VEROXlVA I'ii, 11- f •- •/Y \J - \ 3 b 1 J c, ) - J ? ^ ^ / ^ / / . / v^j. // J 1 r 2 - »0 "\ i 17 j / ^ $ I '/ I tu INTRODUCTORY INSTRUCTIONS, ADAPTED FOB PERSONS COMMENCING THE STUDY OF BOTANY. BOTANY is the science which enables us to become acquainted with the numerous and diversified vegetable productions with which the Author of Nature has adorned the surface of our globe. These objects, although possessed of life, have a constitution very different from that of animals, and their investigation in this point of view is extremely interesting ; but the sole object of the present work being to facilitate the acquisition of a knowledge of the plants indigenous to Great Britain and Ireland, the reader is referred for an account of the anatomy and physiology of vege- tables to the various works which treat entirely or in part of thost subjects, and in particular to the " Manual of Botany" reccntlv published by the Editor. Here he will find that kind of ele mentary knowledge only which will enable him to discover the name of a plant, and by directing his attention to its external form, excite in him a desire to extend his investigation to its in- ternal structure, its relations, and its uses in the economy of nature. When he has rendered himself familiar with the outward appearance of species and their arrangement into genera, he may proceed to a more intimate examination of them, and thus acquire a knowledge of the principles by which they are grouped into natural families. Let no one imagine that, when he has become familiar with the aspect of a plant, learned its name, and observed its place of growth and time of flowering, he knows all that is interesting in its history. But before the student has submitted to the most superficial examination half of the plants described in the following catalogue, he will become aware of the ultimate objects of botanical study ; and as it is impossible for him to form an adequate conception of them at the very commencement of his career, he must consent to acquire his knowledge by degrees. BRIEF ACCOUNT VARIOUS ORGANS OF PLANTS. IN commencing the study of practical Botany, it is necessary in the first place to acquire some knowledge of the various parts or organs of which plants are composed. A Plant or Vegetable may be defined an organized living body, destitute of sens'i- bility and voluntary motion. Being always fixed in a particular spot, and thus incapacitated from searching for food, as animals are wont to do, plants are nourished by the substances which sur- round them, and imbibe or absorb, by their external surface, the atmospheric air, water, and matters dissolved in them. Having thus little choice, their organs of nutrition present little diversity ; and being exempted from the necessity of observing and distin- guishing objects, their faculties are very limited, compared with those of animals. The parts of which a plant is composed, are named its Organs. These organs are formed of Elementary Parts, differing from each other, but so minute as to be distinctly visible only with the aid of the microscope. These minute parts are named Elementary Organs, Organic Tissue, or Vegetable Tissue, and consist of cellules and tubes, of various forms, of which the basis is mem- brane and^re. The parts, such as the Root, the Leaves, and the Flo.wers, formed of these elementary cellules and tubes, are what we commonly call Organs, or Compound Organs. These may lie divided into two kinds: Organs of Nutrition, and Organs of Reproduction. Of the former kind are the Root, Stem, Leaves, and Appendages j of the latter, the Flowers and Fruit. THE ROOT — THE STEM. 11 OF THE ROOT AND ITS DIFFERENT KINDS. The Root is that part of the plant which is commonly immersed in the ground. It consists of two parts, the Body of the root, and the Radicles or Fibres. The latter are small branches or thread-like organs which come off from the body, and are the only essential parts of the root, it being by their spongy extremi- ties that nutritious matter is absorbed from the soil. The uses of the root are to fix the plant in a particular place, and to derive nourishment for it. The following are the principal varieties of the root : A Fibrous Root (Fig. ] .) consists entirely of fibres or radicles, which may be undivided or branched. A Creeping Root (Fig. 2.) is a kind of subterranean stem, running horizontally, and throwing out fibres at intervals. A Tapering or Spindle-shaped Root (Fig. 3.) is a thickened, fleshy root, tapering downwards, and sending out small fibres. A Tuberous or Knobbed Root (Fig. 4.) consists of one or more fleshy knobs, varying in form, and which are, properly speaking, subterranean reservoirs of nutritious matter for the development of the stem and leaves of next year. An Abrupt Root (Fig. 5.) is a root of the same nature as the last two, having an elongated form, and looking as if it had been bitten off at the lower end. A Hulbous Root is a root which, superadded to numerous fibres, has an enlarged, more or less spherical part, which may be solid (Fig. 6.) ; coat ed, composed of concentric layers (Fig. 7.); or scaly, consisting of thick scales. (Fig. 8.) A Granulated Root (Fig. 9.) consists of numerous small bulb- like buds or scales strung together. The duration of the root determines that of the plant. When the root lasts only one year, the plant is said to be Annual. When it continues two years, the plant is Biennial ; when more than two years, Perennial. OF THE STEM. The Stem is that part of the plant which, rising above ground supports the leaves and flowers. Some plants have no stem, and are therefore denominated stemless. 12 INTRODUCTION. Others have a soft stem, which, after the fruit is perfected, decays, and is named herbaceous. Others again have a hard -woody stem. Plants possessed of this kind of stem are, when large, called Trees ; when small, Shrubs. In the woody stem there are distinguished the following parts: the epidermis, or external thin filmy covering ; the cellular in- tegument, a thin layer under the epidermis ; the outer bark, ge- nerally of a brown or grey colour ; the inner bark, a whitish, soft, and very flexible part, lying under the outer bark ; the alburnum, or layers of young wood next to the inner bark ; the duramen or hard wood, also in layers ; and lastly, the pith, a white, cellular, spongy substance, occupying the centre of the stem. The stems of trees and shrubs growing in our climate are all of this kind. They increase in size by the addition of a new layer of wood every year to the alburnum, and of a thinner layer to the inner bark. It is thus between the wood and the bark, that the substance is formed, which, at first a clammy fluid, named Cam- bium, is gradually organized, and converted into wood and bark. Plants that increase in size in this manner, are called Exogenous, that is, growing outwards, because their growth takes place near the surface. But palms, and other trees of tropical countries, hav- ing no distinction of parts into pith, woody layers, bark, and epi- dermis, enlarge by the addition of fibres to their interior, and are thus said to be Endogenous, or growing inwards. Herbaceous stems have also an epidermis, cellular substance, fibrous and vascular tissue, and sometimes internal pith. The stem of a tree is called its Trunk ; the divisions of the stem are the Branches and Twigs. Stems in general may be simple, having no divisions ; or they may be branched. Of the latter there are several kinds. A Forked or Dichotomous Stem (Fig. 10.) is when it is regu- larly and repeatedly divided into two, and a flower springs from each fork. A Panicled Stem is when branches come off irregularly, and are themselves irregularly divided, the ultimate divisions bearing flowers. T-wo-ranked, when the branches spread in two opposite di- rections. Four-ranked, when they spread in four directions. THE STEM. 13 With respect to its general direction, the Stem is Erect or Upright, when it rises perpendicularly. Ascending or Oblique, having an oblique direction. Procumbent, lying on the ground. Creeping, running along the ground, and sending down roots from space to space, in the manner of Fig. 2. The Runner (Fig. 11.), is a stem of this kind, which, forming a bud at its ex- tremity, produces a new plant, and then withers. Prostrate, lying remarkably flat. Clinging (Fig. 12.), holding fast to some other body for sup- port, by means of fibres. Climbing, ascending on other bodies, either by fibres or by tendrils. Twining round other plants or bodies. (Fig. 13.) Some stems twine from left to right, others from right to left. Straight, proceeding in a direct course. Flexuous or Zig-zag, forming angles from right to left, and the reverse. With respect to form, the Stem is Round or Cylindrical, when a transverse section is circular, or nearly so. Semi-cylindrical, when flat on one side and round on the other. Compressed, when more or less flat on both sides. Two-edged, when more or less compressed, with two opposite sharp edges. Three-edged, or triangular, or three-cornered. Tour-edged, or four-cornered. five-cornered. When the number of corners exceeds five, the stem is described as being angular or many-cornered. Winged, when the edges or corners are extended into thin leafy borders. Jointed or articulated (Fig. 14.), when formed into distinct parts united by portions of smaller diameter. 14 INTRODUCTION. With respect to its surface, it i» Smooth, destitute of aJl kinds of hairiness. Even, destitute of all kinds of inequality. Polished or Shining, smooth and reflecting light. Viscid or Clammy, covered with a glutinous juice. Scaly, covered with scales. (Fig. 15.) Warty, covered with small hard protuberances. Papillous, covered with small soft protuberances. Rough or Uneven, covered with inequalities of any kind, as opposed to even. Prickly, covered with prickles. Bristly, covered with stiff hairs. Shaggy, covered with very long, soft, generally white hairs. Woolly, covered with long, soft, interwoven, or tortuous hairs. Hairy, covered with long, soft, straight hairs. Downy, covered with soft, fine hairs. Hoary, covered with close, white hairs, extremely fine. Glaucous, covered with a pale greenish-blue mealiness, consist- ing of minute particles of the nature of wax. Striated or Streaked marked with parallel longitudinal lines. Furrowed or Grooved, marked with larger alternately promi- nent and depressed lines. When the lines become wider the stem is Cornered or Angular. Solid, uniform throughout. Hollow, having a large internal cavity. Pithy, having the central part filled with pith. There is a kind of stem, peculiar to grasses and other allied plants, which is named the Straw or Culm. It presents the fol- lowing varieties : Jointed, with cylindrical hollow parts, united by a contracted solid part. (Fig. 16.) Knotted, when the joints are enlarged. (Fig. 17.) Gcniculate or Kneed, when the joints are bent like a knee. (Fig. 18.) It may be solid, round, triangular, smooth, rougli, hairy, or downy. THE LEAVES. 1O A variety of the Stem is the Stalk, Flower-stalk, or Scape, (Fig. 19.) which springs from the root, and supports the flowers, but not the leaves. It may be Simple, or undivided, and bearing a single flower. Subdivided, and bearing several flowers. Scaly, covered with scales. Naked, without scales. As to surface, &c., it is named like the Stem. OF THE LEAVES. The Leaves are organs of an expanded form, almost always of a green colour, internally vascular, and more or less pulpy. They are organs of respiration and evaporation, and it is by the action of the air upon the juices of the plant conveyed into them, that the substances necessary for the growth of all the organs are pre- pared. These substances, in a fluid state, afterwards descend through the leaf-stalk, and the outer parts of the stem. Many plants are destitute of leaves, and are therefore termed leafless. When a leaf has no stalk, it is said to be sessile or sitting. (Fig. 20.) When it is elevated on a stalk, it is said to be stalked. (Fig. 21.) The Leaf. stalk or Petiole is either simple, that is, undivided ; or compound, that is, variously branched or divided. It is com- monly channelled on the upper side, and frequently enlarged at the base. With respect to situation and position, Leaves are Radical otRoot-leaves,vfhen they arise from the root. (Fig. 19.) Cauline or Stem-leaves, when they grow on the stem. (Fig. 23, 24.) Alternate (Fig. 22.), when they come off from the stem one by one in different directions. Opposite (Fig. 23.), when they grow opposite to each other in pairs. Scattered (Fig. 24.), irregularly distributed. Clustered (Fig. 25.), crowded together. Remote, when widely separated. They may grow two together, in threes, four together, &c. B'2 16 INTRODUCTION. Wkorled (Fig. 26. )> when several leaves grow in a circle round the stem. Fasciculate or Tufted (Fig. 27.), when several leaves spring from one point. Imbricated (Fig. 28), when one leaf lies over another, like the tiles or slates on the roof of a house. Decussated (Fig. 29.), in pairs alternately crossing each other. Two-ranked, spreading in two directions. Unilateral, all inclining one way. With respect to direction, they are Close-pressed to the stem. Erect or Upright, forming a very acute angle with the stem. Vertical, standing quite erect. Spreading, forming a moderately acute angle with the stem. Horizontal, standing off at right angles. Reclinate, inclining downwards. Rejected, bent backwards. Inflected, bent inwards. Depressed, root-leaves pressed close to the ground. Floating, leaves lying flat on the surface of the water. Immersed or submersed, under water. Emerged, standing out of the water. With respect to insertion, Leaves are Embracing (Fig. 30.), when they clasp the stem with their base. Connate or growing together (Fig. 31.), united at their base. Perfoliate (Fig. 32.), when the stem runs through the leaf. Sheathing, investing the stem or each other with a sheath Equitant or Riding (Fig. 33.), disposed in two opposite rows, and embracing each other at the base. Decurrent (Fig. 34.), running down the stem or branch so as to form a leafy border. Peltate or Shield-shaped (Fig. 35.), when the stalk is inserted into the middle of the leaf. Leaves are Simple or Compound. A Simple Leaf, is one which consists of a single piece, whether sessile or stalked. A Com- pound Leaf is one which consists of several pieces connected by insertion into a common footstalk. In simple leaves there are to THE LEAVES. 17 be considered the general form, the terminations, the margins, the surface, the substance, and the duration. With respect to form, Simple Leaves are Orbicular, when the length and breadth are equal. Roundish, when the length and breadth are nearly equal. Egg-shaped or Ovate (Fig. 36.), longer than broad, the base broader than the end. Inversely egg-shaped, or obovate, longer than broad, the end broader than the base. Oval or Elliptical (Fig. 37.), the length greater than the breadth, but both ends alike rounded. Oblong, the length three or four times greater than the breadth. Spathulate (Fig. 38.), circular at the end, and tapering towards the base. Wedge-shaped (Fig. 39.), broad at the end, and tapering to- wards the base. Rhombic or Diamond-shaped, approaching to a square. Lance-shaped, Spear-shaped, or Lanceolate (Fig. 40.), oblong and narrow, tapering towards each end. Linear (Fig. 41.), very narrow, with the edges parallel. Needle-shaped, linear and evergreen. Triangular (Fig. 42.), flat with three angles. Quadrangular, with four angles. 2uinquangular, with five angles. Kidney-shaped (Fig. 43.), roundish, with the base hollowed out. Heart-shaped (Fig. 44.), egg-shaped, with the base hollowed out. Arrow-shaped (Fig. 45.), triangular, hollowed out at the base. Halbert-shaped (Fig. 46.), triangular, hollowed out at the base and sides, with a projecting part on each side. Pinnatifid (Fig. 47.), cut transversely into several oblong seg- ments. Lyre-shaped (Fig. 48.), cut transversely into several oblong segments, with a terminal segment rounded and larger than the others. Runcinate (Fig. 49.), a leaf having numerous segments, which are pointed and directed backwards. Pectinate or comb-like (Fig. 50.), with the segments very narrow. deft (Fig. 51.), when the margins of the segments are straight. 18 INTRODUCTION. Lobed (Fig. 52.),'when the margins of the segments are rounded. Palmate (Fig. 53.), when there are several oblong segments, extending to the middle of the leaf, leaving an entire space. Undivided, when there are no segments, as in Fig. 36, 37. With respect to the terminations. Simple Leaves are Blunt or obtuse (Fig. 36.), when rounded at the end. Abrupt (Fig. 54.), when the extremity seems as if cut off by a transverse line. Refuse (Fig. 55.), ending in a broad shallow notch. Notched (Fig. 56.), ending with a small notch. Acute or Pointed (Fig. 57.), ending in a point. Acuminate or Taper-pointed (Fig. 58.), having a long taper- ing point. Bristle-pointed (Fig. 59.), when terminated by a bristly point. With respect to their margins, they are Entire (Fig. 36, 43.), when destitute of teeth or notches of any kind on the edges. Toothed (Fig. 60.), having small, generally blunt protuberances on the margin, which are named teeth. Serrated (Fig. 61.), when the teeth are sharp, close, and point in one direction, like those of a saw. Finely serrated, when the teeth are minute. Crenate or Notched (Fig. 62.), when the teeth are broad and not directed towards either end. Gnawed or Jagged (Fig. 63.), irregularly notched or cut. Undulated or Waved (Fig. 55.), presenting a waved margin. Fringed (Fig. 64.), bordered with soft hairs. Prickly or Spinous at the margin. (Fig. 65.) Revolute or rolled back at the margin. (Fig. 66, a.) Involute or rolled inwards at the margin. (Fig. 66, b.) With respect to surface, leaves present numerous varieties, the principal of which have already been pointed out in speaking of the surface. Thus they-may be smooth, hairy, downy, &c. Leaves, however, may also be Veined (Fig. 67.), when the vessels are more or less prominent, and are subdivided so as to form a net-work. Ribbed (Fig. 68.), when the vessels extend in undivided lines. THE LEAVES. 19 Wrinkled, when the veins are tighter than the substance be- tween them, so that the latter becomes puckered. Plaited (Fig. 69.), when the leaf is folded, so as to present alternately projecting and retiring angles. Curled, when the margin is greatly more expanded than the disk, and the leaf thus becomes folded or curled. Naked, destitute of all kinds of hairiness. With respect to substance, Simple Leaves are Membranous, when very thin and easily torn. Leathery, when thin but very tough. Fleshy, when more or less thick and juicy. Cartilaginous, when more or less thick and tough. Flat, opposed to the following : Cylindrical or round; Semi-cylindrical, flat on one side, and round on the other. Compressed, when thick and flattened laterally. Depressed, flattened vertically. Channelled (Fig. 70.), having a longitudinal groove. £ee/erf(Fig.7l.),havingalongitudinal prominence or ridge on the back. Sword-shaped, perpendicular, two-edged, and slightly convex on both surfaces. Awl-shaped (Fig. 72.), long, cylindrical at the base, and tapering to a point. Hair-shaped or Bristle-shaped, the same, but more slender. Hollow or Tubular, more or less cylindrical and empty. Jointed or articulate, divided into cavities by transverse par- titions. Two-edged, Three-sided or Three-edged, Four-sided, &c. With respect to duration, Leaves are Caducous, when they fall soon after their development. Deciduous, when they fall before the next spring. Marcescent, when they wither before falling. Persistent, Permanent, or Evergreen, when they remain longer than a year. Compound Leaves are named as follows : Compound Leaves are such as present a greater or less number of distinct parts, connected by a common stalk. The distinct 20 INTRODUCTION. parts are named Leaflets, and the divisions of the common stalk are named Partial Stalks. The following are the principal kinds of Compound Leaves : Fingered or Digitate (Fig. 73.), when several leaflets rest upon the summit of a common stalk. Binate (Fig. 74.), when two leaflets rest upon a common stalk. Ternate (Fig. 75.), when three leaflets rest upon a common stalk. Suinate, when the leaflets are five. Pedate (Fig. 76.), a ternate leaf, having its lateral leaflets di- vided into several others. Pinnate or Winged, when several leaflets proceed laterally from a common stalk. Of this there are several varieties. Pinnate with an odd terminal leaflet. (Fig. 77, 80, 84.) Pinnate with a tendril (Fig. 78.), when a tendril or thread- like body terminates the stalk. Abruptly Pinnate (Fig. 79.), without a terminal leaflet or tendril. Alternately Pinnate (Fig. 80.), when the leaflets are alternate. Oppositely Pinnate (Fig. 77, 78, 79.), when the leaflets are opposite. Interruptedly Pinnate, when there are smaller leaflets between the larger. Jointedly Pinnate, with joints in the stalk. Recurrently Pinnate, when the leaflets run down the stalk. Pinnate in a It/rate manner (Fig. 77.), when the terminal leaflet is largest. Conjugate, Yoked or Paired, when there are only two pinnae or leaflets. Bigeminate (Fig. 81.), twice paired. Trigeminate, thrice paired. Biternate (Fig. 82.), twice ternate. Tr item ate, thrice ternate. Bipinnate (Fig. 83.), twice pinnate. Tripinnate, thrice pinnate. Without reference to the mode of division, the degrees in which leaves are compounded are expressed in the following terms: Compound, as in Fig. 73, 74, 75, 76. THE APPENDAGES. 21 Twice compound, as in Fig. 81, 82, 83. Thrice compound, still more divided. OF THE APPENDAGES. The Appendages are organs or parts not included under the other principal divisions. Several kinds are enumerated. Of these the principal are the following: 1. The Stipule, or appendage to the leaf (Fig. 84*). These organs are generally of a leafy nature, and are named in the same manner as the leaves themselves, being egg-shaped, arrow-shaped, serrated, obtuse, &c. They are commonly sessile and in pairs. The stipule of grasses is frequently termed the ligule, or strap. 2. The Eractea or Floral leaf (Fig. 85, a. 86, a. 89, a. b.) a leafy appendage to the flower or its stalk. It varies greatly in form, and is named like the leaves, which it frequently resembles in colour and texture, although it is often much thinner and va- riously coloured. 3. The Spatha or Sheath (Fig. 87.), is a membranous bractea which encloses the flower in its earliest stages, afterwards bursts longitudinally, and is ultimately at a greater or less distance from the flower. 4. The Involucre (Fig. 88.) is a kind of bractea, consisting of several leaves, placed at a distance from the flower. When at the base of a common or general umbel, it is called the Common Involucre (Fig. 89, a.) ; and when at the base of a partial umbel, the Partial Involucre. (Fig. 90, b.) 5. The Tendril (Fig. 90, 78.), a thread-like organ, a prolon- gation of the midrib or veins of the leaves, which serves to attach plants to some support. It may be simple or divided. 6. Glands, small round bodies which secrete fluids. 7. The Thorn or Spine (Fig. 91.), an acute appendage which arises from the wood, being in fact an abortive branch. It may be terminal, situated at the point of a branch ; axillar, at the origin of the branch ; simple or branched. 8. The Prickle (Fig. 92.), a production which arises from the bark, having no connexion with the wood. 9. Hairs, slender bodies of various degrees of fineness, by which the surfaces of plants are covered. They are generally simple, sometimes branched in various degrees. 22 INTBODTJCTION. OP THE FLOWER-STALKS, AND INFLORESCENCE. The Flower-stalk or Peduncle is the more or less slender body by which the flower is connected with the stem or other parts of the plant. When it arises from the root, it is called a Scape (Fig. 19.), as already mentioned. When it springs from the stem, it is Lateral, when situated on the side. Terminal, when it terminates a stem or branch. Axillar, when it grows between a leaf and the stem, or between a branch and the stem. Opposite to a leaf, or to another flower-stalk. Solitary, when there is only one in the same place. Clustered, when several grow together. Scattered, irregularly distributed. A Flower-stalk may be one-, two-, three-, or many-flowered. When it is branched or otherwise divided, the principal stalk is called the General flower-stalk, the ultimate divisions are Partial flower-stalks. When the flowers are destitute of stalks, they are said to be Sessile, or sitting. The Injlorescence is a term used to denote the particular way in which the flower-stalk is divided. The following kinds are described : 1. The Whorl or Verticil (Fig. 93.) consists of several flowers which encircle the stem, in the same manner as whorled leaves (Fig. 26.), whether they be furnished with stalks, or, as is more commonly the case, sessile. 2. The Spike (Fig. 94, 95.) is that kind of inflorescence in which numerous flowers are ranged along a common stalk, with- out any partial stalks, or only very short ones. The spike may be lateral, axillar, or terminal, according to its position. It is also described, according to its general form, as being egg-shaped, cy- lindrical, &c. When the flowers all lean to one side, it is called one-rowed or unilateral, as in Fig. 94. When they are arranged along two sides, it is called distichous or two-rowed. When sub- divided into lesser spikes, it is said to be compound. The Snikelet (Fig. 96.) is a term applied peculiarly to grasses which have many flowers arranged on a stalk, within a kind of common calyx, composed of two thin bracteas. THE APPENDAGES. 23 3. The Cluster or Raceme (Fig. 97, 98.) consists of numerous flowers, each on a stalk of its own, arranged along a common stalk. The principal difference between the raceme and the spike is, that in the latter the flowers are nearly or entirely sessile and close, while in the former they are more or less stalked and some- what distant from each other. The cluster may be one-rowed, simple, compound, erect, pendulous, &c. 4. The Corymb (Fig. 99.) is an erect cluster, the partial stalks of which are gradually longer as they stand lower on the common stalk, so that the flowers are nearly level. 5. The Bundle or Fasciculus (Fig. 100.) consists of several flower-stalks of equal height, arising at the end of the stem, vari- ously inserted and subdivided, and forming a close bundle. 6. The Head (Fig. 101.) bears the flowers sessile in a globular or ovate form. It is merely a condensed spike or raceme. 7. The Umbel consists of a number of flower-stalks of nearly equal length, rising from one common centre or point, their sum- mits forming a level or convex surface. When the stalks are simple and single- flowered, it is called a Simple Umbel. (Fig. 102.) When the summit of each stalk sends out a number of smaller stalks, similarly arranged, it is called a Compound Umbel (Fig. 89.) ; in which case the first stalks are collectively called the General umbel, and the smaller sets the Partial umbels. 8. The Cyme (Fig. 103 ) is that kind of inflorescence which has the general appearance of an umbel, but in which the principal stalks only spring from a common centre, while the others are variously and alternately subdivided. 9. The Panicle (Fig. 104.) bears the flowers in a kind of loose subdivided cluster. Or it may be defined a raceme, of which the partial stalks are subdivided. It presents the following varieties : Loose or Lax, when the stalks are distant. Close, when they are placed near each other. Crowded, when very close. Spreading, when the branches spread out on all sides. 10. The T/iyrsus, or Bunch, is a close panicle, having an oval form. H. The Catkin (Fig. 105.) is a long simple stalk, thickly covered with scales, under which are the flo%vers, or their essential parts. c 24 INTRODUCTION. OF THE FLOWERS AND FRUIT. The Organs, of which the principal modifications are above defined, being subservient to the growth of the individual, are named Organs of Nutrition, as already mentioned. Those which we have now to examine are the Organs of Reproduction. The Flower and Fruit are generally termed the Fructification, which Linnaeus defines " a temporary part of vegetables, destined for the reproduction of the species, terminating the old indi- vidual, and beginning the new." There are distinguished seven parts of fructification, some of which however are not of universal occurrence. These seven parts are the Calyx,' the Corolla, the Nectary, the Stamens, the Pistils, the Seed-vessel, the Seed, and the Receptacle. The seed, the pistil, and the stamen, are the most essential parts. The receptacle is always present ; but the corolla and the calyx are frequently wanting. Fig. 106 shews four seeds in the bottom of a calyx. Fig. 107 shews a seed-vessel and a calyx. Fig. 108 shews a style, a, with six stamens. Fig. 109 shews a corolla, a, and a calyx, b. The Receptacle is the point of union of these parts. The Nectary is various, and will be afterwards shewn. I. Of the Calyx. The Calyx or Flower-cup forms the outer part or covering of the flower. It may be of one or of several pieces or leaves, and is generally of a green colour. It is sometimes wanting, in which case the flower is said to be naked. Several varieties of the calyx are distinguished. 1. The Perianth or Calyx properly so called (Fig. 109, b. 110, a.) is contiguous to the corolla or other internal parts of the flower, closely investing them. But by this term is now gene- rally meant the covering of the stamen and pistils, or the Calyx and the Corolla. The following varieties may be mentioned. A simple Calyx, when there is only one, as is generally the case. Double (Fig. 111.), when there are two, or rather two sets of leaves. One- leaved or of one leaf, Monophyllous, or Monosepalous, the pieces or leaves of the calyx being called Sepals (Fig. 112.), when it consists of a single piece, which however may be van- THE FLOWERS AND FRUIT. 25 ously divided ; iu which case the divisions are called segments, and when small teeth. Two-, three-, four-, or five-leaved, or many-leaved, when it con- sists of so many distinct pieces or leaves. Entire, when a one-leaved calyx has no divisions. Tubular, when cylindrical towards the base. Spreading, when the leaves or segments stand out horizontally. Reflected, when they are bent back. Erect, when they stand upright. Permanent or Persistent, when it remains till the fruit is ripe. Deciduous, when it falls off before the fruit is ripe. Caducous, or Fugacious, when it falls off before the corolla. Coloured, when of any other colour than green. 2. The Common Calyx is one which contains a great number of flowers, which are placed so closely together that the whole appears like a single flower. This kind of calyx generally consists of several pieces or leaves, which are in fact bracteas. Properly speaking, this is not a calyx, but an Involucre of a particular kind, investing an expanded receptacle, on which are placed nume- rous small flowers. It is Simple, when the flowers are surrounded by a single row of leaves. Double, when the flowers are surrounded by two rows of leaves. Equal, when in a simple calyx of this kind the leaves are all of equal length. Imbricated (Fig. 113, 114.), when the common calyx consists of numerous imbricated leaves or scales, one lying close above another. Spherical, Globose, or Globular (Fig. 113.), when it has the form of a sphere or ball. Hemispherical (Fig. 114.), when round below and flat above. Egg-shaped, when of the form of an egg. Cylindrical, when long and round. Flat, when the scales are spread out. The scales or leaves of the common calyx are described in the same manner as leaves. Thus they may be egg-shaped, lance- shaped, fringed, thorny or spinous, &c. 3. The Scales of the Catkin (Fig. 105.) are considered as brac- teas, analogous to leaves of a calyx. (Fig. 115.) 4. The Outer Husk or Chaff-scale (Fig. 116.) is the peculiar calyx of grasses, and plants allied to them. It may be single, of 26 INTRODUCTION. one piece or scale ; of two, three, or more pieces. It may be egg- shaped, lance-shaped, keeled, acute, &c. II. Of the Corolla. The Corolla is the envelope of coloured and delicate leaves, always internal with respect to the calyx, and surrounding the stamens and other essential parts. The leaves or pieces of which it is composed are called Petals. When it appears to consist of one piece only, it is called Monopetalous, or in common language a corolla of one petal. Corollas are seen in Fig. 87, a, 109, a, 110, b. The corolla of grasses consists of one or two pieces called husks or glumes (Fig. 116, b, b.), resembling the chaff-scales. There is frequently appended to them a hard elongated body called the awn (Fig. 96.), which is often twisted. The Monopetalous Corolla (Fig. 117.) consists of two parts: the tube (a.), the narrow part generally enclosed in the calyx; and the limb (b.), the expanded part. The following varieties of this kind of corolla may be mentioned. Strap-shaped, narrow and flat, unless at the base. Tubular (Fig. 118.), consisting of a single piece, hollow and of nearly equal thickness ; this term, however, is used with great latitude, and, in the compound flowers, applies to corollas of various forms. Spherical or Globose (Fig. 119.), narrow above and below and enlarged in the middle. Bell-shaped (Fig. 120.), having the form of a bell, with the margin bent back. Cup-shaped (Fig. 121.), of nearly the same form, with the margin straight. Funnel-shaped (Fig. 122.), inversely conical. Salver-shaped (Fig. 117.), when the tube is cylindrical, but very long, and the limb expanded. Wheel-shaped, the same as salver-shaped, with the tube very short. Ringent or Gaping (Fig. 123. ), when the limb is divided into two parts, the upper more or less arched, the under oblong; these parts are called lips. Personate or Masked (Fig. 124.), when the limb is divided into two parts, which are closely pressed together, the throat ^3 eing thus closed. THE Fl/OWERS AND FRUIT. 27 The Polypetalous Corolla consists of two or more distinct pieces or petals. In each petal there are distinguished two parts : the claw (Fig. 125, a.), which is the narrow portion ; and the border or lamina (Fig. 125, 6.), the expanded parts. The fol- lowing are the principal kinds : Cruciform or Cross-like (Fig. 126.), when four petals, having long claws, stand opposite to each other in pairs. Rosaceous (Fig. 127.), roundish petals, destitute of claws, spread out in the form of a rose. Papilionaceous or Butterfly-like (Fig. 128.), when four petals, differing in form, stand together. These different petals have particular names. The uppermost, which is commonly the largest, is named the standard. (Fig. 129.) The two side petals, standing opposite to each other, are the wings. (Fig. 130.) The undermost petal, is the keel. (Fig. 131.) The Corolla is called regular, when its general form is uni- form, as in Fig. 127, 126, 117; irregular, when this is not the case, as in Fig. 123, 124. An equal corolla is regular, and has its divisions all of one size, as in Fig. 117, 120. III. Of the Nectary. The Nectary is that part of the flower which contains or secretes honey. In monopetalous flowers, this part is the tube of the corolla. Sometimes it is a production of the corolla, and sometimes of the calyx. In other cases it is a part distinct from either. The following kinds may be mentioned. The Spur (Fig. 132.), is a horn-shaped production of the corolla. Scales, on the petals. Pores, or small holes, which occur on various parts of the flower. Glands, or soft roundish bodies. IV. Of the Stamens. The Stamens are essential parts of the flower, consisting each of a bag filled with a kind of powder, generally supported upon a stalk. There are thus distinguished three parts in the stamen : the filament, the anther, and the pollen. 1. The Filament (Fig. 133, a.) is a longish body destined for the support of the anther. It varies greatly in form, being Hair -like, of equal thickness throughout, and as fine as a hair. Thread-like, thicker than a hair. Awl-shaped, thicker below than above. Dilated, compressed and expanded on the sic'es. c 2 28 INTRODUCTION. Connate or United, when several filaments adhere together. Incurved, bent towards each other. Ttecurved, bent outwards. Equal, when all are of equal length ; and Unequal, when some are longer than the others. 2. The Anther (Fig. 133, b.) is a hollow cellular body, con- taining a quantity of pollen or dust. It is commonly oblong, but varies greatly in form, being linear, globular, kidney-shaped, arrow-shaped, &c. It may also be cleft at the extremities, awned, one-celled, two-celled, &c. Connate, when several grow together, forming a tube. Erect (Fig. 133.), when it stands with its base straight on the point of the filament. Incumbent (Fig. 134.), lying across the top of the filament. Lateral (Fig. 135.), attached by its side. Sessile, destitute of filament. 3. The Pollen or Dust, is contained in the anther. At a cer- tain stage of vegetation, the anther bursts, and the pollen is scat- tered around. Some of the grains adhere to the stigma, or summit of the pistil, in consequence of which the young seeds begin to enlarge, and are rendered capable of giving rise to new plants. This action of the pollen is termed Fecundation or Impregnation. With- out it the seeds would either not enlarge, or when full-grown would be incapable of germinating. V. Of the Pistils. The Pistil (Fig. 136.) is also an essential part of the flower, occupying its centre. It consists of three parts, the germen, the style, and the stigma. 1. The Germen or Ovary (Fig. 136, a.) is the undermost part of the pistil, and is the rudiment of the fruit. The number of germens varies, like that of the stamens. It is also of various forms : egg-shaped, globular, elliptical, &c. It may also be Superior, when situated above the corolla or calyx. Inferior, when situated below these parts, or rather when these parts adhere to its sides, so as to be incorporated with it, and not to separate until they have reached its summit. Sessile, when destitute of a stalk; or Stalked, when supported upon one. 2. The Style (Fig. 136, 6.) is a small stalk, seated upon the germen, and terminated by the stigma. It miy be hair-like, thread-shaped, awl-shaped, &c. THE FLOWERS AND FRUIT. 29 Terminal, when it stands on the top of the germen. Lateral, when attached to the side. Erect, standing straight ; spreading, recurved, &c. Persistent, remaining after the fruit is matured. 3. The Stigma (Fig. 136, c.), is the top of the style, which is generally enlarged. It varies greatly in form, and is variously lobed or divided. It is frequently downy, and always more or less moist. The pollen falling upon the stigma, influences the seeds contained in the germen, so that they become capable of attaining maturity. VI. The Fruit. The Fruit is the germen or ovary arrived at maturity. It is composed essentially of two parts, the Pericarp or Seed-vessel, and the Seed. Many fruits, of small size, and having the peri- carp closely enveloping the seed, were considered by Linnaeus and others as naked seeds, but are now known to be true fruits, and not merely seeds. In the description of plants, however, as a matter of convenience, these small hard fruits are usually called naked seeds. The only naked seeds known, however, are confined to the Pines, Firs, and Cycases. The Pericarp, or part which immediately 'invests the seed or seeds, and originally formed the germen or ovary, varies ex- tremely in size, thickness, and texture. It is always formed of three parts : the Epicarp, Mesocarp, and Endocarp. The Epi- carp, is an external thin membrane or skin ; the Mesocarp, is the layer immediately under the epicarp, and may be thin or thick, dry or juicy ; the Endocarp, is the innermost membrane, varying in texture, and bounding the cavity which contains the seed. Thus, in the Cherry, the glossy skin is the Epicarp ; the pulpy mass is the Mesocarp, and the hard shell covering the seed is the Endocarp. Of the very numerous varieties of Fruits, the following may be mentioned. 1. The Capsule (Fig. 137.) is a dry seed-vessel, generally of a membranous texture. It frequently splits in a regular manner into several parts when ripe. These parts are called valves. In- ternally it consists of a single cavity, in which case it is called one-celled or unilocular ; or of two or more cavities. These cavi- ties or cells are separated by partitions; and there is often a cen- tral stalk or column, to which the seeds are attached. 2. The Pod or Siliqua (Fig. 138.) is a long dry seed-vessel, of two pieces or valves, separated by a longitudinal partition, to 30 INTRODUCTION. the edges of which the seeds are alternately attached. When the Pod is as broad as long, it is called a Pouch or Silicula, as in Fig. 139. 3. The Legume (Fig. 140.) is a dry elongated seed-vessel, formed of two oblong valves, without any longitudinal partition, and bearing the seeds along one of its margins only. 4. The Nut (Fig. 141.) is a seed covered with a hard peri- carp or thell which does not burst. The seed is called the kernel. 5. The Drupe (Fig. 142.) is a seed, covered with a hard endo- carp, a fleshy mesocarp, and a membranous epicarp. 6. The Apple (Fig. 143.) is a fleshy fruit, containing a capsule, or rather it is an enlarged fleshy calyx inclosing a membranous or cartilaginous pericarp, divided into several cavities, containing one or more seeds. 7. The Berry (Fig. 144.) is a juicy fruit, which contains se- veral seeds, and never bursts. The Compound Berry (Fig. 145.) consists of several single ones, each containing a seed. The Cone or Strobilus (Fig. 146, 147.) is a catkin hardened and enlarged. VII. Of the Seed. The Seed is the part of the plant which is destined for its propagation. It often consists of two halves, called cotyledons (Fig. 148.), which at germination change into leaves. Between these, on one side, is the Embryo (Fig. 148, a.), consisting of two bodies, one which descends into the earth, becoming a root, and is called the Radicle (Fig. 143, b.), the other, or Caulicle, ascending and becoming the stem and leaves. (Fig. 148, c.) The cotyledons are covered with an outer and an inner coat. The depression seen externally opposite the place where the embryo lies, is called the scar. The seed while growing is attached to the parent plant by a thread called the umbilical cord. But many seeds have only one cotyledon, which envelopes the embryo ; and others have no cotyledon at all. Hence an arrange- ment of plants into Acotyledonous, Monocotyledonous, Dicotyle- donous, or having no cotyledon, one cotyledon, or two cotyledons. Seeds are very diversified as to form, but it is only necessary here to describe certain parts which are frequently attached to them. The Pappus or Seed-down is a kind of bristly or feathery crown attached to certain seeds or rather fruits. It is Simple (Fig. 149.), when it consists of undivided hairs. Feathery (Fig. 151.), when each of the hairs is subdivided like the shaft of a feather. THE FLOWERS AND FRUIT. 31 Sessile, without a stalk. (Fig. 149.) Stipitate or Stalked. (Fig. 150.) Chaffy, when formed of small scales. The Tail (Fig. 152.) is an elongated appendage formed of the permanent style. The Wing (Fig. 153.) is a dilated membranous appendage. In concluding the subject of the flowers and fruit, it is ne- cessary to mention a few additional circumstances respecting them. A complete flower is one furnished with both calyx and corolla. An incomplete flower is when the corolla is wanting. A naked flower is one destitute of a calyx. A perfect flower is one having both stamens and pistils. A staminiferous or barren flower is one having stamens, but destitute of pistils. A pistilliferous or fertile flower is one having pistils, but no stamens. A neutral flower is one destitute of both stamens and pistils. Plants are called monoecious, when staminiferous flowers and pistilliferous flowers exist on the same plant. Dioecious plants are those in which pistilliferous flowers grow on one plant, and staminiferous flowers grow on another plant of the same species. A simple flower is when a single flower is contained in a calyx. A compound flower is when a number of flowers, with united anthers, grow together within a common calyx or rather invo- lucre. An aggregate flower, is when a number of flowers, generally stalked, and with separated anthers, are inclosed within a com- mon calyx. VIII. Of tfo Receptacle. The Receptacle is the point at which all the parts of a flower meet. In the compound flowers this part is broad, and requires parti- cular consideration. It is in them Flat, when perfectly even. (Fig. 154.) Convex or Concave. Conical, when it rises in the centre. (Fig. 155.) Smooth, destitute of hairs; Hairy, covered with hairs; or Chaffy, covered with membranous scales. 32 INTRODUCTION. CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION PLANTS. PLANTS are so numerous and diversified that it is impossible to acquire any extensive knowledge of them, or even to retain their names, without the aid of arrangement or classification. Plants may be arranged in two ways. Every one on looking around him in the vegetable world, must perceive that certain plants have so great a resemblance to each other, that they naturally form themselves in the mind into groups. Thus the grasses form a natural family, the leguminous plants another, and so forth. Were the natural affinities of all plants as readily perceived, it would be easy to distribute them into classes ; but this is not the case. For this reason, the Natural arrangement has been substi- tuted by another, called the Artificial, which, although it does not proceed upon the principle of natural affinities, yet frequently places together plants which resemble each other in their structure and appearance. The artificial arrangement usually adopted by botanists is that of Linnaeus. All the individuals which bear a particular and intimate re- semblance to each other, constitute a species, whether among plants or among animals. Thus, as the latter are generally better known, all the Foxes in the world, of that kind which Englishmen are notorious for chasing with hounds, constitute the species Fox, or Common Fox. All the species which bear a cer- tain more general resemblance to each other constitute a genus. Thus the Fox species, the Jackal species, the Wolf species, and the Domestic Dog species, with several others, constitute the genus Dog. All the genera which bear a certain more general resemblance to each other, constitute an order. Thus, the Dog LINN-ffiAN ARRANGEMENT. 33 genus, the hyena genus, the cat genus, and others, constitute the order Ferse, or Beasts of Prey. All the orders that resemble each other in certain more general characters, constitute a class. Thus the orders Ferae, Ruminating animals, Four-handed animals or Monkeys, and others, form the class Mammalia. So it is with plants. There are thus four degrees in classification : the Class, the Order, the Genus, and the Species. The latter, by certain acci- dental causes, produces Varieties. Thus, in animals, the grey- hound/the spaniel, and the sheep-dog, are varieties of the Dog species*; and in plants, the numerous kinds of apples are produced by varieties of the Crab-Apple Tree. The LINN..EAN CLASSES of PLANTS are twenty-four, and their distinctions are founded upon the number, situation, and propor- tion of the stamens. The first eleven Classes are characterized solely by the number of the stamens, and have Greek names expressive of these distinc- tions. Linnaeus, in his fanciful way, considered the stamens as gentlemen, and fhe pistils as ladies. 1. MONA'NDRIA. This class includes all plants having a single stamen in each of their flowers ; raonandria literally signifying one man. 2. DIA'NDRIA. Two stamens in each flower. 3. TRIA'NDRIA. Three stamens. 4. TETRA'NDIA. Four stamens. 5. PENTA'NDRIA. Five stamens. 6. HEXA'NDRTA. Six stamens. 7. HEPTA'NDRIA. Seven stamens. 8. OCTATCDRIA. Eight stamens. 9. ENNEA'NDRIA. Nine stamens. 10. DECA'NDRIA. Ten stamens. 11. DODECA'NDRIA. From twelve to nineteen stamens. The next two classes differ from each other with respect to the situation of the stamens. 12. ICOSA'NDRIA. Twenty or more stamens inserted into the calyx. 13. POLYA'NDRIA. Twenty or more stamens inserted into the receptacle or top of the flower-stalk. 34 INTRODUCTION. In the next two proportion is employed. 14. DIDYNA'MIA. Two long and two short stamens. 15. TETRADYNA'MIA. Four long and two short stamens. The next three have united filaments. 16. MONADE'LPHIA. Stamens united by their filaments into a tube. 17. DIADE'LPHIA. Stamens united into two sets. 18. POLYADE'LPHIA. Stamens united into three or more sets. The next five are founded upon various circumstances. 19. SYNGENE'SIA. Stamens united by their anthers into a tube, the flowers compound. 20. GYNA'NDRIA. Stamens united to the pistil. 21. MONCE'CIA. Stamens and pistils in separate flowers, hut both kinds of flowers growing on the same plant. 22. DICE'CIA. Staminiferous flowers on one plant, and pistilliferous flowers on another plant, of the same species. 23. POLYGA'MIA. Staminiferous flowers, pistilliferous flow- ers, and perfect flowers, all growing on the same plant, or on different plants of the same kind. The last class consists of plants whose organs of fructification are not well ascertained, or differ greatly from those of the pre- ceding classes; 24. CRYPTOGA'MIA. The Orders in the first thirteen classes are founded on the number of the styles, or stigmas, and are named as follows : MONOGYWA One style, or sessile stigma. DIGY'NIA. Two styles, or sessile stigmas. TRIGY'NIA. Three styles. TETRAGY'NIA. Four styles. PENTAGY'NIA. Five styles. HEXAGY'NIA. Six styles. HEPTAGY'NIA. Seven styles. OCTAGY'NIA. Eight styles. ENNEAGY'NIA. Nine styles. DECAGY'NIA. Ten styles. LINIs\aSAN ARRANGEMENT. 35 DO'DECAGY'NIA. About twelve styles. POLYGY'NIA. More than twelve styles. It is unnecessary here to explain the orders of the other classes, as the circumstances on which they are founded will be seen by referring to the following Systematic Arrangement of British Plants. The Genera are characterized by marks taken from the parts of fructification exclusively, that is, from the calyx, corolla, stamens, pistils, fruit, seed, nectary, and receptacle. The Species are distinguished from each other by characters taken from any or all the parts of the plant. The Generic Character is of two kinds : the essential, which is short, and consists of the more distinctive circumstances ; and the natural, which consists of a more or less full description of all the organs of fructification. The Specific Character is brief, and consists of the circum- stances by which one species is distinguished from every other of the same genus. 36 INTRODUCTION. METHOD OF EXAMINING PLANTS. IN the following arrangement of British Plants, there is a brief description of each species, by an attentive comparison of which with the plants that one may pick up, he will be enabled to dis- cover their names. The whole are arranged into classes, genera, and species, according to the Linnaean system. We shall suppose that a person commencing the study of British plants, and having made himself acquainted with the different parts of vegetables de- scribed and illustrated by figures in the preceding pages, falls in with a specimen of the plant figured in pi. x. fig. 156. He has first to glance over the whole plant, beginning with the root and examining all its parts in succession. He will thus find that the root is fibrous; the stem creeping at the base, simple, ascending obliquely, and having a line of hairs on each side; the leaves egg-shaped, sessile, wrinkled, deeply serrated, and more or less hairy, the clusters of flowers lateral, axillar, rising higher than the stem, and having their stalks hairy all round, with lance- shaped bracteas ; the flowers numerous, with a calyx consisting of four lance-shaped segments, a very beautiful, large, bright-blue corolla, marked with darker lines, and pale-purple on the back, monopetalous, wheel-shaped, divided into four segments, of which the upper is the largest, and the lower the least; two anthers at- tached to the corolla ; a germen crowned by a single thread-shaped style ; and an inversely heart-shaped, compressed capsule, of two cells and four valves, containing numerous roundish seeds. As there are two stamens, the young botanist turns over the leaves to the class Diandria ; and as there is only one style, he refers the plant to the order Monogynia. In the table of short essential generic characters, he finds that there are ten genera mentioned, namely : L/gustrum, Fraxinus, Veronica, Pingui- METHOD OP EXAMINING PLANTS. 37 cula, Utricularia, Lycopus, Salvia, Circcea, Lemna, and Cla- dium. He has therefore to find which of these corresponds with his plant. But he observes that there are four divisions marked by asterisks, under which these genera are grouped. He there- fore reads the characters of these divisions, and finds that his plant cannot belong to the first, for although it has the flowers inferior, that is, has the calyx and corolla placed under the ger- men, and monopetalous, yet the corolla is not regular, that is, does not present equal segments. Passing to the next division, he finds it to agree with the plant. He has now to compare it with the characters of the three genera included in this division, and finds it to correspond with those of Veronica, inasmuch as it has a " wheel-shaped, deeply four-cleft corolla," with the " lower segment smaller," and a " two-celled capsule." The plant therefore belongs to the genus of which Veronica is the name. In the tables at the head of each class, the genera are placed according to certain circumstances connected with their arti- ficial arrangement, but are numbered with reference to the order in which they are afterwards more fully described, and which is in some degree that of their natural affinity. The species is now to be found, and for this purpose he turns over a few leaves, until he comes to the 4th genus of the class, viz. Veronica, where he finds the natural character of the genus, or a particular description of the parts of fructification, which he compares with his plant, and finding them to agree, is sa- tisfied as to the genus. He finds a great number of species described, all of which he would have to compare with his plant until he found one to agree with it, were it not that here, as in the generic table, there are subdivisions, to which asterisks are prefixed, that shorten his labour. To the first of these di- visions the plant does not belong, for its flowers are not in terminal, but in lateral clusters. He therefore passes on to the next division : flowers in lateral clusters or spikes, and as his plant has such flowers, he has only to read the specific characters under that division. V. Becca6unga has elliptical leaves; V. Anagallis has them lance-shaped; in V. Scutellata they are oblong, and therefore it cannot belong to these species. In V. Montana, the leaves are egg-shaped, which is the case with the plant in hand, but they 38 INTRODUCTION. are stalked, whereas in the plant under examination they are sessile. In V. Chamcedrys, they are egg-shaped and sessile, in which respects they agree ; deeply serrate also, which is the case ; and the stem has two opposite rows of long hairs, which was a circumstance that attracted our notice at our first inspec- tion of the plant. The name of the plant therefore is Veronica Chamcedrys, the latter word being its specific, the former its generic name. Its English name is seen to be Germander Speed-well. The words " Clusters many-flowered ; leaves egg-shaped, ses- sile, deeply serrate ; stem with two opposite rows of long white hairs," form the specific character. After it a brief description of certain parts of the plant is given, together with an indication of its duration, time of flowering, place of growth, and some- times its uses. Reference is then made to a figure of it in Sir J. E. Smith's English Botany, and to a fuller description in the English Flora of the same author. In this manner, the student proceeds with every plant that he may procure. The assistance of a person already somewhat proficient in the science, will be useful at the commencement, but is not indispensable. Sometimes a plant may present itself which is not found to belong to the class or order indicated by its stamens and style. In this case there will be found a reference in Italics, at the end of the generic table, to certain genera, by turning to which it will be found. Thus, a plant occurs with one stamen and one style, which we do not find to correspond with the genera Salicornia, Jfippuris, Zostera, or Chara. But we observe, after these genera, in the table, refer- ence made to several plants, of which the first is Valeriana rubra. We then turn to the Index for Valeriana, and finding that genus at the page indicated, compare our plant with the species, V. rubra, when we find it to agree. This is one of the most puzzling circumstances connected with the examination of plants, and arises from the impropriety of separating a species from others of the same genus, although it may happen to differ in the number of stamens or pistils. With these explanations, it is presumed that the student will be enabled to use the following descriptive arrangement of British Plants. Should a term occur, not included in the pre- METHOD OF EXAMINING PLANTS. 39 ceding account of the parts of plants, it will be found by referring to the glossary at the end of the volume. The only instruments necessary in the examination of plants with the view merely of finding out their names, are a sharp- pointed pen-knife, or a pin, for separating the parts of fructification and a small lens for inspecting the more minute parts. The Generic and Specific names of plants being in Latin, it has been judged expedient, for the benefit of young botanists not acquainted with that language, to mark the accented syllables. The following rules for the pronunciation of these words may also be attended to: 1st. The diphthongs ce and as are pronounced like the English long e. 2d. The letter e at the end of a word is always sounded. 3d. The letters ch are pronounced hard, like k. 4th. In words beginning with see and sci, the c is soft. 5th. The letters c and g before e and z, and before ce and «, are soft, but before other vowels hard. In words of Greek origin however, it is customary with some to make the g always hard ; as in Monogynia, Syngenesia. 40 INTRODUCTION. DIRECTIONS PRESERVING PLANTS. IT is unnecessary to enumerate all the advantages resulting from the possession of a collection of preserved plants, as they can be fully appreciated only by a person who has made considerable progress in the study of Botany. But the beginner requires to be informed, that nothing can more materially aid him in his endea- vours to become familiar with the objects which vegetation pre- sents to his view, than such a collection, to which he can at all times refer, either for refreshing his memory, or for instituting a more minute examination than he had previously made. Plants are generally preserved by drying, and a collection of this kind is called a Hortus siccus or Herbarium. Various methods are in use for drying plants, but the following, being among the most simple and efficacious, and attended with little difficulty, is here recommended. The articles necessary for the accomplishment of the object in view are, a quantity of smooth, soft paper, of large size (16 quires perhaps) ; eight boards of the same size, about an inch thick, of hard wood ; four iron weights, or pieces of lead, two of them about forty pounds weight, the others half that number. Or in place of these weights a number of clean bricks may be used, or in short any heavy bodies of convenient form. Along with these articles, a botanical box is necessary. This box is made of tin, and varies in size, from nine inches to two feet in length, accord- ing to the taste and avidity of the collector. In gathering plants for this purpose, such as are smaller than the size of the paper are to be taken up roots and all. In many cases, portions only of plants can be preserved, on account of their DIRECTIONS TOR PREPARING PLANTS. 4l size, and then the most essential parts are to be selected, including always the flowers. Plants to be preserved are to be gathered in dry weather, and immediately deposited in the tin box, which pre- vents their becoming shrivelled by evaporation. If gathered in wet weather, they must be laid out for some time on a table or else- where to undergo a partial drying. When roots have been taken up along with the stems, they ought to be first washed, and then exposed for some time to the air. Let us now suppose that a dozen specimens are procured. Over one of the boards lay two or three sheets of the paper, on the up- permost of which spread out the plant to be dried, unfolding its various parts, not however so as to injure its natural appearance. A few of the flowers and leaves ought to be laid out with particular care. Over this specimen lay half a dozen sheets of paper, on the uppermost of which lay another plant as before, and so on suc- cessively, until the whole are disposed of. A few sheets are then laid upon the last, and a board placed over all. Plants, viewed with reference to drying, may be divided into two classes, the one comprehending those which, being thin, soft, and flexible, require little pressure to reduce them to a level, the other including such as being stiff and thick require much pressure. Supposing the above plants to have been of the first class, we lay upon the upper board one of the smaller weights. A series of more stubborn specimens being, in like manner, placed between other two boards, we lay one of the larger weights upon them. Should more specimens be collected next day, they are disposed of in the same manner; and thus successively. At the end of three days generally, the plants first laid in are to be taken out, together with the paper about them. They are to be laid in fresh paper, three or four sheets being placed between every two plants, and the whole put between two boards, with a weight over them. The second series is similarly treated next day, and so on. The paper from which the plants have been removed is to be dried for future use. There will thus be four sets of plants ; two in the first stage of drying, and two in the second stage. The plants of the second stage sets should be taken out about three days after they have been deposited, and after dry paper has been put about them, re- turned to their places. The paper may thus be shifted until the plants be perfectly dry, when they are finally removed. Each 42 INTRODUCTION. plant is then placed in a sheet of dry paper, and along with it is deposited a slip of paper, on which are written the name of the plant, the place in which it was gathered, the time of gathering, the soil, and such other circumstances as may tend to elucidate the history of the species. Thus prepared, the plants are packed up in bundles, which gradually enlarge their dimensions, or increase in number, until the end of the season. Having in this manner prepared a certain number of plants, the collector has now to arrange them. For this purpose he has to procure a quantity of good stout writing or printing paper of large size, folded in folio, which is to be stitched in coloured covers, making fasciculi of five or six sheets each. A quantity of finer paper, in half sheets, folio size, cut round the edges, is also to be at hand. Let a number of narrow slips of different lengths be cut from a piece of the same paper, and let some prepared isinglass or dissolved gum tragacanth or gum arable be in readiness, together with a camel-hair pencil. Take a dried plant, lay it upon a leaf of the fine cut paper, then fasten it down by means of a few of the slips of paper, to which isinglass or gum has been applied, laid across the stem and some of the branches. Two or three slips are generally sufficient for a plant or specimen. In this manner all the dried plants destined to form part of the herbarium are treated. Write the name of each species on the top of the leaf, and tran- scribe the notice respecting the place in which it was gathered, &c. at the bottom. Then arrange the plants according to system, and lay one between every two pages of the fasciculi. The fasciculi are formed into bundles, by being laid alternately up and down upon each other, as they do not lie conveniently when the heads of the plants are all at the top of the bundle, because the stalks and roots are thicker than the flowers. These bundles, consisting each of ten fasciculi or so, may be covered by pieces of pasteboard tied by strings. The collection is kept on the shelves of a cabinet, or in a chest. To prevent the attacks of insects, it is necessary to place beside it a piece of sponge soaked full of rectified oil of turpentine ; and to ensure it against decay from damp it ought to be kept in a dry and well-ventilated place. The above is an orderly method of forming a herbarium; but many other expedients are resorted to. Most plants dry suffi- ciently well between the leaves of old books, and many collectors save themselves the trouble of forming a neat collection, by DIRECTIONS FOR PREPARING PLANTS. 43 huddling up their specimens in the least expensive or laborious manner. Another method of putting up dried plants is the following : The specimens are fastened to leaves of stout paper of uniform size ; the species are then arranged in order, and all those of the same genus are placed within one or more sheets of paper, on the outside of which the generic name is written. The generic fasci- culi are then collected into bundles, on which are written the names of the classes and orders. Some persons keep their speci- mens loose, within sheets of paper. This method is the most convenient for the minute examination of the plants, but has disadvantages which render it inexpedient in ordinary cases. In fine, there is no mystery, nor even much art, in drying plants very perfectly, and putting them up very neatly. The skill and ingenuity requisite are slight compared with those applied in making anatomical preparations. Patience, constant attention, some taste, and a good deal of enthusiasm, will enable one to make, what however one seldom sees, a good herbarium. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE I. Fig. 1. A Fibrous Root. Fig. 2. A Creeping Root. Fig. 3. A Tapering or Spindle- shaped Root. Fig. 4. A Tuberous or Knobbed Root. Fig. 5. An Abrupt Root. Fig. 6. A Solid Bulbous Root. Fig. 7. A Coated Bulbous Root. Fig. 8. A Scaly Bulbous Root. Fig. 9. A Granulated Root. Fig. 10. A Forked or Dichotomous Stem. Fig. 11. A Runner. Fig. 12. A Clinging Stem. Fig. 13. A Twining Stem. Fig. 14. A Jointed Stem. Fig. 15. A Scaly Stem. PLATE II. Fig. 16. A Jointed Stem. Fig. 17. A Knotted Stem. Fig. 18. A Kneed or Geniculate Stem. Fig. 19. Scape or Flower-stalk, and Radical Leaves. Fig. 20. A Sessile or Sitting Leaf. Fig. 21. A Stalked Leaf. Fig. 22. Alternate Leaves. Fig. 23. Opposite Leaves, which are also Cauline. Fig. 24. Scattered Leaves; Cauline. Fig. 25. Clustered Leaves. Fig. 26. Whorled Leaves. Fig. 27. Fasciculate or Tufted Leaves. Fig. 28. Imbricated Leaves. Fig. 29. Decussated Leaves. Fig. 30. Embracing Leaf. Fig. 31. Connate Leaves. Fig. 32. Perfoliate Leaf. PLATE III. Fig. 33. Equitant orRiding Leaves. Fig. 34. Decurrent Leaf. Fig. 35. Peltate or Shield-shaped Leaf. Fig. 36. Egg-shaped, or Ovate Leaf; also Obtuse, and Entire. Fig. 37. Oval or Elliptical Leaf. Fig. 38. Spathulate Leaf. Fig. 39. Wedge-shaped Leaf. Fig. 40. Lance-shaped, Spear- shaped or Lanceolate. Fig. 41. Linear Leaf. Fig. 42. Triangular Leaf. Fig. 43. Kidney-shaped Leaf; also Entire. Fig. 44. Heart-shaped Leaf. Fig. 45. Arrow-shaped Leaf. Fig. 46. Halbert-shaped Leaf. Fig. 47. Pinnatifid Leaf. Fig. 48. Lyre-shaped Leaf. Fig. 49. Runcinate Leaf. PLATE IV. Fig. 50. Pectinate or Comblike Leaf. Fig. 51. Cleft Leaf. Fig. 52. LobedLeaf. Fig. 53. Palmate Leaf. Fig. 54. Abrupt Leaf. Fig. 55. Retuse Leaf, also Undu- lated or Waved. Fig. 56. Notched Leaf. Fig. 57. Acute or Pointed Leaf. Fig. 58. Acuminate or Taper- pointed Leaf. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 43* Fig. 59. Bristle- pointed Leaf. Fig. 60. Toothed Leaf. Fig. 61. Serrated Leaf. Fig. 62. Crenate or Notched Leaf. Fig. 63. Gnawed or Jagged Leaf. Fig. 64. Fringed Leaf. Fig. 65. Prickly or Spinous Leaf. Fig. 66. a. Re volute Leaf; b. Involute Leaf. Fig. 67. Veined Leaf. PLATE V. Fig. 68. A Ribbed Leaf. Fig. 69. Plaited Leaf. Fig. 70. Channelled Leaf. Fig. 71. Keeled Leaf. Fig. 72. Awl-shaped Leaf. Fig. 73. Fingered or Digitate Leaf. Fig. 74. Binate or Twin Leaf. Fig. 75. TernateLeaf. Fig. 76. Pedate Leaf. Fig. 77. Pinnate Leaf with a ter- minal leaflet ; also oppositely pinnate, and pinnate in a lyrate manner. Fig. 78. Pinnate with a Tendril ; also oppositely pinnate. Fig. 79. Abruptly Pinnate : also oppositely pinnate. Fig. 80. Alternately Pinnate; also pinnate with a terminal leaflet. Fig. 81. Bigeminate Leaf. Fig. 82. Biternate Leaf. Fig. 83. Bipinnate Leaf. Fig. 84.* A Stipule. PLATE VI. Fig. 85. a. A Bractea or Floral Leaf. Fig. 86. a. A Bractea. Fig. 87. A Sheath or Spatha. Fig. 88. An Involucre. Fig. 89. a. Common Involucre ; b. Partial Involucre. Fig. 90. A Tendril. Fig. 91. A Spine or Thorn. Fig. 92. Prickles. Fig. 93. A Verticil or Whorl. Fig. 94. One-rowed or Unilateral Spike. Fig. 95. Distichous or Two-rowed Spike. Fig. 96. A Spikelet. Fig. 97. A Cluster or Raceme. Fig. 98. A Cluster. Fig. 99. A Corymb. Fig. 100. A Fasciculus or Bundle. Fig. 101. A Head. Fig. 102. A Simple Umbel. Fig. 103. A Cyme. PLATE VII. Fig. 104. A Panicle. Fig. 105. A Catkin. Fig. 106. A Calyx with four seeds. Fig. 107. A Seed-vessel and a Calyx. Fig. 108. A Style, and six Sta- mens. Fig. 109. A Corolla, and Calyx. Fig. 110. a. Corolla ; b. Calyx or Perianth. Fig. 111. A Double Calyx. Fig. 112. One-leaved Calyx. Fig. 113. Many-leaved Calyx ; also Spherical or Globular. Fig. 114. Imbricated Calyx ; also Hemispherical. Fig. 115. Scale of a Catkin. Fig. 116. a. Outer Husk or Chaff- scale ; b. Inner Husk or Corolla of a Grass. Fig. 117. A Monopetalous Co- rolla ; also Salver-shaped. Fig. 118. A Tubular Corolla. Fig. 119. A Spherical or Globose Corolla. Fig. 120. A Bell-shaped Corolla. Fig. 121. A Cup-shaped Corolla. Ficr. 122. A Funnel-shaped Co- rolla. Fig. 123. A Ringent or Gaping Corolla. PLATE VIII. Fig. 124. A Personate or Masked Corolla. Fig. 125. A Petal ; a. the Claw ; b. the Border or Lamina. Fig. 126. A Cruciform Corolla. Fig. 127. A Rosaceous Corolla. Fig. 128. A Papilionaceous Co- rolla. Fig. 129. The Standard of a Pa- pilionaceous Corolla. 44* EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Fig. 130. Wing of a Papiliona- ceous Corolla. Fig. 131. Keel of a Papilionaceous Corolla. Fig. 132. A Spur. Fig. 133. a. The Filament; b. the Anther. Fig. 134. Incumbent Anther. Fig. 135. Lateral Anther. Fig. 136. A Pistil ; a. the Ger- men ; b. the Style ; c. the Stig- ma. Fig. 137. A Capsule. Fig. 138. A Pod or Siliqua. Fig. 139. A Pouch or Silicula. Fig. 140. A Legume. PLATE IX. A Nut. A Drupe. An Apple. A Berry. A Compound Berry. A Cone or Strobilus. Longitudinal Section of Fig. 141. Fig. 142. Fig. 143. Fig. 144. Fig. 145. Fig. 1 46. Fig. 147. a Cone. Fig. 148. Two Cotyledons of a Bean. a. The Embryo. b. The Radicle. c. The Caulicle. Fig. 149. Sessile. Fig. 150. pus. Fig. 151. Fig. 152. Fig. 153. Fig. 154. Fig. 155. Simple Pappus ; also Stipitate or Stalked Pap- Feathery Pappus. The Tail of a Seed. The Wing of a Seed. A Flat Receptacle. A Conical Receptacle. PLATE X. Veronica Chanufdrys, having the Root fibrous ; Stem creeping at the base, simple, ascending, with a line of hairs on each side ; Leaves egg-shaped, sessile, wrin- kled, serrate, hairy ; Clusterslateral,axillar, rising high- er than the stem, and with their stalks hairy ; Stipules lance-shaped ; Flowers numerous, with a calyr consisting of four segments ; a corolla with four unequal seg- ments, monopetalous, and wheel- shaped ; Anthers two ; One Pistil ; Capsule inversely heart-shaped, compressed. A SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF BRITISH PLANTS. CLASS I. MONANDRIA. Plants bearing Flowers with one Stamen only. Order I. MONOGYNIA. One Pistil. 1. SALICO'RNIA. Calyx tumid, undivided. Corolla none. Stamens one or two. Seed one, invested by the calyx. 2. HIPPTJ'RIS. Calyx obsolete. Corolla none. Stigma one, simple. Seed one, inferior. 3. ZOSTE'RA. Spadix linear, many-flowered. Calyx none. Corolla none. Stigmas two, linear. Nut with one kernel. 4. CHA'RA. Calyx none. Corolla none. Berry many-seeded. (Valeriana rubra. Alchemilla arvensis. Several species of Salix.) Order II. DIGYNIA. Two Pistils. 5. CALLITRICHE. Calyx none. Petals two, inferior. Seeds four, naked, compressed. Some flowers pistilliferous and others stameni- ferous only. MONANDRIA.— MONOGYNIA. 1. SALICO'RNIA. SALTWORT. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, undivided, tumid, permanent. Co- rolla none. Filament one or two, longer than the calyx. Anther oblong, two-lobed, erect. Germen egg-shaped, under the stamen. Style short, undivided ; stigma cleft. Seed egg-shaped, invested by the calyx. — Name irom sal, salt, and cornu, a horn. 1. 1. S. herbdcea. Common Jointed Glasswort or Saltwort. Marsh Sam- phire. Stem herbaceous, erect ; joints compressed, notched, their inter- vals somewhat enlarged upwards ; spikes slightly tapering upwards. One foot high : stem bushy, green, the branches nearly cylindrical : spikes of numerous short joints, each bearing three sessile flowers on two opposite sides. Annual : flowers in August and September : grows on muddy or moist sandy sea-shores : frequent in England and Ireland, not common in Scotland. Has a saltish taste, is eaten by cattle, and makes a good pickle. The various species of this genus are employed on the E 46 MONANDRIA— AIONOGYNIA. [CL. I. coasts of the Mediterranean for making Barilla. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 415. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 2. A variety with procumbent stems has been described as a distinct species, under the name of S. procumbent. Eng. Bat. vol. xxxv. pi. 2475. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 2. 1. 2. S. rddicans. Creeping Jointed Glasswort or Saltwort. Stem woody, procumbent and rooting at the base, erect above ; joints compressed, notched, their intervals somewhat cylindrical ; spikes oblong ; stamens two. About a foot long : upper part of the stem herbaceous and erect with opposite branches : spikes obtuse : stigma deeply divided into two or three segments. Perennial : flowers in August and September : grows on muddy sea-shores : not frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiv. pi. 1691. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 3. 2. 2. HIPPU'RIS. MARE'S-TAIL. Calyx a mere border, crowning the germen. Corolla none. Filament superior, longer than the calyx. Anther two-lobed, com- pressed. Style awl-shaped. Stigma simple, acute. Seed oval, naked. — Name from hippos, a horse, and oura, a tail. 2. 1. H.vulgdris. Mare's-tail. Leaves linear, in whorls. From one to two feet high : root creeping : stem erect, simple, jointed : leaves linear, smooth, acute, arranged in numerous whorls, each consisting of about twelve : flowers axillar, solitary, sessile : germen egg-shaped : anther very large, red. Perennial : flowers in May and June : grows in pools and marshes : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 763. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 4. 3. 3. ZOSTE'RA. SEA-CRASS. Calyx none, excepting the base of the leaf, inclosing the spike- stalk, and splitting lengthwise. Corolla none. Spadix linear, bearing numerous flowers. Anther oblong, one-celled, attached laterally. Germen egg-shaped, sessile. Style simple, curved out- wards. Stigmas two, thread-shaped, curved. Drupe cylindrical. Nut elliptical, striated. Kernel of the same form. — Name from zoster, a belt. — Removed by some botanists to the class Monoecia. 3. 1. Z. marina. Grass Wrack or Sea-grass. Leaves entire, obscurely three-ribbed, linear ; stem slightly compressed. Leaves very long, grass-green, obtuse : spadix pale green. Perennial : flowers in August : grows on sandy shallows and banks in the sea, and is thrown up abun- dantly after storms. When dried after being steeped in fresh water, the leaves form excellent bedding ; they are also used for packing. The lower part of the stem, which is 'of a reddish brown colour, contains much saccharine matter, and is chewed by the Hebridians, like the root of Orobus tuberosut. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 467. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 5. 4. 4. CHA'RA. STONEWORT. Calyx none. Corolla none. Anther sessile, globose, one-celled. Germen egg-shaped, spirally grooved. Style none; stigma in five divisions. Berry egg-shaped, containing numerous minute spheri- cal seeds. — This genus is by most botanists referred to the class Cryptogamia. — Name of unknown origin. 4. CL. I.] MONANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. 47 * Opaque, and very brittle. 1. C. vulgdris. Common Stouewort, or Water Horse-tail. Stem* branched, obscurely striated, smooth, never entirely incrusted ; whorled branches awl-shaped, fertile ones with numerous short bracteas, three or four of which are much longer than the germen. From six to ten or more inches in length : principal branches alternate : germen egg-shaped, sessile, in the centre of the floral leaves: anther sessile, upon the base of the germen. The whole plant green when fresh, usually studded with whitish, calcareous particles, and extremely fetid ; when dry, hard and brittle. Annual: flowers in July and August : grows in muddy ditches, pools, and slow streams, entirely immersed : common. Etig. Bot. vol. v. pi. 336. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 6. 5. 2. C. Hedmgii. Hedwig's Water Horse-tail. Stems branched, elon- gated, obscurely striated, smooth, sometimes partially incrusted ; whorled branches awl-shaped, fertile ones with numerous short bracteas, three or four of which are shorter than the accompanying germen. Larger than the preceding, with more numerous fertile branches. Annual : flowers in July and August : grows immersed in still pools ; rare. Buxstead, Sussex ; near Croft, Yorkshire. Eng. Fl. vol. v. part i. p. 246. 6. 3. C. aspera. Rough Water Horse-tail. Stems slender, obscurely striated, everywhere covered with small spreading spines ; whorled branches awl-shaped, the fertile ones with numerous short bracteas, those accompanying the germen of uncertain length. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows in pools in peat bogs: rare. Orkney ; Prestwick Carr, Northumberland, Durham. Eng. Fl. vol. v. part i. p. 246. 7. 4. C. hupida. Prickly Water Horse-tail. Stems furrowed, covered by a calcareous crust, and armed above with small deflected prickles ; whorled branches awl-shaped, fertile ones with numerous bracteas, of which three or four are longer than the germen. Larger than the three preceding species. Annual : flowers in July and August : grows immersed in pools in turfy places : common. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 463. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 7. A small variety of this plant, without prickles, is sometimes met with. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 7. The above four species of Chara may with propriety be reduced to one, C. vulgdris, of which the three others are probably mere varieties. 8. ** Transparent and flexible. 5. C. translucejis. Great transparent Water Horse-tail. Stems elon- gated, glossy; branches of the whorls elongated, simple, cylindrical, obtuse, those bearing flowers axillar, compound ; bracteas indistinct, or wanting. The largest, the brightest coloured, and most glossy of all the species here described. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows in stagnant pools : rare in England and Ireland, more comir.ou in Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. xxvi. pi. 1855. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 8. 9. 6. C. fltxitis. Smooth Water Horse-tail. Stems repeatedly forked ; whorled branches generally simple, obtuse, those bearing flowers axillar, compound ; bracteas wanting, or very indistinct. Stems from one to two feet long, slender, green, not crusted: anthers sometimes solitary, but generally accompanied with two germens, or with one only, at the forks of the whorled branches. More slender than the last. All the species in this section are probably varieties of the present one. Annual : 48 MONANDRIA DIGYNIA. Qc L. I. flowers throughout the summer : grows immersed in ditches, pools, and still rivers : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1070. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 7. 10. 7. C. nidifica. Proliferous Water Horse-tail. Stems simple, below ; whorled branches simple, elongated, those bearing flowers axillar, very numerous, compound, crowded ; bracteas distinct, unequal. Annual : flowers from August to October : grows in saltwater ditches : very rare. Shoreham, Sussex ; Clay, Norfolk. Loch Neagh, Ireland. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiv. pi. 1703. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 8. 11. 8. C. grdcilis. Slender Water Horse-tail. Stems transparent, smooth ; whorled branches acute, repeatedly forked, and as well as the compound axillar one, often bearing flowers ; bracteas wanting. A small, delicate, pale-coloured, glossy plant. Annual : flowers in August and September : grows in still water : rare. Fish-ponds in Jersey ; Sussex ; North Wales. Eng. Bot. vol. xxx. pi. 2140. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 9. 12. DIGYNIA. 5. CALLI'TRICHE. STAR-WORT. Calyx none. Petals two, curved inwards, opposite, equal. Filament slender, elongated. Anther two-lobed. Germen su- perior, four-lobed. Styles two, hair-like. Stigmas acute. Seeds four, oblong. — Name from kallos, beautiful, and t/irix, hair. 5. 1. C. v£rna. Vernal Water Star-wort. Fruit-bearing peduncles very short, with two bracteas at their base ; fruit regularly tetragonal, each portion bluntly keeled at the back. Stems feeble, numerous, branched, leafy ; leaves varying from linear to oval, the upper three- nerved, and crowded. Annual : flowers in April and May : grows by the edges of pools, ditches, and brooks : common. Eng. Bat. vol. xi. pi. 722. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 10. 13. 2. C. pedunculdta. Pedunculated Water Star-wort. Fruit-bearing peduncles elongated, without bracteas at the base ; fruit regularly tetragonal, each portion bluntly keeled at the back. Leaves all linear. Annual : flowers in June : grows in a ditch at Amberley, Sussex. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2606. Brit. Ft. 4th ed. p. 329. 14. 3. C. autumndlis. Autumnal Water Star-wort. Fruit-bearing pe- duncles very short, without bracteas; fruit irregularly tetragonal, each portion broadly and acutely winged at the back. Leaves all linear, fruit larger than in the other species, its dorsal wing very broad. An- nual : flowers from July to October : grows in the Loch of Cluny, in Scotland ; in the outlet of Llyn Maclog, Anglesea ; and near London. Loch Neagh, Ireland. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 722, small figure. Brit. Fl. 4th ed. p. 329. 15. CL. II.] DIANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. 4!) CLASS II. DIANDRIA. Plants bearing Flowers with Two Stamens. Order I. MONOGYNIA. One Pistil. * Flowers inferior, of one petal, regular. 1. LIGU'STRUM. Corolla four-cleft. Berry two-celled ; cells two- seeded. 2. FRA'XINUS. Corolla none, or deeply four-cleft. Capsule com- ** Flowers inferior, of one petal, irregular; seeds inclosed inaseed-ve&s^l. pressed two-celled ; cells one-seeded. 3. YERONI'CA. Corolla wheel-shaped, deeply four-cleft, lower seg- ment smaller. Capsule two-celled. 4. PINGUI'CULA. Corolla gaping, spurred. Capsule one-celled. Calyx five-cleft. 5. UTRICULA'RIA. Corolla masked, spurred. Capsule one-celled. Calyx of two leaves. *** Flotcers inferior, of one petal, irregular} seeds naked. 6. LY'COPUS. Corolla tubular, four-cleft; upper segment notched. Stamens distant, simple. Calyx tubular, five-cleft. 7. SA'LVIA. Corolla gaping. Filaments transversely attached to a footstalk. Calyx two-lipped. **** Flowers superior. 8. CIRCy£'A. Corolla of two petals. Calyx of two leaves. Capsule two-celled ; cells one-seeded. ***** Flowers destitute of petals. 9. LE'MNA. Calyx of one piece, membranaceous. Capsule one- seeded. 10. CLA'DIUM. Glumes of one valve, one-flowered, imbricated ; the outer ones empty. Drupe destitute of bristles at the base. (Salicornia. Eraxinus eicelsior. Rhynchospora aliia. Carer.) Order II. DIGYNIA. Two Pistils. 11. ANTHOXA'NTHUM. Calyx of two chaff-scales, containing one flower. Corolla of two husks, awned. DIANDRIA.— MONOGYNIA. 1. LIGU'STRUM. PRIVET. Calyx inferior, tubular, with four upright blunt teeth. Corolla of one petal, funnel-shaped ; limb expanded, divided into four deep, egg-shaped segments. Stamens opposite, in the mouth of the tube. Germen oval. Style very short ; stigma thick, cleft. Berry globular, two-celled, with two seeds in each cell. Seeds convex on one side, angular on the other. — Name from ligo, to bind. 6. E2 50 DIANDUIA — MONOGYNIA. \JCL. II. 1. L. vulgdre. Common Privet, Prim, or Print. Leaves between elliptical and lance-shaped, obtuse, with a small point ; flowers in dense terminal panicles. A small shrub. Leaves opposite, nearly sessile, dark green, frequently remaining through the winter : flowers white, small: berries globular, black, bitter and nauseous. Flowers in J une and July : grows in hedges and copses, in gravelly and chalky soil. Rocks of Dunnerholme, and above Cartmel Wells. Used for low hedges, especially in gardens. It grows fast, and may be raised from cuttings. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 764. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 13. 16. 2. FRA'XINUS. ASH. Calyx none, or in four deep segments. Corolla none, or in four deep segments. Filaments short. Anthers large, with four furrows. Germen superior, egg-shaped, two-celled. Style short. Stigma cleft. Capsule lance-shaped, flat. — Name from phraxis, separation, on account of the ease with which the wood may be split. 1. F. eicefsior. Common Ath. Leaves pinnate, with lance-shaped, serrated leaflets ; flowers destitute of calyx and corolla. A very beau- tiful tree, with smooth, grey bark, large black buds, and pinnate leaves. In old trees, the lower branches, after bending downwards, curve up- wards at their extremities ; leaves stalked, consisting of five or six pairs of lance-shaped, nearly sessile, opposite leaflets, with a terminal one : flowers in loose panicles : anthers large, purple : capsules with a flat leaf-like termination, generally of two cells, each containing a flat oblong seed. It assumes its foliage later than any of our trees, and loses it early ; the capsules generally fall soon, but sometimes remain through the winter. A variety occurs with simple leaves, and another with drooping branches. Flowers in April and May ; grows in natural woods in many parts of Scotland, and is cultivated in woods and hedges. The wood, which is whitish and tough, is employed for numerous pur- poses in domestic and rural economy, and the leaves are eaten by cattle, but communicate a disagreeable taste to butter. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiv. pi. 1692. Eng. Ft. vol.i. p. 14. 17. 3. VERONI'CA. SPEEDWELL. Calyx inferior, with four unequal segments, permanent. Corolla wheel-shaped, permanent ; its limb divided into four unequal segments, of which the lower is smallest. Filaments spreading, tapering downwards ; anther oblong. Germen compressed. Style thread-shaped, declining, as long as the stamens ; stigma small, notched. Capsule more or less inversely heart-shaped, compressed, two-celled, four-valved. Seeds numerous, roundish. — Name said to have been altered from Bctonica. 8. * Flmuers in terminal clusters or spikes. 1. V. serpyllifolia. Smooth or Thyme-leaved Speedwell. Clusters some- what spiked ; leaves egg-shaped, slightly crenate ; capsule inversely heart-shaped, shorter than the style. Root of long white fibres : stem about five inches high, decumbent and rooting at the base, branched, leafy : leaves opposite, with short stalks, slightly hairy, three-nerved : bracteas elliptical : flowers of a delicate pale blue, reddish before they CL. II.] DIANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. 61 are fully expanded, with deep blue lines. An alpine variety of this species, with prostrate stems and short racemes of a few beautiful blue flowers, has been described under the name of F. humifusa. Perennial : flowers in May and June : pastures and road-sides : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1075. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 20. 18. 2. V. alpina. Alpine Speedwell. } Cluster corymbose ; leaves elliptical, or egg-shaped, somewhat serrate ; capsule inversely egg-shaped, longer than the style. Root creeping : stem about four inches high, simple, ascending, rooting at the base, leafy : leaves opposite, smooth, nearly sessile : bracteas and segments of the calyx ciliated : flowers small, bright blue. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows by the margins of rills, near the summits of mountains in the Highlands : Ben Nevis, Ben Lawers, Ben Lomond, Ben-na-buird, &c. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 484. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 19. 19. 3. F. saxdtilis. Rock Speedwell. Cluster corymbose, few-flowered ; leaves elliptical ; stems spreading; capsule egg-shaped, longer than the calyx. Three or four inches long : stems decumbent at the base, woody, branched : leaves opposite, small, elliptical, the upper ones oblong, or inverely'egg-shaped, slightly serrated towards the end, dark green, smooth : flowers from three to seven : corolla large, deep blue, with the throat red : flower-stalks much longer than the bracteas. Pe- rennial : flowers in June and July : grows on rocks, on some of the higher mountains of Scotland : Ben Lawers, Meal Greadha, Craig- Chailleach, &c. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1027. Eng. Fl. vol i. p. 19. 20. 4. V. spiciita. S]>iked Speedwell. Spike conical, many-flowered ; leaves opposite, elliptical, obtuse, unequally and bluntly serrated ; stem ascending. From four to eight inches high: stem simple: leaves downy, broader on the lower part of the stem, and stalked, the uppermost narrow: flowers nearly sessile, deep blue : bracteas linear. A variety of this plant, characterized by its greater luxuriance, and its broader, almost elliptical stem-leaves, has been described under the name of V. hy'brida. Perennial : flowers from July to September ; grows in dry pastures : rare. Newmarket Heath, about Bury St. Edmund's, and other parts of England. Smith. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 2. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 17. 21. ** Flowers in lateral clusters or spikes. 5. V. Beccabunga. Short-leaved Water Speedwell, or BrooU'ime. Clusters opposite ; leaves elliptical, obtuse, somewhat serrate, smooth ; stem procumbent, rooting at the base. The whole plant succulent and glossy : stems decumbent, generally floating : flowers blue, in long stalked clusters. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in brooks and in ditches with running water : common. Eng. Bot. vol. x. pi. 655. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 20. 22. 6. V. Anagdllis. Lnng-leaved Water Speedwell, or Brnoklime. Clus- ters opposite; leaves lance-shaped, acute, distinctly serrate, smooth; stem erect. The whole plant succulent and glossy : stems erect, from one to three feet high : flowers pale blue, frequently purplish. Perennial : flowers in June and July : brooks, ditches, and pools: not so common as the last. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 781. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 21. 23. 7. F. scutelldta. Narrow-leaved Marsh Speedwell. Clusters alternate ; leaves oblong or linear, somewhat toothed ; fruit-stalks bent backwards. The whole plant slender, stems weak, spreading, sometimes decum- bent and rooting, from nine to twelve inches high : leaves sometimes 52 DIAJCDRIA — 3IONOGVNIA. [JCL. II. entire at the margin : fruit-stalks remarkably spreading : flowers flesh- coloured, streaked with blue. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in marshy places with gravelly soil : not common. Eng. Bot, vol. xi. pi. 782. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 21. 24. 8. V. montdna. Mountain Speedwell. Clusters elongated, few-flow- ered ; leaves egg-shaped, serrate, stalked ; stem hairy all round. Root fibrous : stems weak, decumbent, leafy : leaves deeply serrate, thin, shining, slightly hairy: clusters loose: flowers pale blue, with purple lines : capsule of two orbicular lobes, compressed with a sharp ciliated margin. Perennial : flowers in May and June : moist woods : not unfrequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 766. Eng, Fl. vol. i. p. 23. 25. 9. V. Chamte'drys. Germander Speedwell. Clusters many-flowered ; leaves egg-shaped, sessile, deeply serrate ; stem with two opposite rows of long white hairs. Stems decumbent at the base, marked with two lines of long hairs, which change sides between each pair of leaves : leaves wrinkled and hairy, with large serratures : clusters long, shooting up beyond the stem : flowers large, bright blue, with deeper streaks, externally pale purple : capsule inversely heart-shaped. Perennial : flowers in May and June : grows on dry banks, under hedges, in open pastures and in woods : common. The infusion of this species* and V. officinalis has been recommended as a substitute for tea. Eng. Bot. vol. i». pi. 623. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 23. 26. 10. V. officindlis. Common Speedwell. Clusters spiked; leaves broadly elliptical, serrate, rough with short hairs ; stem procumbent, hairy. Stems prostrate, rooting at the base, from six to eighteen inches long : leaves with short stalks, stiffish, pale green, spikes of numerous light blue or purplish flowers, veined with deeper blue : partial flower-stalks shorter than the bracteas: capsule inversely heart-shaped. Perennial: flowers in May and June : grows on dry banks, in open pastures, on heaths, and in dry woods ; not uncommon. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 765. En^. Fl. vol. i. p. 22. — An alpine variety occurs in some parts of Scotland and Ireland. It differs in being entirely destitute of hairs, and in having a much denser spike of deep blue flowers. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 22. Another variety with capsules, leaves between elliptical and lance- shaped, and inversely heart-shaped, undivided, two or three inches high, found in dry heathy places, in the district of Carrick, Ayrshire, by Mr. James Smith, and in various parts of Scotland by others, lias been de- scribed under the name of V. hirsuta. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 23. 27. *** Flowers solitary. 11. V.agres'tis. Green procumbent Chickweed Speedwell. Leaves all stalked, egg-shaped, deeply serrate, the lower ones opposite ; flower-stalks about equal to the leaves in length, curved when in fruit ; corolla shorter than the calyx; seeds cupped. Root small: stems hairy on two opposite sides, branched at the base, spreading, hairy : leaves broad, with short stalks: corolla small, pale blue: capsule two-lobed, tumid, rough, with about six seeds. Annual : flowers from April to September : grows in cultivated fields : common. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2603. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 24. 28. 12. V. polita. Grey Procumbent Chickweed Speedwell. Leaves all stalked, between egg-shaped and heart-shaped, deeply serrate, the lower ones opposite ; flower-stalks about the length of the leaves, curved when in fruit; corolla shorter than the calyx; seeds cupped. Stems pro- cumbent, spreading, hairy : corolla dark blue, veined : capsule two- CL. II.3 DIANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. 53 lobed, tumid, with many seeds. Distinguished from V. agrestis, of which it is perhaps a variety, principally by its bright blue flower, and many- seeded capsule. Annual : flowers from April to September : grows in cultivated fields : not very uncommon. V. agrestis, Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 783. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 24. 29. 13. V. Buxbaumii. Buxbaum's Speedwell. Leaves all stalked, between egg-shaped and heart-shaped, deeply serrate ; flower-stalks longer than the leaves, always straight, or slightly curved at the tip when in fruit ; corolla longer than the calyx ; seeds cupped. Stems one or two feet long, procumbent, spreading, covered with soft white hairs : corolla very large, light blue, streaked with darker lines : capsule inversely heart- shaped, with four or five seeds in each cell. Differs from the two preceding in its larger size and greater hairiness, as well as its larger corolla. Annual : flowers from August to October : grows in cultivated grounds where it has been introduced : rare. First described as British by Dr. Johnstone, who found it near Berwick on Tweed. Oxfordshire ; Kent ; Norfolk ; Northumberland. About Edinburgh, Glasgow, Dun- fermline, Aberlady, &c. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2769. Brit. Fl. 4th ed. p. 7. 30. 14. V. arven'sh. Wall Chickweed Speedwell. Leaves heart-shaped, broadly serrate, lower ones stalked, upper lance-shaped, sessile. Stems nearly erect : leaves nearly sessile : corolla small, pale blue, with deeper lines : capsule inversely heart-shaped, compressed, ciliated. An- nual : flowers in May and June : on the tops of walls, in dry fields, and among rubbish : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 734. Eitg. Fl. vol. i. p. 24. 31. 15. V. hederifolia. Ivy-leaved Chickweed Speedwell. Small Henbit. Leaves broadly heart-shaped, five-lobed ; segments of the calyx heart- shaped, acute, ciliated ; seeds cupped, wrinkled. Stems procumbent, spreading : leaves flat, generally five-lobed, the upper three-lobed, flowers small, pale blue, with deeper lines : capsule two-lobed, turgid. Annual : flowers from March to December : grows in cultivated fields, under hedges, in woods and among rubbish : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 784. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 25. 32. 16. V. triphyl'los. Upright or Trifid Chickweed Speedwell. Leaves with finger-like divisions ; fruit-stalks longer than the calyx ; seeds flat. Stem three or four inches high, branched at the base : lower leaves undivided, opposite ; upper in three or five segments, alternate : flowers deep blue : capsule inversely heart-shaped, compressed, hairy : style very short: seeds egg-shaped. Annual: flowers in April and May: grows in sandy fields : very rare. Norfolk and Suffolk. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 26. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 26. 33. 17. V. ver'na. Vernal Chickweed Speedwell. Leaves pinuatifid ; up- permost lance-shaped ; fruit-stalks shorter than the calyx ; seeds flat. Stem from two to four inches high : leaves deeply divided, the middle segment larger ; the divisions become less numerous as the leaves ascend on the stem, the upper being simple : flowers small, light blue, with deeper lines : capsule inversely heart-shaped, compressed, downy and ciliated. Annual : flowers in April : grows in sandy fields : very rare. First found by Sir John Cullum, about Thetford and Bury, Suffolk. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 25. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 26. 34. 54 DIANDRIA MONOGYMA. [CL. II. 4. PINGUI'CULA. BUTTERWORT. Calyx small, gaping, permanent; upper lip erect, three-cleft; lower reflected, cleft. Corolla gaping, having the margin irre- gularly five-cleft, with a spur behind. Filaments cylindrical. Anthers roundish. Germen globose. Style very short. Stigma with two unequal lips. Capsule egg-shaped, one-celled. Seeds numerous, cylindrical. — Named from pinguis, fat ; on account of the appearance of the leaves. 9- 1. P. vulgdris. Common Butterwort. Spur cylindrical, acute, as long as the petal, upper lip two-lobed, lower divided into three segments ; capsule egg-shaped. Whole plant smooth, covered with small trans- parent grains : leaves radical, egg-shaped, fleshy, with the edges invo- lute, pale green : flowers drooping, deep purple : scape slightly hairy towards the top. Perennial : flowers in June : grows in marshy places, and especially wet heaths : common in the North of England, in Ireland, and in all parts of Scotland. It is imagined to cause diseases in sheep, but it appears not to be eaten by these animals or other cattle. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 70. Eng.Fl. vol. i. p. 28. 35. 2. P. grand'iflara. Spur cylindrical, notched, as long as the petal ; middle segment of the lower lip notched. Larger than P. vulgaris ; leaves pale greenish-yellow : stalks from six to nine inches high : corolla deep purple, reticulated all over with dark blue veins. Perennial : flowers in May : grows on bogs in the western part of the county of Cork, where it was discovered by Mr. Drummond ; also near Kenmare, Ireland. Eng. Bot. pi. 2184. Eng . Ft. vol. i. p. 28. 36. 3. P. Lvsitdnica. Pale Butterwort. Spur curved, obtuse, shorter than the petal ; divisions of the petal nearly equal ; capsule globose ; stalk hairy. Whole plant villous : leaves egg-shaped, thin, somewhat trans- lucent, involute at the edges, very pale green, veined with purple : flowers pale purple or rose colour : scape hairy. Perennial : flowers in June: grows in marshy places and wet heaths : Dorsetshire, Hampshire, Devonshire and Cornwall : plentiful in Ireland : in many parts of the Highlands and Hebrides much more abundant than the common Butter- wort. The two species are readily distinguished by their general appear- ance ; P. Liuitanica being much more delicate and paler than the other. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 145. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 28. 37. 4. P. alpina. Spur conical, slightly curved, shorter than the petal : middle segment of the lower lip slightly retuse ; capsule conical ; stalk nearly smooth. Leaves oblong, thin, less transparent than in P. Lusi- tanica, pale green, sometimes tinged with purple : flowers yellow. Pe- rennial : found by the Rev. George Gordon, in 1831, in the bogs of Auchterflow and Shannon, Rosehaugh, Ross-shire; Isle of Skye ; first determined by Mr. Hewett Watson as a British species, and described by Dr. Graham. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2747. Brit. Fl. 4th ed. vol. i. p. 8. 38. 5. UTRICULA'RIA.— BLADDERWORT. Calyx of two small, egg-shaped, equal leaves. Corolla masked ; upper lip flat, obtuse, erect ; lower lip with a prominent heart- shaped palate ; spur projecting from the base. Stamens short. Anthers small, adhering together. Germen globose. Style thread- CL. II.] DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 55 shaped, as long as the calyx. Capsule large, globose, one-celled. Seeds numerous, small. — Name from utriculus,a little bladder. 10. 1. U.viilgdris. Greater Hooded Water Milfoil, or Bladderwort. Spur conical ; upper lip of the corolla as long as the palate : leaves divided into numerous segments. Stems much branched, lying prostrate in the water : leaves small, with very slender divisions, having minute prickles at the margin. Scape erect, round, bearing from three to eight bright yellow flowers, arranged in a bunch : lower lip much larger than the upper, with a projecting palate closing the mouth : spur curved, acute : the roots, stems, and leaves are covered with numerous vesicles, having an aperture closed by a valve, and its margin armed with bristles. In the earlier stages these vesicles are filled with water, and when it be- comes necessary for the plant to rise and expand its flowers in the air, they become filled with air : after some time the air in the vesicles is substituted by water, and the plant descends to ripen its seeds. Peren- nial : flowers in July : grows in ditches and pools : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 253. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 30. 39. 2. U. intermedia. Middle Hooded Water Milfoil, or Bladderwort. Spur conical ; upper lip of the corolla double the length of the palate ; leaves divided into three linear forked segments. Smaller than the former: leaves repeatedly forked : flowers smaller and paler: bladders on branched stalks, not on the leaves. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in ditches and pools : not common. About Bantry and Dublin, in Ireland ; lake near Forfar, and various parts of Aberdeenshire and Mo- rayshire. Eug. Bot. vol. xxxv. pi. 2489. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 30. 40. 3. U. minor. Lesser Hooded Water Milfoil, or Bladderwort. Spur very short, obtuse, keeled ; upper lip as long as the palate ; leaves di- vided into three linear segments, which are again similarly divided : corolla gaping. Smaller than the last : flowers about five, pale yel- low : palate not projecting, the mouth being open. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in ditches and pools : not common. Somersetshire, Norfolk, Cumberland, Westmoreland ; common in some parts of Ireland and Scot- land. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 254. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 31. Fl. Scot. p. 9. 41. 6. LY'COPUS. GIPSYWORT. Calyx tubular, with five acute segments. Corolla tubular, with four segments, the upper broader and notched. Stamens simple, longer than the corolla, bent ; anthers small. Germen four-cleft ; style thread-shaped, as long as the stamens, stigma cleft. Seeds four, inversely egg-shaped, at the bottom of the calyx — Name from lycos, a wolf, and pous, a foot. 11. 1. L. eiiroptt'us. Water Horehound. Gipsyicort. Leaves deeply serrate. Two feet high: allied to the genus Mentha, &c., and like it having a four-cornered stem : leaves opposite, narrow, egg-shaped, wrinkled, very deeply serrated : flowers whitish, in dense whorls. Pe- rennial : flowers from July to September : grows on the banks of pools and brooks in gravelly soil : common in England and Ireland ; less fre- quent in Scotland. Eng. Bot. pi. 1105. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 34. 42. 7. SA'LVIA. SAGE. Calyx tubular, ribbed, with two unequal lips. Corolla having the tube dilated upwards, compressed ; upper lip concave ; lower 56 DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. [CL. II. lip broad, three-lobed, the middle lobe largest, notched. Stamens with two spreading branches, one of which bears a one-celled anther. Germen four-cleft. Style thread- shaped, curved ; stigma cleft. Seeds four, roundish, in the bottom of the calyx. — Name from salvo, to heal. 12. 1. S. praten'sis. Meadow Sage, or Clary. Leaves oblong, heart-shaped at the base, crenate, the upper ones embracing the stem ; whorls nearly leafless ; upper segment of the corolla clammy. A beautiful plant, about three feet high, with large purple flowers : leaves wrinkled : whorls of six flowers, scarcely longer than the floral leaves. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in dry pastures and by hedges : rare ; and probably introduced. Near Cobham, in Kent ; common in Surrey and Sussex ; Wick-cliffs, Gloucestershire ; between Middleton, Stoney and Audley, Oxfordshire. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 153. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 34. 43. 2. S. Verbendca. Wild Sage, or Clary. Leaves egg-shaped, serrate, sinuate ; corolla narrower than the calyx. From one to two feet high : stem decumbent at the base : lower leaves egg-shaped, stalked : upper narrower, more acute, sessile : flowers small, purple ; upper lip concave, compressed ; lower three-lobed : floral leaves as long as the calyx. Perennial: flowers in June and July : grows in dry pastures and on banks, in gravelly soil : not uncommon in England and Ireland ; coast of Fife, &c.; King's Park, Edinburgh. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 153. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 34. 44. 8. CIRC^E'A. ENCHANTER'S NIGHT-SHADE. Calyx of one leaf, superior; tubular at the base; the limb with two egg-shaped deflected segments. Petals two, inversely heart- shaped, equal. Filaments hair-like, as long as the calyx ; anthers roundish. Germen roundish. Style thread-like; stigma dilated, notched. Capsule inversely egg-shaped, covered with hairs, two- celled, each cell one-seeded. Seeds oblong. — Named from the enchantress Circe. 13. 1. C. alpina. Mountain Enchanter's Night-thade. Stem ascending, smoothish, leaves heart-shaped, toothed, shining. Root spreading : whole plant nearly smooth : stem prostrate at the base, red : leaves pale- green, delicate : flowers rose-coloured, in short, terminal, and axillar branches : smaller than the next species. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in shady places, in woods, and among stones, in the lower parts of mountainous districts. Lancashire, \Vestmoreland and Cumberland ; Lochbroom, shores of Lochness and Loch Tay, and many of the Highland Glens. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1057. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 16. 45. 2. C. lutetidna. Common Enchanter's Night-shade. Stem erect, hairy ; leaves egg-shaped, denticulate. Root spreading, difficult to be extirpated : stem little branched, generally with a solitary, terminal bunch of flowers : leaves dark green, opaque, hairy : flowers small, white or tinged with red : the two species pass into each other, and are probably specifically identical. Perennial: woods, copses, hedges and shady lanes : flowers in June and July. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1056. Eng. P"i. vol. i. p. 15. 46. CL. II.] DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 57 9. LE'MNA. DUCKWEED. Calyx of one leaf, membranous. Corolla none. Stamens thread-shaped, lateral, unequal, longer than the calyx. Anthers of two globes. Germen superior, egg-shaped. Style shorter than the stamens. Capsule one-celled, globose, containing one seed. — Name from lemma, a scale. 14. 1. L. triscul'ca. Ivy-leaved Duckweed. Fronds stalked, between ellip- tical and lance-shaped, thin, serrated towards the point ; roots solitary. Fronds about half an inch long, reticulate, pellucid at the margin : leaf-stalks issuing from the sides of another leaf, from a fissure there : capsule egg-shaped, pointed, sitting on the upper surface of the frond. Annual: flowers from June to September: occurs floating in ditches, pools, and lakes : common. All the species of this genus are said to be eaten by ducks and other herbivorous aquatic birds. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 926. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 32. 47. 2. L. minor. Lesser Duckweed. Fronds inversely egg-shaped, ser- rated, compressed, the lower stalked ; roots solitary. Fronds two or three lines long, rather thick and firm : flowers from June to September. Annual : occurs floating in dense masses, in ditches, pools, and lakes : very common. Eng. Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1095. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 32. 48. 3. L. gib'ba. Gibbous Duckweed. Fronds inversely egg-shaped, hemispherical beneath ; roots solitary. Fronds about a line long, green and plane above, bulging and purple beneath. Annual : flowers from June to September : occurs floating in ditches, pools, and lakes : rare in Scotland ; in England and Ireland not unfrequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xviii. pi. 1233. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 32. 49. 4. L. polyrhiza. Greater Duckweed. Fronds broadly egg-shaped, a little convex beneath ; roots numerous. Fronds half an inch long, firm, green above, purple below. Annual : flowers unknown in Great Britain, occurs floating in stagnant water : rare. Eng. Bot. pi. 2458. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 33. 50. 10. CLA'DIUM. TWIG-RUSH. Calyx a one-valved chaff-scale, concave, one-flowered. Co- rolla none. Stamen thread-shaped, longer than the husk. An- ther linear, erect. Germen superior, egg-shaped, without bristles at the base. Style thread-shaped. Drupe egg-shaped, one-celled ; nut hard, egg-shaped, acute. — Name from klados, a branch. 15. 1. C. Mariscus. Prickly Twig-rush. Panicle repeatedly divided ; stem round, smooth, leafy ; leaves prickly at the edge and along the keel. Root long, and creeping : stem four or five feet high, erect, angular at the top : leaves keeled, ending in a sharp point, with prickly serratures : panicle erect, with numerous compound, furrowed branches. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in marshes and bogs in several parts of England : rare. Cunnemara bogs, Ireland. Very rare in Scotland ; Sutherlandshire ; formerly found in the moss of Restenat, near Forfar, but now extinct there. Eng. Bot. pi. 950. Eng-. Fl. vol. i. p. 36. Brit. Fl. p. 13. 51. 58 TRIANDRIA. QCL. III. DIGYNIA. 11. ANTHOXA'NTHUM. SPRING-GRASS. Calyx of two egg-shaped, pointed, concave chaff-scales, one- flowered. Corolla of two equal husks, shorter than the calyx, awned on the back. An internal corolla, or nectary, consisting of two egg-shaped, minute scales. Stamens hair-shaped, longer than the corolla ; anther oblong, forked at both ends. Germen superior, oblong. Styles short ; stigmas long, downy. Seed one, nearly cylindrical, tapering at each end. — Name from ant/ios, a flower, and xanthos, yellow. 16. 1. A. odordtum. Sweet-scented Spring-grau. Panicle spiked, oblong ; flowers on short stalks, and longer than the awns. About a foot high : leaves short, pale green : panicle dense, becoming brownish yellow : scales of the calyx unequal, acute, membranous, with a green bristly keel : husks of the corolla obtuse, hairy, shorter than the calyx, one with a short straight awn, the other with a longer twisted one : internal corolla or nectary of two very small, membranous scales. The pleasant smell of new-made hay is chiefly owing to this plant, which in drying emits an odour similar to that of Aspernla odorata and Trifolium officinale. Pe- rennial : flowers in May : grows in pastures and meadows : common. This plant is a true grass, but is separated on account of its having only two stamens. It is eaten by cattle. Eng. Bot. pi. 647. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 97. 52. CLASS III. TRIANDRIA. Plants tearing Flowers •with Three Stamens. Order I. MONOGYNIA. One Pistil. * Flowers superior. 1. VALERI A'NA. Corolla of one petal, five-cleft, protuberant on one side at the base. Seed one, crowned with a feathery pappus. 2. FE'DIA. Corolla of one petal, five-cleft, protuberant on one side at the base. Capsule three-celled, crowned with the toothed calyx. 3. CRO'CUS. Corolla of six equal segments, resembling petals; tube longer than the limb. Stigmas folded. 4. TRICHONE'MA. Corolla of six equal segments ; tube shorter than the limb. Stigmas deeply divided. 5. I'RIS. Corolla of six unequal segments, the three outer larger and reflected. Stigmas three, resembling petals. ** Flowers inferior, chaffy. 6. SCHCE'NUS. Chaff-scales single, in two rows, arranged in an imbricated spike, the outer empty. Husks none. Style simple at the base, deciduous. 7. RHYNCHO'SPORA. Chaff-scales single, arranged in a spike imbricated all round, the outer empty. Husks none. Style enlarged at the base, permanent. 9. SCl'RPUS. Chaff-Kales singlo, uniform, concave, arranged in a CL. III.] TRIANDRIA. 59 spike imbricated all round. Husks none. Style simple at the base, deciduous. 10. ELEO'CHARIS. Chaff-scales single, uniform, arranged in a spike imbricated all round. Husks none. Style enlarged at the base, permanent. 11. ERIO'PHORUM. Chaff-scales single, uniform, arranged in a spike imbricated all round. Husks none. Seed with numerous very long hairs arising from the base. 8. CYPE'RUS. Chaff-scales single, uniform, in two rows, arranged in an imbricated spike. Husks none. Seed naked at the base. 12. NA'RDUS. Chaff-scales two. Husks none. (Some species of Juncus.) Order II. DIGYNIA. Two Pistils. * Flowers in panicles. Calyx of two or three chaff-scales, containing one flower. 15. ALOPECU'RUS. Chaff-scales two, nearly equal, acute. Husk one, awned at the base. 16. KNA'PPIA. Chaff-scales two, nearly equal, abrupt. Husks two, unequal, awnless. 14. PHLE'UM. Chaff-scales two, nearly equal, pointed. Husks two, concealed, awnless. Seed loose. 13. PHA'LARIS. Chaff-scales two, unequal, Husks three or four, the two innermost downy. Seed invested by the hardened internal husks. 17. POLYPO'GON. Chaff-scales two, equal, awned at the summit. Husks two, concealed, the outermost with a terminal awn. Seed loose. 18. Ml'LIUM. Chaff-scales two, unequal, tumid. Husks two, concealed. Seed invested by the hardened husks. 19. AGRO'STIS. Chaff-scales two, acute, awnless. Husks two, longer than the chaff-scales, membranous, tufted with hairs at the base. Seed loose. 20. CY'NODON. Chaff-scales two, acute, lance-shaped, equal. Husks two, very unequal, compressed. Seed invested by the hardened husks. 34. SPARTI'NA. Chaff-scales two, lance-shaped, unequal. Husks two, unequal, compressed. Seed loose. 38. LAGU'RUS. Chaff-scales two, unequal, fringed, with terminal feathery awns. Husks two, unequal, the outer with three awns. 21. DIGITA'RIA. Chaff-scales two or three, very unequal, awnless. Husks two, unequal, awnless. Seed invested by the hardened husks. (Some species of Arundo. Melica unijiora.) ** Flowers in panicles. Calyx of two chaff-scales, containing two or three flowers. 23. AI'RA. Chaff-scales two, unequal. Flowers two. Husks two, the outer awned above the base. Seed loose in the husks. 26. ME'LICA. Chaff'-scales two, unequal, awnless. Flowers two, to- gether with the rudiments of a third. Husks two, awnless. Seed invested by the hardened husks. 25. HO'LCUS. Chaff-scales two, unequal. Flowers two, one of then' 60 TKIANDRIA. [CL. III. bearing stamens only, and awned. Husks two, awned. Seed in- vested by the hardened husks. 22. PA'NICUM. Chaff-scales two, very unequal. Flowers two, one of them destitute of stamens and style, the perfect one awnless. Husks two. Seed invested by the hardened husks. 28. HIERO'CHLOE. Chaff-scales two, unequal, acute, awnless. Flowers three, the central one perfect, with two stamens, the lateral ones bearing three stamens, but no pistil. Husks permanently membranous. Seed loose. Styles distinct. 27. SESLE'RIA. Chaff-scales two, acute, somewhat awned. Flowers two or three, all perfect. Husks toothed or awned. Seed loose. Styles combined. *** Flowert in panicles. Calyx of two chaff-scales, containing more than two flowers. 32. BRI'ZA. Chaff-scales two, nearly equal, heart-shaped, obtuse, awn- less. Husks two, unequal, awnless. Seed united to the husks. 30. PO'A. Chaff-scales two, unequal, egg-shaped, acute, awnless. Husks two, unequal, the outer keeled, egg-shaped, acute, awnless. Seed loose, oblong. 29. GLYCE'RIA. Chaff-scales two, unequal, oblong, obtuse, awnless. Husks two, unequal, the outer ribbed, cylindrical, abrupt, awnless. Seed loose, cylindrical. 31. TRIO'DIA. Chaff-scales two, nearly equal, egg-shaped, acute, awnless. Husks two, unequal, egg-shaped; the outer deeply cleft, with an intermediate point. Seed oval. 33. DAC'TYLIS. Chaff-scales two, unequal, lance-shaped, long- pointed, the larger keeled. Husks two, lance-shaped, the outer keeled, and awned at the summit. 36. FESTU'CA. Chaff-scales two, very unequal, lance-shaped, pointed. Husks two, unequal, the outer nearly cylindrical, pointed or awned. Seed oblong, loose. 35. CYNOSU'RUS. Chaff-scalet two, equal, lance-shaped, long- pointed, awned. Htaks two, unequal, the outer lance-shaped, keeled, awned at the summit. Seed oblong, loose. 37. BRO'MUS. Chaff-scales two, unequal, lance-shaped, acute, awn- less. Husks two, unequal ; the outer elliptical, cleft, awned near the summit. Seed elliptical, united to the inner husk. 39. AVE'NA. Chaff-scales two, unequal, broadly lance-shaped, awn- less. Husks two, unequal ; outer nearly cylindrical, pointed, deeply cleft, with a long twisted awn from the middle. Seed elliptical, united to the outer hardened husk. 24. ARU'NDO. Chaff-scales two, unequal, lance-shaped, keeled, awn- less. Husks two, unequal, surrounded by long hairs. Seed oblong, loose, but enveloped in the husks. **** Planters spiked ; arranged on a common stalk, having alternate lateral excavations. 40. LO'LIUM. Chaff-scale one, lance-shaped, fixed, opposite to the excavation, many-flowered. 41. ROTTBO'LLIA. Chaff-scales two, lance-shaped, parallel, oppo- site to the excavation, two-flowered. 44. TRI'TICUM. Chaff-scales two, at each joint of the stalk, oblong, CL. III.] TttlANDRlA — MONOGYNIA. 61 opposite to each other, transverse to the excavation, many- flowered. 42. E'LYJMUS. Chaff-scales in several parallel pairs, opposite to the excavation, each pair containing several flowers. 43. HO'RDEUM. Chaff-scales in three parallel pairs, opposite to the excavation, each pair containing one flower. Order III. TRIGYNIA. Three Pistils. 45. MO'NTIA. Calyx of two leaves. Corolla of one piece. Capsule three-valved, three-seeded. 47. POLYCA'RPON. Calyx of five leaves. Petals five, nearly entire. Capsule three-valved, many-seeded. 46. HOLO'STEUM. Calyx of five leaves. Petals five, jagged. Cap- sule six-toothed, many-seeded. TR I AND HI A— MONOGYNIA. 1. VALERIA'NA. VALERIAN. Calyx a slight border surmounting the germen. Corolla of one tubular petal with a protuberance or spur at the base ; limb di- vided into five obtuse segments. Filaments awl-shaped, erect, borne upon the corolla ; anther oblong. Germen inferior, oblong, one-celled. Style thread-shaped, as long as the stamens ; stigma simple. Seed oblong, compressed, crowned with the calyx ex- panded into a number of feathery rays. — Named from valeo, to prevail, on account of its medical properties. 17. 1. V. rubra. Red Valerian, Flowers with one stamen, and a long spur ; leaves broadly lance-shaped, nearly entire. From one to two feet high : lower leaves shortly stalked, entire : upper sessile, broader, sometimes toothed : flowers rose-coloured, numerous, arranged in a corymbose head. Perennial : flowers, from June to September : grows on old walls and among rubbish in various parts of the country, but is not truly indigenous. Eng. Bat. vol. xx. pi. 1531. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 42. " 53. 2. V. diolca. Small Marsh Valerian. Flowers dioecious ; radical leaves egg-shaped, stem leaves pinnatifid. Root creeping : stem six or eight inches high, erect : terminal lobe of the leaves large : flowers pale rose-coloured. Perennial : flowers in June : grows in moist meadows : frequent in England, rare in Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 628. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 43. 54. 3. V. officindlis. Great Wild Valerian. Corolla bulging at the base ; leaves all pinnate; leaflets lance-shaped, nearly uniform. From two to four feet high : root with long slender fibres, fetid : stem furrowed : leaflets broadly serrated : flowers pale rose-colour or whitish. There is a variety of smaller size, with more narrow leaflets, the root of which is more fetid. Perennial: flowers in June : grows by the side of lakes, in marshes, moist meadows, by hedges, among rubbish, in dry pastures, and in woods: common. The root has a warm bitter taste, and is employed as an antispasmodic, generally in substance, although it communicates its properties to wine, water, or spirits. The roots of those plants which r Z 62 TRIANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. [CL. III. grow in dry situations, are preferred to those of the others. Cats are powerfully affected by the odour of the root. Eng. Bot. vol. x. pi. 698. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 43. 55. 4. V. pyrendica. Heart-leaved Valerian. Leaves heart-shaped, ser- rated, stalked, the uppermost pinnated. Two or three feet high : flowers pale rose-coloured. Pereunial : flowers in July : grows in moist woods in various parts of Scotland, where however it is probably not indigenous. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiii. pi. 1591. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 44. 56. 2. FE'DIA. CORN-SALAD. Calyx consisting of three or four small teeth. Corolla of one tubular petal, with a protuberance at the base; limb divided into five obtuse segments. Filaments borne upon the tube ; anther roundish. Germen inferior, roundish, three-celled. Style thread- shaped ; stigma notched. Capsule membranous, three-celled, crowned by the permanent calyx. Seeds solitary, egg-shaped. — Named from fedus, a kid. 18. 1. F. olitoria. Common Corn-Salad, or Lamb's Lettuce. Capsule nearly globular, smooth, inflated, crowned with the three inflected teeth of the calyx, of which one is much larger ; flowers in heads. Stem about six inches high, repeatedly forked, furrowed : lower leaves tongue- shaped, stalked, stem-leaves sessile, obtuse, sometimes a little toothed : flowers pale blue, in round heads ; with linear, often divided bractene at their base. Annual : flowers from April to June : grows in corn-fields, and among rubbish : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 811. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 45. 57. 2. F. dentata. Smooth-fruited Corn-Salad. Capsule egg-shaped, smooth, ribbed in front, taper-pointed, crowned with the prominent cup of the unequally four-toothed calyx ; flowers in corymbs, with a sessile one in each fork of the stem. Stem about ten inches high, repeatedly forked : leaves narrower than in the last, the upper ones more toothed : flowers flesh-coloured, in loose corymbs, with smaller ones in each fork of the stem. Annual : flowers from April to June : grows in corn-fields and hedge-banks : not uncommon. The young leaves of this and the preceding species may be used as salad. Eng. Bot. vol. xx. pi. 1370. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 45. Two varieties with hairy capsules have been described as distinct; the one has the cup of the calyx small, with three teeth, F. misla, Brit. Fl. ed. 2. p. 23 ; the other has the cup of the calyx large, with five unequal teeth, F. eriocdrpa, Brit. Fl. ed. 2. p. 24. Both these varieties are of rare occurrence. 58. 3. F. Auricula. Sharp-fruited Corn-Salad. Capsule egg-shaped, smooth, somewhat inflated, slightly grooved in front, taper-pointed, crowned with the single tooth of the entire limb of the calyx ; flowers in corymbs, a sessile one in each fork of the stem. Annual : flowers from April to June : grows in fields and hedge-banks : rare. Near Hastings and Bristol. Jersey. Inverkeithing, Fifeshire. Brit. Ft. ed. 4. p. 22. 59. 4. F. carinata. Keel-fruited Corn-Salad. Capsule oblong, smooth, keeled, crowned with the single straight tooth of the limb of the calyx. Annual: flowers from April to June: discovered by Mr. J. E. Bowman on a hedge-bank in Shropshire. Jersey. Brit. Fl. ed. 4. p. 22. 60. CL. III.] TRIANDRIA — MONOGYKIA. 63 3. CRO'CUS. CROCUS. Calyx of two unequal, membranous sheaths, arising from the root. Corolla superior; tube long, erect; limb of six oblong equal segments. Filaments awl-shaped, shorter than the corolla; anthers arrow-shaped. Germen inferior, roundish. Style thread- shaped, very long ; stigmas three, dilated upwards, folded, jagged. Capsule roundish, three-celled, three-valved. Seeds several, round. — Named from croce, a thread. 19. 1. C. sativus. Saffron Crocus. Stigma in three deep, narrow seg- ments, hanging out of the corolla, tube smooth at the mouth. Flower purple : stigma deep orange : anthers pale yellow : leaves linear, keeled, curved outwards. Perennial: flowers in September: grows in meadows and pastures in England, where, however, like all the British species of this genus, it is not indigenous, but naturalized. The stigma of this plant is the Saffron of the shops. It was formerly greatly esteemed as a cordial, but is now nearly discarded. It gives a beautiful colour to water, wine, or spirits. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 343. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 46. 61. 2. C. vernus. Purple Spring Crocus. Stigma in three short, wedge- shaped segments, not protruded, tube hairy at the mouth. Flower purple : stigma pale. Perennial : flowers in March : naturalized in meadows and pastures, in England : rare. About Nottingham. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 344. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 46. 62. 3. C. minimus. Net-rooted Crocus. Stigma in three blunt undivided segments, not protruded, coat of the bulb strongly reticulated. Bulb remarkable for its coating of reticulated fibres : corolla yellow, purple, or whitish, the three outer recurved petals marked with three dark purple lines. Perennial : flowers in March. Found at Barton, Suffolk, by Mr. D. Turner. En*. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2645. 63. 4. C. aureus. Golden Crocus. Two flowered ; stamens longer than the stigma ; bulb coated with compact fibres. Perennial : flowers in March: grows in meadow ground in England : rare. Barton, Suffolk ; Charlton Wood, Kent. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2646. Brit. Fl. vol. i. p. 23. 64. 5. C. nudiflonis. Nuked -flowering Crocus. Stigma in three deeply- divided, tufted segments, not protruded, of the same height as the stamen's. Corolla pale purple : stigma deep orange : leaves not produced along with the flower, which is solitary. Perennial : flowers in October : grows in sandy meadows, between Nottingham Castle and the Trent Eng. Bot. pi. 491. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 47. 65. 6 C. speciosus. Showy Autumnal Crocus. Stigma in three deeply divided segments, not protruded ; longer than the stamens Flowers appear before the leaves. Perennial : flowers in October : grows in meadows in England : rare. Meadows near Warwick ; about War- rington ; Halifax, Yorkshire. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2752. Brit. Fl. 4th ed. p. 23. 66. 4. TRICHONE'MA. TRICHONEMA. Calyx a sheath of two lance-shaped permanent valves. Corolla superior; tube short, funnel-shaped; limb regular. Filaments arising from the mouth of the tube, much shorter than the limb ; 64 TRIANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. f^CL. III. anthers large, oblong. Style longer than the stamens ; stigmas three, equal, spreading, divided to the base. Capsule roundish. Seeds round. — Named from thrix, a hair, and nema, a filament. 20. 1. T. Bulbocodium. Channelled Trichtmema. Leaves linear, chan- nelled, curved back, longer than the flower-stalks. Bulb egg-shaped : flowers pale purple. Perennial : flowers in March and April : grows on grassy hillocks : very rare. Guernsey and Jersey. The Warren, Daw- lish, Devonshire. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxvi. pi. 2549. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 49. 67. 5. I'RIS. IRIS. Calyx a sheath of two leaf-like permanent bracteas. Corolla superior, with six divisions, the three outer larger, rounded, reflected ; the three inner erect, narrow. Filaments awl-shaped, lying on the reflected segments. Anthers oblong, depressed. Germen inferior, oblong, three-sided, with three furrows. Style short j stigmas three, very large, resembling petals. Capsule ob- long, angular, three-celled, three-valved. Seeds numerous, large. — Named after the rainbow. 21. 1. I. Pseuddcorus. Yellow-Iris, Water-Flag, or Flower-de-luce. Inner segments of the corolla smaller than the stigmas. Root large, horizon- tal, fleshy, acrid : stem from two to four feet high : leaves sword-shaped, erect, deep green : flowers yellow, three together on the top of the stem, the large segments lined with dark purple. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in marshy places, and by the sides of streams and lakes, generally in extensive patches, which, in the Hebrides and the North of Scotland, are much frequented by the Corn Crake : frequent. The whole plant is extremely harsh to the taste, but cattle do not refuse the dried leaves. The root has been recommended for alleviating the pain of tooth-ache, and is used for dyeing black in the Hebrides. The leaves make excellent thatch ; and are also employed for making bottoms to chairs. Dr. George Johnstone says the roasted seeds make an excellent substitute for coffee. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 578. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 49. 68. 2. /. faRtidissima. Stinking Iris. Stem with one angle. Stem about two feet high, cylindrical, but angular on one side: leaves sword-shaped, dull green, when bruised emitting a smell like rancid bacon : flowers dull purplish grey, with darker lines. Perennial : flowers in June and July : in all the south-western counties of England, very common, particularly about Teignmouth, on hedge-banks and sloping ground. Common in Ireland. E»g. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 596. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 50. 6. SCH(E'NUS. BOG-RUSH. Calyx a chaff-scale. Corolla none. Spikes of a few flowers, together with numerous empty, crowned chaff-scales, arranged in two rows. Filaments hair-like; anthers linear, erect. Germen superior, more or less triangular. Style hair-like, simple, de- ciduous-, stigmas three, feathery. Seeds roundish, hard. — Named from schoinos, a cord. 22. 1 . S. Htgricans. Black Bfig-rush. Stem round ; spikes of flowers forming a roundish head, overtopped by one of the two floral leaves. ——Root of very long fibres, forming a thick tuft : stem about a foot CL. III.] TRIANDRIA — MONOGYNJA. 65 high, sheathed at the base with broad scales of a blackish colour, the uppermost of which bear narrow acute leaves : spikelets black : anthers long, yellow : stigmas dark purple : seed white, shining. Perennial : flowers in June : grows in bogs and wet moors ; common. F.ng. Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1121. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 52. 70. 7. RHYNCHO'SPORA. BEAK-RUSH. Calyx a chaff-scale. Corolla none, excepting a few bristles. Spikes of a few flowers, together with numerous, empty, crowded chaff-scales, imbricated all round. Filaments hair-like ; anthers linear, erect. Germen superior, roundish. Style hair-like, en- larged at the base. Seed roundish, hard, crowned by the per- manent base of the style. — Named from rhync/ios, a beak, and spora, a seed. 23. 1. R. alba. White-headed Beak-rush. Leaves tapering, linear, chan- nelled ; spikes forming a somewhat corymbose head ; stamens two. Stem from five to ten inches high, triangular, very slender : leaves erect : larger floral leaf a little longer than the head of flowers, which is white : stigmas two : seed inversely egg-shaped. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows on wet heaths and in boggy places : common. Fug. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 985. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 52. 71. 2. R. fusca. Brown-headed Beak-rush. Leaves thread-shaped ; spikes forming an egg-shaped head ; three stamens. Smaller than the last : leaves not tapering : head of flowers reddish-brown. Peren- nial : flowers in June : grows in bogs, chiefly in the South of England and in Ireland : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xxii. pi. 1575. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 53. 72. 8. CYPE'RUS. CYPERUS. Calyx a chaff-scale. Corolla none. Spikes of numerous flowers, all perfect, excepting one or two at the bottom, imbri- cated in two rows. Filaments short ; anthers linear. Germen roundish ; style deciduous. Seed pointed. — Name, cypeiros of the Greeks. 24. 1. C. lon'gus. Sweet Ci/perus. English Galingale. Umbel leafy, twice compounded ; fruit-stalks naked ; spikes alternate. Stem from two to three feet high : spike-stalks sometimes amounting to twelve or thirteen, forming an umbel : spikes brown, five or six together. The root is agreeably aromatic to the smell, and warm and bitter to the taste. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in marshes : very rare. By a rivulet between St. David's Town and St. David's Head ; at Walton, in Gordon, Somersetshire. Eng. Bot. vol. xix.pl. 1309. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 54. 73. 2. C. fus'cus. Brown Cyperus. Umbel with three leaves, compound ; spikes crowded, spreading in all directions. Stem about six inches high : spikes numerous, brown. Annual : flowers in September. Found by Mr. Haworth in a meadow near Little Chelsea. Etig. Bot. Snppl. pi. 2626. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 54. 74. 9. SCI'RPUS. CLUB-RUSH. Calyx an egg-shaped, concave chaff-scale. Corolla none. Spike of numerous flowers, all perfect. Filaments thread-like ; 66 TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. QcL. III. anthers linear. Style simple, deciduous ; stigmas three, downy. Seed three-cornered, sometimes furnished with soft hairs at the base. — Name, cirs, Celtic for cord. 25. * Spikes solitary. 1. 5. cctspiti'isus. Scaly-stalked Club-rush. Straw round, sheathed with numerous scales at the base, some of them bearing short leaves ; two outer chaff-scales as long as the spike. Stems numerous, from four to twelve inches high, growing in dense tufts, striated, upper sheaths ending in a short leaf : spike small, reddish-brown. Perennial : flowers in July : grows on peat soil : abundant. This is one of the most im- portant of our native plants, in respect to pasturage. Its very numerous long fibrous roots form the principal part of the spongy varieties of peat. In the Highlands it is often seen occupying extensive tracts, almost ex- clusively, and forms excellent summer pasturage for cows, horses, and sheep. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1029. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 17. 75. 2. S. pauciflonts. Chocolate-headed Club-rush. Straw round, sheathed at the base, leafless ; two outer chaff-scales shorter than the spike. Spike smaller and darker than in the last : straw about six inches high : it resembles the last in its mode of growth and qualities. Perennial : flowers in July: grows abundantly in Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1122. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 17. 76. 3. S. fluitans. Floating Club-rush. Straw round, branched, leafy ; spikes destitute of external enlarged scales. Stem from six to ten inches long, slender, zig-zag, much branched : leaves linear, keeled, sheathing : spikes small, few-flowered/ pale green : no bristles beneath the seed. Perennial : flowers in August : grows in ditches, and in shallow water on heaths. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 216. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 57. ** Stem round, bearing several spikes. 4. S. lacui'tris. Bull-rush. Great Club-rush. Stem round, leaf- less; panicle cymose, twice compounded ; bracteas two, shorter than the panicle. Stems from four to six feet high, smooth, internally spongy : lower sheaths dark brown : a few short leaves at the base of the straw : spikes brown, forming a cyme or panicle. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in pools, and the edges of rivers, with muddy bottoms. It is sometimes used as thatch. Bottoms of chairs are very commonly made of it, as well as mats. Eng. Bot. vol. x. pi. 666. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 57. 78. 5. S. Holoscliaz'nus. Round-headed Club-rush. Stem round, leafless; spikes nearly globular, closely set together, stalked ; bracteas two, leafy, unequal, sharp-pointed. — Stems firm, about a foot high : spikes brown : the globular spikes, supported on stalks of various lengths, distinguish this at first sight from every other species. Perennial : flowers in July : grows on the sea-coast in the south of England : rare. Brounton Boroughs, Devonshire, &c. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiii. pi.. 1612. Eng. Fl. p. 58. 79. 6. 5. setdceus. Bristle-stalked Club-rush. Stem bristle-like, leafy at the base ; spikes few, sessile ; bractea leafy, surmounting the spikes ; fruit inversely egg-shaped, ribbed, and marked with tranverse lines ; stamens two. Stems numerous, very slender, from two to five inches CL. III.] TRIANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. 67 high : spikes from one to three, egg-shaped, greenish-brown. Annual : flowers in July and August: grows in moist sandy or gravelly places. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiv. pi. 1693. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 59. 80. 7. S. Sdvil. Saw's Club-rush. Stem bristle-like, leafy at the base; spikes few, sessile ; fruit nearly round, rough with small points ; stamens three. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in wet bogs : not common. Common in Ireland, and in the West of England and Scot- land. Channel Islands. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2782. Brit. Fl. 4th ed. p. 26. 81. 8. 5. caricinns. Compressed Club-rush. Stem roundish, leafy at the base ; spikes collected into a two-rowed cluster; bractea leafy, surmount- ing the spikes; leaves flat, keeled. Stem about a foot high, simple : leaves keeled, rough on the edges and keel : spikes chestnut brown. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in boggy places. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 791. Eng. Fl. p. 59. 82. 9. 5. riifus. Brown Club-rush. Stem round, leafy at the base ; spikes collected into a two-rowed cluster ; bractea short ; leaves chan- nelled. More slender than the last : stems about six inches high : leaves shorter and bristle-like, not flat or keeled : spike dark brown. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in boggy places. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1010. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 60. 83. *** Stem triangular, bearing several panicled spikes. 10. S. triqueter. Triangular Club-rush. Stem acutely triangular; spikes lateral ; stigmas two. Stems three feet high, acutely trian- gular, with the sides hollowed, the point erect and sharp : a single, short leaf : spikes egg-shaped, in a panicle coming from the side of the straw, near the top. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows on the banks of large rivers exposed to the tide, as of the Thames, both above and below London : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiv. pi. 1694. Eng, Fl. vol. i. p. 60. 84. 11. S. carindtus. Blunt-edged Club-rush. Stem bluntly triangular ; spikes terminal ; stigmas two. Stems triangular, with the sides con- vex : panicle terminal, with a longish bractea : spikes egg-shaped, brown. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows on the banks of large rivers exposed to the tide ; along the Thames, &c. : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xxviii. pi. 1983. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 61. 85. 12. S. maritimus. Salt-marsh Club-rush. Stem triangular ; panicle terminal, leafy; scales of the spikes three-cleft, the middle segment awl- shaped ; stigmas three. Stem from one to three feet high, leafy at the base and summit : leaves keeled, rough at the edges : spikes egg- shaped, reddish-brown. Perennial : grows on the banks of large rivers exposed to the tide, and in salt marshes : not uncommon. Eiig. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 542. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 62. 86. 13. S. sylvriticus. Wood Club-rush. Stem triangular, leafy ; cyme terminal, repeatedly compound, leafy; scales of the spikes entire ; stig- mas three. Stem from two to three feet high, leafy : leaves flat, rough at the edges and keel : spikes small, very numerous, dark brown, arranged in a compound panicled cyme. Perennial : grows in moist woods : flowers in July : common in Ireland, less so in England. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 919. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 62. 87. 68 TIUANDRIA MONOGYNIA. [CL. III. 10. ELEO'CHARIS. SPIKE-HI Calyx a chaff-scale. Corolla none. Spikes imbricated all round. Filaments hair-like. Anthers linear. Germen com- pressed. Style enlarged at the base, united to the germen by a narrow joint. Seed triangular, crowned by the permanent style. — Named from elos, a marsh, and chairo, to rejoice. 26. 1. E. palui'tris. Common Spike-rush. Steins round; stigmas two; seed flattened. Roots fibrous : stems many together, erect, smooth, from six inches to a foot and a half high : sheaths at the base two or three, the upper long, close, and green, the others brown : no leaves : spike egg-shaped or oblong, acute, reddish-brown. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in ditches, rivulets, and marshy ground, and at the edges of pools and lakes : abundant. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 131. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 64. 88. 2. E. multicaulis. Munu-stalked Spike-rush. Stems round ; stigmas three ; seed acutely triangular. Root fibrous : stems numerous, smooth, spreading, eight or ten inches high : spikes smaller and more slender than in the last. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in wet moors. This seems to be merely a variety of the last. Eng. Bot. vol. xvii. pi. 1187. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 64. JBrit. Fl. p. 29. 89. 3. E. aciculdris. Least Spike-rush. Stem four-cornered ; stigmas three. Roots creeping, fibrous, thread-like : stems thread-like, about three inches high : leaves none, the parts usually considered as such being sterile stems: spike very small, narrow, elliptical, brownish. Pe- rennial : flowers in July and August: grows by the sides of lakes, and in wet places on moors. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 749. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 65. 90. 11. ERIO'PHORUM. COTTON-GRASS. Calyx a flat membranous chaff-scale. Corolla none. Spike im- bricated all round. Filaments hair-like; anthers linear, protruded, pendulous. Germen inversely egg-shaped. Style thread-shaped ; stigmas three, longer than the style, reflected. Seed three-cornered, tapering to a point, furnished at the base with very long, soft, silky hairs. — Name from erion, wool, and phero, to bear. 27. * Spike single. 1. E. vaginitum. Hare's-tail Cotton-grass. Stem triangular above, round below ; uppermost sheath inflated ; spike egg-shaped. Root creeping : stems jointed, smooth, about a foot high : leaves channelled, 'heathing : spike large, egg-shaped, pointed, blackish, with mem- oranous scales : hairs numerous, long, white, and shining. Perennial : flowers in March and April : grows on heaths and iu boggy places : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 873. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 66. 91. 2. E. capitdtum. Round-headed Cotton-grass. Stem round in its whole length ; uppermost sheath inflated ; spike roundish. Root creeping : stems jointed, smooth, about eight inches high : leaves thicker than in the last : chaff-scales smaller, but firmer, brown : hairs much shorter. Perennial: flowers in July and August : grows in heaths in high situations: very rare. Ben Lawers. G. l)on. Eng. Bot. vol. zxxiv. pi. 2387. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 67. 92. CL. III.] TRIANDRIA — DIGYNIA. 69 ** Several spikes on each stem. 3. E. angustif 'olium. Common Cotton-grass. Stem somewhat trian- gular ; leaves linear ; channelled ; spike-stalks smooth ; hairs four times the length of the spike. Root creeping : stems from two to three feet high, jointed, and leafy : spikes generally four, of which one is sessile : leaves very narrow, triangular, rough on the edges. Perennial : flowers in April : grows on wet heaths, in peat bogs and ditches : common. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 564. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 69. 93. 4. E. polystdchion. Broad-leaved Cotton-grass. Stem round ; leaves broadly linear, flat ; stalks of the spike smooth ; hairs three times the length of the spike. Root fibrous : stems two feet high, grooved, jointed, and leafy : leaves broader than in the last, with an acute keel : spikes four or five, one sessile, brown, pendulous after flower- ing. Perennial : flowers in June : grows on wet heaths and in peat bogs : common in Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 563. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 68. 94. 5. E. pubiscens. Downy-stalked Cetton-grnss. Stem triangular above, round below ; leaves flat, lance-shaped ; spike- stalks rough ; hairs twice the length of the spike. Smaller than the last : spikes numerous, black, their stalks downy : leaves broader and shorter than in the last. Perennial : grows in bogs and marshes : common in Scotland ; rare in England and Ireland. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2633. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 69. 95. 6. E. grdcile. Slender Mountain Cotton-grass. Stem triangular ; leaves triangular, channelled, leafy ; fruit-stalks downy; hairs twice the length of the spike. Root creeping : stem a foot high : leaves linear, triangular, recurved : spikes three or four, nearly erect, longer than their bractea, black. Perennial : flowers in July : found in boggy places on Ben Lawers and the Clova mountains, by G. Don. North Wales. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxiv. pi. 2402. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 70. 96. 12. NA'RDUS. MAT-GUASS. Calyx none. Corolla of two lance-shaped pointed husks, the >uter embracing the inner. Filaments hair-like ; anther oblong. Jermen superior, oblong, small. Style thread-shaped, long ; stig- ma feathery. Seed one, long and narrow, pointed at both ends, in- vested with the husks. — Name from nardos of the Greeks. 28. 1. N. stric'ta. Mat-grass. Spike slender, straight, the flowers pointing in one direction. Root consisting of very long, tough, downy fibres : stems numerous, about six inches high, wiry : leaves bristle-like : nu- merous broad stiff sheaths around the base of the stems. This grass forms dense tufts, and is of a pale greyish-green colour. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows on heaths, generally in sandy or gravelly soil : abundant. Eng. Bot. pi. 290. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 70. 97. DIGYNIA. [This order contains all the British Grasses, excepting Nardus stricta and Anthoxanthnm odoratum. The grasses, as every person must have observed, form the basis of all our best pastures ; and in some places cer- tain species, such as Festuca ovina and duriuscnla, exclude almost every other plant. The great utility of these plants hardly requires to be G 70 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. [CL. III. remarked. Wheat, barley, oats, and rye, belong to this great family, but are all of exotic origin. Almost all the species are eaten by cattle, especially when young and tender, although they usually refuse the straws after flowering. Lolium temulentum is the only species that possesses poisonous properties. Young botanists generally dislike the ex- amination of these plants, on account of its supposed difficulty ; but with a little attention, the species can in almost every case be satisfactorily determined.] 13. PHA'LARIS. CANARY-GRASS. Calyx one-flowered, of two nearly equal, keeled, compressed, acute chaff-scales. Corolla double, concealed by the calyx, of three or four husks, the two inner larger, downy. Nectaries two equal, egg-shaped scales. Filaments thread-like ; anthers oblong. Styles short, with feathery stigmas. Seed egg-shaped, invested by the hardened internal husks — Named from p/ialos, shining. 29. 1. P. canariensis. Canary Grass. Panicle egg-shaped, close ; chaff- scales keeled, hairy ; outer corolla of two bare husks. About eighteen inches high : straw erect, striated, roughish : leaves lance-shaped, soft : panicle erect, compound, resembling an egg-shaped spike, beautifully va- riegated with green and white : this is a foreign species, the seeds of which accidentally dropped, sometimes spring up in waste places and upon dunghills. Annual : flowers in July : frequent. Eng. Bat. vol. xix. pi. 1310. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 75. 2. P. antndindcea. Reed Canary Grass. Panicle erect, loose ; outer husks bearded. Roots creeping, sending out large fibres : straws from three to five feet high : leaves lance-shaped, striated, smooth : panicle about six inches long, tinged with purple : chaff-scales acute, keeled with a nerve on each side, rough on the keel and nerves : outer husks minute, each terminated by a tuft of hairs. Perennial : flowers in July : grows by the edges of rivers : common. This plant has altogether the appearance of an Arundo ; a variety with striped leaves, is common in gardens. Eng. Bat. vol. vi. pi. 402. and vol. xxx. pi. 2160. f. 2. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 75. 99. 14. PHLE'UM. CAT'S-TAIL-CRASS. Calyx one-flowered, of two nearly equal, compressed, pointed or awned chaff-scales. Corolla of two concealed, unequal husks, the outer embracing the inner. Filaments hair-like ; anthers linear, protruded. Gennen roundish. Styles thread-like, spread- ing ; stigmas feathery. Seed oblong, loose. — Name phleos of the Greeks. 30. 1. P. prattnse. Common Cat's-tail-grass. Timothy Grass. Panicle spiked, cylindrical ; chaff-scales abrupt, fringed on the keel, longer than the awn. Root fibrous: straws from two to three feet high, knotty, erect: leaves linear, flat, rough, with long sheaths : panicle erect, very close, spiked, of a cylindrical form, from two to four inches long, green : the roots are sometimes bulbous. Perennial : flowers in the summer months: grows in meadows and pastures : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1078. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 76. 100. 2. P. alpiniim. Alpine Cat's-tail-grass. Panicle spiked, between egg-shaped and oblong ; chaff-scales abrupt, fringed on the keel, as long CL. III.] TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 7^ as the awns ; root knotted. Straw ascending, from six to twelve inches long, smooth : spiked panicle about an inch in length. Peren- nial : flowers in July : grows on some of the higher mountains of Scot- land, as Ben Lawers, and Ben-na-buird ; and on Lettery mountain, Gal- way, Ireland : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1077. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 77. 101. 3. P. Michtlii. Michelian Cat's-tail-grasi. Panicle spiked, cylindri- cal, chaff-scales lauce-shaped, pointed, fringed on the keel. Roots fibrous : straws from one to two feet high, leafy : leaves flat, rough on the edges : panicle close, about two inches long. Perennial : flowers in July. Found by Mr. G. Don on rocky parts of the Clova mountains. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxii. pi. 2265. Eng. Fl. p. 78. 102. 4. P. as'pentm. Branched Cat's-tail-grass. Panicle spiked, cylindri- cal ; chaff-scales wedge-shaped, pointed, rough, with a bare keel. Root fibrous : straw about a foot high, branched, smooth : leaves rough- ish, pointed, erect : panicles terminal, erect, cylindrical, about two inches long. Annual : flowers in July : grows in dry fields : rare. Near Bristol ; on Newmarket Heath ; in Badmington Park, Gloucestershire ; in Bedfordshire, &c. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi, 1077. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 77. 103. 5. P. Boehmtri. Purple- stalked Cat's-tail-grass. Panicle spiked, cylindrical ; chaff-scales lance-shaped, pointed, slightly hairy ; straw simple. Roots fibrous : straws about a foot high, erect, purple : chaff- scales purple. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in dry fields, in the western parts of England : rare. Norfolk and Cambridge. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 459. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 78- 104. 6. P. arendrium. Sea-side Cat's-tail-grass. Panicle spiked, oblongj enlarged at the top ; chaff-scales lance-shaped, fringed. Root fibrous : straws about six inches high, leafy below : spiked panicle short, enlarged above : husks half the length of the chaff-scales. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in sand on the sea-shore. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 222. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 79. 105. 15. ALOPECU'RUS. FOX-TAIL-GRASS. Calyx one-flowered, of two nearly equal, egg-shaped, ribbed chaff-scales. Corolla of one concave, egg-shaped husk. Awn twice as long as the husk, and arising from its base. Filaments hair-like; anthers forked at each end. Germen roundish. Styles hair-like, united at the base ; stigmas long, feathery. Seed egg- shaped, loose, covered by the husk. — Name from alopex, a fox, and oura, a tail. 31. 1. A. pratensis. Meadow Fox-tail-grass. Straw erect, smooth ; panicle spiked, cylindrical ; chaff-scales acute, hairy, shorter than the awn of the husk. Root fibrous : straws about two feet high : leaves flat, nearly smooth : spiked panicle about two inches long, hoary. Perennial : flowers in May : grows in meadows and pastures : common. Eng. But. vol. xi. pi. 759. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 80. 106. 2. A. alp'inus. Alpine Fox-tail-grass. Straw erect, smooth ; panicle spiked, egg-shaped ; chaff-scales obliquely abrupt, hairy ; awn a little longer than the husk. Root creeping : straw about a foot high, erect, smooth : ^root-leaves narrow, the other broader : spiked panicle hardly 72 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. [CL. III. an inch long : chaff-scales united at the base, three-ribbed, covered with long, close, white hairs. Perennial : flowers in July : grows on some of the highest mountains of Scotland. Discovered by Mr. R. Brown on Loch-na-gar, in Aberdeenshire ; Clova mountains, Forfarshire. Eng. Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1126. Eng. El, vol. i. p. 81. 107. 3. A. agrestis. Slender Fox-tail-grass. Straw erect, roughish above ; panicle spiked, cylindrical, tapering at the end ; chaff-scales acute, nearly bare ; awn twice the length of the calyx. Root fibrous: straws about two feet high : leaves rough above : spike slender, three inches long, purplish : chaff-scales lance-shaped. Annual : flowers in July : grows in cultivated fields, and by way-sides. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 848. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 81. 108. 4. A. bnlbosus. Bulbous Fox-lail-grass . Straw erect ; spike simple ; chaff-scales separate, linear, acute, downy ; root bulbous. Root bul- bous : straws erect, smooth : leaves narrow, striated : spike dark green : chaff-scales narrow, with the keel and ribs fringed : husk bluntish, its awn twice the length of the calyx. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in salt marshes in England : rare. Near Yarmouth and Weymouth. Eng. Bot. vol. xviii. pi. 1249. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 82. 109. 5. A. geniculdtus. Floating Fox-tail-grass. Straw ascending, bent at the joints ; panicle spiked, cylindrical ; chaff-scales united at the base, abrupt, fringed ; awn twice the length of the calyx. Root fibrous : straw decumbent at the base : leaves broader and shorter than in the last : spikes an inch and a-half long : chaff-scales obtuse, purple, strongly fringed on the keel : husk abrupt, shorter than the calyx : awn twice the length of the calyx. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in ditches and watery places: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xviii. pi. 1250. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 83. 110. 6. A. futvus. Orange-spiked Fox-tail-grass. Straw ascending, bent at the joints ; panicle spiked, cylindrical ; chaff-scales united at the base, obtuse, fringed ; awn as long as the calyx. This is hardly distinct from the last, the comparative length of the awn affording the only remarkable difference. Perennial : flowers in June and July :*grows in ditches and watery places : not unfrequent. Eng. Bot. pi. 1467. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 83. 111. 16. KNA'PPIA. KNAPPIA. Calyx one-flowered, of two nearly equal, keeled, egg-shaped, abrupt, awnless chaff-scales. Corolla of two unequal, inversely egg-shaped, membranous, hairy, fringed, awnless husks, shorter than the calyx. Filaments hair-like, twice the length of the calyx ; anthers oblong, cleft at both ends. Germen minute, roundish. Styles short, stigmas long, cylindrical, acute, downy. Seed loose, egg-shaped, covered by the husks. — Named after Mr. Knapp. 32. 1. R. agrottidea. Early Knappia. Root fibrous : stems from one to three inches high, erect, slender, triangular : leaves short, channelled, at the base of the stem : flowers purplish, nearly sessile. Annual : flowers in March and April : grows in sandy pastures by the sea-shore, in the south of England, Wales, and in Ireland : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1127. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 84. 112. CL. III.] TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 73 17. POLYPO'GON. BEARD-GRASS. Calyx one-flowered, of two nearly equal, keeled, cleft chaff- scales, each with a terminal awn. Corolla of two egg-shaped husks, inclosed within the calyx ; the outer keeled and awned. Filaments hair-like, as long as the corolla ; anthers oblong, cleft at both ends. Germen oval. Styles short, distinct ; stigmas fea- thery. Seed loose, egg-shaped, covered by the husks. — Named from polus, much, andpogon, beard. 33. 1. P. Monspeliensis. Annual Beard-grass. Awns straight, thrice the length of the calyx ; root fibrous. Straws a foot high, simple, smooth : leaves flat, acute, striated, rough on the edges and ribs: panicle pale. Annual : flowers in July and August : grows in moist pastures, in Hampshire, Essex, and Norfolk : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiv. pi. 1704. Eng. F/.voI. i. p. 86. 113. 2. A. Itttordlis. Perennial Beard-grass. Awns straight, about the length of the calyx ; root creeping. Straws about a foot high, branched, smooth : leaves rough on both sides and on the edges :' panicle purplish. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in salt marshes in Norfolk and Essex : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xviii. pi. 1251. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 87. 114. 18. MI'LIUM. MILLET-GRASS. Calyx one-flowered, of two unequal, egg-shaped, tapering, awnless chaff-scales. Corolla of two unequal, egg-shaped husks, inclosed within the calyx, the outermost sometimes awned on the back. Nectaries membranous, cleft. Filaments hair-like, very short. Germen egg-shaped. Styles united, or very short. Seed egg-shaped, covered with the hardened husks. — Named from mille, a thousand (seeds tourt). 34. 1. M. effusum. Spreading Millet-grass. Flowers awnless, in a loose, spreading panicle. Rootfibrous : straws about four feet high, slender, smooth : leaves broad, flat, bright green : panicle large, widely-spread- ing. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in moist shady places: frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1106. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 87. 115. 2. ill. lendigerum. Panick Millet-grass. Flowers awned, in a dense, spiked panicle. Root fibrous : panicle erect, very close, tapering, pale-green. Annual : flowers in August : grows in moist meadows, in England; Sheppey ; Weymouth; Gillingham : not common. Eng. Bot. vol." xvi. pi. 1107. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 88. 1 !6. 19. AGRO'STIS. BENT-GRASS. Calyx of two unequal, acute, keeled, awnless, permanent chaff- scales, containing one flower. Corolla of two unequal, mem- branous, ribbed husks, tufted with hairs at the base, the larger frequently bearing an awn. Nectaries two minute scales. Fila- ments hair-like, rather longer than the husks ; anthers deeply divided at each end. Germen egg-shaped. Styles short. Stigma densely hairy. Seed egg-shaped, shining, loose, enveloped in the unaltered corolla. — Named from apron, a field. 35. G 2 74 TRIANDRIA — DIGYNIA. [CL. III. * Awntd. 1. A. Spica-vtnti. Silky Bent-grass. Awn straight, stiff, many times longer than the corolla ; panicle loosely spreading. Straw two or three feet high, erect, smooth : leaves ribbed, spreading : panicle large, silky-looking : outer husk rough with tubercles, inner cleft at the point. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows in sandy fields in England : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 951. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 89. 117. 2. A. canina. Brown Bent-grass. Awn arising from below the middle of the husk, curved inwards, twice the length of the husks; stems decum- bent, with prostrate shoots ; stipules lance-shaped. Root creeping : straws more or less decumbent and rooting at the base, about two feet long, slender, smooth : leaves roughish on both sides : panicle spreading when in flower, with thread-like, angular, rough branches. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in meadows and pastures : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxvi. pi. 1856. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 90. 118. 3. A. setdcea. Bristle-leaved Bent-grass. Awn from near the base of the husk, curved inwards ; chaff-scales lance-shaped, tapering, rough ; root-leaves bristle-shaped ; straw nearly erect ; panicle close. Root tufted : stems about a foot high, slender, smooth : stipules lance-shaped : panicles cylindrical, with angular, bristly branches : inner husk very small. Perennial: flowers in July and August: grows on dry heaths in the south of England. Eng. Bot. vol. xvii. pi. 1188. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 91. 119. ** Generally awnless. 4. A. vulgdris. Fine Bent-grass. Panicle spreading, with smooth, divaricated hair-like branches ; chaff-scales nearly equal ; straw erect ; stipules very short, abrupt. Root creeping : straws about a foot high : panicle smooth, with purplish flowers. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in meadows and pastures : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiv. pi. 1671. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 92. 120. 5. A. Alba. Marsh Bent-grass. Panicle spreading, with rough branches ; chaff-scales lance-shaped, bristly on the keel ; straw oblique, creeping in its lower part ; stipules oblong. Root and stems creeping, and sending out long prostrate shoots : panicle at length spreading, with tufted branches, and green or purple flowers. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in moist meadows, and places inundated in winter, and on the other hand frequently in dry sand, exhibiting great diversity of appearance : common. This is the famous Fiorin-grass of agriculturists. It hardly deserves the notice which it has received. Wild geese and ducks are fond of its juicy stems and roots, which have a sweet taste. Eng. Bot. vol. xvii. pi. 1189, and vol. xxii. pi. 1532. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 93. 121. 20. CY'NODON. DOG'S-TOOTH-GRASS. Calyx of two nearly equal, lance-shaped, acute, keeled, awnless scales, containing a single flower. Corolla of two unequal, keeled, compressed, awnless husks, the outer much broader and embracing the other. Nectary of two minute scales. Filaments rather longer than the husks. Anthers cleft at both ends. Gernien egg-shaped. Styles distinct. Stigma feathery. Seed egg-shaped, invested by the hardened husks. — Named from cyan, a dog, and odous, a tooth. 36. CL. III.] TRIANDRIA — DIGYNIA. 75 1. C. ddctylon. Creeping Dog's-tooth-grass. Spikes four or five, crowded; husks smooth. Root creeping, rough: straws creeping, round, smooth : leaves tapering, hairy, with long, smooth sheaths : flowering branches about six inches high, each bearing four or five linear spikes. Perennial: flowers in July and August: grows on the sandy shores of Cornwall. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 850. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 95. 122. 21. DIGITA'RIA. FINGER-GRASS. Calyx one-flowered, of three very unequal, awnless scales; the outer minute, triangular ; the next largest, as long as the corolla ; the inner opposite to the latter, small, lance-shaped. Corolla of two unequal, elliptical, awnless valves. Filaments hair-like, rather longer than the husks ; anthers short, cleft at both ends. Germen egg-shaped. Styles thread-shaped, about the length of the stamens ; stigmas short, feathery. Seed egg-shaped, closely invested by the hardened polished husks. — Named from digitus, a finger. 37. 1. D.sanguindlis. Cock's-foot Finger-grass. Leaves and their sheaths somewhat hairy : flowers in pairs ; calyx rough at the edges of its larger scale only. Root fibrous : stems decumbent and rooting at the base, about a foot long, striated, smooth : leaves broad, pointed, striated, sprinkled with warts : spikes from three to eight, crowded at the top of the straw: flowers dark purple, erect : larger chaff-scale five-ribbed, with rough edges. Annual : flowers in July and August : grows in various parts of England, in sandy cultivated fields : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 849, Panicum sanguinale. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 97. 123. 2. D. humifusa. Smooth Finger-grass. Leaves and their sheaths smooth: flowers egg-shaped, downy. Root fibrous: stalks spreading : flowers purple. Annual : flowers in July and August : grows in sand at Weybridge, in Sussex, where it was found by Mr. Borrer. This and the above have probably been introduced into Britain with foreign corn. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2613. Brit. Fl. 4th ed. p. 54. 124. 22. PA'NICUM. PANICK. Calyx two-flowered, of two very unequal, ribbed chaff-scales, the inner much larger, elliptical, generally awnless. One flower perfect ; the other either neutral or stameniferous. Corolla of the former of two unequal, membranous, acute husks ; in the latter of one or two husks, the outer of the texture of the calyx, concave ribbed, sometimes awned, the inner flat, awnless, often wanting. Filaments hair-like, as long as the corolla; anthers short, cleft at both ends. Germen egg-shaped. Styles distinct, awl-shaped, as long as the stamens; stigmas feathery, short. Seed egg-shaped, flattened on one side, closely invested with the hardened husks. — Name uncertain, perhaps from Panis, bread. 38. 1. P. verticillutttm. Rough Patrick-grass. Panicle spiked, cylindri- cal, lobed with whorled branches ; flowers in pairs, accompanied with angular bristles, rough with reversed teeth. Root fibrous : straws two feet high, smooth, spreading: leaves lance-shaped, rough on both sides, with long smooth sheaths : stipules of numerous short hairs : calyx pale, 76 TRIANDRIA — DIGYMA. [CL. IIT. with green ribs, smooth : husks minutely wrinkled. Annual : flowers in July and August : grows in corn-fields about London and Norwich : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 874. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 98. 125. 2. P. viride. Green Panick-grass. Panicle spiked, cylindrical, con- tinuous, with numerous prominent bristles, rough, with erect teeth Smaller than the last, but closely resembling it, the principal differ- ence lying in the more numerous bristles with teeth directed upwards. Annual : flowers in July and August : grows in sandy fields about London and Norwich : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 875. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 99. 126. 3. P. Crus-galli. Loose Panick-grass. Panicle erect, branched, bristly; flowers awned, unilateral; leaves lance-shaped, harsh, destitute of stipules. Root fibrous : stems about a foot high, smooth : leaves pointed : panicle erect, stiff, unilateral, with angular rough-edged stalks. Annual : flowers in July and August : grows in wet corn-fields near London : rare. Neither this species nor the two preceding are indigenous, having been introduced among corn. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 876. Ing. Fl. vol. i. p. 100. 127. 23. Al'RA. HAIB-GRASS. Calyx of two unequal, keeled chaff-scales, containing two per- fect flowers, without rudiments of a third. Corolla of two oblong, unequal husks, the outer larger, generally with a twisted awn arising from above the base, the inner notched and awnless. Nectary a cleft scale. Filaments hair-like; anthers protruded, pendulous, notched at both ends. Germen egg-shaped. Styles short, distinct ; stigma large, feathery. Seed egg-shaped, loose, covered with the membranous husks. — Named from airo, to de- stroy, formerly applied to Lolium temulentum. 39. * Corolla awnless. 1. A. cristdta. Crested Hair-grass. Panicle dense; calyr longer than its stalk, shorter than the flowers ; chaff-scales and husks pointed. Root in dense tufts with downy fibres : stems erect, about nine inches high : panicle close, lance-shaped, with silvery, purplish, erect flowers. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in dry pastures : common. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 648. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 101. 128. 2. A. aqudtica. Water Hair-grass, Panicle spreading ; flowers awn- less, even, obtuse, longer than the calyx ; leaves flat ; stipule oblong. Root creeping : stems floating, branched, smooth, rising about a foot above the water : panicle erect, with spreading branches. Peren- nial : flowers in June : grows in ditches, pools, and the edges of rivers : not uncommon. Eng. Bot. vol. xxii. pi. 1557. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 102. 129. ** Corolla auned. 3. A. cKspltosa. Turfy Hair-grass. Panicle spreading ; flowers about the length of the calyx, abrupt, hairy at the base ; awn short, from the lower part of the outer husk; leaves flat. Straws from two to four feet high, erect, smooth, growing in large tufts : panicle large, much branched, with small silvery purplish flowers. Perennial : flowers in June and July: grows in moist shady places, and in alpine ravines: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxi. pi. 1453. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 102. 130. CL. III.] TRIANDRIA — DIGYNIA. 77 4. A. alpina. Smooth Alpine Hair-grass. Panicle rather close, with smooth branches; flowers acute, the length of the calyx; awn short, from near the top of the outer husk; leaves involute. Straws about a foot high: leaves rough on the upper side: panicle with shining brownish flowers, on nearly erect branches. Perennial : flowers in July : grows on the higher mountains of Scotland and Wales : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxx. pi. 2102: A. l&vigata. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 103. 131. 5. A. flexuosa. Panicle spreading, with waved branches; flowers acute, as long as the calyx ; awn from the middle of the outward husk, twisted ; leaves bristle-shaped. Straw upwards of a foot high, erect, smooth : leaves short : panicle erect, with waved angular branches and flower-stalks, and shining brown flowers. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in heathy places and on dry banks: common. Eng. Bot. vol.xxii. pi. 1519. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 104. 132. 6. A. cant!scens. Grey Hair-grass. Panicle rather close ; flowers shorter than the calyx ; awn short, club-shaped ; leaves bristle-shaped. Straws about six inches high : leaves numerous, chiefly radical, forming dense tufts : panicle with numerous small flowers variegated with purple, green, and white. Perennial: flowers in July: grows on the sandy coasts of Norfolk and Suffolk ; Jersey. Eng. Bot. vol. xvii. pi. 1190. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 105. 133. 7. A. caryophy'llea. Silver Hair-grass. Panicle spreading; flowers sessile, not longer than the calyx ; awn from below the middle of the husk, twice its length ; leaves bristle-shaped. Generally about six inches high ; panicle three-forked, with silvery flowers. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows on dry pastures and gravel pits : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 812. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 107. 134. 8. A.prx'cox. Early Hair-grass. Panicle close, erect; flowers ses- sile, as long as the calyx ; awn from the base of the husk, nearly twice its length ; leaves bristle-shaped. Straws from two to five inches high; panicle with angular rough branches, and pale, purplish flowers. This and the preceding species wither very soon, when the season is dry. Perennial : flowers in May and June : grows in dry sandy pastures : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xviii. pi. 1296. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 106. 135. 24. ARU'NDO. REED. Calyx of two unequal, lance-shaped, pointed, keeled, awnless chaff-scales. Corolla of two unequal husks; the outer larger, lance-shaped, keeled, compressed, pointed ; the inner cleft at the point, inflected at the edges ; each husk with numerous soft hairs at the base. Nectary of two minute scales. Filaments thread- like ; anthers cleft at both ends. Germen oblong. Style short ; stigmas feathery. Seed oblong, loose, but enveloped in the husks. — Name Arundo, a reed. 40. 1. A. Phragmites. Common Reed. Flowers about five in each calyx, awnless ; panicle loose. Root creeping : stems about six feet high, stout, smooth : leaves lance-shaped, rough on the edges, many-ribbed : panicle very large, with the branches in half whorls: flowers brownish purple, with large tufts of silky hairs. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in ditches, marshes, lakes, and rivers : not very common, but often growing in large masses ; the favourite haunts of the Coot, the Water- 78 TRIANDRIA — DIGYNIA. [CL. III. hen, and the Reed Bunting. It forms excellent thatch. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 401. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 169. 136. 2. A. Epigejot. Wood Reed. Calyx one-flowered, longer than the corolla ; panicle erect, close, with crowded, unilateral flowers ; awn of the outer husk dorsal, as long as the hairs and calyx ; leaves lance- shaped. Straw about three feet high : panicle smaller, closer, and more erect than in the last : flowers purple, with long silky hairs. Perennial: flowers in July: grows in shady moist places: rare. Fng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 403. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 170. 137. 3. A. Calamagrostis. Small Reed. Calyx one-flowered, much longer than the corolla; panicle erect, loose ; flowers spreading in all directions; awn terminal, short ; hairs longer than the husks ; leaves linear. Straws about three feet high, smooth, slender : panicle much branched, with purple flowers. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in marshes, and moist woods and hedges. Eng. Bot. vol. xxx. pi. 2159. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 170. 138. 4. A. Lapponica. Lapland Small Reed. Calyx one-flowered, broadly lance-shaped, as long as the corolla ; panicle erect, close ; corolla equal in height with the calyx and the awn, which latter is inserted near the base. Straw about three feet high : leaves narrow, rigid : branches of the panicle spreading only during flowering : flowers at first tinged with purplish blue, afterwards becoming yellowish brown. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in moist places in Ireland : very rare. Dis- covered by Mr. D. Moore at Lough Neagh, Antrim. Calamagrottis Lapponnica. Brit. Fl. 4th ed. p. 34. 139. 5. A. stricta. Smallest Close Reed. Calyx one-flowered, egg-shaped, acute, scarcely longer than the husks ; panicle erect, close ; flowers spreading in all directions, with a dorsal awn ; hairs shorter than the husks. Straw about two feet high, very slender, smooth: flowers brown, with the hair short. Perennial : flowers in June : found by Mr. G. Don in the White Mire near Forfar, but has not been found since. Eng. Bot. vol. xxx. pi. 2150. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 171. 140. 6. A. arendria. Sea Reed. Mat-gran. Sea Bent. Calyx one- flowered, a little longer than the corolla ; panicle close, leaves involute, pungent. Root creeping, often twenty feet long ; straw stiff, greenish- yellow ; leaves very long, mostly radical : panicle close, linear, attenuated at each end : chaff-scales unequal, membranous, rough on the keel. Very few of the seeds are perfected. This plant is common on the coasts, wherever there is loose sand, which it serves to bind down by its long tough roots. It is manufactured into door mats and floor brushes. In the Hebrides it is made into ropes for various uses ; mats for pack- saddles, bags and vessels for holding and preparing meal and grain, and into hats. It has also been planted in the outer Hebrides, for curing sand-drift. Perennial : flowers in July. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 520. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 172. 141. 25. HO'LCUS. SOFT-GRASS. Calyx two-flowered, of two unequal, keeled, awnless chaff- scales, one of the flowers perfect, the other with an abortive germen. Corolla of two equal husks; the larger egg-shaped, keeled, awned on the back ; the smaller much narrower, awnless. CL. III.] TRIANDBIA — DIGYNIA. 79 Nectary a cleft scale. Filaments three in both flowers; anthers notched at both ends. Styles short, spreading ; stigma large, feathery. Seed coated with the hardened permanent husks. — Name holcos of the Greeks. 41. 1. H. avendceus. Oat-like Soft-grass. The perfect flower superior, with a short awn, the imperfect flower with a long geniculate awn ; root knotted. Height from two to four feet, or more : the lower part of the straw has a number of very short joints, which are enlarged above, forming yellowish juicy knots, resembling roots: leaves narrow lance- shaped, thinly hairy above : panicle long, with half-whorled branches : imperfect flower with a long awn, bent near the middle, inserted above the base ; perfect flower with a short awn, inserted below the tip. Perennial : flowers in July and August: grows by roads and old walls, and in corn-fields, where it is difficult to be extirpated. In many districts it is so abundant, that the farmers collect the roots into heaps and burn them. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 813. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 109. 142. 2. H. nxHlis. Creeping Soft-grass. Perfect flower inferior, awnless ; imperfect flower with a bent awn exceeding the calyx ; root creeping. Straw about three feet high : generally smooth, with the knots downy : leaves narrow lance-shaped, acute, smoothish, or slightly downy, rough at the margin : chaff-scales nearly equal, smoothish, hairy on the keel : flowers shining, the upper hairy at the base. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in moist pastures, and by old walls: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xvii. pi. 1170. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 108. 143. 3. H. landtiis. Meadow Soft-grass. Perfect flower inferior, awnless ; imperfect flower with a curved awn included in the calyx ; root fibrous. Straw about two feet high : the whole plant, particularly the leaves, covered with a very soft short down : chaff-scales nearly equal, downy : flowers shining, the upper with a tuft of hairs at the base. The principal difference between this and the last is in the length of the awn. Peren- nial : flowers in July: grows in meadows, pastures, and woods, and by roads: abundant. Eng. Bot. vol. xvii. pi. 1169. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 108. 144. 26. ME'LICA. MELIC. Calyx of two unequal, spreading, awnless chaff-scales, contain- ing one or two perfect flowers, with the rudiments of one or two other flowers. Corolla of two unequal, oblong, awnless husks; the outer larger, concave, ribbed; the inner flat, with two marginal ribs. Nectary cup-shaped, at the base of the germen. Filaments hair-like; anthers protruded, pendulous. Germen roundish. Styles distant, long; stigmas short. Seed egg-shaped, loose, covered with the hardened husks. — Name from mel, honey. 42. 1. M. unifltira. Wood Melic-grass. Panicle branched, slightly droop- ing towards one side ; flowers erect ; spikelet with only one perfect flower. Root creeping : straw about eighteen inches high, smooth, slender : leaves with the ribs and edges rough : panicle of a few hair-like branches : flowers variegated with white, green, and brown. Perennial : flowers in May and June : grows in woods : not uncommon. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1058. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 112. 145. 2. M. nutans. Mountain Melic-grass. Panicle close, nearly simple, 80 TlilANDHIA — DIGYNIA. [CL. III. drooping; flowers pendulous ; spikelet with two perfect flowers. Root creeping : straw about a foot high : leaves nearly smooth : panicle gene- rally with undivided branches. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in woods, chiefly in Scotland and the North of England: frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1059. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 113. 146. 3. M. caerulea. Purple Melic-grass. Panicle close, erect ; spikelets cylindrical, erect Root large, of numerous long, thick fibres : straw about two feet high, enlarged at the base : leaves covered with scattered hairs above : panicle oblong, with numerous waved branches, and pur- plish brown flowers. This grass is made into ropes in the Hebrides. The butter of cows which feed upon it is very rich, and highly coloured. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows abundantly on heaths, especially such as are moist. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 750. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 113. 147. 27. SESLE'RIA. MOOR-GRASS. Calyx of two nearly equal, pointed, keeled, slightly awned chaff-scales, containing two or three perfect flowers. Corolla of two lance-shaped, acute husks, the outer toothed, the inner cleft. Filaments hair-like, a little longer than the husks ; anthers pro- truded, linear, notched at both ends. Germen small, egg-shaped. Styles united; stigma long, downy. Seed loose, covered with the membranous husks. — Named after Leonard Sesler, an Italian botanist. 43. 1. S. cacrulca. Blue Moor-grau. Spike egg-shaped, imbricated ; bracteas alternate ; outer husk with three teeth. Root of long fibres : straw about eight inches high, smooth : leaves rough on the edges and keel, with short sheaths: spike erect, bluish-grey, shining : chaff-scales and outer husk fringed, the latter with three teeth at the end. Peren- nial : flowers in April and May : grows on mountains in Scotland and the North of England. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiii. pi. 1613. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 114. 148. 28. HIERO'CHLOE. HOLY-GRASS. Calyx of two nearly equal, egg-shaped, acute, awnless, mem- branous chaff-scales, containing three flowers, of which the upper is perfect, the others stamen iferous. Corolla of two unequal mem- branous husks; the outer larger, egg-shaped; the inner much narrower, extremely thin, notched, inflected at the edges. Nectary a membranous scale. Filaments hair-like, two in the perfect flower, three in the barren ones; anthers linear, protruded, pen- dulous. Germen egg-shaped. Styles short, distinct ; stigmas linear, feathery. Seed egg-shaped, small, loose, invested by the unaltered husks. — Named from hieros, sacred, and chloe, grass. 44. 1. H. boredlis. Northern Holy-grass. Panicle somewhat unilateral, with smooth flower-stalks ; perfect flower awnless, the others slightly awned; leaves flat. Root creeping : straws from twelve to eighteen inches high, erect, smooth : panicle erect, with waved branches : outer husks fringed. Perennial: flowers in May and June: found by Mr. G. Don in the valley of Kella, in Angus-shire ; Moftat Hills, Dumfries- shire. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2641. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 111. 149. CL. III.] TRIANDRIA — DIGYNIA. 81 29. GLYCE'RIA. SWEET-GRASS. Calyx of two unequal, awnless chaff-scales, containing a linear spikelet of numerous, alternate, two-rowed, awnless flowers, un- connected by a web at the base. Corolla of two unequal husks ; the outer cylindrical, ribbed, entire, more or less abrupt, with inflected edges ; the inner narrower, obtuse or notched, flat, membranous, with two marginal ribs. Nectary a notched scale. Filaments hair-like, longer than the corolla; anthers pendulous, linear, cleft at both ends. Germen egg-shaped. Styles distinct; stigmas spreading, feathery, repeatedly branched. Seed oblong, loose, covered with the unaltered husks. — Name from glucus, sweet. 45. 1. G. aqudtica. Reedy Sweet-grass. Panicle erect, repeatedly branched, spreading ; spikelets with numerous, obtuse, seven-ribbed flowers. Straw six feet high, stout : leaves broad, flat, rough on the keel and edges : panicle large, with half-whorled branches : spikelets of from five to ten flowers. This is one of the most beautiful, as well as one of the largest, of our grasses. It is eaten by cattle, and deserves to be cultivated, as it would yield an abundant crop in moist land. Perennial : flowers in July : grows by the margin of rivers : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. xix. pi. 1315. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 116. 150. 2. G.fluitans. Floating Sweet-grass. Panicle slender, very long, slightly branched ; spikelets with numerous obtuse, seven-ribbed, cylin- drical flowers. Root creeping, long : straws partly floating, as are many of the linear, flat, obtuse leaves : panicle nearly erect, narrow, with roughish branches : spikelets erect, long, linear, of from eight to twelve flowers: outer husk cylindrical, obtuse. Perennial: flowers in June and July : grows in ditches and stagnant waters : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxii. pi. 1520. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 117. 151. 3. G. maritima. Creeping Sea-sweet-grass. Panicle branched, rather close ; spikelets with about five, slightly five-ribbed, somewhat pointed flowers ; root creeping. Stems about a foot high : leaves involute, pointed : flowers cylindrical, hairy at the base. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows on the sea-coast: frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1140. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 116. 152. 4. G. distans. Reflexed Sweet-grass. Panicle branched, spreading ; spikelets with about five obscurely five-ribbed, blunt, shining flowers ; root fibrous. Straws about a foot high, decumbent at the base : the whole plant slightly glaucous : panicle erect, with half-whorled, rough branches: flowers cylindrical. Perennial: flowers in July and August : grows near the coast in sandy pastures : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 986. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 118. 153. 5. G. procumbens. Panicle lance-shaped, two-rowed, unilateral, close, with rough stalks; spikelets of five bluntish, five-ribbed flowers. Root fibrous : the whole plant glaucous : straws about eight inches long, procumbent : outer husk cylindrical, its central rib more prominent towards the summit : inner husk bristly at the lateral ribs. Perennial: flowers in July and August: grows in pastures near the sea : common. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 532. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 119. 154. 6. G. rigida. Hard Sweet-grass. Panicle lance-shaped, close, two- H 82 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. [CL. III. rowed, unilateral, with smooth stalks; spikelets of about seven acute, scarcely-ribbed flowers. -Root fibrous: stems from three to eight inches high, extremely stiff and firm : flowers cylindrical, slightly keeled : the whole plant generally brownish. Perennial : flowers in June : grows in dry gravelly places, and on walls : not uncommon. Eng. Bot. vol. xx. pi. 1371. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 120. 155. 30. PO'A. MEADOW-GRASS. Calyx of two unequal, egg-shaped, acute, keeled, awnless chaff- scales, containing an egg-shaped spikelet of two-rowed, imbricated, awnless, perfect flowers, frequently connected at the base by a web of white cottony filaments. Corolla of two unequal husks ; the outer egg-shaped, acute, keeled, compressed, entire, membranous at the edges ; the inner narrower, with two nearly marginal ribs, inflected membranous edges, and a cleft summit. Nectary a deeply-cleft scale. Filaments hair-like, longer than the corolla ; anthers pendulous, oblong, cleft at both ends. Germen egg- shaped. Styles very short; stigmas feathery, spreading. Seed oblong, acute, loose, covered with the unaltered husks. — Name, poa, grass, from pao, to feed. 46. 1. P. comprtssa. Flat-stalked Meadow-grots. Panicle somewhat uni- lateral, spreading; straw compressed; spikelets oblong; flowers con- nected by a web ; root creeping. Straw decumbent at the base, about a foot high : panicle with rough angular branches : spikelets from three to eight flowers : outer husk five-ribbed, rough on the keel. Perennial : flowers in June, July, and August : grows in waste ground, and on walls : not uncommon. Eng- Bot. vol. vi. pi. 365. Eng- ft- vol. i. p. 121. 156. 2. P. alpina. Alpine Meadow-grass. Panicle spreading ; spikelets egg-shaped, four or five-flowered ; flowers somewhat incurved, hairy at the base. Root fibrous : straws from four to eight inches high, erect : leaves linear, flat, bluntish, with a small point, rough at the edges : spikelets broad : chaff-scales keeled, three-ribbed : inner husk fringed at the ribs. Perennial: flowers in July and August: grows abundantly on the higher mountains of Scotland and Wales : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 1003. Eng . Fl. vol. i. p. 122. 157. 3. P. idxa. Waved Meadow-grass. Panicle drooping, loosely spread- ing, waved ; spikelets egg-shaped, three-flowered ; flowers connected by a web. Root slightly creeping : the whole plant somewhat glaucous : leaves linear, roughish above : panicle with waved branches : spikelets broad: chaff-scales keeled. Perennial: flowers in July: found by Mr. J. T. Mackay, on Bennevis. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 123. Eng. Pot. pi. 1123. 158. 4. P. bulbosa. Bulbous Meadow-grass. Panicle close, slightly waved ; spikelets egg-shaped, four-flowered ; flowers smoothish, connected by a web; leaves finely serrated ; straw bulbous at the base. Straws four or five inches high : panicle oblong: spikelets egg-shaped: chaff-scales rough on the keel: outer husk hairy on the keel, with a continuation of the web, the inner fringed. Perennial : flowers in April and May : grows on the sandy sea-shore in some parts of England : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1071. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 123. 159. CL. III.] TRIANDRIA — DIGYNIA. 83 5. P. trividlis. Roughish Meadow-grass. Panicle Spreading ; spike- lets oblong, of about three acute, five-ribbed flowers, connected by a web ; straw and sheaths roughish ; root fibrous. From one to two feet high : leaves linear, acute : panicle large, with half-whorled, rough branches, and green flowers. A valuable grass for pasturage and hay. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in meadows and pastures : very common. Eng. But. vol. xv. pi. 1072. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 124. 160. 6. P. pratiinsis. Smooth Meadow-grass. Panicle spreading ; spikelets oblong, of about four acute, five-ribbed flowers, connected by a web ; straw and sheaths smooth ; root creeping. About a foot high : leaves linear, acute : panicle with half-whorled, smooth branches, and pale- green flowers. One of the most valuable pasture plants. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in meadows and pastures : abundant. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1073. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 126. 161. 7. P. dnnua. Annual Meadow-grass. Panicle somewhat unilateral, with spreading or deflected branches ; spikelets egg-shaped, of about five somewhat distant, five-ribbed flowers, destitute of a web ; straw ascend- ing, a little compressed ; root fibrous. Straws about six inches long, decumbent and rooting at the base : panicle pale-green. The whole plant tender and rather succulent. Annual : flowers the whole year round : grows by roads, and wherever there is loose earth : abundant. Eng. Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1141. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 126. 162. 8. P. nemordlis. Wood Meadow-grass. Panicle spreading, with hair- like branches; spikelets lance-shaped, of about three five-ribbed, acute flowers, silky on the keel and lateral ribs, and hairy at the base, without a web. The whole plant slender and delicate : straws erect, about two feet high : leaves linear, flat, tapering to a fine point, roughish : panicle erect. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in woods. Eng. Bot. vol. xviii. pi. 1265. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 130.— A small glaucous variety, found abundantly on the Scotch and Welsh mountains, has been named P. glauca, Glaucous Meadow-grass. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiv. pi. 1720. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 128. 163. 31. TRIO'DIA. HEATH-GRASS. Calyx of two nearly equal, egg-shaped, keeled, acute, awnless chaff-scales, containing an egg-shaped, imbricated spikelet, of several perfect flowers, which are hairy at the base, but destitute of web. Corolla of two unequal, egg-shaped, stiff husks ; the outer obscurely ribbed, rounded on the back, flat and expanded on the edges, deeply cleft at the summit, with an intermediate short awn or tooth ; the inner smaller, fringed, cleft at the point. Nectary of two scales. Filaments hair-like; anthers protruded, pendulous. Germen oval, flat. Styles short, distinct ; stigma cylindrical, feathery. Seed loose, depressed, convex on the outer, concave on the inner side. — Named from treis, three, and adous, a tooth. 47. 1 . T. decumbent. Decumbent Heath-grass. Panicle erect, close, with nearly simple branches; spikelets four-flowered; chaff-scales smooth. The whole plant stiff, decumbent; straw from four inches to a foot 1 ong, smooth : panicle of a few large, purple spikelets : corolla with two 84 TRIANDRIA — DIGYNIA. [CL. III. dense tufts of shining bristles at the base. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in dry mountainous pastures, as well as on the sea-coasts: common. Eng. Bat. vol. xii. pi. 792. Eitg. Fl. vol. i. p. 131. 164. 32. BRI'ZA. QUAKING-GRASS. Calyx of two nearly equal, inversely egg-shaped, slightly keeled, awnless chaff-scales, containing a broadly egg-shaped, obtuse, compressed spikelet of many two-rowed, imbricated, per- fect flowers. Corolla of two unequal, obtuse, awnless husks, the outer nearly orbicular, concave, contracted at the edges, the inner much smaller, inversely egg-shaped, inflected at the edges. Nectary a cleft scale. Filaments hair-like, longer than the corolla. Anthers oblong, pendulous. Germen egg-shaped. Styles very short. Stigmas feathery, long. Seed nearly orbicular, flat, closely invested by the husks. Named from britho, to vibrate. 48. 1. B. mt'dia. Common Quaking-grass. Spikelets broadly egg-shaped, seven-flowered ; calyx shorter than the flowers. Straw about a foot high : leaves deep green : panicle with very slender branches, and large purplish, tremulous spikelets : inner husk finely fringed, entire at the end. A very beautiful grass, but of little value to pasturage. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in dry pastures : common. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 340. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 133. 165. 2. B. minor. Little Quaking-grass. Spikelets triangular, seven- flowered ; calyx longer than the flowers. Straw about eight inches high : leaves pale-green : panicle with hair-like branches : inner husk cleft at the end, and not fringed. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in cultivated fields in the south of England, and Guernsey and Jersey: very rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xix. pi. 1316. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 133. 166. 33. DA'CTYLIS. COCK'S-FOOT-GRASS. Calyx of two unequal, narrow lance-shaped, keeled, com- pressed, long-pointed chaff-scales, containing a spikelet of several flowers. Corolla of two unequal lance-shaped, keeled, compressed husks; the outer more or less awned, flat and membranous at the edges; the inner narrower, two-ribbed, folded acutely, cleft at the end. Nectary of two lance-shaped, pointed scales. Filaments hair-like, longer than the corolla; anthers cleft at both ends. Germen roundish. Styles very short, distinct ; stigmas feathery, spreading. Seed oblong, loose, covered by the unaltered husks. — Named from Dactylus, a finger. 49. 1. D. glomerdta. Cock'$-foot-gra$s. Panicle distinctly branched, unilateral ; flowers in dense tufts ; corolla somewhat awned, five-ribbed, taper-pointed. Straw erect, about two feet high : leaves linear, flat, dark green, striated, harsh. A coarse grass, little relished by cattle, but said to improve greatly by culture. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows by hedges, walls, and roads : common. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 335. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 134. 167. CL. III.] fRIANDRIA — DIGYNIA. 85 34. SPARTl'NA. CORD-GRASS. Calyx one-flowered, of two unequal, lance-shaped, keeled, com- pressed chaff-scales; the inner cleft at the end. Corolla of two lance-shaped, bluntish, compressed, awnless husks, the inner rather longer. Nectaries none. Filaments hair-like, not so long as the corolla; anthers erect, linear, cleft at the base. Germen elliptical. Styles united for a great part of their length, separate at the top ; stigmas feathery, slender. Seed oblong, compressed, loose, covered by the unaltered husk. — Named from its resem- blance to Lygeum Spartum. 50. 1. S. stricta. Twin-spiked Cord-grass. Spikes two or three ; flowers very hairy ; leaves shorter than the spikes, tapering at the base, and jointed upon the sheath. Root creeping : the whole plant remarkably stiff: straw a foot or more in height: spikes erect, straight, close toge- ther. Perennial : flowers in August : grows in muddy salt marshes on the east and south-east coasts of England : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 389. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 136. 168. 2. S. alternifolia. Many-spiked Cord-grass. Spikes numerous, flowers glabrous ; leaves equal to or longer than the spikes, dilated at the base and continuous with the sheath. Much taller than the preceding. Perennial : flowers in August : grows in muddy salt marshes : extremely rare. Discovered in 1836 by Dr. Bromfield, at Itchen Ferry, South- ampton. Comp. to Bot. Mag. vol. ii. p. 254. Brit. Fl. 4th ed. p. 53. 169. 35. CYNOSU'RUS. DOG'S-TAIL-GRASS. Spikelets in pairs: the outer consisting of numerous two-rowed, lance-shaped, pointed chaff-scales, without corolla or other part of fructification, and resembling a pectinated bractea; the inner of several flowers. Calyx of two equal, lance-shaped, one-ribbed, concave, keeled, taper-pointed, awned chaff-scales, containing two or three perfect flowers, occasionally with rudiments of more. Corolla of two unequal, lance-shaped husks ; the outer concave, keeled, with a straight awn at the summit; the inner two-ribbed, inflected at the edges, cleft at the point, awnless. Nectary of two acute scales. Filaments hair-like, shorter than the corolla ; anthers linear, cleft at both ends. Germen elliptical. Style very short, distinct ; stigmas long, feathery. Seed loose, oblong, invested by the unaltered husks. — Named from kyon, a dog, and oura, a tail. 51. 1. C. cristatws. Crested Dog's-tail-grass. Spike simple, linear ; neu- tral spikelet awnless.- Straws about a foot high, stiff, smooth : spike erect, linear, with a waved rough stalk. This grass is excellently adapted for making straw-plait, and has been employed for that purpose. Cattle hardly ever eat it. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in meadows and pastures, abundantly. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 316. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 137. 170. 2. C.echinutus. Rough Dog's-tail-grass. Spike compound, egg-shaped ; neutral spikelet awned. Straws from ten to twenty inches high ; spike dense, bristly with the long rough awns of the perfect flowers. H 2 86 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. [CL. III. Perennial : flowers in July : prows on sandy ground, in the south of England, and Jersey : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xix. pi. 1333. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 138. 171. 36. FESTU'CA. FESCUE. Calyx of two very unequal, lance-shaped, pointed chaff-scales, containing an oblong, compressed, imbricated spikelet, of many two-rowed, more or less awned, perfect flowers. Corolla of two unequal husks; the outer commonly nearly cylindrical, entire, pointed or awned, keeled, more or less ribbed, a little inflected at the edges ; the inner more narrow, elliptical, two-ribbed, cleft or abrupt, with membranous margins, folded in at the rib. Nectary of one deeply divided, or of two separate acute scales. Filaments hair-like, shorter than the husks ; anther linear, pendulous, notched at both ends. Germen round. Styles short, distant. Stigmas feathery ; seed oblong, acute, loose, enveloped in the unaltered husks. — Named from fest, food. 52. 1. F. ovina. Sheep's Fescue. Panicle unilateral, rather close ; spike- lets of four or five flowers with short awns ; straw square ; leaves invo- lute, bristle-shaped. Leaves short, tufted ; straws about eight inches high : the whole plant glaucous, frequently tinged with red. This grass forms excellent pasturage for sheep. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in dry pastures abundantly. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 585. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 139. — A variety which is viviparous grows abundantly on the higher mountains. F. vivipara. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 1355. Eng. Ff.vol.i. p. 140. 172. 2. F. duriusmla. Hard Fescue. Panicle unilateral, spreading ; spikelets oblong, of about six flowers with short awns ; stem-leaves nearly flat ; root-leaves involute, bristle-shaped. Straws from one to two feet high : leaves roughish on the keel and edges. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in pastures and waste ground : common. Enq. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 470. Eng. Fl.vol. i. p. 141. 173. 3. F. rubra. Creeping Fescue. Panicle unilateral, spreading ; spike- lets oblong, of about six flowers, with short awns; leaves downy above, more or less involute ; root extensively creeping. The long, creeping root furnishes the principal distinctive character of this species; which, however, is probably a mere variety of the former. Perennial : flowers in June and July: grows in dry pastures: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxix. pi. 2056. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 142. 174. 4. F. bromoides. Barren Fescue. Panicle unilateral, nearly erect, simple ; spikelets oblong, smooth ; flowers shorter than their awns ; leaves tapering, shorter than their sheath. Straws from four to ten inches high : panicle of a few long-stalked spikelets : outer chaff-scale extreme- ly narrow, acute. Annual : flowers in June : grows on walls and sandy ground: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xx. pi. 1411. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 143. 175. 5. F. Myurvs. Wall Fescue. Panicle drooping, elongated, rather close; flowers tapering, shorter than their awns, rough at the top; leaves awl-shaped. About sixteen inches high, with a panicle five or six inches long. Annual: flowers in June and July: grows on walls and dry sandy ground : frequent in England ; rare in Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. xx. pi. 1412. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 143. 176. CL. III.]] TRIANDRIA — DIGYNIA. 87 6. F. uniglitmis. Single-husked Fescue. Panicle erect, nearly simple ; flowers tapering, compressed, awned ; one of the chaff-scales very mi- nute. Straws from six to fourteen inches high, erect, leaves somewhat involute, smooth on the back, furrowed and hairy above : panicle rather close, with compressed, rough-edged stalks. Annual : flowers in June : grows on the sandy shores of the south of England : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xx. pi. 1430. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 144. 177. 7. F. gigantfa. Great Fescue. Panicle branched, drooping towards one side, spikelet lance-shaped, compressed ; flowers shorter than their awn ; leaves narrow, lance-shaped, ribbed. Stems three or four feet high, erect, smooth, striated : leaves with rough edges and ribs : panicle large, with spikelets of from three to six flowers. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in woods and hedges : not uncommon. Eng. Bot. vol. xxvi. pi. 1820. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 144. Bromus giganteus of some botanists. 178. 8. F. calamdria. Tall Fescue. Panicle repeatedly compound, spread- ing, erect ; spikelets of from two to five cylindrical, keeled, pointed flowers ; inner husk folded in the middle. Straws two or three feet high, round, smooth: leaves lance-shaped, tapering, striated, ribbed, rough at the edges : panicle with slender, angular branches : spikelet small, erect: outer chaff-scale linear, inner awl-shaped. Perennial: flowers in July : grows in mountainous woods : not uncommon. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 1005. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 146. 179. 9. -F. lolidcea. Spiked Fescue. Spike two-rowed, drooping ; spikelet nearly sessile, narrow-oblong- ; flowers cylindrical, awnless, pointed, with five or six ribs at the top. Straws two feet high, round, smooth : leaves linear, flat, smooth : spike with a wavy, angular common-stalk : spikelets with ten or twelve cylindrical flowers. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in rich moist pastures : not uncommon. Eng. Bot. vol. xxvi. pi. 181. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 147. 180. 10. F. pratensis. Meadow Fescue. Panicle nearly erect, branched, spreading, inclined to one side ; spikelets lance-shaped, compressed with eight or nine cylindrical flowers ; root fibrous. Straws about two feet high, round, smooth : leaves linear, pointed, striated, rough at the edges : panicle with compressed, rough stalks : nectary four-cleft. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in moist pastures and by road-sides : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiii. pi. 1592. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 148. 181. 11. F. eldtior. Tall Fescue. Panicle somewhat drooping, much branched, spreading in all directions ; spikelets between egg-shaped and lance-shaped, with numerous cylindrical, somewhat awned flowers ; root creeping. Straws about four feet high, striated, smooth : leaves nar- row lance-shaped, smooth, rough at the edges : nectary four-cleft. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in moist meadows : not com- mon. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiii. pi. 1593. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 148. 182. 12. F. sylvdtica. Slender Wood Fescue. Spike simple, drooping ; spikelets nearly cylindrical, inclining one way ; awns longer than the husks ; leaves hairy ; root fibrous. Straws two feet high, round, smoothish, very slender : leaves more or less hairy : nectary of two acute scales. Perennial : flowers in Julv : grows in thickets and hedges. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 729. Eng. F(. vol. i. p. 149. 183. 13. F. pinndta. Spiked Heath Fescue. Spike simple, erect, two- rowed ; spikelets nearly cylindrical ; awns shorter than the husks ; leaves 88 TRIANDRIA — DIGYNIA. £CL. in. nearly smooth ; root somewhat creeping. Straws about two feet high. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in open fields and heaths in England : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 730, Bromut pinnatus. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 150. 184. 37. BRO'MUS. BROME-GRASS. Calyx of two unequal, egg-shaped or lance-shaped, acute, com- pressed, awnless chaff-scales, containing an egg-shaped or oblong, compressed, imbricated spikelet, of numerous, two-rowed, awned, perfect flowers. Corolla of two unequal husks, the outer elliptical, ribbed, longer than the calyx, cleft at the top, awned on the back just below the summit, with a tapering awn, generally as long as the husk; inner husk nearly as long as the outer, but much nar- rower, two-ribbed, with membranous inflected margins, and a fringe on the ribs. Nectary a deeply divided scale, or two distinct undivided ones. Filaments hair-like, shorter than the corolla ; anthers short, pendulous, notched at both ends. Germen egg- shaped. Styles distant, lateral; stigmas densely feathered. Seed oblong, depressed, downy at the summit, united to the inner husk. — Name from broma, food. 53. 1. B. seca/mws. Smooth Rye Brome-grass. Panicle spreading, little branched ; spikelets egg-shaped ; of about ten, distinct, sub-cylindrical smooth flowers ; awns waved, shorter than the husks ; leaves slightly hairy. Straws from two to three feet high : lower branches of the panicle whorled and slightly subdivided, upper simple. Annual : flowers in July and August : grows in corn fields: not common. En*. Bot. vol. xvii. pi. 1171. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 152. 185. 2. B. velutinus. Downy Rye Brome-grass. Panicle spreading, little branched ; spikelets oblong, of from ten to fifteen crowded, elliptical, downy flowers ; awns as long as the husks ; leaves slightly hairy. Straws about two feet high : panicle with almost entirely simple branches. Annual : flowers in July : grows in corn-fields : rare. Found near Edin- burgh by Sir J. E. Smith. Eng. Bot. vol. xxvii. pi. 1884. Eng. Fl. vol.°i. p. 152. 186. "3. B. mollis. Soft Brome-grass. Panicle erect, close, compound ; spikelets egg-shaped, slightly compressed, downy ; flowers imbricated, depressed, ribbed ; awns as long as the husks ; leaves and sheaths very soft and downy- From one to two feet high : spikelets of from five to ten flowers. Biennial : flowers in June and July : grows in fields, pas- tures, and bv way-sides : abundant. A coarse grass, little relished by cattle. Eng" Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1078. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 153. 187. 4. B. racemcsus. Smooth Brome-grass. Panicle nearly erect, spread- ing, slightly branched ; spikelets between egg-shaped and oblong, smooth ; flowers imbricated, depressed, ribbed ; awns as long as the husks ; leaves somewhat downy. From one to two feet high : spikelets of from five to ten flowers. Biennial : flowers in June : grows in meadows and pas- tures. Probably a variety of the preceding. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1054. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 154. 5. B. squarrtisus. Corn Brome-grass. Panicle drooping, scarcely branched ; spikelets between egg-shaped and oblong; flowers imbricated, depressed, ribbed ; awns spreading ; leaves downy. Straw a foot high, smooth, striated : spikelets few, large, tumid, with from eight to fifteen CL. III.] TRIANDRIA — DIGYNIA. 89 flowers. Annual : flowers in July : grows in corn-fields in England: rare, and probably introduced among corn. Eng. Bot. vol. xxvii. pi. 1885. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 155. 189. 6. B. arvdnsis. Taper Field Brome-grass. Panicle drooping, spread- ing, compound with half-whorled branches ; spikelets lance-shaped, acute ; flowers about eight, imbricated, smoothish, about as long as the straight awn ; leaves hairy. Straw about three feet high, erect, smooth : leaves rough on the edges : panicle very large, with harsh, spreading branches. Annual : flowers in July : grows in corn-fields : rare, and pro- bably introduced. Eng. Bot. vol. xxviii. pi. 1984. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 156. 190. 7. B. erectus. Upright Perennial Brome-grass. Panicle erect, slightly branched ; spikelets narrow lance-shaped, compressed ; flowers about eight, loosely imbricated, lance-shaped, compressed ; awn straight, shorter than the husks ; root-leaves very narrow, fringed with scattered hairs. — Straws from two to three feet high. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in fields and by road-sides : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 471. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 157. 191. 8. B. dsper. Hairy Wood Brome-grass. Panicle branched, drooping ; spikelets narrow-oblong ; flowers about eight, lance-shaped, compressed, downy ; awns shorter than the husks ; leaves uniform, the lower ones hairy. Straw erect, from four to six feet high : leaves lance-shaped, pointed, ribbed, fringed at the edges. Annual : flowers in July and August: grows in woods and hedges: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xvii. pi. 1172. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 158. 192. 9. B. stdrilis. Barren Brome-grass. Panicle nearly simple, droop- ing ; spikelets narrow lance-shaped ; flowers about seven, lance-shaped, compressed, furrowed ; awns longer than the husks j leaves downy. Straws about two feet high : leaves linear, soft and downy, fringed at the edges. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows in hedges and by road-sides : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1030. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 159. 193. 10. B. didndrus. Upright Annual Brome-grass. Panicle erect, some- what spreading ; flowers lance-shaped, with only two stamens. Straws about a foot high, erect, stiff, slender, smooth. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows in sandy and gravelly soil : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 1006. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 160. 194. 11. JB. maximus. Great Brome-grass. Panicle erect, loose, at length spreading ; spikelets lanceolate, downy ; awns two or three times as long as the husks ; leaves downy on both sides. Annual : flowers in June and July : found by Messrs. Babington and Christy on the sands of St. Aubin's Bay ; Jersey. Eng. Bot. SuppL pi. 2820. Brit. Fl. 4th ed. p. 47. 195. 38. LAGU'RUS. HARE'S-TAIL-GRASS. Calyx one-flowered, of two long, slender, membranous chaff- scales, fringed, as well as their terminal awn, with numerous soft hairs. Corolla of two unequal husks ; the outer longest, egg- shaped, terminating in two equal erect awns, shorter than the calyx, and bearing a much longer awn from the middle of its back, twisted in its lower part, straight in the upper; inner husk smaller, involute, cleft, awnless. Nectary deeply-cleft, acute. Fila- 90 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. QCL. III. meats hair-like, shorter than the calyx ; anthers erect, oblong, cleft at both ends. Gertnen oblong. Styles very short; stigmas cylin- drical, feathery. Seed oblong, obtuse, loose, enveloped in the unaltered husks. — Name, logos, a hare, and oura, a tail. 54. 1. L. ovdtus. Hare's-tail-grass. Straws about a foot high, erect, round: leaves lance-shaped, acute, ribbed, downy on both sides: sheaths inflated, ribbed, very downy : spike egg-shaped, many-flowered, woolly. Annual : flowers in June : grows in sandy ground : very rare. Guernsey. Eng. Bot. vol. xix. pi. 1334. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 167. 196. 39. AVE'NA. OAT. Calyx of two somewhat unequal, broadly lance-shaped, thin, awnless chaff-scales, containing a loose spikelet of several flowers. Corolla of two unequal husks; the outer egg-shaped, involute, pointed at both ends, deeply cleft at the top, and bearing from the back a spirally-twisted awn. Nectary of two lance-shaped scales. Filaments shorter than the corolla ; anthers rather short. Germen obtuse. Styles short ; stigmas densely feathered. Seed oblong, sometimes downy, enveloped in the hardened outer husk, which retains its awn. — Name, Avena, of the Romans. 35. 1. A.fatua. Wild Oat. Panicle erect ; spikelets pendulous ; flowers about three, shorter than the calyx, bristly at the base, all awned. Straws three feet high, erect, round, smooth : leaves flat, linear, rough, sometimes hairy : panicle erect and spreading, with half-whorled, rough branches. The twisted awn makes an excellent hygrometer, and Smith says the flowers are used by rustic anglers instead of artificial flies. An- nual : flowers in June and July : grows among oats and barley : com- mon. Eng. Bot. vol. rxxi. pi. 2221. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 163. 197. 2. A. ttrigosa. Bristle-pointed Oat. Panicle oblong, inclined to one side; spikelets of two flowers; outer busk tipped with two straight bristles. Straws three feet high : leaves rough : chaff-scales as long as the spikelet : dorsal twisted awn twice the length of the flower. An- nual : flowers in June and July : grows in corn-fields : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xviii. pi. 1266. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 164. 198. 3. A. pube'scens. Downy Oat-grots. Panicle erect, nearly simple; flowers about three, longer than the calyx, with a bearded stalk ; leaves flat, downy ; root somewhat creeping. Straws about two feet high, smooth : leaves flat, obtuse, covered with soft hairs : flowers generally three, one of them imperfect : awn from the middle of the husk. Pe- rennial: flowers in June: grows in pastures: not common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiii. pi. 1640. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 164. 199. 4. A. prattnsis. Narrow-leaved Oat-grass. Panicle erect, with very short simple branches ; flowers about five, longer than the calyx, with a hairy stalk ; leaves involute, finely serrated, with smooth sheaths. Straw about a foot high, erect, stiff: leaves mostly radical : panicle erect, simple, with some of the upper spikelets sessile. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in dry pastures : common. Eng. But. vol. xvii. pi. 1204. Eng . Fl. vol. i. p. 165. 200. 5. A. alpina. Alpine Oat-grass. Panicle erect, slightly branched ; flowers about five, longer than the calyx, with their stalk bearded under CL. III.] TRIANDBIA — DIGYNIA. 91 each; leaves flat, minutely serrated; root fibrous. Two feet high, erect : leaves linear, rough on the edges and ribs : panicle erect, with rough branches. Perennial : flowers in July : found by Mr. G. Don, on the rocky summits of the Clova mountains in Angus-shire. Eng. Bot. vol. xxx. pi. 2141. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 165. 201. 6. A. planiculmis. Flat-stemmed Oat-grass. Panicle erect, branched, spreading ; flowers from five to seven, much longer than the calyx ; leaves broadly linear, rough, minutely serrate, their sheaths flat and sharply keeled ; lower part of the straw two-edged. Discovered by Mr. Stuart Murray, in Glen Sannox, Arran. Perennial : flowers in July. Brit. Fl. 4th ed. p. 49. 202. 7. A favtscens. Yellow Oat-grass. Panicle erect, spreading, much branched ; flowers about three, longer than the calyx ; leaves flat, a little downy ; root somewhat creeping. Straws about eighteen inches high : panicle of numerous yellowish, shining spikelets. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in dry pastures : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 952. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 166. 203. 40. LO'LIUM. DARNEL. Common receptacle elongated, alternately channelled or exca- vated to receive the spikelets. Calyx many-flowered, of one lance- shaped, permanent chaff-scale. Corolla of two unequal husks, opposite to the calyx ; the outer lance-shaped, somewhat keeled, acute, cleft at the point, the keel terminated by an awn ; the inner elliptical, smaller, with the edges inflected. Nectary of two egg- shaped scales. Filaments hair-like, shorter than the corolla; an- thers oblong, cleft at each end. Germen obtuse. Styles very short ; stigmas feathery. Seed oblong, convex on one side, flat and fur- rowed on the other. — Name, folium, of the Romans. 56. 1. L.pertnne. Common Rye -grass. Red Darnel. Corolla very slightly awned ; spikelets longer than the calyx ; flowers lance-shaped. Root fibrous : stems several, about a foot high, round, smooth, stiff, with pur- plish tumid joints : leaves linear, pointed, smooth, striated : spike erect, purplish. This plant is subject to considerable variation, as it grows iu rich or poor soil, being from six inches high to nearly three feet, and having the spike with few spikelets, or with a great number closely crowded together, or even having several spikes agglomerated. It is well known to farmers, being extensively cultivated. Perennial : flowers in June and July: grows in meadows and pastures, by road-sides, &c. : common. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 315. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 173. 204. 2. L. temulentum. Bearded Darnel. Corolla with a long awn ; spike- lets shorter than the calyx; flowers elliptical; straw rough. Straws two or three feet high, round, rough at the upper part : leaves rough on the upper side : spike from four to six inches long, with a rough stalk. Annual : flowers in July : grows in fields among wheat or barley. The seeds of this plant are said to produce intoxication and fatal convulsions. Eng. Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1124. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 174. When the awn is imperfect, it is the L. arvtnse, White Darnel, of some botanists. Eng. Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1125. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 175. 205. 92 TRIANDIRA — DJGYNIA. £cL. III. 41. ROTTBO'LLIA. HARD-GRASS. Common receptacle elongated, jointed, ultimately separating, alternately excavated to receive the flowers, of which there are commonly two in each excavation, one of them only being perfect. Calyx of two parallel lance-shaped valves, opposite to the excavation. Corolla of the perfect flower of two lance- shaped, membranous, nearly equal husks, inflected at the edges. Nectary of two acute scales. Filaments thread-like ; anthers ob- long, cleft at both ends. Germen oblong, obtuse. Styles short ; stigmas feathery, spreading. Seed oblong, shut up in the cavity of each joint of the receptacle by the closed husks, and falling off along with it. — Named after Professor Rottboll of Copenhagen. 57. 1. R. incurvdta. Sea Hard-grass. Spike cylindrical, slender ; chaff- scales united below ; corolla awnless. Straws numerous, from three to five inches long, spreading, round, smooth, jointed, leafy: leaves short, firm : spike very slender, hardly distinguishable from the straw. Annual : flowers in July and August : grows on the sea-shore : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 760. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 176. 206. 42. E'LYMUS. LYME-GRASS. Common receptacle elongated, alternately excavated and toothed on each side. Spikelets two or more at each tooth. Calyx to each spikelet of two unequal, broadly lance-shaped husks, the outer largest, keeled, and pointed or awned, the inner cleft, inflected at the edges, with a rib on each side. Nectary of two lance-shaped scales. Filaments hair-like, very short ; anthers linear, notched at both ends. Germen turbinate. Stigmas feathery, spreading ; seed linear, channelled on the upper side, very hairy at the summit. — Name, elymos, of the Greeks. 58. 1. E. arendrius. Upright Sea Lyme-grass. Spike erect, close ; calyx lance-shaped, as long as the spikelets ; leaves stiff, with a thorny point. Root creeping : straws three or four feet high, erect, firm, round, striated, leafy : leaves hard and stiff, involute, with a thorny point : spike from six to twelve inches long. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in sand on the sea-shore, in England, Scotland and Ireland ; but not com- mon. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiv. pi. 1672. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 177. 207. 2. E. genicitldtui. Pendulous Sea Lyme-grass. Spike bent down- wards, lax ; common receptacle winged ; calyx awl-shaped, longer than the spikelets ; leaves stiff, with a thorny point. Root fibrous : straws taller but more slender than in the last : spike nearly two feet long. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in marshes near the coast : very rare. Salt-marsh near Gravesend. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiii. pi. 1586. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 178. 208. 3. E. europa us. Wood Lyme-grass. Spike erect, close ; spikelets of about two flowers, rough, awned ; calyx awned, as long as the spikelet ; leaves flat, pliant. Root fibrous; straw erect, two feet high, round, smooth, leafy: leaves lance-shaped, ribbed, flat, acute, rough : spike two or three inches long, erect, close, green: spikelets three at each notch. Perennial : flowers in June : grows in woods, thickets and hedges, in CL. III.] TRIANDRIA DIGTNIA. 93 England : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xix. pi. 1317. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 178. 209. 43. HO'RDEUM. BARLEY. Common receptacle elongated, jointed, toothed alternately on each side, the intermediate spaces flattened and bordered. Flowers three at each tooth, not all perfect. Calyx to each flower of two pointed or awned, parallel, erect chaff-scales. Corolla of two husks; the outer egg-shaped, angular, terminated by a long, straight, rough awn ; the inner smaller, lance-shaped, flat, pointed, inflected at the edges. Nectary of two acute scales. Filaments hair-like, short; anthers notched at both ends. Germen turbi- nate. Styles very short ; stigmas feathery, reflected. Seed oblong, pointed at both ends, channelled on the upper side, firmly united to the husks. — Name used by the Romans. 59. 1. H. murinum. Wall Barley. Way Bennet. Lateral flowers with stamens only ; chaff-scales of the intermediate flower lance-shaped, fringed. Root fibrous : stems from twelve to eighteen inches high, spreading at the base, then erect, smooth, leafy : leaves linear, flat, roughish : two lateral flowers stalked : central flower perfect and large. Annual : flowers in the summer months : grows by walls and road-sides : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxviii. pi. 1971. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 179. 210. 2. H. pratense. Meadow Barley. Lateral flowers destitute of germen : all the chaff-scales bristle-shaped and rough. Root fibrous: stems about two feet high, smooth, and leafless at the top : leaves narrow, roughish : lateral flowers stalked : central flower perfect and largest. Perennial : flowers in the summer months : grows in meadows and pas- tures : frequent in England, not found in Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 409. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 180. 211. 3. H. maritimum. Sea Barley. Squirrel-tail-grass. Lateral flowers with stamens only, their awns shorter ; the inner scale of their calyx half egg-shaped. Resembles H. murinum, but is smaller and stifFer: the awns are stiff and strongly barbed, so as to be extremely troublesome to horses when mixed with hay. Annual : flowers in the summer months : grows in pastures and sandy ground near the sea : common in England ; very rare in Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. xvii. pi. 1205. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 181. 212. 44. TRITICTJM. WHEAT. Common receptacle elongated, toothed alternately on each side, compressed, undulated. Spikelets solitary at each tooth, transverse to the stalk, many-flowered. Calyx of two oblong, ribbed, nearly equal, opposite chaff-scales, with or without terminal awns. Flowers three or more in a spikelet, applied laterally to the recep- tacle ; outer husk oblong, furrowed, pointed or awned ; inner flat, awnless, inflected at each end. Nectary of two acute scales. Fila- ments hair-like; anthers linear, forked at both ends. Germen turbinate. Styles short, distinct ; stigmas feathery, reflected. Seed oblong, blunt at both ends, convex on one side, channelled on the other. — Named from tritum, beaten or thrashed. 60. 1 . T. jwi'ceum. Sea Wheat-grass. Rush Wheat. Chaff-scales ob- I 94 TRIANDRIA TR1GYNIA. QcL. III. 'use, many ribbed ; flowers of each spikelet about five, awnless ; leaves involute with a thorny point. Root creeping : straw about a foot and a half high, simple, ascending, round, leafy, smooth below, striated above : leaves stiff, furrowed on the upper side, smooth on the back : spike from four to six inches long: spikelets rather distant, egg-shaped, of five or six awnless flowers : the receptacle separates at the joint as in Eottbollia incurvata. Perennial: flowers in July: grows in sand on the sea-coast, along with Arundo urenaria : common. Its long roots tend to fix the sand, Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 314. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 182. 213. 2. T. ripens. Creeping Wheat-grass. Couch-grass. Chaff-scales pointed or awned, lance-shaped, many-ribbed ; flowers of each spikelet about five, sharp-pointed or awned ; leaves flat; root creeping. Root long, creeping : straws about two feet high, erect, leafy : leaves linear, flat, spreading, their margins and upper surface rough : spike about three inches long, erect, its stalk somewhat hairy : a variety, of a pale bluish- green or glaucous colour, occurs in maritime places. Perennial : flowers in June and July: grows in fields, by hedges and in waste places: com- mon. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 909. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 183. 214. 3. T. canin'um. Fibrous-rooted Wheat-grass. Dog's Wheat. Chaff- scales somewhat awned, lance-shaped, with three or five ribs ; flowers of each spikelet four, awned ; leaves flat ; root fibrous. Root of nume- rous downy fibres: straws about two feet high, erect, leafy: leaves linear, flat, nearly erect, rough on both sides : spike three or four inches long, a little inclining. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in woods and hedges : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xx. pi. 1372. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 184. 215. 4. T. cristutum. Crested Wheat-grass. Chaff-scales elliptical, awned, keeled, indistinctly ribbed ; flowers awned ; spikelets of about four crowded flowers ; straws simple. Root of long, woolly fibres : straws about eighteen inches high, stiff, slender, leafy: leaves linear, keeled, long-pointed, very hairy on the upper surface : spike an inch or more in length. Perennial : flowers in July : found many years a?o on the coast between Arbroath and Montrose, by Mr. G. Don. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxii. pi. 2267. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 185. 216. 5. T. lolidcenm. Dwarf Sea Wheat-grass. Chaff-scales obtuse, awn- less ; flowers of each spikelet numerous, elliptical, ribbed, awnless ; spikelets all directed one way ; straw branched ; root fibrous. Root of long, downy fibres : straw stiff and wiry, three or four inches high, very smooth, reddish-brown : leaves linear, acute, nearly smooth. An- nual : grows in sandy pastures on the sea-coast : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 221. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 185. 217. TRIGYNIA. 45. MO'NTIA. WATER-CHICKWEED. Calyx inferior, of two egg-shaped, concave, erect, permanent leaves. Corolla of one petal, divided into five segments ; three smaller, bearing the stamens. Filaments hair-like, as long as the corolla, to which they are attached; anthers small, two-lobed. Germen superior, turbinate, three-lobed. Styles very short ; stig- CL. IV.] TETRANDRIA. 95 mas three, oblong, downy above. Capsule turbinate, one-celled, three-valved. Seeds three, roundish. — Named after Joseph de Monti. 61. 1. M. fontdna. Water Chickweed. Water Blinks. Root fibrous: stems succulent, two or three inches high, much branched : leaves op- posite, egg-shaped: flowers small, white: seeds black, shining. Annual : flowers in May : grows in springs, and by the sides of rivulets, forming dense tufts : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xvii. pi. 1206. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 187. 218. 46. HOLO'STEUM. HOLOSTEUM. Calyx inferior, of five egg-shaped, permanent leaves. Petals five, oblong, deciduous, jagged or toothed. Filaments three, hair- like, shorter than the petals ; anthers roundish. Germen roundish. Styles three, hair-like, short ; stigmas bluntish, downy. Capsule nearly cylindrical, one-celled, splitting at the top into six teeth. Seeds numerous, stalked, attached to a central receptacle. — Named from holos, all, and osteon, bone. 62. 1. H. umbelldtum. Umbelliferous Mouse-ear, or Jagged Chickweed. Flowers in umbels ; leaves egg-shaped, acute. Root fibrous : stems four or five inches high, round, leafy : petals white, tinged with red. Annual : flowers in April : grows on old walls : rare. About Norwich and Bury. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 27. Eng. Fl. vol. i, p. 188. 219. 47. POLYCA'RPON. ALL-SEED. Calyx inferior, of five, egg-shaped, keeled, permanent leaves. Petals five, shorter than the calyx, egg-shaped, notched at the end, permanent. Filaments three, sometimes five, thread-shaped, half the length of the calyx ; anthers roundish, two-lobed. Germen egg-shaped. Styles three, short; stigmas blunt. Capsule egg- shaped, one-celled, three-valved. Seeds numerous, egg-shaped, nearly sessile on a central receptacle. — Named from polus, many, and carpos, seed. 63. 1. P. tetraphy'ltnm. Four-leaved All-seed. Root tapering; steni much branched, lying flat on the ground ; leaves inversely egg-shaped, smooth, stalked, in fours, one pair crossing the other : panicles terminal, repeatedly forked : flowers greenish white. Annual : flowers throughout the summer, grows on the sea-shore : rare. Southern counties of Eng- land : Guernsey and Jersey. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1031. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 189. 220. CLASS IV. TETRANDRIA. Plants bearing Flowers with Four Stamens. Order I. MONOGYNIA. One Pistil. * Flowers of one petal, superior, one-seeded. 1. Dl'PSACUS. Involucre many-leaved. Calyx single, superior, of one leaf, cup-shaped, undivided, crowning the seed. 2. SCABIO'SA. Involucre many-leaved. Calyx double, superior, variously cut, crowning the seed. 96 TETRANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. ^CL. IV. ** Flower t of one petal, superior, two-seeded. 6. RU'BIA. Corolla bell-shaped. Fruit pulpy. 5. GA'LIUM. Corolla wheel-shaped. Fruit dry, crowned by the calyx. 4. ASPE'RULA. Corolla tubular. Fruit not crowned. 3. SHERA'RDIA. Corolla tubular. Fruit crowned. *** Flowers of one petal, inferior. 7. E'XACUM. Corolla salver-shaped, spreading. Stamens shorter than the limb. Capsule two-valved, separating at the top. 8. PLANTA'GO. Corolla with the segments reflected. Stamens very long. Capsule two-celled, bursting all round. 9. CENTU'NCULUS. Corolla tubular, spreading. Stamen* short. Capsule one-celled, bursting all round. **** Flowers of four petals. 11. EPIME'DIUM. Nectaries four, lying on the petals. Pud one- celled, many-seeded. Calyx deciduous. 12. CO'RNUS. Nectaries none. Drupe inferior. Nut two-celled. (Cardamine. Senebiera.) ••*•* No petals. 13. PARIETA'RIA. Calyx four-cleft, inferior. Stamens elastic. Seed inclosed in the elongated calyx. Some flowers destitute of stamens. 14. ISNA'RDIA. Calyx four-cleft, superior. Capsule quadrangular, four-celled, crowned by the calyx. 10. SANGUISO'RBA. Calyx four-cleft, superior, coloured. Stamen* dilated upwards. Capsule quadrangular, one-celled, not bursting. 15. ALCHEMI'LLA. Calyx eight-cleft, inferior. Fruit one-seeded, surrounded by the calyx. Order II. DIGYNIA. Two Pistils. (Alchemilla, some species of Gentiana and Cuscuta.) Order III. TETRAGYNIA. Four Pistils. 16. I'LEX. Corolla wheel-shaped, four or five-cleft. Berry round, four- seeded, some flowers destitute of pistil. 19. SAGl'NA. Petals four. Capsule one-celled, four-valved. 20. M(EN'CHIA. Petals four. Capsule one-celled, one-valved. 22. RADIO'LA. Petals four. Capsule eight-celled', eight-valved. 21. TILL^E'A. Petals four, three or five. Capsules several. Seeds several. 17. POTAMOGE'TON. Petals four. Calyx none. Seeds four, naked. sessile. 18. RU'PPIA. Petafcnone. Calyx none. Seeds four, stalked. ( Cerastium. ) TETRANDRIA.— MONOGYNIA. 1. Dl'PSACUS. TEASEL. Involucre many-flowered, of many spreading, permanent leaves. Calyx superior, double, short, undivided. Corolla of one petal, tubular; the limb four-lobed, the outer lobe larger. Filaments CL. lV.~\ TETRANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. 97 hair-like, longer than the corolla; anthers oblong, fixed sidewise. Germen inferior. Style thread-like, as long as the corolla; stigma simple. Seed naked, solitary, oblong, crowned with the calyx. Common receptacle conical, covered with scales. — Named from dipsao, to thirst, the upper leaves containing water. 64. 1. D. Fullonum. Fuller's Teasel. Leaves united, serrate; scales of the receptacle hooked backwards ; involucre spreading. Root fleshy, tapering : stem five or six feet high, erect, furrowed, prickly, branched above : leaves oblong, sessile, united at the base, serrate : flowers whitish. Cultivated for the use of clothiers, who employ the scales of the recep- tacle to raise the knap upon woollen cloths. For this purpose the heads are fixed round the circumference of a large broad wheel, which is made to turn round, and the cloth is held against them. Biennial : flowers in July : grows about hedges : rare. It is probably only a variety of D. syl- vestris. Eng. Bot. vol. xxix. pi. 2080. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 192. 221. 2. D. sylve'stris. Wild Teasel. Leaves opposite, serrate ; scales of the receptacle straight ; involucre bent inwards, longer than the head of flowers. About four feet high : leaves lance-shaped : heads large. Biennial : flowers in July : grows about hedges and by road-sides : fre- quent in England ; rare in Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1032. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 193. 222. 3. D. pilosus. Small Teasel. Shepherd's Staff. Leaves stalked with two leaflets at the base ; receptacle turned downwards, about the length of the head. Stem three or four feet high : flowers white, in small, round heads. Biennial : flowers in August and September : grows in moist, shadv places: rare. In Norfolk, Suffolk, and Derbyshire. Eng. Bot. vol. xfii. pi. 877. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 193. 223. 2. SCABIO'SA. SCABIOUS. Involucre many-flowered, of many spreading leaves, arranged in several rows. Calyx double, the outer shortest, plaited, the inner in five awl-shaped segments. Corolla of one petal, tubular, dilated upwards; limb with four or five divisions. Filaments hair-like, longer than the limb ; anthers oblong, fixed sidewise. Germen inferior. Style thread-like, as long as the corolla ; stigma blunt, cleft. Seed naked, solitary, crowned by the calyx. Com- mon receptacle convex, chaffy, bristly or naked. — Named from scabies, a cutaneous disease. 65. 1. S. succisa. DeviL's-bit Scabious. Corolla divided into four equal segments ; heads of flowers nearly globular ; leaves of the stem distantly toothed. Root fleshy, abrupt at the lower end : stem about a foot high : root-leaves inversely egg-shaped, entire : stem-leaves toothed or serrated, the uppermost lance-shaped entire : flowers deep purplish-blue. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in meadows and pastures : common. " The great part of the root," says Gerarde; " seemeth to be bitten away : old fantasticke charmers report, that the divel did bite it for envie, because it is an herbe that hath so many good vertues, and is so beneficial to mankinde." Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 878. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 194. 224. 2. S. arvensis. Field Scabious. Corolla four-cleft ; the external flowers radiating; leaves pinnatifid, jagged; stem bristly. Roots I 2 98 TETRANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. [CL. IV. long, branched: stem about three feet high: root-leaves lance-shaped, serrated, stalked: stem-leaves pinnatifid, sessile: flowers pale-purple, those of the circumference larger. Perennial: flowers in July: grows in pastures, the edges of corn-fields, and by road-sides : common. Eng. Bat. vol. x. pi. 659. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 195. 225. 3. S. columbdria. Small Scabious. Corolla divided into five unequal segments ; root-leaves egg-shaped, notched ; the others pinnatifid, linear. Root woody : stem about a foot high : root-leaves stalked, the others sessile : flowers radiating. Perennial: flowers in June and July: grows in dry pastures : frequent in England ; rare in Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. xix. pi. 1311. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 195. 226. 3. SHERA'RDIA. FIELD-MADDER. Calyx very small, of one leaf, six-toothed, superior. Corolla of one petal, funnel-shaped, with four equal, acute segments. Fila- ments recurved, arising from the mouth of the tube ; anthers roundish. Germen inferior, two-lobed. Style hair-like, cleft at the top j stigmas knobbed. Seeds two, roundish, rough, crowned with the calyx. — Named in honour of James Sherard, a patron of botany. ' 66. 1. S. arvtnsis. Little Field-madder, or Spurwort. All the leaves in whorls ; flowers terminal. Root small : stems numerous, spreading, generally decumbent: leaves six in a whorl : flowers pale purplish-blue, in a sessile terminal umbel. Annual : flowers from May to July : grows in corn and fallow fields: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 891. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 196. 4. ASPE'RULA. WOODROFF. Calyx small, four-toothed, superior, deciduous. Corolla of one petal, funnel-shaped ; tube nearly cylindrical ; limb in four oblong, spreading segments. Filaments from the mouth of the tube, short ; anthers two-lobed. Germen inferior, two-lobed. Style thread-like, cleft ; stigmas knobbed. Seeds two, adhering toge- ther, not crowned by the calyx. — Named from asper, rough. 67. 1. A. odordta. Sweet Woodruff. Leaves eight in a whorl, lance- shaped ; panicles stalked ; few-flowered. Stems simple, about a foot high : leaves spreading, rough at the edges : flowers white. The plant in drying emits a pleasant odour, resembling that of new hay. Perennial : flowers in May : grows in woods and shady places ; common. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 755. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 197. 228. 2. A. Cynarichica. Squinancy Wort. Small Woodruff. Leaves four in a whorl, linear, the upper ones very unequal ; flowers four-cleft. Stems about six inches high : flowers white in terminal panicles. Peren- nial : flowers in June and July : grows on dry banks, in various parts of England. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 33. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 198. 229. 5. GA'LIUM. BED-STRAW. Calyx very small, four-toothed, superior. Corolla of one petal, wheel-shaped, with four acute divisions. Filaments from the base of the corolla, awl -shaped, shorter than the limb ; anthers two- CL. IV.] TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 99 celled. Germen inferior, of two united globes. Style thread- shaped, cleft, as long as the stamens; stigmas knobbed. Seeds two, naked, united ; globular, not crowned by the calyx. — Named from gala, milk, which it curdles. 68. * Fruit smooth. 1. G. crucidtum. Cross-wort. Leaves four in a whorl, egg-shaped, hairy ; stem hairy, simple above ; flower-stalks axillar, corymbose, two- leaved. Stem branched at the base, a foot high, square, feeble : flowers small, yellow. Perennial : flowers in May and June : grows by hedges and way-sides: common. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 143. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 199. 230. 2. G. palnstre. White Water Bed-straw. Leaves from four to six in a whorl, unequal, oblong, obtuse ; stems weak, branched in the upper part. Stem much branched, from two to four feet high : flowers white, in terminal panicles. Perennial : flowers in June : grows in moist meadows, and the borders of rivers and pools, among reeds and sedges : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxvi. pi. 1857. Eng. El. vol. i. p. 200. When the angles of the stem, and the nerves at the back and margins of the leaves, are rough with prickles, it is the G. Witheririgii, Rough Heath Bed-straw. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxi. pi. 2206. Eng. EL vol. i. p. 200. 231. 3. G. uliginosum. Rough Marsh Bed-straw. Leaves six in a whorl, between lance-shaped and inversely egg-shaped, stiff, bristle-pointed, the margins rough with recurved prickles. Stems feeble, about a foot high, with recurved prickles : panicles terminal, small : corolla white. Perennial : flowers in August : grows in wet places, among reeds and other plants : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxviii. pi. 1972. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 201. 232. 4. G. saxdtile. Smooth Heath Bed-straw. Leaves six in a whorl, inversely egg-shaped, bristle-pointed ; stem much branched, smooth, prostrate. Stems prostrate, spreading, square, smooth : flowers nume- rous, white, in terminal and lateral panicles. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows abundantly in dry heathy places, among stones, £c. : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 815. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 201. 233. 5. G. erfctum. Upright Bed-straw. Leaves about eight in a whorl, lance-shaped, bristle-pointed, the edges with minute prickles pointing forward ; stem weak, slightly hairy under the joints ; segments of the corolla taper-pointed. Stems rather erect, swelled at the joints, four- cornered, somewhat hairy, branched : flowers white, in dense, terminal, compound panicles. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in hedges and pastures : rare. Norfolk, Sussex, and Cambridge. Eng. Bot. vol. xxix. pi. 2067. Eng. El. vol. i. p. 201. 234. 6. G. ciWreum. " Leaves six or eight in a whorl, linear, bristle- pointed, with marginal prickles, all pointing forward. Stem weak, much branched, smooth : corolla taper-pointed." Perennial : flowers in August. Banks of the river Leith, near Edinburgh, Mr. G. Don. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2783. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 203. 235. 7. G. Parisitnse. Wall Bed-straw. Leaves six in a whorl, lance- shaped, pointed, fringed with prickles ; stems straggling, rough. 100 TETRANDRIA — MONOGYXIA. [CL. IV. Stems decumbent, square, the angles rough with deflected prickles : flowers pale greenish-yellow. Annual: flowers in June and July: grows on walls and dry sandy ground in the south of England. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 384. G. Anglicum. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 209. 236. 8. G. aristdtum. Bearded Bed-straw. Leaves six in a whorl, stalked, lance-shaped, bristle-pointed, the edges with minute prickles pointing forward ; stem much branched, spreading, smooth ; segments of the corolla taper-pointed. Stems numerous, a foot high, erect, square, smooth : flowers white, interminal, compound panicles. Perennial : flowers in July and August. Found in Angus-shire by Mr. G. Don. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2784. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 204. 237. 9. G. sacchardtum. Warty-fruited Bed-straw. Leaves six in a whorl, lance-shaped, the edges with minute prickles pointing forward ; stem spreading, slightly branched, rough at the angles; stalks axillar, three- flowered. -Stems several, about six inches long : flowers small, pale- yellow : fruit covered with pyramidal warts. Annual : flowers in July : grows in corn-fields : rare. Carse of Gowrie, and near Forfar. Near Malton, Yorkshire. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxi. pi. 2173. G. verrucosum. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 205. 238. 10. G. tricorne. Three-flowered Goose-grass. Leaves about eight in a whorl, lance-shaped, the edges and ribs with minute reflected prickles ; stems several, simple, with deflected prickles ; stalks axillar, three- flowered. Stems weak, spreading : flowers greenish-white : fruit covered with bristly granulations. Annual : flowers in July : grows in dry fields in England: not common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiii. pi. 1641. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 205. 239. 11. G. spurium. Smooth-fruited Corn Bed-straw. Leaves about eight in a whorl, lance-shaped, the edges rough with minute reflected prickles; stems with reflected prickles ; stalks axillar, many-flowered ; fruit smooth. Stems weak, spreading: flowers greenish-white, in axillar cymes. Annual : flowers in June and July : found in corn-fields about Forfar, by Mr. G. Don. Eng. Bot. vol. xxvi. pi. 1871. Evg. Fl. vol. i. p. 206. 240. 12. G. pusillum. Least Mountain Bed-straw. Leaves eight in a whorl, narrow lance-shaped, bristle-pointed, somewhat hairy, entire at the margin ; panicles terminal, forked ; fruit smooth. Stems very numerous, branched, square, spreading : flowers white, in forked panicles, terminating the stem and branches. Perennial: flowers in July and August : grows in dry places on hilly ground : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 74. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 206. 241. 13. G. Mollugo. Great Hedge Bed-straw. Leaves eight in a whorl, elliptical, bluntish, bristle-pointed, rough-edged ; flowers in loose termi- nal panicles. Stem four feet high, feeble, square, swelled above the whorls, smoothish : flowers abundant, white. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in hedges and thickets : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiv. pi. 1673. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 203. 242. 14. G. t'erum. Common Yellow Bed-straw. Leaves eight in a whorl, linear, channelled, entire at the edges, rough ; flowers in dense panicles. Root very long, creeping, reddish-brown : stems about a foot high, decumbent at the base, hard, much branched : flowers greenish-yellow, very numerous, in dense panicles. The roots are used in the Hebrides CL. IV.] TETRANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. 101 for dyeing a brownish-red colour : in sandy soil they attain a length of many feet, and are there easily procured, but the digging for them is in- jurious by setting loose the sand. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in pastures, abundantly. Eng. Bot. vol. x. pi. 660. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 208. 243. ** Fruit covered with bristles. 15. G. boredle. Cross-leaved Bed-straw. Leaves four in a whorl, be- tween egg-shaped and lance-shaped, three-nerved, smooth, with rough edges ; stems erect. Root creeping, reddish : stems a foot high, erect, square, roughish : flowers white, in numerous branched panicles. Pe- rennial : flowers in July : grows in shady places, by rivers and lakes, in the north of England, in Scotland, and Ireland : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 105. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 209. 244. 16. G. Aparine. Goose-grass, or Cleavers. Leaves eight in a whorl, lance-shaped, keeled, rough, fringed with reflected prickles ; stems feeble. Root fibrous : stem branched, from two to six feet long : flowers few, white, in axillar panicles. Annual : flowers from May to August : grows in hedges : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 816. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 210. 245. 6. RU'BIA. MADDER. Calyx very small, four-toothed, superior. Corolla of one petal, bell-shaped, with four or five divisions, without a tube. Filaments awl-shaped, shorter than the corolla; anthers of two round cells. Germen inferior, of two round lobes. Style thread- shaped, cleft at the top; stigmas knobbed. Berry of two smooth lobes. Seeds solitary, roundish, with a depression. — Named from ruder, red, to dye which one of the species is used. 69. I. R. peregrina. Wild Madder. Leaves about four in a whorl, elliptical, shining and smooth on the upper side ; flowers five-cleft. Root creeping, fleshy : stem square, branched, partly remaining during the winter : flowers yellowish-green, in compound terminal panicles. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in thicket?, and on sandy ground, in England : frequent. Said by Dr. Mitchell, Linn. Corresp. vol. ii. p. 449, to be " plentiful all over the sandy islands on the west of Scotland ;" but he must have mistaken for it Galium verum, the root of which is similar, and also used for dyeing. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 851. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 211. 246. 7. EX'ACUM. MARSH CENTATIRY. Calyx of one leaf, inferior, deeply divided into four equal, acute segments. Corolla of one petal, permanent ; tube globular, as long as the calyx ; limb four-cleft. Filaments thread-shaped, attached to the tube, as long as the limb; anthers roundish, two- celled. Germen oval, superior. Style thread- shaped, erect, as long as the limb ; stigma knobbed. Capsule filling the tube of the corolla, which remains upon it. Seeds numerous, small, at- tached to a central receptacle. — Named from ex, out of, and ago, to drive, a plant to which the name was applied having been sup- posed to expel poison. 70. 102 TETRANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. £cL. IV. 1. E.JiliftJrme. Least Gentian. Marsh Centaury. Leaves sessile ; stem thread-like, forked ; flowers on long stalks. Stem about three or four inches high, erect, round, branched : leaves chiefly radical, lance- shaped : flowers small, erect, yellow. Annual : flowers in July : grow* on sandy bogs, in the south of England, and in some parts of Ireland : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 235. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 212. 247. 8. PLANTA'GO. PLANTAIN. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, four-cleft, permanent. Corolla of one petal, tubular, membranous, permanent ; tube swelled ; limb four-cleft, reflected. Filaments thread-like, arising from the tube, exceedingly long ; anthers oblong, compressed, two-celled. Ger- men inferior, egg-shaped. Style thread-shaped, half as long as the stamens; stigma hairy, acute. Capsule egg-shaped, two- celled. Seeds oblong, sessile. — Name of doubtful origin. 71. 1. P. major. Greater Plantain. Leaves egg-shaped, smooth, on longish stalks ; flower-stalks round ; spike long and tapering ; seeds numerous. Root of long fibres : leaves broad, with seven ribs: stalk from nine to eighteen inches high, somewhat rough with short hairs. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in pastures and by way-sides : not un- common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxii. pi. 1558. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 213. 248. 2. P. media. Hoary Plantain. Leaves egg-shaped, downy, on very short stalks ; flower-stalks round ; spike cylindrical ; seeds one in each cell. Root somewhat woody: leaves hoary, with seven ribs: stalk about six inches high, downy. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in pastures and by way-sides : common in some parts of England and Ireland, rare in Scotland. The leaves of this and the preceding species are by the common people frequently applied to wounds. Cattle generally reject them. Eng. Bot. vol. xxii. pi. 1559. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 214. 249. 3. P. lanceoldta. Ribwort Plantain. Leaves lance-shaped ; flower- stalks deeply furrowed; spike egg-shaped. Leaves tapering at the base into a broad stalk : hairy at its insertion : stalk about a foot high : spike dark brown. Perennial : flowers from May to August : grows in pastures, meadows, on banks, by way-sides, ficc. : common. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 175. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 214. 250. 4. P. maritima. Sea Plantain. Leaves linear, channelled, nearly entire : flower-stalks round, longer than the leaves ; spike cylindrical. Roots large, long, somewhat woody : leaves woolly at the base : stalk from three to ten inches high. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in the clefts of rocks, in dry pastures, among sand and stones, on the sea-shore, and upon the higher mountains of Wales and Scotland : common. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 175. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 215. 251. 5. P. Cordnoptis. Buck's-horn Plantain. Leaves pinnatind ; flower- stalks round. Root tapering : leaves cut laterally into numerous linear segments, hairy, lying flat on the ground : stalk from two to six inches high : capsule four-celled. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows in sandy and gravelly ground, chiefly near the sea : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 892. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 216. 252. CL. IV.J TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 103 9. CENTU'NCULUS. CHAFF-WEED. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, four-cleft, permanent. Corolla of one petal, tubular, not permanent; tube nearly globular; limb four-cleit, expanded. Filaments thread-shaped, very long, arising from the mouth of the tube ; anthers roundish, two-celled. Ger- men oblong. Style thread-shaped, as long as the stamens ; stigma acute. Capsule globose, one-celled. Seeds numerous, minute, fixed to the central receptacle. — Name doubtful. 72. 1. C. minimus. Small Chaff-weed. Flowers sessile ; corolla destitute of glands at the base. From one to two inches high : leaves sessile, egg-shaped, smooth : flowers axillar, solitary, sessile, white. Annual : flowers in June : grows on moist sandy ground : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 531. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 217. ' 253. 10. SANGUISO'RBA. BURNET. Calyx superior, of one leaf, deeply four-cleft, the segments egg- shaped, coloured. Corolla none. Filaments dilated upwards, as long as the calyx; anthers roundish, two-celled. Germen infe- rior, four-cornered. Style thread-shaped, short ; stigma notched. Capsule four-cornered, one-celled, not bursting. Seeds one or two, elliptical. — Named from sanguis, blood, and sorbeo, to absorb. 73. 1. S. qfficlniilis. Great Burnet. Spikes egg-shaped. A hard, some- what woody plant, about two feet high : stem erect," furrowed : leaves pinnate : leaflets heart-shaped, serrate, about four pairs, with a terminal one : spikes about an inch long, purple. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in moist pastures, chiefly in the north of England and south of Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. xix. pi. 1312. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 218. 254. 11. EPIME'DIUM. BARREN-WORT. Calyx inferior, of four small egg-shaped, deciduous leaves. Co- rolla of four egg-shaped, equal petals. Nectaries four, lying upon the petals, nearly as large. Filaments awl-shaped, close to the style ; anthers oblong, two-celled, opening from the base upwards. Germen oblong. Style roundish, as long as the stamens; stigma simple. Pod oblong, tapering to a point, one-celled, two-valved. Seeds numerous, oblong. — Name of doubtful origin. 74. 1. E. alpinum. Barren-wort. Stem-leaf thrice ternate. Root slender: stems simple, about a foot high, each bearing a single delicate leaf, which is thrice ternate, with heart-shaped fringed leaflets : petals dark-red, with pale-yellow nectaries. Perennial : flowers in May : grows in thickets in the mountainous parts of the north of England: rare, and certainly not indigenous. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 438. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 220. 255. 12. CO'RNUS. CORNEL. Calyx superior, very small, four-toothed, deciduous. Corolla of four, oblong, equal petals. Filaments awl-shaped, erect, longer than the petals ; anthers roundish, fixed sidewise. Germen infe- 104 TETUANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. FJcL. IV. rior, roundish. Style thread-shaped, as long as the corolla ; stigma obtuse. Drupe roundish, dimpled. Nut oblong or heart-shaped, two-celled, with one kernel in each. — Named from cornu, a horn, the wood being hard. 75. 1. C. sanguinea. Wild Cornel. Dog-wood. Woody ; branches straight ; leaves opposite, green on both sides ; cymes destitute of involucre. — A small tree or bush, five feet high : branches deep-red : leaves oppo- site, stalked, egg-shaped, smooth, turning red in autumn : flowers white, in terminal cymes : fruit dark-purple. Flowers in June : grows in hedges and thickets in England : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 249. Eng. Fl. vol. L. p. 221. 256. 2. C. Sutcica. Dwarf Cornel. Herbaceous ; flowers umbellate, sur- rounded by a four-leaved involucre, the umbel springing from the fork of the stem. Stems from four to six inches high, erect, leafy, forked ; flowers dark-purple, very small : leaves opposite, elliptical. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in heathy pastures, in Scotland and the north of England : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 310. Eng. Fl. vol.i. p. 221. 257. 13. PARIETA'RIA. PELLITORY. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, divided into four deep segments, per- manent. Corolla none. Filaments awl-shaped, longer than the calyx, recurved; anthers of two distinct lobes. Germen egg- shaped. Style thread-shaped, erect ; stigma knobbed. Seed egg- shaped, flattened, invested with the enlarged calyx. — Named from paries, a wall. 76. 1. P. qfficindlis. Common Pellitory of the Wall. Leaves between egg- shaped and lance-shaped ; involucre of many egg-shaped leaflets. Root somewhat woody : stems branched, four-cornered, hairy, reddish : leaves alternate, stalked : flowers numerous, small, axillar, growing in threes, the middle one pistilliferous only. Perennial : flowers through the summer : grows on old walls and among rubbish: common. This plant was formerly in repute as a medicine, but it does not seem to possess any remarkable qualities. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 879. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 222. 258. 14. ISNA'RDIA. ISNARDIA. Calyx superior, bell-shaped, divided into four equal, egg-shaped segments. Corolla none. Filaments awl-shaped, shorter than the calyx; anthers oblong, simple. Germen inferior, four-cor- nered. Style cylindrical, long; stigma knobbed. Capsule four- cornered, oblong, four-celled, crowned with the calyx. Seeds numerous, oblong. — Named after Antoine d'Isnard, a French botanist. 1. I. palustris. Marsh Isnardia. Roots long, thread-like : stems bluntly four-cornered, leafy : leaves opposite, stalked, egg-shaped, bright green : two acute, small bracteas : flowers axillar, solitary, sessile, green. Annual : flowers in July; floating in pools : very rare. Found at }!uxted, Sussex, by Mr. W. Borrer. Hampshire. Jersey. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2593. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 223. 259. CL. IV.] TETRANDRIA — TETRAGYNIA. 105 15. ALCHEMl'LLA. LADY'S MANTLE. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, tubular, permanent ; limb divided into eight segments, the four outer alternate ones smaller. Corolla none. Filaments awl-shaped, erect, small, standing on the mouth of the calyx ; anthers roundish. Germen egg-shaped, in the bot- tom of the calyx. Style thread-shaped, as long as the stamens, standing on the base of the germen ; stigma knobbed. Seed one, oval, compressed. — Named on account of its supposed alchemical .powers. 78. 1. A. vulgdris. Common Lady's Mantle. Leaves lobed, plaited. Root large, somewhat woody, with long fibres : stems about six inches high, round, hairy, branched, leafy : root-leaves numerous, on long stalks, kidney-shaped : stem-leaves much smaller, on short stalks : flowers yel- lowish-green, in numerous corymbose clusters. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in pastures, and by the side of brooks, rivers, and pools: common. Eng. Bot. vol.ix. pi. 597. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 224. 260. 2. A. alpina. Alpine Lady's Mantle. Leaves with finger-like divi- sions, silky on the back. Leaves divided into five or seven elliptical or inversely egg-shaped lobes, serrated towards the extremity, and covered with a beautiful silky down on the back. P«rennial : flowers iirJuly : grows on the high mountains of Wales, the north of England, and Scot- land, as well as Ireland, by the sides of rills and streams : abundant. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 244. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 225. 261 . 3. A. arven'sis. Parsley Piert. Leaves flat, three-lobed, variously cut. Root small, fibrous: stems three or four inches high, spreading, round, leafy: leaves alternate, on short stalks: flowers green : stamens generally four, sometimes one. Annual : flowers from May to August : grows in corn-fields and dry gravelly pastures : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1011. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 225. 262. TETRAGYNIA. 16. 1'LEX. HOLLY. Calyx inferior, one-leaved, four-toothed, permanent. Corolla •wheel-shaped, of four elliptical segments or petals, much larger than the calyx. Filaments awl-shaped, shorter than the corolla ; anthers small, two-lobed. Germen roundish. Styles none ; stig- mas four, obtuse, permanent. Berry globular, four-celled, each cell one-seeded. Seeds oblong, pointed. — Name used by the Romans. 79. 1. T. Aquiftilium. Common Holly. Leaves egg-shaped, acute, thorny. — An evergreen tree, with smooth greyish bark, shining thorny leaves. whitish flowers, and scarlet berries. Birdlime is procured from the bark by maceration : the wood is used for veneering, and for making handles of knives, &c.; it makes an impenetrable fence, and bears cropping, nor is its verdure ever observed to suffer from our most severe winters : flowers K 106 TETHANDRIA — TETRAGYNIA. [CL. IV. in May : grows in bushy places : frequent. EH*. But. vol. vii. pi. 496. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 228. 263. 17. POTAMOGETON. POWD-WEED. Calyx none. Corolla inferior, of four roundish equal petals, furnished with a claw. Filaments very short, flat; anthers ob- long, two-lobed. Germens four, superior, egg-shaped, acute. Style none ; stigmas obtuse, permanent. Seeds four, roundish, bulging on one side, flattened on the other. — Named from potamos, a river, and geiton, a neighbour. 80. 1. P. niltam. Broad-leaved Pond-weed. Upper leaves between ob- long and egg-shaped, stalked, leathery, floating ; lower leaves linear, membranous, sessile. Stem round, much branched : upper leaves brownish-green : spikes simple, raised above the water : the floating leaves afford an agreeable shade to fish, and the roots are a favourite food of swans. Perennial: flowers in July and August: grows in pools, ditches, canals, and rivers: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxvi. pi. 1822. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 229. 264. 2. P.heterophyl'lus. Various- leaved Pond-weed. Upper leaves elliptical, stalked, slightly leathery, floating ; lower leaves lance-shaped, membra- nous, sessile. Smaller than the last : upper leaves thinner : flower- stalks enlarged upwards : spikes dense. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in pools, ditches, canals, and rivers : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xviii. pi. 1285. Eng. Fl. vol.i. p. 229. 265. 3. P. rufescens. Long-leaved, Floating Pond-weed. Upper leaves be- tween egg-shaped and lance-shaped, stalked, leathery, floating ; lower leaves lance-shaped, membranous, sessile. Upper leaves less leathery, olive-coloured or reddish. Perennial: flowers in July and August: grows in ditches, ponds, and slow rivers. Eng. Bot. vol. xviii. pi. 1286. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 231. P.fluitans. 266. 4. P. perfoliiitus. Perfoliute Pond-weed. Leaves heart-shaped, em- bracing the stem, uniform, all submersed. Leaves all sessile, uniform, very pellucid, olive-coloured. Perennial : flowers in July and August: grows in slow rivers and ponds : common. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 168. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 230. 267. 5. P.densus. Close-leaved Pond-weed. Leaves opposite, egg-shaped, tapering to a point, crowded ; stem forked ; spike four-flowered. Fruit-stalk very short, in the fork of the stem : all the leaves are sub- mersed, and very close together. Perennial : flowers in July and Au- gust : grows in ditches, ponds, and slow rivers : common. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 397. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 231. 268. 6. P. lucent. Shining Pond-weed. Leaves between elliptical and lance-shaped, pointed, stalked, membranous, sessile; spike dense, many- flowered Leaves large, olive-green, with undulated margins, and beautifully veined : spike two inches long, of very numerous, green flowers. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in ditches, pond*, lakes, and slow rivers : common. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 376. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 232. 269. 7. P. preltinguf. Long-stalked Pond-weed. Leaves oblong, obtuse, sessile; peduncles much elongated; spike cylindrical, many-flowered. CL. IV.] TETRANDRIA — TETRA0YNIA. 107 Nearly as large as the preceding, the largest British species. Pe- rennial: flowers in July : grows in pools and lakes in Scotland: rare. Berwickshire; Moss of Litie, Nairnshire; Lochleven. Brit. Ft. 4th ed. p. 70. 270. 8. P. lanceoldtus. Lance-shaped Pond-weed. Leaves lance-shaped, membranous, tapering at the base, sessile ; spikes dense, few-flowered. Leaves marked with chain-like reticulations near the ribs : spike small, short. Perennial: flowers in July and August: grows in pools and slow streams : rare. Eng. Bet. vol. xxviii. pi. 1985. Eng. Ft. vol. i.p. 233. 271. 9. P. crlspus. Curled Pond-weed. Leaves lance-shaped, three-nerved, waved, serrate, alternate, the upper opposite. Leaves sessile, bright- green : flowers yellowish-green, in short, loose spikes. Perennial : flowers in June and July: grows in ditches, pools, and rivulets: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1012. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 233. 272. 10. P. gramin'eus. Grassy Pond-weed. Leaves linear, tapering to- wards the base, alternate, sessile ; stem round, forked ; flower-stalks little longer than the spikes. Leaves bright-green, grassy-looking : spikes egg-shaped, dense. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in ditches and streams: rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxii. pi. 2253. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 235. 273. 11. P.pusiClus. Small Pond-weed. Leaves linear, three-ribbed, op- posite and alternate, spreading at the base ; stem round ; flower-stalks many times longer than the spikes. Leaves very narrow, pointed, much expanded at the base : spikes nearly globular. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in ponds, ditches, and slow streams : not uncommon. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 215. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 236. A variety with broader leaves and interrupted spike is the P. compressus, Flat-stalked Pond-weed. Eng. Bet. vol. vi. pi. 418. Eag. Fl. vol. i. p. 234. 274. 12. P. pectinatus. Fennel-leaved Pond-weed. Leaves bristle-shaped, one-ribbed, parallel, closely set in two rows ; spikes interrupted. Leaves alternate, bright-green : spikes few, with interruptions. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in ditches, pools, and rivers : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 323. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 237. 275. 13. P. acutifolius. Sharp-leaved Pond-weed. Leaves linear, taper- pointed, with three principal and numerous close parallel intermediate nerves, occupying the whole surface : spikes oval, compact, about equal in length with the short panicle. Perennial : flowers in July. Found by Mr. Borrer, in marsh-ditches at Amberley, Henfield, and Lewes, Sussex. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2609. Brit. Fl. 4th ed. p. 69. 276. 14. P. zoster afolius. Graw-wrack-like Pond-weed. Leaves broadly linear, acute, with three principal and numerous close parallel interme- diate nerves, occupying the whole surface : spikes cylindrical, upon long peduncles. Perennial: flowers in July : grows in ditches: rare. Rivulet at Hovingham, Yorkshire; Lakes of Rescobie and Forfar. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2685. P. cuspidatus. Eng. Fl. vol. I p. 234. 277. 18. RU'PPIA. TASSEL-GRASS. Calyx none. Corolla none. Anthers four, sessile, equal' roundish. Germens four, egg-shaped, close together. Styles none? 108 TETRANDRIA TETRAGVNIA^ [CL. IV^ stigmas obtuse. Seeds four, egg-shaped, obliquely pointed, each elevated on a long stalk. — Named after H. B. Ruppius. 8K 1. R. maritima. Sea Tassel-grass. The whole plant submersed. Roots fibrous, tufted ; stem long, slender, round,, much branched, leafy. Leaves linear, alternate : spikes two-flowered, on short axillar stalks. Perennial : flowers in August and September: grows in salt-water ditches and pools : not uncommon. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 136. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 238. 278. 19. SAGI'NA. PEARL-WORT. Calyx inferior, four-leaved. Petals four, egg-shaped, entire, spreading, shorter than the calyx j sometimes wanting. Fila- ments hair-like, ascending, shorter than the calyx ; anthers round- ish, two-lobed. Germen superior, egg-shaped. Styles awl-shaped, short, spreading; stigmas obtuse, downy. Capsule egg-shaped, one-celled, four-valved. Seeds numerous, very small, stalked, and attached to a central receptacle. — Name signifies fattening, food. 82. 1. S. prncumbens. Prooiimbtnt Pearl-wort. Stems procumbent ; leaves minutely pointed ; petals much shorter than the calyx. Stems from two to four inches long, spreading, leafy : leaves linear, three- ribbed, smooth : flowers drooping : petals white. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in dry, gravelly, or sandy soil : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 880. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 239. 279. 2. S. maritima. Sea Pearl-wort. Stems nearly erect, smooth ; leaves blunt ; petals none. Stems two or three inches high, spreading at the bottom, branched, leafy : leaves fleshy, linear, smooth. Annual : flowers from May to August : grows on the sea-coast : not uncommon. F.n«. Bot. vol. xx*i. pi. 2195. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 240. 280. 3. S. apttala. Small Annual Pearl-wort. Stems nearly erect, hairy ; leaves bristle-pointed, fringed ; petals generally wanting. Stems two or three inches long, spreading at the base, leafy, covered with spreading hairs : leaves linear, tipped with a bristle, and fringed at the edges : pe- tals sometimes present, very short, white, generally wanting. Annual : flowers from May to August : grows in dry, gravelly, or sandy places, on walls, rocks, &c. : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 881. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 240. 281. 20. MGE'NCHIA. MCKNCHIA. Calyx inferior, four-leaved. Petals four, lance-shaped, pointed, converging, permanent. Filaments hair-like, ascending, shorter than the petals ; anthers roundish, two-lobed. Germen superior, egg-shaped. Styles very short, spreading ; stigmas obtuse, downy. Capsule cylindrical, one-celled, one-valved. Seeds numerous, kid- ney-shaped, stalked, and attached to a common receptacle. — Named after Conrad Mcench. 83. 1. S. erf eta. Upright Manchia, Least Stichwort. rRoot fibrous: stems erect, three or four inches high, round, leafy : leaves opposite, CL.V.] JPENTANDHIA. 109 sessile, bet ween linear and lance-shaped : petals white. Annual : flowers in May : grows in moist gravelly places : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 609. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p, 241. 282. 21. TILL^'A. TILUEA. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, with three or four large, egg-shaped segments. Petals three or four, egg-shaped, acute, rather smaller than the calyx. Filaments three or four, simple, awl-shaped, erect, shorter than the corolla ; anthers roundish, two-celled. Germens three or four, egg-shaped, superior. Styles very short; stigmas obtuse. Capsules oblong, pointed, reflected, one-celled, two-valved. Seeds egg-shaped ; two in each capsule. — Named after the Italian botanist Tilli. 84. 1. T. muscosa. Mossy TUlita, or Red-shanks. Stems procumbent; flowers sessile, three-cleft. From one to two inches high : root fibrous : stems at first nearly erect, soon becoming procumbent, round, leafy, red : leaves oval, opposite, succulent, reddish, smooth : petals white, tinged with red. Perennial : flowers in May and June: grows on sandy heaths, in Norfolk and Suffolk : common. Eng. Sot. vol. ii. pi. 116. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 242. 283. 22. RADI'OLA. ALL-SEED. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, with four three-cleft segments. Petals four, inversely egg-shaped, as long as the calyx. Filaments four, awl-shaped, as long as the petals; anthers roundish, two- lobed. Germen superior, roundish, four-lobed. Styles four, hair- like, very short, permanent ; stigmas knobbed. Capsule roundish, eight-valved, eight-celled. Seeds solitary, egg-shaped, polished. — Named from radius, a ray. 85. 1 . R. Millegrdna. All-seed. From one to two inches high : root fibrous : stem erect, repeatedly forked, leafy : leaves egg-shaped, sessile, opposite : flowers axillar, stalked, white. Annual : flowers in July and August : grows in gravelly and sandy soil, on heaths, &c. : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 893. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 243. 284. CLASS V. PENTANDRIA. Plants bearing Flowers -with Five Stamens. Order I. MONOGYNIA. One Pistil. * Flowers of one petal, inferior, with two or four naked seeds. 10. E'CHIUM. Corolla irregular, its throat dilated and naked. Stigma deeply cleft. 5. PULMONA'RIA. Corolla funnel-shaped, its throat naked. Calyx prismatic, five-cleft. 2. LITHOSPE'RMUM. Corolla funnel-shaped, its throat naked. Calyx with five deep clefts. K 2 110 PENTANDRIA, [CL. V, 6. SYM'PHYTUM. Corolla closed with awl-shaped valves; its limb bell-shaped. 7. BORA'GO, Corolla closed with awl-shaped or notched valves ; its limb wheel-shaped. 9. LYCO'PSIS. Corolla closed with concave obtuse valves ; funnel- shaped, with a bent tube. Seeds concave at the base. 3. ANCHU'SA. Corolla closed with concave obtuse valves ; funnel- shaped, with the tube straight. Seeds concave at the base. 8. ASPERU'GO. Corolla closed with concave obtuse valves ; salver- shaped. Calyx of the fruit compressed, with jagged, parallel lobes. 4. CYNOGLO'SSUM. Corolla half-closed with rounded valves ; fun- nel-shaped. Seeds depressed, imperforate, borne upon a central column. 1. MYOSOTIS. Corolla half-closed with rounded valves; salver- shaped ; lobes obtuse. Seeds perforated at the base, borne by the calyx. ** Flowers of one petal, inferior, uith numerous seeds inclosed in a seed-vessel. 17. ANAGA'LLIS. Capsule one-celled, bursting all round. Corolla wheel-shaped. Stamens hairy. 16. LYSIMA'CHIA. CapsuU one-celled, ten-valved. Corolla wheel- shaped. 12. CY'CLAMEN. Capsule one-celled, pulpy within. Corolla wheel - shaped, reflected. Stigma acute. 11. PRI'MULA. Capsule one-celled, opening with ten teeth. Corolla salver-shaped, with a cylindrical tube, and open throat. Stigma globular. 14. HOTTO'NIA. Capsule one-celled, opening with five teeth. Corolla salver-shaped. Stamens from the margin of the tube. Stigma globular. 13. MENYA'NTHES. Capsule one-celled. Corolla funnel-shaped, hairy. Stigma divided. 15. VILLA'RSIA. Capsule one-celled. Corolla wheel-shaped, hairy. Stigma divided. 31. ERYTHR^E'A. Capsule incompletely two-celled. Corolla salver- shaped. Anthers after flowering spirally twisted. 28. HYOSCY'AMUS. Capsule two-celled, with a lid. Corolla fun- nel-shaped. Stigma knobbed. 27. VERBA'SCUM. Capsule two-celled. Corolla wheel-shaped, irre- gular. Stigma obtuse. Stamens declining. 19. CONVO'LVULUS. Capsule two-celled, each cell two-seeded. Corolla bell-shaped, plaited. Stigma cleft. 20. POLEMO'NIUM. Capsule three-celled. Corolla deeply five- cleft, the tube closed by five valves. Stamens inserted upon the valves. 18. AZA'LEA. Capsule five-celled. Corolla bell-shaped. Stamens in- serted upon the receptacle. 41. Vl'NCA. Follicles two, erect. Corolla salver-shaped, oblique. Seeds simple. 30. SOLA'NUM. Berry two-celled. Capsule wheel-shaped. Anthers with two pores. CL. V.] PENTANDRIA. [ 111 29. A'TROPA. Bern/ two-celled. Corolla bell-shaped. Stamens distant. Anthers heart-shaped. *** Flowers of one petal, superior. 32. SA'MOLUS. Capsule one-celled, with five recurved valves. Co- rolla funnel-shaped, five-cleft, with scales between the segments. 23. JASI'ONE. Capsule two-celled, opening at the top. Corolla wheel- shaped, deeply five-cleft. Stigma club-shaped. Anthers united at the base. 22. PHYTEU'MA. Capsule two- or three-celled, opening laterally. Corolla wheel-shaped, deeply five-cleft. Stigma two- or three- cleft. 24. LOBE'LIA. Capsule two- or three-celled. Corolla irregular, split longitudinally on the upper side. Stigma knobbed, hairy. 21. CAMPA'NULA. Capsule two- or three-celled, opening with lateral pores. Corolla bell-shaped. Stigma two- or three-cleft, revolute. 33. LONICE'RA. Berry with one or more cells, each cell many- seeded. Corolla irregular. (Rubia peregrina.) »#** Flowers of Jive petals, inferior. 34. RHA'MNUS. Berry three-celled, roundish. Calyx tubular, bear- ing the petals. 35. EUO'NYMUS. Capsule of four or five cells. Seeds with a fleshy coat. Calyx flat. 25. IMPA'TIENS. Capsule five-celled, five-valved. Corolla irregular. Calyx of two leaves. 26. VI'OLA. Capsule one-celled, three-valved. Corona irregular, spurred. Calyx of five leaves, extended at the base. ***** Flowers of Jive petals, superior, 36. RI'BES. Berry many-seeded. Calyx bearing the petals. Style cleft. 37. HE'DERA. Berry five-seeded. Calyx surrounding the germen. Style simple. ****** Flowers without petals. 39. GLAUX. Capsule superior, five-seeded. Calyx of one leaf, co- loured. 38. ILLE'CEBRUM. Capsule superior, one-seeded. Calyx of five leaves, cartilaginous 40. THE'SIUM. Drupe inferior, dry. Calyx leathery, five-cleft, bear- ing the stamens. Order II. DIGYNIA. Two Pistils. * Flowers of one petal, inferior. 48. GENTIA'NA. Capsule one-celled. Corolla tubular at the base, bell-shaped or funnel-shaped, destitute of nectariferous pores. 47. CUS'CUTA. Capsule two-celled, bursting all around. Corolla bell-shaped. ** Flowers without a corolla. Seed solitary. 44. BETA. Seed kidney-shaped, imbedded in the fleshy calyx. 112 PENTANDRIA. [CL. V. 43. CHENOPO'DIUM. Seed lenticular, superior to the five-cleft, persistent calyx. 45. SAL'SOLA. "Capsule closed, imbedded in the fleshy calyx. Seed with a spiral embryo. 42. HERNIA'RIA. Capsule closed, membranous, invested by the calyx. Stamens with five imperfect filaments. 46. UL'MUS. Capsule closed, membranous, compressed, margined, superior. (Polygonum amphibium.) *** Flowers of Jive petals, superior, ttw-seeded. A. Umbels and Umbellules furnished with involucres consisting of bracteas. 49. ERYN'GIUM. fruit egg-shaped, covered with straight bristles. Petals oblong, equal, inflected, undivided. Flowers aggregate, forming a head. 50. HYDROCO'TYLE. fruit round, compressed laterally, striated. Petals egg-shaped, acute, equal. Flowers in a simple umbel. 51. SANI'CULA. fruit egg-shaped, covered with hooked bristles. Petals lance-shaped, inflected, nearly equal. Umbellules clustered, the central flowers destitute of stamens and pistils. 82. HERA'CLEUM. fruit elliptical, compressed, striated. Petals inversely heart-shaped, radiant. Styles pyramidal at the base. 65. CENA'NTHE. fruit oblong, somewhat spongy, ribbed. Petals inversely heart-shaped, radiant, very unequal. Styles slender, en- larged at the base. 52. CAU'CALIS. fruit oblong, compressed transversely. Seeds with four rows of ascending, awl-shaped, hooked prickles. Petals in- versely heart-shaped, unequal. 58. DAU'CUS. fruit oblong, compressed transversely. Seeds with four rows of flat prickles and rough intermediate ribs. Petals inversely heart-shaped, unequal. 80. PEUCE'DANUM. fruit nearly orbicular, crowned with the calyx and styles. Petals inversely heart-shaped, all nearly equal. Styles very short, greatly dilated at the base. 64. CONI'UM. fruit egg-shaped, with ten acute ribs. Petals in- versely heart-shaped, slightly unequal. Styles a little tumid at the base. 59. BU'NIUM. fruit egg-shaped, strong ribbed. Petals inversely heart-shaped, equal. Styles awl-shaped, much swelled at the base. 60. Sl'UM. fruit egg-shaped or orbicular, ribbed. Petals inversely heart-shaped, or egg-shaped, equal. Styles cylindrical, swelling a little at the base. 61. SI'SON. fruit egg-shaped or nearly orbicular, ribbed. Petals elliptical or inversely heart-shaped, involute at the point, equal. Styles very short and thick. 79. SELl'NUM. fruit elliptical, ribbed, crowned with the calyx and style. Petals inversely heart-shaped, involute, equal. Styles with a tumid hemispherical base. 66. CRITH'MUM. fruit elliptical, ribbed, crowned. Petals ellip- tical, acute, incurved, equal. Styles short and thick, with swelled base. 72. LIGUS'TICUM. fruit oblong, winged. Petals elliptical, flattish, contracted at both ends, equal. Styles thick, tumid at the base. CL. V.] PENTANDRIA. 113 76. ME'UM. Fruit oblong, ribbed. Petals inversely egg-shaped with an inflected point, equal. Styles swelled at the base. 77. CNl'DIUM. Fruit egg-shaped, acute, with sharp ribs. Petals inversely heart-shaped or egg-shaped, equal. Styles hemisphe- rical at the base. 78. BUPLEU'RUM. Fruit egg-shaped, obtuse, with sharp ribs. Pe- tals wedge-shaped, very short, involute, equal. Styles very short, swelled at the base. 75. ATHAMAN'TA. Fruit egg-shaped, ribbed, hairy. Petals in- versely heart-shaped, broadly pointed, equal. Styles short, with a tumid base. 83. TORDY'LIUM. Fruit nearly orbicular, striated. Petals in- versely heart-shaped, with an inflected point, unequal. Styles thread-shaped, swelled at the base. B. Umbellules furnished with involucral bracteas, umbels naked. 62. CICU'TA. Fruit nearly orbicular, with six double ribs. Petals egg-shaped, or heart-shaped, nearly equal. Styles slightly swelled at the base. 70. IMPERATO'RIA. Fruit orbicular, with six ribs. Petals in- versely heart-shaped, rather irregular. Styles egg-shaped and swelled at the base. 71. ANGE'LICA. Fruit roundish, with three wings on each side. Petals lance-shaped, equal, flattish, with the point inflected. Styles short, erect, broad and swelled at the base. 54. ANTHRIS'CUS. Fruit egg-shaped, covered with short incurved bristles. Petals inversely heart-shaped, equal. Styles awl-shaped, tumid at the base. 53. TORI'LIS. Fruit egg-shaped, ribless, covered with ascending bristles. Styles awl-shaped, short, very broad at the base. 63. ^ETHU'SA. Fruit egg-shaped, with ten rounded ribs. Petals in- versely heart-shaped, deeply lobed, with an acute, inflected point. Styles short, swelled and egg-shaped at the base. 57. CH^EROPHY'LLUM. Fruit smooth, ribless. Petals inversely heart-shaped, with an inflected point, somewhat unequal. Styles short, awl-shaped, tumid at the base. 56. MY'RRHIS. Fruit narrow lance-shaped, deeply furrowed, smooth. Petals uniform, inversely heart-shaped, with an inflected taper point. Styles awl-shaped, very tumid at the base. 65. SCA'NDIX. Fruit elliptical, ribbed, somewhat bristly. Petals unequal, undivided, tapering at the base. Styles short, swelled at the base. C. Umbels and Umbellules without bracteas. 68. A'PIUM. Fruit roundish, ribbed. Petals roundish, with an in- flected point, equal. Styles swelled at the base. 76. PIMPINE'LLA. Fruit roundish, ribbed. Petals inversely heart- shaped, near equal. Styles thread-like, as long as the fruit. 67. SMY'RNIUM. Fruit roundish, ribbed. Petals lance-shaped, in- curved, equal. Styles swelled and depressed at the base. 81. PASTINA'CA. Fruit broadly elliptical, ribbed. Petals broadly lance-shaped, involute, equal. Styles very short, erect, with knobbed stigmas. 69. JEGOPO'DIUM. Fruit elliptical, ribbed. Petals inversely heart- shaped, unequal. Styles egg-shaped at the base. PENTANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. [CL. V. 74. CA'RUM. fruit oblong, ribbed. Petals inversely heart-shaped, unequal. Styles swelled at the base, subsequently elongated. Order III. TRIGYNIA. Three Pistils. * Flowers superior. 84. VIBU'RNUM. Corolla five-cleft. Berry one-seeded. 85. SAMBU'CUS. Corolla five-cleft. Berry two-seeded. ** Flowers inferior. 88. CORRIGI'OLA. Petals five. Seed one, naked, triangular. 86. STAPHYLE'A. Petals five. Capsules two or three, inflated. 87. TA'MARIX. Petals five. Capsule three-valved. Seeds numerous, downy. (Chenopodium. Stellaria media.) Order IV. TETRAGYNIA. Four Pistils. 89. PARNA'SSIA. Petals five. Nectaries five, fringed with bristles bearing globes. Capsule four-valved. Order V. PENTAGYNIA. Five Pistils. 91. LI'NUM. Petals five. Capsule ten-celled. 92. SIBBA'LDIA. Petals five. Seeds five, naked. Calyx ten-cleft. 90. STA'TICE. Petals five. Seed one, covered with the base of the calyx. (Spergula. Cerastmm.) Order VI. HEXAGYNIA. Six Pistils. 93. DRO'SERA. Petals five. Capsule three-valved, many-seeded. Order VII. POLYGYNIA. Numerous Pistils. 94. MYOSU'RUS. Petals five, with tubular honey-bearing claws. Seeds naked. Calyx spurred at the base. (Ranunculus hederaceus.) PENTANDRIA.— MONOGYNIA. 1. MYOSO'TIS. SCORPION-GRASS. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, deeply five-cleft ; segments acute, equal. Corolla of one petal, salver-shaped; mouth half-closed with five small valves. Filaments very short ; anthers small, oblong. Germens four. Style thread-shaped, central, as long as the tube ; stigma obtuse. Seeds egg-shaped, pointed, smooth. — Named from Mys, a mouse, and otii, an ear. 86. 1. M. palustris. Great Water Scorpion-grass. Forget-me-not. Calyx funnel-shaped, with short, broad segments; leaves oblong, roughish, with close-pressed bristles; root creeping. Roots very long, creeping: stem from six to twelve inches high : clusters many-flowered : two or three together: limb of the corolla sky-blue, the valve of the mouth yellow. CL.V.] PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 115 Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in marshy places and ditches : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxviii. pi. 1973. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 250. 285. 2. AT. caespitfsa. Tufted Water Scorpion-grass. Calyx funnel-shaped, with broad, spreading segments ; leaves covered with erect bristles; root fibrous. Stems about a foot high, rooting at the base : corolla paler and smaller than in the last species : the whole plant weaker. Peren- nial: flowers in June and July: grows in watery places: common. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2661. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 251. 286. 3. 31. alpes'tris. Rock Scorpion-grass. Calyx deeply five-cleft, co- vered with erect hairs ; leaves hairy, root-leaves half the length of the stalks ; root fibrous. Stems from three to five inches high : clusters dense : corolla large and blue. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows on Ben Lawers and other Highland mountains : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxvi. pi. 2559. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 253. 287. 4. M. sylviitica. Wood Srorpimi-grass. Fruit smooth ; calyx deeply five-cleft, with spreading hooked bristles, when in fruit egg-shaped, shorter than the spreading flower-stalks ; limb of the corolla flat, longer than the tube ; root-leaves on short dilated stalks. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in dry shady places : common. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2630. Bnt. Fl. 4th ed. p. 91. 288. 5. M. arvtnsis. Common Field Scorpion-grass. Fruit smooth ; calyx cleft half-way, with spreading hooked bristles, when in fruit egg-shaped, shorter than the spreading flower-stalks ; limb of the corolla concave, equal in length to the tube. Annual : flowers through the summer and part of autumn : grows in cultivated ground, and in general in loose soil : common. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2629. Brit. Fl. p. 91. 289. 6. M.collina. Earlu Field Scorpion-grass. Fruit smooth ; calyx deeply cleft, with spreading hooked bristles, when in fruit bulging at the base, open, equal in length to the spreading flower-stalks ; limb of the corolla concave, shorter than the tube ; one remote axillar flower. Annual : flowers in April and May : grows in dry pastures, sandy or gravelly open soil, and on wall tops: common. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2629. 290. 7. M. rersicolor. Yellow and Blue Scorpion-grass. Calyx deeply five- cleft, covered with spreading hairs ; leaves narrow, oblong, hairy ; clus- ters long, stalked, without a remote flower. Root fibrous : stem three or four inches high : corolla small, blue with a yellow throat. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows in dry waste places, on walls, &c. common. Eng. Bot. pl.^480. fig. 1. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 254. 291. 2. LITHOSPE'RMUM. CROMWELL Calyx inferior, of one leaf, oblong, deeply five-cleft; segments acute, equal, nearly erect. Corolla of one petal, funnel-shaped; tube open. Filaments very short ; anthers oblong, concealed in the tube. Germens four. Style thread -shaped, shorter than the tube ; stigma obtuse, notched. Seeds four, egg-shaped, pointed, hard. — Named from lithos, a stone, and sperma, seed. 87. 1. L. offidndle. Common Cromwell. Graymill. Corolla little longer than the calyx ; leaves lance-shaped, rather acute. Root tapering, whitish : stem about two feet high : leaves greyish-green : corolla pale- 116 PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. [CL. V. yellow. Perennial : flowers in May : grows in dry gravelly places : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 134. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 256. 292. 2. L. arven'se. Corn Cromwell. Corolla little longer than the calyx ; leave? narrow, lance-shaped, obtuse. Root tapering, with a purplish-red bark : stem about a foot high : leaves bright-green : corolla white. Annual : flowers in May and June : grows in corn-fields and waste places : common. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 123. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 256. 3. L. pitrpuro-caruleum. Creeping or Purple Gromuell. Corolla much longer than the calyx ; leaves lance-shaped. Root woody, blackish : stems several, from twelve to eighteen inches long : some bar- ren, creeping, and rooting: others erect: corolla large, violet-blue. Pe- rennial : flowers in April and May : grows in mountainous and woody pastures, in Wales and the south of England : rare. Eng. Bot.. vol. ii. pi. 117. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 257. 294. 4. S. maritimum. Sea Cromwell. Sea Buglnsi. Leaves egg-shaped, sprinkled with callous dots ; stems all procumbent. Root fleshy, tapering: stems numerous, from one to two feet long : leaves somewhat fleshy, smooth : flowers in terminal leafy clusters : corolla twice as long as the calyx, of a beautiful purple. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows on gravelly beaches on the sea-shore, in the north of England, in Ireland, and in Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 368. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 287. 295. 3. ANCHU'SA. ALKANET. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, cylindrical, deeply five-cleft ; seg- ments acute. Corolla of one petal, funnel-shaped; tube straight, tumid below ; mouth closed with five erect, obtuse, hairy, con- verging valves- Filaments very short ; anthers oblong, concealed by the valves. Germens four, roundish. Style cylindrical, short. Stigma cleft; seeds four, roundish, wrinkled, each hollowed out at the base. — Name from anc/io, to choke. 88. 1. A. officindlis. Common Alkanet. Spikes crowded, unilateral ; leaves lance-shaped. Stems from one to two feet high, rough with strong hairs : corolla deep purple. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in waste ground : rare, and not indigenous. Links at Hartley pans, Northumberland ; and near Glasgow. Eng. Bot. 296. 2. A. sempervirens. Ever-green Alkanet. Flower-stalks axillar, each bearing two dense spikes, with an intermediate flower ; leaves egg- shaped, acute. Stems from twelve to eighteen inches high : root- leaves large, remaining green all the winter, stalked, the rest sessile, all egg-shaped: limb of the corolla brilliant sky-blue, the valves white and downy. Perennial : flowers in May and June : grows by roads and among rubbish : not verv common, and probably not indigenous. !•'.'><:. Bot. vol. i. pi. 45. Eng'. Fl. vol. i. p. 259. 297. 4. CYNOGLO'SSUM. HOUND'S-TONOUE. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, deeply five-cleft; segments slightly acute. Corolla of one petal, funnel -shaped, little longer than the calyx; tube cylindrical, short; mouth half-closed with five hori- CL. V.] PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 117 zontal valves. Filaments short; anthers roundish. Germens four, depressed. Style awl-shaped, central, longish; stigma small, notched. Seeds four, roundish, imperforate at the base, attached to a central receptacle. — Name from cyan, a dog, and glossa, a tongue. 89. 1. C. officindle. Common Hound' s-tongue. Stamens shorter than the corolla ; stem-leaves broadly lance-shaped, sessile, downy. Whole plant dull-green, downy and soft : stem two feet high : root-leaves large, tapering at both ends: clusters terminal, panicled : corolla dull-crimson. This plant is suspected of possessing narcotic properties: its smell is very disagreeable, and greatly resembles that of mice. Biennial: flowers in May and June : grows by road-sides and among rubbish : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiii. pi. 1642. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 261. 298. 2. C. sylvdticum. Green-leaved Hound' s-tongue. Stamens shorter than the corolla ; leaves lance-shaped, the upper ones embracing the stem, smooth above, hairy beneath Whole plant bright-green : leaves covered on the back part with callous warts : flowers dull-blue. Bien- nial : flowers in June : grows in shady lanes : rare. Essex, Kent, Surrey, Worcestershire, Oxfordshire, Carse of Cowrie, &c. Ens;. Bot. vol. xxiii. pi. 1643. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 261. " 299. 5. PULMONA'RIA. LUNG-WORT. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, prismatic, five-cornered, with five equal segments. Corolla of one petal, funnel-shaped ; tube cy- lindrical, long; mouth naked and open. Filaments very short ; anthers oval, erect. Germens four, roundish. Style thread-shaped, short ; stigma small, notched. Seeds four, globular, hairy. — Named from puhnones, the lungs, the spotted leaves being sup- posed to resemble those organs. 90. 1. P. officindlis. Common Lung-wort. Leaves egg-shaped. Root fibrous : stems about a foot high, erect, leafy, hairv : leaves hairy, gene- rally speckled with white on the upper side, the lower on long bordered stalks, the upper sessile : flowers violet-blue. Perennial : flowers in May : grows in woods and shady lanes : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 118. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 262. 300. 2. P. angustifolia, Karrow-leai ed Lung-u-ort. Leaves lanced-shaped. Taller than the former, and differing chiefly in the form of the leaves, which are seldom spotted. Perennial : flowers in May and June : grows in woods and thickets : rare. Isle of Wight: New Forest, Hampshire. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiii. pi. 1628. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 263. 301. 6. SY'MPHYTUM. COMFREY. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, five-cleft ; segments acute. Corolla of one petal, bell-shaped; mouth closed by five lance-shaped, fringed valves. Filaments short, anthers arrow-shaped, concealed by the valves. Germens four, abrupt. Style club-shaped, long ; stigma undivided. Seeds four, egg-shaped. — Named from sym- phuo, to unite, on account of its imagined sanative powers. 91. 1 . S. officindle. Common Comfrey. Leaves between egg-shaped and lance-shaped, decurrent, covered with fine hairs. lloot oblong, L 118 PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. [CL. V. fleshy, black: stems three feet high, hairy, winged : flowers yellowish- white. A variety has purple flowers. Perennial : flowers in May and June : grows on the banks of rivers and ditches : frequent. The roots are glutinous and mucilaginous, and have been used for coughs. 1«^. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 817. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 264. 302. 2. S. tuberi'sum. Tuberous Cumfrey. Leaves egg-shaped, slightly decurrent, covered with coarse hairs, the upper ones opposite. Root white externally : flowers drooping, yellowish -white, tinged with green. Perennial : flowers in July : grows on the banks of rivers and ditches : common in Scotland; rare in England. Eng. Bot. vol. xxi. pi. 1502. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 264. 303. 7. BORA'GO. BORAGE. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, deeply five-cleft. Corolla of one petal, wheel-shaped; mouth bordered with five short notched valves, or with awl-shaped valves, or with both. Filaments awl- shaped ; anthers arrow-shaped or oblong. Germens four. Styles cylindrical j stigma knobbed. Seeds four, egg-shaped, wrinkled. — Named from cor, the heart, and ago, to bring. 92. 1. B. officindlis. Common Borage. Leaves egg-shaped, alternate; mouth of the corolla with a double row of valves, the innermost awl- shaped, bearing the stamens. Whole plant covered with very pungent bristles: flowers numerous, in terminal bunches: corolla brilliant blue, large. The flowers were supposed to be cordial, and were infused in drinks ; but quackeries of this kind are now out of fashion. Biennial : flowers in June and July : grows in waste ground, near houses. En*. Bot. vol. i. pi. 36. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 265. 304. 8. ASPERU'GO. CATCHHEED. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, deeply five-cleft, subsequently en- larged, forming two erect lobes. Corolla of one petal, funnel- shaped ; mouth nearly closed by five rounded horizontal valves. Filaments very short ; anthers small, roundish. Germens four, compressed. Style erect, long ; stigma blunt. Seeds four, ob- long, compressed, attached to a central column in pairs. — Name from asper, rough. 93. 1. A. procumbens. Trailing Catchweed. Calyx when in fruit com- pressed. Stems prostrate, square, leafy, their angles prickly : leaves generally in threes, elliptical, dark-green, covered with bristles : corolla small, blue. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows in waste ground : rare. Durham. Dunbar castle ; near Aberlady, East Lothian. En«. But. pi. 36. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 263. 305. 9. LYCO'PSIS. BUCLOSS. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, deeply five-cleft. Corolla of one petal, funnel-shaped; tube twice bent; mouth clothed with five rounded, hairy valves. Filaments very small ; anthers oblong. Germens four. Style thread-shaped, short ; stigma blunt, notched. Seeds four, egg-shaped, cornered. — Named trom lycos, a wolf, and optis, a face. 94. CL. V.] PENTANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. 119 1. L. arvtnsis. Small Bugtoss. Leaves spear-shaped, waved, very bristly. The whole plant very rough and bristly: stems erect, roundish, about a foot high : corolla sky-blue, with white valves. An- nual : flowers in June and July : grows in corn-fields and by road-sidts : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 938. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 268. 306. 10. E'CHIUM. VIPER'S-BUGLOSS. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, permanent, five-cleft ; the segments awl-shaped. Corolla of one petal, bell-shaped ; tube very short : limb gradually widening upwards ; segments five, the two upper- most longest, the lower smallest j mouth open and naked. Fila- ments as long as the corolla, awl-shaped, unequal ; anthers oblong, fixed sidewise. Germens four. Style thread-shaped, long ; its summit blunt, cleft. Seeds four, roundish, wrinkled, obliquely pointed. — Named from echis, a viper. 95. 1. E. vulgdre. Common Viper's-bugloss. Stem simple, rough with bristles and tubercles ; stem-leaves lance-shaped, bristly ; spikes short, lateral, hairy, deflected. Stems from one to two feet high, round : leaves alternate, entire, dull green : the lowest stalked : flowers large, crowded, beautiful, bright purplish-blue, sometimes white. Biennial : flowers in June and July : grows in corn-fields and waste ground : com- mon. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 181. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 269. 307. 2. £. violdceum. Violet-Jfowered Bugloss. Stem spreading, branched, rough with bristles and tubercles ; lower leaves egg-shaped, stalked, upper ones heart-shaped and somewhat clasping at the base. Stem often decumbent : spikes longer than in the preceding, and bearing more dis- tant flowers. Biennial : flowers in July and August : grows in sandy ground : very rare. Plentiful about St. Helier, Jersey. Brit. Fl. 4th ed. p. 87. ' 308. 11. PRl'MULA. PRIMROSE. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, tubular, with five angles and rive teeth, erect, permanent. Corolla of one petal, salver-shaped ; tube cylindrical, as long as the calyx ; limb spreading, with five some- what deep inversely heart-shaped segments ; mouth open. Fila- ments very short, in the throat ; anthers pointed, erect, within the tube. Germen globular. Style thread-shaped, as long as the calyx ; stigma globular. Capsule cylindrical, one-celled, open- ing at the top with ten acute teeth. Seeds numerous, roundish, attached to a central, oblong receptacle. — Name from primus, first, on account of its early appearance. 96. 1. P. vulgaris. Common Primrose. Leaves wrinkled, toothed ; stalks single-flowered : limb of the corolla flat. Leaves numerous, radical, oblong, unequally toothed, soft, reticulated, gradually tapering down- wards into short foot-stalks : flowers numerous, large, sulphur-yellow, having a pleasant smell. Perennial : flowers in April and May : grows in woods, hedges, and thickets, on grassy banks, &c. : common. Eng. But. vol. i. pi. 4. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 271. 309. 2. P. eldtior. Oxlip Primrose. Leaves wrinkled, toothed ; stalk many- flowered ; limb of the corolla flat. Leaves contracted about the rnid- 120 PENTANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. \JCL. V. die : flowers in an umbel : corolla smaller than in the last, pale-yellow, the centre deeper yellow. This is supposed, without much reason, to be a hybrid between the Primrose and the Cowslip. It is more likely a variety of the former. Perennial : flowers in April and May : grows in woods, hedges, &c. : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 513. Eng. Ft. vol.i. p. 271. 310. 3. P. vtris. Cowslip. Paigle. Leaves toothed, wrinkled, contracted towards the middle ; stalk many-flowered ; limb of the corolla concave. Leaves more downy and softer than in the fpregoing : flowers in umbels : corolla with the limb concave, shorter, and of a deeper yellow : the flowers are used for making cowslip wine. Perennial : flowers in April and(May : grows in meadows and pastures : common in England ; rare in Scotland, except about Edinburgh. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 5. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 272. 311. 4. P.farindsa. Birds'-eye Primrose. Leaves toothed, even, powdery beneath ; limb of the corolla flat ; mouth with a notched border ; stigma undivided. Leaves mealy underneath: corolla rose-coloured, the mouth surrounded with a yellow, notched, glandular border : umbel few- flowered. Perennial: flowers in June and July : grows in wet pastures and by rivulets in the north of England and in Scotland : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 6. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 273. 312. 5. P. Scotica. Scottish Primrose. Leaves toothed, even, powdery on both sides ; limb of the corolla flat ; mouth with a notched border ; stigma five-cleft. Smaller than the last, the leaves mealy on both sides. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows on the east coast of the northern division of Scotland, and in the Orkney Islands. Eng. But. Suppl. pi. 2608. Ertg. Fl. vol. i. p. 273. 3 1 3. 12. CY'CLAMEN. CYCLAMEN. Calyx inferior, divided half-way into five egg-shaped segments, permanent. Corolla of one petal, wheel-shaped, with a nearly globular tube, reflexed limb, and open naked mouth, prominent at the circumference. Filaments very short; anthers straight, acute. Gerraen roundish. Style thread-shaped, longer than the stamens ; stigma acute. Capsule globose, one-celled, the inside pulpy. Seeds numerous, egg-shaped, angular. — Name from cyclos, a circle. 97. 1. C. hederozfolium. Ivy-leaved Cyclamen. Leaves heart-shaped, an- gular, finely toothed. Root globular, brown : leaves variegated with dark and pale green : flowers pendulous on naked stalks : corolla white or flesh-coloured : very acrid, especially the root. Perennial : flowers in April : grows in thickets and woods, hardly indigenous : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 810. C. etiropxum. Eng. fl. vol. i. p. 274. 314. 13. MENYA'NTHES. BOG-BEAN. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, deeply divided into five segments, permanent. Corolla of one petal, with a short tube, and a limb divided into five recurved segments, covered above with long thread-like fibres. Filaments awl-shaped, short ; anthers cleft at the base. Germen conical. Style cylindrical ; stigma notched. CL. V.] PENTANDRIA — MON06YNIA. 121 Capsule egg-shaped, one-celled, two-valved. Seeds numerous, attached to the margins of each valve. — Named from mene, a month, and anthos, a flower. 98. 1. M. trifolidta. Marsh Trefoil. Bog-bean. Leaves ternate, disk of the corolla shaggy. Root large, black, creeping : stems round : leaves ternate on round foot-stalks : clusters stalked, opposite the leaves : corolla flesh-coloured, the filaments white. This beautiful plant is possessed of powerful medicinal properties : an infusion of the leaves is extremely bitter, and is prescribed in rheumatisms and dropsies : it may be used as a substitute for hops in making beer, and is employed as a purgative for calves. Perennial : flowers in June and July: grows in marshy places, ditches, pools, and shallow lakes : abundant. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 495. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 275. 315. 14. VILLA'RSIA. VILLARSIA. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, deeply divided into five segments. Corolla of one petal, wheel-shaped, with a limb often fringed with hairs. Capsule one-celled. Seeds numerous, attached to the mar- gins of each valve. — Named in honour of M. de Villars, a French botanist. 99. 1. V. nymph&oides. Fringed Bog-bean, or Water Lily. Leaves heart- shaped, waved at the edges, floating ; corolla fringed. Stems several feet long : flowers axillar : corolla yellow, with a darker disk. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in ponds and rivers : rare. In several parts of the Thames ; in the Isis. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 217. Menyan- thes nympfueoides. Eng. FL vol.i. p. 276. 316. 15. HOTTO'NIA. FEATHERFOIL. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, deeply divided into five linear seg- ments. Corolla of one petal, salver-shaped, with a cylindrical, open tube, the limb divided into five oblong, notched, equal segments. Filaments awl-shaped, short ; anthers oblong. Germen globular, pointed. Style short, cylindrical ; stigma globular. Capsule globular, pointed, one-celled, five-valved. Seeds nume- rous, roundish. — Named after a Leyden professor, P. Hotton. 1 00. 1. H.palustris. IVater Featherfoil. Water Violet. Stalks solitary ; many-flowered; partial stalks whorled. Foliage underwater, the flowers alone rising above the surface : leaves deeply pinnatifid, with linear segments : flowers in numerous whorls, lilac-coloured, of the shape of those of the primrose. Perennial : flowers in June : grows in ditches and ponds, in England : not common. Eng. Bot, vol. vi. pi. 364. En». Fl. vol. i. p. 277. 317. 16. LYSIMA'CHIA. LOOSE-STRIFE. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, deeply divided into five acute segments. Corolla of one petal, wheel-shaped, without a tube, the limb divided into five egg-shaped segments. Filaments awl- shaped ; anthers oblong, notched at both ends. Germen roundish. Style thread -shaped, as long as the stamens ; stigma obtuse. Cap- L 2 122 PENTANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. [CL. V. sule globular, pointed, one-celled, ten-valved. Seeds numerous, angular. — Named from lysis, dissolving, and mache, battle. 101. * Stalks many-flowered. 1. L. vulgdris. Great Yellow Loose-strife. Clusters panicled, ter- minal, leaves between egg-shaped and lance-shaped, acute. Root creeping: stems four feet high, erect, angled: flowers yellow. Peren- nial : flowers in July : grows in wet shady places : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 761. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 278. 318. 2. L. thyrsiftora. Tufted Loose-strife. Clusters lateral, stalked. Root creeping : stems two feet high, erect, simple : leaves numerous, opposite, sessile, lance-shaped : flowers small, yellow. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in watery places : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 176. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 279. 319. ** Stalks single-flowered. 3. L. nemorum. Wood Loose-strife. Yellow Pimpernel. Leaves egg-shaped, acute; stem procumbent; stamens smooth. Stems from six to twelve inches long : flowers golden-yellow. Perennial : flowers from May to September : grows in woods and thickets : common. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 528. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 279. 320. 4. L. Xummuldrin. Creeping Loose-strife. Money-wort. Leaves ap- proaching to heart-shaped; flowers solitary ; stem prostrate, creeping; stamens glandular. Stems compressed with four prominent angles, from one to two feet long : flowers pale lemon-coloured. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in wet meadows, and on the borders of rivulets : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 528. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 280. 321. 17. ANAGA'LLIS. PIMPERNEL. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, deeply divided into five acute, spreading segments, permanent. Corolla of one petal, wheel- shaped, without a tube, the limb nearly flat, divided into five egg- shaped segments. Filaments slender, erect, shorter than the corolla, covered with glandular hairs ; anthers heart-shaped. Ger- men globular. Style thread-shaped; stigma knobbed. Capsule round, one-celled, splitting across into two valves. Seeds nume- rous, angular. — Named from anagelao, to laugh. 102. 1. A. arven'sis. Common Scarlet Pimpernel. Leaves egg-shaped, dotted beneath ; stem procumbent ; corolla minutely notched. Stem trailing, branched, square : leaves sessile : corolla scarlet, with a violet- coloured mouth, sometimes blue. Annual : flowers in the summer months : grows in fields and gardens : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxvi. pi. 529. Eng. .Rvol.i.p.281. 322. 2. A. tenel'la. Bog Pimpernel. Leaves roundish, somewhat pointed, stalked; stem creeping. Root and stems creeping: leaves finely dotted beneath : flowers erect, rose-coloured. Perennial : flowers in July and August ; grows on wet heaths and meadows: not uncommon. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 530. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 282. 323. 18. AZA'LEA. AZALEA. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, deeply divided into five acute, erect segments, permanent. Corolla of one petal, bell-shaped, divided CL. V.] PENTANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. 123 half-way into five nearly equal segments with inflected margins. Filaments thread-shaped. Anthers roundish ; germen globular. Style cylindrical, erect, permanent; stigma knobbed. Capsule roundish, with five deep furrows, five-celled, five-valved. Seeds numerous, roundish. — From azaleas, parched. 103. 1. A. procumbens. Trailing Azalea. Branches spreading and procum- bent ; leaves opposite, revolute, smooth. A small shrub growing in tufts : flowers terminal, rose-coloured. Flowers in July : grows on dry heathy ground on many of the Highland mountains. Eng. Bot. pi. 865. Eng. Ft. vol.i. p. 282. 324. 19. CONVO'LVULUS. BINDWEED. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, small, divided into five egg-shaped, permanent segments. Corolla of one petal, large, bell-shaped, regular, with five plaits and five shallow lobes ; nectary, a gland under the germen. Filaments awl-shaped, half as long as the co- rolla; anthers arrow-shaped, erect, terminal. Germen roundish. Style thread-shaped, as long as the stamens ; stigmas two, spread- ing. Capsule roundish. Seeds large, roundish. — Named from convolvo, to entwine. 104. 1. C. sepium. Great Bindweed. Leaves arrow-shaped ; flower-stalks square, bearing a single flower ; bracteas heart-shaped, close to the flower. Roots long, creeping : stems twining, several feet long : flowers large, white or tinged with rose-colour. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in hedges and thickets : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 312. Eng. Fl. vol.i. p. 285. 325. 2. C. arvensis. Small Bindweed. Leaves arrow-shaped ; flower-stalks bearing a single flower ; bracteas minute, remote from the flower. Root creeping, long : stems twining or prostrate, several feet long : flowers rose-coloured, sometimes white. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in hedges, on dry banks, in pastures, &c. : common. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 312. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 285. 326. 3. C. Soldanella. Sea Bindweed. Leaves kidney-shaped ; flower- stalks bearing a single flower, their angles membranous ; stems procum- bent. Root creeping : stems about two feet long : leaves rather suc- culent : flowers large, purplish pink-coloured, with pale-yellow plaits. Perennial: flowers in June and July : grows in sand on the sea-shore : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 314. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 286. 327. 20. POLEMO'lNIUM. GHEEK VALERIA*. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, cup-shaped, divided into five broad segments, permanent. Corolla of one petal, wheel-shaped, with a very short tube, closed at the top by five convex, downy valves ; the limb flat, with five obtuse, equal segments. Filaments thread- shaped, inclining, shorter than the corolla ; anthers roundish, erect. Germen egg-shaped, acute, superior. Style cylindrical, as long as the stamens ; stigma three-cleft, revolute. Capsule egg-shaped, with three blunt angles, three-celled, three-valved. Seeds nume- rous, triangular. — Named from polemos, war. ]05. 124 PENTANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. [JCL. V. 1. P. caeruleum. Greek Valerian. Jacob's Ladder. Leaves pinnate ; flowers erect ; root fibrous. Stem from one to two feet high, angular, hollow, leafy, panicled at the top : leaves alternate : flowers numerous, blue. Perennial : flowers in June : grows in bushy places in the north of England and south of Scotland: rare. Eng. Bat. vol. i. pi. 14. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 287. 328. 21. CAMPA'NULA. BELL-FLOWER. Calyx superior, of one leaf, deeply divided into five acute seg- ments, permanent. Corolla of one petal, bell-shaped, impervious at the base, furnished at the lower part with five acute valves, covering the top of the germens, the limb divided into five broad, regular segments. Filaments hair-shaped, very short, from the point of the valves; anthers linear, compressed. Germen inferior, angular. Style thread-shaped, longer than the stamens ; stigma oblong, with three revolute divisions. Capsule roundish, angular, three-celled. Seeds numerous, small. — Name, campanula, a little bell. 106. 1. C. rotufufi/o/ia. Round-leaved or Common Bell-flower. Root-leaves kidney-shaped, serrate ; stem-leaves linear, entire. The root-leaves wither very soon, so that when the plant is in flower the stem-leaves alone, of which the lower are lanceolate, the upper linear, are to be seen : stem about a foot high: corolla blue. Perennial: flowers in July and August : grows in dry pastures, by road-sides, hedges, Sec. ; common. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 866. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 288. 329. 2. C. pdtula. Spreading Bell-flower. Root-leaves egg-shaped ; stem- leaves narrow, lance-shaped, all even, crenate and roughish ; panicle spreading ; calyx minutely toothed. Stem two feet high, angular, rough, panicled : flowers fine blue, larger than those of the preceding species. Annual : flowers in July and August : grows in pastures, on the borders of fields, and in hedges : rare. Borders of Budden Wood, near Loughborough ; in many parts of Worcestershire and Staffordshire ; in Norfolk, Surrey, and Kent. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 42. E ng. Fl. vol. i. p. 290. 330. 3. C. Rapun'mlus. Rampion Bell-flower. Leaves waved, crenate, roughish ; root-leaves elliptical ; stem angular, hairy below ; panicle compact; calyx entire. Root spindle-shaped, white : stem three feet high, leafy : corolla light-blue. The roots are eaten raw, or variously dressed. Biennial: flowers in July and August: grows about the bor- ders of fields, on hedge-banks, &c. ; in Norfolk, Kent, and Surrey : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 283. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 290. 331. 4. C. persicifolia. Peach-leaved Bell-flower. Leaves smooth, slightly serrate ; root-leaves inversely egg-shaped, stem-leaves narrow, lance- shaped, sessile; stem round, smooth, few-flowered. Root creeping : stems about two feet high : flowers very large, fine blue. Perennial : flowers in July. Said to have been found near Cullen, by Mr. G. Don. Eng. Bot. Snppl. pi. 2773. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 291. 332. 5. C.latifolia. Giant Bell-flower. Leaves roughish, between egg- shaped and lance-shaped ; stem simple, rounded ; flowers solitary, stalked, erect ; fruit drooping. Stem three or four feet high : flowers CL. V.] PENTANDRIA — SIONOGYNIA. 125 large, deep blue, sometimes white. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in moist woods and thickets : rare in England ; common in Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 302. Eng. Ft. vol. ix. p. 291. 333. 6. C. rapunculoides. Creeping Bell-floicer. Leaves roughish ; root- leaves heart-shaped, crenate, stalked ; stem-leaves lance-shaped, sessile ; flowers unilateral, drooping, forming a terminal cluster. Stems about two feet high : flowers purplish-blue. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in woods and fields : rare. Oxfordshire ; near Kirkaldy, Fifeshire, and about Edinburgh. Eng. Bot. vol. xx. pi. 1369. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 292. 334. 7. C. Trachelium. Nettle-leaved Bell-Jlower. Stem angular ; leaves stalked, heart-shaped, acutely serrate, bristly as well as the calyx ; flower-stalks axillar. Stem two or three feet high : upper leaves lance- shaped : flowers large, deep-blue. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in woods, thickets and hedges, in England : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 12. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 293. 335. 8. C. glomerdta. Clustered Bell-flower. Stem angular, simple ; leaves egg-shaped, crenate, rough with hairs, those of the stem embracing; flowers sessile, mostly in a terminal head. Stem about a foot high, erect : flowers deep bluish-purple. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in dry pastures : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 90. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 293. 336. 9. C. hy'brida. Corn Bell-Jlower. Stem straight, rough ; leaves ob- long, crenate ; corolla widely spreading, shorter than the calyx. Stem about six inches high : flowers deep-blue. Annual : flowers in August : grows in dry corn-fields, in England : frequent. Near Edinburgh. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 375. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 294. 337. 10. C. hederdcea. Ivy-leaved Bell-Jlower. Stem feeble, much branched, procumbent ; leaves stalked, smooth, heart-shaped, with angular lobes. Stems in loose tufts : flowers pale purplish-blue. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in moist shady places : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 73. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 295. 338. 22. PHYTEU'MA. RAMPION. Calyx superior, of one leaf, deeply divided into five acute, per- manent segments. Corolla of one petal, wheel-shaped, deeply divided into five linear, acute, recurved segments. Filaments thread-shaped, dilated at the base, much shorter than the corolla ; anthers oblong. Germen angular. Style cylindrical, curved, longer than the stamens ; stigma divided into two or three spread- ing segments. Capsule roundish, two or three-celled, with strong ribs. Seeds numerous, small, inversely egg-shaped. — Name signi- fies merely a plant. 107. 1. Ph. orbiculdre. Round-headed Rampion. Flowers in a roundish head ; root-leaves heart-shaped, stem-leaves elliptical, the upper ones lance-shaped. Stems about a foot high, angular, smooth : leaves cre- nate, the lower ones stalked, the upper sessile : flowers deep-blue. Pe- rennial : flowers in August : grows in pastures, and by road-sides, in the south of England : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 142. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 296. 339. 126 PENTANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. \JCL. V. 2. Ph. spicdtnm. Spiked Rampion, Flowers in an oblong cylindrical spike ; root-leaves oblong, heart-shaped at the base, stalked, somewhat doubly serrate ; upper leaves and bracteas narrow lanceolate, short, sessile. Perennial : flowers in July : discovered in Sussex, in 1825, by the Rev. Ralph Price, but is probably not indigenous. Eng. -B<>t. Suppt. pi. 2598. Brit. Ft. 4th ed. p. 101. 340. 23. JASI'ONE. SHEEP'S-BIT. Calyx superior, of one leaf, deeply divided into five acute, per- manent segments. Corolla wheel-shaped, deeply divided into five, lance-shaped, equal segments. Filaments awl-shaped, short; anthers oblong, united at the base. Germen roundish, Style cylinrdical, longer than the stamens ; stigma cleft. Capsule roundish, with five angles, imperfectly two-celled, opening by a round pore at the top. Seeds numerous, oblong, minute, attached to a globular stalked receptacle. — Name doubtful. 108. 1. J. montdna. Common Sheep' s-bit. Root tapering : stems about eight inches high, generally branched : leaves sessile, oblong, rough : flowers purplish-blue, in round terminal tufts, each tuft surrounded by egg-shaped bracteas. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows in dry pastures : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 882. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 297. 341. 24. LOBE'LIA. LOBELIA. Calyx superior, of one leaf, deeply divided into five small, nearly regular, permanent segments. Corolla of one petal, irre- gular: tube cylindrical, split along the upper side , limb deeply divided into five lance-shaped segments, the two upper small, forming the upper lip, the others more spreading and forming the lower lip. Filaments awl-shaped, as long as the tube, united at the top ; anthers united into a cylinder. Germen pointed. Style cylindrical, as long as the stamens; stigma knobbed, hairy. Cap- sule elliptical, angular, with two or three cells, and as many valves, open at the top : partitions contrary to the valves. Seeds nume- rous, minute, covering a conical receptacle. — Named after Matthias Lobel. 109. 1. L. Dortmdnna. Water Lobelia. Leaves linear, entire, with two longitudinal cells ; stem nearly leafless. Leaves numerous, mostly from the root : stem solitary, erect, hollow, slightly leafy, terminating in a loose cluster of pale-blue, drooping flowers. Perennial : flowers in July : grows near the margins of lakes, the flowers rising above the water : very common in the Highlands and Hebrides. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 140. Eng . Ft. vol. i. p. 298. 342. 2. L. urent. Acrid Lobelia. Stem nearly erect ; lower leaves round- ish, crenate ; upper lance-shaped, serrate; clusters terminal. Stem about a foot high, branched, leafy, roughish : flowers pale purplish-blue, downy. Perennial : flowers in August and September : grows on bushy heaths in Devonshire : very rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 953. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 299. 343. CL. V/J PENTANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. 127 25. IMPA'TIENS. TOUCH-ME-NOT. Calyx inferior, small, of two roundish, concave, unequal, deci- duous leaves. Corolla of five unequal petals; the upper roundish, flat, erect, three-cleft, forming the upper lip ; the two lower very large, reflected, obtuse, irregular, forming the lower lip ; the middle two opposite, at the base of the upper lip, sometimes wanting •, nectary of one leaf, tubular, oblique at the mouth, the upper edge of which is attached to the receptacle, tapering at the base into a curved spur. Filaments very short, incurved ; anthers united at the base. Germen egg-shaped, pointed. Style none ; stigma un- divided, short. Capsules egg-shaped, five-celled, five-valved. Seeds oval, attached to a central column. — So named because the capsule, impatient of being touched, opens when handled. 110. 1. /. Noli-me-tangere. Touch-me-not. Yellow Balsam. Flowers on branched axillar stalks ; leaves egg-shaped, serrate, stalked ; joints of the stem swelling Stem a foot high, rounded, succulent, brittle : flowers large, yellow, internally spotted with red. Annual : flowers in July and August: grows in watery places in the north of England, but is not indigenous. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 937. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 300. 344. 26. Vl'OLA. VIOLET. Calyx inferior, of five oblong, acute, equal, erect, permanent leaves, produced downwards beyond their insertion ; two of them under the uppermost petal, one under each of the lateral petals, and one under the two lower. Corolla irregular, of five unequal petals; the uppermost broadest, slightly cleft, directed downwards, terminating at the base in a curved spur, projecting between the leaves of the calyx; two lateral petals opposite, equal, obtuse, straight ; two lower, equal, larger, and directed upwards. Fila- ments very small ; anthers broad, close together, obtuse, each with a membranous point. Germen superior, roundish. Style thread- shaped, extending beyond the anthers; stigma oblique. Capsule egg-shaped, one-celled, three-valved. Seeds several in each cell, egg-shaped, attached to a linear receptacle in the middle of each valve. — Name of doubtful origin. 111. 1. V. hirta. Hairy Violet. Stem none ; leaves heart-shaped, rough with hairs, as well as their stalks ; leaves of the calyx obtuse ; lateral petals %vith a hairy central line. Stipules lance-shaped : flowers soli- tary, light greyish-blue, streaked with black. Perennial: flowers in April : grows in woods and pastures : common in England ; rare in Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 894. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 302. 345. 2. V. odordta. Sweet Violet. Stem none ; root throwing out creeping runners; leaves heart-shaped, nearly smooth, as well as their stalks; leaves of the calyx obtuse ; lateral petals with a hairy central line. Stipules lance-shaped, toothed : flowers deep purplish-blue, scented. Perennial : flowers in March and April : grows in woods and pastures : frequent in England ; rare in Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 619. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 302. 346. 128 PENTANDRIA — AIOXOGYNIA. [CL. V. 3. V. palustris. Marsh Violet. Stem none ; leaves kidney-shaped, smooth ; root creeping ; spur very short ; lateral petals with a central hairy line. Stipules egg-shaped, nearly entire : flowers drooping, very pale blue, with purple streaks. Perennial : flowers in April : grows in bogs and wet mossy ground : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 444. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 303. 347. 4. V. canina. Ddg's Violet. Stem angular ; leaves heart-shaped ; leaves of the calyx acute ; stipules serrate ; bracteas linear, entire Leaves nearly smooth, crenate : flowers drooping, blue with purple lines, and a greenish-white spur. Perennial : flowers through the summer : grows in woods, thickets, hedges, and pastures : very common. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 620. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 304. 348. 5. V. Idcten. Cream-coloured Violet. Stem round ; leaves between egg-shaped and lance-shaped ; stipules toothed ; bracteas lance-shaped ; leaves of the calyx acute. Flowers bluish-white, with purplish streaks. Perennial: flowers in May: grows in hilly pastures: rare. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 445. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 304. 349. 6. V. tricolor. Pansy Violet. Heart's-ease. Stem angular, branched, spreading ; leaves oblong, deeply crenate ; stipules lyre-shaped, pinna- tifid. Stem about six inches high, usually branched, sometimes simple : flowers varying greatly in size and colour. Annual : flowers through the summer and autumn : grows in loose soil : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xviii. pi. 1287. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 306. 350. 7. V. lutea. Yellow Pansy. Stem triangular, unbranched, erect, decumbent at the base ; leaves broadly oblong, crenate, fringed ; stipules lobed, palmate. Stem three or four inches high : flowers very large, generally yellow, sometimes purple. Perennial : flowers from May to September: grows in hilly pastures: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 721. £«£-. Fl. vol. i. p. 307. It is extremely probable that V. tricolor and V. lutea are the same species. 351. 27. VERBA'SCUM. MULLEIN. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, deeply divided into five erect, acute, nearly equal, permanent segments. Corolla of one petal, wheel- shaped, unequal, the tube very short; the limb spreading, deeply divided into five rounded segments. Filaments awl-shaped, un- equal, declining, woolly, shorter than the corolla; anthers kidney- shaped, compressed. Germen roundish. Style thread-shaped, slightly swelling upwards, declining, rather longer than the sta- mens ; stigma obtuse. Capsule egg-shaped, two celled, two- valved; partition double, frequently incomplete. Seeds numerous, minute, angular, covering the egg-shaped or globular central re- ceptacle.— Name altered from barbascum, which is derived from barba, a beard. 112. 1. V. Tlidpsus. Great Mullein. Leaves decurrent, woolly on both sides; stem simple; cluster dense. Root spindle-shaped: stem erect, three or four feet high, woolly : flowers nearly sessile, large, golden yellow. Biennial : flowers in July and Augrust : grows in waste ground, in sandy or gravelly soil : frequent. Eng. but. vol. viii. pi. 549. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 309. 352. CL. V.J PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 129 2. V. Lychnitis. White Mullein. Leaves oblong, inclining to wedge- shaped, nearly smooth on their upper side ; stem angular, panicled Stem erect, about three feet high, woolly : flowers stalked, rather small, cream-coloured. Biennial : flowers in July and August: grows in waste places : very rare. Near Truro. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 58. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 310. 353. 3. V. pulverulentum. Yellow Hoary Mullein. Leaves egg-shaped, obscurely serrate, covered on both sides with mealy wool ; stem round, panicled. Stem from three to five feet high, leafy, woolly : flowers bright-yellow, stalked. Biennial : flowers in July : grows in waste places : rare. Common in Norfolk and Suffolk. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 487. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 311. 354. 4. V. nigrum. Black Mullein. Leaves heart-shaped, stalked, waved, crenate, slightly downy ; stem angular ; cluster spiked. Stem two or three feet high, leafy: flowers bright-yellow: stamens covered with purple hairs. Perennial: flowers in July and August: grows in waste places : frequent in England ; rare in Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol.i. pi. 59. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 312. 355. 5. V. virgdtum. Large-jtowered Primrose-leaved Mullein. Leaves broadly lance-shaped, toothed, sessile ; root-leaves downy, somewhat lyre-shaped ; stem branched ; flowers aggregate, partly stalked. Stem five or six feet high, winged : flowers large, bright-yellow. Biennial : flowers in August : grows in fields and waste places in England : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 550. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 313. 356. 6. V. Blattaria. Moth Mullein. Leaves embracing the stem, oblong, smooth ; stem branched above, each branch terminating in a simple cluster ; flower-stalks longer than the bracteas. Stem three or four feet high, erect, leafy, smooth : flowers yellow, stained with brown at the back. Annual : flowers in July : grows in gravelly soil, in England : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 393. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 313. 357. 28. HYOSCY'AMUS. HENBANE. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, tubular, swelling below, the limb divided into five segments. Corolla of one petal, funnel-shaped, irregular, tube cylindrical, short, limb divided half-way into five obtuse, rounded segments, one of them broader. Filaments awl- shaped, somewhat unequal in length ; anthers heart-shaped. Germen roundish. Style thread-shaped, reclined as long as the stamens ; stigma knobbed. Capsule egg-shaped, with a longi- tudinal furrow at each side, two-celled, opening transversely. Seeds numerous, inversely egg-shaped, curved, covering the oblong, convex receptacles, which are attached to the partition. — Named from cr/amus, a bean, and hyos, of a hog. 113. 1. H. niger. Common Henbane. Leaves sinuated, embracing the stem ; flowers sessile. Stem branched, rounded : the whole plant woolly and clammy, with a fetid odour : flowers pale-yellowish, with dark-purple veins. Poisonous, producing convulsions, delirium, and death : used medicinally as a sedative. Annual : flowers in July : grows in waste ground, in loose dry soil : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 591. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 316. 358. M 130 PENTANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. QcL. V. 29. A'TROPA. DEADLY NIGHT-SHADE. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, permanent, deeply divided into five acute, somewhat unequal segments. Corolla of one petal, bell- shaped ; the tube very short ; the limb tumid, egg-shaped, longer than the calyx, with five shallow, nearly equal, marginal segments. Filaments awl-shaped, spreading and curved above, nearly as long as the corolla. Germen egg-shaped, with a gland beneath. Style thread-shaped, inclining upwards, as long as the corolla; stigma knobbed. Berry globular, with two lateral furrows, two-celled. Seeds numerous, kidney-shaped, attached in each cell to a fleshy receptacle, fixed to the partition. — Named after Atropos, one of the Fates. 114. 1. A. Belladi'mna. Deadly Night-$hade. Stem herbaceous ; leaves egg- shaped, undivided. Stem three feet high, round, branched, slightly downy ; flowers solitary, stalked, dull-purple. The whole plant is fetid and poisonous. Children are apt to eat the shining black berries, which have a sweetish taste, but in the smallest quantity produce fatal effects. Perennial : flowers in June : grows in hedges and waste ground : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 592. Eng'Fl. vol. i. p. 317. 359. 30. SOLA'NUM. NIGHT-SHADE. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, divided into five acute, permanent segments. Corolla of one petal, wheel-shaped ; tube very short ; limb much longer, reflected, plaited, divided into five acute seg- ments. Filaments awl-shaped, short ; anthers much longer than the filaments, oblong, angular, close together, with two terminal pores. Germen roundish. Styles thread-shaped, longer than the stamens, deciduous ; stigma obtuse. Berry roundish, glossy, with a terminal scar, two-celled. Seeds numerous, roundish, com- pressed, attached to a fleshy receptacle, connected with the par- tition.— Name doubtful. 115. 1. S, Dulcamdra. Bitter-sweet. Woody Night-shade. Stem shrubby, undulated, thornless ; upper leaves halbert-shaped ; clusters cymose. Stem branched, twining: lower leaves heart-shaped or egg-shaped: corolla purple, with two round green spots at the base of each segment : berries oval, scarlet. The root and leaves have been applied to various medicinal uses. The berries are poisonous. A shrub: flowers in June and July : grows in thickets and hedges : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 365. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 318. 360. 2. S. nigrutn. Common Night -shade. Stem herbaceous, thornless ; leaves egg-shaped, toothed, angular; umbels lateral, drooping. Stem branched, angular : flowers white : berries globular, black. The whole plant is fetid and narcotic, and has been employed medicinally. The potatoe belongs to this family, the species of which are generally ex- tremely poisonous. Annual: flowers from June to September: grows in waste places near houses : common in England ; rare in Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 566. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 319. 361. CL,. V.] PENTANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. 131 31. ERYTHR/E'A. CEXTAURY. Calyx inferior, permanent, of one leaf, deeply divided into five erect, awl-shaped segments. Corolla of one petal, salver-shaped ; tube nearly cylindrical, slender, longer than the calyx ; limb deeply divided into five egg-shaped or lance-shaped spreading segments. Filaments thread -shaped, equal, much shorter than the corolla; anthers oblong, twisting spirally. Germen oblong or nearly linear, compressed. Style cylindrical, straight; stigmas two, roundish, finally spreading. Capsule oblong, acute at each end, compressed, imperfectly two-celled, two-valved. Seeds nu- merous, roundish, arranged in four rows. — Name from erythros, red. 116. 1. E. Centaurium. Common Centaury. Stem nearly simple ; panicle forked, corymbose ; leaves broadly lance-shaped ; calyx halt" as long as the tube, its segments partly united by a membrane. Stem about a foot high, leafy: flowers rose-coloured. Annual: flowers in July and August : grows in dry pastures : common. Bitter and stomachic, for- merly much used, but now neglected. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 417. En*. Fi. vol. i. p. 321. 362. 2. E. littordlis. Dwarf Tufted Centauri/. Stem generally simple, straight ; leaves between linear and inversely egg-shaped, obscurely three-ribbed ; flowers sessile, densely corymbose ; calyx as long as the tube, its segments united at the base. Two or three inches high, stout : flowers rose-coloured. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows in sandy pastures near the sea : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxiii. pi. 2305. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 320. 363. 3. E. pulcliella. Dwarf Branched Centaury. Stem much branched or simple; leaves egg-shaped; flowers stalked, solitary; calyx more than half the length of the tube ; segment of the corolla lance-shaped. Stem erect, from one to three inches high : flowers from the forks of the stem, as well as terminal, slender, with a pink corolla. Annual : flowers in August and September : grows on sandy ground, near the sea : fre- quent. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 458. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 323. 364. 4. E. latij'olia. Broad-leaved Centaury. Stem three-cleft at the top ; flowers in dense tufts ; calyx as long as the tube ; segments of the corolla lance-shaped. Stem erect, stiff: lower leaves broadly elliptical. Annual: flowers in August and September: grows on the sea-shore: rare. Very common in the Outer Hebrides, where it is gathered for the purpose of being infused in spirits as a bitter. Eng. Fi. vol. i. p. 321. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2718, but not the ordinary form. 365. The four alleged species above described are apparently varieties of the same specific form, dependent upon differences of soil and situation. 32. SA'MOLUS. BROOK-WEED. Calyx inferior, of one leaf; tube hemispherical; margin deeply divided into five equal, permanent segments. Corolla of one petal, funnel-shaped; tube wide, as long as the calyx; limb with five deep, obtuse segments, and five small intermediate scales at the base. Filaments awl-shaped, short, arising from the middle of the tube ; anthers roundish, two-lobed, covered by the scales of 132 PENTANDHIA MONOGYNIA. QcL. V. the corolla. Germen nearly globular, covered by the tube of the corolla. Style erect, short; stigma knobbed. Capsule globular, one-celled, its lower half closely invested by the calyx. Seeds numerous, small, angular, covering the globular, central recep- tacles.— Name doubtful. 117. 1. 5. Valerandi. Water Pimpernel. Common Brook-weed. Leaves inversely egg-shaped, obtuse ; clusters many-flowered ; partial flower- stalks, each with a small bractea. Smooth, pale-green : stem erect, round, about a foot high : flowers small, white. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in watery places, on gravelly soil: not common. Eng. Bot. vol. x. pi. 703. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 324. 366. 33. LONl'CERA. HONEYSUCKLE. Calyx superior, small, of one leaf, with five deep segments. Corolla of one petal, tubular; tube oblong, bulging at one side; limb deeply divided into five revolute segments, one of which is more deeply separated. Filaments awl-shaped, arising from the upper part of the tube; anthers oblong. Germen roundish. Style thread-shaped, as long as the corolla; stigma bluntly knobbed. Berry roundish, with one or more cells, its lower half closely in- vested by the calyx. Seeds several, roundish, compressed. — Named after Adam Lonicer, a German botanist. 118. 1. L. Caprifulium. Pale Perfoliate Honeysuckle. Flowers gaping, whorled, terminal ; upper leaves confluent and perfoliate. A twining shrub, with smooth stem and leaves : flowers yellowish with a reddish tube, six together: berries elliptical, brownish-orange. Flowers in May and June: grows in woods and thickets: rare. Frequent about Edin- burgh. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 799. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 326. 367. 2. L. Pericly'menum. Common Honeysuckle, or Woodbine. Flowers gaping, in imbricated, terminal, egg-shaped heads ; leaves all distinct. A twining shrub, well known for the delicious odour of its flowers, which are yellowish or white, with deep-red streaks. Flowers in June and July : grows in thickets, hedges, and the clefts of rocks : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 800. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 327. 368. 3. L. Xylosteum. Upright Honeysuckle. Flower-stalks with two flowers ; berries distinct ; leaves entire, downy. A shrub with an erect stem, four or five feet high: stalked, egg-shaped, acute leaves: small cream-coloured or reddish flowers, and scarlet berries. Flowers in July: grows in thickets and rocky places: rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 916. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 327. 369. 34. RHA'MNUS. BUCK-HORN. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, funnel-shaped, coloured internally; limb with five, sometimes four acute, equal segments. Petals five or four, small, converging, sometimes wanting. Filaments awl- shaped, short, arising from the mouth of the calyx ; anthers roundish, two-lobed. Germen roundish. Style cylindrical, short ; stigma with two, three, or four lobes. Berry roundish, with two, three, or four cells. Seeds one in each cell, rounded on the outer side, flattened on the inner. — Name signifies a branch. 119. CL. V.] PENTANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. 133 1. R. cathdrticus. Buckthorn. Thorns terminal; flowers four-cleft, dioecious; leaves egg-shaped, acutely serrated ; stem erect. A shrub, with spreading branches, each ending in a sharp thorn : flowers yellow- ish-green : berries globular, bluish-black. The juice of the unripe berry dyes yellow. When ripe they are nauseous and violently purgative. Flowers in May: grows in thickets and hedges: common in England ; rare in Scotland and Ireland. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiii. pi. 1629. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 329. 370. 2. R. Frdngula. Alder Buckthorn. Thorns none ; flowers all perfect ; leaves entire. A shrub, three or four feet high, with numerous black branches : flowers five-cleft, whitish : berries dark-purple. Th» berries before they are ripe dye green. Flowers in May : grows in woods and thickets, in England : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 250. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 329. 371. 35. EUO'NYMUS. SPINDLE-TREE. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, deeply divided into five rounded, permanent segments. Petals five, egg-shaped, flat, spreading, longer than the calyx. Filaments awl-shaped, erect, shorter than the corolla, arising from the germen ; anthers two-lobed. Germen pointed. Style short, simple ; stigma obtuse. Capsule succulent, coloured, five-sided, five-cornered, five-celled, five-valved. Seeds egg-shaped, solitary, enveloped in a succulent coat. — Named after Euonyme, the mother of the Furies. 120. 1. E. Europ&'us. Spindle-tree. Prickwood. Flowers mostly four- cleft ; branches smooth ; leaves egg-shaped, pointed, serrated. A shrub or small tree, with green, smooth bark : flowers small, greenish- white, the first only five-cleft: the fruit is violently emetic and purgative. Flowers in May : grows in hedges and thickets : frequent in England and Ireland; rare in Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 362. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 330. 372. 36. RI'BES. CURRANT. Calyx superior, of one leaf, tumid, permanent, with five oblong, spreading, marginal segments. Petals five, small, obtuse, erect, from the edge of the calyx. Filaments awl-shaped, short, erect, arising from the calyx ; anthers compressed, two-lobed. Germen roundish. Style cleft; stigma obtuse. Berry globular, dimpled, one-celled, with two lateral, longitudinal receptacles. Seeds numerous, roundish, somewhat compressed. — Name given by mis- take, it having been applied by the Arabian physicians to a dif- ferent plant. 121. * Without prickles. 1. R. ri'ibrum. Common Currant. Clusters smooth, pendulous; flowers nearly flat ; petals inversely heart-shaped. A bushy shrub, with a smooth deciduous cuticle : clusters simple : petals greenish-white : berries globular, red. Flowers in May : grows in woods and thickets, but seldom, if ever, truly wild. Isle of Isla, according to Lightfoot ; banks of the Tees. Eng. Bi>t. vol. xviii. pi. 1289. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 331. A variety, with clusters somewhat hairy, when in flower erect, when in fruit pendulous, grows in woods, in Durham, and near Airly Castle. Eiig. Bot. vol. x. pi. 705. -R. petrtf'um, Hock Currant. Eng. M 2 134 PENTANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. QcL. V. Fl. vol. i. p. 332. Another variety, called by some R. spicdtum, Acid Mountain Currant, has the spikes erect, with nearly sessile flowers. It grows near Richmond, Yorkshire. Eng. Bot. vol. xviii. pi. 1290. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 332. 373. 2. R. alpimim. Tasteless Mountain Currant. Clusters erect, both in flower and in fruit ; bracteas longer than the flowers ; leaves shining on the back. A shrub with erect branches, greenish, sometimes dioecious flowers, and scarlet, insipid berries : flowers in May : grows in thickets : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. x. pi. 704. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 333. 374. 3. R. nigrwn. Black Currant. Clusters hairy, pendulous, with a separate single-flowered stalk at the base of each ; flowers bell-shaped ; leaves glandular. A shrub with erect branches, pale-green flowers, and globular, black berries. According to Dr. Withering, the petals sometimes change into stamens : the leaves are astringent, as are the berries in a slight degree, on which account they are used for sore throats. Flowers in May : grows in wet hedges and on the banks of rivers : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xviii. pi. 1291. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 333. 375. ** Furn>shed with prickles. 4. R. Grossuldria. Common Gooseberry. Branches with prickles under the buds, otherwise smooth ; flowers bell-shaped, on simple droop- ing stalks ; segments of the calyx reflected, shorter than the tube. A bushy shrub, with three-lobed leaves, greenish flowers, and green berries, rough with scattered hairs. The uses to which the berries of this and other species of the genus are applied, being so generally known, it is unnecessary to mention. Flowers in May : grows in hedges, thickets, waste ground, and on old buildings, but scarcely native. Eng. Bot. vol. xxix. pi. 2057. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 334. 376. 37. HE'DERA. IVY. Calyx very small, of five teeth, surrounding the germen. Petals five, oblong, spreading. Filaments awl-shaped, erect, as long as the petals; anthers cleft at the base. Germen turbinate, sur- rounded by the ring-like receptacle of the flower. Style very short ; stigma simple. Berry globular, one-celled. Seeds from three to five, large, oblong, convex on the outer, angular on the inner side. — Name doubtful. 122. 1. H. Helix. Common Ivy. Leaves with five angular lobes, those of the flowering branches egg-shaped. Stem branched, climbing and clinging by small lateral fibres: leaves tough, shining : flowers in um- bels : berries black. A shrub : flowers in October : grows in woods and hedges, on old buildings, and on rocks: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xviii. pi. 1267. Eng. Ft. vol. i. p. 335. 377. 38. ILLE'CEBRUM. KNOT-GRASS. Calyx inferior, five-cornered, of five-coloured, cartilaginous, permanent leaves. Corolla none. Filaments hair-like, shorter than the calyx, with five intermediate scales or bristles; anthers simple. Germen egg-shaped, acute. Style short; stigma obtuse. Capsule roundish, pointed at both ends, one-celled, five-valved. CL. V.] PENTANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. 135 Seed solitary, oval, pointed at both ends, filling the capsule. — Named from illecebra, an enticement. 123. 1. I. verticilldtum, Whorled Knot-grass. Flowers in whorls, without bracteas ; stems procumbent. Leaves small, egg-shaped, acute : flowers small, white or reddish. A small plant, with spreading and pro- cumbent stems. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in marshy ground in Cornwall and Devonshire. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 895. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 336. 378. 39. GLAUX. SEA MILKWORT. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, coloured, bell-shaped, deeply divided into five obtuse, spreading, recurved, permanent segments. Co- rolla none. Filaments awl-shaped, erect, as long as the calyx. Stigma knobbed. Capsule globular, pointed, one-celled, five- valved. Seeds five, roundish, attached to a large, globular, central receptacle, marked with pits. — Named from glaucos, grey. 124. 1. G. maritima. Sea Milkicort. Black Saltwort. Root of long fibres : stem from two to eight inches high, erect, branched, smooth : leaves oblong, smooth, fleshy : flowers axillar, solitary, flesh-coloured. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows on the sea-shore, in muddy places : common. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 13. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 337. 379. 40. THE'SIUM. TOAD-FLAX. Calyx superior, of one leaf, internally coloured, divided half way into five spreading segments, permanent. Corolla none. Filaments awl-shaped, erect, short; anthers roundish. Germen roundish, ribbed. Style thread- shaped, as long as the stamens ; stigma cleft. Drupe oblong, angular, dry, leathery, crowned by the closed calyx. Nut roundish. — Name doubtful. 125. 1. T. Hnophy'lUim. Bastard Toad-flax. Cluster branched ; bracteas three together ; leaves lance-shaped, inclining to linear ; tube of the calyx very short. Stem spreading, angular, from three to five inches high : calyx whitish, irregularly notched between the segments. Pe- rennial : flowers in July : grows in elevated pastures, in England : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 247. Eng. Fl. vol. i. p. 338. 380. 41. VIN'CA. PERIWINKLE. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, deeply divided into five erect, acute, permanent segments. Corolla of one petal, salver-shaped 5 tube longer than the calyx, cylindrical below, dilated and marked with five grooves above, five-sided at the mouth ; limb horizontal, deeply divided into five oblique, abrupt segments, attached to the top of the tube. Filaments short; first bent inwards and then outwards ; anthers membranous, obtuse, erect, incurved with the pollen at the margin. Germens two, roundish, accompanied by two roundish lateral glands. Style one, common to both ger- mens, cylindrical, shorter than the tube ; stigma knobbed, seated on a round, flat disk. Follicles two, cylindrical, acute, erect. Seeds several, oblong, cylindrical. — Name doubtful. 126. 1. V. miner. Lesser Periwinkle. Stems procumbent ; leaves between 136 PENTANDRIA — DIGTNIA. [CL. \ . lance-shaped and elliptical, smooth on the margin ; flowers stalked ; segments of the calyx lance-shaped. Flowering branches erect : flowers solitary, bright-blue. Perennial : flowers in May : grows on banks and in hedges : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 917. Eng. Fl. vol.i. p. 339. 381. 2. V. major. Greater Periwinkle. Stems ascending ; leaves egg- shaped, fringed; flowers stalked; segments of the calyx linear, elongated. Flowers pale-blue, nearly twice the size of those of the former species. Perennial : flowers in May : grows in woods: rare, and not indigenous. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 514. Eng. FL vol. i. p. 340. 382. DIGYNIA. 42. HERNIA'RIA. RUPTUHE-WORT. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, internally coloured, deeply divided into five acute, spreading, permanent segments. Corolla none. Filaments awl-shaped, shorter than the calyx, with five inter- mediate imperfect ones; anthers five, two-lobed. Germen egg- shaped. Styles very short; stigmas pointed. Capsule mem- branous, one-celled. Seed solitary, roundish, pointed, filling the capsule. — Named from hernia, rupture. 127. 1. H, gldbra. Smooth Bupture-wort. Herbaceous; leaves and calyx smooth. Root tapering : stems prostrate, much branched : leaves inversely egg-shaped, on short stalks, glabrous : flowers small, green, in dense clusters. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in sandy ground, in the south of England. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 206. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 8. When the leaves are ciliated, it is the H. ciliata, Ciliated Rupture-wort, of some botanists. 383. 43. CHENOPO'DIUM. GOOSE-FOOT. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, deeply divided into five egg-shaped, concave, permanent segments, membranous at the edges. Corolla none. Filaments awl-shaped, as long as the calyx ; anthers roundish, two-lobed. Germen round, depressed. Styles short ; stigmas obtuse. Seed solitary, round, flattened, enveloped by the permanent, five-cornered calyx. Name from c/ien, a goose, and pous, a foot. 128. * Leavet angular. 1. Ch. Bi'mus Henricus. Mercury Goose-foot. Good Henri/. Leaves triangular, arrow-shaped, entire ; spikes terminal and axillar, compound, leafless. Root fleshy, branched : steins a foot high, furrowed, leafy. Perennial : flowers in May and June : grows in waste ground, and by roads, near houses: frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1033. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 10. 384. 2. Ch. intermedium. Upright Goose-foot. Leaves tri3ngular, toothed ; clusters very long, straight, approaching the stem, nearly leafless. Root fibrous : stem erect, two feet high, angular, furrowed : leaves stalked : clusters axillar and terminal, erect, shorter than the leaves: seed five times as large as that of the following species. Annual : flowers in Au- CL. V.] PKNTANDRIA DIGYNIA. 137 gust and September: grows on dunghills and waste places: common. Eng. But. vol. x. pi. 717. C. urbicum. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 10. 385. 3. Ch. rubrum. Leaves triangular, somewhat diamond-shaped, deeply toothed, and sinuate ; racemes erect, compound, leafy ; seed very mi- nute. Of a darker green than the last species : stems reddish : from one to two feet high. Annual : flowers in August and September : grows on dunghills and waste ground : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiv. pi. 1721. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 11. 386. 4. Ch.botryodes. Muny-clustered Goose-foot. Leaves triangular, some- what toothed, the upper ones bluntish ; clusters erect, compound, leafy. Stems spreading or prostrate : leaves fleshy, frequently red. An- nual : flowers in August and September : grows in sandy places near Yarmouth and at Lowestoft. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxii. pi. 2247. Eng. Fl. vol.ii. p. 11. 387. 5. Ch. murdle. Nettle-leaved Goose-foot. Leaves egg-shaped, acute, toothed, shining ; clusters panicled, cymose, leafless. Stems erect, much branched : the whole plant of a darkish-green and fetid. Annual : flowers in August and September: grows in waste ground, about old walls : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiv. pi. 1722. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 12. 388. 6. Ch. hy'bridiim. Maple-leaved Goose-foot. Leaves heart-shaped, pointed, with broad angular teeth ; clusters panicled, cymose, divari- cate, leafless. Stem rather slender, branched : the whole plant bright- green and fetid. Annual: flowers in August: grows in waste places : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxvii. pi. 1919. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 12. 389. 7. Ch. Album. White Goose-foot. Leaves mealy, egg-shaped, in- clining to diamond-shaped, jagged, entire at the base, the upper ones ob- long, entire ; clusters branched, somewhat leafy ; seed smooth. Stem branched, furrowed : the wliole plant mealy. Annual : flowers in July and August : grows in waste and cultivated ground. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiv. pi. 1723. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 13. 390. 8. Ch.faifolium. Fig-leaved Goose-foot. Leaves sinuated, jagged, somewhat halbert-shaped, entire at the base, the upper ones oblong, entire; seed dotted Greener than the last, and with narrower leaves. Annual: flowers in August and September: grows in waste ground, about London and Yarmouth. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiv. pi. 1724. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 13. 391. 9. Ch. glaucum. Oak-leaved Goose-foot. Leaves all oblong, deeply waved at the edges, glaucous and mealy beneath ; clusters compound, leafless. Stems branched, spreading or prostrate. Annual : flowers in August: grows in waste ground, about London. Eng. Bot. vol. xxi. pi. 1454. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 14. 392. ** Leaves undivided and entire at the margin. 10. Ch. olidum. Stinking Goose-foot. Leaves egg-shaped, inclined to diamond-shaped, entire ; spikes dense, leafless. Stems branched, spreading or prostrate : the whole plant greyish-green, mealy, greasy, and exhaling a detestable odour, like that of putrid fish. Annual : flowers in August: grows in waste ground and sand, near the sea: not unfrequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xxi. pi. 1480. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 15. 393. 138 PKNTANDRIA DIGYNIA. QcL. V. 11. Ch.polysptrmum. All-seed Goose-foot. Leaves egg-shaped, ob- tuse, entire ; stem prostrate, cymose, leafless. Stem scarcely branched : leaves stalked, deep grass-green. Annual : flowers in July and August : grows in waste ground : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxi. pi. 1480. Eni;. Fl. vol. ii. p. 15. Ch. acutifiilium, Sharp-leaved Goose-foot, is a variety of this plant, with erect stems and acute leaves. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxi. pi. 1481. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 15. 394. 12. Ch.maritimum. Sea Goose-foot. Leaves semicylindrical, tapering; flowers axillar, sessile. Stems erect, branched : leaves alternate, ses- sile. Annual: flowers in July and August : grows on the sea-shore: abundantly. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 633. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 16. 395. 13. Ch.fruticosa. Shrubby Saltwort. Shrubby, erect ; leaves semioylin- drical, bluntish, thornless. Stem three feet high, branched : leaves fleshy, ever-green: flowers green, with three membranous bracteas under each. Perennial: flowers in July and August : grows on the sea-coast, in the south and south-east of England : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 635. Saltola fruticosa. Eng. Ft. vol.ii. p. 18. 396. 44. BETA. BEET. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, deeply divided into five oblong seg- ments, fleshy at the base, permanent. Corolla none. Filaments awl-shaped, as long as the calyx ; anthers roundish, two-lobed. Germen sunk in the calyx below the receptacle of the flower, round, depressed. Styles two, sometimes three, very short ; stigmas acute. Seed solitary, naked, curved, imbedded in the fleshy mass of the calyx, and covered by its segments. — Name from the Celtic belt, signifying red. 129. 1. B. maritima. Sea Beet. Stems procumbent ; flowers in pairs. Root thick and fleshy : stems angular, furrowed, from one to two feet long : leaves deep-green : flowers green, sessile, axillar. Perennial : flowers in August : grows on the sea-shore : not common. Eng. B»t. vol. iv. pi. 285. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 17. 397. 45. SA'LSOLA. SALTWORT. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, deeply divided into five rounded, permanent segments. Corolla none. Filaments awl-shaped, as long as the calyx; anthers roundish, two-lobed. Germen globu- lar. Styles two or three, united at the base; stigmas recurved. Capsule egg-shaped, one-celled, imbedded in the fleshy base of the calyx. Seed solitary, roundish, large. — Named from sat, salt. 130. 1. S. Kuli. Prickly Saltwort. Herbaceous, decumbent; leaves awl- shaped, thorn-pointed, rough ; calyx with a dilated margin. Stem very bushy, with stiff, channelled leaves : flowers solitary, each with three leaf-like bracteas. Burnt for the alkaline salts which it contains, and which are used in the manufacture of glass. Annual : flowers in July: grows on the sea-shore, among sand. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 634. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 18. 46. U'LMUS. ELM. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, turbinate, wrinkled, permanent ; the limb divided into five, sometimes four or six, erect segments, in- CL. V.] PENTANDRIA — DIGYNIA. 139 lernally coloured. Corolla none. Filaments generally five, awl- shaped, twice as long as the calyx. Anthers erect, short, with four furrows. Germen oblong, compressed, cleft. Styles two, terminal, spreading, shorter than the stamens. Stigmas downy. Capsule membranous, round or oblong, notched at the end, one- celled. Seed solitary, roundish, slightly compressed.— Named from ulm. 131. 1. U. campestris. Common small-leaved Elm. Leaves between egg- shaped and diamond-shaped, doubly serrate, rough ; flowers nearly sessile, four-cleft, with four stamens ; capsule oblong, deeply cleft. A large tree, with rugged bark, and spreading branches : flowers in numerous, round, purplish tufts, each with a fringed bractea at the base. Flowers in March and April : grows in woods, in the south of England : common. The wood is hard and rough, and is used for axle-trees, mill-wheels, chairs, coffins, &c. Eng. But. vol. xxvii. pi. 1886. Eng. Fl. vol.ii. p. 20. 399. 2. U. moiitdna. Broad-leaved or Wych Elm. Leaves doubly serrate, pointed, rough ; flowers stalked, tufted, five or six-cleft, with five or six stamens; capsule round, slightly cleft. A large spreading tree, with large, broadly elliptical leaves. Flowers in March and April : grows in woods, in England and Scotland : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxvii. pi. 1887. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 22. 400. 3. U. gltibra. Smooth-leaved Elm. Leaves doubly serrate, smooth, oblong; flowers nearly sessile, five-cleft; capsule inversely egg-shaped, deeply cleft. A large tree, with smooth branches and leaves. Flowers in March : grows in woods, in England. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxii. pi. 2248. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 23. 401 . 4. U. stricta. Cornish Elm. Leaves inversely egg-shaped, wedge- shaped at the base, with an elongated point, doubly crenate-serrate, leathery, smooth and shining above. A large tree, with bright-brown, smooth, rigid, erect branches : grows in Cornwall and North Devon. Lindley, Synopsis, p. 227. Brit. Fl. 4th edition, p. 127. 402. As the species of this difficult genus are far from being satisfactorily determined, it has been judged expedient to omit three or four alleged species, as they are probably mere varieties of U. campestris and montana, to which they are referred by some botanists. 47. CU'SCUTA. DODDER. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, cup-shaped, deeply divided into five, sometimes four, broad, permanent segments, its base fleshy. Corolla of one petal, with an elliptical tube, the limb divided into five, sometimes four, deep, spreading, equal segments. Filaments five or four, awl-shaped, erect, shorter than the corolla, sometimes with a scale at the base ; anthers roundish, two-lobed. Germen roundish. Styles two, sometimes one or three, shorter than the corolla, spreading ; stigma simple or knobbed. Capsule membra- nous, elliptical, two-celled. Seeds two in each cell, large, inversely egg-shaped, erect. — Name supposed from the Arabic Keshout. 132. 1. C. Europe' a. Greater Dodder. Heads of many flowers; stamens 140 PENTANDRIA — DIGYNIA. [CL. V. without a scale at the base ; styles included ; corolla with a cylindrical tube longer than the close-pressed calyx. Parasitic on nettles, thistles, flax, and other plants : stem long, thread-like, red, branched, twining : flowers in dense round heads, pale-coloured. Annual : flowers in Au- gust and September : not frequent, ing-. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 378. Eng. Fi. vol. ii. p. 24. 403. 2. C. epilinum. Flax Doddrr. Heads of about five fleshy flowers ; styles included ; corolla with a rounded tube scarcely longer than the spreading, bell-shaped calyx. Parasitic on flax : distinguished from the preceding by the flowers being fewer in a head, and much more fleshy. Annual : flowers in August and September : discovered by Mr. J.E. Bow- man at Ellesmere, on flax, among which it is supposed to have been intro- duced from the continent. Brit. Fl. 4th ed. p. 109. 404. 3. C. epithy'mum. Lesser Dodder. Heads of many small flowers ; stameus with a notched scale at the base ; styles projecting from the flower ; corolla with a straight tube, shorter than the funnel-shaped calyx. Parasitic on furze, heath, thyme, and other plants : stem thread-like, twisted: flowers white. Whole plant smaller than the two preceding. Annual : flowers in July and August : frequent. Eng. Bet. vol. i. pi. 55. Eng. Ft. vol. ii. p. 25. 405. 48. GENTIA'NA. GENTIAN. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, divided into five, sometimes four, oblong, acute, permanent segments. Corolla of one petal ; tubu- lar in its lower part, the limb deeply divided into five, sometimes four, equal segments. Filaments four or five awl-shaped, shorter than the corolla ; anthers oblong. Germen oblong, nearly cylin- drical, pointed. Styles short, erect ; stigmas flat, egg-shaped. Capsule oblong, or elliptical, cylindrical, pointed, slightly cleft, two-valved, one-celled. Seeds numerous, small, compressed, at- tached to the inflected edges of the valves. — Named after Genfius, a .king of Illyria. 133. 1. G. Pneiimontnthe. Mar.-h Gentian. Corolla bell-shaped, five-cleft : flowers stalked ; leaves linear. Stems simple, square, from four to ten inches high : leaves sessile, obtuse : flowers large, few on each stem : corolla deep-blue, with five prominent, pale-greenish angles. Perennial : flowers in August and September: grows in moist pastures and marshes, in Norfolk and the north of England : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 20. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 27. 406. 2. G. vfrno. Spring Gentian. Corolla salver-shaped, crenate, five- cleft ; segments lobed at the base ; leaves egg-shaped, crowded. — Stems short, each bearing a single blue flower. Perennial : flowers in April : grows in mountainous pastures : rare. Found in Teesdale Forest abundantly, by the Rev. J . Harriman and Mr. Oliver, and in various parts of Ireland'. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 493. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 29. 407. 3. G.nivdlis. Small Alpine Gentian. Corolla funnel-shaped, five-cleft, with notched intermediate segments ; branches alternate, one-flowered. Stem erect, from one to four inches high, bearing from two to ten flowers: leaves small, elliptical, acute: corolla bright-blue, with a greenish tube. Annual : flowers in August : found on Ben Lawers by CL.V.] PENTANDHIA — DIGYNIA. 141 Mr. Dickson, Glen Isla, Clova. En?. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 896. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 30. 408. 4. G. Amartlla. Autumnal Gentian. Corolla salver-shaped, five- cleft ; bearded at the mouth ; calyx with five equal segments. Stem from six inches to a foot high, square, erect, panicled, bearing numerous purplish-blue flowers. Annual : flowers in August and September : grows in pastures : common. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 236. Eng. Ft. vol. ii. p. 30. 409. 5. G. camptstris. Field Gentian. Corolla salver-shaped, four-cleft, bearded at the mouth ; two outer segments of the calyx egg-shaped, very large. Stem from two to six inches high, with egg-shaped, acute leaves, and purplish-blue flowers. Annual : flowers in September and October : grows in dry pastures : common in Scotland, especially the Hebrides. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 237. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 31. 410. 49. ERY'NGIUM. ERYNGO. Flowers aggregate. Common receptacle conical, scaly, many- flowered, each flower having an acute, simple, or three-cleft scale. Calyx of each flower superior, of five, pointed, equal, erect leaves. Petals five, equal, oblong, channelled, taper-pointed, inflected about the middle. Filaments hair-like, straight, longer than the corolla ; anthers roundish. Germen oblong, covered with erect bristles. Styles thread-like, straight, nearly erect, shorter than the stamens ; stigmas simple. Fruit egg-shaped, bristly, separable into two parts. Seeds oblong, nearly cylindrical, coated. — Name eryngion of Dioscorides. 134. 1. E. maritimum. Sea Eryngo. Root-leaves roundish, plaited, thorny ; heads of flowers stalked ; scales of the receptacle three-cleft. Root long, cylindrical : stem a foot high, round, branched ; petals bright-blue. The roots are considered stimulating and restorative. Pe- rennial : flowers in July and August : grows in sand on the sea-shore. Eng. Bot. vol. x. pi. 718. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 35. 411. 2. E. camptstre. Field Eryngo. Root-leaves twice or thrice pinna- tifid ; scales of the receptacle undivided. More bushy and slender than the last : petals purplish. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in waste ground, near the sea : very rare : naturalized near Ply- mouth, and at Lismore, Waterford, Ireland. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 57. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 35. 412. 50. HYDROCO'TYLE. WHITE-ROT. Flowers all perfect and regular. Calyx none. Petals five, equal, egg-shaped, undivided, spreading. Filaments awl-shaped, spreading, shorter than the corolla ; anthers roundish. Germen round, compressed, ribbed, smooth. Styles cylindrical, spreading, tumid at the base, shorter than the stamens, permanent ; stigmas simple. Fruit round, compressed, crowned with the permanent styles. Seeds hemispherical, tumid, each with prominent angles. — Named from hydor, water, and cotyle, a cup. 135. 1. H. vulguris. Marsh Penny. White-rot. Leaves round, shield- shaped, smooth, cleft at the base ; umbels somewhat aggregate ; flowers N 142 PENTANDRIA — DIGYNIA. [CL. V. nearly sessile. Steins slender, smooth, creeping, with clusters of stalked leaves, and axillar flower-stalks, bearing a simple umbel, with small white flowers. Perennial : flowers in June and July: grows in boggy places, and the edges of lakes and rivulets : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 751. Eng. Ft. vol. ii. p. 96. 413. 51. SANl'CULA. SAMCLE. Flowers separated, the central barren, the marginal fertile, without stamens. Calyx superior ; of the barren flowers small, five-leaved, acute; of the fertile larger, nearly equal. Petals of the barren flowers five, nearly equal, lance-shaped, inflected, channelled, compressed ; of the fertile deciduous or wanting. Filaments hair-like, spreading, twice as long as the petals; an- thers roundish. Germen roundish, bristly. Styles reflected, awl- shaped, permanent; stigmas acute. Fruit egg-shaped, acute, co- vered with hooked bristles, separable into two. Seeds convex on the outer, flat on the inner side. — Name from sano, to heal. 136. 1. S. Europx'a. Wood Sanicle. Root-leaves simple ; flowers all nearly sessile. Stems about a foot long, ascending, slightly branched : umbels numerous, in an irregular, compound panicle : flowers cream- coloured, tinged with red. Perennial : flowers in May : grows in woods : common. Eng. Bat. vol. ii. pi. 98. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 36. 414. 52. CAU'CALIS. BUR-PARSLEY. Flowers imperfectly separated, irregular •, the outermost fertile. Calyx superior, of five broad, acute, unequal, permanent leaves. Petals unequal, inversely heart-shaped, with an inflected point. Filaments awl-shaped, shorter than the corolla ; anthers roundish. Germen oblong, bristly. Styles awl-shaped, much shorter than the corolla, tumid at the base, permanent ; stigmas abrupt. Fruit oblong. Seeds four-ribbed, the ribs covered with ascending, awl- shaped, hooked prickles, flat and close on the inner side. — Named from ceo, to lie along, and caulos, a stem, from its procumbent habit. 137. 1. C. daucoida. Smutl Bur-parsley. Umbels three-raved, without general involucral bracteas ; partial umbels with three bracteas, ripening about three fruits; leaves repeatedly subdivided. Stem two feet high, deeply furrowed, smooth, hairy at the joints; partial umbels of two or three fertile flowers with several barren ; petals white or reddish. An- nual : flowers in June : grows in corn-fields in England : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. p). 197. Eng. FL vol.ii. p 41. 415. 2. C. latifiiliit. Great Bur-parsley. Umbels three-rayed with mem- branous bracteas ; partial umbels ripening about five fruits ; leaves pin- nate. Stern three feet high, covered with minute prickles : petals bright rose-colour. Annual: Rowers in July: grows in corn-fields in England : rare. Abundant in Cambridgeshire. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 198. Eng. Ft. vol.ii. p. 41. 416. 53. TORI'LIS. HEDGE-PARSLEY. Flowers all perfect and fertile, slightly irregular. Calyx supe- rior, of five short, broad, acute, nearly equal, permanent leaves. CL. V.] PENTANDRIA — DIGYNIA. 143 Petals nearly equal, inversely heart-shaped, with an inflected point. Filaments hair-like, spreading; anthers roundish. Ger- man egg-shaped, bristly. Styles awl-shaped, somewhat spreading, much shorter than the corolla, permanent, very tumid at the base ; stigmas simple. Fruit egg-shaped, crowned with the spreading styles. Seeds without ribs, covered with ascending, awl-shaped prickles, or partly with prominent granulations ; their juncture channelled, close. — Name from torco, to carve, in allusion to the fruit. 138. 1. T. Anthriscus. Upright Hedge-parsley. Umbels of many close rays, with manv general bracteas ; leaves bipinnate, with pinnatifici leaflets; branches nearly erect. Stem erect, two or three feet high, furrowed : flowers small, white : fruit small, with incurved bristles. Annual : flowers in July : grows in hedges and waste places: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 987. CaucaUs Anthriscus. Etig. Fl. vol. ii. p. 43. 417. 2. T. infesta. Spreading Hedge-parsley. Umbels of many close rays, with scarcely any general bracteas ; leaves pinnate, with pinnatifid leaflets; branches spreading. Stem about a foot high: flowers white. Annual: flowers in July : grows in corn-fields and byway-sides: com- mon. Eng, Bot. vol. xix. pi. 1314. Caucatis infesta. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 43. 418. 3. T. nodtisa. Knotted Hedge-parsley. Umbels lateral, simple, nearly sessile ; stem prostrate ; fruit partly granulated. Stems about a foot long, rough : leaves doubly pinnate, hairy, deep glaucous green. An- nual : flowers in May and June : grows in waste places and by way- sides: frequent. Eng. Bot. pi. L99. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 44. 419. 54. ANTHRl'SCUS. BEAKED-PARSLEY. Flowers all perfect, regular. Calyx none. Petals equal, uni- form, inversely heart-shaped, with a small inflected point. Fila- ments hair-like, spreading, as long as the corolla; anthers roundish. Germen oblong, bristly. Floral receptacle slightly bordered. Styles awl-shaped, short, erect, tumid at the base ; stigmas obtuse. Fruit egg-shaped, tumid, beaked. Seeds without ribs, covered with short incurved bristles ; the beak angular, naked, much shorter than the body of the fruit, crowned with the permanent styles. — Name used by Pliny. 139. 1. A. vtilgdris. Common Beaked-parsley. Fruit egg-shaped, twice the length of its beak ; leaves thrice pinnate, with pinnatifid leaflets. Stem two or three feet high, erect, smooth, and glossy, swelled under the joints : flowers small, white, all perfect and fertile. Annual : flowers in May : grows in waste ground, on dry banks, and by road- sides. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 1818. Scandix Anthriscus. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 45. 420. 55. SCA'NDIX. NEEDLE-CHERVIL. Flowers separated, the innermost barren. Calyx none. Petals unequal, undivided, tapering at the base, spreading. Filaments thread- shaped, spreading, as long as the corolla, anthers roundish. 144 PENTANDRIA — DIGYNIA. £cL. V. Gerraen oblong, rough with close hair. Styles short, permanent, swelled at the base ; stigmas simple, in the barren flowers obtuse. Fruit oblong, ribbed, somewhat bristly, its beak five times as long, linear, bristly, crowned with the enlarged, five-lobed, coloured, floral receptacle, surrounding the base of the styles. — Named from sceo, to prick, from the sharp points to the fruit. 140. 1. S. Pecten. Needle-chervil. Shepherd's needle. Venus' comb. Fruit nearly smooth, with a beak bristly at the edges ; umbels simple ; leaves thrice pinnatifid, with linear acute segments. Stem about a foot high, furrowed : umbels small, stalked : flowers white : fruit very large. An- nual : flowers from June to September : grows in cultivated fields : com- mon. Eng. Bot. vol. xx. pi. 1397. Eng. Ft. vol. ii. p. 47. 421. 56. MY'RRHIS. COW-PARSLEY. Flowers imperfectly separated, the innermost barren. Calyx none. Petals somewhat unequal, uniform, inversely heart-shaped, with an inflected point. Filaments thread-shaped, spreading, as long as the petal ; anthers roundish. Germen oblong, narrow, somewhat club-shaped, abrupt, smooth, slightly compressed. Styles awl-shaped, very tumid at the base ; stigmas obtuse. Fruit lance-shaped, narrow, deeply furrowed, beakless, smooth ; the summit crowned with the thick bases of the spreading, permanent styles.— Named from myrrha, myrrh. 141. 1. M. odordta. Sieeet Cicely. Seeds with very sharp angles, rough- ish towards the summit. Stem from two to four feet high, smooth, striated, hollow: leaves thrice pinnated, pale-green : flowers numerous, white : seeds with three very prominent angles. The whole plant is sweet and aromatic : the seeds are used in the north of England for per- fuming furniture. Perennial : flowers in May : grows in pastures and by old walls, generally near houses: frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. x. pi. 697: Scandix odorata. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 51. 422. 2. M. temulfnta. Rough Cow-parsley. Seeds furrowed, nearly smooth ; stem rough, swelled under the joints. Stem from two to three feet high, solid, striated, rough with short deflected hairs, spotted with purple : flowers numerous, white. Biennial : flowers in June and July : grows in hedges and bushy places : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxii. pi. 1521 : Chtfrophyllum temuleiitum. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 51. 423. 3. M. aurea. Tawny-seeded Cote-parsley. Seeds ribbed, nearly smooth, coloured ; stems slightly swelled below the joints, hairy; leaflets sharply pinnatifid, long pointed. Stem three feet high, angular, striated, hairy and bristly : flowers cream-coloured. Perennial : flowers in June: grows in the borders of fields, in Scotland. Between Arbroath and Montrose, and near Corstorphine. Mr. G. Don. Eng. Bot. vol. xxx. pi. 2103 : Chierophyllum aureum. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 52. 424. 4. M. aromdtica. Aromatic Cow-panley. Seeds ribbed, smooth ; leaflets egg-shaped, acute, serrated, undivided. Stems two or three feet high, striated, slightly swelled below the joints, hairy below, smooth above: flowers numerous, white, the outer fertile. Perennial: flowers in June ; found by Mr. G. Don, between Forfar and Arbroath. Eng. CL. V.] PENTANDRIA — DIGYNIA. 145 Bot. Suppl. pi. 2636. Eng. Ft. vol. ii. p. 52. Neither this nor the pre- ceding has been found by any person but the late Mr. Don. 425. 57. CH^EROPHY'LLUM. CHERVU,. Flowers imperfectly separated ; the innermost barren. Calyx none. Petals somewhat unequal, inversely heart-shaped, with an inflected point. Filaments thread-shaped, spreading, as long as the corolla ; anthers roundish. Germen inferior, oblong, slightly compressed, smooth. Styles short, awl-shaped, tumid at the base; stigmas simple. Fruit lance-shaped, smooth, even, without fur- rows or ribs, with a short, angular, smooth beak, crowned by the flattened floral receptacle, upon which remain the slightly re- curved styles. — Named from chair o, to rejoice, and pkyllon, a leaf. 142. 1. Ch. sativum. Garden Chervil, Umbels lateral, nearly sessile ; bracteas lance-shaped. Stem round, hollow, striated, smooth : leaves twice pinnate : umbels of three or four general rays, and several partial ones: flowers white. Cultivated as a pot-herb. Annual : flowers in June : grows in waste ground : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xviii. pi. 1268 : Scandix Cerefolium. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 48. 426. 2. Ch. sylvestre. Cow-parsley. Cow-chervil. Umbels terminal, stalked ; bracteas egg-shaped, membranous. Stem from two to three feet high, branched, hollow, striated or furrowed, downy: leaves thrice pinnate : petals white, in those of the marginal flowers unequal. Peren- nial : flowers in May and June: grows in hedges, waste places, pastures, and by walls and roads : very common. Eaten by cattle. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 752. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 48. 427. 58. DAU'CUS. CARROT. Flowers separated ; the outermost irregular and barren ; inner fertile, the central one generally neutral, often coloured. Calyx obsolete. Petals inversely heart-shaped, with an inflected point, irregular. Filaments hair-like, spreading, longer than the corolla ; anthers oblong. Germen inferior, egg-shaped, bristly, imperfect in the outermost and central flowers. Styles thread-shaped, spread- ing, dilated at the base ; stigmas obtuse. Fruit oblong, com- pressed. Seeds with four principal ribs, having each a row of flat- tish, straight or hooked prickles, and rough intermediate ribs ; their inner surfaces flat and closely applied. — Name daucos used by Dioscorides, the Greek physician. 143. 1. D. Canita. Wild Carrot. Bristles of the seed slender; leaflets pinnatifid, their segments between linear and lance-shaped, acute; umbel, navinj in the centre a solitary coloured flower, when in fruit concave. Root tapering, yellow, sweet, slightly aromatic, bearing no resem- blance in taste or colour to the cultivated carrot, which is said to be produced from it ; stem from one to two feet high, bristly : umbels terminal, the central flower dark-purple. The roots are eaten by the Hebridians. Biennial : flowers in June and July : grows in pastures and the borders of fields: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xvii. pi. 1174. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 39. 428. N 2 146 PKNTANDRIA — DIGTNIA. [CL. V. 2. D. maritimus. Sea-coast Carrot. Bristles of the seeds flattened ; leaflets dilated, fleshy, pinnatifid, with rounded segments ; umbels des- titute of a central coloured flower, and convex when in seed. Smaller than the former. Biennial : flowers in July and August : grows on the sea-coast, in the south of England, and in Ireland : not common. Eng. Hot. vol. xxxvi. pi. 2560. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 40. 429. 59. BU'NIUM. EAHTH-NUT. Flowers all uniform and regular, many of the innermost barren. Calyx of a few small, acute, spreading leaves. Petals equal, in- versely heart-shaped, with an inflected point. Filaments thread- shaped, spreading, longer than the corolla ; anthers roundish. Germen inferior, egg-shaped, ribbed, smooth. Styles awl-shaped, egg-shaped, and swelled at the base, spreading, permanent ; stig- mas obtuse. Fruit narrow, egg-shaped, ribbed, crowned with the partly obsolete calyx, and the permanent styles. Seeds each with three distant ribs, and intermediate furrows. — Name from bounos, a hill, where the plant is generally found. 144. 1. B. flexuosum. Earth-nut. Pig-nut. General involucral bracteas scarcely three ; stem tapering and zig-zag at the base ; fruit somewhat beaked ; leaves thrice pinnatifid, with long acute segments. Root a large irregular tuber : stem about a foot high : flowers white, all irre- gular. The root is sweet and eatable. Perennial : flowers in May and June: grows in dry pastures: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 988. 430. 60. SI'UM. WATER-PARSNEP. Flowers all uniform, and generally perfect. Calyx superior, of five small, acute, unequal leaves. Petals five, equal, inversely heart-shaped, with an inflected point. Filaments thread-like, spreading, longer than the corolla; anthers roundish. Germen egg-shaped, striated. Styles cylindrical, spreading, swelling a little at the base, shorter than the petals ; stigmas obtuse. Fruit egg-shaped, slightly compressed, furrowed, crowned with the per- manent styles and withered calyx. Seeds tumid, convex, each five-ribbed. — Name from the Celtic siw, water, the genus being an aquatic one. 145. 1. S. latifiilinm. Broad-leaved Water-parsnep. Leaves pinnate, with lance-shaped, equally serrate leaflets ; umbels terminal. — - — Stem from three to six feet high, deeply furrowed, smooth : leaves with the stalks enlarged at the base and embracing the stem : flowers numerous, white, small. Poisonous. Perennial: flowers in June and July: grows in rivers, ditches, and marshes : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 204. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 56. 431. 2. S. anguttlfolium. Narrow-leaved Water-parsnep. Leaves pinnate, with unequally lobed and serrate leaflets ; umbels stalked, opposite to the leaves. Stem about a foot high, striated, smooth : petals white, those of the outermost flowers slightly irregular. Poisonous. Perennial : flowers in July and August: grows in ditches and rivulets: common. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 139. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 56. 432. CL. V.] PENTANDRIA — DIGYNIA. 147 3 S. nodiflorum. Procumbent Water-parsnep. Leaves pinnate, with egg-shaped and equally serrate leaflets ; umbels sessile, opposite to the leaves ; stem procumbent. Flowers small, greenish-white, with slightly inflected petals. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in ditches and rivulets: not common. The juice is recommended by Dr. Withering, in cutaneous diseases. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 639. Eng. Ft. vol. ii. p. 57. Probably a variety of the next. 433. 4. S. repens. Creeping Water-parsnep. Leaves pinnate, witli round- ish, deeply toothed leaflets ; umbels stalked, opposite to the leaves ; stem creeping. Stems from six to ten inches long : flowers white. Peren- nial : flowers in August: grows in boggy places: rare. Eng. Bot, vol. xx. pi. 1431. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 58. 434. 5. S. inundutum. Least Water-parsnep. Leaves pinnate, with wedge- shaped, cut leaflets ; the lower leaves divided into numerous thread-like segments. Stems procumbent or floating : umbels stalked, opposite the leaves : flowers white, all perfect. Perennial : flowers in May : grows in ditches and pools: common. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 227 : A'ison inurulatum. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 58. 435. 6. S. verticiltdtum. Whorled Water-parsnep. Leaflets all hair-like, in numerous, whorled segments. Stem about a foot high, erect, round, striated : leaves chiefly from the root : umbels few, terminal, with nu- merous white flowers. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in salt marshes and wet pastures. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 395. Ens. Fl. vol. ii. p. 59. " 436. 61. SI'SON. STONE-PARSLEY. Flowers all uniform, perfect and regular. Calyx obsolete or bluntly toothed. Petals five, equal, elliptical or inversely heart- shaped, involute at the point. Filaments thread-like, spreading, about half as long as the corolla ; anthers roundish. Germen inferior, egg-shaped, striated. Style very short and thick, each with a very large, tumid base ; stigmas obtuse, distant. Fruit egg- shaped, compressed, crowned with the permanent, unaltered styles. Seeds convex,' each with three ribs. — Name from sizun, a brook, in Celtic. 146. 1. S. Amomum. Hedge Stowwort. Bastard Stone-parsley. Leaves pinnate, the upper ones ternate ; umbels erect, of about four general rays ; bases of the styles globular. Stem about three feet high, erect, with numerous, slender branches: flowers cream-coloured, all regular. Annual : flowers in August: grows in woods and hedges; in England, not rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 954. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 60. 437. 2. S. tegetum. Corn-parsley, or Stonewort. Leaves pinnate, with nu- merous roundish leaflets ; umbels drooping, irregular ; bases of the styles dilated, depressed. Stems twelve or eighteen inches high, branched, round : flowers white or flesh-coloured, regular. Annual : flowers in August : grows in moist fields in England : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 228. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 61. 438. 62. CICU'TA. WATER HEMLOCK. Flowers uniform, perfect, and nearly regular. Calyx superior, of five broad, acute, somewhat unequal leaves. Petals five, egg- 148 PENTANDRIA — DIGYNIA. [CL. V. shaped, or slightly heart-shaped, with an incurved point. Fila- ments thread-like, spreading, as long as the corolla •, anthers roundish. Germen hemispherical, ribbed. Styles thread-like, short, erect, little swelled at the base ; stigmas obtuse. Fruit nearly orbicular, heart-shaped at the base, a little compressed, crowned with the permanent calyx and recurved styles. Seeds hemispherical, tumid, each with three double ribs. — Name cicuta, a pipe or reed, from the hollow stem. ] 47. 1. C. wros'a. Water Hemlock. Water Cowbane. Leaves twice ter- nate ; leaflets narrow lance-shaped, decurrent. Root tuberous, hol- low, with whorled fibres : stem two or three feet high, furrowed, smooth : umbels stalked : flowers white. Poisonous. Perenial : flowers in Au- gust : grows in ditches, lakes and rivers : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 479. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 62. 439. 63. ^ETHU'SA. FOOL'S-PARSLEY. Flowers all perfect, the outer one a little irregular. Calyx su- perior, of five very minute, pointed, spreading leaves. Petals five, inversely heart-shaped, with an acute, inflected point, the outer- most rather larger. Filaments thread-shaped, horizontal, shorter than the corolla; anthers roundish. Germen egg-shaped, furrowed. Styles short, spreading, tumid and egg-shaped at the base; stigmas obtuse. Fruit egg-shaped, crowned by the reflected permanent styles. Seeds egg-shaped, with five tumid, acutely keeled ribs and deep interstices. — Named from aitho, to burn, from its acridity. 148. 1. JE. Ctjndpium. Common Fool's-parsley. Leaves doubly pinnate ; leaflets wedge-shaped, decurrent, with lance-shaped segments. Stem a foot or more high, erect, striated, branched: umbels stalked, terminal: partial bracteas long, acute, pendulous : flowers white. Poisonous ; is sometimes mistaken for parsley, and used as such, when it occasions sick- ness. Annual : flowers in July and August : grows in gardens, culti- vated fields, and by walls : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xvii. pi. 1 192. Eng. Ft. vol. ii. p. 64. 440. 64. CONI'UM. HEMLOCK. Flowers all perfect, slightly irregular. Calyx obsolete. Petals five, superior, inversely heart-shaped, with an acute inflected point ; the outermost rather larger. Filaments hair-like, scarcely so long as the corolla; anthers roundish. Germen egg-shaped, a little compressed, furrowed, wrinkled. Styles thread-shaped, spread- ing, a little swelled at the base; stigmas obtuse. Fruit egg-shaped, slightly compressed, with ten prominent, acute ribs, crowned with the dilated, undulated floral receptacle, and the spreading styles. Seeds half egg-shaped, each with five acute ribs, the interstices flat. — Name coneion of the Greeks. 149. 1. C. macultitum. Common Hemlock. Stem much branched, polished and spotted. About three feet high : leaves large, repeatedly com- pound, with egg-shaped, pinnatifid leaflets : flowers numerous, white, all bearing seeds. The whole plant is fetid and poisonous : it has been used CL.V.] PENTANDRIA DIOYNIA. 149 in powder, extract and infusion, in cancerous diseases, and for chronic ulcers. Perennial: flowers in June and July : grows in waste ground, by walls and hedges: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xvii. pi. 1191. Eng. Fl. vol.ii. p. 65. 441. 65. (ENA'NTHE. DROPWORT. Flowers more or less separated or imperfect, the outermost very irregular and abortive ; the innermost smaller, regular, and pro- ducing fruit. Calyx superior, of five large, lance-shaped, acute, somewhat unequal, permanent leaves. Petals five, inversely heart- shaped, with inflected points; in the fertile flowers nearly equal ; in those of the circumference very unequal. Filaments thread- shaped, longer than the corolla ; anthers small, roundish. Germen oblong, furrowed. Styles awl-shaped, tumid at the base ; stigmas small, obtuse, recurved. Fruit oblong or somewhat egg-shaped, with a spongy or corky bark, and three or five unequal ribs, with deep, narrow, intermediate furrows; the summit crowned with the permanent calyx and elongated styles. Seeds egg-shaped — Named from oine, a vine, and ant has, a flower, from the vinous smell of the blossoms. 150. 1. CE. fstuliisa. Common Water-dropwort. Root sending out run- ners ; stem-leaves pinnate, cylindrical, tubular; general bracteas hair- like, few, often wanting. Stem erect, two or three feet high, hollow, smooth : root-leaves immersed, doubly pinnate, with wedge-shaped, lobed leaflets. Umbels lateral and terminal : flowers white. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in ditches and ponds : common. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 363. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 68. 442. 2. (E. pimpineltoides. Parsley Water-dropwort. Leaflets of the root- leaves wedge-shaped, cleft ; of the others entire, flat, linear; general in- volucral bracleas linear, numerous. Stem two feet high, hollow, striated : root-leaves twice pinnate : stem-leaves simply pinnate : flowers flesh-coloured. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in salt marshes : not unfrequent. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 347. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 69. 443. 3. CE. peuceddnifolia. Sulphur-wort, Water-dropwort. Leaflets all linear ; general involucral bracteas none. Stem three feet high, erect, solid : flowers white. Perennial : flowers in June : grows in ditches and bogs, in England : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 348. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 70. 444. 4. CE. crocdta. Hemlock Water-dropwort. Leaflets all wedge-shaped, nearly uniform ; fruit slender, with small intermediate ribs. Root of many fleshy knobs : stem branched, furrowed, hollow, from two to four feet high : leaves doubly pinnate : flowers white. The root and stem, when cut, exude a yellowish juice. The whole plant is fetid and ex- tremely poisonous. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in watery places, generally by rivulets. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxiii. pi. 2313. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 71. 445. 5. CE. Phelldndrium. Fine-leaved Water-drop-wort. Leaves all uni- form, with narrow, wedge-shaped, divaricate segments; fruit egg-shaped, with five broad ribs and narrow intermediate furrows. Root spindle- shaped : stem from two to three feet high : flowers white. Perennial : 150 PENTANDRIA — DIGYNIA. [CL. V. flowers in June and July : grows in rivers and ditches : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol.x. pi. 684. Eng. El. vol. ii. p. 71. 446. 66. CRI'THMUM. SAMPHIRE. Flowers all regular, perfect and fertile. Calyx superior, of five small, broad, acute, inflected, permanent leaves. Petals five, equal, elliptical, incurved, broad at the base. Filaments thread-shaped, spreading, as long as the corolla; anthers roundish. Germen el- liptical, furrowed. Styles very short and thick, tumid at the base; stigmas obtuse. Fruit elliptical, crowned by the permanent calyx and styles. Seeds oblong, convex, with a thick leathery coat, each with five ribs; the interstices narrow, flat. — Named from cr/t/ie, barley, from the shape of the fruit. 151. 1. C. maritimum. Sea-Samphire. Leaflets lance-shaped, fleshy ; brae- teas egg-shaped. Stems about a foot high, round, leafy: leaves twice ternate : flowers white. The whole plant is glaucous, smooth, fleshy, with a salt aromatic flavour, and is used as a pickle. Perennial : flowers in August : grows on rocks by the sea : not unfrequent in England ; rare in Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 819. Eng. Fi. vol. ii. p. 73. 447. 67. SMYR'NIUM. ALEXANDERS. Flowers nearly uniform and regular, the innermost barren. Calyx superior, of five very minute, acute, permanent leaves. Petals five, equal, lance-shaped, incurved. Filaments hair- like, as long as the corolla; anthers roundish. Germen egg-shaped, angular and fur- rowed. Styles thread-shaped, spreading, tumid, and somewhat depressed at the base ; stigmas simple. Fruit roundish, ribbed, crowned with the styles or their bases. Seeds with three promi- nent, acute ribs ; the interstices convex. — Named from Smyrna, myrrh, from the scent of the juice. 152. 1. S. Olustitrum. Alexanders. Stem-leaves ternate, stalked, serrate. Root fleshy, branching : stem two or three feet high, solid, branched : lower leaves twice ternate : flowers small, white, bitter, and aromatic : formerly cultivated for culinary purposes. Biennial : flowers in .May : grows in waste ground, about ruins, and on rocks near the sea: frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 230. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 74. 448. 68. A'PIUM. \VlLD-CBLERY. Flowers uniform, nearly regular, almost all perfect and fertile. Calyx obsolete. Petals five, superior, roundish, with an inflected point, all nearly equal. Filaments thread-shaped, as long as the corolla; anthers roundish. Germen nearly globular. Styles thread-shaped, reflected, greatly swelled at the base ; floral recep- tacle round, flattened; stigmas obtuse. Fruit egg-shaped or round, slightly compressed, crowned with the withered receptacle and spreading styles. Seeds egg-shaped, with acute ribs, the interstices flat. — Name from the Celtic apon, water. 153. 1. A. gravtolens. Wild-celery. Leaflets of the stem-leaves wedgp- shaped; stem furrowed. Stems two feet long, spreading or floating: CL. V.] PENTANDRIA — DIGYNIA. 151 leaves pinnate or ternate : flowers small, numerous, greenish-white. Biennial : flowers in August and September : grows in ditches and marshy ground : not unfrequent. Rare in Scotland. Fetid, acrid, and noxious: becoming mild by cultivation. Eng. Bot. vol. xvii. pi. 1210. Eng. I'l. vol. ii. p. 76. 449. 69. JiGOPO'DIUM. GOUT-WEED. Flowers all perfect and fertile, the outermost slightly irregular. Calyx none. Petals inversely heart shaped, broad, with an in- flected point; the outer one, in the marginal flowers, a little larger. Filaments thread-shaped, spreading as long as the petals ; anthers roundish. Germen roundish, furrowed. Styles at first short, erect, tumid and egg-shaped at the base; afterwards thread-shaped, elongated, reflected; stigmas knobbed. Fruit elliptical, slightly compressed, crowned with the reflected styles. Seeds oblong, slightly incurved, each with five prominent ribs; the interstices nearly flat. — Name from aix, a goat, and pous, a foot, from the supposed resemblance of the leaves to the foot of that animal. 154. 1. IE. Podagrdrid. Gout-weed. Herb Gerarde. Stem from one to two feet high, erect, hollow, furrowed : lower leaves twice ternate, stalked: upper ternate and neaily sessile : leaflets e. X, rate ; petals inversely heart-shaped ; calyx ribless, much shorter than the petals. Stems from one to two feet high, very slender and decum- bent at the base, square, erect, panicled at the top : flowers large, pure white. Perennial : flowers in May and June : grows in woods and hedges: common. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 511. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 301. 673. 4. S. graminea. Lesser Stitchwort. Leaves between linear and lance-shaped, not serrate; panicle terminal, spreading; calyx three- ribbed, nearly as long as the petals. Stems very weak and brittle,. supporting themselves by the surrounding plants, from one to three feet long : flowers with white petals. Perennial : flowers in May, June, and July: grows in grassy or bushy places: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 803. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 302. 674. 5. 5. glai'tca. Glaucous Marsh Stitchwort. Leaves between linear and lance-shaped, not serrate, glaucous ; flowers upon long solitary axil- lar stalks ; calyx three-ribbed, half as long as the petals. Intermediate between 5. hotoftea and S. graminea, but easily distinguished from either : stem about a foot high. Perennial : grows in marshy places : flowers in June and July. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 825. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 303. 675. 6. S. vlighiosa. Bog Sirtcftuwt. Leaves between lance-shaped and elliptical, entire, with the tip callous ; flowers irregularly panicled,. lateral or terminal ; petals shorter than the calyx. Smooth, pale, and somewhat glaucous : stems weak, square, about a foot high : flowers- small, white. Annual : flowers in June : grows in rivulets, ditches, and bogey places: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1074. Eng. Fi. vol. ii. p. 303. 676. 7. S. tcapigera. Many-stalked Stitchwort. Leaves between lance- shaped and linear, rough on the margin ; stem shorter than the flower- stalks ; leaves of the calyx three-ribbed, as long as the petals. Stem erect, very short, angular : leaves crowded : flowers small, white. Pe- rennial : flowers in June : said to have been found on the higher moun- tains of Scotland, by the late Mr. Don. No other botanist has found it in Britain. Eng. Bot. vol. xviii. pi. 1269. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 304. 677. 8. S. cerattoides. Alpine Stitckwort. Leaves between oblong and el- liptical, bluntish, smooth; stems two-flowered, with a lateral hairy line; flower-stalks downy ; leaves of the calyx with a single downy rib. — Stems spreading, three or four inches long : flowers erect, terminal : petals nearly twice the length of the calyx, cleft nearly half-way down. Perennial : flowers in June : grows on Ben Nevis, Ben-na-muic-dui, Loch-na-gar, and other high mountains in Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 911. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 305. 678. 12. ARENA'RIA. SANDWOHT. Calyx inferior, of five oblong, pointed, permanent leaves. Pe- tals five, egg-shaped, or lance-shaped, undivided, withennu. taries five or ten glands at the base of the stamens. Filaments awl-shaped, five rather shorter; anthers roundish. Gennen egg- shaped, superior. Styles three, short, spreading; stigmas downy. Capsule egg-shaped, covered by the calyx and corolla, one-celled, three-valved. Seeds numerous, kidney -shaped. — Named from arena, sand. 232. €X. X.] DECANDRIA TRIGYNIA. 203 * ATo stipides. 1. A. peptoides. Sea Sandwort. Leaves egg-shaped, acute, fleshy ; Jeaves of the calyx obtuse, ribless. Root extensively creeping. The whole plant smooth and succulent, with inconspicuous white flowers. Perennial: flowers in June and July: grows abundantly on the sea- coast in sandy and gravelly places. Eng. Bet. vol. iii. pi. 189. Eng. Fl. vol. n. p. 306. 679. 2. A. tr'mtrvis. Planta.in-lea.ved Sandu-ort. Leaves egg-shaped, acute, three-ribbed, stalked ; leaves of the calyx obscurely three-ribbed, with a rough keel. Root small, tapering: stems weak, branching, about a foot high: leaves fringed, pale : flowers small, white. Annual : flowers in May and June : grows in woods and moist hedges: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxi. p{. 1483. Eng. FU vol. ii, p. 307. 680. 3. A. serpyllifolia. Thyme-leaved Sandiaort. Leaves egg-shaped, nearly sessile, rough ; leaves of the calyx hairy, the three outer five- ribbed. Stems spreading, forked in the upper part, round, rough with short hairs : flowers small, white, solitary, from the forks of the stem. Annual : flowers in July: grows on walls and in sandy and waste places; common. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 923, Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 307. 681. 4. A. cilidta.. Fringed Sandwort. Leaves spathulate, somewhat rough, fringed; stems procumbent, much branched, downy; calyx half the length of the corolla, lance-shaped, acute, ribbed. Perennial: flowers in August and September : grows on mountains in Ireland : rare. Found by Mr. Mackay in Sligo. Eng. Bot. pi. 1745. Brit. Fi. 4th ed. p. 182. 682. 5. A. Norvtgica. Norwegian Sandwort. Leaves spathulate, fleshy, flabrous; stems procumbent, much branched, fleshy, glabrous; calyx alf the length of the corolla, egg-shaped, acute, ribbed. Perennial : flowers in July: discovered by Mr. Thomas Edmonstone, Jun. a young •botanist then only eleven years of age. Brit. FL 4th ed. p. 182. 683. 6. A. tennifulia. Fine-leaved Sandu-ort. Leaves awl -shaped, pointed ; stem panicled ; capsules erect; petals lance-shaped, shorter than the calyx. Stems as in the last, about eight inches high : flowers very small, white. Annual : flowers in June : grows in dry fields and on walls : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 219. Eng. Ft. vol. ii. p. 308. 684. 7. A. vtrna. Vernal Sstidwort. Leaves awl-shaped, bluntish ; stem panicled; leaves of the calyx three-ribbed, longer than the petals. Stems numerous, ascending, three or [four inches long : flowers white. Perennial : flowers in the summer months : grows in hilly pastures: not common. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 512. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 309. 685. 8. A. rubella. Little Red Sandwort. Leaves awl-shaped, bluntish ; stems one-flowered ; leaves of the calyx with three equal ribs, longer than the petals. Stems very numerous, two or three inches high : petals reddish. Perennial: flowers in June: grows on the highest mountains in the north of Scotland : very rare. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 310. 686. 9. A. fastigidta. Level-topped Sandwort. Leaves a wl -shaped ; stem erect, straight, corymbose ; petals very short ; lateral ribs of the calyx dilated. Stems four or five inches high : flowers in crowded pani- cles: petals white, much shorter than the calyx. Annual: flowers in Jane : found on rocks on the mountains of Angus-shire and Fifeshire, 204 DECANDRIA — PENTAGYNIA. QCL. X. by Mr. G. Don. Eng. Bot. vol. xxv. pi. 1744. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 310. 687. ** Stipules membranous. 10. A. rnbra. Purple Sandwart. Leaves linear, bristle-pointed ; sti- pules membranous, sheathing; seeds compressed, angular, roughish. Stems numerous, prostrate, branched, hairy towards the extremity : leaves opposite : flowers from the forks of the stem : calyx clammy, ribless, longer than the pale-purple petals. Annual : flowers in July and August: grows in sandy fields and waste places: not uncommon. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 852. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 311. 688. 11. A. marina. Sea Sandwort. Leaves semi-cylindrical, fleshy, point- less ; stipules membranous, sheathing ; seeds compressed, bordered, siuoothish. Stems numerous, decumbent at the base: flowers rather large, with pale-purple petals. Annual: flowers in June and July: rows on the sea-shore : frequent. Probably a variety of the preceding. ~ng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 958. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 312. 689. I' 13. CHERLE'RIA. CHEHLEHIA. Calyx inferior, of five lance-shaped, equal, permanent leaves. Petals none. Nectaries five minute glands, at the base of five of the stamens. Filaments awl-shaped; anthers roundish. Ger- men oval, superior. Styles three, short ; stigmas obtuse. Capsule egg-shaped, one-celled, three-valved. Seeds numerous, angular. — Named after John Henry Cherler, a botanist. 233. 1. C. sedmdes. Roots crowded ; stems tufted ; leaves oblong, keeled, minutely fringed, pale-green ; flowers yellowish-green. Roots densely crowded, bearing close tufts of stems, which, with the slender leaves, form a thick mass of short verdure. Perennial : flowers in July : grows near the summits of the higher mountains of Scotland. Eng. Bot. rol. xvii. pi. 1212. Eng. Ft. vol. ii. p. 313. 690. PENTAGYNIA. 14. COTYLE'DON. NAVELWORT. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, with five acute segments. Corolla of one petal, bell-shaped, five-cleft. Nectaries a concave scale at the base of each germen. Filaments awl-shaped, straight, nearly as long as the corolla ; anthers roundish, two-lobed. Germens five, oblong, each terminating in an awl-shaped style, which is shorter than the corolla ; stigmas simple. Capsules five, oblong, pointed, one-valved. Seeds numerous, small. — Named from cotyle, a cup. 234. 1. C. Umbilicus. Common Navelwort. Leaves peltate, crenate ; flowers clustered, drooping; bracteas entire; root tuberous. — • — Stem about six inches high, purplish : flowers pale-yellow. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows on rocks and old walls : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 325. Eng. Ft. vol. ii. p. 314. 691. CL. X.] DECANDRIA — PENTAGYNIA. 205 15. SE'DUM. STONECROP. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, deeply divided into five acute, per- manent segments. Petals five, lance-shaped, spreading. Nec- taries a minute notched scale at the base of each germen. Fila- ments awl-shaped, spreading, as long as the petals ; anthers roundish. Germens five, oblong, each tapering into a short style. Stigmas bluntish. Capsules five, compressed, pointed. Seeds numerous, minute. — Named from sedo, to sit, the plant sitting as it were on the rocks. 235. * Leaves flat. 1. S. Telephium. Orpine, or Live-long. Leaves egg-shaped, flattish, serrate ; corymbs leafy ; stem erect. Stems two feet high : leaves fleshy : flowers deep-red. Perennial : flowers in August : grows in the borders of fields, in hedges, and among rubbish : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xix. pi. 1319. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 316. 692. ** Leaves rounded, attached by the base. 2. S. dasyphy'llum. Thick-leaved White Slonecrop. Leaves egg-shaped, obtuse, fleshy; stems weak; panicles clammy. Root fibrous, small: stems three or four inches high, rooting at the lower part : lower leaves crowded, opposite ; upper scattered : petals white, with a red line in the middle. Perennial: flowers in June: grows on walls and rocks: not common. Eng. Bot. vol. x. pi. 656. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 317. 693. 3. S. Album. White Stonecrop. Leaves oblong, cylindrical, obtuse, spreading, smooth ; panicle much branched, cymose. Root fibrous, creeping : stems erect, four or five inches high, round, purplish : flowers numerous, with white petals. Perennial : flowers in July : grows on rocks, walls and roofs: not common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxii. pi. 1578. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 320. 694. 4. S. vill6$um. Hairy Stonecrcp. Leaves oblong, flattened, slightly hairy, as well as the flower-stalks ; stem erect. Hoot fibrous, small : stem from three to six inches high, spotted with red : leaves scattered : flowers rose-coloured, or white, with a red central line. Perennial : flowers in June and July: grows in most pastures in Scotland and the north of England : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 394. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 319. 695. *** Leaves rounded ; spumed at the base. 5. S. Angliaim. White English Stonecrop. Leaves egg-shaped, thick, alternate ; cyme of two branches. Root fibrous : stems from two to four inches high : flowers white, spotted with red. Annual : flowers in July : grows in dry sterile places and on rocks; common in Scotland and Ireland. . Eng. B'ot. vol. iii. pi. 171. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 317. 696. 6. S. Acre. Biting Stonecrop. Wall Pepper. Leaves egg-shaped, thick, tumid, alternate; cyme of the branches leafy. Root fibrous : stems much branched, two or three inches high : flowers greenish-yellow. The whole plant is intensely acrid, but the acrimony is not perceived until it has been chewed for a little while : it is said to be useful in scrofula. Perennial : flowers in June : grows on rocks and walls : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 839. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 318. 697. 7. S. seianguldre. Insipid Yellow Stonecrop. Leaves nearly cylindri- cal, obtuse, fleshy in six or seven rows ; cyme of three branches. S2 206 DECANDRIA — PENTAGTNIA. QcL. X. Root fibrous : stems branched, from two to five inches high : flowers yellow: larger than the last, and insipid. Perennial: flowers in July : grows on walls in England : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xxviii. pi. 1946. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 318. 698. 8. S. refitxum. Crooked Yellow Stonecrop. Leaves awl-shaped, scat- tered, the lower recurved ; flowers cymose ; segments of the calyx egg-shaped. Root fibrous : stems rooting at the lower part : leaves tapering to a bristly point: flowers bright-yellow, numerous. Peren- nial : flowers in July : grows on walls and roofs : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxii. pi. 1578. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 320. 699. 9. S. glaucum. Glaucous Yellow Stonecrop. Leaves awl-shaped, scat- tered, glaucous, those of the branches thread-shaped ; flowers cymose ; segments of the calyx lance-shaped. Differs from the last in having more slender leaves and a more glaucous colour. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows on walls and sandy ground : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxv. pi. 2477. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 321. 700. 10. S. rupestre. Bristol Stonecrop. Leaves glaucous, those of the branches awl-shaped, erect, in five rows ; flowers cymose ; segments of the calyx elliptical. Flowers yellow. Perennial : flowers in July : found on St. Vincent's Rocks at Bristol, and a few other places in England. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 170. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 322. 701. 11. S. Forsteridnum. Welsh Rock Stonecrop. Leaves of the branches semi-cylindrical, bluntish, pointed in many rows; flowers cymose; seg- ments of the calyx elliptical, obtuse. Flowers yellow. Perennial : flowers in July: grows on rocks in Wales: rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xxvi. pi. 1802. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 322. 702. 16. O'XALIS. WOOD-SORREL. Calyx inferior, deeply divided into five acute, permanent seg- ments. Petals five, much longer than the calyx, obtuse, con- nected laterally by their claws. Filaments hair-like, erect, the five outer shorter; anthers roundish. Germen superior, oblong, five-cornered. Styles five, thread-shaped ; stigmas obtuse, downy. Capsule membranous, five-cornered, five-celled. Seeds roundish, polished. — Named from oxys, acid. 236. 1. O. Acetostlla. Common Wood-Sorrel. Leaves all radical, ternate, inversely heart-shaped, hairy ; scape single-flowered ; root scaly. Leaflets bright-green, often purplish beneath : bracteas two, opposite : petals white, streaked with purplish veins : the whole plant is intensely acid. Perennial : flowers in April and May : grows in woods and shady places: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 762. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 323. 703. 2. 0. corniculdta. Yellow Procumbent Wood-Sorrel. Stem branched, procumbent ; flowers in small umbels ; stipules united to the base of the flower-stalks. Root fibrous : stem spreading on the ground, often rooting : petals yellow, strongly combined. Annual : flowers from May to October: grows in shady waste ground in the south of England: rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiv. pi. 1726. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 325. 704. 17. AGROSTE'MMA. COCKLE. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, tubular, leathery, strongly ribbed, five-toothed, permanent. Petals five; the claws as long as the CL. X/] DECANDRIA — PENTAGJfNIA. 207 tube of the calyx, the border spreading. Filaments awl-shaped, five shorter; anthers oblong, notched. Germen superior, egg- shaped. Styles thread-like, erect, as long as the stamens; stigmas slender, downy. Capsule egg-shaped, one-celled, five-valved. Seeds numerous, kidney-shaped, granulated, stalked. — Name, agrou stemma, crown of the field. 237. 1. A. Githdgo. Corn Cockle. Teeth of the calyx rising above the corolla ; petals undivided, without teeth. Stem from two to three feet high, covered with white hairs : leaves sessile, narrow lance-shaped : flowers large, with purple petals. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows among wheat : a troublesome weed. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 741. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 325. 705. 18. LY'CHNIS. LYCHNIS. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, oblong, membranous, ribbed, five- toothed, permanent. Petals five; the claws as long as the tube of the calyx, the border spreading. Filaments longer than the calyx, five of them later than the rest ; anthers oblong. Germen supe- rior, nearly egg-shaped. Styles five, sometimes three or four, awl- shaped, longer than the stamens ; stigmas downy, reflected. Capsule egg-shaped, one-, three-, or five-celled. Seeds numerous, roundish, roughish. — Name from lychnos, a lamp. 238. 1. L. Flos-Cuculi. Ragged Robin. Meadow Lychnis. Petals divided into four linear segments ; capsule nearly globular, one-celled ; stem rough with deflected bristles. Stem erect, from one to two feet high, furrowed, the upper part clammy : leaves lance-shaped : panicle ter- minal, forked, clammy : flowers rose-coloured : calyx purplish-red, the ribs darker. Perennial : flowers in June : grows in moist meadows : common. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 573. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 326. 706. 2. L. Viscdria. Red German Catch-fly. Rock Lychnis. Petals slightly cleft; capsule five-celled, stalked; leaves fringed at the base. Stems a foot high, round, smooth, clammy on the upper part : leaves narrow lance-shaped, with a slight woolly fringe at the base : petals rose-coloured, veined. Perennial : flowers in May and June : grows in rocky places : not frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 788. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 327. 707. 3. -L. alpina. Red Alpine Campion. Flowers densely corymbose ; capsule five-celled, stalked ; leaves narrow lance-shaped, naked at the base. Stem nearly a foot high, not clammy : flowers rose-coloured : the petals cleft, with two small protuberances at the base of the limb. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows on rocks near the summits of the Clova mountains. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxii. pi. 2254. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 328. 708. 4. L. sylvtstris. Red Campion. Wood Lychnis. Flowers dioecious ; petals cleft, crowned with four teeth ; capsule one-celled, roundish ; leaves egg-shaped, acute. Stem from one to two feet high, slightly clammy : panicle terminal, many-flowered : petals thin, bright rose- coloured. Perennial : flowers in May and June : grows in woods, hedges, and shady waste places : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxii. pi. 1579. L. dioica, var. «.' Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 328. 709. 208 DECANDRIA — PENTAOYNIA. QcL. X. 5. L. vespertina. White Campion. Corn Lychnis. Flowers dioecious ; petals cleft, crowned with four teeth ; capsule one-celled, conical ; leaves between oblong and lance-shaped. Stem from eighteen inches to three feet high : panicle terminal, many-flowered ; petals somewhat leathery, white. The flowers emit a pleasant odour in the evening. This and the preceding are considered by most botanists as forming only one species. Perennial : flowers from June to September : grows in corn-fields and waste places: not common. Eng. Bot. vol. zxii. pi. 1583. L. diolca, var. /3. Eng. Fl. vol.ii. p. 328. 710. 19. CERA'STIUM. MOUSE-EAR CHICK-WEED. Calyx inferior, of five egg-shaped, acute, permanent leaves, membranous at the edges. Petals five, divided, obtuse, about the length of the calyx. Filaments thread-like, generally ten, some- times five or four ; alternate one shorter j anthers roundish, two- lobed. Germen egg-shaped, superior, sessile. Styles five, rarely four only, short ; stigma bluntish, downy. Capsule thin, egg- shaped or cylindrical, one-celled. Seeds numerous, roundish, rough. — Name from ceras, a horn, on account of the curved cap- sules of some species. 239. 1. C. vulgdtum. Broad-leaved Mouse-ear Chick-weed. Leaves egg- shaped, hairy ; petals as long as the calyx ; flowers longer than their stalks. Root fibrous, small : stems numerous, from four to six inches long: leaves and stems hairy and pale-green: capsule twice as long as the calyx, cylindrical. Annual : flowers in the summer months : grows in fields and waste ground : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 789. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 330. 711. 2. C. viscosum. Narrow-leaved Mouse-ear Chick-weed. Leaves be- tween oblong and lance-shaped, hairy ; flowers shorter than their stalks. Roots fibrous, small : stems numerous, from four to eight inches long: leaves and stems hairy, dark-green, and clammy. Perennial: flowers during the summer months : grows in fields and waste grounds : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 790. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 331. 712. 3. C. semidtcandrwn. Small Mouse-ear Chick-weed. Leaves egg- shaped, inclining to oblong ; petals slightly cleft ; stamens five. Stem generally branched, spreading at the base, three or four inches high : leaves and stems hairy, very clammy, and generally covered with particles of sand and dust. Annual : flowers in April and May : grows in sandy ground, and on walls: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiii. pi. 1630. Eng. Fl. vol.ii. p. 331. 713. 4. C. tetrdndrum. Tetrandrout Mouse-ear Chick-weed. Leaves broadly elliptical ; petals four, inversely heart-shaped, shorter than the four-leaved calyx ; stamens four. Stems procumbent, from two to five inches long, forked : flower-stalks nearly thrice the length of the calyx : the whole plant hairy and somewhat clammy. Annual : flowers in May and June : grows in sandy pastures and waste grounds, and on walls : common. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 166 : Sagina cerastoides. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 332. 714. 5. C. arvtnse. Field Mouse-ear Chick-weed. Leaves narrow Jance- shaped, fringed at the base; petals twice the length of the calyx. — CL. X.] DECANDRIA PENTAGYNIA. 209 Roots creeping : stems numerous, covered with fine deflected hairs, from four inches to a foot high : leaves and stem hairy : panicles few-flowered : petals large, white. Perennial : flowers in the summer months : grows in fields and dry gravelly pastures. Eng. Bat. vol. ii. pi. 93. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 333. 715. 6. C. alpinum. Alpine Mouse-ear Chick-weed. Leaves elliptical, covered with long silky hairs, or nearly smooth ; panicle few-flowered ; capsule oblong, recurved. Root creeping : stems three or four inches high, generally hairy : petals inversely heart-shaped, much longer than the calyx. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows on the higher mountains of Scotland and Wales. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 472. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 334. 716. 7. C. latifolinm. Broad-leaved Alpine Mouse-ear Chick-weed. Leaves betweeen egg-shaped and elliptical, rough, with short bristly hairs ; flowers terminal, generally solitary ; capsule egg-shaped at the base. Stems three or four inches high, and, together with the leaves, covered with short, stiff hairs : capsule straight : petals inversely heart- shaped, much longer than the calyx. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows on the higher mountains of Scotland and Wales. Eng. Bot.vol.vii.pl. 473. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 234. 717. 8. C. aqudticum. Water Mouse-ear Chick-weed. Leaves heart- shaped, sessile ; flowers solitary ; capsules drooping ; petals deeply di- vided. Root creeping : stems weak, two feet long, branched, covered, as well as the leaves, with long hairs, and clammy at the upper part : petals about the same length as the calyx, white. Perennial : flowers in July : grows by the sides of rivers and ditches: not common. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 538. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 335. 718. 20. SPE'RGULA. SPURREY. Calyx inferior, of five egg-shaped, obtuse, permanent leaves, membranous at the edges. Petals five, egg-shaped, larger than the leaves of the calyx, undivided. Filaments ten, sometimes five, awl-shaped, shorter than the corolla; anthers roundish, two-lobed. Germen superior, egg-shaped. Styles short, slender, spreading ; stigmas downy. Capsule egg-shaped, membranous, one-celled, five-valved. Seeds roundish, compressed. — Name from spargo, to scatter, the seeds being widely spread when the capsule bursts. 240. 1. S. arvensis. Corn Spurrey, Leaves in whorls; stalks of the fruit reflected. Root small, tapering : stem from six inches to a foot high, branched, swelling at the joints, hairy and clammy : leaves linear : stipules in pairs under each whorl : flowers in terminal panicles : petals white : seeds with a membranous border. Annual : flowers in June and July: grows in corn-fields: abundant. Eng. Bot. vol. xxii. pi. 1536. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 337. 719. 2. S. nodiisa. Knotted Spurrey. Leaves opposite, awl-shaped, smooth, united at the base, the upper ones clustered ; petals much longer than the calyx. The whole plant smooth : stems decumbent or spreading, from three to six inches long, jointed : flowers large, white. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in wet places : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. x. pi. 694. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 338. ,720. 210 DODECANDRIA — MOXOGYNIA. [_CL. XI. 3. 5. saginoides. Smooth Awl-shaped Spurrey. Leaves awl-shaped, awnless, smooth ; flower-stalks solitary, smooth, much longer than the leaves. Root fibrous : the whole plant smooth : stems decumbent at the base, jointed : leaves united at the base : flowers white : seeds not bordered. Perennial : flowers in June : grows on the higher mountain-; in Scotland: frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xxx. pi. 2105. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 339. 721. 4. S. subuliita. Fringed Awl-shaped Spurrey. Leaves opposite, awl- shaped, awned, fringed ; flower-stalks solitary, much longer than the leaves, slightly hairy. Leaves terminated by a long bristle: seeds encircled by a black line. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows on sandy heaths : frequent. Perhaps a variety of the preceding. Eng. Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1082. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 339. 722. CLASS XI. DODECANDRIA. Plants bearing Flowers with Twelve Stamens. Order I. MONOGYNIA. One Pistil. 1. A'SARUM. Corolla none. Calyx three-cleft, superior. Capsule six-celled. 2. LYTHRUM. Petals six. Calyx twelve-cleft, inferior. Order II. DIGYNIA. Two Pistils. 3. AGRIMO'NIA. Petals five. Calyx five-cleft. Seeds in the bottom of the hardened calyx. Order III. TRIGYNIA. Three Pistils. 4. RE'SEDA. Petals in many segments. Capsule, one-celled, gaping. Order IV. TETRAGYNIA. Four Pistils. (Tormentilla officinaiis. Cl. XII.) Order V. DODECAGYNIA. Twelve Pistils. 5. SEMPERVI'VUM. Petals twelve. Calyx with twelve divisions. Capsules twelve. DODECANDRIA.— MONOGYNIA. 1. A'SARUM. ASARABACCA. Calyx superior, of one leaf, bell-shaped, leathery, coloured, per- manent, in three deep segments. Corolla none. Filaments awl- shaped, half the length of the calyx ; anthers adnate, of two round, separated cells. Germen interior, turbinate. Style thick, furrowed, nearly as long as the stamens; stigma six-cleft, with recurved segments. Capsule leathery, six-celled, not bursting. Seeds several in each cell, inversely egg-shaped. — Named from a, CL. XI.] DODECANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. 211 not, and seira, a band, because rejected from the garlands of the ancients. 241. 1. A. Europ&'um. Common Asarabacca. Leaves two on each stem, kidney-shaped, obtuse. Roots creeping: stems very short, simple, round, each bearing two leaves, and a single flower, of a greenish-brown colour : filaments extending beyond the anthers. The powdered root acts as an emetic ; the powder of the leaves occasions a discharge from the nostrils, without much sneezing, and forms the base of cephalic snuffs. Perennial : flowers in May : grows in mountainous woods in the north of England, but is not a native plant. Eng. Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1083. Eng. Fi. vol. ii. p. 342. 723. 2. LY'THRUM. PURPLE LOOSE-STRIFE. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, cylindrical, with twelve marginal divisions, alternately smaller and larger. Petals six, oblong, equal, with short claws inserted into the calyx. Filaments thread-like, shorter than the corolla, six alternate ones shorter ; anthers roundish, incumbent. Germen superior, oblong. Style thread- like, as long as the stamens, a little curved ; stigma knobbed. Capsule oblong, membranous, two-celled, pointed, inclosed in the tube of the calyx. Seeds numerous, oblong, minute. — Name, lythron, blood, from the colour of the flowers. 242. 1. L. Salicdriii. Spiked Purple Loose-strife. Leaves opposite, lance- shaped, heart-shaped at the base ; flowers in whorled leafy spikes. Stem erect, square, from two to four feet high : flowers purplish-red, forming a very beautiful showy spike : the whole plant is astringent. Pe- rennial: flowers in July and August: grows in watery places: frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1061. Eng. Ft. vol. ii. p. 343. 724. 2. L. Jiyssopifolinm. Hyssop-leaved Purple Loose-strife. Grass-poly. Leaves alternate, narrow lance-shaped ; flowers axillar, solitary ; sta- mens six. Stems decumbent, one of them erect : flowers small, pale- purple. Annual: flowers in August: grows in watery places in Eng- land : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 292. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 344. 725. D I G Y N I A. 3. AGRIMO'NIA. AGRIMONY. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, tubular, permanent, with five small marginal segments. Petals five, flat, notched. Filaments hair- like, shorter than the corolla, varying in number; anthers small, two-lobed, compressed. Germens egg-shaped, compressed in the bottom of the calyx. Styles as long as the stamens, lateral; stigma obtuse, undivided. Seeds generally two, egg-shaped, compressed, pointed, smooth, inclosed in the hardened tube of the calyx. — Name corrupted from Argemone. 243. 1. A. Eupatiiria. Common Agrimony. Stem-leaves pinnate, with ob- long leaflets, the terminal one stalked ; calyx bristlv ; spikes elongated. Root tapering: stems from one to two feet hi^h, generally simple: flowers very numerous, yellow, in a close tapering spike, with divided 212 DODKCANDRIA — THIGYNIA. fJCL. XI. bracteas. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows by road-sides, and in hedges, and the margin of fields: common. This plant is slightly bitter, aromatic, and astringent, and was formerly in great repute for its medicinal properties. Eng. Bot. vol. xix. pi. 1335. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 346. 726. TRIGYNIA. 4. RE'SEDA. YELLOW WEED. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, deeply divided into several narrow, irregular, permanent segments. Petals three, four, five or six, unequal, deciduous, variously jagged. Nectary a flat, erect, per- manent coloured gland, between the uppermost petal and the sta- mens. Filaments variable in number, hair-like, drooping, short ; anthers oblong, erect. Germen superior, angular. Styles ter- minal, short; stigmas obtuse. Capsule pitcher-shaped, angular, leathery, one-celled. Seeds numerous, kidney-shaped, stalked, on three lateral receptacles. — Named from reseda, to calm, from its supposed effect on the system. 244. 1. R. Lutfola. Wild Wood. Dyer's Weed. Yellow Weed. Leaves lance-shaped, undivided; calyx with four segments. Stems two or three feet high, striated, smooth, branched: leaves frequently furnished with a small tooth on each side at the base: clusters terminal, erect, of numerous small flowers, with three greenish-white petals, of which the uppermost is variously lobed, the lateral ones of three acute lobes. An- nual : flowers in July : grows in waste ground: common. This plant affords a beautiful yellow dve, and is cultivated for that purpose. Etig. Bot. vol. v. pi. 320. Eng.'Fl. vol. ii. p. 347. 727. 2. R. lutea. Rocket Yellou- Weed. Base Rocket. Leaves deeply three-lobed, lower ones pinnatifid; calyx with six divisions. Stem about two feet high, bushy, branched, striated, smooth: leaves some- what stalked : clusters terminal, many-flowered, tapering : petals six, buff-coloured, variously lobed. Perennial : flowers in July and August: grows in waste places and dry pastures: frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 32 1 . Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 348. 728. 3. R. fruticulosa. Shrubby Base Rocket. Leaves all pinnate, waved, glaucous ; calyx deeply five-cleft ; petals five, three-cleft at the summit. Root woody, tapering: stems two or three feet high, leafy: flowers in terminal racemes, yellowish-white. Perennial : flowers in June : found in various parts of England and Ireland: rare. It is an introduced plant. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2628. Brit. Fl. 4th ed. p. 192. 729. DODECAGYNIA. 5. SE.MPERVl'VUM. HOUSE-LEEK. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, deeply divided into several acute segments, permanent. Petals from six to twelve, corresponding to the segments of the calyx, somewhat larger, lance-shaped, acute, equal, withering. Filaments as many, or twice as many, as the CL,. XII.] ICOSANDRIA. 213 petals, awl-shaped, shorter than the corolla ; anthers of two round lobes. Germens as many as the stamens, ranged in a circle, oblong, pointed, compressed. Styles short, spreading, stigma obtuse. Capsules oblong, compressed, pointed. Seeds numerous, minute, ranged along the inner margin on each side. — Name, semper, ever, and vivum, alive. 245. 1. S. tectorum. Common House-leek. Leaves fringed ; offsets spread- ing. Root fibrous, crowned with several dense tufts of numerous oblong, acute, fringed, very thick and succulent leaves : stem from the centre of one of the tufts, about a foot high, clothed with narrow, alter- nate, sessile leaves, and terminating in a cyme of large rose-coloured flowers. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows on walls and house-tops, but is not indigenous. The leaves are said to be cooling, when applied externally, and frequently renewed. Eng. Hot. vol. xix. pi. 1320. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 350. 730. CLASS XII. ICOSANDRIA. Plants bearing Flowers with Twenty or more Stamens, arising from the inner edge of the Calyx. Order I. MONOGYNIA. One Pistil. 1. PRU'NUS. Calyx inferior, five-cleft. Petals five. Nut of the Drupe with slightly prominent seams. (Mespitus Oxyacuntha.) Order II. PENTAGYNIA. From Two to Five Pistils. 2. ME'SPILUS. Calyx superior, five-cleft. Petals five. Apple with from two to five hard one-valved capsules. Seeds two. 3. PY'RUS. Calyx superior, five-cleft. Petals five. Apple with from two to five membranous two-valved capsules. Seeds two. 4. SPIR-f-E'A. Calyx inferior, five-cleft. Petals five. Capsules mem- branous, two-valved. Seeds numerous. Order III. POLYGYNIA. More than Five Pistils. 5. RO'SA. Calyx five-cleft, the tube pitcher-shaped, finally pulpy, lined with hairs, and containing numerous bristly seeds. 6. RU'BUS. Calyx five-cleft. Berry superior, compound, deciduous. Receptacle spongy and permanent. 9. TORMENTl'LLA. Calyx eight-cleft. Petals four. Seeds naked. Receptacle dry. 11. DRY'AS. Calyx eight or ten-cleft. Petals five or eight. Seeds each with a long feathery tail. 10. GE'UM. Calyx ten-cleft. Petals five. Seeds each with a bent hooked tail. Receptacle dry, elongated. 7. FRAGA'RIA. Calyx ten-cleft. Petals five. Seeds naked, even, on the surface of a pulpy deciduous receptacle. T 214 ICOSANDRIA MONOGYNIA. [ci.. XII. 12. COMA'RUM. Calyx ten-cleft. Petals five. Seedt naked, even, on the surface of a spongy, hairy, permanent receptacle. 8. POTENTI'LLA. Calyx ten-cleft. Petals five. Seeds naked, rugged, fixed to a small dry receptacle. (Spirtta Ulmaria and Fitipendula.) ICOSANDRIA.— MONOGYNIA. 1. PRU'NUS. CHERRY. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, bell-shaped, deciduous, with five obtuse marginal segments. Petals five, roundish, spreading, larger than the segments of the calyx. Filaments awl-shaped, nearly as long as the corolla; anthers short, two-lobed, round. Germen superior, roundish. Style thread-shaped, terminal, as long as the stamens ; stigma round. Drupe roundish. Nut very hard, one- celled, two-valved. The valves prominent at the margin. Kernel solitary, suspended from the top. — Name, Proune of Theophras- tus. 246. 1. P. Pddiu. Bird Cherry. Flowers in pendulous clusters ; leaves inversely egg-shaped, deciduous, with two glands at the base beneath. A small tree with smooth branches ; acute, doubly serrate leaves ; beautiful clusters of white flowers, and small black harsh drupes. Flowers in May : grows in woods in Scotland and the north of England : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xx. pi. 1385. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 354. 731. 2. P. Ctrasus. Wild Cherry. Gean-tree. Flowers in nearly sessile umbels; leaves broadly lance-shaped, somewhat downy beneath. A tree, with very smooth bark ; pointed, serrated leaves, with two unequal glands at the base ; white flowers, and black, sweet drupes. Several varieties occur, differing chiefly in the colour of the fruit. Flowers in May : grows in woods and hedges : common. Eng. Bot. vol. x. pi. 706. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 354. 732. 3. P. insititia. Wild Bullace-tree. Flower-stalks in pairs; leaves between egg-shaped and lance-shaped, downy beneath; branches ending in a thorn. A small tree, with spreading round branches : leaves on small lateral branches, alternate, serrate : flowers on simple stalks, not much longer than the calyx : petals white: fruit globular, austere, black, with blue bloom. Flowers in April : grows in woods, thickets and hedges. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 841. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 356. A variety without thorns is not unfrequent. It is the P. domtstica, Wild Plum-tree. F.n<;. Bot. pi. 1783. 733. 4. P. *)iint'sn. Sloe-tree. Blackthorn. Flower-stalks generally single ; leaves between elliptical and lance-shaped, smooth ; branches enclinc in a thorn. A small tree or bush, with irregularly spreading round branches: leaves serrate: flowers very numerous, with pure white pelaU: fruit black, with a bluish bloom, very austere. Flowers in March ami April : grows in thickets, hedges, and on dry banks: common. Eng. Dot. vol. xii. pi. 842. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 357. 734. CL. XII.] ICOSANDKIA — PENTAGYNIA. 215 PENTAGYNIA. 2. ME'SPILUS. MEDLAR-HAWTHORN. Calyx superior, of one leaf, with five permanent segments. Petals five, round, from the edge of the calyx. Filaments awl- shaped, incurved ; anthers roundish, two-lobed. Germen inferior, roundish. Styles from two to five, thread-shaped, erect ; stigma knobbed. Apple globular, concave at the top, crowned with the calyx, with from two to five hard cells or capsules, each one- valved. Seeds two in one cell, erect, inversely egg-shaped. — Named from Mespile, a medlar. 247. 1. M. Oi-yacdntha. Hawthorn. Whitethorn. Branches thorny ; leaves three or five-lobed, serrate, smooth ; flowers in terminal corymbs ; styles generally two, often one. A small tree or shrub, with smooth bark : thorns small, awl-shaped : flowers white, sometimes pink : fruit mealy, deep-red. The wood is very hard : the flowers emit a very agreeable odour : and the berries which remain upon the branches during the winter are eaten by numerous species of small birds. Its value for hedges is well known. Flowers in May and June : grows in thickets, and by rivers, as in many places along the Tweed. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxv. pi. 2504. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 359. 735. 2. M. Germdnica. Common Medlar. Leaves lance-shaped, some- what downy ; flowers solitary, nearly sessile, terminal ; styles five. Brandies thorny : leaves alternate, entire, veined : flowers large, with white undulated petals : fruit depressed, austere. A small tree : flowers in May : grows in hedges, in England : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xxii. pi. 1523. Eng. Ft. vol. ii. p. 360. 736. 3. M. Cotonedster. Dwarf Quince- leaved Medlar. Leaves egg-shaped, entire, downy beneath ; germen smooth; styles three or four. A small bush, without thorns : flowers drooping, pale-red : fruit red, mealy. Flowers in July : grows at Ormeshead, Caernarvonshire. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2713. Eng.Ft. vol. ii. p. 360. 737. 3. PY'RUS. PEAR. Calyx superior, of one leaf, deeply divided into five permanent segments. Petals five, roundish, much larger than the calyx, and arising- from its edge. Filaments awl-shaped, shorter than the corolla ; anthers oblong, two-lobed. Germen inferior, roundish. Styles from two to five, thread -shaped, as long as the stamens ; stigmas simple. Apple roundish or oblong, pitted at the top, fleshy, with as many bivalve membranous cells as there are styles. Seeds two in each cell, inversely egg-shaped, flattened on one side. — Named from the Celtic peren, a pear. 248. 1. P. communis. Wild Pear-tree. Leaves simple, egg-shaped, serrate; flower-stalks corymbose. A tall tree with thorny branches : leaves serrate, smooth, downy when young : flower-stalks terminal, downy : flowers numerous, snow-white : fruit inversely egg-shaped, hard and aus- tere. Flowers in April and May : grows in woods and hedges : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. XJEV. pi. 1784. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 302. 738. 216 ICOSANDRIA — PENTAGYNIA. [CL. XII. 2. P. Mdlut. Wild Apple-tree. Crab-tree. Leaves simple, serrate ; flowers in a simple sessile umbel. A small tree, with spreading irregu- lar branches : flowers white, tinged with rose-colour. This is the original of all the varieties of the apple : the fruit is globular, yellowish, tinged with red, acid and harsh. Flowers in May : grows in woods and hedges : common. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 179. Eng. Ft. vol.ii. p. 363. 739. 3. P. tormindlis. Wild Service-tree. Leaves simple, somewhat heart- shaped, serrate, seven-lobed ; flower-stalks branched, corymbose. A tree, with white flowers, in large terminal, downy panicles : fruit brown, acid. Flowers in April and May : grows in woods and hedges, in the south of England : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 298 : Crat&gus tormi- nalis. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 363. 740. 4. P. domtstica. True Service-tree. Leaves pinnate, with uniform leaflets, downy beneath, and serrated towards the end ; flowers panicled ; fruit inversely egg-shaped. A large tree, with cream-coloured flowers : fruit reddish, spotted, austere. Flowers in May : grows in mountainous woods in England: very rare. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 350. Evg. Fl. vol. ii. p. 364. 741. 5. P. Aucupdria. Mountain Ash, Quicken, or Poan-tree. Leaves pinnate, with uniform, serrate, smooth leaflets; styles about three ; fruit globular. A beautiful tree, with smooth branches : panicles corym- bose, with downy stalks : flowers numerous, white : fruit scarlet, acid, and austere. The fruit is eaten by several species of small birds, espe- cially of the thrush kind. A spirit has been distilled from them. Flowers in May and June : grows in mountainous woods : common. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 337 : Sorbut aucupdria. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 365. A variety with deeply pinnatifid leaves is the P. pinnatifida. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxiii. pi. 2331. 742. 6. P. A'ria. White-beam. Leaves simple, elliptical, cut, serrate, transversely furrowed, downy beneath; flowers corymbose; styles abou two. A tree of moderate size, with smooth branches, the younge white and downy: flowers white, with downy stalks: fruit globular scarlet, mealy, astringent. Flowers in May : grows in mountainou woods, and the Assures of rocks : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxvi pi. 1858. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 366. 743 . 4. SPIR^'A. MEADOW-SWEET. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, with five acute, permanent, marginal segments. Petals five, roundish, or oblong. Filaments hair-like, nearly as long as the corolla ; anthers roundish, two-lobed. Ger- mens five or more, superior, egg-shaped, or oblong, compressed. Styles, one terminating each germen ; stigmas obtuse, spreading. Capsules as many as the germens, oblong, pointed, compressed, two-valved, one-celled. Seeds few, small, oblong. — Named, spei- reia of Theophrastus. 249. 1. S. salicifolia. Willow.leuved Spiraa. Leaves between elliptical and lance-shaped, unequally serrate, smooth ; clusters terminal, com- pound. A. shrub about four feet high, with smooth straight stems and branches : flowers pink, small, numerous, in terminal clusters : styles five. Flowers in July : grows in moist mountainous situations, but never truly wild: rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xxi. pi. 1468. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 368. 744. CL. XII.] ICOSANDRIA — POLYGYNIA. 217 2. S. Filipendula. Common Dropicort. Leaves interruptedly pin- nate, leaflets uniform, serrate; flowers cymose; stem herbaceous. Root woody, with hard elliptical knobs: stem about a foot high, round, smooth, panicled at the top : leaves chiefly radical, spreading : panicle forked, with cream-coloured flowers, tinged with red externally. Peren- nial : flowers in July: grows in open pastures. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 284. Eng. Ft. vol. ii. p. 369. 745. 3. S. Ulmdria. Meadnw-siveet. Leaves interruptedly pinnate, downy beneath, the terminal leaflet largest, and lobed ; stem herbaceous, flowers cymose. Root fibrous : stems from two to four feet high, angular, branched : flowers very numerous, cream-coloured, sweet-scented, in dense compound panicles. The whole plant is astringent ; a decoction of it with copperas is used in the Hebrides for dyeing black. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in meadows, and about the edges of rivers and ditches. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 960. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 369. 746. POLYGYNIA. 5. RO'SA. ROSE. Calyx of one leaf, inferior, with a pitcher-shaped tube, con- tracted at the summit, permanent, and finally succulent, the limb deeply divided into five deep, lance-shaped, pointed segments, either all simple, or two of them with leafy appendages on both sides, one with appendages on one side only, and the other two naked on both sides. Petals five, inversely heart-shaped. Filaments thread-like, numerous, much shorter than the petals; anthers roundish, flattened, two-lobed. Germens numerous, oblong, lining the tube of the calyx, interspersed with silky hairs. Styles, one to each germen, lateral ; stigmas obtuse. Fruit globular or egg-shaped, formed of the permanent, pulpy, coloured tube of the calyx, closed at the top. Seeds numerous, bristly, lining the calyx, and interspersed with hairs. — Named from the Celtic rhos. 250. * Branches covered with bristles. Prickles slender, nearly straight. 1. R. Dickst'mi. Dickson's llcse. Fruit egg-shaped ; flower-stalks bristly, enlarged at their upper part ; prickles of the stem scattered ; leaflets oval, grey on both sides with fine hairs, their serratures mostly simple.— — Stem erect, with spreading flexuous branches, dark-red tinged with grey: leaflets five or seven: petals shorter than the calyx, deep pink. Flowers in June : discovered in Ireland by Mr. J. Drummonrl. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2707. Brit. Ft. 4th ed. p. 198. 747. 2. R. cinnamumea. Cinnamon Ruse. Fruit egg-shaped or globular, smooth ; flower-stalks smooth ; prickles of the stem very unequal, nume- rous, horizontal, awl-shaped; leaflets oblong, simply serrate. Stem four or five feet high, with deep-red bark, and slender horizontal or deflected prickles : stipules oblong, pointed, fringed with gland? : leaflets greyish green, downy, without glands : petals broad, concave, purplish-red: fruit deep-red. Flowers in May, and through the summer : grows at Birk- T 2 218 ICOSANDRIA — POLYGYNIA. [CL. XII. hill, in Ayrshire : certainly introduced. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 374. Brit. Fl. p. 224. 748. 3. R. rubella. Red-fruited Dwarf Rase. Fruit globular ; flower- stalks bristly ; prickles of the stem straight, scattered ; leaflets elliptical or roundish, smooth, generally with simple serratures. Stem bushy, two or three feet high, round, branched, spreading, covered with very slender prickles, and glandular bristles : stipules glandular at the margin : leaflets from seven to eleven, paler beneath : petals white, tinged with pink : fruit bright-scarlet. Flowers in May : grows on the sandy sea- coast of Northumberland. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxvi. pi. 3521. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 375. 749. 4. R. spinosissima. Bumet Rose. Fruit globular ; flower-stalks and calyx nearly smooth ; prickles of the stem straight, unequal, numerous, intermixed with glandular bristles ; leaflets roundish, smooth, with simple serratures. Stem bushy, two or three feet high, covered with nume- rous, unequal, straight, slender prickles, interspersed with glandular bristles : stipules fringed with glands : leaflets seven or nine, smooth : petals cream-coloured, yellow at the base : fruit purplish-black. Flowers in July : grows on sandy heaths and dry banks : common. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 1817. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 376. 750. 5. R. Hibernica. Irish Rose. Fruit nearly globular, smooth, as are the flower-stalks ; prickles scattered, unequal, slightly curved ; leaflets elliptical, simply serrated, hairy beneath on the ribs. Stem from three to six feet high, copiously branched, reddish-brown: leaflets five or seven, egg-shaped or roundish, acute, the upper surface slightly glaucous : sti- pules smooth : flowers rather small, pale-pink. Flowers from June to November : discovered by Mr. Templeton, in the counties of Down and Derry, Ireland. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxi. pi. 2196. Eng. Ft. vol. ii. p. 394. 751. 6. R. involuta. Prickly Unexpanded Rose. Fruit globular, bristly ; flower-stalks bristly; stem very prickly and bristly; leaflets elliptical, doubly and acutely serrate, their veins hairy beneath ; petals involute. Stem bushy, about three feet high, covered with innumerable crowded, slender, very unequal, nearly straight prickles, intermixed with glandular bristles: stipules fringed with glands: leaflets five or seven : petals pale-red. Flowers in June : found in various parts of Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. xxix. pi. 2068. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 378. 752. 7. R. Sabini. Sabine's Rose. Fruit globular, bristly ; flower-stalks and pinnated calyx bristly; prickles scattered, straightish; leaflets doubly serrate, nearly smooth, with hairy ribs. Stem from five to eight feet high, with brown branches, covered with nearly straight prickles and glandular bristles : stipules finely glandular at the edges : leaflets five or seven, broadly elliptical : petals large, rose-red : fruit scarlet. Flowers in July : grows in thickets in Scotland and the north of England. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2594. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 381. 753. ** Branches almost destitute of bristles ; prickles nearly straight. 8. R. villdsa. Soft-leaved Round-fruited Rose. Fruit globular, bristly ; calyx slightly pinnate ; prickles nearly straight ; leaflets rounded, bluntish, downy all over. Stem about six feet high, covered with scattered, slender, nearly straight prickles : stipules downy, thickly fringed with nearly sessile minute glands: leaflets five or seven, CL. XII.] ICOSANDRIA — POLYGYNIA. 219 rounded : flowers pink : fruit scarlet. Flowers in July : grows in thickets in Scotland, Wales, and the north of England. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxv. pi. 2459 : R. mollis. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 382. 754. 9. R. tomentosa. Downy-leaved Dog Rose. Fruit broadly elliptical, bristly ; calyx copiously pinnate ; prickles slightly curved ; leaflets egg- shaped, acute, downy. Stem from four to six feet high, branched, bristly, with round prickly branches: prickles slender, awl-shaped : stipules linear, downy, densely fringed with glands : leaflets five or seven, with double serratures : petals pink, white in the lower half: fruit scarlet, sometimes smooth. Flowers in June and July : grows in hedges and thickets : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 990. Eng. Fi. vol. ii. p. 384. 755. *** Branches destitute of bristles ; prickles hooked, compressed; styles distinct. 10. R. rubiginosa. Eglantine. Sweet-briar. Fruit inversely egg- shaped, bristly towards the base; calyx pinnate; prickles hooked, com- pressed, with smaller straighter ones interspersed ; leaflets elliptical, doubly serrate, hairy, covered beneath with rust-coloured glands. Stem bushy, about four feet high : prickles scattered, hooked, conical, interspersed with others of a smaller size : stipules narrow lance-shaped, closely fringed with glands, as are the leaflets : petals bright-pink : fruit scarlet. Flowers in June and July : grows in dry bushy places : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 991. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 386. 756. 11. R. micrdntha. Small-flowered Sweet-briar. Fruit elliptical, some- what bristly, contracted above ; calyx pinnate, deciduous ; prickles scat- tered, hooked, nearly uniform ; leaflets egg-shaped, doubly serrated, hairy, glandular beneath. Stem from five to eight feet long, strag- gling, slender, arched : leaflets flat, pale-green above, more hairy beneath : flowers pale-pink, small : fruit soft, scarlet, or coral-red. Flowers in June and July : grows in various parts of England and Scotland, as well as in the south of Ireland. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxv. pi. 2490. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 388. 757. 12. R. niodora. Slightly-scented Sweet-briar. Fruit elliptical, or globular, smooth ; calyx copiously pinnate, deciduous ; prickles- hooked, uniform ; leaflets egg-shaped, doubly serrated, hairy, mostly glandular beneath. Stem from six to eight feet long, stout, arched : leaflets flat, broadly egg-shaped, dark-green above, paler and more hairy beneath, more or less glandular, as are the stipules : flowers pale-pink, rather small : fruit soft, deep-red. Flowers in June and July : found in various parts of England and Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxvi. pi. 2579. Rosa Borreri. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 232. 758. 13. R. cx'sia. Glaucous-leaved Rose. Fruit elliptical, smooth ; flower- stalks smooth, solitary ; calyx distantly pinnate ; prickles hooked, uni- form ; leaflets elliptical, doubly serrate, glaucous, hairy beneath, without glands. Stem bristly, four or five feet high, stipules oblong, acute, fringed with glands: leaflets five or seven : flowers pale-pink, sometimes white. Flowers in July : grows in some of the Highland valleys of Scotland : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxiii. pi. 2367. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 390. 759. 14. R. canina. Common Dog Rose. Fruit egg-shaped, smooth, or somewhat bristly ; calyx pinnate ; prickles strongly hooked ; leaflets 220 ICOSANDRIA — POLYGYNIA. [CL. XII. simply or doubly serrate, pointed, smooth above, more or less downy beneath. Stem from four to eight feet high : leaflets generally seven, destitute of glands : fruit scarlet. This species varies so much that it has been formed into several. The fruit is made into a conserve, and also furnishes food to small birds. Flowers in June and July : grows in hedges and thickets: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 991. Eng. Fi. vol. ii. p. 396. 760. 15. fi. bractescens. Bracteated Downy Rose. Fruit globose, smooth ; calyx pinnate, with entire leaflets ; prickles hooked ; leaflets egg-shaped, almost simply serrated, downy beneath ; bracteas over-topping the fruit. Stem six or seven feet high, with spreading branches : leaflets hairy above, downy beneath : bracteas remarkably large : fruit bright-red. Eng. Ft. vol. ii. p. 392. 761. • ••* Branches destitute of bristles ; prickles hooked, compressed ; styles united. 16. R. tysty'ia. Close-styled Dog Rose. Fruit oblong, smooth ; calyx pinnate ; prickles hooked ; leaflets simply serrate ; receptacle of the flower conical ; styles united into a prominent, furrowed column. A slender shrub, from eight to twelve feet high : prickles with a large base : leaflets five or seven, smooth above, hairy on the ribs beneath : flowers pale-pink: fruit scarlet. Flowers in June and July: grows in thickets and hedges : not frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xxvii. pi. 1895. Eng. FI. vol. ii. p. 396. 762. 17. R. arvensis. White Field Rose. Fruit globular or oblong, smooth ; calyx pinnate ; prickles hooked, scattered ; leaflets simply serrate, glaucous beneath ; receptacle of the flower convex ; styles united. A bush four or five feet high: leaflets five or seven, egg-shaped, very glaucous beneath : petals white, with a yellow base : fruit scarlet. Flowers in July : grows ia hedges, thickets, and the borders of fields : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 188. Eng. FI. vol. ii. p. 397. 763. 6. RU'BUS. BRAMBLE. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, with five oblong, spreading perma- nent segments. Petals five, round, as long as the calyx. Fila- ments hair-like, shorter than the petals ; anthers roundish, flat- tened, two-lobed. Germens numerous, globular, crowded closely together into a round head. Styles one to each germen, small, hair-like, lateral ; stigmas simple, permanent. Berry compound, globular, concave, deciduous, of several round, juicy grains, upon a conical, spongy receptacle. Seeds solitary, oblong. — Name of uncertain origin. 251. * Stem woo,ly, round. 1. R. idte'us. Raspberry Bush. Leaves pinnate, with five or three leaflets, white and downy beneath ; stem erect, prickly ; leaf-stalks channelled. Stems biennial, nearly erect, three or four feet high, branched, with small straight, slender prickles : leaflets five, the ter- minal one larger, their stalks downy and prickly : flowers small, white, pendulous, in simple clusters : fruit pale-scarlet, fragrant, with an agreeable slightly acid taste, not improved by culture, excepting as to size. Flowers in May and June : grows in woods and thickets, in dry VL, XII.] ICOSANDRIA — POLYGYNIA. 221 stonv or gravelly places: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxiv. pi. 2442. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 409. 764. 2. R. cte'sius. Blue Bramble. Dew-berry Bush. Leaves ternate, hairy beneath, the lateral leaflets lobed externally ; stems prostrate, glau- cous, prickly and bristly ; calyx embracing the fruit. Stems weak, with numerous deflected, unequal, slender prickles : leaflets egg-shaped, acute, doubly serrate, downy beneath : panicles corymbose : petals white or pale rose-coloured : fruit large-grained, black, with a bluish bloom, and of an agreeable acid taste. Flowers in June and July : grows in woods, thickets, hedges, and the borders of fields : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 826. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 410. 765. 3. R. coryliftilius. Hazel-leaved Bramble. Leaves pinnate, with five or three roundish leaflets, hairy beneath ; stems spreading ; prickles scat- tered, straight, deflected ; calyx reflected ; panicle minutely glandular. Stems biennial, with scattered prickles : not confined to the angles : leaflets broadly egg-shaped, somewhat heart-shaped, pointed, sharply serrate, resembling the leaves of the hazel, soft and minutely hairy : flow- ers large, white : fruit large, large-grained, brownish-black, agreeably acid. Flowers in July : grows in hedges and thickets : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 827. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 409. 766. ** Stem woody, angular. 4. R. fruticrisus. Common Bramble. Leaves pinnate, with five stalked leaflets, hoary beneath ; prickles hooked, growing upon the angles of the stem ; panicle compound ; calyx reflected. Stems strongly an- gular, with numerous sharp, strongly hooked prickles growing on the angles : leaflets egg-shaped, acute, sharply serrated, smoothish above, white and downy beneath : flowers in erect clusters : petals white, or tinged with pink : fruit of very numerous purplish-black grains, with a sweetish flavour, but somewhat nauseating when eaten in large quanti- ties. Flowers in July and August: grows in woods, thickets, and hedges : common. -Eng. Bot. vol. x. pi. 715. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 400. 767. 5. R. rhamnifolius. Buckthorn-leaved Bramble. Leaves digitate, of five roundish, pointed, shortly-stalked leaflets, paler beneath ; prickles straight, deflected ; panicle twice compound ; calyx spreading. Stems angular, smooth, or with scattered hairs : prickles chiefly on the angles : leaflets egg-shaped, or roundish, nearly smooth above, bright-green : fruit black. Flowers in July and August : grows in hedges and thickets : not uncommon. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2504. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 402. 768. 6." R. leucostdchys. Long-clustered Bramble. Leaves digitate, of five roundish, shortly-stalked, leathery leaflets, hoary beneath ; prickles de- flected, slightly hooked ; panicle cylindrical, minutely glandular ; calyx reflected. Stems angular, smooth, dark-red : leaflets roundish or heart- shaped, unequally serrate: panicle nearly simple, narrow: fruit black. Flowers in July and August : grows in hedges and thickets, in Essex, Sussex, and Hampshire. Eng. B«t. Suppl. pi. 2631. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 404. 769. 7. R. Koehleri. Glandular Bramble. Leaves pinnate, with five or three leaflets, downy beneath ; prickles unequal, deflected, partly hooked ; panicle and calyx very prickly and hairy, with numerous glandular bristles. Stems angular, covered with numerous scattered prickles : 222 ICOSANURIA POLYGYNIA. [CL. XII. leaflets smooth above, downy beneath : flower-stalks covered with nu- merous, partly hooked prickles, long hairs, and glandular bristles: petals white: fruit black, with numerous grains. Flowers in July and August : grows in woods, thickets, and hedges, in various parts of England. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2605. R. glandulosus. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 404. 770. 8. R. tubertctus. Red-fruited Bramble. Leaves pinnate, with five, three, or seven broadly egg-shaped, pointed leaflets, minutely hairy be- neath ; prickles deflected ; clusters simple, hairy, prickly ; calyx slightly hairy. Stems nearly erect, with scattered, uniform, slightly hooked prickles : calyx densely hairy, destitute of prickles : petals white, crum- pled : fruit deep-red, of few grains, agreeably acid. Flowers in July and August : grows in woods and thickets : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxvi. pi. 2572. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 407. 771. *** Stem* herbaceous. 9. R. taxdtilis. Stone Bramble. Leaves ternate, slightly downy ; stems ascending, with prostrate runners ; panicle few-flowered. Stem slender, about eight inches high : leaves two or three, with egg-shaped leaflets : petals minute, greenish-white : fruit of two or three large crimson grains. Perennial : flowers in June : grows in stony mountainous woods : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxii. pi. 2233. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 411. 772. 10. R. Chamasmorus. Mountain Bramble. Claud-berry. Leaves simple, plaited, lobed ; stem one-flowered, destitute of prickles. Stem simple, downy, about six inches high : leaves heart-shaped, five-lobed, acutely serrate, stalked : petals white : fruit large, of few grains, dull orange-red, watery. Perennial : flowers in June : grows on peaty soil in mountainous situations, in Scotland, Wales, and the north of England. Eng. Bot. vol. x. pi. 716. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 413. 773. 7. FRAGA'RIA. STRAWBERRY. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, with ten segments, of which five alternate ones are external and smaller. Petals five, roundish, spreading. Filaments awl-shaped, erect, shorter than the corolla ; anthers roundish, two-celled. Germens superior, numerous, roundish, collected into a round head. Styles one to each germen, lateral, incurved, short ; stigmas obtuse. Berry formed of the en- larged receptacle of the seeds, pulpy, coloured, roundish. Seeds numerous, naked, upon the surface of the fruit. — Named tromfra- grans, sweet-smelling. 252. 1. F. vcsca. Wood Strawberry. Calyx of the fruit reflected; hairs of the leaf-stalks spreading, those of the partial flower-stalks close-pressed, silky. Root somewhat woody, sending out long runners, which take root and propagate the plant: stems four or five inches high, erect, panicled at the top : flowers erect, with small white petals : fruit droop- ing, scarlet, somewhat acid and fragrant. This is the origin of the culti- vated strawberry. Perennial : grows in woods and thickets, and on dry banks. Eng. Bot. vol. xxii. pi. 1524. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 415. 774'. 2. F. eldtior. Hautboy Strawberry. Calyx of the fruit reflected ; hairs of all the flower-stalks and leaf-stalks spreading. Larger than F. vesca, and rather more hairy, with white flowers, and dark-red fruit. Perennial : flowers in June : found in woods of some parts of England, CL. XII.] ICOSANDRIA POLYGYNIA. 223 but periiaps not indigenous. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxi. pi. 2197. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 415. 775. 8. POTENTI'LLA. CINQUEFOIL. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, with ten segments, of which five alternate ones are external and narrower. Petals five, roundish, spreading. Filaments awl-shaped, erect, shorter than the corolla; anthers roundish, two-celled. Germens superior, numerous, roundish, collected into a round head. Styles one to each ger- men, thread-shaped, lateral, ascending; stigmas bluntish, downy. Seeds numerous, naked, roundish, upon the surface of a small, dry, globular receptacle. — Name, from potens, powerful. 253. * Leaves pinnate. 1. P. fructicdsa. Shrubby Cinquefoil. Leaves pinnate ; stem woody. Stem three or four feet high : leaves of five acute, oblong leaflets, covered with close hairs, paler beneath: the upper leaves ternate: flowers terminal, large, golden-yellow. Perennial : flowers in June : grows in mountainous thickets in several places in Teesdale. Rock-forest, Clare, Ireland. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 88. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 417. 776. 2. P.anserina. Silver-weed. Goose-grass. Wild Tansy. Leaves in- terruptedly pinnate, serrate, silky ; stem creeping; stalks axillar, solitary, one-flowered. Root long, cylindrical : leaves interruptedly pinnate, covered beneath with shining white hairs : flowers large, bright-yellow. Perennial: flowers in June and July: grows by the sides of roads and ditches, and in meadows and pastures : common. The roots are eaten in the Hebrides, either raw or boiled. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 861. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 418. 777. 3. P. rupestris. Rock Cinquefoil. Leaves pinnate, with the terminal leaflet large ; leaflets egg-shaped, serrate, hairy ; stem erect. Root somewhat woody, tapering: stem a foot high, erect, hairy : lower leaves with seven leaflets, upper with three : flowers large, white, panicled. Perennial: flowers in June: grows on the side of a hill, called Craig Breddin, in Montgomeryshire. Eiig. Bot. vol. xxix. pi. 2058. Eng. Fl, vol.ii. p. 418. 778. ** Leaves fingered. 4. P. argcntea. Silvery or Hoary Cinquefoil. Leaflets five, wedge- shaped, jagged, downy beneath ; stem ascending. Stems nearly erect, from six to twelve inches high, cottony : leaves stalked, cottony beneath : flowers small, yellow, in a corymbose panicle, with cottony branches: seeds numerous, small, smooth. Perennial: flowers in June and July: grows in gravelly pastures, common in England, rare in Scotland and Ireland. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 89. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 419. 779. 5. P. alpestris. Orange Alpine Cinquefoil. Root-leaves of five wedge- shaped, somewhat hairy, leaflets, deeply cut in their upper half; upper stipules egg-shaped ; petals heart-shaped ; stems ascending. Root somewhat woody : stems numerous, decumbent at the base, ascending, from four to eight inches long : root-leaves on long, hairy stalks : calyx hairy, petals inversely heart-shaped, orange-yellow. Perennial : flowers in j'uly: grows on mountains in Scotland, the north of England, and Wales: rare. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 561: P. aurea. Eng. FL vol.ii. p. 419. 780. 224 ICOSANDRIA — POLYGYNIA. [jCL. XII. 6. P. rerna. Spring Cinquefoil. Root-leaves of five or seven wedge- shaped, partly serrated leaflets, bristly at the margins and on the ribs beneath ; upper stipules dilated, hairy ; stems procumbent. Roots woody, creeping : stems spreading on the ground, hairy : root-leaves on longish hairy stalks : calyx very hairy : petals somewhat heart- shaped, bright-yellow. Perennial : flowers in April and May : grows in elevated dry pastures : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 37. En°. Ft. vol. ii. p. 421. 781. 7. P. opdca. Saw-leaved Hairy Cinquefoil. Root-leaves of seven hairy, narrow, wedge-shaped leaflets, deeply serrate throughout ; stem- leaves ternate ; petals heart-shaped ; stems slender, decumbent Roots woody : stems hairy : root-leaves on long hairy stalks : calyx hairy: petals about the length of the calyx, bright-yellow, orange at the base. Perennial : flowers in June : found by Mr. G. Don on the Clova mountains and in Perthshire ; but has been gathered there by no living botanist. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxv. pi. 2449. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 422. 782. 8. P. rtptans. Common Creeping Cinquefoil. Leaflets five, inversely egg-shaped, serrate ; stem creeping ; stalks axillar, one-flowered. Root tapering : stems long, prostrate, rooting : leaves opposite, on longish, hairy stalks : calyx hairy : petals bright-yellow. Perennial : flowers from June to September : grows by road-sides, and in pastures : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 862. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 424. 783. *** Leaves ternate. 9. P. tridentdta. Three-toothed Cinquefoil. Leaves ternate, leaflets wedge-shaped, with three terminal teeth, smooth above, hairy beneath ; stem panicled, erect. Root woody, creeping : stems three or four inches high, round, hairy : leaves all ternate : petals inversely egg- shaped, white. Perennial : flowers in June : found by Mr. G. Don on Werron Hill, Clova, Forfarshire. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxiv. pi. 2389. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 425. 784. 10. P. Fragdriastrum. Barren Strawberry. Leaves ternate, leaflets inversely egg-shaped, deeply serrate, silky on both sides ; stems prostrate. Root woody : the whole plant is hairy : and presents nearly all the characters of the strawberry, excepting in the fruit, which is small, dry, and hairy : petals inversely heart-shaped, white. Perennial : flowers in March and April: grows in woods and on dry banks : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxv. pi. 1785: Fragaria steritis. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 426. Brit. Ft. p. 252. 785. 9. TORMENTI'LLA. TORMENTIL. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, the limb divided into eight deep segments, four alternate ones of which are external and narrower. Petals four, inversely heart-shaped. Filaments awl-shaped, erect, not half so long as the corolla ; anthers roundish, erect, two- celled. Germens superior, about eight, roundish, small, collected into a round head. Styles thread-shaped, erect, short, one to each germen, lateral; stigmas obtuse. Seeds egg-shaped, smooth. Receptacle small, depressed, hairy. — Named from tormina, dysentery, from its efficacy in that complaint. 254. 1. T. offlcindlls. Common Tormentil Septfoil. Stem ascending, branched, leaves nearly sessile. Root woody, large : stems slender, CL. XII.] ICOSANDRIA — POLYGYNIA. 225 procumbent at the base : leaves ternate : leaflets oblong, deeply serrate, acute : calyx ribbed, hairy : petals bright-yellow. The root of this plant is used very extensively in the Hebrides for tanning. From its astringent quality, it is also employed as a gargle in enlarged tonsils and other dis- eases of the throat. Perennial: flowers in June and July: grows in pastures, heaths and woods : common. Eng. Eot. vol. xii. pi. 863. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 428. 786. 2. T. rtptans. Trailing Tormentil. Stem prostrate, scarcely branched ; leaves stalked. Root woody : stems about two feet long : leaves ternate or quinate : leaflets inversely egg-shaped, hairy, deeply serrate : calyx ribbed, hairy : petals bright-yellow, larger than in the last species, of which some have taken this as a variety. Both species have occasionally five petals, and ten segments to the calyx. Perennial : flowers in June and July: grows in woods and barren pastures: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 864. Eng. FL. vol. ii. p. 428. 787. 10. GE'UM. AVENS. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, the limb deeply divided into ten acute segments, of which five alternate ones are much smaller. Petals five, rounded, undivided or cleft, as long as the calyx. Filaments awl-shaped, shorter than the corolla; anthers short, roundish, two-celled. Germens superior, egg-shaped, compressed, numerous, collected into a round head. Styles long, lateral, with a joint above the middle, one to each germen; stigma simple. Seeds egg-shaped, compressed, hairy. Receptacle cylindrical, dry, hairy. — Named from geuo, to smell agreeably. 255. 1. G. urbdnum. Common Avens. Herb Bennet. Leaves ternate, root-leaves somewhat lyrate; flowers erect; styles naked. Root of large fibres : stems erect, two feet high, round, branched at the upper part : root-leaves on long stalks, interruptedly pinnate, with a large rounded terminal leaflet : stem-leaves ternate, stalked : uppermost leaves simple, three-lobed : flowers terminal, solitary, stalked, with yellow petals : styles curved. A variety occurs, intermediate between this and the next species. The roots gathered in the spring, and put into ale, give it a pleasant flavour. Perennial: flowers from Way to September : grows in woods, hedges, and waste places : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xx. pi. 1400. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 430. 788. 2. G. rivdle. Water Avens. Root-leaves interruptedly pinnate, some- what lyrate ; flowers drooping ; styles hairy. Root somewhat woody, creeping: stem nearly a foot high, slightly panicled : root-leaves stalked, the terminal lobe very large, rounded, lobed and crenate : stem-leaves ternate or three-lobed : flowers drooping : calyx purplish-brown : petals erect, cleft, yellowish-brown. The root is astringent and aromatic. Perennial: flowers in June and July: grows in moist meadows and woods, and by ditches and streams. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 106. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 431. A variety intermediate between this and the preceding is not uncommon. 789. 11. DRY'AS. MOUNTAIN AVENS. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, flat, permanent, the limb deeply divided into eight or ten permanent segments. Petals eight, POLYANDRIA. [CL. XIII. sometimes ten, roundish, undivided, longer than the calyx. Filaments hair-like, much shorter than the corolla. Anthers small, roundish, two-lobed. Germens numerous, small, oblong. Styles hair-like, long, straight; stigma simple, smooth. Seeds oblong, hairy, each with a very long, hairy, lateral tail. Recep- tacle depressed, downy. — Named from drys, the oak, on account of a similarity in the leaves. 256. 1. D. octopetala. Mountain Avens. Petals eight; leaves simple, downy beneath. Roots woody : stems erect, somewhat woody : leaves stalked, evergreen, egg-shaped, serrate, cottony beneath : flowers large, solitary, white : styles feathery. Perennial: flowers in June: grows on the higher mountains of Scotland, England, and Ireland : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 451. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 432. 790. 12. COMA'RUM. MARSH CINQUEFOIL. Calyx inferior, of one leaf, coloured, permanent, the limb di- vided into ten deep, acute, spreading segments, of which five alternate ones are external and much smaller. Petals five, less than the small segments of the corolla, lance-shaped, acute. Fila- ments awl-shaped, erect, nearly as long as the corolla j anthers roundish, two-celled. Germens numerous, small, egg-shaped, collected into a head. Styles simple, short, straight, lateral ; stigmas simple. Seeds numerous, naked, egg-shaped, upon a large, dry, hairy, permanent receptacle. — Name comaros, used by Theophrastus. 257. 1. C. palustre. Marsh Cinquefoil. Root creeping : stems ascend- ing, round, panicled in the upper part, about a foot high : lower leaves stalked, of five or seven oblong, acute, serrate leaflets, downy and whitish beneath : the upper ternate, nearly sessile : flowers on panicled, downy stalks : calyx large, dark-purple : petals very small, purplish. Peren- nial : flowers in June and July : grows in boggy places. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 172. Eng. Fl. vol. ii. p. 434. 791. CLASS XIII. POLYANDRIA. Plants bearing Flowers toith numerous Stamens, arising from the receptacle. Order I. MONOGYNIA. One Pistil. • Petals four. 4. PAPA'VER. Calyx two-leaved, caducous. Capsule one-celled, opening by pores under the stigma. 2. CHELIDO'NIUM. Calyx two-leaved, caducous. Pod linear, one- celled. 3. GLAU'CIUM. Calyx two-leaved, caducous. Pod linear, with two or three cells. 1. A.CTJE'A. Calyx four-leaved, caducous. Berry one-celled. CL.XIII.] POLYANDRIA. 22J •* Petals jive. 8. HELIA'NTHEMUM. Calyx of three or five leaves, two of them smaller. Capsule of several valves. Seeds numerous. 7. Tl'LIA. Calyx of one leaf, with five deep, equal segments, deci- duous. Capsule five-celled, without valves. (Delphinium Consolida.) *** Petals numerous, 5. NYMPH^E'A. Calyx of four or five leaves, larger than the petals. Petals numerous, seated upon the germen. Berry many-celled, many-seeded. 6. 'NU'PHAR. Calyx of five or six leaves, much larger than the petals. Petals numerous, seated upon the receptacle. Berry many-celled, many-seeded. Order II. PENTAGYNIA. From Two to Six Pistils. 9. P^EO'NIA. Calyx five-leaved. Petals five. Styles none. Follicle with many seeds. 10. aDELPHI'NIUM. Calyx none. Petals five, the upper one spurred. Nectary divided, tubular, sessile, in the spur. 11. ACONI'TUM. Calyx none. Petals five, the upper one hooded. Nectaries two, recurved, stalked, under the hood. 12. AQUILE'GIA. Calyx none. Petals five, equal. Nectaries five, spurred below. 13. STRATIO'TES. Calyx three-cleft. Petals three. Berry inferior, angular, six-celled. (Reseda Luteola. Helleborus viridis zndfoztidus.) Order III. POLYGYNIA. Numerous Pistilt. 16. THALI'CTRUM. Calyx none. Petals four or five. Seeds nu- merous, without appendage. 15. CLE'MATIS. Calyx none. Petals from four to eight. Seeds numerous, with a tail. 14. ANEMO'NE. Calyx none. Petals five or more. Seeds numerous. 21. HELLE'BORUS. Calyx none. Petals five, permanent. Nectaries tubular. Follicles few. 22. CA'LTHA. Calyx none. Petals five or more, Nectaries none. Follicles from five to ten. 20. TRO'LLIUS. Calyx none. Petals five or more. Nectaries five or more, flattened. Follicles numerous. 18. FICA'RIA. Calyx three-leaved. Petals about ten, with a nec- tariferous scale at the base. Seeds numerous, naked. 19. RANU'NCULUS. Calyx five-leaved. Petals five, with a nec- tariferous pore or scale at the base. Seeds numerous, naked. 17. ADO'NIS. Calyi five-leaved. Petals from five to ten. Nectary one. Seeds numerous, naked. 228 POLYANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. [CL. XIII. POLYANDRIA.— MONOGYNIA. 1. ACT^E'A. BANE BERRY. Calyx inferior, of four circular,, obtuse, caducous leaves. Petals four, oblong, clawed, deciduous. Filaments about thirty, hair- like, broader towards the top ; anthers roundish, two-lobed. Germen egg-shaped. Style none ; stigma thickish, obliquely depressed. Berry globular, smooth, with a lateral furrow, one- celled, not bursting. Seeds numerous, half-globular, arranged in two rows. — Named from acte, the elder, the leaves resembling those of that tree. 258. 1. A. spicdta. Herb Christopher. Bane Berry. Cluster egg-shaped ; petals as long as the stamens. Root creeping : stem triangular, from one to two feet high, slightly branched, leafy, smooth : leaves twice or thrice ternate : leaflets egg-shaped, acutely serrate, deep-green : flowers in a close cluster, with white petals : berries purplish-black, poisonous. The fetid odour of this plant is said to attract toads to it. Perennial : flowers in May and June : grows in woods and shady places, in York- shire : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 918. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 3. 792. 2. CHELIDO'NIUM. CELANDINE. Calyx inferior, of two roundish caducous leaves. Petals four, equal, roundish, flat, narrower at the base. Filaments about thirty, flat, broader upwards, shorter than the corolla 5 anthers oblong, compressed, erect, two-lobed. Germen cylindrical, as long as the stamens. Style none; stigma small, obtuse, cleft. Pod linear, one-celled, with two undulated deciduous valves. Seeds numerous, oval, dotted, arranged in two rows along a linear receptacle at each side of the pod. — Named from chelidon, a swallow. 259. 1. C. mdjus. Common Celandine. Root tapering : stem about two feet high, branched, enlarged at the joints, round, smooth, leafy : leaves deeply pinnatifid, smooth : flowers in umbels, on long stalks : calyx tawny : petals yellow : seeds black and shining. The juice of every part of the plant is yellow and acrid. It removes warts, and is said to cure the itcn. Perennial : flowers in May and June : grows in thickets and waste ground, generally near houses : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xxii. pi. 1581. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 4. 793. 3. GLAU'CIUM. HORNED POPPY. Calyx inferior, of two oblong, acute, caducous leaves. Petals four, much larger than the calyx, roundish, crumpled, spreading, deciduous, two opposite ones rather smaller. Filaments numerous, hair-like, shorter than the corolla ; anthers roundish, two-lobed. Germen superior, cylindrical, longer than the stamens. Style none j stigma large, of two or three cleft, compressed downy lobes. Pod linear, very long, of two or three linear valves and as many cells. Seeds numerous, convex on the outer side, disposed irregular, in two rows in each cell, along linear receptacles placed between the valves. — Named from the glaucous bloom which all the parts have. 260. CL. XIII.^ £OLYANDR1A — MONOGYNIA. 229 1. G. luteum. Yellow Horned Poppy. Stem smooth ; stem-leaves embracing, waved ; pod roughish, with minute tubercles. Root taper- ing : stem from one to two feet high : the whole plant glaucous : root- leaves numerous, stalked, pinnatifid, hairy : flowers large, with bright- yellow petals : pod nearly a foot long, curved. Biennial : flowers in July and August : grows on the sea-coast : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 8 : Chelidonium glaucium. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 6. 794. 2. G. phosniceum. Scarlet Horned Poppy. Stem hairy ; stem-leaves pinnatifid, cut; pod rough, with erect bristles. Root tapering: the whole plant glaucous : stem branched, erect : leaves all oblong, pin- natifid, hairy : calyx very hairy : petals scarlet, with a black spot at the base. Annual : flowers in June and July: grows on the sea-coast: very rare, if now to be found. Eng. Bot. vol. xx. pi. 1433. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 7. 795. 3. G. violdceum. Violet Horned Poppy. Stem smooth ; leaves doubly pinnatifid, linear, smooth ; pod three-valved and three-celled. Root slender : stem erect, about a foot high, branched, smooth : lower leaves stalked, upper sessile : petals violet-blue, large : pod two or three inches long. Annual : flowers in May and June : grows in corn- fields, in Norfolk and Cambridgeshire : rare. Eng. Bot. pi. 201. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 7. 796. 4. PAPA'VER. POPPY. Calyx of two egg-shaped, obtuse, equal, caducous leaves. Co- rolla of four circular, flat petals, two opposite ones of which are smaller. Filaments very numerous, hair-like, much shorter than the corolla; anthers oblong, compressed, obtuse. Germen globular or oblong, large. Style none; stigma shield -shaped, flat, radiated. Capsule egg-shaped or oblong, leathery, large, one-celled, partially divided by marginal partitions. Seeds kidney-shaped, very nu- merous, small, attached to the partitions. — Name said to be derived from the Celtic papa, signifying pap. 261. * Capsules bristly. 1. P. hy'bridum. Round Rough-headed Poppy. Capsule nearly globu-- lar, furrowed, bristly ; calyx hairy ; stem leafy, many-flowered ; leaves doubly pinnatifid. Stem twelve or eighteen inches high, covered with minute bristles : leaves with numerous, narrow segments, each tipped with a minute bristle : flowers rather small, with scarlet petals, frequently purple at the base. Annual : flowers in July : grows in sandy fields, in England and Ireland : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 43. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 9. 797. 2. P. Argemone. Long Rough-headed Poppy. Capsule club-shaped, ribbed, bristly ; calyx slightly hairy ; stem leafy, many-flowered ; leaves doubly pinnatifid. Stem from one to two feet high, hairy : leaves with narrow segments : flowers with pale-scarlet petals, blackish at the base. Annual: flowers in June and July: grows in corn-fields: not uncom- mon. Eng. Bot. vol. rx. pi. 643. Eng. Ft. vol. iii, p. 10. 798. ** Capsules smooth. 3. P.dubium. Long Smooth-headed Poppy. Capsule oblong, angular, smooth ; stem many-flowered, hairy ; bristles of the flower-stalks close- U 2 230 POLYANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. Qci,. XIII. pressed ; leaves doubly pinnatifid. Stems from one to two feet high « with spreading bristly hairs : petals light-scarlet : capsule abruptly oblong. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows in corn-fields : common. Eng. Bat. vol. ix. pi. 644. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 10. 799. 4. P. Rhx'as. Common Red Poppy. Capsule nearly globular, smooth ; stem many-flowered, bristly ; bristles of the flower-stalks spreading ; leaves pinnatifid, cut. Stems from one to two feet high, with spread- ing bristles : petals large, undulated, rich, scarlet, sometimes purple at the base. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows in corn-fields : common. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 645. Eng. Ft. vol. iii. p. 11. 800. 5. P. somnlferum. White Peppy. Capsule nearly globular, smooth ; stem many-flowered, smooth ; leaves clasping the stem, notched, glau- cous. Stem three or four feet high, erect : leaves broad, waved, lobed, heart-shaped at the base : flowers large, with bluish-white petals, having a broad purple spot at the base. Opium is the inspissated milky juice of this species, obtained by making incisions in the capsule. The seeds are destitute of narcotic quality, and may be eaten. All the species of this genus yields a similar milky juice. Annual : flowers in July : grows in fields and waste places : frequent. Naturalized, but has been found in a few places apparently wild. Eng. Bot. vol. xxx. pi. 2145. Eng. FL, vol. iii. p. 11. 801. 6. P. Cdmbricum. Yellow Poppy. Capsule oblong, smooth ; stem many-flowered, nearly smooth ; leaves pinnated, cut, stalked. Stem a foot high, generally with scattered erect hairs : flowers large, with lemon- coloured petals. Perennial : flowers in June : grows in moist rocky places, in Wales, and the north of England, as well as in a few places in Scotland and Ireland. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 66. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 12. 802. 5. NYMPH^'A. WHITE WATER-LILY. Calyx inferior, of four large, oblong, tough, permanent leaves, coloured on their upper surface. Petals numerous, oblong, placed in several rows upon the base of the germen. Nectary globular, in the centre of the stigma. Filaments very numerous, flat, placed on the germen, the lower gradually more dilated ; anthers linear, two-celled. Germen sessile, globular. Style none ; stigma circu- lar, of numerous rays, which are pointed and separate at the end. Berry hard, globular, many-celled. Seeds numerous, roundish. — Named from its inhabiting waters, as the nymphs were fabled to do. 262. 1. N.dlba. White Water-lily. Leaves heart-shaped, entire; petals oblong; rays of the stigma sixteen, recurved. Root tuberous, hori- zontal: leaves floating, nearly circular, heart-shaped, smooth: stalks of the leaves and flowers cylindrical : flowers about four inches in diameter, floating when expanded : calyx-leaves white above : petals white. This, in respect to beauty, is the queen of British flowers. Its large tuberous roots are collected by the Hebridians, who from a decoction of them, mixed with copperas, obtain a black colour for dyeing wool and yarn. Perennial: flowers in July: grows in pools, lakes, and slow rivers: frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 160. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 14. 803. CL. XIII.3 POLYANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. 231 6. NU'PHAR. YELLOW WATER-LILY. Calyx inferior, of five or six large, oblong, tough, permanent leaves; petals numerous, oblong, much smaller than the calyx, placed upon the receptacle, furrowed and nectariferous at the back. Filaments very numerous, linear, recurved ; anthers linear, two- celled. Germen nearly sessile, egg-shaped. Style none ; stigma circular, convex, entire or notched, with many central, radiating clefts. Berry hard, egg-shaped, pointed, many-celled. Seeds nume- rous, egg-shaped. — Name used by Dioscorides. 263. 1. N. lutea. Yellow Water-lily. Calyx five-leaved ; edge of the stigma entire ; leaf-stalks two-edged ; lobes of the leaves meeting. Leaves broadly heart-shaped, roundish at the end, basal lobes meeting and often overlapping each other : flower-stalks nearly cylindrical : flow- ers about two inches in diameter, of a golden-yellow colour. This is one of the most beautiful of our native plants. Its flowers have a strong smell resembling that of brandy, or rather some kinds of wine. Peren- nial : flowers in July : grows in rivers and pools : common in England ; rare in the north of Scotland, where the Nymphxa alba is peculiarly abundant. Eng. But. vol. ii. pi. 159. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 15. 804. 2. N. pumita. Least Yellow Water-lily. Calyx five-leaved ; edge of the stigma toothed ; leaf-stalks two-edged ; lobes of the leaves rather dis- tant Leaves heart-shaped, somewhat angular, the basal lobes not meeting : flowers hardly more than an inch in diameter, pale-yellow, tinged with green. It does not differ more from N. lutea, than very small specimens of Nymphiea alba differ from those of a large size. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in lakes : Foot of Cruachan in Argyll- shire ; Loch Baladren at Aviemore; Loch of Monteith ; Loch Lubnaig; near Callander, &c. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxii. pi. 2292 : IV". minima. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 16. 805. 7. TI'LIA. LIME-TKEE. Calyx inferior, deeply divided into five equal, coloured, decidu- ous segments. Petals five, inversely egg-shaped, obtuse, somewhat notched, in some species having a small scale on the inner surface at the base. Filaments numerous, thread-like, as long as the petals; anthers of two round lobes. Germen roundish. Style thread- shaped, erect, nearly as long as the stamens; stigma with five ob- tuse corners. Capsule roundish, more or less angular, leathery, five-celled. Seeds one or two in each cell, often abortive, except- ing one. — -Name doubtful. 264. 1. T. Europcb'a. Common Lime-tree. Linden-tree. Flowers without nectaries; leaves heart-shaped at the base, serrated, pointed, smooth, except a woolly tuft at the origin of each vein beneath ; cymes many- flowered ; capsule leathery, hairy. A large and handsome tree, with smooth, spreading branches : leaves unequal and entire at the base : stipules oval, smooth, in pairs at the base of each foot-stalk : flower- stalks axillar, cymose, each bearing an oblong, pale, smooth bractea, united for half its length with the stalk: flowers greenish, scented : ger- men hairy. Linnaeus is said to have derived his family name from a large tree of this species, the Swedish name of which is Lin. Probably 232 POI-YANDRIA — MONOGYNIA. [cL. XIII. naturalized : flowers in July. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 610. Eng. Ft. vol.iii. p. 17. 806. 2. T. grandifolia. Broad-leaved Lime-tree. Flowers without nec- taries ; leaves roundish, heart-shaped, pointed, serrated, downy, especially beneath, with hairy tufts at the origin of the veins ; umbels three-flowered ; capsule turbinate, downy. Flowers in August : found in woods and hedges, but, like the other two species, probably not indigenous. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 18. 807. 3. T. parvifolia. Small-leaved Lime-tree. Flowers without nectaries ; leaves roundish, heart-shaped, serrated, pointed, glaucous beneath, with hairy tufts at the origin of the veins, and scattered hairy blotches ; cap- sule roundish, nearly smooth. A handsome tree, distinguished from the former by its much smaller leaves and flowers : germen densely woolly : flowers in August : grows in woods in Essex, Sussex, &c. : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiv. pi. 1705. Eng. Ft. vol. iii. p. 21. 808. 8. HELIA'NTHEMUM. ROCK-ROSE. Calyx inferior, of five unequal, permanent leaves, the two outer- most smaller. Petals five, much larger than the calyx, equal, spreading, roundish. Filaments numerous, hair-like, shorter than the corolla ; anthers small, oval. Germen superior, nearly globu- lar. Style simple; stigma knobbed. Capsule angular, celled, covered by the closed, permanent calyx. Seeds numerous, small, angular. — Name from nelios, the sun, and ant/ios, a flower. 265. * Stem woody ; no stipules. 1. H. cdnnm. Hoary Dwarf Rock-rose. Stems decumbent ; leaves opposite, stalked, hoary beneath. Root woody ; stems branched at the base, each branch ascending and terminating in three or four corym- bose flowers : leaves egg-shaped, acute, covered on both sides with close hairs : calyx hairy : petals inversely egg-shaped, bright-yellow. Peren- nial : flowers in May and June : grows on elevated rocks and in moun- tainous pastures, in Wales and the north of England: rare. Eng. Bat. vol. vi. pi. 396. Cistus marifolius. Eng. FL. vol. iii. p. 23. 809. ** Stem herbaceous, without stipules. 2. H. guttatum. Spotted Annual Rock-rose. Stem erect, herbaceous ; stipules and bracteas none ; leaves opposite, lance-shaped, three-ribbed. Stem about six inches high, slightly branched : one or more simple, erect, terminal clusters: petals yellow, with a red spot at the base. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows in sandy pastures, in Jersey and Anglesea : very rare. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 544. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 24. 810. *•* Stem woody, with stipules. 3. H. vulgare. Common Rock-rose. Stems shrubby, procumbent, with fringed stipules ; leaves oblong, white, and downy beneath ; calyx smooth with bristly ribs, its outer leaves lance-shaped, fringed. Stems numerous, round, downy, simple, terminating in a cluster of flowers : stipules lance-shaped, green on both sides, petals pale-yellow. A shrub : flowers in July and August: grows in hilly pastures on gravelly soil. Eng. Bot. vol. xix. pi. 1321. Eng. Fl. vol.iii. p. 26. The H. swrejanum, CL. XIII.] POLYANDRIA — PENTAGYNIA. 233 Eng. Bot. pi. 2207. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 25, is a monstrous variety of this plant, with lance-shaped petals. • 811. 4. H. polifolium. White Mountain Rock-rose. Stem shrubby, pro- cumbent, with somewhat hairy stipules ; leaves oblong, revolute, white beneath with starry^ hairs; calyx slightly hairy, its outer leaves fringed. Stems hoary, with close-pressed hairs : leaves convex and green above with starry hairs, beneath white and densely downy with similar hairs : stipules narrow lance-shaped, acute, hairy : calyx with a few hairs on the ribs : petals white, with yellow claws. A shrub : flowers in June and July : grows on Brent Downs, Somersetshire, and near New- ton Abbot in Devonshire. Eng. Bot. pi. 1322. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 27. 812. PENTAGYNIA. 9. P^O'NIA. P*ONY. Calyx inferior, of five roundish, reflected, unequal, permanent leaves. Petals five, roundish, spreading, larger than the calyx. Filaments very numerous, hair-like, much shorter than the corolla ; anthers oblong, four-cornered, four-celled. Germens egg-shaped, sessile, downy. Styles none ; stigmas oblong, curved, compressed, obtuse. Follicles oblong, leathery. Seeds numerous, oval, arranged along the edges of the follicle. — Earned in honour of the physician Pceon. 266. 1. P. corallina. Entire-leaved Pteony. Leaves twice ternate ; leaflets egg-shaped, undivided, smooth ; follicles downy, recurved. 'Root knobbed : stems simple, round, smooth, about two feet high : leaves smooth : flowers about four inches broad, with crimson petals. Peren- nial : flowers in May and June : grows on islands in the Severn, but is not truly wild. Eng. Bot. vol. xxii. pi. 1513. Eng. Ft. vol. iii. p. 29. 813. 10. DELPHI'NIUM. LARKSPUR. Calyx none. Petals five, inferior, unequal, spreading; the upper one extended into a long tubular spur; the rest oblong, with claws. Nectary divided, of one or two sessile leaves, placed within the petals, on the upper side, extended behind into a tube, which is contained in the spur of the uppermost petal. Filaments nume- rous, awl-shaped, dilated at the base, much shorter than the corolla ; anthers roundish, small, erect. Germen superior, from one to five. Styles terminal, shorter than the stamens ; stigmas simple, re- flected. Follicles oblong, one-valved. Seeds numerous, angular, rough, arranged along the edges of the follicle. — Name, from del- phin, a dolphin. 267. 1. D. Consolida. Field Larkspur. Capsule single; nectary of one leaf; stem subdivided. Stem nearly two feet high, erect, leafy, branched : leaves sessile, divided to the base into three or five parts, each cut into linear segments, often forked at the end: clusters terminal, loose, few-flowered : petals deep-blue in front, pale behind. The juice of the petals is said to make a good blue ink. Annual : flowers in June and 234 POLYANDRIA PENTAGYNIA. [CJL. XIII. July : grows in corn-fields in England : rare. Cambridge, Suffolk, Kent. Eng. Bot. vol. xxvi. pi. 1839. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 30. 814. 11. ACONITUM. MONK'S-HOOD. Calyx none. Petals five, inferior, unequal, four of them in pairs, opposite ; the upper one hooded, or tubular, inverted, the convex part being uppermost, the deflected point recurved ; two lateral ones roundish, opposite, converging; two lowermost ob- long, deflected. Nectaries two, within the hollow of the upper petal, on long, awl-shaped stalks, tubular, oblique at the orifice. Filaments numerous, broad at the base, awl-shaped, short; anthers roundish, erect. Germen superior, from three to five, oblong. Styles terminal, awl-shaped, spreading; stigmas simple, acute. Follicles straight, oblong, one-valved. Seeds numerous, angular, arranged at the edges of the capsule. — Name doubtful. 268. 1. A. Napellus. Common Wolfs-bane, or Monk's-hood. Upper petal arched at the back ; lateral ones hairy at the inner side ; germens three, smooth ; leaves deeply rive-cleft, cut, with linear segment*, furrowed above. Stem erect, leafy, simple, terminating in a cluster of dark- blue flowers. Perennial : flowers in June and July : found in several places in England, but is not truly native. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 31. 815. 12. AQUILE'GIA. COLUMBINE. Calyx none. Petals five, inferior, egg-shaped, equal, spreading. Nectaries five, equal, alternate with the petals, tubular, dilated up- wards, oblique at the mouth, the outer margin ascending, the inner attached to the receptacle ; their lower portion extended into a long tapering spur, obtuse at the end. Filaments from thirty to forty, awl-shaped, the outer shorter, the inner abortive, dilated, clasping the germens ; anthers heart-shaped, erect. Germens five, superior, oblong, each tapering into an awl-shaped, erect style; stigmas simple. Follicles five, cylindrical, pointed, straight, one- valved. Seeds numerous, egg-shaped, smooth, arranged along the edges of the follicle. — Name, from aquiia, an eagle. 269. 1. A. vulgar is. Common Columbine. Nectaries about the length of the petals, their spur incurved; leaves and stem smooth; capsules hairy. Root tuberous : stem erect, two or three feet high, round, generally branched, and bearing several flowers : root-leaves twice ternate, on long stalks : stem-leaves ternate, nearly sessile : flowers pendulous, purple. Perennial: flowers in June: grows in meadows, pastures, and thickets: frequent, but seldom wild. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 297. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 33. 816. 13. STRATIO'TES. WATER-SOLDIER. Calyx superior, of one leaf, tubular, erect, with three deep mar- ginal segments. Petals three, twice as long as the calyx, inversely egg-shaped. Filaments about twenty, thread-like, shorter than the calyx; anthers awl-shaped, erect. Germen elliptical, obtuse, three- cornered. Styles six, deeply cleft, as long as the stamens ; stigmas simple. Berry egg-shaped, six-cornered, six-celled, tapering ai CL. XIII.^ POLYANDRIA POLYGYNIA. 235 both ends. Seeds numerous, inversely egg-shaped. — Named from stratos, an army. 270. 1. S. aloides. Water-soldier. Leaves sword-shaped, channelled, with a prominent rib, and sharp marginal prickles. Leaves half a foot long or more : scape from four to six inches long, compressed, two-edged : flowers white, large. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in ditches and pools : Isle of Ely, Lincolnshire, Norfolk, Cheshire, and Yorkshire. Eng, Bot. vol. vi. pi. 379. Eng. Fi. vol. iii. p. 34. 817. POLYGYNIA. 14. ANEMO'NE. ANEMONE. Calyx none. Petals from five to fifteen, oblong, inferior, regu- lar, in one or more rows. Filaments numerous, hair-like, much shorter than the corolla ; anthers two-lobed. Gerraens superior, numerous, collected into a roundish head. Styles tapering, short ; stigmas simple, bluntish. Seeds numerous, pointed, tipped with the permanent styles. — Name, from anemos, the wind. 271. 1. A. Pulsatilla. Pasque-flower. Leaves doubly pinnate ; petals six, erect ; seeds with feathery tails. Stalks four or five inches high, with an involucre of many deep, linear segments, all united at the base, and a single flower, with dull violet petals, externally silky. Perennial : flowers in April and May : grows in elevated open pastures, in England. Eng. Bot. vol.i. pi. 51. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 36. 818. 2. A. nemorosa. Wood Anemone. Leaves ternate or quinate ; petals six, spreading; seeds pointed, without tails. Stalk about a foot high, with an involucre of three ternate or quinate leaves, and a single flower, with white petals, externally purplish. Perennial : flowers in April and May : grows in woods and thickets, sometimes on open heaths : common. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 355. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 36. 819. 3. A. Appenina. Blue Mountain Anemone. Leaves thrice ternate ; petals numerous, lance-shaped ; seeds pointed, without tails. Stalk about a foot high, above the involucre silky, with a single flower of a bright-blue colour. Perennial : flowers in April : grows in Wimbleton woods and several other places in the south of England : rare, and per- haps introduced. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1062. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 37. 820. 4. A. ranunculoides. Yellow Wood Anemone. Leaves ternate or qui- nate ; petals five, lance-shaped ; seeds pointed, without tails. Stalk about a foot high, with one, sometimes two flowers of a bright-yellow colour. Perennial : flowers in April : found by Hudson in a wood at King's Langley, Herts, and at Wrotham, Kent. Eng. Bot, vol. xxi. pi. 1484. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 38. 821. 15. CLE'MATIS. CLEMATIS. Calyx none. Petals from four to eight, inferior, regular, ob- long. Filaments numerous, enlarged upwards; anthers oblong, two-lobed. Germens superior, sessile, egg-shaped, collected into 236 POLYANDRIA — POLYGYNIA. [cL. XIII. around head. Styles terminal, much longer than the germens; stigmas simple. Seeds numerous, egg-shaped, compressed, tipped with the tpermanent styles, converted into feathery tails. — Name, from clema, a vine shoot. 272. 1. C. Vitdlba. Common Traveller'* Joy. Leaves pinnate, with heart- shaped leaflets ; leaf-stalks twining ; panicles forked, not longer than the leaves. Stems woody, angular, climbing : panicles axillar and terminal, many-flowered : flowers white, scented : petals four, externally downy : seeds with a long, feathery, and silky tail. A shrub : flowers in July : grows in hedges: common in England; rare in Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 612. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 39. 822. 16. THALI'CTRUM. MEADOW-RUE. Calyx none. Petals four or five, inferior, roundish, obtuse, deciduous. Filaments numerous, hair-like, somewhat enlarged at the upper part; anthers terminal, oblong, drooping. iGermens several, superior, egg-shaped, striated. Styles none ; stigmas egg- shaped, downy. Seeds as many as the germens, egg-shaped, furrowed or winged, without terminal appendage. — Named from t hallo, to be green. 273. 1. Th. alpinum. Alpine Meadow-rue, Stem unbranched, almost naked, with a simple, terminal cluster. Stem from three to six inches high : leaves chiefly radical, twice ternate, with wedge-shaped leaflets : flowers drooping: petals four, whitish, acute. Perennial: flowers in June: grows on high mountains in Scotland, Wales, and the north of England : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 262. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 40. 823. 2. Th. minus. Less Meadow-rue. Leaves thrice pinnate, with three- cleft leaflets, glaucous on both sides; flowers panicled, pendulous. Root creeping: stem from six to eighteen inches high, somewhat an- gular: leaflets generally wedge-shaped : panicles compound, spreading, with a few ternate leaves at the base: bracteas small, lance-shaped: petals four, pale-purple, with whitish edges. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in dry pastures, particularly abundant in all the sandy maritime pastures of the Hebrides. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 11. Eng. Fi. vol. iii. p. 41. A large variety is the Th. mdjus, Greater Meadow- rue, of many botanists. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 611. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 172. 824. 3. Th. fidvum. Common Meadow-rue. Leaves twice pinnate, with wedge-shaped, three-cleft leaflets; panicle compound, close, corymbose; flowers erect. Root fibrous: stem three or four feet high, branched, hollow, deeply furrowed and angular: panicle dense, of very numerous erect flowers : petals four, cream-coloured. Perennial : flowers in June and July: grows in wet meadows, and near rivers and ditches: rare in Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 367. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 42. 825. 17. ADO'NIS. ADONIS. Calyx inferior, of five converging, obtuse, deciduous leaves. Petals from five to fifteen, oblong, obtuse, shining, without necta- ries on the claws. Filaments numerous, awl-shaped, very short ; CL. XIII.] POLYANDRIA — POLYGYNIA. 237 anthers oblong, two-lobed, incurved. Germans very numerous, incurved, collected into a round head. Styles none; stigmas acute, spreading. Seeds numerous, angular, acute, without an append- age. Receptacle cylindrical. — Named after Adonis. 274. 1. A. autumnalis. Adonis-flower. Pheasant 's-eye. Petals about eight, inversely heart-shaped ; fruit egg-shaped ; stem branched. Root tapering: stem erect, branched, striated, leafy : leaves alternate, sessile, thrice pinnatifid, with linear, acute segments : petals deep shining crim- son. Annual : flowers from May to October : grows in corn-fields : rare. Ei,g. Bot. vol. v. pi. 308. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 43. 826. 18. FICA'RIA. PILEWORT. Calyx inferior, of three, egg-shaped, deciduous leaves. Petals about ten, oblong, polished. Nectary a pore at the base of each petal, covered by a scale. Filaments numerous, slender, much shorter than the petals; anthers elliptical, erect, two-celled. Ger- mens superior, numerous, collected into a round head. Styles none; stigmas small. Seeds egg-shaped, tipped with a point. — — Named from^cws, a fig, on account of the shape of the tubers. 275. 1. F. rtrna. Pilewort. Lesser Celandine. Root of numerous ob- long knobs, accompanied with fibres : stems from three to ten inches high, slightly branched, leafy: leaves alternate, stalked, heart-shaped, angular, smooth : foot-stalks longer than the leaves, two-celled, dilated, and sheathing at the base, where they generally contain one or two knobs similar to those of the root: flowers terminal, solitary: petals golden-yellow, shining. Perennial: fiowers in March, April, and May: grows in shady places, and in meadows: common. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 584. Ranunculus Ficaria. Eug. FL vol. iii. p. 47. 827. 19. RANU'NCULUS. CROWFOOT. Calyx inferior, of five egg-shaped, deciduous leaves. Petals five, roundish, shining. Nectary a pore at the base of each petal, generally covered by a scale. Filaments numerous, thread-like, much shorter than the petals; anthers linear, or heart-shaped, erect, two-celled. Germens numerous, collected into a round head. Styles none; stigmas small. Seeds numerous, egg-shaped, tipped with a point or hook. — Named from rana, a frog, some of the species being aquatic. 276. * Leaves simple. \. R. Lingua. Greater Spear-wort. Leaves lance-shaped, pointed, nearly sessile, somewhat serrate ; stem erect, many-flowered; root fibrous; seeds smooth. Stem about three feet high, with close-pressed hairs: calyx hairy: petals bright-yellow: nectary covered by a small scale. Perennial: flowers in July and August: grows in ditches and at the edges of lakes and pools: not common. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 100. Eng. FL. vol. iii. p. 46. 828. 2. R. Fldmmula. Less Spear-wort. Leaves between lance-shaped and linear, with a thickened tip, nearly entire, stalked ; stem decumbent at the base; root fibrous; seeds smooth. Stem from six to eighteen X 238 POLYANDRIA — POLYGYNIA. QcL. XIII. inches long, sometimes entirely decumbent, slightly branched, leafy : leaves alternate, the lower ones sometimes broad : petals gold-yellow : nectaries minute. This plant is extremely acrid, and is used in the Hebrides for raising blisters. Chopped small and infused in water, it is also employed there as a purgative for calves. Dr. Withering recom- mends the distilled water as an instantaneous emetic in cases of poison- ing. In alpine situations it becomes creeping. Perennial : flowers from June to September: grows in watery places: common. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 387. Eng. Ft. vol. iii. p. 45. ** Leaves divided. 3. R. auricomus. Goldilocks. Wood Crowfoot. Root-leaves kidney- shaped, crenate, three-cleft; stem-leaves fingered, with linear segments; stem many-flowered ; calyx coloured. Root fibrous : stem about a foot high, erect, branched : leaves more or less downy : flowers terminal, solitary, gold-yellow : calyx hairy, pale yellow : nectary a naked pore. Perennial : flowers in April and May : grows in woods and bushy places : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 624. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 47. 830. 4. R. scelerdtus. Celery-leuved Crowfoot. Stem erect, hollow, much branched ; leaves smooth, lower ones palmate, upper fingered ; fruit ob- long ; seeds very numerous, minute. Root fibrous : stem from six inches to two feet high, smooth, round, hollow, leafy : lower leaves stalked, upper sessile, uppermost undivided : flowers small, pale-yellow, numerous: calyx hairy, reflected: nectary somewhat tubular. This species is extremely acrid, and blisters the skin. It is said to be used by strolling beggars to produce artificial sores. Annual: flowers from June to September: grows in watery places: common. Eng. Bot. vol. x. pi. 681. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 48. 831. 5. R. biilhosus. Bulbous Cmwfoot. Butter-cups. Calyx reflected ; flower-stalks furrowed ; stem erect, many-flowered ; leaves compound ; root bulbous ; seeds smooth. Root a solid round bulb : stem about a foot high, hairy : lower leaves compound, their leaflets cut or lobed : flowers terminal, solitary: calyx-leaves egg-shaped, hairy: petals gold- yellow : nectary covered by a scale. Perennial: flowers in May: grows in pastures and meadows : common. Eng. But. vol. viii. pi. 515. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 49. 832. 6. R. hirsutus. Pale Hairy Crowfoot. Calyx reflected, pointed ; stem erect, many-flowered, hairy; leaves ternate ; root fibrous; seeds tuberculated. Stem from three inches to a foot high : flower-stalks furrowed, hairy: calyx hairy, reflected: petals gold-yellow: nectary covered by a scale. Annual : flowers from June to October: grows in moist meadows and waste ground : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxi. pi. 1504. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 50. 833. 7. R. rtpeut. Creeping Crowfoot. Calyx spreading; flower-stalks furrowed; runners creeping; leaves compound, erect, the uppermost entire. Stem erect or ascending, about a foot high, hairy : leaves twice ternate : flowers gold-yellow : nectary covered by a notched scale. Perennial : flowers in the summer months : grows in rich soil, by walls and in shady places : common. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 516. £"£. Ft. vol. iii. p. 51. 834. 8. R. ucris. Upright Meadow Crowfoot. Calyx spreading ; flower- stalks round ; leaves tripartite, their segments three-cleft and cut, those CL. XIII.] POLYANDRIA — POLYGYNIA. 239 of the uppermost linear and entire ; stem erect, covered with close- pressed hairs. Stem two-feet high, many-flowered: calyx hairy: petals bright-yellow : nectary covered by a scale. Perennial : flower* in June and July : grows in meadows and pastures : common. Eng. Bot. vol. x. pi. 652. Eng. Fi. vol. iii. p. 51. 835. 9. R. arveiisis. Corn Crowfoot. Calyx spreading; stem erect, much branched, mauy-flowered ; leaves once or twice deeply three-cleft, with narrow lance-shaped segments. Leaves alternate : flowers small, with a hairy calyx, and pale-yellow petals : seeds large and prickly. This plant is exceedingly acrid, and is said to be very dangerous to cattle. Annual: flowers in June: grows in corn-fields: not common. En«. Bot. vol. ii. p. 135. Eng. FL. vol. iii. p. 52. 836. 10. R. parviftorus. Small-flowered Crowfoot, Leaves simple, hairy, sharply cut, the upper ones three-lobed ; stem prostrate ; seeds with hooked prickles. Leaves roundish, acutely notched, the uppermost with three deep lance-shaped segments : flowers small, yellow. An- nual : flowers in May and June : grows in fields and by hedges: rare. South of England, and near Dublin. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 120. Eng. FL vol. ii. p. 53. 837. 11. R. alpgstris. Alpine White Crowfoot. Leaves simple, smooth; root-leaves somewhat heart-shaped, with three deep-lobed segments, those of the stem lance-shaped, entire; flower generally solitary ; calyx smooth. Stem three or four inches high, erect, generally simple and one-flowered : petals white : calyx reflected, pale. This species also is said to be extremely acrid. Perennial: flowers in May: grows by the sides of alpine rills, on the Clova mountains, where it was discovered by Mr. G. Don. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxiv. pi. 2390. Eng. Ft. vol. iii. p. 49. 838. 12. R. hedcraceus. Ivy-leaved Crowfoot. Stem creeping ; leaves smooth, roundish, or kidney-shaped, with three or five rounded entire lobes ; petals small ; stamens from five to ten. Stem creeping or floating: leaves stalked, dark-green. Perennial: flowers from May to August: grows in ditches and muddy places: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxviii. pi. 2003. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 54. 839. 13. R. aqudtilis. Water Crowfoot. Immersed leaves in fiae hair-like segments ; floating-leaves three-lobed, bluntly crenate. Stems branched, submersed : flowers on long stalks, rising a little out of the water : petals white, yellow at the base. Perennial : flowers in May and June: grows in ditches, ponds, and rivers: common. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 101. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 54. 840. 20. TRO'LLIUS. GLOBE-FLOWER. Calyx none. Petals inferior, from five to fifteen, roundish, deciduous. Nectaries numerous, linear, flattened, incurved, with a single lip, somewhat tubular at the base. Filaments numerous, bristle-shaped, shorter than the corolla ; anthers linear, erect. Germen superior, numerous, sessile, columnar. Styles none; stigmas pointed, spreading, shorter than the stamens. Follicles cylindrical, pointed, recurved, collected into a round head. Seeds several, egg-shaped, smooth. — Name, from troll, a ball. 277. 240 POLYANDRIA — POLYGYNIA. [CL. XIII. 1. T. Europte'us. Mountain Globe-Jlower. Petals about fifteen, con- verging into a globular form ; nectaries from five to ten, as long as the stamens. Stem nearly two feet high, round, hollow, branched at the top : leaves cut into five deep segments, which are themselves divided, the root-leaves on long stalks. Flower globular, bright-yellow. Peren- nial: flowers in May and June: grows in shady, mountainous situations: not common. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 28. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 56. 841. 21. HELLE'BORUS. HELLEBORE. Calyx none. Petals five, inferior, roundish, permanent. Nec- taries numerous, very short, in a circle within the petals, consist- ing of one leaf, tubular, narrowest beneath, with two erect, un- equal lips at the orifice. Filaments very numerous, awl-shaped ; anthers roundish, two-celled. Germens superior, from three to ten, egg-shaped, compressed, erect. Styles awl-shaped; stigmas roundish. Follicles egg-shaped, compressed, leathery. Seeds several, oval, in two rows at the edges of the follicle. — Named from helem, to injure, and bora, food. 278. 1. H. viridis. Green Hellebore. Stem many-flowered, leafy ; leaves fingered ; petals spreading. Stem erect, round, a foot and a half high, forked : flowers few, terminal and axillar, green. Fetid and acrid. Perennial : flowers in April and May : grows in woods and thickets : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 200. Eng. Ft. vol. iii. p. 57. 842. 2. H. fxtidus. Stinking Hellebore. Stem many-flowered, leafy ; leaves pedate ; petals converging. Stem two feet high, branched : flowers numerous, panicled, drooping, green, tinged with purple. Fetid, acrid, and violently purgative. Perennial : flowers in March and April : grows in thickets and waste ground : rare, and like the preceding, never truly wild. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 613. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 58. 843. 22. CA'LTHA. MARSH MARIGOLD. Calyx none. Petals five or more, inferior, egg-shaped, spread- ing. Nectaries none. Filaments numerous, thread-shaped, shorter than the petals ; anthers oblong, two-lobed, erect. Germens superior, from five to ten, oblong, compressed, erect. Styles none; stigmas obtuse. Follicles cylindrical, pointed, two-edged. Seeds numerous, oval, arranged along the edges of the follicle. — Named from calathos, a cup. 279. 1. C. palustris. Common Marsh Marigold. Stem erect ; leaves heart- shaped, rounded. Root large : stem about a foot high, hollow, round, branched : lower leaves stalked, upper sessile : petals h' ve, roundish, bright-yellow. Perennial : flowers in May and June : grows in marshy places, and about the edges of rivers and lakes. Slightly acrid, some- times eaten by cattle. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 506. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 59. A variety, with somewhat triangular acutely crenate leaves, and a creeping stem, is bv some made a species under the name of C. radicans. Eng. Bot. vol. xxi. pi. 2175. Eng. Ft. vol. iii. p. 60. 844. 241 CLASS XIV. DIDYNAMIA. Plants bearing Flowers with Four Stamens, of which the two outer are longer. Order I. GYMNOSPERMIA. Seeds naked, never more than four. * Calyx with five segments, nearly regular. 14. LEONU'RUS. Anthers sprinkled with hard dots. Upper lip of the Corolla very hairy. 6. GLECHO'MA. Anthers approaching each other in pairs, and forming a cross. Upper lip of the Corolla cleft. 5. ME'NTHA. Filaments straight, spreading widely. Corolla nearly regular, four-lobed. 2. TEU'CRIUM. Upper lip of the Corolla very deeply cut into two remote lobes. 1. A'JUGA. Upper lip of the Corolla minute, notched. 10. BETO'NICA. Upper lip of the Corolla nearly flat, ascending ; the tube cylindrical, incurved. Stamens not longer than the throat. 7. LA'MIUM. Upper lip of the Corolla vaulted, entire : lower two- lobed, with a tooth on each side of the throat. 8. GALE'OPSIS. Upper lip of the Corolla vaulted, crenate ; lower three-lobed, with two hollow prominences at the base in front. 9. GALEO'BDOLON. Lower lip of the Corolla in three undivided segments. 11. STA'CHYS. Lower lip of the Corolla with reflected lateral lobes. Stamens finally spreading outwards at each side. 3. NE'PETA. Lower tip of the Corolla with numerous notches : throat bordered and reflected at each side. 12. BALLOT A. Calyx with ten furrows. Upper lip of the Corolla vaulted, hairv. 13. MARRU'BIUM. Calyx with ten furrows. Upper lip of the Co- rolla straight, linear, cfeft. 4. VERBE'NA. Calyx with one of the five teeth abrupt. Corolla nearly equal, curved. Stamens in the tube. ** Calyx two-lipped. 19. SCUTELLA'RIA. Lips of the Calyx closing over the fruit; upper lip with a vaulted process. 17. THY'MUS. Calyx closed with hairs at the mouth. 18. MEL1TT1S. Calyx open, wider than the tube of the Corolla. Upjjer lip of the Corolla nearly flat. Anthers approaching in pairs and forming a cross. 15. CLINOPO'DIUM. Calyx many-ribbed. An involucre of nume- rous taper leaves under the flowers. 16. ORI'GANUM. Calyx ribless. Involucres of numerous, dilated, flat leaves, one to each flower, collected into a kind of cone. 20. PRUNE'LLA. Filaments forked, one of the points bearing the anther. X 2 242 DIDYNAMIA — GYMNOSPERMIA. [CL. XIV. Order II. ANGIOSPERMIA. Seeds in a Capsule. * Calyx four-cleft. 25. LATHR^E'A. Capsule one-celled. A depressed gland at the base of the germen. 21. BA'RTSIA. Capsule two-celled. Seeds angular. Corolla gaping, with a contracted orifice. 22. RHINA'NTHUS. Capsule two-celled. Seeds compressed, imbri- cated. Calyx inflated, four-toothed. 24. MELAMPY'RUM. Capsule two-celled. Seeds in pairs, obtuse, smooth. Upper lip of the Corolla vaulted, compressed, with a re- flected border at each side. 23. EUPHRA'SIA. Capsule two-celled. Seeds striated. Upper lip of the Corolla with several notches. *• Calyx five-cleft. 33. LIMOSE'LLA. Capsule imperfectly two-celled. Corolla bell- shaped, five-cleft, nearly equal. 29. SCROPHULA'RIA. Capsule two-celled. Corolla with an in- flated nearly globular tube. 32. SIBTHO'RPIA. Capsule two-celled, with transverse partitions. Corolla nearly wheel-shaped. Stamens coming together laterally in pairs. 30. DIGITA'LIS. Capsule two-celled. Corolla bell-shaped, inflated beneath, the limb obliquely four-lobed, unequal. 27. LINA'RIA. Capsule two-celled. Corolla closed with a palate, and having- a prominence at the base. 28. ANTIRRHI'NUM. Capsule two-celled. Corolla closed with a palate, having a spur at the base behind. 26. PEDICULA'RIS. Capsule two-celled. Corolla gaping, the upper lip compressed. 31. LINN-iE'A. Berry dry, three-celled, one cell only bearing a single perfect seed. Corolla bell-shaped. Calyx double, the inner superior. *** Calyx two-leaved. 34. OROBA'NCHE. Calyx-leaves lateral. A gland at the base of the germen beneath. Capsule one-celled, two-valved. DIDYNAMIA.— GYMNOSPERMIA. 1. A'JUGA. BUGLE. Calyx deeply divided into five nearly equal segments, perma- nent. Corolla gaping; tube sometimes inflated at the base; upper lip very short, erect, abrupt, notched; lower lip large, three-lobed; the middle lobe undivided or notched; the lateral lobes small. Filaments longer than the upper lip, incurved. Germens superior, of four rounded lobes. Style incurved; stigma divided into two acute, spreading segments. Seeds four, oblong, rugged, in the bottom of the unaltered calyx. — Name supposed to be altered from abigo, to drive away. 280. CL. XIV.] DIDYNAMIA — GYMNOSPERMIA. 243 1. A. pyramiddlis. Pyramidal Bugle. Plant hairy; whorls of flowers crowded into a pyramidal form ; root-leaves very large, inversely egg- shaped, obtuse, crenate ; upper lip of the corolla deeply cleft. Stem four or five inches high : corolla bluish-purple, with dark streaks: upper lip in two deep acute lobes. Perennial : flowers in June : grows in dry heathy pastures in the Highlands of Scotland : found on Ben Nevis by Dr. Hope, Tor Aichaltie by Mr. W. Gibb, on llonanval in Harris, and a few other places in Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. xviii. pi. 1270. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 66. 845. 2. A. alpina. Alpine Bugle. Leaves nearly smooth, irregularly toothed, the uppermost white : whorls of flowers rather distant. Stem four or five inches high : corolla pale-blue, with darker streaks. Peren- nial : flowers in July : grows on mountains : rare. Carnarvonshire, Derbyshire, and Durham. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 477. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 65. 846. 3. A.reptans. Common Bugle. Plant almost smooth, with a solitary stem and creeping scyons ; lower lip of the corolla four-cleft. Stem erect, simple, about six or eight inches high : flowers pale-blue. Peren- nial : flowers in May : grows in woods and moist pastures : common. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 489. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 65. 847. 4. A. Chameepitys. Yellow Bugle. Ground Pine. Stem spreading, branched ; leaves divided into three linear entire segments ; flowers axillar, solitary, shorter than the leaves. Stems several, hairy : leaves crowded : corolla yellow. Annual : flowers in April and May : grows in sandy fields in England : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 77. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 67. 848. 2. TEU'CRIUM. GERMANDER. Calyx somewhat bell-shaped, a little unequal, tumid at the base, the limb deeply divided into five acute segments. Corolla gaping; tube cylindrical, short, curved upwards; upper lip as if wanting, being divided to the base into two distant lateral lobes; lower lip spreading, three-lobed, the central lobe largest. Fila- ments much longer than the upper lip, ascending, curved. Ger- men superior, four-cleft. Style incurved; stigma divided into two acute, spreading segments. Seeds four, oblong, wrinkled, in the bottom of the permanent calyx. — Named after Teucer, prince of Troy. 281. 1. T. Scnrodonia. Wood Sage. Wood Germander. Leaves heart- shaped, serrate, stalked ; flowers in lateral clusters ; stems erect. Root creeping : stem about a foot and a half high, acutely four-cornered, hairy, leaves wrinkled : corolla pale-yellow. The whole plant is bitter, and is said to answer instead of hops in making beer. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in woods, the clefts of rocks, and among rubbish : com- mon. Eng. Bot. vol. xxii. pi. 1543. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 68. 849. 2. T. Scordium. Water Germander. Leaves oblong, sessile, downy, with tooth-like serratures; flowers axillar, stalked, in pairs; stem pro- cumbent. Root creeping : stems branched : leaves hoary : corolla pale-purple. Very bitter. The leaves powdered are used as a vermi- fuge. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in wet meadows : rare. Isle of Ely, about Cambridge, on the banks of the I sis; several parts of Ireland. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 828. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 68. 850. 244 DIDYNAMIA — GYMNOSPERMIA. QcL. XIV. 3. T. Chamce'drys. Wall Germander. Leaves somewhat egg-shaped, stalked, deeply crenale ; flowers axillar, three together, stalked ; stem rounded, hairy. Root creeping : stems nearly erect, about a foot high, with rounded corners: leaves fringed, even: flowers crimson. The whole plant is very bitter, and was formerly used medicinally. Peren- nial : flowers in July : grows on old buildings : rare. Winchelsea Castle ; city wall of Norwich ; an old wall at Rubislaw, near Aberdeen, &c. Eng. Bot. vol. x. pi. 680. Eng. Fl. vol. Hi. p. 69. 851. 3. NE'PETA. CAT-MINT. Calyx of one leaf, tubular, cylindrical, with five acute, erect teeth. Corolla gaping; tube cylindrical, slender, incurved, dilated at the throat, which has on each side a narrow, reflected lobe ; upper lip erect, roundish, slightly cleft ; lower rounded, concave, large, undivided, with numerous notches. Filaments awl-shaped, close to each other, covered by the upper lip ; anthers incumbent. Germen small, four-cleft. Style thread-shaped, of the length of the stamens ; stigma cleft, acute. Seeds four, nearly egg-shaped, even, in the bottom of the dry permanent calyx. — Name un» certain. 282. 1. Ar. Catdria. Common Cat-mint. Flowers in spikes; whorls on short stalks ; leaves stalked, heart-shaped, with tooth-like serratures. The whole plant soft and downy : stems two or three feet high : erect, branched: leaves paler beneath : flowers numerous, white, lower lip dotted with crimson. Cats are extravagantly fond of the smell of this plant. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in hedges and waste places: not common. Eng. Bot. vol.ii. pi. 137. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 70. 4. VERBE'NA. VERVAIN. Calyx tubular, angular, with five marginal teeth, one rather shorter than the rest. Corolla unequal ; tube cylindrical, straight, twice as long as the calyx ; limb spreading, divided into five deep, rounded, somewhat unequal segments. Filaments two or four, bristle-shaped, very short, incurved, within the tube of the corolla; anthers of two rounded lobes. Germen four-cornered. Styles slender, as long as the tube ; stigma obtuse. Seeds two or four, oblong. — Name Celtic, from fer, to drive, and faen, a stone. 283. 1. V. cfficin&lis. Common Vervain. Stamens four; spikes slender, panicled ; leaves deeply cut ; stem generally solitary. Root woody : etem ascending a foot and a half high, leafy, covered with minute bristles : leaves roughish, pinnatifid : flowers small, bluish. Perennial : flowers in July : grows by road-sides, and in waste ground, about village* : fre- quent in England. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 767. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 71. 853. 5. MEN'THA. MINT. Calyx of one leaf, tubular, erect, with five nearly equal mar- ginal teeth. Corolla straight, funnel-shaped, a little longer than the calyx ; limb deeply divided into four nearly equal segments, CL. XIV. J DIDYNAMIA — GYMNOSPERMIA. 245 the upper slightly notched. Filaments awl-shaped, straight, dis- tant, arising from the throat of the corolla ; anthers two-lobed. Germen superior, four-lobed. Style thread-shaped, erect ; stigma protruded, divided into two sharp, equal, spreading segments. Seeds four, small, in the bottom of the calyx. — Name, minthe, an ancient Greek term. 284. 1. AT. si/lvestris. Horse Mint. Spikes oblong, scarcely interrupted; leaves deeply serrate, acute, downy ; bracteas narrow lance-shaped; calyx hairy. The whole plant covered with fine downy hairs : stems erect, two or three feet high, branched, leafy, with deflected hairs : leaves sessile, egg-shaped, hoary : spikes terminal, with linear bracteas, and pale-purple flowers. Perennial : flowers in August and September: grows in moist .waste ground: not common. Eng. Bot. vol. x. pi. 686. Eng. FL vol.iii. p. 73. 854. 2. IU. viridis. Spear Mint. Spikes elongated, interrupted ; leaves lance-shaped, acute, naked, sessile ; bracteas linear ; flower-stalks smooth. Stems two or three feet high, erect, branched, acutely four-cor- nered, smooth : spikes panicled, elongated, acute, the whorls of pale- purple flowers a little distant. All the species of mint have a strong aromatic smell, but the properties of this being more agreeable than those of the others, it has been preferred, and is employed for culi- nary and medicinal purposes. Perennial : flowers in August : grows in watery places : rare, and perhaps never truly wild. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxiv. pi. 2424. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 75. 855. 3. M. rotundifdlia. Round-leaved Mint. Spikes oblong, interrupted, somewhat hairy ; leaves elliptical, obtuse, wrinkled, acutely crenate, shaggy beneath ; bracteas lance-shaped. The whole plant covered with long soft hairs : stems about two feet high : under surface of the leaves white and woolly. Perennial : flowers in August and September : grows in wet places : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 446. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 74. 856. 4. HI. piperita. Pepper Mint. Spikes obtuse, interrupted below ; .eaves stalked, somewhat egg-shaped, smoothish ; calyx very smooth at the base. Stems nearly erect, roughish, with recurved hairs, from two to four feet high : leaves dark-green, acute, serrate, more hairy be- neath : spikes interrupted and leafy below: corollas purple: bracteas lance-shaped, fringed. Perennial : flowers in August and September : grows in watery places. The only apparently natural station that I have seen for it is the pools near Selkirk, formed by the Yarrow. The essen- tial oil and distilled water of this plant are used in a variety of cordial or medicinal preparations. Eng. Bot. vol. x. pi. 687. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p- 76. 857. 5. M. citrdta. Bergamot Mint. Spikes in heads, very obtuse ; leaves stalked, heart-shaped, naked on both sides ; calyx and flower-stalks smooth. Stems about two feet high, branched : leaves serrate : flowers in round, terminal heads : corolla reddish-purple. Perennial : flowers in August and September : grows in watery places : rare, and not indi- genous. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1025 : M. odvrata. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. P- 78. 858' 6. M. hirsuta. Hairy Mint. Flowers in heads or whorls ; leaves stalked, egg-shaped, serrate, hairy; calyx hairy; flower-stalks with re- 246 DIDYNAMIA — GYMNOSPERMIA. QcL. XIV. curved hairs. This species varies exceedingly in its appearance : flowers pale-purple. Perennial : flowers in August and September : grows in ditches, and by the sides of pools, lakes, and streams : common. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 447 and 448. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 79. Of this M. acvtifolia of Smith, Eng. Bot. pi. 2415, Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 81, appears to be a variety. 859. 7. M. rubra. Tall Red Mint. Flowers in whorls, stem erect, zigzag; leaves stalked, broadly egg-shaped, serrate, smooth ; flower-stalks and lower part of the calyx smooth. Stems from four to five feet high : leaves of a deep shining green, bracteas linear, fringed : corolla large, purplish-red. Perennial : flowers in September : grows in watery places: not common. Eng. Bot. vol. xx. pi. 1413. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 82. 860. 8. M. gentilis. Bushy Red Mint. Flowers in whorls ; stem much branched, spreading ; leaves stalked, egg-shaped, serrate, slightly hairy ; flower-stalks and lower part of the calyx nearly smooth. Stem erect, bushy, with numerous spreading branches, about a foot and a half high : bracteas lance-shaped, hairy : corolla pale-purple. Perennial : flowers in August: grows in watery places: rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xxx. pi. 2118. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 83. M. gracitis of Smith, Eug. Bot. pi. 449, Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 84, is probably a variety of this. 861. 9. M. arotnsit. Corn Mint. Flowers in whorls ; leaves stalked, egg- shaped ; stem branched, spreading ; calyx bell-shaped, covered with spreading hairs. Pale-green, hairy : stems from six inches to a foot long, generally decumbent : leaves serrate : flowers pale-purple. The smell of this species has been compared to that of green cheese. Peren- nial : flowers from June to September : grows in corn-fields, in dry ditches, and in pastures: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxx. pi. 2119. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 85. 862. 10. M. Pnltgium. Penny Royal. Flowers in whorls ; leaves egg- shaped, blunt, obtusely crenate, downy ; stems prostrate ; flower-stalks and calyx downy. Stems hairy, branched, creeping: leaves stalked, full of pellucid dots : corolla light-purple, externally hairy. Perennial : flowers in September : grows in moist heaths and pastures, in England, and the south of Ireland : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1026. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 87. 863. 6. GLECHO'MA. GROUND Ivy. Calyx of one leaf, tubular, cylindrical, striated, with five pointed, unequal, marginal teeth. Corolla gaping ; tube slender, compressed ; upper lip erect, obtuse, cleft half-way down ; lower lip three-lobed, the middle lobe larger and cleft. Filaments covered by the upper lip; anthers of each pair coming together, and forming a cross. Germen egg-shaped, four-cleft. Style thread- shaped, curved under the upper lip; stigma cleft, acute. Seeds four, egg-shaped, in the bottom of the permanent calyx. — Name from glechon, a sort of thyme. 285. 1. G. liederdcea. Ground Ivy. Gilt. Ale-hoof. Leaves kidney- shaped, crenate. Roots creeping, sending out long runners : stems frequently several feet long, creeping : leaves stalked : flowers bluish- purple, with a variegated palate. This plant is aromatic, and has been CL. XIV.] DIDYNAMIA — GYMNOSPERMIA. 247 variously used as a medicine. Perennial : flowers in April and May : grows by old wall?, hedge?, and road-sides : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 853. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 88. 864. 7. LA'MIUM. DEAD-NETTLE. Calyx of one leaf, tubular, becoming wider towards the mouth, with five nearly equal, awn-tipped teeth. Corolla gaping ; tube cylindrical, very short ; limb open ; throat inflated, compressed, bulging, bordered at each side with one or more little reflected teeth ; upper lip vaulted, roundish, obtuse ; lower lip shorter, in- versely heart-shaped, notched. Filaments awl-shaped, covered by the upper lip; anthers oblong, hairy. Germen four-cleft. Style thread-shaped, of the length of the stamens ; stigma divided into two acute, spreading segments. Seeds four, short, three-cornered, convex on one side, at the bottom of the calyx. — Name from Lamia, a celebrated marine monster. 286. 1. L. album. White Dead-nettle. White Archangel. Leaves heart- shaped, pointed, deeply serrate, hairy ; flowers about twenty in a whorl. Root creeping : stems decumbent at the base, erect, about a foot high : covered with short deflected hairs : leaves veiny, hairy : flowers large, white, hairy. Perennial : flowers in May and June, but individuals may be got in flower at all seasons : grows among rubbish, and by hedges, wall?, and road-sides: common. Eng. But. vol. xi. pi. 768. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 89. A variety with purple flowers and spotted leaves is the L. Muculdtitm, Spelled Dead-nettle. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxvi. pi. 2550. Eng.Fl. vol. iii. p. 90. 865. 2. L. p'irpureum. Red Dead-nettle, or Archangel. Leaves heart- shaped, bluntish, unequally crenate, stalked, the upper ones crowded ; tube of the corolla closed near the bottom with hairs. Root fibrous : stem curved at the base and branched, then erect, densely leafy at the top : flowers purplish-red. Annual : flowers all the year round : grows in loose soil every where. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 769. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 91 . 866. 3. L. incisttm. Cut-leaved Dead-nettle. Leaves broadly heart- shaped, obtuse, stalked, irregularly cut, the upper ones crowded ; tube of the corolla internally naked. Resembling the last, but differing essentially in the characters given. The leaves are less rugged and thinner. Annual : flowers all the year round : grows in loose soil : com- mon. Eng. Bot. vol.xxvii. pi. 1933. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 91. 867. 4. L. amplexicaule. Hen-bit Dead-nettle. Leaves broadly heart- shaped, obtuse, deeply crenate, the upper ones embracing the stem. Lower leaves stalked, upper sessile, all hairy : corolla with the upper lip crimson and downy, the lower pale and spotted. It frequently occurs with a small externally hairy corolla, which never expands. Annual : flowers in the summer months : grows in loose soil : common. Eng. Boi. vol. xi. pi. 770. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 92. 868. 8. GALEO'PSIS. HEMP-NETTLE. Calyx of one leaf, tubular, with five spreading, thorn-tipped teeth, as long as the tube. Corolla gaping ; tube slender at the 248 DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA. [JCL. XIV. base, dilated at the throat, which has two prominences, hollow beneath, in front ; upper lips vaulted, roundish, serrate at the end ; lower lip deeply three-lobed, the lateral lobes roundish, the middle one larger, cleft and crenate. Filaments awl-shaped, covered by the upper lip ; anthers roundish, cleft. Germen su- perior, four-lobed. Style thread-shaped, as long as the stamens; stigma divided into two acute, spreading segments. Seeds four, triangular, convex at the top, in the bottom of the stiff, thorny, open calyx. — Name, from gale, a weasel, and opsis, appear- ance. 287. 1. G. Laddnum. Red Hemp-nettle. Stem not swelled below the joints ; leaves lance-shaped, somewhat serrate, hairy ; upper lip of the corolla slightly crenate. Stem about a foot high, erect, with opposite branches : flowers in dense whorls : corolla rose-coloured, spotted with crimson and white. Annual : flowers in August and September : grows among rubbish and in gravelly fields : frequent in England : rare in Scot- land. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 884. Eng. Ft. vol. iii. p. 93. 869. 2. G. villdsa. Downy Hemp-nettle. Stem not swelled below the joints ; leaves narrowly egg-shaped, serrate, very soft and downy ; upper lip of the corolla deeply crenate. Stem erect, branched, woolly : leaves stalked, the lower egg-shaped, the upper lance-shaped, taper- pointed : calyx deeply shaggy : corolla large, pale-yellow, with a large cleft upper lip. Annual : flowers in July and August : grows in sandy corn-fields in England : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxiii. pi. 2353. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 94. 870. 3. G. Tttrahit. Common Hemp-nettle. Stem bristly, swelled below the joints ; corolla twice as long as the calyx, its upper lip nearly straight. Stem from one to two feet high, rough with deflected, very sharp, prickly bristles : leaves egg-shaped, acute, serrate, hairy on both sides : flowers in numerous dense whorls: corolla with a purple upper lip, and a nearly equally three-lobed lower one, variegated with white and purple. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows in cultivated grounds, hedges, and waste places : common. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 207. Eng. Ft. vol. iii. p. 94. 871. 4. G. rersicolor. Large-lowered Hemp-nettle. Stem bristly, swelled below the joints j corolla thrice as long as the calyx, its upper lip vaulted. Stem from one to two feet high, with deflected bristles: corolla large, yellow, the middle segments of the lower lip inversely heart- shaped, purple. Annual: flowers in July: grows among corn: not common, except in Scotland. Eng. Eat. vol. x. pi. 667. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 95. 872. 9. GALEO'BDOLON. WFASEL-SNOUT. Calyx of one leaf, tubular, bell -shaped, with five unequal, spreading, thorn-tipped teeth, shorter than the tube, the upper tooth erect, at some distance from the other. Corolla gaping; tube cylindrical, as long as the calyx; upper lip oval, vaulted, hairy, entire, fringed; lower lip shorter, divided into three oblong, acute, undivided segments, the middle one longest. Filaments awl-shaped, covered by the upper lip ; anthers roundish, two- lobed. Germen four-lobed. Style thread-shaped, as long as the CL. XIV.] DIDYNAMIA — GYMNOSPERMIA. 249 stamens; stigma divided into two acute, spreading segments. Seeds four, short, three-cornered, abrupt, in the bottom of the open calyx. — Name, from gale, a weasel. 288. 1. G. luteum. Yellow Weasel-snout. Root creeping: stems eighteen inches high, simple, leafy, covered with deflected hairs: leaves stalked, egg-shaped, serrate, hairy : whorls numerous, hairy flowers : corolla large, yellow, the lower lip spotted with red. Perennial : flowers in May : grows in woods and hedges : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 287. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 96. 873. 10. BETO'NICA. BETONY. Calyx of one leaf, tubular, cylindrical, with five nearly equal, thorn-tipped teeth, shorter than the tube. Corolla gaping; tube cylindrical, curved ; upper lip roundish, undivided, nearly flat, erect ; lower lip longer, divided into three deep segments, the middle one broader, roundish, notched. Filaments awl-shaped, inclined towards the upper lip; anthers round, two-lobed. Ger- men rounded, four-lobed. Style thread-shaped, as long as the stamens ; stigma cleft, acute. Seeds four, egg-shaped, in the bot- tom of the calyx. — Name, from ben, good, and ton, head. 289. 1. B. nfficindlis. Wood Betony. Spike interrupted ; middle segment of the lower lip notched. Stem rough, with deflected bristles: leaves oblong, deeply serrate, the lower ones stalked : corolla purple. Peren- nial : flowers in July and August: grows in woods and thickets. It was formerly much used in medicine. The powdered leaves excite sneezing, and the root is said to be emetic. Eng. Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1142. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 97. 874. 11. STA'CHYS. WOUNDWORT. Calyx of one leaf, tubular, angular, with five spreading, un- equal, thorn-pointed teeth, scarcely so long as the tube. Corolla gaping; tube very short ; throat oblong, swelling beneath at the base; the upper lip erect, egg-shaped, vaulted; lower lip larger, with three lobes -, the lateral ones reflected, the middle lobe largest and notched. Filaments awl-shaped, ultimately bent towards the sides of the mouth ; anthers roundish, two-valved. Germen with four divisions. Styles thread-shaped, as long as the stamens; stig- ma cleft, acute. Seeds four, angular, abrupt, in the bottom of the calyx. — Name, stachys, a spike. 290. 1. S. sylvdtica. Hedge Woundwort. Whorls of six flowers; leaves heart-shaped, acute.^stalked. Stem two or three feet high, erect, leafy, hairy : leaves serrate, veined, hairy : flowers dull-red, the palate varie- gated with white and dark purple. It has a strong fetid smell, which is imagined to attack toads. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows among rubbish, and by hedges and walls. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 416. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 98. 875. 2. S. ambigua. Ambiguous Woundwort. Whorls of six flowers; leaves oblong, stalked, heart-shaped at the base. Stem and leaves hairy : flowers red, the palate variegated. Perennial : flowers in August and September : grows in waste places and cultivated ground : common. 250 DIDYNAMIA — GYMNOSPERMIA. [CL. XIV. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiv. pi. 1675. Eng. Fl. vol. Hi. p. 99. Probably only a variety of the next species. 876. 3. S. pali'istris. Marsh Woundwart. Whorls of from six to ten flow- ers ; leaves lance-shaped, embracing the stern ; root tuberous. Stem erect, from two to three feet high, rough with deflected bristles : leaves serrate, somewhat woolly beneath : flowers purplish-red, variegated with white and dark purple. Perennial : flowers in August : grows about edges of rivers, ponds, and ditches, and in wet fields : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiv. pi. 1675. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 99. 877. 4. S. Germdnica. Downy Woundwart. Whorls many-flowered ; leaves egg-shaped, crenate, densely covered with white woolly hairs; stem woolly, erect. Stems two feet high : corolla light-purple : palate striped with white. Perennial : flowers in September : grows in hedges and by road-sides in England : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 829. Eng . Fl. vol. iii. p. 100. 878. 5. S. arvtntis. Corn Wounditort. Whorls six-flowered ; stem weak ; leaves heart-shaped, obtuse, crenate, slightly hairy. Stem branched, ascending: corolla small, light-purple, palate white and spotted with. purple. Annual : flowers in July and August: grows in gravelly or sandy fields: frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xvii. pi. 1154. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 100. 879. 6. S. dnnua. Pale Annual Woundu-ort. Whorls six-flowered ; leaver lanceolate, broadly serrate, three-nerved, the lower stalked. Stem erect, downy : calyx hairy, with awl-shaped segments : corolla light- purple. Annual : flowers in August: found in a field between Gads-hill and Rochester, by Jos. Woods, Esq. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2669. Brit. Fl. 4th ed. p. 233. 880. 12. BALLO'TA. BLACK HOREHOUND. Calyx of one leaf, tubular, oblong, with five corners, ten ribs, and ten furrows, the limb dilated, spreading, plaited, regular, with five pointed teeth. Corolla gaping; tube cylindrical, as long as the calyx; upper lip erect, egg-shaped, notched; lower lip three-lobed, the middle lobe larger and cleft. Filaments awl- shaped, directed towards the upper lip; anthers oblong, two- valved. Germen small, four-lobed. Style thread-shaped, as long as the stamens; stigma slender, cleft. Seeds four, egg-shaped, in the bottom of the somewhat hardened calyx. — Named from ballo, to reject, on account of its offensive odour. 291. 1. B. nigra. Black Horehound. Leaves egg-shaped, undivided, ser- rate ; calyx funnel-shaped, abrupt, with short spreading teeth. Stem two or three feet high, erect, branched, downy : calyx dilated at the mouth: corolla dull-purple: upper lip cleft, covered externally with white hairs, lower marked with white veins. Perennial : flowers in Julv and August : grows among rubbish, and in hedges: common. Eng. Bat. vol. L pi. 46. Eng . Fl. vol. iii. p. 10 1. 881 . 13. MARRU'BIUM. HOREHOUND. Calyx of one leaf, tubular, funnel-shaped, with ten furrows, the limb spreading, regular, generally with ten narrow teeth. Corolla CL. XIV.] DIDYNAMIA — GYMNOSPERMIA. 251 gaping; tube cylindrical; throat elongated, tubular; upper lip erect, linear, divided into two acute lobes; lower lip broader, re- flected, divided into three deep lobes, the lateral ones acute, the middle lobe larger and cleft. Filaments much shorter than the corolla, covered by the upper lip; anthers small, oblong. Germen rounded, four-lobed. Style thread-shaped, as long as the stamens; stigma cleft, acute. Seeds four, oblong, in the bottom of the hardened calyx, which is contracted at the neck. — Name supposed to be derived from Maria urbs, an ancient town of Italy. 292. 1. AT vulgdre. Common White Horehound. Calyx-teeth ten, bristle- shaped, hooked backwards; leaves broadly egg-shaped, unequally ser- rate. Stem bluntly four-cornered, branched, woolly: lower leaves stalked, upper sessile, woolly : flowers white. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in dry waste ground, and by road-sides : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 410. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 103. 882. 14. LEONU'RUS. MOTHERWORT. Calyx of one leaf, funnel-shaped, with five prominent angles, and five acute, spreading teeth. Corolla gaping; tube narrow, short ; upper lip longest, concave, protuberant, rounded and un- divided at the end, shaggy ; lower lip reflected, deeply divided into three lance-shaped, nearly equal lobes. Filaments much shorter than the corolla, covered by the upper lip ; anthers oblong, compressed, cleft, covered with minute, globular, shining, hard dots. Germen four-lobed, abrupt. Style thread-shaped, incurved ; stigma cleft, acute. Seeds four, oblong, abrupt, hairy, in the tube of the hardened calyx. — Name, from Icon, a lion, and oura, tail. 293. 1. L. Cardiaca. Common Motherwort. Stem leaves lance-shaped, three-lobed. Stem two or three feet high, minutely downy, acutely four-cornered: calyx stiff and sharp-bristled : corolla purplish, the upper lip white with erect hairs, the lower variegated. Perennial : flowers in August : grows in hedges and waste places : not common. 883. 15. CLINOPO'DIUM. WILD-BASIL. Involucre of numerous bristle-shaped leaves, under the flowers nearly as long as the calyx. Calyx of one leaf, tubular, many- ribbed, slightly curved, two-lipped ; upper lip broader, ascending, divided into three acute segments; lower lip longer, incurved, divided into two deep slender segments ; throat closed with hairs. Corolla gaping ; tube cylindrical, rather short ; throat longer and wider; upper lip erect, concave, obtuse, slightly cleft; lower lip divided into three segments, the middle one very broad and notched. Filaments cylindrical, directed towards the upper lip, shorter than the corolla ; anthers two-lobed, meeting in pairs so as to form a cross. Germen four-lobed. Style thread-shaped, as long as the stamens; stigma two-cleft, pointed. Seeds four, egg- shaped, in the bottom of the closed, tumid calyx. — Named from dine, a bed, and pous, a foot. 294. 252 DIDYNAMIA — GYMNOSPERMIA. QcL. XIV. 1. C. vulgdre. Common Wild-basil. Leaves egg-shaped, obscurely serrate ; whorls bristly ; involucral leaves awl-shaped ; flower-stalks branched. Stems ascending, about a foot high, hairy: whorls few, axillar and terminal : flowers light-purple. Perennial : flowers in Au- gust: grows in bushy places, about hedges, and by roads : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xx. pi. 1401. Eng. Fi. vol. iii. p. 105. 884. 16. ORI'GANUM. MARJORAM. Involucre of numerous imbricated, egg-shaped, flat, coloured leaves, one under each flower, longer than the calyx. Calyx of one leaf, with an obtusely angular tube. Corolla gaping; tube cylindrical, compressed ; upper lip erect, flat, obtuse, notched ; lower lip deeply divided into three nearly equal, undivided lobes. Filaments thread -shaped, as long as the corolla; anthers distant, egg-shaped, two-lobed. Germen four-lobed. Style thread-shaped, ascending ; stigma slightly notched. Seeds four, egg-shaped, in the bottom of the closed calyx. — Name, from oros, a mountain, and ganos, joy. 295. 1. 0. vulgdre. Common Marjoram. Spikes roundish, panicled, crowded, erect ; involucral leaves egg-shaped, longer than the calyx. •Stem a foot high, purplish, leafy, with short recurved hairs : leaves egg-shaped, very slightly serrate, opposite, dotted, hairy, sprinkled with resinous dots : flowers light-purple. It has a warm aromatic flavour. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in bushy places and dry banks : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1143. Eng. FI. vol. iii. p. 106. 885. 17. THY'MUS. THYMB. Calyx of one leaf, tubular, many-ribbed, two-lipped, closed at the mouth with hairs; upper lip broader, flat, erect, with three acute teeth ; lower lip of two longer awl-shaped teeth. Corolla gaping; tube as long as the calyx; upper lip shorter, flat, erect, obtuse, with a small notch ; lower lip longer and broader, three- lobed, the middle lobe broader. Filaments thread-shaped, incurved, shorter than the corolla ; anthers two-lobed. Germen four-cleft. Style thread-shaped ; stigma divided into two acute segments. Seeds four, small, roundish, in the bottom of the closed calyx. — Name, t/iymos, courage. 296. 1. T. Serpy'llum. Wild Thyme. Flowers in small heads ; stems branched, decumbent ; leaves flat, egg-shaped, obtuse, entire, fringed at the base. Stems lying along the ground, somewhat woody, with numerous branches, each terminating in a dense head of pale-purple flowers. The smell of the whole plant is aromatic and pleasant. Bees are said to be greatly attached to this plant, and it has been alleged to give a fine flavour to mutton. It varies greatly as to size and hairiness, as well as to smell, certain varieties being entirely scentless. Perennial .- flowers in July and August : grows in dry pastures : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxii. pi. 1514. Eng. Fi. vol. iii. p. 108. 886. 2. T. Acinos. Basil Thyme. Flowers in whorls, one on each flower- stalk ; stems branched, ascending ; leaves acute, serrate. Stems about six inches high, leafy : flowers bluish-purple, variegated with white and CL. XIV/] DIDVNAMIA— GYMNOSJPERMIA. 253 dark purple. Annual : flowers in July and August : grows in cultivated fields and dry pastures : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 411. Kn<:. Ft. vol. iii. p. 109. 887. 3. T. Calumlntha. Common Calamint.' Flowers in whorls, on branched stalks ; leaves egg-shaped, serrate ; stem erect, downy. Flower-stalks three-forked, the lateral divisions again forked : corolla twice as long as the calyx, light-purple dotted with blue. The whole plant has a pleasant aromatic smell. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows by way-sides and the borders of fields : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxvi. pi. 1676. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 109. 888. 4. T.'Nepeta. Lesser Calamint. Flowers in whorls, on branched stalks, longer than the leaves; leaves serrate ; stem ascending, hairy. Flower-stalks subdivided : flowers pale-purple : mouth of the calyx with conspicuous white hairs. Perennial : flowers in August : grows by way- sides, and on dry banks. Eng. Bot. vol. xx. pi. 1414. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 110. This is probably a mere variety of the last. 889. 18. MELITTIS. BASTARD-BALM. Calyx bell-shaped, slightly angular, straight, two-lipped ; upper lip rather longer, acute ; lower acute, deeply cleft. Corolla gaping ; tube much narrower than the calyx ; throat slightly dilated ; upper lip erect, rounded, entire; lower lip three-lobed, the middle lobe larger, and inversely heart-shaped. Filaments awl-shaped, straight, shorter than the upper lip ; anthers two-lobed, coming to- gether so as to form a double cross. Germen four-lobed, downy. Style thread-shaped, as long as the stamens ; stigma cleft, acute. Seeds four, oval, small, in the bottom of the open calyx. — Name, from melissa, a bee. 297. 1. M. Melissophy' Hum. Reddish Bastard-balm. Calyx with three unequal lobes. Stem nearly simple, covered with fine hairs : broadly lance-shaped, serrate, hairy : corolla twice as long as the calyx, downy, externally pale-red, internally whitish, with a crimson spot on each of the lobes. Perennial : flowers in May and June : grows in woods and hedges in the south and west of England. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 577. Eng. Ft. vol. iii. p. 111. The M. grandiflora, Purple-and-White Bas- tard-balm, is a handsome variety of this plant, with large light-red or cream- coloured flowers, with a violet spot on the lower lip. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 636. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 112. 890. 19. SCUTELLA'RIA. SKULL-CAP. Calyx of one leaf, tubular, very short, slightly two-lipped, with four shallow, obtuse lobes, closed after flowering by a dorsal scale. Corolla gaping, with a very short tube; upper lip concave, divided into three segments, the middle one cleit and concave, the other flat, acute, lower lip broader, divided into three shallow lobes. Filaments concealed under the upper lip ; anthers small, roundish, two-lobed. Germen four-lobed. Style thread-shaped, as long as the stamens ; stigma undivided, acute, incurved. Seeds four, roundish, in the bottom of the calyx, and covered by the en- larged dorsal scale. — Name, from teutella, a small vessel. 298. Y 2 254 DIYDNAMIA — ANGIOSPERMIA. QCL. XIV. 1. S. galericuldta. Common Skull-cap. Leaves lance-shaped, cre- nate, wrinkled, heart-shaped at the base ; flowers axillar. Stem about a foot high, erect, leafy : flowers purplish-blue. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows on the stony banks of rivers and lakes: fre- quent. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 523. Eng. Ft. vol. iii. p.113. 891. 2. S. minor. Less Skull-cap. Leaves egg-shaped, entire, heart- shaped at the base ; flowers axillar. From four to six inches high : flowers pale reddish-purple, the lower lip white, dotted with red. Peren- nial : flowers in July and August : grows in watery places : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 524. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 1 13. 892. 20. PRUNE'LLA. SELF-HEAL. Calyx bell-shaped, two-lipped ; upper lip flat, dilated, abrupt, with three very short, acute teeth ; lower lip much narrower, straight, divided into two acute segments. Corolla gaping ; tube short, cylindrical ; throat longer and wider ; upper lip concave, entire, inflected; lower lip reflected, divided into three obtuse crenate lobes, the middle one broader. Filaments directed to- wards the upper lip, awl-shaped, forked at the top; anthers on the lower branch of the filaments. Germen four-lobed. Style thread-shaped, as long as the stamens ; stigma divided into two acute, recurved points. Seeds four, oval, in the bottom of the closed calyx. — Name, from the German braune, a disease of the throat. 299. 1 . P. vulgdru. Self-heal. All the leaves between oblong and egg- shaped, stalked ; teeth of the upper lip of the calyx very minute. Stem from four to eight inches high, erect, leafy, downy, branched be- low, terminating in dense whorled spikes, of deep-purple flowers, each whorl with two broad obtuse bracteas. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in meadows and pastures : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 961. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 114. 893. ANGIOSPERMIA. 21. BA'RTSIA. BARTSIA. Calyx of one leaf, tubular, coloured, with four acute, nearly equal, marginal segments. Corolla gaping, a little compressed; tube short ; throat funnel-shaped ; upper lip longer, concave, un- divided ; lower lip reflected, deeply divided into three nearly equal lobes. Filaments thread-shaped, incurved; anthers two- celled, a little hairy, collected under the upper lip. Germen simple, egg-shaped, acute. Style thread-shaped, curved ; stigma obtuse. Capsule egg-shaped, pointed, compressed, two-celled, two-valved ; the partition contrary to the valve. Seeds numerous, small, angular. — Named after Dr. John Bartsch, a Prussian bota- nist. 300. 1. B. alpina. Alpine Bartsia. Leaves opposite, egg-shaped, obtusely serrate ; stem square ; root creeping. Stems from four to eight CL. XIV.] DIDYNA3IIA — ANGIOSPERMIA. 255 inches high, simple, hairy : leaves sessile in pairs on the opposite sides of the stem, somewhat heart-shaped : flowers axillar, forming a close leafy spike : corolla purplish-blue : calyx purplish. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in elevated pastures, in the Highlands of Scotland and the north of England : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 361. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 117. 894. 2. B. viscosa. Yellow Bartsia. Leaves lance-shaped, serrate, the upper alternate ; flowers lateral and distant ; stem round ; root fibrous. Stem erect, downy, about a foot high : corolla yellow, with purple stains. Annual : flowers in July and August: grows in marshy ground, along the west coast : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1045. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 118. 895. 3. B. Odontites. Red Bartsia. Leaves lance-shaped, serrate, the upper alternate ; flowers in unilateral clusters ; stems square, branched. Stem from six inches to a foot high, branched, the branches ter- minating in a leafy cluster of numerous rose-coloured flowers. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in moist meadows and pastures, and in corn-fields and by road-sides : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xx. pi. 1415. Eng.Fl. vol. iii. p. 119. 896. 22. RHINA'NTHUS. YELLOW-RATTLE. Calyx of one leaf, roundish, inflated, compressed, with four nearly equal, acute, marginal teeth. Corolla gaping ; tube nearly cylindrical, as long as the calyx ; upper lip narrower, helmet- shaped, compressed, slightly cleft ; lower lip broader, expanded, deeply divided into three obtuse segments, the middle one some- what larger. Filaments thread-shaped, shorter than the upper lip, and concealed by it ; anthers two-lobed, hairy. Germen egg- shaped, compressed, with a channel at each side. Style thread- shaped, curved, a little longer than the stamens ; stigma obtuse, bent inwards. Capsule roundish, compressed, with a small point, two-celled, two-valved ; partitions transverse, united. Seeds com- pressed, imbricated, bordered. — Name, from rhin, the nose, and anthos, a flower. 301. 1. R. Crista-gdlli. Yellow-rattle. Stem branched, leaves lance- shaped, serrate ; calyx smooth ; seeds with a dilated membranous border. —Stem about a foot high, generally with a few branches, sometimes bushy : leaves rough, wrinkled : flowers axillar, crowded into a leafy spike : calyx membranous : corolla yellow : the ripe seeds rattle in the capsule. Annual : flowers in June : grows in pastures : common. Eng. Bot. vol. x. pi. 657. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 120. A variety of large size and slight difference in the leaves is considered by some as a distinct species, under the name of JR. mdjor. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2737. Brit. Fl. 4th ed. p. 236. 897. 23. EUPHRA'SIA. EYE-BRIGHT. Calyx of one leaf, tubular, cylindrical, ribbed, with four deep, equal, pointed, marginal teeth. Corolla gaping; tube as long as the calyx, cylindrical ; upper lip slightly concave, crenate ; lower lip divided into three deep, unequal, obtuse, cleft or notched segments. Filaments thread-shaped, directed towards the upper 256 DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA. [CL. XIV. lip ; anthers large, of two lobes, pointed at the base, the points of the lower anthers elongated into straight bristles. Germen egg- shaped. Style thread-shaped, as long as the stamens ; stigma ob- tuse. Capsule oblong, obtuse, compressed, two-celled, two-valved. Seeds minute, elliptical, compressed, furrowed. — Name, from Euphrosyne, expressive of joy. 302. 1. E. officinalis. Eye-bright. Leaves egg-shaped, furrowed, deeply toothed. About four inches high, with a square, generally branched leaf: flowers axillar, solitary: corolla white, streaked with purple, yel- lowish on the palate. Annual : flowers from July to September : grows in pastures, abundantly. Eng. Bot. vol. xx. pi. 1416. Eng. FU vol. iii. p. 122. 898. 24. MELAMPY'RUM. COW-WHEAT. Calyx of one leaf, tubular, with four deep, straight, unequal, marginal segments. Corolla gaping ; tube oblong, curved ; throat a little dilated, compressed; upper lip vaulted, compressed, notched, reflected at the edge on both sides; lower lip slightly plaited, with two prominences on the palate, divided into three nearly equal, obtuse segments. Filaments awl-shaped, incurved, concealed under the upper lip; anthers oblong, two-lobed. Germen egg-shaped, pointed. Style thread -shaped, as long as the stamens; stigma obtuse. Capsule oblong, obliquely pointed, compressed, its upper edge convex, the lower straight, two-celled, two-valved, the partitions transverse. Seeds two in each cell, egg-shaped, obtuse. — Name, from melas, black, and puros, wheat 303. 1. M. cristdtum. Crested Cow-wheat. Spikes four-cornered; bracteas heart-shaped, closely imbricated, finely toothed. Stems a foot hisrh, or more, leafy, roughish : leaves nearly linear, rough on the edges : bracteas pectinate : flowers variegated with cream-colour and light-purple, the palate yellow. Annual : flowers in July : grows in woods and thickets in many parts of England. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 41. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 123. 899. 2. M. arvtnse. Purple Cow-wheat. Spikes conical ; bracteas loose, lance-shaped, pinnatifid. Stem from one and a half to two feet high, acutely four-cornered : leaves lance-shaped, rough on the edges : brac- teas loosely spreading: flowers large, with a yellow corolla, its lips variegated with pale-red and purple. Annual : flowers in July : grows in corn-fields in Norfolk : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 53. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 154. 900. 3. M. pratense. Common Yellow Cow-wheat. Flowers axillar, point- ing one way ; corolla closed, lower lip straight out ; upper floral leaves toothed at the base. Stem smooth, branched : leaves lance-shaped, pointed, smooth, entire : the uppermost toothed, sometimes pinnatifid at the base: flowers solitary, opposite: corolla pale at the base, deep-yellow towards the top, with a purple spot at each side of the mouth. Annual : flowers in July and August : grows in woods, bushy places, heaths, and pastures: frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 113. En<;. Fl. vol. iii. p. 125. 901. 4. M. tylvaticwn. Wood Cow-wheat. Flowers axillar, in distant pairs, CL. XIV.] DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA. 25? pointing one way ; corolla open, with the lower lip bent downward ; leaves nearly all entire. 'This resembles the last, but is smaller : corolla smaller, deep-yellow, with some red spots about the mouth. Annual : flowers in July and August: grows in elevated woods : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 804. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 126. 902. 25. LATHR^'A. TOOTHWORT. Calyx of one leaf, bell-shaped, with four deep, erect, nearly equal marginal segments. Corolla gaping; tube longer than the calyx, limb tumid; upper lip vaulted, acute; lower lip smaller, spreading, obtuse. Nectary a notched, depressed, very short gland, placed on the receptacle, at the lower side of the germen. Filaments awl-shaped, shorter than the corolla, concealed by its upper lip ; anthers obtuse, coming together. Germen roundish, compressed. Style cylindrical, as long as the stamens; stigma abrupt, notched, bent downwards. Capsule roundish, obtuse, with a small point, one-celled, two-valved, invested by the en- larged calyx. Seeds numerous, roundish, attached to a spongy, longitudinal receptacle in the middle of each valve. — Name, from lathraios, concealed. 304. 1. L. squamdria. Greater Toothwort. Stem simple; flowers pendu- lous, their lower lip three-cleft. Stem rounded, six or eight inches high : leaves egg-shaped, thick, entire, smooth, cream-coloured, imbri- cated : flowers axillar, solitary : corolla dull-purple, its upper lip deeply cleft. Perennial : flowers in April : grows in shady places, parasitic on the roots of trees : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 50. Eng. FL. vol. iii. p. 157. 903. 26. PEDICULA'RIS. LOUSEWORT. Calyx of one leaf, with a roundish, tumid, somewhat compressed tube, with five, sometimes only two, unequal, leafy, jagged seg- ments. Corolla gaping; tube oblong, unequal; upper lip nar- rower, erect, vaulted, compressed, notched; lower lip dilated, flat, deeply divided into three obtuse segments, the middle one nar- rower. Nectary a gland under the germen. Filaments thread- shaped, concealed by the upper lip ; anthers two-lobed, acute at the lower part, compressed. Germen egg-shaped. Style thread- shaped, longer than the stamens ; stigma simple, bent downwards. Capsule oblong, pointed, oblique, two-celled, two-valved, the par- titions from the centre of each valve. Seeds few, angular, pointed, attached to a nearly globular receptacle at the base — Name, from pediculus, a louse, it being supposed to cause sheep to be infested with ticks. 305. 1. P. pal&stris. Marsh Lousewort. Stem solitary, branched ; calyx egg-shaped, hairy, ribbed, with two unequally notched lobes. Stem erect, a foot high, much branched : leaves stalked, doubly pinnatifid : flowers axillar, opposite, solitary, rose-coloured. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows in marshes and wet pastures : common. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 399. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 129. 904. 2. P. sylvdtica. Common Lousewort. Stems several, spreading, sim- 258 DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPEHMIA. [CL. XIV. pie; calyx oblong, angular, smooth, with five unequal notched segments. Stems about eight inches long, the central one erect, the others spreading : leaves twice pinnatifid, root-leaves egg-shaped, undivided, crenate: flowers bright rose-coloured. Perennial: flowers in July: grows in moist heathy pastures: common. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 400. Eng. Fl. vol. iii.pl. 129. 27. LINA'RIA. TOAD-FLAX. Calyx of one leaf, with five deep, oblong, permanent segments ; the two lower more distant from each other. Corolla gaping, spurred at the base ; upper lip cleft, reflected at the sides ; lower lip obtuse, three-lobed, with an elevated palate, closing the mouth, and hollow beneath. Filaments concealed by the upper lip ; an- thers approaching each other. Germen roundish or egg-shaped. Style thread-shaped, as long as the stamens ; stigma obtuse. Cap- sule roundish or oval, obtuse, two-celled. Seeds numerous, round- ish, or angular, attached to an oblong, cylindrical receptacle, in the middle of the partition. — Name, from linum, flax, which the leaves resemble. 306. 1. L. Cymbaldria. Ivy-leaved Toad-flax. Leaves heart-shaped, five- lobed, alternate ; stems procumbent. Stems procumbent or pendulous, round, smooth, leafy : leaves alternate, stalked, shining : flowers pale- purple, with a yellow palate, and short pointed spur. Perennial : flowers from May to November : grows on old walls : common, but introduced. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 502. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 131. 906. 2. L. tpuria. Round-leaved Toad-flax. Leaves egg-shaped, downy, alternate ; stems procumbent, hairy. Stems branched, leafy : leaves mostly alternate, the lowermost only opposite : flowers on slender, axillar stalks : corolla with a recurved greenish spur, the upper lip purple, the lower yellow, with an orange palate. Annual : flowers from July to September: grows in corn-fields in England: rare. Eng. Bot. vol. x. pi. 691. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 131. 907. 3. L. Eldtine. Sharp-pointed Toad-flax. Leaves halberd-shaped, alternate, the lowest egg-shaped, opposite ; stems procumbent, hairy. Upper lip of the corolla yellow, lower lip edged with deep purple. Annual : flowers from July to September : grows in corn-fields in England : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol.x. pi. 692. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 132. 908. 4. L. rtpens. Creeping Pale-blue Toad-flax. Leaves linear, glaucous, scattered ; calyx smooth, as long as the spur. Smooth and glaucous : root creeping : stems about a foot high, numerous, branched, and pani- cled : leaves entire, erect, the upper alternate : flowers Numerous, in panicled clusters : spur conical, pale-grey ; lower lip of the same colour ; palate yellow ; upper lip and tube striped with blue. Perennial : flowers from July to September : grows on dry banks and on rocks near the sea, in the south-west of England and in Wales. Eng. Bot. vol. xviii. pi. 1253. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 133. 909. 5. L. vul^iiris. Common Yellow Toad-flax. Leaves between lance- shaped and linear, crowded ; spikes terminal ; flowers imbricated ; calyx smooth, shorter than the spur. The whole plant smooth : stems two feet high, densely covered with narrow acute leaves, with a terminal dense spike of yellow flowers, having an orange-coloured palate. A CL. XIV.] DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPEHMIA. 259 variety occurs with a regular five-cleft, five-spurred corolla. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in hedges, and at the edges of fields : common. Eng. Bot. vol. x. pi. 658. Var. vol. iv. pi. 260. Eng.Fl. vol. iii. p. 134. 910. 6. L. minor. Least Toad-flax. Leaves lance-shaped, obtuse, downy, alternate ; stems much branched, spreading ; calyx longer than the spur. Whole plant downy and clammy : stem from six to twelve inches high : flowers small, on long solitary, axillar stalks : tube, upper lip and spur purplish, lower lip white, with yellow palate. Annual : flowers from June to September : grows in sandy fields in England : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xxviii. pi. 2014. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 135. 911. 28. ANTIRRHI'NUM. SNAP-DRAGON. Calyx of one leaf, with five deep, oblong, permanent segments, the two lower more distant from each other. Corolla gaping ; tumid at the base ; upper lip cleft; lower lip three-lobed, with an elevated palate closing the mouth, and hollow beneath. Filaments concealed by the upper lip ; anthers approaching each other. Germen egg-shaped. Style thread-shaped ; stigma obtuse. Cap- sule egg-shaped, oblique, two-celled. Seeds numerous, roundish. — Name, from anti, line, and rhin, a nose. 307. 1. A. mtijus. Great Snap-dragon. Corolla with a rounded prominence at the base ; flowers in a dense cluster ; leaves lance-shaped ; segments of the calyx egg-shaped, obtuse. Stem branched, leafy, downy, and clammy : leaves opposite or alternate, acute, recurved, smooth: flowers large, rose-coloured, with a large yellow palate, white in front. Peren- nial : flowers in June and July : grows on old walls : frequent, but is not indigenous. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 129. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 135. 912. 2. A. Orontium. Small Snap-dragon. Corolla with scarcely any promi- nence at the base ; flowers loosely spiked ; calyx finger-shaped, longer than the corolla. Stem about a foot high, branched, leafy: leaves lance-shaped, somewhat stalked, alternate : flowers axillar, nearly sessile : corolla rose-coloured, with a yellow palate. Annual : flowers in July and August : grows in dry sandy fields in England : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xvii. pi. 1155. E»g. Fl. vol. iii. p. 136. 913. 29. SCROPHULA'RIA. FIGWORT. Calyx of one leaf, with five rounded, somewhat unequal, mar- ginal segments, much shorter than the corolla. Corolla tubular, unequal, reversed ; tube egg-shaped, large, inflated ; limb very small, divided into five deep segments, the upper short, slightly notched, reflected, two lateral ones spreading, two lower largest, erect, often accompanied by a small internal lobe. Filaments declining, nearly as long as the corolla; anthers terminal, two- celled. Germen egg-shaped. Style simple, as long as the sta- mens ; stigma simple. Capsule egg-shaped or globular, pointed, two-celled, two-valved ; the partition formed by the edge of the valves turned in. Seeds numerous, small, attached to a globose central receptacle. — Named from the resemblance of the roots to scrofulous tumours. 308. 260 DIDYNAMIA — ANGIOSPERMIA. £cL. XIV. 1. S. nodosa. Knotted-rooted Figicort. Leaves heart-shaped, acute, serrate, smooth ; corners of the stem acute ; root tuberous. Stem from two to three feet high, nearly simple, smooth : leaves stalked, un- equally serrate : flowers in a panicled, leafy cluster, with a dull-green corolla, having a livid purple lip. The whole plant emits a fetid, nau- seating smell. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in woods and shady places : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xxii. pi. 1544. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 137. 914. 2. S. aquAtica. Water Figwort. Leaves heart-shaped, bluntish, de- current on their stalks ; stem winged, root fibrous. Stem about three feet high, with membranous angles : cluster of many forked branches, with numerous flowers, with the tube green, and the limb dark-red : fetid like the last. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in watery places : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 854. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 138. 915. 3. S. Scorodonia. Balm-leaved Figwort. Leaves heart-shaped, doubly serrate, downy beneath ; cluster leafy. Stems about three feet high, branched, bluntly four-cornered, covered with soft spreading hairs : flowers on axillar downy stalks, forming a leafy cluster : tube of the corolla pale, lower lip dull-purple. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows on the banks of rivulets in Jersey and Cornwall, and in Ireland. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxi. pi. 2209. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 139. 916. 4. S. verndlis. Yellow Figwort. Leaves heart-shaped, doubly serrate, downy ; flower-stalks axillar, solitary, forked, leafy ; corolla without an internal lobe. The whole plant downy : stem about two feet high, with slightly winged corners : leaves opposite, the uppermost alternate, stalked, acute : flowers pale-yellow. biennial : flowers in April and May : grows in hedges and thickets : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 567. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 139. 917. 30. DIGITA'LIS. FOXGLOVE. Calyx of one leaf, deeply divided into five roundish, acute segments, the upper narrower. Corolla bell-shaped ; tube large, cylindrical at the base, dilated and bulging upwards ; limb small, with four unequal segments, the upper recurved and slightly cleft, the lower largest. Filaments awl-shaped, arising from the tube of the corolla, declining ; anthers broad, two-lobed. Style thread- shaped, as long as the stamens ; stigma cleft, acute. Capsule egg-shaped, pointed, two-celled, two-valved, with a double par- tition formed by the inflected margins of the valves. — Named from digitadulum, a thimble. 309. 1. D. purpiirea. Foxglove. Segments of the calyx egg-shaped, acute ; corolla obtuse, its upper lobe entire ; leaves egg-shaped, downy. — Stem erect, from two to four feet high : leaves alternate, irregularly crenate, wrinkled and veined: cluster terminal, erect, simple, 'with numerous large, pendulous, crimson flowers, elegantly mottled, and hairy within. Infusion and tincture of the leaves are used in dropsy, and for diminishing the rapidity of the pulse in inflammations. This is one of the most elegant and showy of our native plants. Eiennial : flowers in June and July: grows in dry hilly pastures, on the steep banks of rivers, in rocky places, &c. : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xix. pi. 1297. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 140. 918. CL. XIV.] DIDYNAMIA — ANGIOSPERMIA. 261 31. LINNJE'A. LINN*A. Calyx double ; that of the fruit inferior, four-leaved ; the inner leaves minute, acute, smooth, the two outer much larger, ellip- tical, glandular ; that of the flower superior, of one leaf, deeply divided into five erect, lance-shaped, acute, equal segments. Corolla of one petal, bell- shaped, with the tube cylindrical, dilated upwards, about twice as long as the upper calyx, the limb divided into five nearly equal, spreading segments. Filaments awl-shaped, arising from the base of the corolla, shorter than its limb; anthers oblong, compressed. Germen globular, three- celled. Style cylindrical, as long as the corolla, declining; stigma obtuse. Berry dry, oblong, one-celled, invested by the lower calyx, and crowned by the upper. Seed solitary, oblong. — So named by Pronovius, in honour of Carl von Linne, the greatest naturalist. 310. 1. L. boredlis. Two-flowered Linntea. Root fibrous : stems pros- trate and creeping, forming large patches: leaves opposite, stalked, egg-shaped, slightly hairy : flowering branches axillar, erect, bearing two pendulous whitish flowers. Perennial : flowers in May and June : grows in dry fir woods, in various parts of Scotland. First found by Professor James Beattie, junior, at Inglesmaldie in Mearns-shire ; Hill of Kinnoul, near Perth ; Kenmay, near Aberdeen ; in a wood near Fintray-house, on the river Don ; many other woods in Aberdeenshire ; Knock of Alves, near Elgin ; Drummond Wood, near Inverness, and many other places in Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 433. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 190. 919. 32. SIBTHO'RPIA. SIBTHORPIA. Calyx top-shaped, with five deep, egg-shaped, nearly equal, spreading segments. Corolla irregularly wheel-shaped, as long as the calyx, with a very short tube, its limb divided into five deep egg-shaped spreading segments, the two lower smallest. Fila- ments shorter than the corolla, almost equal, awl-shaped, spread- ing laterally, and coming together in parts ; anthers oblong, two-lobed. Germen rounded, compressed. Style cylindrical, as long as the filaments ; stigma knobbed, flattened. Capsule inversely heart-shaped, compressed, two-celled, two-valved, each valve with a narrow transverse partition. Seeds few, egg-shaped, attached to a central globular receptacle. — Named after Dr. H. Sibthorp, an Oxford professor of botany. 311. 1. S. Eurnpte'a. Cornish Money-wort. Stems numerous, a foot long, thread-like, prostrate : leaves stalked, kidney-shaped, bluntly crenate : flowers on short axillar, simple stalks : corolla small, whitish. Peren- nial: flowers in July and August: grows in moist shady places in the south-west of England, and the Channel Islands. Eng. Bot. vol. x. pi. 649. Eng. Ft. vol. iii. p. 143. 920. 33. LIMOSE'LLA. MUDWOHT. Calyx of one leaf, with five shallow, acute, erect, lance-shaped segments. Corolla bell-shaped, erect, equal, with a cylindrical Z 262 DIDYN VMI A ANGIOSPERMIA. [CL. XIT. tube, and five small, acute segments. Filaments awl-shaped, arising from the mouth of the tube, almost equal, approaching each other in pairs ; anthers roundish, two-lobed. Germen egg- shaped, obtuse. Style tapering, short ; stigma globose, cleft. Capsule egg-shaped, two-celled, two-valved ; the partition from the inflected margin of the valves. Seeds numerous, oblong, furrowed, attached to a large, egg-shaped, central receptacle. — Name, from limus, mud. 312. 1. L. aqudtica. Mudwort. Leaves lance-shaped. Root fibrous, throwing out long naked runners: leaves of long stalks: flowers on shortish axillar stalks: corolla whitish. Annual: flowers in July and August : grows in muddy places, which have been covered by water : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 357. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 145. 921. 34. OROBA'NCHE. BROOM-RAPE. Calyx of two opposite, acute, permanent leaves. Corolla gaping, withering; tube egg-shaped, curved; upper lip concave, notched ; lower lip reflected, with three unequal lobes. Nectary a gland under the germen. Filaments awl-shaped, concealed under the upper lip ; anthers two-lobed, rounded at the top, pointed below. Germen oblong. Style cylindrical, incurved, as long as the stamens; stigma large, with two or three globular lobes. Capsule egg-shaped, pointed, one-celled, two-valved. Seeds very numerous, minute, covering the two longitudinal receptacles. — Name, from orobos, a vetch, and angchein, to strangle. 313. 1. 0. major. Greater Broom-rape. Stem simple; corolla inflated, its upper lip slightly notched, the lower with acute, nearly equal segments ; stamens smooth, style downy. Stem about a foot high, erect, dusky, fleshy, covered with short, glandular hairs, and scattered, lance-shaped, erect scales: spike terminal, of about twenty flowers, with a purplish- brown corolla. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in gravelly soil, on the roots of broom and furze: frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 421. Eng. Ft. vol. iii. p. 146. 922. 2. 0. carifxpliyUacea. Clove-scented Broom-rnpe. Stem simple ; tube of the corolla inflated above, its upper lip broad, notched, its lower with three lobes; stamens hairy; style downy; stigma dark-purple. Pe- rennial : flowers in July : discovered by Mr. G. E. Smith on the roots of Galium Molliigo, Rubusfruticosiu, &c. in South Kent. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2639. Brit. Fl. 4th ed. p. 241. 923. 3. 0. eldtior. Tall Broom-rape. Stem simple ; corolla funnel-shaped, its lower lip with segments; stamens downy; style smooth. Peren- nial : flowers in July and August: grows on gravelly soil, but not on the roots of broom or furze. Lng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 568. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 147. 924. 4. 0. minor. Less Broom-rape. Stem simple ; corolla nearly cylin- drical, its lower lip with curled segments, the middle one largest and lobed : stamens fringed: style smooth. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in clover fields in England and Wales : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 422. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 148. 925, CL. XV.] TETRADYNAMIA. 263 5. 0. rubra. Red Broom-rape. Stem simple ; corolla somewhat tumid ; upper lip cleft, lower in three nearly equal, obtuse lobes ; stamens fringed ; style partially hairy. Stem about eight inches high, simple, swelled at the lower part, purplish-red, tinged with yellow : scales dark- brown : calyx-leaves lance-shaped : spike of rather close flowers, dusky- red. The whole plant, excepting the scales, is covered with very short glandular hairs. Annual: flowers in July: grows in gravelly soil, in rocky places, in Scotland and Ireland ; near Seafield Tower, on the coast of Fife, on disintegrated trap ; island of Staffa, on basaltic rocks ; island of Harris, at Craig-camna, on Gneiss. Eng. Bot. vol. xxv. pi. 1786. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 148. 926. 6. 0. coirulea. Purple Broom-rape. Stem simple ; bracteas three ; upper lip of the corolla cleft and notched, lower in three equal lance- shaped segments ; style downy. Stem a foot high, dark-grey, an- gular : scales brown : calyx-leaves united, cleft : corolla funnel-shaped, greyish -purple : filaments smooth. The whole plant minutely downy. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in grassy pastures near the sea, the root parasitical on other plants: rare. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 423. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 149. 927. 7. 0. ramosa. Branched Broom-rape. Stem branched ; bracteas three ; upper lip of the corolla deeply cleft, lower with three equal lobes, all the segments rounded ; style smoothish. Flowers light-purple, in a loose spike. Annual : flowers in August and September : grows in moist fields, parasitical on the roots of hemp : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 184. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 150. 928. CLASS XV. TETRADYNAMIA. Plants bearing Flowers with Six Stamens, of winch four are longer than the other two. (Thejloicers have invariably four petals.) Order I. SILICULOSA. Seeds inclosed in a short pod or pouch. * Pouch entire at the top. 2. DRA'BA. Pouch entire, oval ; valves nearly flat. Seeds nu- merous. 5. HUTCHl'NSIA. Pouch entire; valves keeled, not bordered. Seeds at least two in each cell. 3. ALY'SSUM. Pouch entire, bordered, laterally compressed, with concave valves. Seeds one or two in each cell. 10. COCHLEA'RIA. Pouch nearly entire, turgid, wrinkled, two- valved. Seeds numerous. 1. SUBULA'RIA. Pouch entire, transversely compressed, with tumid valves. Seeds numerous. 4. CAMELl'NA. Pouch entire, with tumid valves. Seeds numerous. 11. SENEBIE'RA. Pouch nearly entire, transversely compressed, wrinkled, two-celled, two-valved. One seed in each cell. 264 TETRADYNAMIl — SILICULOSA. [CL. XV. 12. CRAM'BE. Pouch globose, stalked, leathery, one-celled, without valves, deciduous. Seed solitary. 13. CAKl'LE. Pouch angular, of two one-seeded joints, the upper deciduous. ** Pouch notched at the top. 9. IBE'RIS. Pouch cleft, inversely heart-shaped. One seed in each cell. Two outer petals largest. 8. TEESDA'LIA. Pouch cleft, inversely heart-shaped, with keeled valves. Seeds two in each cell. Filaments bearing a scale at the base. 7. THLAS'PI. Pouch cleft, inversely heart-shaped ; valves with a bordered keel. Seeds numerous. 6. LEPI'DIUM. Pouch cleft, elliptical, two-celled; valves keeled. One seed in each cell. Order II. SILIQUOSA. Seeds inclosed in a long pod. 15. CARDAMl'NE. Pod linear ; valves flat, without ribs, narrower than the partition. Seeds in two rows, on hair-like stalks. 14. DANTA'RIA. Pod lance-shaped ; valves rial, without ribs, nar- rower than the partition. Seeds on flat dilated stalks. 16. A'RABIS. Pod linear ; valves flat, veined or ribbed. Seeds in on« row. 17. TURRITIS. Pod linear ; valves flat, keeled. Seeds in two rows. 18. NASTURTIUM. Pod nearly cylindrical ; valves concave, with- out keels. Stigma obtuse, notched. Culm spreading. 19. SISYM'BRIUM. Pod nearly cylindrical. Stigma knobbed, notched. Calyx spreading. 20. MATTHI'OLA. Pod nearly cylindrical, straight. St igma of two converging lobes. Calyx closed, two of its leaves prominent at the base. 21. BARBA'REA. Pod four-cornered, two-edged. Seeds in one row. Calux erect. Glands at the inside of the shorter filaments. 22. ERY'SIMUM. Pod four-cornered. Stigma knobbed, notched. Calyx closed. 23. HES'PERIS. Pod four-cornered. Stigma with two converging lobes. Calyx closed, with two protuberances at the base. 24. CHEIRAN'THUS. Pod compressed, or two-edged. Stigma knobbed, or with two spreading lobes. Calyx closed ; two of its leaves prominent at the base. 25. BRAS'SICA. Pod nearly cylindrical, beaked, two-valved. Seedt nearly globular. Calyx closed. 26. SINA'PIS. Pod nearly cylindrical, somewhat beaked, two-valved. Seeds nearly globular. Calyx spreading. 27. RA'PHANUS. Pod with imperfect bulging joints, without valves. Heeds globular. TETRADYNAMIA.— SILICULOSA. 1. SUBULA'RIA. AWL-WORT. Calyx erect, deciduous, of four equal, oval leaves. Petals four, inversely egg-shaped, entire, their claws shorter than the calyx. Filaments simple; anthers two-lobed. Germen egg-shaped, com- CL. XV.] TETRADYNAMlA— SILICULOSA. 265 pressed. Style none; stigma obtuse. Pouch egg-shaped, trans- versely compressed, entire, two-celled, two-valved; the valves deeply concave; partition membranous, elliptical, parallel to the valves, crossing the narrowest diameter of the pouch. Seeds egg- shaped, four or more in each cell. — Name, from subula, an awl. 314. 1. S. aqudtica. Water Awl-wort. Root of numerous white fibres: leaves awl-shaped, spreading : flowers in a simple, stalked cluster, arising from the root: petals white. Annual : flowers in July : grows in shallow water, in sand or gravel, near the edges of Alpine lakes : fre- quent. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 732. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 157. 929. 2. DRA'BA. WHITLOW-GRASS. Calyx of four, somewhat spreading, egg-shaped valves, equal at the base. Petals spreading, with short claws. Filaments awl- shaped; anthers two-lobed. Germen egg-shaped. Style very short; stigma knobbed, flat. Pouch oblong, compressed, entire, two-celled ; the valves nearly flat ; partition membranous. Seeds several in each cell, small, roundish. — Name, from drabe, acrid. 315. 1. D.vgrna. Common Whitlow-grass. Stem leafless; petals deeply cleft; leaves lance-shaped, toothed, hairy. Leaves arranged in a star-like form on the ground : flowers white, in a corymbose cluster. Annual : flowers in March and April : grows on walls and dry loose soil : common. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 586. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 158. 930- 2. D. aizoides. Yellow Alpine Whitlow-grass. Stem leafless ; petals slightly notched, twice as long as the calyx ; leaves lance-shaped, stiff, glossy, fringed and keeled. Flowers of a bright-yellow colour : pouch with a long style. Perennial : flowers in March and April : grows on walls and rocks about Swansea, Wales. Eng. Bot. vol. xviii. pi. 1271. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 158. 931. 3. D.ruplstris. Hairy Whitlow-grass. Stem nearly leafless; petals undivided ; leaves lance-shaped, slightly toothed, fringed with simple hairs. Stalk solitary, two or three inches high, round, leafless, or with a single leaf, near the bottom : flowers small, white, in a dense corymb, Perennial : flowers in May and June : grows on high mountains in Scot- land : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xix. pi. 1338. D. hirta. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 159. 932. 4. D. incdna. Twisted-podded Whitlow-grass. Stem-leaves numerous, lance-shaped, hoary, like the stem, with starry hairs; pouch oblong, oblique or twisted, longer than the hairy flower-stalks. Stem from two to twelve inches high. Root-leaves arranged in a star-like form: flowers numerous, white, with inversely heart-shaped petals. Biennial ; flowers in May and June : grows in rocky places, on the mountains of Scotland, Wales, and the north of England: frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 388. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 160. 933. 5. D. murfdis. Speedwell- leaved Whitlow-grass. Stem branched ; leaves heart-shaped, toothed, hairy ; pouch elliptical, obtuse, flat, shorter than the partial stalks. Stem erect, about a foot high, leafy, rough with starry hairs : flowers very numerous, small, white. Annual: flowers in Z 2 266 TETRADTNAMIA — SILICULOSA. [jCL. XV. April and May : grows on walls in England and Ireland : not common. Eng. Bot. vol.'xiii. pl.912. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 161. 934. 3. ALYS'SUM. ALYSSUM. Calyx of four egg-shaped equal leaves. Petals egg-shaped, flat, spreading, with short claws. Filaments about the length of the calyx; anthers two-lobed. Germen round or elliptical, com- pressed. Style short ; stigma small, simple. Pouch round, oval, or inversely egg-shaped, compressed, two-celled ; valves flattish ; partition membranous. Seeds one or two in each cell, oval, com- pressed.— Named from a, privative, and tysson, rage. 316. 1. A. maritimum. Sweet Alyssum. Stem somewhat woody, much branched ; leaves lance-shaped, acute, entire, hoary with close hairs ; seeds solitary. Flowers abundant, in dense corymbose clusters : petals white. Perennial : flowers in August and September : grows on banks and rocks near the sea : rare, but is not indigenous. Found in the south of England, and near Aberdeen. Eng. Bot. vol. xxv. pi. 1729. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 163. 935. 4. CAMELI'NA. CAMELINA. Calyx of four oblong, equal, spreading, deciduous leaves. Petals oblong, undivided, with shortish claws. Filaments thread-shaped; anthers heart-shaped. Germen roundish. Style cylindrical, erect; stigma obtuse. Pouch inversely egg-shaped, two-celled, the valves concave, the partition membranous. Seeds numerous in each cell, oblong, compressed. — Name, chamaelinum, dwarf- flax. 317. 1. C. sativa. Gold of Pleasure. Pouches inversely heart-shaped, bor- dered twice the length of the style : leaves lance-shaped, arrow-shaped at the base. Stem erect, about two feet high : flowers small, pale- yellow. Annual : flowers in June : grows in cultivated ground, chiefly among flax, with which it has been imported : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xviii. pi. 1254 : Alyssum sativum. Eng. Fi. vol. iii. p. 164. 936. 5. HUTCHI'NSIA. HUTCHINSIA. Calyx of four elliptical, equal, spreading, deciduous leaves. Petals inversely egg-shaped, entire. Filaments awl-shaped; an- thers roundish. Germen oval, compressed. Style compressed ; stigma obtuse. Pouch elliptical, compressed, nearly entire, two- celled ; valves keel-shaped ; partition narrow, crossing the greater diameter of the pouch. Seeds two or more in each cell, egg- shaped. — Named after Mm Hutchins, an Irish botanist. 318. 1. H. petrie'a. Rock Hutchinsia. Leaves pinnate, entire ; petals scarcely as long as the calyx ; stigma sessile ; seeds two in each cell. Stems two or three inches high, erect, branched : flowers minute, white, corymbose. Annual : flowers in March and April : grows on rocks and walls in the west of England, and in Wales : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 211 : Lepidium petrtfum. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 168. 937. CL. XV.] TETRADYNAMIA — SILICULOSA. 267 6. LEPl'DIUM. PEPPER-WORT. Calyx of four egg-shaped, concave, deciduous leaves. Petals inversely egg-shaped, undivided, with narrow claws. Filaments awl-shaped, as long as the calyx ; anthers two-lobed. Germen roundish. Style slender ; stigma obtuse. Pouch round or oblong, compressed, notched at the top, two-celled ; the valves keel-shaped ; partition very narrow, crossing the greater diameter of the pouch. Seeds one in each cell, egg-shaped. — Named from lepis, a scale. 319. 1. L. latifolium. Broad-leaved Pepper-wort. Leaves between lance- shaped and egg-shaped, undivided, serrate. Stems three feet high, branched : flowers numerous, very small, white, in compound leafy panicled clusters. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in marshes and meadows near the sea : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 182. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 165. 938. 2. L. Drdba. Whitlow Pepper-wort. Leaves lance-shaped, clasping the stem. About a foot high, with large, distant leaves, and corymbs of numerous white flowers: pouch heart-shaped, with the style about its own length. Perennial : flowers in June : grows in fields and hedges in several places in the south of England, where it has been naturalized. Eng. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2683. Brit. FL 4th ed. p. 247. 939. 3. L. ruderdle. Narrow-leaved Pepper-wort. Lower leaves pinnatifid, toothed ; upper linear, entire ; stamens two ; petals none. The whole plant smooth, glaucous : stem about ten inches high : flowers sometimes have the petals. Annual : flowers in June : grows in waste ground : frequent. Eng. But. vol. xxiii. pi. 1595. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 166. 940. 4. L. campestre. Mithridate Pepper-wort. Pouch covered with minute scales, notched, bordered at the top ; style very short ; stem-leaves arrow- shaped, toothed. More or less downy and glaucous : lowest leaves in- versely egg-shaped : flowers numerous, small, white, corymbose. Annual : flowers in July: grows in cultivated fields: frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xx. pi. 1385 : Thtaspi campeitrc. Eng. Ft. vol. iii. p. 166. 941. 5. L. Smtthii. Hairy Mithridate Mustard. Pouch egg-shaped, notched, not scaly, bordered at the top ; style prominent ; stem-leaves arrow-shaped, toothed. Stems hairy, from six to eight inches high : flowers white. Perennial: flowers in June: grows on the edges of fields. Eng. Bot. vol. xxvi. pi. 1803 : Lepidium hirtum. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 167. 942. 7. THLA'SPI. SHEPHERD'S-PURSE. Calyx of four egg-shaped, concave, spreading, equal leaves. Petals egg-shaped, equal, undivided, with short claws. Filaments slender ; anthers heart-shaped, acute. Germen roundish, notched or inversely heart-shaped. Style short ; stigma obtuse. Pouch compressed, roundish or inversely heart-shaped, two-celled; valves keeled, generally bordered; partition elliptical, crossing the greater diameter of the pouch. Seeds egg-shaped, several in each cell. — Named from thlao, to flatten. 320. 1. T.arvtnse. Mithridate Mustard. Penny-cress. Pouch round, nearly flat, shorter than its stalk ; leaves smooth, oblong, toothed. About a 268 TETRADYNAMIA — SILICULO8A. [CL. XV. foot high, branched, smooth : flowers small, white, in dense corymbs : pouches very large, with a deep notch. The seeds have a strong flavour of garlic. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows in cultivated and waste ground : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiv. pi. 1659. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 171. 943. 2. T. perfolidtvm. Perfoliate Shepherd's-purse. Pouch inversely heart-shaped; stem-leaves heart-shaped, smooth, somewhat toothed; style very short. Glaucous, smooth : stem branched : root-leaves stalked, egg-shaped : stem-leaves sessile, somewhat arrow-shaped : flowers small, white, densely corymbose. Perennial : flowers in April and May : grows in pastures, in Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxiii. pi. 2354. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 172. 944. 3. T. alptstre. Alpine Shepherd' s-purse. Pouch inversely egg-shaped, abrupt, with a prominent style ; stem-leaves arrow-shaped ; stems simple. Smooth and glaucous: stems about six inches high, leafy: root- leaves egg-shaped, in dense tufts : flowers small, white, with slightly notched petals. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in moun- tainous pastures, in the north of England: rare. GlenClova, Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol.ii. pi. 81. Eng. FU vol. iii. p. 173. 945. 4. T. Bursa-paftoris. Common Shepherd's-purse. Pouch inversely heart-shaped, somewhat triangular ; root-leaves pinnatifid, hairy. Stem branched, about a foot high : flowers small, white, corymbose. Annual: flowers from March to November : grows in cultivated ground and by road-sides: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxi. pi. 1485. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 173. 946. 8. TEESDA'LIA. TEESDALIA. Calyx of four egg-shaped, concave, nearly equal, spreading leaves. Petals inversely egg-shaped, undivided, spreading, two generally much larger. Filaments cylindrical, incurved, shorter than the corolla, each bearing an egg-shaped scale on the inner side ; anthers of two round lobes. Germen roundish, two-lobed ; stigma globular, sessile. Pouch compressed, roundish, concave on one side, bordered and cleft at the top, two-celled ; the valves boat- like, with dilated keels; partition lance-shaped, narrow, contrary to the greater diameter of the pouch. Seeds two in each cell, roundish, compressed. — Named after Mr. Teesdale, an English botanist. 321. 1. T. nndicaulis. Naked-stalked Teesdalia. Root-leaves pinnatifid ; petals unequal. Stems several, the central one straight and leafless : flowers white. Annual : flowers in May and June : grows in dry pas- tures and gravelly places : very common in many parts of Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 327. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 170. 947. 9. IBE'RIS. CANDY-TUFT. Calyx of four egg-shaped, concave, equal, spreading leaves. Petals inversely egg-shaped, undivided, unequal, with short claws. Filaments awl-shaped, about the length of the calyx ; anthers roundish. Germen round, compressed, notched ; style very short ; stigma obtuse. Pouch egg-shaped, compressed, bordered, two- celled, cleft into two acute lobes ; valves boat-shaped, with a di- CL. XV.] TETRADYNAMIA — SILICULOSA. 269 lated pointed keel ; partitions membranous, as wide as the valves. Seeds one in each cell, egg-shaped. — Named from Iberia, or Spain. 322. 1. I. amdra. Bitter Candy-tuft. Stem herbaceous ; leaves lance- shapeil, acute, partly crenate ; flowers in oblong clusters. Smooth: stems branched, leafy : flowers white. Annual : flowers in July : grows in corn-fields, but is not indigenous : rare. About Henley in Oxfordshire, and Wallingl'ord in Berkshire. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 52. Eng. Ft. vol. iii. p. 181. 948. 10. COCHLEA'RIA. SCURVY-GRASS. Calyx of four egg-shaped, concave, spreading leaves. Petals inversely egg-shaped, undivided, twice the length of the calyx, with short claws. Filaments awl-shaped, incurved, as long as the calyx ; anthers roundish. Germen roundish. Styles very short, permanent ; stigma obtuse. Pouch globular, egg-shaped, or elliptical, turgid, wrinkled, veiny, two-celled; valves concave j partition round or elliptical, membranous. Seeds several in each cell, roundish. — Name from cochleare, a spoon. 323. 1. C. qfficindlis. Common Scurvy -grass. Hoot-leaves roundish, stalked ; stem-leaves oblong, sessile, somewhat sinuated ; pouch globular. Smooth and shining stem angular, much branched, decumbent : flowers white, in numerous corymbose clusters. A variety occurs on elevated mountains, differing chiefly in its small size. Annual : flowers in May : grows abundantly on the sea-coast, and along rivers near the sea ; also in rocky places of the higher mountains of Scotland and Wales. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 551. Eng. F L. vol. iii. p. 175. 949. 2. C. A'nglica. English Scurvy-grass. Root-leaves egg-shaped, en- tire; stem-leaves sessile, lance-shaped, toothed; pouch elliptical, strongly reticulated with veins. The principal difference between this and the last is in the form of the pouch. Annual : grows in muddy places on the sea-shore, and along rivers near the mouth, as well as on elevated mountains: frequent. Eng, Bot. vol. viii. pi. 552. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 176. 950. 3. C. Ddnica. Danish Scurvy-grass. Leaves all triangular and stalked ; pouch elliptical. Stems three or four inches long, spreading or pros- trate : flowers white. Annual: flowers in May and June : grows on the sea-coast : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. x. pi. 696. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 177. 951. 4. C. Armnrdcia. Horse Radish. Root-leaves oblong, crenate ; stem- leaves lance-shaped, cut. Koot long, cylindrical : stem two feet high, erect : flowers white. The root is pungent and used as a condiment. Perennial : flowers in May : grows in waste ground, but is not indigenous. Eng. Bot. vol.xxxiii. pi. 2323. Eng. FL. vol. iii. p. 178. 952. 11. SENEBIE'RA. WART-CRESS. Calyx of four egg-shaped, concave, spreading leaves. Petals egg-shaped, undivided. Filaments awl-shaped, as long as the calyx ; anthers roundish, two-lobed. Germen roundish, or two- 270 TKTRADYNAMIA SILICULOSA. [CL. XV. lobed, compressed. Style very short; stigma obtuse. Pouch roundish, compressed, two-lobed, two-celled, not bursting ; valves globular or rounded, wrinkled, each lodging a solitary roundish seed. — Name, in honour of M. Senebier, of Geneva, an eminent botanist. 324. 1. S.Coronopus. Swine'$-cress. Wart-cress. Pouch undivided, crested, with little sharp points ; style prominent; leaves pinnau'fid, subdivided. Root tapering : stems prostrate, branched, leafy : leaves deeply divided, smooth : flowers white, in dense corymbs. Annual : flowers from June to September : grows in waste ground and by way-sides : not uncommon in England, but rare in Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiv. pi. 1660. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 179, 953. 2. S. didyma. Less Wart-cress. Pouch cleft, of two round wrinkled lobes; style very short; leaves pinnatifid, partly crenate. Root fibrous, small : stems procumbent, about a foot long, branched : leaves smooth, flat : flowers small, white, with two or four stamens only. An- nual : flowers in July : grows in waste ground, in Devonshire and Cornwall, and in Ireland. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 248 : Lepidium duty- mum. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 180. 954. 12. CRA'MBE. SEA-KALB. Calyx of four oblong, concave, spreading leaves. Petals large, obtuse, broad, spreading. Filaments awl-shaped, the four longest with a sharp lateral tooth ; anthers oblong. Germen oblong. Style none; stigma obtuse. Pouch finally leathery, of two joints,, each one-celled, not bursting, the lower abortive, the upper globu- lar and deciduous. Seed solitary, globular. — Name, crambos, of the Greeks. 325. 1. C.maritima. Sea-Kale. Leaves roundish, sinuated, toothed, glau- cous, smooth. Root large and fleshy : stems two feet high, branched, spreading, smooth and glaucous: leaves stalked, leathery: flowers large, white, in terminal clusters. The young leaves are boiled as cabbage. Perennial : flowers in May and June : grows in sand on the sea-coast : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 924. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 184. 955. 13. CAKl'LE. SEA-ROCKET. Calyx of four erect, oblong, deciduous leaves, two opposite ones protuberant at the base. Petals inversely egg-shaped, obtuse, spreading, their claws as long as the calyx. Filaments awl- shaped, simple ; anthers oblong, cleft at the base. Germen oblong. Style none; stigma obtuse. Pouch of two joints, angular, compressed, the lower often abortive, the upper oblong, with a tapering point, deciduous, each one-celled, not bursting. Seeds one in each cell, elliptical. — Name, an old Arabic word. 326. 1. C. maritima. Sea-Rocket. Joints of the pouch two-edged, the upper one arrow-shaped ; leaves fleshy, pinnatifid, obtuse. The whole plant smooth and glaucous : stem a foot high, much branched : leaves CL. XV.]] TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA. 271 scattered : flowers large, densely corymbose : petals lilac. Annual : flowers from June to September : grows on the sea-shore, in sand : common. Eng. Bot. vol.iv. pi. 231 : Bunias Cakite. Eng. Ft. vol. iii. p. 183. 956. SILIQUOSA. 14. DENTA'RIA. CORALWORT. Calyx of four oblong, erect leaves. Petals inversely egg- shaped, obtuse, horizontal, with erect claws, shorter than the calyx. Filaments awl-shaped, as long as the calyx ; anthers arrow-shaped, erect. Germen oblong. Style short and thick ; stigma obtuse. Pod sessile, lance-shaped, compressed, tapering upwards ; valves flat, without ribs, narrower than the partitions. Seeds egg-shaped, not bordered, inserted alternately in a single row, by dilated and winged stalks. — Named from dens, a tooth, the root having projecting angles resembling teeth. 327. 1. D.bulbifera. Bulbiferous Coralwart. Lower leaves pinnatifid, upper simple, with axillar bulbs. Stem erect, leafy, two feet high : leaves alternate, bright-green: flowers purple, corymbose. Perennial: flowers in April and May: grows in moist shady places in England: rare. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 309. Eng. Fi. vol. iii. p. 186. 957. 15. CARDAMI'NE. CARDAMINE. Calyx of four oblong, blunt, slightly spreading leaves, two of them protuberant at the base. Petals inversely egg-shaped, undivided, tapering into short claws. Filaments awl-shaped, the two shorter with a gland at the base ; anthers small heart- shaped, acute, recurved. Germen linear, slender. Style very short ; stigma obtuse. Pod erect, linear, compressed ; valves flat, without ribs, scarcely narrower than the bordered par- tition. Seeds egg-shaped, not bordered, inserted alternately in a single row, by short and slender stalks. — Name, from cardia, the heart, and damao, to strengthen. 328. 1. C. impdtiens. Narrow-leaved Cardamine. Leaves pinnate, with lance-shaped leaflets ; stipules fringed. About a foot high : flowers minute, white. Annual: flowers in May and June: grows in moun- tainous meadows, by the sides of streams : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 80. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 187. 958. 2. C.hirsuta. Hairy Cardamine. Leaves pinnate, without stipules; leaflets stalked, roundish. From three inches to a foot high, more or less hairy : flowers small, white, corymbose. Annual : flowers from March to July: grows in loose soil, in shady places: common. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 492. Eng. Ft. vol. iii. p. 188. 959. 3. C. prattnsis. Ladies' Smock. Cuckoo-flower. Leaves pinnate, without stipules; leaflets of the radical ones roundish, toothed; those of the stem-leaves lance-shaped, entire; petals with a tooth on the claw. About a foot high : flowers large, in corymbs, pale-purple, lila white. Perennial : flowers in May : grows in moist meadows , 272 TETRADYNAMIA — 8ILIQUOSA. [CL. XV. watery places : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 776. Eng . Fl. vol. iii. p. 189. 960. 4. C. amdra. Bitter Cardamine. Leaves pinnate, without stipules ; leaflets of the lower more roundish, of the rest angular or toothed ; stem creeping at the base. Stems from one to two feet high: flowers large, white. Perennial : flowers in April and May : grows in wet meadows : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 776. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 189. 961. 16. A'RABIS. WALL-CRESS. Calyx of four oblong, converging, erect, deciduous leaves, two opposite ones somewhat larger, and protuberant at the base. Petals oblong, undivided, spreading, tapering into broadish claws, hardly so long as the calyx. Filaments thread-shaped, erect, generally with four glands at their base externally ; anthers heart- shaped. Germen linear. Style very short ; stigma obtuse. Pod linear, compressed; its valves nearly flat, ribbed or veined, slightly undulated by the seeds ; partition linear, membranous. Seeds in one row, oval or round, compressed. — So named because originally an Arabian genus. 329. 1. A.Tha'duna. Common Wall-cress. Leaves hairy, toothed; root- leaves stalked, oblong, the rest sessile. About a foot high, branched : flowers small, white, corymbose. Annual: flowers in April: grows on walls, and in dry sandy ground: common. Eng, Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 901. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 209. 962. 2. A. stricta. Bristol Hock-cress. Leaves toothed, obtuse, bristly ; those of the root somewhat lyrate ; stem hairy; calyx smooth. Stem from three to six feet high, round, leafy : flowers few, corymbose, erect, cream-coloured. Perennial: flowers in May: grows in rocky places, about Bristol : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 614. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 210. 963. 3. A. petrte'a. Alpine Rock-cress. Root-leaves lyrate, smooth or with scattered hairs ; stem-leaves lance-shaped, entire, scattered ; petals spreading. Stem from three to ten inches high, ascending : root- leaves in tufts: flowers small, white. Perennial: flowers in July: grows in the fissures of rocks on high mountains in Wales and Scotland : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 409. A. hispida. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 211. 964. 4. A.hirsuta. Hairy Wall-cress. Leaves all bristly, toothed, those of the stem embracing ; pods erect. Stems about a foot high, erect, stiff", leafy, covered with spreading hairs: flowers small, white. Perennial: flowers in May : grows on dry rocks, gravelly banks, and walls : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 587. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 213. 965. 5. A. ciliiit/i. fringed Rock-crexs. Leaves somewhat toothed, oval, hairless, fringed, those from the root nearly sessile, obtuse, those of the stem half-embracing; stem unbranched ; pods nearly erect. From three to six inches high, with white flowers. Biennial : flowers in July: found at Rinville, Cunnemara, and on rocks in Glen Esk. Eng. Bot. pi. 1746. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 212. 966. 6. A. Turritn. Tower-cress. Leaves toothed, embracing the stem ; pods linear, flat, recurved in one direction ; bracteas leafy. About a CL. XV.] TETRAD YNAMIA — SILIQUOSA. 273 foot high : leaves heart-shaped at the base, with short, bristly hairs, the uppermost becoming oblong bracteas : flowers pale-yellow : pods thickened at the edges. Biennial: flowers in May : grows on old walls, but is not indigenous : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 178. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 214. 967. 17. TURRl'TIS. TOWER MUSTARD. Calyx of four oblong, converging, erect, deciduous leaves, two opposite ones slightly protuberant at the base. Petals inversely egg-shaped, undivided, erect. Filaments thread-shaped, erect ; anthers oblong. Germen linear, as long as the petals. Style very short ; stigma obtuse. Pod linear, compressed, very long, its valves straight, flat, with a prominent keel. Seeds very numerous, arranged in two rows in each cell, crowded, egg-shaped, com- pressed, slightly bordered. — Name, from turris, a tower, which the plant is supposed to resemble. 330. 1. T. gldbra. Smooth Tower Mustard. Root-leaves toothed, rough, the rest entire, clasping the stem, smooth. Stem from two to three feet high, erect, simple, smooth : root-leaves oblong, nearly lyrate : flow- ers numerous, corymbose, pale-yellow. Annual : flowers in May and June : grows on banks and by road-sides in England : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 777. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 215. 968. 18. NASTURTIUM. CHESS. Calyx of four oblong, obtuse, spreading, deciduous leaves. Petals inversely egg-shaped, undivided, spreading, with short claws. Filaments awl-shaped, the two shorter each with a gland at the base internally; anthers somewhat heart-shaped. Germen cylindrical. Style erect, short, cylindrical} stigma obtuse, notched. Pod nearly cylindrical, shortish ; its valves concave, without ribs or keel. Seeds roundish, flattened, irregularly arranged, on slen- der stalks. — Name from nasus tarsus, a convulsed or distorted nose. 331. 1. N.officindle. Common Water-cress. Leaves pinnate, with round- ish heart-shaped, waved leaflets. Stems spreading, generally floating, branched, angular, leafy, smooth : leaves deep-green : flowers white. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in rivulets, clear ditches, and ponds : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 855 : Sisymbrium 'Nastur- tium. Eng. FL vol. iii. p. 192. 969. 2. N.sylvestre. Creeping Yellow-cress. Leaves pinnate, with ellip- tical, deeply serrate leaflets; root creeping. Stems erect, a foot high, angular, furrowed, roughish : flowers numerous, small, gold-yellow, in terminal clusters. Perennial : flowers from June to September : grows in wet meadows and watery places : not common. Eng. Bot. vol.xxxiii. pi. 2324 : Sisymbrium sylvestre. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 193. 970. 3. N. terrgstre. Annual Yellow-cress. Leaves pinnatifid, unequally toothed ; root tapering ; petals not longer than the calyx. Stem a foot high, branched : flowers very small, pale-yellow. Annual : flowers from June to September : grows in watery places: frequent. Eng. Bot, vol. xxv. pi. 1747 : Sisymbrium terrestre. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 194. 971. 2 A 274 TETRADYNAMIA — SILIQUOSA. [CL. XV. 4. N.amphibium. Amphibious Yellow-cress. Leaves oblong, pinna- tifid, or serrate ; roots fibrous ; petals longer than the calyx. Stem two or three feet high, branched : flowers small, bright-yellow. Peren- nial: flowers from June to September : grows in watery places : frequent. En*. Bot. vol. xxvi. pi. 1840 : Sisymbrium amphibium. Eng. Ft. vol. iii. p. 195. 972. 19. SISY'MBRIUM. SISYMBIUUM. Calyx of four oblong, concave, spreading, deciduous leaves. Petals oblong, obtuse, undivided, with claws nearly the length of the calyx. Filaments thread-shaped, erect ; anthers heart-shaped. Germen linear, sessile, slender. Style very short ; stigma knob- bed, notched. Pod linear, slightly angular; valves linear, con- cave, waved ; partition narrow, membranous. Seeds numerous, small, oblong, arranged in a single row. — Name, used by the ancients. 332. 1. S. officindle. Common Hedge Mustard. Pods downy, pressed close to the stalk; leaves runcinate, hairy; stem rough with deflected bristles. From one to two feet high, branched : leaves lyrale : flowers pale-yellow, small, corymbose. Warm and acid to the taste. Infusion of it is said to be good for hoarseness, and ulcers of the throat. Annual : flowers in June and July : grows among rubbish, and by roads and hedges : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 735 : Erysimum iifficinale. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 196. 973. 2. S. 1'rio. "London Rocket. Leaves runcinate, toothed, smooth ; stem smooth; pods erect. About two feet high, smooth: flowers yellow, small. Annual: flowers in July and August : grows in waste ground and among rubbish : rare. About London and Berwick. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiii. pi. 1631. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 197. 974. 3. S. Sophia. Flix-weed. Leaves doubly pinnatifid, a little hairy ; petals smaller than the calyx. Stem slender, about two feet high : flowers small, greenish-yellow. Annual : flowers from June to Septem- ber : grows among rubbish and in waste ground : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 963. 975. 20. MATTHI'OLA. STOCK. Calyx of four linear, oblong, concave, erect, converging, deci- duous leaves, two opposite ones protuberant at the base. Petals inversely egg-shaped, spreading, with erect claws, as long as the calyx. Filaments awl-shaped, the two outer much shorter, and embraced at the .base by a gland ; anthers oblong, nearly erect, with two linear lobes. Germen oblong, somewhat compressed, shorter than the stamens. Style short and thick ; stigma two- lobed. Pod linear, compressed, convex or keeled; valves straight; partition membranous. Seeds round, compressed, having a mem- branous border, and arranged alternately in a single row. — Named after P. A. Matthioli, an Italian physician. 333. 1. M. incrfwa. Hoary Shrubby Stock. Stem shrubby, erert, branched; leaves lance-shaped, obtuse, hoary with dense hairs. About two feet high : flowers large, corymbose, with pale-purple petals. Flowers in May and June : grows on rocks, near Hastings, Sussex, but is not there CL. XV.] TETRADYNAMIA — SILIQUOSA. 275 wild. Eng. Bot. vol. xxvii. pi. 1935 : Cheiranthus incanus. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 205. 976. 2. M. sinudta. Great Sea Stock. Stem herbaceous, with spreading branches : leaves sinuate, obtuse, downy ; those of the branches undi- vided ; pods rough, with prominent glands. The whole plant covered with dense starry hairs and short glandular prickles : stem two feet high : flowers purple. Biennial : flowers from May to September : grows on sandy sea-shores in England : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 462 : Chei- ranthus sinuatus. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 206. 977. 21. BARBARE'A. WINTER-CRESS. Calyx of four oblong, concave, erect, deciduous leaves. Petals inversely egg-shaped, undivided, their claws nearly as long as the calyx. Filaments awl-shaped, erect, -with a gland on each side within the shorter ones. Germen oblong, four-sided. Style short, cylindrical ; stigma obtuse. Pod linear, four-sided, slightly com- pressed ; valves concave, keeled, even ; partition membranous, thick-edged. Seeds egg-shaped, flattish, arranged alternately in one row. — Name, from St. Barbara. 334. 1. B. vulgdris. Bitter Winter-cress. Yellow Rocket. Lower leaves lyre-shaped, with the terminal lobe roundish ; upper leaves inversely egg- shaped, toothed. Stem about two feet high, stout, angular, furrowed : flowers small, bright-yellow, in corymbose clusters. Bitter and sharp to the taste, used sometimes as a salad. Perennial : flowers from May to August : grows on the banks of ditches and rivers, and about hedges and walls : common. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 443 : Erysimum Barbarea. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 198. 978. 2. B. prie'cox. Early Winter-cress. Lower leaves lyrate, upper deeply pinnatifid, with linear, entire segments. From one to two feet high : flowers yellow, very small. Biennial : flowers from April to October : grows in waste places in various parts of England, but is not indigenous. Eng. Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1129 : Erysimum pr. XX. one to two feet high, bearing two sessile leaves : spike clustered, of nume- rous green flowers. Perennial : flowers in June : grows in woods and pastures : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xxii. pi. 1548. Eng. Ft. vol. iv. p. 37. 1254. 2. L. corddta. Heart-leaved Mountain Tway-blade. Leave* heart- shaped, opposite ; nectary four-lobed. Root of a few long fibres : stem three or four inches high : only two leaves on the stem : spike of a few small, green flowers. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in woods and on moors, in the north of England and in Scotland : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. v. pi. 358. Eng. Ft. vol. iv. p. 38. Ophrys cordata. 1255. 3. L. Nidus-Avis. Bird's-nest Listera. Stem leafless, clothed with sheathing scales ; nectary with two spreading lobes. Root of very numerous, tufted, cylindrical fibres : stem about a foot high : no leaves : flowers pale-brown. Perennial : flowers in May and June : grows in shady woods, among dead leaves : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 48. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 39. 1256. 8. EPIPA'CTIS. HELLEBORINE. Calyx superior, of three egg-shaped, acute, permanent leaves. Petals two, egg-shaped, spreading, as long as the calyx. Nectary scarcely spurred, not longer than the petals, concave at the base, contracted in the middle, undivided at the end. Anther termi- nating the style, fixed, of two close parallel cells. Germen oblong, angular. Style incurved ; stigma close under the anther, promi- nent, angular, undivided. Capsule oblong, angular. Seeds small, roundish. — Name given by the Greeks to a kind of Helle- bore. 415. 1. E. latifolia. Broad-leaved Helteborine. Leaves egg-shaped, em- bracing the stem ; flowers drooping ; lower bracteas longer than the flowers ; lip shorter than the calyx, entire, with a minute point. Root creeping : stem from one to two feet high : leaves becoming gradually narrower as they ascend : spike long, loose, greenish-purple. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in woods and pastures : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 269. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 40. Serapias latifolia. 1257. 2. E. palustris. Marsh Helleborine. Leaves lance-shaped, embracing the stem ; flowers drooping ; lip rounded, obtuse, crenate, as long as the petals, with a notched protuberance on the disk. Root creeping : stem about a foot high : flowers few, whitish, tinged with crimson, forming a loose egg-shaped spike. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in wet meadows and marshes : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 270. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 42. Serapias palustris. 1258. 3. E. grandiflura. Large White Helleborine. Leaves lance-shaped, inclining to elliptical ; bracteas longer than the germen ; flowers sessile, erect; lip abrupt, shorter than the calyx, with elevated lines on the disk. Root creeping : stem a foot high : flowers large, white. Perennial : flowers in June: grows in woods : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 271. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 43. Serapias grandiflora. 1259. 4. E. ensifiilia. Narrow-leaved White Helleborine. Leaves lance- shaped, pointed ; bracteas much shorter than the germen ; flowers sessile, erect ; lip abrupt, half the length of the calyx, with elevated lines on the CL. XX.] GYNANDRIA — MONANDBIA. 341 disk. Root creeping : stem more than a foot high : flowers lan*e, white. Perennial: flowers in May and June: grows in mountainous woods : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 494. Eng. F/. vol. iv. p. 44. Se- rapias ensijolia. 1260. 5. E. rubra. Purple Helleborine. Leaves lance-shaped ; bracteas longer than the germen ; flowers sessile, erect; lip tapering to a point, with elevated undulating lines on the disk. Root creeping: stem above a foot high : flowers large, rose-coloured, in a loose spike. Peren- nial: flowers in May and June : grows in woods : very rare. Gloucester- shire, and Methven woods in Perthshire. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 437. Eng. Fl. vol.iv. p. 45. Serapias rubra. 1261. 9. MALA'XIS. BOG-ORCHIS. Calyx superior, of three oblong, spreading, permanent leaves. Petals two, spreading, oblong, smaller than the calyx. Nectary spurless, variously shaped. Anther terminal, hemispherical, deci- duous, of two close cells. Germen inversely egg-shaped, angular. Style convex at the back, flat or concave in front ; stigma close beneath the anther in front. Capsule oblong, ribbed. Seeds nume- rous, minute. — Name from malacis, soft. 416. 1 . M. paludosa. Least Bog-orchis. Marsh Tway-blade. Leaves about four, egg-shaped, rough at the extremity ; stalk five-cornered ; lip entire, concave, acute, half the length of the calyx. Roots bulbous, egg- shaped : stem from three to five inches high : spike long, slender, of small greenish flowers. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in spongy bogs : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 72. Eng. Fl.vol. iv. p. 47. 1262. 2. M. Lxselii. Two-leaved Bog-orchis. Leaves two, narrow, ellip- tical; stalk three-cornered; lip inversely egg-shaped, channelled, entire, recurved, longer than the calyx. Bulb egg-shaped, greenish : spike few-flowered: flowers pale-yellow. Perennial: flowers in July : grows in sandy bogs, in the south of England : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 47. Eng. FL vol. iv. p. 48. Ophrys Lceselii. 1263. 10. CORALLORHI'ZA. CORAL-ROOT. Calyx superior, of three lance-shaped, spreading, permanent leaves. Petals two, oblong, ascending, nearly as long as the calyx. Nectary with a spur, the lip three-lobed, rather shorter than the calyx. Anther terminal, hemispherical, two-celled. Germen ob- long. Style incurved, shorter than the petals, convex behind, channelled before ; stigma obsolete, beneath the anther. Capsule oblong. Seeds numerous, extremely minute. — Name from coral, lion, coral, and rhiza, a root. 417. 1. C. inndta. Spurless Coral-root. Spur of the nectary short, not distinct from the lip. Root of numerous compound branches, of a pale-brown colour, resembling coral in its mode of ramification : no leaves: stalk about five inches high: spike of from five to ten pale- yellowish flowers. Perennial : flowers in May and June : grows in marshy places in Scotland : rare. Near the head of Little Loch 342 OYNANDRIA HEXANDRIA. [CL. XX. Broom, in Ross-shire ; Ravelrig Bog, and bog to the south of Dalma- hoy-hill, near Edinburgh ; sands of Barry, near Dundee. Eng. Rot. vol. xx. pi. 1547. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 49. Ophrys Corallorhiza. 1264. DIANDRIA. 11. CYPRIPE'DIUM. LADIES'-SLIPPER. Calyx superior, of three lance-shaped, spreading, coloured leaves, the upper one broadest. Petals two, about the same length, spread- ing, narrow lance-shaped. Nectary spurless, with an inflated, ob- tuse, prominent lip, having an irregular longitudinal fissure above. Filaments two on the style, lateral, oblong. Anthers lateral, ellip- tical. Germen oblong, triangular. Style short, somewhat com- pressed, terminating above the stamens in a dilated lobe ; stigma beneath this lobe, and parallel to it, dilated and flattened. Capsule oblong, angular. Seeds oblong, numerous. — Name from Cypris, Venus, and podion, a slipper. 418. 1. C.Calciolus. Common Ladies' -slipper. Stem leafy; terminal lobe of the style elliptical, obtuse, channelled ; lip somewhat compressed, shorter than the petals. Root tuberous, branching : stem a foot high : flower solitary, terminal, large, dark-brown. Perennial : flowers in June : grows in woods : has been found in a few places in the north of England only. Eng. Bot. vol. i. pi. 1. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 51. 1265. HEXANDRIA. 12. ARISTOLO'CHIA. BIHTHWORT. Calyx superior, of one leaf, tubular, coloured, permanent ; nearly globose at the base, with the limb dilated. Corolla none. Filaments none ; anthers six, sessile, on the outer surface of a notched cup, crowning the germen, two-celled, each cell two- valved. Germen inferior, oblong, angular. Style very short; stigma nearly globular, six-lobed, the summit concave. Capsule large, oval, six-cornered, six-celled, six-valved. Seeds numerous in each cell, triangular. — Named from its supposed medical power. 419. 1. A. Clematitis. Common Birthwort. Leaves heart-shaped ; stem erect ; flowers aggregate, erect. Roots long, slender : stems about two feet high, erect, zig-zag, leafy, unbranched: flowers, several from the bosom of each leaf, on simple stalks, pale-yellow. Perennial : flowers in July and August : grows in woods and thickets, and among ruins in the south of England, but is not indigenous, having formerly been cultivated. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 398. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 53. 1266. 343 CLASS XXI. MONCECIA. Plants having Flowers furnished "with Stamens only, and Flowers furnished with Pistils only, on the same individual. Order I. MONANDRIA. One Stamen. 1. EUPHO'RBIA. Involucre with numerous barren or stameniferous flowers, and one fertile or pistilliferous. Barren flower. Calyx none. Corolla none. Fertile flower} Calyx none. Corolla none. Capsule three-lobed. Styles three»cleft. 2. ZANNICHE'LLIA. Involucre none. Barren flower. Calyx none. Corolla none. Fertile flower. Calyx of one leaf. Corolla none. Germens four or more. Seeds four, stalked. ( Callitriche. Typha minor.) Order II. DIANDRIA. Two Stamens. (Calex pulicaris, stellulata, and other species.) Order III. TRIANDRIA. Three Stamens. 4. SPARGA'NIUM. Flowers in globular heads. Barren flower. Calyx three-leaved. Corolla none. Fertile flower. Calyx three-leaved. Corolla none. Drupe dry. 5. CA'REX. Flowers in imbricated catkins. Barren flower. Calyx a chaff-scale. Corolla none. Fertile flower. Calyx a chaff-scale. Corolla a husk, investing the loose seed. 6. ELYNA. Flowers in imbricated, two-rowed catkins. Barren flower. Calyx a chaff-scale. Corolla none. Fertile flower. Calyx a chaff-scale. Corolla none. Seeri one, loose. 3. TY'PHA. F/otcm in a cylindrical, hairy catkin. Barren flower. Calyx none. Corolla none. Anthers three on each filament. Fertile flower. Calyx none. Corolla none. Seed one, on a hairy stalk. OrderlV. TETRANDRIA. Four Stamens. 11. ERIOCAU'LON. Flowers in a compact scaly head. Ba?-m» flower, in the middle. Ca/i/i none. Corolla of one petal, with four or six segments. Stamens four or six. Fertile flower, in the circumference. Pefa/s four or six. Style one. Capsule superior, two or three-lobed. Seeds solitary. 7. LITTORE'LLA. Barren flower. Calyx four-leaved. Corolla with four segments. Stamens hair-like, very long. Fertile flower. Calyx none. Corolla unequally three-cleft. Style very long. Nut one-celled. 344 MONffiCIA. [CL. XXI. 10. U'RTICA. Barren flower. Calyx four-leaved. Corolla none. Nectary central, cup-shaped. Stamens as long as the calyx. Fertile flower. Calyx two-leaved. Corolla none. Seed one, supe- rior, polished. 9. BU'XUS. Barren flower. Calyx three-leaved. Petals two. Ru- diment of a germen. Fertile flower. Calyy four-leaved. Petals three. Styles three. Capsule three-celled. Seeds two. 8. A'LNUS. Barren flower. Calyx the scale of a catkin, permanent, three-flowered. Corolla deeply four-cleft. Fertile flower. Calyithe scale of a catkin, permanent, two-flowered. Corolla none. Style two. Nut compressed, without wings. (Myrica.) Order V. PENTANDRIA. Five Stamens. 12. XA'NTHIUM. Barren flower. Common ralyx imbricated, many- flowered, with intermediate scales. Corolla of one petal, funnel- shaped, five-cleft. Fertile flower. Calyx of two leaves, with two flowers. Corolla none. Drupe coated with the prickly calyx. Nut two-celled. 13. AMARA'NIHUS. Barren flower. Calyx of three or five leaves. Corolla none. Stamens three or five. Fertile flower. Calyx of three or five leaves. Corolla none. Styles three or two. Capsule one-celled. Seed one. 14. BRYO'NIA. Barren flower. Calyx five-toothed. Corolla five- cleft. Filaments three. Anthers five. Fertile flower. Calyx five-toothed, deciduous. Corolla five-cleft. Style three-cleft. Berry inferior. Seeds few. (Fagus. Quercus. Atriplex.) Order VI. POLYANDRIA. More than Five Stamens. 16. MYRIOPHY'LLUM. Barren flowers. Calyx four-leaved. Petals four. Stamens eight. FertUeflnwers. Calyx four-leaved. Petals four. Stigmas four, ses- sile. Drupes four. 19. POTE'RIUM. Barren flowers. Calyx three-leaved. Corolla deeply four-cleft. Stamens from thirty to fifty. Fertile flowers. Calyx three-leaved. Corolla deeply four-cleft. Pistils two. AT«t two-celled. 17. SAGITTA'RIA. Barren flowers. Calyx three-leaved. Petals three. Stamens about twenty-four. Fertile flowers. Calyx three-leaved. Petals three. Piit Us nume- rous. Seeds numerous, bordered. 15. CERATOPHY'LLUM. Barren flowers. Calyx many-cleft. Carotin none. Stamens from sixteen to twenty. Fertile flowtrs. Calyx many-cleft. Corolla none. Stigma sessile, oblique. Drupe compressed. 21. FA'GUS. Barren flowers in a catkin. Calyx with several segments. Corolla none. Stamens from five to twenty. Fertile flowers. Calyx double ; the outer inferior, prickly, deeply divided into several segment*, two or three-flowered ; the inner superior, five or six-cleft. Corolla none. Styles five or six. Nuts two or three, invested by the enlarged outer calyx. CL. XXI.] MON03CIA MONANDRIA. 345 20. QUE'RCUS. Barren flowers in a loose catkin. Calyx divided into several segments. Corolla none. Stamens eight or more. Fertile flowers. Calyx double ; the outer inferior, scaly, undivided ; the inner superior, with six deep segments. Corolla none. Style one. Nut solitary, closely invested at its base with the hemisphe- rical outer calyx. 24. CO'RYLUS. Barren flowers in a cylindrical catkin. Calyx a three- cleft scale. Corolla none. Stamens eight or more. Fertile flowers. Calyx double ; the outer inferior, divided ; the in- ner superior, minute. Corolla none. Styles two. Nut solitary, hard, invested by the enlarged, leathery, outer calyx. 23. CARPl'NUS. Barren flowers in a cylindrical catkin. Calyx a rounded scale. Corolla none. Stamens ten or more. Fertile flowers. Calyx double ; the outer inferior, of several deci- duous scales; the inner superior, with three deep, egg-shaped, acute, permanent segments. Corolla none. Styles two. Nut egg- shaped, angular, naked. 22. BETULA. Barren flowers in a cylindrical catkin. Calyx a ternate scale. Corolla, none. Stamens ten or twelve. Fertile flowers in an oblong catkin. Calyx a three-lobed, three- flowered scale. Corolla none. Styles two. Nut winged, deci- duous. 18. A'RUM. Common calyx a sheath inclosing a common stalk, naked above. Corolla none. Barren flowers. Stamens numerous, in a dense ring, surmounted by a ring of abortive filaments. Fertile flowers. Germens numerous, in a dense ring beneath the stamens, sessile. Styles none. Stigmas downy. Bern/ one-celled, with several seeds. Order VII. MONADELPHIA. Filaments united. 25. PI'J\TUS. Barren flowers in a catkin, naked. Stamens numerous, on a common stalk. Fertile flowers in a catkin of imbricated, close, stiff, two-flowered scales. Seeds two to each scale, winged. MONCECIA.— MONANDRIA. 1. EUPHO'RBIA. SPURGE. Involucre of one leaf, with four or five marginal lobes, perma- nent, containing several barren flowers, and one central fertile flower, all destitute of calyx and corolla. Nectaries four or five, fleshy, tumid, abrupt, coloured. Barren flower. Filament simple, hair-like, erect. Anther of two globular separate lobes. Fertile flower. Germen roundish, three-lohed. Styles three, equal, cleft, spreading, permanent. Stigmas bluntish. Capsule roundish, three-lobed, three-celled. Seeds one in each cell, large, roundish. — Named after Euphorbus, physician to Juba. 420. 2 G 346 MONCECIA MONANDRIA. [CL. XXI. « Stemfarked. 1. E.Ptplts. Purple Spurge. Leaves oblong, heart-shaped; invo- lucres solitary, axillar; stems procumbent; capsule smooth. Stems about six inches long, glaucous, tinged with purple : leaves opposite, on short stalks : flowers solitary, small, from the forks of the stem : nectaries four, rounded. Annual: flowers from June to September : grows on the sandy coasts of Devonshire and Cornwall. Channel Islands. Eng. Bot. vol. xxviii. pi. 2002. Eng. Fl. vol.iv. p. 59. 1267. ** Umbel of three rays. 2. E. Pfylus. Petty Spurge. Umbel three-rayed, forked ; bracteas egg-shaped ; leaves inversely egg-shaped, stalked : nectaries crescent- shaped. Six or eight inches high, pale-green : umbel large. Annual: flowers in July and August : grows in loose soil, in corn-fields, gar- dens, &c. : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xiv. pi. 959. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 60. 1268. 3. E. eiigua. Dwarf Spurge. Umbel three-rayed, forked ; bracteas lance-shaped; leaves between linear and lance-shaped ; nectaries horned. From three to six inches high: flowers small. Annual : flowers in July : grows in corn-fields and loose soil : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xix. pi. 1336. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 61. 1269. *** Umbel of four rays. 4. E. Ldthyris. Caper Spurge. Umbel four-rayed, forked ; leaves in four rows, opposite, sessile, entire, heart-shaped at the base. Stem two or three feet high, smooth, purplish : bracteas heart-shaped. Bien- nial : flowers in June and July : grows in thickets, but is not indigenous. Thickets about Ufton, near Reading, Berks: Steep Holmes in the Severn. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxii. pi. 2255. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 61. 1270. **** Umbel of five rays. 5. E. heliosc6pia. Sun Spurge. Wart-wort. Umbel of five forked rays ; bracteas and leaves inversely heart-shaped, serrate ; nectaries four, un- divided ; capsule smooth. From six inches to a foot high. Annual : flowers from June to October : grows in corn-fields and gardens : com- mon. Like others of the genus, this species abounds with an acrid milky juice, which is used for destroying warts. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 883. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 63. 1271. 6. E. Portldndica. Portland Spurge. Umbel five-rayed, forked ; bracteas somewhat heart-shaped, concave ; leaves oblong, pointed, smooth ; nectaries four, undivided ; capsules rough at the corner. Stems about a foot high, ascending : rays of the umbel repeatedly forked. Perennial : flowers in August : grows on the sea-coast in the south of England : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. vii. pi. 441. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 62. 1272. 7. E.pardlia. Sea Spurge. Umbel about five-rayed, branched; bracteas broadly heart-shaped ; leaves oblong, imbricated upwards ; nec- taries five ; capsule nearly smooth. Stem about a foot high, with very numerous leaves. Perennial : flowers in August and September : grows in sand on the sea-shore : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 195. Eng.FL vol.iv. p. 63. 1273. 8. E. platyphylla. Broad-leaved Warty Spurge. Umbel of about five forked rays ; leaves lance-shaped, finely serrate ; nectaries four, rounded. CL. XXI.] MONCBCIA MONANDRIA. 347 entire, capsule warty. Stem erect, about a foot high, with numerous leaves above. Annual : flowers in July and August : grows in corn- fields, in England : rare, and not indigenous. Eng . Bot. vol. v. pi. 333. Eng. Fi. vol. iv. p. 64 : E. stricta. 1274. ***** Umbel of six or more rays. 9. E. E'sula. Leafy-branched Spurge. Umbel of numerous forked rays; bracteas somewhat heart-shaped ; leaves linear, somewhat inversely egg-shaped, uniform ; nectaries diamond-shaped, with two lateral horns ; capsule smooth. Stems a foot and a half high : leaves numerous. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in woods : rare, but is perhaps never truly wild. At Abercorn, Gladsmuir-kirk, and West Pilton, near Edinburgh; at Slinfold, Sussex ; and near Coldstream. Eng. Bat. vol. xx. pi. 1399. Eng. Ft. vol. iv. p. 65. 1275. 10. E. Cyparissias. Cypress Spurge. Umbel of numerous forked rays ; bracteas somewhat heart-shaped ; stem-leaves lance-shaped, those of the branches linear; nectaries crescent-shaped; capsule smooth. Stem about a foot high. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in woods and the borders of fields : rare, and not indigenous. Eug. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 840. Eng. Ft. vol.iv. p. 66. 1276. 11. E. Hiberna. Irish Spurge. Umbel of six forked rays; bracteas egg-shaped ; leaves inversely egg-shaped ; stem simple ; nectaries kid- ney-shaped ; capsule warty. Stem nearly two feet high. Perennial : flowers in June : found in Kent by Mr. Hudson. The bruised root is said to be used in Ireland for poisoning fish. Eng. Bot. vol. xix. pi. 1337. Eng. Ft. vol. iv. p. 67. 1277. 12. E. amygdaloides. Wood Spurge. Umbel of about six forked rays, with numerous axillar stalks beneath ; bracteas rounded, perfoliate ; leaves oblong, hairy; capsule smooth. The whole plant downy. Perennial : flowers in March and April : grows in woods and thickets in England, not common. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 256. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 68. 1278. 2. ZANNICHE'LLIA. HORNED POND-WEED. Barren flower. Calyx none. Corolla none. Filament solitary, sessile, erect ; anther oblong, erect, two or four-celled. Fertile flower solitary, by the side of the barren flower. Calyx of one small, cleft leaf, inferior. Corolla none. Germens four or five, stalked, oblong, incurved. Style one to each germen ; stigma one, peltate, egg-shaped, dilated. Capsules stalked, oblong, in- curved, one-celled, one-valved, tipped with the permanent style. Seed solitary. — Named after J. J. Zannichelli, a Venetian bo- tanist. 421. 1. Z. palustris. Common Horned Pond-weed. Anther four-celled ; stigmas entire. Stem twelve or eighteen inches long, thread-shaped, branched, floating. Annual : flowers in July : grows in ponds and ditches : frequent Eng. Bot. vol. xxvi. pi. 1844. Eng. Fl. vol.iv. p. 70. 1279. 348 MONffiCIA TRIANDRIA. \JCL. XXI. TRIANDRIA. 3. TY'PHA. REED-MACE. Barren flowers numerous, arranged in a dense, cylindrical, hairy, terminal catkin, the common stalk of which is hairy or scaly. Calyx none. Corolla none. Anthers about three, ob- long, furrowed, drooping, placed on a common filament. Fertile flowers numerous, in the lower part of the same catkin. Calyx none. Corolla none. Germen superior, oblong, stalked. Style hair-like ; stigma simple. Seed solitary, egg-shaped, on a bristly stalk. — Named from tiphos, a marsh. 422. 1. T. latifolia. Great Cat's-tail or Reed-mace. Leaves linear, some- what convex beneath ; catkin continuous, its common stalk hairy. Stems about six feet high, erect, round, leafy at the bottom : catkin about a foot long, brown. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in the borders of ponds, lakes, and rivers: frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xxi. pi. 1455. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 71. 1280. 2. T. angustifolia. Lesser Cat's-tail or Reed-mace. Leaves linear, convex beneath, channelled above ; barren and fertile catkins separated from each other, the common stalk scaly. Stems about four feet high. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in pools and ditches : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xxi. pi. 1456. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 72. 1281. 4. SPARGA'NIUM. BUR-REED. Flowers arranged in several dense heads. Barren flowers numerous, in one or more superior heads. Calyx of three or more oblong, equal, deciduous leaves. Corolla .none. Filaments three, hair-like, erect, longer than the calyx; anthers roundish, two-celled. Fertile flowers numerous, in dense heads under the former. Calyx of three or more oblong, equal, deciduous leaves. Corolla none. Germen superior, egg-shaped. Stigma awl-shaped, or egg- shaped, oblique, downy on one side, permanent. Drupe inversely egg-shaped, beaked, dry, one-celled. Nut solitary, egg-shaped. — Name, from sparganon, a little band. 423. 1. S. ramosum. Branched Bur-reed. Leaves triangular at the base, their sides concave ; common flower-stalks branched ; stigma awl-shaped. Stem erect, from two to three feet high. Perennial: flowers in July and August : grows in ditches and by the sides of lakes and pools : com- mon. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 744. Eng. Fl. vol.iv. p. 74. 1282. 2. S. simplex. Unbranched Bur-reed. Leaves triangular at the base, with the sides nearly flat: common flower-stalk unbranched ; stigma linear. Stem erect, about two feet high. Perennial: flowers in July and August : grows in ditches, and by the sides of lakes and pools : fre- quent. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 745. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 75. 1283. 3. S. ndtans. Floating Bur-reed. Leaves floating, flat; common flower-stalk unbranched ; stigma egg-shaped, very short. Stem a few inches above the water. Perennial: flowers in July: grows in pools, lakes, and rivers: common in Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 273. Eng. Ft. vol.iv. p. 75. 1284. cL. xxi.] MONA small shrub, with reclining or prostrate dark-brown stems, about two feet long. Flowers in May : grows in sandy meadows : found by Mr. E. Forster at Hopton in Suffolk. Eng. Ft. vol. iv. p. 212. 1419. 47. S. Danidna. Rusty-branched Willow. Leaves lance-shaped, broadest towards the end, acute, straight, slightly serrate, livid and somewhat silky beneath ; stem and branches erect ; catkins cylindrical ; germen stalked, silky, longer than the inversely egg-shaped, bearded scales. A shrub five or six feet high, with straight, reddish branches. Flowers in May : found in Scotland by Mr. G. Don. En%. Fl. vol. iv. p. 213. 1420. 48. S. rnsmarinifdlia. Rosemary- leaeed Willow. Leaves between linear and lance-shaped, pointed, straight, entire, silky beneath ; stem erect; catkins egg-shaped, recurved; germen stalked, lance-shaped, silky. A slender shrub, two or three feet high, with erect, very slender branches, silky when young. Flowers in April : grows in moist sandy ground. Eng. Bot. vol. xix. pi. 1365. Eng. FL vol. iv. p. 214. 1421. 49. S. cincrea. Grey Sallow. Stem erect ; lower leaves entire, upper serrate, lance-shaped, broadest towards the end ; glaucous, downy and reticulated with veins beneath ; stipules half heart-shaped, serrate ; ger- men silky; its stalk half as long as the lance-shaped scales. A tree twenty or thirty feet high, with smooth, reddish-brown, crooked branches. Flowers in April : grows in moist woods and hedges. Eng. Bot. vol. xxvii. pi. 1897. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 215. 1422. 50. S. aurita. Round-eared Willow. Branches spreading ; leaves somewhat serrate, convex, inversely egg-shaped, obtuse, with a small hooked point, hairy and reticulated with veins on both sides. Stipules roundish, convex, toothed ; germen silky, stalked ; stigmas nearly sessile. A bushy shrub, three or four feet high, with spreading or trailing branches of a brown colour. Flowers in April and May : grows in moist woods and thickets. Eng. Bot. vol. xxi. pi. 1487. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 216. 1423. 51. S. aqudtica. Water Sallow. Stem and branches erect ; leaves slightly serrate, elliptical, broadest towards the end, minutely downy, flat, rather glaucous beneath ; stipules rounded, toothed ; germen silky, stalked ; stigmas nearly sessile. -A shrub or small tree, with numerous, erect branches. Flowers in April : grows in wet woods and hedges, in 376 DICECIA — DIANDRIA. [CL. XXII. marshy places, and on the banks of rivers : very common. Eng. Bot. vol. xx. pi. 1437. Eng. FL vol. iv. p. 218. 1424. 52. S. oleifolia. Olive- leaved Sallow. Stem erect; branches straight, spreading; leaves lance-shaped, broadest towards the end, flat, rather stiff, minutely toothed, acute, glaucous, reticulated and finely hairy be- neath; stipules small, notched, rounded; catkins oval, nearly half as broad as long. A small tree, with round branches, when young brown and hoary. Flowers in March : grows in wet woods and hedges. Ens. Bot. vol. XT. pi. 1402. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 219. 1425. 53. S. cotinifiilia. Quince-leaved Sallow. Stem erect; branches spreading, downy ; leaves broadly elliptical, nearly round, slightly toothed ; glaucous and downy, with rectangular veins beneath ; style as long as the linear, notched stigmas. A shrub from two to eight feet high, with straight, brown, downy branches: flowers in April: grows in thickets and woods. Eng. Bot. vol. xx. pi. 1403. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 220. 1426. 54. S. hirta. Hairy -branched Sallow. Stem erect; branches densely hairy ; leaves elliptical, inclining to heart-shaped, pointed, finely crenate, downy on both sides ; stipules half heart-shaped, flat, toothed ; nearly smooth. A small tree, with thick, round, hoary branches: flowers in April and May : found in Norfolk by Mr. Crowe. Eng. Bot. vol. xx. pi. 1404. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 221. 1427. 55. S. rupestris. Silky Rock Sallow. Stem procumbent or depressed ; leaves inversely egg-shaped, acute, serrate, flat, even, silky on both sides; stipules hairy ; branches minutely downy; germen stalked, awl-shaped, silky ; style as long as the blunt undivided stigmas. A small trailing shrub, with dark-coloured branches, downy when young : flowers in May : grows on rocks in the Highlands of Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxiii. pi. 2342. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 222. 1428. 56. S. Andersonidna. Green Mountain Sallow. Stem erect ; leaves elliptical, acute, finely notched, slightly downy, paler beneath ; stipules half egg-shaped, nearly smooth ; branches minutely downy ; germen smooth, its stalk almost equal to the scale ; style cleft, longer than the cleft stigmas. A large shrub, with dark-brown branches, at first green and downy : flowers in April and May : grows in woods and on the banks of rivers in Scotland and the north of England. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxiii. pi. 2343. Eng. Fl. vol.iv. p. 223. 1429. 57. S. Forsteridna. Glaucous Mountain Sallow. Stem erect ; branches minutely downy ; leaves elliptical, broadest towards the end, acute, crenate, slightly downy ; glaucous beneath ; stipules rounded, recurved ; germen stalked, awl-shaped, silky; style as long as the blunt notched stigmas. A small tree, with downy branches: flowers in May : grows in woods and on the banks of rivers, in Scotland and the north of England. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxiii. pi. 2344. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 224. 1430. 58. S. sphaceldta. IVithered-jminted Sallow, Stem erect ; leaves be- tween elliptical and inversely egg-shaped, entire, or slightly serrate, downy on both sides, discoloured at the point; stipules half heart-shaped, toothed, erect ; germen stalked, lance-shaped, silky; stigmas notched, longer than the style. A small bushy tree, six or eight feet high, the young branches covered with soft, whitish hairs : flowers in April and May : grows in valleys in the Highlands of Scotland. Eng. Bot. Tol. xxxiii. pi. 2333. Eng. Ft. vol. iv. p. 224. 1431. CL. XXII.] DICECIA — TRIANDRIA. 377 59. S. caprea. Great Round-leaved Sallow. Stem erect ; leaves be- tween egg-shaped and roundish, pointed, serrate, waved, pale and downy beneath ; stipules somewhat crescent-shaped ; catkins oval ; germen stalked, egg-shaped, silky ; stigmas nearly sessile, undivided ; capsules swelling. A tree of moderate size, with spreading, brown or purplish branches : leaves from two to three inches long : flowers in April : grows in woods and hedges: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxi. pi. 1488. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 226. 1432. 60. S. acumindta. Long-leaved Sallow. Stem erect ; leaves between lance-shaped and oblong, pointed, waved, finely toothed, glaucous and downy beneath ; stipules half egg-shaped, finely curved ; catkins cylin- drical ; germen stalked, egg-shaped, hairy ; style as long as the un- divided stigmas. A tree of moderate size, with spreading, minutely downy branches : flowers in April : grows in woods and on the banks of rivers : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xx. pi. 1434. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 227. 1433. 61. S. vimindlis. Common Osier. Leaves linear, inclining to lance- shaped, elongated, taper-pointed, entire, waved, snow-white and silky beneath ; branches straight and slender ; germen sessile ; style as long as the linear, undivided stigmas. >A tree, with very long, straight branches, downy when young. Cultivated for basket-work, of various kinds : flowers in April and May: grows in wet meadows, and by rivers: common. Eng. Bnt. vol. xxvii. pi. 1898. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 228. 1434. 62. S. Smithitina. Silky-leaved Osier. Leaves lance-shaped, pointed, slightly wavy, minutely toothed ; soft and minutely downy above, whitish and silky beneath ; stipules crescent-shaped, minute ; catkins egg-shaped; germen stalked ; style shorter than the linear, deeply divided stigmas. Branches long, slender, erect, reddish, smooth, finely downy when soft : flowers in April and May : grows in meadows, and on the banks of rivers. Eng. Bot. vol. xxi. pi. 1500. Eng, Ft. vol. iv. p. 229. S. mol- lissima. 1435. 63. S. stipuldris. Anricled Osier. Leaves lance-shaped, pointed, slightly waved, obscurely crenate, soft and nearly naked above, white and downy beneath; stipules half heart-shaped, stalked, very large; nectary cylindrical ; germen egg-shaped, nearly sessile, as well as the linear, undivided stigmas. Twigs erect, long, soft and downy, pale reddish-brown, brittle : flowers in March : grows in hedges and woods. Eng. Bot. vol. xvii. pi. 1214. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 230. 1436. 64. S. dlba. Common White Willow. Leaves between elliptical and lance-shaped, pointed, serrate, silky on both sides, the lowest serratures glandular; stamens hairy ; germen smooth, almost sessile; stigmas deeply cleft; scales rounded. A tall tree, with rugged bark and spreading branches, silky when young. Flowers in May : grows in moist woods, and on the banks of rivers and ditches: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxiv. pi. 2430. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 231. 1437. TRIANDRIA. 2. EMPE'TRUM. CROW-BERRY. Barren Flowers. Calyx deeply divided into three egg-shaped, permanent segments. Corolla of three oblong petals, larger than 378 DKECIA TETRANDRIA. [CL. XXII. the calyx. Filaments from three to nine, hair-like, long, pendu- lous ; anthers roundish, deeply cleft, two-celled. Fertile Flowers. Calyx, deeply divided into three egg-shaped, permanent segments. Corolla of three oblong petals, larger than the calyx. Germen superior, round, depressed. Style very short, erect ; stigmas nine, oblong, spreading. Berry globular, depressed, wider than the calyx, one-celled. Seeds nine, triangular, closely arranged in a circle. — Name from en, in, and petros, a stone. 446. 1. E. nigrum. Common Crow-berry* Stem and branches procumbent, leaves between linear and oblong. A small procumbent shrub, with numerous slender branches: leaves fringed at the edges : flowers reddish, azillar : berries black. The berries .are eaten by grouse and other birds. They are not unpleasant, and appear to be perfectly wholesome. Flowers in May: grows on heaths abundantly. £n°. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 526. Eng. Ft. vol. iv. p. 233. 1438. 3. RU'SCUS. BUTCHER'S-BROOM. Barren Flowers. Calyx of six egg-shaped, spreading leaves ; three alternate ones smaller. Corolla none. Nectary central, egg-shaped, erect, coloured, as long as the calyx. Filaments none ; anthers three, spreading, seated on the top of the nectary. Perfect Flowers. Calyx, corolla, and nectary, as above. Ger- men superior, oblong, concealed in the nectary. Style short and thick; stigma obtuse, protruded through the orifice of the nec- tary. Berry globular, three-celled. Seeds seldom more than one, globular, hard. — Name anciently bruscus. 447. 1. R. aculeiitus. Common Butcher'ii-broom. Leaves egg-shaped, sharp- pointed, flowering on the upper side. Stems round, furrowed, two feet high : flower solitary : berry scarlet. Perennial : flowers in March and April : grows on heaths and in woods : frequent in England. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 560. £71°:. Ft. vol. iv. p. 235. 1439. TETRANDRIA. 4. VI'SCUM. MlSSELTOE. Barren Flowers. Calyx a slight border. Corolla of one petal, deeply divided into four egg-shaped, acute, equal segments. Fila- ments none ; anthers four, egg-shaped, compressed, cellular, seated on the base of each segment of the corolla. Perfect Flowers. Calyx a slight border. Corolla of four, egg- shaped, equal petals. Germen inferior, egg-shaped, crowned with the calyx. Style none ; stigma obtuse. Berry globular, smooth, juicy, viscid, one-celled. Seed one, heart-shaped, compressed, obtuse. — Name from ixos, of the Greeks. 448. 1. V. Album. Common White Misseltoe. Leaves lance-shaped, broader towards the end, obtuse ; stem forked ; heads of flowers sessile. — Root woody, thick : stem bushy, jointed, smooth, about a foot high : leaves stiff: flowers yellowish : berries white. Birdlime is made from CL. XXII.] DKECIA — PENTANDRIA. 379 the berries and bark. A perennial parasitical shrub, growing on the apple-tree, hawthorn, oak, and other trees: flowers in May. Common in Herefordshire and Worcestershire. Eng. Bot. pi. 1470. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 236. 1440. 5. HIPPO'PHAE. SALLOW-THORN. Barren Flowers. Calyx deeply divided into two roundish segments, at first folded flat together. Corolla none. Filaments four, very short, erect ; anthers oblong, angular, erect, two-celled, not longer than the calyx. Fertile Flowers. Calyx of one leaf, inferior, tubular, cleft at the top, deciduous. Corolla none. Gerrnen superior, small, roundish. Style short and thick; stigma simple, oblong, pro- truded beyond the calyx. Berry globular, juicy, one-celled. Seed solitary, oblong, polished. — Name from hippos, a horse, and phao, to brighten. 449. 1. H. rhamnoides. Common Sallow-thorn. Sea Buck-thorn. Leaves between linear and lance-shaped, scattered. A bushy shrub, about five feet high, with straight, spreading branches, each ending in a thorn : leaves dark-green above, silvery beneath : flowers green : berries orange. Flowers in May : grows on cliffs on the east and south-east coast of England : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 425. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 238. 1441. 6. MYRl'CA. SWEET GALE. Barren Flowers. Catkin between egg-shaped and oblong, loosely imbricated all round. Calyx an egg-shaped scale. Co- rolla none. Filaments four, short, hair-like, erect. Anthers large, two-lobed. Fertile Flowers. Catkin, calyx, and corolla as above. Ger- men egg-shaped, superior. Styles two, thread -shaped, spreading, longer than the calyx. Stigma acute. Berry one-celled. Seed one. — Name, myrice of the Greeks. 450. 1. M Gale. Sueet Gale. Dutch Myrtle. Leaves lance-shaped, broader towards the end, serrate ; scales of the catkins pointed. -A shrub, from one to three feet high, with numerous alternate branches : berries very small. The whole plant exhales a rather pleasant aromatic odour. Flowers in May : grows on wet heaths, abundantly. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 562. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 239. 1442. PENTANDRIA. 7. HU'MULUS. HOP. Barren Flowers. Calyx of five oblong, concave leaves. Co- rolla none. Filaments five, hair-like, very short ; anthers oblong, two-celled, with two terminal pores. Fertile Flowers. Catkin of numerous large, membranous, imbricated scales. Calyx an oblique undivided scale. Corolla none. Germen superior, minute, oblong. Styles two, awl- 380 DICECIA— OCTANDKIA. ^CL. XXII. shaped, spreading, downy ; stigmas simple. Seed one. — Name from humus, rich soil. 451. 1. H. Lupulus. Common Hop. Steins herbaceous, twining, branched, angular, rough : leaves opposite, stalked, heart-shaped, serrate, veined, rough : flowers pale-green. The properties of the cones are well known. Perennial : flowers in July : grows in thickets and hedges, but is not indigenous. Eng. Bot. vol. vi. pi. 427,. Eng. Ft. vol. iy. p. 288. 1443. HEXANDRIA. 8. TA'MUS. BLACK BRYONT. Barren Flowers. Calyx none. Corolla regular, with six deep, broadly lance-shaped segments, their upper part spreading. Fila- ments six, awl-shaped, equal, shorter than the corolla ; anthers roundish. Fertile Flowers. Calyx none. Corolla regular, six-cleft, su- perior, deciduous. Germen inferior, between egg-shaped and oblong, large, smooth. Style cylindrical, as long as the corolla ; stigmas three, acute, spreading. Berry oval, three-celled. Seeds two in each cell. — Name of doubtful origin. 452. 1. T. commitnis. Common Black Bryony. Leaves heart-shaped, un- divided. Root large, fleshy : stems twining : leaves bright-green : flowers greenish-white : berries scarlet. Perennial : flowers in June : grows in hedges and woods, in England : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 91. Eng. FL vol. iv. p. 241. 1444. OCTANDRIA. 9. PO'PULUS. POPLAR. Barren Flowers. Catkin oblong, loosely imbricated, cylin- drical. Calyx a one-flowered, wedge-shaped, flat scale, jagged at the edges. Corolla of one petal, turbinate beneath, tubular, dilated and obliquely cup-shaped above. Filaments eight or more, hair- like, very short; anthers large, four-cornered. Fertile Flowers. Catkin, calyx, and corolla, as above. Ger- men superior, egg-shaped, pointed. Style none; stigmas four or eight, awl-shaped. Capsules egg-shaped, two-valved, one-celled. Seeds numerous, small, egg-shaped, downy at the top. — Name, populus, people, it being by the Romans esteemed the tree of the people. 453. 1. P. dlba. White Poplar. Abele Tree. Leaves nearly triangular, somewhat heart-shaped at the base, toothed, cottony beneath ; fertile catkin egg-shaped ; stigmas four. A tall tree, with smoothish bark and horizontal branches : leaves three-lobed : flowers in March : grows in moist woods: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiii. pi. 1618. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 243. 2. P. cancscens. Greii Poplar. Leaves roundish, deeply waved, CL. XXII.] DIGSCIA — ENNEANDRIA. 381 toothed ; hoary beneath ; fertile catkins cylindrical ; stigmas eight. A tall tree, with silvery smooth bark and ascending branches : flowers in March : grows near livers and on dry heaths, in .Norfolk. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiii. pi. 1619. Eng.Fl. vol.iv. p. 243. 1446. 3. P. tremnla. Trembling Poplar. Aspen. Leaves nearly orbicular, toothed, smooth on both sides ; leaf-stalks compressed ; stigmas four. A rather tall tree, with smooth bark, remarkable for the fluttering motion of its leaves in the wind, caused by their compressed stalks: flowers in March and April : grows in woods, by the sides of rivers, and in clefts of rocks : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xxvii. pi. 1909. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 244. 1447. 4. P. nigra. Black Poplar. Leaves deltoid, acute, serrate, smooth on both sides ; catkin all loose and cylindrical ; stigmas four. A tall tree, with thick blackish bark, and smooth branches, flowers in March: grows about the banks of rivers : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xxvii. pi. 1910. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 245. 1448. 10. RHODl'OLA. ROSE-ROOT. Barren Flowers. Calyx concave, deeply divided into four equal, obtuse, spreading segments. Petals four, lance-shaped, much longer than the calyx. Nectaries four, glandular, notched, opposite to the petals, shorter than the calyx. Filaments eight, awl-shaped, as long as the petals ; anthers roundish. Rudiment of four germens with abortive styles and stigmas. Fertile Flowers. Calyx as above. Petals smaller. Nectaries as above. Stamens none. Germens four, superior, oblong, three- cornered. Styles short; stigma obtuse. Capsules four, pointed, one-celled. Seeds numerous, roundish. — Name from rhodon, a rose, on account of the scent of the root. 454. 1. R.riisea. Rose-root. Root thick and fleshy, smelling like roses: stems herbaceous, simple, from five inches to a foot high : leaves nume- rous, scattered, inversely egg-shaped, pointed, serrate at the end, fleshy, glaucous ; cyme many-flowered, yellow. Perennial : flowers in May and June: grows on cliffs along the sea, and on high mountains : very common in the northern parts of Scotland and the Hebrides. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 508. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 246. 1 449. ENNEANDRIA. 11. MERCURIA'LIS. MERCURY. Barren Flowers. Calyx deeply divided into three egg-shaped spreading segments. Corolla none. Filaments from nine to twelve, hair-like, erect, nearly as long as the calyx ; anthers with globular lobes. Fertile Flowers. Calyx and corolla as above. Germen su- perior, roundish, compressed, with a furrow on each side, bristly. Styles two, tapering, rough, spreading ; stigmas acute. Capsule 2 K 382 DICECIA MONADELPHIA. [CL. XXII. of two globular lobes, two-celled. Seeds solitary, globular. — Named alter (the so-called god) Mercury. 455. 1. M. perennis. Perennial Mercury. Stem simple; leaves egg- shaped, serrate, rough ; root creeping. Stems about a foot high, square, leafy at the upper part : flowers in axillar spikes : poisonous. Perennial : flowers in April and May : grows in bushy or shady places, on banks, and by walls and hedges : common. En". Bot. vol. xxvi pi. 1872. Eng. FL vol. iv. p. 248. 1450. 2. M. dnnua. Annual Mercury. Stem branched ; branches opposite, crossing each other ; leaves narrow egg-shaped, serrate, smooth ; root fibrous. Stem from six inches to a foot high, erect, bushy, smooth .- flowers in axillar spikes : poisonous. Annual: flowers from June to Sep- tember: grows in waste and cultivated ground : not common. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pl.559. Eng. Ft. vol.iv. p. 248. 1451. 12. HYDRO'CHARIS. FROG-BIT. Barren Flowers. Calyx deeply divided into three oblong, equal segments, membranous at the edges. Petals three, roundish, indulated, much larger than the calyx. Filaments nine, awl- shaped, erect, in three rows, the middle row producing from its base an awl-shaped beak, the two other rows connected at the base and adhering to the beak ; anthers two-lobed, below the summits of the filaments. Fertile Flowers. Calyx and petals as above. Germen inferior, roundish. Styles six, compressed, channelled, as long as the calyx. Stigmas cleft, acute. Capsule nearly globular, leathery, six-celled. Seeds numerous, roundish, minute. — Name from hydor, water, and chairo, to rejoice. 456. 1. H. Aforsus-rflTUE. Common Frog-bit. Root of long slender fibres : leaves stalked, kidney-shaped, purplish beneath, floating: flowers erect, large, white, yellow in the centre. Perennial: flowers in July: grows in ditches, and slow streams: not common. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 808. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 250. 1452. MONADELPHIA. 13. JUM'PERUS. JUNIPER. Barren Flowers. Catkin conical, with three or more rows of whorled, imbricated, oval sculps, three in each whorl, and one at the end. Corolla none. Fjhuuents in the terminal flower three, awl-shaped, united at the base; in the other flowers hardly per- ceptible; anthers three; two-lobed, in the terminal flower distinct, in the others fixed to the base of the scale. Fertile Flowers. Calyx superior, with three very small per- manent segments, united to the germen. Petals three, acute, stiff, permanent. Germen roundish. Styles three, very short; stigmas simple. Berry roundish, with three small tubercles at its lower CL. XXII.] DlffiCCA MONADELPHIA. 383 part, being the points of the calyx now united to the fruit, and three small teeth at the summit, originating from the petals. Seeds oblong, hard, convex externally, angular internally. — Name from jenepre, in Celtic, rough. 457. 1. /. communis. Common Juniper. Leaves three in each whorl, thorn-pointed, spreading, longer than the ripe fruit ; stem erect. A shrub, from two to five feet high, with very numerous branches : leaves linear, channelled and glaucous above: convex and keeled beneath: three in each whorl : flowers axillar, sessile, small : berries- globular, bluish-black, sweetish, with a strong taste of turpentine. The berries are used in Holland in the distillation of gin. In this country oil of turpen- tine is employed for the same purpose. Flowers in May : grows on dry heaths : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1100. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 251. 1453. 2. J. ndna. Dwarf Alpine Juniper. Leaves three in each whorl, thorn-pointed, ascending, as long as the ripe fruit ; stem recumbent. A small shrub with prostrate stems -. leaves more or less curved : berries much larger and more oval than in the other species, of which some con- sider it as a variety. Flowers in May: grows on the higher mountains of Scotland : very abundant in the outer Hebrides, nearly as low as the level of the sea. Eng. Fl. vol.iv. p. 252. 1454. 14. TA'XUS. YEW. Barren Flowers. Calyx none; excepting a bud. Corolla none. Filaments numerous, united at their lower part into a column longer than the bud ; anthers depressed, with eight rounded segments, opening all round the base, afterwards becoming flat and peltate. Fertile Flowers. Calyx minute, inferior, cup-shaped, after- wards enlarged, permanent. Corolla none. Germen superior, egg-shaped, acute. Style none ; stigma obtuse. Berry formed of the enlarged, pulpy, coloured calyx. Seed one, oblong, pro- jecting beyond the enlarged calyx. — Name from toxos, an arrow, because that weapon was anciently poisoned with its juice. 458. 1. T. bacaita. Common Yew. Leaves two-rowed, linear, crowded. A tree with deciduous bark, and horizontal branches : leaves dark- green, smooth and shining above, paler beneath : flowers axillar, solitary, each from an imbricated bud •. berries scarlet. The wood is hard and tough, and is used for cabinet-work : the leaves are fetid and poisonous : the berries have a sweetish taste, and may be eaten with safety. It bears clipping, and forms excellent hedges. Flowers in March and April : grows on rocky places in Cumberland and Westmoreland : very rare in Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. xi. pi. 746. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 253. 1455. 384 POLYGAMIA — MONOECIA. [CL. XXIII. CLASS XXIII. POLYGAMIA. Flowers furnished with Stamens and Pistils, and others -with Stamens only, or -with Pistils onh/, on the same Plant, or on different Plants of the same Species. Order I. MONCECIA. Plovers different oh the same Plant. 1. ATRIPLEX. Perfect Flower. Calyx inferior, with five deep segment!. Corolla none. Stamens five. Style deeply cltft. Seed one, depressed. Pistittijerous Flower. Calyx inferior, with two deep segments. Co- re/to none. Style deeply cleft. Seed one, compressed. POLYGAMIA.— MONCECIA. 1. A'TRIPLEX. Perfect Flowers. Calyx inferior, permanent, deeply divided into five equal, egg-shaped, concave segments, membranous at the edges. Corolla none. Filaments five, awl-shaped, as long as the calyx. Anthers round, two-lobed. Germen superior, round, often imperfect. Style short, deeply divided ; stigmas simple, spreading. Seed one, round, depressed, invested by a thin pellicle, and covered by the closed, permanent, five-cornered calyx. Pistilliferous Flowers. Calyx inferior, deeply divided into two large, fiat, egg-shaped segments. Corolla none. Stamens none. Germen superior, compressed. ' Style short, deeply divided ; stig- mas spreading. Seed one, round, compressed, invested by a thin pellicle, and enclosed between the enlarged, heart-shaped leaves of the calyx. — Name from a, not, and trap/iein, to nourish. 459. 1. A. portulacoides. Shrul>by Orache. Sea Purslane. Stem shrubby, spreading ; leaves lance-shaped, inclining to inversely egg-shaped, en- tire, tapering at the base. Stems from one to two feet high, branched, ascending: leaves opposite, stalked, mealy: clusters axillar and terminal : flowers small, yellowish. A shrub: flowers in July and August: grows in muddy places on the sea-coast: not common. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 261. Etig. Fl. vol. iv. p. 256. 1456. 2. A. lacinidta. Frosted Sea Orache. Stem herbaceous, spreading ; leaves between triangular and egg-shaped, widely toothed, mealy beneath. Stems about a foot high, mealy, alternately branched : leaves alter- nate, stalked, entire at the base : perfect flowers in terminal, lobed clus- ters, their gerraens commonly about five : fertile flowers axillar, several together. Annual < flowers in July : grows in sand, on the sea-coast : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 165. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 257. 1457. 3. A. pdtula. Sheading H 'albert-shaped Orache. Stem herbaceous, spreading; leaves between lance-shaped and triangular, somewhat hal- bert-shaped ; calyx of the fruit tuberculated at the sides. Stem and leaves dull-green, slightly mealy, often reddish. Annual : flowers in CL. XXIV.] CRYPTOGAMIA. 385 June and July : grows in cultivated and waste ground : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 936. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 257. 1458. 4. A. angustifiilia. Spreading Narrow-leaved Orache. Stem herba- ceous ; leaves lance-shaped, entire, the lower ones three-lobed ; calyx of the fruit halbert-shaped, slightly tuberculated at the sides. Resembles the former, of which it is probably only a variety. Annual : flowers in July : grows in cultivated and waste ground : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxv. pi. 1774. Eng. Fl. vol.iv. p. 259. 1459. 5. A. erecta. Upright Spear- leaved Orache. Stem herbaceous, erect ; leaves broadly lance-shaped, the lower ones sinuate ; calyx of the fruit covered with sharp tubercles. Leaves alternate, stalked, slightly pow- dery : clusters terminal, erect, compound. Annual : flowers in August : grows in waste ground : very rare. Battersea fields, London. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxi. pi. 2223. Eng. FL vol. iv. p. 259. 1460. 6. A. littordlis. Grass-leaved Sea Orache. Stem herbaceous, erect ; leaves all linear, entire or toothed ; calyx of the fruit sinuated and covered on the back with sharp tubercles. Annual : flowers in August and September : grows on the sea-shore : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. x. pi. 708. Eng. Ft. vol. iv. p. 260. 1461. 7. A. pedunculdta. Stalked Sea Orache. Stem herbaceous, undu- lated, spreading ; leaves inversely egg-shaped, entire ; seed-bearing flow- ers stalked, wedge-shaped. Stem and leaves mealy. Annual : flowers in August and September : grows on the sea-coast of the south of Eng- land and Ireland : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 232. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 261. 1462. CLASS XXIV. CRYPTOGAMIA. Plants presenting none of the characters of the preceding classes. (Only three of the Orders of this very extensive Class are here given.) Order I. FERNS. Plants consisting of a Frond, with dorsal or terminal fructijication.-\ * Capsules in masses, or Sori, on the back of a leaf y frond, each capsule two-valved, bound with a jointed, elastic ring. 1. GRAMMI'TIS. Sori oblong, straight, scattered. Cover none. f A few additional terms are employed in this order ; — A frond is a leaf bearing the fructification. The stalk of the frond is the part which elevates it from the ground. The shaft is the direct continuation of the stalk. The partial stalks are the branches of the shaft. The central rib is the rib or vein which runs along the middle of the ulti- mate divisions of the frond. Sori, masses or groups of capsules, arranged on the back of the frond. Covers, membranous coverings for the sori. 2 K 2 386 CRYPTOGAMIA — FERNS. QCL. XXIV. 2. POLYPO'DIUM. Son roundish, scattered. Cover none. 3. WOO'DSIA. Son roundish, scattered. Cover fixed by a central stalk under each sorus, its margin divided into several hair-like segments. 4. ASPI'DIUM. Sori roundish, scattered. Cover round, fixed by the centre, separating all round. 5. CYSTE'A. Sori roundish, scattered. Cover round, concave, fixed beneath by a lateral point, finally jagged and reflected. 6. ASPLE'NIUM. Sori linear, scattered. Cover linear, opening at one side, towards the central rib or vein. 7. SCOLOPE'NDRIUM. Sori linear, scattered in pairs, between two parallel veins. Covers two, linear, opposite. 8. BLE'CHNUM. Sori linear, single, close to the central rib. Cover linear, flat, opening towards the rib. 9. PTE'RIS. Sort linear, continuous, marginal. Cover formed of the inflected margin of the frond, opening inwards. 10. ADIA'NTUM. Sori oblong or roundish. Covers formed of separate portions of the margin turned in. 11. TRICHO'MANES. Sori oblong, imbedded in the edge of the frond. Cover marginal, pitcher-shaped, of one leaf, opening out- wards. 12. HYMENOPHY'LLUM. Sort roundish, imbedded in the edge of the frond. Cover marginal, compressed, two-valved, opening out- wards. ** Capsules destitute of a ring, in terminal $pike$. 13. OSMU'NDA. Stater branched. Capsules stalked, globular. 14. BO TRY'CHIUM. Common stalk compound, flattened. 15. OPHIOGLO'SSUM. Spike two-rowed. Order II. LYCOPODINEJE. Plants having axillar or spiked Capsules upon Stems furniihed with numerous small undi- vided leaves. 1. LYCOPO'DIUM. Order III EQUISETACE/E. Plants having a terminal spike, consisting of angular scales bearing Capsules, containing numerous Seeds, each furnished with four Stamens. 1. EQUISE'TUM. Order I. FERNS. Plants consisting of a Frond, with dorsal or terminal fructification. 1. GRAMM1TIS. GRAMMITIS. Sori oblong or somewhat linear, straight, scattered. Cover wanting, or reduced to a narrow membrane attached to the lower margin of each sorus. — Name from gramme, the Greek for a line, from the lines of fructification. 460. 1. G. Ceterdch. Scaly Grammitis, or Hart's-tongne. Frond pinnatifid, Bcaly at the back. Frond from three to six inches high, leathery, ob- CL. XXIV.] CRYPTOGAMIA — FERNS. 387 long, deep-green. Perennial : bears fruit through the greater part of the year : grows on walls and rocks : common in the south of England and in Ireland, rare in Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. xviii. pi. 1244. Scolopen- drium Ceterach. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 315. 1463. 2. POLYPO'DIUM. POLYPODY. Sori roundish, convex, scattered over the back of the frond, in rows, between the central rib of each lobe and the margin. Cover none. Capsules very numerous, globular, on hair-like stalks, one- celled, two-valved, bound by a jointed ring. Seeds numerous, very minute. — Name from polys, many, and pous, a foot. 461. * Frond pinnatifid. 1. P.vulgdre. Common Polypody. Frond deeply pinnatifid, with oblong, obtuse, somewhat serrate lobes ; root scaly. Frond from six inches to a foot high, between linear and lance-shaped. Perennial : bears fruit from May to November : grows on rocks, walls, dry banks, and trunks of old trees : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1149. Eng. Fl. vol.iv, p. 281. 1464. ** Frond twice pinnatifid. 2. P. Phegdpteris. Pale Mountain Polypody. Fronds pinnate, with lance-shaped leaflets, united at the base, their segments obtuse ; the two lowermost leaflets deflected ; veins hairy ; sori near the edges of the seg- ments. Root thread-shaped, slightly scaly : stalk long, slender, scaly, as well as the shaft and partial stalks : fronds a foot and a half high, minutely hairy, pale-green. Perennial : bears fruit in June and July : grows in the clefts of rocks : common in Scotland and Ireland, less so in England. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxi. pi. 2224. Eng. Fl. vol. iii. p. 282. 1465. *** Frond thrice compound. 3. P. Drwpteris. Tender Three-branched Polypody. Fronds ternate, each division twice pinnate, loosely spreading, the segments obtuse, somewhat crenate ; root and stalk thread-shaped ; sori scattered, sepa- rate. Fronds from six inches to afoot high, bright-green, smooth and delicate. Perennial : bears fruit in July : grows in shady places : com- mon in Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. ix. pi. 616. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 283. 1466. 4. P. calcdreum. Stiff Three-branched Polypody. Fronds ternate, each division twice pinnate, erect, somewhat stiff, the segments obtuse, somewhat crenate; sori crowded, finally confluent. Perennial : bears fruit in July : grows in rocky ground : rare. About Matlock-bath in Der- byshire. Eng. Bot. vol. xxii. pi. 1525. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 283. 1467. 3. WOO'DSIA. WOODSIA. Sori roundish, convex, scattered on the veins at the back of the frond. Cover lying under the sorus, its margin deeply divided into taper-pointed segments, curved over the capsules, permanent. Capsules several, stalked, crowded, bound by a ring, and opening irregularly at the sides. Seeds numerous, kidney-shaped. — Named after Mr. Woods, an English botanist. 462. 1. W. hyperborea. Ronnd-leaved Woodsia. Fronds hairy beneath, 388 CRYPTOGAMIA — FERNS. [CL. XXIV. lance-shaped, pinnate ; leaflets heart-shaped, pinnatifid, their segments rounded. Fronds from two to three inches high. Perennial : grows on Snowdon in Wales, Ben Lawers and Clova mountains in Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. xxix. pi. 2023 : Polypodium hyperboreum. Eng. Ft. vol. iv. p. 323. 1468. 2. W. Ilvtnais. Oblong- leaved Woodsia. Fronds scaly beneath, lance- shaped, pinnate ; leaflets oblong, pinnatifid with oblong segments. Fronds from two to three inches high. Perennial : bears fruit from July to September : grows on rocks in Wales and the north of England : rare. Eng. Fi. vol. iv. p. 322. 1469. 4. ASPl'DIUM. SHIELD-FERN. Sori round, convex, scattered over the back of the frond, in rows, between the central rib of each lobe and the margin. Covers or- bicular or kidney-shaped. Capsules very numerous, globular, on hair-like stalks, one-celled, two-valved, bound by a jointed ring. Seeds numerous, roundish, very minute. — Named from aspix, a shield. 463. * Frond pinnate. 1. A. Lonchitis. Eough Alpine Shield-fern. Frond between lance- shaped and linear, pinnate ; leaflets crescent-shaped, lobed above at the base, bristly-serrate, the upper ones only bearing fruit ; stalk scaly. Fronds from six to nine inches high, deep-green. Perennial : bears fruit in May and June : grows in clefts of the rocks in the Highlands of Scot- land, and in Wales. Eng. Bot. vol. xii. pi. 797: Polypodium Lonchitis. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 284. 1470. ** Frond more or less twice pinnate. 2. A. Thely'pteris. Marsh Shield-fern. Frond pinnate; leaflets between linear and lance-shaped, deeply pinnatifid, slightly downy, somewhat crenate, the lower segments elongated ; sori globular, finally confluent. Root creeping: fronds upwards of a foot high, deep-green. Peren- nial : bears fruit in July: grows in marshes and boggy meadows: com- mon. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1018: Polypodium Thelypteru. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 285. 1471. 3. A. Oreopler'a. Heath Shield-fern. Frond pinnate ; leaflets lance- shaped, entire, sprinkled on the back with resinous globules ; sori nearly marginal, finally confluent. Fronds about a foot high, erect, lance- shaped, with very short, scaly stalks. Perennial : bears fruit in July : grows in dry woods and on heaths : common, especially in Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1019 : Polypodium Oreofiteris. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 286. 1472. 4. A. Filix-mds. Male Shield-fern. Frond twice pinnate ; leaflets oblong, obtuse, serrate ; sori near the central rib ; stalk and shaft scaly. Fronds three feet high, erect, lance-shaped, with short stalks. Pe- rennial: bears fruit m June and July : grows in woods and on shady banks: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxi. pi. 1458. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 288. 1473. 5. A. cristdtum. Crested Shield-fern. Frond almost twice pinnate ; leaflets decurrent, egg-shaped, obtuse, crenate, or pinnatifid, with acute terminal teeth ; son in the middle, between the central rib and margins; CL. XXIV. J CRYPTOGAMIA — FERNS. 389 stalk scaly at the base. Fronds two feet high, erect, narrow below, yellowish-green, with longish stalks. Perennial: bears fruit in August : grows on boggy heaths in England : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. xxx. pi. 2125. Eng. Ft. vol. iv. p. 289. 1474. 6. A.aculedtum. Common Prickly Shield-fern. Frond twice pinnate ; leaflets egg-shaped, pointed, stalked, somewhat crescent-shaped, fringed with prickly serratures ; stalk and central ribs scaly. Fronds about two feet high, lance-shaped, dark-green. Perennial: bears fruit in July: grows in woods and shadv places : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxii. pi. 1562. Eng. Ft. vol. iv. p. 290. 1475. 7. A. anguldre. Angular-leaved Shield-fern. Frond twice pinnate ; leaflets egg-shaped, bluntish, stalked, fringed with bristly serratures, each leaflet with a lateral lobe at the base, the lowermost elongated ; stalk and ribs scaly. Perennial : bears fruit in July : grows in woods and shady places. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 291. 1476. 8. A. labutum. Close-leaved Prickly Shield-fern. Frond twice pinnate ; leaflets elliptical, pointed, decurrent, somewhat serrate; stalk and shaft scaly. Perennial : bears fruit in July : grows on shady hedge-banks: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxii. pi. 1563. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 291. 9. A. spinuldsum. Pnckly-tonthed Shield-fern. Frond somewhat trian- gular, smooth, twice pinnate ; leaflets decurrent, elliptical, deeply ser- rate, with prickly teeth, their central rib undulated; stalk elongated, scaly at the base. Fronds about a foot high, smooth, light-green. Perennial : bears fruit in June and July : grows in marshy places : found by Withering on Birmingham heath, and in Devonshire. Eng. Bot. vol. xxi. pi. 1460. Eng.Fl. vol. iv. p. 292. A variety, with the lower primary leaflets, twice pinnate, and not pinnate, is the A. dilatdtum, Broad Sharp-toothed Shield-fern. Eng. Bot. vol. xxi. pi. 1461. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 293. 1478. 10. A. Filix-f&'mina. Female Shield-fern. Frond twice pinnate ; leaflets between oblong and linear, pinnatifid, serrate, pointless; stalk smooth ; sori oblong. Fronds about two feet high, lance-shaped, deep-green. Perennial : bears fruit in June and July : grows in moist shady places : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxi. pi. 1459. Eng. Ft. vol. iv. p. 295. A small variety has been described as distinct, under the name of A. irriguum, Brook Shield-fern. Eng. Bot. pi. 2199. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 296. 1479. 5. CYSTE'A. BLADDER-FERN. Sori round, convex, variously scattered over the back of the frond, between the central rib of each leaflet or lobe and the margin. Cover white, round, concave, fixed by a narrow point at the side of each sorus beneath. Capsules several, globular, on short stalks, each one-celled, two-valved, bound by a jointed ring. Seeds numerous^ roundish, very minute. — Name from ciste, a little box. 464. 1. C. frdgilis. Brittle Bladder-fern. Frond between oblong and lance-shaped, twice pinnate ; leaflets egg-shaped, pinnatifid, the lobes toothed or serrate ; partial stalks bordered ; sori crowded. Fronds from four to ten inches high, smooth, bright-green : stalk slender, dark and 390 CRYPTOGAMIA FERNS. [CL. XXIV. polished, with a few scales at the base. Perennial : bears fruit in June and July : grows on wet shady rocks and in stony places: common, especially in Scotland. Eug. Bot. vol. xxiii. pi. 1587. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 299. 1480. 2. C. dentdta. Toothed Bladder-fern. Frond between oblong- and lance-shaped, twice pinnate ; leaflets egg-shaped, obtuse, pinnatifid ; the segments oblong, obtuse, toothed; partial stalks bordered. Fronds from four to ten inches high. Perennial : bears fruit in July : grows in the clefts of rocks, in Wales and the Highlands of Scotland. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiii. pi. 1588. Eng. Ft. vol. iv. p. 155. A common variety of this plant, with broader fronds, between oblong and egg-shaped, has been described as the C. angusttita, Deeply-cut Mountain Bladder-fern. Eng, Fl. vol. iv.p. 301. 1481. 6. ASPLE'NIUM. SPLEENWORT. Sori linear, straight, parallel, scattered obliquely over the back of the fronds, between the central rib of each leaflet or lobe, and the next rib or vein. Cover membranous, continuous, straight, linear, arising from a vein, and opening at the opposite margin, towards the central rib or vein. Capsules numerous, globular, stalked, one-celled, two-valved, with a jointed ring. — Name from a, without, and splen, the spleen. 465. 1. A, Trichamanes. Common Maidenhair Spleenwort. Frond linear, pinnate; leaflets broadly oblong, or roundish, crenate ; stem and shaft coloured, shining, keeled beneath. Fronds from four to eight inches high, with a brown stem and shaft, and dark-green leaflets. Perennial : bears fruit from May to December : grows on shady rocks and walls : common. Eng. Bot. vol. viii. pi. 576. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 305. 1482. 2. A. viride. Green Maidenhair Spleenwort. Frond linear, pinnate ; leaflets obliquely egg-shaped, somewhat acute, widely and obtusely serrate ; shaft keeled beneath. Fronds about five inches long, bright- green : stalk reddish-brown : shaft green. Perennial : bears fruit in June and July : grows on rocks, in the Highlands of Scotland, the north of England and Wales: common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxxii. pi. 2257. Eng. Ft. vol. iv. p. 306. 1483. 3. A. marinum. Sea Spleenwort. Frond lance-shaped, pinnate; leaf- lets obliquely egg-shaped, very obtuse, obtusely crenate ; the shaft co- loured along the back. Frond about eight inches high, rather stout, firm, dark-green: stem and the back of the shaft dark-brown. Peren- nial : bears fruit in June and July: grows on rocks along the coast : common in Scotland. Eng, Bot, vol. vi. pi. 392. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 307. 1484. 4. A. Ruta-muriiria. Wall-rue Spleenwort. Frond alternately twice compound; leaflets broadly diamond-shaped, notched on the two upper edges. Fronds from two to four inches high. Perennial : bears fruit from June to October : grows on rocks and old walls : common. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 150. Eng. Ft. vol. iv. p. 309. 1485. 5. A. alter mfiilinm. Alternate-leaved Spleenwort. Frond pinnate ; leaf- lets alternate, wedge-shaped, notched at the end. Fronds from three to six inches high, with brown shining stalks. Perennial: bears fruit from June to October : grows on rocks, near Kelso and Perth. Fronds CL. XXIV. ]] CRYPTOGAMIA FERNS. 391 having the above characters sometimes grow from the same root with others having the characters of A. Ruta-muraria, Eng. Bot. vol. xxxii. pi. 2258. Eng. Ft. vol. iv. p. 309. 1486. 6. A. septentriondle. Forked Spleenwort. Fronds two or three-cleft ; segments linear, pointed and jagged at the summit. Fronds in a dense tuft, erect, consisting of a thread-shaped stalk, divided at the top into two or three narrow segments. Perennial: bears fruit from June to October: grows on rocks in Scotland, Wales, and north of England. Eng. Bot. vol. xv. pi. 1017. Eng. F /. vol. iv. p. 308. 1487. 7. A. Adidntnm-nigrum. Black Maidenhair Spleenwort. Frond be- tween lance-shaped and triangular, alternately thrice pinnate ; leaflets lance-shaped, pointed, deeply serrate. Fronds about a foot high : stalks scaly at the base, dark-brown, shining. Perennial : bears fruit from June to October: grows on rocks, walls, and shady banks: common, Eng. Bot. vol. xxviii. pi. 1950. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 310. 1488. 8. A. lanceolutum. Green Lance-shaped Spleenwurt. Frond lance- shaped, twice pinnate ; leaflets and segments deeply toothed. Fronds six or eight inches high : stalks brown at the base. Perennial : bears fruit from June to October: grows on rocks and old walls, in the south of England: very rare. Jersey; near Bath, Cornwall, and Oxfordshire. Eng. Bot. vol. "iv. pi. 240. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 311. 1489. 9. A. fontdnum. Smooth Reck Spleenwort. Frond between lance- shaped and linear ; leaflets and segments wedge-shaped, deeply toothed ; stem and partial stalks bordered. Fronds from two to six inches high, very smooth. Perennial : bears fruit from June to September : grows on rocks and old walls, in England : very rare. Found by Mr. Bradney, on Amersham church, Bucks. Eng. Bot. vol. xxix. pi. 2024. 1490. 7. SCOLOPE'NDRIUM. HART'S-TONGUE. Sori linear, straight, in pairs, scattered obliquely over the back of the frond, each pair between two parallel veins. Covers mem- branous, continuous, linear, their edges folded over the capsules, finally separating. Capsules numerous, stalked, globular, two- valved, with a jointed ring. Seeds numerous, minufe. — Named from the lines of fructification resembling the feet of a scolo- pendra. 466. 1. S. vnlgdre. Common Hart's- tongue. Frond lance-shaped, heart- shaped at the base, smooth ; stalk and shaft scaly. Fronds a foot or more high, deep grass-green. Perennial : bears fruit in July : grows on rocks, walls, and banks. Eng. Bot. vol. xvi. pi. 1156. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 314. 1491. 8. BLE'CHNUM. HARD-FERN. Sori linear, straight, continuous, parallel to the central rib on each side, at the back of each segment of the fertile fronds. Cover membranous, linear, continuous, arising from near the margin of the frond and opening towards the rib. Capsules numerous, stalked, globular, two-valved, with a jointed ring. Seeds nu- merous, minute. — Name, blechnon, the Greek for a fern. 467. 1. B. boredle. Northern Hard-fern. Fronds smooth, pinnate, pecti- 392 CUYPTOGAMIA — FERNS. [CL. XXIV. nate ; leaflets linear, entire, dilated at the base. Fronds about a foot high, some bearing fruit, others none : the latter narrow lance-shaped, tapering at the base, with hardly any stalk, their alternate leaflets slightly curved upwards: the former with much narrower leaflets, more dilated at the base, curved downwards, the stalk long and dark-brown. Peren- nial : bears fruit in July : grows iu woods and heathy places: common. Eng, Bot. vol.xvii. pi. 1159. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 317. 1492. 9. PTE'RIS. BEAKF. Sori linear, continuous, close to the margin, at the back of each segment of the fertile fronds. Cover membranous, continuous, formed by the inflected margin of the frond, opening at its inner edge. Capsules numerous, stalked, globular, two-valved, with a jointed ring. Seeds numerous, minute. — Name, pteris, in Greek, a fern. 468. 1. P.aquilina. Common Brake. Frond thrice divided ; divisions lance- shaped, their leaflets alternate, narrow lance-shaped, pinnate, the upper- most entire ; segments somewhat lance-shaped, obtuse. Fronds from two to four feet high. It is used for thatching cottages, for which pur- pose it is better adapted than almost any of our native plants, excepting ling and broom. The ashes afford a pretty good alkali. Perennial: bears fruit in July and August: grows on heaths, and in pastures and woods : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiv. pi. 1679. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 318. 1493. 2. P. crispa. Curled Brake. Barren frond alternately twice pinnate, with inversely egg-shaped, cut, or deeply crenate segments ; fertile fronds thrice pinnate, with narrow, oblong segments. Fronds from six to twelve inches high, with long slender stalks. Perennial: bears fruit from June to October : grows in stony mountainous places, in Scotland, the north of England and Wales. Eiig. Bot. vol. xvii. pi. 1160. Eiig. Ft. vol. iv. p. 319. 1494. 10. ADIA'NTUM. MAIDENHAIR. Sori roundish, marginal, distinct, at the back of the frond, each attached to the centre of the under side of its cover, which is formed by the inflected margin of the frond. Capsules several, stalked, globular, two-valved, with a jointed ring. Seeds minute. — Name from adiantos, that which is of a dry nature. 469. 1. A. Capillis-l'eneris. True Maidenhair. Frond twice compound; leaflets alternate, wedge-shaped, lobed on hair-like stalks. Fronds from six to twelve inches high, with slender dark-purplish stalks. Peren- nial: bears fruit from IVlay to September: grows on rocks and walls: rare. Dng. Bot. vol. xxii. pi. 15(34. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 320. 1495. 11. TRICHO'MANES. BRISTI.E-FFHN. Sori oblong or roundish, terminal, imbedded in the margin, or segment of the frond. Cover pitcher-shaped, of the same texture as the frond, and continuous with it, of one leaf opening outwards, permanent. Capsules sessile, roundish, two-valved, with a jointed ring, crowded at the base of a cylindrical common receptacle, with CL. XXIV-3 CRYPTOGAMIA — FERNS. 393 a hair-like naked point projecting beyond the cover. — Name from thrix, a hair, and mania, excess. 470. 1. T. brevisttum. Bristle-fern. Frond thrice pinnatifid, smooth; seg- ments linear, entire ; stalk winged. Fronds four or five inches high, oblong, with decurrent deep-green segments. Perennial: bears fruit in May and June : Belbank, near Bingley, Yorkshire ; Killarney and VVicklow, Ireland. Eng. Bot. vol. xx. pi. 1417 : Hymenophyllum atatum. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 325. 1496. 12. HYMENOPHY'LLUM. FILMY-FERN. Sori roundish, terminal, imbedded in the segments of the frond. Cover compressed, of the same texture as the frond and conti- nuous with it, of two equal valves, opening outwards, perma- nent. Capsules several, sessile, roundish, two-valved, with a jointed ring, crowded at the base of a permanent, cylindrical, common receptacle, with a hair-like point not projecting beyond the cover — Name from hymen, a membrane, and phyllon, a leaf. 471. 1. H. Tunbridgtnse. Tunbridge Filmy-fern. Frond tender, pinnate, smooth, the linear segments and covers acutely toothed ; the shaft strongly winged. Fronds two or three inches high, with hair-like stalks. Perennial : bears fruit in May and June : grows among moss in moist rocky places in the north of England, in Ireland and Wales. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 162. Eng. FL vol. iv. p. 326. 1497. 2. H. Wilsdni. Scottish Filmy-fern. Fronds stiff, pinnate, the linear segments acutely toothed; covers entire; the shaft slightly margined. Perennial : bears fruit in May and June : grows among moss in moist rocky places. North of England and Wales : common in Scotland and Ireland. Brit. FL p. 448. 1498. 13. OSMU'NDA. FLOWERING-FERN. Capsules clustered, distinct, stalked, nearly globular, one-celled, with two incomplete equal valves. Cover none. Seeds numerous, minute. — Name of Saxon origin : Osmunder was one of the names ofThor. 472. 1. 0. regdits. Osmund Royal. Flowering-fern. Fronds twice pin- nate; leaflets oblong, nearly entire, dilated at the base ; clusters panicled, terminal. Frond from two to four feet high: the most beautiful of our ferns. Perennial: bears fruit in June and July: grows in watery places : not common : frequent in the outer Hebrides and south of Ireland. Eng. Bot. vol. iii. pi. 209. Eng. FL vol. iv. p. 327. 1499. 14. BOTRY'CHIUM. MOONWORT. Capsules distinct, sessile, on the upper side of a branched, flat- tened, common stalk, nearly globular, one-celled, with two equal valves. Cover none. Seeds numerous, minute. — Name from botrus, a bunch of grapes. 473. 1 . B. Lundria. Common Moonwort. Stalk with a single pinnate leaf ; leaflets kidney-shaped, entire. From two to five inches high : stalk 2 L 394 CRYPTOGAMIA LYCOPODINE^. QcL. XXIV. sheathed at the base, bearing a leaf about the middle, and terminating in a twice compound spike. Perennial : bears fruit in July and August : grows in dry pastures among short grass: frequent. Eng. Bet. vol. v. pi. 318: Osmunda Lunaria. Eng. Ft. vol. iv. p. 328. 1500. 15. OPHIOGLO'SSUM. ADDER'S-TONGUE. Capsules roundish, one-celled, two-valved, connate, in two op- posite rows, upon a simple, linear, somewhat compressed spike. Cover none. Seeds numerous, minute. — Name from ophis, a snake, and glossa, the tongue. 474. 1. 0. vulgdtum. Common Adder' s-tangue. Leaf egg-shaped, about as long as the spike. — Stem slender, about eight inches high, bearing a simple leaf, and terminating in a slender spike, which would have some resemblance to the tongue of a snake, were the latter not forked. Peren- nial: bears fruit in June and July: grows in moist pastures and in woods : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. ii. pi. 108. Eng. Fi. vol. iv. p. 330. 1501. Order II. LYCOPODl'NEJE. Capsules axillar or spiked, with from one to three cells, and from two to three -calves. Seeds numerous, very minute. 1. LYCOPO'DIUM. CLUB-MOSS. Capsules axillar, solitary, sessile, roundish, one-celled, two- valved. Seeds numerous, chaffy, very minute. — Name from li/cos, a wolf, and pous, a foot. 475. 1. L. clavdtum. Common Club-moss. Stem creeping, branched; branches ascending ; leaves scattered, incurved, hair-pointed : spikes in pairs, cylindrical, stalked, with egg-shaped, membranous leaves. Stems several feet long : leaves crowded, narrow, and lance-shaped. The seeds explode when kindled, and are said to be used for artificial light- ning on the stage. Perennial : bears fruit in July and August : grows on heaths : common. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 224. Eng. Ft. vol. iv. p. 331. 1502. 2. L. inunddtum. Marsh Club-moss. Stem creeping, slightly branched ; leaves scattered, narrow lance-shaped, pointless, entire ; spikes solitary. Stems three or four inches long. Perennial : bears fruit in June and July: grows in wet heathy places : rare. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 239. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 332. 1503. 3. L. selaginoides. Prickly Club-moss. Stems creeping ; branches ascending, simple ; leaves scattered, lance-shaped, fringed ; spikes ter- minal, solitary, with broader leaves. Stems short, the branches rising to the height of from two to four inches. Perennial : bears fruit in August: grows in watery places, in mountainous situations : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xvi.pl. 1148. Eng. Ft. vol. ir. p. 332. 1504. 4. L. Seldgo. Fir Club-moss. Stems erect, forked, the branches level at the top ; leaves in eight rows, uniform, narrow lance-shaped, acute, entire. Stem from three to six inches high, forked from the base, .four times. Perennial : bears fruit in July and August : grows near CL. XXIV.] CRYPTOGAMIA — EQUISETACEJE. 395 the summit of high mountains : common. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 233. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 333. 1505. 5. L. annotinum. Interrupted Club-moss. Stems decumbent at the base ; branches ascending, forked ; leaves in five rows, narrow lance- shaped, acute, minutely serrate ; spikes cylindrical, solitary, sessile. From six to eight inches high. Perennial : bears fruit in July and August : grows on the mountains of Scotland and Wales. Eng. Bot. vol. xxiv. pi. 1727. Eng. FL vol. iv. p. 334. 1506. 6. L. alpinum. Savin-leaved Club-moss. Stems prostrate ; branches in tufts, erect, forked, level-topped ; leaves acute, keeled, imbricated in four rows ; spikes terminal, solitary, sessile, cylindrical, their leaves broadly lance-shaped, flat. Perennial : bears fruit in August : grows on the higher mountains of Scotland, Wales, and the north of England : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. iv. pi. 234. Eng. FL vol. iv. p. 335. 1507. Order HI. EQUISETACEJE. Fructification terminal, spiked, consisting of many peltate, angular, stalked scales, "which, bear at the back from four to seven oblong membranous cells, each containing numerous minute seeds, encompassed by four Ji laments, terminating infourjlat anthers. 1. EQUISE'TUM. HORSE-TAIL. Spike oblong, of many peltate, stalked scales, arranged on a common stalk. Scales angular, bearing at the back from four to seven oblong membranous cells, parallel to each other, finally bursting into two equal valves. Seeds globular, very minute, having four spiral filaments attached to their base, which termi- nate each in a flat appendage or anther, producing pollen. — Name from equus,& horse, and seta, a hair. 476. 1. E. arvfnse. Corn Horse-tail. Sterile stems decumbent at the base, with undivided, angular, roughish, ascending branches ; fertile stems erect, destitute of branches, their sheaths distant, deeply toothed. Fertile stems about eight inches high, appearing before the sterile ones, which are from one to two feet high. Perennial : flowers in March and April : grows in fields and meadows : common. Eng. Bot. vol. xxix. pi. 2020. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 337. 1508. 2. E. Drummondii. Blunt-topped Horse-tail. Sterile stems striate, rough with prominent points, with undivided, angular, rough branches ; fertile stems erect, destitute of branches, their sheaths approximated, with narrow, tapering teeth. Perennial: flowers in April. Found by Mr. T. Drummond, in Forfarshire. Hooker. Brit FL p. 451. 1509. 3. E. fluvidtile. Great Water Horse-tail. Sterile stems with very numerous undivided, angular, roughish branches; fertile stems un- branched, their sheaths crowded, deeply toothed. Fertile stems from one to two ; sterile ones, from two to four feet high. Perennial : flowers in April : grows at the edges of rivers and lakes : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xxix. pi. 2022. Eng. FL vol. iv. p. 337. 1510. 4. E. syhdticum. Wood Hoi'se-tail. Sterile and fertile stems with 396 CRYPTOGAMIA — EQDISETACEJE. £<3L. XXIV. compound, four-sided, smooth branches, curved downwards. Stems about a foot high, erect, with short branches, each whorl with a pale- brown torn sheath above it : spike oblong. Perennial : flowers in April and May: grows in moist woods : frequent. Eng. Bat. vol. zxvii. pi. 1874. Eng. FL vol. iv. p. 336. 1511. 5. E. limc'Sitm. Smooth Naked Horse-tail. Sterile and fertile stems naked, or branched at the upper part ; the branches about fifteen in each whorl, simple, smooth, ascending. Stems from two to three feet high, smooth to the touch, furrowed, sometimes branchless, more frequently branched : spike small, oblong. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in marshes and at the edges of lakes and rivers : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 922. Eng. FL vol. iv. p.339. 1512. 6. E. paluttre. Marsh Hone-tail. Sterile and fertile stems deeply fur- rowed, branched throughout ; branches about ten in each whorl, mi- nutely roughish, erect. Stems about two feet high : spike cylindrical. Perennial : flowers in June and July : grows in waterv places : frequent. Eng. Bot. vol. xxix. pi. 2021. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 338. ' 1513. 7. E. hyemd'U. Greater Rough Horse-tail. Sterile and fertile stems generally branchless, sometimes branched at the base, very rough, fur- rowed ; sheaths whitish, black at the top and bottom, their teeth pointed, deciduous. Stems from one to two feet high: spike elliptical. Pe- rennial : flowers in July and August : grows in boggy woods : not common. The cuticle of all the Equiseta contains siliceous earth, on which account they are used for polishing wood and metals. This species is more emi- nently qualified for that purpose, and is largely imported from Holland. Eng. Bot. vol. xiii. pi. 915. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 339. 1514. 8. E. variegdtum. Variegated Rough Horse-tail. Stems branchless, very rough, branched at the, base; sheaths black, with white membra- nous, lance-shaped teeth. Stems about eight inches high, ascending, furrowed. Perennial: flowers in July and August : found by Mr. G.Don on the sands of Barry, in Angus-shire, and by Mr. W. Wilson in Lanca- shire, and in Ireland. Eng. Bot. vol. xxviii. pi. 1987. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 341. 1515. Besides the Ferns, Lycopodinece, and Equisetaceae, of which the species are briefly described above, there are in this class the Mosses, Lichens, Algae, Fungi, and other groups or orders, the description of which must be sought in other works. Of the PH*NOOAMOUS PLANTS, or those belonging to the first twenty- three classes of the Linnaean system, 1462 species, arranged in 459 genera, have been enumerated and characterized, in the preceding pages. Of the CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS, or those forming the twenty-fourth or last class, there have been briefly described only 53 species, disposed in 17 genera. GLOSSARY OF TERMS. ABRUPT, with the extremity cut off, as it were, by a transverse line, f. 5, 54. Abruptly pinnate, without a terminal leaflet or tendril, f. 79. Acute, ending in a point, f. 57. Acuminate, taper-pointed, f. 58. Aggregate flowers, when several flowers, generally stalked, and with se- parated anthers, are enclosed in a common calyx. Alternate, coming off one by one, in different directions, f. 22. Alternately pinnate, with alternate leaflets, f. 80. Anther, a bag containing pollen, f. 133. Apple, a fleshy fruit, containing a capsule, f. 143. Articulated stem or leaf, formed into distinct parts, united by portions of smaller diameter. Arrow-shaped, triangular, hollowed at the base, f. 45. Ascending, having an oblique direction upwards. Awl-shaped, long, cylindrical at the base, and tapering to a point, f. 72. Awn, an elongated stiff acute body upon the flowers of grasses, f. 96. Axillar, growing between a leaf and the stem or branch, or between branch and the stem. Barbed or Bearded, having a tuft of long hairs. Barren flowers, having stamens but not pistils, and therefore not pro- ducing fruit. Bell-shaped, of the form of a bell, with the margin turned outwards, f. 120. Berry, a juicy fruit containing seeds imbedded in its pulp, f. 144. Bigeminate, twice paired, f. 81. Binate leaf, when two leaflets rest upon a common stalk, f. 74. Bipinnate, twice pinnate, f. 83. Biternate, twice ternate, f. 82. Bractea, a leafy appendage to the flower, or its stalk, f. 85, a. f. 86, a. Branches, divisions of the stem. Bristly, covered with short stiff hairs. Bristle-pointed, terminated by a bristle, or bristly point, f. 59. Bristle-shaped, long, cylindrical at the base, tapering and very slender. Bristles, short stiif hairs. Border, the expanded part of the petal, f. 125, b. Bulbous-root, with an enlarged globular part, and numerous fibres, f. 6, 7, 8. Bundle, flower-stalks of equal length, growing close together, f. 100. Caducous calyx, falling off before the corolla. Callous, thickened and stiff. Calyx, the outer, generally green covering of a flower, f. 109, b. Capsule, a dry seed-vessel, generally of a membranous texture, f. 137. Cartilaginous, thick and tough. Catkin, a long simple flower-stalk thickly covered with scales and flowers, f. 105. Cauline, growing on the stem, f. 23, 24. 2 L 2 398 GLOSSARY OF TEKM9, Chaffy, covered with membranous scales. Chaff-scale, the calyx of grasses and allied plants. Channelled leaves or stalks, with a longitudinal groove, f. 70. Ciliated, fringed with hairs, f. 64. Clammy, covered with glutinous juice. Claw, the narrow portion of a petal, f. 125, a. Cleft, deeply divided, f. 51. Climbing, ascending on other bodies. Clinging, holding fast to another body for support, f. 12. Close-pressed, lying flat. Cluster, numerous flowers, each on a stalk, arranged along a common stalk, f. 97, 98. Clustered leaves, crowded together, f. 25. Coloured calyx, of any other colour than green. Coated Bulbous root, composed of layers, f. 7. Common calyx, containing several flowers with united anthers. Common corolla, consisting of several flowers with united anthers, con- tained in a common calyx. Common or general umbel, the first divisions of an umbel. Common involucre, at the base of a general umbel, f. 89, a. Complete Jlower, furnished with both calyx and corolla. Compound flower, when a number of flowers with united anthers grow in a common calyx. Compound leaf, consisting of several pieces connected by insertion into a common stalk. Compressed, flattened laterally. Connate, adhering together, f. 31. Cone, a catkin hardened and enlarged, f. 146, 147. Conical receptacle, elevated and coming to a point, f. 155. Conjugate leaf, with two leaflets. Corolla, the envelope of coloured and delicate leaves of a flower. Corymb, an erect cluster, the partial stalks of which are gradually longer as they stand lower on the common stalk, f. 99. Cotyledons, the two portions of a seed which at germination change into leaves, f.148. Cover, a membranous covering for the sori of ferns. Creeping root, one with a subterranean stem, sending off fibres at inter- vals, f. 2. Creeping stem, running along the ground, and sending down roots at in- tervals, f. 11. Cruciform corolla, of four petals with long claws, standing opposite in pairs, f. 126. Cup-shaped, of the form of a bell, with the margin straight, f. 121. Curled, with the margin folded and more expanded than the disk. Cylindrical, round and elongated. Cyme, a kind of umbel, the partial stalks of which are irregular. Deciduous leaves, falling off every year. Deciduous calyx, or corolla, falling off before the fruit is perfected. Decumbent stem, lying on the ground at the base. Decurrent leaves, running down the stem or branch, so as to form a leafy border, f. 34. Decurrently pinnate, when the leaflets run clown the stalk. Decussate leaves, in pairs, alternately crossing, f. 29. GLOSSARY OF TERMS. 399 Deltoid, triangular. Denticulate, furnished with small teeth. Depressed, flattened vertically. Depressed leaves, root-leaves pressed close to the ground. Digitate, several leaflets resting on the top of a common stalk, f. 73. Dioecious, when stameniferous flowers grow on one plant, and pistilli- ferous flowers on another plant, of the same species. Dilated stalks, enlarged in breadth. Disk, the central florets of a compound flower. Dorsal, on the back. Downy, covered with soft fine hairs. Drupe, a fleshy fruit, containing a nut, f. 142. Egg-shaped, longer than broad, the base broader than the end ; when applied to the leaf, bractea, petal, &c. the term merely implies that these flat parts have the outline of an egg, f. 36 ; but when applied to a seed or capsule, it means that they are truly the form of an egg. Elliptical, the length greater than the breadth, and both ends rounded, f.37. Embracing the stem, leaves sessile and clasping the stem at their base, f. 30. Emersed, standing out of the water. Entire, without division, or without teeth or notches on the edges f. 36, 43. Equal, all of the same length, f. 117, 120. Equitant leaves, disposed in two opposite rows, and embracing each other at the base, f. 33. Erect, rising perpendicularly. Even, destitute of inequalities. Evergreen leaves, remaining green during the winter. Feathery seed-down, consisting of hairs which are subdivided like the shaft of a feather, f. 150. Fertile flower, having pistils but not stamens. Fibrous root, consisting entirely of fibres or radicles, f. 1. Fleshy, thick and juicy. Flat receptacle, perfectly even, f. 154. Filament, the stalk which supports the anther, f. 133, a. Flexuous, forming angles from right to left, and inversely. Floating leaves or stems, lying flat on the surface of the water. Flower-stalk, a slender body which supports the flower, f. 19. Floral lenf, an appendage to the flower or its stalk, f. 85, a. 86, a. Follicle, a one-valved, one-celled capsule, opening lengthwise. Forked, regularly and repeatedly dividing into two, f. 10. Four-ranked, with leaves or branches spreading in four directions. Fringed, margined with a row of hairs, f. 64. Frond, a leaf bearing the fructification. Furrowed, marked with parallel elevated and depressed lines. Gaping corolla, an irregular corolla, with two lips and an open throat, f. 123. Geniculate straw, with the joints enlarged and bent like a knee, f. 18. Gsrmen, the undermost part of the pistil, f. 136, a. Glands, small soft bodies secreting fluids. 400 GLOSSARY OP TERMS. Glaucous, covered with a pale greenish-blue mealiness. Gnawed, irregularly notched at the margin. Granulated root, consisting of small bulbs or scales, f. 9. Grooved, marked with parallel deep lines. Habit of plants, their peculiar appearance. Hair-shaped, long, cylindrical and slender. Hairs, slender bodies of various degrees of fineness, covering the surface of plants. Hairy, covered with long, soft, straight hairs. Halberd-shaped, triangular, hollowed out at the base and sides, with a projecting part on each side, f. 46. Head, flowers arranged sessile in a globular form, f. 101. Heart-shaped, egg-shaped with the base hollowed out, f. 44. Hemispherical, of the form of a half-sphere, f. 114. Herbaceous, soft, in opposition to woody. Hoary, covered with close, extremely fine, white hairs. Hollow stem or leaves, cylindrical, with an internal cavity. Horizontal branches or Leaves, standing off at right angles. Husk, the corolla of grasses, f. 116, b. Imbricated leaves, or other organs, one lying over the other, f. 28, 113, 114. Immersed, under water. Incomplete flower, when the corolla is wanting. Incumbent anther, lying across the top of the filament, f. 134. Indigenous plants, those growing wild in a country. Inflected, bent inwards. Inflorescence, the manner in which the flowers are arranged. Interruptedly pinnate, with smaller leaflets between the larger. Inversely egg-shaped or heart-shaped, with the broad end outermost. Involucre, a kind of bractea, consisting of several leaves, at a distance from the flower, f. 88. Involute, rolled inwards at the margin, f. 66. Irregular corolla, not uniform in its general form, f. 123, 124. Jagged, irregularly cut at the margin, f. 63. Jointed, composed of distinct pieces united by intermediate parts. Keel of a papilionaceous corolla, the lower boat-shaped piece, f. 131. Keeled leaves or other parts, with a longitudinal prominence at the back, f. 71. Kernel, the seed of a nut. Kidney-shaped, roundish, with the base hollowed out, f. 43. Kneed straw, with the joints enlarged and bent like a knee, f. 18. Knobbed stigma, of a somewhat globular form. Knotty, leaving knots at intervals. Laciniatc, deeply cut into at the margin. Lamina, the expanded part of a petal, f. 125, b. Lance-shaped, oblong and narrow, tapering towards each end, f. 40. Lateral anther, attached to the side of the filament. Lateral leaves, from the sides of the stem or branches. Leaf-stalk, the stalk of a leaf. GLOSSARY OP TERMS. 401 Leathery, thin but tough. Legume, a dry elongated seed-vessel, formed of two oblong valves, with- out a longitudinal part, f. 140. Ligule, the stipule of grasses. Limb, the expanded part of the corolla. Linear, flat, very narrow, with the edges parallel, f. 41. Lobed, divided into segments with rounded margins, f. 52. Lyre-shaped, pinnatifid, with the terminal segment rounded and larger, f.48. Membranous, very thin, dry, and easily torn. Monoecious, when stameniferous flowers and pistilliferous flowers exist on the same plant. Monopetalous corolla, consisting of one petal or piece, f. 117. Naked flower, destitute of a calyx. Naked stem, or leaf, without hairs. Naturalized plants, those originally introduced from another country, but now become wild. Nectary, a part of the flower which contains or secretes honey. Needle-shaped leaves, linear and evergreen. Neutral flowers, destitute of both stamens and pistils. Notched leaf, or petal, ending with a small notch, f. 56. Nut, a seed covered with a hard shell, which does not burst, f. 141. Obtuse, rounded at the end. Oblong, when the length is three or four times greater than the breadth, and the end rounded. Opposite leaves, or other parts, coming off on opposite sides at the same place, f. 23. Oppositely pinnate leaf, with opposite leaflets, f. 77, 78, 79. Orbicular, round and flat. Oval, the length greater than the breadth, and both ends alike rounded, f. 37. Palmate leaf, having several oblong segments extending to the middle, f. 5o. Panicle, when the flowers are in a kind of loose subdivided cluster, f. 104. Panicled stem, with irregular branches, which are themselves irregularly divided, the last divisions bearing flowers. Papilionaceous corolla, of four petals, resembling a butterfly, f. 128. Papillous, covered with small soft prominences. Partial involucre, at the base of a partial umbel. Partial umbel, the secondary division of an umbel. Pectinate, pinnatifid, with the segments very narrow, f. 50. Pedate leaf, a ternate leaf, having its lateral leaflets divided into several others, f. 76. Peduncle, a slender body by which the flower is connected with the stem or branch. Peltate leaf, when the stalk is inserted into the middle, f. 35. Pendulous, hanging. Perfect flowers, having both stamens and pistils. Perfoliate, when the stem, as it were, runs through a leaf, f. 32. Perianth, a calyx contiguous to the corolla, or other internal parts of the flower, f. 110. 402 GLOSSARY OF TERMS. Pericarp, the seed-vessel. Permanent leaves, remaining unaltered during winter. Persistent calyx or corolla, remaining until the fruit is ripe. Personate corolla, irregular, with two lips, and a closed throat, f. 124. Petals, the distinct pieces of a corolla. Pinnate, when several leaflets proceed from a common stalk, f. 78, 80. Pinnatifid, cut transversely into several oblong segments, f. 47. Pistil, an organ consisting of three parts, occupying the centre of the flower, f. 136. Pithy, having the central part filled with pith. Plaited, folded so as to present alternately projecting and retiring angles, f.69. Pod, a long dry seed-vessel of two valves, separating by a longitudinal partition, to the edges of which the seeds are alternately attached, f. 138. Polished, smooth and reflecting light. Pollen, the dust or minute globules contained in the anther. Polypetalous, consisting of several distinct pieces or petals. Pores, small cavities or holes. Pouch, a short pod, f. 139. Prickle, an acute appendage arising from the bark, f. 92. Prickly, covered with prickles. Procumbent, lying on the ground. Protuberant, having a prominence. Quadrangular, flat and four-cornered. Quinate leaf, compound with five leaflets. Qiiinquangular, flat with five corners. Raceme, numerous flowers, each on a stalk, arranged along a common stalk, f. 97, 88. Radiating flouers, having the marginal florets long and spreading. Radical leaves, growing from the root, f. 19. Ray, the marginal elongated florets of a compound flower. Receptacle, the point at which all the parts of a flower meet. Reclinate leaves, inclining downwards. Reflected, bent backwards. Regular corolla, uniform in its general figure, f. 126, 127. Remote leaves, scales, &c., widely separated. Reticulated, when the veins resemble net-work. Retuse leaf or petal, ending in a broad shallow notch, f. 55. Revolute, rolled back at the margin, f. 66. Rhombic, diamond-shaped. Ribbed leaf, when the vessels extend in undivided lines, f. 68. Ribs, elevated lines. Ringent corolla, the limb divided into two parts, leaving an open throat, f. 123. Rough, covered with hairs. Roundish leaves or petals, when the length and breadth are nearly equal. Rosaceous corolla, of five equal roundish petals, f. 127. Runciimte, pinnatifid, with the segments pointed and directed downwards, f.49. Salver-shaped corolla, with a long cylindrical tube and expanded limb, £.117. GLOSSARY OF TERMS. 403 Scaly stem, covered with scales, f. 15. Scape, a flower-stalk arising from the root. Scattered, irregularly distributed. Scattered leaves or scales, irregularly distributed, f. 24. Seed-down, a bristly crown attached to the seed. Segments, the division of an organ. Semi-cylindrical, elongated, fiat on one side, and round on the other. Sen-ate, with sharp close teeth, pointing in one direction, f. 61. Shaggy, covered with very long, soft hairs. Sheath, a membranous covering enclosing the flower, and afterwards bursting longitudinally, f. 87. Sheath of the leaf, the lower part of the leaf of a grass, which encloses the straw. Sheathing, investing the stem with a sheath. Shining, reflecting light strongly. Simple, undivided, or consisting of one. Simple leaf, consisting of one piece. Simple flower, when a single flower is contained in the calyx. Simple seed-down, consisting of undivided hairs, f. 149. Smooth, destitute of hairs. Solid, not hollow. Solitary flower, one only in the same place, or on the stem. Sori, masses or groups of capsules, arranged on the back of the frond in ferns. Sparse, irregularly scattered, or distant. Sparsely, distantly. Spathulate, circular at the end, and tapering towards the base, f. 38. Spherical, of the form of a sphere, f. 113. Spike, numerous flowers arranged along a common stalk, without partial stalks, f. 94, 95. Spiked ' Jiowers, arranged in the form of a spike. Spiked panicle, a very close panicle resembling a spike. Spikelet, a term applied to grasses and other plants, which have many flowers arranged on a stalk within a common calyx, f. 96. Spindle-shaped root, thick and fleshy, tapering downwards, f. 3. Spine, an acute appendage, arising from the wood, f. 91. Spreading branches or leaves, coming off at a moderately acute angle. Spur, a horn-shaped production of the corolla, f. 132. Stalk or scape, a stem that supports flowers but not leaves. Stamens, organs of the flower, consisting of a bag filled with powder, and generally supported on a stalk. Standard, the upper petal of a papilionaceous corolla, f. 129. Stemless plants, having no stem properly so called. Stigma, the top of the style, f. 136, c. Stipule, an appendage to the leaf, f. 84. Strap-shaped, narrow and flat. Straw, the stem of grasses, rushes, and allied plants. Striated or streaked, marked with parallel lines. Strubilus, a catkin hardened and enlarged, f. 146, 147. Style, a stalk supporting the stigma, f. 136, b. Subdivided stalk, bearing several flowers. Submersed, under water. Sword-shaped leaves, perpendicular, two-edged and slightly convex on both surfaces. 404 GLOSSARY OF TERMS. Tail, an elongated appendage to a seed, f. 152. Tapering root, thick and fleshy, tapering downwards, f. 3. Tendril, a thread-like organ, serving to attach plants to some support, f. 78, 90. Terminal, at the end of the stem or branch. Ternate leaf, when three leaflets rest upon a common stalk, f. 75. Tetragonal, with four angles. Thorn, an acute appendage, arising from the wood, f. 91. Thread-shaped, elongated, cylindrical, and slender. Three-edged stem, with three sharp angles. Thrice pinnate, divided three times in a pinnate manner, f. 83. Thyrsus, a close panicle of an oval form. Toothed leaves or other parts, having small protuberances on the margin, f. 60. Triangular leaf, flat, with three angles, f. 42. Trifid, shortly divided into three segments. Trigeminate, thrice paired. Tripartite, deeply divided into three segments. Tripinnate, thrice pinnate. Triternate, thrice ternate. Trunk, the stem of a tree or shrub. Tube, the narrow cylindrical part of the corolla. Tubular, cylindrical and hollow. Tufted leaves, several springing from one point, f. 27. Tumid, bulging out. Turbinate, spherical and depressed. Twining, winding round other bodies, f. 13. Two-edged stem, compressed with two opposite sharp edges. Two-ranked, with leaves or branches spreading in two opposite directions. Umbel, flower-stalks of nearly equal length, arising from a common centre, f. 89, 102. Umbellules, the secondary divisions of an umbel. Undivided, without segments. Undulated, having a waved margin, f. 55. Unequal, some longer than other*. Unilateral, all inclining one way. Veined, with a net-work of prominent vessels, f. 67. Veins, branching vessels. Warty, covered with small hard prominences. Wedge-shaped, broad at the end and tapering towards the base, f. 29. Wheel-shaped corolla, with a short tube and expanded limb. Whorl, when several flowers encircle the stem, f. 93. Wharled leaves or flowers, growing in a circle round the stem. Wing of a seed, a dilated membranous appendage, f. 153. Wings, the lateral pieces of a papilionaceous corolla, f. 130. Winged stem, with edges extended into leafy borders. Woody, hard and solid. Woolly, covered with long, soft, interwoven hairs. Wrinkled leaves, when the veins are lighter than the substance between them, so that the latter is puckered. ALPHABETICAL INDEX LATIN GENERIC NAMES. ACER 181, 187 Aceras 334,337 Achillea ....305,331 Aconitum ..227,234 Acorus 164, 170 Actaea 226,228 Adiantum ..386,392 Adonis ....227,236 Adoxa 182, 190 jEgopodium 113, 151 jEthusa 113, 148 Agrimonia ..210,211 Agrostemma 192, 206 Agrostis 59, 73 Aira 59, 76 Ajuga 241,242 Alchemilla .. 96,105 Alisma ....164, 180 Allium ....164,166 Alnus 344,358 Alopecurus . . 59, 71 Althaea ....280,283 Alyssum 263, 266 Amaranthus 344, 360 Anagallis ..110,122 Anchusa 110, 116 Andromeda.. 192, 193 Anemone ..227,235 Angelica 113, 151 Anthemis . . 305, 330 Anthericum 164, 169 Anthoxanthum 49, 58 Anthriscus ..113, 143 Anthyllis 285, 289 Antirrhinum 242, 259 Apargia 303, 309 Apium ....113,150 Aquilegia ..227,234 Arabis 264,272 Arbutus 192, 193 Arctium 304, 314 Arenaria 192,202 Artemisia ..304,320 Arthrolobium Arum Arundo Aristolochia Asarum . , Asparagus . . Asperugo . . Asperula. . . . Aspidium . . Asplenium . . Aster Astragalus . . Athamanta . . Atriplex. . . . Atropa .... Avena Azalea 285,294 345, 362 60, 77 334, 342 210,210 164, 169 110, 118 96, 98 386, 388 386, 390 305, 326 285, 295 113, 153 384, 384 111, 130 , 60, 90 110,122 Ballota 241,250 Barbarea....264, 275 Bartsia 242,254 Bellis 305,328 Berberis .. ..163, 175 Beta 111,138 Betonica 241,249 Betula 345, 364 Bidens 304, 318 Blechnum ..386,391 Borago 110,118 Botrychium . . 386, 393 Brassica 264,277 Briza 60, 84 Bromus 60, 88 Bryonia 344, 360 Bunium .... 112, 146 Bupleurum ..113, 155 Butomus....l9l, 191 Buxus 344, 358 Cakile 264,270 Callitriche .. 45, 48 Calluna 181, 185 Caltha 227, 240 2 M Camelina ..263,266 Campanula.. Ill, 124 Cardamine ..264, 271 Carduus 304, 315 Carex 343,349 Carlina ....304,318 Carpinus 345, 364 Carum ....114,153 Caucalis ....112, 142 Centaurea ..305, 332 Centunculus 96, 103 Cerastium ..192, 208 Ceratophyllum344,361 Chara 45, 46 Chsrophylluml 1 3, 1 45 Cheiranthus 264, 276 Chelidonium 226,228 Chenopodiumll2, 136 Cherleria....l92,204 Chlora 181,184 Chrysanthemum, 305, 329 Chrysocoma 304, 319 Chrysosplenium, 192, 195 Cichorium ..303, 314 Cicuta 113, 147 Cineraria 305,327 Circaea 49, 56 Cladium 49, 57 Clematis.... 227, 235 Clinopodium 241, 251 Cnicus 304,316 Cnidium ....113,154 Cochlearia ..263, 269 Colchicum ..164, 179 Comarum ..214,226 Conium 112, 148 Convallaria 163, 170 Convolvulus 110, 123 Conyza 304,323 Corallorhiza 335, 341 Cornus 96, 103 406 ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO Corrigiola ..114, 159 Corylus ....345,365 Cotyledon ..192, 204 Crambe 264,270 Crepis 303,312 Crithmum ..113, 150 Crocus .... 58, 63 Cuscuta ....111, 139 Cyclamen ..110, 120 Cynodon 59, 74 Cynoglossum 110, 116 Cynosurus .. 60, 85 Cyperus 59, 65 Cypripedium 334, 342 Cystea 386,389 Euphrasia Exacum . . Fagus Fedia Festuca . . Ficaria . . Fragaria . . Frankenia Fraxinus . . Fritillaria Fumaria . . Dactylis . . . Daphne . . . Daucus Delphinium Dentaria . . . Dianthus. . . Digitalis . . . Digitaria . . . Diotis Dipsacus . . . Doronicum . Draba Drosera . . . Dryas . 60, 84 .181, 187 . 112, 145 227, 233 .264, 271 .192, 198 .242, 260 . 59, 75 . 304, 319 . 95, 96 .305,328 .263,265 .114, 162 .213, 225 Galanthus . Galeobdolon Galeopsis . Galium . . . Genista . . . Gentiana . . . Geranium . Geum Glaucium . Glaux Glechoma . Glyceria . . . Gnaphalium Goodyera . Grammitis . ..242,255 Hyoscyamus 110,129 ..96,101 Hypericum ..301, 301 Hypochaeris 303, 313 .344, 363 .. 58, 62 Iberis 264,268 . . 60, 86 Ilex 96, 105 . . 227, 237 Illecebrum ..111,134 ..213,222 Impatiens ..111,127 ..163, 175 Imperatoria..ll3, 151 .. 49, 50 Inula 305,327 ..164, 167 Iris 58, 64 ..285,286 Isnardia 96,104 Jasione ....111,126 . 163, 164 241, 248 .241,247 . 96, 98 .285, 287 .111, 140 .279,280 .213, 225 .226, 228 .111, 135 .241,246 . 60, 81 304, 321 .334,338 .385,386 Juncus Juniperus Knappia . Lactuca . Lagurus . Lamium . Lapsana . Lathraea . Lathyrus ..164,171 ..368,382 .. 59, 72 ..303,307 .. 59, 89 ,.241,247 ..304,313 ..242,257 ..285,291 Lavatera 279,284 Lemna 49, 57 Echium . . . Elatine . . . Eleocharis . Klymus . . . Elyna Empetrum . Epilobium . Epimedium . Epipactis . Equisetum . Erica Erigeron . . . Eriocaulon . Eriophorum Erodium . . . Ervum Eryngium . Erysimum . Erythraea . Euonymus . Eupatorium Euphorbia . .109, 119 .182, 190 . 59, 68 . 61, 92 .343,357 .366,377 .181, 182 . 96, 103 .334, 340 .386, 395 .181, 186 .305,323 .343,359 59, 68 .279,280 .285,293 .112, 141 .264,275 .110, 131 .111, 133 304, 319 .343,345 Hedera ....111, 134 Hedysarum..285,295 Helleborus ..227,240 Helianthemum227,232 Heracleum ..112, 156 Herminium Herniaria Hesperis . . Hieracium Hierochloe 334, 337 112, 136 264, 276 303, 310 60, 80 Hippocrepis 285, 295 Hippophae ..367, 379 Hippuris.... 45, 46 Holcus .... 59, 78 Holosteum .. 61, 95 Hordeum .. 61, 93 Hottonia 110, 121 Humulus 367, 379 Hutchinsia ..263, 266 Hyacinthus..l63, 168 Hydrocharis 368, 382 Hydrocotyle 112, 141 Hymenophyl- Imn 386,393 Leontodon ..303, 308 Leonurus ..241,251 Lepidium ..264,267 Leucojum ,.163, 165 Ligusticum ..112, 152 Ligustrum . . 49, 49 Limosella ..242,261 Linaria 242, 258 Linnaea 242, 261 Linum 114, 161 Listera 334,339 Lithospermuml09,l 15 Littorella . . 343, 357 Lobelia 111, 126 Lolium 60, 91 Lonicera 111, 132 Lotus 286,299 Luzula 164, 174 Lychnis 192, 207 Lycopodium 386, 394 Lycopsis .. ..110, 118 Lycopus .... 49, 55 Lysimachia ..110, 121 Lythrum 210, 211 Malaxis 334, 341 THE LATIN GENERIC NAMES. Malva 280 283 Pfirnassia. . . . 114, 159 Marrubium . .241, 250 Pastinaca US', 156 Matricaria . .305, 330 Pedicularis . . 242, 257 Matthiola . .264, 274 PepHs 163, 175 Medicago . .285, 300 Petasites .... 305, 324 Melampyrum 242, 256 Peucedanum 112, 156 Melica . 59, 79 Phalaris 59, 70 Melittis . . . .241, 253 Phleum 59, 70 Mentha . . . .241, 244 Phyteuma . . 111, 125 Menyanthes 110, 120 303, 306 Menziesia . .181, 185 Pimpinella . . 113, 154 Mercurialis . .367, 381 Pinguicula . . 49, 54 Mespilus. . . .213, 215 345, 366 Meum 113 152 285, 289 Milium . . . . 59, 73 Plantago. . . . 96, 102 Moenchia . . . . 64, 108 Poa 60, 82 Monotropa . .191, 193 Polemonium 110, 123 Montia . . . . 61, 94 Polycarpon . . 61, 95 Myosotis . . . .110, 114 Polygala 285, 286 Myosurus . .114, 163 Polygonum. . 182, 188 Myrica . . . .367, 379 Polypodium 386, 387 Myriophyllum344, 361 Polypogon . . 59, 73 Myrrhis . . . .113, 144 Populus 367, 380 Potamogeton 96, 116 Narcissus . .163, 166 Potentilla . . 214, 223 Nardus . . . . 59, 69 Poterium . . 344, 362 Narthecium . .164, 169 Prenanthes . . 303, 308 Nasturtium . .264, 273 Primula 110, 119 Neottia . . . .334, 339 Prunella 241, 254 Nepeta . . . .241, 244 Prunus 213, 214 Nuphar . . . .227, 231 Pteris 386, 392 Nymph sea . .227, 230 Pulmonaria . . 109, 127 Pyrethrum . . 305, 329 CEnanthe • .112, 149 Pyrola 191 194 CEnothera . .181, 182 213. 215 Ononis 285,289 Onopordum..304,317 Ophioglossum386, 394 Ophrys 334,338 Orchis 334, 335 Origanum ..241, 252 Ornithogalum 164, 167 Ornithopus..285, 294 Orobanche ..242, 262 Orobus 285,290 Osmunda ..386,393 Oxalis 192, 206 Oxyria ....164,176 Pzeonia 227,233 Panicum 60, 75 Papaver 226,229 Parietaria . . 96, 104 Paris 182,190 Quercus 345, 363 Radiola 96, 109 Ranunculus 227, 237 Raphanus ..264,279 Reseda ....210,212 Rhamnus ..111,132 Rhinanthus..242, 255 Rhodiola....367, 381 Rhynchospora 58, 65 Ribes Ill, 133 Rosa 213,217 Rottbollia .. 60, 92 Rubia 96, 101 Rubus 213,220 Rumex 164, 176 Ruppia 96, 117 Ruscus 366, 378 407 Sagina 96, 108 Sagittaria ..344,362 Salicornia . . 45, 45 Salix 366, 368 Salsola ....112,138 Salvia 49, 55 Sambucus ..114, 158 Samolus.... Ill, 131 Sanguisorba 96, 103 Sanicula 112, 142 Saponaria ..192, 198 Saxifraga ..192, 195 Scabiosa 95, 97 Scandix ....113, 143 Scheuchzeria 164, 179 Schcenus .... 58, 64 Sciila 164, 168 Scirpus .... 58, 65 Scleranthus..l92, 198 Scolopendrium, 386, 391 Scrophularia 242, 259 Scutellaria ..241, 253 Sedum 192, 205 Selinum 112, 155 Sempervivum 210, 212 Senebiera ..263,269 Senecio 305, 324 Serratula ..304,315 Sesleria 60, 80 Sherardia .. 96, 98 Sibbaldia ..114,161 Sibthorpia ..242, 261 Silene 192, 199 Sinapis 264,277 Sison 112, 147 Sisymbrium..264, 274 Sium 112, 146 Smyrnium ..113, 150 Sofanum 110, 130 Solidago....305, 326 Sonchus 304, 307 Sparganium 343, 348 Spartma' 59, 85 Spergula . . 192, 209 Spiraea 213,216 Stachys 241, 249 Staphylea ..114, 158 Statice 114,160 Stellaria....l92, 201 Stratiotes ..227,234 Subularia ..263,264 Symphytum 110, 117 408 INDEX TO THE LATIN GENERIC NAMES. Tamarix Tamus Taxus 114, 159 367, 380 368 383 Trichonema Trientalis . Trifoliuin . 58, 63 .180, 181 .286 296 Teesdalia . . 264, 268 304 320 Triglochin . Triodia .... .164, 179 ..60 83 Teucrium . . Tilia 241, 243 227, 231 Triticum . . . Trollius . . . . 60, 93 . 227, 239 Thalictrum . . Thesium 227, 236 111, 135 264 267 Turritis . . . Tussilago . Tulipa.. .264,273 .305,324 .164 167 Thymus . . . . 241 252 TvBha . . .343, 348 Tillaea 96 109 164 178 Hex .285 288 Tordvlium . . 113 157 .112, 138 Torilis .... 113 142 Urtica .344 358 Tormentilla Tragopogon Trichomanes 213, 224 303, 306 386, 392 Utricularia . Vaccinium . . . 49, 54 181, 184 Valeriana ..58, 61 Verbascum ..110, 128 Verbena 241,244 Veronica. ... 49, 50 Viburnum ..114, 157 Vicia 285,292 Villarsia ....110, 121 Vinca 110, 135 Viola Ill, 127 Viscum ....367,378 Woodsia....386, 387 Xanthium ..344, 360 Zannichellia 343, 347 Zostera 45, 46 409 ALPHABETICAL INDEX THE ENGLISH NAMES. ABELE 380 Aceras 337 Adder's-tongue . . 394 Adonis 236 Agrimony 211 Alder 358 Alder Buckthorn. . 132 Ale-hoof 246 Alexanders 150 Alkanet 116 All-seed 95, 109 Alyssum 266 Amaranth 360 Andromeda 193 Anemone 235 Angelica 151 Apple-tree 216 Archangel 247 Arrow-grass . . . . 179 Arrow-head .... 362 Arum 362 Asarabacca 210 Ash 50 Asparagus 1 69 Aspen 381 Asphodel 169 Avens 225 Awl- wort 264 Azalea 122 Bald-money .... 153 Balsam 127 Bane-berry 228 Barberry 175 Barley 93 Barren- wort ... .103 Bartsia 254 Base Rocket 212 Basil 251 Basil Thyme 252 Bastard-balm 253 Bastard- stone Pars- ley 147 Bastard Toad-flax 135 Beak -rush 65 Beaked-parsley . . 143 Bear-berry 193 Beard-grass 73 Bed-straw 98 Beech 363 Bee-orchis 338 Beet 138 Bell-flower 124 Bennet 225 Bent-grass 73 Betony 249 Bilberry 184 Bindweed 123 Bindweed, Black . . 188 Birch 364 Bird-cherry 214 Bird's-nest 193 Bird's-nest-orchis 340 Bird's-foot 294 Bird's-foot Trefoil 299 Birthwort 342 Bistort 188 Bitter-sweet 130 Bitter-vetch 290 Blackberry 221 Black Bryony .. ..380 Black Salt- wort ..135 Bladder-fern 389 Bladder-nut .. ..158 Bladder-wort .... 54 Blackthorn 214 2 M 2 Blaeberry 184 Blinks 95 Blue-bottle 330 Bog Asphodel.... 169 Bog-bean 120 Bog-orchis 341 Bog-rush 64 Borage 118 Box-tree 358 Brake 392 Bramble 220 Branks 188 Bristle-fern 392 Bristle-grass .... 90 Brome-grass .... 88 Brook-lime 51 Brookweed 131 Broom 287 Broom-rape .... 262 Bryony 360 Buck-bean or bog- bean 120 Buck's- horn Plan- tain 102 Buckthorn 132 Buck-wheat 188 Bugle 242 Bugloss 118 Bugloss, viper's ..119 Bui lace-tree 214 Bull-rush or club- rush 67 Burdock 314 Bur-marigold . . . .318 Burnet 103 Burnet-saxifrage. . 154 Bur-parsley 142 Bur-reed 348 410 INDEX TO THE ENGLISH NAMES. Burwced 360 Butcher's-broom . .378 Butter-bur 324 Butter-cups 238 Butterwort 54 Cabbage 277 Calamint 253 Camelina 266 Cammock 289 Campion, or Catch- fly 200 Canary-grass .... 70 Candy-tuft 268 Caraway ] 53 Cardamine 27 1 Carex 349 Carline-thistle ..318 Carrot 145 Catch-fly 199 Catch-weed 118 Cat-mint 244 Cat's-ear 313 Cat's-tail 348 Cat's- tail-grass .. 70 Celandine 228 Celery 150 Centaury ..131,332 Chaff- weed 103 Chamomile 320 Charlock 278 Cherleria 204 Cherry 214 Chervil 145 Chesnut 363 Chickweed 201 Chickweed Winter- green 181 Chive Garlick 167 Cicely 144 Cinque-foil 223 Clary 56 Cleavers 101 Clematis 235 Clot-bur 314 Cloud-berry ....222 Clove-gilliflower..l99 Clove- pink 199 Clover 296 Club-moss 394 Club-rush 65 Cockle 206 Cock's-foot -grass .. 84 Cock's-head 295 Colchicum 179 Cole-seed 277 Colt's-foot 324 Columbine 234 Comfrey 117 Con> za 323 Coral-root 341 Coral-wort 271 Cord-grass 85 Corn-cockle 207 Cornel 103 Cornish Money- wort 261 Corn-marigold . . 329 Corn-parsley .... 147 Corn-salad 62 Cotton-grass .... 68 Cotton-thistle 317 Cotton-weed 319 Couch-grass .... 94 Cow-bane 148 Cow-berry 184 Cow-chervil . . . . 145 Cow-parsley . . 144, 5 Cow-parsnep .... 156 Cowslip 120 Cow-wheat 256 Crabtree 216 Cranberry 185 Crane's-bill 281 Cress 273 Crocus 63 Cross- wort 99 Crowberry 377 Crow-foot 237 Cuckoo-flower .... 27 1 Cnckow-pint 362 Cudweed 321 Currant 133 Cyclamen 120 C yperus 65 Cyphel 198 Daffodil 166 Daisy 328 Dame's-violet .. ..276 Dandelion 308 Darnel 91 Deadly night-shade 30 Dead-nettle 247 Devil's-bit 97 Dew- berry .... : .221 Dock-sorrel 176 Dodder 139 Dog-rose 220 Dog's-tail-grass . . 85 Dog's-tooth-grass 74 Dog's-wheat .... 94 Dog-wood 10-t Drop wort ..149,217 Duckweed 57 Dutch-clover 297 Dutch-myrtle 379 Dwale 124 Dyer's-weed ... .212 Earth-nut 146 Eglantine 219 Elder 158 Elecampane 327 Elm 138 Elyna 357 Enchanter's night- shade 56 English Galingale 65 Eryngo 145 Evening Primrose 182 Ever-green A Ikanet 116 Everlasting Pea ..291 Eye-bright 255 Feather-foil 121 Fennel 153 Ferns 388 Fescue 86 Feverfew 329 Field-madder 98 Fig-wort 259 Filmy-fern 393 Finger-grass .... 75 Fir 366 Flax 161 Flea-bane ..323,327 Flea-wort 327 Flixweed 274 Flower-de-luce . . 64 Flowering-fern ..393 Flowering-rush . . 191 Fly-orchis 338 Fool's-parslc.y .... 148 Forget-me-not ..114 Fox-glove 260 Fox-tail-grass .... 71 Frankenia 175 Fritillary 167 Frog-bit 382 Fumitory 286 Furze 288 INDEX TO THE ENGLISH NAMES. Gale 379 Galingale 65 Garlick 166 Gcan-tree 214 Gentian 140 Gentian (least) . . 102 Germander 243 Germander Speed- well 52 Gill 246 Gipsy wort 55 Glass- wort 45 Globe-flower 239 Goat's-beard 306 Golden Saxifrage 195 Golden-rod 326 Goldilocks ..238, 319 Gold-of-pleasure . . 266 Good Henry ....136 Goodyera 338 Gooseberry 134 Goose-foot 136 Goose-grass .... 223 Goose-tongue .... 332 Gorse 288 Gout-weed 151 Grammitis 386 Grass of Parnassus 159 Grass Wrack .... 46 Graymill 115 Green-weed ....287 Ground-ivy 246 Groundsel 324 Greek- Valerian ..123 Gromwell 115 Guelder-rose .... 157 Hair-grass 76 Hard-fern 391 Hard-grass 92 Hare's-ear . . 155, 276 Hare-bell 169 Hare's-tail-grass . . 89 Hart's-tongue 391 Hart- wort 157 Hawkbit 309 Hawk's-beard 312 Hawk-weed 310 Hawthorn 215 Hazel ..365 Heart 's-ease ....128 Heart's-tongue . . 386 Heath 186 Heath-grass 83 Heath-pea 290 Hedge-mustard ..274 Hedge-parsley ..142 Hedge-stonewort 147 Hellebore 240 Helleborine 340 Hemlock 148 Hemp-agrimony . .319 Hemp-nettle ....247 Henbane 129 Herb-Bennet 225 Herb-Christopher 228 Herb-Gerarde . . . . 151 Herb- Paris 190 Herb- Robert 282 Herminium 337 Hog's-fennel ^ ... 156 Hog- weed 157 Holly 105 Holy-grass 80 Honeysuckle ....132 Hop 379 Horehound 250 Hornbeam 364 Horned-pondweed 347 Horned-poppy ..228 Hornwort 361 Horse-radish 269 Horse-shoe-vetch 295 Horse-tail 395 Hound's-tongue ..116 House-leek 212 Hutchinsia 266 Hyacinth 168 Iris 64 Isnardia 104 Ivy 134 Jack-by-the- Hedge 276 Jacob's-ladder .... 124 Jagged-chickweed 95 Jersey Star Thistle 333 Joint-vetch 294 Juniper 382 Kale 277 Kidney-vetch 289 Knappia 72 Knapweed 332 Knawel 198 Knot-grass (whorled) . 134 411 Knot-grass (common) 188 Ladies'-fingers ..289 Ladies'-mantle . . 105 Ladies'-slipper ..342 Ladies'-smock .... 27 1 Ladies'-tresses . . 329 Lambs'-lettuce . . 62 Larkspur 233 Lavender-thrift . . 160 Least-stichwort ..108 Leopard's-bane . . 328 Lettuce 307 Lily of the valley 170 Lime-tree 231 Linden-tree 231 Ling 185 Linnaea 261 Listera 339 Live-long 205 Lobelia 126 London-pride .... 1 96 London- rocket ..274 Loose-strife 121 Loose-strife-purple 2 1 1 Louse-wort 257 Lovage 152 Lung-wort 117 Lychnis 207 Lyme-grass 92 Madder 101 Maiden-hair 392 Mallow 283 Man-orchis 337 Man Tway-blade . . 337 Maple 187 Mare's-tail 46 Marigold 329 Marjoram 252 Marsh-centaury . . 101 Marsh- cinquefoil ..226 Marsh-mallow .... 283 Marsh-marigold ..240 Marsh -penny . . . . 141 Marsh-samphire . . 45 Marsh-tway-blade 341 Marsh-trefoil 131 Master-wort .... 151 Mat-grass 69 Meadow-grass .... 82 Meadow-saffron, or Colchicum .... 179 Meadow-sage .... 56 412 INDEX TO THE ENGLISH NAMES. Meadow-saxifrage 154 Oak .363 Queen-of-the-mea- Meadow-sweet ..216 Oat-grass . MO dows (or mea- Meadow-rue .... 236 One -berry .190 dow-sweet) . . . .216 Medick 300 Ophrys .338 Quicken-tree . . . .216 Medlar 215 .384 Melick-grass .... 79 Orchis .335 Radish .9,79 Melilot 297 Orpine .9,05 Ragged-robin . . . .207 Menziesia 185 Osier .37?, Ragwort ,39,4 Mercury 381 Osmund-royal.. . .393 Rampion .195 Mercury-goose-foot 136 , 399 Rampion bell- Meu 152 Ox-lip Primrose . .119 flower .194 Ox-tongue .306 Ramsons .167 Milfoil 331 Rape .9,77 Milk-parsley .... 155 Paeony 933 Raspberry .9.90 Milk-vetch 295 Paigle .19,0 Red-shanks .109 Milk-wort 287 Panick-grass . . . . 75 Reed , 77 Millet-grass 73 Pansy-violet . . . .128 Reed-mace .348 Mint 244 Parsley-piert . . . .105 Rest-harrow . . . .289 Misseltoe 378 Parsnep .156 Ribwort .109, Mithr idate-mustard 267 Pasque-flower . . . .235 Roan-tree .9,16 Mcenchia 108 Pea .289 Rocket .9,19, Money- wort .... 261 Pearl-wort .108 Rock-cress .979 Monk's-hood 234 Pear-tree .915 Rock-rose 939, Moon-flower 329 Pellitory .104 Rose ,9,17 Moon-wort 393 Penny-cress .267 Rosemary 193 Moor-grass 80 Penny-royal . . . .246 Rose-root 381 Moschatell 190 Pepper-saxifrage. .154 Rupture-wort .. . .136 Mother- wort .... 251 Pepper- wort . . . .267 Rush .171 Mountain-ash . . . .216 Periwinkle .135 Rush-wheat . . . . 93 Mountain-avens ..225 Persicaria 189 Rye-grass 91 Mountain-sorrel . . 176 Petty-whin .988 Mountain-stone- Pheasant's-eye . .237 Saffron-crocus . . . . 63 parsley 154 Pig-nut .146 Sage . 55 Mouse-ear 95 Pile-wort .937 Saintfoin .295 Mouse-ear Chick- Pimpernel 19,9, Salad-burnet . . . .362 weed 208 Pine .366 , 375 Mouse-tail 163 Pink . IQ8 Sallow-thorn ... .379 Mud- wort 261 Pipe-wort .359 Saltwort . . . .45, 138 Mug-wort 321 Plantain .109 Samphire .150 Mullein 128 Plowman 's-spike- Sandwort .909, Musk-orchis ....337 nard 393 Sanicle ,142 .Musk-thistle 315 Polypody .387 Sauce-alone 976 Mustard 267,277 Pond-weed .106 Saw-wort .315 Myrtle-flag 170 Poplar .380 Saxifrage .195 Poppy 999 Scabious . 97 Narcissus 165 Prickwood .133 Scheuchzcria . . . .179 Navel-wort 204 Primrose .119 Scorpion-grass . .114 Navew 277 Primrose-peerless 165 Scottish- asphodel , 178 Needle-chervil ..143 Print , 50 Scurvv-grass ... .269 Nettle 358 Privet . 49 Sea-buckthorn. . . , ,379 Nightshade 130 Purple-loose-strife 211 Sea-bugloss Iffi Nipplewort 313 Purslane 175 Sea-chamomile . , 331 None-so-pretty . . 196 Sea-gilliflower . . 160 Noli-me-tangere . . 127 Quaking-grass . . . . 84 Sea-grass 46 INDEX TO THE ENGLISH NAMES. 413 Sea-heath 175 Sea-kale 270 Sea-milkwort .... 135 Sea-pea 290 Sea-purslane .... 384 Sea-radish 279 Sea-rocket 270 Sea-samphire .... 150 Sea-stock 275 Sedge 349 Self-heal 254 Sept-foil 224 Service-tree ....216 Sheep's-bit 126 Shepherd's-needle 144 Shepherd's-purse 267 Shepherd's-staff . . 97 Sherardia, or Field- madder 98 Shield-fern 388 Shore-weed .... 357 Sibbaldia 161 Sibthorpia, or Cornish money- wort. . . .261 Silver-weed 223 Sisymbrium . . . .274 Skull-cap 253 Sloe-tree 214 Small-reed 78 Snake's-head .. ..167 Snake-weed 188 Snap-dragon .... 259 Sneeze-wort ....332 Snow-drop 164 Snow-flake 165 Soap-wort 198 Soft-grass 78 Solomon's-seal ..170 Southern-wood ..320 Sow-thistle 307 Spear-wort 237 Speedwell 50 Spider-orchis .... 338 Spider-wort 169 Sorrel 206 Spignel 153 Spikenard 323 Spike-rush 68 Spindle-tree .... 1 33 Spiraea 216 Spleen- wort 390 Spring-grass 58 Spurge 345 Spurge-laurel .... 187 Spurge-olive . . ..187 Spurrey 209 Spur- wort 98 Squill 168 Squinancy-wort . . 98 Squirrel-tail-grass 93 Star of Bethlehem 167 Star-thistle 333 Star- wort 326 Star- wort, Sea ..326 Stitch- wort 201 St. Barnaby's-thistle 333 St. John's-wort ..301 Stock 274 Stone-crop 205 Stone-parsley 147, 153 Stone-wort ..46, 147 Stork's-bill 281 Strap- wort 159 Strawberry 222 Strawberry (Barren) 224 Strawberry-tree 193 Sweet-briar 219 Sweet-flag 170 Succory 314 Sulphur-wort 149,156 Sundew 162 Sweet Cicely .... 144 Sweet-gale 379 Sweet-grass .... 81 Sweet-scented-grass 58 Swine's-cress .. . .270 Sycamore 187 Tamarisk 159 Tansy 223,320 Tare 293 Tassel-grass .... 107 Teasel 96 Teesdalia 268 Thistle 315 Thorough-wax . . 155 Thrift 160 Thyme 252 Tillcea 109 Timothy-grass . . 70 Toad-flax 258 Toad-flax, bastard 135 Tofieldia 178 Tooth- wort 257 Tormentil 224 Touch-me-not ..127 Tower-cress ....272 Tower-mustard ..273 Traveller's-joy ..236 Treacle-mustard. .275 Tree-mallow 284 Trefoil 296 Trichonema 63 True-love 190 Tulip 167 Turnip 277 Tutsan 301 Tway-blade 337, 339 Twig-rush 57 Valerian 61 Venus'-comb .... 144 Vervain ^ 244 Vetch 292 Vetchling 291 Violet 127 Viper's Bugloss ..119 Wake Robin ....362 Wall-cress 272 Wall-flower 276 Wall-lettuce ....308 Wall-pellitory 104 Wall-pepper 205 Wart-cress 269 Water-blinks 95 Water-chickweed . 94 Water-cress 273 Water-dropwort . . 149 Water-elder 158 Water-flag, or corn- flag 64 Water-featherfoil .121 Water-hemlock ..147 Water-horehound . 55 Water-horse-tail . . 47 Water-lily 121 Water-milfoil 361 Water- parsnep ..146 Water-pimpernel 132 Water-plantain . . 180 Water-purslane 175,176 Water-soldier 234 Water-star-wort . . 48 Water-violet 121 Water- wort 1 90 Way-bennet 93 Way-faring-tree . . 158 Weasel-snout . . . .248 414 INDEX TO THE ENGLISH NAMKS. Wheat 93 Wheat-grass .... 93 Whin 288 White-beam 216 White-bottle ....200 White-horehound 251 White-rot 141 White-thorn 215 White-water-lily . .230 Whitlow-grass 265 Whortle-berry ..184 Wild Basil 251 Wild-celery 150 Wild-chamomile. .330 Wild-oat 90 Wild-parsnep ....156 Wild-succory ... .314 Willow 368 Willow-herb ....182 Winter-cress .... 275 Winter-green .... 194 Woad 212 Woad-waxen 288 WolPs-bane ....234 Woodbine 132 Woodruff 98 Wood-rush 174 Wood-sage 243 Woodsia 387 Wood-sorrel 206 Woody-nightshade 130 Wormwood 320 Woundwort 249 Wych-elm 139 Yarrow 332 Yellow-rattle 255 Yellow-rocket 275 Yellow Water-lily 231 Yellow- weed 212 Yellow-wort .... 184 Yew 383 ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA OP BRITISH PLANTS, ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL METHOD. IN attempting to arrange plants agreeably to their natural affinities, various methods have been devised. That here used, although partly artificial, will answer the purpose of grouping the British genera into Families, or, as these groups are now frequently called, Orders. It not being consistent with the plan of this work to present details, the following Table will be found to be merely the outline of an arrangement- Plants may be primarily divided into two series : 1. VASCU- LAR, or FLOWERING PLANTS ; 2. CELLULAR, or FLOWERLESS. These Sections of the vegetable kingdom may be subdivided into Classes, Orders, and Genera. Thus : — SERIES I. VASCULAR PLANTS. Also named FLOWERING Plants, and PH^NOGAMOUS Plants. Plants producing flowers and seeds, and composed of cellular tissue, woody fibre, and spiral vessels. Class I. DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. Stem formed of pith, wood, and bark ; the woody part fur- nished with medullary rays, and increasing by the addition of layers externally; whence these plants are also named EXO- GENOUS ; cotyledons two or more, opposite. Section I. THALAMIFLOR.E. Petals distinct, and, with the stamens, hypogynous (inserted beneath the ovary). Order I. RANUNCULACE,E. Sepals five, three, or six. Petals five, or more, or none. Stamens 416 ARRANGEMENT OP THE GENERA numerous, anthers adnate, opening longitudinally. Carpels numerous, distinct, or united. Seeds erect or pendulous. CLEMATIDE*. HELLEBORES. 1. Clematis, 227, 235. 7. Caltha, 222, 240. ANEMONE*. 8. Trollius, 227, 239. 2. Thalictrum, 227, 236. 9. Helleborus, 227, 240. 3. Anemone, 227, 235. 10. Aquilegia, 227, 234. 4. Adonis, 227,236. 11. Delphinium, 227, 233. RANUNCULEJE. 12. Aconitum, 227, 234. 5. Myosurus, 114, 103. PJEOXIKJE. 6. Ranunculus, 227, 237. 13. Actaea, 226, 228. '14. Pzeonia, 227, 233. Order II. BERBERIDE.E. Sepals three, four, or six, in two rows. Petals the same number. Stamens opposite to the petals, glandular at the base, anthers opening by valves. Ovary one-celled, seeds attached to the bottom. 1. Berberis, 163, 175. 2. Epimedium, 96, 103. Order III. NYMPH^ACEjE. Sepals five, four, or six, often gradually passing into the petals, and these into the numerous stamens, which are inserted into a fleshy disk, surrounding the ovaries. Stigma compound, peltate, radiate. Ovary many-celled, many-seeded. 1. Nymphjea, 227, 230. 2. Nuphar, 227, 231. OrderlV. PAPAVERACE^l. Sepals two. Corolla regular, of four petals. Stamens numerous, free. Ovary free, stigma lobed or radiate. Capsule one-celled, many- seeded. 1. Papaver, 226, 229. 2. Glaucium, 226, 228. 3. Chelidonium, 226, 228. Order V. FUMARIACE.E. Sepals two. Corolla irregular, of four petals, one or both of the two outer spurred or saccate at the base. Stamens six, in two parcels. Ovary free, one-celled, style filiform, stigma lobed. 1. Fumaria, 285,286. Order VI. CRUCIFER^E. Sepals four. Corolla cruciform. Stamens tetradynamous, the two shorter opposite the lateral petals. Ovary free, stigmas two. Fruit a siliqua or a silicula. SILICULOSJE. 7. Thlaspi, 264, 267. 1. Subularia. 263,264. 8. Teesdalia, 264, 268. 2. Draba, 263, 268. 9. Iberis, 264,268. 3. Alyssum, 263, 266. 10. Cochlearia, 263, 269. 4. Camelina, 263, 266. 11. Senebiera, 263, 269. 5. Hutchinsia, 263, 266. 12. Crambe, 264, 270. 6. Lepidium, 264, 267. 13. Cakile, 264, 270. OF BRITISH PLANTS. 417 SILIQUOSJE. 21. Barbarea, 264, 275. 14. Dentaria, 264, 271. 22. Erysimum, 264, 275. 15. Cardamine, 264,271. ' 23. Hesperis, 264, 276. 16. Arabis, 264, 272. 24. Cheiranthus, 264, 276. 17. Turritis, 264, 273. 25. Brassica, 264, 277. 18. Nasturtium, 264, 273. 26. Sinapis, 264, 277. 19. Sisymbrium, 264, 274. 27. Raphanus, 264, 279. 20. Matthiola, 264, 274. Order VII. RESEDACE^. Sepals four, five, or six, persistent. Corolla irregular, petals four or six, lacerated. Stamens ten to twenty-four, inserted upon a glandular irregular disk. Ovary sessile, three-lobed, one-celled, with three pa- rietal placentas. Fruit opening at an early stage at the end. 1. Reseda, 210, 212. Order VIII. CISTINE.E. Sepals five, unequal, the inner three with twisted aestivation. Petals five, deciduous, corrugated and twisted. Stamens numerous. Ovary one-celled, or many-celled, style filiform, stigma simple. Capsule val- vate. Seeds numerous. 1. Helianthemum, 227, 232. Order IX. VIOLACE.E. Sepals five, often extended at the base. Petals five. Stamens five, with dilated filaments, and crested anthers. Ovary one-celled, with three parietal placentae, style with a hooded stigma. Capsule of three valves. 1. Viola, 111, 127. Order X. DROSERACE^. Sepals five, equal. Petals five, regular. Stamens five or ten, free. Styles three or five. Ovary free. Capsules with three or five valves. 1. Drosera,114, 162. Order XI. POLYGALE^E. Sepals five, the two inner larger and petaloid. Petals generally three. Stamens with their filaments united below, but separating above into two parcels. Anthers one- celled, opening by a pore at the tip. Capsule one-celled or three-celled, with placentas in the axis. Seeds pendulous. 1. Polygala,285,286. Order XII. FRANKENIACE^. Sepals four or five, united into a furrowed tube below. Petals five, clawed, with appendages at the base of the limb. Stamens five or more, free, two-celled. Capsule one-celled, three-valved, with three parietal placentae. Seeds numerous, minute. 1. Frankenia, 163, 175. 2 N 418 ARRANGEMENT OP THE GENERA Order XIII. TAMARISCINE^!. Calyx five-parted, persistent. Petals four or five, regular, withering, imbricate. Stamens as many as the petals, or double in number. Cap- sule one-celled, three-valved, many-seeded. Seeds comose. 1. Tamarix, 114, 159. Order XIV. ELATINE^E. Sepals three or five. Petals three or five, sessile. Stamens as many as the petals, or double their number, free. Ovary three-celled, or five- celled, styles three or five, stigmas capitate. Capsule with three or ive cells, and as many valves. Seeds numerous. 1. Elatine, 182, 190. Order XV. CARYOPHYLLEjE. Sepals five or four, distinct or united. Petals five or four, clawed. Stamens ten or eight, inserted upon a fleshy disk or ring, anthers open- ing longitudinally. Ovary often stalked, stigmas from two to five, filiform. Capsule one-celled, or with from two to five imperfect cells, opening by twice as many teeth as stigmas. Placenta central. Seeds generally numerous. 1. Dianthus, 192, 198. 8. Mcenchia, 64, 108.' 2. Saponaria, 192, 198. 9. Holosteum, 61, 95. 3. Silene, 192, 199. 10. Stellaria, 192, 201. 4. Lychnis, 192, 207. 11. Arenaria, 192, 202. 5. Agrostemma, 192, 206. 12. Cerastium, 192, 208. 6. Sagina, 96, 108. 13. Cherleria, 192, 204. 7. Spergula, 192, 209. Order XVI. LINE^. Sepals three to five, persistent. Petals three to five, twisted, clawed, caducous. Stamens as many as the petals, united at the base into a hypogynous ring, with intermediate teeth. Ovary with about as many cells as sepals, and as many styles ; stigmas capitate. Capsule globose, generally tipped with the hardened base of the styles, and having four or five cells, each subdivided. Seeds one in each division, pendulous. 1. Linum, 114, 161. 2. Radiola, 96, 109. Order XVII. MALVACEAE. Calyx five-cleft, involucrate. Corolla regular, of five twisted petals. Stamens numerous, monadelphous, anthers one-celled, kidney-shaped, opening transversely. Ovary of several carpels, united round a common axis. Carpels with one or several seeds. 1. Lavatera, 279, 284. 2. Malva, 280, 283. 3. Althaea, 280, 283. Order XVIII. TILIACE,E. Sepals four or five, valvate. Petals four or five, sometimes none. Stamens generally numerous, anthers two-celled, opening longitudinally. OF BRITISH PLANTS. 419 Glands four or five at the base of the petals. Ovary with from one to ten cells. Style one. Capsule with one or many seeds in each cell. 1. Tilia.227,231. Order XIX. HYPERICINE.E. Sepals four or five, often coherent, persistent, with glandular dots, imbricate. Petals four or five, twisted. Stamens numerous, polya- delphous. Styles several. Fruit a capsule or berry, with many cells, and many valves. Seeds numerous, minute, on a central receptacle, or on the incurved margins of the valves. 1. Hypericum, 301,301. Order XX. ACERINE^E. Calyx four-, five- or nine-parted, imbricate. Petals of the same num- ber, inserted round a hypogynous disk. Stamens generally eight, in- serted on the disk. Ovary two-lobed, two-celled, style one, stigmas two. Fruit winged, separating into two one-celled carpels, each with one or two seeds. 1. Acer, 181, 187. Order XXI. GERANIACE.E. Sepals five, persistent, imbricate. Petals five, clawed, twisted. Sta- mens generally monadelphous, two or three times as many as the petals, some often abortive. Fruit of five carpels, each having an indurated style adherent to the axis, from which it finally separates, carrying with it the membranous pericarp. 1. Geranium, 279, 280. 2. Erodium, 279, 280. Order XXII. BALSAMINE^E. Sepals five, irregular, deciduous, the lower spurred. Petals four, irregular, united in pairs. Stamens five, anthers two-celled, opening at the tip by a longitudinal fissure. Ovary five-celled. Fruit with five elastic valves. Seeds solitary or numerous, pendulous. 1. Impatiens, 111,127. Order XXIII. OXALIDE^E. Sepals five, persistent, imbricate. Petals five, equal, twisted. Sta- mens ten, unequal, monadelphous ; anthers two-celled. Ovary five- celled, styles five. Capsule with five or ten valves. Seeds several. 1. Oxalis, 192, 206. Section II. CALYCIFLOR^E. Petals distinct, and, with the stamens, perigynous (inserted into the calyx). Order XXIV. CELASTRINEJD. Sepals four or five, imbricate. Petals four or five, inserted into a fleshy disk. Stamens alternate with the petals. Ovary sunk in the disk, with three or four cells, the cells with one or two erect seeds. 1. Staphylea, 114, 158. 2. Euonymus, 111, 133. 420 ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA Order XXV. RHAMNE^E. Calyx four- or five-cleft, valvate. Petals four or five, inserted into the throat of the calyx. Stamens four or five, opposite to the petals. Ovary wholly or in part superior, with two or four cells, and surrounded by a glandular disk. Seeds solitary, erect. 1. Rhamnus, 111,132. Order XXVI. LEGUMINOS^E. Calyx of four or five sepals, more or less united. Corolla papilio- naceous (in all the British genera), inserted into the base of the calyx, the odd petal superior. Stamens ten, monadelphous or diadelphous. Ovary free, one-celled. Fruit a legume. I.UI1M - VlCIE.*. 1. Ulex, 285, 288. 8. Vicia, 285, 292. 2. Genista, 285, 287. 9. Lathyrus, 285, 291. 3. Ononis, 285, 289. 10. Orobus, 285, 290. 4. Anthyllis, 285, 289. HEDVSARE.B. 5. Medicago, 285, 300. 11. Ornithopus, 285, 294. 6. Trifolium, 286, 296. 12. Arthrolobium, 285. 294. 7. Astragalus, 285, 295. 13. Hippocrepis, 285, 295. 14. Hedysarum, 285, 295. Order XXVII. ROSACES. Calyx four- or five-parted, lined below with a disk. Petals five, equal, inserted into the calyx. Stamens generally numerous, anthers two-celled, opening longitudinally. Carpels many, rarely solitary, one- celled, with one, two, or more seeds; styles simple, often lateral. AMTGDALEJE. 9. Sibbaldia, 114, 161. 1. Prunus. 213, 214. 10. Potentilla, 214,223. SPIRX.X.. 11. Comarum, 214, 226, 2. Spiraea, 213, 216. 12. Fragaria, 213,222. DKYADEJE. 13. Rubus, 213, 220. 3. Dryas, 213,225. ROSKA 4. Geum, 213, 225. 14. Rosa, 213, 217. 5. Sanguisorba, 96, 103. POME.E. 6. Poterium, 344, 362. 15. Mespilus, 213, 215. 7. Agrimonia, 210, 211. 16. Pyrus, 213,215. 8. Alchemilla, 96, 105. Order XXVIII. LYTHRARIE^. Calyx tubular, lobed. Petals deciduous, between the lobes of the calyx. Stamens equalling the petals in number, or two, three, or four times as many, and inserted into the tube of the calyx. Ovary free, three- or four-celled, with a central placenta, and numerous seeds. Capsule membranous, usually one-celled. 1. Lythrum, 210, 211. 2. Peplis, 163, 175. Order XXIX. ONAGRARI^. Calyx tubular, adnate to the ovary entirely or in part, two- or four- lobed. Petals as many as the lobes of the calyx, twisted, inserted at the top of the tube. Stamens two, four, or eight, inserted with the OP BRITISH PLANTS. 421 petals. Ovary of several cells, with a central placenta, style one, fili- form ; stigma capitate or lobed. Fruit a berry or capsule with four cells. 1. Epilobium, 181, 182. 3. Isnardia, 96, 104. 2. CEnothera, 181, 182. 4. Circaea, 49, 56. Order XXX. HALORAGE.E. Calyx tubular, adnate with the ovary, its limb minute. Petals mi- nute, from the mouth of the calyx, or none. Stamens inserted with the petals, equal in number to its lobes, or twice as many. Ovary with one or more cells. Fruit dry, indehiscent, with one or several cells. Seed solitary, pendulous. 1. Myriophyllum, 344, 361. 2. Callitriche, 45, 48. 3. Hippuris, 45, 46. Order XXXI. CERATOPHYLLE.E. Flowers mono2cious. Perianth single, free, in many divisions. An- thers from twelve to twenty, two-celled, two-pointed. Ovary free, one-celled, with one pendulous seed. 1. Ceratophyllum, 344, 361. Order XXXII. CUCURBITACE.E. Flowers often monoecious or dioecious. Calyx five-toothed, its tube adnate to the ovary. Corolla five-cleft, often scarcely distinguishable from the calyx, frequently reticulated. Stamens five, often more or less coherent, anthers tortuous. Ovary with from three to five cells, or one-celled, with parietal placentas, style short, stigmas lobed, thick. Fruit fleshy, seeds flat, in a juicy arillus. 1. Bryonia, 344, 360. Order XXXIII. PORTULACE^. Sepals two, rarely three, or five, coherent at the base, imbricate. Petals generally five, from the base of the calyx. Stamens numerous, inserted along with the petals, filaments distinct. Ovary one-celled, style one or none, stigmas several. Capsule opening transversely by three valves, with a central placenta. 1. Montia, 64, 94. Order XXXIV. PARONYCHIE^E. Sepals five, rarely three or four, coherent at the base. Petals minute, or none. Stamens indefinite, opposite the sepals, filaments generally distinct. Ovary free, styles two or three. Fruit dry, three- valved, or indehiscent, with a central placenta. 1. Corrigiola, 114, 159. 4. Polycarpon, 61 , 95. 2. Herniaria, 112, 136. 5. Scleranthus, 192, 1.98. 3. Illecebrum, 111,134. Order XXXV. CRASSULACEyE. Sepals from three to twenty, united at the base. Petals the same number, regular, generally free, inserted at the base of the calyx. 2 N 2 422 ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA Stamens inserted with the petals, and the same in number, or twice as many. A scale at the base of each ovary. Ovaries equal in number to the petals, one-celled, free, or slightly connected. Fruit of several follicles opening along the inner side. 1. Tillfea, 96, 109. 4. Sedum, 192,205. 2. Cotyledon, 192, 204. 5. Rhodiola, 367, 381. 3. Sempervivum, 210, 212. Order XXXVI. GROSSULACE^E. Calyx four- or five-cleft, regular. Petals four or five, small, attached to the mouth of the tube, and alternating with the stamens. Ovary one-celled, with two opposite parietal placentas; style two or four-cleft. Berry one-celled, many-seeded. 1. Ribes, 111, 133. Order XXXVII. SAXIFRAGES. Calyx four- or five-cleft, superior or inferior. Petals four or five, rarely none. Stamens from five to ten. Ovary of two coherent car- pels ; styles two, persistent. Capsule two-valved. Seeds numerous. 1. Saxifraga, 192, 195. 2. Chrysosplenium, 192, 195. Order XXXVIII. UMBELLIFER^. Calyx adherent to the ovary, with five small teelh. Petals five, usu- ally inflexed at the point. Stamens five, inserted with the petals on the mouth of the calyx. Ovary two-celled, crowned by two fleshy disks ; styles two. Fruit of two carpels, adhering to a common axis, from which they separate when ripe. Seeds solitary, pendulous. HTDROCOTYLE*. 19. Imperatoria, 113, 151. 1. Hydrocotyle, 112, 141. 20. Pastinaca, 113, 156. SANICTI.E.K. PEUCEDANEJE. 2. Sanicula, 112, 142. 21. Selinum, 112, 155. 3. Eryngium, 112, 141. 22. Peucedanum, 112, 156". AMMINK.K. 23. Cnidium, 113, 154. 4. Cicuta, 113, 147. 24. Heracleum, 112, 156. 5. Apium, 113, 150. 25. Pastinaca, 113, 156. 6. Sison, 112, 147. 26. Tordylium, 113, 157. 7. ^Egopodium, 113, 151. DAUCINE.K. 8. Carum, 114, 153. 27. Daucus, 112, 145. 9. Bunium, 112, 146. CAUCALINK.S. 10. Pimpinella, 113, 154. 28. Caucalis, 112, 142. 11. Sium, 112,146. 29. Torilis, 113, 142. 12. Bupleurum, 113, 155. SCANDICINE.S. SESELINEJE. 30. Scandix, 113, 143. 13. (Enanthe, 112,149. 31. Anthriscus, 113,143. 14. jEthusa, 113, 148. 32. Chserophyllum, 113,145. 15. Ligusticum, 112, 152. 33. Myrrhis/113, 144. 16. Athamanta, 113, 153. SMYKM .1:. 17. Crithmum, 113, 150. 34. Conium, 112, 148. ANGELICE.*. 35. Smyrnium, 113, 150. 18. Angelica, 113, 151. OF BRITISH PLANTS. 423 Order XXXIX. ARALIACE^. Calyx with the tube adherent to the ovary, four- or five-toothed. Petals four, five, ten, or none. Stamens equal in number to the petals and alternate with them, or twice as many, on the margin of an epigy- nous disk. Ovary with two or more cells, styles as many as the cells. Fruit fleshy or dry, of several cells, each with one pendulous seed. 1. Adoxa, 182, 190. 2. Hedera, 111, 134. Order XL. CORNER. Sepals four, more or less united. Petals four, broad at the base, inserted at the top of the calyx -tube. Stamens four, inserted with the petals. Ovary two-celled, style filiform. Fruit a drupe, with thick hard endocarp. Seeds solitary, pendulous. 1. Cornus, 96, 103. Section III. COROLLIFLOR^:. Corolla monopetalous, bearing the stamens. Order XLI. LORANTHACE^. Calyx adnate to the ovary, with two bracteas at the base, its limb en- tire or lobed. Corolla of four or eight united petals. Stamens as many as the petals, and opposite to them. Ovary one-celled, with one erect ovule, style filiform or none, stigma capitate. Fruit succulent. 1. Viscum, 367, 378. Order XLII. CAPRIFOLIACE/E. Calyx adnate to the ovary, usually bracteated at the base, its limb four or five-lobed. Corolla four or five-cleft, regular or irregular. Stamens four or five, alternate with the lobes of the corolla. Ovary with from three to five cells, each cell with one or more pendulous ovules ; stigmas from one to three. Fruit usually a berry, one- or many- celled. 1. Sambucus, 114, 158. 3. Lonicera, 111,132. 2. Viburnum, 114, 157. 4. Linnaea, 242,261. Order XLIII. RUBIACE.E. Calyx adnate to the ovary, entire, or with four, five, or six teeth. Corolla regular, with four, five, or six lobes. Stamens four or five, alternate with the lobes of the corolla. Ovary with one or two cells and solitary erect ovules, style often bifid, with two stigmas. Fruit indehiscent, with two cells, each with one seed. 1 . Sherardia, 96, 98. 3. Galium, 96, 98. 2. Asperula, 96, 98. 4. Rubia, 96, 101. Order XLIV. VALERIANE^S. Calyx adnate to the ovary, with the limb toothed or furnished with downy filaments. Corolla tubular, with three, four, or five lobes, irre- 424 ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA gular, often spurred at the base. Stamens from one to five. Ovary with one perfect cell, and often two or three imperfect. Fruit dry, inde- hiscent, crowned by the calyx. 1. Valeriana, 58, 61. 2. Fedia, 58,62. Order XLV. DIPSACEvE. Calyx adnate to the ovary, surrounded by an involucre, closely in- vesting the ripe fruit. Corolla with four or five unequal lobes. Sta- mens four, with their filaments free. Ovary one-celled, stigma simple. Fruit crowned by the calyx. 1. Dipsacus, 95, 96. 2. Scabiosa, 95, 97. Order XLVI. COMPOSITE. Calyx adnate to the ovary, its limb forming a toothed, bristly, or feathery pappus. Corolla tubular or ligulate. Stamens five, with co- herent anthers. Ovary one, style filiform, with two stigmas. Fruit an achenium, crowned by the pappus. CORYMBIFER.E. 24. Conyza, 304, 323. 1. Eupatorium, 304, 319. CYNAROCEPHAL*. 2. Petasites, 305, 324. 25. Carlina, 304, 318. 3. Tussilago, 305, 324. 26. Centaurea, 305. 332. 4. Senecio, 305, 324. 27. Arctium, 304,314. 5. Cineraria, 305, 327. 28. Onopordum, 304, 317. 6. Doronicum, 305, 328. 39. Carduus, 304. 315. 7. Chrysocoma, 304, 319. 30. Cnicus, 304, 316. 8. Aster, 305, 326. 31. Serratula, 304, 315. 9. Erigeron, 305, 323. CICHORACE*. 10. Solidago, 305. 326. 32. Lapsana, 304, 313. 11. Inula, 305, 327. 33. Cichorium, 303, 314. 12. Pulicaria. 34. Hypochceris, 303, 313. 13. Gnaphalium, 304, 321. 35. Crepis, 303, 312. 14. Bellis, 305, 328. 36. Hieracium, 303. 310. 15. Chrysanthemum, 305, 329. 37. Apargia, 303, 309. 16. Pyrethrum, 305, 329. 38. Picris, 303, 306. 17. Matricaria, 305, 330. 49. Tragopogon, 303, 306. 18. Anthemis, 305, 330. 40. Leontodon, 303, 308. 19. Achillea, 305, 331. 41. Lactuca, 303, 307. 20. Diotis, 304,319. 42. Prenanthes, 303. 308. 21. Artemisia, 304, 320. 43. Sonchus, 304, 307. 22. Tenacetum, 304, 320. 44. Xanthium, 344, 360. 23. Bidens, 304, 318. Order XLVII. CAMPANULACE^E. Calyx adnate to the ovary, six-cleft, or entire. Corolla five-lobed, regular or irregular. Stamens equal in number to the lobes of the corolla, anthers two-celled, opening longitudinally. Style one. Fruit dry, opening by lateral fissures or valves at the apex, many-seeded. LOBKLIE*. CAMPANULA. 1. Lobelia, 11 1,126. 2. Campanula, 1 11, 124. 3. Jasione, 111,126. 4. Phyteuma, 111, 125. OP BRITISH PLANTS. 425 Order XL VIII. ERICACEAE. Calyx four- or five-parted, persistent. Corolla four- or five-parted, regular or irregular, generally marcescent. Stamens eight; anthers two-celled, opening by pores at the apex or base. Ovary surrounded by a disk or scale, many-celled, many-seeded ; style one. Fruit a many-celled, many-seeded capsule or berry. ERICE.K. ARBUTE/E. 1. Andromeda, 192, 193. 6. Arbutus, 192, 193. 2. Calluna, 181, 185. VACCINIES. 3. Erica, 181, 186. 7. Vaccinium, 181, 184. 4. Menziesia, 181, 185. PY ROLES. 5. Azalea, 110, 122. 8. Pyrola, 191, 194. MONOTROPE*. 9. Monotropa, 191,193. Order XLIX. ILICINE^E. Calyx of from four to six imbricated lobes. Corolla regular, with from four to six lobes. Stamens alternate with the lobes of the corolla. Ovary with from two to six or more cells ; ovules solitary, pendulous, with a cup-shaped stalk. Fruit fleshy, indehiscent. 1. Ilex, 96, 105. Order L. JASMINES. Calyx divided, persistent. Corolla with from four to eight divisions, rarely none. Stamens two. Ovary two-celled, ovules in pairs, pen- dulous. Fruit a berry, drupe, or capsule. 1. Ligustrum, 49, 49. 2. Fraxinus, 49, 50. Order LI. APOCYNE^E. Calyx with four or five persistent divisions. Corolla regular, with four or five lobes, twisted, deciduous. Stamens five, with the filaments distinct ; anthers two-celled, pollen granular. Ovaries two, one-celled ; or one, two-celled, many-seeded. 1. Vinca, 110,135. Order LII. GENTIANE^E. Calyx divided, persistent. Corolla regular, marcescent, twisted, with four, five, six, eight, or ten lobes. Stamens as many as the lobes. Ovary with one or two cells, many-seeded, style one. Capsule or berry many-seeded, generally two-valved. 1. Chlora, 181, 184. 4. Menyanthes, 110, 120. 2 Gentiana, 111,140. 5. Villarsia, 110, 121. 3. Erythraea, 110, 131. Order LIU. POLEMONIACE^E. Calyx inferior, five-parted, persistent. Corolla five-lobed, regular, deciduous. Stamens five, unequal, from the tube of the corolla. Ovary three-celled ; style simple, stigma three-fid. Capsule three-celled, the valves separating at the axis. 1. Polemonium, 110,123. 426 ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA Order LIV. CONVOLVULACE^. Calyx inferior, four- or five -parted, persistent. Corolla four- or five- parted, regular, plaited, deciduous. Stamens five, from near the base of the corolla. Ovary with from two to four cells, few-seeded ; style one, rarely two. Capsule four-celled, the valves separating from the edges of the dissepiment, or opening transversely. 1. Convolvulus, 110, 123. 2. Cuscuta, 111, 139. Order LV. BORAGINE^E. Calyx four- or five-parted, persistent. Corolla four- or five-parted, commonly regular. Stamens five, inserted upon the corolla. Ovary four-parted, four-seeded, with the ovules pendulous. Fruit of four achenia, or a four-celled drupe, or a berry with two or four nuts. CYNOGLOSSE*. 6. Symphytum, 110,117. 1. Asperugo, 110, 118. LITHOSPEIIME.*. 2. Cynoglossum, 110, 116. 7. Echium, 109, 119. ANCHUSEJE. 8. Pulmonaria, 109, 197. 3. Borago, 110, 118. 9. Lithospermum, 109, 115. 4. Anchusa, 110, 116. 10. Myosotis, 110, 114. 5. Lycopsis, 110,118. Order LVI. SOLANE.E. Calyx inferior, four- or five-parted, persistent. Corolla regular, or slightly irregular, five-cleft, deciduous. Stamens alternate with the segments of the corolla. Ovary two-celled, stigma simple. Pericarp with one, two, or four cells : seeds numerous. 1. Datura. 4. Hyoscyamus, 110, 129. 2. Solanum, 110, 130. 5. Verbascum, 110, 128. 3. Atropa, 111, 130. Order LVII. OROBANCHE.E. Calyx variously divided, persistent. Corolla irregular, persistent, usually two-lipped. Stamen didynamous, anthers two-celled, with the cells distinct, parallel. Ovary in a fleshy disk, one-celled, with two or more parietal placentae ; stigma two-lobed. Fruit a two-valved, many- seeded capsule. 1. Orobanche, 242, 262. 2. Lathrsea, 242, 257. Order LVIII. SCROPHULARINE^E. Calyx four- or five-parted, persistent. Corolla irregular, or two- lipped, or personate, imbricate. Stamens usually didynamous, some- times two on the corolla. Ovary free, two-celled ; style simple, stigma two-lobed. Fruit a two-celled capsule, with central placenta. Stamens didynamous. 7. Pedicularis, 242, 257. 1. Digitalis, 242, 260. 8. Rhinanthus, 242, 255. 2. Antirrhinum, 242, 259. 9. Bartsia, 242, 254. 3. Linaria, 242, 258. 10. Euphrasia, 242, 255. 4. Scrophularia, 242, 259. 11. Sibthorpia, 242, 261. 5. Limosella, 242, 261. Stamens two. 6. Melampyrum, 242, 256. 12. Veronica, 49, 50. OF BRITISH PLANTS. 427 Order LIX. LABIATE. Calyx tubular, persistent. Corolla two-lipped, the lower lip three- cleft. Stamens didynamous, rarely two. Ovary four-lobed ; style one, from the base of the lobes ; stigma two-parted. Fruit of four achenia, enclosed in the calyx. MENTHE^. 10. Glechoma, 241, 246. 1. Mentha, 241, 244. STACHYDE*. 2. Lycopus, 49, 55. 11. Melittis,241, 253. MONARDE/E. 12. Lamium, 241, 247. 3. Salvia, 49, 55. 13. Leonurus, 241, 251. SATUREINE*. 14. Galeopsis, 241, 247. 4. Origanum, 241, 252. 15. Galeobdolon, 241,248. 5. Thymus, 241, 252. 16. Stachys, 241, 249. 6. Clinopodium, 241, 251. 17. Ballota, 241, 250. SCUTELLARIEJE. 18. Marrubium, 241, 250. ; 7. Scutellaria, 24 1,253. AJUGE*. 8. Prunella, 241, 254. 19. Ajuga, 241,242. NEPETE*. 20. Teucrium, 241, 243. 9. Nepeta,241, 244. ,:0rder LX. VERBENACE.E. Calyx tubular, persistent. Corolla irregular, tubular. Stamens didy- namous, sometimes two. Ovary two- or four-celled ; style one, stigma cleft. Fruit a capsule or berry, with two or four nucules. 1. Verbena, 241, 244. Order LXI. LENTIBULARIE.E. Calyx divided, persistent. Corolla two-lipped, spurred. Stamens two. Ovary one-celled, of two carpels ; styles short, stigma of two plates. Capsule one-celled, many- seeded, with a large central placenta. 1. Pinguicula, 49, 54. 2. Utricularia, 49, 54. Order LXII. PRIMULACEvE. Calyx five- or four-parted, persistent. Corolla regular, with five or four lobes. Stamens opposite to the lobes of the corolla. Ovary free, one-celled, with a central placenta; stigma capitate. Fruit a capsule, with numerous seeds. 1. Primula, 110. 119. 6. Centunculus, 96, 103. 2. Hottonia, 110, 121. 7. Trientalis, 180, 181. 3. Cyclamen, 110, 120. 8. Glaux, 111, 135. 4. Lysimachia, 110, 121. 9. Samolus, 111, 131. 5. Anagallis.110,122. Order LXIII. PLUMBAGINE^!. Calyx tubular, five-cleft, plicate, inferior. Corolla regular, five- parted. Stamens five. Ovary free, one-celled, one-seeded ; styles five. Fruit a utricle, with an inverted seed. 1. Statice, 114,160. 428 ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA Order LXIV. PLANTAGINE^E. Calyx four-parted, imbricate, persistent. Corolla regular, four- parted. Stamens four. Ovary free, one-celled, or with two or four cells ; ovules one, two, or more ; style one. Capsule opening trans- versely. 1. Plantago, 96, 102. 2. Littorella, 343, 357. Section IV. MONOCHLAMYDE^E. Flowers incomplete, or having a single perianth, not distin- guishable into calyx and corolla. Order LXV. AMARANTHACE^. Perianth of from three to five segments, persistent. Stamens from three to five, hypogynous. Ovary free, one-celled, with one or several ovules ; style one or none ; stigma simple or compound. Capsule one- celled ; seeds from a central placenta 5 embryo curved round a central farinaceous albumen. 1. Amaranthus, 340, 360. Order LXVI. CHENOPODIACE^E. Perianth generally five-parted, persistent. Stamens five, two or one, from the base of the perianth. Ovary free or adherent to the tube of the perianth ; style divided, rarely one. Fruit indehiscent, dry, mem- branous, sometimes fleshy. Seed with the embryo spiral, or curved, or doubled, with or without albumen. SALSOLE.K. SALICORNIE*. 1. Salsola, 112,138. 4. Salicornia, 45, 45. CHENOPODE.E. ATRIPLICE*. 2. Chenopodium, 112, 136. 5. Atriplex, 384, 384. 3. Beta, 111,138. Order LXVII. POLYGONEjE. Perianth with three, five, or six segments. Stamens varying in num- ber, from the base of the perianth. Ovary one, free, erect ; styles and stigmas several. Fruit a nut or achenium, often triangular. Seed one, with the embryo inverted in a farinaceous albumen. 1. Polygonum, 182,188. 2. Rumex, 164, 176. 3. Oxyria, 164, 176. Order LXVI1I. ELEAGNE^. Mostly dioecious. Perianth tubular, four-parted. Stamens three or more ; anthers two-celled. Fertile flower with the perianth tubular, two- or four-toothed ; ovary one-celled ; style short, stigma glandular. Fruit crustaceous, enclosed within the fleshy perianth. 1. Hippophae, 367, 379. Order LXIX. THYMELE^l. Perianth tubular, four- or five-parted. Stamens four or five, in the orifice of the tube ; anthers two-celled. Ovary free, one-celled, with one pendulous ovule. Fruit a nut or drupe. 1. Daphne, 181, 187. OF BRITISH PLANTS. 429 Order LXX. SANTALACE^E. Perianth adnate to the ovary, its limb with from three to five seg- ments, valvate. Stamens four or five, opposite to the segments. Ovary one-celled, with from one to four ovules from near the apex of a central placenta ; style one. Fruit drupaceous. 1. Thesium, 111,135. Order LXXI. ARISTOLOCHIE^. Perianth adnate to the ovary below, above tubular, with an irregularly lobed, and often dilated limb. Stamens six, ten, or twelve, epigynous. Ovary with three or six cells ; style simple, stigma radiate. Fruit many-seeded. 1. Aristolochia, 334, 342. 2. Asarum, 210, 210. Order LXXII. EMPETRE^E. Dioecious. Perianth of several hypogynous scales in several rows. Stamens free, equal in number to the inner row, and alternate with them. Ovary free, on a fleshy disk, with three, six, or nine cells; style one, stigma radiate. Fruit fleshy, with bony cells. 1. Empetrum, 366, 377. Order LXXIII. EUPHORBIACEJL Usually monoecious. Perianth lobed, or none. Barren flowers with one or more stamens ; anthers two-celled. Fertile flowers with a su- perior two- or three-celled ovary ; styles two or three ; stigma com- pound or simple. Capsule opening elastically, with one or two sus- pended seeds in each cell. 1. Buxus,344, 358. 2. Euphorbia, 343, 345. 3. Mercurialis, 367, 381. Order LXXIV. URTICACE^. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, scattered, or in catkins. Perianth inferior, with three, .four, or six segments, or entire. Stamens opposite the lobes of the perianth. Ovary free, with one or two cells, and soli- tary ovules ; stigmas one or two. Fruit an achenium, with one seed, or several combined and immersed in the persistent fleshy perianth, or upon large fleshy receptacles. URTICES. CANNABINES. 1. Parietaria, 96, 104. 3. Humulus, 367, 379. 2. Urtica, 344, 358. Order LXXV. ULMACE^E. Flowers perfect or polygamous. Perianth inferior, often irregular. Stamens opposite to the lobes of the perianth. Ovary free, two-celled, with solitary, pendulous ovules ; stigmas two. Fruit indehiscent, mem- branaceous, or drupaceous, with one or two cells. 1. Ulmus, 112, 138. Order LXXVI. AMENTACE.E. Flowers monoecious, or dioecious, rarely perfect. Barren flowers 2 0 430 ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA capitate or in catkins, sometimes with a membranous perianth. Sta- mens inserted on the scales, often monadelphous. Fertile flowers clus- tered, solitary, or in catkins. Ovary generally simple; stigmas one or more. Fruit as many as the ovaries, bony or membranous. BETULINE*. CCPULIFERJE. 1. Betula, 345, 364. 5. Fagus, 344, 363. 2. Alnus, 344, 358. 6. Quercus, 345, 363. SALICINE*. 7. Corylus, 345, 365. 3. Salix, 366. 368. 8. Carpinus, 345, 364. 4. Populus, 367, 380. Order LXXV1I. MYRICE^. Flowers monoscious, or dio3cious, amentaceous. Perianth none. Barren flower, with six or eight stamens, and two- or four-celled an- thers, opening longitudinally. Female flowers with a one-celled ovary, surrounded by hypogynous, persistent scales ; stigmas two. Fruit drupaceous. Seed solitary, erect. 1. Myrica, 367, 379. Order LXXVIII. CONIFERS. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Barren flowers with one or several monadelphous stamens, collected in a deciduous catkin about a common stalk ; anthers of two or more lobes opening outwards, often terminated by a scale-like crest. Fertile flowers usually in cones, sometimes soli- tary. Ovary spread open, like a flat scale, without style or stigma, and arising from the axil of a membranous bractea. Ovules naked, in pairs on the face of the ovary, and inverted. Fruit a cone, or a solitary naked seed. Testa crustaceous, embryo in the axis of a fleshy albumen. ABIETINE.*. CUPRESSINEVE. 1. Pinus, 345, 366. 2. Juniperus, 368, 382. TAXIXE.S. 3. Taxus, 368, 383. CLASS II. MONOCOTYLEDONE^E. Stem with no distinction of bark, wood, and pith, destitute of medullary rays, and consisting of cellular tissue, in the midst of which the vascular tissue is disposed in bundles. It in- creases by the addition of new matter in the centre, and hence these plants are also called ENDOGEJSOUS. Cotyledon one ; or, if more, they are alternate. Section I. FLORID JE. Perianth petaloid, its pieces verticillate. I. Ovary free. Order LXXIX. ALISMACE^E. Perianth free, six-parted, coloured. Stamens six, nine, or more. OF BRITISH PLANTS. 431 Ovaries three, six, or more ; as are the styles and stigmas. Capsule indehiscent, with one or many seeds ; embryo curved. 1. Alisma, 164, 180. 2. Actinocarpus. 3. Sagittaria, 344, 362. Order LXXX. BUTOME^E. Perianth free, six-parted, the three inner pieces petaloid. Sta- mens hypogynous. Ovaries three, six, or more, distinct or united, with as many simple stigmas. Follicles several, distinct or united. Seeds minute, numerous, attached to a reticulated receptacle, lining the inner surface of the cell. 1. Butomus, 191, 191. Order LXXXI. JUNCAGINEJ2. Perianth uniform, herbaceous, or none. Stamens hypogynous. Ova- ries superior; ovules one or two, erect, approximated at the base. Pericarps indehiscent. 1. Triglochin, 164, 179. 2. Scheuchzeria, 164, 179. Order LXXXII. AROIDEJE. Flowers mostly unisexual, arranged on a spadix. Perianth with three, four, or six divisions, or none. Stamens definite and opposite to the segments of the perianth, or numerous ; anthers extrorse. Ovaries free, solitary or numerous, with from one to three cells, and one or many seeds ; stigmas one or two. Fruit indehiscent, succulent or dry ; embryo in the axis of a fleshy albumen. AIUNE/E. TYPHIXEE. 1. Arum, 345, 362. 3. Typha, 343, 348. 2. Acorus, 164, 170. 4. Sparganium, 343, 348. 5. Lemna, 49, 57. Order LXXXIII. NAIADES. Flowers perfect or monoecious. Perianth of two or four pieces, or none. Stamens definite, hypogynous. Ovaries one or more, superior ; stigma simple ; ovule solitary, pendulous. Fruit dry, indehiscent, one- celled, one-seeded ; seed pendulous. 1. Potamogeton, 96, 116. 3. Zannichellia, 343, 347. 2. Ruppia, 96, 117. 4. Zostera, 45, 46. Order LXXXIV. SMILACE.E. Perianth with six or eight segments, regular, petaloid. Stamens three, six, or eight, hypogynous or perigynous. Ovary free, with three or four cells, which contain one, two, or many seeds ; style one, stigma three-parted. Fruit a berry. ., Testa generally membranous, albumen horny. 1. Ruscus, 366, 378. 2. Convallaria, 163, 170. 3. Paris, 182, 190. 432 ARRANGEMENT OP THE GENERA Order LXXXV. LILIACE^E. Perianth with six segments, regular, petaloid. Stamens six, perigy- nous. Ovary free, with three cells, and many-seeded ; stigma simple or three-lobed. Capsule three-celled, seeds with a spongy integu- ment, not black. 1. Fritillaria, 164, 167. 2. Tulipa, 164, 167. Order LXXXVI. ASPHODELE^. Perianth of six segments, regular, petaloid. Stamens six, hypogv- nous or perigynous. Ovary free, three-ceiled, with one, two, or many seeds ; style one ; stigma simple. Capsule three-celled, three-valved. Seeds with a black crustaceous testa. 1. Ornithosralum. 164, 167. 4. Allium, 164, 166. 2. Scilla, 164, 168. 5. Anthericum. 164, 169. 3. Hyacinthus, 163, 168. 6. Asparagus, 164, 169. Order LXXXVII. COLCHICACE^E. Perianth six-parted, petaloid. Stamens six, perigynous; anthers extrorse. Ovaries superior, one of three cells, or three of one cell, more or less connected j ovules numerous ; styles one or three. Fruit of three separate one-celled follicles, or more or less united into a three-celled capsule. 1. Colchicum, 164, 179. 2. Tofieldia, 164, -168. Order LXXXVI1I. RESTIACEjE. Perianth more or less glumaceous, of from two to six segments, rarely none. Stamens hypogynous or perigynous," from one to six; when half as many as the segments of the perianth, they are opposite to the inner. Anthers one-celled. Ovary superior, with one or more cells ; ovules solitary, pendulous. Fruit capsular or nucumentaceous, with inverted seeds. 1. Eriocaulon, 343, 359. Order LXXXIX. JUNCE.E. Perianth more or less glumaceous, of six segments. Stamens six, inserted into the base of the segments, or three opposite to the outer ; anthers two-celled. Ovary one or three-celled, superior ; ovules one, three, or many in each cell ; style one, stigmas generally three. Fruit capsular, three-valved. 1. Narthecium, 164, 169. 2. Juncus, 164, 171. 3. Luciola, 164, 174. II. Ovary adnate to the tube of the corolla. Order XC. HYDROCHARIDE^. Perianth with six segments, the inner three petaloid, regular. Sta- mens epigynous. Ovary one, inferior; stigmas three, six or one. Fruit dry or succulent, indehiscent, one-celled, or with several cells. Embryo straight, no albumen. 1. Hydrocharis, 368, 382. 2. Stratiotes, 227, 234. OF BRITISH PLANTS. 433 Order XCI. ORCHIDE^. Perianth with six segments, the inner three petaloid, two being above, and one, frequently lobed and spurred, below. Stamens three, united in a central column, the lateral two, or sometimes the middle one, abortive; pollen powdery or coherent in masses. Ovary one-celled, inferior, with three parietal placentas ; style forming part of the column with the stamens ; stigma a viscid space in front of the column. Cap- sule three-valved ; seeds very numerous, minute, with a loose, reticu- lated testa. OPHRYDE*. 6. Listera, 334, 339. 1. Orchis, 334, 335. 7. Epipactis, 334, 340. 2. Ophrys, 334, 338. MALAXIDEJE. 3. Herminium, 334, 337. 8. Malaxis, 334, 341. NEOTTIE*. 9. Corallorhiza, 335, 341. 4. Neottia, 334, 393. CYPRIPEDE/E. 5. Goodyera, 334, 338. 10. Cypripedium, 334, 342. Order XCII. IRIDE.E. Perianth with six segments, petaloid, often unequal. Stamens three, at the base of the outer segments ; anthers extrorse. Ovary inferior, three-celled ; style one ; stigmas three, dilated, often petalliform. Capsule three-celled, three-valved ; seeds numerous, hard, with a cylindrical embryo, and generally horny albumen. 1. Iris, 58, 64. 2. Trichonema, 58, 63. 3. Crocus, 58,63. Order XCIII. AMARYLLIDE^E. Perianth with six segments, petaloid, unequal. Stamens six, at the base of the segments ; anthers introrse. Ovary inferior, three-celled ; style one ; stigmas three, dilated, often petalliform. Capsule three- celled, three-valved ; seeds numerous, with the integument not hard, the embryo straight. 1. Narcissus, 163, 165. 2. Leucojum, 163, 165. 3. Galanthus, 163, 164. Order XCIV. TAME/E. Perianth with six segments, petaloid. Stamens six, at the base of the segments ; anthers introrse. Ovary inferior, three-celled ; ovules two in each cell, erect ; style one ;* stigmas three, reflexed. Fruit bacciform, three-celled. Embryo minute, enclosed in the albumen. 1. Tamus,367, 380. Section II. GLUMACE^E. Floral envelopes of alternate, imbricated bracteas or scales. Order XCV. CYPERACE^. Flowers perfect or frequently monoecious, each having a chaff-like scale on a common axis. Perianth none, or rarely membranous. Sta- 202 434 ARRANGEMENT OP THE GENERA mens hypogynous, generally three ; anthers erect, basifixed. Ovary one-celled, often surrounded by bristles ; style single, generally three- parted, sometimes two-parted. Fruit a hard achenium or nucule. CYPERKX. 6. Scirpus, 58, 65. 1. Cyperus, 59, 65. 7. Eriophorum, 59, 68. 2. Schoenus, 58, 64. CARICEJE. SciRpEi. 8. Cares, 343, 349. 3. Cladium, 49, 57. ELYNE*. 4. Rhynchospora, 58, 65. 9. Elyna, 343, 347. 5. Eleocharis, 59, 68. Order XCVI. GRAMINA. Flowers perfect, sometimes monoecious or dioecious, each with two bracteas or glumes (chaff-scales), rarely one or none, and two inner bracteas or paleae (husks), rarely one. Stamens hypogynous, from one to six, generally three. Ovary one-celled ; styles generally two. Fruit a caryopsis. PANICS*. 16. Avena, 60, 90. 1. Digitaria, 59, 75. 17. Holcus, 59, 78. PHALARIDKJE. 18. Triodia, 60, 83. 2. Phalaris, 59, 70. 19. Lagurus, 59, 89. 3. Anthoxanthum, 49, 58. FESTUCE.Z. 4. Hierochloe, 60, 80. 20. Melica, 57, 79. PHLES. 21. Poa, 60, 82. 5. Phleum, 59, 70. 22. Glyceria, 60, 81. 6. Alopecurus, 59, 71. 23. Briza, 60, 84. 7. Knappia, 59, 72. 24. Dactylis, 60, 84. AGROSTIDE*. 25. Cynosurus, 60, 85. 8. Polypogon, 59, 73. 26. Festuca, 60, 86. 9. Milium, 59, 73. 27. Bromus, 60, 88. 10. Agrostis, 59, 73. HORDED. ARUNDINE*. 28. Triticum, 60, 93. 11. Arundo, 60, 77. 29. Lolium, 60, 91. CHLORIDE*. 30. Elymus, 61, 92. 12. Cynodon, 59, 74. 31. Hordeum, 61, 93. 13. Spartina, 59, 85. ROTTBOLLIE^E. SESLERIE*. 32. Rottbollia, 60, 92. 14. Sesleria, 60, 80. 33. Nardus, 59, 69. AVENE*. 15. Aira, 59, 76. OF BRITISH PLANTS. 435 SEEIES II. CELLULAR PLANTS. Composed of cellular tissue, sometimes with a few ducts. No flowers with stamens and pistils. Class III. ACOTYLEDONE^E. Divided into several natural orders, of which the following have been included in this work. Order XCVII. FILICES. Leafy plants, with a trunk or rhizoma. Leaves, generally named fronds, bearing on their under side or at the edges the fructification, consisting of thecae, containing sporules. POLYPODIES. ADIANTE.Z. 1. Polypodium, 386, 387. 7. Blechnum, 386, 391. 2. Woodsia, 386, 387. 8. Pteris, 386, 392. ASPIDIEJE. 9. Adiantum, 386, 392. 3. Aspidium, 386, 388. HVMENOPHYLLE*. 4. Cystea, 386, 389. 10. Hymenophyllum, 386, 393. ASPLENIK^E. 11. Trichomanes, 386, 392. 5. Asplenium, 386, 390. OSMUNDE^E. 5. Scolopendrium, 386, 391. 12. Osmunda, 386. 393. GRAMMITIDE^E. 13. Botrychium, 386, 393. 6. Grammitis, 385, 386. OPHIOGLOSSE*. 14. Ophioglossum, 386, 394. Order XCVI1I. LYCOPODINE/E. Leafy plants, with numerous small undivided leaves, and axillar or spiked thecse or capsules, containing sporules. 1. Lycopodium, 386, 394. Order XCIX. EQUISETACE^E. Leafless, branched plants, with an articulated, striated, fistular stem, and a terminal spike, consisting of angular or peltate scales, bearing thecse or capsules, containing sporules surrounded by elastic ^clavate filaments, by some called stamens. 1. Equisetum, 386, 395. 436 INDEX THE NATURAL ORDERS. Order Acerineae 20 Alismaceae 79 Amaranthaceas . . . 65 Amaryllideae 93 Amentaceae 76 Apocyneae 51 Araliaceae 39 Aristolochieae 71 Aroideae 82 Aspbodeleae 86 Balsamineae 22 Berberideae 2 Boragineae 55 Butomeae 80 Campanulaceae 47 Caprifoliaceae 42 Caryophylleae 15 Celastrineae 24 Ceratophyjleae 31 Chenopodiaceae 66 Cistineae 8 Colchicaceae 87 Compositae 46 Coniterae 78 Comrolvulaceae 54 Cornea> 40 Crassulaceae 35 Cruciferae 6 Cucurbitaceae 32 Cyperaceae 95 Dipsaceae 45 Droseraceae 10 Order Elcagncsc 68 Elatineae 14 Empetreae 72 Equisetaceae 99 Ericaceae 48 Euphorbiaceae 73 Filices 97 Frankeniaceae 12 Furaariaceae 5 Gcntianeae 52 Geraniaceae 21 Gramina 96 Grossulaceae 36 Halorageae 30 Hydrocharideae 90 Hypericineae 19 Uicineae 49 Irideae &2 Jasmineas 50 Juncagineae 81 Junceae 89 Labiatae 59 Leguminosae 26 Lentibulariae 61 Liliaceae 85 Lineaa 16 Loranthaceae 41 Lycopodineae 98 Lythrarieae 28 INDEX TO THE NATURAL, ORDERS. Order Malvaceae 17 Myriceae 77 Naiades 83 Nymphseaceae 3 Onagrarise 29 Orchideae 91 Orobancbeae 57 Oxalidese 23 Papaveraceae 4 Paronychieae 34 Plantagineae 64 Plumbagineae 63 Polemoniaceae 53 Polygaleae 11 Polygoneae 67 Portulaceae 33 Primulaceae 62 Ranunculaceae Resedaceae . . 437 Order Restiaceae 88 Rhamneaj 25 Rosaceae 27 Rubiacese 43 Santalaceas 70 Saxifrageae 37 Scrophularinese 58 Smilaceae 84 Solaneae 56 Tamariscineae 13 Tamea; 94 Thymeleae 69 Tiliaceae 18 Ulmaceae 75 Umbelliferae 38 Urticaceaa 74 V'alerianea? 44 Verbenaceae 60 Violaceae 9 THE l-RINTED BY A. SWEETING, BARTLETT's BUILDINGS, LONDON. Sold by all Booksellers. THE ELEMENTS OF PHYSICS. By THOMAS WEBSTER, M.A., of Trinity College, Cambridge; Author of " The Principles of Hydrostatics," &c. In 12mo., with numerous Figures. Price 9s. This work is intended to prepare the student for tlie study of Natural Philosophy as a science. 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" Morality never found in genius a more devoted advocate than Cowper, nor has moral wisdom, in its plain and severe precepts, been ever more successfully combined with the delicate spirit of poetry, than in his works."— Stebbing. SHAKSPE ARE'S COMPLETE WORKS. PLAYS AND POEMS OF SHAKSPEARE ; with Dr. Johnson's Preface, a Glossary, and an Account of each Play ; and a Memoir of the Author, by the Rev. W. HARNESS, M.A. ; with Por- trait, drawn from the Chandos Picture, and beautifully engraved by Cochrane ; and Forty Illustrations, engraved in the best manner, by C. Heath, C. Rolls, F. Bacon, &c., from Drawings by Smirke, Westall, Stephanoff, Corbould, and Wright. In one volume, royal 8vo., bound in cloth. Price ,£1 Us. 6d. This is allowed to be the most beautiful edition of Shakspeare which has been published in one volume; and when bound in morocco it is a rich and elegant book for a present. MANUALS OF NATURAL HISTORY. BT PROFESSOR MACGILLIVRAY, MARISCHAL COLLEGE, ABERDEEN. 1. A MANUAL OF GEOLOGY; with Recapitulatory Questions on each Chapter, 44 Wood-cuts, and coloured Geological Map of the British Islands. Second Edition, enlarged, fcap. 8vo. 4s 6d. " A better and more useful manual we never met with."— The Age. " The arrangement is perspicuous and comprehensive; the treatment more simple and attrac- tive than it is in the power of many to render ii."—Mily Review. " The author has compressed into his Manual as much fact, and that too of a well-selected and well-authenticated kind, .is we believe a book of the rize could powibly be made to contain— it fornn the very best companion which the young Geoiogiit can take with him in his ramble*,"— Edinburgh Witness. 2. A MANUAL OF BOTANY: comprising Vegetable Ana- tomy and Physiology, or the Structure and Functions of Plants. With an outline of the Linnaean and Natural Systems, and Recapitulatory Questions on each Chapter, a Complete Glossary, Wood-cuts, and 214 engraved Figures, fcap. 8vo. price 4s. 6d. " An excellent and useful compilation for the young: botanist." — Spectator. " We have no hesitation In pronouncing it the most useful hind-book of Botany extant." Scottish Standard. " We conscientiously recommend the present volume as the most accurate and the most useful Introduction to "the Study of Botany yet published."— Edinburgh Advertiser. 3. A MANUAL OF BRITISH ORNITHOLOGY: being a short description of the Birds of Greut Hritain and Ireland, in- cluding the essential characters of the Species, Genera, Families, and Orders. With an Introduction explanatory of the Structure and Form of Birds, and other particulars requisite to compare the objects with their descriptive characters; and 31 Wood-cuts. One thick volume fcap. 8vo. price 7s. Also, sold separately : — Part I., containing the LAND BIRDS, fcap 8vo., price 4s. 6d. Part II., containing the WATER BIRDS, fcap. 8vo., price 4s. 6d. MANUALS OF CHEMISTRY & THE STEAM ENGINE : 1. A MANUAL OF CHEMISTRY: with Recapitulatory Questions on each Chapter, and a Glossary and Index. By RICHARD D. HOBLYN, M. A., Author of " A Dictionary of Terms used in Me- dicine." Fcap. 8vo., with 75 Wood-cuts, price 4s. 6d. 2. A MANUAL OF THE STEAM ENGINE. By RICHARD D. HOBLYN, M.A.. Oxon., Author of " A Manual of Che- mistry," &c. Fcap. 8vo. with 4 engraved Plates and 85 Wood-cuts, 6s. CONTENTS: — 1. Preliminary observations on Heat and Steam. — 2. Early applica- tions of Steam Power. — 3. Watt's Single-acting Steam Engine. _ 4. Watt's Double-acting Steam Engine — 5. Applications of the Expansive force of Steam. — 6 and 7. Of the several Parts of the Modern Steam Engine, considered sepa- rately 8. Of the Mechanical Power of Steam, and of the Power and Duty of Engines.— 9. Of Locomotive Engines on Kailways — 10. Of Steam Navigation. And Appendix : — 1. On the Causes and Prevention of Slips or Falls of Karth from the Slopes or Excavations on Railroads — 2. Of Explosion of Steam Boilers.— 3. Electro-Magnetic Railway Train Controller. — I. Of Rotary Engines. University of California SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY Return this material to the library from which it was borrowed. A 000 049 525 9