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BY A NEW AND BirROYED METHOD, AS PRACTICED WITH GREAT SUCCESS IN THE UNITED STATES, AND LN ALL THE COUNTRIES OF EUROPE. JBY J. S. E.AKEY. CONTAINING HULES FOR SELECTING A GOOD HORSE, FOE FEEDING HORSES, &c. ALSO, THE COMPLETE FARMER, OR HORSE DOCTOR; A GUIDE FOR THE TREATMENT OF HORSES IN ALL DISEASES TO WHICH THAT NOBLE ANIMAL IS LIABLE, Being the Result of Fifty Tears Extensive Practice of the Author, JBY JOHN- C. KNOT^LSON-, UUItlXQ HIS LIFE, AN ENGLISH FARRIEU OP HIGH POPULARITY. CONTAINING THE LATEST DISCOVERIES IN THE CTIP.S O SPAVIN. NEW YORK : PICK & FITZdERALD, FFBLISHEE.S, 18 Ann Street. north carolina state university libraries S02209187T 0 INDEX TO CONTENTS Balky Horses, how to manage 45 Bit, the kind of, and how used 20 Blinds, or Blinkers 58 Breaking the Horse to Harness 27 Choking a means of subduing the Horse 50 Choking, (illustrated,) process of 52, 53 Directions how to lay the Horse down, &c 34 Feeding the Horse, rules for , GO Follow you, how to learn a Horse to 55 General Rules and Remarks on Choking 54 Halter for the Colt, the kind to be used, &c 9 Haltering the Colt, how to proceed after 10 Harness, breaking the Horse to 27 Hitching the Horse to a Sulky.. 28 Knowledge and Capacity of the Horse 5 Laying Down the Horse, how to do it 33 Laying Down the Horse, (illustrations) 31, 35, 39, 41 and 43 Leading the Colt with a Broke Horse 14 Leading the Colt into a Stable 15 Minute Directions to Lay the Horse Down 34 Mounting the Colt, how to do it 23 Pasture, how to get the Colt from 7 Powell's JIanagement of Wild Horses 17 Principles of the New Method of Horse-Taming 6 Purchasing a Horse, rules for 61 Putting a Halter on the Colt 9 Riding a Colt, how to do it 25 Saddling the Colt 21 Scaring, how to prevent a Horse from 57 Stabling the Colt, how to do it 7, 15 Stand without Holding, how to make the Horse 56 Stubborn Colt, ho%v to manage one 12 Taming a Horse with Vicious Habits 29 Timidity of the Horse 5 Treatment after the Horse is down 42 Vicious Habits in a Horse, treatment of .29 Wild Horses, Powell's management of. 17 INTRODUCTOKY. Since issuing our former editions of Mr. Rarey*b book on Horse Taming, some new facts have been published by him, which are embodied in these pages, and make the work still more complete. A careful perusal of the instructions here given, will show how any cool and determined person may break or tame a colt in a manner that will make him docile, stand at the Avord of command, and obey the voice with as much certainty as ordinarily trained horses will answer the reins. In contrast with the usual mode of training by harsh words, a sharp whip, and cruel worrying, Mr. E,arey demon- strates how easily, quietly and safely horses may be tamed by kindness. For trainings colts, breaking horses into harness, curing vicious horses, such as kickers and baulkers, this system is invaluable. Indeed, it will give to every courageous, calm-tem- pered horseman not only the po^ver to conquer any horse, however refractory, but to make the animal affectionate in disposition and ready at all times to be mounted and put in harness, without trouble or waste of time. One great value of Mr. Rarey's system consists in the fact that it may be taught to, and successfully practiced by, persons of little strength — even, by- boys of fourteen — except where the horse is ex- tremely vicious and powerful. It requires patience, and the habit of dealing with horses, as well as cool- nees ; but the real work is rather a matter of skill £V INTRODUCTORY. than muscle. Not only have boys of eighty pounds weight become successful horse-tamers in England, but even English ladies have perfectly subdued and reduced to calmness fiery blood-horses. Therefore, in dealing with Mr. Rarey's plan we are not wasting our time about a trick for conquering incurably savage horses, but are elucidating the principles of a universally applicable system for taming and train- mg horses for man's use, with a perfection of docility rarely found except in aged pet horses, and with a rapidity heretofore quite unknown. John S. E-arey is about thirty years of age, of middle height, and well-proportioned figure, wiry and active rather than muscular — his complexion is almost effeminately fair, with more color than is usually found in those of his countrymen who live in cities. He was a citizen of Groveport, Ohio, when he began his successful mode of horse-taming. His walk is remarkably light and springy, yet regular, as he turns round his horse ; something between the set-up of a soldier and the light step of a sportsman. Altogether his appearance and manners are emi- nently gentlemanly. Although a self-educated and not a book-educated man, his conversation, when he cares to talk, (for he is rather reserved,) always dis- plays a good deal of thoughtful originality, relieved by flashes of playful humor. Mr. Rarey's system of horse-taming will infallibly supersede all others for both civil and mihtary pur- poses, and his name will take rank among the great social reformers of the nineteenth century. HOKSE TAMINO, &c The Horse is so constituted bj nature that ho will not offer resistance to any demand made of him which he fully comprehends. He has no conscious- ness of his strength beyond his own experience, and can be handled by m.an without force, after a little study of his habits and disposition. Being deficient in reasoning powers, he has no knowledge of right or wrong, of free will and independent government, and knows not of any imposition practiced upon him, however unreasonable it may be. Consequently, he cannot easily decide what he should or should not do. But being naturally of willing and gentle dis- position, it remains for man to instruct him in a man- ner suited to his nature. The horse is a timid animal ; but easily becomes familiar with objects and sounds that are at first dis- agreeable or frightful. We must therefore accustom him to such as he will be apt to meet with in his daily service. To do this effectually, he should be allowed to examine closely and leisurely such objects as would inspire terror, and to smell them and touch them. A log or stump by the road-side may be, in the imagination of the horse, soma great beast about ';o pounce upon him ; but after you take him up to it, and let him stand by it a little while, and touch it with his nose, and go through his process of exami- nation, he will not care anything more about it. And the same principle iind process will have the 6 RAREY ON HORSE-TAML\G. same effect with any other object, however frightful in appearance, in which there is no harm. I thus estabhsh three principles on which my sys- tem of taming the horse is founded, viz. : First. That any horse may he taught to do any- thing that a horse can do if taught in a systematic and proper manner. Second. That a horse is not conscious of his own strength until he has resisted and conquered a man, and even in cases where he has temporarily tri- umphed he may yet be subdued; — that by taking advantage of man's reasoning powers a horse can be handled in such a manner that he shall not find out his strength. Third. That by enabling a horse to examine every object with which we desire to make him familiar, with the organs naturally used for that purpose, viz., seeing, smelling and Jeeling, you may place or dis- play the object around, over, and on him, provided that it does not actually hurt him or make him feel disagreeable. With this introduction to first principles, I will endeavor to teach you how to put them into prac- tice, and whatever instructions may follow, you can rely on as having been proven practical by my own experiments. Knowing from experience just what obstacles I have met with in handling bad horses, I shall try and anticipate them for you, and assist you in surm.ounting them, by commencing with the first steps to be taken with the colt, and accompany- ing you through the whole task of breaking. MANAGEMENT OF THE COLT. ' HOW TO GET THE COLT FROM PASTURE. Go to the pasture and walk around the whole herd quietly, and at such a distance as not to cause them to scare and run. Then approach them very slowly, and if they stick up their heads and seem to be frightened, hold on till they become quiet, so as not to make them run before you are close enough to drive them in the direction you want them to go. And when you begin to drive, do not flourish your arms or halloo, but gently follow them off, leaving the direction free for them that you wish them to take. Thus taking the advantage of their igno- rance, you will be able to get them in the pound as easily as the hunter drives the quails into his net. For if they have always run in the pasture uncared for, (as many horses do in prairie countries and on large plantations,) there is no reason why they should not be as wild as the sportsman's birds, and require the same gentle treatment, if you want to get them without trouble ; for the horse, in his natu- ral state, is as wild as any of the undomesticated animals, though more easily tamed than the most of them. HOW TO STABLE A COLT. The next step will be to get the horse into a stable or shed. This should be done as quietly as possible, 80 as not to excite any suspicion in the horse of any danger befalling him. The best way to do this, is to lead a broken horse into the stable first and hitch 8 RAREY ON HORSE-TAMING. him, then quietly walk around the colt and let him go in of his own accord. Be extremely deliberate and slow in your movements, for one wrong move may frighten your horse, and make him think it necessary to escape at all hazards for the safety of his life — and thus make two hours' work of a ten minutes' job ; and this would be all your own fault, and entirely unnecessary — for he Avill not run unless you run after him, nor will he try to break away unless you attempt to force him into measures. If he does not see the way at once, and is a little fret- ful about going in, do not undertake to drive him, but give him a little less room outside, by gently closing in around him. Do not raise your arms, but let them hang at your side, for you might as well raise a club : the horse has never studied anatomy, and does not know but they will unhinge themselves and fly at him. If he attempts to turn back, walk before him, but do not run ; and if he gets past you, encircle him again in the same quiet manner, and he will soon find that you are not going to hurt him ; and then you can walk so close around him that he will go into the stable for more room, and to get farther from you. As soon as he is in, remove the quiet horse and shut the door. This will be his first notion of confinement — not knowing how he got into such a place, nor how to get out of it. That he may take it as quietly as possible, see that the shed is en- tirely free from dogs, chickens, or anything that would annoy him. Then give him a few ears of corn, and let him remain alone fifteen or twenty HALTERING AND SADDLING. 9 minutes, until he has examined his apartment, and has become reconciled to his confinement. And now, while your horse is eating those few ears of corn, see that your halter is ready and all right, and reflect upon the best mode of operations ; for, in horse-breaking, it is highly important that you should be governed by some system. THE KIND OF HALTER, AND HOW TO PUT IT ON. Never use a rope halter. The cords of the rope are hard, and appear to aggravate and excite distrust rather than confidence ; but by all means procure a leather halter made of bridle leather, so it will feel soft and pliable to the touch, and to fit tolerably tight on the head, so as not to feel uncomfortable. Before putting a halter upon the colt, he must be rendered familiar with it by caressing him and per- mitting him to examine the article with his nose. Then place a portion of it over his head, occasion- ally giving it a slight pull, and in a few minutes he will be accustomed to these liberties, and then the halter may be fastened on properly. To teach him to lead is another difliculty. Stand a little on one side, rub his nose and forehead, take hold of the strap and pull gently, and at the same time touch him very lightly with the end of a long whip across his hind legs. This will make him start and advance a few steps. Repeat the operation several times, and he will soon learn to follow you by simply pulling the halter. The mouth of the colt should be frequently handled, after which introduce a plain snafile be- 10 RAREY ON HORSE-TAMING. tween his teeth and hold it there with one hand and caress him with the other. After a time he will al- low the bridle to be placed upon him. The saddle can now be brought in and rubbed against his nose, his neck and his legs ; next hang the stirrup strap across his back, and gradually insinuate the saddle into its place. The girth should not be fastened until he becomes thoroughly acquainted with the saddle. The first time the girth is buckled it should be done so loosely as not to attract his attention ; subsequently it can be tightened without inspiring him with fear, which if fastened immediately it would most certainly do. In this manner the wildest colt can be effectually subjugated by such imperceptible degrees that he gives tacit obedience before he is aware of his altered condition. HOW TO PROCEED AFTER HALTERING. The first time you halter a colt you should stand on the left side, pretty well back to his shoulder, only taking hold of that part of the halter that goes around his neck, then Avith your two hands about his neck, you can hold his head to you, and raise the halter on it without making him dodge, by putting your hands about his nose. You should have a long rope- or strap ready, and as soon as you have the halter on, attach this to it, so that j^ou can let him walk the length of the stable without letting go the strap, or witliout n:aking him pull on the halter ; for if you only let him feel the weight of your hand on the halter, and give him more rope when he runs MANAGEMENT AFTER HALTERING. 11 from you, he will never rear, pull or throw himself, yet you will be holding him all the time, and doing more towards gentling him than if you had the power to snub him right up, and hold him to one spot ; because he knows nothing about his strength, and if you don't do anything to make him pull, he will never know what he can do in that way. In a few minutes you can begin to control him with the halter, then shorten the distance between yourself and the horse by taking up the strap in your hand. As soon as he will allow you to hold him by a tole- rably short strap, and to step up to him without fly- ing back, you can begin to give him some idea about leading. But to do this, do not go before and attempt to pull him after you, but commence by pulling him very quietly to one side. He has nothing to brace either side of his neck, and will soon yield to a steady, gradual pull of the halter ; and as soon as you have pulled him a step or two to one side, step to him and caress him, and then pull him again, repeating this operation until you can pull him in every direction, and walk about the stable with him ; which you can do in a few minutes, for he will soon think when you have made him step to the right or left a few times, that he is com- pelled to follow the pull of the halter, not knowing that he has the power to resist your pulling ; besides, you have handled him so gently that he is not afraid of you, but rather hkes you. After you have given him a few lessons of this kind, at proper intervals, he will be so tame that if you turn him out to pas- 12 RAREV ON HORSE-TAMI\G. ture he will come up to you to be caressed everj oppoi-tuiiity he gets. While training him in the stable, you should lead him about some time before you take him out opening the door, so that he can see out, leading him up to it and back again, and then past it. See that there is nothing on the outside to make him jump when you take him out, and as you go out with him, try to make him go very slowly, catching hold of the halter close to the jaw with your left hand, while the right is resting on the top of his neck, holding to his mane. Do not allow any one to be present or in sight, during your operations, either in or outside the stable. If you are entirely alone, and manage your colt rightly, you will soon be able to lead and hold him as easily as you could a horse already broken. HOW TO PROCEED IF THE COLT IS STUBBORN. If the animal you are operating upon seems to be a stubborn or mulish disposition rather than wild ; if he lay back his ears as you approach him, or turns his heel to kick you, he has not that regard or fear of man that he should have, to enable you to handle him quickly and easily ; and it mi-ght do well ^ to give him a few sharp cuts with the whip, about the legs, pretty close to the body. It will crack keen as it plies about the legs, and the crack of the whip will affect him as much as the stroke ; besides, one sharp cut about the legs will affect him more than two or three over the back, the skin on TREATMENT OF STUBBORNNESS. 13 the inner part of tlie legs or about his flanks being thinner, and more tender than on his back. But do not whip him much — -just enough to scare him ; it is not because we want to hurt the horse that we whip him ; we only do it to scare that bad disposi- tion out of him. But whatever you do, do quickly, sharply and Avitli a good deal of fire, but always without anger. If you go to scare him at all, you must do it at once. Never go into a pitched battle with your horse, and whip him until he is mad, and vrill fight you : you had better not touch him at all, for you will establish, instead of fear and regard, feelings of resentment, hatred, and ill will. It will do him no good, but harm, to strike him, unless you can frighten him ; but if you can succeed in fright- ening liim, you can whip him without making him mad ; for fear and anger never exist together in the horse, and as soon as one is visible, you will find that the other has disappeared. As soon as you have frightened him, so that he will stand up straight and pay some attention to you, approach liim again and caress him a good deal more than you whipped him ; thus you will excite the two controlling pas- sions of his nature, love and fear ; he will love, and fear you too ; and, as soon as he learns what you require, will obey quickly. If the colt is of too mulish a disposition to yield to careful and gentle treatment, as here given, you must resort to the several measures recommended for taming vicious horses, as explained elsewhere in these pages. 14 RAREY ON HORSE-TAMING. HOW TO LEAD A COLT WITH A BROKE HORSE. If you should want to lead your colt by the side of another horse, you must first put the horse into a stable with the colt. You now attach a second., strap to the colt's halter, and lead your horse up alongside of him. Then get on the broke horse and take one strap around his breast under the martin- gale, (if he has any on,) holding it in your left hand. This will prevent the colt from getting back too far ; besides, you have more power to hold him, with the strap pulling against the horse's breast. The other strap take up in your right hand to prevent him from running ahead ; then turn him about in the stable, and if the door is wide enough, ride out with liim in that position ; if not, take the broke horse out first, and stand his breast up against the door, then lead the colt to the same spot and take the straps as be- fore directed, one on each side of his neck, and then let some one start the colt out, and as the colt comes out, turn your horse to the left, and you will have them all right. You can manage any kind of a colt in this way, without trouble ; for, if he tries to run ahead, or pull back, the two straps will bring the tv/o horses facing each other, so that you can very easily follow up his movements without doing much holding, and as soon as he stops running backward, you are right with him, and all ready to go ahead. If he gets stubborn and does not want to go, yon can remove all his stubbornness by riding your horse against his neck, thus compelling him to turn to the FIRST STABLING OF THE COLT. 15 right ; and as soon as you have turned him about a few times, he will be willing to go along. The next tiling, after you are through leading him, will be to take him mto a stable and hitch him in such a way as not to have him pull on the halter, and as they are often troublesome to get into a stable the first, few times, I will give you some instructions about getting him in. HOW TO LEAD THE COLT INTO A STABLE. You should lead the broken horse into the stable first, and get the colt, if you can, to follow in after him. If he refuses to go, step up to him, taking a little stick or switch in your n'ght hand ; then take hold of the halter close to his head with your left hand, at the same time reaching over his back with your right ann so that you can tap him on the oppo- site side with your switch ; bring him up facing the door, tap him slightly with your switch, reaching as far back with it as you can. This tapping, by being pretty well back, and on the opposite side, will drive him ahead, and keep him close to you; then by giving him the right direction with your left hand you can walk into the stable with him. I have walked colts into the stable this way in less than a minute, after men had worked at them half an hour, trying to pull them in. If you cannot walk him in at once in tliis way, turn him about and walk him around a while until you can get him up to the door without pulling at him. Then let him stand a few minutes, keeping his head in the right direction with 16 RAREY ON HORSE-TAMI^G. the halter, and he will soon walk in of his own ac- cord. Never attempt to pull the colt into the stable ; that would make him think at once that it was a dangerous place, and If he was not afraid of it be- fore he \yould be then. Besides, we do not want him to know anythmg about palling on tlie halter. If you want to tie up your colt, put him in a tole- rably wide stall, wliich should not be too long, and should be connected by a bar or something of that kind to the partition behind it ; so that, after the colt is in he cannot go fal- enough back to take a straight, backAvard pull on the halter ; then by tying him in the center of the stall, it would be im- possible for him to pull on the halter, the partition behmd preventing him from going back, and the halter in the center checking him every time he turns to the nght or left. In a stall of this knid you can break any horse to stand tied with a light strap, anywhere, without his ever knowing anything about pulling. For if you have broken your horse to lead, and have taught him the use of the halter (which you should always do before you hitch him to anything), you can hitch him in any kind of a stall, and if you give him something to eat to keep him U}) to his place for a few minutes at first, there is not one colt in fifty that will pull on his halter, or ever attempt to do so. This is an im])ortant feature in breaking the colt, for if he is allowed to pull on the halter at all, and particularly if he finds out that he can break the halter, he will never be safe. POWELL S SYSTEM EXPLAINED. 1'?' POWELL'S MANAGEMENT OF WILD HORSES. Cause your horse or colt to be put in a smalii yard, stable, or room. If in a stable or room, it ought to be large in order to give him some exer- cise with the halter before you lead him out. If the horse belongs to that class which only appears to fear man, you must introduce yourself gently into the stable, room, or yard where the horse is. He will naturally run from 3^ou, and frequently turn •his head towards you ; but you must walk about ex- tremely slow and softly, so that he can see you whenever he turns his head towards you, which he never fails to do in a short time — in a quarter or half an hour, I never knew one to be much longer without turning his head towards me. At the very moment he turns his head, hold out your left hand towards him, and stand perfectly still, keeping your eyes upon the horse, watching his motions, if he make any. If the horse does not stir for ten or fif- teen minutes, advance as slowly as possible, and without making the least noise, always holding out your left hand. If the horse makes the least mo- tion when you advance towards him, stop and re- main perfectly still until he is quiet. Remain a few moments in this condition, and then advance again in the same slow and almost imperceptible manner. If the horse then stirs again, stop without changing your position. It is very uncommon for the horse to stir more than once after you begin to advance ; yot there are some exceptions. He generally keeps 2 18 RAREY ON HORSE-TAMING. his eyes steadfast upon you, until you get near enough to touch liim on the foreliead. When you are thus near to him, raise slowly and by degrees your hand, and let it come in contact with that part just above the nostrils, as hghtly as possible. If the horse flinches (as many will), repeat with great rapidity these light strokes upon the forehead, going a little further up towards his ears by degrees, anc descending with the same rapidity until he will le,' you handle his forehead all over. Now let the strokes be repeated TN-ith more force over all his forehead, descendbig by Hghter strokes to each side of liis head, until you can handle that part with equal facility. . Then touch in the same light man- ner, making your hands and fingers play around the lower part of the horse's ears, coming down now and then to his forehead, which may be looked upor as the helm that governs all the rest. Having succeeded in handling his ears, advance towards the neck, with the same precautions, and in the same manner ; observing always to augment the force of the strokes whenever the horse will permit it. Perform the same on both sides of the neck, until he lets you take it in your arms without flinching. Proceed in the same progressive manner to the sides, and then to the back of the horse. Every time the horse shows any nervousness, return imme- diately to the forehead, as the true standard, patting him with your hands, and thence rapidly to where you had alrerdy arrived, always gaining ground a Powell's system explained. 19 considerable distance further on every time this happens. The head, ears, neck, and body being thus gentled, proceed from the baclj to the root of the tail. This must be managed with dexterity, as a horse is never to be depended on that is skittish about the tail. Let your hand fall lightly and rapidly on that part next to the body a minute or two, and then you will begin to give it a slight pull upwards every quarter of a minute. At the same time you con- tinue this handling of him, augment the force of the strokes as well as the raising of the tail, until you can raise it and handle it with the greatest ease, which commonly happens in a quarter of an hour in most horses, in others almost immediately, and in some much longer. It now remains to handle all his legs ; from the tail come back again to the head — handle it well, as likewise the ears, breast, neck, &c., speaking now and then to the horse. Begin by degrees to descend to the legs, always ascending and descending, gaining ground every time you descend, until you get to his feet. Talk to the horse Avhile you are thus taming him ; let him hear the sound of your voice, which at the beginning of the operation is not quite so necessary, but which I have always done in making him lift np his feet. " Hold up your foot," you will say, at the same time lifting np his foot with your hand. He soon becomes familiar with the sounds, and Avill hold up his foot at command. Then, proceed to the hind feet, and s:o on in the same manner ; and in a short ."^0 RAREV OX HORSE-TA-MING. time the liorse will let you lift them, and even take ihem lip in your arms. All this operation is no magnetism, no galvanism ; it is merely taking away the fear the horse generally lias of man, and familianzing the animal witli his master. As the liorse doubtless experiences a certain pleasure from this handling, he ^\'ill soon become gentle under it, and show very marked attachment to his keeper. THE KIND OF BIT TO BE USED, AND HOW TO USE IT. In first accustoming a colt to the bit, you should use a large, smooth snaffle, so as not to hurt his mouth, with a bar at each side to prevent it from pulling through either way. This should be attach- ed to the head-stall of your bridle, and put it on your colt without any reins to it, and let him run loose in a large stable or shed, some time, until he becomes a little used to the bit, and will bear it with- out trying to get it out of his mouth. Repeat this several times, before you do anything more with the colt ; and as soon as he will bear the bit, attach a single rein to it, without any martingale. You should also have a halter on your colt, or a bridle made after the fashion of a halter, with a strap to it, so that you can hold or lead him about without pull- ing much on the bit. rarmer>s often put bitting harness on a colt the first thing they do to him, buckling it on as tight as they can draw it, to make him carry his head high, And then turn him out in a lot, to run half a dav Jlt MANACxEMENT WITH THE BIT. 21 a time. This is one of the very worst punishraents they can inflict on a colt, and is very injurious to a young horse that has been used to running in pas- ture with his liead down. 1 have seen colts so injured in this way that they never got over it. A horse should be well accustomed to the bit be- fore you put on the bitting harness, and wlien you first bit him you should only rein his head up to the point where he naturally holds it, let that point be high or low ; he will soon learn that he cannot lower his head, and that raising it a little will loosen the bit in his mouth. This will give him an idea of raising his head to loosen the bit ; and then you can draw the bitting a little tighter every time you put it on, and he will still raise his head to loosen it. By this means you will gradually get his head and neck in the position you want him to carry it, and give him a nice and graceful carriage without hurt- ing him, making him mad, or causing his mouth to get sore. Horses that have their heads drawn up tightly, should not have the bitting on more than fif- teen minutes at a time. HOW TO SADDLE A COLT. Any one man who has tbis theory, can put a saddle on the wildest horse that ever grew, without any help, and without scaring him. The first thing T\dll be to tie each stirrup strap into a loose knot, to make them short and prevent the stirrups from flying about and hitting him. Then double up the skirts and take the saddle under your right arm, so as not to frighten 22 RARBV ON HURSE-TAMi\G. him witli it when you approach. When you get to him, rub him gently a few times with your hand, then raise the saddle very slowly, until he can see it, and smell, and feel it with his nose. Then let the skirts loose, and rub it very gently against his neck the way the hair lays, letting him hear the rattle of the skirts as he feels them against him ; each time a little further backward, and finally slip it over on his SSck. Shake it a little with your hand, and in less than five minutes you can rattle it about over his back as you please, and pull it off and throw it on again, without his paying much attention to it. As soon as you have accustomed him to the saddle, fasten the girth. Be careful how you do this. It often frightens the colt when he feels the girth bind- ing him, and making the saddle fit tight on his back. You should bring up the girth very gently, and not draw it too tight at first, just enough to hold the saddle on. Move him a little, and then girth it as tight as you choose, and he will not mind it. You should see that the pad of your saddle is all right before you put it on, and that there is nothing to make it hurt him, or feel unpleasant to his back. It should not have any loose straps on the back part of it, to flap about and scare him. After you havL saddled him in this way, take a switch in your right hand to tap him up with, and walk about in the stable a few times with your right arm over your saddle, taking hold of the reins on each side of his neck with your right and left hands, thus marching him about in the stable until you teach him the use IRKATMENT OF THE COLT. 23 of the bridle and can turn bim about in any direc- . tion, and stop him by a gentle pull of the rein. Always caress him, and loose the reins a little every time you stop hmi. You should always be alone, and have your colt j in some light stable or shed the first time you ride ,. >.^ him ; the loft should be high, so that you can sit on his back without vjndangering your head. You can teach him more in two hours* time in a stable'*^ tliis kind, than you could in two weeks in the common way of breaking colts, out in an open place. If you follow my course of treatment, you need not run any risk, or have any trouble in riding the worst kind of horse. You take him a step at a time, until you get up a mutual confidence and trust between yourself and horse. First teach him to lead and stand hitched ; next acquaint him with the saddle, and the use of the bit ; and then all that remains is to get on him without scaring him, and you can ride him as well as any horse. HOW TO MOUNT THE COLT. Fu'st gentle him Avell on both sides, about the saddle and all over, until he will stand still without holding, and is not afraid to see you anywhere about him. As soon as you have him well gentled, get a small block about one foot or eighteen inches in height, and set it down by the side of him, about where you w^ant to stand to mount him ; step up on this, raising yourself very gently. Horses notice every change of position very closely, and if you 24 RAREY ON HORSE-TAMING. were to step up suddenly on the block, it would be very apt to scare him ; but by raising yourself gi-a- dually on it, he will see you, A\qthout being fright- ened, in a position very near the same as when yon are on his back. As soon as he will bear this with- out alarm, untie the stin-up strap next to you, and put your left foot in the stirrup, and stand square over it, holding your knee against the horse, and your toe out, so as to touch him under the fore- shoulder with the toe of your boot. Place your right hand on the front of the saddle, and on the opposite side of you, taking hold of a portion of the mane and reins (they hang ■ loosely over his neck), with your left hand, then gradually bear your weight on the stirrup, and on your right hand, until the horse feels your whole weight on the stin-up ; repeat this several times, each time raising yourself a little higher from the block, until he will allow you to raise your leg over his croup, and place yourself in the saddle. Another, and in some cases a better way of mounting, is to press the palm of your right hand on the off-side of the saddle, and as you rise lean your weight on it. By this means you can mount Avith the girths loose, or without any girths at all. There are three great advantages in having a block to mount from. First, a sudden change of po- sition is very apt to frighten a young horse that has never been handled ; he will allow you to walk to him, and stand by his side without scaring at you, because you have gentled him to that position ; but TREATMENT OF THE COLT. 25 if you get down on jour hands and knees and crawl towards hiin, lie will be very much frightened ; and upon the same principle, he would frighten at your new position if you had the power to hold yourself over his back without touching him. Then the first great advantage of the block Is to gradually gentle him to that new position in which he will see you when you ride him. Secondly, by the process of holding your Aveight In the stirrups, and on your hand, you can gradually accustom him to your weight, so as not to frighten him by having him feel it all at once. And, in the third place, the block elevates you so that you will not have to make a spring In order to get on the horse's back, but from it you can gradually raise yourself into the saddle- When you take these precautions, there is no horse so wild but what you can mount him without making him jump. I have tried it on the worst horses that could be found, and have never failed in any case. When mounting, your horse should always stand without being held. A horse is ne,ver well broke when he has to be held with a tight rein when mounting ; and a colt is never so safe to mount as when you see that assurance of confidence, and ab- sence of fear, which cause him to stand without holding. HOW TO RIDE THE COLT. When you want him to start, do not touch him on the side with your heel, or do anything to frighten him and make him jump. But speak to him kindly, 26 RAREY ON HORSE-TAMING. and if he does not start, pull him a little to the left until he starts, then let him walk off slowly with the reins loose. Walk him around in the stable a few times until he gets used to the bit, and you can turn him about in every direction and stop him as you please. It will be well to get on and off a good many times until he gets perfectly used to it before you take him out of the stable. After you have trained him in tliis way, which should not take more than two or three hours, you can ride him anywhere you choose without ever having him jump or make an effort to throw you. When you first take him out of the stable, be very gentle with him, as he will feel a little more at liberty to jump or run, and be easier frightened than he was while in the stable ; but you will neverthe- less find liim pretty well broke, and will be able to manage him without trouble or danger. When you first mount a colt, take a little the shortest hold on the left rein, so that if anything frightens him, you can prevent him from jumping by pulling his head around to you. This operation of pulling a horse's head around against his side, will prevent him from jumping ahead, rearhig up, or running away. If he is stubborn and will not go, you can make 1dm move by pulling his head around to one side, when whipping him would have no ef- fect. And turning him around a few tunes will make him dizzy, and then by lettuig him have his head straight, and giving him a little touch with the whip, he will go along without any trouble. TREATMENT OF THE COLT. 27 Never use martingales on a colt wlien you first ride him ; every nwvement of the hand should go right to the bit in the direction in which it is applied to the reins, without a martingale to change the di- rection of the force applied. You can guide the colt much better without it, and teach him the use of the bit in much less time. Besides, martingales would prevent you from pulling his head round if he should try to jump. After your colt has been ridden until he is gentle and well accustomed to the bit, you may find it an advantage, if he carries his head too high or his nose too far out, to put martingales on him. You should be careful not to ride your colt so far at first as to heat, worry, or tire him. Get off as soon as you see he is a little fatigued ; gentle him ■and let him rest ; this will make liuu kind to you, and prevent him from getting stubborn or mad. TO BREAK A HORSE TO HARNESS. Take him in a tight stable, as you did to ride him ; take the harness and go through the same pro- cess that you did with the saddle, imtil you get him familiar with them, so you can put them on his back and rattle them about without his caring for them. As soon as he will bear them, put on the dnes, caress him as you draw them over him, and "diive him about in the stable till he will bear them over his hips. The lines are a great aggravation to some colts, and often frighten them as much as if you were to raise a whip over them. As soon as he 28 RAREY 0\ HORSE-TAMING. is familiar with the harness and lines, take him out and put him by the side of a gentle horse, and go tthrongli the same process that you did with the 'balking horse. Always use a bridle without blinds when you are breaking a horse to harness. HOW TO HITCH A HORSE IN A SULKY. Lead him to and around it ; let him look at it, touch it with his nose, ajid stand by it- until he does not care for it ; then pull the shafts a little to the left, and stand your horse in front of the off wheel. Let some one stand on the right side of the horse and hold him by the bit, while you stand on the left side, facing the sulky. This A\-ill keep him straight. Run your left hand back and let it rest on his hip, and lay hold of the shafts with your right, bringing them up very gently to the left hand, which still re- mains stationary. Do not let anything but your arm touch his back, and as soon as you have the shafts square over him, let the person on the oppo- site side take hold of one of them, and lower them very gently to the shaft bearers. Be very slow and deliberate about hitching ; the longer time you take the better, as a general thing. When you have the shafts placed, shake them slightly, so that he will feel them against each side. As soon as he will bear them without scaring, fasten your braces, &c., and start him along very slowly. Let one man lead the horse to keep him gentle, while the other gra- dually works back with the lines till he can get be- hind and drive him. After you have driven liim in MANAGEMEx^T OF VICIOUS HORSES. 29 this way a short distance, you can get into the sulky, and all will go right. It is very important to have your horse go gently when you first hitch him. After you have walked him awhile, there is not half so much danger of his scaring. Men do very wrong to jump up behind a horse to drive liim as soon as they have him hitched. There are too many things for him to comprehend all at once. The shafts, the lines, the harness, and the rattling of the 'feulky, all tend to scare him, and he must be made familiar with them by degrees. If your horse is very wild, I Avould advise you to put up one foot the first time you drive him. TAMING A HORSE WITH VICIOUS HABITS. Having given full instructions relative to my sys- tem of dealing with young colts, I Avill now proceed to detail the plan of operations for taming or sub- duing wild or vicious horses. The principles of this method are the same as those in managing colts — kindness and gentleness — but the practice differs. When you desire to subdue a horse that is very wild, or has a vicious disposition, take up one fore-foot and bend his knee till his hoof is bottom upwards, and nearly touching his body ; then slip a loop over his knee, and shove it up until it comes above the pas- tern-joint, to keep it up, being careful to draw the loop together betweeikSthe hoof and pastern-joint with a second strap of some kind to prevent the loop from slipping down and coming off. This will leave the horse standing on three legs ; you can 30 BAREY ON HORSE-TAiMIMG. now handle him as you wish, for it is utterly impo* sible for him to kick in this position. There ii^ something in this operation of taking up one foot. that conquers a horse quicker and better than any. thing else you can do to him ; and there is no pro cess in the world equal to it to break a kicking horse, for by conqering one member, you conquer, to tx great extent, the whole horse. You can do anything you wish with the horse in this condition, as when he becomes convinced of his incapacity to cope with man, he will abandon all antagonistic demonstrations, and become willing to obey, and generally docile. Operate on your horse in this manner as often as the occasion requires, and you will soon find him as gentle as his nature will permit him to be. By these means the most vicious, uneasy, unruly or fretful horse may be cured, though it depends upon the age and disposition of the animal how long it will take to make him amiable. When you first fasten up a horse's foot, he will sometimes get very mad, and strike with his knee, and try every possible way to get it down ; but as he cannot do that, he will soon give up. Conquering a horse in this manner is better than anything else you could do, and leaves him without any possible danger of hurting himself or you either; for after you have tied up his foot, you can sit down and look at him until he gives up. When you find he is conquered, go to him, let down his foot, rub his leg with yoiit hand, caress him, and let him rest a few minutes ; then put it up again. Repeat this a MANAGEMENT OF VICIOUS HOKSES. 31 32 RAREY ON HORSE-TAMING. W w 4^My few tiraes, ahvays putting up the same foot, and he will soon learn to travel on three legs, so that you can drive him some distance. As soon as he gets a ttle used to this way of traveling, put on your a|p_ess and^hitch him to a sulky. If he is the worst kicking horse that ever raised a foot, you need not be fearful of his doing any damage while he has one foot up ; for he cannot kick, neither can he run fast enough to do any harm. And if he is the wild- orse that ever had harness on, and has run away every time he has been harnessed, you can now hitch him to a sulky and drive him as you please. If he wants to run, you can let him have the lines, and the whip too, with perfect safety ; for he can go but a slow gait on three legs, and will soon be tired and ready to stop ; only hold him enough to guide him in the right direction, and he will soon be tired and willing to stop at the "vvord. Thus you will effect- ually cure him at once of any further notion of run- ning off. Kicking horses have always been the dread of everybody ; you always hear men sa} , when they speak about a bad horse, " I don't care what he does, so he don't kick." This new mode is an effectual cure for that worst of all habits. There are plenty of ways by which you can hitch a kick- ing horse, and force him to go, though he kicks all the time ; but this don't have any good effect towards breaking him, for •#© know that horses kick because they are afraid of what is behind them, and when they kick against it and it hurts them, they only kick the harder ; and this will hurt W MANAGEMENT OF VICIOUS HORSES. 33 e. IF them still more and make them remember the scrape much longer, and make it still more difficult to per- suade them to have any confidence irvanytliing d ging behind them ever after. But' "by this ne method you cail^ harness them to a rattling sulky plow, wagon, or"anything else in its worst shape, They may be frightened at first, but cannot kick or do anything to hurt themselves, and will soon find that you do not intend to hurt them, and then they will not care anything more about it. You can then -- let down the leg and drive along gently without any further trouble. By this new process a bad kicking horse can be learned to go gentle in harness in a few hours' time. HOW TO iMAKE A HORSE LIE DOWN. Everything that we want to teach the horse must be commenced in such a way as to give him an idea of what we want him to do, and then be repeated till he learns it perfectly. To make a horse lie down, bend his left fore-leg and slip a loop over it, so that he cannot get it down. Then put a surcingle around his body, and fiisten one end of a long strap around the other fore-leg, just above the hoof. Place the other end under the before-described surcingle, so as to keep the strap in the right direction ; take a short hold of it with your right hand ; stand oa the left side of the horse ; grasp the bit in your left hand, pull steadily on the strap with your right; bear against his shoulder till you cause him to move. As soon as he lifts his weight, your pulling will % 34 Ki^HEY ON HORSE-TA.MLXG. r; w raise the t^fher foot, and lie will have to come on his knees. Keep the strap tight in your hand, so that he caug||| straighten his leg if he rises ly. lold him in this position, and turn his head towards you ; bear against liis side with your shoulder, not hard, but with a steady, equal pressure, and in about ten minutes he will lie down. As soon as he lies down, he will be completely conquered, and you can handle him as you please. Take off the straps, and straighten out his legs ; rub him lightly about the face and neck with your hand the way the hair lies ; handle all his legs, and after he has lain ten or twenty minutes, let him get up again. After resting him a short time, make him lie down as before. Repeat the operation three or four times, Avhich will be suffi- cient for one lesson. Give him two lessons a day, and when you have given him four lessons, he will lie down by taking hold of one foot. As soon as he .is well broken to lie down in this way, tap him on the opposite leg with a stick when you take hold of his foot, and in a few days he will lie down from th« mei'e motion of the stick. RECAPITULATION, AND MINUTE DIRECTIONS. In practicing the foregoing method upon a colt, li^ should be first accustomed to be handled, and tanghi: to lead easily. In approaching a spiteful or vicious horse, you had better make your advances with a half- opened door between you and him ; gradually make his acquaintance, and teach him that you do not care tor his open mouth ; but a regular biter must be g f LAYING THE HORSE UOW>>i. 35 .> 1 s ^1^^ i 36 RAREY ON HOKSE-TAMING, ged witli a wooden bit made for the purpose, so large that he cannot close his mouth. Here is the kind of bit to be used : Of course there is no difficulty in handling the leg of a quiet horse or colt, and bj constantly working from the neck down to the fetlock, you may do what you please. But many horses, and even colts, have a Inost dangerous trick of striking out with their fore-legs. There is no better protection against this than a cart-wheel. The wheel may either be used loose, or the animal may be led up to a cart loaded with hay, when the horse-tamer can work under the cart through one of the wheels, while the colt is uibblinji- the load. Having, then, so permit you to take Strap No. 1. far soothed a colt that he will his leffs without resistance. up take the strap No. 1, pass loop under the buckle so the tongue through th# to fo rm a noose, slipJj^ MA.XAGEMEXT OF VICIOUS HORSES. 37 over tlic near fore-leg and draw it close up to the pastern-joint, and fasten it as represented in the en- graving. But you must not be rash in lifting the leg, and employ .but little force in doing so. It is better to wait initil he lifts it willingly by the use of gentle means. Do not get out of temper if you have to make a dozen ineffectual attempts to raise it. The near fore-leg being securely strapped, and the horse secured from biting, if necessary, with the wooden bit, (described elsewhere,) you will then make him hop about as before stated. This he will learn to do easily. The trainer must, however, take care to keep behind his horse's shoulder and walk in a circle, or he will be likely to be struck by the ani- mal's head or strapped up leg. A horse can hop on three legs for two or three miles, if you give him his own time, and no plan that has ever been tried is equal to this for curing a kicking or balky horse. After you have tired him out pretty well in this manner, you proceed to make him lie down, which process requires considerable patience and skill. For this purpose take strap No. 2, and making a loop with it put it round the off fore- leg. "With a very quiet horse this can easily be done ; with a Avild or vicious horse you mav have to make him step into it ; at any rate, when once the off fore-leg is caught i^^e noose it must be drawu tight round the past^Bftoint. Then put a stout glove on your right na^d, pass the strap through the belly part of the surcingle, take a firm short hold of it with your gloved riglit hand, standing 38 RAREY ON HORSE-TAMING. close to the horse behind his shoulders, and with your left hand take hold of the near rein ; by pull- ing the horse gently to the near side he will be almost sure to hop ; if he will not, he must be led^ Strap No. 2. The moment he lifts up his off fore-foot, you must draw up strap No. 2 tightly and steadily- The horse will then go down on his knees, for if you hold the strap tight he will not be able to sti-etch out his foot again. As soon as a horse recovers from his astonishment at being brought to his knees, he begins to resist ; that is, he rears up on his hind legs, and springs about in a manner that will sometinies alarm the trainer. [See picture of horse struggling on page 39.] During these struggles you must not try your strength against the horse's strength, but merely follow him about, holding the strap just tight enough to prevent him from r^utting out his off fore- leg. As long as you keep ciosc to him and behind his shoulders, you are in A-e^y little danger. The bridle in the left hand must be used like steering lines, by pulling to the right or left as occasion re- quires : the horse, turning on his hind legs, may be MANAGEMENT OF VICIOUS HORSES. 3d fatigued by being forced to walk backwards. Tbe strap passing through the surcingle keeps, or ought to keep, the trainer in his right place — he is not to pull or in any way fatigue himself more than he can help, but, standing upright, simply follow the horse about, guiding him wi+h the bridle so he will not precipitate himself against the side of the stable or room in which you al^exercising him. When held ai\d guided properly, he will soon sink dowii. Corn- fed horses will hold out longer than grass-fed ones, and the most energetic horse will scarcely struiroh.i 40 KAREY ON HORSE-TAMING. more tliaii ten or fifteen minutes. Usually, at the end of eight minutes' violent strugES. 45 you. It has been suggested that a novice should begin his practice on a gentle horse that he can handle at pleasure, and the plan is a good one. He may thus become familiar with the process before trying it, in earnest, on a vicious or unbroken animal. A singular fact in illustration of the beauty of this treatment of refractory horses is mentioned in an English periodical. A beautiful gray mare, which had been fourteen years in the band of one of the Life Guards regiments, and consequently at least seventeen years old, would never submit qui- etly to have her hind-legs shod ; the farriers had to put a twitch on her nose and ears, and tie her tail down : even then she resisted violently. After three days' treatment similar to that above de- scribed, she was easily shod with her head loo«e. And this was not done by a trick, but by proving to her that she could not resist even to the extent of an inch, and that no haiin was intended her. HOW TO MANAGE BALKY HORSES. Horses know notliing about balking until they are forced into it by bad management. When a horse balks in harness, it is generally from some misman- agement, excitement, confusion, or from not knowing ^ow to pull, but seldom from any unwillingness to perform all that he understands. High-spirited free- going horses are the most subject to balking, and only so because drivers do not properly understand how to manage this kind. A free horse in a team may be so anxious to go, that when he hears thei 46 RAREY 0.\ HUKSE-TAMIaU. word he "will start, with a jump, which will not move the load, but give him so severe a jerk on the shoul- ders that he will fly back and stop the other horse. The teamster ^viW continue his driving without any cessation, and by the time he has the slow horse started again, he will find that the free horse has made another jump, and again flown back. And now he has them both badly balked, and so confused that neither of them knows what is the matter, or how to stai't the load. Next will come the slashing and cracking of the whip, and hallooing of the dri- ver, till something is broken, or he is through with his course of treatment. But what a mistake- the driver commits by whipping his horse for this act ! Reason and common sense should teach him that the horse was willing and anxious to go, but did not know how to start the load. And should he whip him for that 1 If so, he should whip him again for not knowing how to talk. A man that wants to act with reason should not fly into a passion, but should always think before he strikes. It takes a steady pressure against the collar to move a load, and you cannot expect him to act with a steady, determined purpose while you are whipping him. There is liardly one balldng horse in live hundred that will pull truly from whipping : it is only adding fuel to tire, and will make him more liable to balk another time. You always see horses that have been balked a few times, turn their heads and look back as soon as they are a Httle frustrated. This is because they have been whipped, and are afraid of what is behind MANAGEMENT OF BALKY HORSES. 47 them. This is an invariable rule with balkj horses, just as much as it is for them to look around at their sides when they have the bots ; in either case they are deserving of the same sympathy, and the same kind of rational treatment. When your horse balks, or is a little excited, on if he wants to start quickly, or looks around and don't want to go, there is something wrong, and he needs kind treatment immediately. Caress him kindly, and if he don't understand at once what you w«int him to do, he will not be so much excited as to jump and break things, and do everything wrong through fear. As long as you are calm, and can keep down excitement of the horse, there are ten chances to have him understand you, where there would not be one under harsh treatment ; and then the little jiare up would not carry with it any unfa- vorable recollections, and he would soon forget all about it, and learn to pull true. Almost every wrong act the horse commits is from mismanage- ment, fear or excitement ; one harsh word will so excite a nervous horse as to increase Ids pulse ten beats in a minute. When we remember that we are dealing with dumb brutes, and reflect how difficult it must be for them to understand our motions, signs and language, we should never get out of patience with them be- cause they don't imderstand us, or wonder at their doing things wrong. With alj^our intellect, if we were placed in the horse's situation, it would be dif- ficult for us to understand the driving of some 48 RAREY ON HORSE-TAMLNG. foreigner, of foreign ways and foreign language. We should always recollect that our ways and lan- guage are jnst as foreign and unknown to the horse as any language in the Avorld is to us ; and should tr|^to practice what we could understand were we the horse, endeavoring by some simple means to work on his understanding rather than on the dif- ferent parts of his body. All balked horses can be started true and steady in a few minutes' time ; they are willing to pull as soon as they know how ; and I never yet found a balked horse that I could not teach to start his load in fifteen, and often in less than three minutes' time. Almost any team, when first balked, will start kindly if you let them stand five or ten minutes, as though there was nothing wrong, and then speak to them with a steady voice, and turn them a little to the right or left so as to get them both in motion before they feel the pinch or the load. But if you want to start along a team that you are not driving yourself, that has been balked, fooled, and whipped for some time, go to them and hang the lines on their hames, or fasten them to the wagon, so that they will be perfectly loose ; make the driver and spectators, if there are any, stand off some distance to one side, so as not to attract the attention of the horses ; unloose their check reins, so that they can get their heads down, if they choose ; let them stand a few minutes in this condition, until you can see that they are a little composed. While they are standing you should be about their heads gentling MANAGEMENT OF BALKV HORSES. 49 them ; it will make tliem a little more kind, and the spectators will think you are doing something that they do not understand, and will not learn the secret. When you have them ready to start, stand before them, and as you seldom have but one balky hoHse in a team, get as near in front of him as you can, and if he is too fast for the other horse, let his nose come against your breast ; this will keep him^teady, for he will go slow rather than run on you ; turn them gently to the right, with the wagon ; have it stand in a favorable position for starting out, letting them pull on the traces as far as the tongue will let them go ; stop them with a kind word, gentle them a little, and turn them back to the left, by the same process. You will have them under your control by this time, and as you turn them again to the right, steady them in the collar, and you can take them where you please. There is a quicker process that will generally start a balky horse, but not so sure. Stand him a little ahead, so that his shoulder will be against the collar, and then take up one of his fore feet in your hand, and let the driver start them, and when the weight comes against his shoulders, he will try to stop — then let him have his foot, and he will go right along. If you want to break a horse from balking that has long been in that habit, you ought to set a day apart for that purpose. Put him by the side of some steady horse ; have check lines on them ; tie up all the traces and straps, so that there will be nothino^ to excite them ; do not rein them 50 RAREY ON HORSE-TAMlXU. np, Lilt let tliem have their heads loose. Walk them about together for some time as slowly and lazily as possible ; stop often and go np to the balky horse and gentle him, but keep him just as Ciuiet as yiQU can. He will soon learn to start off at the word, and stop whenever you tell him. As soon as he performs right, hitch him to an empty wagon. It would be well to shorten the stay chain behind the steady horse, so that if it is neces- sary he can take the weight of the wagon the first time you start them. Do not drive but a few rods at first ; watch your balky horse closely, and if you see that he is getting excited, stop him before he stops of his own accord, caress him a little, and start again. As soon as they go well, drive them over a small hill a few times, and then over a large one, occasionally adding a little load. This process will make any horse true to pull. CHOKING, A MEAXS OF SUBDUING THE HORSE. This is another method of conquering a skittish, stubborn or refractory horse. It is resorted to in cases where the measures before described fjiil to produce the desired effect. The principles on which the plan of choking are based, are, that you must make a powerful appeal to the intelligence of the animal by physical means before you can subdue him. Now we know that most anim.als, in fighting, seize each other by the throat, and that a dog thus held by his antagonist for a few minutes, on being released, is often so thor'ua-hlv cowed that no human CHOKLNG THE HORSE. &1 artifice can induce him to again resume the unequal contest. It is, then, reasonable to suppose that choking will have a similar effect on the horse. When it can be done without injuring the animal, it is an easy mode of subduing him, for by its opera- tion he becomes docile, and will thereafter receive any instruction which he can be made to understand. Teaching the horse, by this means, to lie down at our bidding, tends to keep him permanently gentle towards man, for it is a perpetual reminder of his subdued condition. It requires a good deal of practice to tame a horse successfully by choking ; also a nice judgment to know when he is choked sufficiently, as there is a bare possibility that he might get more than would be good for him. We advise persons not perfectly familiar with a horse to resort rather to the strapping and throwing-down process, unless the animal to be operated upon is so vicious and intractible that he cannot be cured by it. It is the fault of most peo- ple who have owned a horse to imagine that they are experts in his management ; Avhile, on the con- trary, many professional horsemen are the very worst parties to attempt his subjugation. In practicing the choking process, retire with the animal to be operated upon into a close stable, with plenty of litter upon the floor (tanbark or sawdust is preferable). In the fii'st place fasten up the left fore-leg with strap No. 1, (p. 36,) in such a manner that it will be permanently 'secured. Then take a broad strap with a buckle, or bnckk fra^no pt *he end, and 52 RAREY 0\ HORSE-TA.MI.\G. pass it around tlie neck just back of tlio jaw-bone, in the position given in the engraving. Draw the strap as tight as possible, so tight as to ahnost arrest the horse's breathing. The strap must not be buckled, but held in this position to prevent slipping back. The animal vrill struggle for a fo.vr minutes, when he will become perfectly quiet, overpowered by a sense of suffocation ; the veins in his head will swell ; his eyes lose their fire ; his knees totter and become weak ; a slight vertigo will ensue, and he will grow gradually exhausted. By now backing him around the stable, he will come down on his knees, in Avhich position it is an easy matter to push him on his side, when his throat should bo released. You must now operate with tlie horse in the same manner as described after getthig him down by straps. Speak kindly to him, rub him gently the CHOKING THE HORSE i)3 way the hair lies, fondle him in various ways, and he will be completely subdued. You should not at- tempt to fondle him, however, until you are satisfied that he has got over the excitement which the choking caused in him. It is only necessary in ex- treme cases to repeat the operation of. choking, as no horse can effectually resist its terrible effects. It shoukl* be constantly borne in mind that tlie operator m.ust not be boisterous or violent, and that the greatest possible degree of kindness is abso- lutely essential. When the horse is prostrate he should be soothed until his eyes show that he has become perfectly tranquil. Another process of choking is described by the above engraving. After tying up your horse to the manger, make friends with liim by some one of the coaxing processes heretofore given, and when you get him in thorough good humor with you, begin the 54 RAREY ON HORSK-TAMING. choking bj seizing him on the throat near tlie. jaw, at the same time hokling on to his mane with your left hand. AVhen you have exhausted him suffi- Iciently, let go the mane and rap him gently on the fore-legs until he lies down ; or you may touch him with your foot instead. After he is down, rub liim gently, speak kindly to him, and as soon as he is properly composed, fondle and caress him. GENERAL RULES, AND REMARKS. In taming the horse either by choking or any of the other processes here given, the following rules should be observed : First — When forcing down the horse in either of the ways described, be careful of his neck. Do not let him fill upon that, or he may break it, as the spine of the horse is easily broken. Second — Do not force hhn down violently under any circumstances. The way to get him down is by patiently choking him and waiting until he goes down easily and from sheer exhaustion. Thirdly — Keep him very quiet by stroking or pat- ting him with your hand in a gentle and delicate manner, until he is entirely over the excitement wliich your operations have caused in him. You can generally tell when he is appeased by the expres- sion of his eyes. Fourthly — In backing the horse, never use violence. Hold the halter and ofi' rein in your left hand, while managing him to bring him down. In teaching a horse to follow you, and in cui-ing him of kicking or biting, or balldng, or hi deed any TEACHING THH HORSK 'lO FOLLOW. .'>6 bad habit, the choking operation is res(jrted to with equal success as in tlie case of taming or breaking. If he continues stubborn, you have only to repeat tlie operation, giving him one or two lessons a day, and in a short time he will be perfectl}^ subdued. A young liorse leanis to obey quicker than an older one. When you get a horse down by any of the processes we have mentioned, a quarter of an lioiir or twenty minutes is ample time to keep him pros- trate for the purpose of subjugation. Breathing into a horse's nostrils when he is down is practiced by some horse-tamers, and this is undoubtedly a sooth- ing operation, as it brings you into close contact witli the animal, thus giving him an opportunity of ex- amining you with his nose — a process peculiar to horses. You should always litter your stable well when you jierform these operations of flooring the horse. Clean straw or tanbark, or anything to make a soft stable bottom will answer. HOW TO MAKE A HORSE FOLLOW YOU. Turn him out into a large stable or shed, where there is no chance to get out, with a halter or bridle on. Go to him and gentle him a little ; take hold of the halter and turn him towards you, at the same time touching him lightly over the hips with a long whip. Lead him the length of the stable, rubbing him on the neck, saying, in a steady tone of voice, as you lead him, " Come along, my boy !" or use liis name instead of my boy, if you choose. Every time you turn, touch hhn slightly with the whip, to make 56 IIAREV ON H()USE-TAMI.\(J. him step close up to you, and then caress him with your hand. He will soon learn to hurry up to es- cape the whip, and be caressed, and you can make him follow you around without taking hold of the halter. If he should stop and turn from you, give him a few sharp cuts about the hind legs, and he will soon turn his head towards you, when you must always caress him. A few lessons of this kind will make him run after you, when he sees the motion of the whij) — in twenty or thirty minutes he will follow you around the stable. After you have given him two or three lessons in the. stable, take him in a small lot and train him ; and from thence you can take him into the road, and make him follow you any- where, and run after you. 'JO MAKF, A HORSE STAMl WITHOIT HOI.niXG. After you have well broken him to follow you, stand him in the center of the stable — begin at the head to caress him, and gradually work backwards. If he moves, gives him a cut with the whip, and put him back to the same spot from where he started. If he stands, caress him as before, and continue gentling him in this way until you can get around him without making him move. Keep walking round him, increasing your pace, and only touch him occasionally. Enlarge your circle as you walk around, and if he then moves, give him another cut with the whip, and put him back to his place. If he stands, go to him frequently and caress him, and then "walk round him again. Do not keep him hi MxVNAGEMENT OF SCaRV HORSES. 57 one position too long at a time, but make iiim come to you occasionally, and follow you around the stable. Then stand him in another place, and pro- ceed as before. You should not train him more than half an hour at a time. TO PREVENT A HORSE FROM SCARING. This process is very simple. Whenever a horse scares at objects on going along the road, always stop him, and let him face the object. Lead him slowly towards it, and let him touch it with his nose. Take the pains to do this on every occasion, and it will soon break him entirely. If your horse is fi'ightened . at an umbrella, you can soon learn him to be used to that. Go into the stable with him, and first let him look at the umbrella before it is opened — let him touch it with liis nose. Open it a little way, and then let him see it, and finally open it wide. By . ordinary patience you can soon learn the horse to have the umbrella opened suddenly in his face, without his being afraid of it. By a simi- lar treatment you can break any horse from scaring at almost anything that may look frightful to him. If you wish to make a trial of this theory, just take a horse into the stable, and let him examine the frightful object a few minutes, after his mode of ex- amining things, and you will be perfectly satisfied. There is a singular fact connected with taming the horse that I would have never believed if I had not tried it. If you accustom him to any particular object by showing it to him on one side, only, he will 58 RAREV ON liORSK-TAMI.XG. not be afraid when he sees it with the eye on that side, but he will be afraid if you approach him with it on the other side. It is therefore necessary to pacify him on both sides in all cases. After you have accustomed him to the umbrella, or whatever you may wish to make him familiar with, on his right side, repeat the operation on the left side in the same manner as if you had not approached him at all. BLINDS, OR BLINKERS. All my experience with and observation of horses, proves )felearly to me that blinkers should never be used, and that the sight of the horse, for many rea- sons, should not be interfered with in any way. Horses are only fearful of objects which they do not understand, or are not familiar with, and the eye is one of the principal mediums by which this under- standing and this ffimiliarity are brought about. The horse, on account of his very amiable nature, can be made in the course of time to bear almost anything in any shape ; but there is a quicker process of reaching his intelligence than that of wearing it into him through his skin and bones. However wild or nervous a horse may be, he can be taught in a very short time to understand and not to feai* any object, however frightful in appearance. Horses can be broken in less time, and better, v/ithout blinkers ; but" horses that have always worn them will notice the sudden change, and must be treated carefully the first drive. After that they will diive better with- ELIXDS, OR BLINKERS. 59 out the blinkers than v/ith. I have proved by my own experiments that a horse broken without blink- ers can be driven past any omnibus, cab or carnage, oa a parallel line as close as it is possible for him to go, without ever wavering or showing any disposi- tion to dodge. I have not in the last eight or ten years, constantly handling horses, both wild and nervous, ever put blinkers on any of them, and in uo case have they ever shied at passing objects. The horse's eye is the life and beauty of the ani- mal, as well as the index of all his emotions. It tells the driver, in the most impressive characters, what the horse's feelings are. By it he can tell the first approach of fear in time to meet any difficulty ; he can tell if he is happy or sad, hungry or weary. The horse, too, when permitted to see, uses his eyes with great judgment. He sees better than we do. He can measure distances with his eyes better than we can, and, if allowed free use of them, would often save himself, by the quickness of his sight, fi'om collisions when the driver would fail to do so by a timely pull of the reins. It would also save many accidents to pedestrians in the streets, as no horse will run on to any person that he can see. Blinkers are rapidly going out of use in the United States, and I have yet to find the man who, having once left them off, could ever be persuaded to put them on again. They arc an unnecessary and inju- rious incumbrance to the horse, and in years hence will be a thing to be read of as one of the follies happily reformed in the nineteenth century. ^lt^\* 60 RAREY UX I10RSK-TAMI\G. RULES TO BE OBSERVED IX FEEDING. Never give a horse whole grain. By bruisuig it, and wetting it vHth soft water, you Gave tliirty per cent, of its nutrirhus efiPects. Steam it in prefer- ence to wetting, if you haA^e facihties for doing so. Feed your horse ^wo hours Lefore he begins his day's work. Give Mm the largest feed at night. Never tie him up to a ^/»ck ; it is cruel to thus pre- vent a horse from lying dov n Avhen he is tired. The best way is to take awny yoar rack altogether, and arranga your stable so as t'^ make it unnecessary to tie up the horse The stabV *>hould always be dry and well littered. Never gi^^c your horse hard wa- ter to drink, if soft water is to be had. If you can- not get soft water, draw the hard water out of the well two hours before you ict him drink it. Beans should be full a year old before they arft fit to feed to horses ; they should be bruised, the pame as grain, not ground. Youatt recommends for hcs*^. feed, the following mixture : Cut hay,<:two parts ; cut straw, three parts — add to this a quantity of bruised beans, oats, or other grain — wet the whole with scit water, and mix it well. Do not feed your horse too much hay, as it is not only a "waste of provender, br-t when he is put to work with an overloaded stomach it en- dangers his wind. If left to pull hay out of tho rack at pleasure, a horse will eat and waste some thirty pounds a day, whereas, b\ cutting up his hay and mixing it with other feed, as above described, ten pounds is ?n ample abundance for twenty-foui QUALITIES OF THE HORSE. 61 hours. Horses, wlieix worked, sliorld be fed three or four tiipes a day witli a mixture of hay, straw and g;rani, as above described. Give them their food in the m?,nger, and be careful that it is sweet and clean. By followiiig these rules, your horses will always be in good condition — will not have, that swelled belly so peculiar to animals who are allowed to fill their stoir.achs with hay — ar.d will usually enjoy good health. RULES FOR PURCHAGING A HORSE. When yoa are looking to purchase a horse, first examine the eyes weli. The best judges are some- times deceived m the eyes, therefore you cannot be voo careful. Clearness of the Eyes is a sure indica- tion of their goodn3Ss ; but this is net all that should bo attended to : the eyelids, eyebrows, and all the other parts, must filso be considered ; fox many horses whose eyes appear clear and brilliant, go blind at seven or eight years old. Therefore be careful to observe whether the paitc between the eyelids and the eyebrows are free from biinche^. and whether the parts round the under eyelids be full, or swelled ; for these are indications that tho eyes will not last. When the eyes are remarkably flat, or sunk within their orbits, it is a bad sign ; also when they look dead and lifeless. The iris^ or circle that suiTounds the sight of tho eye, should be distincr, and of a pale, vanegated, cinnamon color, for this is always a sure sign of a good eye. and it «dds beauty to the appearance of the amm.al. 02 KAKKV ()i\ HUU.SE-TAiMl.NG. Ill the next place, examine the Teeth, as you would not wish to purchase an old horse, nor a very young one for service. The Feet should next be regarded ; for a hors« with bad feet is like a house >nth a weak founda- tion, and will do little service. The feet should be smooth and tough, of a middle size, without wrinkles, and neither too hard and brittle, nor too soft ; th^ Ileeh should be lirni, and not spongy and rotten ; the Frogs horny and dry ; the Soles somewhat hol- low, like the inside of a dish or bowl. Such feet will never disappoint your expectations, and such only should be chosen. Particular regard should be had to the Shoul- ders; they should not bo too much loaded, for a horse with heavy shoulders can never move well ; and on the other hand, one that has very thin shoul- ders, and a narrow chest, though he may move Ijriskly so long as he is sound, yet he is generally weak, and easily lained in the shoulders ; a medium should therefore be chosen. . The Body, or Carcass, should neither be too small nor too large. The Back should be straight, or have only a moderate sinking below the Withers: for when the back of a horse is low, or higher be- hind than before, it is both very ugly and a sign of weakness. The back should also be a proper length. The Ribs slu»uld be large, the Flanks smooth and full, and the Hind-parts, or upperniost Haunches not higher than the shoulders. When the horse trots before you, observe if his haunches cover his QUALITIES OF THE HORSE. 63 f(ve-knecs. A horse with a short hhid-quai-ter does not look well. The next thing to be regarded in a horse i§ hia Wind, which may be easily judged of by the motion of his flanks. A broken-winded horse also pinches in his flanks, with a very slow motion, and drops them suddenly, which may be easily perceived- Many horses breathe thick that are not broken- winded ; indeed, any horse will in foggy weather, or if foul fed, without sufficient exercise ; but if ahorse has been in good keeping, and had proper exercise, and yet has these symptoms, there is some defect? either natural or accidental ; such as a narrow chest, or some cold that has affected the lungs. There are other particulars that should be ob- served in choosing a horse. If his Head be large and fleshy, and his Neck thick and gross, he will always go heavy on the hand, and therefore such should never be chosen. A horse that has his Hocks very wide, seldom moves well, and one that has them too near will chafe and cut his legs by crossing them. Fleshy-legged horses are generally subject to the Grease, and other infirmities of that kind, and there- fore should not be chosen. The Temper of a horse should be particularly attended to. Avoid a fearful horse, which you may know at first sight by his starting, crouching, or creeping, if you approach him. A hot and fretful horse is also to be avoided, but the buyer should be careful to distinguish between a hot, fretful horse, and one that is eager and craving:. The former be- 64 RAREY ON HORSE-TAML\Q. gins to fret the moment he is out of the stable, and continues in that humor till he has quite fatigued himself ; and the latter only endeavors to be fore- most in the field, and is truly valuable ; he has those qualities that resemble prudence and courage ; the other those of intemperate heat and rashness. A horse that goes with his fore feet Iom" is very apt to stumble ; and there are some that go so near the ground that they stumble most on even roads ; and the dealers, to remedy to this, put heavy shoes on their feet, for the heavier a horse's shoes are, the higher he ^411 lift his feet. Care also should be taken that the horse does not cut one leg with the other. A horse that goes near the ground will cut the low side of the fetlock joint, but one that goes high cuts below the knee, which is called the speedy cut. A horse that lifts his feet high, generally trots fast, but is not the easiest for the rider. Some horses cut with the spurn of the foot, and some with the heel ; but this you may soon perceive by their standing ; for if a horse points the front of his foot inward, he cuts with the spurn, and if outward, with the heel. These few instructions may be of use in pur- chasing horses ; but I advise every one to get some Experimental knowledge of them before he trusts to his own judgment, for the dealers have so many ftrts to hide the defects of their horses, that the best judges are often deceived. THE END. KNOWLSON'S COMPLETE FAREIER AND HORSE DOOTOK,. INDEX TO CONTENTS. Back Sinews, sprain in 46 Bladder, disorders of 29 Blood Spavin 51 Bone Spavin 50 Bots and Worms 11 Broken Wind 22 Bruises of the Withers 58 Coffin Joint, sprain in 4G Cold, remedy for 3 Colic, or Gripes 7 Colic, Flatulent or Windy 7 Colic, Bilious or Inflammatory. .. 9 Convulsions IG Corb 52 Cough and Asthma 5 Crown Scab, the 62 Cup-Bone, lameness in the — 48 Fa'^cy, or Farcin ...37 Tarcy, the Water 41 Feet, hurts in the 5G Fevers 17 Fever, a Compound 19 Fistula, or Bruises of the Withers 58 Founders 42 Girth-Galls, Plushes, &c 59 Glanders, the 54 Grease, the 60 Gripes, the Dry 10 Gripes, or Colic 7 Hidebound, the 35 How to Manage a Horse on a : Journey C2 Hurts in the Feet 5G Imposthumes 54 Intestines, disorders of 27 Jaundice, or Yellows 13 Journey, how to manage on a C2 Kidneys and Bladder, disorders of 29 Knees, sprain in 47 Lameness in the Stifle 47 Lameness in the Cup-Bone 48 Mallenders and SaUenders 52 Mange, the - 35 Moulten Grease 32 Pasterns, sprain m 47 Poll Evil 43 Plushes from Saddles 59 Remedy for a Cold 3 Ring-Bone 52 SaUenders 52 Scouring 27 Scratches 61 Spavin, Bone 50 Spavin, Blood or Bog 51 Sprain in the Back 44 Spraui in the Shoulder 45 Sprain in the Coffin Joint 46 Spralq in the Back Sinews 46 Sprains in the Knees and Pasterns 47 Stag Evil 16 Stifle, lameness in the 47 Strangles, the 52 Surfeit 33 Swellings and Impostumes 54 Twitter-Bone 57 Warbles, Girth-Galls, &c 59 Water Farcy, the 41 "UTiirlbone, lameness in the 48 WindgaUs 60 Wmd, a Broken -22 Withers, bruises of 58 Worms and Bots If. Wounds 55 Yellows, the 13 THE COMPLETE FARRIER, OR, HORSE DOCTOR. Remedy for a Cold. ^ People not miicli accustomed to study the diseases of borses, look xxpon a cold as a trivial matter. But they should bear iu mind that nearly the whole of the disorders to which this noble animal is liable, derive their origin from a Cold. The causes of Colds are various, but the most usual one is riding the horse until he is hot, and then suflering bim to stand still exposed to the cold air ; removing him from a hot stable to a cold one : if the hoise has been high- fed, and clothed, the cold contracted in this manner often proves very violent ; and this is the reason why horses often catch a severe cold on their first coming out of the dealer's hands : neglecting to rub him properly down, and to rub the sweat carefully off when he comes in from a journey ; and I have known grievous disorders brought on by removing horses into a new stable before the walls and plastering were dry. "W'orkmen are often in fault for not leaving air- holes above ; as when a horse comes into a new stable, and gathers heat, it will cause the walls and plastering to sweat very much, especially if there are no air-holes left. Many a horse has lost his eyes, and some iheir lives, by being put into new stables before they were dry. Symptoms. — When a horse has caught a cold, a cough will follow, and he will be heavy and dull in proportion to the severity of the disease : his eyes will be watery ; the ker- nels about his ears, and under his jaws, will swell, and a thin, mucous gleet will run from his nose. If the cold be )violent, the horse will be feverish ; his flanks will heave, and be will refuse his food. The owners shoxild be very careful to observe these last symptoms, because when they appear, and are attended with a slimy mouth, cold ears and feet, moist eyes, and a great inward soreness, there is danger of a fever, and generally of a malignant kind. But when the horse coughs strongly, and snorts after it, eats scalded bran, and drinks warm water, moves briskly in his stall; dungs and 4 THE COMPLETE FARRIER, Stales freely, and "without pain, his skin feels kindlv, and his coat does not stare, there is no danger, nor any occasion for medicine. You should, however, bleed him, keep him warm, give him some feeds of scalded bran, and let him drink warm water. The Cure. — If the horse feels hot and refuses his meat, it will be necessary to bleed him plentifully, and to give the following drink : 2 ounces of Juice of Liquorice. 2 ounces of Salt of Tartar. 2 drams of Saffron. 2 ounces of Honey. Cut the juice small, dissolve all together in hot water, and give it nearly cold. This drink may be repeated as occasion requires, but let twenty-four hours elapse first. Or give 4 ounces oi Aniseeds. 2 ounces of Liquorice Root. 1 ounce of Gum Scammonj. 1 ounce of Nitre. Boil these together in three pints of water for ten or twelve minutes ; strain the liquor through a cloth ; and add two ounces of honey to it when you give it to the horse. The following ball, commonly called The Cordial BalL is one of the best yet found out for coughs or colds. Be care- ful to get your drugs good, for this ball is of great worth in many diseases ; and few things will remove a cough or cold, or clear a horse's wind, sooner or better ; Take 4 ounces of Aniseeds Powder. 4 ounce." of Fenugreek. 4 oimcos of Liquorice Powder. 4 ounces of Elecampane Powder. 4 ounces of Flour of Brimstone. 6 oimces of Grains of Paradise, in fine powder. 4 ounces of Liquorice, cut small, and dissolved in Wliite "Wine. 1 ounce of Saffron, pounded small. 1 otmcft of Oil of Aniseeds. 8 ounces of Olive OU. 8 ounces of Honey Bray them all Avell together till they come into paste, and if they should be too dry, add a little more olive oil and honey. The dose is about two ounces, and may be given three or four times a day, if needful. These balls, consist- ing of warm, opening ingredients, are of great use ; and given in small quantities, about tfie size of a pullet's egg, will encourage a free perspiration ; but in case of a Fever, they should be given with the greatest caution. It will be of great use to put scalding-hot bran into the manger, that the horse may hold his head over it, and receive OR, nORaE DOCTOR. i) the steam up his nostrils, which will cause a running froin them, and relieve him very much. I have known asarabacca, dried and rubbed to powder, and blown up the nostrils, to cause a discharge ; for when a horse has caught a violent cold, he is often troubled with a pain in his head, which a good discharge at the nose is very likely to cure. For the same purpose the horse should be warmly clothed, especially about the head, neck, and throat, as it has a tendency to pro- mote a running at the nostrils. By this simple method, Avith proper care, hot mashes, and warm water, most colds may be cured ; and as soon as the horse begins to feed heartily, and snorts after coughing, an hour's exercise every day will greatly hasten the cure. If the legs swell, and the horse be full of flesh, rowels are necessary. A Cough, and Asthma. Among all diseases to which this noble creature is sub- ject, none has given more perplexity to Farriers than a settled Cough ; indeed it too often defies all the attempts of art, and the horse frequently becomes Asthmatical , or Brok^n- toindcd. CArsES. — The causes are various. Sometimes it is owing to colds imperfectly cured ; sometimes to pleurisies, or malignant fevers, which have left a taint upon the lungs or other vessels ; sometimes to small eruptions in the glands, which cause the limgs to be much larger than they ought to be, and a quantity of phlegm, and mucilaginous juices, which stuff up the glands and branches of the windpipe ; and some- times to fleshy substances engendered in the large blood vessels ; for all these things hinder a free respiration, and excite a cough. It is of the utmost importance to distin- guish one kind of cough from another, and this makes the disorder so hard to cure : for it can not be cured till the seat of the complaint be found out. If the cough be of long standing, attended with a loss of appetite, wasting of flesh, and weakness, it denotes a Con- sumption ; and that the lungs are full of knotty, hard sub- stances, called tubercles, ^\^len a cough proceeds from phlegm, and mucilaginous matter, stuflfing up the vessels of • the lungs, the flanks have a sudden, quick motion : the horse breathes quick, but not Avith his nostrils distended like one that is broken-winded ; his cougli is sometimes moist, and sometimes dry and husky ; before he coughs he wheezes. and sometimes throws out o-f his nose or mouth large pieces 6 THE COMPLETE FARRIER, of white phlegm, especially after drinking, and this dis- charge generally gives very great relief. CcKK. — If the horse be fall of flesh, take from Lim a mode- rate quantity of blood. The next day give him scalded bran, and in the evening the foilo^ving ball : 1 ounce of Powder of Aniseeds. 1 ounce of Liquorice Powder. 1 dram of Calomel, 8 drams to an ounce. Work them into a ball with Barbadoes tar. Give this ball the last thing at night, and be careful to keep the horse out of wet, and from cold water the next day. On the second morning give the following purge : 1 ounce of Barbadoes Aloes. 1 ounce of Castile Soap. ^^ ounce of Powdered Ginger. 1 dram of Oil of Aniseeds. Bray them together in a mortar, with a little syntp of btickthorn to make them into a ball, which is to be given in the morning, and plenty of warm water, and walking exer- cise, till it be wrought off. It will not work the first day. In three days after, give six ounces of the Cordial ball in a little warm ale. fasting, and to fast two hours after. Repeat the Calomel ball, physic, and Cordial bajl, sixVlays after, in the same manner as before. Let the horse's hay be sweet, and his manger-meat scalded bran, with a spoonfal of honey in each feed : let him have walking exercise in the open air, but be careful of wet. and of cold water. When this course has been pursued two or three times, give two or three ounces of the Cordial ball every morning. The above method will remove most Coughs, but if it fail, try the following : 1 ounce of Gum Ammoniacum, in fine powder. Mi ounce of Gum Galbanum, in powder. 2 drams of Saffron, brayed. 2 drams of Assafoetida.in powder. Work them up with honey, or Barbadoes tar. into one ball ; roll it in liquorice powder, and give it fasting, and to fast two hours after. This ball must be given eve^y morn- ing, for six or seven times, before it can have a fair trial. In the cure of this disease, the. diet should be very modorater the usual quantity of hay should be abridged, and sprinkled with water, and the usual allowance of grain and v/ater di-' vided into several portions ; for with these regulations in diet the disease will soon be cured ; and where it is incura- ble, the horse will be so far recovered as to be able to do a great deal of work. OK, nORSE DOCTOR. 7 It may not be improper here to add that some young horses are subject to coughs when cutting their teeth, and their eyes are also atiected from the same cause. In these cases always bleed, and if the cough be obstinate, repeat it, and give warai mashes, which are often sufficient alone to remove the complaint. When young horses have a cough that is caused by worms, as is often the case, such medi- cines must be given as are jjroper to destroy those vermin. [See Worms.] The Colic, or Gripes. The Colic proceeds from various causes ; therefore the method of care varies ; for otherwise the medicines intended to cure it may increase it. and perhaps render it fatal. We shall, therefore, divide this disorder into three different spe- cies, and endeavor to give such plain directions for managing each, as can not fail to prove very beneficial. The three species are these :— 1. The Flatulent, or Windy Colic ; 2. Bilious, or Inftammatory Colic ; 3. The Dry Gripes. The Flatulent, or Windy . Colic. SYMPTOMS.-^'he horse is very restless, lying down and starting up again, lie strikes his belly with his hind feet, stamps with his fore feet, and refuses his meat. When the pain is violent, he has convulsive twitches ; his eyes are turned up. and his limbs stretched out, as if dying ; and his ears and feet alternately cold ; he falls into profuse sweats, and then into cold damps 5 often tries to stale, and turns his head frequently to his flanks ; he then falls down, rolls about, and often turns on his back. This last symptom proceeds from a stoppage of urine, which generally attends this spe- cies of colic, and may be increased by a load of dung press- ing on the neck of the bladder. Causes. — This disease often proceeds from catching cold by drinking cold water when hot, and the perspirable mat- ter is by that means thrown upon the bowels, which causes them to distend violently, and sometime.^ brings on an infiara- mation in the small intestines,. when the body begins to swell, and the cure is despaired of. Cuke. — The first thing to be done is to empty the straight gut with a small hand dipped in oil. This frequently gives room for the wind, before confined in the bowels, to discharge itself ; and, by taking off the weight that pressed upon the neck of the bladder, the suppression of mine is removed, 8 THE COMTLF.TE FARRIER, upon which the horse immediately stales, and becomes much easier. If the horse be young, and full of blood, it will be proper to take a sullicient quantity of blood from the neck. When these purgative operations have been performed, the following may be given, as it seldom fails to give relief : 4 ounces of Tincture of Senna, or Dafiy's Eliiir. 6 drams of Tincture of Opium. 1 diara of Oil of Juniper. 8 ounces of Juniper BeiTies, bruised. Put one quart of boiling water on the juniper berries, let them stand a few minutes, strain it off, put all together, and give them to the horse. If he does not find felief soon after taking this dose, both by staling and breaking wind, it is doubtful whether he will receive any benefit from it ; so you must prepare the follow- ing clyster for him as soon as you can : Take 4 ounces of Camomile Flowers. 2 ounces each of Aniseeds, Fennel and Coriander. Boil them in one quart of water, and add 2 ounces of Cas- tile Soap, cut small, while the water is hot, that the soap may dissolve. Give it blood warm. During the fit the horse may be walked about, or trotted a little, but should by no means be harrassed, or driven about till he is jaded. If no better, give the following : 2 drams of Camphor. 1 dram of Pellitory of Spain. 2 oimces of Ginger Powder. 3 giUs of Holland Gin. If the horse sweat much at times, and then falls into cold sweats, give four ounces of mithridate, in three gills of Hol- land gin. and repeat the clyster. If the disorder continue three or four hours, give one ounce of tincture of opium, in three gills of Holland gin. When the horse begins to reco- ver, he will lie quiet, without starting and trembling ; and if he continues in this quiet state an hour, you may conclude that the danger is over. Dress him do^^'n well, and give him a small quantity of warm M'ater, if he will drink it : bed him down well, cover him to keep him warm, and then leave him to get a little rest. You must consider that the disorder has left a little soreness on him, both within and without ; there- fore, make him a little gruel, with a pint of red Avine in it ; and if any skin be knocked off about his eyes, or his huck- bones, rub it with the wash recommended for bruises. Sometimes the Colic is received into the stomach, and does not act so violently, nor cause the horse's pains to be so fitrong. You may best judge of this by hia motions. He OR, nORSE DOCTOR. 9 will drar*^ his four feet together, lay himself down, stretch out his feet and head, throw his head back, and often put his nose to his chest ; after standing a little, he will lie down again as before. When the colic is easier, he will lie for an hour or more together, with his feet stretched out and his head thrown back, or with his nose upon his ribs. This is caused by bad feed," or bad water, or both: some- times by drinking hard water when hot. or by a change from soft grit water to limestone or iron water, or by the break of a storm. I have had five or six horses under my care in this disorder in one day, at the break of a frost, by drinking ice or snow water. Sour grains, sour grass, dry meal, dust, bad hay, and many other thing'^ cause this disorder. Give the following, which is almost a certain cure in two hours • • 1 oimce of Spirits of Sweet Nitre. 1 ounce of Spirits of Nitre 1 oiuice of Tincture of Opium. 1 ounce of Sweet OIL All to be given together in a gill of warm ale. Bed the horse well down, and leave him that he may get a little sleep, after which he will get up and feed. This is one of the best medicines that has yet been found out. It has saved hundreds of horses, and "vvill save hundreds more if rightly applied. The Bilious or Inflammatory Colic. Symptoms. — This kind of Colic, besides most of the symp toms of the former, is attended with a fever, great heat, pant- ing, and dryness of the mouth. The horse also generally parts with a little loose dung, and a little scalding-hot water'; which, when it appears blackish, or reddish, indicates an ap • preaching mortification. Take 3 ounces of Sennn. 1 ounce of Salt of Tartar. Infa>;o them in a quart of boiling water an hour — strain, and add 2 ounces of Lenitive Electuaiy. 4 ounces of Glauber's Salt, ilix when hot. If the disorder be not removed by the above medicine, but, on the contrary, the fever and inflammation continue to increase, attended with a discharge of flesh-colored matter, the event Anil pro])ably be fatal ; and the only mediciao likely to prevent it, is a strong decoction of Jesuit's bark, a pint of which may be given every three hours, mixed with a gill of red port Mine ; or you may give one ounce of the powder of bark with the wine. Or, if these can not be got easily, give four ounces of tiuctui-e of rhubarb in three gills 10 THE OOMPIiETE FARRIER, of red port wine. Also give a clyster every two hours, made of two new-laid eggs, well broken, and two ounces of mo- lasses, in one quart of milk. Give it warm. If the horse recover, it will be proper to give him a gentle purge or two in a week after. Take 1 oimco of Rhubarb, in Powder. ^ ounce of Jalap, do. Work them up into a ball with syrup of buckthorn, and give it to the horse, with warm water to work it off. The Dry Gripes. Symptoms. — This disorder mostly proceeds from costivc- ness. and is discovered by the horse's frequent and fruitless attempts to dung, the blackness and hardness of the dung, the frequent motion of his tail, the high color of his urine, and his great uneasiness. Cure. — The first thing to be done is to draw the dung out of the ftindament, with a small hand, as far as you can reach, and then give the following : 4 ounces of Castor Oil. 4 ounces of Tincture of Senna. \ii ounce of Oil of Juniper. Give them all together, and then the following clyster : Boil in a quart of water a handful each of Camomile Flowers and Marshraallows. Strain off and add 2 ounces of Linseed Oil, or Pale Oil. If the horse do not mend, repeat both the drink and the clyster. During this disorder the horse must not have any dry food ; but boiled linseed and scalded bran, with warm water to drink. Gentle walking exercise is a great means to cause the physic to work ; but be careful of cold. From the account that I have given of the different species of the Colic, the reader will be abundantly convinced how necessary it is to be acquainted Avith each, that he may be able to give proper medicines and to relieve the creature's excruciating pains. He should carefully avoid all hot, vio- lent medicines, which always prove hurtful in every species of this disorder, and frequently fatal. Nor is it any wonder that horses treated in that manner should die, for such medi- cines stimulate the neck of the bladder, augment the heat of the blood, before much too great, and inflame the bowels, by which a mortification is brought on, and the horse is lost by the very means used for his recovery OR, HORSE DOCTOR. H Sharp fits of the Gravel are sometimes taken for the Colic ; but should this happen, the driuk recommended for the Colic will also be proper for the Gravel. Worms and Bots. Horses are subject to five sorts of worms, and perhaps to many more, but I shall only describe three, which are the most common. The worst sort to destroy are long, round worms, resembling earth-worms, but smaller at the tail ; they have a seam all the length of their bodies, and are very hard : these are called Round Worms. The next are small worms, about the size of a sewing needle ; they have red- dish fiat heads, having nine feet on each side, and are called Ascaridcs : these are also very troublesome to horses. The third sort are short, thick worms, called Bots : their seat is mostly at the stomach, but when horses get any food that they are fond of, they fill themselves so "full, that-they lose their hold, and come along with the dung to the fundament, and there catch hold and stick to the end gut, partly out of the horse ; this happens mostly in Spring, when they get the juice of fresh grass. It is well known that horses which have many worms can never thrive, or carry much flesh. If the breeding of these vermin were prevented, it would add much to the strength of the horse ; and it might be done by giving him a decoc- tion of bitter herbs, such as wormwood, in Spring. It may be boiled, or steeped in hot water, and given two or three times a week. Or a decoction of wormwood, buck-bean, gentian root, and camomile flowers, of each a large handful, boiled in a sufficient quantity of water, and given as above, will answer the end. Symptoms. — The symptoms which indicate worms are vari- ous, as the animals are different, and seated in different parts of the body. When the Bots are seated in the straight gut, they are never dangerous, but are often thrust out with the dung. They generally come in the months of lAlayand June, and scarcely ever continue in a horse above a fortnight. But when they breed in the stomach, they often cause convul- sions, and even death. The Bots that breed in the stomach are about the size of a large maggot, composed of circular rings, and have little, sharp, prickly feet along the sides of their bellies, by means of which they fasten themselves to the part from whence they derive their nourishment, to pre- vent their being loosed from such adhesion before they conw to maturity ; and as they drain the coats of the stomach like 12 THE COMPLEIK TARRIER, leeches, it is no wonder that thoy often throw the horse into convulsions, which terminate in death, unless the cause be removed. The violent agonies of the creature are the only- indications of their existence. The other kinds of worms are more troublesome than dangerous, and are discovered by the folio'w'ing signs : There is a white fur on the end of the straight gut ; the horse is lean and jaded ; his coat is rough and staring ; and if you rub your hand backward on the hair, a white scurf will rise, as if he had been surfeited ; and though he eats with a remarkable appetite, he does not thrive. He often strikes his hind feet against his belly, and is sometimes griped, but without the violent pains that attend the colic, or stranguary ; for he never rolls or tum- bles, but is uneasy, often laying himself down quietly on his belly for a little while, and then rising and beginning to feed. But the surest symptom is when the horse voids the worms with his^iung. The way these creatures get into the stomach is curious. AVhile the* horse is feeding, the bot-fly lights on his side in a place convenient to the animal's mouth. He then stings the horse and flies away. The horse naturally turns his head and throws his mouth to the place which has been stung — the eggs adhere to his lips, and in this way are taken into the stomach, Avhere they hatch into worms, which instantly fasten themselves to the coats of the stomach. Keeping a horse well curried and brushed, and keeping him in stable during the fly-bot season, will often prevent the disease. Cure. — Many medicines have been given to destroy these vermin, ^nthout knowledge or judgment, and even contrary to common reason. Some give coarse sugar for that pur- pose, but. in my opinion it will rather increase than destroy them ; although a few will fill themselves so full as to lose their hold, and come away Tvith the dung. Take 1 ounce of Socotrine Aloes. 1 dram of Calomel, 8 drams to an ounce. 1 draia of Oil of Aniseeds. 2 drams of Powdered Gin^rer. \(i ounce of Syrup of Buckthorn. Beat all up together in a mortar till the Aloes are well broken, and the whole is brought into a paste ; which give in the morning, fasting, and to fast one hour after ; also give warm water, and walking exercise, till A\Tought off. It will not work the first day. Be careful that the horse be open in his body before you give the ball. In grass time you will have nothing more to do than to give it, and to put the hor.-*e OR, nOKSE DOCTOR. X3 where he cau get water. This dose is for a pretty strong horse, so you must add or diminish according to size. Tliis dose must be repeated as need requires, but not within seven days. It will destroy most kind of worms ; but the hard round worms require difterent treatment, as they are the \ worst of any to get rid of To destroy them give the i following ; 1 dram of Calomel, 8 drams to an ounce. 6 drams of Jalap. 6 drams of Rhubarb, in powder. Wrought up into a paste with conserve, or honey j and two days after give the following : 1 dram of Calomel, 8 drams to an ounce. 1 omice of dried Foxglove Leaves, pow^dered. ^ ounce of Wonn Seed, powdered. 1 ounce of Jalap, in powder. To be given in thi-ce gills of malt liquor from the mash- tub. If the above be given every week for three weeks together, you may be sure that most of the vermin Avill be expelled. If the medicines be given in the house, let the food be light and opening, and warm water for two days, with walking exercise. I advise all who have horses troubled with worms, to give savin, dried and powdered, before they give the worm phy- sic. If one ounce a day be given for a week before, in a mash of bran, it will be much better. The above ball is good for many disorders besides worms. The Yellows, or Jaundice. This disorder is very common in horses, and sometimes it is either unlvuown, or overlooked, till it gets much worse to cure. A young horse is easily cured, but an old one is bad to cure. Some people may say. How can a horse hate the Jaundice, xchen he has no gall-bladder ? I answer. Though he has no gall-bladder in sight, he has a large vessel in the liver which answers the same end. We may here observe, the han- diwork of God in placing a horse's gall-bladder differently from those of other animals, when we consider that the. horse is the swiftest and most laborious creature in the world ; so that if the gall-bladder had been placed on the liver, it would always have been exposed to injuries. Symttoms. — The white of the eyes is yellow, also the inside of the mouth, the tongue, and the bars in the mouth, are of a dusky yelloAv ; the horse is dull, and refuses all kinds of food ; a slow fever is perceived, which increases with the X4. THE COMPLETE FAREIEE, yellowness ; the dung is often hard and dry, and of a pak yellow color ; the urine is commonly cTf a dark, dirty brown, and when it has settled, sometimes looks like blood : the horse stales with pain and diflHculty ; and, if the disorder ia not checked, becomes in a short time unable to stir about. When this disease gets strong hold of a horse before proper medicines are applied, it is often fatal, or it brings on some other disorder as bad, or worse than itself. Cure. — Bleed plentifully, and as this disease is always at- tended by a costive habit of body, it will be proper to give a clyster or two before you give the physic. A clyster may be made of one ounce of camomile flowers, boiled in a quart of water with two ounces of Castile soap. Then give the following ball : 4 drams of Indian Rhubarb. 2 drams of Satfron. 6 drams of Socotrine Aloes. 1 ounce of Castile Soap. To be brayed in a mortar with a little syrup of buckthorn, and made into two balls ; one to be given the last thing at night, and the other the first thing in the morning ; and give plenty of warm water to work them off. Jf the disease is obstinate and will not yield to the above, give the follow- ing ball : 1 dram of Calomel, 8 drams to an ounce. 1 ounce of Barbadoes Aloes. 1 ounce of Venice Soap. 1 ounce of Tunncric. 1 dram of Oil of Juniper. All to be brayed in a mortar with a little Byrup of buck- thorn, and made into two balls ; one to be given at night, and the other in the morning, with plenty of warm water, and walking exercise till TNTOught off. If the horse is better after the first medicine, repeat it, for it is much safer than the last ; but if not, the last may be given, and repeated as need requires ; but be careful not to give it in less than six days distance. If, after giving one dose of the last ball, you give the fol- lowing powders every day in celantine tea. if it can be got, or in warm ale, you will find them very useful in removing the complaint. 2 oimces of Salts of Tartar. 1 oimce of ^thiop's MineraL 2 ounces of Turmeric. These powders are proper to be given after either of the former doses. OR, nORSK DOCTOR, 15 The Staggers. THs disease in caused by the liver making blood so fast that the cavity of the heart is overloaded and the blood flies up the neck vein till the head is overloaded too ; and if re- lief can not be obtained, the horse soon dies. Symptoms. — The most common are, drowsiness, watery and somewhat full and inflamed eyes, a disposition to reel, fee- bleness, a bad appetite, the head generally hanging down, or resting on the manger. There is little or no fever, and the dung and urine are very little altered. The horse soon begins to reel, and falls down, and sometimes is so outra- geous as to bite every thing in his way. Cure. — In the first place, bleed him well as soon as you possibly can. by striking the veins in several places at once, and taking away four or five quarts at one time ; and, in order to raise up his head and shoulders, support them with plenty of straw. If he survive the first fit, cut several rowels, give him clysters at night and morning, made of bar- ley-water and a little sweet oil and salt ; and blow up his nostrils a little Cayenne pepper, or white hellebore. Also give Mm 4 drams of Bark. 16 grains of Turbeth Mineral. 1^ ounce of Camphor. Give it in a little warm ale. When ale cannot be con- veniently had, any other beverage to disguise the taste will answer. If the horse be outrageous, give him 1 ounce of Tincture, of Opium. 1 gill of Syrup of Poppies. 1 ounce of Tincture Guaiacum. Be careful not to let him knock his head, for it will in- crease the disorder. If he gets through the first fit, give him two ounces of crocus metalorum every day, to thin his blood for fear of a relapse. It will be proper to give him the following ball once a month for some time after : 1 ounce of Rhubarb, in powder. V^ ounce of Jalap. 1 dram of Calomel, 8 drams to the ounce. To be made into a ball with syrup of buckthorn. This ball will be of great use in thinning the blood, and prevent- ing a return of the disorder ; for when a horse has had one fit of it, he is very likely to have another, if care be not taken to prevent it. 16 TILE COMPLETE FARRIER, Convulsions, or the Stag Evil. Of all disorders to which horses are subject, this is the> worst, and is scarcely discoverable till the horse falls down raging mad. It seizes him all at once, without any previous warning. He raises Jiis head, Avith his nose toward the rack, pricks up his ears, and cocks his tail. In this posture he continues, and those who do not understand the disorder never suppose that he ails any thing of consequence. But other symptoms soon convince them of their mistake ; for his neck grows stitf, cramped, and almost immovable ; his jaws are locked, and every tendon in his body becomes stiff". If he can get his mouth open he will bite any thing that comes in his way ; and if he lives a few days in this condition, several knots will arise on the tendinoas parts of it. Every muscle is so much cramped and extended, that the horse looks as if he were fastened to the place, with his legs stiff, wide, and staggering, and the skin drawn so tight over every part of his body, that it is almost impossible for him to move ; and if you attempt to make him walk, he will be ready to fall at every step, unless he be well supported. At the same time his eyes are so fixed by the contraction of the muscles as to give him a dead look. He snorts and Bueezes often, pants continually, and his shortness of breath increases till the distemper takes a favorable turn, or the horse falls down and dies. Curb. — In the first place, bleed plentifully, unless the horse be old and low in flesh, or taken from some hard duty, and then you must not take so much blood. After bleeding give the following ball, if you can get it in, but the horse is very often jaw-locked till nothing can be got in but by clyster- pipe put between his fore and axle teeth. % ounce of Assofoetida. ^ ounce of Gum Guaiacum. f % ounce of Gum Camphor. Make them up into a ball with honey, and give one of these balls every twelve hours, for two days, if you can get them in ; and if not, dissolve them in a little hot beer, and give them with the clyster-pipe. Be careful to poM'der the Gums. Then make an ointment or lotion of the following : 1 ounce of Oil of Spike. 1 ounce of Oil of Amber. 1 ounce of Oil of Bricks. 1 ounce of Spirits of Sal Ammoniac. Shake them well together, and rub the jaAvs just below the OK, HORSE DOCTOR, jy cars, where thej lock in the upper chap ; also rub the small of the back well, where the cross bones join the back bone. In this, as in most other disorders, the body should be kept gently open with laxative purges and emollient clysters. When the jaws are so locked that you can not get any thing in, do not open them by force, for that would increase the disorder instead of relieving it. Sheep skins, newly taken off, and laid with the flesh side to the hor.se, will sweat hiui greatly, and by that means draw a quantity of water from the blood : indeed, there are few things that will relieve a locked jaw more : but if they be laid on the loins, they must not lie above three hours at a time before they are turned with the wool side to the horse. You may keep the skius on twenty-four hours if you change sides every two or three hours. If the horse can not take either food or water in at his mouth, he must be supported by clysters, made of barley- water and milk, and given both at the mouth and the funda- ment. I once supported a large wagon-horse in this manner for twelve days, and he recovered. Convulsions are caused by different things, but often by bots in the stomach ; for these destructive vermin suck up the juices that should feed the blood, and bring it into a thin, bad state ; indeed they are sure to destroy the horse by one means or other when there are a great number of them in the stomach. When you suspect that these vermin are the cause of the disorder, give the ball recommended to destroy bots. If the horse get better the first time, be sure to guard against a re- lapse, for he will not be apt to get tetter a second time. Tapping under the jaws, and at the breast, is sometimes of great service in this disorder, but I am of opinion that sweating with sheep skins will relieve much sooner. If the stiffness of the jaws continues after tne convulsions have ceased, the following medicine should be given : l*i ounce of Matthews' Pill. ^^ ounce of Assafoetida. Make them into a ball, and give it twice, (one day between the doses,) and it will give relief. Fevers. Horses are subject to few disorders which are not attended with more or less fever. Causes. — Fevers are often brought on by sudden heats and by be- o 18 THE COMPLETE FARRIt^, ing clothed, and then having the clothes stript off; and by- being turned out to grass ; for many people turn their horses out to grass in the morning, and let them lay out, -which is quite wrong : for when they are turned out to grass, to be there night and day, it is best to turn them out at night, for then they will graze all night ; but if you turn them out in the morning, they will fill themselves in the day-time, ani lie still all night, which is the way to catch cold. Most fevers are brought on by colds, therefore be careful to keep your horses as much as possible from catching cold. Symptoms. — The horse is remarkably restless, ranging from one end of his rack to the other : his flanks work, his eyes appear red and inflamed, his tongue is parched, and his breath hot and of a strong smell. He often smells at the ground, he loses his apjietite, and though he will take hay into his mouth, he does not chew it ; his whole body is hot- ter than usual, but not parched : he dungs often, but little at a time, and it is generally hard, and in small pieces ; his urine is high-colored, and he generally stales with pain and difficulty ; he is always craving for Avater. but drinks very little at a time ; and his pulse is much quicker than usual. Cure. — Whenever a fever takes place, the first part of a cure is bleeding, and if the horse be strong and in good con- dition, the quantity should be two or three quarts. When this has been done, give him a pint at a time of the fol- lowing infusion, three or four times a day : 4 ounces of Juice of Liquorice. 4 ounces of Liquorice Root. 2 ounces of Salt Petre. 4 ounces of Salt of Tartar. 8 ounces of Grood Raisins. 2 ounces of Aniseeds. 2 drams of Saffron. Boil all these together in six quarts of water, for ten min- utes ; let it stand till cold, and then strain it off. It is one of the best medicines for colds, coughs, hoarseness, or fevers, in either horse or man ; and if it were more known, and more used, it would give greater relief in violent colds than any thing yet found out. It is kind in its operations, open- ing to the "lungs, works gently by stool and urine, is free in its passage, and opening in its nature. The horse should scarcely eat any thing but mashes made o^ linseed and bran, and g-iven in small quantities. If he j'^fuses them, let him have dry bran sprinkled with water, -'Od put a little hay into his rack, as a small quantity of it ■. perform their proper functions. Nor is this opinion founie'l upon bare conjecture, for horses that have died broke n-^vlUfled have been opened, and the lungs and other parts fou/ii too large for the chest, lint although hasty feeding is often the cause of this disorder, yet it is not always, for a narrow chest may cause it. It has been ob- served that horses rising eight years old are most subject to it. The reason of this is, because a horse arrives at his full strength and maturiuj at that age. At six he generally fin- ishes his growth in height ; then he lets down his belly, and spreads, and all his parts gain their full si.ze ; so that the pressure on the limgs iMxd the midriff is now increased. Also, when the horse catches cold and gets a dry cough, the lungs are much larjjer than they ought to be, and at that time riding sharply is enough to force the lungs so hard against the midriff as to force a passage through it.* A few years back scrae people pretended to cure the com- plaint by boring ; hot none were ever cured by it yet, nor ever will be. They made a hole above the fundament, to let out the wind that was forced through the midriff into the bowels ; and this caused the horse to be continually dis- charging wind out of the place ; so that the pretended cure was worse than the disease. Dissections of horses that have died broken winded, have sufficiently proved the truth of the above observations ; and that not only the lungs, together with the heart and its bag, were preternaturally large, but also the membrane Avhich divides the chest ; and that the midriff was remarkably thin. In some horses the disproportion has been so great that the heart and lungs have been almost^ twice their natural size, yet perfectly sound : and without any ulceration whatever, or the least defect in the windpipe or in its glands. From these observations it abundantly appears, that the enormous size of the lungs, and other contents of the chest, by hindering the free action of the midriff, is the principal cause of this disorder ; and as the lungs are found much more fleshy than usual, they must consequently have lost a great part of their spring and tone. Therefore, as this disorder is caused by the largeness off the lungs, we may conclude that it is one of those diseasesj which can not be cured by art ; and that the boastings of those who pretend to cure it are built on a sandy foundation. They may indeed relieve the complaint, but will never cure * The Midriff, or Diaphragm, Ls that which is commonly called the Sltirts, and separates the Chest (where the lungs lie) from the Bowels. 24 THE COifPLETK FARUIER, it, for an absolute cure is not in the power of any human being. All that I can do is to lay down some rules which have a great tendency to prevent this disorder, if pursued in time ; and some remedies that will allord relief when it hag taken place and render the horse capable of performing good service, notwithstanding his misfortune. St.vlptoms. — The first symptoms of a Broken Wind is an obstinate dry cough, which is neither attended with sickness nor loss of appetite ; but on the contrary, with a disposi- tion to foul feeding, eating the litter, and drinking large quantities of water. Prevention-. — YvTien a horse is troubled with an obstinate dry cough, and eats his litter, it vriW be necessary to bleed him, and to give him the mercurial physic already prescribed, repeating it two or three times. Afterwards give the fol- lowing balls for some time, which have been found of great service : 4 ounces of Grum Ammoniacum. 4 ouxices of Galbanum. 4 ouxices of Ass.ifoetida. 4 ounces of Squills. ^ ounce of SatTron. 6 drams of Cinnabar of Antimony. Make the whole up into balls with honey and a little liquo- rice powder, and give one about the size of a pullet's egg every other morning. This is a very good ball for a dry cough. But it is not enough to give proper medicines ; the horse's diet should also be carefully attended to at the same time, if we would hope for success. In order to this, the horse should eat very sparingly of hay. which, as well as his grain, should be wetted with chamber-ley, which is much better than water. Chamber-ley is best for this purpose, because of the volatile salts which it contains, as they are a means of removing the thirst. For the same reason, garlic is very efficacious in this disorder. Two or three cloves being given in each feed ; or three ounces bruised, and boiled in a quart of milk and water, and given every morning for a fortnight, has been found very serviceable. So easy a remedy should never be neglected ; for, by warming and stimulating the Bolids, and at the same time dissolving the tenacious juices' which choke up the vessels of the lungs, it greatly relieves this complaint. Moderate exercise should never be omit- ted ; and although broken-winded horses are not able to endure much labor the first summer, yet many have been found less oppressed the second, and scarcely perceptibly OR, nORSE L>OCTOR. 25 affected the third, being then able to perform a long jour- ney, and to endiu-e great fatigue. A horse kept constantly in the field, when not in work, \vill be able to do good ser- vice for many years. It may not be improper to observe that those who hope to cure a broken-winded horse, or even one that is troubled with an obstinate cough, by putting him to grass, will find themselves wretchedly mistaken ; for on being taken into the stable and fed with dry meat, he will be much worse than before ; and some that.had only a dry cough when they were put to grass, have returned broken winded. Therefore, always remember that if you can not keep a horse of this description constantly abroad, it is best not to put him to grass at all, as, instead of curing, it will tend to augment the disorder. In short, the grand secret of managing horses of this kind, consists in having particular regard to their diet and exer- cise. A moderate quantity of hay or grain, and water, should be given at a time, and the former constantly moistened, to prevent their wanting too much of the latter. They should have moderate exercise, but never any that is violent. By this method, and giving the following ball once every fort- night or three weeks, the horse will be able to do good service for many years : 6 drams of Socotrine Aloes. 2 draaas of ]Myrrh. 2 drams of Galbannm. 2 drams of Ammoniactim. 2 ounces ot Bayberries, in powder. Make the whole into a ball with a little oil of amber, and a sufficient quantity of syrup of buckthorn. This ball ope- rates so gently that there is no need for confinement, except a little the day following that on which it is given. The horse must have warm mashes and warm water, and the ut- most care must be taken to prevent his catching cold. A Consumption. Symptoms. — A Consumption is a want of nourishment, and a waste of flesh. The horse's eyes look dull, his ears and feet are commonly hot. he coughs violently by fits, sneezes often, and groans at the same time ; he gleets at the nose, and sometimes throws a yellowish matter, rather curdled, from his nose ; his flanks have a quick motion, and he has little appetite to hay, though he will eat grain, but hegrowa hot after it. '^^ Causes. — Damp stables are most likely to bring on this 26 THE COMPLETE FARRIER, disorder, though it maybe brought on bj many other things. In my time I have known many horses sufier much by damp stables. I knew a gentleman who had two valuable horses, and he built a brick stable tor them, without any air-holes above their heads. lie put the horses in as soon as the stable appeared dry, and their heat soon caused the walls of the place to sweat, and to run down with water, by which means both the horses were thrown into a Consumption and died. I mention this to caution othei-s. Cure. — The first, and indeed one of the principal things to be done, is to bleed in small quantities. A pint, or at most a pint and a half, is sufficient at once, and the operation is to be repeated whenever the breath is more than commonly oppressed. We are assured, by dissection, that in a Con- sumption both the glands of the lungs and the mesenteiy are swelled, and often indurated. The only medicines that can be depended upon, are mercurial purges and ponderous alteratives. I have already given you examples of the former, and the following is a formula of the latter. Mix 4 ounces of Crocus ^Ictalorum. 1 ounce of Calomel pp. 1 pound of Gum Guaiacum, finely powdered. Give about an ounce every day in a m^sh of bran and linseed. Iceland liverwort, a handful boiled in a gallon of water, is much better to make maslfes up Avith than water ; for it is a great helper of the blood. But it is to be ob- served that nothing will answer so good an end as Spring grass ; so that if the horse be afflicted with this disease in Spring time, turn him out to grass as soon as you can ; and if the nights be cold, turn him out in the day-time, and take him in a^t nights. Salt marshes are the most proper places, when they can be met with. AVhen a horse has had this disorder, he can never more bear cold and hard service as before. A Scouring, and Other Disorders of the Intestines. You should consider well what the Scouring proceeds from, whether it is caused by foul feeding, bad water, hard exercise, sudden heat or cold, an overflowing of bile, or ft weakness of the intestines. If it is brought on by foul feeding, or bad water, it should not be stopped, but rather be promoted ; for it should be 7'emeiBtbered that Nature by this means throws off the seeds of disease, and evacuates the morbid matter which would otherwise be retained to the great disadvantage, and per- OR, HORSE DOCTOR 27 haps to the destruction, of the animal. The great difficulty therefore consists in knowing when these discharges are critical and salutary, and when detrimental and noxious ; for the former must not be checked, but the aid of medicine, must be called in to put a stop to the latter. For instance, — if a healthy horse, upon taking cold, or after hard riding, over feeding, or at the beginning of a slight fever, have a moderate purging, you must be careful not to stop it. but on the contrary to promote it, by an open diet, and plenty of warm gruel. But if this purging con- tinue a long time, with smart gripings, and the inner skin of the bowels come away with the dung, and the horse lose both his flesh and his appetite at the same time, recourse must immediately be had to proper medicines ; among which the folloAving are very effectual. I do not wish any one to give medicines upon merely hearing the names of the drugs, but to know first in what manner the drugs will operate. Take 1 ounce of Rhubarb, in powder. 2 drains of Myrrh, do. 2 drams of Saffron. Give altogether in warm ale, and warm water for two days after. This dose will not only v>'ork gently, but will be of great service to the horse, as it will bring away the slime which lodges in the small intestines, and correct the bile of the stomach, which is the cause of this disorder. When the disorder continues, and the horse's flesh keeps wasting away, recourse must be had to astringents. Tormentil Roo't dried, and pounded in a mortar, and put through a seive, is one of the b^t astringents yet found out, though very little known. The dose- is from an ounce to an ounce and a half. I believe that this valuable root has done more good in my time, in stopping looseness and bowel complaints, than any thing else. When the purging is attended with fever, a dif- ferent method of practice is necessary. Take ^tj ounce of Rhubarb, in powder. 1 ounce of Lenitive Electuaiy. ^ ounce of Camphor. 1 ounce of Powdered Ginger. To be given in a pint of old ale. This is a very proper medicine when the horse is troubled with a fever ; but if he have no fever upon him, give the following : 1 ounce of Tormentil Root, in powder. ^ otince of Japan Earth, do. Give these in red wine, or if that bo thought too expensive, in oak bark tea. Japan earth is a great healer of the bow- 28 THE COMPLETE FARRIER, els. Repeat this last medieine three or four times to allow it a fair trial ; giving the horse at the same time but little exerci^^e. for he can not then bear much. Should this medi- cine fail, and the disorder increase instead, of decreasing, ' -which may be known by his flanks and belly being full and distended' and his appearing to sufler strong griping paina, give the following clyster : \(l ounce of I^^iuglass, dissolved in a quart of T\ann milk. 2 ounces of ilithridate. Sometimes the flux is so violent as not to be overcome by the preceding medicine, when recourse must be had to the following. Boil a handful of oak bark in a quart of water, strain it off, and add 2 ounces of Tormentil Root, in powder. 2 ounces of Bole. Give them all together. This should be repeated once a day, for two or three days. The practitioner should carefully attend to the symptoms that accompany this disorder ; for if the discharge be at- tended with any acrid mucus, or slime, the griping pains being very severe, there is then a sure indication that the common lining of the bowels is wasted away ; and then it will be necessary frequently to inject the following clyster, warm, in order to prevent the fatal consequences which will otherwise soon ensue : **■ 4 ounces of Starch, dissolved in a quart of water. Half a pint of Sweet Oil. Yolks of three Eg{?s, weU. broken. A little Loaf Sugar. This Avill do for twice, at four hours' distance. In treating this disease, be exceedingly careful to follow my directions, and to get good drugs, for your success will depend upon this, and a cautious watching of the symptoms. It is also necessary to observe that some horses, from hav- ing weak stomachs and bowels, throw out their aliment un- digested, and their dung is habitually soft, and of a pale color ; they also feed sparingly, and are always low in flesh. This complaint, Avhich often proves fatal at last, may be removed by the following medicines : * 6 drams of Sncotorine Aloes. 3 drains of Rhubarb, in powder. 1 dram of Myrrh. 1 dram of Saffron. Make all up into a ball with syrup of ginger. After thft above stomachic purge shall have been given two or three OR, HORSE DOCTOR. 89 times, a pint of the following infusion should be given ev^ morning : Take 2 ounces of Orris Root, A handful each of Gentian, Cohimbia Root, Winter Bark, Aniset'ds, Orange Peel, Fennel Seeds, and Camomile Flowers. Boil all together in a gallon of strong ale, and when cold, clear it off, and add one jjint of spirits of wine. If this be thought too strong, two quarts more of ale may be added. This is an excellent cordial both for healing and strengthen- ing the stomach and bowels. These are the best methods of treating the above disorders, to which horses are often subject, and in which they are often lost for want of proper treatment. But before we conclude this chapter, it is necessary to ob- sei've that the scourings which succeed long-continued sick- ness, such as the Farcy, Putrid Fevers, or an inflamed state of the blood, Avhere bleeding and other proper evacuations have been neglected, too often terminate fatally ; especially when the creature discharges a foetid slime, and when the same matter gleets from his nose ; for in these cases the blood is dissolved, and the whole mass of the fluids is be come putrid, and discharges itself by those drains. Disorders of the Kidneys and Bladder. Inflammation of the kidneys and bladder are sometimes brought on by other disorders, and often by sprains, hard exercise, catching cold when hot, or from the want of pro- per care. Symptoms op a Hurt ix the Kidneys. — The horse is very weak in the back and loins ; he stales with difficnlty, is faint, eats very little ; his eyes appear languid and of a dead color ; his urine is foul, thick, and often bloody, especially after a violent strain ; he can not move backwards without great pain, which may be seen at every attempt. It is some- times hard to distinguish an inflammation from a sprain, or what is called, '• titled in the back." There is no method but observing the gait of the horse. If he have got tifled in the back, he will be hard put to it to keep from coming down behind, and indeed will often come down ; his eyes will look rather red, but his urine the same as before. A tifle lies in the marrow, or pith of the back. Clhk. — The principal remedy far a hurt in the kidneys is bleeding, v/hich should be done pretty plentifully, as by this 30 THE COMrLKTE KAKRIKB, rheans an inflammation will be prevented ; and if you hiave reason to think that the inflammation is already begun, from e creature's being feverish, and staling with great diffi- culty, the opeyation should be repeated ; for unless the in- flammation be Prevented, or immediately removed, the con- sequence will be fatal. But. although bleeding is the prin- cipal, it is not the only remedy, for rowelling is of great service. Put a rowel on each side of his belly, and give the following balls twice a day. in a pint of the decoction of marshmallows, having an ounce of gum arabic, and an ounce of honey dissolved in it : 1 ounce of S.ilts of Prunella. 6 drams of .Spf-macoti. 2 ounces of Castile Soap. Add as much honey as will make a ball ; and if the urine be bloody, an ounce of Japan earth must be added. If the fever continue, you must repeat the bleeding, and give emollient clysters, and the cooling, opening drink, before recommended for Fevers, till it abate. These methods will often prove successful, but sometimes the disease is too ob- stinate to be overcome by them, and the urine still passes with pain and difficulty. Eecourse must then be had to the following balls, and they must be repeated twice a day till the horse stales without pain, and his urine becomes clear. and without any purulent settlement : 1 ounce of Venice Turpentine. 1 ounce of Castile Soap. 6 drams of Nitic. 2 diams of Myrrh, in po%vder. Make the whole into a ball with honey, and wash it down with a strong decoction of marshmallows. These are the best methods of treatment in this disorder, and will in general prove successful. Sometimes indeed this malady is too strong for the power of medicine, and then the urine continues turbid, and daily becomes of a deeper color, with a foetid smell, a sure sign that the kidneys are ulcerated ; which generally terminates in a consumption, and the creature becomes absolutely incurable. In treating of the Colic I have recommended a method for removing the Stranguary, when it proceeds from wind, or from dung pressing upon the neck of the bladder ; birt sometimes it proceeds from an inflammation, and a retention of urine. Symptoms of an Inflammation op the Neck of tite Bladder. — When a horse is seized with a Stranguary from the above cause, he will make frequent motions to stale, on, HOHfeE DOCTOB, 31 standing wide and straddling, his bladder being full of urine, and his flanks distended ; he will be uneasy, cuii-tantly shifting his hind feet, and often giving clicks in his mo-^» tions f he also sometimes hangs his head, aj^d then raises it suddenly. Cure. — First bleed largely, and then give the following : 1 ounce of Spirits of Sweet Nitre. 2 ounces of Syrup of Marshmallows. 1 ounce of Venice Soap. Cut the soap small, dissolve it in a gill of hot water, put the above to it, and give it to the horse. Repeat it every eight hours. Also dissolve an ounce of gum arable and an ounce of nitre in a gallon of water, and let him drink plenti- fully of it. If he will drink it of his own accord, it is best ; but if not, horn a little into him, for it will greatly tend to remove the cause of the disease, and consequently to termi- nate the effects. There is a disease of the kidneys, viz. : a Diabetes, or pro- fuse staling, which produces effects directly opposite. This disorder is seldom cured in old horses, as their fibres are become rigid, and unable to perform their office, a misfortune which all the power of medicine can not remove. But in young horses this disease is often cured, and the following method will generally be attended with success : CcRE OP A Diabetes. — In order to cure this threatening disorder, great care must be taken not to let the horse drink too much water, and never to give him any moist food. At- tention to these particulars will go a great way towards a cure : and instead of giving him common water to drink, give him lime-water ; to make Avhich, take about three pounds of lime, unslacked, put it into a clean vessel, and for every pound of lime pour six quarts of water into it ; let it stand three days, take the scum ott" the top. and give the horse the water to drink. Be careful not to stir the lime at the bottom of the vessel. This is a very clear, wholesome water, and very good for many disorders. In the mean time ■the following medicine should be given : 1 ounce of Peruvian Bark. 1 ounce of Japan Earth, in powder. 1 ounce of Irish Slate, do. Give these in lime-water, and repeat as often as needful. Some Farriers give strong alum possets two or three times a day ; but this kind of treatment cannot be proper, for the alum takes so fast hold of the juices of the stomach, that if the hor.se were not ill, it would be enough to make him so. W ^ Thii THE COMPLETE FARRIER, The Molten Grease. his is so common a disorder, that it ought to be "well un- derstood ; but, alas ! like many others, it is otten mistaken for something else. This disease is a melting down of the fat of the horse's body, caused by violent exercise in very hot weather ; or if the horse be full of flesh, it may happen in cold weather. Hard riding, or sudden colds, will bring on this disorder. Symptoms. — It is always attended with a fever, heat, rest- lessness, starting and trembling, inward sickness and short- ness of breath. Also the horse's dung is extremely greasy, and he often falls into a scouring. His blood, when told, is cpvered with a thick scum of fat, of a white or yellow color, but generally the latter. The congealed part, or sediment iipfrears like a mixture of size and grease, and is so extremely slippery that it Avill not adhere to the fingers ; and the small proportion of serum is also slippei-yand clammy. The horse soon loses his flesh and fat, the latter being probably dis- solved into the blood. Such as have sufficient strength to sustain the first shock, commonly become hidebound, and their legs swell greatly ; and in this state they continue till the blood and juices are rectified ; and if that is not done ett'ectually, the Farcy, or an obstinate Surfeit, is generally the consequence, which can not be removed but with the utmost difficulty. Cure.— In the first place bleed pretty plentifully, and repeat the operation two or three days succe.ssively ; but take care that you take only a small quantity at a time after the first bleeding, as otherwise the creature would be rendered too weak to support himself, and his blood too poor to be easily recruited. As soon as he has been bled the first time, let two or three rowels be put in, and the emollient clysters prescribed for Fevers be thrown up daily, to mitigate the fever, and to cleanse the intestines from the greasy matter. At the same time plenty of Avater-gruel should be given, and sometimes a small quantity of water, with a little nitre dis- solved in it. The latter will be of great service, as it will prevent the blood from running into grumous concretions, and proving the source of innumerable disorders, if not"^ causing a total stagnation, and consequently the death of the animal. The horse must be treated in this manner till the fever be entirely gone, and he shall have recovered his appetite ; and then it will be necessary to give him three or four purges, a week distant from each other, which will make OR, nORSE DOCTOR, 33 him stale and perspire plentifully, and at the same time bring down the swelling of his legs. The following is well calculated for the purpose : 6 drams of Socotrine Aloes. 4 ounces of Gum Guaiacum, in powder. 2 drams of Ginger. 2 drams of Jalap. 2 drams of Oil of Juniper. jj^ To be mado into a ball with syrup of buckthoHK By pur- suing this method the horse will soon be recovered, for this purge will mend his appetite, and increase his flesh. If it be too weak, add a dram more of aloes. It will bring down his swelled legs, and carry away all the superfluous matter that clogs the blood. AVhen you give the physic,. be careful to give plenty of warm water all the time. A Surfeit. Some people pronounce every ill-thriven horse surfeited, whether he is so or not. A Surfeit is nothing more than the etfects of an ill cured disease, and therefore what is called a Surfeit in horses is very different to the disease which bears that name in the human body ; the latter being the begin- ning of a disease, and the former the remains of one. Symptoms. — The horse's coat will stare, look of a rusty color, and even appear dirty, although the greatest pains have been taken to keep him clean. His skin will be cover- ed with scales and dandruff, which will appear like meal among the hair, and when cleaned otf will be followed by a succession of the same matter, occasioned by the perspira- tion being obstructed. Some horses will be covered with a kind of scab, sometimes moist, attended Avith heat and in- flammation, and the humor so very sharp, and causing so violent an itching, that the creature is incessantly rubbing himself, and by that means making himself raw in different parts of his body. Some horses have neither scales, dan- druff, nor scab ; but look dull, sluggish, and lazy. Some are hidebound, and others afflicted with flying pains and tempo- rary lameness. In short, the symptoms are very various, and almost as numerous as those of the scurvy itself. Causes. — The causes are as various as the symptoms. Some horses are surfeited by high feeding and want of proper ex- ercise ; which produce a bad digestion, and generate ill humors. Some are surfeited by unwholesome food ; some by hard riding ; some by drinking cold water when they are hot ; some by bad or improper physic, and some by standing 3 34 THE COMFLETE rAHKIEn, In stables throiigh which the rain drops, or 1)j lying wet But as many also get surfeited by standing Mhon hot at the doors of public houses, such bud jiractices should be guarded againsL I Cl'j:e. — If we duly consider the nature of Pui-feits, their kiire will be much more easily jx-rlonned. All allow that tbey ari.s|^K)iu a bad state of the blood ; but liow is this to be reme^^P? By bleeding and purging, liut this must be done in a^rry gentle manner, lake about a quart of blood, and the next day give the following ball : 1 onncc of Socotrine Aloes. 1 drain of Calomel, pp. ^^. 2 drains Oil of Aniseeds. ^^%fld as much lenitive electuary as will make it into a ball. fere plenty of warm water to work it off. Rej»eat both bleeding and j)liysic in eight days ; and when the last dose is wrought otf. give him si.x ounces of the cordial balls in a little warm ale. Also give a spoonful of the followiug pow- ders every day in a mash : 4 onnces of Flonr of P.rimstoiie. 4 ounces of Crocus Metaloruin. 4 ounces of Nitre, in powder. Mix all up well together. By persevering in the above method you may cure the most inveterate Surfeit, and if any scabs or runnings appear in the skin, rub them with the following : 4 onnces of Rnlphnr Tivnni- 2 ounces of "White Copperas. 2 ounces of White Hellebore, in powder. ]\fix these powders with churn-milk, rub the places affected well, and the grievance will soon disappear. Sometimes a Surfeit settles in- the legs, and they swell much, and then break out and run very much. AVIien this is the case, two taps put into the lower belly will be of great use. Staling balls should be given every third day, and plenty of warm water to work them off with. Make the staling balls as follows : 1 omice of White Resin. 4 drams of Castile Soap. 2 dr.ims of Oil of Juniper. 2 drams of Camphor. 4 drams of Saltpetre. Bray all well together into a paste, in a mortar, and form it into a ball. The above is only for one dose, but you may make as many as you think proper at once, and keep them for use. Give then at niglU, and they will work off the ne.vt OK, nORSE DOCTOR. 3g day. These balls are of great service in many of the dis- orders of horses, and are some of the best staling balls yet found out. By following the foregoing directions, a cure will generally be performed. Sometimes in this disorder little knots break out, especially upon the hind parts of the horse, and these knots throw out a little matter. When this is tj|^ease, you must rub them with strong mercurial ointmena^«)metimes these little tubes, or pustules, have living inseCTB in them : but by rubbing them as I have just directed you, they will be destroyed and the cure completed. The Hidebound. This disorder is too often brought on by the horse being worked too hard, and badly kept; although this is not always the case. When the skin of a horse sticks so close to his ribs that it appears immovable, the horse is said to be hidebound. But this is not properly a disease, but rather a symptom, being often caused by previous disorders, such as fevers, convulsions, surfeits, worms, or disorders of the kid- neys or lungs. Cure. — As the hidebound may proceed from various causes, it is necessary to determine the cause, before such medicines can be applied as will remove it. If it owe its origin to hard labor and want of food, rest and plenty will soon remove it. If it be caused by worms, worm medicines must be applied ; or if it be left by any imperfectly-cured disorder, the following drink must be given : 2 ounces of Aniscerl'?, in powder. 2 ounces of Clingor, in powrler. 1 ounce of Grains of Paradise. 2 ounces of Mustard. 2 ounces of Turmeric. ' All to be powdered, and to be given in warm ale, fasting, and to fast two hours after. Bleeding, tapping and physic are also necessary, when the hidebound is left by any disorder. The Mange. ' This disorder is more shameful than dangerous, for you cannot go abroad with a scabbed horse without being hissed at, neither is it proper ; for this disease is so infectious that every horse that may come near it will be in danger. The Mange is too well known to need a long descriptioii, though some have been mistaken, and have taken a hot itch- ing eruption for it. 36 THE COMTLETE FARRIER, Symptoms. — At first it is confined to the skin, but by long continuance it vitiates and pollutes the blood. The skin is generally thick, and full of wrinkles, especially about the mane, the loins, and the tail ; and the little hair remaining on those parts stands erect. The ears and eyebrows are commonly naked ; and when the limbs are affected, they have the same appearance : but at the same time the horse is not raw. nor does the skin peel off as in a Surfeit. Causes. — The Mange is generally taken by infection, for it is so very catching, that if a horse he put into a stable where one in the Mange has stood, before it be thoroughly cleansed, he will hardly fail being infected. But though infection is the general, it is not the only cause of the Mange. Low feeding, and running long abroad in cold, pinching weather, without sufiBcient provender, will cause a horse to have the Mange. Cure. — When the horse has been infected by another, the disorder is not so obstinate as when caused by starvation, for the blood will not be in so bad a state. 'When you think a horse has got the Mange, apply the following where you think it needful, and it will cure it at the beginning without much trouble or expense : 4 ounces of Sulphnr Yivnm. 4 ounces of "N\Ti!te Copperas. 4 cuncea of Wliite Hellebore Root, in powder. Mix all together in two quarts of butter-milk, and rub the places well By this method you can cure most scabs of short duration ; but when once the Mange has got great hold, it will require sharper treatment. Make the following for one horse : 4 onnces of Sulphur Yivnm. 2 ounces of "UTiile Hellebore Root, in powder. 2 ounces of Blue Stone Vitriol, in powder. \t ounce of Verdiari^. in powder. 4 ounces of Flanders Oil of Bavs. 3 gUls of Whale Oil. Mix all well together, and nib the horse well with it all over — in the sun, if in summer, but before a fire if in the \vin- ter. In summer you must al-o turn him out to grass aft^r rubbing, but in winter keep him warm in the house. You must be careful to wash your saddles and bridles, cart gears, stands, mangers, racks. &c.. well with quick-lime and cham- ber-ley : for if you do not clean all that the horse may have used, the infection will remain. You vriW find the above a certain cure, if managed rightly, for I have cured hundreds with it, and I do not remember'one instance of its failure. OR, HOBSK DOCTOR. 37 At the same time give freely of flour of sulphur and liver <>f antimony ; and if you have a number of horses infected, be sure to rub them all together. Some people say that Avhen a horse is rubbed for the scab he will infect others, but I am of opinion that he will not, neither do I remember an instance of it. The Farcy, or Farcin.. There have been many opinions respecting this disease. Some authors reckon five kinds ; but although there are so many different branches, yet four of them have the same root. The Water Farcy is different from the others, and therefore I shall put it afterAvards by itself There is a scurvy which horses are subject to, and which is often called a Farcy ; but it is no such thing, for there are only the two kinds of Farcy, which I shall here treat upon. Horses are often said to have the Farcy when they have not, for some- times when people do not know the proper name of a disor- der, they call it the Farcy. The true Farcy is a disorder of the blood-vessels, and generally follows the course of the veins, and when inveterate, thickens their coats and integu- ments in such a manner that they become like so many cords. Symptoms. — At the beginning of this disorder a few small knobs or tumors, resembling grapes, are found on the veins, which are so painful to the touch that the creature shows evident marks of uneasiness on their being pressed with the finger. They are at first very hard like unripe grapes, but in a very little time they grow soft, and break and discharge a bloody matter, and become very foul and untoward ulcers. This disease appears in different places on different horses. Some show it first on the head ; some on the external jugu- lar vein ; some on the plate vein, extending from thence downward, on the inside of the fore-leg, towards the knee, or upwards towards the brisket. In some it first appears about the pasterns, on the sides of the large veins, and on the insides of the thighs, extending towards the groin ; in others on the flanks, spreading by degrees towards the lower belly ; and some horses are nearly covered all over the body at once. Cure. — When the Farcy attacks only one part of a horse, and that where the blood-vessels are small, it may be easily cured ; but when the plate vein is affected and turns corded, and especially when the crural veins, withinsi and then dry np. after which others appear in a fresh place in the same manner. I have known horses that have had tliis complaint eight or ten weelvs. The common kind be- gins with a swelling between the jaw-bones, which some- times extends to the mnscles of the tongne, and is often attended with so much heat, pain and inflammation, that be- fore the matter is formed the creature swallows with the utmost difficulty. Symptoms. — The Strangles is attended with great heat and fever, a painful cjugh, and great inclination to drink, with- out being able. Some horses lose their appetites entirel}', and others eat but very little, occasioned by the pain re- sulting from the motion of the jaws in chewing and swaA- lowing. When the horse runs much at the nose, it is not a good sign. Although this disease is very troublesome, it is not dangerous, except when the swelling turns upwards against the wind-pipe and gullet, and then there is danger of sutlbcation if it do not break soon. Cdke. — The Strangles is not properly a disease, but a dis- charge common to young horses, and therefore it follows that the discharge must be promoted in order to throw oft" the offensive matter. The best method of doing this is to keep the swelling always soft by soaking it with softening oint- ment, such as marshmallows, or elder ointment. I have known oil of swallows, with a little spirit of hartshorn in it, to be very useful in bringing the swelling forward and caus- ing it to break. A cloth in the form of a cap. put on the horse's head, and stuffed vnth wool to keep the swelling warm, -vnll be of great service. Some people apply a poul- tice, but there is no need of this if the above be properly used. Give plenty of warm water, with a little meal on it ; for in this disorder a horse can not swallow dry food enough for its support. AVhen they gather and break, see that the matter runs freely ; if not. open them Avith the point of a sharp knife. It will be five or six days before they break. WTien the swelling is broken, and the oritice of a proper size to discharge the matter, dress with the following oint- ment spread on tow : Take 1 pound of Yellow Hosin. 1 pounirit.s of Sal Ammoniac. 3 ounces of Vinegar. Rub the swelling well with it ; but if it be very hot, add OR, HORSE DOCTOR. 55 four ounces of water inatead of the vinegar. Should the swelling corae forward and form matter, which you may feel by the pressure of your Onger, let the matter out, but be pure to make the incision large enougli that you may dress it with ease. When you have laid the part open, dress it with the green salve before recommended, on tow, for you can not have a more proper salve. The next time you dress it, that is the day after, make a wash of the following : 2 ounces of Spirits of "Wine. 2 ounces of Spirits of Rosemary. 1 ounce of Iloach Alum. 2 ounces of Water. Mix these all together, and they will answer the purpose extremely well. When you have washed the wound with the above mixture, lay on a little green salve, on tow, and' bind it on if you can, but if you can not, lay on a plaster to keep it on. Some swellings, such as have been caused by bad barfen. on the shoulders, or blows on the legs, will not submit to weak mLxtures, nor come to matter in a reasonable time. Mix the following, and it will either take them off or bring them to matter : 2 ounces of Oil of Spike. 1 ounce of Oil of Amber. \ii ounce of Oil of Origanum. 1 ounce of Oil of Turpentine. Mix these well together, and rub the swelling well with them every other day. I have known this remove obstinate swellings. Wounds. Wounds are caused by accidents of various kinds. When the skin is much torn from the flesh, if you are at hand while the wound is quite fresh, take a square-pointed needle and a waxed thread, and sew it up. Mind to put tJie needle in straight, one side over against the other ; draw the skin tight, and tie a knot ; cut off" the thi-ead, and then take ano- ther stitch about an inch off, and so proceed. Wlien some people sew up a wound they do it the same as they would sew up a piece of cloth, but that is quite wrong, for they should tie a knot at every stitch, and cut the thread off. But when you do not see the wound until the place is growing dead, and the skin is dra\ving up, then take off the loose «^Lin ; for if you keep it on it will curl up, and leave a blemish. Always keep the lips of a wound down. When a wound is upon or near a joint, there is d.'inger of 66 THE COMPLETE FARRIER, tlu'owing out a joint-lee. of which there are throe kinds. One. and mostly the first, is thin and brown, something like sweet wort ; the second is rather thicker and tougher, some- thing like melted glue ; . and the third, which is the worst, is like muddy water and snort niLxed together. This last has deceived many people ; for Avhen the wound has thrown out this kind of lee, with little white slippery pieces, something like matter, it has often heen taken for such. "When you find any of these kinds of lee, get a bottle of Riga Balsam, and syiinge the wound every day. If Riga Balsam can not be got, use Tinctm-e of Benjamin. I have known fomenta- tions be of great use, especially on the stifle joint. AVhen a wound is of a dead color, and the lips rise, and the dirty lee flows profusely, the cure is to be despaired of. If proud flesh arise when a wound is in a fair way for healing, take 1 oitnce of Basilicon. 2 drams of Red Precipitate. Mix them well together, and lay them on the proud flesh. This ointment is also very proper to dress a Avound with that appears dead, and does not discharge a proper matter. If the proud flesh do not submit to the above, lay on a little blue vitriol, in poAvder, or touch it Avith caustic or oil of vitriol ; and should none of these make it give way, lay on a little corrosive sublimate. The salves, tinctures and mix- tures akeady laid down, are sufficient to cm-e any cm-able wound. Hurts in the Feet. Horses are oftener hurt in the Feet than any where else, and those hurts are often received from the blacksmith. Every blacksmith should be a farrier, and every farrier a blacksmith, for these businesses should go hand in hand. Sometimes a horse is lamed by being shod into the quick. The foot should always be carefully examined on the first appearance of lameness. Sometimes a nail AAith a flaAV in it will cause a great grievance, as one part will come ont and the othar Avill go into the foot. Blacksmiths should never use such nails except in a frost, Avhen they can put them into the old holes. Sometimes they leave stumps or pieces of nails in the feet ; and sometimes Avhen they drive a nail they turn the point into the foot, and then draw it back and put iu another, taking no further thought about it, and when the horse becomes lame they say he is gravelled. When a horse has got lamed in the foot, be carefnl to cut it Ai^ell out, and to damage the hoof as little as possible, and OR, HORSE DOCTOR. 57 dress the place with oil of turpentine, spirits of tar, and common tar. Lay no hot drjang drugs on, unless proud flesh rise. Sometimes corns on the heels cause a horse to be lame ; cut them out, and dress tlie place with aquafortis. There is another fault which blacksmiths are guilty of, and which is a great hurt to a horse, that is. cutting or paring the heel down too much. The heel being best to come at, they clap the paring-laiife there and cut them down, when there is no need to take any off them at all. The heels are the greatest sup- port of the horse, and by paring them too thin, botu corns and lameness in the back sinews are produced. Before a blacksmith begins to shoe a valuable horse, es- pecially a road-horse, he should examine how he stands and how he goes. If he go low, heavy shoes should be used ; but if he go high, light ones. If he turn his toes out, he will cut with the heel, and if he turn them in, will cut with the spurn. If ho h;) ve a thin, flat foot, he should Jiave broad shoes ; but if a hollow, dished foot, narrow o.ies. If the crust be tlun, and the vein near, small nails shoald be used. Some horses are hoof-bound — that is, have straight heels which pinch the vein between the hoof and the coffin. When this is the case, thin the soles of the feet till the blood springs through, and then put on screw-shoes, and screw the feet out. Let the screw-shoes stay on a fortnight. You may screw the feet out more than half an inch. The next thing to be considered is gravel risiag from the bottom to the top of the foot, and breaking out at the cor- net How many twitter-bones have been Ihus formed that might have been prevented ! "When the gravel comes up to the top of the foot, take away the sole at the boitom, and the hoof at the top, and mix equal parts of oil of turpentine and oil of origanum, and bathe the top part of the foot. This will prevent a twitter from forming. A Twitter-Bone. A Twitter-bone makes a horse very lame, aud not fit for work. It keeps throwing a tough white matter out of what is called a pipe. In order to cure it, first find out where the pipe leads. This you may do with a piece of round lead, the size of a small quill-barrel. Have the following ready, viz. : V^ an oimce of Sublimato, Ln fine powder. 1 ounce of Spirits of Salt. Add juice of oue lemon when Sublimate is dissolved. Mix all together, and syringe a squirt full into the pipe when you take the lead out j and when yoa draw out the .'58 THE COMPLETE FARRIE?., point of the syringe, put yoiir thuml) upon the place to pre. vent it coming back again, and then put on a pledget of green salve and tow. Do this eveiy other day, for three or four times, and by this method most twitters may be re- moved. But if this method fail, the next thing to be done is to put a hot iron, the thickness of a small finger, where the pipe leads to, and to fill the hole ^\'ith sublimate, and bind on it a pledget of green salve with a cloth. Let it be five days, and then lay on some more salve and tow, and in five days more the T\\itter-bone and pipe will come out. The wound must be washed with the following mixture, and dressed with green salve and tow every other day, till nearly well : 1 ounce of Bole. 1 ounce of Oil of Origanum. 4 ounces of Oil of Turpentine. Shake them up well together, and they will both help to heal the wound, and to bring down the substance. If any more Twitter-bones or pipes form, you must take them out in the same manner. A Fistula, and Bruises of the Withers. The Withers are much subject to bruises, caused by bad saddles, or such as are too wide in the front ; but, whatever be the cause, it is well known that by neglect they often terminate in a Fistula. When the Withers are bruised and a swelling appears, lay a poultice of bran and vinegar over the part. People who have a horse which is cni.shed in the Withers, and pay no regard to it, are worse than savages, and are not fit to have such a useful animal. Cure. — After a horse has been bruised in the Withers, the skin breaks and matter is discharged, and then the owner supposes that the abscess will subside, but he is often mis- taken ; and the pipe which he jierceives throwing out matr- ter, is at the same time running forwards in the Withers, and forming a Fistula. When you find the disease proceeding in this manner, lay the pipe open with a sharp penknife all the length, for if you leave any unopened, it will form a Fistula. After you have laid the place open, dress it with the follow- ing mixture ; 4 ounces of Potashes. 4 ounces of Honey. 2 ounces of White VitrioL 1 pint of Vinegar. Boil all together, wash the wound well with the mixture, OR, HORSE DOCTOR. 59 and lay on the green salve and tow. If the above be not dry enough, add two ounces more of white vitriol, and two ounces of bole. These will make a salve by themselves : and by these methods you may cui-e any disease of the With- ers arising from external injuries. But tumors often arise in the Withers from internal causes, Buch as tjje crisis of Fevers. When this happens, you must not attempt to stop it, nor use any thing to put it back, for by this means you would drive it more into the shoulder- blades, and make it worse to cure 5 but. on the contrary, do every thing you can to assist Nature in bringing it forward. You can not do better than lay on poulticestwice a day till it breaks, for reason tells us that it is better to do so than to cut it ; but when it is broken, open tlie orifice with a knife, that you may have more freedom in dressing it ; but be care- ful in using the knife, that you do not catch hold of the liga- ment which tarns along the neck to the Withers. Sometimes it runs to the other side of the neck, under the Withers. The cure is the same as before. Lay all the cavities open with the knife, and do not cut across if you can avoid it. Then take the following never-failing mixture to dress with : 4 ounces of Crude Sal Ammoniac. 2 ounces of Bole. 8 ounces of Honey. 2 oimces of Pearl Ashes. 2 oimces of White Vitriol. 1 pint of Vinegar. Boil all together, and apply it to the wound every day at first, and afterwards every other day till well. Warbles, Girth-Galls, and Plushes from Saddles. These grievances are commonly known, and the following mixture will eflect a cure, take off the soreness, and leave the skin kind. I may affirm that it Is one of the best recipes yet found out for the piu-pose : 2 ounces of Extract of Lead. ^ an ounce of White Copperas. 2 oimces of Spirits of Wine. 4 oimcoj of Soft Water. 1 ounce of Spirits of Sal Ammoniac. Mix all together in a bottle, keep shaldng it up, and rub the affected places well with it, and put youi- saddles and barfens on while the places are wet in order to prevent them from infecting other horses. Sometimes horses have what are called Seifasts on their backs. Rub them with a little mercurial ointment, in order GO TIIE COMPLETE FARRIER, to raise them and make them come off ; and if you can not pull them out after using the ointment, cut them out with a sharp knife, and apply to the place the above mixture, or heal it up as a common wound. Most excrescences on hor- ses are cured in this manner. Windgalls. These are mostly on the hind legs, near the fetlock, but 1 have known them above the fetlock, and on the arm. Wind- galls are not only eye-sores, but lame many a horse. Many methods are tried to disperse them without effect. If you put your finger on one side, and your thumb on the other, and press with one of them, you will find the Windgall to go quite through the leg. The reason that they are mostly on the hind leg is. because the horse stands lower behind than before, and throws most weight on the hind legs. Cure. — On the first appearance of a Windgall, bathe the place well with warm vinegar and spirits of wine, and put a pretty tight bandage. round it. If this do not remove it, lay on blistering ointment till the cure shall be completed. But should this method also fail, which it seldom does, you must lay the Windgall open and dress it as a common wound.- Before you use the knife, be careful to get the horse's body into a proper cool state by physic. The Grease. This disorder is mostly brought on by soft corn, hard usage, want of proper cleaning, or a depraved state of the blood and juices ; therefore it is proper to divide it into two heads. Cure, when the Vessels are Relaxed. — On first observing the legs of a horse to swell after standing several hours, and to recover their proper dimensions with exercise, be careful to wash them clean with chamber-ley. soap-suds, or vinegar and water, every time he comes in. for this will p*revent or remove the disorder. Horses that have round or fleshy legs are more subject to the Grease than those that have flat legs ; but a flat-legged horse is more easily sprained. Nitro, sulphur, and liver of antimony, are proper both to prevent the Grease and to refine the blood. Mix eqiml parts of- each, and give a meat-spoonful every day in his food. CuRbJ FOR THE GrkASE FROM LvTKRXAL CaUSFS.— If thc horSB be fiiU of flesh, the cure must be begun by bleeding, rowels, and repeated purging ; after which two ounces of the follow- OR, nORSE DOCTOE. 61 ing balls should be given every other day for some time, and they will work by ui-iue the day following : 4 ounces of Yellow Resin. 2 ounces of Salt of Prunel. 1 ounce of Oil of Juniper. 2 ounces of Salt of Tartar. 8 ounces of Castile Soap. 1 ounce of Camphor. Put these into a mortar with about two ounces of honey, or as much as will make them into balls, and they will carry ofi" the offending humors, and free the blood from its noxious qualities. But at the same time that these internal remedies are taken, outward ones should not be omitted. The legs should be bathed with warm verjuice 5 and, if very bad, a poultice of boiled turnips applied. If turnips can not be got, make a poultice of linseed meal and bran, with a little hog's lard in to prevent it from growing hard. Sometimes horses are neglected when in the Grease till they have what are called grape-legs. These may be cured on their first appearance, when they are in the bud, by lay- ing on caustic, or corrosive sublimate. When the swelling is abated, make the following into a salve to dress the sores with : 1 ounce of Blue Stone Vitriol, in powder. 2 ounces of White Lead, in powder. 4 ounces of Honey. Mix these well together, and lay them on the sores with low, to heal them ; but, should they continue foul, and not frame to heal, mix four ounces of green salve, and four ounces of -^gyptiacum ointment well together, and lay it on in the above manner. The mixture will both heal and dry up the sores. Scratches. This disease is a forerunner of the Grease, and is a hot oozing matter that breaks out like links, with a nauseous smell. It is very troublesome to a horse, causing his heels to look red and angry, and to be very sore ; and sometimes it is so violent as to render a horse lame, and make him unfit for use. K you do not bleed and physic as soon as you find a heat in a horse's heels, you may soon have him laid in the Grease. Sometimcis in slight touches of this complaint the heels axe not hotter than usual. In that case, take a little flour of sulphur and spirits of v/ine, mix them together into an oint- ment, and fill the cracks well with it. When the disorder is 62 THE COMrLETE FARRIER, too hot to be healed by this ointment, nib with a little ^gyptiacum ointment, but be careful not to lay too much on, for it is a great drier. Rat-tails at first resemble the Grease, and are attended with a hot scorbutic humor at the beginning, and ofleu by neglect destroy the roots of the hair, and then there is no complete cure for them, but they may be relieved by rub- bing with equal parts of strong mercurial ointment and Flanders oil of bays. If a horse have got the Scurvy, or Scabs on his legs, this ointment will mostly take them off ; but if not, mix well with hog's lard, one dram of sublimate, in fine powder. These two last mixtures will cure most Scabs, and mixed together they will cure the Itch. The Crown Scab. This disorder is similar to the last. It breaks out on the cornet of the foot, and is at first a hot running tumor, and afterwards a dry, scurvy scab. Let the horse be bled and ])hysicked, and then rub him with either of the above oint- ments, and the cure will be effected. How to Manage a Horse en a Journey. In the first place, find out whether the horse is in health, and has been properly fed and exercised ; for when a horse is fli>6hed up. and has had no exercise, he is very unfit for a journey. Before you set out be careful to observe if his shoes are fast, and if they sit easy ; also whether he cuts be- fore or behind, or interferes, as it is called. If a horse cut •with bad shoes, he will probably do it with new ones, not- vithstanding what horse-dealers may say to the contrary. If your horse's back inflame by the rubbing of tbe saddle, wash the part as soon as you perceive it, with salt and water, or vinegar and water, and have the stuffing of the saddle altered so as to remove the pressure from the part aflected : but if the skin be broken before you perceive it, the injured part should be washed with a mixture, composed of equal ])art3 of extract of lead, spirits of wine, and water. You must look well after his back, and walk sometimes, in order to ease him, especially when going down a hill. It often happens, especially to young horses, that the legs swell, or become gourdy, as farriers call it. with- traveling, and more frequently when a horse cuts. It is also observed that the hind legs swell oftener than the fore legs, because the fore parts stand highest ia the stall, and consequently OR, HORSE DOCl-OR. C.'3 the greatest stress lies on the hind legs. The best method of prevention is to Avash the legs with warm water every time you bait, by which means the disease will be prevented, and much time, trouble and expense saved. Nothing is of more consequence in traveling than to take care that your horse has water at proper times and in proper quantities. When a horse travels he perspires considerably, especially in hot weather, and should therefore be allowed to drink a little more than usnal, as opportunity oilers, which will refresh him greatly ; but never sutler him to drink much at a time, for if you suffer him to drink his fill he will be dull and sluggish afterwards, besides the harm he may re- ceive from drinking too much cold water when he is hot. Never allow your horse to be led to water, or to have his heels washed, after you have arrived at your inn, but let him have lukewarm water, or water moderately cool, when he has stood some time in the stable. It is a general rule that when any extraneous body, or foreign matter, such as sand or gravel, is lodged in any part of the animal's body, it must be extracted as soon and as easily as possible. When gravelly matter has got into the quick at a nail-hole, or any other aperture, it ought to be removed as soon as possible, but with as little loss of sub- stance as the nature of the case will admit of, for it is a folly to cut and pare away the hoof as some ignorant farriers do ; because by that means they increase the evil instead of re- moving it, as it is a considerable time before the breach is repaired, and till that is done, the same part is likely to ad- mit more gravel. So much, therefore, and no more, of the hoof should be taken away as is necessary, viz. : till the blackness or discoloration vanishes ; then the wound should be dressed with the following balsam : ^<2 an ounce of Gum Benjamin. ^ an ounce of Balsam of Peru. 6 drams of Myrrh. 3 drams of Storax. ;? drams of Socotrine Aloes. 3 drams of Frankincense. 3 drams of Gum Guaiacum. Powder the ingredients that will powder, and put them in a bottle with one quart of spirits of wine, and let them stand warm for eight or ten days, shaking the bottle up every day. This is an excellent balsam for green wounds, and no person that keeps valuable horses should be without it. Apply it warm to the wound, dipping a piece of tow or lint into it, an(^ fastening it on to the part out of which the gravel or thorn has been taken, and renew it as it grows dry. Popular Books sent Free of Postage at the Prices annexed. The Sociable; or, One Tlwusanl avd One Home Amusement n. Containinf^ Acting Proverbs, Charades, Musical Burlesques, Tableaux Vivants, Parlor LTames, Forteits, Parlor May^ic, ttud a choice collection of curious mental and mechanical puzzles, etc. Illustrated with engraving-s and diagrams. 12mo., cloth, gilt side stamp. Price gl 50 \ ank Converse's Complete Banjo Instructor, without a .faster. Containing. a choice collection of Banjo Solos. 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