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FBO ie ae ee 4 EELOrChIS: Samra oe 76
AGU Ae ae ae ee 63
PmehibuteO........-. 53 AICO: os Sac teers ee 120
SUL Gey ae eee eee ae 19
PARUTUNT AU a= 25 (25 ti 3 54 GampsOnyxX a) ce aoe 103
PASUICRUNULE 2 3 Soa 3 a's 3: 87 eTANOACtUS =: 45 .s 40
FG ViMnOSypS. a. 2s se 3
Seg ee ese og on 0's 106 GiPAe GUS = a. eerste 62
US AOINS hs 20s Sm 6, os) 0s o7 GYPASUS! se. suse dis uwerere ]
HEUGASUULG 205s 45s sts clones 88 Cy POMenAse tesa 93
MONG Os oh nchs revere 19 Soa 40) Gyipolctmia: 5 sa 50-5 ass 101
smbeosallis:.. 5.5280. 37 Gy DSeees kere ecw sean oe 4
MESON HOFER ore ees Sy syste ce 54
COC SST Ea ee Pe 2 Hue PIM are aya aera 90
Gatiartes: - 4... eee 2 Pla Waste sree shore ee 93
PEC TOMMETS aie .-3 Fale 2 144 HAG DAL gests. 8a ochre 120
incAChWIS. Chie. ee bs: 76 HATA US? oA ores aisle odes 105
(CHGS? trea are ere eee 10 Harpyhalaectus :.4 28 60
Coragyps vice Catharista 2 FLAP OPSISh scr acer 62
FL CLOUAYSUS? 33. Heh Jee 89
WissOdeCtes. 2.2. 105 sit 161 Elemrca permis -2 ae Ltt
Wryorrlorchis = .4...- .:. 76 len peLGEteresu sean earier 79
iw ERCtErOSpIZIaS \.\.)seeaiey A()
VAINOUGE Sir ar. 5 ents See, <6. 21 95 Pieraaetus; cn... as aaeroe 67
| S120 Coie ore areas 101 Elieracidear. 2.5. naseer 142
Erythrottiorchis ...... SO leal\ JEL Ver falcon ae ame F =
MIDS CLI te ister teus ones se 8
WEHATNA CUS fener ers sels 60 69
RCRA tance cre) =! sca 104
iaupitaleo. 4.2... «,- 87
Beptodon Beers wei es: 100
IeHICOMLEMMNS .2 45 < am ee 58
IHOphOdeluS =. ic os. 74
IODIMOS WPS ./-15... 1. sonar 6
opliotronchis™. 12... 69
IPO PUOICHIMIA, 2 cl sco ae 99
Macherhamphus...... rh
Meeatimorchis = torre 39
MiGIeRAK “Hw «are icin ets 18
MieraS tune ¢2i5 tei eters 1S
Microhierax 571 2st 115
Min VAIO x. SNE Sie sees 7)
IMG AIS te Gl firs, 6 ene ene 96
INGiolaba es aiecig.s o-oh.oe 61
INAaUICIEnUS 2 he poke oe 95
INGeresyrtes” <=. She gee. g
NEO PiNGON . sey wteion 6
INGSACIUSE. © Boke Ret iseieys 67
INU SORGES Sees foros aus eles 29
DOIN DS ae. eine nee 6
Randion. 541. onneueee 162
RarabuteO, tsat. te crass U7
HEELS oe. ens .d ac yous res 112
i Mr. Sclater (Ibis, 1919p. 777, Aukss 1920 pe
iPithecophaca ance. 78
Polloaetis e-em -e = 164
Polohenaxy. ee eee 118
Polyboroides...5. 0%. 2... 10
Poly bonuses ene 7
Pseudogryphus ........ 3
*Pseudogyps vice Gym-
NOS VPS ac ee Oe
IRGSerhniNWSs se eee 100
RostrhamiUsee. - eee 99
Rupornts seg. oe 55
*SACitLATUUS =: = 5.2 ooeaae 4
Sarcorhamphus{ ...... 1
Serpenigvius. ==> eee 3
Spllomis) 225625. ee 79
SPIZAeSeeecae ae ee 70
Spiziaplemyxs see. ae M9
SplZlastuipsee? scorer 70
Lachytniorchs:..: 22... tS
Terathopius ace 89
Thalassoacius ......... ol
Thrasactusir se eee 62
TtWMUNCHLUS noe aie 144
MOEFOS Te Oe eee 6
Uroaetus = tin arene cee 63
Wrothorchisi{ese ) eee 17
Urubitineal S207. eae 57
V Ut 5S PRR Sere e nae 4
154) points out that,
if the rules are strictly adhered to, Vultuy Linn. must replace Savcorhamphus,
while the logical result is that Vultuvide must replace Cathartide and the
Old World (or true) Vultures be called 4Agypide.
ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA (PART I.)
Page 4 No. 7. In distribution for S.E. and N.E. read: S. and N.
26)
29
, ov)
ts
fo
» 8. To distrib. add: Himalayas, Afghanistan.
,» 9. Tor distrib. read: Plains of N. India.
, 10. In distrib. delete ; Abyssinia.
Gen. X. For Jorgos read: Torgos.
No. 14. For Jorgos read : Torgos.
» 15. For Otogyps read : Torgos.
, 7. To distrib. add: Canary Is., Cape Verd Is.
, 36. In distrib. after Europe add: N.W. Africa (Morocco).
,, 09a. This is merely a common melanism of M. gabar.
., 60. For Siberia read ; W. Asia (Asia Minor, Palestine, ete.).
, 60b. To distrib. add: Japan.
, 60c. For Astur gentilis candidissimus, ete. read :
Astur gentilis albidus Menz. t.c.p. 438 (1882).
, 70. After this article add :
70a. Astur togaster rooki, Roths. & Hart., 200k Ts.
Nov. Zool., xxt., p. 288 (1914). (Admiralty Is.)
,, 79a. After this article add:
79b. Astur clarus robustus, Zeitz. S.A.Qrn. Melville Is.,
pu. Laps Lsi(low4): N. Terr. Austral.
» 95. After this article [I cannot place from description, as it seems
immature] add ;
95a. Aster buergerst, Reichenow, Orn. M.B. German New
XXil., p. 29 (1914) Guinea
. (Maomobobere),.
» 97. For N. Asia read: W. Asia.
», 7c. For distrib. read : N. and Central
Asia from
Turkestan to
Japan; in
winter to India.
IXashmir,
Assam, Burma.
. 98. For Acctpiter granti read : A. nisus grant.
, 99b. After this article insert :
99%. Acetpiter fuscus venator, Wetmore, Pr. Porto Rico.
Biol. Soe. Wash. xxvii., p. 119 (1914).
,, 102a For pp. 171-6, read: p. 173.
,, 102b, Delete the word: Minullus.
{Does not appear to be a tenable species, however,
and is most probably a melanism of No. 63a,
Astur tachiro sparsimfascvatus.]
119b. Delete the word: virgatus.[Not asubspecies of 4. v/rgatus. |
119d. Not separable from No. 119. (Hartert).
16 To be cancelled and following leaf substituted ;
29a.
30a.
52a.
d4e.
ADDITIONAL SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.
Milvago chimachima cordata Bangs and
Penard, Bull. M.C.Z., lxii., pp. 25- (1918).
Milvago chimango temucoensis W. Sclat., Bull.
B.O.C., xxxviil., p. 43 (1918). [Palal, near
Temuco, prov. Cantin, type in B.M.]|
Climacocercus plumbeus (W. Sclat.), Bull.
B.O.C., xxxviil., p. 44 (1918). [Carondelet,
io Bogota, prov. Esmaraldas, type in B.M.]
Geranospizias cerulescens balzarensis W.
Sclat., Bull. B.O.C., xxxviii., p. 44 (1918).
[Balzar Mtns., Guyas Prov., type in B.M.]
63d. Aslur tachiro tenebrosus LOnnberg, Arch. f.
204a.
Zool.) xis Noy 5, ps 2 (U9) \[Loudians,
B.E.A.]
a. Accipiter bicolor schistochlamys Hellmayr, Bull.
B.0.C., xvi., p. 52 (1906). [Nanegul, W.
Kc., type in Tring Mus.]
. Accipiter beniensis Lonnberg, Arch. f. Zool.,
x, No: 24, p. 13 (1917)... [Benz]
. Rupornis magnirostris insidiatrix Bangs and
Penard, Bull. M.C.Z., lxii., pp. 25- (1918).
. Leucopternis ghiesbrechti costaricensis W.Sclat.,
Bulky BOs xxx. p. 76 (1919), ) (Carlo,
Costa Rica, type in B.M. |
Spizaétus batesi W. Sclat., Bull. B.O.C.,
xxxix. p. 87 (L919). Bitye, Ja River,
type in B.M.]
Panama.
S. Chile.
N.W.
Ecuador.
Ecuador
(Guayas
Prove 1&
Puna. 1)
Brit. Ey
Africa.
W. Ecuador.
ae
EK. Congo.
Colombia.
Nicaragua.
Costa Rica.
Panama.
S. Cameroon.
99
5 Ue ss Ein We
Dion. op NE
ee NOs Sp:
2 p. 46 No. 139.
» » 46,, 139a.
Sy op Ue og AWE:
CORRIGENDA.
For PsrupoGrypPHus read: Gymnoaypes Less, (1842).
For SeRPENTARIUS read: SAGITTARIUS Herman (1783):
For Gyps fulvus kolbi ete., read:
Gyps fulvus coprotheres (Forst.) Naturgesch. African.
Vogel, p. 35 (1798). [S. Africa.]
For Buteo jakal, ete., read:
Buteo rufofuscus rufofuscus (Forst.) Naturgesch.
African. Vogel, p. 59 (1798). [S. Africa.]
For Buteo jakal archert read :
Buteo rufofuseus archert.
Delete article and read :
Smaller and lacking 2 long crest feathers.
Spizaétus nipalensis fokiensis W. Sclat., 8S. China.
Bull. B.O.C., xl., p. 37 (1919). [Fokien (breeding)
Prov., type in B.M.]
[Inserted by error in pt. 2 without ref. to publication,
owing to delay in pub. of Bull. B.O.C.|
AP FR Cf PO _ On ff he aT Rit ON TEN AST
PART L—J ULY.;1919. PRICE 4/-
SYNOPTICAL LIST
ACCIPITRES
(Diurnal Birds of Prey)
PARE. ET
(SARCORHAMPHUS TO ACCIPITER)
Comprising Species and Subspecies described up to 1914, with
their Characters and Distribution
BY
H. KIRKE SWANN, F.Z.S.
LONDON :
JOHN WHELDON & CO., 38, Great QUEEN STREET,
Kinasway, W.C.2.
T9U9:
A
SYNOPTICAL LIST
OF THE
ACCIPITRES
(DIURNAL BIRDS OF PREY)
Ak Er.
OrpER CATHARTIDIFORMES.
Fam. I. CATHARTIDAl (New World Vultures).
Nostrils perforated; head, neck and forepart of breast bare ;
hind toe short and weak.
Gen. I. SARCORHAMPHUS Dum. (1806).
Size large, length 38 in.; head with an erect
fleshy caruncle ; outer toe about equal to inner.
Plumage black, with a whitish wing patch.
1. Sarcorhamphus gryphus gryphus (Linn.), Syst.
Nat.,1., p. 86 (1758).
xreat Condor.
Plumage brown [doubtfully distinct].
la. Sarcorhamphus gryphus equatorialis Sharpe,
Cat. Birds B.M., 1., p. 21 (1874).
Brown Condor.
Gen. IT. GYPAGUS Vieill. (1816).
Head with fleshy caruncle ; outer toe longer than
inner.
Plumage black and cream colour; size
moderate, length 27 in.
2. Gypagus papa (Linn.), 8.N., 1., p. 86 (1758).
King Vulture.
Andes of
S. America.
Ecuador.
S. America,
N. to Mexico.
{3
Tail
4b
4c,
2
Gen. III. CATHARISTA Vieill. (1816).
Head without caruncle ; tail square.
Plumage black : larger : wing 17.50; tail 8.50;
tarsus 3.35 in.
Catharista urubu urubu* (Vieill.), Ois. d’Am.,
Sept., pl. xi. (1807).
Black Vulture.
Smaller: wing 16.30; tail 8; tarsus 3.10 in.
3a. Catharista urubu foetens (Wied), Beitr. Naturg.
Bras., ii1., p. 58 (1830).
S. American Black Vulture.
N. & Central
America,
Cuba,
Jamaica.
S. America.
Gen. IV. CATHARTES Illiger (1811).
rounded.
Plumage black : larger : length 30 ; wing 21.70 ;
tail 11.50 in. ; tarsus 2.90 in.
Cathartes aura aura (Linn.), S.N., 1., p. 86
(1758).
S. American Turkey Vulture.
Smaller: length 27;
tarsus 2.35 in.
wing 21; tail 10;
. Cathartes aura septentrionalis (Wied), J.f.0..
1856, p. 119.
N. American Turkey Vulture.
Median wing coverts and secondaries very
distinctly shaded with whitish ashy.
Cathartes aura falklandicus (Sharpe), Ann.
N.H., (4), xi., p. 183 (1873).
Falkland Island Turkey Vulture.
Head yellow; ‘shafts of quills and _tail-
feathers brown above, white below’ [doubtful
form].
Cathartes aura perniger (Sharpe), Cat. Bds.,
BM, 1., p. 25 (1874).
Venezuelan Turkey Vulture.
* Cathartes atratus (Bartr.) of most authors.
Tropical
S. America
from
Colombia to
Chile & Brazil.
N. America
(United
States) S. to
Honduras.
Falkland Is.,
Patagonia,
Chile.
Venezuela,
Guiana,
N. Brazil,
Peru.
Head orange ; shafts to primaries above and
below white*.
4d. Cathartes aura urubitinga Pelz., Sitz. Akad. Brazil N, to
Wien, xhiv.. p71 (1861): Surinam,
Yellow-necked Turkey Vulture. Brit. Guiana,
Venezuela &
KE. Mexico (7?)
Gen. V. PSEUDOGRYPHUS Ridgw. (1874).
Head without caruncle ; tail square.
Size of Sarcorhamphus ; length 4) in. ; wing 30.
5. Pseudogryphus californicus (Shaw & Nodder), 8. California
Nat. Mise.,ix., p. 1, pl. 301 (1797). to lower
Californian Condor. California.
OrpeR ACCIPITRIFORMES.
Sub-Order I. SHRPENTARII.
Fam. I. SERPENTARUDA.
Both inner and outer toes connected with middle one by well-
developed basal web.
Gen. VI. SERPENTARIUS Cuvier (1798).
Head crested.
Darker. .
6. Serpentarius serpentarius serpentarius (Miller), S. & E. Africa
Var. Subj. Nat. Hist., pl. 28, (1785). N. to Ben
Secretary Bird. suela on W.
and Zambesi
on HE.
Paler.
6a. Serpentarius serpentarius gambiensis Ogilby, Senegambia
PIZ.8., 1839;,p. 10d. Sudan. to
Northern Secretary Bird. Shoa.
Sub-Order II. ACCIPITRES.
Fam. I. VULTURIDA‘ (Old World Vultures).
Head and neck bare, or with short down only, no feathers ; nostrils
not perforated.
* Cory (‘‘ Bds. of Bahama,’ p. 134, 1890) says shafts of C. aura septen-
trionalis are ‘“‘ yellowish externally’ in winter plumage. I believe C. wu
perniger and C. a. urubitinga to be identical; both have the head yellow
and ranges intermingle.
+
Gen. VII.
Nostrils rounded.
Size large, length 42 in.; plumage blackish
brown ; ruff of feathers round hind neck.
Aigypius monachus (Linn)., 8.N., i., p. 122
(1766).
Cinereous Vulture
Gen. VIII. GYPS Savigny (1809).
AGGYPIUS Savigny (1809).
S.E. Europe,
N.E. Africa,
C. Asia to
India &
China.
Nostrils perpendicular, rather oval; tail with 14 feathers
8a.
9
10.
Size large, length 40 in. ; plumage stone-buff ;
neck ruff of white down; head with white
down.
Gyps fulvus fulvus (Gmel.), S.N., i., p. 249
(1788).
Griffon Vulture.
Plumage paler and more isabelline reddish.
Gyps fulvus fulvescens Hume, Ibis, 1869,
p. 356.
Indian Griffon.
Paler than G. fulvus fulvus, especially below,
and shaft stripes nearly obsolete.
Sb. Gyps fulvus kolbi (Daud.), Traité, i., p. 15
(1800).
Kolbe’s Griffon.
Plumage above isabelline whitish ; below light
buff with broader whitish shaft stripes.
9. Gyps himalayensis Hume, Rough Notes, i.,
p. 14 (1869).
Himalayan Griffon.
Down on head yellow ; plumage above blackish
brown with whitish edgings ; below creamy
buff ; crop-patch dark brown.
Gyps rueppelli rueppelli (Brehm), Naum.. 1852,
heft 3, p. 44.
Rueppell’s Vulture.
S. Europe,
(ace. Britain),
N. Africa,
Arabia,
Palestine.
N.W. India,
Himalayas,
Afghanistan.
S. Africa,
N. to Zam-
besi and
Damaraland.
Turkestan,
Himalayas,
Thibet.
N.E. Africa,
Abyssinia,
N. Nigeria,
Senegambia.
10a.
lide
Ila.
Tail
13.
ey
13b.
Plumage above browner ; below whitish.
Gyps rueppelli erlangert, Salvad., Bol. Mus.
Torino, xxiil., No. 576 (1908).
Frlanger’s Vulture.
Head bare ; ruff and upper parts dark brown
with fulvous central streaks ; rump white ;
below light brown with white streaks ; crop-
patch brown.
typs indicus indicus (Scop.)(*), Del. Faun. et
Flor. Insubr., 11., p. 85 (1786).
Indian Long-billed Vulture.
Above pale earthy brown ; below whity brown ;
crop-patch dark brown ; ruff white (Hume).
Gyps indicus pallescens Hume, Stray Feathers,
1., p. 150 (1878).
Pallid Vulture
Abyssinia,
Erythrea,
Somaliland.
India, Indo-
Chinese
countries,
Malay
Peninsula.
N.W. India.
Gen. IX. GYMNOGYPS Less. (1831).
of 12 feathers.
Size large, length 30 in.; above and crop-
patch black ; ruff white, rather scanty ; rump
white ; below chocolate brown.
Gymnogyps bengalensis (Gmel.), S.N.,1., p. 245
(1788).
Indian White-backed Vulture.
Above and crop-patch dark brown ; below
pale brown, with yellowish-white shaft lines.
Gymnogyps africanus africanus (Salvad.),
Nat. Stor. R. Accad. Torin., 7th May, 1865,
p. 133.
African White-backed Vulture.
Plumage more greyish.
Gymnogyps africanus schillings: Erlanger, Orn.
Mb, xi.; p. 22 (1903).
Paler.
Gymnogyps africanus fuelleborni Erlanger (E.c.)
* Reichenow’s Gyps cinnamomeous from Alatau
Pp
(Orn. Mb.,
India, Indo-
Chinese
countries,
Malay
Peninsula.
N.E. Africa,
Khartoum to
Abyssinia &
Upper White
Nile.
German
K. Africa.
Nyasaland
to Angola.
1907,
pp. 30-31) appears to be another subspecies [doubtful] of G. fulvus.
6
Still paler.
13c. Gymnogyps africanus zechi Erlanger (t.c.)
Gen. X. JORGOS Kaup (1828).
Head with fleshy folds and a neck-lappet ; tarsus
longer than middle toe.
14.
Above and crop-patch brown ; ruff of brown
feathers on hind neck ; below clothed with white
down, with brown lanceolate feathers on breast
and abdomen.
Jorgos tracheliotus (Forst.) Levaillant, Reise
Afr’, i5)p. 362, pl. 121791).
Sociable Vulture.
Above and crop-patch black; across breast
a circlet of white down; below black; ruff
small, black.
Otogyps calvus (Scop.), Del. Faun. Insubr., ii.,
p. 85 (1786).
Pondicherry Vulture.
Gen. XI.
Head covered with down ; no neck-lappet.
16,
Plumage blackish brown, rump paler ; ruff
dark brown; crop-patch and under parts
white.
Lophogyps ocevpitalis (Burch.), Trav., 1., p. 329
(1824).
White-headed Vulture.
Gen. XIT.
Forepart of chest bare.
Plumage white; primaries black ; length 25
in.; wing 19.2.
Neophron percnopterus percnopterus
SNe Don (1758):
Keyptian Vulture.
(Linn.),
LOPHOGYPS Bp. (1854).
Togoland.
S. Africa.
Kgypt,
Abyssinia,
Upper White
Nile, cas. in
Kurope.
Turkestan,
India, Burma,
Siam, Cam-
bodia.
N.E. Africa
& S. Africa,
Senegal on W.
NEOPHRON Savigny (1808).
S. Europe,
Africa 8. to
Mashonaland,
Mediterra-
nean Persic
sub-region to
N.W. India.
~i
[Doubtfully distinct. ]
17a. Neophron percnopterus rubripersonatus Zaruday Persian
& Harms., Orn. Mb., x., pp. 52-3 (1902). Baluchistan.
Smaller than typical form; length 21 in. ;
wing 15.5,
17b. Neophron percnopterus ginginianus (Lath.), Indian
ime Orn i, p-7 (L790). Peninsula,
Indian White Vulture. very rare
in Ceylon.
Gen. XIII. NECROSYRTES Gloger (1842).
With a fur-like chest-patch.
Plumage chocolate brown ; hind neck covered
with whitish down; crop-patch creamy
brown, encircled with white down. Length
24 in.; wing 18.50.
18. Necrosyrtes monachus monachus (Temm.), Pl. N.K. &
Col., 1., pl. 222. (1823). E. Africa,
Northern Hooded Vulture. W. Africa.
Larger ; length 26 in.; wing 20 in.; with
shorter and stouter bill.
18a. Necrosyrtes monachus pileatus (Burch.), Trav., 8. Africa.
i1., p. 105, (1824).
Hooded Vulture.
Fam. Il. FALCONIDA.
Crown of head always clothed with feathers, its sides either
feathered or bare ; outer toe not reversible.
Sub-Fam. I. POLY BORINA.
Toes connected near base by interdigital mem-
brane ; sides of face mostly bare.
Gen. XIV. POLYBORUS Vieill. (1816).
Nostrils oval. Size large (22-26 in‘).
Above and below blackish brown with narrow
whitish bars; tail whitish with a terminal
blackish band; face, neck and breast white
with blackish bars.
19. Polyborus plancus (Mill.) Var, Subj. Nat, Hist., $. America,
We (8): Patagonia to
Common Caracara. 20> S, latzon
W.& Amazon
on EK; side.
20.
Paler insular race.
20a. Polyborus cheriway pallidus Nelson, Pr. Biol.
Above black, mantle only with creamy buff
wavy bars ; upper tail-coverts white ; tail buff
with 13 or 14 black bars and a broad terminal
band.
Polyborus cheriway (Jacq.), Beitr., p. 17, tab.
4 (1784).
Audubon’s Caracara.
Soc., Wash., xii., p. 8 (1898).
Tres Marias Caracara.
General plumage marked with transverse bars
of brownish black and brownish white ; crown,
wing-coverts, terminal portion of primaries
and terminal band on tail blackish brown.
Polyborus lutosus Ridgw., Bull. U.S. Geol.
Surv. Terr., i, p. 459 (1875).
Guadeloupe Caracara.
Gen. XV.
IBYCTER Vieill. (1816).
Head generally with recurved crest.
Nostrils round.
bo
bo
Plumage black with greenish reflections ; a
Size variable (16-25 in.).
white band across base of tail.
Ibycter ater (Vieill.), Analyse, p. 22 (1816).
Yellow-throated Caracara.
Plumage black with greenish reflections, but
abdomen white ; face and throat deep red.
Ibycter americanus (Bodd.), Table Pl. Enl.,
p. 25 (1783).
Red-throated Caracara.
Plumage black with greenish reflections, but
upper tail coverts, base and tip of tail and
abdomen white.
Ibycter megalopterus (Meyen), Nov. Act. Ces.,
xvi., Suppl.,i., p. 64, pl. 7 (1834).
Mountain Caracara.
S. United
States,
Central
America,
Northern
S. America.
Tres Marias
Is., W.
Mexico.
Guadeloupe
Is., W.
Mexico.
Amazon |
District of
S. America.
Tropical 8.
America and
Central
America,
from Brazil
to Guate-
mala.
S. America,
Pacific side
of Andes.
oS
9
Above brownish black; upper tail-coverts,
base and tip of tail and entire under parts
white ; sides irregularly marked with black.
Ibycter albigularis (Gould), P.Z.S., 1837, p. 9.
White-throated Caracara.
Skin of face and throat wrinkled and orange
colour; Plumage black; rump, upper tail-
coverts, tips of quills, a broad terminal band
on tail, and vent white; breast with drop-
shaped white marks.
Tbycter carunculatus (Des Murs), Rev. et Mag.
Zool., 1853, p. 154.
Carunculated Caracara.
Black ; rump, upper tail-coverts and base and
terminal band on tail white ; below white with
band of black across lower throat.
Ibycter circumcinctus Scott, Auk, xxvii., 1910,
p. 152.
Scott’s Caracara
Above and below black; nape, outer upper
tail-coverts, throat and breast with lanceolate
white stripes ; tail broadly tipped with white.
Ibycter australis (Gmel.), 8.N.,1., p. 259 (1788).
Poster’s Caracara.
Gen. XVI.
Feathers on back of head erectile, forming 2 tufts ;
size small (about 16 in.).
30.
Above brown, with pale ashy margins ; head,
neck, basal two-thirds of tail, and uncer parts
white.
Milvago chimachima (Vieill.), N. Dict., v., p.
259 (1816).
Yellow-headed Caracara.
Above rufous brown; head and neck with
black central streaks; upper tail-coverts
white ; tai! with broad subterminal dark band ;
below brownish ochre with dark shaft stripes.
Milwago chimango (Vieill.), N. Dict., v., p. 260
(1816).
Chimango Caracara.
MILVAGO Spix. (1824).
Patagonia,
Highlands of
Ecuador and
Colombia.
Patagonia,
K. of Andes.
Falkland Is.
Brazil and
Amazonia
to Guiana,
Colombia &
Panama.
S. America
from S.E.
Brazil to
Tierra del
Fuego.
10
Sub-Fam. II. ACCIPITRINA.
Outer toe connected to middle one by an interdigital
membrane ; tibia and tarsus about equal in
length.
Jen. XVIT. POLYBOROIDES Smith (1830).
Lores and sides of face bare.
Plumage silvery grey, lower back and rump
and abdomen white, narrowly barred with
black; quills and tail chiefly black, latter
with a broad median band of white. Length
23.50-27 in. .
31. Polyborides radiatus (Scop.), Del. Faun. et Flor. Madagascar.
Insubr., ii., p. 85 (1786).
Madagascar Gymnogene.
General plumage dark grey; breast and
abdomen broadly barred with black and
white ; tail black, tipped with white, with a
broad band of dull white and an indistinct
one nearer base.
32. Polyborides typicus Smith, 8. Afr. Q. J., i., 8S. Africa,
p. 107 (1830). W. Africa,
Banded Gymnogene. N.E. Africa
(Abyssinia &
White Nile).
Gen. XVIII. CIRCUS Lacep. (1806).
Sides of face feathered ; with distinct facial ruff ;
lores furnished with bristles ; nostrils oval with
no bony excrescence ; tarsus reticulated behind ;
size moderate; length (males) 17-22.50 in. ;
females 19-24.50 in.
Kry to NaTuRAL GROUPS AND SpEcrES (MALES).
A. Above bluish ashy, or greyish.
a. Thighs uniform white.
Throat and chest bluish ashy ; upper tail-
coverts white.
33. Circus cyaneus cyaneus (Linn.), S.N., i., p. 126 Europe and
(1766). Siberia, N.E.
Hen Harrier. Africa, India,
China, Japan
(winter).
1 a3,
34.
36.
36a.
of.
. Thighs white,
11
More brownish ashy above and below.
Circus cyaneus hudsonius (Linn.), S.N., i.,
p. 128 (1766).
Marsh Hawk.
Adult plumage unknown.
Circus macroscelis A. Newton, P.Z.S., 1863,
p. 180.
Madagascar Harrier.
Throat and chest white ; upper tail-coverts
white, banded with ashy grey.
Circus macrurus (S. G. Gmel.), N. Comm.
Petrop., xv., p. 439, pls. vili., ix. (1771).
Pallid Harrier.
. Thighs white, with rufous streaks or spots.
Throat and chest pale bluish grey; upper
tail-coverts white, tipped with deep ash colour.
Circus pygargus pygargus (Linn.), S.N.,1., p. 89
(1758).
Montagu’s Harrier.
[Doubtfully distinct. |
Circus pygargus abdulle Floericke, Orn. Mb.,
iv., p. 155 (1896).
barred across with orange
rufous.
Throat and chest white, barred with orange
tawny ; upper tail-coverts white.
Circus cinereus Vieill., N. Dict., iv., p. 434
(1816). :
Cinereous Harrier.
. Thighs rufous, either uniform or spotted and
margined with white.
N. America,
Central
America &
W. Indies
(winter).
Madagascar.
Kurope ;
Africa,
India,
Burma, China
in winter.
Kurope ;
Palestine,
Africa,
India, China
in winter.
Caucasus.
Tropical and
temperate
S. America,
migrating to
Straits of
Magellan &
Falkland Is.
12
hol
Throat and chest rufous with white spots ;
upper tail-coverts ashy brown, tipped and
spotted with white.
38. Circus assimilis assimiiis Jard. and Selb., Ill. E. Australia,
Orn., Ser. i., pl. 51 (1828). Tasmania,
Spotted Harrier. Celebes.
[Doubtful form.] Said to be smaller and
darker.
38a. Circus assimilis rogersi Math., Nov. Zool., N.W.
Xvill., p. 244 (1912). Australia.
Lesser Spotted Harrier.
B. Above brown.
a. Thighs white, with rufous streaks or spots.
Throat and chest white streaked with pale
rufous brown; upper tail-coverts white,
slightly spotted with pale rufous.
39. Circus approximans approximans Peale, U.S. Fiji Islands.
Explor. Exped., viii., p. 64 (1848).
Fijian Harrier.
Larger.
39a. Circus approximans gouldi (Bp.), Consp., i., 8. & E.
p. 34 (1850). Australia,
Allied Harrier. Tasmania.
Smaller.
39b. Circus approximans inexpectatus Math., Nov. N.W.&N.
Zool., xviii., p. 245 (1912). Australia.
Little Allied Harrier.
Smaller and darker than C. a. gouldt.
39c. Circus approximans drummondi Math. & Ire- New Zealand.
dale, Ibis, 1913, p. 419.
New Zealand Harrier.
b. Thighs rufous, the feathers margined with
white.
Throat and chest brown, the feathers mar-
gined with white; abdomen rufous ; upper
tail-coverts orange rufous, tipped with white.
40. Circus ranivorus (Daud.), Traité, ii., p. 170 S. Africa
(1800). below LO°S.
S. African Marsh Harrier, lat.
13
Throat and chest creamy buff, the latter
streaked with brown ; upper tail-coverts white.
41. Otircus eruginosus eruginosus (Linn.), S.N.,1., Europe, rare
p. 91 (1758). in Siberia, but
Marsh Harrier. in winter to
India, China,
Japan and
Philippines,
also Africa.
Much brighter coloration, more black and
white : (2 lighter).
Ala. Circus eruginosus harterti, Zedl., J.£.0., 1914, N. Africa.
p. 133.
Hartert’s Harrier.
C. Above black or blackish.
a. Thighs white.
Throat and chest white, streaked with black ;
upper and under tail-coverts white.
42. Circus maillardi Verr. in Maill., Ile de la Reunion Is.,
Reun., ii., p. 12 (1863). Comoro Is.
Maillard’s Harrier.
Markings on throat and chest browner and
broader ; under tail-coverts also streaked.
43. Circus wolfi Gurney, P.Z.S., 1865, p. 823. pl. New Cali-
xliv. fornia, New
Wolt’s Harrier. Hebrides.
Throat and chest white, streaked with black ;
upper tail-coverts white with remains of ashy
brown. bars.
44. Circus spilonotus Kaup, Contr. Orn., 1850, E. Siberia,
De oo: in winter to
Eastern Marsh Harrier. K. China,
Indo-Burman
countries,
Malay
Archipelago.
The same, but with distinct transverse spots
of dusky cinereous on upper tail-coverts.
45. Curcus spilothorax Salvad. and d’Alb., Ann. S.E. New
Mus. Civ. Genov., vii., p. 807 (1875). Guinea.
New Guinea Harrier
46.
47.
14
Throat and chest black; upper tail-coverts
barred with black.
Circus melanoleucus (Forst.), Indisch. Zool.,
pel2, pl xa. (17st):
Pied Harrier.
Throat and chest black; upper tail-coverts
white with remains of rufous bars.
Circus buffont (Gmel.), S.N., i., p. 277 (1788).
Long-winged Harrier.
. Thighs black.
‘Throat and chest brownish black ; upper tail-
coverts white, the lower ones spotted with
black.
Circus maurus (Temm.), Pl. Col., i., pl. 461
(1828).
Black Harrier.
K. Siberia,
Mongolia, E.
and §. India,
Burma, Malay
Pen., Borneo,
Philippines
(winter).
K. side of
S. America,
from Magel-
lan Str. to
Brit. Guiana
and Vene-
zuela,
Trinidad.
S. Africa.
FEMALES (usually much different from males).
A. Above brown.
a. Thighs white.
Below white, striped with dark brown ; upper
tail-coverts white, barred with dark brown.
. Thighs white, with streaks or spots of rufous
or brown.
Below tawny buff, streaked with brown ;
upper tail-coverts white.
Below nearly white, streaked with brown.
Below creamy buff, with pointed spots of
rufous brown ; upper tail-coverts white.
Below buffy white, with rufous centres to the
feathers ; upper tail-coverts white.
Below creamy white, with streaks of brown ;
upper tail-coverts white, barred with dark
brown.
C’.. melano-
leucus.
C. cyaneus.
C. hudsonius.
C. spilonotus.
C. pygargus.
C. macrurus.
ce. Thighs white, barred with orange tawny.
Breast brown with white spots, rest of under
parts barred with orange tawny and white ;
upper tail-coverts white, barred with reddish.
d. Thighs rufous.
Below dark brown, with a white band, marked
with brown, across breast ; upper tail]-coverts
white, tinged with grey and rufous.
Below brown, streaked with white ; upper tail
coverts rufous, tipped with white.
C’. cinereus.
C'. wrugi-
NOSUS.
Cl. ranivorus.
Gen. XIX. MICRASTUR Gray (1841).
Nostrils round, with a bony exerescence ; tarsi and
fec
in
49,
49)
oh)
t large and robust ; tarsus reticulated behind ;
front covered with small seutellae.
A
Size large, length, J, 20 in., wing 10.4; 9,
about 24 in.: above blackish with white
nuchal collar ; tail with 3 white bands ; below
white with black shaft Jines; juv. below
barred: intermediate plumage below pale
ochraceous fawn, as well as sides of face and
nuchal collar.
Micrastur melanoleucus melanoleucus (Vieill.)
N:D. x., p2 327 (1817). [Paraguay.|
Collared Harrier-Hawk
Much smaller; wing gd |?¢] 8.60 in. ; tarsi and
feet much smaller and weaker: white tail
bands above partly obscured by brown patches
in centre and below less extensive ; those on
outer feathers only 4 in number in place of 6
in typical form.
a. Jlicrastur melanoleucus buckleyt, subsp. nov.
[ad., 3 ¢?, Sarayacu, He. Feb. 1880, Buckley,
Be Muss coll No. 87s 5. 1.122.
Size medium, length (@) 17.5; wing 9.8;
above slate ; tail with 8 bands of ashy-brown
showing white below; below white with
black shaft lines ; no nuchal collar.
Micrastur mirandoller (Schl.),Nederl. Tiydsehr.,
i., p. 131 (1863). [Dutch Guiana. |
Mirandolle’s Harrier-Hawk.
Se Mexico
to Colombia,
Venezuela,
Brazil ancl
Paraguay.
dcuacdor,
Upper BE.
Peru, Guiana,
Panama.
16
Gen. XIXA. CLIMACOCERCUS CAB. (1845.)
Feet very much smaller ; tarsi more slender, with
broad and regular scales in front.
Size small, length (¢) 13 in.; wing 6.9. Above
slate or rufous (rufous phase); ¢ tail with 3
greyish white bands ; below greyish white,
barred with greyish black; throat white,
fore-neck rufous.
51. Clemacocercus ruficollis (Vieill.), N. Diet., x., Venezuela,
p. 3822 (1817). [S. America. ] Guiana,
Xted-necked Harrier-Hawk. Brazil,
Paraguay.
Above chocolate brown ; tail blackish, with
3 narrow white bands ; below thickly barred
with black and white ; throat brown.
5la. Climacocercus zonothorax Cab., J£.0., 1865, Colombia,
p. 406. [Porto Cabello, Venez. | Venezuela.
Barred Harrier-Hawk.
Above (male) ashy brown (female blackish) ;
tail blackish with 3 irregular white bands (4
in immature); below whitish, breast finely
barred with wavy blackish lines; lower
abdomen white.
52. Climacocercus gilvicollis (Vieill.), N. Dict., x., Colombia &
p. 323 (1817). [Patr. ign.: Cayenne ? | Amazonia to
White-throated Harrier-Hawk. IX. Peru and
to 20° S. lat.
in Brazil.
Above blackish ; tail with 3 irregular white
bands ; throat t and cheeks pale grey ; below
dull white, closely barred down to thighs with
blackish.
53. Climacocercus querilla*, (Cass.), Pr. Plnl. Mexico to
Acad, 1848 p. 87. [ZValapa. MWex.| Colombia.
Grey-throated Harrier-Hawk. Venezula,
Brazil, and
Eeuador.
Gen. XX. GERANOSPIZIAS Sundev. (1873).
Tarsus scaled behind ; thighs without overhanging
tuft of feathers ; ridge of bill greater than half
length of middle toe (without claw) ; commissure
slightly festooned.
Size moderate (length 16.5-24.5 in.).
* In revising this group the forms 7ugwaris and interstes appear to be
untenable and are therefore omitted,
7
Plumage slaty blue, with little trace of white
cross bars except on thighs and under wing-
coverts ; tail ochraceous, with 2 broad black
bands.
54. Geranospizias cerulescens ceerulescens (Vieill.),
Ne Dict. x. pols (ISLA):
Grey Crane-Hawk.
Under parts barred with whitish.
54a. Geranospizias cerulescens gracilis (Temm.), Pl.
Col.,1., pl. 91 (1824).
Wood Hawk.
Like G. c. cerulescens, except that general
plumage is slaty black.
5tb. Geranospizias cerulescens niger (Du Bus), Bull.
Ac. Roy. Brux., xiv., p. 103 (1847).
Black Hawk.
Venezuela,
muana,
W. Brazil,
Peru, Bolivia
Argentina.
Brazil,
Paraguay.
Central
America from
S. Mexico to
Panama.
Gen. XXI. UROTRIORCHIS Sharpe (1874).
Tail (13 in.) longer than wing (12 in.), very strongly
graduated ; size large (length 24 in.).
Above blue grey, lighter on head and nape ;
upper tail-coverts pure white ; tail very long,
black above, greyish below, irregularly banded
and tipped with white ; below leaden grey.
55. Urotriorchis macrurus (Hartl.), J.f.0., 1855,
p. 353.
W. African Grey Hawk.
W. Africa,
Gold Coast
to Gaboon.
Gen. XXII. PARABUTEO Ridgw. (1874).
Nostrils with bony tubercle near upper margin ;
thighs with overhanging tuft of feathers ; tarsus
scaled almost right across and feathered further
down than length of middle toe.
Size large (length about 23 in. ; wing about 12-14 in.).
General colour blackish brown, variegated by
lighter spotting; lesser wing-coverts and
thighs rufous ; tip and base of tail and also
tail-coverts white.
56. Parabuteo unicinctus wnicinctus (Temm.), PI.
Col., pl. 313 (1824).
One-banded Buzzard-Hawk
S. America,
northward
from Chile
on W.and
Buenos Ayres
on FE.
18
General colour sooty black, tinged with chest-
nut on rump. (Female more brownish.)
56a. Parabuteo unicinctus harrist (Audub.), B. Am.,
pl. ecexcii., 1831 ; Orn. Biog., v., p. 30.
Harris’s Buzzard-Hawk.
Gen. XXIII.
Tarsus scaled in front, reticulated on outer aspect,
7B.
57b.
Ou
not feathered so far down as length of middle
toe.
Size large (length 21 in.; wing 14.8);
general plumage bluish ash; quills black;
wing-coverts, secondaries, upper tail-coverts
and base of tail whitish freckled with
grey ; outer tail-feathers white, barred with
black; belly white, narrowly barred with
blackish.
Melierax canorus canorus (Rislach), in Thunb.,
Diss. Ac., iii., p. 264 (1799).
Chanting Goshawk.
Size similar ; tail-coverts white, with numerous
bars of slaty grey ; tail blackish, with 4 white
bands, the middle feathers unbarred ; below
white, minutely barred with ashy grey.
Melierax canorus metabates, Heugl., Ibis, 1861,
De M2:
Many-banded Hawk.
[= M. polyzonus of authors. |
Much lighter form.
Melierax canorus neumanni, Hart., Vog. Pal.
Fauna, i1., p. 1165 (1914).
Neumann’s Goshawk.
Rather smaller ; above darker slate ; throat,
chest and wings, light grey ; below white, with
narrow blackish bars ; tail black, tip and upper
tail-coverts white.
:, Melierax canorus poliopterus Cab., in Decken’s
Reise, ii., Vog., p. 40 (1869).
EK. African Goshawk.
Central and
N. America
from Panama
to Southern
LORS
MELIERAX Gray (1840).
S. Africa
below
15°S. lat.
N.E. Africa,
Sudan to
Mogador,
W. Arabia.
Nubia to
Sudan &
Hausaland.
EK. Africa, |
Somaliland to |
Kilimanjaro.
58.
59.
19
Much darker below than J. c. metabates, which
has white bars rather broader than dark bars,
reverse being case in this species.
Melierax mechowi Cab., J.£.0., 1882, p. 229.
Angola Goshawk.
Size small (length 11.5-13.6; wing 7.1-8.3) ;
above and throat ashy grey ; rump blackish,
upper tail-coverts white ; quills and tail brown
banded with black ; below white barred with
ashy grey.
Melierax gabar (Daud.), Traité, ii., p. 89
(1800).
Red-faced Goshawk.
Size similar ; plumage black; quills and tail
banded as in M. gabar. Feet cinnabar red
(orange in last-named). [Disputed species. |
58a. Melierax niger (Vieill.), Enc. Meth., iii., p. 1269
(1823).
African Black Goshawk.
Gen. XXIV. ASTUR Lacep. (1801).
Bill short, cutting edge of upper mandible with a
festoon ; nostrils oval, with no bony tubercle ; toes
moderate, middle one somewhat longest, outer and
inner nearly equal.
Angola,
Damara-
land to
Mashonaland,
Nyasaland.
S. Africa,
EK. & N.E.
Africa.
S. and E
Africa.
Key to NaturaL Groups AND SPECIES (ADULTS).
A. With conspicuous line of white on each side of
60.
60a.
crown, from above hinder ear-coverts ; crown
blackish ; above ashy brown; below white
barred with greyish brown ; tail with 4 dark
bands ; length, J, 19-20.5; 9, 23-24 in.
Astur gentilis gentilis, Linn, 8.N., i., p. 89
(1758).
Common Goshawk.
Smaller and darker race.
Astur gentilis arrigontt Kleinsch., Orn. Mb.,
xi., pp. 152-3 (1903).
Sardinian Goshawk.
Europe and
Siberia ; in
winter to N.
Africa and
Himalayas.
Sardinia.
60b.
60c.
Ol.
6la.
62.
B.
barred.
20
Less brownish, purer grey
Astur gentilis schvedowi Menz., Orn. Geogr.
Kur. Russia, p. 439 (1882).
Siberian Goshawk.
“ White ” race.
Astur gentilis candidissimus Dyb., Bull. Soe.
Zool. France, viii., p. 353 (1883).
Kamtschatka Goshawk.
Above bluish ash, with blackish shaft stripes ;
crown deeper black; below closely freckled
or vermiculated, instead of barred ; tail bands
indistinct.*
Astur atricapillus (Wils.), Am. Orn., vi., pl. 52,
fig. 3 (1812).
American Goshawk
Markings of lower parts fine and delicate and
so dense as to present a nearly uniform appear-
ance ; tail bands obsolete.
Astur atricapillus striatulus Ridgw., Hist. N.
Am. Birds, iii., p. 240 (1874).
Western Goshawk.
Above sepia brown; head, neck and upper
mantle blackish slate ; nape varied with white ;
tail with 6 irregular darker bands; below
white, thickly and broadly barred with
blackish.
Astur hensti Schl., Mus. P.B. Revue Accipitr.,
p. 62 (1873).
Henst’s Goshawk.
Sides of crown uniform with crown itself ; no
distinct red nape band; maximum length
20 in. (8)
N. Asia to
Thibet.
Kamtschatka
N. America
(exce pt
Pacific side),
ace.in Brit.
Isles.
W. North
America,
Sitka to
Sierra
Nevada.
Madagascar.
* The young of most species of the genus Astur, both in the typical
group and many succeeding ones, are brown above, the feathers more or less
margined with ochraceous or rufous, and ochraceous or creamy white below
with longitudinal markings, usually in the form of streaks on throat and large
oval spots on breast and flanks, although in some species the flanks may be
The characters given, as in other genera, are those of adwlt birds.
a.
63.
63a.
63b.
63c.
64.
64a.
Above brownish or slate; tail with about 3
darker bands; below white, barred with
rufous; length, g, 13.5-14; 9, 16-17 in.
Astur tachiro tachiro (Daud.), Traité, i1., p. 90
(1800).
African Goshawk.
Below lighter ; cross bands more distinct ; no
bars on under wing-coverts.
Astur tachiro sparsimfasciatus* Reichen., Orn.
Mb:, 11., p. 97 (1895).
Zanzibar Goshawk.
Flanks and transverse bars more
rufescent.
Astur tachiro unduliventer (Riipp.), Neue Wirb.,
p. 40, taf. 18, fig.i. (1835).
Abyssinian Goshawk.
richly
Thighs rufous, without bars; under wing-
coverts white.
Astur tachiro macroscelides
1855, pp. 354, 360.
West African Goshawk.
Hartl., J.£.0.,
. Above slaty grey ; below with breast rufous,
or partly so, and rest of under parts white,
barred with rufous.
Astur trivirgatus trivirgatus (Temm.), Pl. Col..
i., pl. 303 (1824).
Indian Crested Goshawk.
Larger.
Astur trivirgatus rufitinctus McClell., P.Z.S.,
1839, p. 153.
Larger Crested Goshawk.
S. E. Africa.
Zanzibar Is.,
Brit. E.
Africa,
Victoria
Nyanza.
N.E. Africa
(Abyssinia).
W. Africa
(Gold Coast
to Sierra
Leone).
Hilly parts
of India
and Ceylon,
Malay Archi-
pelago.
KE. Himalayas
to Assam,
indo-
Chinese
countries,
Formosa.
* 4. tachiro nyanse Neumann, Orn. Mb., xiii., p. 138 (1902) is a synonym,
cf. Sharpe, Zool. Rec., 1902, Aves, p, 45.
22
c. Above brown; head bluish grey; tail with
about 4 dark bars ; below white, with broad
streaks of brown ; thighs barred with blackish
brown.
65. Astur griseiceps Schl., Mus. P.B., Astures,
p- 23 (1862).
Grey-headed Goshawk.
d. Smaller (length, 3, 10.7 in.) ; above brownish
ash ; sides of head and of neck rufous ; tail
with 6 dark bars; below white, barred with
rufous.
66. Astur brutus (Poll.), Nederl. Tijdschr., iii.,
p. 80 (1866).
Least Goshawk.
e. Above blackish slate or slate ; tail with 2 more
or less regular white bands; below pale
vinous to rufous, with indications of white
bars ; length 15-in. (adult).
67. Astur toussenellit toussenellit (Verr.), Rev. et
Mag., 1854, p. 538.
Toussenell’s Goshawk.
Smaller ; length 13-in. (J) ; thighs chestnut.
67a. Asiur toussenellic lopexi* Alex., Bull. B.O.C..
xiil., p. 49 (1903).
Fernando Po Goshawk.
Smaller; length 11 in. (3); below banded
with white and chestnut.
67b. Astur toussenellic castanilius (Bp.), Rev. et
Mag. de Zool., 1853, p. 578.
Chestnut-sided Goshawk.
Without white bars below ; thighs white.
68. Astur trinotatus (Bp.), Consp., 1., p. 33 (1850).
N. Celebean Goshawk.
Paler below, with more white on abdomen.
68a. Astur trinotatus haesitandus (Hart.), Nov.
Zool., iii., p. 162 (1896).
S. Celebean Goshawk.
Celebes.
Mayotte Is.
(Comoro
Group).
W. Africa
(Gaboon).
Cameroon &
Fernando Po.
W. Africa
(Gold Coast
to Gaboon %),
Cameroon.
N. Celebes.
S. Celebes.
* Doubtfully distinct from 4. t. castantlius if it has the rufous thighs of
the latter.
The amount of white barring most certainly varies with age.
69.
70.
Tile
Tek
71b.
71d.
23
. Above deep slate grey ; tail with 8 or 9 dark
bars; below wholly chestnut with a few
whitish cross bars.
Astur henicogrammus Gray, P.Z.S., 1860,
p. 343.
Gray’s Goshawk.
. Above slate grey ; bars on tail nearly obsolete ;
below cinnamon rufous, without white bars ;
length 9 15.8; 9 12.5 in.
Astur iogaster (Mull. et Schl.), Naturl. Gesch.,
p. 110 (1839-44).
Rufous-bellied Goshawk.
Shghtly smaller ; below more vinous red.
Astur etorques etorques (Salvad.), Ann. Mus.
Civ. Genov., vii., p. 901 (1875).
New Guinea Goshawk.
Whole under side deep rufous cinnamon.
Astur etorques rufoschistaceus Rothsch. and
Hart., Nov., Zool., ix., p. 590 (1902).
Ysabel Is. Goshawk.
Smaller and darker.
Astur etorques rubiane Rothsch. and Hart.,
Nov. Zool., xii., pp. 250-1 (1905).
Solomon Island Goshawk.
Lighter above.
. Astur etorques bougainviller Roth. and Hart.,
Nov. Zool., xii., pp. 250-1 (1905).
Bougainville Is. Goshawk.
Smaller (length of ad. 12.2 in.) and more
delicate grey above.
Astur etorques misoriensis (Salvad.), Am.
Mus. Civ. Genov., vii., p. 904 (1875).
Misori Goshawk.
Moluceas
(Halmahera,
Morotai).
Moluccas
(Ceram and
Amboina).
New Guinea,
Salawati and
Jobi Is.,
Bismarck
Archipelago.
Ysabel Is.,
Solomon
Archipelago.
Solomon Is.
(Rubiana,
Rendova,
Gizo).
N. Solomon
Is. (Short-
land Group &
Bougainville
Tse).
Ts. of Misori,
N.W. New
Guinea,
Jobi Is. (2)
~I
bo
73.
Waae
73b.
24
Under wing and tail-coverts whitish ; thighs
reddish white.
Astur etorques pulchellus Ramsay, Jnl. Linn.
Soc., xvi., p. 131 (1881).
Ramsay’s Goshawk.
. Above paler ashy grey ; crown bluish ; tail
uniform ; below paler salmon colour, with
remains of white bars on breast, more numerous
on abdomen.
Astur sylvestris (Wall.), P.Z.S., 1863, pp. 484,
487.
Flores Goshawk.
Above bluish grey ; tail with 5 or 6 blackish
bars ; below salmon rufous, with white cross
bars.
Astur badius badius (Gmel.), S.N., i., p. 280
(1788).
Ceylonese Shikra.
Larger and lighter grey.
Astur badius dussumiert Temm., Pl. Col., livr.
52, pl. 308 (1824)
Shikra
Above paler bluish ; below with broader and
brighter vinous bands.
Astur badius poliopsis (Hume), Stray
Feathers, ii., 1874, p. 325.
Hunie’s Shikra.
Tail slightly longer and more barred.
. Astur badius cenchroides Severtz, Turkist.
Jevotn., p. 63 (1873).
Severtzow’s Shikra.
Solomon Is.
(Cape Pitt,
Florida Is.,
Guadaleanar,
Ysabel Is.)
Lesser Sunda
Is. (Flores).
Ceylon.
Travancore.
Whole of
Indian
Peninsula.
Burma,
Assam,
Cachar,
Tenasserim,
Siam, and
Gam boja to
to Cochin
China,
Formosa.
Central Asia
(Turkestan),
Baluchistan,
E. Persia and
Punjab, Sind
(winter).
74.
75.
Waar
76.
25
Mantle blackish slate ; below paler salmon
colour, under wing-coverts distinctly barred.
Astur badius brevipes Severtz., Bull. Soc. Imp.
Nat., Moscou, xxxili., p. 234, tab. i.-i1. (1850).
Levant Shikra.
Above clear bluish ashy, under wing-coverts
buffy white, with faint dusky cross bars.
. Astur badius sphenurus (Riipp.), Neue Wirb.,
p. 42 (1835).
Riippell’s Goshawk.
Below with numerous distinct narrow bars of
pale rufous ; under wing-coverts barred like
breast.
. Astur badius polyzonides (Smith), Ul. Zool. 8.
Afr., pl. xi. (1838).
Little Barred Goshawk.
Tail with only one indistinct subterminal bar ;
under wing-coverts white.
Astur butleri Gurney, Bull. B.O.C., vii., p.
xxvii. (1898).
Butler’s Goshawk.
Tail with 5 bars; body below, pale buffy
vinous without bars.
Astur soloensis soloensis (Lath.), Gen. Hist., 1.,
p. 209 (1821).
Horsfield’s Goshawk.
Tail bars obsolete above.
Astur soloensis cuculoides Temm., Pl. Col., 1.,
pl. 110, 129 (1823).
Chinese Goshawk.
. Head, neck and upper part of mantle light
greyish white ; rest of upper parts slate grey ;
tail uniform ; below vinous rusty red.
Astur pallidiceps (Salvad.), Orn. d. Papuasia,
etc., 1., p. 64 (1879).
White-headed Goshawk.
Central
Russia,
Dalmatia,
Greece,
Turkey, Asia
Minor, Persia,
Syria, Egypt.
N.E. Africa,
Sudan to
Senegambia,
Sierra Leone,
Nigeria.
S. Africa, N.
to Nyasaland.
Car Nicobar
Is., Bay of
Bengal.
China, S.in
winter to New
Guinea.
N. China, S.
in winter to
Malay
Archipelago.
Bouru.
ile
-~I
~l
78a.
Nn.
79
80a.
. Above uniform slate colour ;
_ Astur clarus cooktowni (Math.),
26
Above as last, but tail with blackish bars ;
below entirely white.
Astur poliocephalus (Gray), P.Z.S., 1858, pp.
70; 189.
Grey-headed Goshawk.
tail with 7
darker bars ; below entirely white.
Astur francescii francescit (Smith), Afr. Q. Jnl.,
ii., p. 280 (1834).
Frances’s Goshawk.
Smaller and darker above.
Astur francescii pusillus Gurney, Ibis, 1875,
p. 258.
Joanna Island Goshawk.
Above brownish ash colour; below white
barred with dull ashy.
Astur clarus clarus (Lath.), Ind. Orn. Suppl.,
p. xiii. (1801).
Grey Goshawk.
Nov. Zool.,
Xviii., p. 245 (1912).
Northern Grey Goshawk.
. Above and below pure white.
Astur noveehollandie (Gmel.), S.N., i., p. 264
(1788).
White Goshawk.
Smaller ; wing ¢ 7.8 against 10.4 in.
Astur novehollandie leucosomus Sharpe, Cat.
Bds. B.M., i., p. 119 (1874).
Lesser White Goshawk.
. Above slate black ; below white streaked and
barred with black.
Astur eudiabolus Roth. & Hart., Bull. B.O.C.,
xxxv., p. 8 (1914).
Black-and-White Goshawk.
. Above blackish slate ; below white.
Astur haplochrous (Sclat.), Ibis, 1859, p. 275,
pl. vil.
Black-throated Goshawk,
New Guinea,
Salawati,
Mysol,
Waigiou and
Aru Is.
Madagascar.
Joanna or
Anjuan Is.
(Comoro
Group).
E. side of
Australia.
N. Queens-
land.
Tasmania,
N.S. Wales,
S. Australia.
New Guinea,
Waigiou,
N. Queens-
land ?
Mountains of
Brit. New
Guinea.
New
Caledonia.
83a.
84.
C:
a.
86.
Sie
with
27
Above black, or blackish slate ; tail unbanded ;
below white, with or without slight greyish
shading or vermiculations on sides of chest.
Length, 2, about 18 in., 3, about 14 in.
Astur albigularis albigularis (Gray), Ann, N.H.,
(4) v., p. 327 (1870).
White-throated Goshawk.
Larger ; cheeks white ; below with some black
shaft streaks and cross bars [doubtful form].
Astur albigularis meyerianus Sharpe, Jnl.
Linn. Soc., xiii., p. 458, pl. xxii. (1877).
Meyer’s Goshawk.
Tail with 4 whitish bands above ; cheeks and
ear-coverts black.
Astur jardinei* Gurney, Ibis, 1887, p. 96, pl.
ill.
Jardine’s Goshawk.
Above dark lead grey ; below pale grey.
Astur poliogaster (Temm.), Pl. Col.,1., pl. 264
(1824).
Grey-bellied Goshawk.
With a well defined rufous neck band.
Above brown; crown black, crested; tail
with 4 black bands ; below, chest rufous, rest
of under parts white barred with black.
Astur pectoralis Bp., Rev. et Mag. de Zool.,
1850, p. 490.
Red-collared Goshawk.
Above brownish slate; inner webs of tail-
feathers obscurely barred; below, breast
rufous brown barred with slate, rest paler
barred with white.
Astur natalis Lister, P.Z.8., 1888, p. 523.
Christmas Island Goshawk.
Solomon
Islands
(S. Christoval
Ugi, Guadal-
canar.)
Jobi Is. N.W.
New Guinea,
Ceram-Laut.
Brit. Guiana.
Brazil
(Ypanama),
Paraguay
srazil,
Guiana,
Ecuador.
Christmas
Is.
* Tf the later ascertained locality of this form, British Guiana, is correct
it must be a perfectly valid species, and can have little direct relationship
A. a. albigularis.
Dr. Hartert, who examined the description of Oustalet’s Astur sharpet
(Bull. Soc. Philom. (6), xi., p. 25, 1875) with me, thinks it is merely an example
of A, albigularis albiguiaris, and I have therefore omitted it.
28
c. Above light bluish grey; tail not visibly
barred ; throat white ; below pale vinous red,
length, 3, 13.5 ; 9, 16.5in.
88. Astur rufitorques Peale, U.S. Explor. Exped.,
p. 68, pl. 19 (1848).
Fijian Goshawk.
Larger ; above darker, except head ; below
with some white bars; throat bluish grey.
89. Astur griseigularis griseigularis Gray, P.Z.S.,
1850, p. 343.
Grey-throated Goshawk.
89a. Astur griseigularis buruensis, Streseman, Nov.
Zool., xxi., p. 381 (1914).
Smaller; above as A. rufitorques ; below pale
vinous red ;_ belly white.
90. Astur albiventris Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ.
Genov., vii., p. 982 (1875).
White-bellied Goshawk.
Above lighter.
91. Astur polionotus Salvad., Mem. Accad., Torino,
xl pe 47 (S89):
Tenimber Is. Goshawk.
d. Above black ; tail barred on inner webs only ;
below vinous chestnut ; throat black.
92. Astur melanochlamys melanochlamys (Salvad.),
Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov., vii., p. 905 (1875).
Black-backed Goshawk.
Above more slaty black ; below paler.
92a. Astur melanochlamys schistacinus Rothsch. and
Hart., Nov. Zool., xx., p. 482 (1913).
Mt. Goliath Goshawk.
e. Above greyish brown; tail with numerous
darker bars ; below white, barred with pale
rufous; thighs and under wing and_ tail-
coverts white.
93. Astur torquatus torquatus (Temm.), Pl. Col., 1.,
pl. 438 (1823).
Collared Goshawk.
93a. Astur torquatus sumbaensis (A. B. Meyer),
Abhandl. Ber. Mus., Dresd., 1892-3, p. 3.
Sumba Goshawk.
Fiji Islands.
Molucea Is.
(Halmaheéra,
Batchian,
etc.), Obi. Is.
Bouru,
S. Moluceas.
Ke or Kei Is.,
Moluccas.
Timor
Laut.
N.W. New
Guinea.
Mount
Goliath,
Dutch New
Guinea.
Timor.
Lesser Sunda
Is. (Sumba).
1
29
Above similar to last; below dull rufous,
narrowly barred with white and ashy ; under
wing-coverts dull rufous barred with fulvous.
Size larger, 9, 20 in.
94. Astur fasciatus fasciatus Vig. & Horsf., Tr. Linn.
94a.
94b.
94e.
94d.
Soc., xv., p. 181 (1827).
Australian Goshawk.
Smaller: “ wing 236 mm.”
Astur fasciatus didimus
Avian Rec., i., p. 33 (1912).
Northern Goshawk.
(Math.), Austral
Below paler ; under wing-coverts barred with
vinous grey.
Astur fasciatus cruentus Gould, P.Z.S., 1842,
p. 113 (1843).
West Australian Goshawk.
Astur fasciatus polycriptus Rothsch. and Hart,
Nov. Zool., xxii., p. 53 (1915).
Astur fasciatus insularis, F. Sarasin, Nove
Caledonia Zool. Aves, p. 8 (1913).
Below rich vinous salmon colour, with
remains of white cross-bars.
Astur wallacu Sharpe, Cat. Bds. B.M., 1.,
p. 128, pl. 5 (1874).
Wallace’s Goshawk.
Gen. XXV. NISOIDES Pollen (1866).
Hinder aspect of tarsus scaled ; commissure of bill
perfectly straight.
Above slaty black ; nape and base of scapulars -
mottled with white and upper tail-coverts
tipped with same ; tail with about 8 darker
E. Australia,
S. to Tas-
mania,
Norfolk Is.
N.W.
Australia,
Northern
Territory.
W. Australia.
New Guinea,
New Britain,
New Ireland,
D’Entrecas-
teaux Group,
Waigiou Is.
New
Caledonia,
New
Hebrides,
Loyalty Is.
Lesser Sunda
Ts. (Lombok),
S.W. Islands,
Moluccas.
30
bands ; below white barred with rufous brown ;
throat streaked with black ; length, 3, 11.5,
wing 6 in.
96. Nisoides moreli Pollen, Bull. Soc. Se. Réun., W. Coast of
1866, p. 62. Madagascar.
Morell’s Goshawk.
Gen. XXVI. ACCIPITER Briss. (1760).
Bill with distinct festoon to cutting margin of upper
mandible ; nostrils oval ; tarsus long, slender and
smooth ; toes long and slender, particularly the
middle one, which is more than twice ridge of
bill (without cere). Maximum size ¢, 15.8: 9,
18in. Minimum J, 8.8; 9, 10.5 in.
Key To THE NATURAL GROUPS AND SPECIES (ADULTS).
A. Thighs banded ; no collar round neck.
a. Above bluish slate ; nape more or less mottled
with white ; tail with about 4 darker bands ;
below white, breast barred with rufous or
brown ; flanks rufous.
97. Accipiter nisus nisus (Linn.), S.N., i., p. 92 Europe and
(1758). N. Asia, in
Common Sparrow-Hawk. winter to
Algeria, N.E.
Africa, India,
China.
Smaller, darker above, more closely and
thickly barred below.
97a. Accipiter nisus wolterstorffi Kleinschm., Orn. Sardinia.
Mby 1x-p. 163,900):
Sardinian Sparrow-Hawk.
Above bluer.
97b. Accipiter nisus punicus Erlanger, Orn. Mb., Tunis.
Ve, Do lst (Som):
Tunisian Sparrow-Hawk.
97c. Astur nisus nisisimilis Tickell, Jnl. As. Soc. India,
Beng. u1., p. 571 (1833). Kashmir,
Indian Sparrow-Hawk Assam,
Burma,
Afghanistan,
Turkestan.
97d.
97e.
98.
oe
99a.
99b.
31
Above lighter and greyer, with dark shaft
stripes; dark tail bands nearly obsolete ;
below barred with greyish.
Accipiter nisus pallens Stejn., Pr. U.S. Nat.
Mus., xvi., p. 625 (1893).
Kamtschatkan Sparrow-Hawk.
Insular race [with light and dark phases. ]
Accipiter nisus teneriffe Laubmann, Verhandl.
Om. Ges., xi., p. 164 (1912).
Teneriffe Sparrow Hawk.
Blackish slaty above, darkest on head and
nape; bars on tail broad and pronounced ;
below with bars broad and decided.
. Accipiter nisus melanoschistus Hume, Ibis,
1869, p. 356.
Himalayan Sparrow-Hawk.
. Accipiter nisus ladygini* Bianchi, Ann. Mus.
St. Petersb., viii., p. 11 (1903).
Above blackish brown ; below white, barred
with greyish black.
Accipiter granti Sharpe, Ann. & Mag. N.H. (6),
v., p. 483 (1890).
Madeiran Sparrow-Hawk.
Above slaty blue ; below white, barred with
pale rufous ; the flanks barred like breast.
Accipiter fuscus fuscus (Gmel.), S.N.,1., p. 280
(1788).
Sharp-shinned Hawk.
Paler and more cinnamomeous below ; thighs
with cinnamon rufous predominating.
Accipt er fuscus rufilatus (Ridgw.), Pr. US.
Mus., xi., p. 92 (1888).
Western Sharp-shinned Hawk.
Smaller and more slender; cheeks rufous ;
below nearly white, especially the thighs.
Accipiter fuscus fringilloidest (Vig.), Zool. Jnl.,
ili., p. 434 (1828) [ex Cuba].
Cuban Sparrow-Hawk.
Kamtschatka,,
Japan.
Teneriffe.
Himalayas.
E. Thibet.
Madeira.
N. America,
in winter S. to
Guatemala.
West U.S., W.
to RockyMts.,
N. to Kodiak,
S.to Cent.
America.
Cuba,
Haiti (?).
* Judging from description this form and Hume’s melanoschistus are
very near one another. if not the same.
t If the Cuban and Haitian forms are the same, they should be called
A. fuscus striatus (Vieill.) as being the older name.
32
Below rufous, the feathers spotted on both
webs or barred with white; upper breast
more or less uniform rufous.
100. Accipiter coopert cooperi (Bp.), Am. Orn., i.,
pla LOeE 1 (1828):
Cooper’s Hawk.
Female with markings of lower parts denser
and rather deeper in colour ; more rufous on
thighs. Male scarcely differs from typical
form.
100a.Accipiter coopert mexicanus Swains., Faun.
Bor. Am., i., p. 45, footnote (1831) [ex
Mexico].
Mexican Sparrow-Hawk.
Sides of neck, a band running to hind neck,
and upper part of breast greyish ash.
100b.Accipiter coopert gundlachi (Lawr.), Ann. Lye.
N.Y., vii., p. 252 (1862).
Gundlach’s Sparrow-Hawk.
Above slaty grey; below white, throat un-
spotted, rest minutely banded or vermiculated
with greyish brown.
Accipiter superciliosus (Linn.), S.N., 1. p. 128
(1766).
[=A. tinus, auct. plur.]
Eyebrowed Sparrow-Hawk.
TOT:
b. Above slaty black ; upper tail-coverts tipped
with white ; tail with 2 faint paler bands, and
2 large spots of white on inner webs ; below
white, sides bright chestnut, below narrowly
barred with rufous.
. Accipiter minullus minullus (Daud.), Traité,
ii., p 88 (1800).
Little Sparrow-Hawk.
Sides paler ; bars darker and broader.
102a.Accipiter minullus intermedius Erlang., J. Orn.,
pp. 171-6, 1904.
102b.Accipiter minullus hilgerti Erlang., J. Orn.,
pp. 171-6, 1904.
N. America
(Middle and
Southern
Uy
W. United
States to C,
America.
Cuba.
Tropical 8.
America, N.
to Panama.
S. Africa, to
to Mozam-
bique on E.
and Angola
on W.
Abyssinia
(S. Shoa).
Arusi, Galla
Land, N.E.
Africa.
33
102c.Accipiter minullus tropicalis (Reich.), Jr.f. O., E. Africa.
p. 139, 1898.
Upper tail-coverts conspicuously
barrings below blackish brown
little rufous.
white ;
with very
102d. Accipiter minullus erythropus (Hartl.), J.f.0.,
103.
d.
104.
105.
C. Thighs barred ;
a.
106.
. Above sooty brown ;
1855, p. 354.
Red-legged Sparrow-Hawk.
. Above dark ashy grey ; tail, with 4 darker bars,
alternated with paler bands, in centre of each of
which is a white spot ; below white with narrow
grey bands,
Accipiter ovampensis Gurney, Ibis,
367, pl. vi.
Gurney’s Sparrow-Hawk.
1875, p.
Above blackish brown; tail uniform above,
with paler bands beneath; below white,
thickly barred with greyish black.
Accipiter madagascariensis Verr., S. Afr. Q.
Jnl., ti., p. 282 (1834).
Madagascar Sparrow-Hawk.
Thighs nearly uniform brown, with slight
remains of white cross bars :
white collar on hind neck.
tail with 5 darker bands ;
broadly barred with rufous
an. ill-defined
below
brown.
Accipiter collaris (Kaup), MS. in Mus. Brit.
undé ; Scl., Ibis, 1860, p. 148, pl. 6.
Semi-collared Sparrow-Hawk.
white,
red collar on hind neck.
Above bluish ash ; tail almost uniform above,
but with numerous darker bars below on inner
webs ; below broadly barred with vinous red
and greyish white.
Accipiter cirrocephalus (Vieill.), N. Dict., x.,
p. 329 (1817).
Collared Sparrow-Hawk.
W. Africa,
Gold Coast to
Cameroons.
Ovampo
Land, S.W.
Africa, to
Zambesi
Country,
Nyasaland, 8.
Abyssinia,
Gambaga
(Gold Coast).
Madagascar.
Colombia.
E. Australia.
o4
Darker above.
106a.Accipiter cirrocephalus broomei (Math.), Nov.
Zool., xviii., p. 247 (1912).
Broome’s Sparrow-Hawk.
Above clearer bluish slate; below brighter
rufescent with less distinct whitish bars ;
thighs with bare indications of bars.
106b.Accipiter cirrocephalus papuanus Rothsch.
& Hart., Nov. Zool., xx., p. 482 (1913).
Papuan Sparrow-Hawk.
D. Thighs uniform ashy grey ; red collar on hind
neck.
a. Above blackish slate ; red collar extending
to upper interscapulary region ; tail with 10
or ll darker bands, obsolete on outermost
feathers ; below pale ashy grey, sides of neck
chestnut.
107. Accipiter rubricollis Wall., P.Z.S., 1863, pp.
19, 21, pl. iv.
Red-collared Sparrow-Hawk.
Above “‘ dark blue slaty grey ” ; rufous collar
round hind neck.
Accipiter brachyurus (Ramsay), Pr. Linn. Soc.
N.S.W., iv., p. 465 (1879)
b. Bars on tail nearly obsolete ; below uniform
clear vinous, paler on thighs ; lower abdomen
white.
109. Accipiter erythrauchen
P.Z.8., 1860, p. 344.
Grey-throated Sparrow-Hawk.
108.
erythrauchen Gray,
1092. Accipiter erythrauchen ceramensis, Schl., Mus.
P.B. Astures, p. 39 (1862)
E. Thighs greyish white ; no nuchal collar.
a. Above bluish grey ; sides of face and neck very
pale ; below clear vinous red; tail blackish
slate above, with 4 or 5 dark bars beneath.
110. Accipiter rhodogaster (Schl.), Mus. P.B.
Astures, p. 32 (1862).
Red-bellied Sparrow-Hawk.
W. Australia,
Northern
Territory.
Dutch New
Guinea.
Moluccas
‘(Morotai,
Bouru).
S.E. New
Guinea.
Moluceas
(Halmahéra
Batchian,
Obi Is.)
Ceram.
Celebes.
110a.
35
Above darker slate grey ; sides of face and neck
vinous like under parts.
Accipiter rhodogaster sulaensis (Schl.)., Vog.
Ned. Ind. Valke, pp. 26, 64, pl. 16, f. 3, 4 (1866).
Sula Is. Sparrow-Hawk.
F. Thighs rufous or ochraceous ; no nuchal collar.
a.
111.
113.
114.
1] 4a.
Cc.
U5:
11ld5a.
Above slaty grey; tail brown with about 5
ashy brown bars; cheeks and under surface
white, with a few dusky shaft lnes and bars
on breast and flanks ; thighs chestnut.
Accipiter erythrocnemis Gray, List Accipitr.
B.M., p. 70 (1848).
Grey-backed Sparrow-Hawk.
Above darker and browner ; head blackish ;
thighs pale ochre.
. Accipiter chionogaster (Kaup), P.Z.S., 1851,
p. 41.
White-bellied Sparrow-Hawk,
Above plumbeous ; thighs cinnamon rufous.*
Accipiter salvint (Ridgw.), Bull. U.S. Geol.
Surv., li., p. 121 (1876).
Salvin’s Sparrow-Hawk.
. Above deep slaty grey, including sides of face ;
below chestnut.
Accipiter ventralis ventralis Sclat., P.Z.S., 1866,
p. 303.
Chestnut-bellied Sparrow-Hawk.
Above and below plumbeous ; abdomen mixed
with ferruginous rufous.
Accipiter ventralis nigriplumbeous Lawr., Ann.
ven NEN xe, pa 270) (E3869):
Plumbeous Sparrow-Hawk.
Above deep slate ; nape mottled with white ;
side of face and under surface tawny rufous.
Accipiter rufiventris Smith, 8. Afr. Q. Jnl., i.,
p. 231 (1830).
African Sparrow-Hawk.
Accipiter rufiventris perspicillaris Riipp., Neue
Wirb. Vog., p. 41 (1836).
Abyssinian Sparrow-Hawk.
Sula Islands.
S. America,
Brazil to
Bolivia.
Central
America.
(Guatemala,
Nicaragua)
Venezuela.
S. America,
Venezuela to
Colombia.
Ecuador
and Peru.
S. Africa,
Togoland.
Abyssinia.
* JT have an ad. 3 from Escorial, Venez., snowy-white below, with reddish-
white thighs lightly barred with dusky, which seems to constitute a new form.
36
d. Above slaty black, lower upper tail-coverts
white ; tail with 2 bars of white on inner webs ;
below chestnut.
116. Accipiter sharper Reich., Vog. Afrikas, i., p.
564, pl. 2 (1901).
Sharpe’s Sparrow-Hawk.
G. Thighs greyish, with traces of bars ; no nuchal
collar.
a. Like A. sharper above, but no white spots on
centre tail feathers: below, rufous colour
paler on sides.
117. Accipiter hartlaubi (Verr.), in Hartl., Orn. W.
Afr., p. 15 (1857).
Hartlaub’s Sparrow-Hawk.
b. With 2 white spots on centre tail feathers ;
breast faintly barred with grey; sides pale
vinous.
118. Accipiter bates. Sharpe, Bull. B.O.C., xiii.,
p. 50 (1902).
Bates’s Sparrow-Hawk.
H. Thighs very pale rufous or ashy to chestnut ;
no nuchal collar.
a. Above blackish slate; nape mottled with
white ; sides of neck washed with rufous ;
tail with 3 blackish bars; below chestnut,
paler on thighs and more or less barred below
breast. Wing, 3, 6.6; Q, 7.4.
119. Accipiter virgatus virgatus (Temm.), Pl. Col.,
i., pl 109 (1823).
Java Sparrow-Hawk.
119a. Accipiter virgatus besra Jerd., Madras Jnl.
hit. Sei.) x... p) 84. 1(1839):
Besra Sparrow-Hawk.
Larger; wing, 3, 6.5-7.1; 9°, 8.35; below
with markings much browner.
119b.Accipiter virgatus affinis (Hodgs.), in Gray’s
Zool. Misc., p. 81 (1844).
Larger Besra Sparrow-Hawk.
W. Africa,
Cameroon to
Benguela.
W. Africa
(Senegambia
to Togoland),
Cameroons.
Greater
Sunda Is.,
Java,
N. Borneo,
Sarawak.
S. India,
Ceylon.
Himalayas,
Andamans,
Siam,
Formosa,
Hainan,
37
Below nearly uniform light red in ad. 2; the
ad. ¢ like typical race. Wing, 9, 6.9-7.3; 3,
6-6.9 in.
119¢.Accipiter virgatus confusus, Hart., Nov. Zool., Philippine
Xvii., p. 209 (1910). Tslands.
[=Accipiter manillensis (Meyen)].
Philippine Sparrow-Hawk.
Thighs and under tail-coverts uniform
chestnut ; wing 5.95 in.
119d.Accipiter virgatus rufotibialis Sharpe, Ibis, N.W. Borneo
1887, p. 437. (Mt. Kina
Whitehead’s Sparrow-Hawk. Balu),
Sarawak
(Mt. Dulit).
b. Female barred below, up to throat, with
rufous or brown like A. nisus nisus. Wing
BV, > 6.45; 9, 7.45.
120.Accipiter gularis (Temm. & Schl.), Faun. Jap. Japan,
Aves, p. 5, pl. 2 (1850). N. China,
Japanese Sparrow-Hawk. Formosa,
Malay
Archipelago,
Philippine Is.
ce. Tail with 4 darker bars; below pale fawn
rufous, the breast mottled with white spots
and half bars. Wing, 3,8.5.; 9, 10.5.
121. Accipiter guttatus (Vieill.), N. Dict., x., p. 327 S. America
(1817). (Paraguay
White-throated Sparrow-Hawk. and Bolivia).
d. Tail with 5 black bands ; head black ; sides
of face and under surface slaty blue, with
blackish shaft stripes ; thighs and under wing-
coverts rufous.
122. Accipiter pileatus (Temm.), Pl. Col., i., pl. S. America
205 (1824). (Brazil,
Black-capped Sparrow-Hawk. Paraguay).
e. Under wing-coverts white, rufous along carpal
bend ; thighs rufous ; tail with 4 dark bars.
123. Accipiter bicolor (Vieill.), N. Dict., x., p. 325 8S. Mexico to
(1817). Colombia,
Four-banded Sparrow-Hawk. Ecuador and
Guiana.
38
. Below ashy grey, with large white spots and
bars, margined with brownish ; breast shaded
with rufous; thighs rufous; under wing-
coverts rufous mottled with brown.
. Accipiter chilensis Phil. & Landb., Arch. f.
Naturg., 1864, p. 43.
Chilian Sparrow-Hawk.
Thighs black ; no nuchal collar.
. Above black; tail brown with 5 blackish
bands ; below black, most of feathers with
concealed white bases or spots.
. Accipiter melanoleucus Smith, 8. Afr. Q. Jnl.,
i., p. 229 (1830).
Black-and-White Sparrow-Hawk.
Chile to Str.
of Magellan,
Patagonia.
S. Africa,
W. Africa
(Cameroon
Gold Coast,
Gaboon,
Niger), Cape
Verde Is.,
Abyssinia,
Uganda.
PART IL—NOV. 7, 1919: PRICE 4/-
SYNOPTICAL LIST
OF THE
ACCIPITRES
(Diurnal Birds of Prey)
PART FI;
(ERYTHROTRIORCHIS TO LOPHOAETUS)
Comprising described Species and Subspecies, with their
Characters and Distribution
BY
He KIRKE: SWANN, oF.Z:S.
LONDON :
JOHN WHELDON & CO., 38, Great QUEEN STREET,
Kinasway, W.C.2.
1919.
a ge
pa tes
aon He: oe ‘
A
pa NOPTICAL, fast
OF THE
ACCIPITRES
(DIURNAL BIRDS OF PREY)
fee Acky PS aIGh
Sub-Fam. II. BUTEONINAL.
Bill moderate, bending from base, with a slight
projection on cutting edge of upper mandible.
Outer toe connected to middle toe by an
interdigital membrane ; tibia much longer
than tarsus, exceeding it by more than the
length of hind claw.
Gen. XXVIII. ERYTHROTRIORCHIS Sharpe (1875).
Wing about equal to tail, the latter moderately
graduated ; ridge of bill (without cere) less
than half length of middle toe (without claw).
Size of Buteo. Length 3 20, wing 14.5:
2 wing 16 in.; plumage above and below
bright rufous, with black centres ; tail ash,
tipped with pale rufous, and irregularly barred
with dark brown ; under surface of tail and
tips of primaries whitish.
126. HBrythrotriorchis radiatus (Lath.), Ind. Orn. H.C.N. and
Suppl., ii., p. xii. (1801) [N.S. Wales.] N.W.
Red Buzzard. - Australia.
Gen. XXVIII. MEGATRIORCHIS Salvad. & D’Alb. (1875).
Wings short, slightly longer than tail; tail long, *
rounded ; inner toe shorter than outer.
40
Larger ; length 9 26.75, wing 14 in. ; plumage
anor e here ch black, with rufescent
margins ; below white, spotted longitudinally
with brown; wings and tail above banded
alternately with brownish-black and greyish-
brown.
Megatriorchis dorie Salvad. & D’Alb., Ann. 8S.E. New
Mus. Civ. Genov. vii., p. 85 (1875). [Yule Guinea.
Island. |
Doria’s Buzzard-Hawk.
Gen. XXIX. HETEROSPIZIAS Sharpe (1874).
Nostrils round, with large tubercular process ;
128
wings reaching up to or beyond tail; tail
about equal to twice tarsus.
Size of Buteo: length ° 24, wing 18.3, 5 20, wing
16.5in.; head and shoulders pone > mantle
and scapulars pale slate grey with rufous
margins ; rump and tail purplish black, tail
with a median white bar and white tips ;
helow rufous with narrow obsolete black bars
on breast.
Heterospizias meridionalis (Lath.), Ind. Orn., 5. America
1., p. 36 (1790). [Cayenne. | (Colombia to
ted-winged Hawk. S.E. Brazil,
Paraguay and
Argentina).
Gen. XXX. GERANOAETUS Kaup (1844).
Size much larger than Buteo ; tail proportionately
Cere
shorter, and wings proportionately longer.
Length 28, 931, wing 23.7, tail 11.5in ; slaty-
black, with the shoulder grey, finely barred
with blackish ; abdomen and under wing and
tail-coverts grevish- white, finely barred with
blackish,
Geranoaelus melanoleucus (Vieill.), N. Diet. Colombia
d’Hist. Nat., xxxii., p: 57, 1819 [Paraquay|. to Chile and
Chihan Kagle. Patagonia.
Gen, XXXT. BUMEO Lacep. (1799):
large; nostrils oval with no tubercle ;
wings moderately long, the 3rd to 5th quills
longest, the first 3 to 5 emarginate or notched
oninner webs ; tarsus short, strong, usually
scaled, and feathered in front for a varying
distance. Size usually under 24 in.
4]
Kry To THE NATURAL GRoUPS AND SpPErctEs (ADULTS).
A. Tail usually brown, sometimes washed with
rufous, with a varying number of transverse
bars ; generally from 6 to 12, often indistinct.
General plumage sooty-black, shaded with
brown; tail greyish-brown with 12 or 13
blackish bars.
130. Buteo galapagensis (Gould), P.Z.S.. 1837, p. 9 Galapagos Is.
[Galapagos Is. |
Galapagos Buzzard.
Aberrant species ; size small ; wing 10.75 in.,
very short and rounded ; inner webs of first 4
primaries emarginate; tips of primaries
reaching to about middle of tail: tail with 8
or 9 darker bars ; plumage blackish-brown
(dark phase) or brown above and buff below
and on head (light phase).
131. Buteo solitarius Peale, Zool. U.S. Expl. Hawaiian
Exped. Birds, p. 62 (1848). [Karakaloa Bay, Archipelago
Hawai. |
Solitary Buzzard.
Size small; length ¢ 18.50, wing 11.8 in.;
above pale brown; tail with 6 or 7 bands of
darker brown ; below white, throat narrowly
and breast broadly streaked with pale brown ;
belly and thighs uniform pale brown.
132. Buteo brachypterus Hartl., Faun. Madag.p.l. Madagascar.
(1861). [Wadagascar. |
Short-winged Buzzard.
Size large, length 9, 24.5; wing 19 in. ; head
and neck white, with broad streaks of pale
brown ; above dull brown ; tail with indistinct
darker cross-bars, the base and inner webs
white ; below white, barred on throat and
streaked on breast with dark brown ; flanks
dark brown.
133. Buteo hemilasius Temm. et Schl., Faun. E. Siberia,
Japon. Aves, p. 18, pl. vi (1844). [Japan.| Mongoha
| Archibuteo strophiatus(Hodgs.)is asynonym.| to Tibet,
Upland Buzzard. Nepal and
L. Baikal ;
Cas. Japan ;
winters
China,
Turkestan,
N. India,
134.
135.
156.
42
Length 3, 19, wing 15 in. ; first 3 primaries
notched ; above dark-brown to slate-brown
with paler edgings ; tail with 10 or 12 darker
cross-bars, the sub-terminal broad ; throat
white, upper breast rufous (3) to deep chest-
nut or brownish-black (Q): other lower parts
buffy-white, generally with rufous arrow
heads or flank bars ; a uniform sooty-brown
phase is met with.
Buleo swainsoni Bonap. Geogr. and Comp.
List. p. 3 (1838). [Near the Columbia River. ]
Swainson’s Hawk.
Tail brown with 8 or 9 darker bars ; below
whitish, heavily blotched lengthwise with
dark brown ; thighs buffish, barred with dark
brown.
Buteo oreophilus Hart. and Neum., Orn.
M.B. xxii., p. 31 (1914). [S. Abyssinia. ]
K. African Buzzard.
First 4 primaries notched ; length j about 20
in.; wing 14.75-15; tail 8.75-9 ; tarsus 3.10 ;
2 wing 15-16 in. ; plumage variable ; adult
in breeding plumage (brit. Isles) brown to
dark brown above, sometimes with rusty
edges to scapulars; lower parts whitish,
heavily blotched on breast and barred on
belly with dark brown (occasionally rufous
brown), the upper breast, flanks and thighs
nearly uniform ; tail with 12 or 13 darker
bars, the sub-terminal one broad* ; a sooty-
brown phase also a “ white” variety are
met with.
Buteo buteo buteo (Linn.) S.N. ed. X. 1. p. 90
(1758). [Hurope. |
Common Buzzard.
N.and S.
America,
from
Alaska to
Chile.
i. Africa,
Abyssinia
and Uganda
to the
Cape.
W., N. and C.
Europe, N. to
Brit. Isles and
Sweden, S.
to Spain.
* Adults among the Buzzards usually have the tail much less numerously
barred than is the case with young birds and often have a broad sub-termina]
band, lacking in young birds: the latter also have the under-parts of the
hody as a rule lighter, often with the arrow-head, circular or elongated dark
markings characteristic of the young birds of other groups of the Accipitres,
Individuals of all the species of Buteo vary greatly in plumage,
45
Smaller imsular race; darker and more
rufous ; more heavily marked below, tail
tinged rufous.
136a. Buteo buteo arrigonit Picchi, Avicula, vii., Sardinia,
p. 40 (1903). [Sardinia. } Corsica.
Sardinian Buzzard.
Wing © 16.50, 3 15.50 in.; large and dark
insular race ; more similar to zemmermanne
than typicalform ; darker than latter gener-
ally is and nearly uniform below, blackish-
brown to rufous-brown, the abdomen barred :
tail with 10 or 12 darker bars and with or
without rufous tinge.
136b. Buteo buteo harterti subsp. nov. [B. buteo Madeira.
subsp. ? Hart., Vog. Pal. Faun., p.1123
(1914)]. [Type in Tring Mus. |
Madeira Buzzard.
Wing ¢ 13.40-14.10; Q 14.70-15.25 in.
rufous form, but tail gener ally light ashy, i
7-9 bars, the sub-terminal raed more or less
tinged with rufous ; below with belly either
uniform deep rufous or barred and mottled
with buffish-white.
136c. Buteo buteo rothschildi, subsp. nov.* [No. Azores.
1904, 12. 31. 286, Coll. B.M., 2 Terceira,
Az. Apl. 6, 1903, W.R.O. Grant. ]
Azores Buzzard.
Wing © 15.40-15-70, f (juv.) 13.80 in. ; rufous
form ; chest and abdomen rufous brown ; tail
brown, slightly tinged with rufous and with
the sendin bars nearly obsolete in very old
bird, about 5 being apparent ; younger birds
have about 10 distinet bars.
136d. Buteo buteo insularum Floericke, Mitteil. Canary
Oesterr. Reichsb,, iii., p. 64 (1903). [Gran _ Isles.
Canaria. |
Canary Isles Buzzard.
Paler and less rufous than three preceding
forms ; wing? 14.60; above ashy-brown, with
paler margins to the feathers ; tail with 9
darker bars: below throat white, streaked
with dusky-brown ; chest brown, mottled with
buffy-white ; centre of breast whiter ; belly
* The fine series in Brit. Mus. does not appear to me to confirm the view
ue the Azores race is the same as the Canary Is. race.
Bm
barred with brown; thighs dark brown,
slightly barred with rufous ; feet smaller and
shighter.
136c. Buteo buteo bannermani, subsp.nov. [2Near Cape Verd
Mindello Bay, St.Vincent, Cape VerdIs. Sept. Islands.
26, 1913, in Coll. B. M. No. 1919. 8.15. 148. ]
Cape Verd Buzzard.
Size of but more rufous than B. buteo buteo;
more heavily marked below ; abdomen and
under tail-coverts white barred transversely
with rufous brown ; tail distinctly barred and
with a rufous tinge ; wing 14.32, tail 8.25 in.
136f. Buteo buteo zimmermanne, Ehincke, J£.0. E. Europe :
1893, p. 117. [Kreis Gumbinnen, E. Prussia.| KK. Prussia
Rufous Buzzard. & W.&C.
Russia, N.
to Arch-
angel, S.
to Balkans,
W. casually
to Holland,
Brit. Is-
lands (*)
France and
Italy.
Tarsus feathered about half-way down in
front ; plumage above purplish brown, with
rufescent margins ; tail with 4 or 5 indistinct
darker bars ; below rufous, abdomen buffy-
white, barred with rufous (younger birds
buffy-white below, streaked on breast and
blotched on abdomen with dark brown.)
136¢. Buteo buteo japonicus (Temm. et Schl.) in Japan, China
Siebold’s Fauna Jap. Aves., p. 16. [pl. vi, Corea,
vi®| (1844). [Japan.| [=B. plumipes. Manchuria,
(Hodgs.)] Turkestan,
Japanese Buzzard. Punjab to
Burma.
B. Tail more definitely red in old birds, with
most of the bars obsolete.
Smaller: wing ¢ 13.40-14.50, tail 7-8, tarsus
3 in., 9 wing about 15 in.; above brown
* There are eight rufous Brit. birds in the Brit. Mus. collection, two of
which seem referable to B. rufiventer and the rest to this form, while there is
another example in Brighton Mus. from the Monk coll., labelled “ England.”
Devonshire birds are, however, often almost as rufous as those from
E. Europe.
45
with conspicious rufous margins and blackish
shafts ; tail more or less rufous, with sub-
terminal band and remains of other bars (in
younger birds ashy-brown barred with dark
brown) ; ; head, neck and under parts tawny
rufous, breast varied with creamy buff and
throat streaked with brown; belly not
barred in adult.
137. Buteo rufiventer Jerd. Madr. Jnl. 1844, p. W. Asia and
165. [Nilghirt Hills, India.| [=B. deser- S.E. Europe*
forum Daud. ex Levaill. | (S. Russia to
Desert Buzzard. Caucasus) ;
S. to India,
Arabia and
Africa below
the Sahara
in winter ;
cas. in Brit.
Tslands.
Much larger: Wing 3 16.25- 7 9, tail 10.5,
tarsus 3.75. 9 wing 18-19 in. ee buffish
to pale rufous with dark shaft streaks ; ab-
domen, flanks and thighs rufous to chocolate
brown, unbarred ; tail pale rufous, whitish
at base and shafts white, with 2 or 3 definite
bars towards tip and remains of others ;
uniform dark under parts of some birds
probably a dark phase or erythrism rather
than age; also subject to melanism ; im-
mature buffish white below blotched and
streaked with dark rufous brown ; tail ashy
with darker bars.
138. Buteo ferox ferox 8S. G. Gmel., N. Comm. 8.1K. Europe
Ac. Petrop. xv., p. 442, pl. x (1769). (cas. 8. & W.
| Astrakan. | Kurope),
Long-legged Buzzard. Keypt,
Arabia, Asia
Minor; W.
& C. Asia ;
N.W. India
and Africa
in winter.
* The form B. menetries?, Bogd., is not separable. It appears to rest
upon birds with a fully rufous tail and the bands obsolete, except the sub-
termina] one, but there is no doubt these are only very old birds and there is
no means of distinguishing European from Asiatic examples in the various
other stages of tail marking, while the red stage seems common to both,
Both forms migrate to Africa.
nao:
139a.
140.
141.
46
Much smaller: wing 14.50, tail 8.2, tarsus
Cae it.
Buteo ferox cirtensis (Levaill). Expl. Sci.
de V’Alger., pl. 3 (1850). [Algeria. |
Algerian Buzzard.
Length 3 21, wing 17, tail 8, tarsus 3.30 in. ;
© length 23, wing 18 in.; general plumage
sooty or brownish-black; lower _ breast
chestnut ; abdomen more or less barred
with white and = chestnut; primaries
externally ashy, secondaries whitish, both
barred with black; tail chestnut red, with
black sub-terminal band ; younger birds have
under parts rufous, excepting throat.
Buteo jakal (Daud.), Traité, 11., p. 161 (1800).
[Cape of Good Hope, ex Le Vaillant. |
Jackal Buzzard.
Buteo jakal archeri W. Scl., Bull. B.O.C.,
RK KI. den (VOUS):
Size similar ; tail less chestnut, more tawny ;
lower parts black in old birds ; in younger
chiefly white, excepting the throat which is
more or less black.
Buteo augur Riipp., Neue Wirb. Vog., p. 38, pl.
16 (1835). [Abyssinia. |
Augur Buzzard.
General plumage of g dusky blackish, the
feathers of back and wings margined with
brown ; sides of head and cervical collar
varied with rufous; forehead, nape spot
and throat white; breast as upper parts ;
abdomen and flanks white spotted and
streaked with black; tail rufous with sub-
terminal black band.
Buteo auguralis Salvad., Att. Soc. Ital. Se.
Nat., vili., p. 377 (1865). [Abyssinia. |
Salvadori’s Buzzard.
Size variable ; average length, f 21, wing 15.50
in.; 2 24, wing 17.50 in. ; above_ blackish-
brown with more or less of lighter variegation ;
tail chestnut with one sub-terminal darker
band and often remains of others; below
buffy-white, flanks barred or mottled and ab-
domen heavily streaked with blackish-brown.
N.W. and
N. Africa,
(Morocco,
Algeria,
Tunis),
Spain (ace. 7)
S. Africa.
Somaliland.
N.E. Africa,
Equatorial
Africa.
W. Africa to
N.E. Africa:
142b.
142c.
47
Buteo borealis borealis (Gmel.), S.N., 1, p. 266
(1788). [Carolina. |
Red-tailed Buzzard.
Light form, pure white below with few or no
markings ; sub-terminal tail-bar reduced or
obliterated.
. Buteo borealis krideri (Hoopes), Pr. Ac. Nat.
Soc. Philad., 1873, p. 238, pl. 5.
Krider’s Hawk.
[ Towa. |
Strongly developed form of B. borealis borealis,
more strongly marked below, — especially
on thighs, and with more bars than the
sub-terminal one on tail; melanisms are
frequent, but they usually retain the rufous
tail.
Buteo borealis calurus Cassin, Proce. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Philad., vii., p. 281 (1855). [New Mexico. |
Western Red-tail.
Perhaps a melanism of B. borealis borealis :
size similar, but more robust ; nearly uniform
sooty-brownish-black, with much !ess of
concealed white ; tail mottled with greyish,
dusky-white and rufous, with subterminal
black band.
Buteo borealis harlani (Aud.), Bds. Am., i., p.
86 (1830). [Louisiana. |
Harlan’s Buzzard.
E. North
America, N.
to Canada
and New-
foundland
W. to Gt.
Plains.
xt. Plains,
from Mis-
sourl and
Minnesota,
W. to Rocky
Mountains,
N. to S.
Manitoba.
W. North
America, be-
yond W. edge
of Gt. Plains
KE. to Middle
Yukon, S. to
Guatemala ;
Guadaloupe
Is.
Lower
Mississippi
Valley & Gulf
States, from
Louisiana to
Georgia and
Florida.
48
Resembling B. borealis calurus, but smaller
throughout ; wing ¢ ad. 344 mm.; Q 365
mm. ; dark areas blacker and more extended.
142d. Buteo borealis alascensis Grinnell, Univ. Cal. S. E. Alaska.
Pub. Zool., v., No. 2, p. 211 (1909). [Glacier
Bay and Chichagof I.|
Alaska Red-tail.
=
Tail uniform rufous, with one very narrow
sub-terminal band; flanks and thighs light
rufous ; juv.,tail barred, and flanks and thighs
sparsely barred with rufous.
142e. Buteo borealis costaricensis Ridgw., Hist. N. Costa Rica to
Am. Bds., ii1., p. 285 (1874). [Costa Rica. | Panama.
Central American Red-tail.
Size of B. borealis borealis, but darker above ;
throat and middle of belly with broad con-
spicuous striping and banding of deep
chocolate brown; tail feathers with dark
brown markings (remains of bands) near
shaft.
142f. Buteo borealis umbrinus Bangs, Pr. New Enel. Florida,
Zool eCl.. is pi 67 aL 901): | Myakka, Bahamas.
Manatee Co., Florida.|
Florida Red-tail.
Small form: wing 3 14.94-15.70, 9 16.76 in.
Insular race, undescribed ? *
142¢. Buteo borealis socorroensis Ridgw., Pr. U.S.N. Socorro
Mus., ii., 1880, p. 220 (1881) [Socorro I.| Island.
[nom. nudem. |
Socorro Island Red-tail.
More rufous on sides of breast and_ belly ;
thighs heavily barred with brown.
142h. Buteo borealis fwmosus Nelson, Pr. Biol. Tres Marias
Soc. Wash. xii. p. 7 (1898) [Tres Marias Islands.
Tiss
Tres Marias Red-tail.
Length 21, wing 14.50in.; above sooty-
brownish with purplish gloss and ferruginous
edgings ; tail rusty ferruginous, base and tips
white with sub-terminal dusky-black band
and 7-9 dusky bars ; wing quills rich brown,
barred with black; below white tinged
* The example in Tring Mus. is black with rufous tail, having broad
sub-terminal band, and 8 or 9 narrow obsolete bars, presumably a melanism.
49
buff; throat streaked with dusky, chest
more thickly with ferruginous ; a dusky zone
across abdomen ; thighs barred ferruginous.
143. Buteo tropicalis Verrill., Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Philad. Ixi. pp. 357-8. (1909) [San
Lorenzo. |
Tropical Buzzard.
Doubtful species : ** Possibly the light phase
of B.b. harlam.’’ A.O.U. Check List ; only
type example known.*
144. Buteo cooperi Cassin, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Philad. 1856, p. 253. [Santa Clara Co., Calif.|
Cooper's Buzzard.
C. Tail black.
Smaller than B. borealis borealis; average
length, 3, 19, wing 12.50 in. ; plumage above
reddish brown with darker centres ; lesser
wing-coverts bright chestnut ; below pale
brownish rufous, barred with white ;
thighs paler and more buffy ; quills and tail
black, barred with white, the tail with about
6 bars.
145. Buteo lineatus lineatus (Gmel.), S.N. 1., p.
268 (1788) [Long Is., N.Y.]|
Xed-shouldered Buzzard.
Much darker : ** An erythrism of last form ”’
(Coues) ; below generally much darker red-
dish, with much less white barring ; thighs
rufous.
145a. Buteo lineatus elegans Cassin, Pr. Ae.
Nat. Sci. Philad. vii, p. 281 (1855) [Cali-
fornia. |
Western Red-shouldered Buzzard
Smaller : wing 11-12 in.
145b. Buteo lineatus allent Ridgw., Pr. U.S. Nat.
Mus. vil., p. 514 (1885) [Tampa, Fla.|
Florida Red-shouldered Buzzard.
San Domingo
Califoenia.
E. North
America, N.
to Canada,
W. to edge
of Great
Plains.
W. North
America
from Brit.
Colombia to
N.W. Mexico
and Lower
California.
S. Carolina
to Florida.
* A.O.U. Check List, ed. 3, 1910, but Gurney (Ibis, 1876, p. 242) refers
to another from Colorado,
50
Wing (type) 12.98 ; tail 8.62 in. ; darker, ap-
proaching B./. elegans ; breast usually more
spotted with buffy ; dark shaft of chest more
conspicuous ; head and back more rufous.
145c. Buteo lineatus texanus Bishop, Auk., xxix, Texas,
p.2o2 (1912). [Hexas.] Mexico.
Texan Red-shouldered Buzzard.
Considerably smaller ; length ¢ 15, wing 10.75
in.; 2 16, wing 11.40 in. ; only 3 outer
primaries emarginate ; plumage above dark
brown with lighter edges ; nape much
mottled with white; tail brownish-black with
2 bands of greyish-white ; below rufous
brown cross-barred with white in the form
of transverse oblong spots.
146. Buteo platypterus platypterus (Vieill.), Tabl. KE. North
Enel. Meth., iti.. p. 1273 (1823). [Near Phila- America ;
delphia. | C. America,
Broad-winged Buzzard Colombia,
Ecuador,
E. Peru
(winter.)
Insular race; smaller and lighter than
antillarum and bars below narrower and less
sharply defined.
146a. Buteo platypterus insulicola Riley, Auk., Antigua.
Xxv., p. 273 (1908). [Antigqua. |
Larger and darker.
146b. Buteo platypterus antillarum Clark, Pr. St. Vincent,
Biol. Soc. Wash., xviii., p. 62 (1905). [St. St. Lucia,
Vincent. | Grenada.
[Description not seen. |
146c. Buteo platypterus riviert Verrill, Add. to Dominica.
Avif. of Dom. ca. 1905, p.---?
Smaller; wing 3 (Surinam) 15.25in.* ; general
plumage black : tail black with broad
median band of grey (showing white below)
and remains of a second band.
* Examples from Mexico (Tring Mus.) are larger; wing g 16.75 in. A 9
(?) Bolivia has the wing 18 in., and if this is a migrant from Mexico, there
may be a large northern race, and if so it could be called mexicanus.
Gray’s albonotatus (Mexico) is a nominum nudem and cannot stand, while
Kaup’s albonotatus (Isis, 1847, p. 954) is neither a name nor a description.
His albonotatus in Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 75, is from “8. America ”’ and is based
on the ‘ concealed white spots,’’ which can be seen on the Surinam bird at
Tring, and not on the Mexican ; they appear only to mark a stage of plumage.
The only certain distinction seems to lie in the relative sizes.
147. Buteo abbreviatus abbreviatus Cab., in Brit. Guiana ,
Schomb. Reis. Guiana. iii, p. 739 (1848) Surinam,
| british Guiana. | Brazil,
Zone-tailed Buzzard. Venezuela,
Mexico,
Arizona, New
Mexico,
Texas, S. to
Bolivia.
Much smaller ; wing “2” 12.50; tail 6 in. ;
uniform sooty black ; tail with 4 grey bars
above, showing white below.
147a. Buteo abbreviatus minvmus subsp.nov. [27 8. Brazil.
Miritiba, Braz., 18.8.09, coll. H.K.S.]
D. Tail white.
Length J 22 ; wing 15.25 in. ; general colour
of ¢ bluish-slate ; tail white with about 9
narrow bars of slate grey and broad sub-
terminal blackish band; Q head, neck and
upper breast slate ; mantle, scapulars and
belly rufous.
148. Buteo poliosomus (Quoy et Gaim.) Voy. Chile,
de !’Uran. Ois. p. 92, pl. 14 (1824) [°° Iles Patagonia,
Malouines.”’ | Falkland Is.,
Falkland Island Buzzard. Tierra del
Fuego.
Size similar ; adult 3, general plumage slate,
tail with 8 darker bars and broad black sub-
terminal band ; abdomen and thighs slate,
more or less barred with white ; 2 wings,
rump and belly more or less suffused with
rufous ; thighs rufous barred with white.
149. Buteo hypospodius Gurney, Lbis, 1876, p. Colombia,
73, pl.3. | Medellin. | Venezuela,
Grey-bellied Buzzard. Amazonia.
Brazil.
Larger: wing (2?) 19 in.; above and tail
much as in 9 of B. e. erythronotus ; below
barred with white and slate, the breast mixed
with rufous.
150. Buteo pecilochrous Gurney, Ibis, 1879, p. Kcuador,
176. [Yauayacu.| [ = B. melanosternus. Peru,
Berl. and Stolzm. | Bolivia,
Gurney’s Red-backed Buzzard. Chile,
Argentina,
5 ”
Vai
Length 3 21 ; wing 15in.; Q wing 16.5 in. ;
6 above slaty-blue, below white ; tail white
with 10 or 11 narrow grey bars and sub-
terminal blackish band ; 9 back and scapu-
lars brick red.
151. Buteo erythronotus erythronotus (King) Patagonia to
Zool. Jnl. iii, p. 424 (1827). [Str. of Magellan.| Chile and
Red-backed Buzzard. Peru, Falk-
land Is.,
Argentina.
Insular form; 3 darker slate grey above ;
© back uniform like instead of red.
15la. Buteo erythronotus exsul Salvin, Ibis, 1875, Masafuera
p. 371 = [Masafuera.|* Island.
Masafuera Buzzard.
Lengthg 21, wing 17in.; above and throat
slaty-grey, darker on head and wings ;
shoulder ferruginous ; rump and upper tail-
coverts white; tail silvery grey, centre
feathers white, with 8 or 9 silvery bars and
sub-terminal black band ; below white,
axularies and flanks barred with blackish.
152. Buteo albicaudatus albicaudatus (Vieill.), N. S. America,
Dict. d’Hist. Nat. iv, p. 477 (1816). [S. to Chile and
America. | Argentina,
White-tailed Hawk.
Cross bars on tail and lower parts finer and
more broken.
152a. Buteo albicaudatus sennettti Allen, Bull. Am. Middle
Mus. N.H. v., p. 144 (1893). [Texas.] Texas to
Sennett’s White-tailed Hawk. S. America.
“Notably smaller: with the upper parts,
particularly the head and sides of the neck,
darker and more slaty.”
152b. Buteo albicaudatus exiqguus, Chapm., Bull. Llanos of
Am. Mus. N.H. xxxiv., p. 637 (1915). E. Columbia
[ Barrigon, Col. | & E. into
Columbian White-tailed Hawk. Venezuela.
* The following additional forms of Buteo have been described from Chile
by Philippi (Arch. fir Naturg., 1899, pp. 167-70) viz.: Buteo melanostethos,
B. pecilogaster, B. macronychus, B. ater, B. pictus, B. albigula, B. [Asturina ?]
ethiops et elegans, but what the respective value of these forms is I have
been unable to judge.
152ce.
With characters
153.
153a.
153b.
Ad. plumage not seen; imm. black, abdomen
somewhat barred with buff; tail with in-
distinct darker bars. [Tring Mus. ]
Buteo albicaudatus colonus Berl., J£.0. 1892
p. 91. [Curagao. |
Curacao White-tailed Hawk
XXXII. ARCHIBUTEO Brehm
and appearance of Buteo, but
feathered to the toes.
Gen.
tarsi
Length 3 26, wing 18.7 in.; @Q length
wing 17 in.; above deep brown w ith ae
margins ; head, neck, throat and chest white,
streaked with dark brown: scapulars and
least wing-coverts with white bases ; upper
tail-coverts banded with white ; tail white,
terminal portion ashy, with sub-terminal
blackish band; centre of belly and flanks
deep brown mottled with white ; thighs and
tarsi buffish-white, barred with brown;
much variation occurs, some birds being
much darker, almost uniform below.
>) Ey
44.0
Archibuteo lagopus lagopus (Gmel.), S.N., i
260 (1788). [ex Brinn. ;
Bornholm. |
Rough-legged Buzzard.
Much paler ; plumage above with broad white
margins ; streaks on throat and breast and
thighs much narrower and paler ; upper tail-
coverts white with a central streak of brown.
Archibuteo lagopus pallidus (Menzb.), Orn.
Turkest.,i., p. 163 (1888). [Siberia, Turkestan,
etc. |
Siberian Rough-legged Buzzard.
Much darker and more ochraceous below
normally than A. l. lagopus and varying in
melanistic examples to nearly uniform black.
Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis (Gmel.),
S.N., 1., p. 273 (1788). [Hudson Strait and
Newfoundland. |
American Rough-legged Buzzard.
Christiansoe near
Curacao,
Bonaire, &
Aruba Is
(1828)
N. Europe
and N. Asia;
in winter §.
to Mediter-
ranean,
Black Sea and
Caspian.
Siberia,
Turkestan,
Kamtschatka
Ussuri.
N. America,
N. of Mexico,
breeding N.
of U.S
Plumage above blackish with chestnut mar-
gins; head streaked with black and white ;
tail silvery ashy, tinged with rufous, the
base and tip white; below white, with
black shaft lines on breast and arrow heads on.
flanks; legs bright chestnut barred with
black,
Archibuteo ferrugineus (Licht.), Abh. K.
Akad. Wiss. Berl. (Phys. K1.), 1838, p. 428
(1839). [Near Monterey, Cal. |
Ferruginous Rough-leg.
Gen. XXXIII. BUTEOLA Bp. (1855).
Nostrils round, with distinct central tubercle ; wing
with 3 outer primaries emarginate on inner webs,
the 4th sinuate.
Size moderate ; length 9 (?) 15.5, wing 11.3
in.;9 (?) 16, wing13in. Above slaty-black ;
tail ashy-brown, tipped with whitish and
with 4 bars of blackish-brown; sides of face
and under surface of body white ; melanistic
variety [Bb. fuliginosa, Scl.| immature 7%,
general plumage sooty-black; tail brown
with 8 blackish bands.
Buteola brachyura (Vieill.), N. Dict. d’Hist.,
Nat.iv., p.477 (1816). [Cayenne].
Short-tailed Buzzard.
155.
Gen. XXXIV. ASTURINA Vieill. (1816).
Tibie long ; feet large and powerful ; nostrils round,
with indistinct and concealed tubercle at base of
upper margin. Size medium (length 16-18 in.).
g 2above ashy-grey, barred with silvery white,
most narrowly on the head and nape, bars be-
coming duller and broader on wings ; upper
tail-coverts blackish, tipped with white ; tail
blackish with a broad white band about 4rd of
distancefrom tip and a second incomplete band
on outer feathers ; body below regularly banded
with silvery white and slaty grey.
W. North
America, ‘8.
to California ;
in winter to
Lower
California and
N. Mexico.
Brazil,
Bolivia,
Peru, Guiana,
N. to Central
America and
Florida.
156.
156a.
_
Cr
-~I
158a.
158b.
55
Asturina nitida nitida (Lath.’, Ind. Orn, i.,
p. 41 (1790). [Cayenne].
Shining Buzzard-Hawk.
[Not seen.]
Asturina nitida pallida Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc.,
Wash., xxviil., p. 170 (1915).
Above ashy-grey without white bars; head and
nape lighter ; tail with whitish band across
middle with remains of another nearer base,
below banded as A. n. nitida, except on breast,
which is ashy-grey with black shaft stripes.
Asturina plagiata Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, i.,
Asturine, p. 1 (1862), [Vera Cruz].
Mexican Goshawk.
S.E. Brazil,
Amazonia,
Guiana,
Colombia to
Panama.
Bolivia.
Costa Rica,
N. to S.
Arizona and
Lower Rio
Grande
Valley.
Gen. XXXV. RUPORNIS Kaup (1844).
Feet and claws much smaller and weaker.
Size rather smaller than Asturina.
Length 3 14. wing 8.70 in.; above pale ashy-
grey ; tail light ashy with 3 broad bands of
black; inner webs of wing quills rufous,
barred with black, outer webs and tips ashy
brown; below white, barred with pale
rufous or rufous ashy, the chest and throat
nearly uniform.
Rupornis magnirostris magnirostris (Gmel.),
S.N., 1., p. 282 (1788). [Cayenne].
Large-billed Hawk.
[Not seen.]
Rupornis magnirostris occidus Bangs, Pr. Biol.
Soc., Wash., xxiv., p. 187 (1911). ~ [Rio
Tembopata. |
Bangs’s Hawk.
Above browner ; tail with interspaces ashy.
Rupornis magnirosiris griseicauda Ridgw., Pr.
Bos. Soc., N.H., xvi., p. 47, (1873) [Mexico ?]
Guiana,
Venezuela,
Colombia,
Peru, Lesser
Antilles.
Peru,
Mexico to
Guatemala
and N.
Nicaragua
158ce.
158d.
158e.
158.
. Rupornis
56
Smaller; much paler (smoke grey) above ;
slightly paler below.
Rupornis magnirostris conspecta, Peters, Auk,
1913, p. 370 [San Ignacio. |
Tail with the interspaces rufous instead of
ashy ; below buff banded with rufous, throat
and chest ashy.
Rupornis magnirostris ruficauda (Sel. & Salv.),
P.Z.S., 1869, p. 133 [Type loc. sugg. David,
W. Panama, Chapm.}.
Red-tailed Hawk.
Insular race.
Rupornis magnirostris gracilis Ridgw., Pr.
U.S.N. Mus., viii., p. 94 (1885). [Cozumel I.]
Length 9 14.50, wing 10 in. ; tail dark brown
imperfectly banded with white and shaded
with dull rufous ; below dark rufous narrowly
banded with white.
Rupornis magnirostris ridgwayt Cory, Auk, 1.,
p. 4 (1884). [S. Domingo].
Larger ; above brown, darker on head ; quills
paler rufous than in R. m. ruficauda, and with
bases pale rufous externally ; tail pale rufous
banded with dark brown ; below buffy-white,
very narrowly and indistinctly barred with
pale rufous.
. Rupornis magnirostris pucherant, J.& E. Verr.
Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1855, p. 350 [type loe.
suge. Paraguay, Brab. & Chubb. ]
Above ashy brown, head much clearer ; tail
with the interspaces ashy-brown; throat
ashy-grey ; chest pale rufous, rest of under
parts fulvous barred with pale rufous.
magnirostris nattererr (Scl. &
Salv.) P.Z.S. 1869, p. 132. [Sao Paulo et
Mattogrosso. |
Natterer’s Hawk.
Uniform black, lower upper tail-coverts and
base of tail white ; tail black, with a single
band of ashy-brown ; tibial plumes rufous ;
under tail-coverts buffy-white.
Yucatan
Peninsula.
Central
America
(S. Nicaragua
to Panama.)
Cozumel
IT. Yueatan.
Haiti and S.
S. Domingo.
Paraguay,
S.E. Brazil,
Bolivia,
Argentina.
S.H. & C.
Brazil.
57
159. Rupornis leucorrhos (Quoy et Gaim.), Voy. Brazil to
de l’Uran. p. 91, pl. 13 (1824). [Brazil.] Peru,
White-rumped Hawk. Colombia,
Venezuela.
Gen. XXXVI. BUSARELLUS Lafr. (1842.)
Size of Buteo ; sole of foot covered with rugose and
throny spicules (like that of Pandion) tip of upper
mandible much curved.
Above bright chestnut, with narrow black
shaft stripes ; outermost wing-coverts and
quills black; basal half of tail chestnut
banded with black, apical half black with
narrow white tip; head and neck creamy
buff ; lower throat black ; below chestnut.
160. Busarellus nigricollis (Lath.), Ind. Orn.1, p. Brazil,
35 (1790). [Cayenne. | Guiana,
Black-collared Hawk. Peru,
Paraguay.
Gen. XX XVII. BUTEOGALLUS Less. (1831.)
Size nearly the same ; outer toe hardly longer than
inner; soles of feet smooth, wings short of tail
by less than length of hind toe.
Plumage above black, with rufous margins on
mantle and wing-coverts ; quills bright
chestnut, the outer webs black ; tail black
with white tip and indistinct median band of
white; throat blackish; below rufous,
narrowly barred with black.
161. Buteogallus cquinoctialis (Gmel.), S.N. i. Guiana ;
p. 265 (1788). [Cayenne.| Colombia,
Equinoctial Buzzard. Paraguay.
Gen. XXXVIII. URUBITINGA Lafr. (1837).
Rather larger : tarsus scutellate before and
behind, reticulated laterally ; distance between tips
of wing and tail greater than length of hind toe ;
secondaries nearly as long as primaries ; general
plumage black.
Above and below black ; upper tail-coverts
mostly white ; basal half of tail white with a
broad black band; apical half black with
white tip.
162.
162a.
163.
163a
circular ;
58
urubitinga urubitinga (Gmel.),
[ Brazil. |
Urubitinga
S.Nea, p. 265 (1788).
Brazilian Eagle.
Under wing-coverts and tibiz with more
white ; tail with less white and an extra
black bar.
Urubitinga wurubitinga ridgwayt Gurney,
List Diurn. Bds. Prey, p. 77, 148 (1884).
| Guatemala. |
Ridgway’s Black Hawk.
Urubitinga urubitinga subtilis Thayer and
Bangs, Bull. Mus. Harvard. xlvi. p. 94.
(1905). [Gorgona I.|
Gorgona Black Hawk.
Black above and below ; upper and under tail-
coverts narrowly tipped with white ; tail
with a broad white median band and white
tip.
Urubitinga anthracina anthracina (Licht.),
Preis. Verz. ; Vogel; Mexico, etc., p. 3 (1830).
| Mexico. |
Mexican Black Hawk.
Doubtful form; said to be dark chocolate
brown with 2 more or less distinct extra
white bands at base of tail.
Urubitinga anthracina gundlachii Cab., J.
f.0. (1854). [Cuba.]
Cuban Black Hawk.
Chile,
Argentina,
Paraguay,
E. Peru,
Brazil,
Venezuela,
Guiana,
C. America
to Costa Rica
Guatemala
and Mexico.
S.W.
Colombia.
Tropical
America to
W. Indies,
Guatemala,
Mexico and
Arizona,
Cuba.
Gen. XXXIX. LEUCOPTERNIS Kaup (1847).
Similar in structure to Urubitinga ; nostril nearly
tarsus not more than twice as long
as middle toe ; plumage usually more white than
black.
Plumage uniform bluish slate colour ; tail
black, with a white median band and white
tip.
164.
164a.
165.
165a.
166.
167.
59
Leucopternis schistacea schistacea (Sundev.)
@ifiv. K. Vet. Akad. Férh. 1849, p. 132.
| Brazil. |
Slate-coloured Hawk.
Smaller : Uniform leaden grey ; wings and tail
black, latter with a median bar of ashy-
white ; under wing-coverts white and tibial
plumes barred with same.
Leucopternis schistacea plumbea Salv., Ibis,
1872, p. 240, pl. vi. [cuador.|
Plumbeous Hawk.
General plumage white ; head streaked with
black, neck all round white ; mantle and
wing-coverts black varied with white ; quills
black ; tail white with broad sub-terminal
black band.
Leucopternis albicollis albicollis (Lath.), Ind.
Orn. 1, p. 36 (1790). [Cayenne.|
White-collared Hawk.
Similar, but rather smaller and with head
plumbeous ; upper parts plumbeous instead
of black; black sub-terminal band on tail
narrower.
Leucopternis albicollis occidentalis
Ibis. 1876, p. 496. [Puna I.|
Puna White-collared Hawk.
Salv.
Larger ; above and below white ; tail with
broad sub-terminal black band; greater
wing-coverts and secondaries black tipped
with white ; primaries black.
Leucopternis ghiesbrechti, Du Bus, Esq.
Orn. pl. 1 (1845). [S. Mexico. |
Ghiesbrecht’s Hawk.
Above blackish-slate, most of feathers tipped
or barred with white ; head, neck and under-
parts white ; basal half of tail black, ter-
minal white.
Leucopternis palliata (Pelz.), Sitz. Akad.
Wien. xliv., p. 11. (1861, ex Natterer.)
| Ypanema. |
Mantled Hawk.
K. Peru
Colombia,
C.and N.E.
Brazil.
Ecuador,
W. Colombia
Guiana,
Trinidad,
Venezuela,
N. Brazil.
W. Ecuador.
S. Mexico
to
Panama.
S. Brazil.
60
Above more slate coloured, with less white
variegation: neck shaded with greyish ;
tail with narrow sub-terminal black band on
white apical half.
168. Leucopternis lacernulata (Temm.), Pl. Col.
1, pl. 487 (1827) [Brazil.]
White-headed Hawk.
Smaller: above slate-black ; above eye a
white stripe, and nape streaked and margined
with same; tail black, tipped with ashy-
brown, with a median band of white ; below
white narrowly streaked with black on sides
of chest.
169. Leucopternis kuhli Bp., Consp. Av. 1, p. 19,
1849. [Para.]
White-browed Hawk.
Above black; head, neck and lower parts
white ; lores and stripe behind eye black ;
crown and nape streaked with black; tail
black with broad band of white about 4rd
from end.
170. Leucopternis melanops (Lath.), Ind. Orn. 1, p.
37 (1790). [Cayenne. |
Black-faced Hawk.
Above uniform plumbeous ; wings and tail
black ; latter with a narrow band of white
near middle ; below white with a few black
shaft stripes on sides of breast.
171. Leucopternis semi-plumbea (Lawr.) Ann.
Lyc. N.Y. vii., p. 288 (1861). [Panama.]
Semi-plumbeous Hawk.
Above, also throat and foreneck, slaty-black,
below white narrowly barred with black ;
tail black with a median band of white, anda
few anterior incomplete bars of same.
172. Leucopternis princeps Sclat., P.Z.S. 1865, p.
429, pl. xxiv. [Costa Rica. |
Barred Hawk.
S.E. Brazil
N.E. Brazil.
Guiana ;
N. Brazil.
Colombia
and Panama
to Costa
Rica.
Costa
Rica.
N. Ecuador.
Gen. XL. HARPYHALIAETUS Lafr. (1842.)
Much larger than Buteo; Head with a long
occipital crest ; tail short, not three times as long
as tarsus.
61
Length ad. 33, wing 22 in.; tail 13.5 in. ;
above and below ashy-brown, shaded with
chocolate ; quills blackish ; secondaries ashy-
srey mottled with black and with a broad
sub-terminal band of same; tail black,
tipped with white, with broad white median
band, and a second indistinct one nearer base.
173. Harpyhaliaetus coronatus coronatus (Vieill.)
N. Dict. xiv., p. 237 (1817). [Paraguay.]
Crowned Harpy.
Much darker ; general colour bluish-black ,
shaded with chocolate ; crest much shorter.
173a. Harpyhaliaectus coronatus solitarius sch.
Arch. f. Naturg. 1844, p. 264. [Peru].
Solitary Harpy.
Paraguay,
Bolivia,
Patagonia.
Ss. Brazil,
Chili,
Peru,
Ecuador,
Colombia.
Gen. XLI. MORPHNUS Cuv. (1817)
Size similar; head crested; tail long, more
than four times as long as tarsus; toes very
short ; claws large.
Length 2 36, wing 19.3, tail 17 in.; above
brownish-black ; head and neck greyish-
brown; wings barred with lighter ashy-
brown ; tail black, tipped with whitish and
with from 3 to 5 bands of ashy-brown ; chest
ashy-brown ; below white barred with rufous
or brown.
174. Morphnus quianensis guianensis (Daud.),
Traité, i1., p. 78 (1800). [Gwana}.
Guiana Crested Eagle.
Crown and sides of head dark slate ; above
blackish-brown ; wing-coverts more con-
spicuously barred with white ; tail with 4
bands of white, mottled and tinged with
brownish-grey ; throat and upper breast
blackish ; below closely barred with black
and white.
174a. Morphnus guianensis teniatus Gurney, Ibis,
1879, p. 176, pl. ii. = [Sarayacu.].
Ecuadorian Crested Eagle.
Guiana,
EK. Peru,
Paraguay,
Colombia.
Ecuador.
62
Gen. XLII. THRASAETUS Gray (1837
Larger ; bill robust, culmen much curved; feet
very powerful; tarsus almost entirely bare, the
scutalle rough and irregular ; claws very large and
strong ; head with broad depressed crest, erectile.
Length 38 in. ; wing 22.30; above, also crest
and chest-patch, ashy grey ; tail irregularly
barred with black; head, neck and under-
parts white.*
175. Thrasaétus harpyia (Linn.) §.N., i., p. 86 Paraguay
(1758) | Mexico}. and Brazil;
Great Harpy Eagle. N. to Mexico.
Gen. XLITI. HARPYOPSIS Salvad. (1875).
Size large ; head crested ; tail long and rounded.
Length about 34 in.; wing 19 in.; above
dusky brown; below dirty white ; chest
ereyish ; tail with 6 indistinct transverse
bands.
176. Harpyopsis nove-quine Salvad., Ann. Mus. 8S.E. New
Civ. Genov., vil., p. 682 (1875). [ Yule Island.] Guinea.
New Guinea Hawk-Eagle.
SUB. FAM. IV. GYPAETINAL.
Gen. XLIV. GYPAETUS Storr (1784).
Nostrils hidden by stiff bristles: chin with a long tuft of black
bristles ; tarsus more or less feathered.
Size large : length 41 in. ; wing 29.50; head
white, a line each side of crown and another
below ear black; general plumage above
black with white shafts ; wings and tail brown
and scapulars washed with ochraceous
brown; below tawny ; tarsus feathered to
the toes.
177. Gypaetus barbatus grandis Storr, Alpen- Spain,
reise vom Jahr 1781, p. 69 (1784) [Switzer- Alps and S.E.
land. | Europe,
Bearded Vulture. Central Asia,
Himalayas,
N. China.
* Tmmature birds are black above and on chest ; head and neck ashy-grey ;
beiow white.
65
Below warmer tawny reddish.
l77a. Gypaetus barbatus barbatus (Linn.) §.N.1, Atlas Mtns.,
p- 87. (1758.) [Africa.] . N. Airica
Atlas Bearded Vulture. (Morocco,
Algeria,
Tunis.)
Length 38 in.; wing 29 in.; cheeks white
without the black markings: tarsus bare
towards lower part.
177b. Gypaetus barbatus meridionalis, Keys. and 8. Africa,
Blas., Wirbelt. Europ. p. xxviii. (1840). [S. Nubia,
Africa. | Abyssinia.
Southern Bearded Vulture.
SUB. FAM. V. AQUILINAL.
Outer toe connected to middle toe by membrane :
tibia much longer than tarsus, which is reticulated
on hinder aspect and gene rally more or less clothed
with feathers ; bill large, long and powerful ; cutting
edge of upper mandible festooned, but not toothed :
wings long; tail moderate ; sexes generally alike.
Gen. XLV. UROAETUS Kaup (1844).
Tail strongly graduated, wedge-shaped ; tarsi
clothed with feathers all round to base of toes.
Size large ; length 38, wing 24.2in.; general
colour ‘abov e and below black, browner on
wings ; nape tawny chestnut; upper tail-
coverts brown mottled with white; tail
feathers white at base of inner web.
178. Uroaetus audax audax (Lath.) Ind. Orn. E.& W.
Suppl. p.ii (1801). [New South Wales. | Australia,
Wedge-tailed Eagle. Tasmania.
Gen. XLVI. AQUILA Briss. (1760).
Tail nearly square or moderately rounded ; tarsi
feathered all round : toes reticulated above, except
last phalanx which is scaled ; head without crest: ;
claws powerful and curved.
Length (2) 37, wing 26 in. ; plumage black,
with back, rump and some of scapulars white ;
immature fawn colour, tail uniform.
179. Aguila verreauai Less., Cent. Zool. p. 105, S. Africa,
taf. 38 (1830). [Interior of Cape of Good N.E. Africa
Hope.| (Abyssinia)
Palestine
(occ.)
180.
180a.
180b.
1S0c.
64
Length ¢ 32, wing 23-24.5 in.; 9 average
length 35.5, wing 26-27.50 in.; general
plumage above blackish- brown, with paler
margins : crown brown ; nape and hind neck
tawny rufous (W. Europe ; much paler in E.
European birds.); tail blackish at apical
fourth, browner towards base, middle ir-
regularly banded with grey ; below blackish
with brown bases to the feathers ; in younger
birds basal half of tail white, centre mottled
brown, apical third black.
Aquila chrysaétos chrysaétos (Linn.), S.N.1.,
p. 88 (1758). [Hurope.|
Golden Eagle.
Averaging smaller ;
duller.
Aquila chrysaétos occidentalis, Olphe-Galliard
Faune. Orn. Eur. Occe., ii, fase. xviii, p. 23.
(Mar. 1889.) [Spain.]
Spanish Golden Eagle.
plumage darker and
Larger: length 2 40, wing 27.9 in. ; colour
generally brighter.
Aquila chrysaétos daphanea, Hodgs. in Gray’s
Zool. Mise. p. 81 (1844). [Nom nud.-Nepal.]
Menz. Orn. Turkest, 1, p. 75 (1888). [Hazte
Asie.| .
Himalayan Golden Eagle.
Large and more rufous ; max. length 9 40 in.;
wing 27 in. [Doubtfully distinct. ]
Aquila chrysaétos canadensis (Linn.) 8.N.1,
p. 88 (1758) [Canada.|
American Golden Eagle.
Smaller ; wing 3 23.5in.; head and neck above
dull yellowish isabelline ; forehead marked
with dark brown, and nape tinged with
rufous; general plumage blackish-brown ;
some of the scapulars pure white ; tail dark
erey with broad terminal blackish band ;
immature brown ; tail uniform.
Kurope,
N. Asia to N
China.
Spain and
N. Africa
(Morocco,
Algeria,
Tunis.)
High
Central
Asia,
Himalayas.
N. America
Arctic
Regions
S. to
California
and
Alleghenies in
N. Carolina.
181.
18la.
182a.
183.
65
Aquila heliaca heliaca Savigny, Descr. Egypte
Ois. p. 82, pl. 12 (1809). [Upper Egypt.]
Imperial Eagle.
Size similar; forehead and crown blackish
brown: edge of wing and some of scapulars
white, forming a conspicuous shoulder patch ;
immature fawn colour, tail uniform.
Aquila heliaca adalberti Brehm, Ber. Vers.
deutsch. Orn. Ges. 1860, p. 60. (1861.)
[ Spain. |
White-shouldered Eagle.
Rather smaller: length 9 30, wing 23 in. ;
plumage brown, paler below ; head brown,
nape patch fulvous ; quills, larger scapulars
and tail blackish-brown, latter with fulvous
tip and obsolete ashy bars; edge of wing
white, forming conspicuous white shoulder ;
immature ashy-brown, tail darker, with
terminal band of fawn.
Aquila nipalensis nipalensis Hodgs., Asiat.
Res. xvii, pt..2, pl. 1, pp. 13-16 (1833).
| Nepal. |
Eastern Steppe Eagle.
Smaller: wing 21.50, 9 22.50.
Aquila nipalensis orientalis Cab., J. f. O.
1854, p. 369. [Sarepta, Volga. |
Western Steppe Eagle.
Length 2 31, wing in.; ¢ length 28,
wing 20 in. ; general colour above and below
tawny to rufous brown; head and neck
somewhat marked with darker brown ;
scapulars and wing-coverts darker brown,
blotched with pale brown; quills and tail
blackish-brown, with indications of greyish
bars; under parts streaked with darker
brown : immature tawny, tail brown tipped
with fulvous.
Aquila rapax rapax (Temm.) Pl. Col., pl.
455 (1828). [Pte. mérid. de lV Afrique.|
Tawny Eagle.
Dy)
ol me
S.E. Europe
to C. Asia,
N. India,
China, Burma.
Spain ; N.W.
Africa.
Central Asia
N.W. India,
and EK,
Siberia ;
winter to
Africa.
in
Steppes of
S.E. Europe
and W, Asia.
Africa, from
Cape Colony
N. to C. and
K. Africa ;
C. Asia and
N.W. India.
183a.
183b.
183c.
184.
66
General colour pale clay or ochraceous
colour.
Aquila rapax albicans Riipp., Neue Wirbelth.
p. 34, pl. 13 (1835). [Prov. Simen, Abys. |
tiippell’s Tawny EKagle.
Size similar: length g 28, wing 20.5 in. ;
general colour fulvous brown, paler on head
and neck and below, above with lighter
margins to the feathers, especially on wing-
coverts : tail dark brown with fulvous tip
and 8 or 9 indistinct greyish bars on centre
feathers.
Aquila rapax vindhiana Frankl... P. ZS.
1831, p. 114. [Vindhya Mtns,, Central India. |
Indian Tawny Eagle.
Smaller; head, neck all round and inter—
scapulary region chocolate brown.
Aquila rapax belisarius (Levaill. jun.) Expl.
Sc. Alg. Ois. pl. 2 (1850). [Guelma, N.L.
Algeria. |
Algerian Tawny Hagle.
Nostrils round; length, 9, about 29, wing
21.50-23 in.; J, wing 20 in.; plumage above
and below blackish brown; tail unbarred ;
younger birds purplish brown, much spotted
with brownish- buff above and striped below :
tail blackish, barred dark brown.
Aquila clanga Pall., Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., i,
p. 351 (1827). [In Rossia Sibiriaque uni-
versa. |
Greater Spotted Hagle
Smaller ; wing 2 19-20 in. ; ¢ 17.70-19 in. ;
plumage browner: crown and nape creamy
brown: tail feathers with obsolete lighter
N.E. Africa
(Abysinia,
Somaliland),
Arabia.
Indian
Peninsula
and
Himalayas
Algeria.
EK. & S.E.
Kurope,
south to
Balkans, KE.
to Turkestan,
S. Siberia,
N. India and
China; in
winter to
N.E. Africa,
India,
Burma ; cas.
Brit. Isles.
i]
67
bars ; younger birds less spotted than those
Ohi Vale clanga. and tail unbarred : nape patch
ochraceous rufous.
185. Aquila pomarina Brehm, V6g. Deutschl., ©. Europe
p. 27 (1831). [Pomerania | from N. Ger-
Lesser Spotted Eagle. many to
Bessarabia ;
cas. W.
Kurope ; in
winter to
N.E. Africa.
Sexes nearly similar in size ; wing 9 19.50, ,
19.15in ; bill more feeble, tarsi more sender?
wings generally exceeding tail in length ;
least wing-coverts with small spots of white
in immature birds.
1852. Aquila pomarina hastata (Less.), Voge. Bélang. Indian
Zool., p. 217 (1834). | Bengal}. Peninsula :
Long-legged Eagle. Burmese
countries,
Gen. XLVII. HIERAAETUS Kaup (1844)
General characters of Aquila, but bill more slender :
tarsi feathered to the toes.
Length 9 26, wing 21 in.; wing ¢ 19.6 in. ;
above deep brown, feathers mostly with
paler margins and white bases ; tail ashy, with
broad sub-terminal dark brown band, and 5
or 6 indistinct bars ; below white, with black-
ish-brown shaft stripes, the flanks and legs
buffish. barred with black.
186. Hieraaétus fasciatus fasciatus (Vieill.), Mem.
Soc. Linn. “Paris, i. pt. 2,.p. 152 (1822):
| Montpellier. |
Bonelli’s Eagle.
[Smaller but doubtful form. |
I86a. Hieraaétus fasciatus minor Erlanger. J£.0..
1904, p. 187, taf. x., fig. 42.
S. Europe (8.
France and
Spain to 8S.
Russia),
Asia Minor,
Turkestan,
Palestine,
India, China,
N. Africa.
S. Arabia ; E.
Africa
(Somaliland,
Mozambique).
186b.
187.
188.
189.
190.
68
Wing 92 18.3 in.: above blackish-brown,
mottled with white; below purer white
streaked with black on breast, and with large
spots on under tail-coverts ; under wing-
coverts black.
HHieraaétus fasciatus spilogaster (Bp.), Rev. et
Mag. Zool., 1850, p. 487 [Abyssinia, ex Du
Bus. M.S.).
African Hawk-Eagle.
Smaller ; wing 9 16.5, 3 14.0 ; above brown,
head and neck isabelline ; tail with obsolete
darker bars on outer feathers ; below white,
throat and breast washed with fawn and
streaked with reddish brown or blackish ;
species subject to variation ; younger birds
dull brown below with black shatt-stripes,
and a white shoulder patch.
Hieraaétus pennatus (Gmel.), S.N., i., p. 272
(1788) [ex Brisson, 1. c.].
Booted Eagle.
Smaller, and with a short occipital crest ;
length ad. 21.5 in., wing 15 in.; above
brown, crown darker ; crest, neck and under-
surface rufous, with black shaft-streaks ; tail
mottled greyish-brown, with 7 or 8 dark
brown bars.
Hieraaétus morphnoides morphnoides (Gould),
P.Z.S., 1840, p. 161 (1841). [Upper Hunter,
N.S.W.]
Little Eagle.
Below heavily striped with dark brown.
Hieraaétus weiskec Reichenow, Orn. M.B.,
vii., p. 185 (1900). [Astrolabe Mtns. |
New Guinea Little Eagle.
Below pale isabeiline : tail with 7 dark bands.
Mieraaétus ayresi Gurney, Ibis, 1862, p. 149,
pl. iv. [Natal.]
Ayres’ Little Eagle [=Lophotriorchis lucani
Sharpe. |
Tropical
Africa; rare
in S. Atrica.
S. Europe
(Spain to S.
Russia) ;
Africa.) ©:
Asia, India,
Ceylon.
EK. and W,
Australia.
S.E. New
Guinea.
Tropical
Africa to 8S.
Africa.
69
Length © 26, wing 18in. ; head with distinct
occipital crest : plumage above brown, with
paler margins ; tail dark brown, tipped with
whitish, with obsolete lighter bars on inner
webs of feathers ; below whity brown, varied
with dark brown on throat and breast.
191. Hieraaétus wahlbergi (Sundev.) Gifv. K. Akad. Tropical
Stockh., 1850, p. 109. [Caffraria superiori Africa.
propre 25° lat. |
Gen. XLVIII. LOPHOTRIORCHIS Sharpe (1874).
Head with a long wedge-shaped crest.
Length 21, wing 14.1 in. ; above black ; cheeks,
throat and breast white ; below tawny rufous,
with black shaft-stripes.
192. Lophotriorchis kienert (Geofir. St. Hilaire), Indian
Rev. Zool., 1845, pl. 35. [Himalaya]. Peninsula,
Kienerc’s Crested Eagle. Ceylon, Indo-
Chinese
Provinces,
Malay
Peninsula to
Celebes and
Lesser Sunda
Islands.
Larger ; length 26.5, wing 20.2, crest 3.3 in. ;
above glossy-black; tail ashy-grev, basal
third black; throat black; below tawny
rufous with black shaft-streaks ; flanks black
193. Lophotriorchis isidore: (Des Murs), Rev. Zool., Colombia.
1845, p. 177. [Santa Fé de Bogota. |
Tsidore’s Crested Eagle.
Gen. XPD
Head crested ; claws nearly straight, the circum-
ference of inner claw exceeding the length of
outer toe (which is very short).
Wing 20-20.50 in.; black; the quills
mottled with white near base ; tail feathers
barred with ashy above, mottled with white
below
Ictinaetus malayensis malayensis (Temm.).
Pl. Col.i., pl. 117 (1824). [ex Reinw. MS.]
Malayan Crested Eagle.
194.
ICTINAETUS Jerd. (1844).
Malay
Archipelago
(Sumatra,
Borneo, etc.)
70
Larger ; wing 3 21.50.
194a. Ictinaetus malayensis perniger Hodgs., Jnl. As. India,
Soc. Bengal, v., 1836, p. 227. [Nepal.] Ceylon,
Indian Crested Eagle. Burma,
Malay |
Peninsula.
Gen. L. SPIZIASTUR Gray (1841).
Head crested ; claws curved and powerful; the
circumference of inner claw about equal to length |
of outer toe and claw. |
195.
Tarsi feathered as before ; crest sometimes fully |
developed, sometimes absent ; wings short, falling
short of tail by more than length of crest.
196.
Length 9 24 in., § 21 in.; wing 9 16.4,9:15
in.; above blackish, quills and tail ashy
brown, slightly tipped with fulvous and
banded with black ; head, neck and under
surface white. |
Spiziastur melanoleucus (Vieill.), N. Dict.,iv., Central & S. -
p. 482 (1816). [Guiana | America.
Black and White Crested Eagle.
Gen. LI. SPIZAETUS Vieill. (1816).
Length 9 28.5 in., wing 16.2 in.; ¢ 24, wing
13.4 in. ; occipital crest 3 in. long ; sides and
back of neck bright rufous ; above black, |
feathers brown at base ; wings brown, barred
with blackish ; tail brown with 4 or 5 blackish
bands ; below white, chest slightly streaked
and abdomen broadly banded with black ; on
each side of face below eye a black mous- |
tachial band. Young much browner and
with 6 bands on tail. |
Spizaetus ornatus (Daud.), Traité, ii., p 77 Central and |
(1800). [Cayenne. | S. America, |
Manduit’s Hawk-Eagle. 8S. to Para-
ouay.
Size about the same ; above and below black,
browner on wings ; under surface of wing with
3 irregular bands of white ; upper and under
tail coverts slightly spotted with white ; tail
no 7.
198.
nO9.
Tid!
black with 4 bands of ashy brown. Young
browner above and more spotted with white
below ; tail with 6 bands.
Spizaetus tyrannus (Wied), Reis. Bras., i., p.
300 (1820). | Rio Belmonte}.
Tyrant Hawk-Eagle.
Larger ; length 9 38 in., wing 27.5. Above
dark sepia brown ; feathers of head and neck
with whitish brown margins and white bases ;
wings barred with blackish ; tail with 6 bands
of ashy grey; fore neck and chest dark
brown; throat and under parts white,
sparingly spotted with dark brown, especially
on flanks. Young paler above. more buffy
white below, the spots nearly absent and with
«bout LL bands on tail.
Spizaetus bellicosus (Daud.), Traité, ., p. 38
(1800). [Great Namaqualand. |
Martial Hawk-Eagle.
Rather smaller ; above black ; wings brown ;
quills externally shaded with pale ashy grey.
and with a broad subterminal band of black :
tail with 2 broad bands of ashy grey and
remains of a third; throat black: below
yellowish buff, whiter towards vent, broadly
banded with black, the chest almost uniform ;
undee wing coverts chestnut. Young above
brown w ith indistinct darker bands and
whitish margins ; tail with 3 lighter bands ;
below white.
Spizaetus coronatus (Linn.), S.N.. ed. xii., 1.,
p. 124 (1766). [Guinea in W. Africa. |
Crowned Hawk-Eagle.
Smaller ; length 9 32 in., wing 20 ; 3 } length
28 in., wing 18.50, crest 28 in. above
blackish brown, with paler margins, especially
to feathers of head and hind neck : wings
paler, banded with dark brown ; tail ashy
brown with 4 blackish brown bands ; throat
white, with black central stripe ; chest fawn
Central and
S. America,
from Guate-
mala to S.E.
Brazil.
S. Africa, E.
Africa, N. to
Shoa,
Abyssinia,
and Bogos-
land ; Nigeria.
S. and W.
Africa.
200.
200a.
200b.
200¢.
201.
201la.
with black shaft streaks; below brown
spotted and barred with white. Young have
head and neck white with dark centres to the
feathers ; tail with 6 darker bands ; below
white, slightly streaked with dark brown ;
flanks brown.
Spizaetus nipalensis nipalensis (Hodgs.) Jnl.
As. Soc. Beng., v., p. 229 (1836) [Nepal].
Himalayan Hawk-Kagle.
With the white bands below broader and more
regular.
Spizaetus nipalensis kelaarti Legge, Ibis, 1878,
p. 202 [Ceylon].
Mountain Hawk-Eagle.
Larger ; G about equal to 9 of typical race.
Spizaetus nipalensis orientalis Temm. & Schleg.
in Siebold’s Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 7, pl. 3 (text
1844, pl. 1845) [Japan.|
Japanese Hawk-Eagle.
[Not separable unless 2 breeding bird in China. |
Spizaetus nipalensis fokiensis, W. Sclat. in
MS. Cat. Accip. Coll. Brit. Mus. [¢ Ah
Ch’ung, Fokien Prov. China, Cell. B.M.]
Chinese Hawk-EKagle.
Length @ 32 in., wing 17.8; 4 wing 16 in.
Above brown; feathers of hind neck and
mantle with pale bases and black shaft
streaks ; crest black, 3.8in. long ; wing quills
rich brown, barred with blackish ; tail with
broad blackish subterminal band and 3
narrower bands ; throat white with central
black stripe and bordered by 2 black mous-
tachial stripes ; below brown, more rufous
and mottled with white on chest.
Spizaetus cirrhatus cirrhatus (Gmel.), S.N., 1.,
p. 274 (1788) [Lndia].
Indian Hawk-Eagle.
Smaller ; wing 15.20—14 in.
Spizaetus cirrhatus ceylonensis (Gmel.), S.N.,
i., p. 275 [Ceylon].
Ceylonese Hawk-Kagle.
Himalayas,
S. in winter
to plains of
India and
Malay
Peninsula ;
China ?
Ceylon.
N. Japan.
China.
Indian
Peninsula.
Ceylon.
]
||
201b.
201c.
201d.
bo
Oo
73
Small insular race.
Spizaetus cirrhatus andamanensis Tytler,
Proc. As. Soc. Beng., 1865, p..112 [Port
Blair, And. Is.|
Andaman Hawk-Eagle.
Size of S. c. currhatus, but with crest very
slight ; with dusky phase [S. limnaetus Horst. |
nearly uniform chocolate brown, and pale
phase [S. caligatus (Raffles)| dark brown
above, below white with large longitudinal
brown markings, the thighs barred.
Spizaetus cirrhatus limnaetus (Horsf.), Tr.
Linn. Soc., xiti., p. 138 (1821) [Java.].
Javan Hawk-Eagle.
Larger; below white, without the dark
markings.
Spizaetus cirrhatus floris, Hart., Nov. Zool., v.,
p. 46 (1898).
Smaller; length ad. 22.50, wing 13 in.;
above black with occipital crest, tipped with
white, 2.75 in. long ; wing quills brown, tipped
white, barred with black and with broad blacix
subterminal band; tail ashy brown, with
broad basal and subterminal bands of black ;
below white, breast with large black spots and
belly banded with black.
Spizaetus alboniger (Blyth), Jnl. As. Soe.
Beng., xiv., p. 173 (1845) [Malacca].
Rather larger, length 25 in., wing 14.75,
crest 2.50 in.; above dark umber brown ;
crest with base of feathers white ; tail paler
brown with 7 darker bands ; throat as in
S.c. cirrhatus ; below yellowish rufous ; chest
heavily marked with dark brown lanceolate
spots ; thighs and under tail-coverts barred
with brown and white.
Spizaetus philippinensis Gurney, in Gould’s
Bds. Asia, pt. xv. (1863) [Philippine Is. |
Philippine Hawk-Eagle.
Andaman
Islands.
Java,
Sumatra,
Penang.
Lesser
Sunda Is,
(Flores).
Borneo,
Greater
Sunda Is.,
Malayan
Peninsula,
Tenasserim.
Philippine
Islands.
14
Larger ; length 2 30 in., wing 21 in.; ¢
length 24in., wing 19.7 in. ; blackish brown,
blacker on head ; lighter and greyer on wings
and tail ; tail with 6 or 7 obsolete bars.
204. Spizaetus gurneyt (Gray), P.Z.S., 1860, p. 342, Molucea Is.,
pl. 169. | Batchian. | Aru Is.,
Gurney’s Hawk-Eagle. Waigiou,
New Guinea.
Gen. LIT. LOPHOAETUS Kaup (1847).
Crest feathers very long and pendant; — tarsi
feathered as in preceding genera.
Size small; length ¢ 21, wing 15.50, crest
4.75; 3 plumage glossy black, with a brown
shade on wings ; quills white at base, forming
a conspicuous patch, and banded with white
on inner webs below; tail with 3 greyish
bands on middle feathers, becoming broader
and whitish on outer ones ; 9 larger and much
browner ; juv. deep chocolate brown.
205. Lophoaetus occipitalis (Daud.), Traité, ii., p. 8. Africa to
40 (1800). [Anteniquot country. | K. and W.
Black-Crested Eagle. Tropical
Africa.
ow
1
; Panera fs Righesa, va. Aa ly “dullerain colour than
F. p. peregrinus and with the dark bars
on abdomen closer together.
Falco peregrinus minor Schleg., Abh. Geb.
Zool. & Vergl. Anat., heft iii., p. 20 (1844).
(Mins. of Cape of Good Hope.|
S. African Peregrine Falcon.
Smaller than F. p. peregrinus; wing &
12.0-13.0 in.; below tawny ferruginous,
paler on throat and sides of neck, marked
on flanks, thighs and under tail-coverts
with a few spots and cross bars of black.
Falco peregrinus peregrinator Sund., Phy-
siogr. Siillskapets Tidsskr. Lund. 1., p. 177,
taf. 4 (1837). [Indian Ocean, off Nicobar
isa
Indian Peregrine Falcon.
Wing ¢ 11.65-12 in.; @ 13.25-13.50 in.,
3 head and nape deep black, including
sides of face, cheeks and ear-coverts ;
interscapulary region blackish, with obso-
lete bars of bluish grey; rest of upper
parts bluish ashy, barred with black ;
tail blackish tipped with white, with broad
subterminal and 11 other bars of black ;
throat and chest deep creamy buff, latter
with a few black shaft stripes; below
buffy white closely and narrowly barred
with black, the sides and thighs tinged with
erey ; & more ferruginous below and with
the cross bars more irregular.
Falco peregrinus macropus Swains., Anim.
in Menag., p. 341 (Jan. 1838). [Tasmania]
[=F. p. melanogenys Gould. |
Black-cheeked Falcon.
Size similar; wing ¢ 11.6 in.; darker
above: chest much more rufous ; under
wing-coverts and axillaries more closely
Africa,
from Cape
Colony to
the
Blue Nile.
Indian
Peninsula ;
Ee tos:
China.
E. and W.
Australia,
Tasmania.
274h.
274i.
275.
124
bared with black, the white inter-bars
more rufous ; under tail-coverts and thighs
barred with bluish grey and black, instead
of whitish and black.
Falco peregrinus ernesti Sharpe, Ibis, 1904,
p. 545. [Mt. Dulit, type in Brit. Mus.]
Hose’s Falcon.
Slightly. larger; wing gf 12, 9 13.5 in.;
entire head, including cheeks and ear-
coverts, hind neck, interscapulary region
and least wing-coverts deep black; rest
of upper parts dark bluish ashy, barred
and spotted with black; tail with the
apical quarter black, rest bluish ashy,
barred with black; under parts marked
much as in F. p. macropus, but the bars
broader and the lower parts with a pro-
nounced grey shade.
Falco peregrinus cassint Sharpe, Ann. &
Mag. N.H. (4), xi., p. 223 (1873). [Mag-
gellan Str. and Falkland Is.|
Cassin’s Falcon.
Immature ¢ [Tring Mus.]. Wing 9 in. ;
above black with remains of rufous edg-
ings: an indistinct collar on hind neck
pale rufous ; upper tail-coverts with broad
ashy margins; tail slate, tipped buffy
white and indistinctly barred with black ;
throat white, sides of head and Pon otaehnal
patch black ; below rufous fawn, narrowly
striated with black.
Falco fascunucha Reichen. and Neum.,
Orn. M.B: ii1., pp! 1f4.(1895). pertanE-
Africa. |
Kilimanjaro Falcon.
Borneo,
Greater
Sunda Is.,
Philippine
Islands,
NewGuinea
Fi Islands
Chile,
Falkland
Islands.
E. Africa
(Kiliman-
jaro
district).
276.
276a.
125
Smaller than F. p. peregrinus; wing 3
10.95-11.40, 2 11.10-11.60 in. ; above much
paler bluish grey, the cross bars fainter ;
crown dusky brown instead of black, the
fore part tinged with rufous ; entire hind
neck rusty red, with some dusky mottlings;
fore part of ear-coverts and cheek stripe
blackish ; throat and sides of neck buffish
white; below pale buffy fawn, breast
unspotted, but sides with a few blackish
spots, becoming bars on under wing and
tail-coverts. Younger birds dark brown
above, with rufous margins; hind neck
creamy white, tinged with rufous; below
creamy white, breast and flanks streaked
with brown, more broadly on the latter.
Falco pelegrinoides pelegrinoides Temm.,
Pl. Col. 479 (18302?) [Nubia] [ -= F. bar-
barus Linn. ? and F. pumicus Levaill. jun. |
Barbary Falcon.
Said to be darker above. [Doubtful
form. |
Falco pelegrinoides arabicus Erlanger,
J.£.0. 1903, p. 293 [Lahadsch,.type in
Berlin Mus. |
Larger ; wing ¢ 12, 213in. ; above lighter
bluish grey; fore part of crown more
rufous ; hind part of crown greyish black ;
nape and hind neck clear rufous, with
darker centres to many of the feathers ;
below buffy white, with arrow-head brown
spots on centre of belly and bars on the
sides ; throat and chest unspotted.
N. Africa
(Nov of the
Sahara)
from W.
Morocco
to Egypt ;
in winter
Seto
Khartoum.
126
276b. Falco pelegrinoides babylonicus Gurney,
in)
Ibis, 1861, p. 218, pl. vii.
Norwich Mus. |
Red-capped Falcon.
[Oudh, type in
Size similar; wing ¢ 12, 2 14 in.; fore-
head whitish ; fore part of crown black ;
rest of crown and nape brick-red, with
black shaft stripes; moustachial stripe,
feathers round eye and band down side
of neck black ; above dark brown, barred,
except on interscapulary region, with blue-
grey, inclining to fulvous on scapulars and
secondaries and more regular and paler
grey on rump; tail regularly barred with
fulvous grey and blackish brown ; below
vinous buffish, warmer on breast ; streaked
on chest and slightly spotted on sides with
blackish in most birds, but nearly un-
spotted in oldest examples.
Falco biarmicus biarmicusTemm., Pl. Col.
livr. 55, pl. 324 (1825). [Ka/ffirland and
Cape Colony.]
South African Lanner.
Slightly larger; wing 3 12.35-12.85,
Q 14-14.75 in.; above darker and more
uniform ; nape less rufous; slightly more
spotted below, but with the ground colour
more buffish white, and the chest as a rule
free from markings.
C. Asia,
from
Turkestan
and E.
Persia to
Afghani-
stan and
N.W. India;
Mesopo-
tamia; “ina
winter S. to
India ; also
to Sudan
in Africa.
S., Aiiicar
N. to
Angola and
BE. Africas
2h 7/2.
ZAIC:
277d.
127
Falco biarmicus tanypterus Schleg., Krit.
Uebers. i1., p. 11 (1844). [Nubia and
Abyssima ; restricted type loc. Nubia.]
Nubian Lanner.
Very slightly larger ; wing ¢ 12.90-13.60 ;
Q 14.35-14.85 in.; lower parts more
heavily spotted with black.
Falco biarmicus abyssinicus Neum., J.f.O.
1904, p. 369. [Shoa; type in Tring Mus.]
Abyssinian Lanner.
Similar to F’. b. feldeggi, but paler and less
marked with blackish on crown, also
slightly smaller; wing 4 12.20-12.80,
O03 :35-14.25 in.
Falco biarmicus erlangert (Wleinschm.,
Aquila, viii., p. 33 (1901). [Tunis and
Tangier, N. Morocco, types in Klein-
schmidt’s coll. ]
North African Lanner.
Size about the same ; wing ¢ 12.20-12.90 ;
2 13.65-14.10 in. ; with the under parts
much more heavily spotted than in F. 0.
biarmicus and the ground colour more
creamy white; crown and nape creamy
rufous.
Falco biarmicus feldeggit Schleg., in Végel
Europas von Susemihl, tafl. 8a (1843 or
1844) ; idem Abh. Geb. Zool. ili., p. 2-3
(1844). [Dalmatia. |
European Lanner.
Larger ; wingd 13.85-14.70, 2 15.45-16.60
in.; head pale rufous to rufous white,
Nubia,
Egypt,
Arabia,
Palestine.
Abyssinia,
Shoa,
Gallaland,
Blue and
White
Niles,
Sudan to
Hausa land
& Togoland
N. Africa
(Atlas
district
from Tunis’
to W.
Morocco).
S. Europe
(Balkan
countries
[not ex-
tending to
Russia |,
S) italy:
278.
278a.
128
with narrow blackish shaft stripes ; above
earthy brown, all the feathers margined
with rufous; quills with the white bars
on inner webs uniting on the margins ;
tail barred with rufous white on the inner
webs and with oval spots on the outer webs;
sides of face and throat white, with dusky
streaks on ear-coverts, but little indication
of a blackish moustache ; below whitish,
the chest slightly and breast and _ belly
thickly marked with blackish brown, more
in form of bars on flanks. Immature:
very little rufous on head; moustache
stripe more apparent ; tail with the central
feathers generally unmarked ; below more
heavily and longitudinally marked.
Falco cherrug cherrug Gray, in Hardw.
Ind. Zool. i1., pl. 25 (1833-34). [India]
Saker Falcon.
Size similar ; more barred above with pale
rufous ; tail regularly and closely barred
across centre feathers, not marked with
oval spots.
Falco cherrug muilvipes Hodgs., Gray’s
Zool. Misc., p. 81 (1844) [nom. nud.] ;
Jerdon, Ibis, 1871, p. 240. [Umbaila,
India.
Hodgson’s Saker.
Suk.
Europe
(Balkan
Penin. and
S. Russia) ;
Cyprus
(cas.)
C. Asia =ite
N.W. India
and China
in winter.
High pla-
teaux of
Central
Asia :
Thibet ;
Mongolia ;
Nepal ;
Baluchis-
tam China:
in winter S.
to India.
279.
280.
129
Smaller ; wing ¢ 12.50-13.0, 9 14-14.60 in.;
feathers of crown dull rufous, with blackish
brown centres; nape rather paler and
mottled with black; above ashy brown,
with pale fulvous margins ; rump paler
and clearer grey; tail ashy grey, tipped
with white ; the outer feathers barred on
inner web with whitish ashy; below
white, with narrow black moustachial
stripe ; lower breast with a few dark shaft-
streaks, flanks and thighs ashy brown.
Falco jugger Gray, in Hardw. Ill. Ind.
Zool. 11., pl. 26 (1833-4). [India.]
Laggar Falcon.
Size similar; wing ¢ 12-13, 2 13-14 in.;
above brown, with paler fulvous margins ;
crown and nape with whitish margins ;
tail tipped with white and all but the centre
pair of feathers barred on inner webs with
whitish, but outer webs scarcely spotted ;
below white, chest streaked and breast and
belly spotted with brown, more in form
of bars on flanks.
Falco mexicanus Schleg., Abh. Geb. Zool.
heft iii., p. 15 (1844). f[ex. Licht.--Mexico]
Prairie Falcon.
Size small; wing g 10.6 in. ; above ashy,
with indistinct fulvous margins and black-
ish shaft-stripes, especially distinct on
head and nape, latter of which is whitish
tinged with rufous; tail with broad ful-
vous tip, and some obsolete black bars at
apical end ; below white, tinged with buff
on flanks and vent, and with narrow
blackish shaft-streaks, except on throat.
Indian
Peninsula ;
Baluchis-
tan ;
Assam.
W. North
America,
from
Su brite
Columbia
to
S. Mexico.
283.
130
Falco hypoleucus Gould, P.Z.S. 1840, p.
162 (1841). [60 males from Swan River,
W. Australia.
Grey Falcon.
Size large ; wing 914.3, 915.8in. ; general
colour blackish brown; forehead and
sides of head and neck and under tail-
coverts mottled with white; throat white,
streaked with brown; breast slightly
spotted with buff; tail barred.
Falco submger subniger Gray, Ann. Mag.
N.H. xi., p. 371 (1843). [Victorza.]
Black Falcon.
Without bars on tail.
Falco submger minnie Math., Austr. Av.
Rec. ii., p. 127 (1915). [Queensland.]
Queensland Black Falcon.
Size large; wing $13.60-14.80, 2 15.25-16
in.; head blackish grey; above dark
slate grey barred with pale bluish grey ;
wings and tail browner, latter barred with
bluish grey and tipped with white ; below
white with a broad slate brown mousta-
chial stripe, the breast and abdomen with
drop-shaped stripes and flanks barred ;
bill bluish, tip black ; feet yellow.
Falco rusticolus rusticclus Lian., S.N.1., p.
88 (1758). [Sweden.}
Norwegian Gyrfalcon.
Larger ; wing ¢ 14.5, 9 16in. ; above dark
slate, barred with greyish white, the head
streaked with dusky slate and buffish
white; chin and throat white; below
white, chest streaked and belly and sides
spotted with slaty black.
Australia.
Australia.
OQueens-
land.
N. Sweden
& Norway ;
Lapland ;
N. Russia ;
S. in winter
to middle
Europe.
283a.
233b.
283c.
131
Falco rusticolus islandus [partim] Briin-
nich, Orn. Bor., p. 2 (1764). [Iceland |
Iceland Falcon.
Size similar ; much darker above and be-
low ; above more sooty and with trans-
verse markings darker; rump uniform
without markings; thighs dark slaty,
with buffy white transverse spots. Im-
mature: very much darker; uniform
dusky brown above.
Falco rusticolus obsoletus Gmel., S.N. i.,
p. 268 (1789). [“ Freto Hudsons’ | [ =F.
labradorius, auct. |
Labrador Falcon.
Very slightly larger; wing 9 14.35-14.90,
@ 16-17 in.; general colour white, the
feathers above marked with a slaty black
spot towards tip; tail pure white and
head nearly so; below with shght stria-
tions on flanks only. Immature: mark-
ings much heavier and browner ; head
with dark stripes and tail with transverse
dark markings.
Falco rusticolus candicans* Gmel., S.N. 1.,
p. 275 (1789). [Islandia et Scotia,” er-
rore, type loc. subst. Hartert—Grveenland. |
Greenland Falcon.
Iceland and
S. Green-
land, S. in
winter to
Brit. Isles,
Europe and
INGE
America.
Labrador
Newfound-
land:
Greenland
& Arctic
America ;
in winter to
Brit. Isles ;
N.W.
Europe ;
Northern
United
States.
* The Gyrfalcons visiting Canada and the Northern United States in
winter appear to be dark immature birds of this form, and not F. y. rusticolus
as stated in the A.O.U. Cneck List (1910).
132
[Not seen]. Size slightly larger and tail
longer than in F. ¢. rusticolus; wing g
14.7-15.5 ; 9 15.8-17 in. ; (Sewertz).
283d. Falco rusticolus uralensis (Sewertz. and N. Asia
Menzb.) Orn. Geogr. Europ. Russl., i1., from the
p. 288, tab. 3 (1882). [Uval Mins. Ural Mins
Russia. | to Kamt-
Ural Gyrfalcon. schatka
and
Bering Is.f
Wing 3 14.6; differs from F. 7. rusticolus
in having upper parts reddish brown
washed with ash, under parts ochraceous
with tear-shaped dark brown. stripes ;
tail brown, tipped with pale ochreous, the
two middle feathers unbarred, rest with
indistinct oval transverse reddish brown
spots ; tarsus bare for more than half its
length. (Dresser). [Not seen.]
284. Falco altaicus (Menzb.), Orn. Turkestan, Mountain
i., p. 272 (1892). [Altai and Minusinsk.| ranges of
Altai Gyrfalcon. Central
[F. lorenzt (Menzb.) a synonym. | Asia ;
West
Siberia.
Size small ; wing ¢ 10-10.50, 2 10.75-11 in.;
above dark slate grey, darker on head and
paler on rump ; hinder part of cheeks and
sides of neck buffy white, with well-defined
black moustachial stripe below; nuchal
collar reddish white ; tail slate grey, all
but middle pair of feathers barred on
inner webs with ferruginous; below
creamy white, striped on breast and flanks
with black ; thighs and under tail-coverts
rust-red.
+ Hierofalco grebnitzkit Sewertz. and Menzb., described from Bering
Island, is probably synonymous with this form,
285.
285a.
285b.
285c.
285d.
133
Falco subbuteo subhuteo Linn., S. N., 1., p.
89 (1758.) [" Europe’ =Sweden.]
Hobby.
Size scarcely larger ; above paler ; below
with the stripes rather smaller.
Falco subbuteo jugurtha Hart. and Neum.,
ierOn 1907) ip. o9ls) (Langier:| > [| =F
gracilis, auct.]
North African Hobby.
Paler above and with slightly longer wings
than F. s. subbuteo; wing of 3 nearly
equal to wing of 9 of typical form.
Falco subbuteo centralasie (Buturl.) Orn.
Mitt. ii., p. 175 (1911). [Baimgol, Tianshan]
[ =F. s. cyanescens Lonnberg. |
Central Asian Hobby.
Slightly larger than F. s. subbuteo ; wing
Beabout 105/75" im 7 darker and more
heavily marked below.
Falco subbuteo jakutensis (Buturl.), Nascha
Ochota, 4.6, p. 71 (1910). [New name for
his F. saturatus, type loc. Tschuktschen-
Bezurk, N.E.Siberia.|
Kamtschatkan Hobby.
Similar to F. s. subbuteo, but smaller ;
wing ¢ 9.40-9.75, 2 9.85-10.45 in.
Falco subbuteo streicht Hart & Neum.,
J.£.0., 1907, p. 592. .[S. China—Swatow.]
Chinese Hobby.
Europe ;
from Scan-
dinavia and
Brit. Isles
to Mediter-
ranean ;
W. Siberia ;
in winter S.
to Africa &
N.W. India.
Tunis,
Algeria,
Morocco.
Central
Asias “5. 20
Chinese
Turkestan
and Assam.
FE. Asia and
Kamt-
schatka ;
S. in winter
to Japan &
Ne Chinar
China, from
Kwang-
tung Prov.
N. to
Shensi.
134
[Not seen.]
Falco subbuteo erkutensis Johansen, Orn.
Jahr., xxv., p. 83 (1915). [lvkutsk Gov.1
Siberian Hobby.
285e.
Wing 3¢ 9.60-10, 2 9.75-10 in. ; sexes dis-
similar; ¢g above dark plumbeous ; tail
black ; below blue-grey with faint blackish
Shaft-stripes ; thighs, vent and under tail-
coverts chestnut; under wing-coverts
greyish black; cere and feet brownish
red ; 9 head and neck rufous ; above ashy
erey, barred with darker grey ; primaries
barred with reddish white on inner webs ;
throat and cheeks reddish white; below
rufous.
Falco vespertinus vespertinus Linn., S.N.
ed] xis, ie ps 129 (CG). Nr igenias
=Prov. St. Petersburg.]
Red-footed Falcon.
Smaller; wing ¢ 9.25-9.70 in.; 3 under
wing-coverts pure white, instead of greyish
’ black ; feet orange; 92 head browner and
below paler rufous, the breast white
broadly streaked with black, becoming
bars on the flanks.
Falco vespertinus amurensis Radde, Reisen
S. von O. Sibir., ii., p. 102 (1863). [Amur.]
Eastern Red-footed Falcon.
286a.
Siberia ;
Irkutsk
Govt.
E and G
Europe, N.
to Sweden
and
Archangel ;
W. Siberia*
Asia Minor;
cas:
Brit. Isles ;
in winter S.
to Abnicas
Su:
Siberia ;
Mongolia,
N-Chinae
in winter to
India and
E. Africa.
* Hartert considers F. v. obscurus Tschusi from W. Siberia to be a
synonym.
287.
288.
135
Larger; wing ¢ 12.40-12.90; @ 12-90-
I3iso° im.; sexes dissimilar; ¢ general
colour blackish slate, browner on upper
parts; outer tail-feathers slightly barred
with blackish; below with a trace of
rufous, but the thighs dark slate; @ dark
slate brown above, tail barred with rufous
and blackish ; hind cheeks and throat deep
buff, with a conspicuous black moustachial
stripe ; breast buffish, becoming rufous on
abdomen, striped with black ; thighs deep
chestnut.
Falco eleonore Gené, Rev. Zool., 1839, p.
105. [Sardinia. |
Eleonora’s Falcon.
Smaller; wing ¢ 10.40, 9 11.2 in.; sexes
similar ; uniform leaden grey with black
shaft-stripes to the feathers; primaries
and tail with whitish bands on inner webs ;
cere, orbits and feet bright yellow; bill
bluish.
Falco concolor Temm. Pl. Col., pl. 330
(1825). [“ Senegal, Cotes de Barberie, Egypt,
Arabia—typ. loc. sugg.: Arvabia.] [F.
eleonore schistaceus Erlang.,a synonym ? |
Uniform Falcon.
Wing $8.5, 29.1 in. ; above slaty black ;
head, cheeks and ear-coverts deep black ;
throat and sides of neck creamy white,
washed with ferruginous ; below chestnut,
Islands of
Mediter-
ranean ; W.
Canaries ;
N. Africa,
Algeria to
Morocco ;
in winter S.
to Mada-
gascar.
E. Africa
(coast from
Red Sea to
Madagas-
Can),
Arabian
Coast.
289.
289a.
289b.
289c.
136
immaculate in old birds; in younger
birds heavily marked with drop-shaped
spots of black.
Falco severus severus Horsf., Trans. Linn.
Soc., xill., p. 135 (1822). [Java.]
Indian Hobby.
Wing 38.50, 2 9.0-9.50 in. ; chest usually
with black shaft-stripes ; above darker ;
tail nearly black ; below darker chestnut ;
quills and tail below either banded or un-
banded in New Guinea birds, not always
unbanded.
Falco severus papuanus A. B. Meyer &
Wiglesw. Abhandl. Ber. Mus. Dresden,
1892-3, No. 3, p.'6 (1893). [S.2. New
Guinea. |
New Guinea Hobby.
Above paler; wings and tail browner
slaty; inner webs always barred below
with pale cinnamon,chestnut of lower parts
paler, without black markings in adults.
Falco severus indicus A. B. Meyer and
Wiglesw. Bds., Celebes, 1., p. 84 (1898).
[ Calcutta. |
Central Indian Hobby.
Wing ¢ 9.6 in.; above sooty ; primaries
and tail-coverts with rufous bars on inner
webs ; throat buffy white; below black,
with remains of chestnut edgings ; thighs
chestnut, streaked with black; younger
bird chestnut below, streaked with black.
Falco severus religiosus Sharpe, Cat. Bds.
Brit. Mus., p. 397 (1874). [Cevam, type in
Leyden Mus. |]
Moluccan Hobby.
Burma,
Malay
Peninsula &
Archipel. ;
French
Indo-China.
New
Guinea ;
Celebes ?
Solomon
Iisee
India ;
cas. Ceylon
Ceram,
Halmahera.
290.
290a.
290b.
290c.
137
Wing 3 9.7, 2? 10.5 in. ; above slaty blue,
darker on head and lighter on rump;
primaries and tail barred on inner webs
with rufous ; hind neck tinged with rufous,
forehead white ; throat and sides of neck
reddish white; below pale dull rufous,
with a few dark shaft-stripes on breast
and obsolete grey bars on flanks.
Falco longtpennis longipennis Swains.,
Anim. in Menag., p. 341 (1838). [Tasmania]
[| =F. lunulatus Lath.]
Little Falcon.
Smaller.
Falco longipennis murchisonianus Math.,
Nova Zoul. xvllt., p. 2o2 (912i) pe.
Murchison. |
Murchison Falcon.
Larger than last form, and differs from
typical form in its blue-grey upper surface
and paler under surface.
Falco longipennis apsleyi Math., Austral.
Av. Rec. 1., p. 33 (1912). [Melville Is-
land. |
Northern Little Falcon.
[Not seen. |
Falco longipennis hanielt Hellmayr, Avit.
Timor, p. 100 (1914). [Lamor.]s
Timor Little Falcon.
Wing ¢ 8.5 in.; above dark slate grey,
blackish on interscapulary region; pri-
maries and tail feathers dark brown, latter
barred with fulvous on inner web; fore-
head buffy white; throat and sides of
neck white, washed with rufous; below
rusty red, with central streaks of black
on breast and sides; under wing-coverts
buff, streaked with black.
Bast
Australia ;
Tasmania.
South and
Mid. West
Australia.
Northern
Territory ;
N.W.
Australia.
Timor.
291.
293.
Size
138
Falco .cumera, Smith, o> Airs Onl ar,
p. 392 (1830). [Cafferland, near Kai River. |
African Hobby.
[Not seen. ]
Falco pyrrhogaster Reichenow, Orn. M.B.,
Xxlil., p. 25 (1915). [Cameroon. |
Wing ¢ 9.45, 2 11 in. ; above black, most
of the feathers bordered with slate grey ;
tail with 3 bars of greyish white ; throat
white; below chestnut, except lower
breast and under wing-coverts which are
black, tipped and spotted with rufous
buff.
Falco deirvoleucus Temm. PI. Col. i., pl. 348
(1825). [Brazil.] [= F. aurantius Gmel.,
auct. |
Orange-breasted Falcon.
small; length ¢ 9-10 in.; wing ¢ 7.3,
© 8.9; above slaty black; tail black,
tipped with white, and with 3 or 4 narrow
bands of greyish white ;
of neck orange rufous to white with a tinge
of rufous ; breast black, finely barred with
white ; abdomen, thighs and under tail-
coverts chestnut.
Falco rufigularis rufigularis Daud., Traité,
ii., p. 131 (1800). [Cayenne.]
[F. albigularis Daud., a synonym. |
White-throated Bat Falcon.
Wing ¢ 7.85 in.; “‘upper surface dark
slate grey instead of black; below with
breast and sides of body dark brown, not
black, and much more broadly banded
with white.’’*
throat and sides °
S: and We
Africa:
€as.! in
Egyptian
Sudan.
Cameroon.
South and
Central
America ;
Brazil to
Guatemala.
South and
Central
America,
from
Argentina
to Mexico.
* A larger series is necessary to show if this form is really separable.
Paraguayan birds (F. ophryophanes Salvad,) appear to me indistinguishable
from typical birds,
294a.
294b
295
295a.
139
Falco rufigularis pax Chubb, Bull. B.O.C.,
Xxxix., p. 23 (1918). [Charuplaya, Bolivia,
type in coll. Brit. Mus. |
Bolivian White-throated Falcon.
Wing 37.45, 28.45 in.; differs from F. 7.
vufigularts in being slate colour above, with
black shaft-lines, instead of black with
slightly paler margins ; bend of wing white
varied with buff; breast and sides of
body blackish brown, instead of black,
and the white bars broader.
Falco rufigulans petoensis Chubb, Bull.
BOC me oo ip, 220 (1OL8). (Pero, Y uca-
tan, April 1888, Salv.-Godm. coll., types in
Brit. Mus.]
size’ moderate; leneth 2 about 15.9;
wing ¢ 10, 210.5 in.; gd above dull slaty,
greyer on crown and lhghter on rump ;
upper tail-coverts barred and tipped with
whitish ; tail blackish brown, with about
6 white bands; a band from behind eye
round hind neck white, below which is a
line of black on sides of neck; throat,
chest, edr-coverts and sides of neck buffy
white ; sides of breast black, barred with
white narrowly; belly and vent tawny-
buff; 9 larger and more richly coloured ;
sides of head and under parts richer
tawny.
Falco fusco-cerulescens fusco-cerulescens
Wireills Ney Dict, x1.,p: 90 (1Sl7). [Para-
guay. |
Aplomado Falcon.
[Not seen. ]
Falco _fusco-cerulescens septentrionalis
iLodd) Proc. Biol soc: Wash.) xxix: p. 98
(1916). [Arizona.]
Arizona Falcon.
Bolivia.
Yucatan:
Sy and, ©:
America,
from
Argentina
to Mexico.
Arizona.
296.
296a.
140
Size small; length $11.5; wing ¢ 8.25,
29in. ; head and hind neck chestnut red ;
above bluish slate, with remains of blackish
cross bars, except on back and scapulars ;
tail narrowly barred with black, with a
broad black subterminal band and white
tips; eyebrow and moustachial stripe
black ; forehead, sides of head and neck,
throat and chest white, with a few black
shaft-lines on latter ; below white thickly
barred with black.
Falco chicquera chicquera Daud., Traité, u1.,
p. 121 (1800). [ex. Levaill., Bengal.)
Red-headed Merlin.
Size similar ; wing $8.6, 29.45 in. ; paler,
more barred above, especially on back and
scapulars, and with bars on breast rather
closer together.
Falco chicquera ruficollis Swains., Bds.
W. Afr., i., p. 107, pl. 2 (1837). [Senegal. \*
African Rufous-necked Falcon.
Size small; length ¢ about 11 in.; wing
8, 2 wing 8.5 in.; g above dark to pale
slate colour, with distinct black shaft-
stripes, the head and wing-coverts darker ;
hind neck mottled with rufous buff ; upper
tail-coverts paler grey; tail tipped with
fulvous and crossed with 3 black bands,
and broad subterminal one; forehead,
cheeks and throat fulvous, with narrow
streaks of black, except on latter ; below
ochraceous buff, with dark brown shaft-
streaks, broadest on the flanks; 9 much
browner above ; tail umber brown with 4
buffish white bands.
Indian
Peninsula.
Tropical
Africa to
South
Africa.
* Falco horsbrughi, Gunning and Roberts, Ann. Trazs., Mus. iii., p. 110
(1911), [Pretovial, is a synonym of this species, a fact ascertained from a
drawing made by Lt. Finch Davies from the type and examined by Dr.
Hartert and myself.
141
{ 297. Falco columbarius columbarius Linn., S.N., N. America
297a.
297b.
297c.
ppl (L798). [) America, ex. Catesby =
Carolina. |
Pigeon Hawk.
Darker form.
Falco columbarius suckleyi Ridgw., Bull.
Essex Inst., v., p. 201 (1873). [Shoalwater
Bay, Washington. |
Suckley’s Merlin.
Size similar; wing ¢ 7.65-8, 2 8.50-8.85
in.; 3g above rather lighter slate blue,
with the black shaft-lines ; below rather
more rufous ; tail slaty blue, tipped with
white and with broad subterminal band,
the other black bands nearly obsolete ;
© above dark brown, tail with 5 narrow
pale bands; below dull white streaked
with brown.
Falco columbarius esalon Tunst.,Orn. Brit.
p. 1 (1771) [ex. Pennant, British Isles. ]
Common Merlin.
Size similar; wing ¢ 7.75-8.10 in.; 3
above lighter grey ; 2 above paler brown ;
much less heavily striped below.
Falco columbarius insignis (Clark), Pr.
WESe Nab Mus xxx p, 470° (1907):
[Fusan, Korea.)
Asiatic Merlin.
in winter
Su to
W. Indies
and North.
S. America.
N.W.
America,
Sitka to N.
California.
N. Europe’
tO, ait
Isles and
Central
Russia ; in
winter S. to
N. Africa.
Asia ;
Turkestan
to China,
Japan and
Ussuriland;
in winter to
Cyprus,
Syria,
India,
Si: China.
142
Slightly larger; wing ¢g 8.25 in.; above
still paler grey and below with smaller
and paler stripes; 9 paler generally.
297d. Falco columbarius pallidus (Suschk.) Bull. Kirghis-
B.0O.C., xi., p. 5 (1800). [W. Kirghissteppe.| steppe; in
Pallid Merlin. winter to
Turkestan
and
N.W. India
Larger ; wing g 8.90, 2 9.85 in.
297e. Falco columbarius lyman Bangs, Bull. E. Asia,
M.C.Z., liv.,. No. lo; p: 465 (1912), {tische- (CAlian
gan-Burgaz Pass, Altar Mins.]| Mtns.)
Altai Merlin.
Wing 37.70, 29in.; gabove earth brown, .
with greyer centres and black shaft-lines
to all the feathers ; tail with 5 bands of
ashy white and tipped with the same;
below buffy white, striped with ochraeous
brown, broadest on the flanks; @ more
similar to g, but the feathers of upper
parts with ochraeous spots.
297f. Falco columbarius richardsom Ridgw., Gt. Plains
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1870, p. 145 of W.North
(1871). [Mecuth of Vermilion River, S. America ;
Dakota. | Saskat-
Richardson’s Merlin. chewan
Valley to
N. Dakota,
in winter to
N.W.
Mexico.
Gen. LXXXV.
Distance between tips of primaries and tips of
IERACIDEA Gould (1837).
secondaries less than half length of tail; tarsus
transversely plated bear base of toes, and appre-
ciably longer than in falco.
298a.
298b.
298c.
143
Size moderate; wing ¢ 13 in., @ 14 in;
above sandy brown, most of the feathers
edged with rufous; head with blackish
shaft-stripes ; tail ashy brown, tipped
with white and barred with rufous;
below creamy white with brownish shaft-
streaks, and a dark brown moustachial
stripe ; thighs, axilliaries and inner lower
wing-coverts chestnut.
Teracidea berigora berigora Vigors & Horsf.,
Trans. Linn. Soc., xv., p. 184 (1827). [New
South Wales, types in Brit. Mus. |
Striped Brown Hawk.
Less rufous above, more uniform darker
brown, without shaft stripes ; below with-
out shaft-stripes, the sides blackish brown,
often uniform blackish brown.
Tevacidea berigora. orientalis Sharpe Cat.
Bds. Brit. Mus., i., p. 422 (1874). [New
S. Wales, ex. Schl. Naum. 1855, p. 254.]*
Brown Hawk.
Smaller; wing (sex?) 12.85 in.; above
brown with buffy tips.
Teracidea berigora tasmanica Math., Bds.
Austr., v., p. 276 (1916). [Tasmania. |
Tasmanian Brown Hawk.
Smaller.
Tevacidea berigora occidentalis Gould, P.Z.S.
1844, p. 105. [Perth.|
Western Brown Hawk.
Wing 2 14.50 in. ; dark phase ; above and
below smoky black or fuliginous brown.
Interior of
S. Queens-
land and
N.S. Wales.
Coastal
districts of
>. Queens=
land and
N.S. Wales,
Whole of
Victoria.
Tasmania.
S.W.
Australia.
* For the forms of this group, all very doubtfully distinct, see Mathews’s
Birds of Australia,
144
298d. Ieracidea berigora kempt Math., Bds.
298e.
298f.
298¢.
Austr.,.v., p. 277 (1916). [Cape ork:
Kemp’s Brown Hawk.
Above dark rusty brown; cheeks black.
Teracidea berigora melvillensts Math., Aus-
tral. Av., Ree. 1., p. 34 (1912). [Welurle
ise
Northern Brown Hawk.
Very pale race.
Tevacidea berigora centralis Math., Bds.
Austr., ‘v., p. 277 (1916). [Central Aus-
tralia. |
Central Australian Brown Hawk.
[Not seen. ] ‘
Teracidea nove-guinee A. B. Meyer, J.F.O.,
1894, p. 89. [S.E. New Guinea.]
New Guinea Brown Hawk.
Gen. LXXXVI.
With the general characters of Falco, but wings
not so long and 3rd primary nearly equal to 2nd ;
outer and inner toes equal.
(Plumage always
rufescent ; sexes usually dissimilar).
Size small; wing ¢ 9.10-9.75, tail 6.25-
6.50 ; wing 2 9.65-10.25, tail 6.50-6.75 in. ;
dg above brick-red, with a few arrow-head
black markings, especially on the inner
secondaries; head and neck blue-grey,
Cape York,
North
Australia.
Northern
Territory,
N.W.
Australia.
Central
Australia.
S.E. New
Guinea.
CERCHNEIS Boie (1826).*
* Against the opinion of many systematists I feel it desirable to separate
this group from Falco, not only because they form a natural group, distinctive
in colouration, but also because this group contains within it certain groups of
species, closely connected, but having many ramifying forms, which it seems
undesirable to treat of under Falco.
e
299:
299a.
145
with narrow black shaft lines; primaries
dark brown, notched with white; lower
back, rump and tail blue-grey, the tail
with broad subterminal band of black and
tipped with white; below pale rufous
fawn, chest with black streaks, becoming
spots on flanks ; thighs rufous buff, throat
and under tail-coverts buff, unspotted ; 9
above entirely rufous, banded with black,
with only a bluish shade on rump ; tail
rufous barred with black ; below paler.
Cerchnets tinnuncula tinnuncula Linn.,
5.N., 1., p. 90 (1758). [ Europe” =Sweden.|
Common Kestrel.
Below deeper and warmer than in typical
form ; which it quite equals in size.
Cerchneis tinnuncula rupicoleformis Brehm,
Vogelfang, p. 29 (1855). [ex. Wiirttemberg
MS.—" Egypt and Germany” ; restricted
type loc. Egyt.]
Egyptian Kestrel.
Larger and averaging paler above and
below; wings and tail longer, the latter
especially much longer than in other forms;
wing § 9.85-10.10, 2 10.20-10.50 ; tail ¢
6.75-7.75, 2 7.0-8.0 ins.
Europe,
from 68° N.
in Scandi-
navia and
61°). Ni. in
Russia _ to
Mediter-
ranean and
Airica ;
Brit. Isles ;
W. and €.
Asia; in
winter to
Africa and
India.
Egypt,
Nubia.
299b. Cerchnets tinnuncula dorriest subsp. nov.
[3 Sidem, E. Siberia, Dorries coll. June
2nd, 1884, Tring Mus.; 9 Amur River, E.
Siberia, Dorries coll., Mar. 27, 1894, Brit.
Mus. Reg. No. 97, 10, 30, 258.]*
299c.
299d.
299e.
Siberian Kestrel.
Smaller; wing ¢ 8.50-8.90, 2 8.90-9.50
in.; much darker above and below.
Cerchneis tinnuncula canariensis Koenig,
J.£.0., 1889, p. 263. [Canary Is.]
Canarian Kestrel.
Size similar ; wing ¢ 8.8, 99 in.; a dark
form approaching the last.
Cerchneis tinnuncula neglecta Schleg., Mus.
Pays-Bas, Rev. Accipitres, p. 43 (1873).
[St. Vincent. ]
Cape Verde Kestrel.
Wing ¢ 8.40-8.90, 2 8.90-9.90 in. ; above
as pale as in C. ¢. tinnuncula, below deeper
rusty.
Cerchneis tinnuncula dacotie Hart., Vog.
Pal. Faun., p. 1086 (1913). [Lanzarote. |
146
East Canarian Kestrel.
Siberia
(Amur River
to Yemeisei)
and
Mongolia ;
S. in winter
to India,
Ceylon,
Assam,
Burma and
Chinas
W. Canary
Islands
(Tenerife,
Gran
Canary,
Hierro,
Palma:
Gomera) ;
Madeira.
Cape Verde
Islands.
Canary Is.
(Fuerta-
ventura,
Lanzarote.)
* Material from Siberia being very meagre, I have principally determined
this form from the considerable number of large and long-tailed birds, always
on the pale side, existing in collections from Ceylon, India, Assam, etc., which
are obviously migrants from the north, and have no connection with the
smaller and darker form breeding in N. India (C. t. saturvata), with the rather
darker but nearly typical bird breeding in W. Asia, or with the darker but
large race breeding in Japan (C. f. japonica).
A large immature ¢ bird in
my collection from Ceylon has a tail measurement of 7.75 in. and there
are birds in the Tring collection with nearly the same measurement.
299¢.
299h.
147
Larger; wing ¢g 9.50-9.75, 2 10.0-10.55
in. ; head darker than in C. ¢. tinnuncula ;
dark spots on mantle larger and with
broad dark shaft-marks to the feathers ;
below darker than C. c. tinnuncula.
Cerchnets tinnuncula japonica Temm. and
Schleg., in Siebold’s Fauna Jap. Aves, p. 2,
pl. 1, and Ib. (1844). [ Japan. ]
Japanese Kestrel.
Rather smaller ; wing ¢ 9.10-9.50, tail 6 ;
wing @ 9.50-10 in.; smaller and much
darker than C. ¢. tinnuncula ; much deeper
rufous above and more heavily spotted ;
head and tail showing a great tendency to
a rufous wash, and tail more generally
with remains of black bars even when
adult ; chest more heavily striped ,and
breast with larger spots.
Cerchnets tinnuncula saturata (Blyth) Jnl.
ce Soc.) bens, xxvii, p. 277 (1859).
[Tenasserim. |
Himalayan Kestrel.
Smaller than C. ¢. tinnuncula ; wing 3 8.70-
9-45 in. ; dark form approaching saturata.
Cerchneis tinnuncula carlo Hart & Neu-
mann, J.f.0., 1907, p. 592. [Bzssidimo near
Harrar, type in Tring Mus. ]
Central African Kestrel.
Japan ;
S. in winter
to China &
Hainan.
Mountains
of N. India
to Chinay
in winter
Si tome bra.
vancore ;
cas.Ceylon?
Tropical
Africa (So-
maliland,
Abyssinia
and Blue
Nile to
Victoria
Nyanza &
Tangan-
yika) ;
S. Arabia.
8
2991:
300.
300a.
148
Size of C. ¢. tinnuncula; wing ¢ 10 in. ;
similar in general colouration, but with
sides of face dull blue-grey like head ;
? tail blue-grey banded with black, instead
of rufous.
Cerchnets tinnuncula rupicola Daud., Traité,
ii., p. 135 (1800). [ex. Levaill.—Cape of
Good Hope.| South African Kestrel.
Smaller ; wing ¢ 8.70-9.20, 2 9-9.60 in. ;
3 above deep bay, with broad arrow-head
markings of black; head and hind neck
uniform, streaked with black; rump,
upper tail-coverts and tail bluish grey,
latter with broad black subterminal band
and white tips; throat rufous white ;
below bay colour, streaked on breast and
arrow-headed on flanks with black; 2
more banded above ; tail with extra dark
bars, besides the subterminal one.
Cerchneis moluccensis moluccensis Hombr.
& Jacq., Voy. Pole Sud. Zool. Atlas, pl. 1.,
f. i. (1842) et texte ili., p. 46 (1853). [Moluc-
cas 2}
Moluccan Kestrel.
[C. t. orientalis a synonym. }
Smaller; wing ¢ 7.85 (Celebes) -9.20
(Java), 2 (Flores) 9 in.; paler, with more
greyish cheeks and ear-coverts, much
whiter under wing-coverts and _ lighter
underside.
Cerchneis moluccensis occidentalis A. B
Meyer & Wiglesw., Abhandl. Ber. Mus.
Dresd. 1896-7, No. 2, p. 8. [Celebes.]
Javan Kestrel.
S. - Africas
(Natal,
Cape
Colony,
Damara-
land).
Molucca Is.
(Amboyna,
Bouru,
Ceram,
Goram,
Peling Is.,
Halmahera,
Morotai,
Ternate,
Batchian).
Celebes,
Lesser
Sunda Is.
to Kan-
gean; Java.
301.
30 1a.
301b.
149
Sizensimilans wing ¢ 93d) 29:8 m.; “Ss
above pale rufous, almost unspotted ;
head pale bluish grey, washed with rufous,
and with black shaft-lines ; rump and tail
blue-grey, latter with broad subterminal
black band and white tips; sides of face
greyish white; below buffish white, the
chest tawny buff, that and sides with black
shaft-stripes ; under wing-coverts white ;
2? head and tail like back, the tail barred
with black.
Cerchneis cenchroides cenchroides Vig. and
Horie sirans. LinnsySoc:, xv:, p. 183
(1827). LN. S. Wales.]
Nankeen Kestrel.
Cerchnets cenchroides milligamt Math., Nov.
Zool., xvili., p. 253 (1912). [Parry’s Creek,
N.W.Australia. |
Dusky Nankeen Kestrel.
Smaller ; below darker, decided cinnamon
pink ; tail rusty cinnamon.
Cerchnets cenchroides unicolor Milligan,
Emu, iv., p. 1 (1904). [ Yalgoo.]
Westralian Nankeen- Kestrel.
Larger; wing ¢ 11, 2911.4 in.; ¢g above
tawny rufous, with broad cross-bars of
black ; head uniform, but streaked with
black ; rump and upper tail-coverts black-
ish, barred with fulvous ;_ tail ashy rufous,
banded with black, the subterminal band
broad, followed by a white tip ; primaries
blackish brown, the inner ones mottled
with rufous on inner webs and spotted on
outer webs; below dull tawny rufous,
breast streaked with brown, flanks more
heavily marked; under wing-coverts
white; 2 similar, but flanks more barred.
East
Australia.
N.W.
Australia,
Northern
Territory.
Australia.
302.
302a.
302b.
303.
303a.
150
Cerchneis rupicoloides rupicoloides Smith,
S. Afr. Q. Jnl., i., p. 238 (1830). [Groene
River, Little Namaqualand, type in Brit.
Mus. |
Larger African Kestrel.
Smaller, much paler above.
Cerchneis rupicoloides fieldi Elliott, Field
Columb. Mus. No. 2 Orn., p. 58 (1897).
[Somaliland.]
Somali Kestrel.
Rather darker, tail with narrower black
bars, the pale ones more blue grey.
Cerchneis rvupicoloides arthuri (Gurney).
List Diurnm. Bds. Prey, p. 156 (1884):
[Mombasa.]
East African Kestrel.
Wing 3 10.6in. ; plumage above and below
fox red; head narrowly and back and
wing coverts more broadly streaked with
black; the greater wing-coverts with
remains of bars; primaries black, mar-
gined and tipped with paler red; tail
darker red, with about 15 bars of black ;
throat unmarked, but rest of under surface
with narrow central streaks of black.
Cerchneis alopex alopex (Heugl.) Syst.
Uebers., p. 10 (1856), and Ibis, 1861, p. 69,
pl. iv. [prov. Galabat. |
Fox-coloured Kestrel.
Cerchneis alopex deserticola Reichenow,
Orn. M.B., vii., p. 190 (1899). [Mangu,
Togo Hinterland. |
Desert Kestrel.
South
Africa.
Somaliland.
Brit. BE.
Africa
Ne
Africa,
(Bogosland
to Shoa) ;
Equat.
Africa
(Redjaf).
Togo Hin-
terland ;
Gold Coast
Hinter-
land ?
304.
305.
306.
151
Smaller; wing $7.4, 28.2in.; g above,
including head and neck, light rufous,
streaked on head and neck and arrow-
headed on scapulars and wing-coverts with
black ; rump and upper tail-coverts dark
bluish grey with more or less of black
arrow-head markings; tail bluish grey
banded with black, the subterminal band
very broad ; forehead, sides of head and
under parts creamy white, tinged with
rufous on chest, which is marked with
elongated black spots, becoming more oval
on breast and flanks ; under wing-coverts
white, streaked with black ; 9 similar.
Cerchneis newtoni Gurney, Ibis, 1863, p. 34,
pla dae [ Madagascar. |
Madagascar Kestrel.
Size similar; wing ¢ 7, 2 7.6 in. ; above
dull foxy rufous, with rather broad bars
of black ; head with blackish shaft-stripes;
tail deep bay, with 6 bands of black ;
below white, with large oval spots of
brownish black, smaller and more longi-
tudinal on flanks; @ similar.
Cerchneis punctata Temm., Pl. Col., i. pl.
45 (1823). [Isle de France.|
Mauritius Kestrel.
Smaller; wing ¢ 5.6, 26.3 in.; 2 above
maroon-chestnut, with a few black shaft-
lines and spots, chiefly on wing coverts
and scapulars ; rump, upper tail-coverts
and tail bluish grey, latter with broad
subterminal and 4 other black bands ;
head dark bluish grey ; sides of face paler ;
below isabelline fawn colour, unspotted ;
2 scarcely differs.
Cerchneis gracilis (Less.) Traité, p. 93
(1831). [Seychelles].
Seychelles Kestrel.
Madagas-
car.
Mauritius.
Seychelles
Is.
307
307a.
152
Size small; wing ¢ 9.10-9.70, 2 9.10-9.80
in. ; 3 head, hind neck, rump, upper tail-
coverts and tail blue grey, latter tipped
with white and with broad subterminal
black band ; rest of upper parts cinnamon
rufous, unspotted; greater wing-coverts
and inner secondaries blue grey, shaded
with rufous externally ; primaries dark
brown ; throat whitish ; chest and breast
pale cinnamon, marked with small black
spots, larger on the flanks, abdomen and
under tail-coverts yellowish white; 9
more like that of C. ¢. tinnuncula, but
smaller and distinguished by its white
claws.
Cerchnéis naumann naumanni Fleischer,
Sylvan, 1817-18, p. 174 (1818). [S. Germany
and Switzerland. |
ieesser Kestrel!
Size similar ; wing 9 9.6in. ; darker above
and below, and without spots below when
adult, or with minute spots on sides when
less mature ; wing-coverts almost entirely
blue-grey, only innermost ones slightly
washed with rufous.
Cerchnets naumanni pekinensis Swinh.,
P.Z.S., 1870, p. 442. [Pekin.]
Chinese Lesser Kestrel.
Mediter-
rannean
countries,
from Spain
to: S;
Russia,
also N.W.
Atrica <
Asia Minor,
Cyprus and
S.W. Asia ;
in winter
to Africa ;
cas. in
Central
Europe and
Brit. Isles.
Nee Chinae
Himalayas?
153
Slightly smaller; wing ¢ 9 in.; above
with red of mantle very much paler ;
below paler fawn colour and uniform
without spots, except a few on. sides in
less mature birds.
307b. Cerchneis naumanmi turkestanicus Zarudny, Turkestan ;
Mess. Orn., 1912, p. 114. [Russian Tur- S. in
kestan. | winter to
Somali-
land.*
Length ad. 10-11, wing 7.50-8.00 in.,
tail 5-6 in.; head slaty, crown usually
rufous ; above rufous, more or less barred
with black (according to age); tail with
subterminal band of black and white tips ;
outer feathers more or less white, with one
or more extra partial bands of black on
inner webs (according to age); below
buffish white, the chest pale cinnamon
fawn, more or less finely spotted with
black on sides of body (according to age).
[Specific distinctions: crown generally
rufous ; chest washed with rufous; sides
spotted. ]7
* | have described this form from a presumed typical ¢ from Samarkand,
May ist, 1908, alt. 2,000 ft., D. Carruthers coll., in the Brit. Mus. coll. An
example in the Brit. Mus. coll. from Somaliland, very pale and unspotted below,
is as pale above as the Samarkand bird and is evidently referable to this form ;
the line of migration to N.E. Africa being a quite natural one. Examples
from Central and S.E. Africa are however C. n. naumannt.
+ Opinions differ greatly as to the specific and subspecific value of the
American Kestrels, but I think it desirable to give specific rank to the typical
race of each of the three groups of forms, and I have pointed out the principal
characters on which I base these species. Some ornithologists appear to me
to have failed to grasp the most important factors in determining the subspecies
of these groups of forms, and to have attached undue importance to tail
markings and the spotting of under parts, characters which vary with maturity
and require to be considered with great caution. The spotting below is
common to the less mature birds of all three groups, but disappears with age
entirely in the ¢sabellina group and varies in the other two, while the rufous
on crown is likewise common to all three when immature, but disappears
in the tsabellina and cinnamomina groups, yet is usually retained in the
sparveria group. The markings of the outer pair of tail feathers and the
width of the subterminal tail and are most unreliable characters in them-
selves, as a series of old and young of both sexes in my collection from one
district in Venezuela shows,
308.
308a.
308b.
154
Cerchneis sparveria sparveria Linn., S.N.,
i., p. 90 (1758). [° America,” ex. Catesby =
Carolina. |
American Kestrel.
Smaller; wine 427-90) tail 99:25 “in: ;
appreciably paler; tail relatively longer
and paler; wing-coverts less spotted ;
rufous crown patch appreciably larger ;
below with larger, rounder and more num-
erous black spots ; chest cinnamon fawn.
Cerchnets sparveria phalena (Lesson), Echo
du Monde Savant, Ann. 12, June 19, p.
1086 (1845). [Mexico.
Western Kestrel.
wins 66:00) 236470. apaler-
with rufous crown patch; subterminal
tail band wide (25 mm.) ; below buffish
white, well marked with black.
Cerchneis sparveria peninsularis (Mearns),
Auk., 1x., p. 267 (1892). [Lower California. |
Lower Californian Kestrel.
Smaller ;
Smaller; wing ¢ 7-7.50 in. ; under parts
nearly immaculate in old birds, the ground
colour either cinnamon fawn or nearly
white ; throat white.
United
States,
E. of Rocky
Mins. ; S.
in winter
to Florida
and Gulf
States.
Western
North
America,
from
Ee Bite
Columbia
and W.
Montana to
N.W.
Mexico ; in
winter S. tc
Mexico and
Guatemala
Southern
Lower
California.
155
308c. Cerchneis sparveria paulus Howe and King, Florida,
Contr, NeeAmerOrn., a., p. 28 (1902). Peninsula ;
[ Florida. | Bahama
Florida Kestrel. Islands.?*
Size small; wing ad. 6.9 in. ; above more
heavily banded with black, the tail barred
broadly with black even when mature, but
bars obsolete on central feathers in some
examples; below creamy white, chest
washed with fawn, with large black spots
on breast and sides.
308d. Cerchneis sparveria carribbearum Gmel., Lesser
SIN, 1, p. 284 (1788). [ex. Briss. “An- Antilles
tilles,”’ type loc. sugg. Dominica. | (Stays leuciar
Antillean Kestrel. Dominica,
Guada-
loupe,
Antigua,
Montserrat,
Anguilla,
Virgin
Gorda, St.
Wing 3 6.80 in.; head slate, usually
wihout rufous on crown, and black bands
on back nearly absent ; below white,
unspotted in oldest birds, or with a few
black spots on sides in less mature ; inner
webs of primaries white, the black bars
nearly obsolete; @Q with bands above
narrower than in typical form; below
much whiter, slightly streaked on sides of
breast with pale brown.
Thomas) to
Porto
RICO:
* T am unable to say definitely what race inhabits the Bahama Islands,
not having seen examples.
+ I am unable to separate the Porto Rico race [Cerchneis sparveria
loquacula Riley, Smith. Coll., xlvii., p. 284, 1904; Vignes I.| as so far as the
scanty material available shows it is not distinguishable from cavibb @arum.
¢ Almost dead white in Cuban birds, with scarcely any colour on chest,
but two San Domingo examples seen have a strong cinnamon shade on chest ;
as they show one or two spots on sides they are apparently younger birds,
~ 308e.
308f.
156
Cerchneis sparveria donumicensis Gmel.,
S.N., i., p. 285 (1788). [S. Domingo].
St. Domingo Kestrel.
Wing $7.25 ; tail 5.25 in. ; above darker
than C. s. phalena, especially tail; back
more heavily banded with black; tail
band slightly broader ; head darker slate,
either without rufous, or with a small and
indistinct nape patch; below creamy
white, including the chest, and much more
heavily striped on chest and spotted on
breast and sides with large black spots ;
thighs and vent unspotted.
Cerchneis sparveria guatemalensis* subsp.
nov. [¢ Capetillo, Guatemala, J. J. Rodri-
guez, in coll. H. Kirke Swann; 3 Huehue-
tenango, Guatemala, June, 1897, W. B.
Richardson, in coll. Brit. Mus., Reg. No.
O82, toile
Central American Kestrel.
Larger ; length ad. about 11 in.; wing
g av. 7.80, tail 5.50 in.; ¢ with no rufous
on crown; @ usually with partial crown
patch ; ¢ tail with one narrow (av. 13 mm.)
black subterminal band and white tips
mixed with rufous; the tips of central
pair and inner webs of outer pair of
feathers rufous ; below white, chest with
decided tinge of fawn, and with large
black rounded spots on sides; @ with
much narrower (almost linear) bands on
S. Domingo
and Cuba.
Central
America :
Guatemala,
Brie
Honduras,
Honduras,
Nicaragua,
Costa
Rica
Mexico
(cass)
* The Central American form here designated is the resident form, and
I have added a co-type in the Brit. Mus. coll. obtained in June as my own
type is without date.
It is true that North American migrants (principally
of the western form, phal@na) occur commonly in Central America, but lL
regard the birds with heavily marked under-parts, little or no colour on chest,
and little or no red on crown, as quite distinct and forming the resident race
in Central America,
309.
309a.
157
tail-coverts and tail, which is much paler ;
below whiter with narrower and _ paler
stripes [Specific distinctions: d slate
crown without rufous, pale chest, and
spotted under parts ; 9 narrower and more
regular bars on tail-coverts and tail. |
Cerchnets cinnamomina — cinnamomina
Swains., Animals in Menag., p. 281 (1838).
[Chile. |
Cinnamon Kestrel.
Slightly smaller; wing ¢ av. 7.10, tail
5 in.; tail with the subterminal black
band appreciably wider (av. 22 mm.) ;
sides moderately spotted with black ;
© tail darker red, and with broader,
straighter and more complete cross-bars,
the subterminal one broader ; below with
broader and darker brown stripes.
Cerchneis cinnamomina australis Ridgw.,
be Acad. Nat. Sciz Philad., 1870; p. 149.
[Paraguay, type in U.S. Nat. Mus. ; new
name for Falco gracilis (nec Lesson)
Swains., Anim. in Menag., p. 281, 1838,
Bala, Braz., type in Brit. Mus.]
Brazilian Kestrel.
Southern.
5. America’:
Chile ;
Argentina
(except
Ne)
SS: Perus
W. of
Andes (?) ;
Patagonia
to Straits
of Magellan
Brazil,
IN? to
Amazon
River (?),
S ator Ne
Argentina.
E. to
Paraguay
and the
eastern
slopes of
Andes in
Bolivia and
Peru.
* Line of demarcation in Paraguay, Bolivia and S. Peru uncertain,
158
Size similar ; wing ¢ 7-7.50 in. ; tail 5.25 ;
2 wing 7.25-7.5 in. ; g head much darker,
blackish slate; above darker rufous;
tail band 18-22 mm. (central widest,
northern and southern narrowest) ; below
much deeper cinnamon; spots on sides
fewer (except in less mature birds); @
above (including tail) and below much
darker cinnamon rufous; wing quills
washed with rufous on inner webs, the
black bars much narrower and white inter-
spaces 6 mm. wide; tail bands narrow
and regular as in C. s. connamomina, but
underside much less white and_ bars
appearing much narrower, with no black
terminal band.
309b. Cerchneis cinnamonuna equatorialis Mearns, Ecuador.
Auk., 1892, p. 269. [3 “Guayaquil,” errore N. to West
=interior of Equador, type No. 101, 309 in Colombia
coll.eU.S. Nat. Mus.] (W. slope
[C. c. cauce Chapm. and C. c. andina of central
Cory, synonyms. |* and
Andean Kestrel. northern
Andes).
Slightly larger; wing g 7.50 in.; more
deeply coloured and more heavily marked ;
vent and under tail-coverts clear buff ;
* T think that the absence of exact locality for Mearns’s type cannot
be held to disqualify his name, as it seems certain the example came from some
part of Ecuador, and I accept “ interior of Ecuador ”’ as a sufficient locality,
since I am unable to distinguish four (?) separate races for Ecuador as set
forth by Cory (Field Mus. Pub. Orn., Ser. i., pp. 319-23). C. c. cauce@ appears
to me to be a northern extension of this dark form, reducing in size shghtly ;
C. c. andina appears to rest on the largest and darkest birds, with fewest spots
on sides, and presumably the most mature, judging by the description and
by presumed examples I have seen. His C. c. peruviana, being the paler
southern examples, is in my opinion untenable, as most Peruvian birds can
be referred either to cinnamomina or australis. There are only two groups of
forms in South America, the larger cinnamomina and the smaller isabellina.
Tf a bird is of fair size and has spotted sides when quite adult it must belong
to the former, and if small, with unspotted sides when adult, it must belong
to the latter. To treat both as forms of sparveria, as Cory does, is confusing.
It cannot be too strongly emphasised that the spotting in the isabellina
group is immaturity ; in cinnamomina it remains in the adult, but must vary
as we get away from the typical race. Andina by its size appears to belong
to the cinnamomina group, and according to Cory’s description the spots are
not entirely absent,
309c.,
310.
159
spots below larger and more numerous ;
2 under parts (except throat) much deeper,
in some Specimens dull rufous, obscurely
streaked and spotted with blackish ; vent
and thighs clear buff.
Cerchneis cimnamomina _ fernandensis
Chapnr., Balls Am, Mus: N°H.,. xxxiv.;
p. 379 (1915). [Masatierra I., Juan Fer-
nandez Is., type in Am. Mus. N.H.]
Juan Fernandez Kestrel.
Smaller and paler; ¢ length 9.50; wing 7 ;
tail 5 in.; head and nape bluish slate,
without rufous when fully ad. ; above ru-
fous, with only one or two small specks of
black ; wing-coverts slate blue, slightly
spotted with black ; primaries with black
bars more or less obsolete, not extending
across webs; tail with black subterminal
band 15-25 mm. wide, and white tips ;
outer web of outer feather white, inner
rufous; below light pinkish cinnamon,
unspotted (except in less mature birds) ;
thighs and vent white ; 2 below isabelline,
with a few fine’streaks and spots of pale
brown on chest and sides of breast ; nape
often with rufous patch or tinge. [Specific
distinctions : small size, slate crown, and
unspotted under parts. }
Cerchnets isabellina isabellina Swains.,
Anim. in Menag., p. 281 (1838). [ Demarara,
type in Brit. Mus. ]
Isabelline Kestrel.
Kenethes 9 im’: wing. 7-7.25 ; tail 5 in. ;
@ wing 7.50-7.70, tail 5.25 in.; g above
darker rufous, with only a few black spots
and bars; head blackish slate with no
rufous patch when adult; primaries
Juan
Fernandez
Islands,
off Chile.
Guiana
and E.
Venezuela
(=; sto
Caracase
S; townie
Branco,
N. Brazil).
160
barred right across inner webs ; tail with
broader black subterminal band (25-30
mm.) ; below decided rufous cinnamon,
unspotted in ad. (less mature with a few
black spots on sides); @ and juv. ¢
isabelline rufous below with dark brown
streaks and spots; crown with more or
less rufous.
310a. Cerchneis isabellina ochracea Cory, Field Venezuela,
Mus. Pub. Om: Ser, 15, (p) 298 (195) iMiemcar
[Colon, Tachira, W. Venez., type in Field Colon,
Mus. | Valle,
Venezuelan Kestrel. Ohama,
Montana de
la Sierra,
Citatar
Margarita
Lee Nee
Colombia ;
Andes
region of
Colombia.*
Wing shorter; ¢ av. 6.50, 2 6.90 in. ;
similar to last form but with a greater
tendency to banding above and.to heavy
black spotting below in less mature birds ;
ad. ¢ below isabelline rufous unspotted ;
tail band av. 25 mm. [Barely separable
form. | ;
310b. Cerchnets tsabellina brevipennis Berl., J.{.0. Curacao,
1892, p. 91. [Curacao.] Bonaire,
Curacao Kestrel. Aruba Is.,
off
Venezuela.
* C. 1. intermedia Cory (Field Mus. N. H. Orn., i., p. 325 (1915), seems to
be non-separable. The average wing of his examples is the same as the
measurement of his type of ochvacea; the narrower band on the tail seems
scarcely a reliable distinction, while the white spotting on outer webs of
primaries is a very variable character. C. 1%. margaritensis Cory (T. c¢., p. 297),
I am also unable to distinguish, as examples with the paler under parts occur
in the Merida district along with the darker birds. His C. 7. perplexa (t. c.,
p- 327) I am unable to distinguish, dark and pale-breasted birds occurring
together as I have before pointed out; while C. 7. distincta (t. c., p. 297) 1s
most certainly typical isabellina, the principal character, the obsolete bars on
inner webs of primaries, being present in Brit. Guiana examples.
311.
161
Wing ¢ 7.7-7.25, 9 7.40-7.55 in. ; head,
neck, back and wing-coverts slaty blue ;
with a tinge of rufous on interscapulary
region ; rump, upper tail-coverts and tail
deep bay, the tail tipped with white and
with a broad subterminal bar of black ;
throat and sides of face whitish ; below
chestnut-fawn, paler on vent, and shaded
with greyish on flanks, with one or two
spots of black.
Cerchnets sparverioides Vig., Zool. Junl., iii.,
p. 436 (1828). [Cuba].
Cuban Kestrel.
Cuba, eas:
Florida ?
Gen. LXXXVII. DISSODECTES Sclat. (1864).
With the characters of Cerchnets but with a more
_ or less constant double-toothed mandible, and
plumage not rufescent.
Wing § 8.9; general plumage slaty grey
(paler below) with dark shaft-lines to the
feathers; tail with whitish bands on
inner webs; throat and sides of face
whitish.
Dissodectes ardosiacus Bonn. et Viell., Enc.
Meth., iii., p. 1238 (1823). [Senegal.]
Slate-coloured Kestrel.
Smaller; wing 4 83; head and neck
whitish ashy, with distinct blackish shaft-
stripes; rest of upper parts blackish
brown, the primaries darker and banded
on inner webs with white; rump and
upper tail-coverts white, shaded with
grey; tail greyish white, banded with
black, the subterminal band broad ; throat
whitish ; under parts ashy brown.
W. Africa
(Sene-
gambia to
Angola) ;
NE
Africa,
Equatorial
Africa.
162
313. Dissodectes dickinsoni Sclat., P.Z.S., 1864,
p. 248. [Shiré River. ]
Dickinson’s Kestrel.
Wing ¢ 8.75, 99.1 in. ; above ashy grey
with black shaft-stripes, paler and bluer
grey on rump and upper tail-coverts ;
scapulars and wing-coverts barred with
greyish black ; primaries blackish, barred
with rufous or whitish on inner webs ; tail
black, all but the 2 central feathers barred
with greyish white ; forehead and throat
whitish, streaked on throat and barred
below with ashy brown.
314. Dissodectes zoniventris (Peters), Sitz. k.
Pr. Akad. Wiss. Berl., 1853, p. 7. [Mada-
gascar. |
Madagascar Grey Kestrel. ‘
subs Order Ili ean DION ES:
Zambesi
River,
Nyasaland,
Angola.
Mada-
gascar.
Gen. LXXXVIII. PANDION Savigny (1809)
Plumage very close and compact, wanting the
accessory plumule ;_ no facial disk; eyes placed
laterally in the head ; nostrils generally not con-
cealed by bristles; tarsus reticulated; toes
devoid of feathers, the under surface rough,
covered with small pointed scales; the outer
toe reversible.
Size large ; length ad. about 24 in. ; wing
19-20.90 in.; head white, the crown
striped with blackish brown ; nape feath-
ers elongated and lanceolate ; ear-coverts
and stripe through eye blackish brown ;
above dark brown, with paler margins to
most of feathers; tail dark brown, inner
webs barred with dark brown and whitish ;
below white, the breast varied with pale
brown centres to the feathers ; bill black ;
feet blue.
315.
35a.
315b.
163
Pandion haliaétus haliaétus (Linn.), S.N.,
i., p. 91 (1758). [Europe =Sweden.]
Common Osprey.
Size similar; dark markings of head
blacker ; above darker and richer brown ;
less marked on under side.
Pandion haliaétus carolinensis Gmel., S.N.,
i., p. 263 (1789). (Carolina. |
American Osprey.
Similar to typical race, but smaller ; wing
ad. 16.50-18.25 in. ; head much whiter;
feet bluish white.
Pandion haliaétus cristatus (Vieill.), N.D.,
iv., p. 481 (1816). [Tasmania.]
Whiteheaded Osprey.
Europe,
from Lap-
land (and
formerly
Scotland)
to the Medi-
terranean
and Coasts
of N.
Africa and
Red Sea ;
Si) Arabia.
N. Asia to
Japan and
Kamt-
schatka.
N. America
N. to New-
foundland
and Alaska;
S. in winter
to Central
America ;
S. America.
5: to ‘Per
and
Paraguay.
Australia ;
dasmaniag
Moluccas ;
New
Guinea ;
Philippines;
Sunda Is,
oOlDG:
164
[Not seen]. Smaller. ?
Pandion haliaétus microhaliaétus Brasil,
Rev. Franc. ‘Ora; 1916) "sp. 201 New
Caledonia. |
New
Caledonia.
Gen. LXXXIX. POLIOAETUS Kaup (1850).
Wing ¢ 18, 2 20.4 in.; above brown,
darker on wings, the primaries blackish ;
head and neck all round ashy grey; tail
white, with broad terminal bar of brown ;
breast brown ; belly white ; under side of
' wing leaden brown, with a white spot at
316.
316a.
base of primaries; feet yellowish white.
Polioaétus ichthyaétus ichthyaétus Horsf.,
Ds. Linn. Soc-; sans p, 136\(1822) Wawa
White-tailed Fishing Eagle.
Smaller; wing 2 16.2 in.; above ashy
brown, back and wings darker ; tail pale
brown at base, blackish brown sub-
terminally, the tip white; throat, breast
and under wing-coverts ashy brown ;
belly white ; feet bluish white.
Polioaétus ichthyaétus humilis Mill. and
Schl. Nat. Gesch. Zool. Aves, p. 47, pl. 6
(1839-44). [Swmatra. |
Malayan Fishing Eagle.
Indian
Peninsula ;
Ceylon ;
Burma ;
Peninsula
Malay
and
Archipel.
Burma ;
Malay
Peninsula ;
Sumatra ;
Borneo ;
Java ;
Celebes.
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