: stems numerous from a suffrutescent
base, rigid, a foot or less liigii, very leafy : leaves tliickish, narrowly oblong, 6 to 8 lines
long by 2 or 3 wide, all subsessile; the floral similar, gradually smaller: corolla soft-
pubescent, three-fourths incli long; lower lip rather longer than the upper: anthers short-
ciliate: nutlets granulate. — 5. integrifoUa, var. brevifolia, Gray in Cat. Coll. Tex. Hall, no.
458. — Dry banks, Dallas, Texas, E. Hall, Reverchon.

++ ++ Lips of the corolla about the length of the broad tube and throat.
S. Floridana, Chapm. Obscurely puberulent : stems slender, a foot or more high, rather
remotely leafy and with some axillary fascicles : leaves very narrowly linear (8 to 12 lines
long, seldom a line wide), with somewhat revolute margins ; the lowest minute and scale-
like : raceme rather loose : corolla nearly inch long : anthers long-ciliate. — Fl. 324. — Pine-
barren swamps, Apalachicola, Florida.
* * * Flowers solitary in the axils of cauline leaves, or some occasionallv imperfectly racemose

through the reduction in size of the upper leaves of the stem or branches.'
-1— Annuals, loosely branched from the base: corolla pubescent, half inch or less long: nutlets

muriculate.

S. cardioph:^lla, Engelm. & Gray. Puberulent, slender, a foot or two high, with
virgate branches: leaves cordate-ovate or deltoid-subcordate, mostly obtuse, thin, veiny;
principal cauline inch long, coarsely crenate, slender-petioled ; floral gradually smaller and
less toothed, the uppermost entire and subsessile (3 lines long, barely exceeding the calyx) :
corolla slender, blue. — PI. Lindh. i. 19 ; Benth. m DC. 1. c. 429. — Open woods, Arkansas
and Texas.

S. Drummondii, Benth. Villous-pubescent, a span or more high, soon diffuse, leafy :
leaves ovate or obovate-oblong, very obtuse, half inch or more long, contracted at base,
the lower into distinct petioles ; floral subsessile and about equalling the flowers ; all entire
or nearly so (rarely subcrenulate) : corolla violet purple or blue (3 to 5 lines long), com-
monly with the calyx villous-pubescent, at least when young ; lower lip longer than the
upper, violet-spotted. — Lab. 441, & DC. Prodr. xii. 428. — Damp or rich soil, Texas;
common. (Mex.)

*t— •*— Perennials, from a firm or ligneous stock, neither stoloniferous nor tuberiferous : nutlets
granulate.

S. Wrightii.'Gray. A span or so high, many-stemmed in a tuft, minutely cinereous-
puberulent, very leafy: leaves ovate, oval, or spatulate-oblong, entire, subsessile, about
half an inch long; upper floral shorter than the flowers : corolla pubescent, half an inch
long, usually violet ; lips nearly equal in length ; tube rather slender. — Proc. Am. Acad,
viii. 370. — Texas, quite to the western borders, Wright, Lindheimer, E. Hall, &c. Kansas,
Gordon, L. Watson, with a white-flowered variety.

H— -i— H- Perennials, completely herbaceous and fibrous-rooted, mostlj' producing filiform stolon-
like rootstocks :

++ These more or less moniliform-tuberiferous.
= Flower 2 to 4 lines long: leaves broadest at base and all but the lower sessile; primary veins
prominent underneath.

S. parvula, Michx. Minutely (sometimes more conspicuously) pubescent, branching
from the base, commonly erect, 4 to 10 inches high : filiform subterranean shoots bearing
a long moniliform string of small tubers : leaves ovate or the uppermost ovate-lanceolate,
sessile by a truncate or slightly cordate base, about half inch long ; some of the lower with
one or two coarse teeth, the lowest slender-petioled : pedicels as long as the calyx : corolla
violet, pubescent, twice or tlirice the length of the calyx : nutlets strongly muricate, girt
with a thickish ring or border, which is conspicuous when young. — Fl. ii. 12 ; Hook. Exot.

■ t. 106. 5. ambirjua, Nutt. Gen. ii. 37. — Sandy banks, W. New England and along the Great
Lakes to Wisconsin, South Florida, and Texas.

Var. mollis, Gray. More spreading, softly pubescent throughout (the pubescence
somewhat viscid) : leaves larger, less firm. — Sandy banks of the Mississippi, at Oquawka,
S. Illinois, &c., H. N. Patterson. A remarkable form, with somewhat the aspect of 5.
Drummondii.

= = Flower half or two-thirds inch long: leaves narrowed at base or petioled: plants depressed
or weak and diffuse.

S. nana, Gray. Minutely cinereous-puberulent, 2 inches high, much branched : filiform
subterranean shoots copiously moniliform-tuberiferous: leaves crowded, from ovate to

Scutellaria. LABIATE. 381

spatulate-obovate, entirfe, thickish, nearly veinless, half inch long, tapering into a petiole :
corolla white, rather broad and with dilated throat, liardly exceeding the leaves ; lips of
equal length. —Proc. Am. Acad. ii. 100, & Bot. Calif. L 604. — N. W. Nevada, near Pyra-
mid Lake, Lemmon.

S. tuberosa, Benth. Soft-pubescent or villous : sterna slender, rather sparsely leafy,
1 to 4 inches high and erect, or sometimes reaching a foot in length and trailing : leaves
mostly ovate, either truncate or cuneate at base, thin, coarsely and obtusely few-toothed, or

■ rarely entire (a quarter to inch and a half long), nearly all petioled ; floral about equalling
or longer than the violet or blue narrow corolla : nutlets strongly muricate. — Lab. 441 ;
Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 60L — Hills, &c., nearly tliroughout California.

= ==== Flower larger, violet-blue: stems erect, equally leafy: leaves from oblong to linear, all
but the lower sessile aud entire : moniliform tubers mor^ rare or obscure, except in the first species.

S. resinosa, Torr. Barely a span high, branched from the base, minutely pubescent and
resinousatomiferous, somewhat viscid : leaves uniform, oval and oblong, or uppermost
narrower, obtuse, mostly sessile (5 to 10 lines long), nervose-veined : pedicels shorter tiian the
calyx : corolla pubescent, an inch long, with slender tube and ampliate throat ; lower lip
glabrous inside : nutlets tuberculate. — Arm. Lye. N. Y. ii. 232 ; Benth. I. c. — Plains of
Colorado, Wyoming, and Nebraska.

S. angustif olia, Pursh. A span to a foot high, minutely puberulent or almost glabrous :
stems or branches often simple and slender : leaves from linear to narrowly oblong (6 to 12
lines long), all but the lower acute or contracted at base; lower more petioled and some-
times few-toothed; radical orbicular or cordate and small: pedicels as long as the calyx:
corolla three-fourths to nearly inch long, puberulent, with slender tube and moderately
ampliate throat ; lower lip villous inside : nutlets minutely granulate. — Fl. ii. 412 ; Gray,
Bot. Calif, i. 603. — Moist ground, British Columbia and Montana to California, even as
far south as San Bernardino Co.

Var. canescens, Gray, 1. c. More branching, tomentulose-canescent : corolla more
arrect by the curvature of the base of the tube. — S. sipJwcampylotdes, Vatke in Bot. Zeit.
XXX. 717. — Western part of California, in caiions, &c.

S. antirrhinoides, Benth. Resembles broader leaved forms of the preceding : stems
more branching, diffuse or ascending: leaves oblong (6 to 9 lines long), mostly obtuse at
base as well as apex, more petioled : corolla shorter and broader, 7 to 10 lines long ; the
tube shorter and less slender. — Bot. Reg. xviii. under 1493, & DCr 1 c. 428 ; Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad., viii. 306. S. resinosa, Watson, Bot. King, 237. — Moist shady ground, Oregon,
northern part of California, and mountains of Nevada.

++ ++ Filiform rootstocks or subterranean stolons not tuberiferous : corolla half to two-thirds inch
long,

= Dull yellow or whitish, with ampliate-iiiflated throat, villous within (at least the lower lip), and
short proper tube : all the upper leaves entire, obtuse.

S. Calif ornica. Puberulent: stems 8 to 20 inches high, slender: leaves from lanceolate-
oblong to oval-ovate, mostly roundish at base, short-petioled ; the lower an inch or more
long, often somewhat serrate ; upper gradually reduced to half inch or less ; uppermost
shorter than the flowers : lips of the corolla about equal : nutlets obscurely rugose-granu-
late.— S. antirrhinoides, var. Californica, Gray in Proc. Am. Acid, viii. 396, & Bot. Calif.
1. c, mainly. — Banks of streams, California, from Tehama Co. southward, and in the
Sierra Nevada. Narrow-leaved forms resemble the preceding ; broader-leaved forms are
more like the following species.

S. Bolanderi, Gray. Pubescent: stem simple or branched from the base, a foot high,
equably and very leafy to the summit : leaves ovate-elliptical, very obtuse, closely sessile
by an obscurely cordate base, an inch or less long, veiny from the base : flowers very short-
pedicelled, seldom equalling the leaf : lower lip of the corolla rather longer. — Proc. Am.
Acad. vii. 387, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. — Sierra Nevada, California, in Mariposa and Plumas Co.,
Bolander, Lemmon.

= = Corolla violet-blue, with slender tube and less ampliate throat, naked within.

S. galericulata, L. Nearly glabrous or slightly pubescent, slender, 1 to 3 feet high,
simple or paniculately branched above : leaves membranaceous, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, broadest next the subsessile or very short-petioled subcordate base (2 inches or
less long), all but the upper and more reduced ones appressed-serrate : pedicels shorter than

382 LABIATiE. Scutellaria.

the calyx : corolla puberulent ; lower lip nearly erect and surpassing the upper : nutlets
densely muriculate-scabrous. — Spec. ii. 599 ; Engl. Bot. t. 693 ; Schk. Handb. 1. 167. — Wet
soil, Atlantic States, from mountains of Carolina to Newfoundland, Mackenzie River, and
westward from mountains of Arizona to Brit. Columbia. (Eu., N. Asia.)

§ 2. Nutlets raised on a slender gynobase, each surrounded by a conspicuous
membranaceous wing in the manner of Perilomia, the faces muricate. (Here
also a Japanese species, S. Guilielmi.)

S. nervosa, Pursh. Glabrous : rootstocks or stolons filiform : stems slender, rather sim-
ple, 4-quetrous (10 to 20 inches high) : leaves membranaceous, coarsely few-toothed, rather
prominently quintuple-ribbed from near the base ; the lowest cordate and short-petioled ;
the others sessile or nearly so; middle ones ovate; floral ovate-lanceolate, gradually
smaller and more entire, much surpassing the axillary secund flowers : corolla bluish, 4
lines long, with lower lip exceeding the straightish merely concave upper one. — Pursh, Fl.
ii. 412 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 370. S. teucrifoUa, Smith. S. gracilis, Nutt. Gen. ii.
37. — Moist thickets, New York to Virginia, Ohio, and Missouri.

37. S ALIZARIA, Torr. (In honor of Bon Jose Salizar y Larrequi, the
Mexican Commissioner of the U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey.) — Bot. Mex.
Bound. 133, t. 39. — Single species of a remarkable genus.

S. Mexicana, Torr. 1. c. Shrubby, 2 or 3 feet high, with diffuse or sarmentose slender
sof t-canescent branches : leaves remote, glabrate, small, oblong or broadly lanceolate,
short-petioled, mostly entire; floral reduced to bracts of the short and loose terminal
racemes : flowers less than inch long : corolla purplish, or the spreading lower lip deep
purple : fructiferous vesicular calyx half inch or more in diameter. — Bot. Calif, i. G04. —
Ravines, S. E. California in the Mohave desert, S. Nevada and Utah, Arizona, Fremont,
Pairy, Cooper, Palmer. (Adjacent Mex.)

38. BRUN^LLA, Tourn. Self-heal, or Heal-All. (Commonly
written Prunella, but said to come from the old German word Breune or Braime,
an affection of the throat, which the plant was thought to cure.) — Low peren-
nials ; with nearly simple stems, terminated by a short verticillastrate-spicate or
capitate inflorescence, with imbricated round-ovate and nervose bracts or floral
leaves of about the length of the calyx, each subtending 3 subsessile flowers : fl.
all summer,

B. vulgaris, L. Leaves ovate-oblong, entire or toothed, slender-petioled, commonly pubes-
cent : corolla not twice the length of tlie purplish calyx, violet, purplish, &c., rarely white.
— Fields and borders of copses, Newfoundland to Florida, and west to California and
northward; evidently indigenous in some of the cooler districts. (Eu., Asia, Mex.)

39. BRAZORIA, Engelm. & Gray. (Discovered on the Rio Brazos,
Texas.) — A genus of two annuals, of rather low stature : leaves oblong, mostly
sessile, denticulate ; lowest tapering into a petiole ; floral diminished to small
ovate or oblong-lanceolate bracts to the single flowers of the virgate racemes or
spikes : corolla rose-purple : fl. summer. — PI. Lindh. i. 47 ; Gray, Chloris, 34,
"t. 5 ; Benfch. in DC. Prodr. xii. 434.

B. truncata, Engelm. & Gray, 1. c. Somewhat pubescent, at least the raceme and
calyx viscid-hairy : spike dense and strict, simple or sometimes branching : calyx much
reticulated, truncate, its broad lips of equal length, obscurely lobed, mucrouately denticu-
late (3 or 4 inches in fruit): corolla three-fourths inch long; upper lip and middle lobe
of lower deeply emarginate, all the lobes denticulate; palate somewhat prominent; tube
pilose-annulate near the base : anthers somewhat hairy : nutlets puberulent. — Chloris, 1. c.
t. 6. Pht/sosteffia truncata, Benth. Lab. 305 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3494. — Sandy soil, in
plains and prairies of E. Texas, Berlandier, Drummond, Lindheimer, &c.

Machridea. LABIATE. 383

B. SCUtellarioides, Engelm. & Gray, 1. c. Almost glabrous : spikes or racemes
loose, mostly panicled : lips of the calyx unequal ; the upper with 3 ovate-rounded, lower
with 2 triangular-lanceolate lobes, all but the uppermost cuspidate: corolla (a tiiird inch
long) not pilose-annulate ; its lobes entire or merely retuse : anthers barely ciliolate : nut-
lets glabrous.— P%soste7ta truncata, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3494 (wrongly cited in DC. under
preceding species). — Richer prairie soil, Texas, Drummond, Wright, Lindheimer, &c.

40. PHYS0ST:&G-IA, Benth. False Dragon-head, {(hvaa, bladder,
and GTsyT], covering ; from the turgid fruiting calyx, but more applicable to the
inflated corolla.) — Perennial erect N. American herbs, almost glabrous ; with
lanceolate or oblong and callose-denticulate or serrate leaves ; the upper ones
sessile, lowest tapering into a petiole, floral reduced to small subulate bracts of
the simple or panicled spikes, most of them shorter than the calyx. Flowers
cataleptic (remaining in whatever position they may be turned on the short
pedicel, either right or left of the normal position). Corolla showy, rose or flesh-
color, often variegated : in summer.

P. Virginiana, Benth. 1. c. Stem in larger forms 3 or 4, in smaller 1 or 2 feet high,
terminated by a simple virgate or sometimes several panicled spikes : leaves thickish :
calyx tubular-campanulate or somewhat turbinate-campanulate, in fruit broader and with a
narrowed base ; its teeth ovate-triangular and very acute, only half the length of the tube :
corolla commonly an inch long. — Dracocephalum Virginianum, L. Spec. ii. 594 ; Sims, Bot.
Mag. t. 4G7. D. landfollum, Mcench, Meth. 410. D. variegatum, Vent. Cels, t. 44. Prasium
pitrpureum & P. coccineum, Wa.lt. Car. 166. — Wet grounds, N. Vermont, W. Canada and
Saskatchewan to Florida and Texas : common in gardens. Varies greatly ; the extremes are
Var. speciosa, a tall form, with very acutely serrate lanceolate leaves, and dense and
panicled spikes. — Dracocephalum speciosum, Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 93, with horizontal
flowers Physostegia imbricata, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3386 (not Benth.), a Texan form, with
erect imbricated flowers.

Var. denticxilata, a more slender and commonly low form, with crenulate-denticu-
late or obscurely serrate leaves, and more slender or loosely-flowered spike. — Dracocepha-
lum denticulutum, Ait. Kew. ii. 317 ; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 214. — Middle Atlantic States.

Var. obovata, with oblong or obovate and often obtuse leaves. — Dracocephalum
ohooalum, Ell. Sk. ii. 86. — Georgia to Arizona.

P. intermedia, Gray. Stem slender, 1 to 3 feet high, remotely leaved : leaves linear-
lanceolate, repand-denticulate : spikes filiform, commonly rathet remotely flowered : calyx
short and broadly campanulate; the triangular acute teeth about as long as the tube:
corolla 5 or 6 lines long, much dilated upwards. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 371. Dracocephalum
intermedium, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 187. — Barrens, W. Kentucky and
Arkansas to Louisiana and Texas.

P. parviflora, Nutt. Stem rather slender, leafy, a foot or two higli : leaves lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate, denticulate; spikes short (1 to 4 inches long): calyx short-campanulate,
inflated-globular in fruit and with short mostly obtuse teeth : corolla rather narrow, half
incli long. — Nutt. (ex Benth., under P. imbricata, Benth. 1. c, not Hook. Bot. Mag.) ; Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 371. — Banks of streams, Saskatchewan and Wyoming to Brit.
Columbia, and Oregon.

41. MACBRfDEA, Ell. (In memory of Dr. James Macbride.) Gla-
brous or sparsely hirsute perennials (of S. Atlantic States) ; with simple stems, a
foot or more high, lanceolate or spatulate-oblong repand-toothed or entire minutely
punctate leaves ; the floral becoming thickish and rounded imbricated bracts of
a capitate and rather few-flowered capitate inflorescence. Flowers showy (corolla
over an inch long), in late summer. (Anthers not pilose within the cell, as stated,
but mainly on the inner face.) — Ell. Sk. ii. 56 ; Chapm. Fl. 324.

M. pulchra, Ell. 1- c. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, mostly acute at both ends and tapering
into a petiole, thinnish ; floral or bracts ovate, acute : lateral lobes of the calyx entire or

384 LABIATE. Macbridea.

emarginate : corolla rose-purple (streaked with a deeper hue and whit?) ; its upper lip
entire. — M. pidchella, Benth. Lab. 505, & DC. Prodr. xii. 435. Thymhra Caroliniana & Pra-
sium incarnatum, Walt. Car. ex Benth. Melittis Caroliniana, Spreug. Syst. ii. 700. — Pine-
barren swamps, southern borders of N. Carolina to Georgia and Alabama.
M. alba, Chapm. 1. c. Leaves spatulate-oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, thickish, all but
the lowest sessile ; floral ones round-ovate or orbicular : lateral lobes of the calyx strongly
emarginate or 2-cleft : corolla white ; its upper lip emarginate. — Low pine-barrens, W.
Florida near the coast, Chapman.

42. SYNANDRA, Nutt. {Zvv, together, and dvtjQ, for anther, the pos-
terior and sterile anthers connate.) — Single species, large-flowered, and with the
aspect of Lamium.

S. grandiflora, Nutt. Fibrous-rooted biennial, a foot or two high, hirsute: leaves mem-
branaceous, cordate, coarsely crenate, all but the floral long-petioled; these reduced to
ovate sessile bracts, each subtending a single flower: corolla inch and a half long, white or
nearly so : filaments bearded. — Gen. ii. 29 ; Benth. 1. c. — Shady banks of streams, S. Ohio
to Illinois and Tennessee : in spring.

43. MARRtJBIUM, Tourn. Horehound. (From Hebrew word, mean-
ing bitter.) — Perennials ; all natives of the Old World, but one species widely
dispersed and naturalized, viz.

M. vulgAre, L. Hoary-woolly, branched from the base, aromatic-bitter (hence used in
popular medicine) : leaves roundish, crenate, very rugose- veiny : flowers verticillastrate-
capitate in the upper axils : calyx with 10 short recurving teeth, these and the bracts at
length hooked at the tip. — Escaped from gardens into waste or open ground : fl. late
summer. (Nat. from Eu.)

44. BALL6TA, L. Black Horehound. (Greek name, of obscure
derivation.) — Weedy perennials of the Old "V\iorld ; with bitter and unpleasant-
scented herbage ; fl. summer.

B. NfoRA, L. Soft-pubescent, but not hoary, spreading: leaves ovate, crenate or toothed,
slightly rugose, slender-petioled : flowers numerous in rather loose axillary verticillastrate
cymes : bracts setaceous : calyx with dilated somewhat foliaceous mucronate-tipped teeth,
equalling the purplish corolla. — Sparingly in waste places, New England, Penn., &c.
(Nat. from Eu.)

45. PHLOMIS, Tourn. Jerusalem Sage. (Ancient Greek name of a
woolly plant, perhaps of this genus.) — Perennials, of the Old World, one spar-
ingly introduced, viz.

P. tuber6sa, L. Tall, 3 to 5 feet high, from a thick tuberous root, somewhat glabrous :
lower leaves ovate and cordate, crenate, slender-petioled, rugose-veiny ; floral oblong-lan-
ceolate and mostlj' sessile, subtending dense verticillastrate-capitate clusters : bracts seta-
ceous, hirsute : calyx-teeth setaceous-subulate from a short and dilated truncate-eniargi-
nate base, divaricate : corolla pale purple, its upper lip densely white-bearded. — S. shore of
Lake Ontario, New York : fl. early summer. (Nat. from Eu.)

46. LiEONCTIS, R. Br. {Atav, lion, and ova, onoa, ear, from the corolla.)
— African plants; with dense verticillastrate-capitate clusters of showy scarlet or
orange flowers ; sparingly naturalized on our southern borders: fl. summer.

L. nepet^f6lia, R. Br. Tall annual, minutely soft-pubescent : leaves long-petioled, ovate,
coarsely serrate or crenate, veiny ; upper floral lanceolate : verticillastrate heads large and
dense: calyx about 8-toothed: corolla an inch long, orange-red, densely hirsute. — Bot. Reg.
t. 28L — Waste grounds, Georgia and Florida. (Nat. from Afr.)

Galeopsis. LABIATiE. 385

47. LEONtTRUS, L. Motherwokt. (Jeav, a lion, and ovqu, tail.) —
Herbs of the Old World, weeds or escapes from gardens in the New : herbage
bitter : flowers small, in summer.

L. CARofACA, L. (Common Motherwort.) Tall perennial, more or less pubescent: leaves
long-petioled, palmately cleft; the lower rounded; floral rhombic-lanceolate, 3-clef t ;
lobes lanceolate: flowers much shorter than the petioles ; corolla pale purple ; its upper lip
very villous outside, narrowed at base, hardly galeate, at length often recurved ; lower
deflexed, spotted : stamens often recurving outwards after anthesis : anther-cells parallel.

— Waste and cult, ground, in manured soil. (Nat. from Eu.)

L. MarrdbiAstrum, L. Tall biennial, minutely soft-pubescent : leaves ovate or oblong, or
the floral lanceolate, coarsely serrate or incised : calyx-teeth slender, rather aristiform
than spinescent: corolla minute, whitish, almost glabrous ; its lips less divergent: stamens
little exserted beyond the throat : anther-cells diverging. — Chaiturus Mcurubiastrkm, Ehrii.

— Waste grounds. New Jersey to Delaware, and southward; rare. Related as much to
Sideritis as to Leonurus ; might be placed next to Marrubium. (Nat. from Eu.)

L. SiBfRicus, L. Tall biennial, minutely puberulent or nearly glabrous : leaves 3-parted ;
the divisions 2-5-cleft, or deeply 3-7-cleft and incised : corolla purplish, twice the length of
the calyx; upper lip fornicate, lower little spreading. — Waste grounds, Pennsylvania
(near Philadelphia, Martindale), New Mexico, &c. (Sparingly nat. from Eu. & Asia.)

48. L AMIUM, Tourn. Dead-Nettle. (From larnog, the throat, alluding
to the I'ingent corolla.) — Spreading or decumbent herbs, with mostly cordate
incised or doubly toothed leaves ; the lower long-petioled ; upper becoming sessile
or roundish at base, subtending sessile and loose or capitate clusters of purple or
sometimes white flowers. Anthers in our species hirsute. Natives of the Old
World, some naturalized in waste places or fields, eastward.

li. AMPLEXicAULE, L. Biennial or winter annual, weak and slender, low : leaves distant ; lowest
small, roundish-cordate, coarsely crenate, long-petioled ; upper subsessile or clasping, cre-
nately lobed and incised : corolla slender, purple, with spotted lower lip, truncate lateral lobes,
and upper lip villous on the back. — Rather common, Canada to Florida. (Nat. from Eu.)

L. PURPiJREUM, L. Resembles the last, but with leaves (even the upper floral) all petioled
and only crenate-serrate : calyx-teeth more slender : small lateral teeth to the orifice of the
corolla. — Penn. and New England. (Sparingly nat. from Eu.)

L. Album, L. Stouter, a foot or two high, more leafy and hirsute-pubescent : root peren-
nial : leaves ovate, cordate or truncate at base, acuminate, coarsely serrate, mostly peti-
oled: corolla white, an inch long, with tube curved upwards and throat rather narrow;
upper lip oblong ; a long slender appendage at each side of the throat. — E. New England.
(Sparingly nat. from Eu.)

49. GALE6PSIS, L. Hemp-Nettle. {raUa, a weasel, and oxpig, re-
semblance, " very like a weasel" to a lively imagination only. The popular name
is little less natural.) — Annual weeds of Europe: naturalized in waste places
and garden soil : fl. late summer.

G. TetrAhit, L. Hispid : stem swollen below the joints : leaves ovate, acuminate, coarsely
serrate : corolla light purple, variegated, 6 to 10 lines long. — Common. (Nat. from Eu.)

G. LAdandm, L. Pubescent, lower and smaller : leaves oblong-lanceolate : corolla red or rose-
color. — E. New England, in few places. (Barely nat. from Eu.)

50. STACHYS, Tourn. Woundwort. (^Vrzp?, a spike, primarily a
spike or ear of corn, and the ancient Greek name of this genus or of some similar
plants, from the spicate inflorescence.) — A large genus, widely dispersed ; ours
all herbs, with the flowers verticillastrate-capitate or clustered, or sometimes few

25

386 LABIATE. StacTiys.

or solitary in the axils of the floral leaves, forming usually an interrupted spicate
inflorescence ; in summer.

* Root annual : corolla with short tube, mostly purplish or reddish.
•h- Even the lower lip hardly exceeding the subulate or aristulat* tips of the calyx-teeth : leaves
obtuse, crenate, an inch or' less long; lower subcordate and slender-petioled : upper subsessile :
stems a span or two high : lower flower-clusters remote.

S. ARVENSis, L. Hirsute, often decumbent: upper leaves ovate with cuneate base: verti-
cillastrate clusters in their axils few-flowered : calyx oblong-campanulate, 3 lines or more
long, almost hispid, in fruit declined ; the lanceolate teeth aristulate. — Waste grounds,
"E. Mass. (Locally nat. from Eu.)

S. agraria, Cham. & Schl. Hirsute pubescence finer and softer: stems slender, erect :
upper leaves subcordate or oval ; upper floral shorter than the small and several-flowered
clusters : calyx even in fruit not over 2 lines long and not declined, short-campanulate ;
the subulate teeth cuspidate-aristulate. — Linn. v. 100 ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 479.
S. Grahami, Benth. Lab. 551. — Moist or shady places, common in Texas. (Mex.)

•i— Lips of the corolla surpassing the slender-subulate and aristulate calyx-teeth : fructiferous
calyx 4 lines long: stem a foot or two high.

S. Drummondii, Benth. Soft-hirsute : leaves ovate and oval, obtuse, crenate, all the
lower cordate : upper pairs distant ; floral with narrowed base, the uppermost lanceolate
or subulate and shorter than the flowers : these mostly in sixes : calyx-tube in fruit glob-
ular-campanulate and rather shorter than the setaceous-attenuate teeth : upper lip of the
corolla nearly 2, and lower 3 or 4 lines long. — Lab. 651, & DC. 1. c. — Moist ground,
Texas, Drummond, Wright, Lindheimer. (Mex.)
S. Annua, L., an Old-World species, with glabrous leaves not cordate, and whitish flowers

only four lines long, sparingly occurs as a ballast weed, near Philadelphia.

* * Root perennial.

•1— Corolla white or whitish, with tube shorter or hardly longer than the calyx-teeth ; lips only 2
or 3 lines long; the upper villous-bearded or woolly on the back: flowers sessile or nearly so:
herbage from soft-hirsute to white-tomentose. (Californian and one New Mexican species )

S. Rothrockii, Gray. A span high, branched from the base, canescently lanate-pubes-
cent throughout : leaves all sessile and lanceolate, obtuse, almost entire (inch long) ; floral
gradually smaller and oblong, subtending about 3 flowers : spike rather dense and short :
calyx campanulate; the teeth ovate- or subulate-deltoid, with very acute but soft tips:
corolla 4 or 5 lines long; the tube included. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 82. — Zuni village,
New Mexico, Rothrock.

S. ajugoides, Benth. A span to a foot high, villous with very soft white hairs : leaves
oblong, very obtuse, crenately serrate, 1 to 3 inches long, roundish or acutish at base; the
lower petioled; upper sessile ; even the upper floral as long as the (about 3) subtended
flowers : clusters mainly distant : calyx short-campanulate or in fruit turbinate, very silky-
villous ; the teeth triangular-ovate, aristulate-acuminate, barely equalling the tube of the
corolla. — Linn. vi. 80, & DC. 1. c. 474 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. G05. — California, common in moist
ground. Also (in a dubious form) Willow Spring, Arizona, Rothrock.

S. albens, Gray. Tall (1 to 5 feet high), soft-tomentose or lanate with white or whitish
wool, leafy : leaves oblong or ovate, usually with more or less cordate base, acutish, cre-
nate, 2 or 3 inches long; lower short-petioled ; upper nearly sessile; most of the floral
shorter than the dense interrupted capitate clusters of the virgate spike : calyx turbinate-
campanulate; the teeth triangular and aristulate, nearly equalling the tube of the corolla.
— Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 387, & Bot. Calif. I. c. S. pycnostachya (meaning 5. pycnantha,
Benth.), Torr. in Wilkes Exped. xvii. 408. — Wet ground, mountains and foot-hills of
California, from Shasta to Kern Co.

S. pycnantha, Benth. Soft-hirsute with somewhat fulvous hairs, leafy, 2 or 3 feet
high : leaves oblong-ovate and subcordate, obtuse, crenate, 2 to 4 inches long, mostly rather
long-petioled; floral all reduced to small bracts of the dense oblong or cylindraceous spike
(of 1 to 3 inches long), each subtending about 3 flowers : calyx-teeth deltoid, nmcronulate,
very hirsute, fully equalling the tube of the corolla : upper lip of the latter strongly
bearded. — PI. Hartweg. 331 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 605. —California, in the Coast Range,
from Monterey to above San Francisco, Hartweg, Kellogg.

Stachys. LABIATE. 387

■«-•)- Corolla purple or rose-red (not scarlet-red), with tube equalling or longer than the calyx :
flowers sessile or subsessile,

++ Not over half inch long: tube of the corolla not exceeding the tips of the calyx-teeth : spike
mostly much interrupted : stems erect from filiform and sometimes tuberiferous rootstocks. (At-
lantic species, one extending north-wesl ward to the Pacific.)

= Leaves obscurely or not at all cordate, sessile or short petioled.

S. hyssopifolia, Michx. Glabrous and smooth throughout, or sometimes a hirsute
ring at the nodes : stems slender, about a foot high : leaves linear, sometimes oblong-linear
(1 or 2 inches long, 1^ to 3 lines wide), entire or merely denticulate, even the lowest nar-
rowed at base and sessile : spike rather short and slender; the clusters 2-6-flowered : calyx
2 or 3 lines long, occasionally with a few bristly long hairs; teeth broadly subulate:
corolla glabrous. — Fl. ii. 4; Benth. 1. c. ; Gray, Man. ed. 2, 317, ed. 5, 358. S. palustris,
Walt. Car. 162, not L. — Wet and sandy soil, coast of Mass. to Michigan and Florida.

Var. ambigua. Stouter, 1 or 2 feet high, sometimes with scattered retrorse bristles
on the angles of the stem : leaves broader, 3 to 6 lines wide, serrulate. — Georgia, LeConte.
Kentucky and Illinois, Shqrt, Buckley, E. Hall, &c.

S. palustris, L. From densely soft-pubescent to roughish-hirsute, leafy : stem 1 to 3
feet high, hirsute or hispid: leaves from ovate- to oblong-lanceolate, crenate-serrate, mostly
acute or acuminate (1^ to 3 inches long), sessile or subsessile by a broad and abrupt or
obscurely subcordate base ; the lowest little petioled ; all sometimes almost velvety-
tomentose beneath : clusters of the spike mostly approximate, 6-10-flowcred : calyx pubes-
cent or hirsute ; the teeth subulate, nearly the length of the tube : upper lip of corolla
distinctly pubescent. — Spec. ii. 580; Fl. Dan. t. 1103; Engl. Bot. t. 1675; Benth. 1. c. —
Wet ground, Newfoundland to the Pacific in Oregon, south to Pennsylvania, and in the
Rocky Mountain region to New Mexico, nor^th to Mackenzie River. (Eu., N. Asia.)

S. aspera, Michx. 1. c. Taller, 2 to 4 feet high, usually less leafy, sparsely hirsute or
hispidulous-pubescent to nearly glabrous : stem mostly retrorse-hispid on the angles :
leaves thinner, from oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate (1^ to 4^ inches long), acute or
acuminate, rather obtusely serrate, nearly all distinctly petioled and with truncate or
merely subcordate base : calyx glabrous or glabratQ, or with some scattered bristles ; the
tube obscurely striate when dry : corolla glabrous throughout. — Benth. I. c. S. arvensis,
Walt. Car. 162, not L. S. hispida, Pursh, Fl. ii. 407. S. palustris, var. aspera, Gray, 1. c.
— Wet ground, Canada to Florida and W. Louisiana. Too near S. palustris. (Japan. )

Var, glabra. Even the angles of the stem smooth and naked or nearly so : leayes
more conspicuously petioled, acuminate, and serrate.— -5. annua, Walt. Car. 161, not L.
S. tenuifolia, Willd. Spec. iii. 100. 5. glabra, Riddell, Cat. Ohio PI. Suppl. (1836), 16. S.
aspera, var. glabrata, Benth. 1. c. S. palustris, var. glabra. Gray, Man. 1. c. — W. New York
t(\ Illinois and southward. Filiform stolon-like rootstocks more or less tuberiferous.

= = Most of the leaves distinctly petioled ; lower all long-petioled and cordate : corolla glabrous
or nearly so throughout, barely 5 lines long.

S. Floridana, Shuttlew. Barely a foot high, with filiform stolon-like rootstocks termi-
nated by a moniliform tuber (of 2 or 3 inches in length), nearly glabrous, or the slender
stem minutely hirsute, at least the angles : lower leaves cordate-oblong, very obtuse, cre-
nate-dentate (three-fourths to 3 inches long), slender-petioled ; floral small and with cune-
ate subsessile base, hardly surpassing or shorter than the rather remote clusters of the
short spike: calyx-teeth aristulate-subulate, little shorter than the oblong-campanulate
tube. — Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 478 ; Chapm. Fl. 327, but root not annual. — E. Florida,
Rngel, Buckley, Canby, Palmer, Curtiss.

S. cordata, Riddell. Two or three feet high, rather weak, hirsute : leaves all ovate- or
oblong-cordate, acuminate, crenate (2 to 5 inches long), nearly all long-petioled; the floral
mostly minute : spikes slender, of numerous and small few-flowered clusters : calyx (only
2 lines long) with broadly subulate teeth much shorter than the campanulate tube. — Cat.
Ohio PI. Suppl. (1836), 15. 5. sylvatica, Nutt. Gen. ii. 30, not L., but near it. S. Nuttallii,
Shuttlw. in DC. 1. e. 469. S. palustris, var. cordata, Gray, Man. 1. c. — Thickets, S. Ohio to
Virginia and Tennessee. — Not rarely leaves as broad at the base as in S. sylvatica.
•H- -H- Flowers half inch long: tube of corolla somewhat exceeding the calj'x. (Pacific species.)

S. buUata, Benth. A foot or two high from a slender rootstock, hirsute-pubescent,
varying to villous or to somewhat hispid : leaves mostly petioled, ovate to oblong, usually

388 LABIATiE.

Stachys.

obtuse, cordate or roundish-truncate at base, crenate, sometimes bullate-rugulose, not
rarely villous-canescent, especially beneath : spike naked, interrupted : teeth of the
calyx deltoid-subulate and aristulate-acuminate, fully half the length of the campanulate
tube : corolla with the little or more manifestly exserted tube about 4 lines long, nearly
equalled by the widely spreading lower lip ; the short upper lip villous or pubescent on
the back. — Lab. 647, & DC. 1. c. 474 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 606. S. Califomica, & S. Nuttallii,
var. ? occidentalis, Benth. in DC. 1. c. 469. S. NuUallli, var. leptostachya, Benth. PI. Hartw!
331. S. rigida, Nutt. ex Benth. in DC. 1. c. 472. S. coccinea, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 156,
ex Benth. S. syluatka & S. agraria, Torn in Wilkes's Exped. xvii. 408. — California to
Oregon, near the coast, and south-eastward to the Mohave. — A variable species : leaves
thinner and not rugose when growing in shade.

++++++ Flowers ample: tube of the rose-red corolla over half inch long, fully twice the length
of the lower lip and of the cylindraceous-canipanulate calyx : leaves mostly ample {3 to 5 inches
long), petioled, oblong-ovate and subcordate, crenate, veinv : stems 2 to 6 feet high, almost
always retrorsely hispid on the angles : verticillastrate clusters of the spike mostly 6-fiowered.

S. Chamissonis, Benth. Leaves softly villous-canescent beneath, sericeous-hirsute
above, oblong-ovate, rather obtuse, rugose-veiny ; petioles retrorsely hispid : short spike
mostly naked ; the floral leaves reduced to bracts and shorter than the flowers : calyx
densely hirsute-pubescent ; teeth deltoid and cuspidate : tube of corolla commonly three-
fourths inch long; outside of the lips (at least of the upper) hirsute-pubescent. — Linn. vi.
80; & DC. 1. c. 468; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 155; Gray, Bot, Calif, i. 606. — Calif ornia,
in swamps along San Francisco and Bolinas Bay, &c.

S. ciliata, Dougl. Green and glabrate, or sparsely pilose-pubescent : leaves thin, ovate,
mostly acute or acuminate: petioles and angles of the stem retrorsely hispid-ciliate :
lower floral leaves often similar to the cauline and much surpassing the flowers ; upper-
most reduced to small bracts, merely equalling the calyx, which is more tubular than in
the preceding, either nearly glabrous or pilose-pubescent, and the teeth narrower : corolla
rather smaller, nearly glabrous. — Benth. Lab. 539, & DC. 1. c. 467. — Oregon to Brit.
Columbia along the coast, in damp and shady places.

Var. pubens.. Soft-pilose-pubescent or villous-hirsute, especially the calyx and lower
face of the leaves : flowers commonly rather smaller or shorter. — S. Riederi, Cham. &
Benth. 1. c. ? S. palustris, var., Torr. in Wilkes Exped. 1. c. — Washington Terr, to Eraser
River, &c. Connects S. ciliata with S. Chamissonis.

•1— -K- -}— Corolla scarlet-red, with narrow cylindrical tube much exceeding the calyx and the lips :
flowers short-pedicelled or subsessile : cauline leaves slender-petioled : pubescence short and soft.

S. coccinea, Jacq. Rather slender, a foot or two high: leaves ovate-lanceolate with
cordate base, or oblong-deltoid, obtuse, crenate (inch or two long) ; floral sessile ; the upper
very small : spike interrupted : flowers generally distinctly pedicelled : calyx in flower
cylindraceous, with tube twice the length of the slender-subulate teeth (in fruit more cam-
panulate), a third to nearly half the length of the (9 to 12 lines long) corolla. — Hort
Schoenb. iii. 18, t. 284; Bot. Mag. t. 666; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 310; Benth. in DC. 1. c. 467.
S. cardinalis, Kunze in Bot. Zeit. ii. 645, ex Benth. — W. Texas to S. Arizona. (Mex.)

S. Bigelovii, Gray. Minutely cinereous-pubescent, slender : foliage, &c., nearly of the
preceding : flowers fewer in the clusters, almost sessile : calyx (only 3 lines long) oblong-
campanulate ; its teeth broader: tube of the (red'?) corolla only half inch long; lower
lip 3 lines long, much larger than the upper. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 371. — S. W. Texas,
in crevices of basaltic rocks, Wright, Bigelow.
Bet6nica officinAhs, L., or Stachys Betonica, Benth., Wood Betony, of Europe, has

been found in thickets near Boston, an escape from gardens.

Order CV. PLANTAGINACE^.

An anomalous order of Gamopetalae, chiefly acaulescent herbs with one-several-
ribbed or nerved radical leaves, simply spicate inflorescence, and regular 4-merous
flowers having a free ovary, a filiform and entire long-stigmatose style, amphi-
tropous and peltate ovules and seeds, a mostly straight embryo in firm-fleshy
albumen, the cotyledons little broader than the radicle, and the corolla scarious

Plantago. PLANTAGINACEiE. 389

and veinless, mostly marcescent-persistent. Consists of one European and one
Andine- American genus, each of a single or at most two species and monoecious
or dioecious, and of the large and widely dispersed genus,

1 . PL ANT Ago, Tourn. Plantain, Ribwort. (The Latin name.) —
Flowers perfect or polygamo-dioecious, each subtended by a bract. Calyx of
4 imbricated sepals, persistent. Corolla salverform with a short tube, or nearly
rotate ; limb 4-parted ; lobes imbricated in the bud, two lateral exterior. Stamens
4, or sometimes 2, on the tube of the corolla : filaments commonly capillary :
anthers 2-celled, versatile. Ovary 2-celled (or rarely falsely 3-4-celled), with one
or more ovules in each cell. Style or stigma mostly hairy. Capsule (pyxidium)
circumscissile toward the base, and with a loose partition falling away with the
lid ; the seeds attached to its face. Seed-coat developing copious mucilage when
wetted. Scape from the axils of the radical or subradical leaves, mostly bearing
a single simple spike or head of greenish or whitish small flowers, in summer.

§ 1. Stamens 4: flowers all perfect: corolla remaining expanded, never closed
over the fruit.

* Flowers dichogamous, proterogynous ; the style projecting from the apex of the unopened
corolla; the anthers loug-exserted on capillary filaments after the corolla has expanded.

-<— Corolla glabrous (as also the whole inflorescence, except in P. macrocarpa) : seeds not hollowed
(or barely concave) on the inner face: leaves 3-8-nerved or ribbed, plane: root perennial.

++ Ribs or nerves of the broad leaves mainly confluent with the thick and dilated lower portion of
the midrib : ovules only 2 in each cell : seeds by abortion sometimes solitary.

P. cordata, Lam. Glabrous and very smooth : leaves cordate or ovate (3 to 8 inches
long), sometimes repand-dentate, long-petioled, 7-9-ribbed : scape fistulous, stout, a foot or
two high, including the narrow spike : bracts rotund-ovate, convex, fleshy, with slightly
scarious margins, very obtuse, as are the ovate and obovate sepals and the corolla-lobes :
capsules broadly ovoid, very obtuse, about twice the length of the calyx : seeds 4 to 2,
large, oblong, flat on the face. — 111. i. 338; Jacq. Eclog. t. 72. P. Kentuckensis, Michx. Fl.
1. 94. — Along streams (Canada? Pursh), New York to Wisconsin, Alabama, and Louis-
iana, common only westward.

++ ++ Ribs or nerves of the leaf free quite to the contracted base.

= Leaves ovate or oval, or in small forms oblong, rarely subcordate; several-ribbed ; base abruptly
contracted into a distinct petiole, not fleshy, varj'ing from glabrous to pubescent, and from entire
to sparinglv repand-dentate: ovules and seeds at least 2 in each cell: scapes with the spike a span
to 2 feet high.

P. major, L. (Common Plantain.) Spike commonly dense, obtuse at apex: sepals
rotund-ovate or obovate, scarious-margined ; the exterior and the bract more or less cari-
nate : ovules 8 to 18 : seeds as many or by abortion fewer, small, angled by mutual press-
ure, usuall}' light brown, minutely reticulated : capsule ovoid, very obtuse, circumscissile
near the middle and near the level of the summit of the sepals. — Waysides and near
dwellings throughout the comitry, doubtless introduced from Europe, but also native from
Lake Superior far northward. Runs into some monstrosities and several varieties, an
extreme in saline soil being var. minima, Decaisne in DC. Prodr. xiii. 695 {P. minima, DC),
with scapes 2 to 5 inches high, and leaves proportionally small. (Cosmop.)

Var. Asiatica, Decaisne. Capsule usually more broadly ovoid, circumscissile
near the base and much within the calyx. — P. Asiatica, L. Spec. i. 113; Franchet &
Savatier, Enum. PI. Jap. 384. (Includes perhaps P. Kamtschatica, Cham, and Link, or
plants cultivated as such, with 4, 5, or 6 seeds). — A very large indigenous form, coast of
California near San Francisco (capsule globose-ovoid) to the borders of British Columbia ;
Saskatchewan to the Arctic Sea. Perhaps a distinct species. (N. Asia, Himalaya.)

P. Rugelii, Decaisne. Leaves paler, commonly thinner: spikes long and thin, atten-
uate at the apex : sepals oblong, all as well as the similar bract acutely carinate : cap-
sules erect in the spike, cylindraceous-oblong (somewhat over 2 lineS long, one-sixteenth

390 'PLANTAGTNACE^. Planiago.

inch in diameter), about twice the length of the calyx, circumscissile much below the
middle: ovules 6 to 10: seeds 4 to 9, oval-oblong (about a line long), opaque and dull
brown, not reticulated. — Prodr. 1. c. 700, founded on a small and- slender 4-seeded form :
but the species is often large, with its spike a foot or more long, and seeds more than
4. — P. major, Ell. Sk. i. 201 ; Torr. Fl. 183, & Fl. N. Y. ii. 14 ; Darlingt. Fl. Cest. ed. 2, 110.
P. Kamtschatica, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. ii. 61; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 311, not Cham. — Cana-
da, Vermont to Illinois, and south to Georgia and Texas : probably truly indigenous, as
no trace of it is found in the Old World.

= = Leaves mostly narrower, fewer-ribbed, entire or obscurely denticulate, tapering at base into
more or less of a petiole : ovules and seeds never over 2 in each ceil.

P, sparsiflora, Michx. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, thinnish (4 to 7 inches long),
tapering into a slender petiole, villous-pubescent or glabrous, 3-5-herved : scape with the
filiform sparsely-flowered spike 8 to 20 inches long : bracts ovate, shorter than the oval
rather rigid coriaceous sepals : corolla-lobes oblong-ovate, acute : capsule oblong, umbili-
cate, fully twice the length of the calyx : seeds (also ovules) solitary in each cell, oblong,
narrowly shallow-concave on the face. — Fl. i. 94; Decaisne, 1. c. 721. P. Virginica, Walt.
Car. 85 ? P. interrupta, Poir. Diet. v. 375. P. Caroliniana, Pursh, Fl. i. 98, not Walt. —
Low pine barrens, S. Carolina and Georgia.

P. eriopoda, Torr. Usually a mass of yellowish wool at the crown : leaves oblanceolate
to oval-obovate, fleshy-coriaceous, 3-7-nerved, 3 to 5 inches long and with short or stout
petiole, mostly glabrous : scapes pubescent or glabrate, and with the cylindrical and dense
or sometimes sparsely-flowered spike a span to a foot high ; bracts broadly ovate or round-
ish, convex, scarious-margined, sometimes pubescent-ciliate : sepals roundish-obovate, sca-
rious except the fuscous or greenish midrib : corolla-lobes broadly oval or ovate : capsule
ovoid, slightly exceeding the calyx : ovules a pair in each cell : seeds as many or fewer,
oval, flat on the face. — Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 237 ; Watson, Bot. King, 212. P. attenuata,
James in Long Exped. i. 445, not Wall. P. lanceolata, var. 7 & /3 in part, Hook. Fl. ii. 123.
P. virescens, Barneoud, Monogr. 33 ; Decaisne in DC. 1. c. 721. P. Richardsonii , Decaisne,
1. c. 698. — Moist and saline soil, Colorado {James, &c.) to Nevada ( Watson), and N. California
(Greene), north to Wyoming, Saskatchewan^ and Mackenzie River.

P. macrocarpa, Cham, & Schl. Leaves thinner, lanceolate, acute, &-7-nerved, 4 to
15 inches long, 4 to 12 lines wide, gradually tapering into long margined petioles : scapes
equalling or surpassing the leaves, bearing an oblong dense spike (in fruit 2 inches long) ;
the rhachis, &c., tomentose or pubescent : bracts round-ovate or oval, fleshy-herbaceous and
scarious-margined : sepals similar but almost wholly scarious : corolla-lobes oval : mature
capsule ovoid-oblong (3 or 4 lines long), separating from the base and then fissile, 2-ovuled,
1-2-seeded : seeds narrowly oblong, flat or slightly concave on the face. — Linn. i. 106 ;
Bong. Veg. Sitk. 42. P. macrocarpa & P. longifolia, Decaisne, 1. c. — Coast of Washington
Terr, to Alaska, and the Aleutian Islands.

-1— -}— Corolla with tube externally pubescent: capsule 2-4-seeded (in ours seldom incompletely
3-4-celled): seeds not excavated nor concave on the face: leaves linear or fihform, fleshy; ribs
usually indistinct or obsolete in the fresh plant: commonly some wool among the bases" of the
leaves. (Maritime species.)

P. maritima, L. Root perennial : leaves mostly obtuse : spike dense, oblong or cylin-
drical : bracts- mostly rotund and shorter than the calyx : sepals oval, more or less acutely
carinate : corolla-lobes obtuse or hardly acute. — P. juncoides, Lam. 111. i. 342 (Magellan) ;
Decaisne in DC. 1. c. 731, partly. P. paucijlora, Pursh, Fl. i. 99; a dwarf form, with short
and few-flowered spike, from Labrador ; therefore P. oUganthos, Roem. & Sch. Syst. iii. 122.
P. borealis, Lange in Bot. Not. 1873, 129 & Fl. Dan. t. 2707, a similar few-flowered form. —
Atlantic coast north of the Gulf of St. Lawrence ; the abbreviated form. Pacific coast
from California to the Aleutian Islands and Behring Straits. (Eu., Asia, Patagonia.)

P. decipiens, Barneoud. Root annual (perhaps sometimes biennial) : leaves from fili-
form to rather broadly linear and plane, attenuate-acute : spike slender, with flowers either
sparse or dense (with the scape from 3 to 15 inches h\g\v) : lower bracts commonly ovate-
subulate and equalling or exceeding the calyx : sepals ovate-orbicular : corolla-lobes very
acute. — Monogr. 16, poorly characterized on a specimen from 'Labrador, but marked as
an annual. P. juncoides, Decaisne, 1. c. in part. P. maritima, of U. S. authors generally.

• P. paucijlora, Pursh, 1. c. in part. P. viaritima, var. juncoides. Gray, Man. ed. 5, 311. — Salt
marshes, Atlantic coast from Labrador and New Brunswick to New Jersey ; flowering late.

Plantago. PLANT AGIN ACE^E. 391

■•"L tr ■*"", Corolla glabrous, nearly rotate : ovules and seeds 2, solitary in each cell : the latter
hollowed on the face : leaves strongly 3-5-ribbed, not fleshy.

P. LANCEOLATA, L. (RippLE- Of RiBGRASS, ENGLISH Plantain.) Root biennial or short-
lived perennial : herbage villous or glabrate: leaves oblong-lanceolate, tapering into a
slender petiole, usually much shorter than the (foot or two long) slender deeply sulcate and
angled scape : spike at first capitate, in age cylindrical, dense : bract and sepals broadly
ovate, scarious, brownish; two of the latter usually united into one. — Commonly natural-
' ized in fields, from Eu. (Varieties said in Hook. Fl. ii. 123, to be indigenous far north-
ward ; but some of these plants belong to P. eriopoda, others perhaps to P. macrocarpa.)
* * Flowers heterogonous, in the greater number of individuals cleistogamous, but- with normal

corolla: this with broad cordate or ovate widelv expanding lobes nearly equalling the tube:

ovules solitary in the two cells: seed cymbiform, deeply excavated on the lace: inflorescence

and commonly the narrow leaves silky-pubescent or lanate.
P. Patagonica, Jacq. Annual, silky-lanate or glabrate : leaves from narrowly linear to
oblanceolate, acute or callous-pointed, tapering below into a petiole, entire or sparingly
denticulate, 1-3-nerved : scape terete, 3-12 inches high including the dense cylindrical or
oblong spike : sepals very obtuse, scariously margined from a thickish and firm central
herbaceous portion ; the anterior oblong, posterior oval : lobes of the corolla usually a line
long, roundish : seeds oblong-oval. (Filaments in the long-stamened individuals capillary
and much exserted, and the anthers of usual ample size ; style less exserted ; apparently
not proterogynous. Stamens and style in the other and more fruitful form short, included,
or the effete anthers barely protruded from the throat ; these very small, in the cleisto-
gamous manner.) — Gray, Man. ed. 2, 269, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 117, & Bot. Calif, i. 661. P.
Patagonica, Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 306, & Coll. Suppl. 35 ; Barneoud, Monogr. 88 ; Decaisne in
DC. I. c. 713 ; to which add most of the dozen species of the same subdivision in the
Prodromus, and their synonyms. — Prairies and dry plains, from Kentucky, Illinois and
Wisconsin north to Saskatchewan, south to Texas, aad west to California and Brit.
Columbia. (Mex., S. Am.)

Var. gnaphalioides, Gray, rnay be taken as the commoner N. American type, can-
escently villous ; but the wool often floccose and deciduous : leaves from oblong-linear or
spatulate-lanceolate to nearly filiform : spike very dense, 1 to 4 inches long, varying to
capitate and few-flowered, lanate : bracts oblong or linear-lanceolate, or the lowest deltoid-
ovate, hardly surpassing the calyx. — P. Lacjopus, Pursh, Fl. i. 99, not L. P. Pwskii,
Roem. & Sch. Syst. iii. 120. P. gnaphalioides, Nutt. Gen. i. 100. P. Hookeriana, Fisch. &
Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. 1838, 39. — Runs through

Var. spinulosa, Gray, 1. c. (P. spinuhsa, Decaisne, 1. c.^, a canescent form with
aristately prolonged and rigid bracts, and

Var. nuda, Gray, I. c. (P. Wrightiana, Decaisne, 1. c), with sparse and loose pubes-
cence, green and soon glabrate rigid leaves, and short bracts, to

Var. aristata, Gray, 1. c. Loosely villous and glabrate : leaves green : bracts
attenuate-prolonged to twice or thrice the length of the flowers. — P. aristata, Michx. Fl.
i. 95. P. gnaphalioides, var. aristata. Hook. Fl. 1. c. A slender and depauperate form is
P. squarrosa, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 178, and P. Nuttallii, Rapin ex Barneoud,
1. c, also P.Jiliformis, Decaisne, 1. c. — All the forms most abound west of the Mississippi,
from Nebraska to Texas.

§ 2. Stamens 4 or 2 : flowers subdioecious or dioecio-cleistogamous ; the corolla
in the fertile or mainly fertile plant remaining closed or closing over the matur-
ing capsule and forming a kind of beak, and anthers not exs^'^d : seeds flat or
barely. concave on the face. (American species.)

* Leaves comparatively broad : stamens 4 : ovules and seeds 1 or 2 in each cell.
P. Virginica, L. Small winter-annual or fibrous-rooted biennial, soft-pubescent or more
villous with spreading articulated hairs : leaves spatulate or obovate-oblong, little if at all
petioled, entire or repand-denticulate, thin, an inch or so long, obscurely 3-5nerved:
scapes 2 to' 6 inches high, slender : spike mostly dense, and an inch or two long : bracts
equalling or shorter than the calyx : sepals ovate or oblong, more or less hairy on the
back : corolla-lobes subcordate-ovate : substerile flowers widely open, with capillary fila-
ments, style long-exserted (the style commonly earlier), and large oval antliers : flowers
of the fully fertile spikes with corolla remaining closed, small anthers on short filaments.

392 PLANTAGINACEiE. Plantago.

and short style not protruded. — Spec. i. 113 (Gronov. Virg. 16; Moris. Hist. iii. 259,
sect. 8, t. 15, fig. 8); Michx. Fl. i. 94; Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 117. P. Caroliniana,
Walt. Car. 84. P. purpurascens, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. ; the staminate and
substerile plant. — Sandy fields, &c., S. New England to S. Illinois, Florida, and Texas.
A depauperate form (perpusilla) has a filiform scape an inch high, from an annual root,
much exceeding the leaves, and 2-5-flowcred : Florida, Chapman.

Var. longifolia. A coarser plant : leaves oblong-spatulate, 3 to 5 inches long and
tapering into a margined petiole, often with some coarse salient teeth : scapes with the
spike 5 to 12 inches long : flowers rather larger. — P. puipurascens, Nutt. 1. c. P. occiden-
talis, Decaisne in DC. 1. c. — Arkansas and Texas to S. Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.)

P. hirtella, HBKl. Root perennial, thick : leaves oblong-ovate or oblong-spatulate, gla-
brate, rather fleshy, entire or sparsely denticulate, 5-7-nerved, 4-10 inches long, narrowed
into a short and broad base or a broad-margined petiole : scape and long dense spike a foot
or two high, stout, hirsute : flowers longer than in the preceding (3 lines long), with corolla-
lobes ovate, acute ; those of the fertile closed form with apex of slender stjie commonly
protruding and the anthers perhaps sterile. (Staminate and open-flowered form as in P.
Virginica or more fertile, but not yet seen from California). — Nov. Gen. & Spec. ii. 229,
1. 127 ; Decaisne, in DC. 1. c. 723. P.Hartwegi, Decaisne, 1. c. 724. P. Urvillei, Delile, Cat.
Hort. Monsp.? & P. Candollei, Rapin ? P. DurviUei, var. Californica, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind.
Sem. Petrop. P. Kamtschatica, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 156 "? P. Virginica, var. maxima,
Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 611. — Coast of California, from San Francisco Bay southward : usually
in a remarkably large form. (Mex., Chili.)

* * Leaves linear or filiform: flowers very small : stamens only 2: small and slender annuals,
minutely pubescent or nearly glabrous : the individuals having exserted stamens and style and
open corolla not rarely fully fruitful.

•t— Spike short, thick, and dense, in fruit an inch long: mature capsule 2 lines long.

P. Bigelovii, Gray. Mostly glabrous and green : leaves 1|^ to 4 inches long, rather
fleshy, obtuse, entire, shorter than the scapes : mature capsule ovoid-oblong, half longer
than the calyx, 4-seeded : only form known fully fertile, with style conspicuously and
the two stamens slightly exserted from the open corolla. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 117, & Bot.
Calif, i. 612. — Brackish marshes. Bay of San Francisco, California, at Benicia and Oak-
land, Bigelow, Greene, Bolander. Vancouver Island, a smaller form, Macoun.
^_ ^^ Spike filiform or slender, at length sparse-flowered, and half inch to three inches long:
capsule about a line long: leaves occasionally with a few denticulations or divergent lobes.

P. pusilla, Nutt. Somewhat cinereous-puberulent : leaves about an inch long and half
line wide : capsule short-ovoid, little exceeding the bract and^ calyx, 4-seeded : seeds elon-
gated-oblong. — Gen. i. 110, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. (excl. syn.) ; Torr. Fl. 184, & Fl.
N. Y. ii. 16. P. linearifolia, Muhl. Cat. 15 ? P. hybrida, Bart. Fl. Philad., & Fl. Am. Sept.
iii. t. 98, fig. 1. P. Bigelodi, Watson, Bot. King, 212, not Gray, a rather larger-flowered
form. — Sandy or gravelly soil, S. New York to Virginia and Louisiana, lUmois, Nebraska ;
also Salt Lake, Utah, and interior of Oregon.

P. heterophylla, Nutt. Greener or nearly glabrous, often taller, and with spikes 2 to 5
inches long : leaves sometimes 4 inches long and 1 or 2 lines wide : capsule conoidal-oblong
and at length considerably surpassing the bract and calyx, 10-28-seeded : seeds oblong,
usually angled by mutual pressure, obscurely rugose-pitted. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n.
ser. V. 177 (char, imperfect) ; Gray, Man. 1. c. ; Chapm. Fl. 278. P. Caroliniana, Pursh, Fl.
i. 98? not Walt. P. perpusilla, Decaisne in DC. 1. c. 697. — Low sandy ground, Penn. to
Florida, Texas, and Arkansas.
P. MEDIA, L., enumerated by Muhlenberg as of the United States, is not met with in this

country.
P. cucullAta, Lam., which is P. maxima, Jacq., another Old- World species, said by Pursh

to inhabit Canada and Maine, is not found. Pursh may have taken a large P. Rugelii for it.
P. elgngAta, Pursh, Fl. ii. 729, of Bradbury's collection on the Missouri, is unknown ;

probably a glabrate form of P. Patagonica.
P. glAbra, Nutt. Gen. i. 100, on arid soil near Fort Mandan, on the Upper Missouri, is not

identified ; perhaps a form of P. eriopodu, Torr., with loose spike.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

Page 5. LOBELIA. To L. paludosa, add:
Var. Floridana. The larger form, 2 to 5 feet high : tube of corolla 3 or 4 lines long.
— L. Floridana, Chapm. in Bot. Gazette, iii. 9, Feb. 1878. — Common in Florida, also Louis-
iana, Drummond.

Page 19. GATLUSSACIA. To G. f rondosa, add :
Var. nana. Stems lower and strict, only a foot or so high : leaves more reticulated in
age and smaller than in the northern plant : racemes and their pedicels shorter. — Pine bar-
rens of Florida, &c. Apparently there the common form, of which the var. tomentosa is
a downy-leaved state.

Page 59. PRIMULA. To P. angustifolia, add :
Var. Cusickiana. Larger: scape 3 or 4 inches high, surpassing the leaves, 2-flow-
ered, and with more conspicuous involucre of a pair of unequal lanceolate bracts ; calyx
more campanulate, a farinose white line ,below each sinus; lobes ovate-lanceolate, about
the length of the tube : corolla-lobes only retuse or emarginate. — Rocky hills. Union Co.,
eastern border of Oregon, W. C. Cusick, 1877.

Page 64. CENTUNCULUS. After C. minimus, add:
C. pentandrus, R. Br. Pedicels equalling or surpassing the ovate leaves : flowers com-
monly 5-merous. — Prodr. 427 ; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 390. C. tenellus, Duby in DC. Prodr. viii.
72 ; Chapm. in Bot. Gazette, iii. 10. Anagallis pumila, Swartz. Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 345. Micro-
pyxis pumila, Duby, 1. c. — S. Florida, Chapman, &c. (Trop. Am., E. Ind., Australia. )

Page 84. ECHITES. After B. Andrewsii, add :
E. paludosa, Vahl. Habit of the preceding: peduncle elongated, 1-3-flowered : corolla
white, 2 inches long or more ; tube slender, as long as the obconical-campanulate throat,
about thrice the length of the oblong and mucronate spreading calyx-lobes : anthers
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, not appendaged : beak of the seeds plumose to the base. —
Eel. Am. ii. 19, & Ic. t. 5 ; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 415. Rhahdadenia paludosa. Mull. Arg. —
Muddy islets of Caloosa River, S. Florida, Chapman, published in Bot. Gazette, 1. c, as E.
hijlora. (W. Ind. to Isthmus.)

Page 102. VINCETOXICUM.
V. palustre. Add syn. Cynoctonum maritimum, Maxim, in Bull. Acad. Petrop. ix. 800.

Page 104. GONOLOBUS.
G. hirsutus. Add : Corolla from straw-color or greenish to dull and dark purple in the

same cluster. Dr. Mellichamp.
G. Carolinensis. This has the fleshy crown considerably surpassing the stigma : flowers

with a cimicine odor, according to Engelmann, who finds it in S. Missouri.
G. Baldwinianus has a clear white corolla, according to Chapman. — After G. Caroli-
. nensis, add ;

394 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

G. flavidulus, Chapm. Corolla sordid yellow, ovate in bud; lobes broadly oblong,
reticulated, 3 or 4 lines long : crown thinnish, equalling the stigma, 15-dentate ; teeth of
about equal length ; 5 broad, obtuse or retuse, alternate with 5 pairs of narrower subulate
ones ; the sinuses deeper between those of each pair, which are accordingly rather distant.
— Bot. Gazette, iii. 12, Feb. 1878; G. macrophyllus. Ell. Sk. i. 327'/ G. hirsutus, Ch&^xn.
Fl. 368, not Michx. — Light clay soil, Gadsden Co., Florida, Chapman.

Page 136. (See also p. 145.) COLLOMIA.

C. aggregata, T. C. Porter, in Wheeler Rep. ined. The character which appeared
well to distinguish Collomia from GUia, namely the unequal insertion of the stamens,
unfortunately fails in GUia aggrefjata, Spreng. (Cantua aggregata, Pursh), which on p. 145
is associated with G. coronopifolia, the type of the section Ipomopsis, and is in other respects
also a most polymorphous species. In many specimens, and we believe in the original,
the anthers are all of the same height and the insertion of the filaments equal, or not
obviously unequal: in others from all localities (but especially in the southern ranges of
the species), the insertion varies from obviously to excessively unequal, as much so as in
any Phlox. It seems impossible to divide the specimens into two or more species. As the
inequality prevails, and as the nearest relatives of the species have been already placed in
Collomia, it seems necessary to transfer GUia aggregata also to that genus, as has been
done by Professor Porter in the still unpublished Report of the Botany of Wheeler's
Surveys.

Page 138. GILIA. After G. aurea, add :

G. Lemmoni. Of § Dactylophylhm, with foliage of G. pus ilia, var. Cali/ornica, and corolla
of the same, but more f unnelforra and tube rather longer : stem erect, simple, 2 or 3 inches
high : leaves very much shorter than the internodes : flowers sessile in tlie manner of
Leptosiphoii, but few : calyx turbinate-prismatic, strongly 5-costate ; lobes acerose-subulate,
rigid, equalling the yellow throat of the corolla: anthers oval, capsule narrowly cylindri-
cal, many-seeded. — S. J5r California, in San Bernardino Co., Parry & Lemmon. Proper
tube of corolla, the yellowish throat, and the (apparently white) rounded-obovate lobes
each a line long.

Page 160. PHACBLIA. After P. crenillata, add :
P. Arizonica. Much smaller than P. cremdata, (with depauperate forms of which it has
been confounded), depressed instead of erect, lighter green: leaves oblong-linear or nar-
rowly oblong in outline, all but the lower sessile, deeply pinnatifid (6 to 15 lines long),
appressed-pubeecent ; lobes oval or short-oblong, entire or crenulate : corolla only 2 lines,
long, white, with some purple lines, rotate-campanulate ; the lobes quite entire: stamens,
and style much exserted : capsule globular : seeds oval. — S. Arizona, Thurber, Greene, &c.
P. Menziesii, p- 166, add: appendages of the corolla connivent in pairs over the base
of the midnerve of each petal, forming 5 nectariferous grooves alternate with the stamens.

Page 193-196. ERITRICHIUM.

To the character of the subsection Eukrynitzia, on p. 193, E. pusillum forms an exception,
having acute-angled nutlets, as rightly described under the speOies.
E. Texanum, p. 195, lias been collected in Colorado, at the base of the Rocky Mountains,

by J. D. Hooker & A. Gray, 1877.
E. holopterum, p. 196. The wing of the nutlets appears to be sometimes reduced to a

narrow border : but mature fruit is still unknown. The root is annual.

Var. submolle, Gray. Low : inflorescence and obtuse calyx more canescently

pubescent, nearly destitute of hispid hairs: immature nutlets merely wing-margined.

Proc. Am. Acad. xiii. 374. — St. George, S. Utah, Palmer, 1877.
E. setosissimum. Nutlets flattish or barely convex and not carinate on the back.

Those of E. glomeratum are distinctly carinate.

Page 216. CONVOLVULUS : add :

C. Havanensis, Jacq. Suffruticose, prostrate, canescent and glabrate : leaves oblong

or elliptical, obtuse or retuse and mucronate, entire (6 to 12 lines long), abruptly contracted

or sometimes tapering into a short petiole : peduncle few-several-flowered : pedicels longer

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 395

than the calyx : corolla white, half inch long : lobes acute : stigmas oblong : capsule split-
ting into several valves. — Obs. ii. 26," t. 45, fig. 3 (flower and leaf) ; Griseb. Cat. Cub. 207.
C. ruderarins, HBK. C. Garberi, Chapm. in Bot. Gazette, 1. c. 8. Ipomaea Havanensis,
Choisy in DC. Prodr. ix. 368, referred to that genus at a venture. — Sandy coast, Cape
Sable, S. Florida, Garber. (Cuba.)

Page 225. CHAM^SARACHA.

To the character should be added : Corolla with roundish tomentose twin appendages or
elevations at the tliroat, alternate with the stamens. These in
C. Cor6nopus are large and very protuberant, densely tomentose, and the corolla is
greenish-white, not "yellowish." In the two other species they are smaller and less
conspicuous.

Page 236. PHYSALIS. To P. Fendleri, add :
Var. COrdif olia. Leaves larger ; all the lower ones subcordate, or the lowest reni-
form. — St. George, S. Utah, Palmer.

Page 255. MOHAVEA viscida : add syn.
Antirrhinum confertijlorum, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 592.

Page 329, under DIANTHERA, add:
JacobInia neglecta, Sericograpliis neglecta, Oersted, a native of the Mexican coast-region,
has been received, through P. J. Berckmans, in living specimens from Florida, where it is said
to be spontaneous. It is somewhat shrubby, with oblong-lanceolate or broader and acumi-
nate leaves, flowers (inch and a half long) secund, in naked triple spikes on a slender axillary
peduncle: calyx and bracts short : corolla light brick-red and narrowly tubular : connective
of the anthers broad enough to refer the plant to Dianthera, the slightly higher and larger
cell (or rather the connective) apiculate.

Page 334. STACHYTARPHETA.
As to the derivation of the name, Lemaire, in Flore des Serres, June, 1846, has happily sug-
gested that Vahl formed the latter part of the word from rap<peiSs, crowded or dense, and
wrote Stachytarpheia, and that the i was mistaken for a t by the printer.

INDEX.

Names of Orders are in CAPITALS; of Suborders and Tribes, in small capitals; of genera, in
ordinary type; of subgenera or sections, synonyms, and genera merely referred to, in Italic type. Popular
or vernacular names are also in ordinary Roman type.

ACANTHACE^, 321.
Acanthomintha, 344, 365.
Acanthus, 321.
Acerates, 86, 98.
Acerates, 88, 89.
Achras, 67, 69.
Acinos, 259.
Actinocyclus, 46.
Achlia, 76, 77.
Adenostecjia , 303.
Adhatoda, 328.
jEqochloa, 141, 142.
A/zelia, 289.
Ayarista, 33.
Ayasiaclie, 376.
Aqauria, 33.
Ajuga, 342, 349.
Ajugoide.e, 342.
Aldea, 159.
Allotropa, 18, 48.
Aluysia, 338
Amblyanthera, 84.
Amelia, 46.
Amer. Cowslip, 57.
Ammobroma, 51.
Ammyrsine, 43.
Amphiaiithus, 247, 284.
A7nphistehia, 102.
Amsinckia, 179, 197.
Amsonia, 79, 81.
Anagallis, 56, 63.
Anngallis, 393.
Anantherix, 86, 88.
Anchusa, 204.
Andrewsia, lib.
Androcera, 231.
Andromeda, 15, 30.
Andromeda, 20, 28, 33-37,
Anuromede.e, 15.
Androsace, 56, 60.
Androsace, 59.
Anisacanthus, 323, 326.
Aniseia, 209.
Anisocheila, 303.
Anoplanthus, 312.
Anoplon, 312.
Antiphvtum, 179, 199.
Antirrhinastrum, 251.

ANTIRRHINE.E, 245.

Antirrhinum, 245, 251.
Antirrhinum, 250, 395.
Aphyllon, 311, 312.
APOCYNACE^, 79.
Apocvnum, 80, 82.
Apple-of-Peru, 237.

Arbute^, 15.
Arbutus, 15, 26.
Arbutus, 26-28.
Arctostaphjios, 15, 27.
Arctous, 27.
Ardisia, 65.
Aretia, 59.
Armaria, 54.

ASCLEPIADACEiE, 85.
Asclepiade/E, 85.
Asclepias, 86, 89.
Asclepia-s, 88, 89.
Asclepiodora, 86, 88.
Ash, 73

Astephanus, 85, 87.
Athencen, 233.
Atrapa, 237.
Atroi'e.e, 225.
Audibertia, 345.
Avicennia, 334, 340.

AVICENNIE.E, 333.
Azalea, 39-44.
Azaleastrum, 40.

Ballota, 347, 384.
Balm, 361, 374.
Balmonv, 256.
Bartonia, 111, 127.
Bartsia, 249, 305.
Bartsia, 297, 300.
Basil, 350, 360.
Basil Tliyme, 359.
Bassovla', 224.
Batatas, 211.
Baiodendron, 20.
Batschia, 204.
Bearberrv, 27.
Bee-Balm, 374.
Beech-drops, 314.
Be/aria, 43.
Bejaria, 17. 43.
Bell-flower, 11.
Beloperone, 323, 329.
Belvedere, 53.
Bene, 320.
Benthamia, 198.
Bergamot, 352.
Berginia, 322, 327.
Betonicn, 388.
Betony, 388.
Beurreria, 180.
Bigelovia, 76.
Bignonia, 318, 319.
Bignonia, 107,319,320.
BIGNONIACE^, 318.

Bilbern', 20, 23, 24.
Billurdiera, 337.
Bindweed, 214.
Bittersweet, 228.
Bird Pepper, 231.
Bladderwort, 314.
Blanfordia, 53.
Blephilia, 345, 376.
Blueberry, 20, 21.
BIue-curFs, 347.
Blue Tangle, 19.
Blueweed, 207.
Bolivaria, 78.
Bonamia, 217.
Borage, 180.

BORRAGEyE, 178.

BORRAGINACE.<E, 177.

Borrago, 180.
Borya, 76, 77.
Boschnialiia, 311, 313.
Bouchea, 333, 334.
Bouchetia, 220, 244.
Boun-eria, 177, 180.
Boxberry, 30.
Box-thorn, 237.
Brachyglossis, 244.
Brachygyne, 290.
Brachy sternum, 354.
Bramia, 281.
Brazoria, 346, 382.
Breweria, 208. 217.
Brooklime, 286.
Brookweed, 64.
Broom-Rape, 311.
Browallia, 244.
Brunella, 346, 382.
Br^ anthus, 16, 36.
Buchiiera, 248, 289.
Buckbean, 128.
Buckthorn, 68.
Buddleia, 107, 109.
Bugle-weed, 352, 353.
Bugloss, 207.
Bumelia, 67.
Burchardia, 340.
Butter-and-eggs, 251.
Butterwort, 317.

Calabash tree, 320.
Calamintha, 343, 359.
Calaminiha, 365.
Calamint, 359.
Calico-bush, 38.
Callib'rac.hoa, 243.
Callicarpa, 333, 340.

398

INDEX

CalUstachy a, 28G.
Calluna, IG, 30.
Calunyction, 209.
Calophanes, 322, 324.
Calasphace, 366.
Calyptrospermum, 78.
Calystegia, 214.
Cainara, 339.
Campanula, 10, 11.
CAM PAN UL ACE ^, 9.
Campanule^, 9.
Campsis, 319.
Campylocera, 10.
Cancer-root, 312. 314.
Canchalagua, 112.
Cantua, 136, 145.
Cape Gooseberry, 233.
Capraria, 248, 285.
Capraria, 279.
Capsicum, 224, 231.
Carlowrightia, 322, 327.
Cassandra, 16, 35.
CassJope, 16, 35.
Castilleia. 249, 295.
Castilleloides, 299.
Catalpa, 319.
Ca3'enne Pepper, 231.
Cedronella, 345, 377.
Centaurella, 127.
Centauriwm, 125.
Centaury, 112.
Centunculus, 56, 64, 393.
Cerantliera, 344, 365.
Cerinihe, 200.
Ceropeyia, 102.

CESTuiNE.fi, 225.

Cestrum, 226, 241.
Chmtodiscus, 280.
Chaffseed. 305.
Cliaffweed, 64.
Chaiturus, 385.
Cknmcednp/ine, 35.
ChniruBledon, 44.
Cknmcepkysalis, 233.
CliamiEsaracha, 225, 232, 395.
Checkerberrv, 30.
Cheilyctis, 375.
Chelone, 246, 259.
Chelune, 261. 264.
Chelo.ne/E, 246.
Chia, 3G6

Chickweed-Wintergreen, 60.
Chilopsis, 319. 320.
Chimaphila, 17. 45.
Chiogenes, 15, 26.
Chionanthus, 73, 77.
Chionophila, 246, 273.
Chiroma, 113.
Chondrophylla, 120.
Chrysophvllum, 66, 67.
Cklhamalla, 104.
Cicendin, 112, 113.
Citharexylum, 333, 340.
Vitronelia, 351.
Cladothamnus, 17, 44.
Clethra, 17, 44.

Cr.ETHRE/E, 17.

Cllnopodium, 350, 356, 360.
Clint onia, 8.
CUslofframviica, 220.
Cochrnnea, 186.
Calantke, 120.
Ccelostylis,, 108.
Coldenia, 177, 181.
Collinsia, 246, 255.

CoUinsonia, 342, 351.
Collomia, 129,134, 394.
Collomia, 141), 146.
Collumiuides, 143.
Columbo, 125.
Comarostaphylis, 29.
Comfrey, 206.
Conanthus, 153, 171.
Conobea, 247, 279.
Conopliolis, 311, 313.
Conradia, 289.
Conradina, 343, 361.
CONVOLVULACE^, 207.

CONVOLVULE^, 208.

Convolvulus, 208, 214, 394.
Convolvulus. 209-214, 217.
Corallophyllum, 51.
Cordia, 177,180.
COKDIE.B, 177.
Cordylanthus, 249, 302.
Cory'anthuf, 375.
Cosmanthoides, 162.
Cosmnnthus, 158, 162.
Courtoisia, 135.
Cowberry, 25
Cow-Wheat, 310.
Cranberry, 20, 25.
Crematomia, 181.
Crescentia, 320.
Cressa, 208, 219.
Crossopeialum, lift.
Cryphiacanihus, 325.
Culver's Physic, 286.
Cunila, 343, 353.
Cuscuta, 208, 219.
CuscuTE^, 208.
Cymiococcus, 21.
Cycladenia, 80, 83.
Cynanche/E, 85.
Cynanchum, 102.
Cynoctonum, 102, 108, 393.
Cvnoglossum, 178, 187.
C'ynoglossum, 189, 190.
Cyphik.e, 2.
Cyrilla, 65.

Dictylophyllum, 137, 394.
Dtictylnste/jium, 331.
D.ipnnidoslapJiylis, 27.
Dasystomn, 289, 290.
Date-Plum, 69.
Datura, 225, 2-39.
Dead-Nettie, .385.
Dtcnchann, 19.
Decmnerhim, 19.
Decemium, 155.
Deerberrv, 21.
Dendriurn, 43.
Dianthera, 323, 329.
Dianthoides, 138.
Diapensia, 52.
DIAPENSUCE^, 51.
Diapensie^, 52.
Dicerandra, 365.
Dicliptera, 32-3, 331.
DicUptera, 330.
Dichondra, 207.
D1CH0NDRE.E, 207.
Dictyolobus, 103.

DiGITALE/E, 248.

Diospvros, 69.
Dipho'lis, 67.
Diplacus, 273, 275.
Dipteracanthus, 324-327.
Dittany, 353.

Dodder, 219.
Dodecatheon, 56, 57.
Dogbane, 82.
Douglasia, 56, 59.
Downingia, 2, 8.
Dracocepiialum,345, 378.
Drucocephalum, 377, 383.
Draperia, 153, 158.
Dvejera, 328, 330.
Duranta, 333, 340.
Dysmicodon, 10, 11.

Ebenace/E, 69.
Echidiocarya, 179, 198.
Echinoglochin, 190.
Echinospennum, 179, 188.
Echinusphace, 366.
Echites, 80, 84, 393. "
Echites, 83, 85.

ECHITIDE.-E, 80.

Echium, 180, 207.
Eddya, 182.
Ehretia, 177, 181.

EHKETlEyE, 177.

Elaphocera, 143.
Elliottia, 17, 44.
Ellisia, 152, 157.
EUisia, 340.
Elmigera, 261.
Elytraria. 322, 323.
Emmenantlie, 153, 170.
Emorya, 107, 110.
iMislenia, 86, 100.
Epicliroma, 295.
Epigiea, 15, 29.
Epiphegus, 311, 314.
Enanikera, 259.
Erica, 36.
ERICACE^, 14.
EiiiCE^, 16.

EllICINE/E, 15.

Erinus, 280.
Eriodictyon, 153, 175.
Eritrichfum, 179, 190, 394.
Eritrichium, 199.
Erythrsa, 110, 112.
ErTiihrorhiza, 53.
Eubotrys, 34.
Euchroma, 295.
Eucryptn. 157.
Eunnnus, 273.
Euphrasia, 249, 305.
Euphrasie/E, 249.
Euplvca, 183.
Eustachya, 286.
Eustoma, 111, 116.
Eutoca, 158, 164, 171.
Evolvulus, 203, 218.
Exacum, 112.
Eyebright, 305.

False Dragon-head, 383.
Farkle-berrv, 20.
Featherfoil," 57.
Eenzlin, 138.
Fetterbush, 32.
Figwort, 258.
Fischera, 43.
Floating Heart, 128.
Flowering Moss, 52.
Forget-me-not, 202.
Forestienij 73, 76.
Forsterojiia, 85.
Forsythia, 72.
Frasera, 111, 125.

INDEX.

399

Fraxinaster, 74.
Fraxine^, 72.
Fraxmus, 72, 73.
French Tea, ^51.
Fringe-tree, 77.

Galacine^, 52.
Galapagoa, 182.
Galax, 52, 53.
Galeopsis, 347.
Gambelia, 254.
GarHoquia, 360.
Gatesia, 323, 330.
Gaultheria, 15, 29.
GauUheria, 26.
Gaultiera, 30.
Gautiera, 29.
Gaylussacia, 15, 19, 393.
GelsemiEvE, 106.
Gelsemiiim, 106, 107.
Gentian, 116.
Gentiana, 111, 116.
Gentiann, 124.

GENTIANE.E, 110.

GENTIANACEiE, 110.
Gen/ianella, 116.
Gerardia, 248. 290.
Gerardia, 280, 289.
GKRAimiEyE, 248.
Germander, 349.
Gilia, 129, 137, 394.
Gilia, 135, 136.
Gilinndra, 146.
Gillopsis, 136.
Gill-over-the-ground, 378.
Gipsy-wort, 352.
Gitliopsis, 9.
Glandularia, 337.
Glau.x, 56, 63.
Glycyphylla. 26.
Goatweed, 285.
Gomphocarpiis, 86, 100.

GONOLOBE^., 87.

Gonolobus, 87, 102, 393.
GOODENIACE^, 1.
Grammica, 269.
Gratiola, 247, 281.
Graiiolurin, 281.
Gratiole^, 246.
Greasewood, 373.
Greek Valerian, 149.
Greqorin, 59.
Groiiiwell, 203.
Ground Clierrv, 233.
Ground Laurel, 29.
Ground Pink, 131.
Gruvelia, 187.
Glial/ Iteria, 29.
Gualtieria, 29.
Gymnandra, 332.
Gymnandra, 286.
Gymnobylhus, 163.
Gymnocnulis, 312.
Gyrandra, 112.

Halenia, 111, 127.
Halesia, 70, 71.
Haplophvton, 80, 82.
Harebell; 11.
Harpaconella, 178, 186.
Heal-all, 382.
Heath, 36.
Heather, 36.
Hedeoma, 344, 361.
Hedeoma, 364.

TTedeomoides, 364.
Hedge Hyssop, 281.
HeUophyium, 183, 186.
Heliotrope, 183.
Heliotropie^, 177.
Heliotropium, 177, 183.
Hemiantltus, 284.
Hemipogon, 3.
Henasteyiu, 304.
Hemitomes, 50.
Hemp-Nettle, 335.
Henbane, 240.
Henrya, 330.
Herpestis, 247, 280.
Heipestis, 279.
Hespereljea, 73, 77.
Hesperochiron, 153, 172.
Hesptrothyjnus, 259.
Heterocodon, 10, 14.
Heferosphace, 366.
Hippoglossum, 200.
Huitzia, 141.
Holopogon, 3.
Homalocnryum, 188.
ffomockilus, 3.
Hoped, 70.
Horehound, 384.
Horse-Balm, 351.
Horse-Mint, 375.
Horse-sugar, 71.
Horse-weed, 351.
Hottonia, 55, 57.
H0TT0NIE.E, 55.
Houndstongue, 187.
Huckleberry, 19, 20.
Hugelia, 143.
Hy'dranlheUum., 281.
Hydrolea, 154, 176.
HVprole^, 153.
HYDROPHYLLACEiE, 152.
Hyurophylue^,, 152.
Hydrophvllum, 152, 154.
Hygrophila, 322, 324.
Hyoscyamea:, 225.
Hyoscyamus, 225, 240.
Hypopitys, 49.
Hyptis, 342, 350.
Hyssop, 364.
Hvssopus, 343, 354.
Hyssopus, 376.

Ilysanthes, 247. 283.
Indian Hemp, 82.
Indian Pipe, 49.
Indian Tobacco, 3.
Ipovieria, 145.
Iponioea, 208.
Jpo?nosa, 214-216, 394.
Jpomopsis, 135, 145.
Isanthus, 342, 349.

Jacobinia, 395.
Jacobinia, 329.
Jacob's Ladder, 149.
Jacquemontia, 208, 214.
Jacquinia, 65. 66.
Jasmines, 73.
Jerusalem Cherry, 228.
Jerusalem Sage, 384.
Justicia, 323, 329.
Justicia, 329, 330.
.lusTiciE^, 322.

Kalmia, 16, 37.
Krynitzkia, 190, 193.

Ktenospermum, 187.

LABIATE, 341.
Labrador Tea, 43.
Lachnostnma, 104.
Lagotis, 332.
Lambkill, 38.
Lamium, 347.
Lantana, 333, 339.
Lappula, 188.
Laurel, 37, 42.
Laurentia, 2, 8.
Leadwort, 55.
Leather-leaf, 35.
Ledum, 16, 43.
Leiophyllum, 17, 43.
Lemmonia, 153, 173.
LENNOACE^, 50.
Lentibularin, 314.
LENTIBULARIACE^, 314.
Leonotis, 347, 384.
Lepidanche, 222, 223.
Leptamnium, 314.
Leptandra, 286.
Lepiodnctylon, 140.
Leptoglossis, 226. 244.
Leptophragnia, 243.
Leptosiphon, 1.39.
Leptost.achya, 334.
Leucanthea, 244.
LeucophyllevE, 245.
Leucophylluni, 245, 250.
Leucosporu, 279.
Leucothoe, 16, 33.
Ligustrum, 72.
Lilac, 72.

Limnanthemum, 111, 128.
Limosella, 247, 284.
Unanthus, 138.
Linaria, 245, 250.
Lindemia, 243, 283.
Ling, 36.
Lippia, 333, 338.
Lisinnthus, 116.
Lithospermum, 179, 203.
Litkospermum, 198-201.
Lobelia, 2, 3, 393.
Lobelia. 8.

LOBELIACE^, 1, 3.
L0BELIE.E, 2.
Lochnera, 82.
Loeselia, 129, 1.36.
LOGANIACE^, 106.
Loganie/E, 1u6.
Loiseleuria, 17, 44.
Lomatogonium, 124.
Lonlcera, 108.
Loosestrife, 62.
Lophanthus, 345, 383.
Lophospermum, 254.
Lopseed, 334.
Lousewort, 305.
Lycium, 225, 237.
L3'copersicum, 224, 226.
Lycopsis, 179, 207.
Lvcopus, 343, 352.
L'yonia (Nutt.), 32.
Lyonia (Ell.), 102.
Lysimachia, 56, 62.
Lysimackia, 61.

Macbridea, 346, 383.
Macranthera, 248, 290.
Macromei-utj 205.
Macromerundes, 205.

400

INDEX.

Macrosiphonia, 80, 83.
Madrona, 27.
Majorano, 371.
Mnruhvillea, 84.
Maiizanita, 27.
Margarantlms, 225, 237.
Maria, 32.
Marjoram, 358.
Marrubium, 3i6.
Marsh Rosemary, 54.
Martynia, 320, 321.
Mastic-tree, 67.
Matrimonv-vine, 237.
Maurandia. 245, 254.
Maurandella, 253.
Mayflower, 29.
Meiophanes, 327.
Melampyriim, 249, 310.
Melinia, 87, 101.
Melissa, 343, 361.
MeUttis, 384.
Mtlla, 280.
Mentha, 342, 351.
Menziesia, 16, 39.
Menziesia, 37.
Menodora, 73, 78.
Menodoropsis, 79.
Menyanthes, 111, 128.
Menyanthide^, 111.
Mevciulunia, 280.
Mertensia, 179, 199.
Messersmidtia, 183.
Metagonla, 25.
MetastehTia, 86, 101.
Micranthemum, 247, 284.
Microcala, 110, 112.
Microcarpcea, 280.
Microg.enetes, 158, 169.
Microgilia, 146.
Micromevia, 343, 359.
Micropyxis, 393.
Milkweed, 89.
Milti/zia, 170.
Mimulus, 247, 273.
Mimiduides, 273, 279.
Mimusnps, 67, 68.
Mint, 351.
Mitreola, 107, 108.
Mohavea, 245, 254, 395.
Monarda, 345, 373.
Monarda, 376.

MONARDK.E, 344.

Monardella, 343, 3.56.
Monarddla, 356. 374.
Muntchma, 328.
Moneses, 17, 46.
Moiiej'wort, 63.
Monkey-flower, 273.
Mnnniera, 280, 281.
Monogynella, 223.
Monotropa, 18, 49.

Mo.NOTUOPE^K, 18.
Monatropsis^ 49.
Morella, 227.
Morning Glory, 208, 209.
Moss Pink, 131.
Motherwort, 385.
Mountain Basil, 354.
Mountain Mint, 354.
Mudwort, 284.
Mullein, 250.
Mylanche, 314.
Mvosotis, 179, 202.
Myosofis, 189, 191-197.
Myrica, 77.

MYRSINACE^, 64.
Myrsine, 65.
Myksune^e, 65.
Afyxa, 180.

Nama, 153, 173.
Nama, 158, 172.
Name^, 153.
Naseberry, 69.
Naumhur(jia, 63.
Navaii-etia, 135, 141.
Neckweed, 288.
Nelsonie/E, 322.
Nemacladus, 2, 3.
Nemophila, 152, 155.
Nemophila, 155.
Nepeta, 345, 377.
NepetEvE, 345.
Neriandra, 84.
Nerium, 79.
Newberrya, 19, 50.
Nicandra, 225, 237.
Nicotia 241.
Nicotiana, 226, 241.
Nicotiana, ITS, 343.
Nightshade, 226.
Nierembergin, 243, 244.
Nothaphyllon, 312.
Nothacerates, 98.
Nothockeione, 259.
Nycterium, 231:

Obolaria, 111, 127.

OciMOIDEiE, 342.

Ocimum, 342, 350,
Ocymum, 350.
OclontiteS, 305.
Oil-plant, .320.
Olea, 72, 78.
OLEACE^, 72.
Oleander, 79.
Oleine.e, 73.
Olive, 72.
Omphnludes, 180.
Oncorrhynchm, 300.
Onosmodium, 179, 205.
Ophiorhizn, 106.
Origanum, 343, 358.
Origanum, 374.
Ornus, 73.

OROBANCHACEiE, 310.
Orobanche, 311.
Orobanc/ie, 312-314.
Orontium, 251. .
Ortheutoca, 164.
Orthocarpus, 249, 299.
Orthopodium, 348.
Orthostachtjs, 184.
Oryctes, 225, 232.
Os'manthus, 73, 78.
Osmulhamnus, 41.
Oswego Tea, 374.
Otophylla. 292.
Ounsin, 173.
Oxycoccus, 20, 25.
Oxydendrum, 15, 33.

Painted-cup, 295.
Palmerella, 2, 8.
Parabryanihus, 37.
Parechites, 85.
Pectocarva, 178, 187.
PEDALiACE^, 320.
Pedicularis, 249, 305.
Pennyroyal, 362.

Pentalophus, 205.
Pentastemon, 259.
Pentstemon, 246, 259.
Pentslftmon, 259.
Pepper-bush, 45.
Peppermint, 352.
Peripluca, 85.
Periwinkle, 82.
Persimmon, 69.
Petunia, 226, 243.
Phacelia, 153, 156, 394.
Pkacelia, 158.
Phacelie.e, 152.
Phalerocarpus, 26.
Pharbitis, 209.
Pkelipcea, 312.
Philibertia, 85, 87.
Pliillyreoides, 31.
PMuganthea, 131.
Phlomis, 347, 384.
Phlox, 129.
Phlox, 136, 141.
Pholisma, 51.
Phrvma, 333, 334.
Phryme^, 333.
Phyllodoce, 36, 37.
Phvsalis, 225, 233, 395.
Phj'sostegia, 346, 383.
Physoslegin, 382.
Pickeringia, 65.
Picrococcus, 21.
Picrocolla, 146.
Pieris, 31, 32.
Pimpernel, 63.
Pine-sap. 49.
Plnguicula, 314, 317.
Pipe-wood, 34.
Pipsissewa, 45.
Piptolepis, 76, 77.
Plagioboihrys, 190, 191.
Plantago, 389.
PLANl-AGINACE^E, 388.
Plantain, 389.
Pleuricospora, 18, 50.
Pleuricospore^,, 18.
Pleurogvne, 111, 124.
PLUMBAGINACE^, 53.
Plumbago, 54, 55.
Plumerik^., 79.
Pneiimonanihe, 120.
Podostemma, 98.
Podostigma, 80, 88.
Pogogvne, 344, 364.
POLEMONIACE^, 128.
Polemonium, 129, 149.
Polemonium, 147, 157.
Poliomintha, 344, 361.
Polydiclin, 243.
Polydiclis. 243.
Polyntm, 99.
Polypremum, 107, 109.
Ponqatium, 10.
Porterella, 8.
Portuna, 31.
Potato, 227.
Prnsium, 382.
Preslea, 184.
Primrose. 58.
Primula, 56, 58, 393.
Primule.k, 55.
PRIMULACEiE, 55.
Prince's Pine, 45.
Priva, 333, 334.
Privet, 72.
Prunella, 382.

INDEX.

401

Pseudocollomia^ 143.
Pseudo-Myosotis, 197.
Pseudorontium, 251.

PSEUDOSOLANE^, 245

Pterospora, 18, 48.
Pterostyrax, 71.
Pteryr/tum, 195.
Ptilucalyx. 181.
Puccoon, 204.
Puhmnaria, 200, 201.
Purshia, 206.
Pycnanthemum, 343, 354.
Pycnosphace, 366.
Pycnothymus, 358.
Pyrola, 18, 46.
Pyrola, 45, 46.
Pyrole^;, 17.
Pyroline^, 17.
Pyxidanthera, 52.
P'yxothamnus, 25.

QuamocUt, 209.

Ramsted, 251.
Eapanea, 65.
Ehabdadenia, 84, 393.
Rhinanthide^, 248.
Rhinanthus, 249, 310.
Rhododendke^, 16.
Rhododendron, 16, 39.
Ekodora, 40, 41.
PhodorecE, 16.
Rhodothamnus, 40.
Rhynchospermum, 85.
Rhytiglossa, 329, 330.
Ribgrass, 391.
Ribwort, 389.
Rippiegrass, 391.
Rochelia, 197.
Romanzoffia, 153, 172.
Rose Bav, 39.
Roulinia", 86, 100.
Ruellia, 322, 325.
Ruellia, 324, 327.
Ruellie^, 322.

Sabbatia, 110, 113.
Snccnntkera, 271.
Salal, 30.
Salpichroa, 225, 231.

SALPIGLOSSIDEiE, 226.

Snlpiylossis, 243.
Salvik, 345, 366.
Snlviastrum, 366.
Samara, 65.
Sambdia, 64.
Samole^, 56.
Samolus, 56, 64.
SAPOTACEiE, 66.
Sappadilla, 69.
Saracha, 232.
Sarcodes, 18, 49.
Sarcostemma, 86.
Satureia, 343, 358.
Satureia, 354.
Satukeine^, 342.
Savory, 358.
Scagvola, 1.
Schauei-ia, 328, 330.
Schizocodon, 52.
Schizonotus, 86, 100.
Schistophragma, 279.
Schleidenia, 184,185.
Schwalbea, 249, 305.
ScLweinitzia, 18, 49.

Sclarea, 371.
Scoparia, 248, 284.
Scrophularia, 246, 258.
SCROPHULARIACEiE, 244.
Scutellaria, 346, 378.

SCUTELLARINE.^, 345.

Sea Lavender, 54.
Sea-Milkwort, 63.
Sebestenoides, 180.
SecoTulutia, 85.
SELAGINACE^, 332.
Self-heal, 382.
Sericographis, 329, 395.
Sesamum, 320.
Seutera, 102.
Seymeria, 248, 289.
Shallon, 30.
Shin-leaf, 46.
Shooting Star, 57.
Shortia, 52, 53.
Shuttleioorthia, 337.
Sideroxylon, 66, 67.
Sideroxylon, 68.
Silkweed, 89.
, Silver-bell tree, 71.
Siphocampylus, 3.
Siphonella, 140.
Siphonoglossa, 323, 328.
Skullcap, 378.
Snapdragon, 251.
Snowberry, 26.
Snowdrop tree, 71.
Snow-plant, 49.
SOLANACE^, 224.

SOLANE^, 224.

Solanum, 224, 226.
Solanum, 226, 232, 233.
Solenandria, 53.
Sophronanthe,, 282, 283.
Sorrel-tree, 33.
Sour-wood, 33.
Sparkle-berry, 20.
Spearmint, 352.
Specularia, 9, 10.
Speedwell, 286.
Sphacele, 344, 365.
Sphenoclea, 9, 10.
SphenoclejE, 9.
Spigelia, 106, 107.
Spondylococcus, 340.
Squaw-root, 313.
Stachyde^, 346.
Stachys, 347.
StacJnjtarpha, 334.
Stachvtarpheta, 333, 334, 395.
Stagger-bush, 32.
Star-apple, 67.
Star-flower, 60.
Statice, 54.
Statice, 55.
Statice^, 54.
Steenhammera, 200.
Stegnocarpus, 181.
Steironema, 56, 61.
Stemodia, 247, 279.
Stenandrium, 322, 327.
Stenhnmmaria, 200.
Stenolobium, 319.
Stickseed, 188.
Stipecoma, 84.
Stone-root, 351.
Storax, 71.
Stramonium, 239.
Streptopodium, 348.
Stylandra, 88.

28

Stylisma, 217.
STYRACACE^, 70.
StyracEvK, 70.
Styrax. 70, 71.
Sweet-leaf, 70.
Sweet Potato, 211.
Swertia, 111, 124.
Swertia, 124-127.
Symphytum, 179, 206.
Symplocine.^, 70.
Svmplocos, 70.
SVnandra, 346, 384.
Synthyris, 248, 285.
Syringa, 72.

Taberrusmontana, 81.
Tecoma, 318, 319.
Tetraclea, 342, 347.
Tetramerium, 323, 330.
Teucrium, 342, 349.
Thelaia, 46.

THEOPHRASTE.E, 65.

Thevetia, 79.
Thom-Apple, 239.
Thunbergia, 321.
Tkymbra, 384.
Thvme, 358.
Thvmus, 343, 358.
Th'yrsanthus, 63.
Tiaridium, 185.
Tiquilia, 182.
Tiquiliopsis, 182.
Toad-Flax, 250.
Tobacco, 241.
Tolmiea, 44.
Tomato, 226.
Tonella, 246, 257.
Tournefortia, 178, 182.
Tournsole, 183.
Trachelospermum, 80, 84.
Trailing Arbutus, 29.
Tretrorkiza, 120,
Trichosphace, 366.
Trichostema, 342, 347.
THchostemma, 347.
Tricardia, 153, 172.
Trientalis, 56, 60.
Triodallus, 10.
TriodaniSj 10.
Tnpetaleia, 44.
Tripkysaria, 301.
Trumpet-creeper, 319.
Trumpet-flower, 319.
Tubiflora, 324.
TuKia, 355.
Turtlehead, 258.

Unicorn-plant, 321.

Uranantiius, 116.

Urechites, 84.
Utricularia, 314.

Uva-Ursi, 27.

Uwarowia, 337.

Vaccinieje, 14.
Vaccinium, 15, 20.
Vaccinium, 19, 26, 30.
Vallesia, 79, 81.
Varronia, 180.
Venus's Looking-glass, 10.
Verbasce^, 245.
Veibascum, 245, 250.
Verbena, 333, 335.
Verbena, 334, 338.
VERBENACEiE, 332.

402

INDEX.

Verbene^, 333.
Veronica, 248, 286.
Vervain, 335.
Villarsia, 128, 173.
Vinca, 80, 82.
Vincetoxicum, 87, 102, i
Vincetnxicum, 103.
VlTICE.B, 333.
Viticella, 53, 155.
Vitis-IdcBa, 24.

Water Horehound, 352.

Waterleaf, 154.
Water-Pimpernel, 64.
White Alder, 44.
White Mangrove, 340.
Whitlavia, 164.
WhortlebeiTv, 24.
Wicky, 38.
Wigandia, 176.
Winter Clierrv, 233.
Wintergreen,"29, 45, 4f
Withania, 224, 232.
Woundwort, 385.

Wulfenia, 285.

Xerobotrys, 27.
Xylococcus, 28.

Yerba Buena, 359.
Yerba Santa, 176.
Yellow-rattle, 310.

Zapania, 338.
Zenobia, 31.
Zizopkora, 360.

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