♦ ROM Life Sciences Miscellaneous Publications Royal Ontario Museum a CO ^ un "" - S 13 CO s -^ PC -^ < CD A Systematic Illustrated Guide to Fossil Organic-walled Dinoflagellate Genera p.s. Ro 690 S98 1979 Darrah Artzner Edward H. Davies Gunter Dorhofer Armando Fasola Geoffrey Norris Silvana Poplawski LIFE SCIENCES MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM DARRAH ARTZNER EDWARD H DAVIES GUNTER DORHOFER ARMANDO FASOLA GEOFFREY NORRIS SILVANA POPLAWSKI A Systematic Illustrated Guide to Fossil Organic-walled Dinoflagellate Genera Publication date: 14 December \^19 ISBN: 0-88854-237-2 ISSN CX)«2-5()93 ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS IN LIFE SCIENCES The Royal Ontario Museum publishes three series in the Life Sciences: LIFE SCIENCES coi'iTRiBUTiONS, a numbered series of original scientific publications including monographic works. LIFE SCIENCES OCCASIONAL PAPERS, a numbered series of original scientific publications, primarily short and usually of taxonomic significance. LIFE SCIENCES MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS, an unnumbered series of publications of varied subject matter and formal. All manuscripts considered for publication are subject to the scrutiny and editorial policies of the Life Sciences Editorial Board, and to review by persons outside the Museum staff who are authorities in the particular field involved. LIFE SCIENCES EDITORIAL BOARD Senior Editor: J H McANDREWS Editor: R D james Editor: c. McGOWan DARRAH ART/NER and EDWARD H DAViLS were postgraduate students in the Department of Geology, University of Toronto, gunter dOrhOfer was a postdoctoral fellow of the Department of Geology, University of Toronto, ar.mando FASOLA is a member of the Palynology Laboratory of the Department of Geology, University of Toronto. Geoffrey norris is a Research Associate in the Department of Botany, Royal Ontario Museum, and a Professor of Geology, University of Toronto, silvana poplawski is a member of the Palynology Laboratory of the Department of Geology, University of Toronto. Cover photo: Tnhlasiiila uiinensis Originally described by Otto Wetzel in 19.^3 from a Cretaceous erratic flint in the Baltic region, this dinoHagellate cyst is now known from Maastrichtian sediments principally in North America and Europe. Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Main entry under title: A Systematic illustraled guide to fossil organic- walled Dinonageilatc genera (Life sciences miscellaneous publications ISSN 0082-5093) Bibliography: p ISBN 0-88854-237-2 I. Dinoflagellata, Fossil - IdeniitlLaiion. I. Artzner, Darrah. II. Royal Ontario Museum. III. Series: Life sciences miscellaneous publication. QE774.D5S98 563'.! C79-094840-0 QLI.T6539 ?.S. H/,0 © The Royal Ontario Museum, 1979 100 Queens Park, Toronto, Canada M5S 2C6 PRINTED AND BOUND IN CANADA AT THE ALGER PRESS Con rents Abstract 5 Introduction 5 Abbreviations and Logograms 6 Classification 7 Order Peridiniales Haeckel, 1894 8 Order Dinophysidales Stein. 1883 9 Order Gymnodiniales, 1896 9 Nomenclature 9 How to Use the Guide 9 Alphabetical Check List of Families and Genera Acknowledgements 13 Literature Cited 14 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from Royal Ontario Museum http://archive.org/details/systematicillustOOartz A Systematic Illustrated Guide to Fossil Organic-walled Dinoflagellate Genera Abstract The Guiih' assigns 276 genera of fossil dinoflagellates to the Orders Peridiniales, Dinophysidales, and Gymnodiniales. The Peridiniales are further subdivided into four suborders comprising 3 1 families. Each genus is illustrated by a line drawing at a standard magnification based in most cases on the illustration and description of the type species and holotype. Introduction The number of described fossil dinoflagellate taxa has increased dramatically since the mid- i 9th century (Dow- nie and Sarjeant, 1965; Williams and Bujak, 1977a; Williams and Bujak, 1977b) with the last 10 to 15 years showing the greatest advance. During this period, however, taxonomic concepts have become stabilized and centre upon a few discrete characters which appear to be important for segregation of genera and higher level taxa (See Sarjeant, 1974, and Norris, 1978a, for a discussion of the development of higher level dinoflagellate cyst taxonomy since the 19th century.) Recent compilations (Evitt, 1975; Lentin and Williams, 1977b, 1978;) indicate in excess of 300 fossil genera and almost 2,000 fossil species of dinoflagellate cysts. This explosion in fossil dinoflagellate taxonomy has rendered the Eisenack catalogue (Eisenack, 1964-1975) and the Fichier Micropaleontolo^ique General (De- flandre. and Deflandre-Rigaud. 1943-1974) essential tools for those attempting to trace original descriptions and illustrations of taxa and who do not have access to all the primary literature. Basionyms are almost exclusively used and few recombinations are referred to in those alphabeli- Ldl listings of genera and species. Our work facilitates the use of the existing catalogues and indices and improves understanding of the Class Dinophyceae by providing an illustrated guide to holotypes of type sf)ecies of validly published fossil genera with organic-walled cysts. Generally, we include genera with sufficiently clear characters to allow placement in families, although a few assigned "Incertae Familiae" are also illustrated. All genera are illustrated by line drawings, either as facsimile reproductions of original figures (some with magnification changes) or by drafting from published photographs. The quality of the drafted figure is linked to the quality and details visible on the original photograph. It is apparent that some holotypes are poorly preserved or displayed. This must be taken into account in any taxonomic assessment of a genus which, however, is not the purpose of this Guide. Fossil dinoflagellate genera excluded from this Guide are those with calcareous or siliceous walls, and those with less than the minimum characters available for familial placement (with certain exceptions) or those of doubtful dinophycean affinity. Junior synonyms are also omitted. Taxa now considered of subgeneric status are not included. In general, we were conservative in the selection of genera for illustration. Holotypes or topotype material, in most cases, have not been studied directly, thus requiring considerable caution in the interpretation of salient morphologic features. We believe that on restudy. some of the omitted genera will be capable of placement into the taxonomic scheme. Precipitous placement at this stage, however, would not serve any useful purpose, even though it became apparent during the preparation of the Guide that several taxa require emendation or recombina- tion. Abbreviations and Logograms The families are listed herein with their salient mor- phologic features indicated by logograms (Norris, 1978a). Salient morphologic features of most fossil dinoflagel- lates. according to Norris (1978a), can be regarded as being dependent on up to six variables which are adequate for defining genera and higher taxa viz. degree of contraction, horns, archeopyle type, ornament distribu- tion, special ornamental features, and tabulation. The following abbreviations are used for the variables in each category and are listed roughly in the order of ease of observation. They include terms used by Evitt et al. (1977), Norris (1978a), and by others that are listed in Williams, Sarjeant and Kidson (1973), together with some new terms that are discussed below. The terms selected for the variables are only some of the many available for describing dinoflagellate cyst morphology. They are adequate, however, for circumscribing taxonomically important features. (i) degree of contraction (Text Fig. 1) Pc proximate — cavate Pa proximate — acavate (i.e. no pericoels devel- oped) Ap apteate Sp spiniferate Ch chorate Ma marginate (see Fig. 165) Some confusion is apparent in the usage of the term "proximochorate" as originally used by Downie and Sarjeant (1966: 15), for genera such as Spiniferites with low condensation ratios and sutural "outgrowths". The term suggests chorate cysts which have proximate characters. Yet, the main difference between proximate and chorate cysts is the development of a more or less spherical main body in the latter, whereas proximate cysts morphologically mimic the ambitus of the motile stage. Unfortunately, the term proximochorate has also been used for proximate cysts with low ornament, even though this type of cyst requires separate characterization. To remove this uncertainty and ambiguity, Norris (1978a) chose the term spiniferate, to indicate cysts with an essentially spheroidal main body (i.e. with no clear relationship to the presumed shape of the parent theca) and prominent sutural processes, which may be connected proximally by linear elements or distally by trabeculae, or both. The processes are typically short (low condensation ratio). For proximate cysts with ornamentation of reduced length (i.e. the main body has a clear relationship to the presumed shape of the parent theca) the term apteate was introduced by Dorhofer and Davies (1979). Apteate ornament in most cases is related to the plate configura- tion, i.e. intra- or penitabularly arranged. Recent work on rhaetogonyaulacinean genera (Dorhofer and Davies, 1979) shows that the development of endoblasts is a variable feature. Two-layered (or more) proximate cysts may or may not develop endoblasts, without any change in overall morphology. Therefore, Dorhofer (in press) differentiates between cavate and acavate proximate cysts (Text fig. 1). It may be necessary ultimately to revise the proximate-cavate and proximate- acavate peridinialean families to express this variability more satisfactorily. At the moment, however, the distinc- tion of phenotypic from genotypic variation in pericoelar development is difficult and its further application to taxonomy is not attempted here. (ii) Horns (or unique processes in the cardinal posi- tions) ap apical horn aa antapical horn 2aa two antapical horns 2cn two cingular horns pc one postcingular horn 2pc two postcingular horns (iii) Archeopyle type A apical archeopyle I intercalary archeopyle P precingular archeopyle CAVATE ACAVATE APTEATE SPINIFERATE CHORATE PROXIMATE Text figure 1. Dinoflagellate cyst types based on degree of contraction Refer to text for explanation. AIP epitractal archeop\ le or archeopyle compris- ing some plates of each series in the epitract. HA antapical archeopyle DIS disintegration archeopyle Disintegration archeopyles have been recognized and defined by Dorhiifer and Davies (1979) as forming by disintegration of the epitract. initiated by splitting in the mid-dorsal intercalary position (usually between the apical and intercalary series) and subsequent progressive loss of the neighbouring plates. This type of archeopyle is characteristic for the earliest dinotlagellates of the family Rhaetogonyaulacaceae. These principal types of archeopyles are adequate for most family logograms. Lower taxonomic levels require more elaborate formulas (see Norris, 1978a). We follow Norris (1978a: 303) in replacing the superscript bar in the archeopyle formula with round brackets in positions corresponding to each end of the bar. (iv) Ornament distribution on the plate sut sutural pen penitabular int intra-tabular (int-1 - one process per plate; int-n = several processes per plate) non non-tabular abs absent (v) Special ornamental features trab trabeculate processes peel pericoelar connecting processes akra akrate, i.e. ornament lacking or extremely reduced on cingulum pcin pericingulate, i.e. sutural ornament exclu- sively or almost exclusively developed on cingulum unpa unomamented pandasutural zone (or strongly reduced relative to intratabular elements elsewhere) coro bearing a corona (vi) Tabulation The standard Kofoi 1 plate numeration system and formula as adapted for cysts may be used. Alternatively, the common gonyaulacoid or peridiniod patterns (Norris, 1978a) are indicated "gon" or "per" respectively. "Sus" refers to suessioid tabulation (Norris, 1978a), most clearly and complexly developed in Suessia Morbey in which plate number is high and variable, the diagnostic character being an anterior intercalary series with at least three, usually fastigiate plates (i.e. posterior margins angular relative to cingulum). The earliest suessioid genera are characterized by a disintegration archeopyle, whereas advanced types developed intercalary archeopyles (D6rh5fer and Davies. 1979). The following logograms of some well-known genera help to clarify this system. Further examples may be found in Norris (1978a, b). The logograms contain information on up to six variables, each category being separated by a semicolon. Alterbia Vozzh. emend. Lentin and Williams Pc; ap, aa; I; sut-non-abs; pcin; per. Goiniiuhuxsiii Deflandre ex Norris and Sarjeant emend. Sarjeant Pc-Pa; ap; P; sut; gon. WetzelieUa Eisenack emend. Lentin and Williams Pc; ap, 2aa, 2cn; 1; non-pen; per. Hysirichosphueridium Deflandre emend. Davey and Wil- liams Ch; A; int-1; gon. Spiniferites Mantell emend. Sarjeant Sp; P; sut; gon. Classification The revised classification of Norris (1978a, b), with emendations and additions by Dorhofer and Davies (1979), is used to arrange illustrated genera in family groupings. This revised classification had its origins in the fundamental revision of existing fossil dinoflagellate families by Sarjeant and Downie (1974) and the principles proposed by them for adoption in the formulation of taxonomic units for dinoflagellates (Sarjeant and Downie, 1974: 13), viz. all stages of the life cycle should be used whenever possible in formulating and diagnosing taxa, both fossil and recent; a single epithet only is acceptable for identical fossil and living cysts, priority of publication determining the correct name; and the prime importance of salient morphologic features of fossil cysts in determining relationships and lineages. Prior to Sarjeant and Downie's revision, no satisfactory suprageneric scheme was available. Many of the families recognized by Sarjeant and Downie were internally coherent but proved difficult to relate at higher taxonomic levels. Norris (1978a, b) examined these families in the light of improved understanding of tabulation patterns and archeopyle types. Of crucial importance to Norris's revision was the recognition of primitive but relatively complex tabulation in Triassic-Lower Jurassic dinoflagel- lates and the discrimination of earlier-evolved fastigiate intercalary plates from the later-evolved linteloid interca- lary plates, any or all of the former contributing to archeopyle formation. These observations led to recognition of the Rhaetogonyaulacineae, a suborder embracing the earliest and most primitive undoubted peridinialeans in the Triassic and later Mesozoic. Although we do not reject the notion of distantly related dinollagcllate forerunners in the Palaeozoic (see Sarjeant. 1974; 98-103 for a discussion and leading references), neither can we accept unequivoc- ally the supposed dinophyccan characters of putative Lower Palaeozoic dinoflagellates. They remain for us clearly defined acritarchs of doubtful affinity, with the exception of Arpvlorus Calandra which appears to have some dinoflagellate-iike features, but which are in- adequate for familial placement. The remaining three dinophycean suborders proliferated and eventually eclipsed the Rhaetogonyaulacineae in absolute taxonomic diversity in the late Mesozoic, although locally and regionally certain rhaetogonyaulaci- nean species continued to thrive or even dominate the phytoplankton (Dorhofer and Davies, 1979; Dorhofer, in press). Examination of critical Jurassic and Cretaceous dino- fiagellate assemblages allowed Dorhofer and Davies (1979) to revise some aspects of Norris's classification. This included a fundamental reinterpretation and reas- sessment of certain rhaetogonyaulacinean genera, and the recognition of pseudoceratacean genera (included by Norris in the hystrichosphaeridiinean families Pseu- doceratiaceae, Muderongiaceae, and Odontochitinaceae) as advanced and highly modified rhaetogonyaulacineans, the closest affinities being with the pareodiniaceans. The Muderongiaceae and Odontochitinaceae thereby are re- dundant. Some of the deflandreinean families used here may require emendation on the basis of more detailed knowledge of tabulation, pericoel development, and archeopyle formation. Meanwhile, they are maintained pending further study. The classification listed below incorporates these various changes and indicates by means of logograms the salient characters of each family, followed by references to illustrations in the Guide. Division Pyrrhophyta Pascher, 1914 Class Dinophyceae Fritsch, 1929 Order Peridiniales Haeckel, 1894 A. Suborder Rhaetogonyaulacineae Norris, 1978b 1 . Family Rhaetogonyaulacaceae Norris emend. Dorhofer and Davies, 1979. Pc-Pa; ±ap. ±aa; DIS; sut; sus. (Figs. 1-14). 2. Family Phallocystaceae Dorhofer and Davies, 1979 Pc-Pa; ±ap, ±aa; 1; abs-sut-int; sus (-5a). (Figs. 15-18). 3. Family Pareodiniaceae Gocht emend. Dorhofer and Davies, 1979. Pc-Pa; ±ap, ±aa; I; abs-sut; sus-gon (l-3a). (Figs. 19-26). 4. Family P.seudoceratiaceae Eisenack emend. Dorhofer and Davies, 1979. Pc-Pa; ap, l-2aa, l-2pc; AI; non-abs-pen; sus-gon. (Figs. 27-38). B. Suborder Gonyaulacysuneae Norris, 1978b 5. Family Gonyaulacystaceae Sarjeant and Downie 11. 12. emend. Sarjeant and Downie, 1966. Pa; ±ap; P; sut; gon. (Figs. 39-54). Family Apteodiniaceae Eisenack emend. Sarjeant and Downie, 1974. Pa; ±ap, ±aa; P; abs-non; ±pcin. (Figs. 55-67). Family Spiniferitaceae Sarjeant and Downie emend. Sarjeant and Downie emend. Norris, 1978b. Sp; ±ap; P; sut; gon. (Figs. 68-77). Family Endoscriniaceae Vozzhennikova emend. Sarjeant and Downie, 1974. Pc; ± ap, ± aa; P; sut-abs; pcin; gon. (Figs. 78-92). Family Scriniocassiaceae Sarjeant and Downie emend. Sarjeant and Downie, 1974. Pc; ±ap; P; non; peel. (Figs. 93-99). Family Cordosphaeridiaceae Sarjeant and Downie emend. Norris, 1978b. Ch; P; int (-1 or -n) -pen; ±trab; gon. (Figs. 100-113). Family Lingulodiniaceae Sarjeant and Downie, 1974. Ch; ±ap; 1-5P; non. (Figs. 114-120). Family Ctenidodiniaceae Sarjeant and Downie emend. Norris, 1978b. Pa; ±ap; (AP); sut-non; gon. (Figs. 121-129). C. Suborder Hxstrichosphaeridiineae Norris, 1978b 13. Family Hystrichosphaeridiaceae Evitt emend. Sarjeant and Downie emend. Norris, 1978b. Ch; ±aa; A; int-pen; ±trab; gon. (Figs. 130-152). 14. Family Cleistosphaeridiaceae Sarjeant and Dow- nie, 1974. Ch; A; non. (Figs. 153-158). 15. Family Florentiniaceae Harker and Sarjeant emend. Norris, 1978b. Ch; ±aa; A-l-P; int (-1 or -n); gon. (Figs. 159-163). 16. Family Areoligeraceae Evitt emend. Sarjeant and Downie, 1966. Ma; A; non-pen; ±trab. (Figs. 164-166). 17. Family Lithodiniaceae Norris, 1978b. Pa; ± ap; A; sut-pen; gon. (Figs. 167-181). 18. Family Batiacasphaeraceae Dorhofer and Davies, 1979. Pa; ±ap, ±aa; A; non; pcin. (Figs. 182-187). 19. Family Xiphophoridiaceae Sarjeant and Downie, 1966. Sp; A; sut. (Figs. 188-190). 20. Family Senoniasphaeraceae Norris, 1978b. Pc; ±ap, ±aa; A; sut-abs; ±pcin. (Figs. 191-199). 21. Family Membranilamaciaceae Eisenack emend. Sarjeant and Downie, 1966. Pc; ±ap; A; non; peel. (Figs. 200-204). 22. Family Stephanelytraceae Stover, Sarjeant and Drugg, 1977, Ap; A; sut-pen-non; coro. (Fig. 205). D. SuhonliT Dcflandreineiw Eisetuuk emetni. N orris. 1978b 23. Family Deflandreaceae Eisenack emend. Sarjeant and Downie, 1974. Pc-Pa; ±ap, ± 2aa; 1; ,sut-pen-abs; ± pcin; per. (Figs. 206-225). 24. Family Palaeoperidiniaceae Vozzhennikova emend. Sarjeant, 1967. Pc-Pa; ±ap, ± aa; AIP; sut-pen-non-abs; per. (Figs. 226-234). 25. Family Wetzeliellaceae Vozzhennikova, 1961. Pc; ap, 2aa. 2cn; I; non-pen; per. (Figs. 235-240). 26. Family Phthanoperidiniaceae Drugg and Loeblich, 1967." Pa; ap, ± aa; I; sut-non-abs; per. (Figs. 241-255). 27. Family Ovoidiniaceae Norris, 1978b. Pc; ±ap, ±aa; (AI); non-pcin; per. (Figs. 256- 258). E. Suborders Incertae 28. Family Ceratocoryaceae Stein, 1883. Subfamily Thalassiphoroideae Gocht emend. Sarjeant and Downie star, now Norris, 1978b. Pc; ±ap, ±aa; P; sut;r±la 5" 4" ' 1" ". (Figs. 259-261). 29. Family Pyrophacaceae Lindemann emend. Steidinger and Davis, 1967. Pc; 4HA; int; peel. (Fig. 262). 30. Family Heteraulacacystaceae Drugg and Loeblich, 1967. Pa; AIP; sut; 3' 7" 5" ' 3" ". (Figs. 263-265). 31. Family Microdiniaceae Eisenack emend. Sarjeant and Downie emend. McLean, 1973a. Pa; A; sut; 7" 6" ' Ip 1" ". (Figs. 266-267). Order Dinophysidales Stein, 1883 32. Family Nannoceratopsaceae Gocht, 1970b. Pa; ap, aa; epitractal archeopyle; non-abs. (Fig. 268). Order Gymnodiniales Schiitt , 1896 33. Family Dinogymniaceae Sarjeant and Downie, 1974.' Pa; ap, aa; A; non; pcin. (Fig. 269). Incertae Familiae (Figs. 270-276) Nomenclature In general, the recent index to genera and species of Lcntm and Williams (1977b) has been used as a valid nomenclatural base with the following exceptions: (a) Only genera with at least the minimum characters necessary for classification into families are illus- trated. A few doubtfully affiliated genera, however, are also included in "Incertae Familiae". (b) Some genera recognized by us as synonymous are illustrated only by the senior synonym vis. Alterhia- Senei^dlinium; Peniailinium-Flaninosphaeridium; Thalassiphora-Erikania . (c) Those genera indicated as synonymous or superfluous by Lentin and Williams (1977b) but which we consider may be distinct, are illustrated individually pending further study viz. Dracodinium: Heliodinium; Imhaiodinium: Komewuia; Palmnickia; Pluriar- valium; Soaniella; Trioperculodinium. (d) Genera based only on the thecate stage are omitted. (e) Only genera with resistant organic-walled cysts are included, i.e. those with mineralized cyst walls are omitted. How to Use the Guide This Guide will, we hope, be helpful in assigning species to their appropriate generic and higher taxonomic groups. The following procedure may be u.sed for this purpose. (i) Analyse the salient morphologic features of the unassigned species using a logogram to summarize selected features. (ii) If all elements of the logogram have been identified, this should allow placement in a suborder and family. (iii) Examine illustrations of the genera included in the family and select the most closely comparable genus or genera. (iv) Refer to the Eisenack catalogue or similar .species compendia, for illustrations and de.scriptions of species assigned to the suspected genus or genera, and thence to the primary literature for further information. Because the Eisenack catalogue gener- ally lists basionyms, it may be necessary to peruse Lentin and Williams (1977b, 1978, and earlier compilations) to ascertain the original generic as- signment of some species before they can be located in the Eisenack catalogue. Rapid location of a particular genus may be made by reference to the alphabetical list of genera below . Alphabetical Check List of Families and Genera The following list refers to families and genera selected for illustration in the Guide. The plates are arranged in taxonomic order; hence the plate explanations can be used as a taxonomic check list. Fig. No. AcanthaulcLx Sarjeant, 1968 39 Achilleodinium Eaton, 1976 100 Achomosphaera Evitt, 1963 68 Actinotheca Cookson and Eisenack, 1960a 78 AdmUo.sphaeridium Williams and Dovvnie, 1966b 130 Airciami Cookson and Eisenack, 1965a 101 Alwrhia Lentin and Williams, 1976 206 Amphiduidemu Lentin and Williams, 1976 207 Aniphorosphcwridium Davey, 1969b 102 Amphorula Dodekova, 1969 131 Andidusiella Riegel. 1974 241 Anihosphacridium Cookson and Eisenack, 1968 270 Apeciodinium Costa and Downie, 1976 stat. nov. Lentin and Williams, 1977b 235 Aprobolocxsta Duxbury, 1977 27 Aptea Eisenack, emend. Davey and Verdier, 1974 28 Apteodiniaceae Eisenack, emend. Sarjeant and Downie, 1974 55-67 ApU'odinium Eisenack, 1958 55 Aquadulcum Harland and Sarjeant, 1970 226 Araneosphcieni Eaton, 1976 103 Archeoieciaium Habib, 1972 56 Areoligera Lejeune-Carpentier, emend. Williams and Downie, 1966b 164 Areoligeraceae Evitt, emend. Sarjeant and Downie, 1966 164-166 Areosphaeridium Eaton, 1971 132 Ascodinium Cookson and Eisenack, 1960a 256 Ascostomocystis Drugg and Loeblich, 1967 271 Aihi^nuit()c\sia Duxbury, 1977 79 AvcllocJinium Duxbury, 1977 69 Bcuihidinium Davey, in press 104 Balcuitiu Cookson and Eisenack, 1974 257 Baiiacusphacru Drugg, 1970 182 Batiacasphaeraceae Dorhofer and Davies, 1979 182-187 Bclodinium Cookson and Eisenack, emend. Dodekova, 1975 167 Biorhifera Habib, 1972 121 Bintrkidinium Morgan, 1975 133 Breedoxvlla Norris, 1978b 122 Broomed Cookson and Eisenack, emend. Lentin and Williams, 1976 19 Bulhodinium Wetzel, 1960 208 Caligodinium Drugg, 1970 20 Callaiosphuendium Davey and Williams, 1966 159 Canningia Cookson and Eisenack, 1960b 29 Caiminginopsi.s Cookson and Eisenack, 1962b 168 Cannosphdcropsis Wetzel, emend. Williams and Downie, 1966b 70 Cantulodinium Alberti, 1961 21 CarpitU'llii Grigorovitch, 1969 40 Ciirpodinium Cookson and Eisenack, emend. Lcffingwell and Morgan, 1977 41 Cossiculosphaeridia Davey, l%9a 183 Cassidium Drugg, 1967 184 Caiillopsis Drugg. 1970 93 Cauca Davey and Verdier, 1971 123 Ceratiopsis Vozzhennikova, 1963 209 Ceratocoryaceae Stein, 1883 259-261 Chiiiangiella Vozzhennikova, emend. Lentin and Williams, 1976 210 Chlropieridium Gocht, 1960 165 Chlutmdophorella Cookson and Eisenack, 1958 200 Chvtroei.sphaeridia (Sarjeant) Downie Evitt, and Sarjeant, emend. Pocock. 1972 57 Cladopyxidium McLean, 1972 266 Clalhroctenocystis Wiggins, 1972 169 Cleistosphaeridiaceae Sarjeant and Downie, 1974 153-158 Cli'isiosphaeridium Davey, Downie, Sarjeant and Williams, 1966 153 Cohricosphaeridium Harland and Sarjeant, 1970 154 Codonielki Cookson and Eisenack, 1961a 80 Comeiodmium Deflandre and Courteville, 1939 272 Comparodinium Morbey, 1975 15 Compo.siiospfuicridium Dodekova, 1974 134 Conosphaeridium Cookson and Eisenack, 1969 105 Cordosphaeridiaceae Sarjeant and Downie, 1974 emend. Norris, 1978b 100-113 Cordosphcieridium Eisenack, emend. Davey, 1969b 106 Coronifera Cookson and Eisenack, emend. Davey, 1974 114 Crihroperidinium Neale and Sarjeant, emend. Davey, 1969a 42 Cryptarchaeodinium Deflandre, emend. Gitmez, 1970 43 Ctenidodiniaceae Sarjeant and Downie, 1966 emend. Norris, 1978b 121-129 Ctenidfldinium Deflandre, emend. Sarjeant, 1975a 124 Cyclapophxsi.s Benson, 1976 107 Cyclodictyon Cookson and Eisenack, 1958 94 Cyclonephelium Deflandre and Cookson, emend. loannides et al., 1977 166 Danea Morgenroth, 1968 108 Dupcodinium Evitt, 1961a 1 Deflandrea Eisenack, emend. Lentin and Williams, 1976 211 Deflandreaceae Eisenack, emend. Sarjeant and Downie, 1974 206-225 DiLUcuuhum Habib, 1972 44 Dichcidogonyaula.x Sarjeant, emend. Sarjeant, 1975a 125 Diconodinium Eisenack and Cook.son, 1960 212 Dimidiadinium Brideaux, 1977 81 Dim^odinium Cookson and Eisenack, 1958 191 Dinogymniaceae Sarjeant and Downie. 1974 269 Dino^Ymnium Evitt, Clarke and Verdier, 1967 269 Dinoptcrxi^ium Deflandre, 1935 263 Pio.wd Cookson and Eisenack, 1958 242 [)iph\i's Cookson, emend. Davey and Williams, 1966 135 Disiorsiti Duxbury, 1977 136 Disphacriii Cookson and Eisenack, emend. Norvick, 1973 95 Distatodinium Eaton, 1976 137 Dodekovia Dorhofer and Davies, 1979 16 Dorocxsta Davey, 1970 188 Drdcodiniitnt Cjocht, 1955 236 Ihui^i^idiuin Hahih, 1973 45 Duosphcicriclium Davey and Williams, 1966 192 10 Egmontodinium Gitmez and Sarjeant, 1972 2 Eisemukiu Dcflandre and Cixikson. emend. McLean, 1973a 170 EUipsodtmum Clarke and \erdier. 1967 58 EllipsoidutMtm Klemcni. I960 171 Emmctrocxsta Stover, 1975 138 EndiHinitium Vozzhennikova, 1965 30 Endoscriniaceae Vozzhennikova, emend. Sarjeant and Downie, 1974 78-92 Endoscnnium (Klement) Vozzhennikova. 1967 82 Ener^hnia Sarjeant, 1976 126 Eocliidopwis Morgenroth. 1966 160 Eodiniii Eisenack, emend. Gocht, 1975a 127 Epelidosphtu-ridiii Davev , 1969a 185 EpiplosphiuTu Klement, 1960 139 Exochosphiieridium Davev . Downie, Sarjeant and Williams, 1966 ' 115 Fihnidinium Morgenroth, 1968 172 Floreniinia Davey and Verdier, 1973 161 Florentiniaceae Marker and Sarjeant, emend. Norris. 1978b 159-163 Fromea Cook.son and Eisenack, 1958 273 Fusiformacwiti Morgan. 1975 59 Gardodinium Aiberti, 1961 201 Geiselodinium Krutzsch, 1962 227 Gillinia Cookson and Eisenack, 196Ga 173 Gingmodinium Cookson and Eisenack, emend. Lentin and Williams, 1976 228 Glahridinium Brideaux. 1977 83 Glomodinium Dodekova, 1975 22 Glossodinium loannides, Stavrinos and Downie, 1977 84 Glyphanodinium Drugg, 1964 174 Gochieodinia (Vozzhennikova) Norris, 1978b (not illustrated, see Family Pareodiniaceae) Gonxaulacysta Deflandre, ex Norris and Sarjeant, emend. Sarjeant, 1969 46 Gonyaulacystaceae Sarjeant and Downie, emend. Sarjeant and Downie, 1974 39-54 Hapsidaulax Sarjeant, 1975b 71 Hapsocvstu Davey, in press 72 Hehei\sta Bujak and Fisher, 1976 3 Heibergella Bujak and Fisher. l'^76 4 Heliodinium Aiberti, 1961 emend. Sarjeant, 1966 73 Hemicystodimum Wall, 1967 162 Hemiplacophora Cookson and Eisenack, 1965a 140 Herendeenta Wiggins, 1969 47 Heslertonia Sarjeant, 1966 48 Heteraulacac\sia Drugg and Loeblich, 1967 264 Heteraulacacystaceae Drugg and Loeblich. 1967 263-265 Heierosphaendium Cookson and Eisenack, 1968 31 Hexagonifera Cookson and Eisenack, emend. Cookson and Eisenack, 1962b 213 Histunxsta Davey, 1969a 175 Hisiiophora Klement, 1960 176 Homoirxhlium Davey and Williams, 1966 163 Hornloginellu Cookson and Eisenack, 1962a 177 Hxstruhodinnim Deflandre. emend. Clarke and Verdier, 1967 74 H\stri(hog<)n\aulax Sarjeant, 1969 75 Hxsiruhokolpomu Klumpp, emend. Williams and Downie. 1966a 141 Hystrichosphaeridiaceae Evitt, emend. Norris, 1978b 130-152 H\sirichtisphaeridium Deflandre, emend. Davey and Williams, 1966 142 H\.'ilruhi>\phaer(ipsi\ 1976 Dellanilre. emend. Gocht, Imbiitodinium Vozzhennikova, 1967 ImpU'tosphacridium Morgenroth, 1966 hntriiw fumiliae InviTsidinium McLean, 1973b Isuhelidinitim Lentin and Williams, 1977a Kallosphaeridium De Coninck, 1969 Kenh-Mu Cookson and Eisenack, 1965b Ktsseloviii Vozzhennikova, 1963 Kleithruisphucndiiim Davey, 1974 Komewuiii Cookson and Eisenack. 1960b Lacinitidinium Mclntyre, 1975 Lanterna Dodekova, 1969 Lanternosphaeridium Morgenroth, 1966 Leipokatium Bradford, 1975 Lejeunecystu Artzner and Dorhofer, 1978 Leptodinium Klement, emend. Sarjeant. 1969 Lingulasphaera Drugg, 1970 Lingulodiniaceae Sarjeant and Downie, 1974 Lingulodinium Wall, emend. Wall. Dale and Harada, 1973 Lithodinid Eisenack, emend. Gocht, 1975b Lithodiniaceae Norris, 1978b Litosphaeridium Davey and Williams, emend. Davey and Verdier, 1973 Luehndea Morgenroth, 1970 Lunaiadinium Brideaux and Mclntyre, 1973 Luxadinium Brideaux and Mclntyre, 1975 Maduradinium Cookson and Eisenack, 1970 Membranihinuicia Eisenack, emend. Williams and Downie, 1966b Membranilarnaciaceae Eisenack, emend. Sarjeant and Downie, 1966 Membranosphuera Samoilovitch ex Norris and Sarjeant, emend. Drugg, 1967 Mendicodinium Morgenroth, 1970 Microdiniaceae Eisenack, emend. McLean, 1973a Microdinium Cookson and Eisenack, emend. Sarjeant, 1966 Moesiodinium Antonescu, 1974 Montanurocvsta Corradini, 1973 Muderongia Cookson and Eisenack, 1958 Muiradinium Harland and Sarjeant, 1970 Muirielhi Churchill and Sarjeant, emend. Harland and Sarjeant, 1970 MuliispinuUi Bradford, 1975 Muraiodmium Drugg, 1970 Nannocerutopsis Deflandre. emend. Evitt, 1961b Nannoceratopsaceae Gocht, 1970b Nckhitwpsis Wiggins, 1972 Nelsonii'lla Cookson and Eisenack, 1960a Nemaiosphaeropsis Deflandre and Cookson, emend Williams and Downie, 1966 Nexosispinum Davey, in press Noricysta Bujak and Fisher, 1976 Occisuissiu Gitmez, 1970 Odoniochiiina Deflandre, emend Davey, 1970 Odonlochiiinopsis Eisenack, 1961 OUgosphiwndium Davey and Williams, 1966 Omaniidinium Bradford. 1975 85 32 155 270-276 214 215 156 60 237 109 23 229 178 110 243 244 49 157 113-120 116 179 167-181 143 5 61 230 245 202 200-204 186 6 266-267 267 24 86 33 246 274 247 50 268 268 7 216 76 117 8 51 34 35 144 248 11 Omaiia Ctxikson and Eisenack, emend. Wiggins, 1969 Operculodmium Wall, 1967 Ovoidiniaceae Norris, 1978b Ovoidmium Davey, emend. Lentin and Williams, 1976 PalaeocYstodiiiiuni Alberti, 1961 Palaeohvsirichophora Deflandre, emend. Deflandre and Cookson, 1955 Palaeopcridiniaceae Vozzhennikova, emend. Sarjeant. 1967 Pahieoperidinium Deflandre, emend. Sarjeant, 1967 Palmnickia Eisenack, 1954 Palynodinium Gocht, 1970a Para^onyaulacysta Johnson and Hills, 1973 Paralecaniella Cookson and Eisenack, emend. Elsik, 1977 Pareodinia Deflandre, emend. Wiggins, 1975 Pareodiniaceae Gocht, emend. Norris, 1978b Parvocavatus Gitmez, 1970 Parvulodinium Dodekova, 1975 Pentadinium Gerlach. 1961 Peridictyocxsia Cookson and Eisenack, 1974 Perisseiasphaeridlum Davey and Williams, 1966 Phallocvsta Dorhofer and Da vies, 1979 Phallocystaceae Dorhofer and Davies, 1979 Phanerodinium Deflandre, 1937 Phoherocxsta Millioud, 1969 Phthanoperidiniaceae Drugg and Loeblich, 1967 Phthanoperidinium Drugg and Loeblich, 1967 Pluriarvalium Sarjeant, 1962 Pohgonifera Habib, 1972 Polysphacridium Davey and Williams, 1966 Polystephanephorus Sarjeant, 1961b Prionodinium Leffmgwell and Morgan, 1977 Prolixosphaeridium Davey, Downie, Sarjeant and Williams, 1966 Protoellipsodinium Davey and Verdier, 1971 Psali^onyuulax Sarjeant, 1966 Pseudoceratiaceae Eisenack, emend. Norris, 1978b Psi'udoceratium Gocht, 1957 Pseudodeflandrea Alberti, 1959 Pterodinium Eisenack, 1958 Pyrophacaceae Lindemann, emend. Steidinger and Davis, 1967 Pyxidiella Cookson and Eisenack, 1958 Pyxidinopsi.s Habib, 1976 Raphidodinium Deflandre, 1936 Rcnidinium Morgenroth, 1968 Rhaetogonyaulacaceae Norris, emend. Dorhofer and Davis. 1979 Rhaet(>f>i>n\ai4Uix Sarjeant, emend. Harland, Morbey and Sarjeant, 1975 RhomhodelUi Cookson and Eisenack, 1962b Rhomhodinium Gocht, 1955 Rhynchodiniopsis Deflandre, 1935 Romanodinium Baltes, 1971 Rdtincsiia Cookson and Eisenack, 1961b Sacplodiniuni Harris, 1974 Samlandia Eisenack, 1954 Srhemaiophora Deflandre and Cookson, 1955 Scriniocassaceae Sarjeant and Downie, emend. Sarjeant and Downie. 1974 96 118 256-258 258 217 218 226-234 231 111 193 25 275 26 19-26 194 180 259 145 146 17 15-18 276 36 241-255 249 10 195 158 147 52 148 119 87 27-38 37 219 53 262 250 62 189 203 1-14 9 187 238 54 260 88 232 97 181 93-99 Scriniocassis Gocht, 1964 98 Scriniodlniiim Klement, 1957 89 Si'lenopetnphix Benedek, 1972 251 Senonuisphiwrci Clarke and Verdier, 1967 1% Senoniasphaeraceae Norris, 1978b 190-199 Silicisphcieru Davey and Verdier. 1976 112 Sirmiodinium Alberti. emend. Warren. 1973 197 Smolenskiellci Vozzhennikova, 1967 220 Soaniella Vozzhennikova, 1967 252 Speeronia Duxbury. 1977 63 Spinidinium Cookson and Eisenack, emend. Lentin and Williams, 1976 221 Spiniferitaceae Sarjeant and Downie, emend. Norris, 1978b 68-77 Spiniferiies Mantell, emend. Sarjeant, 1970 77 Spongodinium Deflandre, 1936 99 Stelladinium Bradford, 1975 253 Stephanelytraceae Stover, Sarjeant and Drugg, 1977 205 Stephanehtron Sarjeant, 1961a 205 Stephodinium Deflandre, emend. Davey, 1970 90 Suhtilldinlum Morgenroth, 1968 11 Suhrilisphaera Jain and Millepied, emend. Lentin and Williams. 1976 233 Suessia Morbey. 1975 12 Sutmitradinium Lentin and Williams. 1976 254 Surculosphaeridium Davey, Downie, Sarjeant and Williams, 1966 149 Susadinium Dorhofer and Davies. 1979 18 Svalbardella Manum. 1960 222 Sverdruplella Bujak and Fisher, 1976 13 Systemaiophora Klement, 1960 150 Tueniophora Klement, 1960 151 Tanyosphaeridium Davey and Williams, 1966 152 Tapcinosphaeridium loannides, Stavrinos and Downie, 1977 64 Tecuitodinium Wall, 1967 65 Teneridlnium Krutzsch, 1962 234 Thahiwiphoni Eisenack and Gocht, emend. Gocht, 1968 261 Toolongia Cookson and Eisenack. 1960a 128 Trihiustula Wetzel, emend. Morgenroth. 1966 91 Triihodinium Eisenack and Cookson. emend. Clarke and Verdier, 1967 66 Trigonopyxidia Cookson and Eisenack, 1961a 198 Trioperculodiniuni Drugg, 1970 120 Trlrhvrodinium Drugg, emend. Lentin and Williams, 1976 223 Tuherculodwium Wall, 1967 262 Tuhidcrmodinium Morgenroth, 1966 265 Tuhotuhcrclla Vozzhennikova, 1967 92 Turbiosphaeni Archangelsky, 1969 113 Uvaiodinium Vozzhennikova, 1963 224 Valensiella Eisenack, 1963 204 Vcdvacodinium Morgenroth, 1970 14 Vozzhennikovia Lentin and Williams. 1976 255 Walhdmium Loeblich and Loeblich. 1968 199 Wunaca Cookson and Eisenack. 1958 129 Wctzclii'lla Eisenack, emend. Lentin and Williams, 1976 239 Wetzeliellaccae Vozzhennikova, 1961 235-240 Wilsonidium Lentin and Williams, 1976 240 X('H(i.\(u\ Cookson and Eisenack, 1969 38 Xcnicodmium Kienienl, I960 67 12 Xenikt'on Cookson and Eisenack, 1960a Xiphophoridiaccac Sarjcant and Dnwnio. Xiphophoridium Saricani, 19^^ l%(i 225 188-190 190 The recently published volume of systematic analyses of fossil dinoflagellatcs by Stover and Evitt (1978) is a valuable source of information on circumscriptions and limits of organic-walled genera, and effectively supple- ments the illustrations in this guide. They have erected the following new genera not included in this guide: Aldorfia. Alisocxsta. Balteocvsia. Boreocysta. Corrudinium. Earonicxsfa. Ehrrocvsta. Eiichulinium. Eundinium. Fib- rocwsta. CUiphyrocvsui. Impcii^idiniutn. Kiokcinsium. Leberidocxsta. Millioudodinitini. Phehnliniuni. and Pon- tiadinium. By reference to new taxa "in press" it is not our intention to thereby validly publish these names. (See Article 34. International Code of Botanical Nomencla- ture.) Acknowlcdiicmeuts This work was made possible by operating grants from the National Research Council of Canada and research agreements from Energy, Mines and Resources Canada (G. Norris, principal investigator); an nrc Negotiated Development Grant postdoctoral fellowship and research associateship to G. Dorhofer; a University of Toronto Open Scholarship and an Ontario Graduate Scholarship to S. Poplawski; and NRC and EMR research assistantships to D. Artzner, E.H. Davies, and A. Fasola. We are particularly indebted to the following for providing information and critical comments on certain fossil dinoflagellates: W.R. Evitt, J. Bujak, R. Davey, G.L. Williams. Two anonymous reviewers provided construc- tive critical comments which helped to improve the Guide. Our thanks go to Elliott Burden for his work during the initial stages of this project and to Anne Naldrett for artistic assistance. We alone are responsible for the final generic concepts and illustrations as interpreted here. Several diagrams have been reproduced with permission of the publishers from Eisenack' s KaialoiJ der fossilen Dinoflagellaten. 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B DALF jnJ K HARADA 1973 Descriptions of new fossil dinoflagellates from the Lale Quaternary of the Black Sea. Micropaleontology 19:18- 31. WARREN. J S 1973 Form and variation of the dinotlagellate Sirmiodinium grossi .•Mberti. from the Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous of California. Journal of Paleontology 47:101-114, WETZEL. O 1933 I960 Die in organischer Substan/ erhallenen Mikrofossiiien des baltischen Kreide-Feuersteins mit einem sediment- petrographischen und stratigraphischen Anhang. Palaeon- tographica (Abt. A) 78:1-110. Fine neue Dinoflagellaten-Gruppe aus dem baltischen Geschiebefeuerstein. NaiuriAissenschaftlicher Verein fiir Schleswig Holstein, Schnften 31:81-86. WILt-lAMS. G L and J P BLJAK 1977a Mesozoic-Cenozoic dinocysts: North Atlantic distribu- tion. Coloquio Inlernacional de Palinologia, Leon, Spain, Abstracts, p. 39. 1977b Dinocyst diversity in time. American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists 1 0th Annual Meeting, Tulsa, Oklahoma, Abstracts, p. 31. WILLIAMS. G L and C DOWNIE 1966a The genus Hvsinchokolpomd Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Geology). Supplement 3: 176- 181, 1966b Further dinoflagellate cysts from the London Clay. Bulle- tin of the Bntish Museum of Natural History (Geology), Supplement 3:215-236. WILLIAMS. G L . WAS SARJEANT and E J KIDSON 1973 A glossary of the terminology applied to dinoflagellate amphiesma and cysts and acntarchs. American Associa- tion of Stratigraphic Palynologists, Contribution Series 2:1-222. All figures conform to the following magnifications: Size Range Scale Magnification (Approx.) Scale D 2000 X Scale C 1000 X Scale B 750 X Scale A 500 X <25Mm 25 - 50 M m 5 1 - 1 fXJ M m -^ 100 /xm Scales are indicated in brackets behind the name of the type species; e.g. GonMiulacysta jurassu a (Bj. A 50 /xm bar corresponding to each scale (A, B. C, and D) is inserted on Plate I to facilitate measurements. Whenever possible the respective holotype of the type species has been illustrated. In some cases illustrations of paratypes or schematic drawings are given instead, usually if the holotype did not clearly exhibit the generic features or if it was poorly illustrated originally. Following the scale, holotypes have been designated as "h", paratypes as '"p", and schematic drawings as "s". e.g., Gonyaulacysia jurassica (B), h. In general, no reference has been made to the literature on basionyms or emendatit)ns of the type species. 19 1. Family Rhaetogonyaulacaceae (1-14) Fig. 1 Dapcodinium priscum Evitt, 1961a (C), s; a. ventral, b. dorsal, c. apical, d. antapical. Fig. 2 Egmontodinium polxplaiophorum Gitmez and Sarjeant, 1972, (B), s; a. ventral, b. dorsal. Fig. 3 Hehecysta brevicornuta Bujak and Fisher, 1976, (B); a. h, ventral, b. p, dorsal. Fig. 4 Heibergella asymmetrica Bujak and Fisher, 1976, (B), h. Fig. 5 Luehndea spinosa Morgenroth, 1970, (C), h. Fig. 6 Mendicodinium reticulatum Morgenroth, 1970, (C), h. 20 1-6 1. Rhaetogonyaulacaceae 50 [xm bar X500 x750 XIOOO > > > (A) (B) (C) X2000 > (D) 21 1. Family Rhaetogonyaulacaceae (cont.) Fig. 7 Nelchinopsis kostromiensis (Vozzhennikova) Wiggins, 1972, (B); a. h, dorsal, b. s, ventral, c. s, dorsal. Fig. 8 Noricvsta fimbriata Bujak and Fisher, 1976, (C); a. h, ventral, b. s, ventral, c. s, dorsal. Fig. 9 Rhaerogon\aula.x rhaetica (Sarjeant) Loebiich and Loeblich, 1968, (B); a. h, ventral, b. s, oblique ventral, c. s, dorsal. 22 7-9 a. cl. pi 23 1. Family Rhaetogonyaulacaceae (cont.) Fig. 10 Pluriarvalium osmingtonense Sarjeant, 1962, (A), s; a. ventral, b. dorsal. Fig. 11 Subtilidinium minutum Morgenroth, 1968, (D), s; a. ventral, b. dorsal. Fig. 12 Suessia swabiana Morbey, 1975, (C), s; Fig. 13 Sverdrupiella septentrionalis Bujak and Fisher, 1976, (B), h. Fig. 14 Valvaeodinium armatum Morgenroth, 1970, (C), h. 24 10-14 11b 10a 10b - - - *< ! 1 ' ' il *H TAP( X 12 25 2. Family Phallocystaceae (15-18) Fig. 15 Comparodinium koessenium Morbey, 1975, (C), h. Fig. 16 Dodekovia syzygia Dorhofer and Davies, 1979, (C), h; a. ventral, b. dorsal. Fig. 17 Phallocysta eumekes Dorhofer and Davies, 1979, (C), s. Fig. 18 Susadinium scrofoides Dorhofer and Davies, 1979, (C), h; a. dorsal, b. ventral. 26 15-18 2. Phallocystaceae 16b 17a 18a 18b 17b 27 3. Family Pareodiniaceae (19-26) Fig. 19 Broomea ramosa Cookson and Eisenack, 1958, (A), h. Fig. 20 Caligodinium amiculum Drugg, 1970, (B), h. Fig. 21 Cantulodinium speciosum Alberti, 1961, (B), h. Fig. 22 Glomodinium reticulopilosum Dodekova, 1975, (C), h. Cochteodinia villosa (Vozzhennikova) Norris, 1978b, not illustrated — refer to holotype in Vozzhennikova (1967), pg. 12, figs. 3a, b. pg. 5, fig. 1. Fig. 23 Komewuia glabra Cookson and Eisenack, 1960b (A), h. Fig. 24 Moesiodinium raileanui Antonescu, 1974, (C), h; a. dorsal, b. ventral. Fig. 25 Paragonyaulacy.sta calloviensis Johnson and Hills, 1973, (B), h; a. ventral, b. dorsal. Fig. 26 Pareodiniu ceruiophora Deflandre, 1947, (B), h. 28 3. Pareodiniaceae 19-26 24a 25a 24b 25b 29 4. Family Pseudoceratiaceae (27-38) Fig. 27 Aprobolocysta eilema Duxbury, 1977, (B), h. Fig. 28 Aptea polymorpha Eisenack, 1958, (B); a. h, ventral, b. s, dorsal, c. s, ventral. Fig. 29 Canningia reticulata Cookson and Eisenack, 1960b, (B), h. Fig. 30 Endoceratium ludhrookii (Cookson and Eisenack) Loeblich and Loeblich, 1966, (A), h. Fig. 31 Heterosphaeridium conjunctum Cookson and Eisenack, 1968, (A), h. 30 27-31 4. Pseudoceratiaceae 28b 28c 31 4. Family Pseudoceratiaceae (cont.) Fig. 32 Imbatodinium kondratjevi Vozzhennikova, 1967, (A), h; a. dorsal, b. ventral. Fig. 33 Muderongia mcwhaei Cookson and Eisenack, 1958, (A), h. Fig. 34 Odontochitina operculata (O. Wetzel) Deflandre and Cookson, 1955, (A), s. Fig. 35 Odontochitinopsis molesta (Deflandre) Eisenack, 1961, (B), h. Fig. 36 PhoherocYsta neocomica (Gocht) Miliioud, 1969, (A), h. Fig. 37 Pseudoceratium pelliferum Gocht, 1957, (A), h. Fig. 38 Xenascus ceratioides (Deflandre) Lentin and Williams, 1973, (A), h. 32 32-38 33 5. Family Gonyaulacystaceae (39-54) Fig, 39 Acanthaula.x venusta (Klement) Sarjeant, 1968, (B), h. Fig. 40 Carpatella cornuta Grigorovitch, 1969, (A), h. Fig. 41 Carpodinium granulatum Cookson and Eisenack, 1962b, (B), h; a. ventral, b. dorsal. Fig. 42 Cribroperidinium sepimentum Neale and Sarjeant, 1962, (B), h; a. oblique ventral, b. dorsal. Fig. 43 Cryptarchaeodinium calcaratum Deflandre, 1939, (C), h. Fig. 44 Diacanthum hollisteh Habib, 1972, (B), h; a. dorsal, b. ventral. 34 5. Gonyaulacystaceae 39-44 41a 42a 41b 44b 35 5. Family Gonyaulacystaceae (cont.) Fig. 45 Druggidium apicopaucicum Habib, 1973, (B), h; a, ventral, b. dorsal. Fig. 46 Gonyaulacysta jurassica (Deflandre) Norris and Sarjeant, 1965, (B), h; a. ventral, b. dorsal. Fig. 47 Herendeenia pisciformis (Cookson and Eisenack) Wiggins, 1969, (B), s; a. dorsal, b. ventral. Fig. 48 Heslertonia heslertonensis (Neale and Sarjeant) Sarjeant, 1966, (B), h. Fig. 49 Leptodinium subtile Klement, 1960, (B), h; a. ventral, b. dorsal. 36 4549 46b 47b 49a 49b 37 5. Family Gonyaulacystaceae (cont.) Fig. 50 Muratodinium fimbr latum (Cookson and Eisenack) Drugg, 1970, (B), h. Fig. 51 Occisucysta balia Gitmez, 1970, (B), h; a. ventral, b. oblique dorsal. Fig. 52 Prionodinium alaskense Leffingwell and Morgan, 1977, (B), h; a. dorsal, b. ventral. Fig. 53 Pterodinium aliferum Eisenack, 1958, (B), h. Fig. 54 Rhynchodiniopsis aptiana Deflandre, 1935, (B), h; a. ventral, b. dorsal. 38 50-54 51a 51b 52a 52b 54b 39 6. Family Apteodiniaceae (55-67) Fig. 55 Apteodinium granulatum Eisenack, 1958, (B), h. Fig. 56 Archeoiectatum sarjeantii Habib, 1972, (C), h. Fig. 57 Chytroeisphaeridia chytroeides (Sarjeant) Downie and Sarjeant, 1965, (B), h. Fig. 58 EUipsodinium rugulosum Clarke and Verdier, 1967, (C), s. Fig. 59 Fusiformacysta salasii Morgan, 1975, (A), h. Fig. 60 Kenlevia pach\cerata Cookson and Eisenack, 1965b, (B), h. Fig. 61 Lunatadinium dissolutum Brideaux and Mclntyre, 1973, (B), h. 40 6. Apteodiniaceae 55-61 41 6. Family Apteodiniaceae (cont.) Fig. 62 Pyxidinopsis challengerensis Habib, 1976, (B), h. Fig. 63 Speetonia delicatula Duxbury, 1977, (B), h. Fig. 64 Tapeinosphaeridium pericompsum loannides et al., 1977, (B), h. Fig. 65 Tectatodinium pellitum Wall, 1967, (B), h. Fig. 66 Trichodinium pellitum Eisenack and Cookson, 1960, (B), h. Fig. 67 Xenicodinium densispinosum Klement, 1960, (B), h. 42 62-67 K*, . J^ ■■♦. " - . - 43 7. Family Spiniferitaceae (68-77) Fig. 68 Achomosphaera ramulifera (Deflandre) Evitt, 1963, (B), h. Fig. 69 Avellodinium falsificum Duxbury, 1977, (B), p; a. ventral, b. dorsal. (Family placement is questionable.) Fig. 70 Cannosphaeropsis utinensis O. Wetzel, 1933, (A), h. Fig. 71 Hapsidaulax margarethae Sarjeant, 1975b, (C), h; a. antapical, b. apical. Fig. 72 Hapsocysta peridictya (Eisenack and Cookson) Davey, in press, (B), h. Fig. 73 Heliodinium voigtii (Albert!) Sarjeant, 1966, (B), h. 44 7. Spiniferitaceae 68-73 69 b 71b 45 7. Family Spiniferitaceae (cont.) Fig. 74 Hystrkhodinium pulchrum Deflandre, 1935, (B), h; a. dorsal, b. ventral. Fig. 75 Hystrichogonyaulax cornigera (Valensi) Sarjeant, 1969, (B); a. h, ventral, b. p, ventral. Fig. 76 Nematosphaeropsis balcombiana Deflandre and Cookson, 1955, (B), h. Fig. 77 Spiniferites ramosus (Ehrenberg) Mantell, 1854, (B), s. 46 74-77 75 b 47 8. Family Endoscriniaceae (78-92) Fig. 78 Actinotheca aphroditae Cookson and Eisenack, 1960a, (B), h. Fig. 79 AthigmatocYsta glabra Duxbury, 1977, (B), h; a. ventral, b. oblique dorsal. Fig. 80 Codoniella campanulata (Cookson and Eisenack) Downie and Sarjeant, 1965, (B), h. Fig. 81 Dimidiadinium dangeardii (Sarjeant) Brideaux, 1977, (B), h; a. ventral, b. dorsal. 48 8. Endoscriniaceae 78-81 81a 49 8. Family Endoscriniaceae (cont.) Fig. 82 Endoscrinium galeritum (Deflandre) Vozzhennikova, 1967, (B), h. Fig. 83 Glabridinium apatelum (Cookson and Eisenack) Brideaux, 1977, (B), h. Fig. 84 Glossodinium dimorphum loannides et al., 1977, (A); a. b, dorsal, b. s, dorsal. Fig. 85 Hystrichosphaeropsis ovum Deflandre, 1935, (B), h. Fig. 86 Montanarocysta aemiliana Corradini, 1973, (A), h. 50 82-86 51 8. Family Endoscriniaceae (cont.) Fig. 87 Psaligonyaulax deflandrei Sarjeant, 1966, (B), h; a. ventral, b. dorsal. Fig. 88 Rottnestia horussica (Eisenack) Cookson and Eisenack, 1961b, (B), h. Fig. 89 Scriniodinium crxstallinum (Deflandre) Klement, 1960, (B), h. Fig. 90 Stephodinium coronatum Deflandre, 1936, (A), h. Fig. 91 Trihiastula utinensis O. Wetzel, 1933, (B), s; a. ventral, b. dorsal. Fig. 92 Tubotuberella rhombiformis Vozzhennikova, 1967, (B), h. 52 87-G2 87a 87b 91b 53 9. Family Scriniocassiaceae (93-99) Fig. 93 Catillopsis abdita Drugg, 1970, (B), h. Fig. 94 Cyclodictyon paradoxum Cookson and Eisenack, 1958, (B), h. Fig. 95 Disphaeria macropyla Cookson and Eisenack, 1960a (B), h. Fig. 96 Omatia montgomerxi Cookson and Eisenack, 1958, (B), h. Fig. 97 Samlandia chlamydophora Eisenack, 1954, (B), h. Fig. 98 Scriniocassis weberi Gocht, 1964, (B), h. Fig. 99 Spongodinium delitiense (Ehrenberg) Deflandre, 1936, (B), h. 54 93-99 9. Scriniocassiaceae 55 10. Family Cordosphaeridiaceae (100-113) Fig. 100 Achilleodinium biformoides (Eisenack) Eaton, 1976, (B), s; a. ventral, b. dorsal. Fig. 101 Aireiana verrucosa Cookson and Eisenack, 1965a, (B); a. h, dorsal, b. (from Stover, 1975) s; dorsal. Fig. 102 Amphorosphaeridium fenestratum Davey, 1969b, (B), h. 56 10. Cordosphaeridiaceae > 100a 100-102 100b 1-3' 57 10. Family Cordosphaeridiaceae (cont.) Fig. 103 Araneosphaera araneosa Eaton, 1976, (A), h; a. ventral, b. dorsal. Fig. 104 Bacchidinium polypes (Cookson and Eisenack) Davey, in press, (A), h. Fig. 105 Conosphiieridium striatoconus (Deflandre and Cookson) Cookson and Eisenack, 1969, (B), h. Fig. 106 Cordosphaeridium inodes (Klumpp) Eisenack, 1963, (A), h. Fig. 107 Cyclapophysis monmouthensis Benson, 1976, (B), h. 58 103-107 59 10. Family Cordosphaeridiaceae (cont.) Fig. 108 Danea mutahilis Morgenroth, 1968, (A), h, dorsal. Fig. 109 Kleiihriasphaeridium corrugatum Davey, 1974, (B), h. Fig. 110 Lanternosphaeridium lanosum Morgenroth, 1966, (A), h. Fig. Ill Palmnickia lohifera Eisenack, 1954, (A), h. Fig. 112 Silicisphaera ferox (Deflandre) Davey and Verdier, 1976, (B), s. Fig. 113 Turbiosphaera filosa (Wilson) Archangelsky, 1969, (A), h. 60 108-113 109 110 61 11. Family Lingulodiniaceae (114-120) Fig. 114 Coronifera oceanica Cookson and Eisenack, 1958, (B), h. Fig. 115 Exochosphaeridium phragmites Davey et al., 1966, (B), h. Fig. 116 Lingulodinium machaerophorum (Deflandre and Cookson) Wall, 1967, (B), h. Fig. 117 Nexosispinum hesperum Davey, in press, (B), h. Fig. 118 Operculodinium centrocarpum (Deflandre and Cookson) Wall, 1967, (B), s. Fig. 119 Protoellipsodinium spinocristatum Davey and Verdier, 1971, (C), h. Fig. 120 Trioperculodinium siculum Drugg, 1970, (B), h. 62 114-120 11. Lingulodiniaceae 119 118 63 12. Family Ctenidodiniaceae (121-129) Fig. 121 Biorhifera johnewingii Habib, 1972, (C), h. Fig. 122 Breedoxella caperata (Brideaux) Norris, 1978b, (B), h. Fig. 123 Cauca parva (Alberti) Davey and Verdier, 1971, (C), h. Fig. 124 Ctenidodinium ornatum (Eisenack) Deflandre, 1938, (B), s; a. ventral, b. dorsal. Fig. 125 Dichadogonyaulax culmula (Norris) Loeblich and Loeblich, 1968, (B), h; a. oblique ventral, b. dorsal. Fig. 126 Energlynia kyrbasia Sarjeant, 1976, (C), h. 64 12. Ctenidodiniaceae 121-126 124 b 65 12. Family Ctenidodiniaceae (cont.) Fig. 127 Eodinia pachytheca Eisenack, 1936, (B), a. h, b. s, dorsal, c. s, ventral. Fig. 128 Toolongia medusoides Cookson and Eisenack, 1960a, (B), h. Fig. 129 Wanaea spectahilis (Deflandre and Cookson) Cookson and Eisenack, 1958, (B), p. 66 127-129 127 a 127c 67 13. Family Hystrichosphaeridiaceae (130-152) Fig. 130 Adnatosphaeridium vittatum Williams and Downie, 1966b, (B), h. Fig. 131 Amphorula metaelliptica Dodekova, 1969, (B), h; a. ventral, b. dorsal. Fig. 132 Areosphaeridium diktyoplokus (Klumpp) Eaton, 1971, (A), h. Fig. 133 Bourkidinium granulatum Morgan, 1975, (B), h. Fig. 134 Compositosphaeridium costatum (Davey and Williams) Dodekova, 1974, (B), s. Fig. 135 Diphyes coUigerum (Deflandre and Cookson) Cookson, 1965, (B), h. 68 130-135 13. Hystrichosphaeridiaceae 130 132 133 69 13. Family Hystrichosphaeridiaceae (cont.) Fig. 136 Discorsia nanna (Davey) Duxbury, 1977, (C), s; a. ventral, b. dorsal. Fig. 137 Distatodinium craterum Eaton, 1976, (B), h. Fig. 138 Emmetrocysta urnaformis (Cookson) Stover, 1975, (B), s; a. antapical, b. apical. Fig. 139 Epiplosphaera bireticulata Klement, 1960, (B), h. Fig. 140 Hemiplacophora semilunifera Cookson and Eisenack, 1965a, (B), h. 70 136-140 r' 136a 136b 137 138a 6" OS 13 8b 140 71 13. Family Hystrichosphaeridiaceae (cont.) Fig. 141 Hystrichokolpoma cinctum Klumpp, 1953, (B), s; a. ventral, b. dorsal. Fig. 142 Hystrichosphaeridium tuhiferum (Ehrenberg) Deflandre, 1937, (B), s. Fig. 143 Litosphaeridium siphoniphorum (Cookson and Eisenack) Davey and Williams, 1966, (B), h. Fig. 144 OUgosphaeridium complex (White) Davey and Williams, 1966, (A), s. Fig. 145 Peridictyocysfa mirabilis (Cookson and Eisenack) Cookson and Eisenack, 1974, (B), h. Fig. 146 Perisseiasphaeridium pannosum Davey and Williams, 1966, (B), s. 72 141-146 145 73 13. Family Hystrichosphaeridiaceae (cont.) Fig. 147 Polystephanephorus calathus (Sarjeant) Downie and Sarjeant, 1965, (B), h. Fig. 148 Prolixosphaeridium parvispinum (Deflandre) Davey et al., 1969, (C), h. (Refer to Davey and Verdier, 1974, pp. 636-7 for a discussion of the synonomy of the originally designated type species P. deirense with P. parvispinum.) Fig. 149 Surculosphaeridium cribrotuhiferum (Sarjeant) Davey et al., 1966, (B), s; a. oblique ventral, b. dorsal. Fig. 150 Systematophora areolata Klement, 1960, (B), h; a. dorsal, b. ventral. Fig. 151 Taeniophora iunctispina Klement, 1960, (A), h. Fig. 152 Tanyosphaeridium variecalamum Davey and Williams, 1966, (B), h. 74 147-152 75 14. Family Cleistosphaeridiaceae (153-158) Fig. 153 Cleistosphaeridium diversispinosum Davey et al., 1966, (B), h. Fig. 154 Cobricosphaeridium hebes Harland and Sarjeant, 1970, (B), h. Fig. 155 Impletosphaeridium transfodum Morgenroth, 1966, (C), h. Fig. 156 Kallosphaeridium brevibarbatum De Coninck, 1969, (B), h. Fig. 157 Lingulasphaera spinula Drugg, 1970, (B), h. Fig. 158 Polysphaeridium subtile Davey and Williams, 1966, (B), h. 76 153-158 14.Cleistosphaeridiaceae 153 154 156 155 157 77 15. Family Florentiniaceae (159-163) Fig. 159 Callaiosphaeridium asymmetricum (Deflandre and Courteville) Davey and Williams, 1966, (B), h. Fig. 160 Eocladopyxis peniculata Morgenroth, 1966, (C), h. Fig. 161 Florentinia laciniata Davey and Verdier, 1973, (B), h. Fig. 162 Hemkyslodinium zoharyi (Rossignol) Wall, 1967, (C), h. Fig. 163 Homotrxhlium tenuispinosum Davey and Williams, 1966, (B), h. 78 159-163 15. Florentiniaceae 79 16. Family Areoligeraceae (164-166) Fig. 164 Areoligera senonensis Lejeune-Carpentier, 1938, (A), s. Fig. 165 Chiropteridium lobospinosum (Gocht) Gocht, 1960, (A), h; a. dorsal, b. ventral. Fig. 166 Cycionephelium compactum Deflandre and Cookson, 1955, (B), h. 80 16.Areoligeraceae 164-166 165a 165b 166 81 17. Family Lithodiniaceae (167-181) Fig. 167 Belodinium dysculum Cookson and Eisenack, 1960b, (A), h. Fig. 168 Canninginopsis denticulata Cookson and Eisenack, 1962b, (B), h; a. ventral, b. dorsal. Fig. 169 Clathroctenoc\stis elegans Wiggins, 1972, (A), s; a. ventral, b. dorsal. Fig. 170 Eisenackia crassitabulata Deflandre and Cookson, 1955, (B), h; a. oblique dorsal, b. oblique ventral. Fig. 171 Ellipsoidictyum cinctum Klement, 1960, (B), h; a. dorsal, b. ventral. 82 17. Lithodiniaceae 167-171 167 168b 4". 169a 170a 169b 171a 171b 170b 83 17. Family Lithodiniaceae (cont.) Fig. 172 Fihradinium annetorpense Morgenroth, 1968, (C), s; a. ventral, b. dorsal. Fig. 173 Gillinia hxmetwphora Cookson and Eisenack, 1960a, (C), h. Fig. 174 Glyphanodinium facetum Drugg, 1964, (C), s; a. ventral, b. dorsal. Fig. 175 Histiocysta palla Davey, 1969a, (C), h; a. ventral, b. dorsal. Fig. 176 Histiophora ornata Klement, 1960, (B), h; a. dorsal, b. ventral. Fig. 177 Horologinella lineata Cookson and Eisenack, 1962a, (C), h; a. dorsal, b. ventral. Fig. 178 Lanterna bulgarica Dodekova, 1969, (B), h; a. ventral, b. dorsal. 84 172-178 177a 177b 178a «" 178b 85 17. Family Lithodiniaceae (cont.) Fig. 179 Lithodinia jurassica Eisenack, 1935, (B), h; a. ventral, b. dorsal. Fig. 180 Parvulodinium ciavatum Dodekova, 1975, (C), h; a. ventral, b. dorsal. Fig. 181 Schematophora speciosa Deflandre and Cookson, 1955, (B), h; a. dorsal, b. ventral. 86 179-181 179a 179b 3' 4' 180a 180b 181a 181b 87 18. Family Batiacasphaeraceae (182-187) Fig. 182 Baliacasphaera compta Drugg, 1970, (B), h. Fig. 183 Cassiculosphaeridia reticulata Davey, 1969a, (C), h. Fig. 184 Cassidium fragile (Harris) Drugg, 1967, (B), h. Fig. 185 Epelidosphaeridia spinosa (Cookson and Hughes) Davey, 1969a, (B), h. Fig. 186 Memhranosphaera maastrichtica Samoilovitch ex Norris and Sarjeant, 1965, (C), s. Fig. 187 Rhomhodella nutans Cookson and Eisenack, 1962b, (B), h. 19. Family Xiphophoridiaceae (188-190) Fig. 188 Dorocysta litotes Davey, 1970, (C), h. Fig. 189 Raphidodinium fucatum Deflandre, 1936, (B), h. 88 18. Batiacasphaeraceae 183 182-189 184 185 186 19. Xiphophoridiaceae 188 89 19. Family Xiphophoridiaceae (cont.) Fig. 190 Xiphophoridium alatum (Cookson and Eisenack) Sarjeant, 1966, (A), h. 20. Family Senoniasphaeraceae (191-199) Fig. 191 Dingodinium jurassicum Cookson and Eisenack, 1958, (B), h. Fig. 192 Duosphaeridium nudum (Cookson) Loeblich and Loeblich, 1968, (B), h. Fig. 193 Palxnodinium grallator Gocht, 1970a, (A), s; a. apical, b. ventral, c. dorsal. 90 190-193 190 20. Senoniasphaeraceae 193b 192 193a 193c 91 20. Family Senoniasphaeraceae (cont.) Fig. 194 Parvocavatus tuherosus Gitmez, 1970, (B), h; a. ventral, b. dorsal. Fig. 195 Polygonifera evitti Habib, 1972, (C), h. Fig. 196 Semmiasphaera protrusa Clarke and Verdier, 1967, (B), s. Fig. 197 Sirmiodinium grossii Alberti, 1961, (B), h. Fig. 198 Trigonopyxidia ginella (Cookson and Eisenack) Downie and Sarjeant, 1965, (B), h. Fig. 199 Wallodinium glaessneri (Cookson and Eisenack) Leoblich and Loeblich, 1968, (A), h. 92 194-199 194b 196 198 93 21. Family Membranilamaciaceae (200-204) Fig. 200 Chlamydophorella nyei Cookson and Eisenack, 1958, (C), h. Fig. 201 Gardodinium trabeculosum (Gocht) Alberti, 1961, (B), h. Fig. 202 Membranilarnacia leptoderma (Cookson and Eisenack) Eisenack, 1963, (B), h. Fig. 203 Renidinium membraniferum Morgenroth, 1968, (B), h. Fig. 204 Valensiella ovuta (Deflandre) Eisenack, 1963, (B), h; a. ventral, b. dorsal. 22. Family Stephanelytraceae (205) Fig. 205 Stephanelytron redcliffense Sarjeant, 1961a, (C), s; a. dorsal, b. ventral. 94 200-205 21. Membranilarnaciaceae 202 22. Stephanelytraceae 203 205a 205b 95 23. Family Deflandreaceae (206-225) Fig. 206 Alrerhia recticornis (Vozzhennikova) Lentin and Williams, 1976, (B), h. Fig. 207 Amphidiadema denticulata Cookson and Eisenack, 1960a, (B), h. Fig. 208 Bulhodinium seitzii O. Wetzel, 1960, (A), h. Fig. 209 Ceratiopsis lepwderma Vozzhennikova, 1963, (A), h. Fig. 210 Chatangiella niiga Vozzhennikova, 1967, (A), h. Fig. 211 Deflandrea phosphoritica Eisenack, 1938, (A), h. Fig. 212 Diconodinium multispinum (Deflandre and Cookson) Eisenack and Cookson, 1960, (B); a. h, b. s, ventral, c. s, dorsal. Fig. 213 Hexagonifera glabra Cookson and Eisenack, 1961a, (B), h. 96 ZUD-^IO 23. Deflandreaceae 208 207 210 209 213 212a 97 23. Family Deflandreaceae (cont.) Fig. 214 Inversidinium exilimurum McLean, 1973b, (B), h. Fig. 215 Isahelidinium korojonense (Cookson and Eisenack) Lentin and Williams, 1977a (B), h. Fig. 216 Nelsoniella aceras Cookson and Eisenack, 1960a, (B), h. Fig. 217 Palaeocystodinium golzowense Alberti, 1961, (A), h. Fig. 218 Palaeohystrichophora infusorioides Deflandre, 1935, (C), h. Fig. 219 Pseudodeflandrea gigantea Alberti, 1959, (A), h. 98 214-219 215 216 217 219 99 23. Family Deflandreaceae (cont.) Fig. 220 Smolenskiella crassitheca Vozzhennikova, 1967, (C), h. Fig. 221 Spinidinium styloniferum Cookson and Eisenack, 1962b, (B), h. Fig. 222 Svalhardella cooksoniae Manum, 1960, (A), h. Fig. 223 Trithxrodinium evittii Drugg, 1967, (B), h. Fig. 224 Uvatodinium nasutum Vozzhennikova, 1963, (B), h. Fig. 225 Xenikoon australis Cookson and Eisenack, 1960a, (B), h. 100 220-225 220 222 221 223 224 225 101 24. Family Palaeoperidiniaceae (226-234) Fig. 226 Aquadulcum serpens Harland and Sarjeant, 1970, (C), h. Fig. 227 Geiselodinium geiseltalense Krutzsch, 1962, (A), h. Fig. 228 Ginginodinium spinulosum Cookson and Eisenack, 1960a, (B), h. Fig. 229 Laciniadinium orbiculaium Mclntyre, 1975, (B), h. Fig. 230 Luxadinium primulum Brideaux and Mclntyre, 1975, (C), p. Fig. 231 Palaeoperidinium pyrophorum (Ehrenberg) Sarjeant, 1967, (B), a. h. 102 226-231 a 24. Palaeoperidiniaceae 226 228 229 227 231a 103 24. Family Palaeoperidiniaceae (cont.) Fig. 231 (cont.) Palaeoperidinium pyrophorum, (B), b. s. ventral, c. s, dorsal. Fig. 232 Saeptodinium gravattense Harris, 1974, (B), h. Fig. 233 Subtilisphuera senegalensis Jain and Millepied, 1973, (B), h. Fig. 234 Teneridinium magnoides Krutzsch, 1962, (B), h. 104 231b-234 231b 231c 234 233 232 105 25. Family Wetzeliellaceae (235-240) Fig. 235 Apectodinium homomorphum (Deflandre and Cookson) Lentin and Williams, 1977b, (B), h. Fig. 236 Dracodinium solidum Gocht, 1955, (B), h. Fig. 237 Kisselovia ornata Vozzhennikova, 1967, (C), h. Fig. 238 Rhombodinium draco Gocht, 1955, (A), h. Fig. 239 Wetzeliella articulata Eisenack, 1938, (A), h. Fig. 240 Wilsonidium tahulatum (Wilson) Lentin and Williams, 1976, (A), h. 106 235-240 25. Wetzeliellaceae 107 26. Family Phthanoperidiniaceae (241-255) Fig. 241 Andalusiella mauthei Riegel, 1974, (A), s; a. dorsal, b. ventral. Fig. 242 Dioxya armata Cookson and Eisenack, 1958, (B), h. Fig. 243 Leipokatium invisitatum Bradford, 1975, (B), h. Fig. 244 Lejeunecysta hyalina (Gerlach) Artzner and Dorhofer, 1978, (A), h; a. dorsal, b. ventral. Fig. 245 Maduradinium pentagonum Cookson and Eisenack, 1970, (A), h. Fig. 246 Muiradinium dorsispirale (Churchill and Sarjeant) Harland and Sarjeant, 1970, (C), h; a. ventral, b. dorsal. 108 241-246 26. Phthanoperidiniaceae 241 a 241b 242 243 244a 244b 246b 109 26. Family Phthanoperidiniaceae (cont.) Fig. 247 Multispinula quanta Bradford, 1975, (B), h. Fig. 248 Omanodinium alticinctum Bradford, 1975, (A), h. Fig. 249 Phthanoperidinium amoenum Drugg and Loeblich, 1967, (C), h; a. dorsal, b. ventral. Fig. 250 Pyxidiella pandora Cookson and Eisenack, 1958, (C), h. Fig. 251 Selenopemphix nephroides Benedek, 1972, (B), h. Fig. 252 Soaniella granulata Vozzhennikova, 1967, (B), h. Fig. 253 Sielladinium readii Bradford, 1975, (B), h. Fig. 254 Sumatradinium hispidum (Drugg) Lentin and Williams, 1976, (B), h. Fig. 255 Vozzhennikovia apertura (Wilson) Lentin and Williams, 1976, (B), h. 110 247-255 250 247 251 248 249 b 249 a 254 255 253 111 27. Family Ovoidiniaceae (256-258) Fig. 256 Ascodinium acrophorum Cookson and Eisenack, 1960a, (B), h. Fig. 257 Balcattia cirrifera Cookson and Eisenack, 1974, (B), h. Fig. 258 Ovoidinium verrucosum (Cookson and Hughes) Davey, 1970, (B), h. 28. Family Ceratocoryaceae (259-261) Fig. 259 Pentadinium laticinctum Gerlach, 1961, (A), s; a. apical, b. antapical. Fig. 260 Romanodinium areolatum Bakes, 1971, (B), h. Fig. 261 Thalassiphora pelagica (Eisenack) Eisenack and Gocht, 1%0, (A), p. 112 27. Ovoidiniaceae 256-261 258 257 2 8 . Ceratocoryaceae 259b 113 29. Family Pyrophacaceae (262) Fig. 262 Tuberculodinium vancampoae (Rossignol) Wall, 1967, (B), s. 30. Family Heteraulacacystaceae (263-265) Fig. 263 Dinopterygium cladoides Deflandre, 1935, (B), h. Fig. 264 Heteraulacacxsta campanula Drugg and Loeblich, 1967, (B), h; a. dorsal, b. ventral. Fig. 265 Tubidermodinium sulcatum Morgenroth, 1966, (B), h; a. ventral, b. dorsal. 114 262-265 29. Pyrophacaceae 262 30. Heteraulacacystaceae 264a 264b 265 a 265 b 115 31. Family Microdiniaceae (266-267) Fig. 266 Cladopyxidium septatum McLean, 1972, (A), h; a. ventral, b. dorsal. Fig. 267 Microdinium ornatum Cookson and Eisenack, 1960a, (C), h. 32. Family Nannoceratopsaceae (268) Fig. 268 Nannoceratopsis pellucida Deflandre, 1938, (B), h. 33. Family Dinogymniaceae (269) Fig. 269 Dinogymnium acuminatum Evitt et al., 1967, (B), h; a. dorsal, b. ventral. 116 266-269 31. Microdiniaceae 266a 266b 1 --^ip 267 32. Nannoceratopsaceae 268 33. Dinogymniaceae 269a 269b 117 Incertae familiae Fig. 270 Anthosphaeridium convolvuloides Cookson and Eisenack, 1968, (B), h. Fig. 271 Ascostomocystis hydria Drugg and Loeblich, 1967, (B), h. Fig. 272 Cometodinium ohscurum Deflandre and Courteville, 1939, (B), h. Fig. 273 Fromea amphora Cookson and Eisenack, 1958, (B), h. Fig. 274 Muiriella plioplax Churchill and Sarjeant, 1963, (B), h; a. ventral, b. dorsal. Fig. 275 Paralecaniella indentata (Deflandre and Cookson) Cookson and Eisenack, 1970, (B), a. s, b. h. Fig. 276 Phanerodinium cayeuxii (Deflandre) Deflandre, 1937, (D), h; a. h, dorsal, b. p, dorsal. 118 Incertae familiae 270-276 A/4P - ^ .V LI" I '^'P^0 \ 270 271 274a 274b 276a 276b 119 ISBN 0-88854-237-2 ISSN 0082-5093