TR-233 TECHNICAL REPORT SYNTHETIC BATHYMETRIC PROFILING SYSTEM (SYNBAPS) ROGER J. VANWYCKHOUSE me % 4 £ etd J MAY 1973 # raat Ae ia % ie z a | CE Approved for public release; | / distribution unlimited. | LR “NaTR-233, NAVAL OCEANOGRAPHIC OFFICE } WASHINGTON, D.C. 20373 | ABSTRACT The Synthetic Bathymetric Profiling System (SYNBAPS) consists of 10 FORTRAN IV computer programs, a random-access storage device, and an initial bathymetric data base of over 3 million data points. SYNBAPS is designed for rapid generation of random omnidirectional bathymetric profiles in digital form along great-circle paths. The initial data base will cover most of the Northern Hemisphere and will be extended to other regions as suitable bathymetric contour charts become available. Data derived from the bathymetric contour charts are structured into a gridded data, surface by the application of a cubic spline algorithm. The gridded data are stored ona random-access storage device by 5-degree-square areas. An accessing program, initiated by a user's request, extracts the 5-degree-square blocks of data for processing. The interpolation of the final profile is accomplished by orienting a cubic spline algorithm along a great-circle path and interpolating the depth values from the 5-degree squares falling on the path. A status program checks the content and condition of the random-access storage device. SYNBAPS will provide bathymetric profiles at about one-fifth the cost and one-hundredth the time of present semiautomated methods. Ocean Science Department Science and Engineering Center FOREWORD This report describes a computer system and programs that will establish a world-wide bathymetric data bank and generate computer-drawn bathymetric profiles. The research was performed by the Naval Oceanographic Office in support of the Office of Naval Research, Long Range Acoustic Propagation Project, which It is part of a major bathymetric charting provided funding. project covering the North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans. Bathymetric data, usually in the form of profiles, are essential elements in the development of acoustic propagation models and predictions, which are required for naval planning, systems The computerized bathymetric development, and operations. profiling system and specialized data bank described here will generate computer-drawn bathymetric profiles at a small fraction of the time and cost of manually produced profiles. This specialized data bank will be operational when approximately 600 5-degree-square areas have been structured on a random-access storage device. Presently, the contour data required for the structuring procedure are being digitized under ONR-LRAPP contract No. N00014-72-C-0466. Cu Crkabed P. V. PURKRABEK Captain, U.S. Navy Commander U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office MN I 069179 IAN til i O 0301 AN : Rath) a CONTENTS Page TIMETEOCIACGIEILOING 6 oo COG OG 60000600660600000000 so00000CO0000N 60000600 1 Outline of System Operation.............. ooocogooGCUR0ODDDRDGS 2 Source Material........... SdoOOdO OOOO BOC OOO OOO OOO OO MUU OOO OOO0 iLal SySeei IMSSGCeSN REMC sogcocGb dG OboOUUOS po0DD0DDDDDDDDO DODO OUDDOO OD 11 Ng SiTEUCGIHUIEILIinG; WIFOCeEWNSo65adgcocc000b000000000 o60000 000 so )6lL By AGCOESSiUiACG PCOCGMEMNSoo0506000b0000000000 ey lice Gaceen GRO te OnEIS 66) 2S Go SeaACUS PrPOCKMEMM, GooccoD cobb OOOO DOOD DODO DD DDDDDOODOODDDO 32 D. CDC 3800 System Subroutines and PURCELOMSs soocnoceuo: 35 PeOw LIS OWES osodba0b0060 Biattouietieie ciistsieceite lovehercrs BOL0/0-0 000-0. D CHO CACO OO 35 Further Modifications, Additions, and Other Applications....... 40 Summary eincl COmeEIMASLOMSsooooooccc0n0cb KK KG 0D KD OOK OOOOOS cocoaccco0g Ail REIEEGIEOMCGOS 6000000000 00000005 SDODDDODDDD OC ODODDOOODODDCOODOOOONDS 42 Bio LOCTEEIOIMV ono ocobooonKDD UO dUOO 5000000000000000000600000000000 44 Gllosseicy Cis SEllecieecl WeismS>ocooccggcodcu0D00GdDO00DD0K5 irs aetameteweie © L45 ise G1 Aeiconhwws Weel sin Comowiceie Wiserepeennisoogooo0oDDodK0o0DUb500 oY Appendix A - Preparation of Charts for Digitization........... A-1 Appendix B - FORTRAN Programs for Structuring SYNBAPS......... B-l Appendix C - FORTRAN Programs for Accessing SYNBAPS........... eal! ILLUSTRATIONS 1. Synthetic Bathymetric Profiling System Diagram............ 3 2, SYANBVAPS iocgie@al Derea Grel6looo0040c00cc00G00000 60000000000000 5 3,5 Mesescleim Seqmeire Clreietoogssooc0 0000 G0 DDD DDDDDDDDNDODOODNDNOD cosace © 4. Marsden Square Quadrants as MSOLOC INEGENSG06000000000000000 7 5. Example of MSQLOC Area........-.-..-c2e0- GOIOIOO 6 60.0 Sieishewohenelercuene 8 6. Example of Synthetic Track Orientation......... cec000000000 Y To SYOMBAWS Sereuietetieling; IieOcicenins ICKY Wsleleseeio ob ancancooc0aG0n 6} 8, Ovrgoue Decl SteeuiccwureS ie SMINUYNCIKoocoog0000000d0000 Betteyere LARA 9. SYNCHEX Control Card for Track Plotting of MSQLOC INE@Blo po OC COTO OO DDO DDD ODDO DDD DODUODDOODDODOOOD e0000000000000 16 10. SYNGRID Control Gaede for Get dass Geel IDENEELS oo 0600000000 18 il SVNCONZR (Control Card form (Contour (Plotting. sr o00000000 o BY 12. SYNBAPS Accessing Programs Flow Diiagram..............-. cog0 ad 35 SYANBVARSIL wWieoiewilea Recuesic Comesol Cemelosocooso0c00000 60000000 25 14. Accessing Programs Detail Flow Diagram........... 500000000, AO 15, QOWachreines ter Sulore@wreidine IVMIMEN 5 5560000000000 D0000000000 S000. ae Go Wre@scalille) lpieiceveiesloya, seigeyml (xeayelelel Denes ISS 5 Go ooo Oo G DOOD bb Oo 30 IV o SYiNPWOw Comreol Caseeloocoosocoacd 5000000 p000000DDDDODDNDNDD oo.©6Sdl 18. Difference Between Rhumb Line and Great Circle Path Within a Five-Degree Square......... DODD DDDDDODDDDONNNNNONN 5 aS L9> SYGNSavrm Comecol CeseclSoooogcgoc00c00000 o0000000000000000000 34 20. iInclex oO Semole PicOrdlESooscacdoa0000000000000000000000000 36 21. Profile Passing Through Two MSQLOC Areas.......... c0000000 37 2, CwWlol@ Sjollaline we Wemmed wWieo@ieIlesiccoccoc00000000000000000500 38 23. Mirror Image Profiles Along Same Path - Different DaigeYhenOMs 5666 od aco UlOO SbG0000DDDDDDDOD OOOO DODD OODODOOOOOND 39 TABLES Example of "Look-up" Table from SYNTABLE.... SYNBAPS Word Storage Requirements...... 50460000 50000000 APPENDIX A reSjoehaelesoyo, Oil Claenewes sc@r IDsLeslwesdwenesOiMoosocscccc000000 FIGURES - APPENDIX A Added Contours Around Seamounts or Seamount Group.. Added Contours on Domes or Rises........ S0000goDaDDDOOCES Added Contours Around a Spur........ d00b0000 Boundary Conditions for Zero Contour Level.. APPENDIX B FORTRAN Programs for Structuring SYNBAPS.... APPENDIX C FORTRAN Program for Accessing SYNBAPS....... vi eee ee ee ee oo Page 21 22 =I INTRODUCTION The need for a computerized bathymetric data bank and techniques for rapidly manipulating large quantities of data became evident as demand upon the Naval Oceanographic Office for bathymetric profiles increased and became more urgent. It became increasingly difficult to satisfy these demands through manual compilation of depth soundings, contouring, and profile constructions. A massive recompilation and reanalysis of bathymetric data, systematic revision of all bathymetric charts in the North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans, including extension of chart coverage to the equator, was underway. At the same time the impracticality of using the existing data bank of bathymetric soundings for machine generation of profiles became apparent. The need for a specialized bathymetric data bank to support acoustic - oceanographic modeling gave rise to development of a synthetic bathymetric profiling project using the new bathymetric contour charts as the data base. The project developed procedures for digitizing the contour charts, and computer programs and subroutines for data storage and retrieval and for profile generation. Mr. Thomas M. Davis, Naval Oceano- graphic Office, provided special assistance in developing programs SPLINT (SYNGRID), BURNS (SYNCON2R), BATHY (subroutine BATHY) and DAWHAT (SYNCHEX) and contributed to the basic philosophy regarding SYNBAPS. Mr. J.D. Brown, Naval Oceanographic Office, assisted in the software development and digitization of the test data. Funds for this project were provided by the Office of Naval Research through the Long Range Acoustic Propagation Project. One of the basic inputs to most Navy long-range, acoustic propagation models are bathymetric profiles in digital form. These profiles usually are plotted along a great-circle path (glossary) as a function of range versus depth. Two methods of generating such profiles generally have been employed. In the first, a ship sails a predetermined great-circle path collecting continuous bathymetry using a precision depth recorder (PDR). If the course is accurately adhered to, the PDR record can be merged with the navigational record to obtain the bathymetric profile. If the navigational record is poor, the track of the ship will have to be adjusted and normalized to obtain a satisfactory bathymetric profile. A profile thus produced is accurate and retains most of the high frequency information but is costly in ship time, hard to schedule, and usually results in only a single profile. A second means of obtaining a bathymetric profile is to plot a great-circle path on a bathymetric contour chart, or series of charts, and digitize the range and depth at the intersection of the path with each bathymetric contour. When a large number of great-circle profiles, each several thousand miles long, involving dozens of bathymetric charts, are constructed, the labor costs are considerable. Profiles produced manually from charts tend to be schematic, blocky, and subject to human error. Most importantly, both of these methods are slow and cannot be achieved in real time. Although various phases of both methods have been automated, within the Navy and elsewhere, no totally satisfactory solution has been achieved to the present time. The system proposed in this report is one approach to solving the above problems. The Synthetic Bathymetric Profiling System (SYNBAPS) is a combination of digital computer software (programs) and a random- access storage file (presently a CDC 813 permanent disk) of gridded bathymetric data, employed to generate random, great-circle, bathymetric profiles suitable for acoustic propagation modeling. SYNBAPS is completely automatic, requiring only the input, via a control card, of the latitude and longitude of the beginning and end points to extract the desired profile. The profile also can be generated given the latitude and longitude of the beginning point, the bearing, and the maximum range. The generated profile is available in two forms. The first is a computer-drawn profile where range in whole nautical miles is plotted against depth, in either meters or fathoms; the second is a punched card deck of the same data. The profile outputs in card image are available on magnetic tape where large quantities of data are involved. A bathymetric profile along a great-circle path of about 8,000 nm can be generated in approximately 3 minutes of computer time on a second generation computer and can be plotted in about 3 minutes on an incremental plotter. A cost comparison shows that, by present semiautomatic methods, a set of 19 short profiles totaling 9,000 nm required 144 man-hours at a cost of $900. The same profiles could be produced by SYNBAPS in 1.4 man-hours at a cost of $50, for a savings of 18:1 in dollars and 100:1 in time. OUTLINE OF SYSTEM OPERATION The SYNBAPS software can be broken down into three distinct program functions associated with structuring, accessing, and Sheehues) (Gesker5 sl) The structuring programs create a gridded bathymetric data base and structure it on a random-access device in a precise form. The smallest cell of the data base is a 5-minute-square grid where the north-south side is in meridional minutes or parts USER REQUEST ACCESSING PROGRAMS STATUS PROGRAM _ STRUCTURING PROGRAMS CHE RANDOM ACCESS STORAGE DEVICE OF GRIDDED BATHYMETRIC DATA FIGURE 1. SYNTHETIC BATHYMETRIC PROFILING SYSTEM DIAGRAM and the east-west side is in longitudinal minutes. Ona Mercator projection contour chart this is a 5-minute rectangular grid. The bathymetric data are logically formatted to place depth values at the intersection of each 55-minute grid crossing as shown in figure 2. The next level of structuring is to index the 5-minute cells into 5-degree squares called Marsden Square Locator numbers (MSQLOC) using the Marsden square system which divides the earth surface into 5-degree squares (fig. 3). Further subdivision of the Marsden square by quadrants is shown in figure 4. The MSQLOC is the quadrant number followed by the Marsden square number as follows: Marsden square number+quadrant = MSQLOC Example: 036+2 = 0362 The MSQLOC is a unique worldwide reference to each 5-degree square of gridded bathymetric data. The MSQLOC area includes a 5-minute overlap of all sides as shown in figure 5 for MSQLOC 0362. The gridded bathymetric data base is created following the procedure used by Davis and Kontis (1970). However, accurate synthetic data derived from large and medium-scale bathymetric charts are used instead of original survey data. The synthetic track data are derived from charts by superimposing parallel track lines, 5 minutes apart, over the MSQLOC area. Extraction of the data usually starts from the lower left corner. The orientation of the track lines can be any direction from west-east (90° bearing) to nearly south-north (1° bearing), but not true north, which necessitates changing several statements in the gridding program. The only other restriction is that the first track be a west-east track across the MSQLOC area. The remaining tracks may be of any orientation and in any order. The data are extracted from the chart by digitizing the intersections of the synthetic track with the contours sequentially along the track. Interpolated points must be extracted for the beginning and end of each full track. These tracks must extend 5 minutes beyond the MSQLOC area on all sides as shown in figure 6. Short tracks may be added to emphasize certain topographic characteristics such as spot elevations. These can be extracted at any orientation except true north-south as shown in figure 6B. Each digitized track is assigned a sequence number, but the physical order of the tracks in the card deck is arbitrary after the first track. These digitized tracks are inputs to the gridding program. The output from that program isapunched deck of gridded bathymetric data with the point or origin in the lower left corner. — 234 — 329 | i ine) “J MERIDIONAL PARTS | o rs o — 653 == neo 245 469 6l2 702 795 | FIGURE 2. SYNBAPS LOGICAL DATA GRID 30). 323 580 ——_————467 DEPTH i VALUE 50) 568 5' CELL 656 694 733 766 = o73 LONGITUDINAL MINUTES | 36] — 673 — 690- 785- 876— | Cf 2- LYVHD JWVNOS Naasww “e JWNOIS 0 Ao: 945 za 96p —— Lev oa B61 rae | ; wo ane | : 1 | j | fay Ks Cie | 1Sp——2Sp ! f 09 +19» —zay esp 99 sor | | cr ir | j d Ble | “BEY -} GEV} Ove | ~ Up 2p + Ge pip SIP = OEP} —lepzep | | | | | | | | i ‘ | Pie e i | \ —86E +66 + 00h 10V—- zov EOP POP SOP 4Op——2L€ — ELE — ple — SE tte 84 = - eee I 2 Se eee ( | — foyer in & Be z9¢-+- £9 -|- p9e—— s9e |-99€-4 L9E ° : pee - GEE OPE pe ze i ore | Ze - She E : ines T 9ze—7- Lee eze°- 62 }- OEE ~ IEE cee | Efe be 90€ <-0E z ft —- iY | ‘ao + veo 020 — oc0-|-10 z€0 / = } —v00-+-S00—~900_ | £00 | t 590-990 -— £90 ; - 6€ = ev0- EONS so hen peut Lee a 101 OS POL 640 — ore 7 180 + 280 € 80 —-S80— if ozt fs zi 2et 621) ed | » Bpl | bel at a 28 eo card ee — vot | Lees al ee ogz * 182 - a } “gz —e8z 82 es s9z+—992 4-£92 | ys : | ind = 976676, of6 | 166 | ze6 r 085 NORTH LATITUDE SOUTH LATITUDE 10° 10° WEST LONGITUDE EAST LONGITUDE 10° o° 10° 10° o° 10° FIGURE 4, MARSDEN SQUARE QUADRANTS AS MSQLOC AREAS 10° 0? 10° Ronee. LONGITUDINAL MINUTES 7 eal 05° 05'N | | * w” | = a 0362 < | a * ai WJ | $ Ww { SS Te) ro) uJ re) Bees e. 3) soe er Ov mo = Oo 2 | =) ft = re) (eo) rm 00°05'S * VALUE DEPENDENT ON LATITUDE FIGURE 5. EXAMPLE OF MSQLOC AREA ¢-SYNTHETIC TRACKS SPACED 5' FIVE-DEGREE SQUARE ass eS ii <— FIRST TRACK <— MSQLOC AREA (A) 4—SYNTHETIC TRACKS SPACED 5' SHORT TRACK FIVE-DEGREE SQUARE ¢— FIRST TRACK (B) MSQLOC AREA FIGURE 6. EXAMPLE OF SYNTHETIC TRACK ORIENTATION These data are physically unformatted. A number of error checks are made before and after the gridded bathymetric data are created. The gridded data then are placed on a random-access storage device using a predetermined "look-up" table (list of acronyms). At this point the data are ready to be accessed. At present, a bathymetric profile can be generated up to 8,000 nm long and crossing 30 MSQLOC areas. This limitation can be increased if necessary. The accessing is initiated by supplying the latitude and longitude of a beginning and end point or the latitude and longitude of a beginning point with the bearing and maximum range. Combinations of these accessing schemes can also be used. The first step in retrieving a profile from the data bank is to generate its great-circle path. At the same time each MSQLOC area that the path crosses is identified and a search table of MSQLOC areas is created. For each MSQLOC area the search table contains the latitude and longitude of the first and last point in that MSQLOC area, the forward-looking bearing at both points, the accumulated range from zero for both points, and the MSQLOC area number. In turn, each MSQLOC area is called from the random-access storage device via the "look-up" table and the profile for that block of data is generated. This partial profile is then placed on a temporary magnetic tape. The next MSQLOC area is called from the random-access storage device and the cycle is repeated. At the end of profile generation the temporary magnetic tape is rewound. The plotting program is then called and the partial profiles are linked, punched on cards, and plotted and/or written on magnetic tape. The accessing program is structured so that long profiles generally are processed faster than numerous short profiles that total the same mileage. The great-circle path generation requires about 10 seconds for an 8,000-nm profile plus about 5 seconds for each full MSQLOC area crossed for the interpolation. The only maintenance to be performed to the system is the eventual updating of the gridded bathymetric data based on the random-access storage device. This is easily accomplished by recycling through the structuring phase of the system any MSQLOC area that requires updating and then replacing that block on the random-access storage device. A status report can be generated to check any or all MSQLOC areas. This report includes the random-access device's compatible data block size, the actual column and row sizes, the date the data block was added to the random-access device, the MSOQLOC area number, the rcellative address, land the actualy data, it nequassedr 10 SOURCE MATERIAL Bathymetric contour charts instead of recorded water depths, are the source for the SYNBAPS data base. No computer algorithm (glossary) that can successfully handle all qualities of bathy- metric-track-line data, resolve all navigational errors, and can apply a contouring philosophy to such data has been developed. These functions require the subjective judgement, based on knowledge of geologic processes, of the bathymetrist whose final product is the bathymetric contour chart. The bathymetrist's very subjectivity creates the data continuity which is a requisite element of SYNBAPS. A long profile requires on omnidirectional, continuous data base, something that is seldom achieved with either survey or random ship track line data alone. Using areas having high quality and dense data coverage as a framework, the bathymetrist extends, interpolates, and extrapolates regional trends into areas of lesser data to build a continuous picture of the submarine topography. Although SYNBAPS is designed for worldwide application, initially a data base will be created only for the Northern Hemisphere, and possibly the Indian Ocean. Other regions will be added to the data base when sufficient continuous data become available. The charts used for the North Pacific Ocean will be large to medium scale (1:1,000,000 or larger) versions of the U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office H.O. Pubs. 1301, 1302, and 1303 (U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office 1969, 1971A and B). Recent unpublished large-to-medium scale charts compiled by the U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office will be utilized for the North Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. Where applicable, classified data can be incorporated in the data base without compromising security. The gridded data point from a classified chart, which was contoured from classified data or fromamixture of classified and unclassi- fied data, will be indistinguishable from a data point from an unclassified chart. Only the originator will know which depth values were created from classified data and that they may be more accurate than other points. The originator will keep a separate noncomputerized file, indexed by MSQLOC areas, showing the source of the contours, their evaluation, classification, and other pertinent information. There will be no reference to original track spacing, area limits, navigation, sounding device, or platform within the data base. Preparation of the charts for digitization is discussed in more detail in appendix A. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION A. Structuring Programs iL. The relationship between structuring programs is given in a flow diagram in figure 7. The main processing programs are SYNTRACK, SYNCARD, SYNCHEX, SYNGRID, SYNCON2R, and SYNBLOCK (list of acronyms). One additional program that is unique to this particular system is the digitizer scaling program (CALMA 485) which scales on a Mercator chart the latitude, longitude, and depth for each contour intersection along the track. The output from this program is a binary magnetic tape of scaled values. Any digitizer and/or digitizer processor program can be used as long as it generates the same program elements regardless of output mode. The MSQLOC area to be digitized is mounted and leveled on the digitizer table (fig. 7). Starting in the lower left corner each track is scanned for data points from left to right and from bottom to top. The tracks are scanned an additional 5 minutes on each end to permit interpolation rather than extra- polation on end points in the gridding program. The MSQLOC identification and operator name are entered as a header informa- tion group before the data scanning is begun. The binary coded decimal (BCD) magnetic tape generated by the digitizer is processed by the CALMA 485 processor program to produce a binary magnetic tape of scaled latitude, longitude, and depth data. The binary tape is processed by SYNTRACK which: e breaks up the data string into tracks, e checks for missing data points, e checks for operator errors, e reformats the data to card image, and @® punches out a header card, track card, data cards (one point per card), and a blank card. An illustration of this deck Structure is given in fvqune ss. Arter. errors have been corrected, the card deck generated by SYNTRACK is run through the SYNCARD program. This program checks to insure that the longitudes of contour intersections are not repeated, but either increase or decrease depending upon quadrant. In addition, this program tests the depth value to determine if it is within about plus or minus two times the contour interval. In regions of rapid depth change contours may be skipped if they are evenly spaced. All errors are flagged for correction. After all corrections have been made, the card deck is run through the track plotting program (SYNCHEX). This program plots the tracks as they were digitized and annotates each contour intersection on the synthetic track line with cross ticks. This plot ie GNa WVYOVIG MOTTA SWVYDONd ONIYNLONULS SdVENAS °Z49YNOIS JOVAOLS sauv> viva aiqdqiuo IOVYOLS ININWWaid ANYW }S3A ANYWW SIA DAHD yOuds JILVWOLNY SXD3HD uv Yad YOUN HLIM vivd diqddiuS 40 SLNIOd Z 3D1ARG JOVAOIS SS3DDV DOTBNAS WoaNnvy Wud Oud Sy¥Ouus ¥O4 NOILD3adS NI TVNSIA AV1dSIG YaLLO1d YNOLNOD vivd diqqius dO INO LNIdd YZNODNAS WvdDOudd NOILD3x05 WANWW ATaVLNAS WvsdO0dd NOIL33xOD IWANYWW NOIL33audOD TWANYW SAIDVaL AS NDIHD SYOuug ¥O4 NOILD3dSNI TVNSIA SYOuds ¥Od NOILD3dSNI TWNSIA SADVUL JO yOra JO GYVINAS 4NO LNIad WvadOdd S GIYDNAS ON WvdDOdd AV1dSIG YaLLO1d XJHDNAS ON WvuD Oud ANYWW | S3A ANVW | S3A NOI133uuOS TWNANW SHDVaL WWdDOud SYOUNs é 13s auv> G3ZILIS1G3¥ Yad LNIOd | YO4 NOILD3AdSNI A@ ADIHD ONNVS di LywuOd avo TWNSIA YOU JO YOVYLNAS wIZILOIG INO LNIdd WVudOud 13 ETC. DATA POINTS TRACK 2 =) sa MSQLOC ) : FIGURE 8. OUTPUT DECK STRUCTURE FROM SYNTRACK 14 insures that the proper and sufficient number of points have been extracted from the MSQLOC area. Additional tracks of data can be created at this time, if required by the complexity of the submarine topography. SYNCHEX requires a control card that is in reality the first data card. The format for this card is given in figure 9. If no further corrections or additions are to be made to the data deck, the MSQLOC area is ready for conversion to gridded bathymetry. The SYNGRID program is fundamental to the structuring phase of SYNBAPS. SYNGRID transforms the synthetic track line data into gridded bathymetric data. The mathematical foundation and philosophy behind the one-dimensional cubic spline used to structure the gridded data is fully explained by Davis and Kontis (1970). SYNGRID is a modification by Davis of his original program (SPLINT) to handle bathymetric data instead of gravity data. SYNGRID is very flexible as it grids track-line-point data on either a Mercator projection or a Cartesian coordinate system and can compute mean data for various size cells on either system. Summarizing Davis and Kontis (1970), the value of this method lies not only in its ability to fit the observed data values but to retain the continuity of the first and second derivatives. This method might be considered the mathematical analog of the draftsman's plastic spline. Because the cubic spline is a function of only one independent variable, the data obtained along a synthetic track line must be adjusted to lie on a straight line. Under most conditions this creates no problem as the data are digitized along straight lines. The interpolation formula used by Davis fits each data exactly, has continuous first and second derivations, and is a simple cubic polynomial in x within the interval between each pair of data points. The distance along the track line then may be interpreted as the independent variable. Therefore, taking the data from one track at a time, the position of the data points are converted into x, y coordinates and a least squares straight line is fitted to these locations. Because no statistical significance is attached to this operation, either x or y may be considered the independent variable. The computer program listed in appendix B considers x the equivalent longitude as the independent variable. If the survey tracks happen to run exactly north-south, the program should be modified to consider y as the independent variable. The perpendicular distance between the least squares straight line and each data point is determined and used to project the points orthogonally onto the line with an adjusted data value (based on an estimate of the local gradient) assumed to be a function of distance only. If the perpendicular distance between this point and the least squares line is less than predetermined ILS) NLINE XMIN XMAX YMIN YMAX XIN YIN 1 FORMAT (I 10, 6 F 10.0) —> R= RIGHT JUSTIFIED e@ =FLOATING POINT REQUIRED NLINE = TOTAL NUMBER OF TRACKS XMIN = — minimum number of minutes from prime meridian - east or west XMAX = maximum number of minutes from prime meridian - east or west YMIN = minimum number of meridional parts from equator — north or south YMAX = = — maximum number of meridional parts from equator - north or south XIN = east-west dimension of plot in inches YIN = north-south dimension of plot in inches NOTE: 1. North and east are positive, south and west are negative. MSQLOC areas require 5° minutes of overlap on all sides. Meridional parts are found in reference: Naval Oceanographic Office, 1962 H.O. Pub. 9- Table 5 Wh FIGURE 9. SYNCHEX CONTROL CARD FOR TRACK PLOTTING OF MSQLOC AREA 16 pivot distance (usually set at 0.2 of a meridional part), the value associated with the data point is unchanged. If this distance is greater than the pivot distance, then the adjusted value associated with the mapped coordinates is computed. In the computer program for the cubic spline algorithm (SPLINE) contained in appendix B, the pivot distance is selectable via a control card. This pivot distance is usually equal to the maximum distance which one could move a data point without significantly changing its value. In order to minimize the error associated with the assumption that the gradient correction is independent of direction, continuous synthetic survey tracks which deviate appreciably from a stright line should be broken up into smaller segments with each segment treated as a separate track. The mapped coordinates and adjusted data values may be considered as irregularly spaced digital samples from a function whose independent variable is distance along the track from some arbitrary starting point, and whose dependent variable is the adjusted data values. Utilizing the mapped data, the cubic spline is determined for each track. The cubic spline may then be used to interpolate data values at the intersections of the straight least square track lines and a set of parallel lines whose spacing is equal to the desired final grid spacing (5 minutes). If the direction of the survey tracks is predominantely east-west then the direction of the set of parallel lines is north-south. Similarly, for north-south tracks, the lines are run east-west. The computer program (app. B), is designed to operate on tracks in any direction, except exactly north-south. The direction of the set of parallel grid lines is controlled by the direction of track line number one. Since the track number designation is arbitrary, this feature allows the user to determine the desired orientation (N-S or E-W) of the parallel grid lines in order to obtain as many intersections as possible. The interpolated data values generated as outlined in the preceding paragraph may be regarded as unequally spaced digital samples from a function whose independent variable is distance along each of the parallel lines. Application of the spline procedure in this cross track direction produces the final interpolated values at the desired grid points. If mean anomalies are desired, grid points are generated at one-half the final grid spacing and the resulting nine points are averaged to produce the mean value for each grid cell. The control card formats for SYNGRID are given in figure 10. The output from SYNGRID is a new punched card deck of gridded bathymetry with seven points per card. The printout from SYNGRID LY 201 FORMAT (I 5) —PR =RIGHT JUSTIFIED ISETS = number of MSQLOC areas to be processed during a computer run MEAN ITOT ITYPE ALAT ALONG PLAT PLONG GRID ¥Y PIVOT MSQLOC ae Ee ee eee a ee 56 6l lO FORWAN(©G TF 1@sO7 Tiel Zo 2p F SeO, A 2) L@—=LEFT JUSTIFIED —DR=RIGHT JUSTIFIED @=FLOATING POINT REQUIRED ALAT = latitude of MSQLOC for lower lefthand corner in degrees ALONG = longitude of MSQLOC for lower lefthand comer in degrees PLAT = latitude of MSQLOC for upper righthand corner in degrees PLONG = longitude of MSQLOC for upper righthand corner in degrees GRID = grid spacing for output data in minutes MEAN = blank, no mean computed; =1, mean computed ITOT = total number of tracks of input data ITYPE = 1, grid is in Mercator projection; = -1, grid is in X and Y units PIVOT = maximum distance from track for pivot test MS QLOC = Marsden Square Locator area number FIGURE 10. SYNGRID CONTROL CARDS FOR GRIDDING TRACK DATA 18 will indicate if the MSQLOC area has been structured correctly. An even more efficient method of checking is to pass the gridded bathymetric data through the SYNCON2R program. The SYNCON2R program (fig. 7) plots contours of the gridded data on a Mercator projection at the same scale as the source manuscript. The source manuscript can be overlain by the gridded-data contour plot, for a comparison of content and form. This plotting check requires a 29-inch drum plotter or equivalent, while the SYNCON2R program itself requires a control card (fig. 11). In addition, the DATA statement variable (CL) requires a specification of the contour levels that will be plotted (see app. B). An optional DATA statement variable (LABELS) can be used if labels are desired (see app. B). If the SYNCON2R plot is satisfactory, the gridded bathymetry is loaded on the random-access storage device via the loading program (GHNBEOCK)) i fig 7). Before a block of gridded data can be loaded on the random- access storage device, the device must be primed With a traffic director program (SYNTABLE, fig. 7). SYNTABLE is a predetermined "look-up" table, which gives SYNBLOCK basic information that is needed to place a block of gridded data in its proper address on the device. Using the MSQLOC area number as the key, the table supplies the relative address, the actual block size to be transmitted, and a file key or name. The file key indicates by name in which file in the storage device a particular block of data is to be placed. An example of the "look-up" table printout is given in table 1. In the DATA statement N is equal to the number of MSQLOC areas now on the "look-up" table. The relative address is the physical location from the beginning of the file ef the first word of the data block. The actual block size is the quantity of storage required to contain the data plus the identification groups and is an even multiple of 32 (Aiken, et al. 1970). The storage requirement for the actual block size is predetermined and is listed in table 2 by hemisphere latitude bands, which include the overlap. Using the "look-up" table from SYNTABLE on the random-access storage device, a block of gridded bathymetry can now be loaded by SYNBLOCK. The punched deck of gridded data is preceded by two header cards. The first card contains the number of sets to be loaded and the second card, one for each set, specifies the MSQLOC area number and the column and row information obtained from table 2 (see app. B for exact card formats). The DATA statement N is equal to the number of MSQLOC's presently on the "look-up" table. SYNBLOCK then looks up the file, the relative address, and the block-size information from the preloaded table for each MSQLOC area and places the data in its proper location. An identification group containing the following is placed at the end of the data block: Lg M NCL MM_ NN Poet. |. SS igarel 1 FORMAT (5 I 4, 4 F 10.0) — > R = RIGHT JUSTIFIED © =FLOATING POINT REQUIRED N = number of columns of input data M = number of rows of input data NCL = number of contour levels MM = row's maximum array size NN = column's maximum array size XA = 1.0 = minimum number of rows YA = 1.0 = minimum number of columns XG = x axis width of plot in inches YG = y axis height of plot in inches FIGURE 11. SYNCON2R CONTROL CARD FOR CONTOUR PLOTTING 20 SYNBAPS DISK FILE LOCATOR TABLE MS QLOC RELATIVE SIZE OF FILE ADDRESS BLOCK KEY 211 0 3936 EO8C 212 3936 3936 EO8C 213 7672 4000 EO8C 214 11872 4000 EO8C 57] 15872 4064 EO8C 572 19936 4064 EO8C 573 24000 4128 EO8C 574 28128 4128 EO8C 931 32768 4256 EO8C 932 37024 4256 EO8C 933 41280 4448 EO8C 934 45728 4448 EO8C 1291 50176 4704 EO8C 1292 54880 4704 EO8C 1293 59584 4928 EO8C 1294 65536 4928 EO8C 1651 70464 4928 EO8C 1652 75776 5312 EO8C 1653 81088 5824 EO8C 1654 86912 5824 EO8C 2011 98304 6464 EO8C 2012 104768 6464 EO8C 2013 112096 7328 EO8C 2014 119424 7328 EO8C TABLE I. EXAMPLE OF "LOOK UP" TABLE FROM SYNTABLE 21 SINIWANNOAY IOVAOLS GYOM SdVENAS “Il AVL uDa20 UDIpU| ay} Bulpnjoxe AjUuo siaydsiwal UWaUJION) B44 JOY SI BIGD] =JION 802 ‘Zr ‘€ lyz“SZL"€ Ges 8ZE16 60606 SIVLOL OOF ‘Z9Z 080’Z9Z 02 OZLEL vOLel B0ZXE9 = oGZ=00Z oa 962 ‘rr 99ZErl vl vOE0l 69Z0L EILXED =o Z-09 vi ZLS “961 GL9’S6L €Z vvS8 Goss GELXE9 =o 9-009 El 728‘ lvz VOL ‘LZ €€ 8ZEZ 8062 GLLXE9 009-0 SS ZL 9LL‘61Z y8r SIZ ve v9 9779 ZOLXE9 oo GS-00S LL 9L0’861L 790261 ve vZ8S 96S Z6XE9 0 OS “aS Ol vOL “EZ 792 ‘7ZZ A ZLES Z6ZS V8XE9 oGH-o0P 6 vrs “9EZ 728 ‘SEZ 8P 8267 vlé6y BZXE9 —-oOV-aSE 8 76L ‘S772 9LL‘E7Z 8V vOZLV Z99V VL¥E9 0 GE= oF Z 809 ‘70Z 098 ‘Z0Z Ww Sry Olry OLZXE9 0 0E- 0 SZ 9 ZE0 ‘002 Z8€ ‘861 Ly 9S¢r \@zy L9XE9 oo GT- 007 G pri ’8é6l 096 “96L 8y 8ZLV Gé0r G9XE9 so 0-0 SL. v JEL ‘661 895 ‘261 6v 7907 ZE0V V9OXED ~~ oG L-0 OL € 000’96L 8 “v6 6V 0007 9E6E E9XED =o l= 0S Zz 008 ‘961 00€ ‘S61 os 9E6E 906€ Z9XED oG-00 L JOVYOLS JOVIOLS aNva G3¥INO IY G3¥INO 3 MO’/*10D (D010 SW) IWlOl IWwlOl /DOTOSW JO JOVYOLS JOVYOLS AZIS aNv9a TIWNLOV TVILINI “ON’* XOUddV IWALIV TVILINI AV AGALILVI] 22 NUM = actual size of storage block ICOL = number of columns of array TROW = number of rows or array MSQLOC = Marsden Square Locator area number IDAY = day that data wee placed in storage MONTH = month that data were placed in storage IYEAR = year that data were placed in storage LOCATE = relative address This completes the structuring phase of SYNBAPS. The punched cards of gridded bathymetric data are loaded on magnetic tape with one MSQLOC area per file using a UTILITY program (Rozanski, et al. 1968). This magnetic tape is saved for backup to the random-access storage device. B. Accessing Programs The relationship between accessing programs is given in a flow diagram in figure 12. The two accessing programs are SYNBAPS1 and SVNPROME(apoeaG)) « Thesrequestylanethe £orm of Controlcands;) as submitted to the SYNBAPS1 program (fig. 13). The formats for this request may be either all "BEARINGS" or all "POINTS" or can be a mixture of both, as long as the number of beams is correctly indicated for each set (the variable NOOFBM). With the exception of SYNGRID, only a brief explanation of the program's operation was given in the structuring phase discussion. Because SYNBAPS1 and SYNPLOT may be used by others, they will be described in more detail. Figure 14 contains a more detailed program flow diagram of SYNBAPS1. When a request is submitted to SYNBAPS1 the first operation is to call in the SBAARCH subroutine to generate the great-circle path to be followed by the profile. SEAARCH uses both the direction solution of the great circle, subroutine GCDIST, and the indirect solution GCPATH (Chang, 1969A and B) to create a latitude, longitude, forward bearing, and range for each nautical-mile point from the beginning to the end of a profile. In addition, subroutine MSQFQ is used to calculate the MSQLOC area for each of the points. SEAARCH then creates a range search tablenoreoniy sehose pointes thatesitart sa prorat ley Tenter or exit a MSQLOC area, or terminate a profile. This table is printed out and also placed in COMMON. 23 SYNBAPS | RANDOM ACCESS STORAGE DEVICE TO USER RAN GENE COMPUTER 0 | MODELI SYNPLOT DEPTH Roce CARD DECK PLOT OF RANGE VS. DEPTH PRINT OUT OF RESULTS OF PROFILING FIGURE 12. SYNBAPS ACCESSING PROGRAMS FLOW DIAGRAM 24 NOOFBM NCARD 1 FORMAT (15, A8) NOOFBM number of profiles of NCARD type to be processed NCARD "BEARINGS" OR "POINTS" L@-=LEFT JUSTIFIED —PR=RIGHT JUSTIFIED AMIN RCONG AE IOBM ALAT{ AN }ALMIN fs I bG Ei. T. T 9 12 1618 2) 2527 1 FORMAT (Aé, 2X, 2((F3.0, F3.0), 1X, Al, 1X), 2 F 10.0) FOR NCARD = "BEARING" L@-=LEFT JUSTIFIED —PR=RIGHT JUSTIFIED © =FLOATING POINT REQUIRED AMIN ALONG al ars uiling BE AN ALMIN| BLAT “I Sr | GS | SS | CCS | cc 12 1618 2|i 252730 3436 39 4345 2 FORMAT (Aé, 2X, 4(F3.0, F3.0, 1X, Al, 1X)) FOR NCARD = "POINTS" IDBM = unique profile |.D. (alphanumeric) ALAT = degree of latitude - start point AMIN = minute of latitude - start point hemisphere indicator, N or S > 2 wo Z iol degree of longitude - start point ALMIN = minute of longitude - start point AE, BE = hemisphere indicator, E or W BS = bearing from start point for "BEARING" card only DD = maximum range from start point for "BEARING" card only BLAT = degree of latitude - end point BMIN = minute of latitude - end point BLONG == degree of longitude - end point BLMIN = minute of longitude - end point FIGURE 13. SYNBAPS1 PROFILE REQUEST CONTROL CARD 25) WVYOVIG MOT 1IVLIG SWVYDOUd ONISSIDIV “VL FINI Wvad Odd ONI1AGOW walNdWOd wasn OL auvo /SAINIOd 8 QuvD 3114O¥d Oa DIHD YOUN “s1yOd3a¥ YO Hld3d “SA JONVE 1LO1d WV¥OOUd ‘ @ XIGN3ddV NI LON AINILNOWENS YO NOILONAS INIINO 3W3LS AS 008€ DGD = IDIAIG JOVUYOLS SSIDDV WOQNVY LOINAS WvdDOud ‘ZLON avaynd aNilnouans dWV NOILNN4 SIXV¥ JNILNOUEsNs TO8WAS JNILNOUENs 101d INI Nouns $1O1d INI LNOWENS aN INILNOUENS alvd01x0 INILNOUENS X1daaWw INILNOYENS NO3I1dS INI LNOWENS NadO 4d INILNOUsNS OjIOSW AINILNOWENS NoO3o1v1 ANIMNowans HlVd 39 AINILNOWENS isid 39 JNILNOUENS 1NO NNd INI LNOVENS ANIdS *1adldO dwyv NOILSNNJ dn awil INILNOUENS JNILNOUENS NOILDNNS AHLV8 dNXAOO1 aWNHe NOONIW HOUV vas INILNOYENS INI LNOUENS AININoOwEsNs INI NOEs INI LNOUENS L SdVaNAS Wv89 Oud 26 Subroutine MINCON is called in to calculate the starting point for the profile within MSQLOC in minutes from the lower left corner. MINCON uses the function AMP to calculate the meridional parts for the latitude component. The mathematical foundation for AMP is given in Thomas (1964) and in U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office (1962). Subroutine RHUMB is called in to calculate, using AMP, the rhumb line bearing through the MSQLOC area. A rhumb line is used here because the subroutine BATHY can only interpolate along a straight line. The rhumb line approximates a chord of the great-circle pathamaMercator chart with the maximum deviation from the great circle at the approximate midpoint of that chord in the MSQLOC area. This deviation varies from zero to a maximum of about two nautical miles depending upon the great- circle path orientation. Maximum deviations occur in east-west paths in high latitudes, but are considered a necessary trade- off for the system's overall speed of operation. The random-access storage device is queried by the subroutine LOOKUP, which passes through the SYNTABLE to find the file key and the relative address of the MSQLOC area, then extracts the actual block size and the column and row information. These parameters are used by the subroutine BATHY to extract gridded bathymetric data for the MSQLOC area. From subroutine BATHY the subroutine GRIDBLK calls in the gridded data. Subroutine BATHY determines which quadrant the rhumb line will pass through so as to maximize the number of intersections for interpolation. This quadrant will determine whether or not the columns or the rows will be the independent variable for the cubic spline. The quadrant arrangement is shown in figure 15. T£ the rhumb line falls in quadrants 2 or 4, the direction of the first interpolation is along a column and the independent variable is the distance from the origin along the column to the intersection of the rhumb line. If the rhumb line falls in quadrants 1 or 3, the interpolation will be along a row and the independent variable then is the distance from the origin along the row to the intersection with the rhumb line. At the inter- section a value is interpolated by the cubic spline using the gridded data values along that column (or row) as the dependent variable. When all the values have been interpolated at each inter- section, the values now become the dependent variable while the distance along the rhumb line from the start of the profile becomes the independent variable. The cubic spline is used once more to interpolate the final profile values at distances Ad) R___MSQLOC ORIGIN FIGURE 15. QUADRANTS FOR SUBROUTINE BATHY 28 corresponding to every meridional part along the rhumb line to the end of the MSQLOC area. An example of this rotation is given in figure 16. When a profile for a MSQLOC has been generated, BATHY calls the PUNOUT subroutine to put the MSQLOC profile data on a temporary magnetic tape. MERFIX and AMP are used by PUNOUT to calculate the rhumb line distance in meridional parts and set up a scaling factor. The parameters are used by PUNOUT to adjust the profile generated by BATHY, which is in meridional parts versus depth, to a profile which shows nautical miles versus depth by linear interpolation. Only when these operations are complete is the MSQLOC profile data written on the temporary magnetic tape and the next MSQLOC area or the next profile processed. Each segment of a profile represents a single MSQLOC area. When the individual segments are written on the temporary magnetic tape the depth is in the same units as in the gridded data base and the range is in mautical miles from starting point within the MSQLOC area, which in each case is zero. At the end of the SYNBAPS1 program the temporary magnetic tape is rewound. The program SYNPLOT then reads this tape either on the same or a subsequent run. As each MSQLOC profile segment is read into SYNPLOT it is linked in sequence to the other MSQLOC areas to produce a great-circle profile. If geometric conversion to other depth units is required, it is performed at this point. When the great-circle profile is complete, it is punched out on cards and the profile is plotted. This process is repeated for as many profiles as desired. Although the format for the punched profile cards is fixed at eight depth-versus- range points per card, the profile-plotting format is very flexible. This flexibility is attained through a control card for SYNPLOT, the format for which is given in figure 17. Generally, whenever SYNBAPS1 cannot find a MSQLOC block of gridded data on the random-access storage device or the plotting dimensions are not set for minimal limits (fig. 17), the processing will halt at that point and skip to the next profile, allowing the job run to continue while an error message is printed out. The profiles generated by SYNBAPS are intended as input to long-range, acoustic propagation models. Although not necessarily accurate to geophysical or geodetic standards, the sythetic profiles are interpolated to the accuracy required by the models. A depth value is interpolated at each nautical-mile point from the starting point to the terminus of the profile along a great-circle path. Latitude and longitude values are rounded to the nearest minute, and the range is rounded to the nearest nautical mile. 29 FINAL PROFILE VALUES FROM 2ND. PASS OF CUBIC SPLINE AT 1 MERIDIONAL PART INTERVALS INDEP. VAR. 2ND. PASS OF CUBIC SPLINE DEP. VAR. IST. PASS OF CUBIC SPLINE INTER. VALUES | ST. PASS OF CUBIC SPLINE DEP. VAR. ON 2ND. PASS INDEP. VAR. IST. PASS OF CUBIC SPLINE R— ORIGIN FIGURE 16. PROFILE EXTRACTION FROM GRIDDED DATA BASE 30 R D | UNIT YLTH CONVERT 100 FORMAT (2 F 10.0, A 7, 3 X, 2 F 10.0) L@—=LEFT JUSTIFIED © =FLOATING POINT REQUIRED R = x axis scaling factor, nautical miles per inch D = y axis scaling factor, meters or fathoms per inch IUNITS = label for y axis (x axis is always in nautical miles) YLTH = the total height of the y axis plot that will be displayed, the maximum is 10 inches. This usually set as a multiple of D. Example: when plotting at 500 fathoms/ inch, to be able to display a profile that goes down to a depth of 4500 fathoms, YLTH would equal 9 inches. If not correctly set or if plot exceeds 13 feet on the x axis, that profile is omitted from plotting. However, the cards are still punched. CONVERT = the data base is uncorrected for speed of sound in sea water. For fathoms the assumed standard is 800 fathoms per second, for meters it is 1500 meters per second. To convert from fathoms to meters CONVERT = 1.8750, from meters to fathoms CONVERT = 0.533---3. If no conversion needed CONVERT = blank or 0.0. FIGURE 17. SYNPLOT CONTROL CARD Sal The great-circle subroutines are based upon a sphere 21,600 nm in diameter and can have a maximum error of 20 nm over a distance of 1 hemisphere (about 11,000 nm). This amounts to an error of about 2nm/1,000nm of range. For pLEOLileswor 1,000) mm or Nessiehws errowsas anistignestcanitaeinnd propagation model applications, but it could be important at very long ranges. The magnitude of this error depends upon the difference in shape between the sphere and the oblate spheroid and on the method of path generation. Greater accuracy can be obtained by usinga geodesic where the error is 1m in latitude, longitude, and range and 0.035 sec. in bearing within a hemisphere (Thomas, 1965 and 1970). Within each MSQLOC area there is a difference between the path followed by the great circle and the actual path along which the depths values are interpolated (fig. 18). Because SYNBAPS1 requires a straight line along which to interpolate depth values, a rhumb line between the first position entering a 5-degree square and the last position before leaving the square is used instead of the curved great-circle path. For all great circles that follow a meridian or the equator this difference is zero. For all other directions, the maximum difference is located at the approximate mid-point along a rhumb line within 5-degree square. Under the most unfavorable condition of high latitude and an east-west orientation, this difference rarely exceeds 2 nm. Preliminary estimates of the accuracy of the interpolated depth values in the profile plane are+ 15 fm. This assumes that there are no positional errors in the great-circle path in the horizontal plane. A completed data bank, including regions of smooth to rough topography, will be needed before full error analysis can be undertaken. €: Status Program Program SYNSTAT queries the random-access storage device through the SYNTABLE for a listing of the identification group from each MSQLOC gridded data block. This listing includes the file key as in the following example: ACTUAL DATE ADDED TO FILE RELATIVE BLOCK NO. OF NO. OF RANDOM-ACCESS MSQLOC KEY ADDRESS’ SIZE COLUMNS ROWS DEVICE Lo LZQL IDOE 50176 4704 63 74 18 April 1972 De M292 IHOKe 54880 4704 63 74 19 April 1972 All MSQLOC gridded data blocks or selected ones can be listed. They are selectable through SYNSTAT control cards as shown in figure 19. 32 MAXIMUM ERROR AT MIOPOINT ABOUT 2N.M. | oe LATITUDE 5° SQUARE LONGITUDE FIGURE 18. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RHUMB LINE AND GREAT CIRCLE PATH WITHIN A FIVE-DEGREE SQUARE 33 10 FORMAT (A7, | 7) L€- = LEFT JUSTIFIED —>R=RIGHT JUSTIFIED "ALL", the contents of the complete random access storage device ITYPE = will be listed. "PARTIAL", only those MSQLOC's listed on the following control cards will be listed out. NUM = if blank, all the MSQLOC's listed; if present only that number of MSQLOC's on the following control cards will be listed. IA(I6) 6l 66 16 2l 26 SO 364 | 46 5il 56 20 FORMAT (16 | 5) ALL RIGHT JUSTIFIED —P R=RIGHT JUSTIFIED IA = array of MSQLOC numbers. FIGURE 19. SYNSTAT CONTROL CARDS 34 D. CDC 3800 System Subroutines and Functions The subroutines used to open the file, position, read, and write on the CDC 813 permanent disk are on-line COMPASS language routines provided by the Naval Research Laboratory, Research Computation Center Staff (Aiken, et al., 1970). These subroutines are DKOPEN, DKLOCATE, DKREAD, and DKWRITE. The subroutine DATA is an off-line COMPASS language routine that retrieves the integer day, month, and year from the computer's internal clock (Houston, 1969). The function TIMELEFT is an on-line COMPASS language routine that retrieves time marks from the computer's internal clock. It is used to time various phases of the structuring and accessing programs operation (Shannon, 1968). The on-line plotting subroutines PLOTS, PLOT, LINE, SYMBOL, and AXIS are FORTRAN language routines. With the possible exception of LINE and AXIS these routines are part of the standard Calcomp plotter package (Gossett, et al., pending). Most of the previously mentioned subroutines and functions are unique to the NRL CDC 3800 computer system. However, these routines have counterparts on any large computer system, and their replacement should pose little or no problem. PROFILE OUTPUT Two adjoining MSQLOC areas, 1291 and 1292, in the western North Pacific Ocean were selected to test the computer program and were digitized, structured, and placed on the random-access storage device. The location of five test profiles along rhumb lines, subsequently shown in figures 21, 22, and 23, are indexed in figure 20. The contour chart used as an index chart shows only part of the contour data that will input to the data base; therefore, the test profiles show a slight difference in detail. Figure 21, a profile through both MSQLOC areas, shows that the link point between two data blocks is undetectable. This 530-nm profile was generated in 7 seconds. In figure 22, composed of three profiles A, B, and C, a dashed line is superimposed on each profile. The dashed lines are profiles hand drawn by a bathymetrist, and the solid lines are the computer profiles. All the profiles used the same data base. Although the general shapes for both types of profiles are the same, the cubic spline profiles show details between the contour levels that would otherwise be lost if not captured by the surface of gridded bathymetric data. This isespecially true in the more steeply sloping areas because the cubic spline considers data adjoining the profile path. The three profiles in figure 22 show the system's ability to start a profile inside a MSQLOC area. Figures 22A and 22C show profiles that terminate in gently sloping Sd1IdOUd AIAWVS JO XAGNI OZ JWNOIS “N9OIZ ON wavebiiel 27 967 EN 20, TT ie a = Ama VUDONVEDO 40 NOUMLLSN b4d1095 10 ONWVETEA REA PSOE ES OSS aes 3.091... o6S| o8Sl oLGl o9SI oSSl ob SI ofS! ocSl olSI 00S! N62 . - — =] 06c | fe a Og ~at Al > Aooty 2s ot Joe“ LSI ee ‘OIA i|.2¢ dod © ~ He DIT \ ry poe tbe ev eae 12 \ a as ay Seep: ae le Se = eee 36 FATHOMS 3SId AINSLVHS SVAYV DOTOSW OML HONOYHL ONISSVd JUdOUd “12 TWN Lg Lg g 2 g 8 a 08 Oh all It el T a lies sal I oot he o0z ost ot O82 S3VIW WOT LNBN LNNOW V3S AOXVSI 3000 SWOHib4 SWOHib4 SWOHLBS NAUTICAL MILES ° 40 80 129 160 200 240 i ta DB y SHATSKIY RISE z 8 rsa n 000s: + ooot £ 3 I T T T T Rea. i + eee (0) 40 80 123 160 200 240 O00h NAUTICAL MILES Oo 40 80 120 160 200 240 \ l 1 1 olg ° 8 B DB 8 SHRATSKIY RISE Si 8 eco coor ooos, OO0h gooh i} 40 80 120 160 200 240 NAUTICAL MILES by) 40 80 120 160 206 240 | i | | i ooor oot? once SWOHLB 4 SHATSKIY RISE ogce FIGURE 22, CUBIC SPLINE VS MANUAL PROFILES 38 SNOILOIWG LNIVIASIG - HLVd IWVS ONO S$31dOUd JOVWI-IOMIW ~E?% AWN! INNOW V3S AOXVSI 08 Sh S3VIW 1891 LNGN 300d 1000 LNNOW V3S AONVSI Oh SATIW TWIT LNEN 4000 2008 FATHOMS 1000 39 areas, and figure 22B shows a profile terminating on the upslope side of a seamount in the next area to the north. Figures 22B and 22C show that the cubic spline can follow both convex and concave submarine topography equally well. Figure 23 shows two mirror-image profiles, which illustrate the profile repeatability along the same path in either direction. Profile A was run from west to east, then profile B was run from east to west, both along the same path. FURTHER MODIFICATIONS, ADDITIONS AND OTHER APPLICATIONS The first modification to SYNBAPS will replace the great- circle subroutines, GCPATH and GCDIST, in the accessing phase with geodesic subroutines, GEODIST and GEOPATH. The argument list for the new routines will be the same as for the great circle routines. The second modification will replace the contour checking program, SYNCON2R, in the structuring phase with a smoother contour plotting program. A third modification will attempt to increase the overall efficiency (speed of operation) by simplifying the programs. One example is to use buffering statements when writing and reading on the temporary magnetic tape. An additional program to operate on the SYNBAPS output will be an updated automatic depth correction routine based on Matthews' sound velocity correction tables. This will permit the use of depth values either corrected or uncorrected for speed of sound in sea water. An additional version of SYNBAPS1, the accessing program, called SYNBAPS2 is being considered. This program will generate eight radial profiles simultaneously from one point to the edge of a MSQLOC area or an irregular chart area. This output could be useful for profile evaluation of site locations where greater detail is required. In addition, SYNBAPS1 can be merged with the NODC Ocean Station Data file to produce a composite plot of the bottom profile and selected sound velocity profiles along a great-circle path. Extending this concept one more step will produce profile plots of various acoustic environmental parameters, such as depth to the axis or bottom of the deep sound channel, by marrying SYNBAPS to an appropriate oceanographic data file or files. The number of possible combinations of oceanographic data with the depth data using SYNBAPS is almost infinite. A system similar to SYNBAPS, but using land topography, could be applied in radar terrain studies and weather pattern models requiring elevation data. 40 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The SYNBAPS data base was designed to meet the specific and immediate need for bathymetric profiles for acoustic modeling. However, properly used, it offers many applications beyond its preliminary designs. Often in naval planning as well as in naval operations, speed is as important as accuracy when information is needed. SYNBAPS is not ideally suited to hydrographic charting because some high-frequency information is lost, but it provides very rapid responses. SYNBAPS has these additional features: e Only data points are stored in the data bank, e The locations of data points are logically structured on a Mercator projection by 5-minute intersections, e Random access to the data is by large blocks (5- degree square), e The data bank is updated by replacing blocks of data, e The size of the data bank is fixed once it has been created for any ocean area, e Classified survey data, in chart form, can be incor- porated in the data base with no compromise of security, @e Highly compacted forms of the accessing program and the data bank can be used on shipboard. 41 LIST OF REFERENCES INGUIN Wolly 7p DEMECM, IDolbo, eicl Seinen, D655, 1970, GiB clisik file subroutine package: U.S. Naval Research Laboratory Memorandum Report 2104 or Computer Bulletin 19, Washington, Do€o Chang, D., 1969A, A FORTRAN subroutine for locations and bearings at given distances from a starting point along a great circle path: U.S. Naval Research Laboratory Computer Note 33, Washington, D.C. , 1969B, A FORTRAN subroutine for the great circle distance between two points and bearings at the points: U.S. Naval Research Laboratory Computer Note 32, Washington, D.C. Davis, TeMe and) Kontals), Aste, 1970) Spline! interpolation valgoragams for track-type survey data with application to the computation of mean gravity anomalies: U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office, Technical Report 226, Washington, D.C. GOssece, Woo, hI, Solhsf EOUSECing Dollop McOeSlap Top Rogers, G.H., Ulrich, J.T., and Williams, M., (pending): 3800 Calcomp plotter subroutine package, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory Memorandum Report or Computer Bulletin 3, Washington, D.C. Houston, J.H., 1969, 3800 Computer integer date request subroutine: U.S. Naval Research Laboratory Memorandum Report 2008 or Computer Bulletin 10 Washington, D.C. Rozanski, T.L., Burgess, J.G., Gossett, D.E., and Shannon, D.P., 1968, Computer utility program: U.S. Naval Research Laboratory Memorandum Report 1935 or Computer Bulletin 1, Washington, D.C. Shannon, D.P., 1968, 3800 Computer timeleft function: U.S. Naval Research Laboratory Computer Note 5, Washington, D.C. Thomas, P.D., 1964, Conformal projections in geodesy and carto- graphy: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Coast and Geodetic Survey, Special Pub. No. 251, 4th edition, 142 p., Washington, D.C. , October 1965, Mathematical models for navigation systems: U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office, Technical Report 182, including figures and tables, 142 p., Washington, D.C. , 1970, Spheroidal geodesics, reference systems, and local geometry: U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office, Special Pub. Non Ui8 hy Ves oe, Walshungtony,, Dire 42 Naval Oceanographic Office, 1962, Tables from American Practical Navigator Bowditch: U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office, H.O. Pub. No. 9 Tables, Washington, D.C. Naval Oceanographic Office, 1969, Bathymetric atlas of the northwestern Pacific Ocean, U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office, H.O. Pub. No. 1301, Washington, D.C. Naval Oceanographic Office, 1971A, Bathymetric atlas of the northcentral Pacific Ocean, U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office, H.W. Pub. No. 1302, Washington, D.C. Naval Oceanographic Office, 1971B, Bathymetric atlas of the northeastern Pacific Ocean, U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office, H.O. Pub. No. 1303, Washington, D.C. 43 BIBLIOGRAPHY American Standards Association, 1966, USA Standard vocabulary for information processing, X3.12 - 1966, United States of America Standards Institute, New York, N.Y. Baker, B.B., Jr., Deebel, W.R., Geisenderfer, R.D., Editors, 1966, Glossary of oceanographic terms: U.S. Naval Oceano- graphic Office, Special Pub. No. 35, 2nd edition, Washington, Do(Go Bhattacharyya, B.K., 1966, Bicubic spline interpolation as a method for treatment of potential field data: Geophysics, v. 34, p. 402-423. Grim, oP wieen) Keller, (Gokinysmancdmpb arcana: vale 2 COmoulkeers produced profiles of micro-topography as a supplement to contour maps: International Hydrographic Review, v. 49 (1), 1968, Initialization for the 3800 Calcomp plotter package: -S. Naval Research Laboratory Computer Note 10, Washington, Cc Eee Hunt, L.M., and Groves, D.G., Editors, 1965, A glossary of ocean science and undersea technology terms, Compass Publication, IgE 6 4 Arellatigvepcoiay, WING Pennington, R.H., 1965, Introductory computer methods and numerical analysis: The Macmillan Co., New York. U.S. Army topographic Command, 1969, DOD glossary of mapping, charting, and geodetic terms: 2nd edition, prepared for Dept. of Defense by Dept. of the Army, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Topographic Command, Washington, D.C. 44 GLOSSARY OF SELECTED TERMS Accuracy Address Algorithm Alphanumeric Argument list Band (Latitudinal band) Bathymetric Bathymetric chart The degree of freedom from error, that is, the degree of conformity to truth or to a rule. Accuracy is contrasted with precision, e.g., four-place numerals are less precise than six-place numerals; nevertheless a properly computed four-place numeral might be more accurate than an improperly computed six-place numeral. (1) An identification, as represented by a name, label, or number, for a register, location in storage, or any other data source or destination such as the location of a station ina communication network. (2) Loosely, any part of an instruction that specifies the location of an operand for the instruction. A finite set of rules that gives a sequence of operations for solving a specific type of problem. It should have the following features, (1) Finiteness, (2) Definiteness, (3) Input, (4) Output, and (5) Effectiveness. Pertaining to a character set that contains both letters and numerals, and usually other characters. Synonymous with Alphameric. List of the formal parameters of a subprogram used as an explicit transfer of information to or froma subprogram. Any latitudinal strip, designated by accepted units of linear or angular measurement, which circumscribes the earth. Relating to the measurement of ocean depths. A topographic map of the floor of the ocean. 45 Bathymetry Bearing Binary Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) Block Block diagram The science of determining and interpreting ocean depths and topography. 1. (general) The horizontal angle at a given point measured clockwise from a specific reference datum to a second point. Also called bearing angle. 2. (navigational) The horizontal direction of one terrestrial point from another, expressed as the angular distance from a reference direction. It is usually measured from 000° at the reference direction clockwise through 360°. The terms, bearing and azimuth are sometimes used interchangeably, but in navigation the former customarily applies to terrestrial objects and the latter to the direction of a point on the celestial sphere from a point on the earth. (1) Pertaining to a characteristic or property involving a selection, choice, or condition in which there are two possibilities. (2) per- taining to the numeration system with a radix of two. Pertaining to a decimal notation in which the individual decimal digits are each represented by a group of binary digits, e.g., in the 8-4-2-1 binary coded decimal notation, the number 23 is represented as 0010 OO11, whereas in binary notation, 23 is represented as 10111. A set of things, such as words, characters, or digits, handled as al DiNsLic. A diagram of a system, instrument, computer, or program in which selected portions are represented by annotated boxes and interconnecting lines. 46 Cartesian coordinates COMMON COMPASS DATA Data Deck Dependent variable Digitize Values representing the location of a point in a plane in relation to two intersecting straight lines, called axes. The point is located by measuring its distance from each axis along a parallel to the other axis. If the axes are perpendicular to each other, the coordinates are rectangular; if not perpendicular, they are oblique coordinates. This system is extended to represent the location of points in three-dimensional space by referencing to three mutually perpendicular coordinate axes which intersect at a common point of origin. Is a specification statement, used during compilation rather than execution as a convenient method for pasSing values between main program and subprograms without mentioning them as arguments. Control Data Corporation assembly language for CDC 3000- and 6000- series computers. Is a specification statement, used during compilation rather than execution as a convenient method for entering data value into referenced storage areas. Any representations such as characters or analog quantities to which meaning might be assigned. A collection of punched cards. A fixed variable given as a function of another variable, i.e., if y is CalySiny AS) ZL se UliNeLOM Ole 5 eli@in, i as the dependent variable. (1) The conversion of graphical analog information or characters into digital form, usually for the purpose of rapid Manipulation or storage by a digital computer (2) to express data ina Claigavicall iE@iai. 47 Field File Fixed point Floating point Flowchart Geodesic In a record, a specified area used for a particular category of data, e.g., a group of card columns used to represent a wage rate or a set of bit locations in a computer word used to express the address of the operand. A collection of related records treated as a unit. Thus in inventory control, one line of an invoice forms an item, a complete invoice forms a record, and the complete set of such records forms a file. Pertaining to a numeration system in which the position of the point is fixed with) sespeceytouone send gommenic numerals, according to some convention. Pertaining to a numeration system in which the position of the point does not remain fixed with respect to one end of the numerals. A graphical representation for the definition, analysis, or solution of a problem, in which symbols are used to represent operations, data, flow and equipment. A line of shortest distance between any two points on any mathematically defined surface. A geodesic line is a line of double curvature, and usually lies between the two normal section lines which the two points determine. If the two terminal points are in nearly the same latitude, the geodesic line may cross one of the normal section lines. It should be noted that, except along the equator and along the meridians, the geodesic line is not a plane curve and cannot be Sighted over directly. However, for conventional triangulation the lengths and directions of geodesic lines differ inappreciably from corre- sponding pairs of normal section lines. Also called geodesic line; geodetic line. 48 Great circle Header card Independent variable Input Interpolation Lock-up table MARSDEN chart A circle on the surface of the earth, the plane of which passes through the center of the earth. The first card or cards of a deck of punched cards containing identifi- cation of fixed information about the punched cards of variable data that follow. A variable whose assigned value(s) are arbitrary when defined as a function of another variable, i.e., if y is given as a function of x, then, x is the independent variable. (1) The data to be processed. (2) The stage or sequence of states occurring on a specified input channel. (3) The device or collective set of devices used for bringing data into another device. (4) A channel for impressing a state on a device or logic element. (5) The process of transferring data from an external storage to an internal storage. To determine intermediate values between given fixed values. As applied to logical contouring to interpolate is to ratio vertical distances between given spot elevations. An index file or array(s) which is usually used to access a main record file. It contains the identifier (or file key) and the storage address in sequential or non-sequential order. It may also contain critical infor- mation. A system introduced by Marsden early in the nineteenth century for showing the distribution of meteorological data on a chart; especially over the oceans. A Mercator map projection is used; the world between 90°N and 80°S being divided into Marsden "squares" each of 10° latitude by 10° longitude. 49 MARSDEN chart (Con.) Mercator projection Merge Meridional part Offline Online These squares are systematically numbered to indicate position. Each square may be divided into quarter squares, or into 100 1° subsquares numbered from 00 to 99 to give the position to the nearest degree. A conformal map projection of the cylindrical type. The equator is represented by a straight line true to scale; the geographic meridians are represented by parallel straight lines perpendicular to the line representing the equator; they are spaced according to their distance apart at the equator. The geographic parallels are represented by a second system of straight lines perpendicular to the family of lines representing the meridians and therefore parallel with the equator. Conformability is achieved by mathematical analysis, the spacing of the parallels being increased with increasing distance from the equator to conform with the expanding scale along the parallels resulting from the meridians being represented by parallel lines. Also called equatorial cylindrical orthomorphic map projection. To combine two or more sets of items into one, usually in a specified sequence. The length of the arc of a meridian between the equator and a given parallel on a Mercator chart, ex- pressed in units of one minute of longitude at the equator. Pertaining to equipment of devices not under direct control of the central processing unit. Pertaining to equipment or devices under direct control of the central processing unit. 50 Output Precision Profile Program element Punched cards Radix Random access (1) Data that has been processed. (2) The state or sequence of states occurring on a specified output channel. (3) The device or collective set of devices used for taking data out of a device. (4) A channel for expressing a state of a device or logic element. (5) The process of transferring data from an internal storage to an external storage. The degree of discrimination with which a quantity is stated, e.g., a three-digit numeral discriminates among 1,000 possibilities. A vertical section of the surface of the ground, or of underlying strata, or both, along any fixed line. The smallest field (group) of unique contiguous characters or digits. (1) A card punched with a pattern of holes to represent data. (2) A card as in (1) before being punched. A quantity whose successive integral powers are the implicit multipliers of the sequence of digits that represent a number. For example if the radix is 5, then 143.2 means 1 times 5 to the second power, plus 4 times 5 to the first power, plus 3 times 5 to the zero power, plus 2 times 5 to the minus one power. (1) Pertaining to the process of obtaining data from, or placing data into, storage where the time required for such access is independent of the location of the data most recently obtained or placed in storage. (2) Pertaining to a storage device in which the access time is effectively independent of the location of the data. Sl Real Time Relative address Rhumb line Round off Routine Selection overlay Storage (1) Pertaining to the actual time during which a physical process transpires. (2) Pertaining to the * performance of a computation during the actual time that the related physical process transpires in order that results of the computation can be used in guiding the physical process. Identifies a word in a subroutine or array with respect to its position. Relative addresses are translated into absolute addresses by the addition of some specific reference address, usually that at which the first word of the routine or array is stored. A line of the surface of the earth making the same angle with all meridians; a loxodrome or loxodromic curve spiraling toward the poles ina constant true direction. Parallels and meridians, which also maintain constant true directions, may be considered special cases of the rhumb line. A rhumb line is a straight line on a Mercator projection. Also called equiangular spiral; loxodrome, loxo- dromic curve; Mercator track. To delete the least significant digit or digits of a numeral and to adjust the part retained in accordance with some rule. A set of instructions arranged in proper sequence to cause a computer to perform a desired task. A tracing of selected map source detail compiled on transparent Material; usually described by the name of the features or details depicted, such as contour overlay, vegetation overlay. Also called lift; pull up; trace. (1) Pertaining to a device into which data can be entered, in which it can 52 Storage (Con.) Synthetic be held, and from which it can be retrieved at a later time. (2) Loosely, any device that can store data. (3) Synonymous with Memory. Produced artifically; devised, arranged, or fabricated for special Situations to imitate or replace usual realities. 53 LIST OF ACRONYMS USED IN COMPUTER PROGRAMS AXIS- BATHY- BURNS- CALMA 485- CDC- DATE- DAWHAT— DKLOCATE- DKOPEN- DKREAD- DKWRITE- GCDIST- Function used in MINCON, MERFIX and RHUMB to calculate meridional parts for the latitude component. Calcomp plotter subroutine to automatically scale and draw axes. Subroutine which determines which quadrant the rhumb line will pass through, extracts the gridded data and calculates the profile for each MSQLOC area. See SYNCON2R (1) A large bed, graphical analog digitizer manufactured by the CALMA Corporation. (2) A processor program for (1) that initially scales the synthetic track from charts. Control Data Corporation COMPASS off-line subroutine which automatically calculates an integer day, month, year from the computer's interval clock. See SYNCHEX Subroutine which positions read/write head at specified relative address. Subroutine which opens disk file. Subroutine which reads blocks of data from the disk file in groups of 32 words or larger. Subroutine which writes blocks of data on to disk file in groups of 32 words or larger. Subroutine used by SEAARCH for direct solution of the great circle. 55 GCPATH- GEODIST- GEOPATH- GRIDBLK- LOOKUP- LINE- MERFIX- MINCON- MSOFQ- MSQLOC- PLOT- PLOTS-— PUNOUT-— Subroutine used by SEAARCH for indirect solution of the great circle. Subroutine for the direct solution of the geodesic. Subroutine for the indirect solution of the geodesic. Subroutine which calls in the gridded data from the random access storage device for BATHY. Subroutine which "looks up" or extracts the relative address, block size and the column and row information for each MSQLOC area from the random access storage device previous to passing this information to BATHY. Calcomp plotter subroutine to automati- cally draw a line as a function of x and y. Subroutine which calculates the rhumb line distance and sets up a scaling factor for nautical miles along a profile. Subroutine used to calculate the start point for a profile within a MSQLOC area. Subroutine used to calculate in part the MSQLOC area numbers for points on the profile path. Marsden Square Locator Number (Marsden square system is a numbered, 10 degree rectangular grid of the world which is subdivided further into 5 and 1 degree squares). Calcomp plotter subroutine which moves pen in x and y direction. Calcomp plotter subroutine which initiates plotter action. Subroutine which places each MSQLOC area profile on magnetic tape. 56 RHUMB- Subroutine using AMP to compute the rhumb line (approximation of a chord of a great circle on a Mercator pro- jection) bearing through an MSQLOC area. SEAARCH- Subroutine used to generate a great- circle path. SPLICON- Subroutine used by SPLINE for cubic spline calculations. SPLINE- Subroutine for the cubic spline algorithm. SPLINT- See SYNGRID SYMBOL- Calcomp plotter subroutine which plots alphanumeric characters and symbols. SYNBAPS- Synthetic Bathymetric Profiling System. SYNBAPS1- Accessing program which produces a depth range profile on magnetic tape for each MSQLOC area. SYNBLOCK- Program which loads gridded bathymetric data into the random access storage device. SYNCARD- Program which checks longitude of data points and depth values. SYNCHEX- Program which track plots data points on a Mercator projection at the scale of the source manuscript. SYNCON2R- Program which plots contours of the gridded data on a Mercator projection at the scale of the source manuscript. SYNGRID- Program which transforms synthetic track line data into gridded bathy- metric data at seven points per card. This is the primary structuring program. SYNPLOT- Accessing program which links together the profiles on magnetic tape produced by SYNBAPS1 for each MSQLOC area to plot a great circle profile. This program is usually run linked to SYNBAPS1. Sy/ SYNSTAT- SYNTABLE- SYNTRACK- TIMELEFT- UTILITY- Status program which queries random access storage device for listing of file key, relative address, block size, number of rows and columns and date that data were added to storage and/or actual gridded data. Traffic director program which supplies relative address, block size and file key to SYNBLOCK for the accurate place- ment of blocks of gridded bathymetric data on the random access storage device. Program which outputs header, track, data and blank cards and conducts error checks. Input is a scaled data tape from the CALMA 485 processor program. COMPASS on-line function which extends time mark from computer's interval Glock Systems program which loads gridded bathymetric data cards on mangetic tape. 58 APPENDIX A Preparation of Charts for Digitization The 5-degree square unit, around which the data base is created, has been explained in the "Outline of the System" and in figure 3, 4, 5, and 6. Paper copies of the contour charts, which are on a Mercator projection, are used to prepare the basic manuscripts for digitizing. Sufficient overlap around each 5-degree square is required to provide 5 minutes on all sides for the MSQLOC area and an additional 5 minutes on all sides for interpolation of the track input data (fig. 6): The manuscript size is then at least 320 minutes bv 320 minutes regardless of the chart scale. Ideally, the manuscript should consist of one easy-to~-handle document. However, because chart formats vary, this is not always possible. A case in point is the addition of large scale survey of a newly discovered seamount to a regional chart. One method of handling this is to digitize the two charts separately, then, substitute the synthetic tracks from the new seamount chart for those in the corresponding section of the older regional chart. A second method is to prepare a contour selection overlay for the seamount chart, photographically reduce it to the scale of the regional chart, make a print at that scale, attach the print to the regional chart and match the contours. This method also can be used with transparent media. The smallest cell selected for SYNBAPS is a 5-minute (meridional part) square with a depth value at the four corner intersections. The synthetic tracks of input depth points are usually taken at a 5-minute spacing on a Mercator projection. In high frequency data areas, additional tracks of data at 1-, 2-, 3-,or 4-minute spacing can be input so as to improve the four cell depth values. However, there is a limit to how much improvement can be made without losing some of the high-frequency detail. One improvement would use a smaller cell size, but this makes random access storage device data storage requirements very large. Thus, small features that fall within a 5-degree cell can be lost to the data base, especially if they arenot picked up at the input or structuring phase. It is necessary to interpolate the beginning and end points for each track in the overlap areas. This is not a requirement for short tracks within the body of the MSQLOC area. These points may be visually interpolated by the analyst or by an experienced digitizer operator. This interpolation need only be to the nearest 20 fathoms or about one-tenth the contour interval. The output from the SYNCON2R program is a contour plot of the MSQLOC area. Although this output is not a primary product of the system, it is used for checking and may be a useful byproduct as rough automated contours. Because of the 5-minute cell size and the nature of the interpolation scheme, large flat areas tend to break up on the contour plot. This break up of contours is not an error in the data and does not affect the profile generation. To improve the contour output aesthe- tically, the interpolation can be improved by adding contours in key locations. In areas of rough topography this improvement will not be necessary. The first example, around seamounts or a seamount group, is shown in figure A-l. Usually the added contour is placed outside the base contour to cutoff or terminate the interpolation adjoining a flat area or to define the sea- mount base. The second example is for domes, rises, ridges or tablemounts (fig. A-2). Here the added contours are on the top of the structure in order to cutoff or terminate the interpolation on their flat or gently rounded summits. The third example is ‘for noses or spurs (fig. A-3). Although this feature is similar to those in figures A-1 and A-2, short disconnected contours may be needed if the spur slopes are gentle. In all these examples, the track direction was assumed to be left to right. The boundary condition is a special case of endpoint inter- polation. Whenever an island or continent is encountered, the zero contour or sea level is handled as shown in figure A-4. On the SYNCON2R program the zero-contour level should never be plotted, but the 1-fathom or 1l-meter contour should be inter- polated to show the coast line. In profiling, the punched card depth values after the first zero usually are discarded and the profile terminated at that range. ¢-ADDED CONTOUR ADDED CONTOUR—2, a oe or \ AS oo? (A) ADDED CONTOUR FIGURE A-1. ADDED CONTOURS AROUND SEAMOUNTS OR SEAMOUNT GROUP A-3 ADDED CONTOUR FIGURE A-2, ADDED CONTOURS ON DOMES OR RISES A-4 p—ADDED CONTOUR = ae 600 Val 900 1050 ADDED CONTOUR FIGURE A-3. ADDED CONTOURS AROUND A SPUR MSQLOC AREA FIGURE A-4, BOUNDARY CONDITIONS FOR ZERO CONTOUR LEVEL A-6 APPENDIX B FORTRAN Programs for Structuring SYNBAPS All programs and subroutines listed in this appendix are subject to change without notice. Modifications within the programs and adoption of the system for other computers will necessitate major changes. The author should be contacted for the most recent versions of these programs. 0°66 =(¥)LvV1 00S9*T=y% B86 OU YVi¥O ONISSIW HOS WISHD = SINIOd H1d3O0 UNV ONODVHLV4 pee [= (oV) LOWYHOS € JOIDSN *E HONMd (Gye7VeKX9) LyWYuOd 2 IWVYN *9070SW ((T)SOSWwe2*9T) 3G003KG T T*l(ze*yO3SHIOI) dl (2) SOSW4 (T)SOSWENNEN(CE)Gvaye T0E NOILVWYOYNT Y3S0V3H NI UV3Yy (EL) Lvwuo0sd VUE TOE *000T (09% 403) a1 WHllLS*00E GV3u 002g WI078 MSN JO LaVic dI lewis *iNIOd LHWLS MOVE, NI UV3y Ze UNIMSY Cc re) *UnnOm34 AOVINTV LON SI ge GNIM3|Y <9 OnOV1V) Wa4y adAd Hid3O*mwulis HSDSLNI SdAL (2) s0Sw* (0059) Hi gaol ® (0059) SNOT! 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DATA-R&D (Security classification of title, body of abstract and indexing annotation must be entered when the overall report is classified) 1. ORIGINATING ACTIVITY (Corporate author) 2a. REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION Ocean Science Department UNCLASSIFIED U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office Washington, D.C. 20373 3 REPORT Tl Toe Synthetic Bathymetric Profiling System (SYNBAPS) 4. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES (Type of report and inclusive dates) Technical Report 5. AUTHOR(S) (First name, middle initial, last name) Roger J. Van Wyckhouse mee | tr ee May 1973 138 8a. CONTRACT OR GRANT NO. 9a. ORIGINATOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S) TR=23)3 b. PROJECT NO. 9b. OTHER REPORT NO(S) (Any other numbers that may be assigned this report) 10. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 12. SPONSORING MILITARY ACTIVITY U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office Washington, D.C. and Office of/20373 Naval Research, Washington, D.C. 20375 The Synthetic Bathymetric Profiling System (SYNBAPS) consists of 10 FORTRAN IV computer programs, a random-access storage device, and an initial bathymetric data base of over 3 million data points. SYNBAPS is designed for rapid generation of random omnidirectional bathymetric profiles in digital form along great-circle paths. The initial data base will cover most of the Northern Hemisphere and will be extended to other regions as suitable bathymetric contour charts become available. 13. ABSTRACT Data derived from the bathymetric contour charts are structured into a gridded data surface by the application of a cubic spline algorithm. The gridded data are stored in a random-access storage device by 5- degree-square areas. An accessing program, initiated by a user's request, extracts the 5-degree-square blocks of data for processing. The interpolation of the final profile is accomplished by orienting a cubic spline algorithm along a great-circle path and interpolating the depth values from the 5-degree squares falling on the path. A status program checks the content and condition of the random-access storage device. SYNBAPS will provide bathymetric profiles at about one-fifth the cost and one-hundredth the time of present semiautomated methods. 2) Ds ale yalPAeeiaDD) S/N 0101-807-6801 UNCLASSIFIED Security Classification UNCLASSIFIED Security Classification KEY WOROS Bathymetry Bathymetric profiling Bathymetric data bank Acoustic propagation modeling Northern Hemisphere, bathymetry Digital computer software Great circle Random-access storage device DD "..1473 (Back) UNCLASSIFIED (PAGE 2) Security Classification f * 7 c ae f BSS 4 x 2 iy 1 a! , prec Ee ’ Ya = ¥ i <7 Ge ¥ * Shot kat { F 3 = i si 4 = OtieN. : Bs \ iu ‘ j i u f at