(/ ..^^^v;.. •j^. J ;^ NORTH AMERICAN FAUNAS ; ^^ '^'.'■C American Faunas not out of print are for sate, at the prices named, by the ' Superintendent of . Documents,' Government J'rinting Office, Washington, B:^C. Numbers marked .vnth an asterisk [»] are out ^of^ print. * No/ iV ^JRevision" of the North kmericap - Pocket; .Mice. By G. Hart Merrlam, •Pp; 36, pls.-:4:-<1^9.^> /'•',■-.. ':-",, '.• ^- --■.■■: ^l'// ;":;"- T^:/. ■•...-r.-J':-- .- • ♦No ,i2.'Descnptiofi6'ofFovirteen New .Species and One New, Gen us of North ■ - '- ' American Mammals. : By O.^Hart .Merriam.; TPp. 52,' T)1s; 8,' figs. .7. ^1889. ' ♦No. 3. Results of a Biological. Survey of the San ^fancisco" Mountain: Region " and Desert ;of the JiiittleCk)loradOi Arizona. By O. 'Hart , Merriam >and ' LeOnhard Stejneger: - Pp. 136, > pis.' 14, maps, 5 :: (colored),: figs. .2, .1890. *No. 4; De^riptions of Twenty-six New S'pecies'of North ^American Mammals. - By 0. Hart Merrlam. Pp. 60,' pis. ;3, figs. 8. 1890. -^ i , ', ; -- ; •; ♦No. 5. Results ot sC Biological RecGunoissAnce^'of South-central .Idaho; ,-r By ' . ' C. , Hart' Merrianf and LwniiardStejnegeh^^^^^p^^^ of a New Genus ^v 'and Two New Species' 0^ North American Mammals. By O. Hart Merriam. ,&;: ;Cpp::132, pis; 4 (l colored), figs; vi.. 1891. J; - j / . ^: ' ;; ..v;: V^^;' - r^ ^ .No^ 6.' Not issued.'. ■ "'::... -. - ' '' '^ ■'--'['-:'- ", ^ :- •. -;"^.' . 7, ■ • '^ -■' -'-'■;'" ( ' ♦No,;7. The Death Valley Expedition '/A Biological Survey of Parts <)f,GalI- T 'Vfornla, Nevada, Arizona, and Utah. ."CPart Il.-r-l.^ Birds, by A. K. Fisher. \^ ='- . 2. Reptiles and Batrachians, by LeonhardStejUeger/.S.'Fishes, by Charles ic ' .;H/ Gilbert. T4:'':insects,l)y: C. v; Riley.; 5. MolluskB.'-by, R. E-.C. Stearns. '^ <6. Desert. Trees and Shrubs, by 0. Hart Mefriam.;.'?, Desert; Cactuses and ~ ' - Yuccas, ty O. Hart Merriam.'^ 8. List of Ldcalijies.rby T.;s. P^almer. Pp. 402, •^^'■XpIs.'15,'maps'5,;flgS42.',1893... :';i"—'--:^-^'.\^ •■:■■- -. ~L^- ;. ' -■ '. ;^ "♦No/ 8. Mohogtaphic Revision of tlie Pocket tSophers, Family ^Geoinyidae (exclu- sive of the species of Thomomys)..^By;;e..Hart Merriam. Pp. 258, pis. 20, figs. 71^maps 4- (colored)i:, 1895./;^ ,-v '^v^ V ^ ■ . , ^ ^ . "Eo. 9. Not issii^d.^',^' {''.;■ , -; . ''.:'^ ---_•■ '/ ,^' -, .'.■■ -i, ..':.■-: -... ;""*No.lO'. Revision of the Shrews o'f the American Genera Blarina and NptiOso- ■ '.rex.';? By C. Hart >Merria:m. The Long-tailed Shrews of the Eastern United -.'States. By Gerrit S." Miller, jr. .'Synopsis etthe-American Shrews "of the ' " 'Genus Sorex., By C. Hart Merriam.-; Pp." 124, pis., 12, figs:',3. ^1895.; ^ r ^ f *No;'li. Synopsis «f the ^Weasels :of North America, i By G.'Hart Merriain. . ■ Pp.^44, pl8.'6,fig^.l6. -11896. ; - -^ ':' , " • , ';. ^;' .•: ' "; " ; v . - ^ ♦No. 12:' The Genera and Subgenera of Voles and Lemmings. By 'Gerrit S. VMiUei^ jr.^Bp; 84, pis:; 3, figs; 40.-A1896: :;.;,:%'■ -■ '-. - ':':':: ♦No. 13.^, Revision of the 'North' Amei-ican -Bats Of the Family Vesper tilionidae. By.Gefrit S.Miller,; jr^; Pp. "140, ^pls..3rfe/.40.\ 1897. ;, - ,- ;^. '.. *No. 14.: "Natural History fdf. the Tres^iarias Island, Mexico. General Account ;of the Islands, -with.. Reports on Manjmals &nd 'Birds, by E. W. Nelson.- Reptiles, by-Leonh'afd Stejneger; ' Notes; on Crustacea, by Mary J, ; Rkth- , , bun; Plants,'-by J. N," Rose. Bibliography, by E. Wi Nelson. Pp. 97, pi. ' -': (map)-, figs. ;2.a899.,:;'r? :; . ' :; v, ■:';"''. C- ^'?:-:v; ;' ♦No.*.15.'* Revision of the Jumping Mfce.of ; the, Genus Zapus. By Edward A., ' Preble; -Pp: -42, pi., "figs. ;4.vi890.v,:'^;-^ ^^ ^ ^ . .v- ♦No. 16, Results of a BiologicaTSurvey of Mount Shasta, Ca;ifornla. By C;Hart Merriam./:Pp. 179,^pls/ 5/ figs. 46.' -1899; ' i . "^w^ ^ :< ':-,^ ' > > ; ' -^ ♦No, 17, Revision otf American Voles of the Genus MicrOtus. By, Vernon Bailey. - Pp; 88, ,pls; 5, figs.'17. V1900. - : J ^- c , '';.k v^ ./ -: ' . '■; ♦No, 18. 'Revision of the Pd^ket.Mlce of the Genus Perognathus. By Wilfred H. Osgood.*- Pp; 72, pis. 4;(incl. 2 maps), figs. 15. 1900., * . • ' ■ ; ', ;v ' ' ; ♦NdM9. Results of a Biological Reconhoissancebf the Yukon Region; General Account of the Region. ; Annotated ' List ;of Mammals, by -Wilfred h;- 6s-; good. ' Annotated List of Birds, by Louis B, iBishop. Pp. 100, pis. 7 (incl. ;:U'Jnap).;-1900. .■}■-■- ,-•■ .••,- ■-- :'^- . 'K>-.^V;." ' •■ - .^ : '■.--■:<:■'■■ ^♦No, 2b. Revision of the Skunks of the Genus Chincha [Mepliitisl. By Arthur * H.''Howe|t^'Pp. 62, pis.>..-i90i.^;^ ;,K • - ^^^v- v >;>:.-->. -.; : ^ * No.' 21.. Natural History. of the Queen Charlotte Islands, Britisia Columbia ; and Natural' History of the Cook Inlet Region, Alaska. By JWilfred H. Osgood, Pp."^7, pis. 7 (incL.l map), fig. (map), 1901,= .' .- ' V ' , *No, 22, A Biological Investigation of the Hudson Bay Region, By Edward A ;- -; . Preble. Pp. 140, pis. 14 (incl., 1 map). 1902.; - . ' ,"i^ ^i^^^ ; - ' /^.'^^ ■♦No. 23. Index Generum'Mammalium: -A List of the Genera and FainlUes^ot: \Mammal3. By T.,S.; Palmer. Pp. ,984. 1904. ~- : - .; ■' ■ "- -"'.-'-' ;■ ' (Continued on page 3 of cover).. North American Fauna No. 51, U. S. Dept. Agr., Biological Survey Plate 1 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA 3Sro. 51 [JULY, 1928] A TAXONOMIC KEVIEW OF THE AMEEICAN LONG-TAILED SHEEWS (Genera SOREX and MICROSOREX) BY ty H: T. JA hf HARTLEY HT T. JACKSON BIOLOGIST, DIVISION OF BIOLO(?TCAL INVESTIGATIONS BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON 1928 IS'6' ^ X ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 50 CENTS PER COPY •5^^n?1M CONTENTS rage Introduction 1 Distribution and habitat 2 Habits 5 Food and economic status 10 Youug 11 Weight 11 Explanations 12 External measurements 12 Cranial measurements 13 Maturity of skulls 13 Teeth 14 Colors 14 Groups 15 Material examined 16 The family Soricidae 16 Subfamilies 17 Pelages and molts 17 Time of molting 17 Manner of molting 18 Variations 18 Geographic variation 18 Individual variation 19 Sexual variation 20 Age variation 21 Seasonal variation 21 History 21 List of generic names used for American long-tailed shrews 26 Key to genera and subgenera of American long-tailed shrews 27 List of American genera, species, and subspecies of long-tailed shrews, with type localities 27 Genus Sorex 3q Subgenus Sorex 3^^ Key to subspecies 32 Sorex cinereus group 37 Sorex fumeus group gO Sorex arcticus group gg Sorex pribilofensis group 76 Sorex merriami group 78 Sorex sclateri group 82 Sorex longirostris group 83 Sorex dispar group 88 Sorex troichridffii group 92 Sorex vagrans-o'bscurus group 101 Sorex sUzodon group I47 Sorex veraepacis group 147 Sorex saussurei group I53 Sorex ornatus group 163 Subgenus Neosorex ~ I75 Subgenus Atophyrax ~_ ~ ~ 192 Genus Microsorex ~ ~_ _ 2OO Literature cited ~~~ ~~ ~_ 211 Index 233 III f! \ \ t^ i m. r ILLUSTRATIONS [riate 1, frontispiece ; plates 2-13, following page 218] Pl. 1. White-lipped water shrew {Sorex palustris alhibarhis) . 2. Skulls (dorsal view) of Sorex cincreus, S. fonthtalis, S. lyelli, S. prehlei, S. fumeus, S. arcticus, 8. tundrensis, 8. prihilofensis, 8. merriami, 8. leucogenys, 8. sclateH, 8. longirostris, 8. dispar, 8. trowbridgU, 8. vagrans, 8. durangae, and 8. obscurus. 3. Skulls (dorsal view) of 8(yrex obsacrus, 8. yaquinae, 8. pcbci^icus, 8. sUzodon, 8. veraepacis, 8. macrodon, 8. saiissurei, 8. emarginatus, 8. ventralis, 8. oreopolus, 8. ornatus, 8. siuuosus, 8. trigmiirostris, 8. juncensis, 8. my ops, 8. names, and 8. palustris. 4. Skulls (dorsal view) of Sorex palustris, 8. alaskanns, 8. tendlrU, and Microsorex hoyi. Skulls (ventral view) of Microsoi-cx Jioyl, Sorex cinercus, 8. fontinalis, 8. fumeus, 8. arcticus, 8. tundrensis, 8. prihilo- fensis, 8. merriami, 8. leucogenys, 8. sclateri, and 8. dispar. 5. Skulls (ventral view) of Sorex longirostris, 8. troxobridgii, 8. r a gratis, 8. durangae, 8. obsctirus, 8. yaquinae, 8. paeificus, 8. stizodon, 8. veraepacis, 8. macrodon, S. saussurei, 8. ornatus, 8. palustris, 8. alaskanus, and 8. bendirii. Skulls (lateral view) of Sorex cinercus, 8. fontinalis, 8. lyelli, 8. preblei, 8. fumeus, 8. arcticus, 8. tundrensis, and S. pribilofensis. 6. Skulls (lateral view) of Sorex merriami, 8. leucogenys, S. sclateri, 8. longirostris, 8. dispar, 8. trowbridgii, 8. vagrans, 8. durangae, 8. obscurus, 8. yaquinae, 8. paeificus, 8. stizodon, 8. veraepacis, 8. saus- surei, 8. ornatus, 8. tenellus, 8. myops, 8. palustris, 8. bendirii, and Microsorex lioyi. 7. Rostra and upper teeth (lateral view) of Sor&v cincreus, 8. fmvtinaUs, 8. lyelli, 8. fumeus, 8. arcticus, 8. tundrensis, 8. araneus, 8. prihilofenr sis, S. merriami, and S. leucogenys. 8. Rostra and upper teeth (lateral view) of Sorex sclateri, 8. longirostris, S. dispar, 8. troiobridgii, 8. vagrans, 8. durangae, 8. obscurus, 8. yaquinae, 8. paeificus, and 8. stizodon. 9. Rostra and upper teeth (lateral view) of Sorex veraepacis, 8. macrodon, 8. saussurei, 8. emarginatus, 8. ventralis, 8. oreopolus, 8. omattis, 8. tenellus, and 8. nanus. 10. Rostra and upper teeth (lateral view) of Sorex palustris, 8. alascensis, S. bendirii, and Microsorex hoyl. 11. Upper teeth (ventral surface) of Sorex cincreus, 8. fumeus, 8. wrcticus, S. pribilofensis, 8. merriami, 8. lotigirostris, 8. dispar, 8. trowbridgii, 8. obscurus, 8. veraepacis, 8. saussurei, 8. ornatus, 8. palustris, 8. bendirii, and Microsorex hoyi. 12. Lower teeth (lateral view) of Sorex cincreus, 8. fumeus, 8. arcticus, S. tundrensis, 8. pribilofensis, 8. merriami, 8. longirostris, 8. dispar. 8. troivbridgii, 8. vagrans, 8. obscurus, 8. yaquinae, 8. stizodon, and 8. veraepacis. 13. Lower teeth (lateral view) of Sorex saussurei, 8. ornatus, S. palustris, 8. bendirii, and Microsorex hoyi. Lower teeth (dorsal surface) of Sorex obscurus and Microsorex hoyi. Second and third upper uni- cuspids (ventral surface) of Microsorex hoyi. VI NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA TEXT FIGURES Page Fig. 1. Skull of Sorex showing cranial measurements 13 2. Teeth of Sorex showing principal cusps 15 3. Geographic range of the species and subspecies of the Swex cinereus group 39 4. Geographic range of subspecies of Sorex fumeus 61 5. Geographic range of subspecies of Sorex arcticus and the species S. tundrensis 67 6. Rostrum of Sorex hydrodromus 75 7. Geographic range of species of the Sorex merriami group 79 8. Geographic range of subspecies of Sorex longirostris 84 9. Geographic range of species of the Sorex dispar group 89 10. Geographic range of subspecies of Sorex trowbridgti 93 11. Geographic range of subspecies of Sorex vagrans and the species S. durangae 102 12. Geographic range of the species Sorex obscurus 116 13. Geographic range of five subspecies of Sorex obscvrtis 118 14. Geographic range of eight subspecies of Sorex ohsGurus 129 15. Geographic range of Sorex ijaquinae and of subspecies of 8. paciflcus 141 16. Geographic range of subspecies of Sorex veraepacis and the species S. macrodon 148 17. Geographic range of subspecies of Sorex saussurei and the species S. emarginatus 154 18. Geographic range of Sorex sclateri, 8. stizodon, 8. ventralis, and 8. oreopolus 161 19. Geographic range of species and subspecies of the Sorex ornatus group 164 20. Foramina magna of Sorex obscurus and 8. ornatus 165 21. Geographic range of species and subspecies of the Sorex palustris group 177 22. Geographic range of subspecies of Sorex bendirii 193 23. Geographic range of subspecies of Microsorex hoyi 201 24. Dorsal view of right third upper incisors of Sorex araneus, 8. cinereus. and Microsorex hoyi 201 No. 51 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA July, 1928 A TAXONOMIC REVIEW OF THE AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS (Genera SOREX and MICRO SOREX) By Habtley H. T. Jackson INTRODUCTION No other group of American mammals having a wide distribution, and in many localities an abundance of individuals, is so little known to the nonprofessional mammalogist as the long-tailed shrews belong- ing to the genera Sorex and Microsorex. Neither are the individuals of any other group of common mammals so seldom seen in life by the professional field mammalogist, nor are the habits of such indi- viduals less known to him. And probably no other group of maru- mals offers so many difficulties and problems in the wa^ of taxonomic study. These arise from numerous features, no one of which may be peculiar to shrews, but the combination occurs in no other large group of mammals. The small size of shrews makes slight errors of measurements, external or cranial, large proportionally, and makes necessary the constant use of the microscope for the study of cranial and dental characters. The absence of color pattern, and a definite color variation between species that in many cases seems scarcely more than individual, makes identification by color alone possible only in a comparatively few instances. The early anastomosis of the separate cranial bones into one compact whole, which occurs while the animal is yet juvenile, makes comparison of the various individual bones of the skull impossible ; all outlines of the individual cranial bones are lost in adult shrews. The simple dentition of shrews offers little opportunity for differentiation of form or cusps. Variability of skulls and teeth due to age of the individual is excessive, so much so that the skull of an adult animal may appear entirely unlike the skull of a young animal of the same subspecies ; great care must there- fore be exercised in making comparisons to be certain that the indi- viduals are of corresponding age and development. Finally, there is a wide range of individual cranial variation, particularly in the size of the skull ; shrews seem more prone to produce " runty " skulls or abnormal dentition than most other mammals. In popular parlance the American long-tailed shrews might super- ficially be divided into four groups, namely, the long-tailed shrews proper, the saddleback shrews (the arcticus group), the water shrews {palustris group), and the marsh shrews {hendirii group). So little are shrews known to the layman that when actually seen they are gen- erally confused with mice, though in reality as closely related to 2 ISrOETH AMERICAN" FAUNA [No. 51 wolves or foxes as to mice. Occasionally, however, they are distin- guished by modifying terms, as in sections of Alaska, where O. J. Murie reports that they are known as " sharp-nosed mice " ; or in the Gallatin country of Montana, where C. W. Richmond says they are called " dormice," or in the Jackson Hole region of Wyoming, where, according to Alexander Wetmore, the water shrews are known locally as " fish-mice." In many localities shrews are known as " moles " or " young moles," and the water shrew as " water mole." One of the most peculiar local names is reported by A. K. Fisher, who says that in Dismal Swamp, Va., Sorex longirostrls flsheri is called " smell fast." Shrews are known to some of the Indian tribes, who have special names for them; thus, the Chippewas of northern Wisconsin and Minnesota know the little animals as " oke-pa-ku-kue " or " oke- pa-kue-kue " ; the Klamath Indians call S. vagrans " shu-zhi " ; Ver- non Bailey (manuscript notes) reports that the Taos Indians of New Mexico recognize the shrew under the name " pah-ka-che-una "; and the Kwakiool name for the mole or shrew in British Columbia is " kiap-kepu-s " (Dawson, 1888, p. 93). The common shrew of eastern Canada {S. cmer^eus) was known to the Labrador Eskimos as the ukounavik (Packard, 1866, p. 266). According to Nelson the long- tailed shrew was known to the Alaskan Eskimos as the " u-gu-gi- nuk," and when it was found strayed out on the sea ice by them, it was the subject of a curious superstition. They claim that there is a kind of water shrew living on the ice at sea which is exactly like the common land shrew in appearance, but which is endowed with demoniac quickness and power to work harm. If one of them is disturbed by a person, it darts at the intruder and burrowing under the skin, works about inside at random and finally enters the heart and kills him. As a consequence of this belief the hunters are in mortal terror if they chance to meet a shrew on the ice at sea, and in one case that I knew of a hunter stood immovable on the ice for several hours until a shrew he hap- pened to meet disappeared from sight, whereupon he hurried home, and his friends all agreed that he had had a very narrow escape. (Nelson, 1887, p. 271.) DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT The genus Sorex is distributed throughout a large portion of the continents of Europe, Asia, and North America. It is absent from the extreme southern and torrid sections and more abundant both in species and individuals in the north-temperate and boreal parts. In North America the range of the genus extends over the entire northern part of the continent from the Arctic Ocean south to northern Florida and Alabama in the eastern United States ; Indiana, Illinois, and Nebraska in the middle United States ; and in the higher elevations of the mountains of the West to Guatemala. The range of the water and marsh shrews (subgenera Neosorex and Atophyrax) extends from southern Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, southern Northwest Territories, northern British Columbia, and southeastern Alaska, south to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and Minne- sota in the eastern United States, to Arizona and New Mexico in the Rocky Mountains, to the Mount Whitney region, California, in the Sierra Nevada, and along the Pacific coast to northern California. The range of the genus Microsorex extends from northern Quebec, northern Ontario, and central and western Alaska south to the northern United States. 192.S] EEVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 3 The characteristic habitats of long-tailed shrews are moist situa- tions with an abundance of vegetation, such as mossy and grassy banks along streams, meadows, sphagnum bogs, and damp woods, particularly of coniferous trees. There is, however, considerable variation in the dominant habitats among the various species, while certain of the common forms seem less restricted in habitat and may be found at times in associations that could hardly be considered characteristic of the particular species. For example, the species cinereus is of wide distribution and ordinarily may be expected in the normal shrew habitat of damp woods, mossy banks of streams, coniferous swamps, and sphagnum bogs; yet there are numerous records of specimens of this species taken in houses and other build- ings, particularly in the far north, and of other individuals in dry woods and meadows in the eastern United States. The species fumeus is most frequently reported from hemlock woods, but may occasionally occur in meadows near timber. As a general rule, Sorex vagrans prefers damp meadows and S. ohseums the mossy banks of streams; at any rate, in many regions where the two species occur, as, for example, S. v. amoenus and ,6'. 0. ohscunos in the Sierra Nevada, a majority of each species is trapped in the respective habitats indicated above. In regard to the trapping of a specimen of jS. o. ohscurus in the Manzano Moun- tains, N. Mex., J. H. Gaut remarks in his field report : A gopher trapped in a tunnel made by the animal was discovered to have a small opening in its side with parts of the intestines gone and immediately upon discovering this fact I removed the specimen and replaced it with a small trap baited with some of the remaining portions of the intestines. An hour later the trap was visited and found to be holding fast one of these little shrews. The hole in which the trap was placed was thoroughly covered with dirt, in such manner that no animal could possibly have entered at that particular place. In the coast region of Washington it is known that S. o. setosus frequently inhabits the runways of moles (Scapanus). The species obscwms is also occasionally found in buildings, but such cases must be considered exceptional. Habitat records of the rare Sorex dispar would indicate that the species usually lives among rocks. It is said that the type specimen was trapped among some large, angular rocks at the head of a wooded talus of loose rock just beloAV low cliffs, which shaded the spot and kept it cool, and that a second specimen was taken in a crevice be- tween some rocks on the bare, open summit of Mount Marcy, N. Y. (Batchelder, 1896, p. 133.) Mearns also records the species as being trapped in hollows under mossy stones, usually in wet balsam or spruce woods, or in weedy swamps, in the Catskill Mountains, N. Y. (Mearns, 1898, p. 356) ; and at Mount Greylock, Mass., Copeland caught one specimen under a rock at the edge of a moist grassy clear- ing surrounded by woods, and another near a small brook in swampy woods of spruce, hemlock, and scattered birches thickly carpeted with sphagnum (Copeland, 1912b, 'p. 162). The first Imown specimens of /S. gaspensis were all caught near small streams. One was trapped among dead tree stumps that were lying partly submerged and almost surrounded by water and shaded by overhanging spruce trees. A second was procured in a trap set in such a position at the foot of a low cliff facing a stream that the animal must have passed through 4 NORTH AMEEICAN FAUNA [No. 51 shallow water to reach the trap; a dark, damp forest spread on all sides; deep moss covered the ground and obscured the stream in places, and many trees bore hanging moss. The third specimen was caught along a small stream that came through a narrow canyon on a cool, north slope covered with a forest of spruce and balsam ; the trap was set among driftwood and wet leaves between bowlders. (An- thony and Goodwin, 1924, p. 1; Goodwin, 1924, p. 252.) One of the western species, Sorex trowhHdgii, may be found in the regulation damp, mossy habitat of long-tailed shrews, but it also dis- plays a marked preference for the drier woods, and in parts of western Washington and Oregon it is frequently most abundant in dry fir timber. The two closely related species Sorex merriami and S. leucogenys have an unusual habitat for shrews, in that they have been found only in an arid sagebrush association. The type and only known specimen of S. tenellus was also collected among loose rocks on a dry hillside a long distance from water. The water shrews (subgenus Neosorex) are seldom found at any great distance from water, which may be a lake or pond, a brook, or merely a pothole in a swamp, bog, or forest. They seem to prefer a more or less wooded habitat and are rarelj'^ found in marshes devoid of bushes or trees. They tend to be more boreal than mem- bers of the subgenus Atophyrax and in the western United States are usually found at the higher altitudes in the Canadian Zone. Nevertheless, in March, 1920, G. G. Cantwell collected three specimens at an altitude of about 300 feet at Kockport, Skagit County, Wash. The streams in which these specimens were caught, however, came down from mountains 4,000 to 6,000 feet high not more than 2 miles distant. The marsh shrews (subgenus Atophyrax) seem to be less truly aquatic than the members of the subgenus Neosorex, and although found in damp woods and other habitats such as are frequented by Neosorex, they also occur in tule or sedge marshes. At Lake Cush- man. Wash., in the midsummer of 1894, C. P. Streator caught three specimens in traps baited with rolled oats and set on an old beaver dam. Shrews of the genus Microsorex do not seem to differ particularly in their habitat preference from certain members of the genus Sorex. as, for example, cinereus. Such reports as are available indicate that the pigmy shrews are most frequently found in damp woods, sometimes of deciduous trees. But they are also found in tamarack swamps and muskegs-, and occasionally in marshes and even in dry woods. The type specimen of Microsorex h. washingtoni was found dead in a trail in dry pine woods. E. A. Preble reports one of this genus taken January 4, 1904, in the potato cellar of a dwelling house at Fort Simpson, Northwest Territories, Canada. Of the first two specimens of M. h. wiTynemana collected, one (type specimen) was captured in the decayed interior of a fallen log in mixed woods of maple and other deciduous trees and the other was found in the decayed heart of a dead chestnut tree on a dry hillside some dis- tance from water. The third specimen of wiwnemana was captured by G. W. J. Blume, who sent it to Wirt Robinson, who in turn pre- 1928] KEVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG -TAILED SHKEVs 5 sented it to the United States National Museum. In a letter to Colonel Robinson Mr. Blume states : As I recall the capture of the shrew, I noticed movements in the leaves on one of the hillsides on my place at Alta Vista, Va., and thinking it to be a mole plowing the surface as they sometimes do in gravelly or very rooty ground, I started to scratch among the leaves to catch it. The shrew started to run and I caught it in my hands. I think there was a rock pile not far distant which was probably its home. It was in dry, wooded land, probably not over 100 yards from running water but not close to a swamp. There was no dense underbrush, but plenty of natural concealment afforded by the leaves, rocks, old logs, etc., in the vicinity. HABITS Long-tailed shrews are such elusive midgets and such meager defi- nitely planned research has been done on their life history that com- paratively little is known about their habits. That the various species have certain general habits more or less in common is self-assertive, but that the different species also have specialized habits varying to meet their different habitats and environments is also evident. For example, one could hardly assume that the habits of the semi- desert species, Sorex merrimni^ would be similar in detail to those of S. dispar^ which inhabits the comparatively cool, humid coniferous forest region of the eastern United States. Yet almost nothing is known about the specialized habits of either of these species. Shrews are the active, vicious, voracious little imps of the mammal world. They are largely nocturnal, but are not infrequently active during the daytime, particularly under the snow in winter or during cloudy weather at any season of the year. They are apparently active during the entire winter and do not hibernate, although they have small hibernating glands, and it has been erroneously written that they do hibernate. (Arnback-Christie-Linde, 1907, p. 466.) They live for the most part in little burrows and runways underneath logs, rocks, leaves, and grass, where they hunt insects and worms. These run- ways may be made by the shrews themselves or by various species of mice or other shrews. At Tuckerton, N. J., in the summer of 1892, E. A. Preble captured five specimens of S. cinereus under one of several small haystacks scattered over the meadows. Some of these were kept alive in a deep can for several hours. They con- stantly moved their long snouts in every direction, apparently depending more on the sense of touch and smell than on sight. Resi- dents stated that during especially high tides at this place these shrews would-be drowned out of their retreats and would fairly swarm on the driftwood. (Preble manuscript.) Long-tailed shrews are exceedingly quick and active and move with a queer, jerky, trotlike run, starting and stopping abruptly. They may be considered almost strictly terrestrial, although they occasion- ally climb small branches of very low bushes, fallen trees, or herbs. Morris M. Green writes (manuscript) that while watching a deer runway on the north branch of Moose River in the Adirondacks, N. Y., during the summer of 1894, he saw a little shrew no bigger than a thimble, which climbed up a fern stock within 5 feet of him. Another shrew went through his pail of fishworms and ate every one of them. Though in no sense aquatic (except the subgenera Neosorex 6 ' NORTH AMEKICAN FAUNA [No. 51 and Atophyrax), tliej^ are good swimmers when occasion demands it of them. Long-tailed shrews evidently have a wide local range, as is witnessed by Nelson's observations in Alaska. After snow falls they travel from place to place by forcing a passage under the snow, and frequently keep so near the surface that a slight ridge is left to mark their passage. On the ice of the Yukon I have traced a ridge of this kind over a mile, and was repeatedly surprised to see what a direct course the shrews could make for long distances under the surface. These minute tunnels were noted again and again crossing the Yukon from bank to bank. (Nelson, 1887, p. 271.) These little animals are exceedingly savage and voracious and will fight and devour one another upon least provocation. Merriam's account of how lie confined three of them under a tumbler is familiar to many students : Almost immediately they commenced fighting, and in a few minutes one was slaughtered and eaten by the other two. Before night one of these killed and ate its only surviving companion, and its abdomen was much distended by the meal. Hence in less than eight hours one of these tiny wild beasts had at- tacked, overcome, and ravenously consumed two of its own species, each as large as itself. (Merriam, 1884a, p. 76; 1884c, p. 174.) Over considerable periods of time, these little gluttons, when in captivity, have been known to eat their own weight in meat on an average of once every three hours. Early in the summer of 1900, W. H. Osgood caught two shrews in the same trap on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. One of them, not killed by the trap, proceeded to devour the other and had nearly accomplished it when Osgood visited the trap. H. H. Sheldon reports (manuscript) an instance in August, 1919, at Ogema, Wis., in which the entire tail of a shrew {Soy^ex c. cinereus) was all that remained in a trap, and about a foot away he found one dead with tail intact but with its head bruised and part of the skin torn from the nose and jaws. This one had evidently fought the one in the trap, the latter losing its tail but winning the fight. George G. Cantwell, in his field report from the Mount Rainier region. Wash., for the summer of 1919, states that on one occasion while he was setting traps beside a small stream a trap on the opposite side containing a freshly caught mouse was visited by a shrew {S. vagrans)^ which at once started feeding on the mouse. On account of its poor eyesight, the shrew failed to detect the observer only a few feet away, but as a twig snapped the little animal at once dodged into a hole in the bank and did not appear again. In a letter dated July 17, 1889, at Plover Mills, Ontario, E. Elliott writes that on May 21, 1888, he captured one {^8. c. cinereus) under a small log among dry leaves. He placed it in a large bottle with plenty of air and gave it two earthworms, each of w^hich it took by the " tail " and rapidly nipped through and through to the head and left it dead. The shrew afterwards ate part of one of the worms. Mr. Elliott then gave the shrew a May beetle, which it instantly attacked viciously. The sharp feet of the insect seemed to irritate the shrew to an inordinate degree, and at the end of two or three minutes the beetle was torn and entirely eaten. Ten minutes afterwards it was given another May beetle, which, too, was almost entirely eaten, the head and elytra alone remaining. About half an hour later the shrew died. Very little is known in regard to the nests and home life of long- tailed shrews. They build nests of grass and leaves under logs, in 192S] EEVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 7 stumps, and similar situations, but few of these have been found, much less critically studied. On October 14, 1924, Stuart Griddle found eight young of Sorex cinereus haydeni several days old dead in a nest made of brome-grass leaves, Avith a few ground-cherry leaves on the outside, situated under a brome-grass sheaf near Trees- bank, Manitoba. In the nest there was also the anterior part of the skull of an adult. Judging from the dates of collection of pregnant specimens, the height of the breeding season is June, July, and August, although a few have been taken as late as the last of Septem- ber that had been nursing, and others contained embryos as early as March 29 in Inyo County, Calif., and the middle of May on Prince of Wales Island, Alaska. From the data available as based upon the number of fetuses in specimens trapped, as recorded by collectors, it would appear that the number of young varies in different species. From these records Sorex cinereus appears to have the largest litters, with an average of 7.2 for 8 specimens, the minimum being 4 and the maximum 10. The average for 5 specimens of S. palustris navigator is 6 fetuses, minimum 5, maximum 7. In 8 litters S. vagrans has a minimum of 3 and a maximum of 9, with an average of 5.8. Sixteen records for S. ohscurus show an average of 5.4 per litter, with a minimum of 4 and a maximum of 8; of these 16 litters one-half were of 5 each. A single specimen of S. arcticus had 6 embryos, as did also one of S. ornatus. Three embryos were found in a specimen of S. t. troio- hridgii, and 4 in one of S. t. manfosae. The smallest number of fetuses recorded is 2 from the specimen of &. leucogenys from Mount Magruder, Esmeraldo County, Nev. This lone record may give a clue to one of the possible causes for the apparent scarcity of shrews of the 7)ie rri-ami group. Long-tailed shrews are preyed upon by numerous species of ani- mals, although comparatively few of their enemies will eat them except in cases of extreme hunger. It is well known that domestic cats kill numbers of shrews but seldom eat them, and in olden times it was believed that shrews were poisonous to cats. Fragments of shrew skulls and bones are frequently found in owls' pellets ; the only record of Sorex longirostris in Alabama is a complete animal, now in alcohol, taken from the stomach of a barred owl. This same species of shrew has been taken from the esophagus of a hooded merganser. (Audubon and Bachman, 1854, p. 250.) Hawks also are known to prey upon shrews occasionally, and one has been re- corded from the stomach of a bear. (Osgood, 1907, p. 63.) Certain fishes, particularly trout, may at times catch them, and A. H. Twitchell in a letter dated September 18, 1917, at Flat, Alaska, re- ports finding during August of that j^ear the remains of six shrews, probably S. tundre7isis, in the stomachs of three graylings. Aside from the numbers killed by natural enemies, long-tailed shrews seem to have an unusually high mortality rate, as compared with many mammals, as many of them are accidently trapped in ditches, springs, and wells. It is not at all unusual to find several dead shrews in an uncovered well or spring, and such accidental deaths have been responsible for several specimen records. Although members of the genus Sorex are pugnacious and physically strong in proportion to their size, they seem sensitive to any external 8 jSTOETH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 sliock or stimulus, and individuals are not infrequently found dead on the surface of the ground. Undoubtedly some of these are killed by other animals and abandoned as unfit for food, but many show no signs of injury and appear to have perished merely from nervous shock, extremes of temperature, or the like. O. J. Murie in a field report states that a Mr. Quinn, of McGrath, Alaska, while traveling in the vicinity of Rainey Pass one winter during a con- tinued severe cold spell, found numerous shrews frozen along the trail. The writer recalls a case late in August, 1919, at Ogema, Wis., when one of the field men in his party, who chanced to come upon a specimen of Sorex arcticus laricorwm, which was running across a road, dropped a felt hat over the animal. He then carefully raised the brim of the hat, expecting to capture the shrew alive, but to his surprise the animal was dead, though apparently not touched by the hat. An interesting account of sensitiveness in a shrew has been described by Gillman (1876) as follows: In the heavily timbered forest in the neighborhood of Cheboygan, Mich., on a cold day in October, 1875, I caught a characteristic full-grown specimen of Thompson's shrew {Sorex Tlwnipsoni Baird).^ The pretty little creature had been busy about an old decayed stump, where it seemed to have its home. It uttered no audible cry, though at first it made several hostile demonstrations, endeavoring to escape, and, seizing my fingers in its mouth, tried to bite them, but the delicacy of its teeth rendered the attempt futile. Having no suitable place in which to deposit it, I carefully wrapped it in paper, allowing its head to protrude, and held it in my hand. Some sportsmen were out shooting on the bay about a mile off, and the reports of their guns came to us from time to time, generally so much muffled by the distance as to be barely distinguish- able, yet the shrew invariably responded to each detonation with a quick, spas- modic movement, evidently of alarm. Holding the animal as I did, the move- ment was immediately perceptible. Though aware that the acuteness of the auditory organs of these animals and their allied genera is most wonderful, I was hardly prepared for so unequivocal a proof of its extreme sensitiveness, which, under the circumstances, I was enabled to test repeatedly in this individual Sorex. It was my intention to preserve the animal alive, and take it with me on my return home for further experiment and study of its habits ; but, to my regret, on unfolding the paper on my way to the house at which I was staying I found the shrew had died. I have little doubt that its death was caused by fright, as I handled it most carefully so as not to hurt it. Long-tailed shrews seldom use a call note and, as a rule, are not noisy animals. The writer has heard Sorex c. cinereus utter a series of sharp squeaks and also a weak purrlike grunt. Charles W. Rich- mond in his field report states that he observed a shrew (probably S. o. ohscurus) in Gallatin County, Mont., and says that it frequently stopped to sniff the air suspiciously and occasionally uttered a " little snort." When fighting, either against members of their own species or other enemies, they frequently indulge in much squeaking and make a considerable noise for such mites. In the Mount Hood region, Oreg., in the spring of 1919, George G. Cantwell caught a S. t. trowbridgii in his hand from under a flake of bark. The shrew fought vigorously " with much squealing " and finally squirmed out of the grasp of its captor and disappeared like a ghost, for no con- spicuous hole or apparent cover was in the vicinity to afford concealment. ^This name is a synonym of Microsorex hoyi thompso7ii (Baird), but Gillman's animal ■was probably Sorex cinereus cinereus Kerr. 1928] REVIEW OF AMEEICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 9 The habits of the water shrews (subgenus Neosorex), so far as known, do not differ essentially from those of other shrews, except in adaptations to a more aquatic habitat. Water shrews rank high among the best swimmers of the nonmarine mammals, although op- portunities for observing them in the act of swimming are rarely presented. They can swim, dive, float, run along the bottom of a pool or creek, or actually run on the surface of the water with the greatest ease. In a bog near Khinelander, Wis., in August, 1906, the author saw one run a distance of about 5 feet across a small pool, the surface of which was glossy smooth. The body and head of the animal were entirely out of water, the surface tension of the water supporting the shrew, and at each step the animal took there ap- peared to be held by the fibrillae on the foot a little globule of air, which was also discernible in the shadow at the bottom of the pool, exactly as one might notice in the case of the water strider {Gerris remigis). (Miall, 1903, p. 12, 349.) It is probable, however, that this water-walking feat can be accomplished by water shrews only when the water is very still and quiet, and in running or rough water it would seem that the animals would be required to swim. Walter P. Taylor in his field report for Cat Creek, Clallam County, Wash., states that on the evening of September 5, 1921, he saw a Sorex pakistris navigator^ which he at first mistook for a frog, in a shallow " running " creek. He noticed that it was walking rather jerkily through the water, at first in water not so deep but that it could touch the rocks beneath, but soon in water that must have been beyond its depth. It did not sink, but remained half exposed, " walking " rapidly along on top of the water. The animal had a dry, fluffy appearance. Edward A. Preble saw one running on the water, July 27, 1910, in a small creek some 25 miles east of Telegraph Creek, British Columbia. He noted that the shrew followed the edge of the stream close to the bank and seemed scarcely to sink at all below the water line but gave the impression rather of running on the water film, progressing at a good rate and making only very slight ripples. At the Three Sisters, Oreg., in July, 1914, Vernon Bailey caught a S. p. navigator in his hands, tied a string to its leg, and put it in the water. At first it fluffed out its fur and " sat on top of the water like a duck." Lowering itself into the water, it swam rapidly, though using but one foot, to a log, upon which it climbed. Then it would dive and dart about under water like a silver fish, going to the bottom and under logs and sticks, apparently seeing or knowing its way and just where to hide. According to Bailey, it swam with relatively greater speed and skill than the otter, which always seemed to him the most wonderful mammal in the water. George G. Cantwell observed one in the Mount Rainier region. Wash., in the summer of 1919, which ran rapidly through the shal- low water of a swift mountain stream, and swam or dived through the deeper pools with great speed, using all four feet in swimming with the same motions it used in running over the ground. While under water the thick coat of fur of the animal was surrounded by a silvery layer of air, and when the animal came to the surface again it appeared to be dry. 10 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 A. Brazier Howell (1924, p. 27) states in regard to an individual of S. p. 'iiavigator that "it dived and swam under a bank so quickly that I had opportunity to be sure of nothing except that while swim- ming it kicked both hind feet in unison after the manner of a frog." This method of swimming is at variance with the observations of others. An interesting note on this same species made by the late Theodore Roosevelt is extracted from a letter (manuscript) of his dated No- vember 26, 1888 : I was near Kootanei Lake, in Britisli Columbia, and while taking lunch near a small rapid brook I saw a Water Shrew swimming down it. While swim- ming its body looked like a flattened disc studded with silvery bubbles. It ran along the bottom and over the rocks very fast, and swam and dived well. I saw it catch a very minute fish and eat it on a wet, water-washed stone. At last by an under grab I caught it. Its tail was conspicuously longer than ita head and body, and it was, without doubt, a Neosorex. I skinned it with my pocket knife and put a little hoop in the reversed skin, but as I was traveling very light, had to put it in my pocket. That afternoon I shot a bear and cami)ed by it, being very hungry. I put the little Shrew skin out on a log and turned away a moment, and to my horror, in the interval the Indian who was with me threw the log into the fire, and of course the skin vanished. I was really very sorry. FOOD AND ECONOMIC STATUS Shrews are chiefly insectivorous in their food selections, but they will eat other flesh and occasionally vegetable matter. Stomach ex- aminations of true Sorex, including representatives of the species cinereus, fumeus, longirostris, vagrans, ohscui'us^ and trowhridgii, have shown the following among the contents: Hymenoptera, Cole- optera, Diptera (both larval and adult), caterpillars, crickets, spiders, hair and flesh of shrews and mice, and moss, seeds, and other vege- table material. That shrews are not entirely averse to certain vege- table food is attested by the manner in which they will eat rolled oats placed on baited traps. Their food probably does not vary much with the seasons, for shrews, being active in winter and feeding as they do mostly in burrows in the ground and in runwaj^s under the leaves, obtain dormant and pupating insects during the colder months of the year. Shrews are known to eat earthworms, although stomach examinations have not shown earthworms in the contents. The food of the water shrew (subgenus Neosorex) does not appear from stom- ach examinations to differ much from that of other shrews. The water shrew is known to eat small fish, however, and is also reported to feed upon fish eggs. It seems probable that a detailed study of its food would show the insects consumed to be more of aquatic species than those taken by other shrews. Also the stomach examinations of marsh shrews (subgenus Atophyrax) show no marked differences from those of other shrews, although 35 per cent of the contents of one stomach was snails. Nothing is known of the food of the mem- bers of the genus Microsorex. Since shrews are such voracious eaters and feed principally upon insects with an occasional des.sert of young mice, they are of consid- erable economic value in liolding down certain pests of agriculture and forestry. Unfortunately, they are usually mistaken for mice by the layman and killed on sight. In parts of the extreme north, par- 1928] REVIEW OF AMEEICAN" LONG-TAILED SHEEWS H ticulaiiy in Alaska, long-tailed shrews are someLimes reported as a nuisance on account of their climbing into caches of fresh meat or fresh or dried fish, some of which they eat and the remainder ruin with their filth. In these same regions they may also become a nuis- ance in houses during winter. Water shrews, also, are occasionally reported to do damage in fish ponds and trout streams by destroying fish and fish eggs, but these shrews are not plentiful enough to do any serious damage except locally, and then but rarely. On the whole, shrews are among the most beneficial mammals. YOUNG Only scant information is available on the young of the genera Sorex and Microsorex. The litter of eight of Sorex cinereus haydeni collected by Stuart Griddle, at Aweme, Manitoba, and already re- ferred to {antea, p. T), are the youngest long-tailed shrews that the writer has seen. Although of indeterminable age, they are un- doubtedly at least 10 or more days old and more than half the size of adults. They are covered with very short hair, and the tails are proportionately somewhat shorter than in adults. In all probability shrews are born blind, hairless, and, relatively speaking, but slightly developed. Following birth, however, it would seem that develop- ment and growth is comparatively rapid, although they remain in the nest until well along toward maturity. It is this habit of re- maining in the nest until so nearly mature that makes young shrews so scarce in collections. In the Griddle specimens the partly developed molariform teeth and first incisors appear above the alveola, while the unicuspids are still covered by the dermis, and difficult to detect in gross examination. The only other young examined is a litter of five Sorex longirostris ffsheri collected in May, 1905, by W. L. Ralph and J. W. Daniel, jr., in Dismal Swamp, Va. The young in this litter appear to be a few days older than those in the litter of 8. cinereus haydeni, and offer no juvenile peculiarities not shown in the other litter. WEIGHT Among the species of long-tailed shrews are the smallest of American mammals, and even the larger forms are no bigger than some of the smaller species of mice. The smallest American shrew is Microsorex hoyi winneviana, which may also be the smallest mammal known. There are no weights available for this subspecies, however, nor for any others of the pigmy shrews (Microsorex), ex- cept two male specimens of M. h. hoyi collected by Bernard Bailey at Elk River, Minn. One of these, taken on March 25, 1926, weighed 2.1 grams; the other, collected two days later, weighed 2.9 grams. Neither of these was fat nor was the stomach of the latter so full as that of the first, although the latter weighed more. Two females of Sorex cinereus haydeni weighed by Vernon Bailey at Walhalla, N. Dak., each weighed 3.3 grams, while a third collected 74235—28 2 12 NORTH AMERICAISr FAUNA [No. 51 at that time weighed 3.6 grams. Bailey also weighed specimens of S. c. cinereus at Michigamme, Mich., late in the summer of 1923, the weights ranging from 3.5 to 5.5 grams. In the Stikine River region of British Columbia, in 1919, Joseph Dixon weighed several speci- mens of S. c. cinereus, 15 adults of which averaged 4.5 grams, with a minimum of 2.8 grams and a maximum of 6.1. Part of these speci- mens were approaching S. c. streatori, which is a larger subspecies than typical cinereus. Two males of /S. c. cinereus collected and weighed by O. J. Murie at Fairbanks, Alaska, January 19, 1922, balanced at 2.7 and 2.8 grams, while a female October 14, 1921, from the same locality weighed 2.84 grams. Another female of this same subspecies collected by Murie February 18, 1922, on the South Fork of the Kuskokwim River, Alaska, weighed 2.85 grams. Two males of Sorex v. vagrans collected at Puyallup, Wash., July 4, 1914, were weighed at 7 grams each by T. H. Scheffer. Eighteen specimens of S. o. ohscurus from the Stikine region of British Co- lumbia, as weighed by Joseph Dixon in the summer of 1919, aver- aged 6.9 grams, with a minimum of 4.8 grams and a maximum of 8.7 grams. Seventeen western water shrews (Sorex palustris navigator) col- lected by parties from the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, in various parts of the Sierra Nevada, but chiefly from the Yosemite region, California, averaged 12.3 grams, the minimum being 9.1 grams and the maximum 19.5 grams. A single individual of the marsh shrew (S. b. hendirii), a female collected October 14, 1914, at Puyallup, Wash., was found by T. H. Scheffer to weigh 12 grams. The above data must not be taken for more than their actual value, for the weighing of a few specimens in the field is unsatis- factory for comparative use. Certain individual specimens may be fat, others lean or emaciated ; some may be heavy with young, others worn and of light weight from the care of young; young anS old may offer different .weights ; some individuals may be gorged with food, others empty ; even the molting process might affect the weight of the animal. For purposes of comparative weights of different species it is therefore essential to weigh individuals that are in every respect in corresponding physical condition, and large series of them. The foregoing weights are therefore merely suggestive of the com- parative weights of a few species. EXPLANATIONS EXTERNAL MEASUREMENTS External measurements of shrews, unless otherwise stated in the text, are in millimeters and are those made by the collector from the animal in the flesh. The following have been used : Total length. — Tip of nose to end of terminal tail vertebra. Tail vertehrae. — Base of tail at superior surface to end of terminal tail vertebra. Hind foot. — Posterior border of heel to apex of longest claw. 1928] EEVIEW OF AMERICAISr LONG-TAILED SHEEWS 13 CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS Cranial measurements, unless otherwise stated, were made by the author with a vernier caliper. The following (fig. 1) have been employed : Gondylohasdl length. — Antero-posterior diameter of skull from anterior median point between bases of first upper incisors to most posterior point of occipital condyle. Palatal length. — Greatest antero-posterior diameter of palate in median line. (This measurement was taken by use of fine-pointed dividers on vernier caliper.) Cranial breadth. — Greatest lateral diameter of skull. Fig. 1. — Skull of Sorex bendirii palmeri, showing cranial measurements employed. Enlarged three diameters Cranial breadth, G-G'. Condylobasal length, A-H. Interorbital breadth, E-E'. Palatal length, A-F. Maxillary breadth, C-C. Maxillary tooth row, B-D. Interorbital breadth. — Least lateral diameter of skull measured just posterior to maxillary processes. Maxillary breadth. — Greatest lateral diameter of skull through maxillary processes. Maxillary tooth row. — Antero-posterior diameter of upper tooth row between anterior border of second incisor and j)osterior border of last molar measured at alveolar border. MATURITY OF SKULLS On account of the great differences in the skulls of shrews of differ- ent ages it is essential in making comparisons to have specimens of approximately the same maturity. There are, of course, no sharp 14 NORTH AMERICAlSr FAUNA [No. 51 age-division points in the life of the animal, but in making compari- sons skulls have been classed as those of animals that were immature, young adult, adult, and old adult. Skulls of immature and old adult animals show more individual variation than those of the young adult and adult and are therefore less satisfactory for taxonomic purposes. In general terms these four classes of skull maturity may be defined as follows : Immature. — Brain case usually moderately high, and unflattened, with sutures not distinctly closed; no sagittal or lambdoidal ridge; teeth usually not fully developed, unworn; first upper incisors pro- truding much beyond premaxillae anteriorly. Young adult. — Brain case usually high, and unflattened, with sutures closed ; sagittal ridge absent or weakly developed, lambdoidal ridge absent ; teeth fully developed, unworn ; first upper incisors pro- truding much beyond premaxillae anteriorly. Adult. — Brain case usually slightly flattened, with sutures closed; sagittal ridge moderately developed, lambdoidal ridge absent or weakly developed; teeth fully developed, usually unworn or slightly worn, sometimes moderately worn; first upper incisors protruding slightly beyond premaxillae anteriorly. Old adult. — Brain case flattened, with sutures closed; sagittal and lambdoidal ridges both usually Avell developed; teeth usually much worn ; first upper incisors scarcely protruding beyond premaxillae. TEETH Unless otherwise specified, comparisons of relative sizes of uni- cuspidate teeth are as they are viewed from an extero-lateral aspect, while comparisons of relative sizes and shapes of molariform teeth are as the upper molariform teeth are viewed from an inferior aspect (that is, looking dorsad). In the detailed examination of teeth a binocular microscope was used, the most satisfactory magnification being obtained with No. 1 oculars and a 40-millimeter objective. The nomenclature of the tooth cusps and other principal elements of the molariform teeth can be determined from the accompanying diagram. (Fig. 2). COLORS The names of colors used throughout the text are those of Ridg- way (1912). In some cases, Avhere it has been impossible to match the colors of specimens exactly with those of Ridgway, other modi- fying or comparative terms are used. In making comparative studies of the color of mammals, especially those with glossy or iridescent fur, it is essential always to view each specimen from approximately the same angle and to have the light rays from an approximately constant angle. In the author's color studies of moles, the animal was viewed from the anterior end. (Jackson, 1915, p. 20.) In making color observations upon shrews the animal has been viewed from the posterior end. Diffused day- light from a window was allowed to strike the shrew at an agle of 30° to 45° anterior to a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the animal. The shrew was then viewed at varying angles, usually slightly laterally, from the light rays but always posteriorly 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 15 to the animal and in the same plane as the reflected light rays; that is, in the plane at an angle of 30° to 45° posterior to a plane perpen- dicular to the longitudinal axis of the animal. GROUPS As a matter of convenience for other workers in the study and identification of specimens, the writer has divided the American long- tailed shrews into assemblages of one or more species, which he calls B Fig. 2. — Teeth of Sorex tendirii hendirii, showing principal cusps. En- larged about 10 diameters. A, left upper teeth ; B, left lower teeth )iie= metacone. jiis= mcsostyle. nits= metastyle. pa = paracone. ps= parastyle. hy= hypocone. pr= protocone. cnd= entocouid. ined= metaconid. pad= paraconid. liyd= hypoconid. pid= protoconid. groups. The author is fully cognizant of the fact that the term " group " as thus used does not, and should not, have any status in the nomenclature of zoological classification and is employed solely for convenience. Nevertheless he has endeavored to bring within each group closely related forms, and, therefore, each group repre- sents more or less a taxonomic unit. Furthermore, an effort has been made to arrange the groups and species in phylogenetic sequence from the more simple morphologically to the more complex, and to arrange subspecies in accordance with intergrading forms. Strict 16 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 adherence to such a method, however, has not been possible, since linear arrangement can not express what may actually be radial, parallel, or possibly, in the case of subspecies, even partly concen- tric. Although " groups," as previously stated, have been made as a matter of convenience, genera, subgenera, species, and subspecies have been recognized on the strength of structural characters and zoological relationships regardless of convenience in classification. MATERIAL EXAMINED The present revision recognizes 89 forms of 39 species of American long-tailed shrews and is based upon a study of 10,431 specimens, mostly skins accompanied by skulls. Of this number, the genus Sorex comprises 10,293 (subgenus Sorex, 9,369; subgenus Neosorex, 721; subgenus Atophyrax, 203) ; and Microsorex, 138. Type speci- mens or essentially topotypes of all described forms except Sorex hydrodroinus Dobson have been examined. In some groups and species the material has been fairly adequate for a thorough inves- tigation. In others the number of specimens available has been entirely too small for satisfactory conclusions. And always more juvenile specimens were needed. The study has been based primarily upon specimens in the collection of the United States National Museum, including therein the Merriam collection and the large and important collection of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Without the cooperation of other institutions and individuals, however, this revision in its present completeness could not have been accom- plished,- THE FAMILY SORICIDAE The family Soricidae, exclusive of fossil forms, is composed of some 24 currently recognized genera. The family ranges throughout North America, extreme northern South America, and the the trop- ical and temperate regions of Europe, Asia, and Africa. It is a compact, rather homogeneous group, the members of which are small to medium-size mouselike animals, with minute e3'^es, sharp-pointed snouts, and small ears, the ear conch always being present, though inconspicuous in certain genera. ' The author expresses his gratitude and appreciation to each of the following for the loan of specimens or for various other courtesies : Joseph Grinnell, of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California ; H. E. Anthony and G. G. Goodwin, of the American Museum of Natural History ; Wilfred H. Osgood, of the Field Museum of Nat- ural History ; Samuel Henshaw and Glover M. Allen, of the Museum of Comparative Zoology of Harvard College ; R. M. Anderson, of the National Museum of Canada ; Witmer Stone, of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia ; Manton Copeland, of Bowdotn College ; A. G. Ruthven and Lee R. Dice, of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michi- gan ; George Wagner, of the University of Wisconsin ; W. T. Shaw, formerly of the State College of Washington ; M. H. Spaulding, of the Montana State College ; C. D. Bunker, of the Kansas University Museum of Natural History ; S. A. Barrett, of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee ; O. A. Peterson, of the Carnegie Museum ; J. D. Figgins, of the Colorado Museum of Natural History ; L. L. Snyder, of the Royal Ontario Musi^um of Zoology ; Clinton G. Abbott and Lawrence M. Huey, of the Natural History Museum, San Diego, Calif. ; Francis Kermode, of the Provincial Museum, British Columbia ; Philip Cox, of the Miramichi Natural History Society and the I'rovincial Museum, New Brunswick; Frank Smith, of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History ; W. L. Burnett, of Colo- rado State College ; Donald R. Dickey, I'asadena, Calif. ; Stuart Criddle, Treesbank. Mani- toba ; C. F. Batchelder, Cambridge, Mass. ; Stanley G. Jewett, Portland, Oreg. ; A. Brazier Howell, Washington, D. C. ; D. E. Brown, Seattle, Wash. ; A. S. Pope, Chicago ; J. Dewey Sopor, Ottawa, Canada ; D. E. Kent, Rutland, Vt. ; George I. Kirk, Rutland, Vt. ; E. R. Warren, Colorado Springs, Colo. ; Alex Walker, Tillamook, Oreg. ; Harley B. Sherman, Gainesville, Fla. ; Bernard Bailey, Elk River, Minn. ; and G. G. Cantwell, Palms, Calif. ; and to Oldfleld Thomas, of the British Musfum (Natural History), who has supplied many notes on specimens in that museum ; and to Gerrit S. Miller, jr., who has allowed absolute freedom in the division of mammals of the United States National Museum. 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 17 The clavicle is long and slender; humerus relatively long and slender (length more than twice width) ; pelvis relatively broad (width more than one-third length) ; no os falciforme on the fore foot; terminal phalanges of fore foot simple, not bifurcate. The skull is somewhat conoidal, relatively long and narrow, the individual bones anastomosed into one compact whole with but little indication of the sutures; the zygomatic arch is absent, but represented by a rudimentary zygomatic process of the maxilla; audital bullae absent, the tympanic bone annular and not connected with the skull by osseous tissue; exterior pterygoid region angular and not inflated, no exterior pterygoid plate; mandible with double articulation. First upper incisor large, elongated, projecting anteriorly, two- lobed, the anterior lobe the larger; first lower incisor greatly elon- gated, extending anteriorly in line of mandible, the upper edge with two or more slightly developed lobes ; remaining incisors and canines, both upper and lower, and first and second upper premolars if pres- ent, simple unicuspidate ; crowns of upper molars low, W-shaped in inferior outline; crowns of lower molars low, M-shaped in superior outline. SUBFAMILIES The family Soricidae is usually divided into three subfamilies, namely, Soricinae, Crocidurinae, and Scutisoricinae. The last two are not represented in the American fauna. Soricinae is represented in America by five genera, namely, Sorex, Microsorex, Blarina, Cryptotis, and Notiosorex. The present revision includes only the two genera Sorex and Microsorex, which, however, represent a greater part of the American species. PELAGES AND MOLTS The hair of long-tailed shrews is fine, soft, and silky, but not of such velvet-like texture as is found in moles, though it approaches such a degree in the subgenera Neosorex and Atophyrax and some- times in immature individuals of any species. The pelage of shrews seldom shows the high gloss common to that of moles, nor, except in a few localized races, does it display the metallic iridescence char- acteristic of some species of moles in certain pelages. It is usual for mammals to have two types of hairs; one type is short, fine, and numerous, and forms the underfur; the other is longer, coarser, stiffer, and comparatively sparse, and forms a pro- tective covering, the overhair. In the long-tailed shrews there is no sharp distinction between underfur and overhair, either in texture or length, although in some individuals a few scattered hairs seem slightly heavier than the majority. Shrews are primitive mammals in many respects, and this lack of hair specialization may be another indication of primitive characters. TIME OF MOLTING So far as known, every species of long-tailed shrew has two molts annually, one in spring and one in fall. Although there is some variation in the time of molting among the different species, particu- 18 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 larly in the spring, nevertheless individuals of nearly any species may be found in process of molt during May and early in June, and with- out exception of any species the autumnal molt may be looked for late in September or during October, apparently with slight regard to altitude or latitude. The spring molt of Sorex veraepacis seems to be earlier than in other forms, and S. cinereus may also molt as early as early April, while S. hendirii is not apt to begin molting before June. The time of molting is considered in more detail in the discussion under each species in the text folloAving. MANNER OF MOLTING In general, during the spring molt the first appearance of the new fur is on the crown and nape, from where it gradually replaces the old on the head. The molt line then passes caudad over the shoul- ders and back, and ventrad over the sides, in the earlier stages moving more rapidly dorsally than ventrally, but in the later stages appar- ently more rapidly on the ventral parts, since often the entire under- parts are in fresh pelage before the fur on the posterior part of the back has molted. In fact, during spring the rump is nearly always the last part of a shrew to retain the old hair. Often, in the early stages of molting the old fur over the entire body is underlaid with the new, short hairs. Occasionally the mid-dorsal region will molt before the nape and the region over the shoulders do, but such cases are exceptions and seem to occur more frequently in the water and marsh shrews (subgenera Neosorex and Atophyrax) than in true Sorex. The characteristic autumnal molt almost reverses the sequence of that of spring. Usually the first new fur in the fall appears on the rump and posterior half of back; the molt then works cephalad and ventrad, gradually covering the entire animal, the head usually being the last part to change pelage. Sometimes, however, molt may start earlier on the head, leaving the shoulders and anterior portion of the back the last to molt. VARIATIONS GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION Geographic variation in long-tailed shrews manifests itself chiefly in A^ariations of paleness or darkness, in size both external and cranial, in tail length, and in general shape of the skull, partic- ularly in degree of deflation of brain case, in breadth of rostrum and brain case, and in size of teeth and, correlated with it, length of molar tooth row. Geographic variations wdien constant in character and of commensurate degree may be recognized nomenclatorially as subspecific characters, particularly when such characters occur over a definite geographic area. As a rule there is comparatively little geographic variation in long- tailed shrews, and individual subspecies usually have an extensive geographic range. This is especially noticeable in such forms as Sorex c. cinereus, which ranges nearly across the North American Continent from east to west and has a north and south range from extreme northern Canada to the northern United States; and in S. 0. ohscunis, which is found with scarcely any variation from north- 1928] EEVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 19 central Alaska to northern New Mexico. As in all groups of mam- mals, there are certain forms with restricted ranges apparently de- pendent upon peculiar environmental factors or upon more or less complete geographic isolation, but such forms, although superfi- cially similar, are usually specifically distinct from their nearest allies. There are several reasons for this lack of pronounced geographic variations in long-tailed shrews. The members of the family Sori- cidae are all comparatively simple colored grays and browns without distinct patterns. As the skull structure and the dentition are also very simple, there is little opportunity for variation in chromatic, cranial, or dental characters. In other words, the mere simplicity of the mammal tends to limit the possibilities for variations. Probably a more important factor in limiting these variations, however, is the phylogenetic age of the group. Shrews are geologically among the oldest of true placental mammals, and as such their characters are deep-seated and fixed. As an example the western water shrew {Sorex palustris navigator) ^ which inhabits the boreal elevations of many of the mountains of the western United States, might be cited. These shrews from the different ranges are very constant in char- acters and show comparatively little variation, yet their habitats on the different mountains are often separated by broad expanses of desert or arid plain, which to this species has been an absolute barrier for possibly millions of years. INDIVIDUAL VARIATION The general shape and proportions of skulls of any form of long- tailed sTirew, if of corresponding maturity and from the same locality, are seemingly very constant, yet when placed upon percentage basis the variation may amount to as much as 5 per cent from an average. Variation in actual size of skull, based upon any of several measure- ments, such as conclylobasal length, greatest length, or breadth of cranium, may be even greater and in rare instances in large series has amounted to 7.5 per cent from the average. There is also a cor- respondingly great variation in the external measurements of total length, tail length, and hind foot, as computed from measurements taken by collectors in the field. There is a tendency for certain skulls of shrews to be " runty," or to have an abnormally shortened rostrum, or abnormal dentition. This does not occur in any great number of specimens, but neverthe- less appears to be more frequent than in most other families of Mam- malia. Thus a skull of Sorex c. cmereus (No. 150083. U. S. Nat. Mus.) from Mount Washington, N. H., has an abnormally shortened rostrum and interorbitai region. A specimen of ^S*. v. vagrans (No. 233087, IT. S. Nat. Mus.) from Bear Prairie, Mount Rainier, Wash., has the third upper incisor (second " unicispid ") on the right side bicuspidate. In a specimen of S. p. pacificus (No. 9G48, Field Mus. Nat. Hist.) from Eureka, Calif., the left upper first premolar (fifth unicuspid) has two distinct cusps, one directl}^ caudad to the other. A specimen of S. o. ohscunis (No. 988, Nat. Mus. Canada) from the mouth of Salmon River, British Columbia, has a supernumerary uni- cuspidate tooth interposed between the third and fourth unicuspids; 20 NORTH AMERICAN" FAUNA [No. 51 the accessory tooth is smaller than either of the normally third or fourth unicuspids, and considerably smaller than the fourth. Two skulls of S. 0. longicatida (Nos. 74702 and 100570, U. S. Nat. Mus.) from Wrangell, Alaska, have each only four unicuspids on each side in the upper tooth row; the first premolar (fifth unicuspid) is evi- dently the one lacking. One of the most peculiar dental abnormalities occurs in a skull of Microsorex h. hoyi (No. 373, collection of Stuart Griddle, Treesbank, Manitoba) from Aweme, Manitoba. In each of the upper tooth rows one of the unicuspids is lacking, apparently the first one (second incisor), though it may possibly be the second (third incisor). The tooth row is compact, the space that would normally have been occu- pied by the missing tooth being taken up by a slight increase in the postero-anterior diameter of each of the other unicuspids. The in- crease in the size of the unicuspids is particularly noticeable in the case of the third. In normal individuals of Microsorex this tooth is so thin in postero-anterior diameter as to be a mere plate, but in the aberrant specimen this diameter is nearly half the lateral dimension. The two tooth rows are symmetrical with each other and present a striking anomaly. Except for some fading or " rusting," due to wear, the color of shrews of a given species from the same locality and in the same pelage is fairly constant. The fresh pelage is usually a trifle darker and more grayish than the old, and this sometimes gives the appear- ance of actual color variation. Shrews seldom exhibit abnormal color phases, such as melanism and albinism. The author has never seen a melanistic long-tailed shrew. A specimen of Sorex o. ohscurus (No. 932, Prov. Mus. British Columbia) collected February 13, 1917, at Okanagan, British Columbia, seems to be a partial albino. This specimen is white on the chin and upper throat, the white extending ventrad and caudad on the left almost to the left fore leg. The color of the eyes of this specimen was not indicated by the collector. Another specimen of S. o. ohscui^s (No. 22060, Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. Calif.), a male collected July 21, 1915, at an altitude of 10,800 feet at the head of Lyell Canyon, Yosemite National Park, Calif., has a general tone of color over the entire animal of pale ochraceous buff, the underparts being paler and more whitish; the base of hairs is pale smoke gray. A skin without skull (No. 241190, U. S. Nat. Mus.) of what is appar- ently S. tundrensis, received at the National Museum on February 18, 1926, from H. O. Brown, of Shungnak, Alaska, is entirely white, although the color of the eyes is unknown. SEXUAL VARIATION So far as known, there is no sexual variation of color, size, or proportions in any of the American long-tailed shrews. The adult males of all species have a relatively long and narrow gland on each flank, which develops conspicuously during the breeding season. The relative size of this gland varies with the different species, and in the genus Microsorex it is particularly large in proportion to the size of the animal, being about 9 millimeters long or nearly equal to the length of the hind foot ; it is small in 8orex cinereus, being only about 2 or 3 millimeters long; in S. obscui^us and S. arcticus it is 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 21 about half the length of the hind foot, or about 6.5 millimeters in the former and 7 millimeters in the latter (Preble, 1908, p. 243-249). The use of this gland as a taxonoi\iic character, however, is not satis- factory, since not only is its use as such limited to less than half the specimens available, but also the gland is exceedingly difficult to measure accurately because of its position in the hair and the varying degrees of stretching it receives in different skins as made by different collectors. AGE VARIATION Externally, shrews display little variation with age. As a rule, younger animals appear slenderer than adults and have their tails a trifle more hairy and sometimes slenderer. Cranially, long-tailed shrews display great variation from the juvenile to the senile stage. The brain case flattens and appears to broaden with advancing age; the sutures of the cranium close; the sagittal and lambdoidal ridges develop ; the first incisors gradually grow anteriorly, then inferiorly, producing an entirely different aspect in old age from that of young; and the unicuspids seem to become somewhat swollen and broadened with age. These variations are described in more detail under the heading " Maturity of Skulls," page 13. SEASONAL VARIATION The only pronounced seasonal variation in the long-tailed shrews is in color and length of pelage. In nearly all species the winter pelage is longer and the color at that season is decidedly more grayish than in summer. The color difference between summer and winter fur is very marked in some species, as Sorex cinereus, /S. fuTueus, S. vagrans^ and S. ornatu^^ in all of which the winter fur not only is more grayish but tends to be actually paler than is summer. In S. arcticus the winter pelage is darker than in summer, producing a more noticeable saddleback effect. The marsh and water shrews (S. bendirii and S. palusfris) and jS. troiohridgii, species already gray in summer pelage, have paler color in the winter coat. HISTORY The earliest reference in literature to a long-tailed shrew inhabit- ing America is that of Forster, who recorded a specimen sent in by Mr. Graham from the settlement on Severn River, Hudson Bay, under the name jSorex araneus Linn. (Forster, 1772, p. 370, 380). Forster 's specimen was of the species known to-day as S. arcticus Kerr, a shreAv superficially like the European /S. araneus, but which did not receive a scientific name until 20 years after its discovery, al- though Forster actually noticed differences between the two forms. Forster also had two other specimens of shrews from the same region, which he did not identify (op. cit., p. 381) and which belonged to the species now known as S. cinereus Kerr. A few years later Pen- nant (1784, p. 139) redescribed the three Forster specimens, virtually copying Forster's descriptions, and placed them under " Foetid ? " shrew, a common name for S. araneus Linn. Forster and Pennant, however, used no Latin binomials. It remained for Kerr (1792, p. 206), basing his descriptions upon Pennant, to give valid names to 22 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 both of Forster's species ; the first one he calls " Labradore Shrew — Sorex arcticus "/ the second species he named " Gray Labradore Shrew — Sorex arcticus emerei^s " .(vide Jackson, 1925a, p. 55). In November, 1826, Isidor Geoffroy St. Hilaire read an account of this same shrew, which had been named Sorex arcticus cinereus by Kerr, before the Societe d'Histoire Natiirelle at Paris, and, about two months later, published a description of the animal under the name Sorex personatus (Geoffroy, 1827a, p. 319), a name used for many years for the common long-tailed shrew of the eastern United States and Canada, always erroneously dating, however, from a re- description by Geoffroy published late in the same year (Geoffroy, 1827b, p. 122). In 1828, Richardson was responsible for another name for Sorex arcticus cinereus Kerr, when he described Sorex fo-rsteri (Richardson, 1828, p. 516). In this same paper, moreover, Richardson described the first American water-shrew known, under the name Sorex palustris (Richardson, 1828, p. 517). Thus, at this date, April, 1828, only three species of shrews had been described from the American continent. This is not so suprising, when one recalls the clifhculties of collecting small mammals, particularly shrews, in those daj^s when there were no small-mammal traps and when the capture of any small mammal was more or less chance or the result of the hard labor of digging for nests, setting snares, or making deadfalls. Probably the first contribution to the knowledge of the American shrews, which in any way could be dignified by the title of a revision or review of the group, was that of Bachman in 1837. Bachman listed and described 13 species of shrews, 7 of which were long-tailed ones. Of the 7, 4 were described as new, only 1 of which, his Sorex longirostris (Bachman, 1837, p. 370), stands to-day. His name Sorex Hcho.rds&nii (op. cit., p. 383), now a synonym of S. arcticus Kerr, was for many years used for the common saddle-backed shrew of America. Bachman also named Sorex cooperi (op. cit., p. 388) and Sorex flmbripes (op. cit., p. 391), both now synonyms of S. cinereus Kerr. He also listed Sorex palustris Richardson (op. cit., p. 396), which he had not seen, and Sorex forsteH Richardson (op. cit., p. 386) and Sorex personatiL^ I. Geoffroy (op. cit., p. 398), the last also not seen, both synonyms of S. cinereus Kerr. One year after Bachman's paper appeared. Gray (1838) classified the family into two major divisions, namely, land shrews and water shrews. Under his land shrews were three genera, Corsira, Myosorex, and Sorex. Only Corsira was represented by American species, where he placed Sorex forsteH^ S. longirostris^ S. cooperi^ and S. Hchardsonii Bachman. Gray also first used the name Blarina, as a subgenus of Corsira, where he placed all the American short-tailed species of shrews then known, and also S. personatus [S. c. cinei^eus'] (op. cit., p. 124). Under his water shrews were two genera, Amphiso- rex and Crossopus ; of American species, S. palustris Richardson was included under Amphisorex (op. cit., p. 125) ; and S. -jiinhripes Bach- man, under Crossopus (op. cit., p. 126). Gray was confused in the actual relationships of many of the species, and his paper added little new, except his attempted arrangement of the species into genera and subgenera. 192S] REVIEW OF AMERICAlSr LONG-TAILED SHREWS 23 In 1842, the genus Otisorex was named, with Otisorex platyrhinus the type species (De Kay, 1842, p. 22), a name, however, which is a synonym of Sorex dnei^eus Kerr. De Kay also included Bachman's species Sorex longiJ'ostris in the genus Otisorex (op. cit., p. 23.) This same year Duvernoy described A7)ij)hiso7'ex lesueurii from Indiana (Duvernoy, 1842a, p. 33), a synonym of S. c. cinereus Kerr, and in another contribution dwelt in considerable detail upon the structure, development, and function of shrews' teeth (Duvernoy, 1842b). This latter paper was supplemented the following year (Duvernoy, 1843), and an essentially modified and revised edition of the whole work with the addition of illustrations was published a few years later (Duvernoy, 1846). Sundevall, in a synopsis- with brief descriptions of the shrews, divides the genus Sorex into three subgenera, the second of which, Sorex proper, he classifies into divisions 1 and 2 (Sundevall, 1843). In the first division he includes the American short-tailed shrews; under the second (" Corswa Gray, Amphisorex Duvern.") he lists (" omnes mihi ignotae ") five species, namely, S. richardsoni Bach- man, S. forsteri Rich., S. lesueurii Duvernoy, S. personafus Is. Geoffry, and S. longirostris Bachm. (Sundevall, 1843, p. 182-183). The third subgenus recognized by Sundevall is Crossopus, where he allocates S. palustris Rich., but remarks " Non vidi." (Op. cit., p. 187.) Under the heading " Sorices incerti," Sundevall lists among several other species S. fi^nbripes Bachman. (Op. cit., p. 188.) Although Sundevall had apparently never seen a specimen of an American shrew, his grouping of the species was probably the best that had been presented up to that time. In 1848 Pomel classified the insectivores into families, tribes, genera, and sections, each with a name and description. He used Hydrogale as a section name under the genus Sorex, but raised it to generic rank in the remark " si ce caractere se confirmait, ce type pour- rait etre erige en un genre distinct : H. fim'bnpes^ I'espece est le sorex fiTiibripes Bachm." (Pomel, 1848, p. 248.) He also described the genus Galemys (not of Kaup, 1829) and placed therein the American species Soreoj jjalustrls under the section Crossopus (op. cit., p. 249.) Pomel placed S. longirostris Bachman in the genus Musaraneus Brisson and in the section Crocidura, thus: {^Musar. {Croc.)'] Bachmani {longirostris junior Bachm.) (Op. cit., p. 249.) Pomel's sections were in reality subgenera. A few years later Baird's epoch-marking work on the mammals of North America appeared in which he recognized 13 species of long- tailed shrews. (Baird, 1857, p. 7-56.) Baird described the genus Neosorex with Neosorex navigator the type species. (Op. cit., p. 11.) He also described as new 7 other species, namely: Sorex trow- hrtdgii., S. vagrans^ S. suckleyi, S. pachyurus, S. haydeni, S. hoyi, and S. thompsoni. In spite of the inadequacy of the material with which Baird worked, of the 8 new specific names that he proposed all except suckleyi and pachyums are applicable to forms recognized to- day. Baird, however, recognized S. forsteri., S. platyrhirvas^ S. cooperi., and S. personatus., all of which are synonymous. He listed S. palustris Rich, and S. flnibripes Bachman, species of which he had not examined specimens. (Op. cit., p. 55.) 24 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 In 1867 and 1868 Mivart published a somewhat detailed account of the osteology of the Insectivora (Mivart, 1867, p. 68) and divided the order into seven families, the family Sorices being represented by a single genus Sorex (op. cit., p. 141). Mivart made many com- parisons between Sorex and other genera, but inasmuch as he desig- nated no species in these comparisons the value of his work is nullified. Almost simultaneously with the appearance of the last part of Mivart's osteological work appeared the first part of the account of the shrews of the world by Fitzinger (1868). He recognized 10 species of American long-tailed shrews, 6 of which, however, are synonymous among his other 4 species as known to-day. He de- scribed as new Sorex wagneri (Fitzinger, 1868, p. 512), a synonym of S. longirostris Bachman. Fitzinger evidently did not consult the important contribution of Baird (1857), since he listed none of the species described as new in Baird's work. The results of the important investigations of E. Brandt on the dentition of shrews was published in three sections, which appeared,, respectively, in 1869, 1871, and 1874. This study was based upon specimens of nine species of shrews belonging to 5 genera, the denti- tion of which are described in detail. Although Brandt included no American species, his work is valuable in its general application to certain American species and for comparative purposes. Previous to the German issue of this publication (Brandt, 1869-1874) there- had been an edition in Russian (Brandt, 1865). In his " Synopsis of Insectivorous Mammals," Gill (1875) classi- fied the order into families, subfamilies, and genera, giving detailed: descriptions of families and subfamilies and a review of the more important works to that date. Gill recognized two genera of Ameri- can long-tailed shrews, namely, Sorex Linnaeus and Hydrogale- Pomel, using the latter name to replace that of Neosorex Baird (Gill, 1875, p. 111). Two years later appeared the important studies on American insectivorous mammals by Coues (1877), in which he recognized two genera of American long-tailed shrews, Neosorex and. Sorex, and as a subgenus of Sorex named Microsorex, with the type species Sorex lioyi Baird. Coues did not discuss or list the various- species and subspecies, but described two new species of long-tailed shrews (op. cit., p. 650), one, Sorex facvjicus from Baird MS., a valid species; the other, Sorex sphagnicola^ now a synonym of S.. arcticus. Later in this same year, Alston (1877) described the first- known long-tailed shrew from Central America under the name Sorex verae-paeis, although the animal had been known to Gray (1843, p. 79) many years previously. In 1884, Merriam described as a new genus and species Atophyrax hendirii (Merriam, 1884b, p. 217) , a large marsh shrew from Klamath. County, Oreg. Shortly afterwards there appeared an important anatomical paper by Parker (1885), in which was described and beautifully illustrated the development of the skull of Sorex vulgaris^ {=S. arcmeus), not an American species, but one directly comparable,, as far as ontogeny is concerned, particularly with S. arcticus Kerr. The problematical Sorex hydrodromus from Unalaska Island,. Alaska, was described by Dobson in 1889 in a paper in which he also^ remarks upon the uselessness of retaining Neosorex as a distinct. 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 25 genus. (Dobson, 1889, p. 374.) At the time this paper appeared Dobson was working upon the part on the Soricidae of his mono- graph of the Insectivora, the first number of that part appearing in May of the following year (Dobson, 1890). Unfortunately Dobson's ill health and death prevented him from completing the momentous task, so that all that was published on the Soricidae was the fascicle of six plates, and these bear evidence in misnamed figures of not being proof-read by their careful and able author. In this work, the interesting American species, Sorex merHmiii, is named and figured. (Dobson, 1890, pi. 23, fig. 6.) During the next three years in three papers Merriam (1890, 1891, and 1892b) described six new forms of Sorex. It was not until 1895, however, when the revisions by Miller and Merriam were published, that a clear presentation of the relationships of the American species as understood at that time was had. Miller's contribution was a review of the members of the genus Sorex (including subgenera Sorex, Microsorex, and Neosorex) occurring east of the Great Plains of the United States. He had examined in the British Museum the original specimens of Sorex palustris, JS. forsten, and S. pai'vits described by Richardson, which enabled him to describe more ac- curately these specimens and clarify questions of their relationships. He recognized seven species from the eastern United States, one of which, S. fumeus, he described as new (Miller, 1895, p. 50). Mer- riam's synopsis (1895) comprises the most complete account pub- lished of the long-tailed shrews of the entire region of North America and Central America. Merriam recognized 41 species and subspecies, which he included in the single genus Sorex, divided into four sub- genera ; 33 species and subspecies were placed in the subgenus Sorex, 1 in the subgenus Microsorex, 4 in the subgenus Neosorex, and 3 in the subgenus Atophyrax. In this revision, Merriam described 21 new species and subspecies, all of which are recognized in the present revision. And of the 41 forms recognized by Merriam, all except /S. sphagnicola {=S. arcticus) and S. vagrans dohsoni {=S. v. Tnonticola) are recognized in the present work, although his S. per- sonatus here appears under the name S. oinereus, and his S. richard- soni as S. arcticus. Merriam's contribution was a big stepping-stone in the climb toward a knowledge of this difficult group. In 1896 Batchelder described an interesting and distinctive species of shrew from New York under the name Sorex maerurus^ which being preoccupied he later renamed Sorex dispar (Batchelder, 1911). During the 30 years following the revisions by Miller and Merriam (1895), there appeared numerous other descriptions of new species or subspecies of American long-tailed shrews bv Merriam (1897, 1899, 1900. 1902), Bangs (1899), Elliot (1899, 1903b), Osgood (1901a, 1901b, 1909), Preble (1902, 1910), Nelson and Goldman (1909), Bailey (1913), Jackson (1917, 1918, 1919, 1921b, 1922, 1925a, 1925b, 1925c, 1926), and Anthony and Goodwin (1924); there were also published several papers treating upon the distribution or habits of American forms. During this i^eriod, however, only four contribu- tions stand out above the others as needing special mention here. The first of these is an anatomical paper by Arnback-Christie-Linde (1907), which treats in some detail of the muscles of S. pygmaeus and S. vulgai^, European forms, the latter not far removed from S. 26 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 m'cticus. In this account, also, the side glands are mentioned as occurring only in males, and the investigator considers that the mem- bers of the family Soricidae hibernate because they are provided with " Winterschlaf drusen oder braunem Fettgewebe," a case where present knowledge of habits apparently does not substantiate a supposed structural adaptation. Hollister's paper (1911) was a brief review of the Sorex of the Eastern United States, in which was described the new species Sorex fontincblh. Hollister recognized five species from the region. He considered Amphisorex lesueui^i Duvernoy to be a synonym of S. longh'ostj^s Bachman, and S. f-iiibriyes Bachman to be unidentifiable; he identified S. acadicus Gilpin with S. fersonatus GeofFro}^ Grinnell (1913a) discussed the characters, relationships, and dis- tribution of six species and subspecies of Sorex from west-central California. Three new forms were described, all of which are recognized in the present monograph. Glover M. Allen (1915) described as new Neosorex pahistris acadicus {=S. p. gloveralleni Jackson), carefully compared it with related forms, and listed all the other known subspecies with an outline of their respective geographic ranges. LIST OF GENERIC NAMES USED FOR AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS Amphisorex Duvernoy, Mem. de la Soc. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Strasbourg, tome 2, sig. 5, p. 23, 1835. Type species Sorex hermanni Duvernoy, the animal of which is Sorex araneus tetragonurus Hermann and the skull, Neomys fodiens fodiens Schreber j(vide Miller, 1912a, pp. 29, 42, 70). Used generi- cally for Amphisorex lesueurii Duvernoy qui Sorex clnereus cinereus Kerr. Atophyrax Merriam, Trans. Linn. Soc. New York 2 : 217, August, 1884. Type species Atophyrax bendirii Merriam. A subgenus of Sorex Linnaeus. Corsira Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, part 5, 1837, p. 123, May, 1838. Type species Sorex vulgaris Linnaeus. A synonym of Sorex Linnaeus to which Gray referred Sorex forsterl Richardson qui Sorex cinereus cinereus Kerr. Crocidura Wagler, Isis von Oken 25 : 275, 1832. Earliest available name for the Old World genus of which Sorex leucodon Hermann is the type species. Used generically in synonymy for several species of American Sorex by Fitzinger (1868), who refers to Reichenbach. Croscopus ? Fitzinger, Sitzungber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wissensch., math.-natlirwis- sensch. Classe, Wien, Band 57, Abt. 1, p. 632, 1868. Misprint for Crossopus Wagler. Used in synonymy under Crossopus fimbripes qui Sorex cinereus cinereus Kerr. Crossopus Wagler, Isis von Oken 25: 275, 1832. Type species Sorex fodiens Beckstein =)Sorea; fodiens Schreber. A synonym of Neomys Kaup. First used for an American species as Crossopus palustris Reichenbach (1847, p. 161), qui Sorex palustris palustris Richardson. Galemys Pomel, Archives Sci. Physiques et Nat., Geneve 9 : 249, November, 1848. Included Brachysorex Duvernoy, Crossopus Wagler, and Pachyura de Selys-Longchamps. Not Galemys Kaup (1829), which is a genus of Talpidae. Included Sorex palustris Richardson. Hydrogale Pomel, Archives Sci. Physiques et Nat., Geneve 9: 248, November, 1848. Type species Sorex fimhripes Bachman. Not Hydrogale Kaup, 1829, qui Neomys Kaup. Used to replace Neosorex Baird by Gill (1875, p. 111). Microsorex Coues, Bui. U. S. Geo!, and Geogr. Surv. Territories 8 : no. 3, p. 646, May 15, 1877. Earliest available name for the genus of which Sorex hoyi Baird is the type species. Described as a subgenus by Coues from Baird manuscript. Raised to rank of genus by Elliot (1901a, p. 377). Musaraneus Brisson, Regnum Animale, p. 126, 1762. A synonym of Sorex Lin- naeus. Pomel placed Sorex longirostris Bachman in this genus and in his " section " Crocidura under the specifie name bachmani, thus : " [Musar. (Croc.)] Bachmani {longirostris junior Baciim.)." 192S] REVIEW OF. AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 27 Neosorex Baird, Report Pacific Railroad Survey, vol. 8, part 1. Mammals, p. 11, 1857. Type species Neosorex navigator Baird. A .'^iil>i;enus of Sorex Linnaeus. Otisorex DeKay, Zoology of New York, part 1, Mammalia, p. 22, and plate 5, fig. 1, 1842. Type species Otisorex ijlatyrUlmis DeKay, qui Sorex cinereus Kerr. A synonym of Sorex Linnaeus. DeKay also included Sorex longiros- tris Bachman in the genus. Sorax Hollister, Proc. U. S. National Museum 40 : 378, April 17, 1911, Misprint for Sorex. Sorex Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, edition 10, vol. 1, p. 53, 1758. Available name for the genus of which Sorex araneus Linnatus is the type species. KEY TO THE GENERA AND SUBGENERA OF AMERICAN LONG- TAILED SHREWS a'. Unicuspids 5, in superficial lateral view appearing to be only 3, the third and fifth being scarcely, if at all, visible; tliird uui- cuspid disklike, antero-posteriorly flattened; primary (an- terior) lobe of first upper incisor relatively long and narrow, the length more than twice the width and more than twice the length of secondary lobe Genus Microsorex (p. 200) a*. Unicuspids 5, in superficial lateral view appearing to be 5, the fifth sometimes minute and indistinct; third unicuspid not disklike, not antero-posteriorly flattened; primary (an- terior) lobe of first upper incisor relatively broad, the length less than twice the width and usually less than twice the length of secondary lobe Genus Sorex (p. 30) b^. Size smaller; hind foot less than 18; and if hind foot is over 16, color distinctly brown Subgenus Sorex (p. 31) 52. Size larger; hind foot 18 or more; color grayish, never dis- tinctly brown, c^ Rostrum shorter and little down-curved; anterior end of premaxilla scarcely narrower dorso-ventrally than middle portion; dorso-ventral diameter of rostrum measured ;;t third unicuspid equal about half the diam- eter between anterior border of infraorbital foramen and posterior border of first incisor; posterior end of interior cutting edge of anterior portion of internal basal shelf of first and second upper molars usually without cusplike lobe; hind foot distinctly fimbriate. Subgenus Neosorex (p. 175) c^. Rostrum relatively longer and distinctly down-curved; an- terior end of premaxilla much narrower dorso-ventrally than middle portion; dorso-ventral diameter of rostruin measured at third unicuspid less than half the diameter between anterior border of infraorbital foramen and posterior border of first incisor; posterior end of interior cutting edge of anterior portion of internal basal shelf of first and second upper molars usually with distinct cusplike lobe; hind foot slightly fimbriate. Subgenus Atophyrax(p. 192) LIST OF AMERICAN GENERA, SPECIES, AND SUBSPECIES OF LONG- TAILED SHREWS, WITH TYPE LOCALITIES SOREX CINEREUS GROUP Sorex cinereus cinerexis Kerr Fort Severn, Ontario (p. 40) . cinereus miscix Bangs Black Bay, Labrador (p. 50). cinereus haydeni Baird Fort Buford, N. Dak. (p. 51). cinereus streatori Merriam Yakutat, Alaska (p. 53). cinereus hollisteri Jackson St. Michael, Alaska (p. 55). /on^waKs Hollister Near Beltsville, Md. (p. 56). lyelli Merriam Mount Lyell, Calif, (p. 57). preblei Jackson Jordan Valley, Oreg. (p. 58). 74235—28 3 28 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 SOREX FUMEUS GROUP Sorex fumeus Jumeus Miller Peterboro, N. Y. (p. 63). fumeus umbrosus Jackson James River, Nova Scotia (p. 65). SOREX ARCTICUS GROUP Sorex arcficus arcticus Kerr Fort Severn, Ontario (p. 68). arcticus laricorum Jackson Elk River, Minn. (p. 71). tundrensis Merriam St. Michael, Alaska (p. 72). hydrodromus Dobson Unalaska Island, Alaska (p. 74) . SOREX PRIBILOFENSIS GROUP Sorex pribilofensis Merriam St. Paul Island, Pribilof Group, Alaska (p. 76). SOREX MERRIAMI GROUP (Sorex mernami Dobson Fort Custer, Mont. (p. 78). leucogenys Osgood 3 miles east of Beaver, Utah (p. 81). SOREX SCLATERI GROUP Sorex sclateri Merriam Tumbala, Chiapas, Mexico (p. 82). SOREX LONGIROSTRIS GROUP Sorex longirostris longirostris Bachman Cat Island, mouth of Santee River, S. C. (p. 85). longirostris fisheri Merriam Lake Drummond, Dismal Swamp, Va. (p. 87). SOREX DISPAR GROUP Sorex dispar Batchelder Beedes, N. Y. (p. 89). gaspensis Anthony and Goodwin Mount Albert, Quebec (p. 91). SOREX TROWBRIDGII GROUP Sorex trowbridgii trowbridgii Baird Astoria, Oreg. (p. 94). troivbridgii humboldtensis Jackson Mad River, Calif, (p. 96). trowbridgii montereyensis Merriam Monterey, Calif, (p. 97). trowbridgii mariposae Grinnell Yosemite Valley, Calif, (p. 98). SOREX VAGRANS-OBSCURUS GROUP Sorex vagrans vagrans Baird Shoal water Bay, Wash. (p. 104). vagrans vancouverensis M.evv\a.m. Goldstream, British Columbia (p. 106). vagrans newocZensis Merriam Reese River, Nev. (p. 107). vagrans halicoetes Gr\nx\Q\\ Palo Alto, Calif, (p. 108). vagrans amoenus Merriam Near Mammoth, Calif, (p. 109) . vagrans monticola Merriam San Francisco Mountain, Ariz. (p. 110). vagrans orizabae Merriam Mount Orizaba, Puebla, Mexico (p. 113). dwrangoe Jackson El Salto, Durango, Mexico (p. 114). obscurusobscurusM.eYTia.ui Lemhi Mountains, Idaho (p. 117). obscurus neomexicanus Bailey Cloudcroft, N. Mex. (p. 123). obscurus parvidens Jackson Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mountains, Cahf. (p. 124). 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 29 Sorex obscurus shumaginensis Merriam Popof Island, Alaska (p. 125). obscurusalascensisM.eTna.in Yakutat, Alaska (p. 126). obscurus malitiosus Jackson Warren Island, Alaska (p. 128). obscurus elassodon Osgood Moresby Island, Queen Char- lotte Islands, British Colum- bia (p. 130). obscurus longicauda Merriam Wrangell, Alaska (p. 131). obscurus prevostensis Osgood Prevost Island, Queen Char- lotte Islands, British Colum- bia (p. 133). obscurus isolatus Jackson Nanaimo, Vancouver Island, British Columbia (p. 134). obscurus setosus 'EUiot Happy Lake, Olympic Moun- tains, Wash. (p. 135) obscurus permiliensis Jackson Mount JeflFerson, Oreg. (p. 137). obscurus bairdi Merriam Astoria, Oreg. (p. 139). yaquinae J Sickson Yaquina Bay, Oreg. (p. 140). pacificus pacificus Coues Fort Umpqua, Oreg. (p. 142). pacificus sonomae Jackson Gualala, Calif, (p. 143). SOREX STIZODON GROUP Sorex stizodon Merriam San Cristobal, Chiapas, Mexico (p. 147). SOREX VERAEPACIS GROUP Sorex veraepacis veraepacis Alston Coban, Guatemala (p. 149). veraepacis chiapensis Jackson San Cristobal, Chiapas, Mex- ico (p. 150). veraepacis mutabilis Merriam Reyes, Oaxaca, Mexico (p. 151). macrodon Merriam Orizaba, Vera Cruz, Mexico (p. 152). SOREX SAUSSUREI GROUP Sorex saussurei saussurei Merriam North slope of Sierra Nevada de Colima, Jalisco, Mexico (p. 155). saussurei veraecrucis Jackson Xico, Vera Cruz, Mexico (p. 156). saussurei oaxacae Jackson Mountains near Ozolotepee, Oaxaca, Mexico (p. 157). saussurei cristobalensis Jackson San Cristobal, Chiapas, Mexico (p. 157). saussurei godmani Merriam Volcan Santa Maria, Guatemala (p. 158). saussurei salvini Merriam Calel, Guatemala (p. 159) . emarginatus Jackson Sierra Madre near Bolanos, Ja- lisco, Mexico (p. 159). ventralis Merriam Cerro San Felipe, Oaxaca, Mex- ico (p. 160). or eopoZus Merriam North slope Sierra Nevada de Colima, Jalisco, Mexico (p. 162). 80REX ORNATUS GROUP Sorex ornatus ornatus Merriam Mount Pinos, Calif, (p. 166). ornatus californicus Merriam Walnut Creek, Calif, (p. 168). ornatus lagunae Nelson and Goldman La Laguna, Sierra Laguna, Lower California, Mexico (p. 169). trigonirostris Jackson Ashland, Oreg. (p. 170). sinuosus Grinnell Grizzly Island, near Suisun, Calif, (p. 171). juncensis Nelson and Goldman Socorro, Lower California, Mex- ico (p. 172). tenellus Merriam Lone Pine Creek, Alabama Hills, near Lone Pine, Calif, (p. 172) . myops Merriam Pipers Creek, White Mountains, Calif, (p. 173). nanus Merriam Estes Park, Colo. (p. 174). 30 NORTH AMEEICAN FAUNA [No. 51 SOREX PALUSTRIS GROUP Sorex palustris palustris Richardson Between Hudson Bay and Rocky Mountains, Canada (p. 178). palustris hydrohadistes Jackson Withee, Wis. (p. ISO). palustris albibarbis (Cope) Profile Lake, Franconia Moun- tains, N. H. (p. 181). palustris gloveralleni Jackson Digby, Nova Scotia (p. 183). palustris navigator (Baird) Near head of Yakima River, Cascade Mountains, Wash, (p. 184). alaskanus Merrisim Point Gustavus, Glacier Bay, Alaska (p. 189). SOREX BENDIRII GROUP Sorex bendirii bendirii ( Merriam) Eighteen miles southeast of Fort Klamath, Oreg. (p. 194). bendirii palmeri Merriam Astoria, Oreg. (p. 197). bendirii albiventer Merriam Lake Cushman, Olympic Moun- tains, Wash. (p. 198). MICROSOREX HOYI GROUP Microsorex hoyi hoyi (Baird) Racine, Wis. (p. 202) . hoyi thompsoni (Baird) Burlington, Vt. (p. 204). hoyi winnemana Preble Bank of Potomac River, 4 miles below Great Falls, Fairfax County, Va. (p. 206) . hoyi intervectus Jackson Lakewood, Wis. (p. 206). hoyi alnorum (Preble) Robinson Portage, Manitoba (p. 208). hoyi eximius (Osgood) Tyonek, Alaska (p. 208) . hoyi washingtoni Jackson Loon Lake, Wash. (p. 209). Genus SOREX Lmrsaeus Sorex Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, p. 53, 1758. Musaraneus Brisson, Regnum Animale, p. 126, 1762. Oxyrhin Kaup, Skizzirte Entwickelungs-Geschich. uud natiirl. System europaischeu Thierwelt, p. 120, 1829. Amphisorex Duvernoy, Mem. de la Soc. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Strasbourg 2, sig. 5, X) 23 1835 Corsira Gray, i?roc. Zool. Soc. London, part 5, 1837, p. 123, May, 1838. Otisorex, DeKay, Zoology of New York, part 1, Mammalia, p. 22 and pi. 5, fig. 1, 1842. Hyd^ogale Pomel, Archives Sci. Physiques et Nat. Geneve 9: 248, November, 1848. Neosorex Baird, Kept. Pacific Railroad Survey 8, part 1, Mammals, p. 11, 1857. Atophyrax Merriam, Trans. Linnaean Soc. New York 2 : 217, August, 1884. Eomaliirus Schulze, Schriften des Naturwissenschaft. Vereins des Harzes, Wernigerode, 5: 28, 1890. Type species. — Sorex araneus Linnaeus. Geographic range of American species. — From the Arctic Ocean, south through Alaska, Yukon, Northvve.st Territories, Quebec, and Labrador, to central South Carolina, northern Florida, Alabama, and southern Illinois in the eastern United States, to central Nebraska in the Great Plains region, to southern Utah and southern Nevada in the Great Basin region, to southern Lower California on the Pacific coast, and in the mountains of Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, and south through the mountains of Mexico to western Guatemala. Generic characters. — Size small, form murine ; pelage soft and velvetlike ; tail more or less completely covered with hairs, moderately long, in most species about three-fourths length of head and body, but varying from one- half length of head and body (Sorex ttindrensis) to about equal length of 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 31 head and body {8. trowbridffii) ; ears small, modei'ately haired, nearly con- cealed by the fur, the auditory meatus covered by a lobe from the antitragus and a fold of the inner side of the conch ; eyes minute ; snout acute, extending well beyond incisors anteriorly; hind feet of relatively medium size, varj'ing from scarcely to heavily fimbriate, the soles naked, with normally 6 tubercles; mammae, 6 : abdominal, 1:1; inguinal, 2 : 2. Skull somewhat conoidal, rather elongate, not much deflated, relatively weak, yet compact, the separate bones anastomosing very early and the sutures dis- appearing before maturity ; moderately broad brain case ; considerably con- stricted interorbitally. Zygomatic arch absent, represented by a rudimentary zygomatic process of the maxilla. Rostrum moderately long, more or less triangular in superior outline, broad posteriorly, narrow and greatly attenuated anteriorly. Anterior nares opening at an anterior-superior angle. Infraorbital foramina large and prominent. Foramen magnum oval, comparatively large. Mesopterygoid space moderately elongate, relatively narrow, the sides nearly parallel but slightly converging posteriorly. Palate long and narrow, abruptly converging anterior to first molariform tooth. Posterior border of palate truncate, straight, slightly thickened into a noticeable ridge. Palatine foramina small, scarcely distinguishable. Horizontal ramus of mandible moderately heavy and nearly straight, being but slightly curved ventrad medially; angle of mandible long and slender ; coronoid long, moderately heavy, tapering gradually toward tip. Dentition simple. First upper incisor large, elongate, two-lobed, the anterior (primary) lobe relatively broad, the length less than twice the width and usually less than twice the length of secondary lobe. The five teeth following the first upper incisor, namely, second and third upper incisors, canine, and first and second premolars, are simple peglike teeth, essentially unicuspidate in all species and actually so in most species, and are designated as " unicuspids." Second and third upper incisors with or without distinct ridge from apex to inner border of cingulum, sometimes in certain species with a very slight cusp near terminus of ridge ; ridge from cusp of second or third incisor not distinctly and sharply curved caudad toward terminus and not with a pronounced secondary cusp near terminus of ridge on cingulum. Canine essentially like second incisor in shape, possibly variable in size, but never notieeably antero-posteriorly flattened. First and second premolars essentially like other unicuspids, variable in relative size, tending to be less cuspidate and less pigmented. Third premolar (first " molari- form tooth") more or less triangular in ventral surface outline, broad poste- riorly, narrower anteriorly, posterior border emarginate ; metacone well de- veloped, the mesostyle and parastyle practically obsolete. First and second molars relatively large, squarish in ventral surface outline, emarginate poste- riorly ; parastyle, paracone, mesostyle, metacone, meta style, and protoconule well developed ; hypocone moderately developed. Third upper molar small, somewhat triangular, broad anteriorly, acute exteriorly, abruptly narrowing posteriorly ; paracone, metacone, and protoconule moderately developed, para- style and mesastyle only slightly developed. Lower incisor elongate and narrow, in line \\'ith horizontal ramus of mandible, the cutting edge with three lobes. Canine unicuspidate, somewhat flattened laterally. Premolar simple, slightly larger than canine and relatively broader, with secondary cusp and longitudinal groove. First and second lower molars moderate in size, truncate posteriorly, gradually rounded on exterior of anterior half to become acute anteriorly ; protoconulid, hypoconid, paraconid, metaconid, and entoconid well developed. Third lower molar similar in outline to second, somewhat smaller, with the hypoconid and entoconid somewhat reduced. Bases of lower incisor and premolar not closely approximated, separated by space nearly equal antero-posterior diameter of canine. Dentition: i., f ; c, | pm., f ; m., f ; total, 32. Subgenus SOREX Linnaeus Type species. — Sorex araneus Linnaeus. Geographio range of Avwrican species. — That of the genus Sorex. Diagnostio characters. — Size relatively small ; hind foot less than 18 ; feet never densely fimbriate, sometimes slightly fimbriate ; rostrum moderately short, not distinctly curved ventrad. Remiarks. — The subgenus Sorex as here constituted is divided for convenience into 14 groups containing 35 species. Several of these 32 ISrORTH AMEEICAN FAUNA [No. 51 species display very fundamental differences when compared with certain others, and future more detailed investigations upon genera and subgenera of Soricidae may possibly necessitate subgeneric or even generic divisions among species here classified in the subgenus Sorex. Any conclusions that will in any way approach finality in regard to the major divisions in the classification of the Soricidae can be reached only after a detailed study, not alone of skins and skulls, but also of alcoholics and skeletons, both of young and adult individuals, representing every distinctive species in the family. Such material, even of American species, is not now available in any institution. KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES OF THE SUBGENUS SOREX a'. Third unicuspid not smaller than fourth. 61. Known geographic range north of United States-Mexico boundary. c'. Infraorbital foramen with posterior border lying caudad to plane of interspace between m^ and m^. d^. Size larger; total length more than 115; hind foot more than 13; condylobasal length more than 16.8 dispar (p. 89). d^. Size smaller; total length less than 115; hind foot less than 13; condylobasal length less than 16.8 gaspensis (p. 91). c^. Infraorbital foramen with posterior border lying even with or anterior to plane of mterspace between m' and m^. dK Maxillary breadth less than 4.6. e^. Condylobasal lengtli 15 or more. /'. Palatal length 6.2 or more; maxillary tooth row usu- ally more than 5.7. gi. Color more grayish; cranial breadth 8 or more; geographic range northeastern coast region of North America miscix (p. 50). g^. Color more brownish; cranial breadth less than 8; geographic range northwestern coast region of North America sireatori (p. 53). p. Palatal length less than 6.2; maxillary tooth row usu- ally less than 5.7. g^. Size smaller; maxillary tooth row 5.2 or less haydeni (p. 51), g'^. Size larger; maxillary tooth row more than 5.2. hK Known geographic range confined to Calif ornia-lyelli (p. 57). h'. Known geographic range not including Califor- nia, i'. Color paler; tail shorter; rostrum narrower hollisteri (p. 55) . i'. Color darker; tail longer; rostrum broader., -cinereus (p. 40) . e^. Condylobasal length usuallj^ less than 15. /'. Condylobasal length less than 14.7; interorbital breadth 3.1 or more; known geographic range confined to eastern Oregon preblei (p. 58) . p. Condylobasal length more than 14.7; interorbital breadth less than 3.1; known geographic range confined to Maryland fontinalis (p. 56) . d*. Maxillary breadth more than 4.6. e^. Known geographic range confined to Unalaska Island, Alaska hydrodromus (p. 74). e2. Known geographic range not including Unalaska Island, Alaska. /'. Condylobasal length more than 17.5; cranial breadth 8.5 or more; maxillary tooth row 6.1 or more. g^. Coloration distinctly tricolor (color of back sharply darker than sides) ; tail less than 45. h^. Color paler; tail usually less than 38; condylo- basal length usually less than 18.5 tundrensis (p. 72). h^. Color darker; tail usually more than 38; condylo- basal length more than 18.5. 1928J REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 33 z'. Brain case relatively flatter; interorbital breadth usually more than 3.7 laricorum (p. 71). i^. Brain case relatively higher; interorbital breadth usually less than 3.7 arcticus (p. 68). g^. Coloration distinctly bicolor (back same color as sides) ; tail 45 or more. h^. Slightly smaller; more reddish; known geo- graphic range entirely within United States -fumeus (p. 63). h^. Slightly larger; more grayish; known geographic range Maine and eastern Canada umbrosus (p. 65) . p. Condylobasal length less than 17.5; cranial breadth less than 8.5; maxillary tooth row less than 6.1. g^. Hind foot 13 or more; palatal length less than 6; maxillary breadth less than 5; known geo- graphic range confined to Pribilof Islands, Alaska pribilofensis (p. 76) . g^. Hind foot less than 13; palatal length more than 6; maxillary breadth 5 or more. hK Total length less than 100; condylobasal length less than 16.4; cranial breadth less than 8.1 merriami (p. 78) . h^. Total length more than 100; condylobasal length more than 16.4; cranial breadth more than 8.1 leucogenys (p. 81). 6^ Known geographic range south of United States-Mexico boundary, c'. Condylobasal length less than 17.9; maxillary tooth row less than 6.5. dK Tail less than 50. e*. Condylobasal length less than 17.4; maxillary tooth row less than 6.3. /'. Cranial breadth less than 8.3 emarginatus {p. 15Q) . p. Cranial breadth more than 8.3 ventralis (p. 160). e^. Condylobasal length more than 17.4; maxillary tooth row more than 6.3. p. Cranial breadth less than 8.5; maxillary breadth less than 5.2 oreopolus (p. 162), p. Cranial breadth more than 8.5; maxillary breadth more than 5.2 stizodon (p. 147). d^. Tail more than 50 godmani (p. 158). c^. Condylobasal length more than 17.9; maxillary tooth row 6.5 or more. #. Tail less than 50. e'. Cranial breadth 9 or more oaxacae {p. 157). e^. Cranial breadth less than 9. p. Total length usually more than 109; tail more than 45. g^. Hind foot 14 or more; cranial breadth 8.6 or more saussurei (p. 155) . g^. Hind foot less than 14; cranial breadth less than 8.6 cristobalensis (p. 157). p. Total length less than 109; tail less than 45 salvini (p. 159). d^. Tail more than 50. e^. Hind foot about 15; condylobasal length less than 19; cranial breadth less than 9 veraecrucis (p. 156). e^. Hind foot about 16; condylobasal length more than 19; cranial breadth more than 9 sclateri (p. S2) . a?. Third unicuspid smaller than fourth. 61. Known geographic range east of Mississippi River. c'. Total length less than 95; condylobasal length less than 15 longirostris (p. 85) . c2. Total length 95 or more; condylobasal length 15 or more.. fisheri (p. 87). b^. Known geographic range west of Mississippi River. c^ Known geographic range north of United States-Mexico boundary. 34 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 d'. Tail sharply bicolor; underparts of body scarcely, if any, paler than upper parts; ridge extending from apex of unicuspid toward interior edge of cingulum but slightly pigmented and rarely pigmented to cingulum, separated from cingulum by longitudinal groove, and never ending in distinct cusplet. eK Color gray rather than brown; tail more than 0.8 of head-and-body length; maxillary breadth usually less than 5.4. p. Size smaller; condylobasal length less than 17.7; maxillary breadth less than 5.1 troivbridgii (p. 94). p. Size larger; condylobasal length more than 17.7; maxillary breadth more than 5.1 humboldtensis (p. 96), c*. Color brown rather than gray; tail less than 0.8 of head-and-body length; maxillary breadth 5.4 or more. p. Color darker; condylobasal length usually less than 18.4; cranial breadth usually less than 9.2; range western California montereyensis (p. 97) . p. Color paler; condylobasal length usually more than 18.4; cranial breadth usually more than 9.2; range eastern California and extreme western Nevada mariposae (p. 98) . (P. Tail not sharply bicolor; underparts of body distinctly paler than upper parts; ridge extending from apex of unicuspid toward interior edge of cingulum well pig- mented usually to cingulum, not separated from cingulum by longitudinal groove, and usually ending in a distinct cusplet more or less pigmented, e'. Foramen magnum placed relatively ventrad, encroach- ing less into supraoccipital and more into basiocci- pital; mesoconid of first upper molariform tooth (pm*) comparatively low. /'. Geographic range north of United States-Canada boundary. g^. Known geographic range confined to Vancouver Island. hK Tail length less than 45; condylobasal length less than 17; maxiUary breadth 4.7 or less vancouverensis (p. 106). , h^. Tail length more than 45; condylobasal length more than 17; maxillary breadth more than 4.7 isolatus (p. 134). g^. Known geographic range not including Vancouver Island. h\ Tail length usually less than 52. i^. Total length usually less than 110; tail usually less than 44; protoconulid of mi comparatively low. j'. Color darker; hind foot usually 12 or less; geographic range coast region of south- western British Columbia vagrans (p. 104). j^. Color paler; hind foot usually 12 to 13; geographic range interior region of southern British Columbia and Alberta monticola (p. 110). t^. Total length usually more than 110; tail usually more than 44; protoconulid of mi comparatively high, j'. Color paler; brain case usually rising abruptly in frontal region shumaginensis (p. 125). j2. Color darker; brain case usually not rising abruptly in frontal region. k^. Hind foot less than 14; cranial breadth less than 8.6 obscurus (p. 117). k^. Hind foot 14 or more; cranial breadth 8.6 or more alascensis (p. 126). 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 35 h^. Tail length usually more than 52. i». Known geographic range confined to Prevost Island, British Columbia ...prevostensis {p. 166). i^. Known geographic range not including Prevost Island, British Columbia. jK Hind foot over 14. kK Known geographic range confined to Warren and Coronation Islands, ^agka malitiosus (p. 128). /c2. Known geographic range not including Warren and Coronation Islands, Alaska longicauda (p. 131). 72. Hind foot 14 or less. kK Tail usually more than 55; skull higher and more arched; dental pigmenta- tion heavier setosus (p. 135). k^. Tailusually less than 55; skull lower and less arched; dental pigmentation lighter elassodon (p. 130). p. Geographic range south of United States-Canada boundary, fli. Length of tail less than 50. /ii Hind foot 14 or more; maxillary tooth row more than 6.5 neomexicanus (p. Iz6). /i2. Hind foot less than 14; maxillary tooth row less than 6.5. ii Total length usually more than 110; tail usu- ally more than 44; interorbital breadth 3.7 or more obscurus{p. 117). i2 Total length usually less than 110; tail usu- ally less than 44; interorbital breadth usually less than 3.7. jK Tail usually more than 40. fci. Metaconid of mi comparatively high; superior border of foramen magnum less acute parvidens (p. 124) . A;2. Metaconid of mi comparatively low; superior border of foramen magnum more acute. P-. Color darker; hind foot usually 12 or less; maxillary tooth row usually less than 5.7 vagrans (p. 104). ^2. Color paler; hind foot usually more than 12; maxillary tooth row usu- ally more than 5.7 monticola{p. 110). j2. Tail usually less than 40. . kK Total length less than 100; cranial breadth usually less than 8.2; maxll- lary breadth less than 4.7 nevadensis (p. 107). fc2. Totallength usually 100 or more; cra- nial breadth usually more than 8.2; maxiUary breadth more than 4.7. ^1. Color paler; interorbital breadth less than 3.4 amoenus (p. 109). ^2. Color darker; interorbital breadth more than 3.4 halicoetes (p. 108) . g2. Length of tail more than 50. hK Hind foot more than 15.5; cranial breadth more than 9.5; maxillary tooth row more than 7.2. . iK Condylobasal length less than 21; cranial breadth less than 10; maxillary tooth row less than 7.8 yagumae (p. 140). i2. Condylobasal length 21 or more; cranial breadth more than 10; maxillary tooth row more than 7.8. 36 NORTH AMEEICAN FAUNA [No. 51 j'. Color paler; size larger; known geographic range Pacific coast region north of Point Arena, Calif pacificus {p. 142). j2. Color darker; size smaller; known geo- graphic range Pacific coast region from Point Arena, Calif., south sonomae (p. 143). h^. Hind foot less than 15.5; cranial breadth less than 9.5; maxillary tooth row less than 7.2. i^. Color less reddish; cranial breadth less than 8.8 setosus (p. 135). i^. Color more reddish; cranial breadth more than 8.8. j^. Total length more than 122; maxillary tooth row usually more than 6.6 bairdi (p. 139). j^. Total length less than 122; maxillary tooth row usually less than 6.6 permiliensis (p. 137). e*. Foramen magnum placed relativeh' dorsad, encroach- ing more into supraoccipital and less into basio-occi- pital; mesoconid of first upper molariform tooth (pm 2) comparatively high. p. Condylobasal length more than 16.3; maxillary breadth usually more than 4.7. g^. Color darker, blackish; palate shorter, less than 6.7 sinuosus (p. 171) . g^. Color paler, never blackish; palate longer, 6.7 or more ornatus (p. 166) . p. Condylobasal length less than 16.3; maxillary breadth usually less than 4.7. g^. Tail less than 40; condylobasal length less than 15.4; cranial breadth less than 7.2. h^. Hind foot less than 11; condylobasal length less than 14.8; known geographic range Colorado nanus (p. 174). h'^. Hind foot more than 11; condylobasal length more than 14.8; known geographic range California. iK Interorbital breadth less than 3.2 tenellus (p. 172). i^. Interorbital breadth more than 3.2 myops (p. 173). g^. Tail more than 40; condylobasal length more than 15.4; cranial breadth more than 7.2. h^. Condylobasal length more than 15.8; palatal length more than 6; known geographic range confined to California calif ornicus (p. 168). li^. Condylobasal length less than 15.8; palatal length less than 6; known geographic range confined to Oregon trigonirostris (p. 170). c* Known geographic range south of United States-Mexico boundary, d'. Known geographic range confined to Lower California, el. Condylobasal length less than 16; maxillary breadth less than 4.6 juncensis (p. 172). e^. Condylobasal length more than 16; maxillary breadth more than 4.6. ' /'. Color paler ventrally ornatus (p. 166). p. Color darkerventrally lagunae (p. 169). cP. Known geographic range not including Lower California. e^. Condylobasal length less than 17.9; maxillary tooth row less than 6.5. p. Tail less than 48. g^. Palatal length less than 6.8; interorbital breadth usuall}^ less than 3.6; maxillary breadth usu- ally less than 5. h^. Tail usually more than 40; cranial breadth 8.2 or more monticola (p. 110). K^. Tail usually less than 40; cranial breadth usu- ally less than 8.2 orizabae (p. 113). 192S] REVIEW OF AMERICAN LOISTG-TAILED SHREWS 37 g'^. Palatal length more than 6.8; interorbital breadth more than 3.6; maxillary breadth 5 or more. /('. Condylobasal length more than 17.5; maxillar}^ tooth row more than 6.3 oreopolus (p. 162). h^. Condylobasal length less than 17.5; maxillary tooth row less than 6.3 ventralis (p. 160). p. Tail more than 48. g^. Total length less than 115; hind foot less than 14 durangae (p. 114). g^. Total length more than 115; hind foot more than 14 godmani (p. 158). e^. Condylobasal length more than 17.9; maxillary tooth row 6.5 or more. p. Condylobasal length more than 19; cranial breadth more than 9.6. g^. Cranial breadth more than 10; molariform teeth weaker veraepacis (p. 149). g^. Cranial breadth less than 10; molariform teeth heavier macrodon (p. 152) . p. Condylobasal length less than 19; cranial breadth less than 9.6. g^. Cranial breadth 9 or more. /i^. Tail more than 52 mutabilis (p. 151). /i2. Tail less than 52. i^. Condylobasal length more than 9.2; maxillary tooth row more than 6.8 chiapensis (p. 150) . v^. Condylobasal length less than 9.2; maxillary tooth row less than 6.8 oaxacae{p. 157). g^. Cranial breadth less than 9. h^. Tail more than 50 veraecrucis (p. 156). h'. Tail less than 50. ii. Total length usually more than 109; tail more than 45. ji. Hind foot 14 or more; cranial breadth 8.6 or more saussurei (p. 155). j2. Hind foot less than 14; cranial breadth less than 8.6 cristobalensis (p. 157). i^. Total length less than 109; tail less than 4:5.salvini (p. 159). SOREX CINEREUS GROUP The cinereus group includes four species : Sorex chierexLs^ S. lyelli^ S. preblei^ and S. fontinalis. Geograyhic range. — Labrador, northern Quebec, and all of Canada and Alaska, except certain islands ; south through the eastern United States to southeastern ]\Iaryland, and in the mountains to North Carolina and Tennessee, to central Ohio, southern Indiana, northern Illinois, Iowa, northern Nebraska, in the Rocky I\Iountains to north- ern New Mexico, eastern Oregon, and the coast region of Washington; also the Sierra Nevada of central California. Diagnostic cliaracters.- — Size small, tail medium in len<:th. hind foot small. Skull relatively weak, with narrow rostrum, weak dentition : the fourth uni- cuspidate tooth genevnlly smaller than the third, rarely about equal; unicuspids with pigmented ridge extending from apex of tooth to interior edge of cingulum, in unworn teeth sonietiuies ending in very minute pigmented cusplet on cingulum. Members of the cinereus group may be distinguished from any of the longi- rostris or lyagrans-obscurvs groups by the relatively narrower rostrum of cinereus, naxTOwer (exteru-interiorly) molariform teeth, and by the I'elative size of the fourth unicuspid to the third, usually smaller than or rarely equal to the third in cinereus group ; larger than tlie third in longirostris and vagrans- ohscurus groups. Smaller than any form of the arcticus, fumeus, or dispar groups, with smaller hind foot, and distinctly smaller skull, weaker dentition, 38 NORTH AMEEICAN FAUNA [No. 51 the molariform teeth being narrower (extero-interior diameter) ; rostrum decidedly narrower botli actually and relatively than in members of arcticus and fumetis groups. Tail relatively longer than in prihllofensis group, and coloration not tricolor; skull relatively much narrower, particularly inter- orbitally and rostrally ; dentition weaker, the internal ridge on unicuspids less heavily pigmented. Somewhat smaller than either species of the merriami group, darker ventrally and on feet ; skull relatively longer, higher, and nar- rower, not swollen interorbitally (as in merriami group), unicuspidate teeth less crowded and not relatively deeper (supero-inferiorly) than broad (antero- posteriorly) in lateral aspect. RemofrTcs. — The cinereus group, although comprising only eight recognizable forms belonging to four species, has a wide geographic range entirely across the northern half of the North American Con- tinent. In many places in the Canadian and Boreal Zones shrews of this group are among the more common mammals. Although members of the cinereus group are superficially similar both externally and cranially to S. 77iinutus of Europe, the two appear to be actually not closely related. The dentition of ;S'. minutus^ par- ticularly as shown in the characters in the first upper incisor, is very different from that of S. cinereus and its related forms. SOREX CINEREUS Kerr [Synonymy under subspecies] Geographic range. — That of the cinereus group, except that part of California inhabited by Sorex lyelli., that part of eastern Oregon inhabited by S. 'preblei^ and that part of Maryland inhabited by S>. fontinalis. (Fig. 3.) Diagnostic characters. — Somewhat larger in all respects than S. lycUi, 8. fonti- nalis, or 8. prehlei, with correspondingly larger skull, relatively higher brain case (except in certain specimens of 8. c. haj/deni), and usually with longer, narrower rostrum ; unicuspidate tooth row relatively and actually longer than in 8. li/elli, 8. fontinalis. or 8. preNei, the unicuspids being less crowded and with greater antero-posterior diameter. 8uhspecies and geographic variation. — The species cinereus is divided into five subspecies: cinereus, miscix, haydeni, streatori, and holUsteri. The species as a whole is rather variable, as is also each of the subspecies. Bach subspecies, however, in its extreme form is well defined and has average differences over considerable geographic areas. Beginning from the southern border of the range of the species, there is a general tendency for an increase in size toward the northeast and northwest, which culminates in the subspecies miscix and streatori, each recognizable also by color differences. Still farther northward along the Arctic coast the animal becomes somewhat smaller again, and on the Bering coast of Alaska this tendency reaches a climax in the pale, small, rather short-tailed form holUsteri. The form from the Great Plains region is small, in keeping with other specimens from the southern part of the range of the species, but has additional characters of pale color, short tail, and short, broad rostrum, and is recognized under the name haydeni. Time of molting. — The transition from winter to summer pelage may occur any time between the first of April and the last of June, depending somewhat upon latitude and altitude. A male of 8. c. cinereus in early process of molt was collected at Hinckley, Minn., March 31, 1890. A female from Fort Totten, N. Y., is at about the same stage, April 4, 1908. Two other females from Jobs Knob, W. Va. (April 10 and 13, 1897), have the summer fur well advanced under the old over the entire backs, the one collected on the earlier date having the underparts in fresh pelage. A male from St. Marys Lake, Mont., has the summer hair appearing under the worn winter fur over the entire animal (June 7, 1895). A male of 8. c. haydeni from Fairmount, N. Dak., is in the height of the molting process (May 22, 1915) ; while another collected on June 7, 1915, 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 39 at the near-by locality of Blackraer is in complete summer pelage. A male from Ekalaka, Mont., collected on May 29, 1916, is about half molted. Three other males have about completed the molt in the Bear Lodge Mountains, Wyo., June 22, 1912, others of the same date and locality being in summer fur. A male 8. c. streatori from Skagway, Alaska, June 1, 1899, and one from Orca, Alaska, June 25, 1899, are in process of change from winter to summer pelage. The winter pelage is usually acquired during October in the southern part of the range of the species, and in the more northern parts during early Septem- ber or even late August. Two females of 8. c. cinereus, one collected Sep- tember 4, 1893, at Montauk Point, Suffolk County, N. Y., and the other taken November 20, 1893, at Wilmington, Mass., are both in early stages of the autumnal molt. A series from Prince Edward Island collected between October y. <^ /^ ^ [^ ^^^^ '^^^^ m H 1 W / Yt] fc 1 iTiiii 1 ^^^ y c/j ^8i [lilil 3 1 ^^^CA / /v L^^^^ P mm ^^^CA ^T : 1^^^ \ r i-4 ^■■fv-- r '£^r\ ^^nT"^ ^ v^ Fig. 3. — Geographic r.ange of the species and subspecies of So rex cincrcus group 1. &'. cinereus cinereus. 2. 8. c. miscix. S. 8. c. h^ydeni. 4. 8. c. streatori. 5. 8. c. hollisteri. 6. 8. fontinalis. 1. 8. lijelli. 8. 8. preilei. 27 and November 10, 1897, is for the most part in full winter pelage ; two males from this series taken November 3 and 10 are in early stages of transition. Another series from St. Elmo, Colo., is in winter pelage early in October, 1907, and numerous specimens from the mountains of Wyoming are in process of molt during middle September. A female from the Highwood Mountains, Mont., has the molt well begun, August 22, 1910. Numerous specimens from w-est-central Alberta were molting the last few days of August and the first week of Sep- tember. Specimens from British Columbia (Bennett, Cariboo Lake, Glenora, and Sicamous) were undergoing change of pelage from the middle to the last of September ; and the same is true of a large series from Great Bear Lake, Northwest Territories, many of which are in full winter pelage. Speci- mens from the Cook Inlet region of Alaska were changing from sxnnmer to winter pelage between August 24 and September 20, 1900, while a few fro^m the 40 NORTH AMERICAISr FAUIsTA [No. 51 mountains near Eagle, Alaska, sbow beginning of the molt during the last half of August. The majority of specimens of S. c. miscix are in winter pelage in October. A female from Black Bay, Labrador, is in summer pelage October 3 ; another female is in early process of molt September 24 ; while a male is at about the same stage October 20. Representatives of S. c. haydeni from Fort Custer, Mont., are with one exception in full winter pelage the middle of Novem- ber, 1895 ; a female, taken November 13, is still in process of molting. Two females collected October 26, 1893, at Portland, N. Dak., are in full winter pelage. One taken October 9, 1901, 10 miles south of Cody, Nebr., shows the beginning of the pelage change. Two males of S. c. streatori from Wrangell, Alaska, had begun to molt September 12, 1895. The majority of specimens in the topotype series of S. c. hoUisteri, collected during the middle of September, 1899, are changing from summer to winter fur; several had already acquired the full winter coat, even as early as September 10. Other specimens of hoUis- teri from Nushagak, Alaska, were molting during the middle of September, 1902; and specimens from Kakhtul River, Alaska, show molt as early as August 29, the same year. SOREX CINBREUS CINEREUS Kerr Cinereous Shrew (Pls. 2, a; 4, u; 5, s; 7, a; 11, a; 12, a) Sorex arcticus cinereus Kerr, Animal Kingdom, p. 206. 1792. Sorex personatus I. Geoffroy-Saint Hilaire, Dictionuaire Classique d'Hist. Nat. 11 : 319, January, 1827. Sorex forsteri Richardson, Zool. Journ. 3 : no. 12, January-April, 1828, p. 516, April, 1828. Type locality, " Hudson's Bay countries." Sorex cooperi Bachman, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 7: part 2, p. 388, 1837. Type locality, " North Western Territory." Sorex fimbripes Bachman, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 7 : part 2, p. 391, 1837. Type locality, Drury Run, Pa. Corsira forsteri J. E. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, part 5, 1837, p. 124, May, 1838. Otisorex platyrhimis De Kay, Zool. New York, part 1, Mammalia, p. 22, 1842. Type locality, Tappan, Rockland County, N. Y. 8[orex] platyrrhinchus Linsley, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts 43 : no. 2, p. 346, October 6, 1842. Type locality, Stratford, Conn. (Misspelling or emenda- tion of platyrhinus De Kay, with redescription. ) Amphisorex lesueurli Duvernoy, Mag. de Zool., d'Anat. Comp. et de Palaeont., series 2, 4th year, Monog. du Genre Musaraigne, p. 33, November, 1842. Type locality, Wabash River Valley, Ind. S\_orex\ lesueurii Sundevall, Kongl. [Svenska] Vetenskapsacad. Handl., 1842, p. 182, 1843. [Sorex] lesneurii (sic) Reichenbach, Praktische Naturgesch. Menschen und Saugth., p. 165, 1847. E[ydrogale] fimbripes Pomel, Arch. Sci. Phys. et Nat. 9: 248, 1848. Slorex] plaiyi-rMnus (sic) Wagner, Suppl. Schreber Saugth. 5: 547, 1855. Sorex platyrhinus Baird, Report Pacific R. R. Survey 8 : part 1, Mammals, p. 25, 1857. Amphisorex lesucrii (sic) Baird, Report Pacific R. R. Survey 8: part 1, Mam- mals, p. 27, 1857. (In questionable synonymy under Sorex cooperi Bach- man. ) Sorex lesueri (sic) Baird, Report Pacific R. R. Survey 8: part 1, Mammals, p. 27, 1857. (In .synonymy under S. cooperi Bachman.) Sorex fosteri (sic) Packard, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 10: 266, 1866. Sorex acadicus Gilpin, Proc. and Trans. Nova Scotian Inst. Nat. Sci. 1 : part 2 (erroneously marked vol. 2, part 2), p. 2, 1867. Type locality, Nova Scotia. Amphisorex forsteri Fitzinger, Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wissensch., math.- natiirwissensch. Classe, Wien, bd. 57, abt. 1, p. 509, 1868. (In synonymy.) Crocidura cooperi Fitzinger. Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wissensch., math.- natiirwissensch. Classe, Wien, bd. 57, abt. 1, p. 513, 1868. (In synonymy.) Otisorex platyrrhinus Fitzinger, Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wissensch., math.- natiirwissensch. Classe, Wien, bd. 57, abt. 1, p. 584, 1868. (In synonymy.) 1928] EEVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 41 Sorex platyrhynchus Fitziuger, Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wissensch., math.- natiinvissensch. Clause, Wien, bd. 57, abt. 1, p. 584, 1868. (In synonymy.) Crdcidura platyrhyncha Fitziuger, Sitzungber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wissensch., math.- natiirwissenscli. Clasi^e, Wien, bd. 57, abt. 1, p. 585, 1868. (In synonymy.) Crosnopus fimbripes Fitzinger, Sitzungber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wissensch., math.- natiirwissensch. Classe, Wien, bd. 57, abt. 1, p. 631, 1868. Crocidura fitiihripes Fitzinger, ISitzungber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wissensch., math.- natiirwissensch. Classe, Wien, bd. 57, abt. 1, p. 631, 1868. (In synonymy.) Croscopus ? fimbripes Fitzinger, Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. W^issensch., math.- natiirwissensch. Classe, Wien, bd. 57, abt. 1, p. 6-32, 1868. (In synonymy.) Sorex platyrinus Gilpin, Proc. and Trans. Nova Scotian lust. Nat. Sci. 2: part 2, p. 59, 1869. Sorex acadica ? Gilpin, Proc. and Trans. Nova Scotian Inst. Nat. Sci. 2: part 2, p. 59, 1869. Sorex fimhrkita Holder, Hist, of the Amer. Fauna, part 3, p. 30, 1877. Sorex idahoensis Merriam, North Amer. Fauna No. 5, p. 32, July 30, 1891. Type locality. Timber Creek, altitude 8,200 feet, Salmon River Mountains [now Lemhi Mountains], Idaho. Amphisorex lemieri (sic) Herrick, Mammals of Minnesota, Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Minnesota, Bui. 7, p. 48, 1892. (In synonymy under Sorex cooperi Bachman.) Amphisorex leseurii (sic) Butler, Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci., 1891, p. 163, 1892. Sorex platyrhinchus (sic) Miller, North Amer. Fauna No. 10, p. 39, December 31, 1895. Amphisorex leseueri (sic) Miller, North Amer. Fauna No. 10, p. 53, December 31, 1895. (In synonymy under Sorex per.sonatus Geoff roy.) Amphisorex lesueuri Merriam, North Amer. Fauna No. 10, p. 60, December 31, 1895. (In synonymy under Sorex peraonatus Geoffroy.) [Sorex personatus'\ lesueuH Merriam, North Amer. Fauna No. 10, p. 61, December 31, 1895. [Sorex'\ platyrhnchus (sic) Elliot, Field Columb. Mus. Publ. 45 (zool. series 2) : 366, 1901. Sorex personatus lesueurii Miller and Rehn, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 30 : 235, December 27, 1901. Sorax (sic) personatus lesueurii Hollister, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 40: 378, April 17, 1911. Swex longirostris lesueurii Hollister, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 40 * 380, April 17, 1911. Sorex foresteri (sic) Fleming, Nat. Hist. Toronto Region (Publ. by Canadian Inst.), p. 209, November, 1913. Sorex cinereus cinereus Jackson, Journ. Mamm. 6 : 56, February, 1925. Sorex frankstounensis Peterson. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 16: 292. March, 1926. Type locality, Frankstown Cave, near Hollidaysburg, Blair County, Pa. Type specimen. — None now known to exist. Type locality. — Fort Severn, Ontario, Canada. Geographic range. — Northern Quebec and all of northern Canada, west to central Alaska, northern Kenai Peninsula, western British Columbia (except coastal regjion) ; south to New Jersey, the moun- tains of North Carolina and Tennessee, central Ohio, southern Indi- ana, northern Illinois, northeastern Iowa, eastern Minnesota, north- ern and eastern Manitoba, northern Saskatchewan, through the mountains of Idaho, western Montana and western Wyoming to northern New Mexico, and northeastern and central Washington (fig. 3). Diagnostic characters. — Size medium ; larger than Sorex fontinalis, S. lyelli, S. preblei, S. c. haydeni or S. c. hoUisteri, smaller than .S'. e. strratori or S. c. miscix. Darker and more brownish (less grayish) than miscix, par- ticularly in winter pelage; skull shorter than that of miscix with relatively shorter and broader rostrum, and lower brain case. Larger and with relatively longer tail than S. c. haydeni; color darker both in summer and winter, par- ticularly on the sides, tending less to development of tricolor pattern; skull averaging slightly larger than that of haydeni, with relatively and actually 42 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 longer palate, and relatively narrower rostrum. Larger and with slightly longer tail than hollisteri; color darker, particularly in summer, underparts in both winter and summer pelages less whitish ; skull about the size of that of hollisteri or slightly larger, with broader rostrum. Paler than streatori, especially on the underparts ; tail shorter and hind feet smaller ; skull smaller than that of streatori, with weaker rostrum. Color. — Winter pelage: Upper parts grayish fuscous, frequently tending toward chaetura drab or hair brown, extending well down on the sides; underparts smoke gray or between smoke gray and pale smoke gray ; tail essentially bicolor, chaetura drab or fuscous above, buffy below nearly to tip. Summer pelage: Much more brownish than winter pelage. Upper parts rather variable, fuscous- black, mummy brown, or sometimes Prout's brown, usually extending well onto the sides and gradually blending with colors of underparts; sometimes with a distinct lateral ribbon of drab or huffy brown ; underparts usually smoke gray, sometimes light grayish olive, or even tinged with deep olive-bufC tending toward avellaneous ; tail as in winter. Skull. — Medium in size for the cinereus group (condylobasal length about 15.8 mm.). Smaller than that of S. o. miscix, with relatively shorter and broader rostrum, and shallower brain case. Averaging larger than that of 8. c. hapdeni, with relatively and actually longer palate, relatively narrower rostrum, and usually with less densely pigmented dentition. About the size of that of S. c. hollisteri or slightly larger, with broader, less attenuate rostrum. Smaller than that of S. c. streatori, with rostrum smaller, dentition weaker, and the molariform teeth usually less deeply emarginate posteriorly. Measurements. — Adult male and adult female from Drury Run, Clinton County, Pa.: Total length, 98; 95; tail vertebrae, 40; 39; hind foot, 11; 12. Average of four adult females from Washington County, R. I. : Total length, 100.5 (99-102) ; tail vertebrae, 41.5 (40^3) ; hind foot, 12.4 (11.8-12.7). Average of three adult females from Mamie Lake, Vilas County, Wis. : Total length, 101.7 (99-103); tail vertebrae, 38.7 (38-40); hind foot, 12 (12-12). Average of three adult males from Pahaska (mouth of Grinnell Creek), Park County, Wyo.: Total length, 96.3 (95-97); tail vertebrae, 41.7 (39-44); hind foot, 12 (12-12). Skull: Skull of adult male (teeth moderately worn) and adult female (teeth slightly worn) from Drury Run, Clinton County, Pa.: Condylo- basal length, 15.6 ; 16.0 ; palatal length. 5.9 ; 6.0 ; cranial breadth, 7.6 ; 7.6 ; inter- orbital breadth, 3.1 ; 2.9 ; maxillary breadth, 4.1 4.0 maxillary tooth row, 5.5 ; 5.5. Average of four skulls of adult females (teeth slightly worn) from Wash- ington County, R. I.: Condylobasal length, 15.7 (15.4-16.2); palatal length, 6.0 (6.0-6.0) ; cranial breadth 7.6 (7.6-7.7) ; interorbital breadth, 3.0 (2.9-3.1) ; maxillary breadth, 4.1 (4.0^.3) ; maxillary tooth row, 5.5 (5.4-5.6). Average of four skulls of adult males (teeth moderately worn) from Roan Mountain. N. C. : Condylobasal length, 15.5 (15.1-15.9) ; palatal length, 5.9 (5.8-6.0) ; cranial breadth, 7.5 (7.3-7.6) ; interorbital breadth, 3.1 (2.9-3.2) ; maxillary breadth, 4.1 (4.0-4.2) ; maxillary tooth row, 5.4 (5.3-5.5). Average of five skulls of adult females (teeth slightly worn) from Mamie Lake, Vilas County, Wis. ; Condylo- basal length, 15.8 (15.5-16.0) ; palatal length, 6.0 (5.8-6.1) ; cranial breadth. 7.6 (7.5-7.8) ; interorbital breadth, 3.0 (3.0-3.1) ; maxillary breadth, 4.0 (3.9-4.1) ; maxillary tooth row, 5.5 (5.3-5.7). Average of three skulls of adult males (teeth slightly worn) from Pahaska (mouth of Grinnell Creek), Park County, Wyo.: Condyloba.«al length, 15.5 (15.4-15.5); palatal length, 6.0; (6.0-6.0); cranial breadth. 7.G (7.4-7.7) ; interorbital breadth. 3.0 (3.0-3.1) ; maxillary breadth, 4.0 (4.0-4.1) ; maxillary tooth row, 5.4 (5.3-5.5). Average of five skulls of adult females (teeth slightly worn) from Fort Resolution, Northwest Territories: Condylobasal length, 16.0 (15.9-16.1); palatal length, 6.0 (6.0- 6.0) ; cranial breadth, 7.8 (7.6-8.0) ; interorbital breadth, 3.0 (2.9-3.1) ; maxil- lary breadth, 4.0 (3.9-4.1) ; maxillary tooth row, 5.5 (5.4-5.6). Remarks. — The common long-tailed shreAv of the northeastern United States and Canada was first given recognition with a valid scientific name by Kerr (1792, p. 206), who described the species under the name Sorex arcticus cinereus., basing his description upon the account given by Pennant (1784, p. 139), which in turn was based upon that of Forster (1772, p. 381), neither Pennant nor Forster giving the animal a Latin designation (Jackson, 1925a, p. 55). 1928] KEVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 43 Several 3^ears later, November 17, 182G, Isidor Geoffrey Saint Hilaire read an account of the animal before the Societe d'Histoire Naturelle at Paris, and the following year, 1827, he published two descriptions of tlie species under the name Sorex personatus, which has been generally used for the species since Miller's and Merriam's revisions of 1§95. The earlier of these descriptions appeared in Dic- tionnaire Classique d'Histoire Naturelle (Geoffroy, 1827a, p. 319). This volume bears date of January, 1827, on the title page, and was actually distributed before February 10, 1827. The other account, and the one which has heretofore been quoted as the original descrip- tion of personatus^ appeared in Memoires du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle (Geoffroy, 1827b, p. 122). The latter volume bears as a date upon the title page only the year, 1827; Sherborn, ho"wever (Sherborn, 1914, p. 368), is authority for fixation of its date of pub- lication as December, 1827. Further evidence that the article in the Dictionnaire appeared earlier than the one in the Memoires is fur- nished in a footnote in which Geoffroy states : Ce Memoire a et6 compost en octobre 1826, et lu le 17 novembre suivant k la Societe d'Histoire naturelle : quelques recueils scientiflques et meme quelques gazettes en ont rendu compte a cette eiwque, d'apres ma lecture ; et j'en ai moi- meme, d^sirant prendre date sur les faits nouveaux qu'il renferme, insere un extrait dans le tome onzieme du Dictionnaire classique. (Geoffroy, 1827b, p. 122.) The following year Richardson (1828, p. 516) described the same species from the vicinity of Hudson Bay, giving it the name Sorex forsteri^ the type of which is in the British Museum and has been examined by Miller, who states that the specimen is a typical S. personatus [^cinereus]. (Miller, 1895, p. 41.) Bachman's description and type locality of Sorex cooperi (Bach- man, 1837, p. 388) are too indefinite for positive subspecific identifi- cation, but it seems most logical that the name should be treated as a synonym of S. c. cinereus. His species S. fliribrlpes (Bachman, 1837, p. 391) according to Hollister is not positively identifiable even as to species (Hollister, 1911, p. 40), but it seems to the present reviser that Bachman's description and figure of fimbHpes clearly refer to -tS'. G. einereus, and it is placed in synonymy under this form. De Kay's Otisorex platyrhinus (De Kay, 1842, p. 22) certainly belongs in synonymy here. The name Amphisorex lesueurii Duvernoy (1842a, p. 33) has been placed in synonymy under both S. personatus I. Geoffroy and S. longirostris Bachman. Merriam, in his remarks under S. personaftts, states : Another form that will probably require separation comes from the extreme southern limit of range of the species, where it overlaps from the Transition into the Upper Austral or Carolinian Zone. If worthy of recognition, it will prob- ably take the name le.^ueuri, proposed by Duvernoy in 1842 for a specimen from Wabash Valley, Indiana. Specimens of this form are extremely rare, and have been examined from only two localities — Sandy Spring, Md., and New Harmony, Ind. (Merriam, 1895, p. 61.) And in a footnote he states : Unfortunately, the skull of the specimen from New Harmony can not be found. Hahn placed Amphisorex lesv^iHi Duvernoy in synonymy under Sorex longirostris Bachman on the basis that all available specimens 74235—28 4 44 NORTH AMERICAlSr FAUNA [No. 51 from southern Indiana had proved to be longirostiis. (Hahn, 1909, p. 607.) Hollister, a few years later, writes: The name Sorex personatus lestieurii (Duvernoy), based on a specimen from the Wabash Valley, Ind., has been used for a southern form of , personatus. As no specimen of a shrew of the personatus type is known from southern Indiana, and the few specimens collected in that region have all very surprisingly proved referable to Sorex longirostris Bachman, it is obvious that the name Aniphi- sorex lesueurii Duvernoy is not applicable to a personatus shrew. (Hollister, 1911, p. 378.) Hollister further states: The skin without skull, from New Harmony, Ind., recorded somewhat doubt- fully by Doctor Merriam as Sorex personatus lesueurii, seems certainly to be 8. longirostris. At that time the occurrence of this species in Indiana was unthought of, and the determination of a skin alone, with so few specimens of l07igirostris for comparison, was virtually impossible. ... If larger series from Illinois and Indiana should show the northern specimens to be separable, the name Sorex longirostris lesueurii (Duvernoy), type-locality Wabash River, Ind., is available. (Hollister, 1911, pp. 379-380.) An examination of the New Harmony specimen has disclosed the skull concealed in the skin from which the writer has had it removed and finds it to be that of S. c. cinereus. It is smaller than typical (dne7'etts, but in this respect it is only in keeping with the general tendency for certain skulls from the southern part of the range of the species to be smaller than average northern specimens. In exter- nal measurements the specimen is also a trifle smaller than normal individuals, but in color it does not differ from true cinej'eus. The type specimen of Auvphisorex lesueuriirDuYernoj is not Iniown to be in existence. The original description of it (Duvernoy, 1842a, p. 8, pp. 33-34, pi. 50) is rather unsatisfactory and difficult to assign to either S. longirostins or S. cinereus; certainly it does not refer to any other shrew. There is nothing in the description that would seem to apply specifically to S. longirostris as distinguished from S. cinereus. There are, however, certain parts of the description that would lead one to believe that the Duvernoy specimen was of the species cinereus rather than longirostris. Under the subgenus Aniphisorex the upper unicuspidate teeth are characterized as five in number diminishing gradually from the first to the last,^ a character that fits S. cinereus but technicall}'^ would not apply to S. longirostris. Moreover S. longirostris., so far as known, does not assume in any pelage what could reasonably be called a " couleur * * * d'un gris cendre assez fonce" (Duvernoy, 1842a, p. 33), while some speci- mens of S. cinereus might be so described. Duvernoy (1842a, p. 50) figures the animal natural size, indicating a color distinctly more grayish than in either of the species longirostris or cinereus. On the same plate are found sketches of the side of the lower jaw and sole of the hind foot. The sketch of the foot shows no diagnostic char- acters. That of the mandible indicates the length (antero-posterior diameter) of the first incisor to be considerably greater than it would be in S. longirostris, and the ascending ramus arises more obliquely from the horizontal ramus, in both these respects being like S. cinereus. In view of these facts it is necessary to consider Amphi- sorex lesueurii Duvernoy, a synonym of S. c. cinereus Kerr. » " Les incisives inferieurcs a trenchant dentel^ ; les sup^rieures fourchues, ayant leur talon prolonge. Les petites dents qui les suivent, au nombre de cinq, diminuent graduel- lement de la piemiSre ft la deruiJre, qui est rudinientaire." (Duvernoy, 1842a, p. 8.) 192S] REVIEW OF AMERICAN" LONG-TAILED SHREWS 45 Gilpin was next to add a distinctly new name to the synonymy of this form when he called a shrew from Nova Scotia So-i^ex acadicus. (Gilpin, 1867, p. 2.) The measurements given by Gilpin agree favorably with S. ciner'eios from that region and can apply to no other shrew. The type specimen of Sorex idahoensis Merriam (Merriam, 1891, p. 32) and other specimens of '''' idahoensis'''' from the type region agree almost exactly with specimens of S. c. cinereus from the eastern United States and Canada. As late as the year 1890 Dobson misidentified S. c. cinereus for S. arcticus, under the name 7^cha7'dsonii, when he figured the teeth of one from Nova Scotia. (Dobson, 1890, pi. 23, fig. 9.) Peterson (1926) named Sorex frankstounensis, basing his descrip- tion upon Pleistocene material consisting of a right mandible with all the teeth and a fragment of a left mandible with M^ and M^, from Frankstown Cave, near Hollidaysburg, Blair County, Pa. The type specimen is No. 11159a, Carnegie Museum, catalogue of verte- brate fossils. The describer designates several distinctive characters for his new species as compared with S. personatus {^/S. cine7'eus). Through the kindness of Mr. Peterson, the author has been privileged to examine the type mandible and finds that all of these distinctive characters are covered by the variation in S. c. cinereus. As com- pared with certain specimens of S. c. cinereus from Maine, New York, Michigan, and Wisconsin, the type mandible of S. frmik- sfounensis agrees perfectly. ,6'. frankstounensis Peterson must there- fore become a synonym of S. c. cinereus Kerr. There are indeed few, if any, subspecies of American mammals that have the extensive geographic range of S. c. ci7iereus, and the uniformity of its characters over this range is surprising. Not that there is no individual and local geographic variation. Often speci- mens from the same bog or forest are distinctly different, and fre- quently series of specimens from adjoining localities show average differences. But these can always be matched perfectly by other series of specimens from some distant localities, so that it is impossi- ble to assign these slight variations to any geographic area. Intergradation between S. c. cinereus and S. c. miscix is clearly indicated in specimens from Nova Scotia and eastern Quebec, many of which have skulls almost identical with those of miscix, but all are more nearly like true cinereus in color. The seven rather un- satisfactory alcoholic specimens from Fort Chimo, Quebec, are pro- visionally referred to S. c, cinereus, although on geographic grounds one might suspect specimens from this locality would be nearer miscix. Specimens from Indiana, southern Wisconsin, and Iowa show an approach toward &'. c. haijdeni in size, but in other respects are like typical S. c. cinereus. Specimens from Boulder, Pearl, and Love- land, Colo., show a slight tendency toward haydeni; most of the skulls from these localities, however, match those of true cinereus. The single specimen from Loveland, an old male, has a peculiar, runty skull, smaller even than that of typical haydeni, with a small, short brain case, but with a rostrum comparable in size and propor- tions with that of S. c. cmereus. Externally the animal is more like haydeni than S. c. cinereus, and the writer would be inclined to refer 46 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 it to the former subspecies were it not for the fact that it would be the only representative of haydeni examined from this region, and furthermore that the series of several specimens from the near-by vicinity of Boulder are easily referable to the subspecies cinereus. A single specimen from 8,800 feet in the Sierra Madre Mountains, Wyo., shows a slight approach toward haydeni, and certain speci- mens from the valleys of western Montana could about as well be called haydeni as S. c. cinereus. Intergradation with &. c. streatori is definitely shown in speci- mens from western British Columbia; and specimens from southern British Columbia, even as far east as Glacier, show tendencies toward streatori in color, size, and cranial characters. The majority of specimens from interior Alaska are chromatically essentially topical of the subspecies cinereus, but show an inclina- tion toward ^S'. c. hollisteri in certain skulls that are somewhat nar- rower than in true cinereus and have correspondingly narrower rostra. Mount McKinley and the region at the head of the Toklat River produce skulls typical of S. c. cinereus, but the skins show an approach toward hollisteri in their apparently somewhat paler color of the underparts, and in their shorter tails than in typical cinereus. Specimens from Kenai Peninsula and the region of Cook Inlet^ Alaska, are referred to S. c. cinereus; in reality they may be inter- mediates between S. c. streatori and hollisteH; their skulls are essen- tially like those of typical cinereus, but the rostra average narrower^ indicating the influence of hollisteri. In fact, many of the specimens from Kenai Peninsula can be referred to either S. c. cinereus or hollisteri with about equal propriety. Specimens examined. — Total number, 2,063, as follows : Alaska: Barabori (Kenai Peninsula), 9*; Barroa, 1*; Caribou Camp (Kenai Peninsula), 14^; Chandlar River (Endicott Mountains), 1*; Charlie Creek (near), Yukon River, 1; Circle, 4; Circle (20 miles above, Yukon River), 3; Circle (40 miles above, Yukon River), 4; Eagle (mountains near), 40; Eagle City, 2; Fairbanks, 4; Fort Yukon, 3; Hope (Cook Inlet), 16; Hope (mountains near Cook Inlet), 4; Hulahula River, 1*; Kenai Mountains, 9"*; Kenai Peninsula, 11*; Kuskokwim River (north fork, base Mount Sisclioo), 2; Kuskokwim River (south fork, 10 miles above mouth of Post River), 1; Little Moose Creek (tributary of Clearwater, fork of Toklat River), 4; Moose Camp (Kenai Peninsula), 24*; Mount McKinley (Bear Creek), 2; Mount McKinley (Glacier Creek), 1; Mount McKinley (north side), 2 ; Mount Sischoo, 1 ; Nenana, 1 ; Point Barrow, 4 ° ; Seldovia, 96 ■" ; Sheep Creek. Kenai Peninsula, 4"; Sheep Creek (Kenai Peninsula), 34*; Tanana, 12; Toklat River (head of), 2; Tyonek (Cook Inlet), 20; White Pass (Glacier), 1; Yukon River, 1; Yukon River (mouth of Porcupine River), 1. Alberta: Athabaska Delta (east branch, 1 mile north of outlet of Jaclt Fish Lake), 1"; Athabaska Delta (15 miles northwest of Fort Chipe- wyan. Egg Lake, 2'; Athabaska Lake. 1; Athabaska Lake (outlet), 5; Athabaska Landing, 1; Athabaska River (30 miles above Athabaska Landing), 6; Athabaska River (Calling River), 1; Athabaska River (Cascade Rapid, 20 miles above Fort McMurray), 2; Athabaska River (Mountain Rapid), 2; Athabaska River (Pelican Rapid), 1; Athabaska River (50 miles above Pelican Rapid), 1; Athabaska River (30 miles above Pelican River), 1; Banff, 3; Blindman River, 4*; Calgary, 1; Canmore, 1; Cavell Creek (mouth of, Jasper Park, altitude 4,000 feet),. ' Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. ^ Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. "Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 3. 'Mus. Comp. Zool., 1. 1928] KEVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 47 1'; Crows Nest Pass, 4'; Dunvegan (about 75 miles north, Fort St. John Trail, Peace River), 1^"; Edmonton, 1"; forks of Blindmans and Red Deer Rivers, 7"; Fort Chipewyan, 7; Fort McMurray, 1'; Henry House, 2^^; Henry House (15 miles south), 1; Henry House (25 miles west), 5; Island Lake (15 miles west of Lake St. Ann), 1; Lake Athabaska (Cypress Point), 2; Lake Athabaska (Goose Island), 1°; Lake Athabaska (10 miles west, northeast of Sand Point), 1"; Mount Forget-me-not, 1^; Muskeg Creek (15 miles from mouth), 2; Muskeg Creek (20 miles from mouth), 13; Ptarmigan Lake, 1^; Red Deer River, 13"; St. Albert, 1; Shovel Pass (Jasper Park, altitude 7,500 feet), 1'; Slave River (Smith Landing), 4; Slave River (10 miles below Peace River), 3; Smoky River Trail (midway between Muskeg Creek and Baptiste River), 2; Smoky Valley (50 miles north of Jasper House), 4; South Edmonton, 2; Stony River, 3; Stony River (25 miles north Jasper), 1; Waterton Lakes Park, 12.^ British Columbia: Atlin, 1"; Bad River (on lake, 2,350 feot), 1; Bear Lake (site Fort Connolly), 1; Bennett, 6; Big Salmon River (near Canyon), 1; Cariboo Lake (near Kamloops), 1; Fernie, 3"*; Field, 4 '" ; Fort Grahame, 1 ; Glacier, 8 '' ; Hazleton, 8 ; Hazleton ( altitude 959 feet), 3"; Hope (Lake House), 2"; Kispiox Valley (23 miles north of Hazelton), 3'"; Klappan River Valley, 1; Level Mountain, I''; Liard River (mouth of Kachika River), 1''; McDame Creek (Quartz Creek, altitude 3,600 feet), 1; McDame Post (Dease River), 8; Mona- shee, 2°; Moose Lake, 5; Moose Pass, 1; Moose River (south fork), 1; Moose River (north fork), 4; Parsnip River (head), 1; Penticton, 3"; Pine River (head east branch South Pine River), 2; Raspberry Creek, 6^; Salmon River, 2^; Sicamous, 1; Stikine River (at Great Glacier), 7"; Tacla Lake (north end), 1; Tacla Lake (Babine Trail, 12 miles west), 1; Tatletuey Lake (12 miles west Thudade Lake), 1; Telegraph Creek, 23 '" ; Yellowhead Lake, 3. Colorado: Blackhawk, 1; Boulder County, 7; Buchanan Pass. Boulder County, 3 ; Dixie Lake, Boulder County, 1 '" ; Hermit, 1 ; -Homestead Ranch, Larimer County, 1 "" ; Loveland, 1 ; Mount Bross, Grant County, 1^"; Pearl (North Park, altitude 9.000 feet), 1; Rabbit Ear Mountaing (Arapahoe Pass), 1; Ruby Lake, 1; St. Elmo (altitude 10,100 feet), 7. Connecticut: Hamden, ] ; Stouington, 1. Idaho: American Falls, 1; Bitterroot Mountains, 2*; Cedar Mountain (W. S. C. Camp, altitude 4,000-4,500 feet), 2"; Ketchum, 1°; Lemhi Mountains (type locality of idahoensis) , 4; Packers Meadow, 1; Saw- tooth City, 1 ; Sawtooth Lake, 1 ; Sawtooth National Forest, 1. Illinois: West Northfield, 2. Indiana: New Harmony, 1; Porter County, 4. Iowa: Buchanan County, 2. Maine: Brooklin, 3; Campobello Island, 2*; Caribou, Aroostook County, 1"; Haven, 1; Mount Katahdin (altitude 4,250 feet), 1; North Haven, 2 ; Orono, 1 ; Sebec Lake, 2 ; Small Point, 1 ; South Twin Lake, Penob- scot County, 11*; Third Mopang Lake, Washington County, 6"; Upton, 1 * ; South West Harbor, Mount Desert Island, 2. Manitoba: Echimamish River, 4; Fort Garry, 1; Hill River (near Swampy Lake), 1; Knee Lake (near outlet), 1; Lake Winnipeg, 4; Norway House, 3; Norway House (Island Lake), 1"; Oak Lake, 2^; Oxford House, 7 ; Pine Lake, 1 ; Red River Settlement, 3 ; Robinson Portage, 3 ; Swampy Lake ( near outlet ) , 1 ; York Factory, 2. Maryland: Bittinger, Garrett County, 2. Massachusetts: Barnstable Neck, 2°; Bedford, 3"; Danvei'S, 1; Harvard, 4''; Lunenburg', 2; Marshfield (near Snake Hill), South River, 2; Middleboro, 14; Mount Greylock, 2*; Nantucket, 7^ Randolph, 2°; Wareham, 6 " ; Williamstown, 1 ; Wilmington, Middlesex County, 3 ; Woburn, 1 ; Woods Hole, 2. * Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. i^ Provincial Mus. British Columbia. « Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. lo Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 2. >* Nat. Mus. Canada. " Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 2. » Nat. Mus. Canada, 3 ; Acad. Nat. Sci. ^^ Nat. Mus. Canada, 2. Philadelphia, 1. >» Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 13; Mus. Vert. i» Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. Calif. ZooL, 9. ^' .1. D. Soper coll., Edmonton, Alberta. -■" Colo. Mus. Nat. Hist. " Nat. Mus. Canada, 1. =i State Coll. Wash. " Univ. Mich. - .\cad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. " Anrer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 12. ^^ Mus. Comp. ZooL, 2. 48 NOETH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 Michigan: Alger County, 2"; Ann Arbor, 5'^; Chippewa County, 3"; Fish Hawk Lake, Gogebic County, 5 " ; Honey Creek, Washtenaw County, 1 " ; Michigamme, 3 ; Palmer, 1 ; Pleasant Lake, Livingston County, 1 " ; Porcupine Mountains, Ontonagon County (T. 51 N., R. 43 W., S. 14), 1 " ; Rush Lake, Huron County, 1 " ; Whitefish Point, Chippewa County, 1." Minnesota: Burntside Lake, 1; Elk River, 60; Port Ripley, 1; Fort Snel- ling, 31 " ; Hinckley, 3 ; Long Prairie, 1 ; Minneapolis, 12 ; OttertaU County, 2 "^ ; Princeton, 1 ; Steele County, 1 "^ ; Tower, 1. Montana: Big Belt Mountains (Camas Creek, 4 miles south of Fort Logan), 1; Big Timber (14 miles south), 1; Boulder Creek (8 miles south of Big Timber), 1 ; Bozemau, 1 " ; Carter (National Bison Range), 1; Chief Mountain, 1; Crazy Mountains (near head Big Timber Creek ) , 2 ; Deer Lodge County, 1 ; Dry Creek, 1 ; Fish Creek, Glacier Park, 1 • Florence, 5^; Highwood Mountains, 2; Hilger (7 miles northeast), 2; Indian Creek, Glacier Park, 1 ; Lake McDonald, 1 ; Little Belt Mountains (Sheep Creek, 16 miles north of White Sulphur Springs), 2; Little Belt Mountains (Dry Wolf Creek, 20 miles southwest of Stanford), 2; Lolo, 1 ; St. Marys Lake, 4 ^ ; Stevensville, 1 ; Sun River, 1 ; Waterton Lake, 1; West Fork of West Gallatin River (Gallatin National Forest, altitude 6,500 feet), 7; Yellowstone (4 miles southwest), 1^"; Zortman, 1; Zortman (Ruby Creek), 1. New Brunswick: Bathurst (15 miles from, Miramichi Road), 40*; Gulquac Lake, Victoria County, 4 * ; Hampton, 1 ; Long Lake, Victoria County, 4*; Maugerville. Sunbury County, 2^^; Point Le Preaux, 1"; Resti- gouche River, 1 '^ ; St. Johns, 1 ; Tobique Point, Victoria County, 3 * ; Tobique River (forks of), Victoria County, 13*; Tracy Station, Sun- bury County, 1 * ; Trousers Lake, Victoria County, 40 ^ ; Yougall, 17.** New Hampshire: Fabyans, 1; Fitzwilliam, 1; Mount Washington (sum- mit), 4; Ossipee, Carroll County, 1. New Jersey: Beach Haven, Ocean County, 1"; Bear Swamp (south side), Burlington County, 3'"^; Bridgeport (near), Gloucester County, 1~; Cape May, 16 " ; Chairville Pond, Burlington County, 3 "^ ; Essex County Park, 3 " ; Haddonfleld, 1 " ; Mauricetown, Cumberland County, 7 '"^ ; Mays Landing, 23"; Millburn, 5*; Port Norris, Cumberland County, 8 "" ; South Mountain Reservation, Essex County, 19 * ; South Orange Reservation, 4 * ; Tabor, 2 * ; Tuckerton, 5. New Mexico: Pecos Baldy, 1; Pecos Baldy (altitude 11,000 feet), 1; Twin- ing (altitude 10,500-10,700 feet), 6. New York: Adirondacks, 1; Amityville, Long Island, 1; Berlin (altitude 1,100 feet), 2'; Big Moose Lake, 2; Catskill Mountains, 2; Fort Totten, 4 ; Gull Lake, Adii'ondack Mountains, 1 ; Highland Falls, 1 ; Locust Grove, 7; Minerva, 1*; Montauk, 2*; Montauk Point, Suffolk County, 11 ; Mountain View, 3 ; Northwood, 10 * ; Ossining, 1 ; Peterboro, 2 ; Piseco, 1; Point Rock, 1; Tupper Lake, 3"; W^aterville, 1; AVest Hampton, 1. North Carolina: Roan Mountain, 4; Roan Mountain (altitude 4,700 feet), 2; Roan Mountain (altitude 6,000 feet), 14; Roan Mountain (altitude 6,300 feet), 1. Northwest Territories: Anderson River region, 5; Anderson River region (Fort Anderson), 3; Anderson River region (Lower Anderson River), 2 ; Fort Liard, 1 ; Fort Norman, 2 '' ; Fort Providence, 10 ; Fort Rae, 23; Fort Resolution, 15; Fort Resolution (Mission Island), 2; Fort Simpson, 11; Fort Smith, 2"°; Fort WMgley, 2; Franklin Bay, 2; Grandin River, 1; Great Bear Lake (Fort Franklin), 24; Great Slave Lake, 5; Great Slave Lake (Big Island), 1; Harrowby Bay, 1*; Horton River (Coal Creek), 2^: Kozaryuak River, Coronation Gulf, 1*; Lake St. Croix, 3; Mackenzie River (Nahanni River Mountains), 3; Old Fort Good Hope (near), 1: Peels River, 4: Richard Island (east of, * Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. =^ Mont. State Coll. 8 Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. -» Mont. State Coll., 1. * Nat. Mus. Canada. =" Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1. " Univ. Mich. ^ D. R. Dickev coll.. Pasadena, Calif. ^^'Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. a Miramichi Nat. Hist. See, Chatham, ** Univ. Mich., 1. New Brunswick. =6 Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 4. == Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 12. 20 G. G. Cautwell coll.. Palms, Calif. 3928] REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 49 Mackenzie Delta), 1*; Slave River (100 miles below Fort Smith), 3; Toker Point (south of), S." Nova Scotia: Barren, Victoria County, 1'; Barrington Passage, 23'; Brier Island (Digby Neck, extremity), 1; Camp Point, Cape Breton Island, 1'; CheticamV Lake, Cape Breton Island, 4'; Digby, 12''; Halifax, 9 ' ; Ingonish Centre, 1 " ; James River, 5 ; Kedgemakooge Lake, 1 ; Kings County, 6'; Little River (Digby Neck, 1/2 mile from shore), 3; Newport, 2/ Ontario: Alsonquin Park, 6; Dows Swamp (near Ottawa), 1*; Emsdale, 5; Lac Seul, 1*; Humboldt Bay, Lake Nipigon, 3'*; Long Swamp (near Billing Bridge), 1'; Lome P;irk, 2'; Macdiarmid (Lake NiiMgon), 5'*; Macgregor Bay (District of Manitoba), 3''; Michipicoton Island, 6; North Bay, 2 ' ; Ottawa, 1 ; Rat Portage. 1 ; Sand Lake, 2. Ohio: Cleveland. 1; Ellsworth, 1; Milford Center, 1. Pennsylvania: Drury Run, Clinton County (type locality of firn'bripes),S; Frankstown Cave, near HoUidaysburg, Blair County (tyiie locality of frankstO'unensi^) , 1 '*•'' ; Kennett Square, 2"; Lake Ganoga, Sullivan County, 2^-; Lake Leigh (North Mountain), 2"; Summit Mills, Somer- set County, 1.'^ Prince Edward Island: Alberton, 1'; Georgetown, 8'°; Kensington, 2 ; Lennox Island, 2 ; Mount Stewart, 7." Quebec: Alymer, 2^; Berry Mountain Camp, Matane County, 1 ' ; Big Island, Blue Sea Lake, 1 ' ; Burbridge, 2 ' ; Clearwater Lake, 1 ' ; Federal Mine, Gaspe County, 2'; Fort Chimo, 7; Gaspe Peninsula (Cascapedia River), 1*: GasiDe Peninsula (Cascapedia River, Lazy Bogan Mountain), 1^; Gaspe Peninsula (Cascapedia River, Loon Lake), 1^; Gasi)e Peninsula (Cascapedia River, Tracadie), 2*; Godbout, 58; Lac Aux Sables, 8^; Lake Edward, 16"; Mount Albert, 5'; Rupert, 2; St. Rose, 4; Seal Lake, 1'; Ste. Anne des Monts (Gaspe), 3'; Ste. Anne River, Gasp6 County, 4.' Rhode Island: Washington County, 15. Saskatchewan: Lake Athabaska (Fair Point), 1; Lake Athabaska (Poplar Point), 4'; Lake Athabaska (8 miles northeast of Moose Island), 2'; Lake Athabaska (mouth Beaver River), 1.^" Tennessee: Roan Mountain, Carter County (altitude 6,000 feet), 2 "" ; Roan Mountain, Carter County (altitude 6,200 feet), 1.'' Vermont : Burlington, 2 ; Mount Mansfield, 4 ; Newf ane, 1 * ; Pico Peak, 5*. Virginia: Mount Rogers, Grayson County (altitude 5,719 feet), 1. V/ashing'ton: Bauerman Ridge (west end, at Tungsten Mine, altitude 6.800 feet, Okanogan County), 1; Conrad Meadows (3 miles above, south fork Tieton River, altitude 4,200 feet), 1" : Curlew (5 miles west. Ferry County, altitude 2.800 feet), 2; Lake Chelan (head of), 1; Lake Keechelus. 1"; Loon Lake. Stevens County (altitude 2,400 feet), 2; Metiiline, Pend Oreille County. 1: Mount Rainier (Paradise Creek, nltitude 5.200 feet), 1; Tunk Mountain, Okanogan County (altitude 3,500 feet), 1; Yakima Indian Reservation (Signal Peak, altitude 4,000 ffet, Yakima County), 1. West Virginia: Cranberry Glades. Pocahontas County, 5: Jobs Knob, 8^'; Pocahontas County (near head of Cranberry River), 8. Wisconsin: Beaver Dam, 3^"; Cataline, Marinette County, 4''; ClarksLake, Door County, 2; Connors Lake (18 miles west-northwest of Phillips, Sawyer County), 8; Conover (near), 1°^; Crescent Lake, Oneida County, 8 ; Danbury, 1 ; Delavan, 7 '" ; Dousman, 1 ; Eagle River, 2 ; Elco, 2*"; Elkhart Lake (Sheboygan Swamp), 6; Ellison Bay, 1; Ellsworth, Pierce County, 1 ; Fish Creek, 1 ; Florence, 3 ; Herbster, 4 ; Kelley Brook, Oconto County, 2 " ; Kelly Lake, Oconto County, 11 ; Lac Vieux De-sert, 4'^; Lake St. Germain, Vilas County, 6; Lakewood, 10; Long Lake, Wa,shburn County, 13; Madeline Island (Apostle ^ Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. « Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. ' Mus. Comp. Zool., 1. * Nat. Mus. Canada. " Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. Calif. " Univ. Mich. "Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 2. "State Coll. Wash. ==2 Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. 29 Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1. »» Mus. Comp. Zool., 8. ^ Royal Ontario Mus. Zool. *'^ Carnosrie Mus. 8S Mus. Comp. Zool., 6. 2« D. R. Dickey coll., 1 ; Univ. Wis. Zool Mus.. 1 : Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 1. ^ Public Mus. Tvlilwaukee. 8s Field Mus. Nat. Hist. ^ Public Mus. Milwaukee, 2. *" T'liiv. Wis. Zool. Mus. *" Mus. Comp. Zool. 50 ISrORTH AMERICAN FAIHSTA [No. 51 Islands), 3; Mamie Lake, 15; Mather, 1; McAllister, 2; Mercer, 3; Meridean, 2 ; Milton, 1 ^' ; Milwaukee, 1 ; Milwaukee County, 1 " ; Nashotah, 1 ; Newport, Door County, 1 *' ; Ogema, 6 ; Outer Island (Apostle Islands), 12; Prairie du Sac, Sauk County, 4"; Prescott, Pierce County, 3"; Presque Isle (Apostle Islands), 1; Racine, 3; Rhinelander, 8"; Rib Hill, Marathon County, 7; Sand Island (Apostle Islands), 1; Sayner, 22='; Solon Springs, 11"^; Spread Eagle, 1''; Stevens Point, 1; Sumner, 2''; Washington Island, Door County, 3; Wild Rose, 3 ; Withee, 2. "Wyoming: Big Horn Mountains (west slope, head of Trappers Creek, alti- tude 8,500 feet), 19; Big Horn Mountains (west slope, head of Trap- pers Creek, altitude 9,500 feet), 1; Big Horn Mountains (head north fork Powder River), 1; Big Piney, 1; Black Rock Creek, Lincoln County, 1; Cokeville, 1; Evanston, 1; Moran (1 mile north), 5; Moran (Lake Emma Matilda), 6; Pacific Creek, 2; Pahaska (Grinnell Creek), 8; Pahaska (Grinnell Creek, altitude 7,000 feet), 15; Pahaska (mouth of Grinnell Creek, altitude 6,600 feet), 3; Pahaska Tepee (mouth of Grinnell Creek, altitude 6,300 feet), 6; Salt River Mountains (10 miles southeast of Afton, 7,500 feet), 2; Sierra Madre Mountains (south base, Bridger Peak, altitude 8,800 feet), 1; Teton Mountains (Moose Creek, altitude 6,800 feet), 8; Teton Pass (above Fish Creek, altitude 7,200 feet), 12; Valley (altitude 7,500 feet), 2; Yellowstone Park (Mountain Creek), 1. Yukon: Caribou Crossing (Yukon River), 2; Chandindu River (Yukon River), 1; Dawson (near Stewart River), 1; Forks Macmillau River, 1; Fort Selkirk (50 miles below, Yukon River), 1; Lake Lebarge (Yukon River), 1; Yukon River (Carbiou Crossing), 1. SOREX CINEREUS MISCIX Bangs Labrador Cinereous Shrew (PL. 2, B) Sorex personatus miicix Bangs, Proc. New England Zool. Club 1 : 15, February 28, 1899. [Sorex] [merTiami] miscix Elliot, Field Columb. Mus. Publ. 45 (zool. series 2) : 376, 1901. Borex cinereus miscix Jackson, Journ. Mamm. 6 : 56, February, 1925. Type specimen. — No. 8651, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Har- vard College, Bangs collection; $ adult (teeth very slightly worn), skin and skull ; collected October 10, 1898, by Ernest Doane. Type locality. — Black Bay, Labrador. Geographic range. — Labrador south of latitude 58° north. (Fig. 3.) Biagnostic characters. — Somewhat larger than Borex c. cinereus, with paler, more grayish color, particularly in winter pelage. Skull longer than average skulls of k c. cinereus, with relatively longer and narrower rostrum and higher brain case. Color. — Winter pelage: Upper parts drab more or less tending toward smoke gray, sometimes almost grayish hair brown ; becoming paler on the sides. Underparts between pale olive-gray and pale smoke gray, sometimes tinged with pale pinkish bufE. Tail drab above; avellaneous to light pinkish cinnamon below, nearly to tip. Summer pelage: Darker and more brownish than winter pelage. Upper parts sepia or slightly paler, usually becoming somewhat darker on the rump, and paler on the sides. Underparts pale smoke gray sometimes tinged with pinkish buff or avellaneous. Tail about as in winter. Skull. — Similar to that of 8. c. streatori. Longer than average skulls of 8. e. cinereus, with relatively longer, narrower, and more attenuate rostrum, higher brain case, and longer tooth row. Measurements. — Type specimen (adult male) : Total length, 104 ; tail vertebrae, 44 ; hind foot, 14. Average of eight adult females from type locality : Total length, 100.9 (95-110); tail vertebrae, 43 (39-46); hind foot, 13.1 (12-14). " Public Mus. Milwaukee. " Univ. Wis. Zool. Mus., 2. "8 Field Mus. Nat. Hist. *^ Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 10. 19:^8] REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 51 8kull: Type specimen (adult male; teeth very slightly worn) : Condylobasal length, 16.9 ; palatal length, 6.6 ; cranial breadth, 8.1 ; interorbital breadth, 3.2 ; maxillary breadth, 4.0 ; maxillary tooth row, 6.0. Average of four skulls of adult females (teeth very .flight ly worn) from type locality: Condylobasal length, 16.6 (16.5-16.8) ; palatal length, 6.6 (6.4-6.7) ; cranial breadth, 8.1 (8.0-8.3) ; interorbital breadth, 3.2 (3.1-3.2) ; maxillary breadth, 4.1 (4.1-4.2) ; maxillary tooth row, 5.8 (5.7-5.9). Remarks. — The Labrador form of S. cinereus is at best a poorly defined subspecies, distinguished from typical cinereus chiefly by slight average color differences in winter pelage. The skull of S. c. niiscix also averages larger and with narrower rostrum than that of the subspecies cinereus^ but there are many skulls of the latter, par- ticularly from the northern part of its range, which are practically inseparable from skulls of miscix. Certain specimens of eiTiereus from eastern Quebec, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick show a tendency in color toward miscix but on the whole are nearer S. c. cinereus^ to which they have been referred. Sfecimens examined. — Total number, 75, as follows : Labrador: Black Bay (type locality), 48**; Hopedale, 3*'; L'Anse au Loup, 5 " ; Maddovik, 3 " ; Okak, 4 " ; Paradise, 9 ; Paradise River (20 miles above mouth), 2; Sandwich Bay, 1." SOREX CINEREUS HAYDBNI Baied Plains Cineiieous Shrew (Pl. 2, c) Sorex haydenl Baird, Report Pacific R. R. Survey 8: part 1, Mammals, p. 29, 1857. Sorex personatus liaydeni Allen, Bui. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 8 : 257, November 25, 1898. Sorex cinereus haydeni Jackson, Journ. Mamm. 6: 56, February, 1925. Type specimen. — No. 1685, U. S. Nat. Mus., adult, sex unknown, alcoholic with broken skull unremoved; collected in 1855 by F. V. Hayden. 2'i/pe locality. — Fort Union, Nebr. (later Fort Buford, now Mon- dak, Mont., near Buford, Williams County, N. Dak.). Geographic range. — Extreme east-central Alberta (Islay), southern Saskatchewan, southwestern Manitoba, south through extreme west- ern Minnesota to northwestern Iowa, northern Nebraska, and through eastern Montana to southeastern Wyoming. (Fig. 3.) Diagnostic cliaracters. — Smaller than Sorex c. cinereus, with shorter tail ; color paler, both in summer and winter, tending more to develop a tricolor pattern, darkest on tlie back, paler on the sides in a longitudinal ribbon, palest on the underparts ; skull slightly smaller than that of 8. c. cinereus, with rela- tively and actually shorter palate and relatively broader rostrum. About the size of 8. c. hollisteri, or slightly smaller, with shorter tail, and tending more to develop tricolor pattern (dorsally usually darker, paler on the sides) ; ros- trum decidedly shorter and broader than in hollisteri. Color. — Winter pelage: Upper parts averaging paler than corresponding pelage of 8. c. cinereus, usually hair brown or drab, sometimes nearly fuscous posteriorly; color of upper parts usually not extending onto the sides, which are generally rather sharply defined from the back and more nearly the color of the underparts; underparts between pale olive-gray and pale smoke gray, sometimes smoke gray ; tail cinnamon brown or Saccardo's umber above, avel- laneous or pinkish buff below, nearly to tip. Summer pelage: Paler than cor- responding pelage of 8. c. cinereus. Upper parts hair brown, drab, or olive- brown, paler on the sides, which frequently are rather sharply contrasted from ** Mus. Comp. Zool. 52 NORTH AMERICAN" FAUNA [No. 51 both the back and underparts in a distinct longitudinal ribbon of wood brown or avellaneous ; under parts smoke gray or pale smoke gray, usually faintly tinged with pinkish buff ; tail as in winter. Skull. — Smaller than that of /S. c. cinereus (condylobasal length about 15.3), with relatively and actually shorter palate, relatively broader rostrum, and more densely pigmented dentition. About the size of that of 8. c. lioUisteri, but with decidedly shorter, broader, less attenuate rostrum. Measurements. — Average of five adult females from Lostwood, N. Dak. : Total length, 88.2 (85-92); tail vertebrae, 32.8 (30-36); hind foot, 11.4 (11-12). Skull: Skulls of two adult females (teeth slightly worn) from Lostwood, N. Dak. : Condylobasal length, 15.3 ; 15.0 ; palatal length, 5.5 ; 5.5 ; cranial breadth, 7.5; 7.5; interorbital breadth, 3.0; 3.0; maxillary breadth, 4.3; 4.4; maxillary tooth row, 5.2; 5.0. Skull of adult female (teeth slightly worn) from Williston, N. Dak. : Condylobasal length, 15.0 ; palatal length, 5.6 ; cranial breadth, 7.3 ; interorbital breadth, 3.0 ; maxillary breadth, 4.2 ; maxillary tooth row, 5.2. Be?7iarks. — The pale, short-tailed form of S. cinereus inhabiting the northern part of the central plains region is confined largely to the Transition Zone. It is a rather variable form particularly in cranial characters, which show everywhere in a broad border along its range an approach toward jS. c. cinereus. Specimens referable to S. c. hai/deni have been examined from as far north as Osier, Saskatche- wan; these are typical of haydeni in color and measurements, but show an inclination toward the subspecies cinereus in having rela- tively longer and narrower rostra than specimens from the type region. The same is true of specimens from Laramie Peak and Fort Steele, Wyo., Portland, N. Dak., and most localities in eastern Mon- tana. Others from southwestern Manitoba are essentially like typical hmjdeni in external characters but may show cranially a strong tend- ency toward &. c. cinsreus. A large series from Aweme, Manitoba, is particularly puzzling and interesting. Nearly all the skins in this series are like typical haydeni in color and measurements, there being only a few that are like typical cinereus in color and only a few that have measurements of that subspecies. The skulls are extremely variable, ranging from a half dozen of those of the extreme style of haydeni (small and flat, with short and relatively broad rostrum) to several of the extreme style of S. c. cinereus (larger and decidedly higher, with long and narrow rostrum), with a few displaying inter- mediate skull characters. The contrast between the extremes in this series, if only the extremes from this locality were considered, is so great as to suggest different species. Certain specimens from the Turtle Mountains, N. Dak., are intermediate and could with about equal propriety be referred to either haydeni or true cinereus were they not surrounded geographically by haydeni. Alcoholic speci- mens, from which the skulls have been removed for study, from Fort Sisseton, S. Dak., and a skin with skull from Browns Valley, Minn., can also about as well be referred to one form as the other. Specimens examined. — Total number 206, as follows: Alberta: Islay, 2.** Iowa: Sac City (2 miles west), 1: Wall Tiake, 1. Manitoba: Aweme, 64^'; Carberry, 6; Killarney, 1. Minnesota: Browns Valley, 1; Kittson County, 1; Madison, 1"; Moor- head, 6. **■ J. D. Soper coll., Edmonton, Alberta. ** Royal Ontario Mus. Zool., 6; Stuart Criddle coll., Treesbank, Manitoba, 54. " Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 53 Montana: Crow Agency, 1; Ekalaka (5 miles southeast), 3; Fort Custer, 7 ; Medicine Bow, 1. Nebraska: Bassett, Ilock County, 4"; Kennedy, 1; Niobrara River (10 miles south of Cody), 1; Perch, Rock County, 10"; Two-mile Lake, Cherry County, 1. North Dakota: Blaekmer. 2; Bottineau. 1; Cannon Ball, 1; Fairmount (Sioux River), 1; Fargo, 2; Fish Lake (Birchwood), 2; Fort Buford (type locality), 1; Grand Forks, 1; Kenmare, 2; Lostwood (6 miles north), 9; Oakes, 2; Portland, 7; St. John (Fish Lake, 8 miles north of west), 1; Self ridge, 1; Steele, 1; Turtle Mountains (Birchwood), 2; Walhalla, 2; Williston (south of river), 1. Saskatchewan: Indian Head, 12"; Osier, 3." South Dakota: Beadle County, 1; Custer, S""; Custer (16 miles west), 2; Deadwood. 2; Dumont (Black Hills National Forest, altitude 6,100 feet), 5; Elk Mountain (20 miles north), 1; Fort Pierre, 2; Fort Sisse- ton, 8 ; Vermilion, 1. Wyoming': Bear Lodge Moun^ains (Warren Peak, altitude 6,0/00 feet), 4; Fort Steele, 1; Laramie Peak (north slope, altitude 8,000 feet), 1; Laramie Peak (north slope, altitude 8,800 feet), 1; Rattlesnake Creek (Black Hills, altitude 6,000 feet), 1; Sherman, 1; Springhill, 1; Sun- dance, 3; Wolf (Eaton's Ranch), 1. SOREX CINEREUS STREATORI Mebbiam Stkeatoe Cinereous Shrew (Pl. 2, D) Sorex personatus streatori Merriam, North Amer. Fauna No. 10, p. 62, December 31, 1892. Sorex cinereits streatori Jackson, Journ. Mamm. 6: 56, February, 1025. Type speci7nen. — No. 73537, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection; $ adult (teeth moderately worn), skin and skull; col- lected July 9, 1895, by C. P. Streator. Type locality. — Yakutat, Alaska. Geographic range. — Pacific coast region of North America from the southeastern part of Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, south to central Washington west of the Cascades. (Fig. 3.) Diagnostic characters. — Darkest of the species ; largest of the west American subspecies, with longest tail and largest hind foot. In color most nearly like Sorex c. cinereus but darker, particularly on ventral parts; larger, with longer tail and larger hind foot; skull longer than that of the subspecies cinereus, with longer and usually heavier rostrum, heavier dentition, the molariform teeth usually more deeply emarginate posteriorly. Decidedly larger in all respects than /Sf. c. hollisteri; much darker, the underparts huffy rather than whitish; skull much larger and heavier, with distinctly larger rostrum. About the size of Univ. Mich. ESMus. Comp. Zool. «> State Coll. Wash., 1. =3 Nat. Mus. Canarla. 56 NORTH AMERICAN" FAUNA INo. 51 Remarks. — In its extreme form, represented by specimens from the Alaska Peninsula, S. c, JwUisteri is a well-defined subspecies. It is confined to the coast region of Alaska from Alaska Peninsula north- ward, specimens from localities but little interior from the coast (vicinity of Lake Clark) showing an approach toward S. c. cinereuSy with which it intergrades in central Alaska, A single skin without skull from St. Lawrence Island, Alaska, is provisionally referred to hollisteri. Specitnens exarmned. — Total number, 283, as follows: Alaska: Akchookuk Lake, 2; Anchorage (Chester Creek), 1; Becharof Lake (Alaska Peninsula), 2; Bethel, 24"^; Betlles, 11; Bristol Bay, 2; Chalitna River (head of), 9; Chignik, 11 ; Cold Bay (Alaska Peninsula), 1 ; Doonnockchogaweet Mountain, 1 ; Fairbanks, 1 ; Flat, 1 ; Frosty Peak (east base, Alaska Peninsula), 17; Good News Bay, 2; Hooper Bay, 1; Kakhtul River, 8; Katmai, 2; Kanatak (Portage Bay, Alaska Peninsula), 1; Kings Cove (Alaska Peninsula), 54; Kokechik River, 1; Kokwok, 5; Kokwok River (45 miles up), 1; Kokwok River (80 miles up), 16; Koyukuk River (Hacket Creek), 1; Kruzgamepa Hot Springs (north-northeast of Nome, long. 165 west, lat. (55 north), 1*"^; Lake Aleknagik, 5; Lake Clark, 7; Lake Clark (head Nogheling River), 1; Lake Clark (lower end of lake), 1; Lake Iliamna (Iliamna Village) ^ 1; Lake Weelooluk, 1; Moller Bay (Alaska Peninsula), 4"; Nome, Ip Norton Bay, 1 ; Nulato, 22 ; Nunivak Island, 1 ; Nushagak, 15 ; Nusha- gak River, 1; Nushagak River (Lewis Point), 4; Point Protection, 2r Richardson (Tanana River), 7; St. Lawrence Island, 1°°; St. Michael! (type locality), 27; St. Michael Island, 2; Sawtooth Mountains, 1; Stuyahok Landing, 1 ; Wainwright, 1 ^, SOREX FONTINALIS Hollisteb Maryland Sheew (Pls. 2, f; 4^v; 5, t; 7, b) &orex fontinalis Hollister, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 40 : 378, April 17, 1911. Type specmien. — No. 85439, U. S. Nat. Mus., $ adult (teeth moder- ately worn), skin and skull; collected November 6, 1898, by Gerrit S. Miller, jr. Type locality. — Cold Spring Swamp, near Beltsville, Prince Georges County, Md. Geographic range. — Known only from south-central and southeast- ern Maryland. (Fig. 3.) Diagnostic characters. — Size small ; smaller than Sorex c. cinereus, with shorter tail. Skull smaller than that of S. c. cinereus, with relatively narrow brain case, shorter rostrum, and shorter unicuspid row. Color. — Winter pelage: Upper parts fuscous or olive-brown, becoming lighter on the sides, about drab ; underparts smoke gray washed with pinkish buff ; tail bicolor, fuscous above, buffy beneath nearly to tip. Summer pelage: Upper parts paler and much more brownish (less gray) than in winter, about snuff brown ; flanks slightly paler than back ; underparts and tail about as in winter pelage. Time of molting. — Specimens collected November 6 to March 8 are in winter pelage. A male from Hyattsville, Md., was in complete summer fur May 3, 1900, while another male collected the same day is in winter pelage but shows indications of the beginning of molt on the rump. Skull. — Smaller than that of S. c. cinereus, with much smaller, narrower brain case, shorter and relatively wider rostrum. Teeth about the size and "-Acad. Nat. Sei. I'hiladelphia, 2; D. R. <« Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Dicko.v coll.. Pasadena, Calif., 1. « Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. «= Mus. Comp. Zool. «« Colo. Must. Nat. Hist. 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 57 propoi'tions of those of 8. c. cinereus, unicuspid tooth row shorter with teeth more crowded. In general proportions somewhat like that of S. lyelli or S. prcblei; smaller than that of 8. lyelli, more flattened, narrower interorbitally and with smaller molariform teeth ; larger than the skull of 8. preMei, with longer maxillary tooth row. Measurements. — Type specimen (adult female) : Total length, 90; tail verte- brae, 31 ; hind foot, 10. Two adult males from Hyattsville, Md. : Total length, 86, 98; tail vertebrae, 33, 37; hind foot, 11, 11. Skull: Type specimen (adult female; teeth moderately worn) : Condylobasal length, 14.9; palatal length, 5.5; cranial breadth, 7.0 ; interorbital breadth, 2.9 ; maxillary breadth, 4.0 ; maxillarj tooth row, 5.4. Skulls of two adult males (teeth slightly worn) from Hyatts- ville, Md. : Condylobasal length, 14.9, 14.9 ; palatal length, 5.7, 5.7 ; cranial breadth, 7.2, 7.1; interorbital breadth, 3.0, 3.0; maxillary breadth, 4.2, 4.1; maxillary tooth row, 5.3, 5.5. Reinarhs. — Intergradation between 8. fontinalis and S. cinereus is not indicated in any of the specimens examined. It is true that there is a gradual decrease in the size of S. chiereus and a tendency for its rostrum to shorten from the northern part of its range south- ward, but the difference between small southern specimens of S. c. cinereus and specimens of S. fontinalis is sharp and distinct. It is possible that when specimens are available from the region between the type locality and the mountains of Maryland and Pennsylvania, or from northeastern Maryland and Delaware, intergradation be- tween the two forms may be shown; until then fontinalis must be given full specific rank. Specimens exmmned. — Total number, 18, as follows : Maryland: Beltsville (Cold Spring Swamp, near) (type locality), 2; Cabin John, 1 ; Cambridge, 1 " ; Hollywood, 1 ; Hyattsville, 6 "^^ ; Landover, 1 ; Laurel, 4 ; Sandy Spring, 1 ; Tuxedo, 1. SOREX LYELLI Merriam MoTTNT Lyell Shrew (Pls. 2, g; 5, u; 7, c) Sorex tenellus lyelli Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 15 : 75, March 22, 1902. Type specimen. — No. 109530, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection; $ J'^oung adult (teeth unworn), skin and skull; collected August 29, 1901, by Walter K. Fisher. Type locality. — Mount Lyell, Tuolumne County, Calif. Geographic range.^— Crest of the central Sierra Nevadas in Cali- fornia. (Fig. 3.) Diagnostic characters. — Size small, smaller than most subspecies of Sorex cinereus, about the size of 8. c. hollisteri or 8. c. haydeni, larger and paler than 8. fontinalis or 8. preMei. Skull flatter than in 8. cinereus and relativelj' broader interorbitally. Skull in general proiK)rtions somewhat like that of 8. fontinalis or 8. preMei; somewhat larger than that of 8. fontinalis, appar- ently less flattened and broader interorbitally ; distinctly larger than that of 8. preMei, with longer maxillary tooth row. Color. — Winter pelage: Unknown. Summer pelage: Upper parts hair brown to drab, sometimes almost olive-brown, paler on the sides ; underparts pale olive-gray or pale smoke grap faintly tinged with pale olive-buff or tilleul buff ; tail huffy brown, olive-brown, or between huffy brown and hair brown above, light drabbish below, darkening toward tip. Skull. — Differs from that of any of the subspecies of 8. cinereus in being flatter through the brain case and wider interorbitally. About the size of that of 8. c. hollisteri, noticeably flatter, palatal length less, rostrum shorter and broader, and interorbital breadth greater. About the size of that of 8. c. '•'' Donald R. Dickey coll., Pasadena, Calif. *» Univ. Wis. Zool. Mus., 1. 58 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 haydeni or slightly larger, more flattened, broader interorbitally, rostrum rela- tively narrower, and maxillary tooth row longer. In general proportions most nearly like that of fi'. fontinalis, somewhat larger and apparently less flattened, broader interorbitally, and with heavier molariform teeth. Considerably larger than the skull of 8. preUei, with relatively narrower rostrum, and longer tooth row. Measurements. — Type specimen (young adult male) ; total length, 103; tail vertebrae, 41 ; hind foot, 12. Adult female from Vogelsang Lake, altitude 10,350 feet, Yosemite Park, Calif. : Total length, 102 ; tail vertebrae, 39 ; hind foot, 11. Skull— Type specimen (young adult maie; teeth unworn) : Condylobasal length, 15.4 ; palatal length, 5.6 ; cranial breadth, 7.3 ; interorbital breadth, 3.1 ; maxillary breadth, 4.1; maxillary tooth row, 5.5. Skull of adult female (teeth moderately worn) from Vogelsang Lake, altitude 10,350 feet, Yosemite Park, Calif.: Con- dylobasal length, 15.2; palatal length, 5.8; cranial breadth, 7.5; interorbital breadth, 3.3 ; maxillary breadth, 4.2 ; maxillary tooth row, 5.5. Remarks. — In the original description this form was placed as a subspecies of jS. tenellus (Merriam, 1902, p. 75). It really has no close connection with S. tenellus., although it shows some superficial similarities, particularly in its having a rather flat skull. This flat- ness, however, is not nearly so pronounced as in the species tenellus., and in the type specimen, which was a young adult, seems to be some- what accentuated, the brain case of its comparatively weak skull appearing to have become a trifle contracted and flattened medially during the cleaning process. This species, which represents S. cinereus in the Sierra Nevada, is rare in collections, only five speci- mens being available from a region where hundreds of shrews have been trapped. Specimens exofinined. — Total number, 5, as follows: California: Lyell Canyon (head of, Yosemite Park, altitude 9,800 feet), 1*^; Mammoth, Mono County, 1'"; Mount Lyell (type locality), 1; Vogel- sang Lake (altitude 10,350 feet), Yosemite Park, 1"'; Williams Butte (1 mile south, altitude 6,900 feet, Mono County, 1.'' SOREX PREBLEI Jackson Pkeble Shrew (Pls. 2, H ; 5, V) Sorex preUei Jackson, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci. 12 : 263, June 4, 1922. Type specimen. — No. 208032, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection; $ adult (teeth moderately worn),. skin and skull; col- lected July 3, 1915, by Edward A. Preble. Original number, 5972. Type locality. — Jordan Valley, altitude 4,200 feet, Malheur County, Oreg. Geographic range. — Known only from eastern Oregon. (Fig. 3.) Diagnostic characters. — Smallest of the western forms of the cinereus group; color paler and more grayish than in Sorex c. cinereus, possibly a shade darker and more grayish tl'.an in S. lyelli; hind foot small. Skull considerably flat- tened, small (smallest of the cinereus group), with relatively short rostrum. Color. — Worn tc-inter pelage: Upper parts between hair brown and mouse gray, the sides and flanks scarcely paler ; underparts pale smoke gray, slightly tinged with tilleul buff; tail above olive brown basally. darkening to clove brown toward tip, avellaneous below, darkening apically. Summer pelage (type specimen) : Upper parts darker and more brownish than in winter, be- tween hair brown and olive brown, paling on the sides ; underparts pale smoke gray, very faintly tinged with cartridge buff ; tail as in winter pelage. »» Mus. Vert. Zool. f« D. R. Dickey coll., Pasadena, Calif. 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHEEWS 59 Skull. — Small, rather flat, with relatively broad rostrum and short tooth row. More nearly lilfe that of 8. lyelli or Sf. fontinalis than lilie that of S. cinereus, but smaller than either, with shorter maxillary tooth row. Measurements. — Type specimen (adu.lt male): Total length, 95; tail verte- brae, 36 ; hind foot, 11. Adult male from Sled Springs, 25 miles north of Enter- prise, Oreg. : Total length, 85 ; tail vertebrae, 35 ; hind foot, 11. Skull. — Type specimen (adult male; teeth moderately worn): Condylobasal length, 14.6; palatal length, 5.4 ; cranial breadth, 7.1 ; interorbital breadth, 3.1 ; maxillary breadth, 4.2 ; maxillary tooth row, 5.1. Skull of adult male (teeth slightly worn) from Sled Springs, 25 miles north of Enterprise, Oreg. : Condylobasal length, 14.2 ; palatal length, 5.6 ; cranial breadth, 7.2 ; interorbital breadth, 3.1 ; maxil- lary breadth, 4.1 ; maxillary tooth row, 5.2. Remarks. — ^With the possible exception of jS. nanus, S. prehlei is the smallest of the western American members of the genus. It is easily distinguished from S. nanus by its higher and broader brain case and different dentition. It is most nearly like jS. lyelli and S. fontinalw, from which it can be differentiated by characters above mentioned. In fact, additional specimehs may prove its intergrada- tion with ^S', lyelli, but on the basis of material at hand it is necessary to consider the two specifically distinct. The specimen from Diamond, Oreg., is a young female that lacks the entire rostrum and teeth and is provisionally referred to S. prehlei. Specimens examined.- — ^Total number, 3, as follows : Oregon: Diamond (altitude 4,300 feet), 1; Enterprise (25 miles north at Sled Springs, altitude 4,600 feet), 1; Jordan Valley (altitude 4,200 feet), Malheur County (type locality), 1. Table 1. — Cranial measurements o f adult specimeiis of Sorex cinereus grovp Species and locality d 03 ^§ a o O a 1 .a o C8 is a o 1 Wear of teeth Remarks S. c. cinereus: North Carolina- Roan Mountain (6,000 feet). Do 54479 54480 54482 54487 110828 110833 110834 110835 116061 57870 57872 120876 120881 120884 120885 226969 226970 227238 227243 227249 169852 169859 169860 cf cf cf 9 9 9 9 9 c? 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 & d' 15 6 15.4 15.1 15.9 16.0 16.0 16.1 15.9 15.9 15.6 16.0 15.4 15.7 15.7 16.2 15.5 16.0 15.8 1,5.7 15.9 15.5 15.4 15.5 5.9 5.9 5.8 5.6 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.8 6.0 6.0 5.9 6.1 6.0 6.0 6.0 7.6 7.3 7.5 7.6 8.0 7.8 8.0 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.C 7.6 7.6 7.7 7.6 7.5 7.6 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.7 7.4 7.6 3.2 2.9 3.1 3.2 3.1 2.9 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.1 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.1 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.0 4.1 4.0 4.0 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.2 4.3 4.0 3.9 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.1 5.4 5.4 5.3 5.5 5.5 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.6 5.5 5.5 5.4 5.6 5.5 5.6 5.3 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.7 5.4 5.5 5.3 Moderate . ...do ...do. ...do Slight ...do ...do ...do ...do Moderate . Slight ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do. ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Do Do Northwest Terri- tories—Fort Reso- lution. Do Do Do Do Pennsylvania — Drury Run, Clin- ton County. Do Rhode Islan d— Washington County. Do Do Do Wisconsin — Mamie Lake, Vilas County. Do Do Do Do Wyoming— Pahaska, mouth Qrinnell Creek, Park County. Do. Do 74235— 2J 60 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 Table 1. — Cranial measurements of adult specimens of Sorex ciiiereiis group — Continued 03 g C3 >> o Species and locality a "3 3 is o Wear of teeth Remarks d X a o _2 1^ '3 £ a 03 -O 1 S. c. haydeni: North Dakota— Lostwood 208220 9 15.3 5.5 7.5 3.0 4.3 5.2 Slight.... Do 208223 202240 9 9 15.0 15.0 5.5 5.6 7.5 7.3 3.0 3.0 4.4 4.2 5.0 5.2 ...do ...do Williston... Essentially type locality. S. c. streatori: Alaska— Yakutat 73537 c? 16.7 6.3 7.6 3.2 4.2 6.0 Moderate. Type specimen. Do 73535 73540 73546 73548 73794 73799 73800 cf d' cf cT cf cf 16.1 16.6 16.6 16.0 16.4 16.8 16.5 6.2 6.4 6.2 6.3 6.2 6.4 6.3 7.5 7.8 7.8 7.6 7.5 7.7 7.9 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.2 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 5.8 5.9 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.0 ...do ...do ...do ...do Shght ...do ...do Type locality. Do Do. Do Do. Do Do. Sitka .- Do Do.. S. e. hoUisteri: Alaska— St. Michael 99305 9 15.5 6.0 7.6 2.9 3.8 5.4 ...do Type specimen. Do 99293 9 15.7 6. 1 7.7 2.9 3.9 5.5 ...do Type locality. Do 99294 99295 99298 99303 177308 9 9 9 9 d' 15.9 15.4 15.9 15.7 15.3 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 7.7 7.4 7.8 7.5 7.2 3.1 2.9 3.1 3.0 2.9 4.1 3.9 4.0 4.0 3.9 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.6 5.4 ...do ...do ...do ...do.. ...do Do. Do Do. Do Do. Do Do. Kings Cove, Alaska Penin- sula. Do 177312 177315 cf 15.3 15.2 5.9 5.9 7.6 7.5 3.0 2.9 3.7 3.8 5.5 5.3 ...do ...do Do.. Do 17731G 177317 177320 cf cf cf 15.2 .I. 8 7.8 7.4 7.4 3.1 3.0 2.9 .3.8 3.8 3.9 5.4 5.4 5.3 ...do ...do.. ...do. Do 15.5 1 5.9 Do 15.5 5.9 S. c. miscix: Labrador- Black Bay 18651 cf 16.9 6.6 8.1 3.2 4.0 6.0 Veryslight. Type specimen. Do 1 7936 17937 17939 17941 9 9 9 9 16.6 16.6 16.8 16.5 6.4 6.7 6.7 6.5 8.0 8.1 8.0 8.3 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.1 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.1 5.8 5.8 5.9 5.7 ...do ...do ...do ...do Type locality. Do Do. Do Do. Do Do. Sore.x lyelli: California- Mount Lyell 109530 cf 15.4 5.6 7.3 3.1 4.1 5.5 Unworn . . Type specimen; young adult. Vogelsang Lake, 2 23001 9 15.2 5.8 7.5 3.3 4.2 5.5 Moderate. 10,350 feet, Yo- semite Park. Sore.x fontinalis: Maryland— Beltsville 85439 76593 9 14.9 14.9 5.5 5.7 7.0 7.2 2.9 3.0 4.0 4.2 5.4 5.3 ..do SUght Type specimen. Hyattsville Do 76709 cf 14.9 5.7 7.1 3.0 4.1 5.5 ..do Sorex preblei: Oregon- Jordan Valley, 208032 cf 14.6 5.4 7.1 3.1 4.2 5.1 Moderate. Type specimen. 4,200 feet, Mal- heur County. Sled Springs, 231711 cf 14.2 5.6 7.2 3.1 4.1 5.2 Slight 4,r00 feet, 25 miles north of Enterprise, Wallowa County. 1 Mas. Comp. Zool. 2 mus. Vert. Zool. SOREX FUMEUS GROUP The fumeus group includes a single species — Sorex fumeus. All necessary group comparisons are made under the species. Geographic range. — Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, southeastern Quebec, south-central Ontario, south through New York, north- 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAlSr LONG-TAILED SHREWS 61 western New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and western Maryland, to south- central Ohio and the mountains of northern Georgia; also south- eastern Wisconsin (Racine). (Fig. 4.) Diagnostic characters. — Size medium; tail medium in length, bicolor, scantily haired ; color dull, in effect essentially concolor, except tail. Skull medium in size, relatively broad with short, broad interorbital region and mesopterygoid space ; brain case moderately flattened ; infraorbital foramen large and situated well posteriorly ; lachrymal foramen situated over space between first and second molars ; dentition moderate ; molariform teeth rather deeply emargiuate posteriorly; unicuspid teeth broader (extero-interior diameter) than long Fig. 4. -Geographic range of the subspecies of Sorex fume us 1. 8. f. fumeus. 2. S. f. umbrosus. (antero-posterior diameter), the third larger than the fourth; internal ridge extending from apex of unicuspid to about one-half distance toward internal edge of cingulum, moderately pigmented near apex. The fumeus group can be distinguished externally from any forms of the arctictis or pribilofensis groups by its distinctly unicolor (except tail) appearance. In general aspect the skull of fumeus resembles in proportions somewhat that of lyriiilofensis but is much larger in all respects, with the preorbital region less swollen and the infra- orbital foramen situated relatively farther back, the second upper premolar not lacking the distinct cusplike process on interior edge of basal shelf, and the unicuspid teeth without the internal heavily pigmented ridge from apex to edge of cingulum completely developed. Compared with the skull of any of the 62 NORTH AMERICA]^ FAUNA [No. 51 arcticus group that of fumeus is flattei* throughout, with considerably less deep, relatively narrower, and less angular brain case, less attenuate rostrum, nar- rower interorbitally, infraorbital foramen larger and relatively slightly farther back on rostrum, antero-posterior diameter of unicuspids relatively less, mo- larifonn teeth more deeply emarginate posteriorly, and cusps of i^ narrower than in arcticus, the secondary cusp relatively smaller. Externally sometimes superficially like members of the cinereus group, but larger, particularly feet, and tail longer ; skull decidedly larger and heavier than any of the ei)iereus group, with distinctly heavier rostrum and dentition, and with unicuspids lack- ing the pigmented ridge extending from apex of tooth to interior edge of cingulum (ridge is incomplete and only partly pigmented, near apex of tooth, in S. fumeus). Color in winter pelage like 8. dispar in summer pelage, but tail shorter and less hairy, and skull much heavier and broader in all proportions ; mesopterygoid space broader ; upper incisors larger, unicuspids heavier and of different relative sizes (in dispar the third and fourth are about subequal). Decidedly larger in all proportions than any of the longirostris group and dif- fering in dentition. Similar in color to certain specimens of the trowhridgii group and not dissimilar in certan cranial features ; dilfers from any of troxv- bridgii group in that unicuspids are relatively much wider (extero-interior diameter), wider than long (antero-posterior diameter), and third unicuspid is larger than fourth. Larger than any of the merriami group and never whitish on the ventral parts ; skull radically different, much larger than that of S. merriami, more truncate posteriorly, relatively narrower interorbitally, much less swollen orbitally, rostrum relatively longer, more attenuate, and relatively narrower, particularly through infraorbital region ; infraorbital foramina larger and situated farther back ; dentition different. SOREX FUMEUS Miller [Synonymy under subspecies] Geogra-phiG range. — That of the fumeus group. (Fig. 4.) Diagnostic characters. — Those of the fumeus group. Subspecies and geographic variation. — The species fumeus includes two sub- species : The typical form, fumeus, and umbrosus. The color of the species is fairly constant throughout its range, a tendency toward a reduction of reddish of the upper parts reaching its climax in the subspecies umhrosus in Nova Scotia. Geographical variation in the skulls is completely swamped by the extensive individual and local variation. Time of molting. — In the southern part of the range of Sorex fumeus the spring molt may begin as early as the middle of April, though most specimens at that time are still in full winter pelage. The transition in the south apparently occurs generally during May, for the majority of June specimens are in summer pelage. A male from Roan Mountain, N. C, shows first indica- tions of the molt April 19, 1893, while another from the same locality is in worn winter pelage May 3. A male from Mount Rogers, Va., has the molt about half completed .June 22, 1903, while a second one collected at the same place and time is in complete winter pelage. Middle May specimens from Maryland and most middle and late June specimens from New York and Vermont are in complete summer fur, although a breeding female from Lake George, N. Y., has not fully completed the molt July 10. Two specimens, a male and a female, from Halifax, Nova Scotia, are in process of molt July 18, 1894. A male from River du Loup, Quebec, has acquired practically all the summer fur July 16, 1900. The winter pelage of Sf. fumeus is usually obtained in full by the last week in October or first week in November. Occasionally specimens are in complete winter pelage early in October (Roan Mountain, N. C., October 11, 1892; Topsham, Me., October 3, 1915; Digby, Nova Scotia, October 10, 1893), but the transition seems to occur more frequently about that time or the middle of the month. A female from Black Mountain. W. Va., is in summer pelage October 29, 1900, but three others collected between October 28 and November 1, the same year, are in full winter pelage. A female from Digby, Nova Scotia, in woni summer pelage had not begun to molt October 25, 1893; another female from the same place has the winter fur coming in under the summer fur over the entire upper parts and abdomen October 22. 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAISr LONG-TAILED SHREWS 63 SOREX FUMEUS FUMEUS Miller Smoky Shrew (Pls. 2, i; 4, w; 5, w; 7, d; 11, b; 12, b) Sorex full! ens Miller, North Amor. F.uina No. 10, p. 50, December 31, 1S95. Sorex fumciis fumcus Jackson, Free. Biol. Soc. Washington 30 : 149, July 27, 1917. Tyi^e specimen.— ^o. 7.7.7.2582, British Museum (No. 2582, collec- tion of Gerrit S. Miller, jr.); $ adult, skin and skull; collected September 24, 1893, by Gerrit S. Miller, jr. Type locality, — Peterboro, Madison County, N. Y. Geographic range. — New Hampshire, Vermont, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and northern New York, south through northwestern New Jerse}^, Pennsylvania, and western Maryland, to south-central Ohio and northwestern Georgia; also recorded from Ontario (North Bay) and southeastern Wisconsin (Racine). (Fig. 4.) Diagnostic characters. — Characters given under the species Sorex fumeus will separate 8. f. fumeus from all shrews except S. f. umirosus. It averages slightly smaller than unihrosus, and is distinctly more reddish brown (less grayish) in summer pelage. Color. — Winter pelage: Distinctly grayish. Upper parts in general effect either mouse gray or deep mouse gray, occasionally almost dark mouse gray. Underparts a trifle paler than the upper parts, usually mouse gray, frequently silvery in certain lights. Tail indistinctly bicoloi*, fuscous above, chamois or honey yellow beneath nearly to tip ; feet chamois, the outer edge dusky. Summer pelage: Decidedly more brownish than winter pelage. Upper parts about olive-brown or slightly darker ; underparts somewhat paler than upper parts, usually drab or wood brown, showing more or less intermixture of deep neutral gray of base of hairs ; tail and feet as in winter. Sktill. — Medium in size, relatively short and broad, with short rostrum and relatively short and broad interorbital region ; brain case moderately flattened ; infraorbital foramen large and placed well back ; dentition moderate, molari- form teeth rather deeply emarginate posteriorly ; third unicuspid larger than fourth. Skull decidedly larger and relatively broader than that of S. o. cinereus, with much heavier rostrum and dentition ; about equal in length to that of /S. dispar but decidedly broader and heavier throughout, with wider rostrum and heavier dentition; somewhat smaller than that of S. cinereus, flatter throughout, with less depth of rostrum and brain case, relatively wider and shorter interorbitally, and with smaller unicuspidate teeth. Not essen- tially different from that of S. f. umhrosus. Measurements. — Two adult males from type locality : Total length, 124, 120 ; tail vertebrae, 45, 45 ; hind foot, 13, 13.4. Adult female from Renova, Pa. : Total length, 111 ; tail vertebrae, 45 ; hind foot, 13. Average of 3 adult females from Cranberry Glades, Pocahontas County, W. Va. : Total length, 117.7 (115- 120) ; tail vertebrae, 47.7 (47-48) ; hind foot, 14.3 (14-15). Skull: Average of 3 skulls of adult females (teeth slightly worn) from type locality: Condylo- basal length, 18.1 (18.0-18.3) ; palatal length, 6.8 (6.8-6.9) ; cranial breadth, 8.9 (8.7-9.0) ; interorbital breadth, 3.8 (3.7-3.9) ; maxillary breadth, 5.3 (5.2- 5.4) ; maxillary tooth row, 6.2 (6.2-6.3). Skulls of two adult males (teeth slightly worn) from Travellers Repose, W. Va. : Condylobasal length, 18-6, 18.3 ; palatal length, 7.2, 7.1 ; cranial breadth, 8.8, 8.9 ; interorbital breadth. 4.0, 3.8; maxillary breadth, 5.3, 5.4; maxillary tooth row, 6.6, 6.6. Average of 4 skulls of adult females (teeth slightly worn) from Roan Mountain, N. C. : Condylobasal length, 18.8 (18.0-18.6) ; palatal length, 7.0 (6.8-7.2) ; cranial breadth, 8.9 (8.7-9.0) ; interorbital breadth, 3.9 (3.8-4.0) ; maxillary breadth, 5.2 (5.2-5.3) ; maxillary tooth row, 6.4 (6.2-6.5). Remarks. — Two specimens of S. f. fumeus were in the United States National Museum as long ago as 1855. Both of these have the brain cases broken away and absent, but both have the rostra and teeth in 64 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 fairly good condition. One of them from Carlisle, Pa., was misi- dentified by Baird (1857, p. 22) with S. forsteri Richardson, a syno- nym of S. c. cvnereus; the other, from Racine, Wis., he identified as &. 7'ichardsoni (Baird, 1857, p. 24). The AVisconsin specimen, here referred to the subspecies fuineus, is the only one known from that region ; it is in worn summer pelage, very faded, and, with its broken skull, is unsuitable for critical subspecific comparison. Still later, Dobson (1890, pi. 23, fig. 5) misidentified a specimen from Lake George, N. Y., as S. flatyrlihms (DeKay), a synonym of S. c. cinereus. The majority of sjoecimens of S. f. fumeus now in collections have come from the Appalachian Mountains, where the form seems to be not uncommon in certain localities. In color, the subspecies is con- stant throughout most of its range, but there is a pronounced varia- tion in the skulls, particularly in the degree of flatness of the brain case. In some cases this appears to be local ; in others all degrees of flatness of the cranium are present at a given locality; nowhere can a definite geographic range be assigned to these variations. The skulls from Travellers Repose, W. Va., and Renovo, Pa., have as shallow and flat brain cases as any, but specimens from intervening localities in Maryland, from north in New York, and south in North Carolina have skulls with high brain cases. Moreover, some of the skulls from as near Travellers Repose as Black Mountain, and Cranberry Glades, Pocahontas County, W. Va., have high brain cases; and in the large series from Roan Mountain, N. C, are found skulls both with comparatively high brain cases and low ones, and also inter- mediates with varying degrees of depth. In the extreme northeastern part of its range, S. f. fumeus ap- proaches S. f. u7fihrosus in color. A majority of the specimens from Vermont, New Hampshire, and western Massachusetts shows this tendency, and even one from Tupper Lake in the Adirondacks, N. Y., and another from the Catskills in the same State, are almost as gray as typical u7)ibrosus. Specimens from Peterboro, N. Y., the type locality of the subspecies fumeus, however, are as reddish-brown as those from the southern part of the range of the subspecies. The writer has been unable to examine a specimen, now in the British Museum, recorded from North Bay, Ontario (Miller, 1897, p. 35) ; the locality has been provisionally included on the map (p. 61) in the range of S. f. fumeus. Spechiiens examined. — Total number, 161, as follows : Connecticut: Monroe, 1. Georg-ia: Bnisstown Bald (altitude 4,700 feet), 1. Maryland: Bittinger, 3; Finzel, 6. Massachusetts: Rlount Greylock, 6." New Hampshire: Antrim, 1"; Dublin, 1'^; Intervale, 1"; Mossy Brook ( IMount Monadnock ) , 1 ; Ossipee, 4 ; Waterville, 1 ; Webster, 1." New Jersey: Culvers Gap, Sussex County, 1"; Delaware Water Gap, 1"; Greenwood Lake (south end, Passaic County), 1." New York: Berlin (altitude 1,100 feet), 18; East Greenwich, 1; Hunter Mountain (Catskill Mountains), 3; Lake George, 6; Peterboro (type locality), 6; Piseco, 1; Tupper Lake, 1." North Carolina: Roan Mountain, 5; Roan Mountain (altitude 6,000 feet), 12: Roan Mountain (altitude 6,300 feet), 2; Roan Mountain (Magnetic City), 1. ''^ Manton Copeland coll., Brunswick, Me. ^^ Univ. Mich. Mus. ■"Mus. Comp. Zool. ''« Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia. 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 65 Ohio: Alma, 1"; Carrollton, 2"; Hopetown, 1"; Overton, 1." Pennsylvania: Bu.shkill Creek (7 miles east of Cre.sco, aionroe County), 1"; Carlisle, 1; Chester County, 1; Eagles Mere, 3'^; Fleming, 1; Ganoga Glen, Sullivan County, 3"; Ganoga Lake (North Mountain), 2"; Krings Stati(m, 1"; Lake Leigh (North Mountain), 2'"; Mount Poeono, Monroe County, 2"; Renovo, 4; Round Island, 3"; Summit Mills, 2"; Sayre, 2. Rhode Island: Chepacbet, 1. Tennessee: High Cliff, 1 ; Roan Mountain (top), Carter County, 2." Vermont: Mount Mansfield, 3; Rutland, 1"; Woodstock, 2.". Virginia: Mount Rogers (altitude 5,719 feet), Grayson County, 2; Paris, 1; Washington (Devils Stairs, altitude 2,000 feet), 1. "West Virginia: Black Mountain, 4"; Cranberry Glades (head Cranberry River), Pocahontas County, 10; Franklin, 1; Rowlesburg, 1; Travellers Repose, 5; White Sulphur, 2"; White Sulphur Springs, 1"; Winding Gulf, 3. "Wisconsin: Racine, 1. SOREX FUMEUS UMBROSUS Jackson Nova Scotian Smoky Shrew /S'[orea?] fmnens (sic) Cox, Canadian Record Sci. 7:118, 1896. (Nomen nudum, misprint for S. fumeus.) Sorex fumeus umbrosus Jackson, Proc. Biol. Soc. W^ashington 30 : 149, July 27, 1917. Tj/pe specimen. — No. 150065, U. S. Nat. Mits., Biological Survey collection; $ adult (teeth slightly worn), skin and skull; collected July 29, 1907, by W. H. Osgood. Original number 3140. Type JocaUty. — James Kiver, Antigonish County, Nova Scotia. Geographic range. — Nova Scotia, Nevr Brunswick, southeastern Quebec, and Maine. (Fig. 4.) Diagnostic characters. — Similar to Sorex f. fumeus but averaging slightly larger, and in summer pelage distinctly less reddish brown (more grayish brown) on upper parts. Color. — Winter pelage: Similar to that of 8. f. fumeus. Summer pelage: Brown of the upper parts noticeably less reddish than in the subspecies fumeus. Upper parts fuscous-black mixed with grayish ; underparts drab mixed with deep neutral gray of base of hairs ; tail l)icolor, fuscous-black above, honey j-ellow, cinnamon-buff, or chamois below nearly to tip ; feet chamois, the outer side dusky. Skull. — Similar to that of S. f. fumeus, possibly averaging slightly larger. Measurements. — Type specimen (adult male): Total length, 127; tail verte- brae, 52 ; hind foot, 14. Two adult males from type locality : Total length, 127, 126; tail vertebrae, 49, 45; hind foot, 14, 14.5. Skull: Type specimen (adult male; teeth slightly worn): Condylobasal length, 19.0"; palatal length, 7.2; cranial breadth, 9.3 ; interorbital breadth, 3.9 ; maxillary breadth, 5.3 ; maxillary tooth row, 6.8. Skulls of two adult females (teeth very slightly worn) from type locality: Condylobasal length, 17.8, 18.5; palatal length, 7.2, 7.2; cranial breadth. 8.5, 9.1; interorbital breadth, 3.9, 3.9; maxillary breadth, 5.0, 5.1; maxillary tooth row, 6.5, 6.6. Remarks. — Although not a strikingly differentiated form, speci- mens of S. f. umhrosus from Nova Scotia are in series readily sep- arable from specimens of S. f. fumeus from central New York and the southern Appalachian Mountains. Intergradation between the " Manton Copeland coll., Brunswick, jMe. •'s Univ. Mich. Mus. ^^ Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. ■^5 Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. ™ Field Mus. Nat. Hist. "Field Mas. Nat. Hist., 1. ™ In the original description of this subspecies the condjiobasal length was misprinted as 24.0 (Jackson, 1917, p. 150). 66 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 two forms, however, is clearly indicated over the greater part of the New England States and western New Brunswick. Specimens from Maine are referable to uinbrosus ; while specimens from New Hamp- shire, Vermont, and western Massachusetts (Mount Greylock) can be referred to xS'. /. fumeus^ although displaying an approach toward umht'osus. The small series from Hampton, southeastern New Bruns- wick, is typical of umhrosus in every respect, yet a specimen from Restigouche River, northwestern New Brunswick, shows a strong tendency toward the subspecies fumeus. Speciinens examined. — ^Total number, 62, as follows : Maine: Brunswick, 4'°; King and Bartlett Lake, 1*^; Mud Pond, Penobscot County, 2"; North Belgrade, 1"; Topsham, 3.'' New Brunswick: Bathurst (15 miles from, Miramichi Road), 1"; Hamp- ton, 3 ; Maugerville, 2 ^* ; Restigouche River, 1.** Nova Scotia: Barrington Passage, 17''; Digby, 13 '^ Halifax, 3"; James River (type locality), 6; Little River, Digby Neck. 2; Newport, 1." Quebec: Gaspe Peninsula (Cascapedia River, Tracadie), 1"; Riviere du Loup, 1."' * Table! 2. — Cranial measurements of adult specimens of Sorex fumeus group Species and locality 6 IS a °^ >.a a o U a ja 1 "a 'i O 03 a — ' (O XI 'K Wear of teeth Remarks S. f. fumeus: New York: Peter- boro. Do 111122 nn23 140945 87025 87026 47823 47825 47826 55818 150065 150061 150064 9 9 9 cf 9 9 9 9 c? 9 9 18.3 18.1 18.0 18.6 18.3 18.0 18.5 18.1 18.6 '19.0 17.8 18.5 6.8 6.8 6.9 7.2 7.1 6.8 7.2 6.9 7.0 7.2 7.2 7.2 9.0 8.7 8.9 8.8 8.9 8.7 9.0 9.0 8.9 9.3 8.5 9.1 3.9 3.7 3.9 4.0 3.8 3.7 3.9 4.0 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.9 5.4 5.2 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.2 5.2 5.3 5.2 5.3 5.0 5.1 6.2 6.3 6.2 6.6 6.6 6.2 6.5 6.3 6.5 6.8 6.5 6.6 Slight ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do. Slight Very slight ...do Type locality. Do. Do Do. West Virginia: Trav- ellers Repose. Do North Carolina: -Roan Mountain. Do Do Do -. S. f. umbrosus: Nova Scotia: James River. Do Type specimen. Type locality. Do Do. 1 In the original description of this subspecies this measurement was misprinted as 24.0 (Jackson, 1817, p. 150). SOREX ARCTICUS GROUP The arcticus group includes three species: Sorex arcticus, S. tun- drensis; and S. hydrodromus. Geographic range. — Western Alaska from Bering Strait to Bris- tol Bay, east to mouth of Anderson River, Northwest Territories, southeast across Alberta, Saskatchewan. Manitoba, and western On- tario to northeastern South Dakota, and central Minnesota and Wis- consin; also Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. (Fig. 5.) Diagnostic characters. — Medium size, with moderately short tail, and tricolor pattern ; the back distinctly darker than the sides, which in turn are dis- ■^ Lee Mus. Biol., Bowdoin College. 80 Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. " Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 8^ Manton Copeland coll., Brunswick, Me. ; Lee Mus. Biol., 1. *■ Nat. Mus. Canada. ^ Miramichi Nat. Hist. Soc. Chatham, New Brunswick. ^5 Field Mus. Nat. Hist. 8» Univ. Mich., 1 ; Mus. Comp. Zool., 10. «' Mus. Comp. Zool. 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 67 tinctly darker than the ventral parts. Skull moderate in all dimensions ; den- tition moderately heavy ; unicuspids rather heavy and swollen, the fourth smaller than the third ; internal ridge extending from apex of unicuspid toward cingulum incomplete, weakly pigmented, and not ending in secondary cusplet. Larger than any of the cinereus group, with larger hind foot, dis- tinctly larger skull, heavier dentition, the molariform teeth being relatively, as well as actually, broader (extero-interior diameter). Compared with any of the fumeus group, S. arctious is distinctly tricolored, the skull is higher, rostrum more attenuate, wider interorbitally, antero-posterior diameter of uni- cuspids relatively greater, molariform teeth less emarginate posteriorly, and cusps of i^ broader, the secondary cusp relatively larger. Larger and darker than 8. pribilofensis with higher, more angular brain case, longer, more attenu- ate rostrum, and with internal ridge on unicuspid scarcely pigmented. Larger than 8. merriami, darker, particularly the underparts; rostrum longer and higher and interorbital region less inflated than in 8. merriami, the interorbital region being relatively very much narrower. Fig. 5. — Geographic range of subspecies of Sorcx arcticus and of tlic species S. tmv- 1. 8. arcticus arcticus. 2. S. a. laricorum. 3. 8. tundrensis. Remarks. — The arcticus group resembles superficially the fumeus group, from which, however, it is differentiated by marked cranial characters, not only of proportions and shape of skull, but dentally, particularly in the shape of the first upper incisor. It frequently occurs with S. cinereus., but can readily be distinguished externally from that species by the size of the feet and the pronounced tricolor pattern. SOREX ARCTICUS Kerb [Synonymy under subspecies] Geographic range. — ^West-central Northwest Territories (Fort Norman), southeasterly across Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and 68 NORTH AMERICAlSr FAUNA [No. 51 western Ontario to northeastern South Dakota, and central Minne- sota and Wisconsin; also Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. (Fig. 5.) Diagnostic characters. — Size medium (liind foot about 14 millimeters) ; color rich brownish, tricolor, dark, the dorsal parts in winter almost black ; skull medium in size, with brain case moderate in depth {Soi'cx a. laricorum) to high {S. a. arcticus). rostrum long and high, dentition moderately heavy. In all pelages 8. arcticus is distinctly darker than S. tundrensis, and in winter pelage has the color of the sides more contrasted from that of the underparts ; 8. arcticus is somewhat larger than 8. tundrensis, with longer tail ; skull larger than that of 8. tundrensis, with higher, longer, and broader rostrum, longer mesopterygoid space, post-glenoid processes usually more developed, palate longer, teeth larger and broader. Subspecies and geographic variation. — The species arcticus is divided into two subspecies, arcticus and laricorum. The species as a whole retains its char- acteristics with considerable precision over its range, the only geographic varia- tion being toward the south, where it tends to become paler, and this, asso- ciated with a lowering of the brain case, shortening of the antero-posterior diameter of the supraoccipital, and broadening of the interorbital region, is recognized subspecifically in laricorum. Time of molting. — The transition from winter to summer fur seems to occur for the most part in June. In a series of nine specimens from Norway House, Manitoba, collected June 18 to 23, 1900, are five females in complete summer pelage and three females and one male in winter pelage. None of these is in actual process of molting, although the condition of the skin and pelage of the male would seem to indicate that it would soon begin the new growth of hair. The specimen from Fort Norman, Northwest Territories, is in winter pelage June 14, 1904, while a female from Fort Smith is in full summer fur June 21, 1901. A male from Slave River, 10 miles below the mouth of Peace River, Alberta, collected June 10. 1901, shows clearly the summer pelage coming in under the worn winter fur over the entire animal. A breeding female in delayed spring molt from Island Lake, Alberta, has summer pelage on the face, crown, and chin, the rest of the animal still retaining the winter fur August 12, 1895. Evidence indicates that the fall molt in S. arcticus takes place most often during the latter part of September and first of October. In the series of 25 skins from South Edmonton, Alberta, collected between September 8 and 23, 1894, are 5 that show the beginning stages of the fall molt ; 3 of these, a male and 2 females, were taken September 23 ; another, a male, September 8 ; and the fifth, a female, on the 15th. The skins of 4 or 5 others of this series, collected September 10 to 15, seem to indicate, by the condition of the skin of the backs, preparation for molting. The series of 32 skins from St. Albert, Alberta, was collected between October 30 and November 3, 1895 ; all are in full winter pelage except a female taken November 3, which has just begun molting on the posterior third of the back. A male from Athabaska Landing, Alberta, has the molt well begun September 14, 1903. SOREX ARCTICUS ARCTICUS Kerr American Saddle-backed Shrew (Pls. 2, j; 4, x; 7, e; 11, c; 12, c) Sorex arcticus Kerr, Animal Kingdom, p. 206, 1792 (not 8orex personatus arcticus Merriam, 1900). 8orex richardsonii Bachman, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 7 : part 2, p. 383, 1837.'' 8\_orex'\ richardsoni Sundevall, Kongl. [Svenska] Vetenskapsacad. Handl., 1842, p. 182, 1843. ^Type specimen. — No. 5.5.12 24.02. Briti.sh Museum (A. 130 of Zool. Soc. London Museum: 527 of Zool. Soc. London Ms. list; and 160 of Zool. Soc. London List, 1838), in orifi^inal stuffed condition but taken off stand, skull incomplete. The writer is indebted to Oldfield Thomas for this information. This is the specimen described by Richardson as Sorex parvus and is therefore the type of Sorex richardsomi Bachman, since this name was distinctly siven to Richardson's" animal. Mr. Thomas has kindly furnished the fol- lowing rtfeasurements of the specimen : Hind foot, without claws, 13.2 millimeters ; hind foot, with claws, 14.5 ; length of upper tooth series, 8.7. 1928] EEVIi:W OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 69 Sorex sphagnicola Coues, Bui. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. 3 : 650, May 15, 1877. Type locality : Fort Liard, Noitliwost Territories. Sorex belli Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 7: 25, April 13, 1892. (Based on Dobson Ms., 1885. Type locality : Shamattawa River, tributary of Hayes River, Hudson Bay, Manitoba.) Nomen nudum. Sorex sphagnicolus Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 7 : 25, April, 1892. Sorex arcticus arcticus Jackson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 38: 127, Novem- ber 13, 1925. Type specimen. — None known to exist. Type locality. — Settlement on Severn River, Hudson Bay, now known as Fort Severn, mouth of Severn River, Ontario, Canada. Geographic range. — West-central Northwest Territories (Fort Nor- man), southeasterly across Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, to northwestern North Dakota and the north shore of Lake Superior, Ontario; also Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. (Fig. 5.) Diagnostic eharacters. — Rather larger than Sorex tundrenms, darker and much richer colored, skull larger with heavier rostrum. Somewhat darker on back and sides in winter pelage than S. a. laricorum with skull higher, and deeper through brain case, supraoccipital greater in antero-posterior diameter, and interorbital region somewhat more constricted. Color. — Tricolor in all pelages, distinctly so in winter, less in summer. Win- ter pelage: Upper parts a ribbon of rich dark fuscous-black or blackish brown extending from the nose to the base of the tail, becoming slightly paler on the face and nose ; sides sharply contrasted with back, snuff brown to v»'00d brown, which extends onto sides of face ; underparts paler and more grayish than sides, the line of color demarcation usually not so sharply defined as that between the back and sides, smoke gray more or less tinged with light drab, avellaneous, or pinkish buff, in late winter becoming densely tinged with drab, wood brown, or avellaneous ; tail indistinctly bicolor, fuscous or fuscous-black above, avel- laneous to buffy brown below, darkening toward tip, the terminal fourth nearly as dark below as above ; feet above dark buffy brown, darker on wrists and ankles. Summer pelage: Paler above, darker and more brownish below than in winter pelage, therefore less pronounced tricolor pattern. Upper parts fuscous, sometimes almost mummy brown ; sides olive-brown or slightly paler, sometimes tending toward cinnamon-brown; underparts usually drab, sometimes avella- neous. Feet and tail as in winter. Skull. — Medium in size; brain case high and arched, not flattened; rostrum large, moderately elongate, high, attenuate. Compared with the skull of S. a. laricarum that of S. a. arcticus is noticeably higher, more arched and less flat- tened, with antero-posterior diameter of supraoccipital greater ; Interorbital region usually more constricted, and palate averaging shorter. Measurements. — Average of 4 adult males from South Edmonton, Alberta : Total length, 112 (108-115) ; tail vertebrae, 40 (38-^2) ; hind foot, 14 (14-14). Average of 4 adult females from South Edmonton, Alberta : Total length, 113 (111-115) ; tail vertebrae, 40 (39-42) ; hind foot, 13.5 (13-14). Skull: Average of 4 skulls of adult males (teeth slightly worn) from South Edmonton, Al- berta: Condylobasal length, 18.0 (18.5-18.7); palatal length, 7.2 (7.2-7.2); cranial breadth, 9.3 (9.2-9.4) ; interorbital breadth, 3.5 (3.4-3.6) ; maxillary breadth, 5.1 (5.0-5.2) ; maxillary tooth row, 6.6 (6.5-6.6). Average of 4 skulls of adult females (teeth slightly worn) from South Edmonton, Alberta: Condylo- basal length, 19.0 (18.7-19.1) ; palatal length. 7.4 (7.3-7.5) ; cranial breadth, 9.3 (9.2-9.4) ; interorbital breadth, 3.7 (3.7-3.7) ; maxillary breadth, 5.1 (5.0- 5.2) ; maxillary tooth row, 6.7 (6.5-6.8). Skulls of 2 adult females (teeth slightly worn) from Wingard, Saskatchewan: Condylobasal length, 18.9, 18.6; palatal length. 7.4, 7.2 ; cranial breadth, 9.2, 9.3 ; interorbital breadth, 3.5, 3.5 ; maxillary breadth, 5.1, 5.0 ; maxillary tooth row, 6.6, 6.4. Reniarhs. — A specimen of the American saddle-backed shrew, one of the most beautiful American insectivores, was mentioned as early as 1772, when Forster referred one from the settlement on Severn River, Hudson Bay, to Sorex araneus Linn., remarking that the speci- men was much blacker on the back than the European animal (Forster, 1772, p. 380), a color difference between S. arcticus and 70 NORTH AMERICAiSr FAUNA [No. 51 fS. araneus which, in the aggregate, actually exists. So similar are the two species, however, that it is not surprising that Forster called his specimen S. araneus. A few years later Pennant gave a descrip- tion of the same specimen, basing his account on that of Forster and referring the specimen with question to the Foetid shrew [i. e., S. araneus Linn.]. (Pennant, 1784, p. 139.) Eight years later, and 20 years after the animal was first described, it was reclescribed by Kerr, who based his description mainly on that of Pennant and gave the species the tenable name of S. arcticus. (Kerr, 1792, p. 206.) In 1829, Richardson fairly accurately described a specimen of S. arcticus, but considered it probably to be Sorex parvus Say (Richardson, 1829, p. 8), an entirely different animal, now placed in the separate genus Cryptotis. This description became the basis of Bachman's description of Sorex richardsonii (Bachman, 1837, p. 383), a name that has been generally used for the species during recent years. Dobson misidentified S. arcticus with S. vulgaris Linnaeus (Dobson, 1890, pi. 23, figs, 4), itself a synonym of S. araneus Linn. The type specimen of S. sfhagnicola Coues, in the United States National Museum, is an imperfect skin consisting of the head, nape, hinder third of the body, the hind feet, and tail, and is not accom- panied by the skull. It is in summer pelage and apparently was molting, and matches almost perfectly certain specimens of S. a. arcticus in similar condition of pelage. The name Sfhagnicola, there- fore, should be retained in synonymy under S. a. arcticus, with which, under the name richardsonii, it has already been identified. (Preble, 1908, p. 246.) The most northerly point from which a specimen of S. a. arcticus has been examined is Fort Norman, Northwest Territories; this specimen and others from the region of Great Slave Lake agree in all essentials with specimens from the vicinity of Edmonton, Alberta, and Norway House, Manitoba. One skull from Fort Simpson, Northwest Territories, has a shallower brain case than that of aver- age S. a. arcticus, in this respect appearing something like that of S. a. laricorum. In southern Manitoba (Red River Settlement) and western North Dakota an approach toward Jaricorum is evident in a tendency for the brain case to be shallower, although the single speci- men from Kenmare, N. Dak., is almost a perfect match cranially with typical 8. a. arcticus. The imperfect specimens examined from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia are provisionally referred to 8. a. arcticus rather than to lar-icoi'um. SpeciTnens examined. — Total number, 124, as follows : Alberta: Athabaska Delta (east branch, 1 mile west of Jack Fish Lake), 1^°; Athabaska Delta (east branch, 9 miles north of Jack Fish Lake), 2*"; Athabaska Landing (5 miles above), 2; Athabaska River (Pelican Rapid), 1; Blindmans and Red Deer Rivers, 3^^; Dunvegan (about 75 miles north, Fort St. John Trail, Peace River), 1"; Fort Chipewyan (6 miles northwest) 1; Island Lake (15 miles west Lake St. Ann), 3; St. Albert, 32; Slave River (10 miles below Peace River), 1; Slave River (25 miles below Peace River), 1; South Edmonton, 24. Manitoba: Aweme, l^'"", Lake Manitoba (south end), 1; Lake Winnipeg, 1 ; Norway House, 9 ; Red River Settlement, 3 ; Robinson Portage, 1 ; Shamattawa River (tributary of Hayes River), 1*^; Swampy Lake (near outlet), 1. >"' Mus. Comp. Zool. " Royal Ontario Mus. Zool. ^ Mus. Comp. Zool., 1. »« Nat. Mus. Canada. "Mus. Veit. Zool. 1928] KEVIEW OF AMEEICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 71 New Brunswick: Maugerville, 2." North Dakota: Lostwood (6 miles north), 1; Kenmare, 1. Northwest Territories: Fort Norman, 4"*; Foi"t Rae, 1; Fort Rae (25 miles south, Trout Eock), 4; Fort Resolution. 4; Fort Simpson, 5; Fort Smith, 1; Great Slave Lake (Big Island), 1; Great Slave Lake (Buffalo River), 1. Nova Scotia: Truro (1% miles east-southeast), 1/" Ontario: Macdiarmid (Lake Nipigon), 2.^ Saskatchewan: Indian Head, 1"^; Portage La Loehe, 1; Wingard, 4. SOREX ARCTICUS LARICORUM Jackson SouTHEBN Saddle-backed Shrew (Pls. 2, k; 5, Y) Sorex pachyurus Baird (nee [S.] pachyurus Kuster, 1835, qui Pachyura etrusca Savij, Report Pacific R. R. Survey 8: part 1, Mammals, p. 20, 1857. Type locality: Pembina, N. Dak. (not Minnesota, as stated by Baird). Sorex arcticus laricorum Jackson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 38 : 127, Novem- ber 13, 1925. Type specimen. — No. 186837, U. S. Nat. Miis., Merriam collection (No. mi) ; S adult (teeth slightly worn), skin and skull; collected February 19, 1886, by Vernon Bailey. Original number, 75. Type locality. — Elk River, Sherburne County, Minn. Geographic range. — Eastern North Dakota, northeastern South Dakota, northern and central Minnesota, and northern AVisconsin and Michigan. (Fig. 5.) Diagnostic characters. — Similar to Sorex a. arcticus, ijossibly averaging paler on upper parts and sides in winter i)elage ; skull decidedly flatter and shallower than that of the subspecies arcticus, less constricted interorbitally, palate somewhat longer. Color. — Winter pelage: Essentially like that of Sf. a. arcticus but averaging somewhat paler. Summer pelage: Indistinguishable from that of the sub- species arcticus. Skull. — Size about that of S. a. arcticus but general appearance distinctly flat- ter ; brain case decidedly shallower and more flattened, the antero-posterior diameter of supraoccipital less; palate somewhat longer (antero-posterior diameter), and interorbital breadth greater. Measurements. — Type specimen, adult male, measured from dry skin by writer: Total length, 117; tail vertebrae, 42; hind foot, 14. Two adult males from Rhinelander, Wis. Total length, 115, 117; tail vertebrae, 40, 39; hind foot, 14, 14. Skull. — Skull of type specimen (adult male, teeth slightly worn) : Condylobasal length, 19.0 ; palatal length, 7.6 ; cranial breadth, 9.3 ; interorbital breadth, 3.8: maxillary breadth, 5.3; maxillary tooth row, 6.8. Average of 6 skulls of adult males (teeth slightlv worn) from type locality: Condylobasal length, 18.9 (18.6-19.1) ; palatal length. 7.7 (7.5-7.8) ; cranial breadth, 9.3 (9.1- 0.5) ; interorbital breadth, 3.8 (3.7-3.9) ; maxillary breadth, 5.2 (5.1-5.3) ; maxillary tooth row, 6.7 (6.(5-6.9). Skull of type specimen of S. pachyurus Baird, adult (teeth slightly worn), sex unknown, from Pembina, N. Dak.: Condylobasal length, 18.9 ; palatal length, 7.7 ; cranial breadth, 9.3 ; interorbital breadth, 3.8; maxillary breadth, 5.3; maxillary tooth row, 6.7. Remarks. — Baird's description of Sorex pachyurus was based upon two sj)ecimens from Pembina, N. Dak.; a third specimen from Fort Ripley, Minn., was referred with some hesitation to the species (Baird, 1857, p. 22). Specimen No. 1674, now a skeleton (No. 38820), ^ Royal Ontario Mus. Zool. 9^ Nat. Mus. Canada. ''^ Miramichi Nat. Hist. Soc. Chatham, New Brunswick. »»Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 3. ■^Provincial Mus., Halifax, Nova Scotia. 72 NORTH AMEPtlCAlSr FAUNA [No. 51 at that time an alcoholic, is considered the type specimen (Lyon and Osgood, 1909, p. 247) since it is figured (Baird, 1857, pi. 27). The two specimens were in winter pelage; Baird was led astray in com- paring them with a summer specimen of /S. fumeus, which he believed to be /S. arcticus, from Kacine, Wis., and did not associate them with true arcticus. Unfortunately the name S. pachyurus Baird is not available, since it is antedated more than 20 years by S. pachywus Kuster (1835, p. 77), a synonym of Pachyura etrusca Savi, a shrew of southern Europe. The form of arcticus found in eastern Nortli Dakota, and in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan, is named laH- corwm in reference to one of its prevailing habitats, tamarack and spruce swamps. Intergradation between S. a. arcticus and S. a. laricorurm is indi- cated in specimens from Manitoba and w^estern North Dakota. Spec- imens from Wisconsin and Michigan referred to laricorum are not exactly typical in every respect; they compare favorably in length of palate and interorbital breadth but have higher brain cases, in some cases as high as in 8. a. arcticus. Speciiriens exaniiined. — Total number, 95, as follows : Manitoba: Aweme, 2"; Carberry, 1. Michigan : Chippewa County, 1 ®' ; Gogebic Lake, Ontonagon County, 6 "' ; Mud Lalie, Gogebic County, S.""* Minnesota: Bridgman, 1; Elk River (type locality), 47; Fort Ripley, 1; Fort Snelliiig, 1; Minneapolis, 3; AVianibigoshish, 1. North Dakota : Fort Totten, 1 ; Pembina ( type locality of fi. pachyurus Baird), 4; Stump Lake, 1; Valley City, 1.'" South Dakota: Fort Sisseton, 1; Fort Wadsworth, 1. Wisconsin: Conover, 1^; Lake St. Germain, Vilas Counts', 4; Mamie Lake, Vilas County, 3 ; Mercer, 1 ; Pelican Lake, Oneida County, 1 " ; Rhine- lander, 3 " ; Sayner, 1 * ; Solon Springs, 2 ' ; Withee, 1. SOREX TUNDRENSIS Merriam Tundra Saddlb-backed Shrew (Pls. 2, l; 4, y; 5, z; 7, f; 12, d) Sorex tundrensls Merriam, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci. 2: 16, March 14, 1900. Type specimen. — No. 99286, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection; $ adult (teeth slightly worn), skin and skull; collected September 13, 1899, by W. H. Osgood. Type locality. — St. Michael, Alaska. GeograpMc i^ange. — Western and central Alaska from Bering Strait and Bristol Bay eastward, northern Yukon, and northwestern Northwest Territories. (Fig. 5.) Diaffiiostic characters. — Size medium; color pattern tricolor (in winter, gen- eral effect almost bicolor, the sides only indistinctly different from underparts), the brown back sharply contrasting with the pale grayish underparts ; skull medium in size and depth, with moderately developed rostrum and dentition. Slightly smaller than Sorex arcticus, with shorter tail ; decidedly paler in all pelages than 8. arcticus, the underparts in summer grayish instead of brownish, and in wi'^ter the grayish not bi'own and the back never tending toward black. Skull a t 'fle smaller than that of 8. arcticus, with a decidedly smaller and lower roi rum, shorter mesopterygoid space, postglenoid processes usually smaller, shorter palate, and smaller teeth. 8' Stuart Criddle col]., Treesbank, Manitoba. i Fiold Mus. Nat. TUst. ^^ T'niv. Micbigan Mus. == Univ. Wisconsin Zool. Mus. »" Morris J. Kernall coll., Valley City, N. Dak. 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 73 Color. — Winter pelage: Essentially bifolor in general effect, the back brown, sides gi-ayish faintly tinged with brownish and barely different from the pale grayish underparts. Entire upper parts from nose, crown, nape, to base of tail a broad ribbon of brown, between Front's brown and cinnamon-brown, sometimes tending toward snufC lirown ; iinderjiarts and sides pale smoke gTay more or less tinged with light buff, sometimes with warm buff, the sides and flanks usually somewhat more heavily tinged than the underparts but not sharply differentiated : tail bicolor, above between snuff brown and Saccardo's umber, sometimes tending toward sayal brown, darkening at tip; below usually pale ochraceous-buff, sometimes light ochraceous-buff, nearly to tip, which is brownish ; feet usually drab, slightly darker on the outer side and paler on the inner. Summer peluge: More variable than winter pelage. Distinctly tricolor in general effect ; the back dark brown, the sides pale brown, the under- parts grayish. Upper parts from nose and face to rump and base of tail usually sepia or Front's brown, sometimes mummy brown particularly in fresh unfaded pelage ; cheeks, face below ears, and sides to thighs, drab to wood brown ; under- parts smoke gray usually tinged with cream-butf, in general effect sometimes almost olive-buff; tail and feet as in winter. Time of \moUing. — The transition from winter to summer pelage occurs usually during April or early May. Out of 13 specimens collected during April and the last week of March, 1903, by Charles Sheldon at the head of the Toklat River, Alaska, 7 show indications of molt, the other 6 being in full winter pelage. A skin from SO miles up Kokwok River, Alaska, has obtained the summer fur on the posterior third of the back. May 6, 1912. Other specimens from Nushagak and Mount Sischoo, Alaska, collected, respectively, May 24, 1911, and June 6, 1912, are in fresh summer pelage. The winter pelage is generally obtained during September. In a series of 17 skins collected at the type locality between September 1 and 23, 1S99, the following conditions of pelage are found : Two collected September 1, and 1 each on the second and third, show no signs of molting ; 3 others, collected respectively on the 1st. 2d, and 12th, show the skin of the rumps to be in a condition preparatory for molting ; 6 others taken September 1, 2, 6, 11, 15, and 20, have the new fur under the old over most of the back ; 2 others collected on the loth have winter pelage over the posterior halves of their backs, and the other 2 captured September 13 and 23. have the entire upper parts, thighs, and most of the sides, in winter pelage. Two specimens from the mountains near Eagle, Alaska, are beginning to molt August 9 and September 1, 1903, but 31 others collected at the same place during August are all in summer fur. October specimens from the head of the Toklat River, Alaska, are in winter pelage. SJciiU. — Medium in size and depth ; rostrum medium in size, dentition moder- ate ; third unicuspid larger than fourth. Skull slightly smaller than that of 8. arctieus; rostrum smaller and lower, particularly basally ; lower orbitally; shorter mesopterygoid space ; postglenoid processes averaging smaller ; shorter palate ; and smaller, narrower, more densely pigmented teeth. Measurements. — Type specimen (adult male) : Total length, 108; tail ver- tebrae, 32 ; hind foot, 13. Average of 3 adult females from type locality : Total length, 105.7 (101-108); tail vertebrae, 31.7 (30-33); hind foot, 13 (13-13). Average of 6 adult males from head of Seward Creek, mountains near Eagle, Alaska: Total length, 105.8 (101-112) ; tail vertebrae, 35 (32-38) ; hind foot, 13.7 (12.5-14). SkuU: Tyi>e specimen (adult male, teeth slightly worn) : Con- dylobasal length, 18.3 ; palatal length, 7.1 ; cranial breadth, 9.1 ; interorbital breadth, 3.7 ; maxillary breadth, 4.9 ; maxillary tooth row, 6.3. Average of 3 adult females (teeth slightly worn) from tyi>e locality: Condylobasal length, 18.2 (18.0-18.4) ; palatal length. 7.1 (7.0-7.2) : cranial breadth, 9.1 (9.0-9.2) ; interorbital breadth. 3.6 (3.5-3.7) ; maxillary breadth, 4.9 (4.8-5.0) ; maxillary tooth row, 6.3 (6.2-6.4). Average of 6 skulls of adult males (teeth slightly worn) from head of Seward Creek, mountains near Eagle, Alaska: Condy- lobasal length, 18.1 (17.8-18.5) ; palatal length. 7.0 (6.7-7.2) ; cranial breadth, 9.1 (9.0-9.3) ; interorbital breadth. 3.8 (3.7-3.9) ; maxillary breadth, 5.0 (4.8-5.1) ; maxillary tooth row, 6.3 (6.1-6.4). Remarks. — There is no marked geographic variation in S. tnn- drensis. Certain specimens from the interior of Alaska have larger skulls than any now available from the type region near the Bering coast, but the smallest skulls from the type region can be matched almost perfectly with skulls from the same interior localities pro- 74 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 diicing large skulls, and the averages are imiisiially constant. Like- wise, certain skins from the upper Yukon (vicinity of Circle and Charlie Creek), Alaska, have decidedly darker backs than any in the type series, but it is undoubtedly due to the fresh condition of their summer pelage. The series taken in August at the head of Seward Creek, in the mountains near Eagle, Alaska, also an interior locality on the upper Yukon drainage, is indistinguishable from topotypes in corresj)onding pelage. A skin in fresh summer pelage (May 24) from Nushagak, Alaska, essentially on the Bering coast, has the darkest upper parts of any specimen examined. In none of the specimens of S. tundrensis has anything been observed that can be construed to be an approach toward S. arctictis. Although /S. tundrenms occurs at Fort Anderson, Northwest Terri- tories, and S. a. arcficus at Fort Norman, only a comparatively short distance away, the two forms retain their characters and do not differ appreciably from specimens from their respective type regions. Specimens exanvined. — Total number, 183, as follows : Alaska: Bethel, 2; Bettles, 5; Charlie Creek, Yukon River, 3; Circle, 1; Circle (20 miles above, on Yukon River), 2; Doonnockchogaweet Mountains, 1; Eagle (mountains near), 35; Fort Yukon, 4; Good News Bay, 4; Hooper Bay, 4; Kanuluk, 2; Kokwok River (80 miles up), 5; Kruzgamepa Hot Springs, 1 " ; Kuskokwim River, 1 ; Kuskokwim River (Crooked Creek, 200 miles above Bethel), 1 ■* ; Lake Aleknagik, 1; Lake Weelooluk, 1; Mount McKinley (Bear Creek), 1; Mount Sischoo, 1; Nome River, 1; Nulato, 20; Nushagak, 1; Nushagak River (Lewis Point), 1; Richardson, 4; St. Michael (type locality), 32; Savage River, 1 ; Sawtooth Mountains, 2 ; Stuyahok Landing, 1 ; Tanana, 1 ; Toklat River (head of), 21. Northwest Territories: Anderson River (lower region, between Fort An- derson and Liverpool Bay), 17; Peel River, 4; Toker Point (south of), 1.° Yukon: Fortymile, 1. SOREX HYDRODROMUS Dobson Unalaska Saddle-backed Shrew Sorex hydrodromus Dobson, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6th series) 4: 373, November, 1889. INeosorex] hydrodonius (sic) Elliot, Field Columb. Mus, Publ. 45 (zool. series 2) : 379, March, 1901. Neosorex hydrodromus Miller, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 31 : 119, August, 1903. Type locality. — Unalaska Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska, Type specimen. — Not seen by the writer. No. 85, collection of the Zoological Museum of the Academy of Sciences of the Union of Socialistic Soviet Republics. Geographic 7'ange. — Known only from type locality. General characters. — From original description : " Scarcely larger than /S. minutus, and therefore much smaller than S. palustris, which it also differs from in dentition, but resembles in the fringed condition of the digits of the manus and pes. The tail is nearly as long as the body and is clothed rather thinly with moderately long hairs, which do not form a fringe ; in the form of the muzzle and ears there is nothing peculiar or different from that of 8. minutus; the feet, however, differ remarkably in the possession of fringes to the digits both of the manus and pes, as well as or even better developed than in Crossopus fodiens; a thick comb-like fringe of stiff hairs also extends along the outer and inner margins of both manus and pes, being especially dense and well developed along the outer margins." (Dobson, 1889, p. 373.) » Mus. Comp. Zool. * D. R. Dickey coll., Pasadena, Calif. ^ Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 75 Color. — From original description : " Fur redclisli brown above, yellowish brown beneath; chin, throat, and chest with greyish-tipped hairs; the base of the hairs both above and beneath dark bluish grey." (Dobson, 18S9, p. 373.) Skull. — From original description : " The teeth closely resemble those of 8. vulgaris; as in that species the third incisor is the largest and longest of the unicuspidate teeth ; the first maxillary tooth is very nearly equal to the second incisor and quite intermediate in size between the third incisor and the second maxillary tooth ; the third maxillary tooth is even more internal than in 8. vulgaris, in this respect resembling the American representatives of that species, and its long axis is at right angles to the direction of the jaw, its inner and posterior convex margin fitting into the concavity on the inner and anterior side of the fourth maxillary tooth. The mandibular teeth closely resemble those of /S. vulgaris." (Dobson, 1889, p. 373.) (Fig. 6.) Measurements. — From original description : " Length : Head and body, 53 millim. ; tail, 46 ; eye from end of muzzle, QVij ; ear, length, 61/2 ; elbow to end of middle digit, without claw, 13 ; manus, 6 ; pes, 13 ; distance between tips of first upper incisor and last premolar, SVi" (Dobson, 1889, p. 373.) Remm-ks. — Dobson remarks in regard to his S. hydrodromus : This species is evidently aquatic, like Crossopus fodiens, the fringe of the manus and pes being even better developed than in that species; but in all generic characters it agrees with those of the genus Sorex. While agreeing with Sorex palustris from the adjoining continent of America in external char- acters, it differs from it in the proportions of its teeth, resembling in this respect the section of which 8. vulgaris is typical, while >?. palustris agrees with those represented by 8. vagrans. (Dobson, 1889, p. 374.) Unfortunately the writer has been unable to examine a specimen of this shrew. Merriam, who also never saw the species, placed it with acknowledged uncertainty in the subgenus Neosorex (Merriam, 1895, p. 94-95), probably being led to do so by Dobson's account of the " thick comb-like fringe of stiff hairs along ^\diVd^omus.'^ Enlarged the outer and inner margins of both manus Dobson^'isso'^p^' 373**'^'^ and pes." Elliot (1901a, p. 379) and Miller and Rehn (1903, p. 119) recognized Neosorex as a genus and included therein the species hydrodrormis, apparently following Merriam's lead. Except for the description of the fringed feet, there is nothing in the original account to associate closely S. hydrodromus with Neosorex, and Dobson clearly intimated the distinct difference between the two forms when he stated : No better proof could be afforded of the uselessness of retaining Neosorex as a distinct genus for the American species characterized by the possession of swimming=fringes in the digits, while the tail is simple, as in Sorex. These species are in fact aquatic forms of the genus Sorex. (Dobson, 1889, p. 374.) The original description, as quoted almost entire in the present account of the species, and the illustration of the upper teeth fit S. tundrensis almost precisely and make it necessary to place S. hydro- drormm in the arcticus group. The known geographic ranges of S. tundrensis and the subgenus Neosorex also support this contention. Until specimens from the type locality are available, the exact status of the form will remain in doubt. The description so closely fits S. tundrensis that the possibility of S. hydrodromus Dobson preoccupy- ing S. tundrensis Merriam is strongly suggested, and at best S. 74235—28 6 76 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 tundrensis may prove only siibspecifically distinct from S. hydro- dronius. Table 3. — Cranial m€asi(7'cmcnts of adult specimens of Sorex arcticus group Species and locality 1 H to 03 °a ^1 a o O O o 1 "oa Ph ■a o C3 I-T3 ££ a Si % Wear of teeth Remarks S. a. arcticus: Alberta— South Ed- monton. Do 69150 69161 69163 6917) 69151 69158 69159 69173 73180 73181 186837 186843 186845 186849 186852 186855 186856 38820 99286 99276 99277 99279 131000 131006 131011 131018 131032 131034 cf d' d' 9 9 9 9 9 9 & 9 9 9 cf & 18.5 18.5 18.7 18.6 19.1 19.0 18.7 19.1 18.9 18.6 19.0 19.0 18.7 18.6 19.1 19.1 18.8 18.9 18.3 18.0 18.4 18.1 18.0 18.3 18.5 18.0 17.9 17.8 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.5 7.3 7.4 7.3 7.4 7.2 7.6 7.7 7.5 7.6 7.8 7.8 7.6 7.7 7.1 7.0 7.2 7.1 7.1 7.0 7.2 7.1 6.9 6.7 9.4 9.3 9.3 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.4 9.2 9.2 9.3 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.1 9.2 9.4 9.3 9.3 9.1 9.2 9.1 9.0 9.1 9.1 9.3 9.2 9.0 9.0 3.5 3.4 3.6 3.5 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.5 3.5 3.8 3.9 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.9 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.8 3.8 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.1 .5.2 5.0 5.0 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.3 5.3 5.1 5.3 5.2 5.3 5.2 5.3 4.9 4.8 4.8 5.0 5.1 5.1 5.1 4.8 ,5.0 5.0 6.5 6.6 6.6 6.5 6.8 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.6 6.4 6.8 6.8 6.6 6.6 6.9 6.8 6.7 6.7 6.3 6.2 6.4 6.2 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.1 6.3 6.2 Slight ...do ...do ...do .._do.. ...do .._do ...do ...do ...do ...do. ...do .._do ...do .._do ...do ...do —do- ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Do Do Do Do Do Do._ Saskatchewan— Win- gard. Do ... - S. a. laricorum: Minnesota— E Ik River. Do Type specimen. Type locality. Do Do. Do Do. Do Do. Do Do. Do Do. North Dakota— Pem- bina. S. tundrensis: Alaska— St. Michael. Do Type specimen of S. pachyurus Baird. Type specimen. Type locality. Do Do. Do Do. Alaska — Mountains near Eagle. Do Do Do Do Do SOREX PRIBILOFENSIS GROUP The frihilofensis group includes a single species: Sorex pribUo- fensis. All necessary group comparisons are made under the species. SOREX PRIBILOFENSIS Meriuam Pribilof Shrew » (Pls. 2, m ; 4, z ; 5, a' ; 7, h ; 11, d ; 12, e) Sorex pribilofensis Merriam, North Amer. Fauna No. 10, p. 87, December 31, 1895. Type specimen. — No. 30911, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection; 9 adult, alcoholic with skull not removed; collected July 29, 1891, by C. Hart Merriam. Type locality. — St. Paul Island, Pribilof Group (in Bering Sea), Alaska. Geographic range. — Known only from type locality. Diaffnostic characters. — Size small; tail rather short, hairy; color pattern somewhat like 8. tundrensis, in .summer pelage tricolor, in winter distinctly bi- color. Skull short and broad, Interorbital region broad, mesopterygoid space 1928] REVIEW OF AMEEICAX LONG-TAILED SHREWS 77 short, rostrxim heavy ; dentitiou moderately heavy, the third iinicuspid hirger than the fourth. Compared with any of the cinereus group, S. pribilofensis has a relatively shorter tail, a more tricolor pattern in summer pelage, and in winter pelage has the dark color of the upper parts much more reduced to a longitudinal rihhon ; the skulkof S. prihilofcnsi.s is relatively much broader and shorter than that of IS. cinereus, distinctly broader interorbitally, with a decid- edly heavier rostrum, broader palate, and heavier dentition ; molars relatively broader (extero-interiorly) than in /S'. cinereus, the unicuspids larger, with internal ridge from apex to edge of cingulum as in the species cinereus (but more heavily pigmented than in S. c. cinereus). Similar in external propor- tions and general color pattern to members of the arcticus group but smaller, and paler in winter pelage ; skull shorter and broader interorbitally than that «f any members of the arcticus group, with flatter, more rotund (less angular) brain case, shorter, less attenuate rostrum, and with internal pigmented ridge on unicuspid extending from apex to cingulum (in arcticus group this ridge is short and on the internal part of the cingulum only and is scarcely pigmented). Color. — Winter pelage: Distinctly bicolor. the color of the underparts en- croaching upon the back and meeting in a sharp line. Top of nose, crown, ears, nape, back, and rump to base of tail a sharply defined longitudinal ribbon of drabbish hair brown ; entire underparts. lips, cheeks, sides of head below eyes and ears, flanks, and sides of body well up toward back pale olive gray, usually very faintly tinged with pale olive buff. Tail bicolor ; drab above, pale pinkish buff beneath nearly to tip. Summer pelage: Tricolor, the back sharply defined from sides, which are less clearly defined from the ventral parts. Top of head and back to base of tail a distinct longitudinal strip of brownish (be- tween hair brown and olive brown) ; sides of head and body paler, drab to between wood brown and avellaneous ; underparts smoke gray, sometimes slightly tinged or stained with olive buff; tail as in winter, less hairy. Time of molting. — The evidence at hand seems to show that the transition from winter to summer pelage usually occurs in June or early in July. Out of 24 specimens collected in June, July, and early in August, all except 7 are in complete summer pelage. A female collected June 2G, 1895, still retains the entire worn winter pelage. A male, June 22, 1890, has acquired about half of the summer fur, and 2 others, collected July 5, 1914, are in about the same status. A female, August 14, 1895, has the last remnants of the winter fur, while 2 males, collected one day earlier, are approximately one-half molted. The fall change occurs about the middle of October. Eleven of twenty-five specimens collected between October 22 and 26, 1914, are in complete winter pelage ; 11 are in process of molting ; 3 are still in summer pelage. Skull. — Short and broad, particularly interorbitally ; rostrum moderately short, heavy ; mesopterygoid space short ; brain case moderately flattened, not angular; dentition moderately heavy; molariform teeth about as broad (extero- internal diameter) as long (antero-posterior diameter) ; cusplike processes of basal shelves of molariform teeth reduced ; interior edge of basal shelf of sec- ond upper premolar without distinct cusplike process ; unicuspid teeth rela- tively large and broad (extero-interior diameter), decreasing gradually in size posteriorly, the third larger than the fourth, the fifth relatively large, but much smaller than the fourth ; unicuspid teeth each with internal heavily pigmented ridge from apex to edge of cingulum. Measurements. — Average of 8 adult males from type locality : Total length, 96.2 (92-103) ; tail vertebrae, 34.7 (32-37) ; hind foot, 13.8 (13-14.5). Skull: Average of 10 skulls of adult males (teeth slightly worn) from tvpe locality: Condylobasal length. 15.8 (15.4-16.0) ; palatal length, 5.7 (5.6-5.8) ; cranial breadth, 7.8 (7.7-8.0) : interorbital breadth, 3.7 (3.6-3.8) ; maxillarv breadth, 4.8 (4.7-4.9) ; maxillary tooth row, 5.5 (5.4-5.6). Remarks. — The interesting little Pribilof shrew as far as known is confined to St. Paul Island, in Bering Sea, where it is not uncommon. It is strikingly different from any other American Sorex, showing some affinity toward the cinereus group in the possession of pig- mented ridges on the internal sides of the unicu.spid teeth, but, on the whole, it is probably more closely related to the arcticus group. Speohnens exmnined. — One hundred and twenty-one ^ from the type locality. ' Mus. Comp. Zool., 1. 78 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 Table 4. — Cranial measurements of adult specimens of Sorex pribilofensis group "3 a ^ 03 C3 a § Sf? >, .a Species and locality d H W n o O a O O CO .""S s- ^ H ca Wear of teeth Remarks S. pribilofensis: Alaska— St. Paul 206181 cy 16.0 fa.V 7.9 3.7 4.8 5.5 Slight Type locality. Island. Do 206182 206183 63232 15.8 15.9 15.8 5.7 5.7 5 7 7.9 7.9 7 8 3.7 3.6 3 7 4.8 4.8 4 8 5.4 5.4 5 5 ...do ...do. ...do Do. Do Do. Do Do. Do 63233 63234 d' 15.9 16.0 5.7 5 7 7.9 8 0 3.7 3 8 4.8 4 9 5.4 5 fi ...do ...do Do. Do. Do. Do.. 63235 217965 217969 15.5 15.9 16.0 5.6 5.7 5 8 7.9 7.7 7 7 3.6 3.6 3 7 4.7 4.7 4 8 5.4 5.5 5 fi ...do.. ...do ...do Do. Do Do. Do_ Do. Do 217975 cf 15.4 5.7 7.7 3.8 4.9 .5.4 ...do Do. SOREX MERRIAMI GROUP The merriaini group includes two species : Sorex inenna^ni and S. leucogenys. Geogi^aphic range. — Known only from arid regions of southeastern Montana, southwestern North Dakota, southeastern Washington^ north-central Oregon, Nevada, and southwestern Utah. (Fig. 7.) Diagnostic clmracters. — In size somewhat larger than 8. cinereus, pale^ (grayish drab above), with distinctly whitish underparts and feet. Skull relatively short and broad, flattened through the brain case, relatively high, and swollen inter orbitally, with a short, broad rostrum, which compared with, that of other members of the genus found within its geographic range, is abruptly truncate anteriorly (nares region). The third upper unicuspidate tooth of most of the west American shrews is smaller than the fourth. Excep- tions to this are found in 8. cinereus and 8. arcticus, both species that may possibly occur within certain parts of the geographic range of shrews of the- merriami group, and, like them, have the third upper unicuspid larger than or, infrequently in 8. cinereus equal to the fourth. Members of the merriami group, however, have the unicuspids relatively narrow and elongate (in lateral aspect), and tending to be more crowded together than in 8. cinei'eus or S.. arcticus. Rer)iarks. — Although the number of specimens available that repre- sent the nien^amii group is small and insufficient for satisfactory evi- dence as to distribution and variation, nevertheless it shows that the- species inerHaTiii and leucogenys are very closely related forms dif- fering markedly from any other shrews. The members of this group- appear to inhabit arid or semidesert regions, much in contrast with, the habitat preference of most species of long-tailed shrews. SOREX MERRIAMI Dobson Mekriam Shrew (Pls. 2, n; 4, a' ; 6, a; 7, i; 11, e; 12, f) Sorex merriami Dobson, Monograph of the Insectivora, systematic and anatomi- cal, part 3, fasc. 1, pi. 23, fig. 6, May, 1890. Type specwien. — No. 186441, U. S. Nat. Mus., Merriam collection, (old No. if^x) j 5 adult (teeth slightly worn), alcoholic with skull, removed ; collected December 26, 1884, by Charles E. Bendire. Type locality. — Fort Custer, Bighorn County, Mont. 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 79 Geographic range. — Known only from five localities in south- western North Dakota, southeastern Montana, northern Nevada, north-central Oregon, and southeastern Washington, (Fig. 7.) Diagnostic characters. — Size small, larger than Sorex clnereus, smaller than 8. arcticus; color pale, underparts and feet distinctly whitish ; tail medium in length, decidedly bioolor, whitish below to tip. Skull relatively short and broad, flattened through the brain case, high and swollen orbitally, with short, broad rostrum. Dentition heavy ; unicuspid row relatively short, the fourth Fig. 7. — Geographic range of species of Sorex mcrriamd group 1. S. merriami. 2. 8. lettcogcnys. unicuspid smaller than third. Skull somewhat smaller than that of 8. leucogenys, with flatter brain case and anterior halves of unicuspid tooth rows more approximated and more nearly parallel. Color. — Winter pelage: ' Upper parts drab, becoming paler on the flanks ; underparts, chin, lips, and feet, distinctly whitish, the feet tinged with light buff ; tail bicolor, wood brown above, whitish beneath to tip. Summer pelage: ' Upper parts grayish drab becoming light drab on the flanks ; underparts nearly white, very faintly tinged with pale olive-buff ; tail and feet as in winter. ' Based on alcoholic specimen from Elico County, Nev. * Based on imperfect skin from Medora, N. Dak. 80 NORTH AMERICAISr FAUNA [No. 51 SkuU. — Short and broad, flattened through brain case, high and swollen orbitally ; rostrum short and broad, particularly broad through region of infra- orbital foramina, which open relatively well forward ; mesopterygoid space short, the sides relatively heavy. Teeth large, the molars as broad (extero- internally) as long (antero-iwsteriorly), deeply emarginate posteriorly; teeth densely pigmented ; unicuspid tooth row short, the fourth unicuspid smaller than the third ; uuicuspids placed relatively vertical to antero-iwsterior axis of alveolar borders ; antero-posterior diameter of eacli unicuspid considerably less than supero-inferior diameter ; uuicuspids without heavily pigmented internal ridge from apex to edge of cingulum ; first upper incisors small. Measurements. — Type si>eeimen (adult female) (measured from alcoholic specimen after removal of skull): Total length, 90; tail vertebrae, 35; hind foot, 11.5. Skull. — Type specimen (adult female; teeth slightly worn): Con- dylobasal length, 15.8 ; palatal length, 6.3 ; cranial breadth, 8.0 ; interorbital breadth, 4.0 ; maxillary breadth, 5.0 ; maxillary tooth row, 5.6. Skull of adult (teeth slightly worn), sex unknown, from Golconda (100 miles northeast of), Nevada : Condylobasal length, 16.2 ; palatal length, 6.4 ; cranial breadth 7.9 ; interorbital breadth, 3.8 ; maxillary breadth, 5.1 ; maxillary tooth row, 5.8. Remarks. — Regarding the type specimen of S. merriavii^ Merriam has written : The type and only known specimen of this remarkable shrew was presented to me by Maj. Charles E. Bendire, who collected it at the post garden, on the Little Big Horn River, about a mile and a half above Fort Custer, Mont., December 26, 1884. I sent it, with all my other shrews to Dr. George E. Dobson, who was then engaged on a monographic revision of the Soricidae. Unfortu- nately, owing to Dr. Dobson's continued ill health, all that has ever lieen pub- lished of this monograph is a fasciculus of plates, shov.'ing tlie jaws and teeth of certain species, with a page of explanation facing each plate (Monog. In- aectivora. Part III, fase 1, May, 1890). The present species is named and its peculiar dentition shown in PI. XXIII, fig. 6, of this work. But the remarkable shape of the palate and peculiarities of the skull as a whole are not shown. The skull was removed from the alcoholic specimen by Dr. Dobson, and I have sometimes wondered whether by any possible accident it could have been trans- posed with that of some Asiatic species, it is so very unlike all known American shrews. When the specimen was returned the alcoholic bore my original label and number (1001), but the skull was numbered differently (1886; its proper number is 4861). Dr. Dobson afterwards wrote me that his number was an error, and that the skull belonged to my alcoholic No. 1001. [Merriam, 1895, p. 88-89.] , Since the time Merriam published the foregoing remarks, four additional specimens of this rare shrew have come to light. Unfor- tunately, none of these is a perfect specimen. On June 23, 1896, Vernon Bailey found a dead shrew in a creek valley, 7 miles south- east of Antelope, Oreg. From this specimen, a mere fragment of skin and body that has been in alcohol, the partly crushed skull has been removed. It agrees well with that of the type of 8. rner- ria77ii, except that it seems a trifle higher through the brain case. The remains of a small shrew were found among the rocks on a high butte near Medora, N. Dak., on June 13, 1913, by S. G. Jewett. Some animal had killed the shrew and eaten its head, so that only the skin of the hind half of the body, the hind feet, and tail are available for study. The color of the animal and the habitat where it was found indicate that the specimen is with little doubt /S. m£7V'iami. The third specimen was obtained by Edmund Heller, November 26, 1914, at Desert Ranch, Elko County, Nev., where it had been caught by a house cat. The skull of this specimen is slightly larger and with somewhat higher brain case than that of tlie type of S. merriami^ but it is decidedly more nearly like this form than S. leucogenys. 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 81 The last specimen to make its appearance, a skin accompanied by a broken skull, was collected by George G. Cantwell, November 18, 1919, at the entrance to an old badger digging on top of a "high bunch grass hill," at Starbuck (altitude 645 feet), Columbia County, Wash. It shows no appreciable differences from the type specimen of S. nieiTtaftii. Spechnens examined. — Total number, 5, as follows : Montana: Fort Custer (type locality), 1. Nevada: Desert Ranch, 100 miles northeast of Golconda, Elko County, 1. North Dakota: Medora, 1. , Oregon: Antelope (7 miles southeast), 1. Washington: Starbuck (altitude 654 feet), 1. SOREX LEUCOGENYS Osgood White-cheeked Shrew (Pls. 2, o; 4, b' ; 6, b; 7, J) Sorex leucogenys Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soe. Washington 22: 52, April 17, 1909. Type specimen. — No, 157952, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection; 9 adult, skin and skull; collected August 12, 1908, by W. H. Osgood. Type Jocality. — Mouth of the canyon of Beaver River, about 3 miles east of Beaver, Beaver County, Utah. Geographic range. — Known only from type locality and Esmeralda County, Nev. (Fig. 7.) Diagnostic characters. — Essentially like Sorex tnerriami in color, but slightly larger ; skull larger than that of 8. merriami, higher through the brain case, and with anterior halves of unicuspid tooth rows less approximated and less nearly parallel. Color. — AVinter pelage: Unknown. Summer pelage: Similar to S. merriarm. Upper parts pale hair brown or grayish drab becoming light drab on the flanks ; underparts nearly white, faintly tinged with pale olive-buff ; chin, lips, and sides of face below eyes pale olive-bufE ; feet whitish, tinged with light buff ; tail distinctly bicolor, drab above, whitish below, tipped with whitish. Skull. — Larger than that of 8. merriami, with relatively and actually broader and higher brain case, which rises more abruptly in frontal region, the uni- cuspid tooth rows tending to approach each other at the anterior ends with more regularity (in straight line) and with anterior halves less approximated and more diverging posteriorly. Measurements. — Type specimen (adult female) : Total length, 107; tail verte- brae, 38 ; hind foot, 12.5. Adult female from Mount Magruder, Nev. : Total length. 105 ; tail vertebrae, 40 ; hind foot, 12. Skull: Type specimen (adult female ; teeth sliglitly worn) : Condylobasal length, 16.5; palatal length, 6.5; cranial breadth, 8.3 ; interorbital breadth. 3.8 ; maxillary breadth, 5.1 ; maxillary tooth row, 5.8. Skull of adult female (teeth slightly worn) from Indian Spring. Mount Ma- gruder, Nev. : Condylobasal length, 16.9 ; palatal length, 6.7 ; cranial breadth, 8.4 ; interorbital breadth, 4.0 ; maxillary breadth, 5.4 ; maxillary tooth row, 6.0. Remarks. — The type specimen of jS. leucogenys was trapped on a dry Upper Sonoran slope about 200 yards from running water. The Indian Spring specimen is paler than the type specimen, which may be due chiefly to the differences in the make-up of the skins, the former being stuffed considerably fuller than the latter. Its skull has the high brain case and other characters of the type specimen of S. leuco- genys and is even slightly accentuated in size. The White Mountains specimen differs from the type only in slightly heavier molariform teeth and in a somewhat less reddish coloration, which is undoubtedly 82 NORTH AMERICAISr FAUNA [No. 5t due to seasonal variation. The external measurements as taken by the collector are less than of the type of S. leucogenys, but the skull does not show a corresponding differentiation ; if anything it is larger. Although the skull of S. tnerrimni from northern Nevada is slightly larger than the type skull of that species and has a trifle higher brain case, the approach toward S. leucogemjs does not clearly indicate intergradation between the two forms. Specimens exmnined. — Three as follows: Nevada: Chiatovich Creek, altitude 8,200 feet, White Mountains, Esmeralda County, 1 ° ; Indian Springy altitude 7,700 feet, Mount Magruder, Esmeralda County, 1.^° TJtah: Beaver (3 miles east of), Beaver County (type locality), 1. Table 5. — Cranial measurements of adult specimens of Sorex merriami group ■ffl ja C8 >, o ^Xl a 03 22 «J3 Species and locality 6 a o O ■3 '3 2 o a Wear of teeth Remarks S. merriami: M 0 n t a n a— F o r t 186441 9 15.8 6.3 8.0 4.0 5.0 5.6 Slight Type specimen. Custer. Nevada— 100 miles 210121 16.2 6.4 7.9 3.8 5.1 5.8 ...do northeast of Qol- conda. S. leueogenys: Utah— Beaver River. 157952 9 16.5 6.5 8.3 3.8 5.1 5.8 ...do Type specimen. N e V a d a— M o u n t 1K572 9 16.9 6.7 8.4 4.0 5.4 fi.0 ...do Magruder. 1 Collection of Donald R. Dickey, Pasadena, Calif. SOREX SCLATERI GROUP The sclate^'i group includes a single species — Sorex sclateri. All necessary group comparisons are made under the species. SOREX SCLATERI Merriam ScLATEB Shrew (Pls. 2, p; 4, c'; 6, c; 8, a) Sorex sclateri Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 11 : 288, July 15, 1897. Type specimen. — No. 75872, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey col- lection; $ adult (teeth slightly worn), skin and skull; collected Oc- tober 23, 1895, by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman. Type locality. — Tumbala, altitude 5,000 feet, Chiapas, Mexico. Geographic range. — Known only from the type locality. Diagnostic characters. — Size relatively large; tail long, hind foot large; color dark, both dorsally and ventrally; skull large, relatively long and narrow, interorbital region rather elongate, interpterygoid space long, dentition moder- ately heavy, weakly pigmented, the third unicuspid larger than the fourth. Similar in external appearance to 8. veraepacis, possibly darker ventrally ; skull decidedly narrower than of 8. veraepacis, the brain case less angular and more flattened, the interorbital region more elongate, and the relative size of the third and fourth unicuspids reversed. » Mus. Vert. Zool. w D. R. Dickey coll., Pasadena, Calif. 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 83 Color. — Winter pelage: Upper parts dark clove brown or dark bister, or almost blackish clove brown ; underparts scarcely paler than upper parts, ^love brown or between clove brown and bister ; tail clove brown above, slightly paler below. Summer pelage: Unknown. Time o/ molting. — A male collected October 22, 1895, has acquired the new fur except on the occiput, nape, and rump, which are in process of molting. The three other specimens, collected October 23, 24, and 25, appear to be in fresh pelage. Skull. — Large, relatively long and narrow; the Interorbital and post-palatal regions noticeably relatively elongate ; brain case narrow, flattened, gently rotund laterally (not angular) in superior aspect; dentition moderately heavy, weakiy pigmented, the third unicuspidate tooth slightly larger than the fourth. Measurements. — Type specimen (adult female) : Total length, 126; tail ver- tebrae, 52; hind foot, 16. Adult male from type locality: Total length, 125; tail vertebrae, 52; hind foot, 16. Skull: Type specimen (adult female; teeth slightly worn) : Condylobasal length, 19.9; palatal length, 8.0; cranial breadth, 9.2 ; interorbital breadth, 4.4 ; maxillary breadth, 5.9 ; maxillary tooth row, 7.4. Skull of adult male (teeth slightly worn) from type locality: Condylobasal length, 19.6; palatal length, 7.7; cranial breadth, 9.2; interorbital breadth, 4.4; maxillary breadth, 5.6-|- ; maxillary tooth row, 7.2. Reinarks. — Although S. sclateri is very similar to S. veraepacis in superficial external appearance, averaging scarcely a shade darker and more brownish in color, it shows pronounced differences in cranial characters, and the two species are apparently not closely related. Only four specimens of the Sclater shrew are available for study, but in these four the characters diagnostic of the species are very uniform. ^pechnens cxmnined. — Four, from the type locality. SOREX LONGIROSTRIS GROUP The longirostris group includes a single species. — Sorex longiros- tHs. AH necessary group comparisons are made under the species. SOREX LONGIROSTRIS Bachman [Synonymy under subspecies] Geographic range.- — Atlantic Plain and Piedmont region from northern Virginia and southern Maryland south to northern Florida (Alachua County) and central Alabama (Autauga County) ; eastern and southern Illinois and southwestern Indiana. (Fig. 8.) Diagnostic characters. — Small ; with short rostrum and crowded unicuspid tooth row ; first and second unicuspids about equal in size, the third and fourth decidedly smaller than first and second, the third somewhat smaller than the fourth ; fifth unicuspid very much smaller than fourth, almost minute ; teeth inextensively pigmented. Differs from the cinereus group in its relatively shorter, broader rostrum, shorter and more crowded unicuspid row, third upper unicuspid smaller than the fourth, and antero-posterior diameter of unicuspid teeth less than extero-interior (lateral) diameter; extero-interior diameter of molariform teeth relatively much greater than in those of the cinereus group and first incisors, both upper and lower, relatively smaller. Much smaller than any of the fumeus or arcticus groups, and with dilferent skull proportions and dentition. Sometimes similar to certain forms of the ornatus and vagrans- ohscurus groups. Usually more reddish or darker in color than any of the ornatus group, skull higher through the brain case and less depressed inter- orbitally, first incisors weaker, unicuspid tooth row and mesopterygoid space shorter. Differs from members of the vagrans-obscurus group in a more flat- tened brain case, shorter unicuspid tooth row with the individual teeth rela- tively less in antero-posterior diameter, more extensively pigmented dentition, and relatively and actually shorter mesopterygoid space. 84 NOETH AMEEICAISr FAUNA [No. 51 Subspecies and geographic variation. — The species longirostris includes the two subspecies longirostris and fisheri. Insufficient specimens are available to show clearly the variations of the species over its entire range, but the sub- species longirostris appears to be very constant in characters over its compara- tively wide distribution, grading rather abruptly into the localized larger fisheri with its larger and relatively narrower skull. Time of molting. — A male and a female of the subspecies longirostris taken April 16, 1907, at Reevesville, 111., show fresh summer pelage over the entire ventral parts and head, the upper parts being in worn winter pelage ; two males collected on April 16 and 18 of the same year at the same place are in worn winter pelage. The specimen of fisheri from Chapanoke, N. C, collected March Fig. 8. — Geographic range of subspecies of Sorcx longirostn 1. /S. I. longirostris. 2. 8. 1. fisheri. 20, 1897, has the molt beginning on the midback. A male fisheri collected May 23, 1905, at the type locality shows the summer pelage coming in under the worn winter fur on the back, while another male taken at the same time and an unsexed individual collected June 5, 1895, at Dismal Swamp, have obtained the full summer pelage. None of the specimens of S. I. longirostris examined is in process of changing from the summer to the winter pelage. Specimens of this form collected November 27 and 28, 1906, at Olive Branch, 111., have apparently acquired the full winter coat. A specimen of 8. I. fisheri caught October 21, 1895, has the new fur incoming under the old over most of the back, while the type speci- men, a male collected October 11, has the winter fur on the rump, the fur on the remainder of the b:ick and the abdomen being in the process of renewal. Revutrks. — The species S. longirostris is composed of only two forms, comprising a compact lot separable from all other groups by 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 85 the combined characters above enumerated. The shrews of this spe- cies differ from all other Sorex of eastern America in having the third unicuspid considerably smaller than the fourth, a characteristic common to most species of Sorex of western America, and absent from those of the intervening^ plains region. For this reason, com- bined with the apparent scarcity of individuals and the uniformity of characters within the species, one might be inclined to believe that it is a relict group of the preglacial fauna occupying the faunally old portion of the southeastern United States. SOREX LONGIROSTRIS LONGIROSTRIS Bachman Bach MAN Shrew (Pls. 2, q; 5, a; 6, d; 8, b; 11, f; 12, g) Sorex lonffirostris Bachman, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 7 : part 2, p. 370, 1837. Oltisoreje] longirostris De Kay, Zool. New York, part 1, Mammalia, p. 23, 1842. [Musarlaneus^ {Croc[idura''\)^ haohmani Pomel, Arch. Sci. Phys. et Nat. 9: ^49, 1848. Sorex wagneri Fitzinger, Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wissensch., math.- natiirwissensch. Classe, Wien, bd. 57, abtheil 1, p. 512, 1868. Type spechnen. — Not loiown now to exist. Collected by Alexander Hume. Type locality. — Hume Plantation, swamps of the Santee River [Cat Island, mouth of Santee River], S. C. Geographic range. — Atlantic Plain and Piedmont region (except vicinity of Dismal Swamp, Va., inhabited by S. I. fishen) from northern Virginia and southern Maryland, south to northern Florida (Alachua County) and central Alabama (Autauga County) ; eastern and southern Illinois and southwestern Indiana. (Fig, 8.) Diagnostic charaoters. — Size small, with relatively short tail (about equal length of body without head) ; about the size of S. fontinalis, more reddish in color, with distinct cranial characters ; skull relatively short and broad, with flattened brain case and short rostrum; unicuspids short (antero-posterior diameter) and broad (extero-interior diameter), the third smaller than the fourth. Separated from all other American shrews except -S. 1. flsJwrl by group characters. Smaller than fisheri, with decidedly smaller and relatively broader skull with shorter rostrum. Color. — Winter pelage: Upper parts Prout's brown, or mummy brown, some- times almost fuscous, shading gradually on the sides into cinnamon brown ; underparts tinged strongly with smoke gray mixed with drab, and showing considerable deep neutral gray of base of hairs. Tail indistinctly bicolor, Prout's brown or mummy brown above, cinnamon brown or ochraceous tawny below. Summer pelage: Very slightly paler than in winter jielage, the under- parts more drab or avellaneous. Tail as in winter. Skull. — Small, witli short rostrum, and broad, flattened bi'ain case. Differs from that of S. cincreus and 8. fontinalis in group characters. Much smaller than that of 8. I. fisheri and rehitively broader with shorter rostrum. Measurements. — Adult male from Raleigh, N. C. : Total length, 87 ; tail ver- tebrae, 32 ; hind foot, 11.5. Adult male from Falls Church, Va. : Total length, 79 ; tail vertebrae, 33 ; hind foot, 11. Average of three adult males from Olive Branch, 111.: Total length, 83.7 (79-90); tail vertebrae, 28.3 (27-30); hind foot, 10.3 (10-10.5). 8kuU: Skull of adult (sex unknown; teeth slightly worn) from Butler, Ga. : Condylobasal length, 14.6 ; palatal length, 5.1 ; cranial breadth. 7.3 ; interorbital breadth, 3.2 ; maxillary breadth, 4.2 ; maxillary tooth row, 5.0. Skull of adult male (teeth slightly worn) from Raleigh, N. C. : Condylobasal length, 14.1 ; palatal length, 5.1 ; cranial breadth, 7.2 ; interor- bital breadth. 3.0 ; maxillary breadth, 4.2 ; maxillary tooth row, 5.0. Skull of adult male (teeth slightly worn) from Falls Church, Va. : Condylobasal length, 86 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 14.4 ; palatal length, 5.2 ; cranial breadth, 7.4 ; interorbital breadth, 3.2 ; max- illary breadth, 4.3 ; maxillary tooth row, 5.1. Imperfect skulls of two adults (sex unknown; teeth moderately worn) from Bicknell, Ind. : Palatal length, 5.1, 5.2 ; interorbital breadth, 3.2, 3.0 ; maxillary breadth, 4.6, 4.1 ; maxillary tooth row, 4.8, 4.8. Remarks. — Apparently local in distribution, and either rare or difficult to trap, probably both, this little shrew is represented in collections by comparatively few specimens. The knowledge of its presence in a given locality has frequently been purely accidental. The first one brought to the attention of zoologists was found in a newly dug ditch in the Santee Marshes of South Carolina and upon it was based the original description. Bachman also describes an- other specimen, which was found in the gullet of a hooded merganser {Lophodytes cucullatus) (Bachman, 1837, p. 372), and a specimen in the United States Bureau of Biological Survey collection was taken from the stomach of a barred owl {Strix varia alleni) shot near Autaugaville, Ala. Another had evidently fallen over the cliffs to the shore of Chesapeake Bay, Md., where it was found dead by Marcus Ward Lyon, jr. Although the specimens examined come from widely separated localities, represented in most cases by a single individual, there is little variation in the color or cranial characters. Indiana and Illi- nois specimens seem to average a trifle less reddish in color than specimens from the Atlantic States, and they may possibly have on the average shorter unicuspid roAvs and smaller molariform teeth, but the differences are slight and inconstant, and, on the basis of the specimens examined, not marked enough for subspecific separation. The skulls from Raleigh, N. C, seem to average very slightly higher through the brain case than those from Georgia, but the difference is nonessential. The skull from Chesapeake Beach, Md., is relatively somewhat narrower than typical specimens, which probably indicates a tendency toward S. I. fisheH^ though there is no approach in size. The specimen from Falls Church, Va., is almost identical with the Georgia ones, which are assumed to be typical. Unfortunately, efforts to procure specimens of Sorex from the type locality of S. I. longirost7^s have proved futile. There seems little doubt, however, of the status of the form. The status of Aviphisorex lemeurii Duvernoy, the description of which has been misidentified as that of S. longirostris, is discussed under jS. g. cinereus (p. 43-44), Specimens examined. — Total number, 24, as follows : Alabama: Bear Swamp, 4 miles northeast of Autaugaville, 1. District of Columbia: Washington, 1. . Florida: Newnans Lake, near Gainesville, Alachua County, 1." Georgia: Butler, 1; Young Harris, 1. Illinois: Olive Branch, 3"; Pistakee Lake, Henry County, 1"; Reeves- ville, 4." Indiana: Biclvuell, 3. Maryland: Chesapeake Beach, Calvert County, 3; Hall, Prince Georges County, 1. North Carolina: Raleigh, 3. Virginia: Falls Church, 1. " Harley B. Sherman coll., Gainesvillo. Fla. ^ Field Mus. Nat. Hist. " 111. State Lab. Nat. Hist. 1928] EEVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 87 SOREX LONGIROSTRIS FISHERI Merriam FisHEK Shrew (Pls. 2, r; 5, b) Sorex fishcri Merriam, North Amer. Fauna No. 10, p. 86, December 31, 1895. Type specimen. — No. 75166, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey- collection; $ adult (teeth very slightly worn), skin and skull; collected October 11, 1895, by A. K. Fisher. Type locality. — Lake Drummond, Dismal Swamp, Va. Geographic range. — Known only from Dismal Swamp, Va., and adjacent part (Chapanoke) of North Carolina. (Fig. 8.) Diagnostic characters. — Similar to Sorex I. longirostris but much hirger with color usually duller above and more tinged with drab or wood brown on the underparts ; skull distinctly larger in all dimensions than that of the sub- species longirostris, relatively somewhat narrower. Color. — Winter pelage: Upper parts and sides fuscous; underparts moderately tinged with drab or wood brown, showing mixture of deep neutral gray of base of hairs. Tail bicolor, fuscous above, drab below nearly to tip. Summer pelage: Somewhat brighter than winter pelage. Upper parts Prout's brown, mummy brown, or near fuscous, becoming slightly paler on the sides ; under- parts drab or wood brown, rarely showing any trace of the deep neutral gray of base of hairs. Tail as in winter. Skull. — Much larger than that of /S. I. longirostris, relatively narrower with longer rostrum. About the size of that of large individuals of S. c. cinereus, but easily distinguished by its flatness of brain case, wide rostrum, and other group characters. Measurements. — Type specimen (adult male): Total length, 108; tail verte- brae, 39 ; hind foot, 12. Two adult females from type locality : Total length, 102, 98; tail vertebrae, 40, 34; hind foot, 13, 11.5. Skull: Skulls of two adult males (teeth slightly worn), type specimen and topotype : Condylobasal length, 15.9, 15.9 ; palatal length, 5.6, 5.4 ; cranial breadth, 7.8, 7.7 ; interorbital breadth, 3.5, 3.5 ; maxillary breadth, 4.4, 4.5 ; maxillary tooth row, 5.4, 5.4. Skulls of two adult females (teeth slightly worn) from type locality: Condylobasal length, 16.4, 15.4 ; palatal length, 5.6, 5.5 ; cranial breadth, 8.2, 7.5 ; interorbital breadth, 3.6, 3.3 ; maxillary breadth, 4.8, 4.5 ; maxillary tooth row, 5.8, 5.3. Skull of adult male (teeth slightly worn) from Chapanoke, N. C. : Condylo- basal length, 15.8 ; palatal length, 5.5 ; cranial breadth, 7.3 ; interorbital breadth, 3.4 ; maxillary breadth, 4.4 ; maxillary tooth row, 5.6. Re7narks. — The distribution of S. I. flsheH is evidently restricted to a small area in the Dismal Swamp region of southeastern Vir- ginia and northeastern North Carolina. There is considerable varia- tion in size among the skulls from the type locality, but the smallest skulls of -fisheri are distinctly larger than the largest of S. I. longi- rostris. The single specimen of fisheri available from North Caro- lina barely suggests an approach toward S. I. longirostris. Specimens examined. — Total number, 16, as follows: North Carolina: Chapanoke, Perquimans County, 1." Virginia: Lake Drummond, Dismal Swamp (type locality), 15. "Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia. 88 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 Table 6. — Cranial measnrements of adult specimens of Sorex longirostris group "S ja .a C3 ^ u S3 o Species and locality d !l a O o be a Ah t '3 g o S2 SI a 03 Wear of teeth Remarks S. 1. longirostris: Georgia- Butler 38425 159415 14.6 13.9 5.1 5.0 7.3 7.2 3.2 3.1 4.2 4.2 5.0 5.0 SUght ...do Young Harris North Carolina — Ral- 81972 rf 14.1 5.1 7.2 3.0 4.2 5.0 ...do eigh. V i r g i n i a— F alls 87190 rt^ 14.4 5.2 V.4 3.2 4.3 5.1 ...do Church. M a r yl a nd— Chesa- 151738 ^ 14.3 5.1 7.0 3.2 4.2 5.0 ...do peake Beach. Indiana — Bieknell ... 168737 5 1 3 2 4 6 4 H Moderate - Do 168834 5.2 3.0 4.1 4.8 ...do S. 1. fisheri: V i r g i n i a — L a k e 75166 cT 15.9 5.6 7.8 3.5 4.4 5.4 Very slight Type specimen. Drumrcond. Do 75168 75167 140810 1 10573 9 9 15.9 16.4 1.5.4 15.8 5.4 5.6 5.5 5.5 7.7 8.2 7.5 7.3 3.5 3.6 3.3 3.4 4.5 4.8 4.5 4.4 5.4 5.8 5.3 5.6 Slight .._do _..do ...do Type locality. Do Do. Do Do. North Carolina— Chapanoke. 1 Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia. SOREX DISPAR GROUP The dispwr group contains two species. — Sorex dispar and S. gas pen sis. Geographic range. — Gaspe Peninsula, Quebec ; mountains of eastern New York, western Massachusetts, northeastern Pennsylvania, and southern West Virginia. (Fig. 9.) DlagnosUc characteis. — Size, medium ; color, dull grayish ; back almost cou- color with underparts ; tail, long, moderately hairy ; skull, smooth, nonangular, loing and narrow, moderately flattened ; rostrum, relatively long and narrow, depressed ; infraorbital foramen with posteiior border lying behind the plane- of interspace between m^ and tw' ; dentition, moderate ; unicuspids, relatively narrow (extero-interior diameter), the third about equal the fourth in size. In color, members of the dispar group are not unlike S. fumcus in winter pelage but differ from atiy member of the fumeus or arcticus groups in rela- tively longer tail ; long, narrow, depressed rostrum ; narrow palate ; in the position of the infraorbital foramen ; weaker dentition, with pm^ with posterior portion of cingulum less expanded internally, and narrower unicuspidate teeth. Compared with any of the cinereus group, either species of the dispar group is larger, with larger, more flattened skull and more depressed rostrum, which is even more accentuated in ratio of length to breadth than that of S. cinereus; molariform teeth relatively wider (extero-interior diameter) than in cinereus group, the interior ridge from the apex to cingulum of the unicuspidate teeth less developed, less pigmented. Somewhat like the western S. troicbridgii in color, but with tail mot so clearly bicolor ; and radically different cranially and ventrally. Remarks. — The dispar group has a limited distribution in the eastern United States and Canada, and individuals belonging thereto are ap]iarently rare, since less than 30 are known to exist in collec- tions. The group is clearly differentiated from any other Sorex in the extreme posterior position of the infraorbital foramen. 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHEEWS 89 SOREX DISPAR Batchexdeb Gray Long-tailed Shkew (Pls. 2, s ; 4, d' ; 6, e ; 8, c ; 11, g ; 12, h) Sorex macrurus Batchelder (iiec 8. nuu-rourus Lehmann, 1822, qui Xeomys fodiens), Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 10: 133, December 8, 1896. Sorex dispar Batclielder (substitute for ^S?. macrurus Batchelder) . Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 24:07. May 15. 1911. Fig. 9. — Geographic range of species of Sorex dispar group 1. S. dispar. 2. 8. gaspensis. Type specimen. — No. 1384, collection of C. F. Batchelder, Cam- bridge, Mass.; $ adult (teeth unworn), skin and skull, left maxillary process broken away; collected September 9, 1895, by C. F. Batchelder. Type locality. — Beedes (sometimes called Keene Heights), Essex County, N. Y. 90 ITORTH AMERICAN" FAUNA [No 5J Geographic range. — Mountains of eastern New York, western Massachusetts, northeastern Pennsylvania, and southern West Vir- ginia. (Fig. 9.) Diugnostic characters. — Similar to Sorcx gaspensis but distinctly larger, darker, and tending to be more brownish iu color ; bind foot actually larger than in fif. gaspensis but in proportion to body length relatively smaller; skull noticeably larger than that of S. gaspensis, with corresponding heavier dentition. Color. — Winter pelage: Unknown. Summer pelage: Dull, grayish, scarcely paler ventrally than on back. Upper parts dark mouse gray to deep mouse gray with a ijerceptible tinge of chaetura black or chaetura drab, in some lights appearing more or less finely flecked with whitish ; underparts about same tone of color as upper parts, scarcely, if any, paler ; tail fuscous-black above, usually paler beneath, particularly basally, chaetura drab or hair brown, sometimes almost as dark as above (fuscous-black), occasionally, when much worn, honey yellow or cinnamon-buff. Upper surfaces of feet more or less clothed with fuscous hairs, particularly on outer edge. Time of molting. — Of the specimens of S. dispar examined, only one is in process of molting. A male collected September 4, 1896, on Hunter Mountain, in the Catskills, N. Y., shows indications of the incoming of the winter pelage under the worn summer pelage on the rump. Another male from the same place, collected a day previous, is in worn summer i^elage with no signs of molting. Skull. — Medium in size ; smooth, not angular, moderately flattened ; rela- tively long and narrow, brain case narrow, rather low ; orbital region elongated (antero-posteriorly) ; rostrum relatively long and narrow, depressed; meso- pterygoid space elongate ; molarif orm dentition moderately heavy ; flrst incisors small; unicuspidate teeth relatively narrow (extero-interior diameter), the first and second about subequal, the third and fourth smaller than the first and second, the third about equal the fourth or possibly slightly smaller, the fifth relatively large but considerably smaller than third ; unicuspids with cingulum weakly developed. Measurements. — Type specimen (adult male) : Total length, 130; tail ver- tebrae, 60 ; hind foot, 15. Two adult males from Hunter Mountain, Catskill Mountains, N. Y. : Total length, 124, 121 ; tail vertebrae, 55, 56 ; hind foot, 15, 14. Two adult females from Hunter Mountain, Catskill Mountains, N. Y. : Total length, 122, 125 ; tail vertebrae, 56, 58 ; hind foot, 14.5, 15. Adult male from 4 miles southwest of Pemberton, W. Va. : Total length, 131 ; tail verte- brae, 62; hind foot, 14. Skull: Tyi)e specimen (adult male, teeth unworn): Condylobasal length, 18.2 ; palatal length, 7.0 ; cranial breadth, 8.1 ; inter- orbital breadth, 3.5; maxillary tooth row, 6.1. Skulls of two adult males (teeth slightly worn) from Hunter Mountain, Catskill Mountains, N. Y. : Condylo- basal length, 18.0, 17.3; palatal length, 6.9, 6.6; breadth of cranium, 8.0, 7.9; interoi-bital breadth, 3.3, 3.3 ; maxillary breadth, 4.2, 4.2 ; maxillary tooth row, 6.2, 6.1. Skulls of two adult females (teeth slightly worn) from Hunter Mountain, Catskill Mountains, N. Y. : Condylobasal length, 17.6, 17.9 ; palatal length, 6.6, 6.8 ; cranial breadth, 8.0, 8.1 ; interorbital breadth, 3.3, 3.4 ; maxil- lary breadth, 4.2, 4.3 ; maxillary tooth row, 6.1, 6.1. Skull of adult male (teeth slightly worn) from 4 miles southwest of Pemberton, W. Va. : Condylobasal length, 18.0 ; palatal length, 6.9 ; cranial breadth, 8.0 ; interorbital breadth, 3.4 ; maxillary breadth, 4.5 ; maxillary tooth row, 6.3. Remarks. — So different from any other species of American shrew is /S. dispar that, once the animal is known, critical comparisons with other forms in the region inhabited by it are unnecessary. In color it is not unlike 8. fumeus in winter pelage, but it can usually be dis- tinguished by its longer tail (55 or more). Cranially, it differs from all other American shrews in its relatively long, narrow, flat- tened skull with long, narrow, depressed rostrum and peculiar denti- tion. It does not fit into any other group of shrews, showing in minor respects suggestions of the cinereus, fumeiis, and ai^ciiaus groups, but differing radically from each of them in other characters. Spechnsns exainined. — Total number, 15, as follows: 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAlSr LONG-TAILED SHREWS 91 Massachusetts: Mouut Gray lock, 3." New York: Beedes (sometimes known as Keene Heights), Essex County (type locality), 1;" Hunter Mountain, Catskill Mountains, 8; Mount Marcy (summit), 1." Pennsylvania: Lake Leigh (North Mountain), Sullivan County, 1." West Virginia: Winding Gulf (4 miles southwest of Pemberton), 1, SOREX GASPENSIS Anthony and Goodwin Gaspe Peninsula Shrew Sorex gaspcnsis Anthony and Goodwin, Amer. Mus. Novitates, no. 109, p. 1, March 10, 1924. Type specimen. — No. 64190, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., $ young adult (teeth unworn), skin and skull, the skull slightly crushed in pterygoid region ; collected September 5, 1923, by G. G. Goodwin. Type locality. — Mount Albert, altitude 2,000 feet, Gaspe Peninsula, Quebec. Geographic range. — Known only from Gaspe Peninsula, Quebec. (Fig. 9.) Diagnostic characters. — Similar to /S. dispar but distinctly smaller, paler, and more grayish (less brownish) in color; hind foot small, actually considerably smaller than in 8. dispar, but in proportion to body length relatively slightly larger ; skull distinctly smaller than that of S. dispar with correspondingly weaker dentition. Color. — Winter pelage: Unknown. Summer pelage: Distinctly paler and more grayish than that of 8. dispar. Upper parts between deep mouse gray and deep neutral gray, or slightly paler ; underparts scarcely paler than upper parts ; tail essentially as in S. dispar, possibly less fuscous ; feet a shade paler. Time of molting. — A female collected September 7, 1923, shows the intrusion of the winter fur under the summer pelage over the posterior half of the back. Skull. — Essentially similar in proportions to that of S. ddspar but decidedly smaller in all dimensions, the mesopterygoid space apparently relatively shorter, teeth smaller, and dental pigmentation heavier. Measurements. — Type specimen (young adult male) : Total length, 102; tail vertebrae, 47; hind foot, 10..5." Adult male and young adult female from type locality : Total length, 100, 95 ; tail vertebrae, 47, 47 ; hind foot, 12, 12. Skull: Type specimen (young adult male, teeth unworn) : Condylobasal length, 16.3; palatal length, 6.4 ; cranial breadth, 7.4 ; interorbital breadth, 3.0 ; maxillary tooth row, 5.6. Skulls of adult male (teeth moderately worn) and young adult female (teeth very slightly worn) from type locality: Condylobasal length, 16.1, 15.8 ; palatal length, 6.5. 6.4 ; cranial breadth, 7.3, 7.9 ; interorbital breadth, 3.2, 3.0 ; maxillary breadth, 4.0, 3.7 ; maxillary tooth row, 5.5, 5.6. Remarks, — ^Although the material at present available shows no specific connection between /S. gaspensis and S. dispar., it is possible that additional specimens from the regions now separating the known geographic ranges of the two forms may show intergradation be- tween them. The members of this group of shrews are local in distribution, and apparently scarce where found. Specimens examined. — Three,^'' from the type locality. ^^^ *" Manton Copeland coll., Brunswick, Me. " C. F. Batchelder coll., Cambridge, Mass. IT Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia. 18 Evidently an error ; measures 12 millimeters In the dry skin. " Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. I"* George G. Goodwin, of the American Museum of Natural History, writes under date of Nov. 22, 1927, in a letter to the author : " * * * this summer I took nine speci- mens of Sorex gaspensis in the Gasp6 Peninsula, south of Shickshock Range. I found this shrew to he comparatively common in the Cascapedia Valley. The specimens average slightly larger than the three that I took at Mount Albert ; hind foot in every case meas- uring 12.5 mm. One specimen had a total length of 115 mm., and 55 mm. for length of tail. They seem to have the same habits as the water shrew [i. e., Sorenc paliistris glover- alleni]." 74235—28 7 92 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 Tabilb 7. — Cranial measurements of adult specimens of Sorex dispar group Species and locality 03 a o O Ml a .a 'S C3 }-« Q a M >> TO 43 1 1 Wear of teeth Remarks S. dispar: New York— Beedes U384 83159 83160 83161 83162 2 64189 2 64190 2 64191 9 9 c? & 9 18.2 17.6 17.9 18.0 17.3 16.1 16.3 15.8 7.0 6.6 6.8 6.9 6.6 6.5 6.4 6.4 8.1 8.0 8.1 8.0 7.9 7.3 7.4 7.9 3.5 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.0 3.0 '4.'2" 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.0 T7" 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.2 6.1 5.6 5.6 5.6 Unworn... Slight ...do ...do ...do Type specimen. Hunter Moun- tain. Do Do Do S. gaspensis: Q u e b e c— M o u n t Albert. Do Type locality. Type specimen. Type locality. Do ' C. F. Batchelder, coll., Cambridge, Mass. ' Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. SOREX TROWBRIDGII GROUP The trowbridgii group includes a single species — Sorex trowhridgn. All necessary group comparisons are made under the species. SOREX TROWBRIDGII Baird [Synonymy under subspecies] Geographic range. — Extreme southwestern British Columbia, west- ern Washington and Oregon, extreme northern California, western California south to San Raphael Mountains, and eastern California south to Kaweah River; chiefly in Transition Zone. (Fig. 10.) Diagnostic characters. — Size medium ; tail moderately long, sharply bicolor, dark above, nearly white (or pale ochraceous-bufif) below; underparts of body scarcely, if any, paler than back. Skull medium in size, moderately depressed, the third unicuspid smaller than fourth, ridge extending from apex of unicuspid toward interior edge of cingulum but slightly pigmented and rarely pigmented to cingulum, separated from cingulum by antero-posterior groove, and never ending in distinct cusplet. Compared with S. obscurus, the color of S*. trow- hridgii and subspecies is more sooty, and it differs from any of the obscurus group in the relatively narrower teeth, and in that the internal ridge from the apex of the unicuspid is different. Compared with any of the ornatus group, S. trowbridgii is larger, with distinctly larger skull, higher brain case, broader cranium, broader mesopterygoid space, and longer tooth row. Subspecies and g&ographic variation. — ^The species trowbridgii is divided into four subspecies : trowbridgii, humboldtensis, montereyensis, and m,ariposae. Beginning at the northern edge of the range of the species (subspecies trow- bridgii) and passing toward the south through the region inhabited by hum- boldtensis to that occupied by montereyensis, there is a gradually intensifying of the reddish element in the color and a shortening of the tail, particularly south of the type region of humboldtensis, and a broadening of the palate and rostrum, which is correlated with an increase in size of the molariform teeth. Toward the east and northeast of montereyensis the color of the animal becomes paler, recognized in the subspecies mariposae. Time of molting. — The spring molt usually occurs during June or late in May but may start as early as the last of April. Thus 7 specimens collected at Chehalis, Wash., April 26 to April 30, 1918, are all in more or less worn winter pelage, while 8, collected April 30, show the beginning of the molt on the back. Two males from Neah Bay, Wash., have the molt barely started May 14 and 23, while 1 from Sumas, British Columbia, is considerably more advanced May 26. Three individuals from near Inverness, Calif., have the molt well 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 93 started May 27, and June 5 and 8, while 1 from near Cazadero, the same State, is in similar condition June 22. Specimens from Oregon show molt as follows : Swan Lake, June 13 ; Eugene, 2 females, June IS ; Yaquina Bay, June 19 ; Vida, Juno 25 ; and Reston, July 7. Specimens show- i J-~^ 'v!^??5^""T^"""'^^"""r'"T"TT'^^^r ing late molt are 1 from Prattville, Calif., molt nearly completetl. July 24; 1 from East Fork Kaweah River, Calif., complete except for pos- terior half of back, July 28 ; and 1 from Canyon Creek, Calif., which still shows barely a trace of the winter fur on the inimp, August 11. The fall molt in S. trotcbridgii is usually completed by the first or second week of November and frequently by late in October. In rare in- stances it may begin as early as late in July, as in a male and female from Aptos, Calif., col- lected, respectively, on July 23 and 20, 1909, in each of which the fresh winter pelage is begin- ning to appear on the rump. Other evidence of early fall molt is found in 2 males from the south base of Santa Lucia Peak, Calif., Au- gust 26, 1902, and an- other from San Rafael Mountains, Calif., Au- gust 30, 1903. The ma- jority of fall specimens in actual process of molt appear to have been col- lected during October and are represented by specimens from Lake- view, Oreg., October 2; Verdi, Nev., October 15 and 16 ; and from the fol- lowing localities in Cali- fornia : Monterey, Oc- tober 6; Pacheco Peak. October 17 and 18 ; Orick, October 20 and 21 ; Mich- igan Bluff, October 28. Five specimens from Point Reyes, Calif., col- lected November 3 to 5, are all in complete win- ter fur except 1 that still shows a trace of the summer fur on the head, molting November 11 Fig. 10.- 1. /Sf. -Geographic rauge of subspecies of Sorvj; troic- bridgii t. trmcbridgii. t. hiimboldtensis. t. montereyensis. t. mariposae. and 2 females from Briceland are still in process of Only 3 specimens of the subspecies trowhridgii that show molt are available, all of which have the molt well advanced under the old fur ; they were collected at the following localities in Washington ; Mount Rai- nier, September 18 ; Lake Quinault, September 27 ; and Mount Stewart, October 2. 94 NORTH AMEEICAISr FAUNA [No. 51 Remwrks. — The species trowbindgii forms a well-differentiated group separated from others by distinct dental characters in the unicuspidate teeth. Its distribution is limited to a comparatively short range from southwestern British Columbia south over the northern two-thirds of California, where it is confined largely to the Transition Zone. The species appears to be less confined to marshes and damp habitats than some others and is frequently found in dry woods. SOREX TROWBRIDGII TROWBRIDGII Baibd Trowbridge Shrew (Pls. 2, t; 5, c; 6, f; 8, d; 11, h; 12, i) Sorex trowhrldgii Baird, Report Pacific R. R. Survey 8 : part 1, Mammals, p. 13, 1857. Sorex trowl>rid,yei True, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 7 : 606, 1885. Sorex trowhridgii trowbridgii Jackson, Jouru. Washington Acad. Sci. 12 : 264, June 4, 1922. Type specimen. — Cotypes No. ^Vs^g > U. S. Nat. Mus.; sex un- known, adult (teeth moderately worn), poorly made skin and skull (cranium broken and right mandible missing) ; received from W. P. Trowbridge, United States Army; skin catalogued July, 1855, skull January, 1857. This (No. -^^^) is the only specimen of which Baird gives skull measurements in the original description. It is hereby selected as the lectotype of Sorex trowhTidgii. No. 967, U. S. Nat. Mus., sex unknown, poorly made skin without skull -°; collected June 10, 1855, by James Wayne, received from W. P. Trowbridge, United States Army, and entered in the museum cata- logue November, 1855. Type locaMty. — Astoria, mouth of Columbia River, Clatsop County, Oreg. Geographic range. — Extreme southwestern British Columbia, west- ern Washington and Oregon, and extreme northwestern California (south to mouth of Klamath River). (Fig. 10.) Diagnostic characters. — Color rather dark and grayish ; darker and more grayish than ;S. t. montereyensis or S. t. mariposae, with relatively longer tail. Skull comparatively narrow, with noticeably narrow rostram and weak denti- tion. About the color of S. t. humhoMtensis, ratio of total length to length of tail vertebrae about the same, averaging a bit smaller. Rostrum and dentition weaker than in humboldtensis. Color. — Winter pelage: Upper parts deep mouse gray to almost dark mouse gray, slightly, if at all, tending toward brownish ; underparts scarcely paler than upper parts, mouse gray to deep mouse gray, sometimes very slightly tinged with drabish; tail sharply bicolor, fuscous, to fuscous-black or chaetura black above, whitish below, sometimes near cartridge buff or light buff, to tip. Summer pelage: A trifle more brownish and possibly paler than in winter. Upper parts between deep mouse gray and chaetura drab to between mouse grap and hair brown; underparts essentially like back, scarcely if any paler; tail about as in winter. Skull. — Comparatively narrow, particularly in rostral region ; frontal region arising rather abruptly to moderately elevated brain case ; dentition weak, par- ticularly unicuspids and first upper molariform tooth. Rostrum narrower and dentition weaker than in any other form of S. trowbridgii. Measurements.— Two adult females from type locality: Total length, 115, 130 ; tail vertebrae, 56, 59 ; hind foot, 13, 14. Average of 4 adults females from =0 The skull has been removed from the skin, but is missing. It has not been entered in the museum catalogue, and Baird (1857) makes no mention of it. 1928] KEVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 95 Vida, Oreg. : Total length, 117 (113-120); tail vertebrae, 54.3 (52-57); hind foot, 13.5 (13-14). Average of 3 adult males from Sumas, British Columbia: Total length, 114.7 (112-117) ; tail vertebrae, 55.7 (55-57) ; hind foot, 13.8 (13.5-14). Skull: Lectotype (adult, sex unknown; teeth moderately worn): Condylobasal length, 17.5± ; palatal length, 6.8 ; cranial breadth 8.6± ; inter- orbital breadth, 3.8; maxillary breadth, 5.0; maxillary tooth row, 6.5. Two skulls of adult females (teeth slightly worn) from type locality: Condylobasal length, 17.6, 17.6; palatal length, 0.9, 6.9; cranial breadth, 8.6, 8.9; interorbital breadth, 3.8, 3.8; maxillary breadth, 4.9, 5.0; maxillary tooth row, 6.4, 6.6, Average of 4 skulls of adult females (teeth slightly worn) from Vida, Oreg.: Condylobasal length. 17.3 (17.1-17.5) ; palatal length, 6.8 (6.7-6.9) ; cranial breadth, 8.6 (8.3-8.9) ; interorbital breadth, 3.8 (3.6-3.9) ; maxillary breadth, 4.9 (4.8-5.0) ; maxillary tooth row, 6.4 (6.3-6.5). Average of 3 skulls of adult males (teeth slightly worn) from Sumas, British Columbia: Condylobasal length, 17.5 (17.4-17.6) ; palatal length, 6.9 (6.8-7.0) ; cranial breadth, 8.6 (8.5-8.8) ; interorbital breadth, 3.9 (3.8-4.0) ; maxillary breadth, 5.0 (4.9-5.0) ; maxillary tooth row, 6.5 (6.4-6.6). Remarks. — Judging from the notes of various collectors of S. t. troiuhridgii, the form is apparently more plentiful in log-strewn forests than in marshes and habitats favorable to certain other shrews, and although confined within a geographic range covered by what is generally known as the humid northwest coast region of the United States, the little mammal is as apt to be found on the drier forested hills as on the moist lowlands. Wherever found the form is easily identified, as shrews go, by the characters pre- viously given, the long, sharply bicolor tail together with the size of the animal and the dark unclerparts of its body nearly concolor with its back being particularly good recognition marks. Direct intergradation with S. t. Jvmnboldtensis is indicated in specimens of S. t. troivbridgii from Requa and Crescent City, Calif. Also one of the four skulls from Prospect, Oreg., shows a noticeable approach toward humholdtensis in breadth of rostrum and size of molars, but the three others are like those of typical trowdridgU. Specimens from Siskiyou, Oreg., and Stud Horse Canyon, in the Siskiyou Mountains, and Preston Peak, Calif., shows a tendency toward /S. t. mariposae. A single specimen from Stehekin, at the head of Lake Chelan, Wash., appears a shade paler than average specimens of S. t. trowhridgii. Speciinens examined. — Total number, 219, as follows: British Columbia: Cascade Mountains (altitude 1,000 feet), 1; Douglas, 1"'; Hope, 4""; Second Summit (altitude 6,000 feet, Skagit River), 1 " ; Sumas, se."* California: Crescent City, 5''; Klamath River (Happy Camp), 1; Preston Peak (altitude 5,500 feet), 1; Requa, 1-^; Siskiyou Mountains (alti- tude 6,500 feet, Stud Horse Canyon), 2. Oregon: Astoria (type locality), 6; Blaine, 3"; Blue River, 1; Drew, 1; Empire, 1; Eugene, 2; Fish Hatchery (2 miles west of Vida), 2; Gold Beach, 4^5; Marshfleld, 1; Mercer, 1 ^^ ; Netarts, 6 ^s ; Netarts Bay, 2 27; Parkdale (2 miles west, altitude 1,500 feet), 3; Philomath (5 miles southwest), 4; Portland, 1; Prospect, 4'"; Prospect (Rogue River), 1 28 ; Reston, 1; Siskiyou, 3; Three Sisters (Alder Springs, altitude 4,300 feet), 1; Three Sisters (north slope, altitude 6,000 feet), 2; Vida, 9; Yaquina Bay, 2. ^ Nat. Mus. Canada. ^ Field Mus. Nat. Hist. " Mus. Comp. Zool. =' D. R. Dickey coll., 1 ; Univ. Mich., 2. =3 Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 9; Field =" S. G. Jewett coll., Portland, Oreg. Mus. Nat. Hist., 2. '* D. R. Dickey coll. ^ D. R. Dickey coll., Pasadena, Calif., 1. 96 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 V/ashington: Aberdeen, 2; AsMord (Nisqually Valley), 1; Blaine, 2; Blew- ett Pass (2 miles south, altitude 3,000 feet. Kittitas County), 1; Blewett Pass (altitude 5,000 feet, Chelan County), 1''; Brookfield, 1; Cathlamet, 1; Cedarville, 1; Chehalis, 5; Chehalis (8 miles west), 3; Darrington (altitude 600 feet), 1; Destruction Island. 1; Duckabush, 1; Elwha, 1'°; Elwha (altitude 425 feet), 2; Everett, 2''; Everett (4 miles south), 1; Glacier (altitude 900 feet), 1; Harstine Island, Mason Coimty, 1; Hoodsport, 2: Index, 2; Index (north fork Skykomish River), l'"; Kapowsin, 1; Kirkland, 1^^; Kirkland (3 miles east), 4; Lake Cushman, 1^"; Lake Quinault, 1; Lake Whatcom, 1; Longmire (Mount Rainier, altitude 3,000 feet), 3"; Mount Rainier (Spray Park), 1"; Mount Rainier (Ohanapecosh Springs, altitude 2,000 feet), 4; Mount Rainier (Mesler's ranch, 1 mile west Rainier Park, altitude 2,000 feet), 1; Mount Rainier (Tahoma Creek, altitude 2,500 feet), 1; Mount Stewart (6 miles south, north fork Teanavray River, altitude 3,500 feet), 2; Mount Vernon, 12; Neah Bay, 8; North Bend (altitude 600 feet) , 1 ; Olympic Mountains (3 miles southeast of Mount Elinor) , 3 ; Point Defiance Park, Tacoma, 2''; Potlatch, 4''; Puget Sound, 2; Puyallup, 5''; Rockport (altitude 300 feet), 2; Seattle, 2''; Stehekin (head of Lake Chelan, altitude 1,079 feet), 1; Steilacoom, 3; Tacoma (5 miles east), 1^*; Tacoma (6 miles south), 1; Teniuo, 2; Tokeland (Shoalwater Bay), 1. SOREX TROWBRIDGII HUMBOLDTENSIS Jackson Humboldt Bay Shebw Sorex trowhridgn humioldtensis Jackson, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci. 12: 264, June 4, 1922. Type specimen. — No. 97271, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection; $ adult (teeth slightly worn), skin and skull; collected June 11, 1899, by Walter K. Fisher. Original number, 914. Type locality. — Carsons Camp, Mad River, Humboldt Bay, Hum- boldt County, Calif. Geographic range. — Coastal region of northern California from mouth of Klamath River south to Point Arena. (Fig. 10.) Diagnostic characters. — In general intermediate between Sorex t. trowhridgii and S. t. montereyensis. About the color of /S'. t. trowWidgii, tending to be larger, with tail proportionately to body length about as in the subspecies trowiridgii. Skull larger, and broader in all dimensions than that of S. t. trowhridgii, with heavier dentition. Averaging a shade darker and less brownish than moyitereyensis, with relatively and actually longer tail ; skull with narrower rostrum and somewhat weaker dentition than in montereyensis. Color. — Winter pelage: Essentially like that of -S'. if. troivbridgii; possibly averaging a shade darker. Summer pelage: Indistinguishable from .that of 8. t. trowhridgii. Skull. — Intermediate in most respects between that of S. t. trowhridgii and that of S. t. montereyensis. Larger and broader than that of S. t. trowhridgii, with noticeably heavier rostrum and dentition* Rostrum narrower and denti- tion weaker than in S. t. mariposae or mx>ntereyensis. Measurements. — Type specimen (adult male): Total length, 132; tail verte- brae, 62 ; hind foot, 14. Average of three adult males from Areata, Humboldt County, Calif.: Total length, 131 (129-133) ; tail vertebrae, 60.3 (60-61) ; hind foot, 14.7 (llr-15). Skull: Type specimen (adult male; teeth slightly worn) : Condylobasal length, 17.8 ; palatal length, 7.2 ; cranial breadth, 8.9 ; interorbital breadth, 4.1 ; maxillary breadth, 5.4 ; maxillary tooth row, 6.7. Average of three skulls of adult males (teeth moderately worn) from Areata, Humboldt County, Calif. : Condylobasal length, 18.2 (18.2-18.3); palatal length, 7.2 »5 Field Mus. Nat. Hist. ^ D. R. Dickey coll., 1 ; G. G. Cantwell 28 D. R. Dickey coll. coll., Palms, Calif., 1. » State Coll. of Wash. 32 Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 1. ^" Univ. Mich. 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 97 (7.1-7.2) ; cranial breadth, 9.0 (8.9-9.1) ; interorbital breadth, 4.0 (3.9-i.l) ; maxillary breadth, 5.3 (5.3-5.3) ; maxillary tooth row, 6.9 (6.9-6.9). Remarks. — Although in reality intermediate between &. t. trow- hridgii and S. t. montereyensis^ the subspecies hwniboldtensis in its typical form averages larger than either. Externally it is more like S. t. troiohrklgii; cranially it is apparently rather nearer monterey- ensis. Some of the specimens from near Mendocino City, Calif., here referred to humholdtensis., could be referred to tiiontereyensis with almost equal propriety in so far as external characters are concerned ; cranially, however, they are* much nearer huniboldtensis. Specimens from 7 miles north of Hardy, Mendocino County, Calif., have shorter tails than typical representatives of hmnboldtensis, but in color and cranial characters they are similar to this subspecies. SpeciTTieTis examined. — Total number, 80, as follows: California: Alton Junction, 2; Areata, 5''; Briceland, 2; Carlotta, 8**; Cuddeback, 1*^ Dyerville, 2**; Dyerville (5 miles south), 3; Eureka, 11 '^ Fair Oaks, 3''; Hoopa Valley, 7; Mad River, Humboldt Bay (type locality), 10; Mendocino, 11^^; Orick, 5^°; Sherwood, 1^"; Trini- dad, 9."" SORBX TROWBRIDGII MONTEREYENSIS Merriam Monterey Shrew (Pl. 2, u) Sorex montereyensis Merriam, North Amer. Fauna No. 10, p. 79, December 31, 1895. Sorex montereyensis montereyensis Grinnell, Univ. California Publ. Zool. 10: 188, March 20, 1913. Sorex tlrowhridgii] montereyensis Jackson, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci. 12: 264, June 4, 1922. Type specimeii. — No. ffff^, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection; $ adult (teeth slightly worn), skin and skull (basi- occipital region slightly broken) ; collected October 1, 1891, by Vernon Bailey. Type locality. — Monterey, Monterey County, Calif. Geographic range. — Coast region of California from Point Arena south to San Raphael Mountains. (Fig. 10.) Diagnostic characters. — Tending to be more brownish than either Sorex t. trowbridgii or S. t. humboldtensis, with relatively and actually shorter tail ; skull broader and heavier than that of either subspecies trowbridgii or hum- boldtensis, the postorbito-frontal region less constricted, dentition heavier. Slightly darker and more brownish than S. t. mariposae, with apparently aver- age smaller skull with narrower cranium. Color. — More brownish than /8. t. trowbridgii, particularly in winter. Winter pelage: Upper parts chaetura drab or between chaetura drab and fuscous; underparts but slightly paler than upper parts, hair-brown or slightly paler ; tail distinctly bicolor, less sharply so than in S. t. trowbridgii, above fuscous to mummy brown, below near pale orchraceous-bufE nearly to tip. Summer pelage: Scarcely paler or more brownish than in winter. Upper parts fuscous, sometimes tending toward chaetura drab or olive-brown ; underparts near hair brown; tail as in winter. Skull. — Moderately broad and heavy ; broader throughout and a trifle more flattened cranially than that of S. t. trowbridgii or S. t. humboldtensis, with "^ Mus. Vert. Zool., 3. "Mus. Comp. Zool., 1 ; Mus. Vert. Zool., 2. " D. R. Dickey coll., Pasadena, Calif. « Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 2 ; Mus. Vert. ^ Mus. Vert. Zool. Zool., 6. '« Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 4 ; Mus. Vert. »* D. R. Dickey coll., 1. Zool., 6. 98 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA TNo. 51 rostrum averaging distinctly broader and dentition heavier. Similar to that of 8. t. mariposae, possibly averaging smaller with narrower cranium. Measurements. — Type specimen (adult male) : Total length, 120; tail ver- tabrae, 54 ; hind foot. 15. Average of five adult females from Monterey and Pacific Grove, Calif.: Total length, 123 (114-131) ; tail vertebrae, 51.8 (48-56) ; hind foot, 14.3 (13.5-15). Skull: Type specimen (adult male: teeth slightly worn): Condylobasal length, 18.0; palatal length, 7.3; cranial breadth, 9.1; interorbital breadth, 4.2 ; maxillary breadth, 5.6 ; maxillary tooth row, 7.0. Average of five skulls of adult females (teeth slightly worn) from Monterey and Pacific Grove, Calif.: Condylobasal length. 18.2 (18.0-18.4) ; palatal length, 7.3 (7.2-7.4) ; cranial breadth, 9.0 (8.7-9.2) ; interorbital breadth, 4.2 (4.0-4.3) ; maxillary breadth, 5.6 (5.4-5.7); maxillary tooth row, 6.9 (6.8-7.0). Remarks. — Although for many years treated as specifically dis- tinct from S. trowbridgii., the form &. t. montereyensis is clearly sub- specifically connected with it through hmiiboldtensis. Specimens of montereyensis from Nicasio, Point Reyes, and other points in Marin County, Calif., show in some respects an approach toward hum- holdtensis in that they seem to average somewhat darker than typical montereyensis., and a few of the skulls show narrower rostra; their dentition, however, is heavy, as in true Tnontereyensis^ in nearly every individual. Summer specimens from Mount Saint Helena, Calif., are inclined toward S. t mari'posae in color. SpeciTnens examiined. — Total number, 284, as follows : California: Aptos (5 miles .south), 5; Bear Basin (head of Carmel River), 3; Bear Valley (head of Carmel River), 1; Bells Station, Santa Clara County, 1; Berkeley, 3**; Berkeley (Strawberry Creek), 1"; Berke- ley (first canyon north of Strawberry Creek), 1"; Boulder Creek, 3; Cazadero (7 miles west, altitude 900 feet), 3*^; Cone Peak, Monterey County, 1; Divide (altitude 800 feet, between Mill Valley and Muir Woods) , Marin County, 1 " ; Freestone (altitude 300 feet) , 1 *'^ ; Freemont Peak, Gabilan Range, 2 ; The Geysers, Sonoma County, 1 ; Gilroy (near), 3'^; Gualala, 5*^; Gualala (Sonoma County side of Gualala River), 3 '^ ; Hardy (7 miles north, Mendocino County), 4"; Hayward, 1 " ; Inverness, 37 ^* ; Lagunitas, 4 ; La Honda, 2 *° ; La Honda, San Mateo County, 13 ^° ; Marin County, 2 ; Mendocino, 4 ^ ; Menlo Park, 1": Milpitas Ranch (south base Santa Lucia Peak), 2; Monterey (type locality), 16"; Morro, 2; Mount Hamilton, 1^; Moxmt St. Helena, 2; Mount Tamalpais, 1; Mount Tamalpais (altitude 2,000 feet), 1; Mount Veeder, 16; Nicasio, 68''; Oakland, 6"; Olema, 1; Pacheco Peak (summit), 3; Pacific Grove, 2; Palo Alto, 1"; Petaluma, 3^^; Pine Valley (10 miles northwest Tassajara Springs), 1 ; Point Pinos (Pacific Grove P. O.), Monterey County, 1; Point Reyes, 24'"; Portolo, San Mateo County, 17 " ; San Luis Obispo, 1 ; San Rafael Mountains (Peach Tree River), Santa Barbara County, 1; Stevens Creek, Santa Clara County, 2""; Tassajara Creek (6 miles below Tassajara Springs), 3; Telegraph Canyon (near Berkeley). 1*^; Watsonville (10 miles north, altitude 2,000 feet), Santa Cruz County, 1"'; Woodside (Santa Cruz Mountains, San Mateo County), 1. SOREX TROWBRIDGII MARIPOSAE Grinnell YosEMiTE Shrew Sorex montereyensis mariposae Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 10 : 189, March 20, 1913. Sorex trowiridgii mariposae Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 21 : 314, January 27, 1923. "Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia. *' Mus. Veit. Zool., 1; Mus. Comp. Zool., ^ D. R. Dickey coll., Pasadena, Calif. 4 ; Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 10 ; Amer. Mus. «Mus. Vert. Zool. Nat. Hist., 1.3. *^ Mus. Comp. Zool. *^ Public Mus. Milwaukee. "D. R. Dickey coll., 6; Mus. Vert. Zool., '^o Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 5; Mus. Comp. 31. Zool., 3 : Mus. Vert. Zool., 3. « Field Mus. Nat. Hist. ^^ D. R. Dickey coll., 2; Field Mus. Nat. *8Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Hist., 11; Mus. Comp. Zool., 4. " D. R. Dickey coll., 6 ; Mus. Vert. Zool., 6. ^^ Univ. of Mich. 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 99 Type spechnen. — No. 12979, Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. California; $ adult (teeth moderately worn), skin and skull; collected May 27, 1911, by J. and H. W. Grinnell. Type locality, — Yosemite Valley, 4,000 feet altitude, Mariposa County, Calif. Geographic range. — Extreme south-central Oregon, northern Cali- fornia south through the inner coast range, to about 39° 30' N., and southeast of Sacramento Valley to Kaweah River; also extreme west-central Nevada near California line. (Fig. 10.) Diagnostic characters. — Similar to Sorex t. montereyensis but slightly paler and more drabish (less brownish) in color, with apparently average larger skull with broader brain case. Color. — Winter pelage: Upper parts between hair brown and mouse gray; underparts smoke gray tinged with light drab or drab gray, tail bicolor, hair brown to drab above, below pale ochraceous-buff to nearly pale pinkish cinna- mon. Summer pelage: Upper parts hair brown ; underparts light drab or slightly paler, sometimes near drab gray ; tail bicolor, hair bown to drab above, near tilleul buff below. 8kiilL — Similar to that of 8. t. montereyensis, possibly averaging larger with broader cranium. Measurements. — Type specimen (adult female): Total length, 121; tail vertebrae, 51 ; hind foot. 14. Average of three adult females from altitudes 4.700 feet to 6,400 feet, Yosemite Park, Mariposa County, Calif. : Total length, 117.7 (116-120) ; tail vertebrae, 50.3 (50-51) ; hind foot, 14.5 (14-15), Skull: Type specimen (adult female; teeth moderately worn) : Condylobasal length, 18.6 ; palatal length, 7.7 ; cranial breadth, 9.3 ; interorbital breadth, 4.2 ; max- illary breadth, 5.7 ; maxillary tooth row, 7.1. Average of three skulls of adult females (teeth slightly worn) from altitudes of 4,700 feet to 6,400 feet, Yose- mite Park, Mariposa County, Calif.: Condylobasal length, 18.6 (18.4^-18.8) ; pala- tal length 7.4 (7.3-7.5) ; cranial breadth 9.3 (9.2-9.4) ; interorbital breadth, 4.2 (4.1-4.3) ; maxillary breadth, 5.6 (5.5-5.7) ; maxillary tooth row, 7.0 (6.9-7.1). Remarks. — The Yosemite form of trowhridgii closely resembles S. t. Tnontereyensis,, being but slightly paler and more drabish in color, and with slight cranial differences. It apparently intergrades with both S. t. huniboldtensis and montereyensis. The four speci- mens from Liarly Ranch, 4 miles south of Mount Sanhedrin, Men- docino County, Calif., are provisionally referred to S. t. mariposae. Two of these specimens, collected in August, 1905, are more brown- ish than typical mariposae and in color show an approach toward Tnontereyensis., to which they could about as well be referred; the other two, collected in August, 1913, are darker and more grayish than typical Tnariposae and in this respect approach huTnboldtensis, but the skulls show no tendency toward that form. A single speci- men from South Yolla BoUy Mountain, Calif., is like mariposae in color, but cranially shows a distinct similarity to humboldtensis. Except that the skulls may run a trifle smaller and the dentition appears weaker, specimens from Swan Lake Valley and Lakeview, Oreg., do not differ from those of average typical mariposae. SpeciTTiens examined. — ^Total number, 77, as follows : California: American River (Middle Fork), 1; Beswick, 1; Canyon Creek (altitude 4,600 feet), 3; Carberry's Ranch, 1; Castle Lake (altitude 5,434 feet), 1"; Chinquapin (near, altitude 6,200 to 6,400 feet), 3"; Cisco (altitude 6,000 feet), 4"; Downieville, 1; Dutch Flat (altitude 3,400 feet), 1^'; Eldorado County, 2; Emerald Bay, 1; Emerald Bay (Lake Tahoe), 1; Fyffe, 2"; Fyffe (altitude 3,600 feet), 1"; Gentrys Big Oak Flat Road (altitude 5,800 feet, Yosemite Park), 1''; Giant Forest, Sequoia National Park, 1 ; Glen Alpine Springs, 1 ^' ; Hayden ^' Mus. Vert. Zool. " Mus. Comp. Zool. 100 NORTH AMERICAIsr FAUNA TNo. 51 Hill, 1; Indian Canyon (east fork, Mariposa County), 1"; Jackson Lake, Siskiyou County, 1^^; Kaweah River (east fork), 1; Liarly's Ranch (8 miles east of Hearst, Mendocino County), 3^"'; Merced Grove Big Trees, Mariposa County (altitude 5,400 feet), 2°^; Merced Lake (2 miles east), Yosemite Park, 1"; Michigan Bluff, 1; Mount Lassen (south base, Mill Creek, altitude 5,000 feet), 2; Mount Shasta (Mud Creek, timber-line), 1; Mount Shasta (Upper Mud Creek), 4; Mount Tallac, Eldorado County, 3''; Myers, Eldorado County, 1"; Parker Creek, Warner Mountains, 2 ®^ ; PlacervlUe, 1 " ; PrattvUle (12 miles northeast), 1; Sequoia National Park (Halsted Meadows), 5; Sllpperyford, 1 "* ; South Yolla Bolly Mountain, 2''; Squav? Creek Valley (Warmcastle Soda Springs), 1; Sweetwater Creek (altitude 3,800 feet, 2 miles east Feliciana Mountain), 2°^; "The Spring" Yosemite Falls Trail, Yosemite Valley (altitude 4,700 feet), 2''; Tower House, Shasta County, 2^*"; Tower House (altitude 1,268 feet), Shasta County, 1 ""^ ; Yosemite, 1; Yosemite Valley (altitude 4,000 feet, type locality), 3.^^ Nevada: Verdi, 2. Oregon: Lakevlew, 1; Swan Lake Valley, 2. Table 8. — Cranial measurements of adult specimens of Sorex trowbrldgii group Species and locality 6 "3 a 0 0 a 1 "3 ca 0 C8 a 0 0 1 Wear of teeth Remarks S. t. trowbridgii: Oregon- Astoria. 3088 24315 89021 204440 204473 204475 204476 62999 99748 102688 97271 97251 1 11813 I 11814 44810 44809 13467 2C125 107920 159943 1 12979 1 21541 1 22013 1 22015 —9" 9 9 9 9 9 cf d' cf cf d' cf 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 17. 5± 17.6 17.6 17.5 17.3 17.1 17.1 17.5 17.5 17.4 17.8 18.3 18.2 18.2 18.0 18.3 18.1 18.4 18.0 18.1 18.6 18.8 18.4 18.5 6.8 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.7 6.8 6.9 7.0 6.8 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.1 7.3 7.3 7.4 7.3 7.2 7.3 7.7 7.5 7.4 7.3 8.6± 8.6 8.9 8.9 8.4 8.8 8.3 8.6 8.5 8.8 8.9 9.1 8.9 9.0 9.1 8.7 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.0 9.3 9.4 9.3 9.2 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.8 .3.9 3.8 3.8 4.0 .3.9 4.1 3.9* 4.1 4.0 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.0 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.1 5.0 4.9 5.0 4.8 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.9 6.0 5.0 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.6 5.5 5.6 5.4 5.7 5.5 5.7 5.6 5.7 5.5 6.5 6.4 6.6 6.4 6.5 6.3 6.5 6.5 6.6 6.4 6.7 6.9 6.9 6.9 7.0 6.8 7.0 7.0 6.9 6.8 7.1 7.1 7.0 6.9 Moderate. Slight ...do ...do —do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do. Moderate. ...do —do Slight —do ...do ...do ...do ...do Moderate. Slight ...do ...do Lectotype. Do Type locality. Do . . . . Do. Vida Do Do. Do -. . British Columbia— Sumas Do. Do S. t. humboldtensis: California— Carsons Camp, Mad River, Humboldt Bay. Areata Type specimen. Do Do S. t. montereyensis: California- Monterey. Do Do. Type locality. Do.... Do. Do Do. Pacific Grove Do Do. 8. t. mariposae: California— Yosemite Valley, 4,000 feet. Yosemite Valley, 4,700 feet. Merced Grove Big Trees, 5,400 feet. Near Chinqua- pin, 6,400 feet. Type specimen. Essentially type locality. 1 Mus. Vert. Zool. 2 Donald R. Dickey, coll., Pasadena, Calif. ^•'' Mus. Vert. Zool. ^oAmer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 1 ; Mus. Comp. Zool., 2. Mus. Vert. Zool., 1. " D. R. Dickey coll., Pasadena, Calif, ^s Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. 1928] KEVIEW OF AMEKICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 101 SOREX VAGRANS-OBSCURUS GROUP The vagrans-ohscm^tis group includes five species — Sorex vagranSy S. durangae^ S. obscurus, S. yaquinac, and /S. pacificus. Geographic range. — Western North America from western (Sew- ard Peninsula) and central Alaska, south through British Columbia and Alberta, east to central Montana and Colorado, south to southern California, southern New Mexico, and in the mountains through Ari- zona to the States of Michoacan, Puebla, and Vera Cruz, Mexico, DiagnostiG characters. — Size variable in the different species, small {S. vagrans) to large (8. pacificus), skull but moderately flattened, rostrum com- paratively short and broad, third unicuspid distinctly smaller than fourth, the ridge extending internally from apex of unicuspid to border of cingulum well developed, usually heavily pigmented, and tending apically to form a distinct cusplet. Compared with the trowbridgii group, the teeth are relatively broader, and the internal ridge from the apex of the unicuspid different. Compared with any of the ornatus group, the skull is less flattened; the foramen magnum is placed relatively ventrad, encroaching less into supraoccipital and more into basioccipital ; metacone of ptn ^ comparatively low. Remarhs. — The members of the vagrans- 6b scurus group constitute several forms the exact relationships of which in some cases are com- plicated and difficult to solve. The relationship between S. v. monti- cola and S. o. ohscurus, both of which occur in the Rocky Mountains, is particularl}'^ perplexing. Actual intergradation between these two apparently does not exist, although certain specimens are difficult to identif3^ As one passes eastward- from the coast region of Wash- ington there is noticeable an increase in size, in length of tail, and in size of skull and teeth of S. vagrans., which becomes recognizable in the subspecies nionticola. Exactly the reverse occurs in the rep- resentative {S. o. setosus) of the species ohscurus from the coast region eastward to its intergrading form, the subspecies ohscwus. Intergradation of S. o. ohscurus with setosus., and of S. v. vagrans with monticola is clearly demonstrated. The result is, that in the coast region of Washington and British Columbia, where repriesenta- tives of the species vagrans and ohscurus occur, they are contrastedly different, whereas throughout the Rocky Mountains, wherever the two species occur, they can be separated only by most careful study. SOREX VAGRANS Baird [Synonymy under subspecies] Geographic range. — Extreme southern British Columbia, western Montana, south to central California, central Nevada, and in the Rocky Mountains through Arizona, the States of Michoacan, Puebla, and Vera Cruz, Mexico. (Fig. 11.) Diagnostic characters. — Size small, tail comparatively short, hind foot small. The species vagrans needs critical comparison only with the species ohscurus from which it differs not only in size but in cranial and dental characters as follows: Skull smaller, narrower, particularly iuterorbitally and through ros- trum, palate shorter ; superior border of foramen magnum tending to be more acute ; teeth smaller, the protoconid of nh lower than in Sorex ohscurus, rela- tively and actually narrower unicuspids, and smaller t\ Compared with S. durangae the skull of S. vagrans is decidedly weaker and narrower, with the lachrymal region not swollen (as in S. durangae) , and the rostrum and denti- tion distinctly weaker. 102 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA INo. 51 FIG. 11. — Geographic range of subspecies of Sorex vagrans and of the species S. durangae 1. S. V. vagrans. 3. 8. v. nevadensis. 5. 8. v. amoenus. 7. 8. v. orizdbae. 2. 8. V. vancouverensis. 4. 8. v. halicoetes. 6. S. v. monticola. 8. 8. durangae. 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 103 Subspecies and geographic variation. — The species vagrans is divided into seven subspecies : vagrans, vancotiverensis, nevadensis, halicoetes, amoenus, monticola, and orizabae. Starting with the typical form in the coast region of Washington, there is a slight darkening of color toward the northward, which on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, is recognizable in the subspecies van- couverensis. Southward there is also a tendency for the color to darken as well as a noticeable increase in size, which culminates in the darkest subspecies, halicoetes. Toward the southeast from the region of typical vagrans there is a slight tendency toward a darker form, the tail shortens a trifle, and the skull becomes somewhat smaller in anioenus and in nevadensis, which is also small and rather dark with a flatter skull. Eastward from the region of the sub- species vagrants there is a slight increase in size, a slight paling, and an increase in tail length recognizable in the form monticola, which to the extreme south in Mexico passes into the smaller, slightly darker form orizabae, with its com- paratively narrow skull. Time of molting. — The earliest indication of spring molt is in a female S. v. vagrans from Duckabush, Wash., January 31, 1919, which shows a darkened condition of the skin over the entire back and flanks, and to a less extent on the ventral pails. Another specimen from the same locality January 26 is in worn winter pelage. A female from Tokeland, Shoalwater Bay, Wash., retains winter pelage May 7, 1918, while another shows indications of beginning molt May 4. A male from Chehalis, Wash., has summer pelage coming in under the winter fur over the entire back, April 29, 1918. One from Kirkland, in the same State, has the mid-back in summer fur, rump in winter pelage, and shoulders and head in process of molt. May 13, 1911. Twenty-nine specimens of S. V. vagrans collected at Neah Bay, Wash., the last half of May, 1897, are for the most part in complete summer pelage. A male of 8. v. halicoetes from Belmont, Calif., has the molt well started over the entire animal March 21, 1908, and another from Elmhurst, Calif., has the molt in about the same con- dition as the Belmont specimen on April 1, 1908. A female halicoetes from Palo Alto, Calif., has the molt barely begun on a small spot in the mid-back May 6. A male S. v. amoenus from Donner, Calif., has fresh summer fur on the head, shoulders, anterior back, flanks, and anterior two-thirds of the ventral parts, July 11, 1900, while a female from the same locality has the summer fur just coming in under the winter pelage over the entire back as late as July 17. Of a series of 14 specimens of S. v. monticola collected at Wallowa Lake, Oreg., between April 10 and 19, 1919, 7 retain the worn winter pelage, 6 are in summer fur, and 1 is in process of molting, the summer fur appearing under the winter over the entire back on April 10. A spec-imen from Stevensville, Mont., shows molt March 15, 1910. Specimens of S'. v. orizabae from the type locality are in winter pelage April 22 to 25, 1893. One from Cofre de Perote, Vera Cruz, shows new fur coming in under the old on May 30. The winter pelage is usually acquired during October. The earliest indica- tions of fall molt are in a female of S. v. vagrans from Trout Lake, Wash., which has winter pelage appearing on the midback, occiput, and ventral parts, the remainder of the animal being in worn summer fur, August 28, 1918. A male collected August 29, 1897, at Soleduc River, altitude 4.000 feet in the Olympic Mountains, Wash., has the entire posterior half of the back, the right flank, nape, and ventral parts in winter pelage, the anterior part of the left side still retaining the summer fur. Other specimens of 8. v. vagrans in process of fall molt have been collected at Lake Quinault, Wash., September 27, 1921 ; Steilacoom, Wash., October 5, 1891 ; Toledo, Wash., November 5, 1918 ; Tacoma, Wash., December 23, 1918 ; Yamsay Mountains, Oreg., September 6 and October 14, 1914; Upper Klamath Marsh, Oreg., September 11, 1914; Portland, Oreg., 3 females, October 13, 1914 ; Empire, Oreg., October 14, 21, and 22, 1909 ; Drain, Oreg., 3, November 22 and 23, 1894 ; Crescent City. Calif., three, October 13 and 14, 1905 ; and Point Reyes, Calif., October 27 and 29, 1904. Of 16 specimens of 8. V. amoenus from Dana, Calif., collected between September 25 and October 1, 1904, 2 females and 4 males retain full summer fur, September 25 to 29 ; a female has complete winter fur September 30 ; and 5 males and 4 females col- lected between September 25 and October 1 are in various stages of molt, for the most part not far advanced. Specimens of 8. v. monticola- show molting at the following dates : Cornucopia, Oreg., September 3, 1915 ; Wallowa Lake, Oreg., September 14, 1897 ; Burns, Oreg., October 5, 6, and 8, 1916 ; and Anthony, Oreg., October 16, 18, and 28„ 1907. A female of Field Mus. Nat. Hist. 8= Mus. Comp. Zool., 4 ; Provincial Mus. ^ Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 8 ; Mus. Comp. British Columbia, 5. Zool., 2. 83 Mus. Comp. Zool., 20 ; Acad. Nat. Sci. ^ S. G. Jewett coll., Portland, Oreg. Philadelphia, 3. " D. R. Dickey coll., 1. "Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. ''< Mus. Vert. Zool., 2. « Mus. Vert. Zool. '^ Mus. Vert. Zool., 3 ; S. G. Jewett coll., «' D. R. Dickey coll., Pasadena, Calif. Portland, Oreg., 11. «^ Mus. Vert. Zool., 2 ; D. R. Dickey coll., 1. ™ Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 2. 106 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 1; Sheridan, 2; Silverlake (10 miles southwest, west Silver Creek, altitude 4,650 feet), 3; Three Sisters (north slope, altitude 5,000 to 6,000 feet), 3; Tillamook (Fairview), 2"; Upper Klamath Marsh, 2; Vida, 1; Warmsprings (20 miles west. Mill Creek), 2; Yamsay Moun- tains (West Fork, Silver Creek, altitude 7,000 feet), 4; Yamsay Moun- tains (Yamsay River, altitude 4,800 feet), 1. Washington: Aberdeen, 20; Avon, 3; Bear Prairie, Mount Rainier, 1; Beaver Creek (altitude 1,700 feet), Whatcom County, 5"; Blaine, 1; Blyn, 1; Carson, 1; Cat Creek (altitude 4,500 feet, Olympic Moun- tains, 1"; Cathlamet, 1; Chehalis, 2; Chehalis (8 miles west), 2; Clinton (3 miles north), 1; Duckabush, 6; Dungeness, 1; East Sound, Orcas Island, 3 ; Easton, 3 ; Elwha, 1 "* ; Enumclaw, 1 ; Forks, 1 ; Fort Steilacoom, 1; Friday Harbor, San Juan Island, 1; Glacier (altitude 900 feet), 1; Goldendale, 1; Goldendale (15 miles north, near Potato Hill, Simcoe Mountains), 1"; Greenbank, 2; Greenville (Grays Harbor County), 1; Hamilton, 1; Hoodsport, 1; Ilwaco, 1; Kent, 1; Kirkland, 20 ; La Conner, 5 ; Lake Cushman, 17 '" ; Lake Quinault, 2 ; Lake Wash- ington (near Renton), 2; Lake Whatcom, 1; Lapush, 5; Lopez Island, 4"; Mount Vernon, 2; Neah Bay, 31'"; Nisqually, 22''; Nisqually Flats, 2; Northbend, 2; Oakville. 1; Olympia (4 miles south), 1; Olympic Mountains (altitude 5,200 feet), Soleduck River, 1; Oso (alti- tude 550 feet), 2; Port Townsend, 3; Puget Island (1 mile south), 2; Puget Sound, 12; Puyallup, 20*%- Quinault Lake, 7; Redmont (Sam- mamish River), 2; Reflection Lake (altitude 4,850 feet). Mount Rainier, 1 '^ ; Richardson, 6 ; Roy, 3 ; San de Fuca, 3 ; Sauk, 1 ; Seattle (near), 1"^; Sequim, 4; Shelton, 3^; Shoalwater Bay (type locality), 2; Signal Peak (altitude 4,000 feet), 1; Skokomish River (north fork), Olympic Mountains, 1; Steilacoom (type locality of sucTcleyi), 2; Stevenson, 1; Suez (10 miles south Neah Bay), 2; Tacoma (6 miles south), 2; Tacoma Tide Flats, 2"'; Tenino, 4; Tokeland (Shoalwater Bay), 4; Toledo, 1; Toledo (45 miles southeast). Cascade Mountains, Skamania County, 2; Trout Lake (15 miles south Mount Adams, alti- tude 1,940 feet), 5; Vashon Island, 2; Westport, 5; Whidbey Island (north end), 4; White Salmon (15 miles northwest. Berry Creek), 1. SOREX VAGRANS VANCOUVERENSIS Mejrriam Vancouver Shrew Sorex vancouverensis Merriam, North Amer. Fauna No. 10, p. 70, December 31, 1895. Ti/pe specimen. — No. 71913, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biolo<^ical Survey col- lection; $ adult (teeth moderately worn), skin and skull; collected May 10, 1895,^ by Clark P. Streator. Type locality. — Goldstream, Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Geographic range. — Southern half of Vancouver Island, British Columbia. (Fig. 11.) Diagnostic characters. — Darker than 8. v. vagrans, particularly the ventral parts, which are distinctly more brownish ; upper parts in winter pelage more reddish-brown (tending less toward grayish) than in S. v. vagrans. Tail longer than in S. v. amoenus and underparts darker and of different color (brownish). Upper parts in winter pelage more reddish brown and somewhat paler than S. V. halicoetes and differing somewhat cranially. Color. — Winter pelage: Upper parts between chaetura drab and hair brown, tending somewhat toward gTayish ; sides slightly more brownish than back ; underparts between drab and wood brown; tail usually scarcely bicolor, some- times more distinctly so, near mummy brown above, buffy below at base and sometimes nearly to tip. Summer pelage: Upi>er parts fuscous or slightly «« Mus. Vert. Zool. so Amcr. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1 ; Univ. Michi- "«D. R. Dickey coll., Pasadena, Calif. gan, 5. ■'« Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 2. a D. E. Brown coll., Seattle, Wash. ■"Alexander Walker coll., Tillamook, ^ Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. 21. Or^. 83 D R Dickey coll., 5 ; G. G. Cantwell '8 State Coll. Wash., 2. coll., Palms, Calif., 9. «> State Coll. Wash. « Acad. Nat. Scl. Philadelphia, 1. 1928] EEVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 107 darker; sides scarcely paler than back; general tone of underlparts drab to hair brown ; tail as in winter. Skull. — Essentially like that of S. v. vagrans. Measurements.— Tyi)e specimen (adult male) : Total length, 110 ; tail vertebrae, 43 ; hind foot, 12. Average of six adult males from Alberni Valley, Vancouver Island, British Columbia: Total length, 106.5 (97-115); tail vertebrae, 41.7 (40-43); hind foot, 12 (11-13). Skull: Type specimen (adult male; teeth moderately worn): Condylobasal length, 16.6; palatal length, 6.5; cranial breadth, 8.2 ; interorbital breadth, 3.2 ; maxillary breadth, 4.5 ; maxillary tooth row, 5.7. Average of six skulls of adult males (teeth moderately worn) from Alberni Valley, Vancouver Island, British Columbia : Condylobasal length, 16.4 (16.1-16.8) ; palatal length, 6.5 (6.'^6.6) ; cranial breadth, 8.2 (8.1-8.4) ; inter- orbital breath, 3.3 (3.2-3.4) ; maxillary breadth, 4.6 (4.5-4.7) ; maxillary tooth row, 5.6 (5.5-5.7). Remiarks. — This representative of the species vagrans is limited in its distribution to Vancouver Island, British Columbia. It is closely related to S. v. vacp'^a^ns, from which it differs only in its general darker color with its ventral parts more brownish, and in Avinter pelage with its upper parts more rusty brown. Sfedmens examined. — Total number, 97, as follows : British Columbia: Alberni (18 miles .south. Golden Eagle Mine), 4"; Alberni Valley, 70 '^ ; Bear Lake, Vancouver Island, 1 ^° ; Errington, 2*°; French Creek, Vancouver Island, 1*^; Goldstream (type locality), 1 ; Nanaimo, 1 ; Parksville, 1 ^''^ ; Sahtlam, 1 " ; Shawnigan Lake, 1 *" ; Victoria, 14.'*. SOREX VAGRANS NEVADENSIS Merbiam Nevada Shrew (PL. 2, w) Sorex nevadensis Merriam, North Amer. Fauna No. 10, p. 71, December 31, 1895. Type specimen. — No. |||g4; U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection; $ adult (teeth slightly worn); collected November 24, 1890, by Vernon Bailey. Type locality. — Reese River at about 6,000 feet, at line between Lander and Nye Counties, Nev. Geographic range. — Central Nevada. (Fig. 11.) Diagnostic characters. — In winter pelage similar to Sorex v. vagrans and >S.'. V. amoenus in color ; skull more flattened, the rostrum weaker and more attenuate. Darker than 8. v. monticola in winter pelage, smaller, and with more flattened skull having weaker dentition and more attenuate rostrum. Color. — Winter pelage: Similar to corresponding pelage of S. v. amoenus, but slightly paler above, with more distinctly bicolor tail (paler below). Upper parts chaetura drab or between chaetura drab and hair brown ; sides paler, drab or between drab and light drab ; underparts smoke gray very lightly washed and intermixed with pale pinkish cinnamon ; tail bicolor, mummy brown above, drab below nearly to tip. Summer pelage: Unknown. Skull. — Brain case more flattened, and rostrum relatively narrower and more attenuate than in any other subspecies; dentition weak (about as in 8. V. vagrans). Measurements. — Type specimen (adult male) and topotype (adult male) : Total length, 96, 98; tail vertebrae, 39, 39; hind foot, 12, 13. Skull: Type speci- men (adult male; teeth slightly worn) and topotype (adult male; teeth slightly worn) : Condylobasal length, 16.6, 16.1; palatal length, 6.6, 6.6; cranial breadth, »Mus. Vert. Zool. » Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 3; Nat. ^'' Nat. Mus. Canada. Mus. Canada, 9 ; Provincial Mus. British *'' Provincial Mus. British Columbia. Columbia, 2. ** Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 74235—28 8 108 NORTH AMERICAlSr FAUNA [No. 51 7.9, 8.2 ; interorbital breadth, 3.2, 3.2 ; maxillary breadth, 4.6, 4.5 ; maxillary tooth row, 5.6, 5.7. Reirmrks. — On account of insufficient material, th^ exact status of 8. V. nevadensis is unsatisfactorily determined. It probably inter- grades with both S. V. mnoenus and S. v. monticola. The specimen (an alcoholic) from Cloverdale, Nev., has the weak dentition of typi- cal nevadensis and a rather narrow rostrum ; the skull is not so much flattened, however, and in this respect the individual tends to approach amoenus or vionticola. Specimens exmiiined. — Total number, 4, as follows : Nevada: Cloverdale, 1; Reese River (type locality), 3. SOREX VAGRANS HALICOETES Gbinnell Salt-maesh Shrew (PL. 2, X) Sorex halicoetes Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 10: 183, March 20, 1913. Type specimen. — No. 3638, Mus. Vert. Zool., Univ. California; $ young adult (teeth much worn), skin and slmll (skull with left side of brain case broken away) ; collected May 6, 1908, by Joseph Dixon. Type locality. — Salt marsh near Palo Alto, Santa Clara County, Calif. Geographic range. — Coast region of California, south and east of San Francisco Bay; between latitudes 37° and 38° north. (Fig. 11.) Diagnostic characters. — Color dark (blackish above), the underparts de- cidedly dark and brownish, the skull with rather broad rostrum and relatively long maxillary tooth row. Upper parts in winter pelage about the color of corresponding pelage of 8. v. vagrans, but with underparts decidedly darker and more brownish. Underparts about as in S. v. Vancouver eiisis, but upper parts less reddish-brown, and somewhat darker. Rostrum heavier and maxil- lary tooth row longer than in either 8. v. vagrans or vancouverensis. Under- parts darker and more brownish than in 8. v. amoenus, tail rather longer, and rostrum somewhat heavier. Darker both dorsally and ventrally than 8. V. monticola, with shorter tail, but similar in cranial characteristics. Color. — Winter pelage: Upper parts chaetura black or between chaetura black and fuscous-black, sometimes almost chaetura drab ; ears more reddish than back ; sides and flanks scarcely paler than back, a shade more brownish ; general tone of underparts a drabish or buffy dark gray, deep mouse gray heavily tinged and intermixed with between drab or hair brown, or buflfy brown ; tail mummy brown, scarcely bicolor, sometimes paler below particularly basally. Summer pelage: Unknown. Skull. — Rostrum heavier and less attenuate than in 8. v. vagrans or S. v. amoenus, dentition heavier, and length of maxillary tooth row greater. Scarcely distinguishable from the skull of 8. v. monticola. Measurements. — Type specimen (adult male): Total length, 108; tail ver- tebrae, 40; hind foot, 12. Adult male and adult female from type locality: Total length, 106, 105; tail vertebrae, 40, 39; hind foot, 13, 12. Skull: Type specimen (adult male; teeth much worn) : Condylobasal length, 16.8; palatal length, 6.5 ; interorbital breadth, 3.6 ; maxillary breadth, 5.0 ; maxillary tooth row, 5.9. Skulls of adult male (teeth much worn) and adult female (teeth slightly worn) from type locality; Condylobasal length, 17.0, 16.5;; palatal length, 6.6; 6.4; cranial breadth, 8.5, 8.3; interorbital breadth, 3.5, 3.5; maxil- lary breadth, 4.8, 4.9; maxillary tooth row, 6.0, 6.0. Remarks. — This dark form dijffers from 8. v. vagrans not alone in color, but also cranially. Intergradation with the subspecies vagrant is indicated in specimens from the coast region of California north of San Francisco Bay. Specimens from San Mateo County, Calif., are not in strict conformity with typical S. v. halicoetes. In 1928] REVIEW OF AMERfCAN" LONG-TAILED SHREWS 109 fact one of the two specimens from San Mateo is almost exactly the color of certain specimens of S. v. vagrans. It is in worn and faded pelage, however, and is hardly comparable. The skull of it is in- distinguishable from that of halicoetes. Sfecime'ns examined. — Total number, 30, as follows: California: Belmout, 1*"; Berkeley, 1; Elmliurst, 4"°; Melrose Marsh, Ala- meda County, 1""; Palo Alto (type locality), 10"; Redwood City, S**; San Francisco, 5 ^ ; San Gregorio, 2 "" ; San Mateo, 2 ; West Berkeley, 1. SOREX VAGRANS AMOENUS Meeeiam Sierra Sheew Sorex amoenus Merriam, North Amer. Fauna No. 10, p. 69, December 31, 1895. Sorex shastetisis Merriam, North Amer. Fauna No. 16, p. 87, October 28, 1899. Type locality. Wagon Camp, Mount Shasta (altitude 5,700 feet iu the lower part of Canadian Zone), Calif. Sorex vagrans amoenus Merriam, North Amer. Fauna No. 16, p. 87, October 28, 1899. Type specimen. — ffl-ll, U- S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey col- lection; $ old adult (teeth much worn), skin and skull; collected July 22, 1891, by E. W. Nelson. Type locality. — Near Mammoth, altitude about 8,000 feet*\ head of Owens River, east slope Sierra Nevada, Mono County, Calif, Geographic range. — South-central Oregon, northwestern Califor- nia, south in the Sierra Nevada to Mammoth, Calif.; northeastern Nevada. (Fig. 11.) Diagnostic characters. — Similar to Sorex v. vagrans but averaging a trifle darker and less reddish in summer pelage, and with somewhat shorter tail. Paler than S. v. halicoetes, particularly the ventral parts, and differing cranially. Skull higher and with less attenuate rostrum than that of 8. v. nevadensis. Darker, especially in winter, and with shorter tail than 8. v. monticola, the skull usually with narrower rostrum and weaker dentition. Cold'. — Winter pelage: Usually more or less tricolor. Upper parts fuscous- black, sometimes tending toward chaetura drab, certain specimens displaying in some lights greenish reflections ; sides and flanks distinctly paler and more drabbish, between drab and hair brown, sometimes inclining toward olive- brown ; underparts smoke gray washed with pinkish buff ; tail indistinctly bicolor, mummy brown above, paler below, particularly basally. Summer pelage: Less tricolor than in winter. Upper parts fuscous or between fuscous and hair brown, scarcely paling on the sides; underparts and tail about as in winter. Skull. — Essentially like that of 8. v. vagrans. Measurements. — Type specimen (old adult male): Total length, 103; tail vertebrae, 38 ; hind foot, 12. Adult female from Mammoth, Calif. : Total length, 99; tail vertebrae, 38; liind foot, 12.7. Skull: Type specimen (old adult male; teeth much worn): Condylobasal length, 16.8; palatal length, 6.6; cranial breadth, 8.5 ; interorbital breadth, 3.3 ; maxillary breadth, 4.8 ; maxillary tooth row, 5.9. Skull of adult female (teeth very slightly worn) from Mammoth, Calif.: Condylobasal length, 16.5; palatal length, 6.4; cranial breadth, 8.2; interorbital breadth, 3.2 ; maxillary breadth, 4.8 ; maxillary tooth row, 5.7. Remarks. — S. v. am^oenus averages a shade darker than S. v. vagrans and has a shorter tail. Intergradation between the two forms is evident in certain specimens from southwestern Oregon and northern California. Thus specimens from Crater and Diamond Lakes, Oreg., can about as well be referred to xS. ^. vagrans as to soMus. Vert. Zool. »Mus. Vert. Zool., 7. *- Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1. s^Not Mammoth Pass, 10,000 feet, as stated by Merriam (1895, p. 69). See Howell, A. B., 1923, p. 266. 110 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 amoenus, and those from Hornbrook, Calif., although referable to mnoenus^ show a tendency toward the subspecies vagrans. The sin- gle specimen from Reno, Nev., shows no appreciable approach toward S. V. nevadeThsis. Merriam's S. shastensis is here placed in synonymy under S. v. arnoeTvus. The type specimen of 8. shastensis (No. 95450, United States National Museum, Bureau of Biological Survey collection), upon careful comparison, proves to be only a small representative of amoenus. In the series of 23 specimens of aoiioenus from Mount Shasta the type specimen of S. shastensis is the minimum in size of skull and dentition, and in some respects is rather aberrant ; but it is perfectly connected by gradual intergrades with the rest of the series and can be matched almost perfectly by occasional skulls of amoenus throughout the range of the subspecies. Specimens examiined. — Total number, 292, as follows: California: Alvortl (Owen Valley), Inyo County, 1; Bear Creek (head, alti- tude, 6,400 feet), Trinity County, 1'^; Beswick, 1; Bieber (altitude, 4,500 feet), 1; Brownell, Klamath Lake (altitude, 4,300 feet), 1; Buck Ranch, Plumas County, 20^; Burney (12 miles east, altitude, 4,700 feet, Reddiug-Bieber Road), 1; Canyon Creek (altitude, 6,000-7,500 feet), Trinity County, 2; Carberrys Ranch, 4; Cassel, 2; Castle Lake (altitude, 5,400 feet), Siskiyou County, 2^"; Cliff House, 2''; Dana, 17; Davis Creek, Goose Lake, 1; Donner (altitude, 7,500-7,900 feet), 3; Dry Creek (altitude, 4,800 feet), Warner Mountains, 1°^; Fall Lake, Fall River Valley, 3 ; Fort Crook, 11 ; Goose Nest Mountain, Siskiyou County, 2 ; Hornbrook, 3 ; Independence Lake, Nevada County, 7 "" ; Lake Audrain, 1 "^ ; Lassen Creek, Modoc County, 1 "^ ; Lassen Peak, 13 ; Lincoln Creek, Sierra County, 1; Long Valley (Convict Creek, altitude, 6,800 to 6,900 feet), 4''; Mammoth, Mono County, 3"; Mammoth (head of Owens River, near) (type locality) , 2 ; Mayten, 9 " ; Mono Lake, 5 °^ ; Mount Conness, 1; Mount Dana, 1; Parker Creek (head north fork, altitude, 7,300 feet), Warner Mountains, 2"'; Phillips. Eldorado County, 2''; Plumas County (altitude, 6000 feet), 1; Prattville (12 miles north- east), 2; Rush Creek (head), Siskiyou County, 3"; Salmon River (south fork), Siskiyou County, 3*^; Shasta region, 1^; Sierra Valley, l; Sisson, 24**; Spring Garden Ranch (vicinity). Grizzly Mountains, 3; Squaw Creek (head of), Mount Shasta, 2; Squaw Creek (altitude, 7,800 to 8,100 feet). Mount Shasta, 3; Sugar Hill (Goose Lake Mead- ows, altitude, 4,800 feet), Modoc County, 1^ ; Tallac, 3; Upper Ash Creek, Mount Shasta, 1 ; Upper Mud Creek, Mount Shasta, 8 ; Wagon Camp, Mount Shasta (type locality of shastensis) , 5; Warmcastle Soda Springs, Squaw Creek Valley, 2; Warner Creek (Drakes Hot Springs), 1; Williams Butte (altitude, 6,900 feet), 2.** Nevada: Mountain City, 1; Reno, 1"; Ruby Lf\Jie, 3; Ruby Mountains, 9. Oregon: Anna Creek, Mount Mazama (altitude 6,000 feet). 1; Crater Lake, 24'; Diamond Lake, 6; Fort Klamath, 36'; Klamath Falls, 8'; Old Fort Klamath, 1 *^ ; Plush, Lake County, 1 ; Warner Creek, Warner Mountains, 1; Warner Mountains, 3. SOREX VAGRANS MONTICOLA Mejeiriam Rocky Moitntain Shrew (PL. 2, Y) Sorex monticolus Merriam, North Amer. Fauna No. 3, p. 43, September 11, 1890. Sorex dohsoni Merriam, North Amer. Fauna No. 5, p. 33, July 30, 1891. Type locality, Alturas or Sawtooth Lake, altitude about 7,200 feet, east base of Sawtooth Mountains, Blaine County, Idaho. »* Mus. Vert. Zool. »o Miis. Vert. Zool., 4 ; D. R. Dickey coll., 13. ""D. R. Dickey coll., Pasadena, Calif. ^D. R. Dickey coll., 6; Mus. Vert. Zool., 1 »«Mus. Comp. Zool. 'Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1. ■"Mus. Vert. Zool., 7. » G. G. Cantwell coll., Palms, Calif., 2. "^Mus. Vert. Zool., 4. 1028] REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 111 Sorex vagrans dohsoni Merriam, North Auier. Fauna No. 10, p. 68, December 31, 1895. Sorex vagrans monticola Merriam, North Amer. Fauna No. 10, p. 69, December 31, 1895. Type specwien. — No. U|ff j U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection; $ adult (teeth slightly worn), skin and skull; collected August 28, 1889, by C. Hart Merriam and Vernon Bailey. 2'ype locality. — San Francisco Mountain, altitude 11,500 feet, Co- conino County, Ariz. Geographic range. — Extreme southern British Columbia, east- ern Washington, eastern Oregon, Idaho, western Montana, western Wyoming, south through eastern Utah, western Colorado, eastern Arizona, and western New Mexico to southern Chihuahua, Mexico. (Fig. 11.) Diagnostic characters.- — Differs from Soi-ex v. vagrans, S. v. amoenus, 8. v. nevadensis, and S. v. orizabae in its slightly larger size and longer tail, dis- tinctly paler and more grayish coloration (particularly in winter) ; skull with heavier rostrum and larger teeth than in 8. v. vagrans, amoenus, or nevadensis. Skull relatively broader, brain case expanding more abruptly anteriorly, shorter maxillary tooth row, and heavier unicuspids than in orizabae. Similar to fi'. o. obscurus, but with average shorter tail and smaller foot, weaker and shorter rostrum, and smaller teeth. Color. — Winter pelage: Upper parts hair brown or between hair brown and chaetura drab ; sides and flanks usually a trifle paler than back, drabbish ; underparts pale olive-gray washed with pale pinkish buff; tail bicolor, hair brown or olive-brown above, avellaneous or pinkish buff below. Summer pelage: Upper parts usually between olive-brown and fuscous, sometimes almost hair brown, frequently somewhat darker posteriorly than anteriorly ; sides usually about same color as upper parts, sometimes slightly paler (drabbish) ; under- parts smoke gray washed with avellaneous, vinaceous-buff, or occasionally tilleul buff ; tail about as in winter or less clearly bicolor. Skull. — Rostrum and teeth relatively heavy for the species vagrans, heavier than in any other subspecies of 8. vagrans except 8. v. halicoetes. Skull prac- tically indistinguishable from that of halicoetes. Similar to that of 8. o. obscurus, but palate averaging narrower ; rostrum smaller, narrower, and more attenuate ; dentition weaker, especially unicuspidate teeth. Measurements. — Type specimen (adult male) : Total length, 107; tail verte- brae, 45 ; hind foot, 12.5. Average of 3 adult males from Mount Thomas, White Mountains, Ariz.: Total length, 107.3 (104-110) ; tail vertebrae, 41.3 (40-43) ; hind foot, 12.8 (12.5-13). Adult male from Alturas (Sawtooth) Lake, Blaine County, Idaho (type locality of S. dobsoni Merriam) : Total length, 106; tail vertebrae, 42; hind foot, 13. Skull: Type specimen (adult male; teeth slightly worn): Condylobasal length, 16.7; palatal length, 6.7; cranial breadth, 8.2; iuterorbital breadth, 3.5; maxillary breadth, 4.8; maxillary tooth row, 5.8. Average of 3 skulls of adult males (teeth very slightly worn) from Mount Thomas, White Mountains, Ariz.: Cond.yIoba.sal length, 16.3 (16.2-16.4); palatal length, 6.6 (6.5-6.7) ; cranial breadth, 8.2 (8.2-8.2) ; interorbital breadth, 3.5 (3.5-3.6) ; maxillary breadth, 4.7 (4.6-4.8) ; maxillary tooth row, 5.8 (5.7-6.0). Skull of adult male (teeth slightly worn) from Alturas (Sawtooth) Lake, Blaine County, Idaho (type locality of S. dobsoni) : Condylobasal length, 16.4 ; palatal length, 6.5 ; cranial breadth, 8.3 ; interorbital breadth, 3.3 ; maxil- lary breadth, 4.7; maxillary tooth row. 5.7. Skulls of 2 adult females (teeth slightly worn) from Sawtooth City, Idaho (essentially type locality of *S. dobsoni Merriam): Condylobasal length, 16.2, 16.9; palatal length, 6.6, 6.7; cranial breadth, 8.2, 8.3 ; interorbital breadth. 3.5, 3.7 ; maxillary breadth, 4.8, 5.0 ; maxillary tooth row, 5.9, 5.8. Remarks. — Merriam's Sorex dohsoni^ which he later treated as a subspecies of vagrans., is here placed in synonymy under S. v. monti- cola. Although there is considerable local variation in the species vagrans throughout the Rocky Mountains from Arizona to Idaho, this variation can nowhere be assigned to a definite geographic area, and specimens of dohsoni from Idaho can be matched almost per- 112 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 fectly with specimens o*f monticola from Arizona, both as to color and cranial characters. In fact, even the topotype series of the two forms when carefully compared are surprisingly similar. The sub- species monticola intergrades with S. v. vagrans along the eastern slope of the Cascade Mountains, in Washington, winter specimens from Ellensburg and Yakima, in that State, being nearer monticola in color, but showing a decided approach toward S. v. vagrmis cranially, as do also the two specimens from Entiat, Wash. Speci- mens referred to monticola from Sierra Madre near Guadelupe-y- Calvo, Chihuahua, Mexico, indicate a slight approach in cranial characters toward S. v. orizahae. It is sometimes difficult to determine whether certain specimens are 8. o. ohscurus or S. v. Tnonticola. Although the two forms are often superficially similar, it seems reasonably certain that they are not specifically related. Much of the geographic range of monticola is in common with that of S. o. oiscurios, yet the two forms are rarely collected at actually the same locality, /S. o. obscurus apparently having a higher zonal distribution and being largely confined to the Boreal Zone, while monticola occurs in the lower parts of the Boreal Zone and in upper Transition Zone. Moreover, it appears that Tnonticola more frequently occurs in meadows and marshes, while S. o. obscurus inhabits creek banks and moist woods, though too much dependence should not be placed on this habitat preference. Specimens examined. — Total number, 414, as follows: Arizona: Burro Creek (near head, altitude 9,000 feet). White Mountains, 1; Fly Park, Chiricahua Mountains, 4; Graham Mountains (altitude, 9,200 feet), 2; Huachuca Mountains, 1; Little Colorado River, White Moun- tains, 4; Mount Thomas (altitude, 9,500 to 11,000 feet). White Moun- tains, 12; Prieto Plateau (altitude, 9,000 feet, south end Blue Range), Greenlee County, 1; San Francisco Mountain (altitude, 8,000 to 11,000 feet) (type locality), 3; Springerville, 1; Stone Cabin Canyon (altitude, 8,500 feet), Santa Rita Mountains, 1; Summerhaven (altitude, 7,500 feet), Santa Catalina Mountains, 3; Spruce Creek, Tunitcha Moun- tains, 7; White River, Horseshoe Cienega (altitude, 8,300 feet), White Mountains, 5. British Columbia: Cascade (altitude 4,000 feet). 7*; Trail, 2.* Chihuahua: Sierra Madre (near (Guadalupe-y-Calvo), 5. Idaho: Albion, 1; Alturas (Sawtooth) Lake (type locality of dohsoni), 2; Bald Mountain Ranger Station (10 miles south Idaho City, altitude, 7,400 feet), Boise National Forest, 1; Cayuse Creek (10 miles north of Featherville), 1; Cedar Mountain (altitude, 4,000 feet), 3^ Coeur d'Alene, 2; Irwin (10 miles southeast), 5; McKinnis (7 miles east), Shoshone County, 2'; Mullan, 2; Nampa, 6'; New Meadows, 1; Nez- perce, 2; Osborne, 1; Pocatello, 1; Sawtooth City, 5; Seven Devils Mountains, 1 ; Swan Lake, 1 ; Tamarack, 1. Montana: Bass Creek (altitude 4,600 feet, northwest of Stevensvllle), 3; Big Snowy Mountains (altitude, 5,500 feet), 1; Big Snowy Mountains, Meagher County, 2 ; Corvallis, 5 ; Fish Creek, Glacier Park, 2 : Flathead Lake, 6; Florence, 16*; Nyack, 1; Prospect Creek (near Thomp- son), 4; Pryor Mountains, 5; Stevensvllle, 4; Stevensvllle (8 miles northeast), 2; Summit, Flathead County, 2; Thompson Pass, 2; Timber Creek (head), Big Snowy Mountains, 1 ; Tobacco Plains, 1. New Mexico: Chusca Mountains, 1; Copper Canyon, Magdalena Mountains, 3; Kingston, 1; Willow Creek (altitude, 8,000 feet), Mogollon Moun- tains, 3. *Nat. Mus. Canada. '^Mus. Vert. Zool., 1. I State Coll. Wash. s Mont. State Coll., 9. « D. R. Dickey coll., Pasadena, Calif. 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 113 Oregon: Anthouy, 55°; Austin, 1; Beech Creek, 6; Bourne, 7; Burns, 4; Cornucopia, 13"; Diamond, 2; Elgin, 2; Enterprise (25 miles north at Sled Springs, altitude, 4,600 feet), 4; Homestead (altitude, 1,800 feet), 1; Hot Lake, 2; Huntington (altitude, 2,100 feet), 1; Ironside (alti- tude, 4,000 feet), 8"; Jordan River (8 miles west of Jordan Valley), 1; Kamela, 2; Kieger Gorge, Steen Mountains, 3; Maury Mountains, 3; McEwen, 1; Meacham, 3; Meacham (10 miles west), 2; Pullman, 1; Rock Creek, Baker County, 1 ; Strawberry Butte, 1 ; Strawberry Moun- tains, 12; Wallowa Lake (altitude, 4,000 feet), 23; Wallowa Mountains south of Wallowa Lake (altitude, 8,100 feet), 1. Utah: Bear River (mouth of), 2; Midvale, 1; Ogden, 4; Provo (near shores of Utah Lake), 1; Salt Lake City, 1. Washington: Barron (altitude 5,000 feet), 2; Bauerman Ridge (east end near head Haig Creek, altitude 6.500 feet), Okanogan County, 1 Blewett Pass (2 miles south, altitude 3,000 feet), Kittitas County 3; Blue Mountains, 7°; Ely (altitude 1,000 feet), 1; Cedar Mountains 4'; Conconully, 1; Curlew (5 miles west, altitude 2,800 feet), 2 Dayton (21 miles southeast. Blue Mountains), 1; Ellensburg (altitude - 1,500 feet), 2; Entiat, Entiat River (20 miles from mouth), 2 Hidden Lakes (altitude 4,100 feet), Okanogan County, 1 ; Hompeg Falls Blue Mountains, 2"; Loomis (altitude 1,300 feet), 1; Marcus, 1 Marshall, 7; Metaline (9 miles north, altitude 2,600 feet), 2; Moses Lake (altitude 1,000 feet), 1; Odessa (6 miles east. Sylvan Lake), 4 Oroville (altitude 1,000 feet, Osoyoos Lake), 1; Prescott, 4"; Pullman 1 ; Rogersburg, 1 ; Sheep Mountain (Park Mountain, altitude 6,500 feet) 3; Snake River (road to Gap Hill, altitude 2,500 feet), 1'; Starbuck (altitude 645 feet), 3; Sullivan Lake (altitude 3,000 feet), 1; Twisp (altitude 1,600 feet), 1; Wallula, 1^; Wawawai (altitude 600 feet), 4°; Wawawai (5 miles northeast), 1; Yakima (10 miles west at Wiley City, altitude 2,000 feet), 4; Z Canyon, Pend Oreille County, 2. Wyoming: Apollinaris Spring, Yellowstone National Park. 1°; Bighorn Mountains (altitude 8,400-9,000 feet), 3; Cokeville (altitude 6,400 feet), 1; Mammoth Hot Springs, 1; Moran (Lake Emma Matilda), 2; Salt River (10 miles north of Afton, altitude 6,200 feet), 2' SOREX VAGRANS ORIZABAE Meeriam Orizaba Shrew (PL. 2, z) Sorex orisabae Merrlam, North Amer. Fauna No. 10, p. 71, December 31, 1895. Type specimen.— No. 53633, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection; $ adult (teeth moderately worn), skin and skull (skull broken in two through the orbital region) ; collected April 24, 1893, by E. W. Nelson. Type locality. — Mount Orizaba, altitude 9,500 feet on west slope, State of Puebla, Mexico. Geographic range. — Mountains of west-central Vera Cruz, west to central Michoacan, Mexico. (Fig. 11.) General characters. — About the size of Sorex v. vagrans, but a shade darker in summer pelage, skull relatively longer and narrower, molariform teeth heavier, and maxillary tooth row longer. Apparently smaller and a tone darker than 8. V. monticola, with shorter tail ; skull relatively narrower than in monticola, brain case expanding less abruptly anteriorly, maxillary tooth row a trifle longer, and unicuspidate teeth narrower. Color. — Winter pelage: Upper parts fuscous to nearly fuscous-black, slightly paling on the flanks; underparts smoke gray mixed and washed with light drab or between light drab and avellaneous; tail indistinctly bicolor, between estate Coll. Wash. " Univ. Mich., 2 0 D. R. Dickey coll., Pasadena, Calif. ^ Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 9 Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 42 ; Mus. Vert. ^ Mus. Vert. Zool. Zool.. 8. 114 NORTH AMERICAN FAUISrA [No. 51 mummy brown and sepia above, buffy brown below, darkening toward tip. Sum- mer pelage: Upper parts mummy brown, sometimes tending toward olive-brown paling on the sides and flanks ; underparts about as in winter, possibly a Ijttle more buffy ; tail as in winter. Skidl. — Medium in size; relatively the most elongate and narrowest of the species vagrans, maxillary tooth row long, molars relatively large (about as in ;S^. V. monticola), posterior emargination of second upper premolar relatively narrow and deep, unicuspidate teeth narrow (narrower than in monticola). Measurements.— TyvQ specimen (adult female) : Total length, 103; tail verte- brae, 38 ; hind foot. 13. Average of 3 adult males from type locality : Total length, 103.7 (98-109) ; tail vertebrae, 36.3 (81^0) ; hind foot, 12.8 (12.5-13.0). Adult female from Cofre de Perote, Vera Cruz, Mexico : Total length, 98 ; tail vertebrae, 33.5; hind foot, 13. Two adult femoles from north slope of Volcan Toluca, Mexico, Mexico : Total length, 98, 108 ; tail vertebrae, 35, 40 ; hind foot, 13, 14. Skull: Skulls of 2 adult males (teeth much worn) from type locality: Condylobasal length, 16.9; 16.5; palatal length, 6.6, 6.5; cranial breadth, 8.2, 8.0; interorbital breadth, 3.3. 3.4; maxillary breadth, 4.6, 4.6; maxillary tooth row, 6.0, 6.0. Skull of adult female (teeth moderately worn) from Cofre de Perote, Vera Cruz, Mexico; Condylobasal length, 16.5; palatal length, 6.5; cranial breadth, 7.8 ; interorbital breadth, 3.5 ; maxillary breadth, 4.6 ; maxillary tooth row, 6.0. Skulls of 2 adult females (teeth slightly worn) from north slope of Volcan Toluca, Mexico, Mexico : Condylobasal length, 17.2, 17.0 ; palatal length, 6.6, 6.5 ; cranial breadth, 8.0, 7.8 ; interorbital breadth, 3.5, 3.5 ; maxillary breadth, 4.8, 4.6; maxillary tooth row, 6.0, 6.1. Remarks. — The skulls of specimens from the north slope of Volcan Toluca, State of Mexico, Mexico, are a little larger than the typical skulls of S. V. orizahae that have been examined. A specimen from Cofre de Perote, State of Vera Cruz, and others from Nahuatzin, Michoacan, although differing for the most part in age from the series from the type locality, agi^ee well in all diagnostic characters. Some of the skulls from Mount Tancitaro, Michoacan, seem to be slightly flatter through the brain case than typical specimens. Speci7ne7is exannined. — Total number, 22, as follows: Mexico: Salazar, 2; Volcano Toluca (north slope), 3. Michoacan: Mount Tancitaro, 4; Nahuatzin, 3; Patamban, 1. Puebla: Mount Orizaba (type locality), 6. Tlaxcala: Mount Malinche, 2. Vera Cruz : Cofre de Perote, 1. SOREX DURANGAB Jackson Dtjbango Shbew (Pls. 2, a' ; 5, e; 6, h; 8, f) Sorex durangae Jackson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 38 : 127, November 13, 1925. Type specimen. — No. 94540, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection; S adult (teeth much worn), skin and skull; collected July 19, 1898, by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman. Original num- ber 12774. Type locality. — El Salto, Durango, Mexico. Geographic ra7ige. — Known only from type locality. (Fig. 11.) Diagnostic characters. — Larger and darker than Sorex ly. monticola; skull decidedly broader and heavier than that of S. ik orizahae or monticola, with more swollen lachrymal region, and heavier rostrum and dentition. Darker and more grayish than S. o. ohscurus, and differs cranially from any form of S. ohscurus in its peculiarly high and broad lachrymal region and the rela- tively narrow (lateral diameter) and deep posterior emargination of the molars. Color. — Winter pelage: Unknown. Summer pelage: Upper parts fuscous-black scantily flecked and grizzled with whitish hair-tips, scarcely paling on the 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 115 sides ; general tone of uuderparts hair brown tending somewhat tow?ird gray- ish ; tail indistinctly bicolor, olive-brown above, buffy brown below darkening a trifle toward tip. Skull. — Medium in size (about that of S. o. ob.^curus), rather broad inter- orbitally, moderately flattened through brain case, with relatively high rostrum, broad and high lachrymal region, somewhat heavy dentition with the posterior emargination of molars relatively deep (antero-posteriorly) and narrow (laterally). Measurements. — Type si^cimen (adult male): Total length, 112; tail ver- tebrae, 50; hind foot, 13 (measured from dry skin by the writer). Skull: Type specimen (adult male; teeth much worn): Condylobasal length, 17.1; palatal length, 6.7 ; cranial breadth, 8.4 ; interorbital breadth, 3.7 ; maxillary breadth, 5.0 ; maxillary tooth row, 6.3. Remarks. — The type specimen and a topotype of S. durangae., the only two specimens seen, are both fully adult and have their teeth too worn for satisfactory study. With only this scant material it is impossible to determine the relationship of this form to either S. va- grans or S. obscwus. Although in many respects similar to /S. ohscu- rus it seems hardly probable that it is directly connected with that species. Nor is there evidence of connection with S. vagrans, although specimens of /S. v. monticola have been examined from as far south as Sierra Madre near Guadalupe-y-Calvo, Chihuahua. It seems pos- sible, however, that specimens from the region between that locality and the type region of S. durangae may show intergradation between monticola and S, durangae. Specime^is examined. — ^Two, from the type locality. SOREX OBSCURUS Merriam [Synonymy under subspecies] Geographic range. — ^Western and north-central Alaska southeast- erly through British Columbia and Alberta, Washington, and western Oregon, in the mountains to southern California (latitude 34° north), and through Idaho, western Montana, western Wyoming, and western Colorado, southern Utah, and southern New Mexico. (Fig. 12.) Diagnostic characters. — Size larger than Sorex vagrans, decidedly smaller than S. yaquinae or S. pacificus. Skull larger, broader, particularly interor- bitally and through rostrum, and palate longer than in S. vagrans; superior border of foramen magnum tending to be less acute; teeth larger, the pro- toconid of nu higher than in S. vagrans, relatively and actually broader unicuspids, and larger i.^ Lachrymal region of skull much more depressed, and relatively and actually narrower than in S. durangae, the molars more broadly (lateral diameter) and less deeply emarginate posteriorly. Subspecies and geographic variation. — The species ohscurus is divided into 13 subspecies : ohscurus, neomexicanus, parvidens, shmnaginensis, alascensis, malitiosus, elassodon, longicauda, prevostensis, isolatus, setosus, permiliensis, and bairdi. Passing directly northward from the type region of S. ohscurus (Idaho), there is very little variation, even as far north as western Alaska; toward the south from the type region the characters also remain constant ex- cept in southern New Mexico, where a noticeable increase in size is recognizable in neomexicanus. Southwestward through the Sierra Nevada of California, the representatives of the species are almost identical with those from the type region, but in the San Bernardino Mountains decrease in size associated with a flattened cranium and small teeth is recognized in parvidens. Westward from the type region there is a gradual increase in size of the animal and the length of tail through setosus into longicauda and related Alaska forma shmnaginensis, alascensis, malitiosus, elassodon, and prevostensis on the north, and permiliensis and Mirdi toward the south. On Vancouver Island, British Columbia, the species becomes smaller and a shade darker again in the form isolatus. 116 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 Time of molting. — The earliest spring molt indicated in material examined is in specimens of S. o. elassodon from Admiralty Island, Alaska, where several are in process of molt the last week of April, and 1 has complete summer pelage, May 3. What appears to be a delayed molt occurs in three males from this Fig 12. — Geographic range of the species Sorex ohscurus same locality, which still show traces of winter fur August 2 and 4. Of 15 specimens collected between May 14 and 26, 1903, on Prince of Wales Island, Alaska, 9 are in complete summer fur, while 6 retain a major portion of the winter fur, 2 of the latter having been collected as late as May 25 and 26. 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 117 Of 11 specimens of S. o. ohscurus collected between May 31 and June 17, 1919, at Telegraph Creek, British Columbia, all have acquired complete summer pelage except a male collected June 17, which retains patches of winter fur on the rump, flanks, and shoulders. A female of S. o. neomcxicanus is in full fresh summer pelage May 31, 1900, at Oloudcroft, N. Mex., while another with same date and locality has fresh summer fur except for a patch of winter pelage on the rump. The majority of specimens of this species have full summer pelage by the first week of June, although molt may sometimes be delayed until late in June or early in July. The winter fur is usually acquired during September, and by the middle of October the majority of specimens of S. ohscm-us, whether in the northern or southern part of the range of the species, are in winter pelage. All of 7 speci- mens of /Sf. 0. obsctirus collected September 7 to 9, 1903, at Athabaska River, Alberta, appear on first glance to be in full summer pelage, but examination shows 6 of them to have the winter fur coming in under the summer. Two individuals of 8. o. ohscurus from Glen Aulin, Yosemite National Park, Calif., have the new v^'inter pelage well advanced over the back, October 2 and 3, 1915. Of 41 specimens of *S'. o. shumaginensis collected at Tyonek, Cook Inlet, Alaska, between September 13 and 20, 1900, 20 still retain full summer fur, 13 show early stages of molt, while 8 have the winter fur well advanced or nearly com- plete. Of these 8 none was taken prior to September 17. SOREX OBSCURUS OBSCURUS Merriam Dusky Shrew (Pls. 2, b' ; 5, f ; 6, I ; 8, g ; 11, I ; 12, k ; 13, g) Sorex vagrans similis Merriam, North Amer. Fauna No. 5, p. 34, July 31, 1891. (Not 8. similis Hensel, Zeitschr. der Deutsch. Geolog. Gesellsch. 7: 459, 1855, qui Neomys similis.) 8orex obscurus Merriam, North Amer. Fauna No. 10, p. 72, December 31, 1895, New name for 8. vagrans similis Merriam. 8orex ohscurus obscurus Miller, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bui. 79, p. 15, December 31, 1912. Type specimen. — No. f^ffi, U. S. ^Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection; 2 adult (teeth slightly worn), skin and skull; collected August 26, 1890, by Vernon Bailey and B. H. Dutcher. Original number 1670 (Bailey catalogue). Type locality. — Near Timber Creek, altitude 8,200 feet, Salmon River Mountains (now Lemhi Mountains), 10 miles west of Junction, Lemhi County, Idaho. Geographic range. — Central Alaska, southeasterly through north- ern and eastern British Columbia, southwestern Northwest Terri- tories, Alberta, extreme southwestern Saskatchevv^an, eastern Wash- ington, Idaho, western Montana, western Colorado, south to southern Utah and north-central New Mexico. (Fig. 13.) Diagnostic characters. — Size rather small for the species obscurus, with rela- tively short tail, and medium hind foot. Skull small, with medium-sized rostrum, and moderate dentition. Somewhat similar to 8. o. setosus but paler, with relatively and actually shorter tail, and average smaller hind foot ; skull averaging slightly smaller than that of setosus, very slightly less constricted interorbitally, with average smaller molariform teeth. Externally similar to >S. o. pamidens, the skull broader both mastoidally and interorbitally, molari- form teeth usually less deeply emarginate posteriorly, the unicuspids broader, and the first incisors larger. Darker than /S. o. shum^iginensis, tending less toward a tricolor pattern, the skull less depressed orbitally, and on the average with rather longer palate, broader and less attenuate rostrum. Similar in color to ySf. o. alascensis, but slightly smaller, with decidedly smaller hind foot; skull smaller than that of alascensis with narrower rostrum and brain case, and weaker dentition. Different in color and much smaller than either 8. o. longi- Cauda or 8. o. bairdi, with shorter tail and much smaller hind foot; skull cor- 118 2SrORTH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 Fig. 13. — Geographic range of Sorese obseunts oisc-urus, S. o. neom&oicanus, S. o. parvidcns, 8. o. shumaginensia, and S. o. alasccnsis 1. S. o. obscurus. 2. 8. 0. neomexicanua. 3. /S. 0. parvidens. 4. 8. 0. shumaginensis. 5. 8. 0. alascensis. respondingly smallei* in all proportions. About the size of S. o. isolatus, but paler, particularly on ventral parts; skull less constricted iuterorbitally than that of isolatus, with heavier dentition, especially the unicuspidate teeth and incisors. Smaller than S. o. neomexicanus, with smaller, narrower skull. Simi- lar to 8. V. monticola, but with average longer tail and larger foot, longer and heavier rostrum, and larger teeth. 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 119 Color. — Winter pelage: Upper parts most nearly hair brown, or between hair brown and chaetura drab, more or less mixed with deep neutral gray of base of hairs, becoming rather paler on the sides and grading into color of under- parts ; underparts pale smoke gray, sometimes mure or less silvery, frequently tinged with pale pinkish buff; tail bicolor, usually olive-brown or between olive- brown and hair brown above, avellaneous to nearly pinkish buff below nearly to tip. Surmner pelage: Distinctly more brownish (less grayish) than in winter pelage. Upper parts usually between olive-brown and buffy brown, more nearly olive-brown, tending very slightly toward Saccardo's umber, rarely toward hair brown or drab ; color of upper parts extending well down on sides and gradually blending with color of the underparts ; underparts smoke gray to pale smoke gray, in most cases more or less tinged with avellaneous to pale pinkish buff or pale olive-buff ; tail about as in winter. Skull. — Relatively small for the species ohscurus (about the size of that of 8. 0. parvidens, 8. o. shumaginensis, and /S. o. isolatus) ; brain case moderately broad and flattened, rostrum medium, dentition moderate. Less constricted in- terorbitally than that of either parvidens or isolatus wath heavier dentition, particularly the unicuspids and incisors ; cranium broader and less flattened than in parvidens. Somewhat smaller than that of 8. o. setosus, very slightly less constricted interorbitally, with smaller molariform teeth. Distinctly smaller and weaker than that of 8. o. neomexicanus, 8. o. alascensis, or 8. o. longicauda. Measurements. — Type specimen (adult female) : Total length, 111; tail verte- brae, 46 ; hind foot, 13. Average of 4 adult males from Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, Wyo. : Total length, 110.3 (108-113); tail verte- brae, 45.8 (44-47) ; hind foot, 12.9 (12.7-13). Average of 5 adult males from mountains near Eagle, Alaska: Total length, 115 (109-119); tail vertebrae, 45.6 (40-49); hind foot, 13.3 (13-13.5). Two from Mount Whitney, Calif.: Total length, 103, 119; tail vertebrae, 43, 49; hind foot, 13, 13. Skull: Type specimen (adult female; teeth slightly worn) : Condylobasal length, 17.1 ; palatal length, 7.0 ; cranial breadth, 8.3 ; interorbital breadth, 3.7 ; maxillary breadth, 4.8; maxillary tooth row, 6.2. Skulls of 2 adult females (teeth slightly worn) from type locality: Condylobasal length, 17.3, 16.9; palatal length, 7.0, 6.8; cranial breadth, 8.4, 8.2; interorbital breadth, 3.7, 3.8; maxillary breadth, 4.9, 5.0; maxillary tooth row, 6.4, 6.2. Average of 4 skulls of adult males (teeth slightly worn) from Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, Wyo.: Condylobasal length, 16.8 (16.4-17.2) ; palatal length, 6.9 (6.8-7.0) ; cranial breadth, 8.4 (8.2-8.5) ; interorbital breadth, 3.7 (3.7-3.7) ; maxillary breadth, 5.0 (4.9-5.1) ; maxillary tooth row, 6.2 (6.0-6.3). Average of 5 skulls of adult males (teeth slightly worn) from mountains near Eagle, Alaska: Condylobasal length, 17.2 (16.6-17.6) ; palatal length, 6.8 (6.7-6.9) ; cranial breadth, 8.4 (8.4^-8.5) ; interorbital breadth, 3.7 (3.7-3.7) ; maxillary breadth, 5.0 (4.9-5.2) ; maxillary tooth row, 6.1 (6.0-6.3). Skulls of 2 adult females (teeth slightly worn) from Mount Whitney, Calif.: Condylobasal length, 16.7, 16.9; palatal length, 6.7, 6.7 ; cranial breadth 8.4, 8.3 ; interorbital breadth, 3.8, 3.7 ; maxillary breadth, 5.0, 4.9 ; maxillary tooth row, 6.1, 6.0. Remarks. — The dusky shrew was first recognized by Merriam (1891, p. 34) under the name Sorex vagrans similis. The name Sorex ^imilis, however, had been previously used by Hensel (1855, p. 459) for a shrew from bone deposits at Cagliari, Sardinia. Later Merriam (1895, p. 72) renamed his Idaho form Sorex ohscurus. Like most other shrews, S. o. obscurus shows considerable individual variation, but the constancy of its general characters as a whole is truly surprising. It has an extensive latitudinal range throughout the Rocky Mountains from north-central Alaska south to central New Mexico and to the southern end of the Sierra Nevada in Cali- fornia, and specimens from extreme parts of the range match almost perfectly in essential characters. Specimens from many localities in western British Columbia indicate intergradation between S. o, obscu7^s and S. o. setosm. Thus specimens from Hope, British Columbia, which the writer has referred to S. o. ohscurus can, with almost equal propriety, be called S. o. setosus. Some of the specimens 120 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 from Hazeiton and vicinity have larger skulls and longer rostra than in typical ohscurus,' and, in fact, certain specimens from as far inland in British Columbia as Nelson show a tendency toward setosus in size of skulls. Skulls from Tanana, Alaska, are essentially like those of typical ohscm^s. The single skin from Tanana, however, shows in its winter pelage a tendency toward the color of S. o. shvmiagineTi- sis. Specimens from Wells, Chilkat Valley, Alaska, although refer- able to the subspecies ohsewus, show an approach toward S. a. alascensis. Certain specimens from the Cheonee Mountains, British Columbia, however, are noticeably inclined toward alascensis in cranial characters. Some of the specimens from southern Colorado and northern New Mexico show a slight approach toward S. o. neofnexicanus, but it is not pronounced. /Specimens exa^mned. — Total number, 1,082, as follows: Alaska: Alatna, 1; Bettles, 5; Eagle (mountains near), 18; Richardson (Tanana River), 8; Savage River, 8; Tanana, 1; Toklat River (liead of), 11; Wells, Chilkat Valley, 5"; Yukon River (20 miles above Circle), 1. Alberta: Athabaska River (30 miles above Athabaska Landing), 7; Aiha- baska River (Swift Current), 2; Cavell Greek (mouth, altitude, 4,000 feet, Jasper Park), 1"; Crows Nest Pass, 9^^; Henry House, 2; Henry House (15 miles south of), 5; Moose Mountain, 1^'; Muskeg Creek (20 miles from mouth), 7; Red Deer River, 1''; Rodent Valley (25 miles west of Henry House), 1; Shovel Pass (altitude 7,500 feet), 4"; Smoky Valley (50 miles north of Jasper House), 1; Stony River (35 miles north of Jasper House), 1; Sulphur Prairie (Grand Cache River), 3; Waterton Lakes Park, 51." British Columbia: Babine Mountains (6 miles north of Babine Trail, alti- tude 5,200 feet), 1; Barkerville, 7; Bear Lake (site of Fort Connolly), 2; Bennett City, 6; Big Salmon River (south branch, near Canyon), 1; Caribou Lake (near Kamloops), 2; Chapa-atan River (mountains near, a head branch of Stikine River), 4; Cheonee Mountains, 3"; Cran- ■ brook, 3"; Cranbrook (altitude 2,950-3,000 feet), 14"; Doch-da-on Creek, Stikine River, 1 " ; Doch Don Creek, Stikine River, 1 ^^ ; Douglas, 3"; Pernie, 1"; Field, 3"*; Flood Glacier, Stikine River, 1"; Fort Grahame, 3; Glacier, 13"; Glenora (above timber line), 1; Glenora, Stikine River, 3"; Golden, 1; Hazeiton, 24''; Hope, 12"; Hudsons Hope, 2; Junction (4 miles north of Telegraph Creek), 7; Kispiox Val- ley (23 miles north Hazeiton), 6'*; Klappan River Valley (20 miles above mouth of Klappan River), 1; Klappan River Valley (Tset-ee-yeh River), 1; Level Mountain, 4"; Little Tahltan River, 1"; McDame Creek (Dease River, Quartz Creek, altitude 3,500 to 3,600 feet), 3; McDame Post, Dease River, 6; Mica Mountain (altitude 5,000 feet), 1"; Midway, 1"; Monishee, 1'^; Moose River (north fork), 1; Moose Lake, 2; Moose Pass, 1; Myers Creek, 1"; Nelson, 9"; Nelson (6 miles south. Silver King Mine), 6; Nine-mile Mountain (altitude 4,500 feet, northeast of Hazeiton), 11"; Okanagan, 9'°; Okanagan Lake (west side, altitude 2,500 to 3,000 feet), 2; Okanagan Lake (9 miles west, alti- tude 5,000 feet), 1; Raspberry Creek, 10^*; Salmon River (mouth of), 2"; Sawmill Lake (near Telegraph Creek), 5"; Second Summit (Skagit River, altitude 5,000 feet), 3"; Sicamous, 1; Similkameen River (3 miles east of, 5 miles north of U. S. boundary), 1; Skagit, 1"; Telegraph Creek, 3"; Telegraph Creek (summit, altitude 3,600 feet), 1; Wall Lake, 1; Wilson Creek (Atlin), 1"; Yellowhead Lake, 2 "' " D. R. Dickey coll., Pasadena, Calif. ^ Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1 ; Amer. " Nat. Mus. Canada. Mus. Nat. Hist, 7. ^ Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 2 ; Nat. ^ Nat. Mus. Canada, 2 ; Mus. Vert. Zool., Mus. Canada, 7. 21. "Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. ^» Mus. Comp. Zool. " Provincial Mus. British Columbia. =^ Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. IS C. B. Garrett coll., Cranbrook, British ^ Provincial Mus. British Columbia, 5 : Columbia, 4. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3. "• Mus. Vert. Zool. =^ Nat. Mus. Canada, 1. '"Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1. 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 121 California: Big Pine Creek (10 miles west Big Pine, Sierra Nevada, alti- tude 8,000 feet, Inyo County), 1"; Bishop Creek (Sierra Nevada, alti- tude 6,600 to 7,000 feet), 5; BuUfrog Lake (altitude 10,600 feet), Fresno County, 4""; Cottonwood Lakes, 1"; Donner (altitude 7,900 feet), 1; Echo, Eldorado County (altitude 7,000 feet), 4"^; Fletcher Creek (near Vogelsang Lake, Yo.semite Park), 1"; Gem Lake, Mono County, 1"; Gilmore Lake, Mount Tallac, 1"; Glen Aulin (Tuolumne River, Yosemite Park, altitude 7,700 feet), 4"; Greenville (8 miles northwest), 1 ; Horse Corral Meadows, Fresno Coimty, 3 ; Horse Corral Meadows ( Fresno County, altitude 7,600 feet ) , 1 *" ; Independence Lake, 4 " ; Indian Canyon (east fork, altitude 7,300 feet), Mariposa County, 4^®; Jordan Hot Springs, Sierra Nevada, Tulare County, 1"; Kaweah River (east fork), 7; Kearsarge Pass (Sierra Nevada, altitude 6,000 feet), 1"; Kern Lakes, 1; Kern River (north fork, altitude 9,600 feet. Sierra Nevada), 1; Kem River (south fork), 4; Kings River Canyon, Fresno County (altitude 5,000 feet), 4"; Lake Tenaya, 5; Little Brush Meadow, Tulai-e County, 4 " ; Little Cottonwood Creek, Sierra Nevada, Inyo County, 2^°; Little Onion Valley, Sierra Nevada, 1"; Lone Pine Creek (altitude 4,500 feet), Inyo County, 2"; Lyell Canyon (head of, altitude 9,800 to 10,800 feet), Yosemite National Park, 5''; Mammoth, Mono County, 23^; McCloud River, 1; Merced Lake (1 mile east), Yosemite National Park (altitude 7,400 to 7,500 feet), 7"; Mineral King, Sierra Nevada, 2; Moltkes Meadows (altitude 9,000 feet), Sierra Nevada, 1; Mono Meadow (near, Yosemite National Park), 7^*; Mount Dana, 5; Mount Hoffman (near), 1"; Mount Lyell, 11; Mount Tallae, 1*; Mount Whitney (altitude 10,500 feet), 2^^: Mount Whitney (head of Big Cottonwood Creek), 5 ; Mount Whitney (Whitney Creek), 4^; Mount Whitney (Whitney Meadows), 1^^; Mount Whitney (Whitney Meadows, altitude 9,700 feet),l; Onion Valley (altitude 8,500 feet. Sierra Nevada), 7"; Phillips, Eldorado County, 1^'; Pine City, Mono County, 3*; Porcupine Flat (altitude 8,100 feet), Yosemite National Park. 14"; Pyramid Peak, Eldorado County, 1^*; Round Valley, 1; San Joaquin River (altitude 8,000 feet, Sierra Nevada), 4; Sequoia National Park (Halstead Meadows), 4; Silver Lake, 2"; Summit, 1; Tuolumne Meadows (Yo.semite National Park, alti- tude 8,600 feet), 15"; Tuolumne Meadows (Muir Meadow, altitude 9.300 feet), 1; Tuolumne Meadows (Mount Unicorn), 1; Tuolumne Meadows (north base Mount Lyell). 8; Tuolumne Meadows (Soda Springs), 4; Twin Lakes. Tulare County (head of north fork of Kaweah River). 1"; Vogelsang Lake (altitude 10.350 feet), Yosemite National Park, 3"; Warren Fork. Mono County (altitude 9,200 feet), 5"; Whitney Creek, Tulare County, 1"; Williams Butte, Mono County, 2". Colorado: Almont, 2; Baxter Pass (altitude 8,500 feet), 2; Black Hawk, 1; Boulder, 3; Boulder (5 miles west. 5,600 feet), 3; Boulder County, 6; Buchanan Pass, Boulder County, 1 ; Colorado Springs ( Hunters Creek, a tributary of Bear Creek, altitude 7,250 to 7,400 feet) , 1 '' ; Crested Butte, 1"; Eldora, 1; Fort Garland, 2; Gores Range, 1; Hermit, 1; Lake Moraine, El Paso County, 1 ^' ; Longs Peak (at timberline) , 1 ; Monshower Meadows (27 miles west Saguache, 3 miles east Coehotope Pass), 2,; Mount McClellan (altitude, 11,000 feet), 2; Navajo River, 6'*; Neder- land, 8'^; Poudre (by river), 1^^; Rabbit Ear Mountains (Arapahoe Pass), 2; St. Elmo (altitude, 10,100 feet), 2; SUver Lake, Boulder County, 5'"; Silverton, 4; Uncompaghre Plateau (altitude, 8,500 feet), 3; Upper Navajo River, 1'"; Ward (altitude, 9,500 feet), 1. Idaho: Bald Mountain Ranger Station (10 miles south Idaho City, alti- tude, 7,400 feet), 2; Cabinet Mountains (east Priest Lake), 2; Lemhi Mountains (type locality), 7; Pahsimeroi Mountains, 1; Preuss Moun- tains, 1; Priest Lake. 4; Trude (4 miles south, altitude, 6,500 feet), IJ" Montana: Bass Creek (northwest of Stevensville. altitude 4.000 feet), 1; Bear Paw Mountains (20 miles southeast of Fort Assiniboine), 2; Beartooth Mountains (at timberline), 2; Big Belt Mountains (Camas i« Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. ^9 D. R. Dickey coll., 2. ^» Mus. Vert. Zool. ^o Colorado Mus. Nat. Hist. 23 Mus. Comp. Zool. a Acad. Nat. Sol. Philadelphia, 2. " D. R. Dickey coll. ^ Kans. Univ. Mus. ^ Field Mus. Nat. Hist. 122 NORTH AMERICAISr FAUNA [No. 51 Creek, 4 miles south of Fort Logan), 7; Big Snowy Mountains (15 miles south of Heath, north fork Flat Willow Creek), 1; Buffalo (13 miles west Buffalo Canyon), 2; Corvallis, 2; Emigrant Gulch (3 miles southeast Chico), 2; Fish Creek, Glacier Park, 2; Florence, 1; Gunsight Lake, Glacier Park, 2; Highwood Mountains, 13; Lewistown (7 miles northeast, Judith Mountains), 1; Little Belt Mountains (Dry Wolf Creek, 20 miles southwest of Stanford), 1; Little Belt Mountains (Neihart), 1; Little Belt Mountain (Otter Creek, 10 miles southwest of Geyser), 1; Little Belt Mountain (Sheep Creek, 16 miles north White Sulphur Springs), 1; Moccasin Mountains (5 miles northwest of Hilger), 3; McDermit Lake, 1; Ruhy Mountains, 4; St. Mary Lakes, 10^^; Stevensville (8 miles northeast), 3; Sula, 1; Upper Stillwater Lake, 1; Ward Peak (Madison National Forest), 1; West Gallatin River (west fork), 4; Yellowstone, 1"; Zortman, 1. New Mexico: Jemez Mountains (head Santa Clara Creek, altitude 9,000 feet), 2; Jemez Mountains (Valle Sante Rosa, altitude 8,500 feet), 1; Manzano Mountains (east slope, near south end), 2; Pecos Baldy (altitude 11,000 to 11,700 feet), 4; Red River (3 miles north of, altitude 10,700 feet), 2; Taos (altitude 7,400 feet), 1; Twining (5 miles south of, altitude 9,800 to 12,500 feet), 5. Northwest Territories: Fort Resolution, Mission Island, 1; Fort Simpson, 4 ^° ; Nahanni River Mountains, Mackenzie River, 1. Oregon: Anthony, 2^*; Wallowa Lake, 1; Wallowa Mountains (south of Wallowa Lake, altitude 8,500 feet), 1. Saskatchewan: Cypress Hills (north edge of, 30 miles south of Maple Creek), 13". Utah: Beaver Mountains (Puffer Lake), 2; Currant Creek, Uinta Forest,!; Fish Lake Plateau. 2; La Sal Mountains (altitude 11,000 feet), 1; Manti, 3; Parowau Mountains (Brian Head), 2; Pine Valley Mountains (altitude 8,300 feet), 10; Wasatch Mountains (summit, altitude 7,000 feet), 1. Washington: Bauerman Ridge (west end. at Tungsten Mine, Okanogan County, altitude 6,800 feet), 1; Conconully, 2; Easton, 10; Entiat (20 miles up Entiat River), 1; Lake Chelan (head), 4; Pasayten River (near mouth east fork, altitude 3,900 feet), 1; Round Top Mountain, 2 '° ; Stehekin, 4 ; Wenatchee, 1 ; Yakima Indian Reservation, Signal Peak (altitude 4,000 feet), 4. Wyoming: Afton (10 miles north. Salt River), 1; Afton (10 miles south- east. Salt River Mountains), 5; Astringent Creek, Yellowstone Na- tional Park, 1; Bear Creek (3 miles southwest of Eagle Peak, altitude 7,500 feet), 6; Beartooth Lake, 15; Big Horn Mountains (west slope, head of Trappers Creek, altitude 8,500 feet), 6; Black Mountain (northeast base, Pat O'Hara Creek), 12; Black Rock Creek (2 miles west of Pass), 2; Bridgers Pass, 2; Bronx, Fremont County, 2^ Casper Mountains (7 miles south of Casper, altitude 6,000 feet), 6 Evanston, 1; Ferris Mountains (altitude 7,800 to 8,500 feet), 13 Flat Mountain, Yellowstone National Park, 1 ; Green Mountains (8 miles east of Rongis. altitude 8,000 feet), 4; Jackeys Creek (3 miles south of Dubois), 1; Laramie Peak (north slope, altitude 8,000 to 8,800 feet), 7; La Barge Creek (altitude 9,000 feet), 1; Mammoth Hot Springs, 11; Moran, 7; Needle Mountain (altitude 10,000 feet), 2; Pacific Creek, 3; Pahaska (mouth of Grinnell Creek), 15; Pahaska (Grinnell Creek, altitude 7,000 to 7,500 feet), 18; Pahaska Tepee (north Grinnell Creek, altitude 6,300 feet), 8; Rattlesnake Mountains (altitude 7,000 to 7,500 feet), 18; Shirley Mountains (altitude 7,600 feet), 7; Sierra Madre Mountains (altitude 8,800 feet, south base Bridger Peak), 3; Springhill (12 miles north of Laramie Peak, altitude 6,300 feet), 10; Stanley (3 miles west, altitude 8,000 to 8,500 feet), 3; Surveyors Park (12 miles northeast of Pinedale, altitude 8,000 feet), "Nat. Mus. Canada. "Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1. 23 Mus. Comp. Zool. ^ Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1 ; Mus. Vert. 2" Nat. Mus. Canada, 1. Zool., 1. ^D. R. Dickey coll. == State Coll. Wash. 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 123 2; Teton Mountains (Moose Creek, altitude 6,800 feet), 9; Teton Moun- tains (south of Moose Creek, altitude 10.000 foot), 3; Teton Pass (above Fish Creek, altitude 7,200 feet), 15; Tower Falls, Yellowstone National Park. 1 ; Valley (Ahsaroka Mountains, altitude 7,000 to 7,500 feet), 14; Willow Park, Yellowstone National Park, 2; Woods Post Office, 1. Yukon: Teslin Lake (near, Teslin Post), 1." SOREX OBSCURUS NEOMEXICANUS Baii.ey New Mexican Dusky Shrew (Pl. 2, c') Sorex o'bscurus neomexicanus Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 26: 133, May 21, 1913. Type specimen. — No. 100440, U. S. Nat. Miis., Biological SurA^ey collection; $ old adult (teeth moderatelv worn), skin and skull; collected May 29, 1900, by Vernon Bailey. ' Tyjje locality. — Cloudcroft, altitude 9,000 feet in the Sacramento Mountains, Otero County, N. Mex. Geographic range. — Mountains of south-central New Mexico. (Fig. 13.) Diagnostic characters. — Similar to Sorex o. obsciirus in size and color, possibly a trifle darker; skull larger and heavier than that of 8. o. ohscurus, much broader iuterorbitally and through brain case, with decidedly heavier dentition. Color. — Winter pelage: Unknown. Summer pelage: Essentially like corre- sponding pelage of S. o. ohscurus, possibly averaging a tritie darker. Upper parts fuscous to olive-bi-own, the color of the upiJer parts extending, slightly paler, well down over the sides ; undei*i>arts smoke gray heavily tinged with avellaneous to light buff; tail indistinctly bicoloi-, olive-brown above, avellaneous to wood brown or almost bulfy brown below, nearly to tip. Skull. — Moderate in length, relatively rather broad, with heavy dentition. Maxillary tooth row lS*. o. ohscurios, with on the average somewhat shorter palate, rather narrower and more attenuate rostrum ; more depressed orbitally, the brain case usually higher and rising more abruptly in the frontal region, dentition weaker. Smaller and paler than S. o. alascensis ; skull smaller than that of alascensis, with shorter palate, narrower rostrum, and weaker dentition. Color. — Winter pelage: Essentially like the winter pelage of S. o. obscurus. Summer pelage: Paler than corresponding pelage of S. o. obscurus, and tend- ing toward a tricolor pattern, the sides buffy, paler than the upper parts, darker and more buify than the underparts. Upper parts between olive-brown and buffy brown, slightly tending toward Saccardo's umber ; sides, from the cheeks to the thighs, between wood brown and avellaneous, more nearly avel- laneous ; underparts pale smoke gray, sometimes tinged with pale olive-buff ; tail as in 8. o. obscurus. ^kull. — About the size of that of S. o. obscurus, with shorter palate, some- what narrower and more attentuate rostrum ; more depressed and constricted interorbitally, the brain case usually higher and rising more abruptly in the frontal region ; dental pigmentation dark and intense ; molariform teeth averag- ing smaller than in (S'. o. obscurus. Skull smaller than that of .S'. o. alascensi.9, with shorter and narrower palate, narrower and more attenuate rostrum ; relatively narrower interorbitally, with weaker dentition. Measurements. — Type specimen (adult male) : Total length, 112; tail verte- brae, 42 ; hind foot, 14. Average of 6 adult males from King Cove, Alaska : Total length, 112.7 (107-118) ; tail vertebrae, 48.3 (45-52) ; hind foot, 13.8 (13-14). Skull: Type specimen (adult male; teeth slightly worn): Condy- lobasal length, 17.3 ; palatal length, 6.5 ; cranial breadth, 8.7 ; interorbital breadth. 3.6 ; maxillary breadth, 4.9 : maxillary tooth row. 6.0. Average of 5 skulls of adult males (teeth very slightly worn) from type locality: Condy- lobasal length, 17.4 (17.1-17.8) : palatal length, 6.6 (6.4-6.8) ; cranial breadth, 8.4 (8.3-8.5) ; interorbital breadth, 3.6 (3.5-3.7) ; maxillary breadth, 4.9 (4.8-5.0); maxillary tooth row. 6.1 (6.0-6.2). Average of 6 skulls of adult male.'^ (teeth slightly worn) from King Cove, Alaska: Condylobasal length. 16.8 (16.7-17.0) : palatal length, 6.5 (6.4-6.6) ; cranial breadth, 8.6 (8.5-8.7) ; interorbital bre:ulth. 3.5 (3.4^3.7) ; maxillary breadth, 4.8 (4.6-4.9) ; maxillary tooth row, 5.9 (5.8-6.0). Remarks. — In summer pelage, S. o. sfmtnaginensis in its typical form is readily separable from S. o. ohsourufi by its color; there are also good cranial differences. Specimens from Tyonek and Hope on Cook Inlet, Alaska, show an approach toward S. o. ohscunis or /S. o. 126 NORTH AMERICAlSr FAUNA [No. 51 alascensis in that some of them have skulls that have rather longer rostra than in typical shmimginensis^ and are less depressed orbitally and have their brain cases more flattened. They approach the sub- species obscurus more nearly than they do alascensis, and probably represent intergrades between S. o. ohseitrus and shumaginensis. Five alcoholic specimens with imperfect skulls from Nulato, Alaska, and a similar specimen from St. Michael are provisionally referred to S. o. shwtnagiriensis. Specimens examined. — Total number, 381, as follows: Alaska: Alaska Peninsula, 6^"; Aniak, 1; Barabori, Kenai Peninsula, 1'°; Becharof Lake, 8 ; Bethel, 7 ; Caribou Camp, Kenai Peninsula, 7 ^'' ; Chignik, 6; Cold Bay, 14; Dillingham, 1; Ekwok, 1; Frosty Peak (east base), Alaska Peninsula, 15; Good News Bay, 1; Homer, 1^"; Hope, 15 ; Hope (mountains near), 13 ; Kakhtul River, 5 ; Kakwok, 3 ; Kakwok River (80 miles up), 1; Kanatak, Portage Bay, 4; Katmai, 1^°; Kenai Mountains. 37 ^° ; Kenai Peninsula, 24 ^^ ; King Cove, 22 ; Kuskokwim River (200 miles above Bethel, Crooked Creek), 1^^; Lake Aleknagik, 6; Moose Camp, Kenai Peninsula, 3^"; Morzhovoi Bay, 7; MoUer Bay, 1; Nome River, 2 '%• Nulato, 5; Nushagak, 15; Nushagak (25 miles above, Nushagak River), 1; Nushagak River, 1; Popof Island (type locality), 3; Russian Mission, 1"; Sand Point, Popof Island, 45^'; St. Michaels, 1 ; Sawtooth Mountains, 2 ; Seldovia, 24 ^^ ; Sheep Creek, 14^'; Skwentna River (Mountain Climber Road House), 1; Tyonek, 48 ; Ugagik River, Alaska Peninsula, 3 ; Unga, 2 ; Unga Island, 1. SOREX OBSCURUS ALASCENSIS Merriam Alaskan Dusky Shrew (PL. 3, B) Eorex obscurus alascensis Merriam, North Amer. Fauna No. 10, p. 76, Decem- ber 31, 1895. Sorex glacialis Merriam, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci. 2 : 16, March 14, 1900. Type locality : Point Gustavus, east side of entrance to Glacier Bay, Alaska. S[orex] alascensis Merriam, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci. 2: 18, March 14, 1900. ISorex] [glacialis] alascensis Elliot, Field Columb. Mus. Publ. 45 (zool. series 2) : 372, 1901. Sorex alascensis alascensis Miller, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bui. 79, p. 16, December 31, 1912. Type specimen. — No. 73539, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection; 2 adult (teeth slightly worn), skin and skull; collected July 10, 1895, by C. P. Streator. Type locality. — Yakutat, Alaska. Geographic range. — Coast region of Alaska from southern part of Kenai Peninsula south to Juneau; also Sheslay River, British Columbia. (Fig. 13.) Diagnostic characters. — Similar in color to Sorex o. ohscm'us or very slightly darker, a trifle larger, with distinctly larger hind foot ; skull larger than that of 8. 0. obscurus, with broader rostrum and brain case, and heavier dentition. Smaller, with shorter tail, and averaging paler than 8. o. longicauda; skull smaller than that of longicauda, with noticeably shorter palate and rostrum, shorter maxillary tooth row, and weaker dentition. Larger and darker than ^S. 0. shumaginensis; skull larger than that of shumaginensis, with longer pal- ate, broader rostrum, and heavier dentition. Similar to fi^. o. elassodon, but '"Amor. Mns. Nat. Hist. " D. R. Dickey coll., Pasadena, Calif. ^o Nat. Goog. Soc, Washington, D. C. ■^ Mus. Vert. Zool. 192S] EEVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 127 hind foot larger; skull similar to that of elassodon, with broader rostrum and heavier unicuspidate teeth. Color. — Winter pelage: Not appreciably different from that of S. o. obscurus or S. 0. shumaoincnsis. Summer pelage: Similar to that of /S'. o. obscurus, aver- aging a trifle darker. Upper parts usually between olive-brown and sepia, fre- quently almost mummy brown, or mummy brown tending toward Dresden brown; color of upper parts extending well down on the sides and gradually mixing with color of ventral parts ; underparts smoke gray more or less tinged with light buff or pinkish buff; tail bicolor, near olive-brown above, usually avellaneous to cinnamon-buff, sometimes buffy brown, below nearly to tip. .S'A.-«/7. — Larger than that of S. o. obscurus, with relatively shorter palate (actually about the same), broader brain case and rostrum, longer tooth row, and heavier dentition. Larger than that of 8. o. shumaginensis, with longer and broader palate, broader and less attenuate rostrum ; relatively broader iuterorbitally, with distinctly heavier dentition. Compared with that of S. o. longlcauda, smaller, with distinctly shorter palate and rostrum, shorter tooth row, and weaker dentition. Somewhat similar to that of -S'. o. elassodon, with broader brain case and rostrum, heavier dentition (particularly unicuspidate teeth), the dental pigmentation more extensive and intensive. Brain case higher, and dentition heavier with more extensive and intensive pigmentation than in 8. o. ■maUtiosus. Measurements. — Type specimen (adult female) : Total length, 115; tail ver- tebrae, 45; hind foot, 14.5. Average of three adult females from type locality: Total length. 118.3 (114-121) ; tail vertebrae, 50 (50-50) ; hind foot, 14.7 (14-15). Skull: Type specimen (adult female; teeth sli;j:htly worn) : Con- dylobasal length, 17.6; palatal length, 6.8: cranial breadth, 8.6; interorbital breadth, 3.7 ; maxillary breadth, 5.1 ; maxillary tooth row\ 6.2. Average of three skulls of adult females (teeth slightly worn) from type locality: Condylobasal length, 17.7 (17.7-17.8) ; palatal length, 6.8 (6.7-6.9) ; cranial breadth, 8.7 (8.7-8.8) ; interorbital breadth, 3.7 (3.6-3.8) ; maxillary breadth, 5.2 (5.0-5.3) ; maxillary tooth row, 6.3 (6.2-6.4). Skull of type specimen of /S. glacialis (adult male; teeth moderately worn) from Point Gustavus, Glacier Bay, Alaska: Condylobasal length, 17.6; palatal length, 6.8; cranial breadth, S.6; interorbital breadth, 3.8 ; maxillary breadth, 5.0 ; maxillary tooth row, 6.4. Remarks. — The comparatively large series of shrews now available- from the coast region of Alaska shows that Sorex glacialis Merriam is identical with S. o. alascensis Merriam. The type specimen of S. glacialis is in very fresh summer pelage (June 12), and conse- quently the color of the upper parts is darker and more grayish than it would have been later in the season. A topotype taken a day earlier than the type specimen is darker above than typical alascensis., but matches specimens of S. o. Jongicauda from Wrangell, Alaska; the underparts of it are identical in color with specimens of alascensis in similar pelage. The skulls of both of the Point Gustavus speci- mens are indistinguishable from those of alascensis. Both speci- mens are easily referable to alascensis^ at best showing only a slight tendency toward longicauda in the color of the underparts. Speci- mens from Juneau, Alaska, are intermediate between alascensis and longicauda in both external and cranial character. They are nearer to alascensis.; however, to which they are here referred. A single specimen of a young animal from Takii River, Alaska, is likewise referable to alascensis., though showing a slight inclination toward longicauda. Some of the specimens from islands in Prince William Sound have weaker dentition than typical >S'. o. alascensis., indicative of an approach toward S. o. shwnmginensis. 128 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 Specimens examined. — Total number, 201, as follows : Alaska: Bra-tlett Bay (in Glacier Bay), 26*'; Cordova Bay (liead of Prince William Sound), 1"*. Cordova Bay (head of, head of Cordova Inlet, Prince William Sound), 1"; Disc Island (Prince William Sound). 10"; Drier Bay (Knight Island, Prince William Sound), 20"; Eleanor Island (Prince William Sound), 6"; p]lrington Island (north end. Prince William Sound), 3**; Glacier Bay (type locality of ffladalis), 5"; Green Island (Prince William Sound). 3"; Ilanning Bay (Montague Island. Prince William Sound), 5"; Hawkins Island (Prince William Sound), 5"; Herring Bay (Knight Island. Prince William Sound). 3"; Hinchinbrook Island (Prince William Sound), G"; Hoodoo Island (Prince William Sound), 5"; Juneau, 30; La T'luche (La Touche Island, Prince William Sound), 5^': Mendenhail River. 1; Montague Island (Prince William Sound), 16**; Montague Island (Zaikof Bay, Prince William Sound), 6"; Orca, 1; Portage, 2*': Port Nell Juan (mouth, Prince William Sound). 2'*; Taku River, 2"; Valdez Narrows (Prince William Sound), 12"; Wortmans (Prince William Sound), 1"; Yakutat (type locality), 9"; Yakutat Bay, 1; Yakutat Bny (north shore), 2. British Columbia: Sheslay River. S*'; Shesiay River (headwaters), l.*^ SOREX OBSCURUS MALITIOSUS Jackson Warren Island Dusky Shrew Sorer oosciinis malitiosiis Jackson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 32: 23. April 11, 1919. Type specwien.—No. 8401, Miis. Vert. Zool., Univ. California; $ adult (teeth slightly worn), skin and skull; collected May 21, 1909, by H. S. Swarth. Type locality. — East side of Warren Island, Alaska. Geographic range. — Known only from Warren and Coronation Islands, Alaska. (Fig. 14.) Diagnostic clinraciers. — Similar in size and superficial appearance to Sorex 0. longicauda. Skull slightly more flattened than that of lomjicaitda of corre- sponding age, the lachrymal foramen smaller and superior portion of rostrum broader. Larger than S. o. elassodon with relatively larger feet ; .skull broader than that of elassodon with longer rostrum. Larger than S. o. alascensis with longer tail ; skull larger than that of alascensis, more flattened and averaging broader interorbitally. Color. — Winter pelage: Tending to be more brownish than corresponding pelage of Sf. o. longicauda. Upper parts between chaetura dral) and fuscous- black ; underparts smoke gray heavily washed and intermixed with drab to wood brown ; tail bicolor, between olive brown and sepia above, between huffy brown and tawny olive below nearly to ti]). i^nrfimcr pelage: Essentially like longicauda in similar pelage. Upper parts near mummy brown, becoming a very trifle darker on posterior parts (rump) and paling gradually into drabbish on the flanks ; underparts and tail essentially as in winter. Skull. — Broad, flat, and rather massive for the .species obscunis. Slightly more flattened than that of S. o. longicauda, less depressed interorbitally. the brain case flatter and rising somewhat less abruptly in the frontal region, superior portion of rostrum broader and more Ihittened, lachrymal foramen smaller, unicuspidate teeth narrower, dental pigmentation less extensive. Larger, broader interorb tally, with broader, longer rostrum, and more deeply pig- mented and heavier dentition than in S. o. elassodon. Larger than that of 8. 0. ala,9censis, more flattened, averaging broader interorbitally, with relatively longer palate and heavier dentition. ^° D. R. Dickpy coll., Pasadena, Calif., 4 ; "^ Mus. Vevt. Zool.. 4. Mus. Vert. ZooK, 22. " D. R. Dickey coll., 1. ■"Mus. Vert. Zool. *» Auier. Mus. Nat. Hist. «Mus. Vert. Zool., 3. 1928] REVIEW OF AMEEICAT^ LONG-TAILED SHREWS 129 Meamrements. — Type specimeu (adult female) : Total len.uth, 120; tail vertebrae, 56 ; hind foot, 15. Average of five adult males from type locality : Total lengtli, 129.8 (126- 135) ; tail vertebrae, 56.4 (53-61) ; hind foot, 15.4 ( 15-16 ) . SkuU : Type .speci- men (adult female; teeth slightly worn) : Condylo- basal length, 18.4 ; pala- tal length, 7.8; cranial breadth, 8.8 ; interoi-bital breadth, 3.8 ; maxillary breadth, 5.3 ; maxillary tooth row, 6.6. Average of five skulls of adult males ( teeth slightly worn ) from type locality : Condy- lobasal length, 18.4 (17.8- 18.8) ; palatal length, 7.3 (7.2-7.4) ; cranial breadth, 8.9 (8.7-9.1) ;- interorbital breadth, 4.0 (3.9-4.0) ; maxillary breadth, 5.2 (5.1-5.4) ; maxillary tooth row, 6.6 (6.4-6.7). Iiemm'ks. — As far as knoAvn ^S'. o. tnalitiosus is confined to Warren and Coronation Is- lands, Alaska. The specimens from Coro- nation Island are not strictly typical of malitiosus^ being some- what smaller, and the skulls have rather nar- rower brain cases. In fact, they could with almost equal propriety be called S. o. elasso- don. In appearance and general characters 'rnalitiosus is more like S. o. Jonglcauda than elassodon., although its geographic range is completely separated from that of Jongl- cauda by that of elas- sodon. Its skull is flat- tened, as in elassodon^ but is much larger, heavier, and more massive. Fig. 14. — Geographic range of Sorcx obnourtia rnalitiosus, S. o. elassodon, 8. o. lonfjhandu, 8. o. prevostensis, 8. o. isolati'.s, 8. o. setosu.% 8. o. pcrmilicnsis, and 8. o. hairdi 1. 8. 0. rnalitiosus. 2. 8. o. elus>iodon. 3. 8. o. longicauda. 4. S. o. prevostcnsis. 5. 8. o isolatits. fl. (S?. o. aetosus. 7. 8. o. pertniliensis. 8. 8. o. hairdi. 130 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 Specimens examined. — Total number, 21, as follows : Alaska: Esg Harbor, Coronation Island, 11;*" Warren Island (east side type locality), lO."' SOREX OBSCURUS ELASSODON Osgood Queen Charlotte Dusky Shrew (PL. 3, c) Sorex longicatida elassodon Osgood, North Amer. Fauna No. 21, p. 35, September 26, 1901. Sorex ohscurus elassodon Elliot, Field Columb. Mus. Publ. 105 (zool. series 6) : 450, 1905. Type specimen. — No. 100597, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection; $ adult (teeth slightly worn), skin and skull; collected June 13, 1900, by W. H. Osgood. Type locality. — Cumshewa Inlet near old Indian village of Clew, Moresby Island, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, Geographic range. — Certain islands of southeastern Alaska and British Columbia from Admiralty Island, Alaska, south to Moresby Island, Queen Charlotte Group, British Columbia (except Corona- tion and Warren Islands, Alaska, inhabited by Sorex o.'jnalifiosus) , including Admiralty, Baranof, Prince of Wales, Duke, Mitkof, and Forrester Islands, Alaska, and Graham, Langara, and Moresby Is- lands, British Columbia. (Fig. 14.) General characters. — About the color of S. o. longicauda, but smaller, with relatively and actually shorter tail and smaller feet; skull smaller than that of longicauda, with shorter palate and narrower rostrum. Smaller and paler than 8. o. prevostensis, with shorter palate and narrower rostrum. Much larger with distinctly "longer tail and somewhat larger hind foot tlian 6'. o. ohscurus ; slightly darker; skull longer than that of 8. o. obscurus, with ros- trum actually about same dimensions, relatively smaller. Externally similar to 8. 0. alascensis, but hind foot shorter ; skull about same size as that of alascensis, narrower through brain case and rostrum. Smaller than 8. o. maUUosus, with smaller feet ; skull narrower than that of malitiostis with shorter rostrum. Tail averaging shorter than in 8. o. setosus and skull different. Color. — Winter pelage: Unknown. 8mnmer pelage: Similar to corresponding pelage of 8. o. longicauda. Upper parts mummy brown to fuscous, the color of the back extending well down over the sides, changing gradually to color of underparts ; underparts usually drab, or between wood brown ar.d avellaneous, sometimes almost huffy brown, usually showing more or less of deep neutral gray of underparts ; tail indistinctly bicolor, near fuscous above, drab or huffy brown below. 8kuU.- — Smaller than that of 8. o. longicauda or 8. o. prevostcn.ns, with shorter palate and narrower rostrum. Skull longer than that of ;8'. o. obscvrus, with rostrum relatively smaller (actually about same dimensions). Similar to that of 8. 0. alascensis, with narrower brain case and rostrum, weaker dentition (particularly unicuspidate teeth), and less extensive and intensive dental pig- mentation. Smaller, narrower interorbitally, with shorter, narrower rostrum and less intensely pigmented and weaker dentition than in 8. o. mcilitiosus. Compared with that of 8. o. setosus, the brain case is flatter, rostrum lower, and dentition less intensely and extensively pigmented. il/eoswrewjcnis.— Type specimen (adult male): Total length, 123; tail verte- brae, 52 ; hind foot, 14. Average of four adult males from type locality : Total length, 12C (119-131) ; tail vertebrae, 53.5 (52-55) ; hind foot, 13.8 (13-14). Skull: Type specimen (adult male; teeth slightly worn) : Condylobasal length, 17.9; palatal length, 6.9; cranial breadth, 8.6; interorbital breadth, 3.5; maxil- lary breadth, 4.7; maxillary tooth row, 6.1. Average of four skulls of adult males (teeth slightly worn) from type locality: Condvlobasal length, 17.9 (17. &- 18.1) ; palatal length, 6.8 (6.7-6.9) ; cranial breadth, 8.6 (8 4-8.7) ; interorbital *»Mus. Vert. Zool. 1928] REVIEW OP AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 131 breadth, 3.7 (3.5-3.9) ; maxillary breadth, 4.9 (4.7-5.0) ; maxillary tooth row, 6.3 (6.1-6.4). Remarks. — Although confined to certain islands off the coast of British Columbia and Alaska, intergradation of characters between &. o. el-assodon.) S. o. longicmicla^ and S. o. alascensis seems clearly established. Specimens from the extreme northern end (Hawk Inlet) of Admiralty Island, Alaska, show a decided approach toward alascensis^ several of the skulls boino; almost indistinguishable from typical skulls of (dascensis. Certain skulls from Mitkof Island, Alaska, show, in their dentition, a slight approach toward Imigicauda^ but on the whole they are easily referable to elassodon. A skin with- out skull (No. 238296, U. S. Nat. Mus.) from Port Conclusion, Baranof Island, Alaska, is provisionally referred to elassodon. Specimens from Forrester Island, Alaska, are not strictly like typical S. o. elassodon., but the differences are too slight and incon- stant for diagnosis as a different form. Externally these specimens are like elassodon, but some of their skulls seem a trifle larger than those of elassodon and have higher brain cases. There is indeed con- siderable variation, both geographic and individual, among the indi- viduals of this species from nearly all the different islands. To recognize each of these slight geographic variations by name would cause only incomprehensible confusion. Sjyecimens exannined. — Total number, 191, as follows : Alaska: Admiralty Island (near Killisnoo), 2; Calder Bay, Prince of Wales Island, 2 '" ; Coffman Cove, Prince of Wales Island, 1 " ; Duke Island, 2'°; Forrester Island, 13°=; Hawk Inlet, 13'"; Heceta Island, 1'"; Klawak Lake, Prince of Wales Island, 4"; Kuiu Island (Three-mile Arm), 1'"; Kupreanof Island, 30°'; Mitkof Island, 5"; Mitkof Island (Petersburg), 10; Mole Harbor, Admiralty Island, 7'^"; Point Baker, 1 '-^ ; Port Conclusion, Baranof Island, 1 ^^ ; Port Protection, Prince of Wales Island, 3'"; Prince of Wales Island (Kasaan Bay), 18; Rocky Bay (northwest coast of Dall Island), 1'"; St. John Harbor (Zarembo Island), l'^": San Alberta Bay (Prince of Wales Island, north shore), 2°"; Scow Bay, Kupreanof Island, 1; Scow Bay. Mitkof Island, 2"; Shakau, Prince of Wales Island. 1'°; Windfall Harbor, Admiralty Island, 10™; Woewodski Island, 4". British Columbia: Graham Island, Queen Charlotte Islands, 2'^^; Langara Island, Queen Charlotte Islands, 2"; Massett (Graham Island, Queen Charlotte Islands), 10°'; Moresby Island (Cumshewa Inlet, Queen Charlotte Islands) (type locality), 25; Skidegate (Graham Islands, Queen Charlotte Islands), 3°"; Queen Charlotte Islands, 13." SOREX OBSCURUS LONGICAUDA Merriam Long-tailed Dusky Shrew (Pl. 3, D) Sorex ohscnrus longicauda Merriam, North Amer. Fauna No. 10, p. 74, December 31, 1895. Slorex] longicauda Merriam, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci. 2:16, March 14. 1900. ISoi-cx] [obscurus] Inngicaudus Elliot, Field Columb. Mus. Publ. 45 (zool. series 2) : 372. IDOl. 5« Mus. Vert. Zool. =" No skull, provisionally referred to 8. o. ^ D. R. Dickey coll., Pasadena. Calif. elassodon. ^ D. R. Dickey Coll., 1 ; Mus. Vert. " Ainer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Zool., 10. «on, 25; River Inlet (head), 35. SOREX OBSCURUS PREVOSTENSIS Osgood Prevost Island Dusky Shkew Sorex longicauda prevostensis Osgood, North Amer. Fauna No. 21, p. 35, Sep- tember 26, 1901. Sorex obscurus prevostcusis Elliot, Field Columb. Mus. Publ. 105 (zool. series 6) : 450, 1905. Type specimen. — No. 100618, IT. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection; S adult (teeth slightly worn), skin and skull; collected July 3, 1900, by W. H. Osgood. Type locality. — North end of Prevost Island (Kunghit Island on some maps), on coast of Houston Stewart Channel, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Geographic range. — Known only from type locality. (Fig. 14.) Diagnostic characters. — Similar to Sorex o. longicauda but averaging darker, Vv'ith relatively slightly shorter tail ; skull similar to that of longicauda, the rostrum averaging slightly broader. Larger and darker than S. o. elassodon, with larger hind foot ; skull with longer palate and broader rostrum than ia that of elassodon. ' Color. — Winter pelage: Color of full winter fur unknown. Worn winter pelage of upper parts apparently darker and slightly more brownish than in 8. 0. longicauda, about fuscous-black: worn winter fur of underparts appa- rently about same color as in summer pelage. Summer pelage: Slightly darker than that of longicauda or S. o. elassodon. Upper parts fuscous to fuscous- black, or mummy brown, the color of back encroaching well down over sides and changing gradually to color of underparts; underparts usually near drab, or between wood brown and buffy brown ; tail rather indistinctly bicolor, fuscous or between clove brown and olive-brown above, usually near buffy brown or wood brown below. Skull. — Similar to that of S. o. longicauda, the rostrum averaging slightly broader. Compared with that of 8. o. elassodon, palate longer, rostrum broader, dentition heavier. "1 n. R. nickey coll., Pasadena. Calif., 2. "t q q CantweU coll., Palms, Calif., 1 ; e= D. R. Dickey coll., 2 ; Mus. Vert. ZooL, 2. D. R. Dickey coll., 5. =■" Mus. Vert. Zool. «s j). R. Dickev coll.. 24 ; G. G. CantweU ^ r». R. Dickey coll. coll., 2 ; Mus. Vert. Zool.. 8. ''"Mus. Vert. Zool., 2. <» Provincial Mus. British Columbia. ««Amcr. Mus. Nat. Hist ™ Nat. Mus. Canada. 134 NORTH AMEEICAN FAUNA [No. 51 Measurements. — Type specimen (adult male): Total length, 133; tail verte- brae, 58 ; hind foot, 15. Average of three adult females from type locality : Total length, 136.3 (132-142); tail vertebrate, 56 (53-59)- hind foot, 14.7 (14-15). Skull: Type specimen (adult male; teeth slightly worn): Condylo- basal length, 18.8 ; palatal length. 7.2 ; cranial breadth, 9.1 ; interorbital breadth, 4.0 ; maxillary breadth. 5.5 ; maxillary tooth row, 6.5. Average of four skulls of adult females (teeth slightly worn) from type locality: Condylobasal length, 18.5 (18.3-18.7); palatal length, 7.2 (7.1-7.3); cranial breadth, 8.9 (8.7-9.0); mterorbital breadth, 3.9 (3.7-4.1) ; maxillary breadth, 5.4 (5.2-5.7) ; maxillarv looth row, 6.7 (6.5-6.8). Remarks. — The Prevost Island shrew is not a widely differentiated subspecies and is more nearly like 8. o. longicauda than S. o. elasso- don, the nearest subspecies geographically. It is rather darker col- ored than longicauda and tends to be more brownish. Specimens examined. — Total number, 14, from the type locality. SOREX OBSCURUS ISOLATUS Jackson Vancouver Dusky Shrew (PL. 3, E) Sorcx ohscitnis isolatus .Jackson, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci. 12: 263. June 14. 1922. Type spechien. — No. 177719, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection; 5 adult (teeth moderately worn), skin and skull; col- lected May 21, 1911, by Alexander Wetmore. Original number 517. T'f/pe localitij. — Mouth of Millstone Creek, Nanaimo, Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Geographic range. — Vancouver Island, British Columbia. (Fig. 14.) . Diagnostic characters. — About the size of /S. o. obscurus or 8. o. parvldens, but darker than either, particulaiiy the ventral parts, which are also decidedly more brownish. Unicuspidate teeth smaller than in S. o. obscurus, and the posterior borders of molariform teeth tending to be more deeply emarginate. Somewhat similar in color to 8. o. setosus, but averaging smaller in all pro- portions, with relatively shorter tail ; skull smaller than that of setosus, with relatively weaker dentition. Color. — Winter pelage: Upper parts most nearly chaetura drab mixed with grayish, gi-adually blending with color of underparts ; underparts smoke gray tinged with drab or between drab and avellaneous ; tail somewhat bicolor, olive-brown above, huffy brown to almost tawny olive or clay color below. Suni))icr pelage: Upper parts fuscous to olive-brown, paling slightly on the sides, and gradually encroaching on color of underparts ; underparts smoke gray, heavily tinged with buffy brown or even darker ; tail as in winter. 8kuU. — Similar to that of 8. o. obscurus, narrovv-er interorbitally, with on the average rather weaker dentition, particularly the unicuspidate teeth, the molariform teeth being usually a trifle more emarginate posteriorly. Skull similar to that of 8. o. parvidens, but broader and higher through the brain case. Measurements. — Type specimen (adult male): Total length, 113; tail ver- tebrae, 49; hind foot, 14. Adult female from type locality: Total length, 118; tail vertebrae, 48; hind foot, 14. SkuU: Type specimen (adult male; teeth moderately worn): Condylobasal length, 17.4; palatal length, 6.6; cranial breadth, 8.5 ; interorbital breadth, 3.5 ; maxillary breadth, 4.9 ; maxillary tooth row, 6.3. Skull of adult female (teeth moderately worn) from type locality: Condylobasal length, 17.3; palatal length, 6.7; cranial breadth, 8.6; interorbital breadth, 3.5 ; maxiliary breadth, 4.9 ; maxillary tooth row, 6.1. Remarks. — In some respects S. o. isolatus is more nearly like S. o. ohscurus than S. o. setosus, though geographically its range is adja- cent to setosus. In color it is more nearly like setosus, and also in the general aspect of its skull; in size and body proportions, however, 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 135 and in dental characters it is more nearly like S. o. ohscurus. In color it is not at all dissimilar to S. v. vancouverensis^ but it has on the average a longer tail, larger hind feet, and the skull is broader rostrally and has heavier dentition. Specimens examined. — Total number, 48, as follows : British Columbia: Alberni Valley, Vancouver Island, 7"; Barclay Sound, 1 " ; Comox, 2 '' ; Cowichan Lake, 1 " ; Departure Bay, 1 " ; Errington, Vancouver Island, 4 " ; French Creek, Vancouver Island, 2 " ; Golden Eagle Mine (18 miles south of Alberni, Vancouver Island), 5"; Gold- stream, 5; Little Qualicau River (Vancouver Island), 7"; Nanaimo (type locality), 3; Newcastle Island, 1"; Nootka, 3''; Parkville, Van- couver Island, 6 " . SOREX OBSCURUS SETOSUS Elliot Olympic Dusky Shrew (Pl. 3, F) ISorcx setosus Elliot, Field Columb. Mus. Publ. 32 (zool. series 1) : 274, March, 1899. Sorex obscu)-us setosus Jackson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 31 : 127, November 29, 1918. Type specimen.. — No. WV^ , Field Mus. Nat. Hist. ; S adult (teeth slightly worn), skin and skull; collected August 18, 1898, by D. G- Elliot. Type locality. — Happy Lake, Olympic Mountains, Clallum County, Wash. Geographic range. — Extreme southwestern British Columbia, western Washington, and extreme northwest-central Oregon (Park- dale), chiefly west of the Cascade Mountains. (Fig. 14.) Diagnostic characters. — Color dark; tail relatively long. Similar in color to- 8. 0. longicauda, smaller, with smaller feet ; skull smaller than that of longi- cauda, with shorter, weaker rostrum, shorter maxillary tooth row and weaker dentition. Similar to S. o. elassodon with average slightly longer tail and cranial differences. Darker than S. o. ohscurus, with relatively and actually- longer tail, and average larger hind foot ; skull averaging slightly larger than that of S. o. ohscurus, very slightly more constricted interorbitally, with, oii the average, rather larger molariform teeth. About the size of »?. o. permiJien- sis, with tail averaging a trifle longer, and color darker and decidedly more grayish (less reddish) ; skull essentially the size of that of permiliensis, pos- sibly averaging slightly shorter, with narrower brain case, the uuicuspidate teeth (particularly anterior two) somewhat weaker, and the posterior margins of molariform teeth usually less deeply emarginate. Larger than .\cad. Nat. Sri. Pliiladt^lpliia, 3; Mus. '^ .\ca(l. Nat. Sci. Philadelpliia. Coiud. Zool., 1 : Nat. Mus. Canada, 2. 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 137 Washiiig'ton: Aberdeen, 5; Avon, 1; Barron (Bonite IMine, altitude 5.000 feet, Whatcom County), 1; Bear Prairie, Mount Rainier, 3; Buck Creek Pass (7 miles east Glacier Peak, altitude 5,500 feet), 1; Canyon Creek (3 miles south Solcduck River, altitude 3,550 to 4,550 feet), Clallam County, lO*"; Carson (15 miles north at Government Springs, altitude 1,300 feet), 5; Cascade River (head of), 2; Cascade Tunnel,; Chelan County (altitude 3,373 feet), 3'°; Cat Creek (headwaters, altitude 4,500 feet), Clallam County, 9''; Cathlamet, 5; Cedamlle, 3; Chehalis (8 miles west), 1; Chilliwack River (altitude 2,000 feet), Whatcom County, 2; Cloudy Pass (headwaters Agnes Creek), 1 '^ ; Conrad Meadows, 1 ; Crescent Lake (5 miles west), Olympic Mountains, 1; Dosewallips River (headwaters, Olympic Mountains, altitude, 4,500 feet), 3; Duckabush, 1; Elwha Basin (altitude 2,750 feet), Jefferson County, 5; Elwha River (Boulder Creek, altitude 560 feet), Clallam County, 4 ; Enumchiw, 1 ; Everett, 2 ; Glacier, 3 ; Glacier Basin (altitude 5,900 feet), Mount Rainier, 4; Grenville, Grays Harbor County, 2; Hamilton, 1; Happy Lake (type locality), 2*'^; Happy Lake (altitude 4,900 feet), Clallam County, 2; Hoh River (Glacier Creek, 8 miles southeast Olympic Ranger Station), Jefferson County, 1; Ilwaco, 3; James Lake (altitude 4,370 feet), Mount Rainier, 2'"; Kapowsin, 1 ; Keechelus Lake, 9 ^ ; Kirkland, 1 ; Lake Cushman, 9 *° ; Lake Quinault (altitude 180 feet), 3; Lapush, 8^'; Longmire, Mount Rainier, 8 '" ; Lyman Lake (altitude 5,500 feet), Chelan County, 1; McCain ( Scenic, Tye River, altitude 2,100 feet ) , King County, 1 ; Messlers Ranch (1 mile west Rainier Park, altitude 2,000 feet), Mount Rainier, 5; Mora, 1; Mount Adams (Gotchen Creek, altitude 5,500 feet), 4''; Mount Angeles (altitude 5,000 to 6,000 feet), 4; Mount Baker, 6*^; Mountain Meadows (altitude 4.000 feet), Mount Rainier, 1; Mount Rainier (west slope 5,400 feet), 1; Mount Rainier (west slope 6,800 feet), 1; Mount St. Helens (altitude 5,500 to 6,000 feet), 2; Mount St. Helens (8 miles south, altitude 600 feet), 2; Mount Vernon, 28 ; Neah Bay, 17 ; Oakville, 3 ; Ohanapecosh Lake (altitude 2,000 feet). Mount Rainier, 5; Olympia (4 miles south), 1; Owyhigh Lakes (altitude 5,100 feet). Mount Rainier, 2; Paradi.^ie Park (altitude 5,400 to 6,300 feet), Mount Rainier, 8''; Paradise Creek (altitude 5,200 feet), Mount Rainier, 4; Pasayten River (west fork, altitude 4,700 feet), Okanogan County, 2; Potlatch, 6''; Puget Island (1 mile south Cathlamet), 1; Puget Sound, 2; Quinault Lake, 18; Quinault River (headwaters, north fork, altitude 4,000 feet), Jefferson County, 1; Reflection Lake (altitude 4,900 feet), Mount Rainier, 3; Rockport (altitude 300 feet), 2; Roy, 1; St. Andrews Park (altitude 5,500 feet). Mount Rainier, 2; Seattle, 1 ; Scenic, 1''; Shelton, 2; Soleduck Divide (altitude 5,000 feet), 2''; Soleduck River (near head, altitude 4.500 feet), Olympic Mountains, 2; Spirit Lake (altitude 5.000 feet), Mount St. Helens, 2; Spray Park (altitude 5,500 feet), Mount Rainier, 4*"; Stehekin (altitude 1,079 feet), 4^; Steilacoom, 2; Suez (10 miles south Neah Bay), 2; Suiattle River (Chiwawa Moun- tain fork, altitude 4,500 feet), Snohomish County, 4; Sunset Park (altitude 5.000 feet), 2'"; Tacoma, 1; Tacoma (5 miles east), 1'"; Tahoma Creek (altitude 2,500 to 2,900 feet). Mount Rainier, 3; Tenino, 2; Tokeland, Shoalwated Bay 2; Whatcom Pass (altitude 5,200 feet), Whatcom County, 2. SOREX OBSCURUS PERMILIENSIS Jackson Cascade Dusky Siibew Sorex obscurus pcrtniliensis Jackson, Proc. Biol. Soc. "Washington 31 : 128, November 29, 1918. Type specimen. — No. 91048, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection; $ adult (teeth slightly worn), skin and skull; collected October 2, 1897, by J. A. Loring. «" state Coll. Wash., 1. -^ Univ. Mich., 5. 8' State Coll. Wash., 2. S6 q q Cantwell coll., Palms, Calif., 1. «= State Coll. Wash. '-'' State Coll. Wash., 3. s^ Field Mus. Nat. Hist. ^' D. R. Dickey coll., 2. s* D. R. Dickey coll., Pasadena, Calif., 1 ; «» D. R. Dickey coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7 ; Univ. Mich., 1. 138 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 Type locality. — Permilia Lake, west base of Mount Jefferson, Cas- cade Range, Marion County, Oreg. Geographic range. — Known only from the Cascade Mountains (and foothills) of northern Oregon (Mount Hood south to Mount Jeffer- son). (Fig. 14.) Diagnostio characters. — About the size of Sorex o. setosus with, on the average, slightly shorter tail ; decidedly more reddish and paler in summer pelage than setosus; skull essentially the size of that of setosus (possibly averaging slightly longer), with broader brain case, the unicuspidate teetli (particularly anterior two) somewhat heavier, and the posterior margins of molariform teeth usually more emargiuate. Slightly smaller and paler than S. 0. hairdi, with actually and relatively smaller feet; skull smaller than that of hairdi with shorter palate, and decidedly weaker dentition. Color. — Winter pelage: Upper parts slightly darker than hair brown, occa- sionally approaching chaetura drab, extending, very slightly paler, well down on sides ; color of uuderparts in winter pelage unknown. Bummer pelage: De- cidedly more reddish than winter pelage. Upper parts between snufC brown and sepia, or slightly more yellowish than olive-brown, between Saccardo's umber and olive-brown, paling very slightly on the sides and grading into color of the underparts; underparts slightly paler than back, usually between huffy brown and tawny-olive, sometimes tending toward avellaneous ; tail scarcely bicolor, above about same color as upper parts of body, becoming very slightly paler below. Skull. — Large for the species ohscurus; somewhat smaller than that of 8. o. hairdi, averaging very slightly larger than that of S. o. setosus, and much larger and heavier than that of 8. o. obseurus. Brain case broad, slightly flattened ; rostrum relatively rather long and wide ; interorbital region some- what elongate, not much depressed ; dentition moderately heavy, with intense and moderately extensive pigmentation. Skull most nearly like that of setosus, but averaging slightly longer, with broader brain case, the unicuspidate teeth (especially anterior two) somewhat heavier, and the posterior margins of tJie molariform teeth usually more emarginate. Rostrum and palate shorter than in that of hairdi, with decidedly weaker dentition. The zygomatic ridge of squamosal shows slight tendency to develop into shelf-like extension, but less so than in the skull hairdi. Measurements. — Type specimen (adult male): Total length, 117; tail verte- brae, 51 ; hind foot, 14. Average of five adult females from type locality : Total length, 116.8 (112-120); tail vertebrae, 53.4 (50-58); hind foot, 14 (14-14). Skull: Type specimen (adult male; teeth slightly worn) : Condylobasal length, 17.9 ; palatal length, 7.2 ; cranial breadth, 8.8 ; interorbital breadth, 3.7 ; maxil- lary breadth, 5.2; maxillary tooth row, 6.4. Average of five skulls of adult females (teeth slightly worn) from type locality: Condylobasal length, 17.9 (17.6-18.4) ; palatal length, 7.2 (7.0-7.5) ; cranial breadth, 9.0 (8.S-9.3) ; inter- orbital breadth, 3.8 (3.6-4.0) ; maxillary breadth, 5.2 (5.1-5.3) ; maxillary tooth row, 6.4 (6.2-6.6). Remarks. — The series of 17 specimens of S. o. permiliensis from the type locality was collected October 1 to 4, 1897. Three of these are in worn summer pelage ; the others, including the type, are in various stages of molting from summer to winter pelage; none is in full winter fur, the underparts of all still retaining the summer coat, September specimens in summer pelage from Mount Hood, Oreg., appear a trifle darker than those from the type locality ; this is partly due to the less expanded condition of the skins and partly to less worn pelage, but it may also indicate an approach toward S. o. seto- sus. A specimen of setosus from Conrad Meadows, Yakima County, Wash., also indicates in color and cranial characters intergradation between setosus and permiliensis. A single specimen from Detroit, Oreg., shows cranially an approach toward S. o. hairdi. Speci7nens examined. — Total number, 21, as follows: Oregon: Cascade Mountains (east base, Camas Prairie, southeast Mount Hood), 1; Detroit, 1; Mount Hood (near timberline), 2; Mount Jef- ferson (west base, Permilia Lake) (type locality), 17. 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 139 SOREX OBSCURUS BAIRDI Mekriam Baird Dusky Shrew (PL. 3, G) Sorex iairdi Merriam, North Amer. Fauna No. 10, p. 77, December 31, 1895. Sorex obscurus bairdl Jackson, Proc. BioL Soc. Washington 31 : 127, November 29, 1918. Type specimen. — No. ^tItI, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection; 9 adult (teeth slightly worn), skin and skull; collected August 2, 1889, by T. S. Palmer. 7'ype locality. — Astoria, Oreg. Geographic range. — Extreme northwestern Oregon (Astoria, Netarts, Portland) southeasterly and southeast of the Willamette River and west of the Cascade Mountains to Prospect, Jackson County. (Fig. 14.) Diagnostic characters. — Size large for the species obscurus ; about the size of Sorex o. longicauda, but with shorter tail and more reddish color ; skull somewhat similar in size and proportions to that of longicauda, with average longer palate, broader rostrum, flatter and broader brain case, and larger and broader unicuspids. Slightly larger and darker than S. o. permiliensis, with actually and relatively larger feet ; skull larger than that of permiliensis, with longer palate and decidedly heavier dentition. Somewhat similar in color to Sorex yaquinae (not so reddish), but decidedly smaller; skull smaller and higher than that of ;S'. yaquinae, with weaker dentition, particularly noticeable in the unicuspids and first upper incisors. Color. — Winter pelage: Unknown. Summer pelage: Darker than correspond- ing pelage of S. o. permiliensis ; somewhat like that of S. o. longicaiida, but a trifle paler and more reddish. Upper parts usually most nearly between olive- brown and sepia, rarely almost fuscous, the color of upper parts extending well down over the sides, mixing gradually with color of the underparts ; underparts drab tending strongly toward wood brown or buffy brown ; tail scarcely bicolor, olive-brown above, buffy brown (darkening toward tip) below. Skull. — Large and broad for the sixties obscurus, with large rostrum, and heavy dentition. About the size and general proportions of that of S. o. longicauda but with average longer palate, broader rostrum, broader and lower brain case, larger molariform teeth, which are usually less deeply emarginate posteriorly, and larger and distinctly broader unicuspids. Larger than that of S. o. permiliensis, with longer palate and rostrum, and decidedly heavier denti- tion, and with the zygomatic ridge of squamosal tending more to develop into a shelf like extension. Measurements. — Type specimen (adult female) : Total length, 130; tail verte- brae, 57 ; hind foot, 15. Average of three adult females from type locality : Total length, 125.7 (124-127) ; tail vertebrae, 53.7 (52-55) ; hind foot, 14.7 (14r-15). Skull: Type specimen (adult female; teeth slightly worn) : Coudylo- basal length, 19.1; palatal length, 7.8; cranial breadth, 9.3; interorbital breadth, 4.1 ; maxillary breadth, 5.5 ; maxillary tooth row, 6.9. Average of three skulls of adult females (teeth slightly worn) from type locality: Condylobasal length, 18.5 (18.2-18.6) ; palatal length, 7.5 (7.4-7.6) ; cranial breadth, 9-0 (8.9-9.0) ; interorbital breadth, 3.8 (3.7-3.9) ; maxillary breadth, 5.3 (5.2-5.4) ; maxillary tooth row, 6.7 (6.6-6.7). Remarks. — The Baird shrew is confined to lower elevations in Oregon Avest of the Cascade Mountains where it occurs at least as far south as Prospect, in Jackson County. The exact limits of its range and its relation to Sorex yaquinae are not satisfactorily determined. Specimens from Portland show an approach toward ^S'. o. perniiliensis. In color they are like /S. o. hairdi., but in size of hind foot they are about as near permiliensis. The skulls also show the influence of permiliensis., one being practically identical with those of badrdi from 74235—28—10 140 NORTH AMEniCAlSr FAUlirA [No. 51 the type locality, others showing a tendenc}^ toward those of periniliensis. Specvmens examined. — Total number, 71, as follows : Washington: Alpha, l.~ Oregon: Astoria (type locality), 12; Blaine, 8*'; Blue River, 1; McKenzie Bridge, 1; Netarts, 10''; Netarts Bay, 2''; Portland, 6; Prospect, 8*' Seaside, 3; Three Sisters (north slope, altitude 6,000 feet), 4 Tillamook, 6*'; Tillamook (8 miles south. Pleasant Valley), 2" Vida, 7. SOREX YAQUINAE Jackson Yaquina Shrew (Pls. 3, H ; 5, H ; 6, k ; 8, h ; 12, l) Sorex yaquinae Jackson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 31 : 127, November 29, 1918. Type specimen. — No. 73051, U. S. Nat. Miis., Biological Survey col- lection; $ adult (teeth slightly worn), skin and skull; collected July 18, 1895, by B. J. Bretherton. Type locality. — Yaquina Bay, Lincoln County, Oreg. Geographic range. — West-central Oregon north of the Umpqua River, from the coast east to Willamette Valley. (Fig. 15.) Diagnostic characters. — In color and superficial appearance similar to Sorex pacificus, but smaller and with shorter tail and feet. Skull decidedly smaller in all dimensions than that of S. pacificus, with weaker rostrum, noticeably shorter tooth row and smaller teeth, particularly the second maxillary premolar ; dental pigmentation darker than in S. pacificus. Somewhat more reddish in color than 8. o. bairdi, and decidedly larger ; skull larger and somewhat flatter than that of bairdi, with heavier dentition, particularly prominent in the unieuspids and first upper incisors. Color. — Winter pelage: General tone of upper parts mummy brown or fuscous, tending slightly toward fuscous-black, paling almost imperceptibly on the head and face; color of back continuing well down on the sides and gradually chang- ing into color of underparts. IJnderparts slightly paler than upper parts, near olive-brown or slightly darker ; tail indistinctly bicolor, hair brown or drab above, light drab or avellaneous below ; feet and tarsi avellaneous. Summer pelage: Distinctly more reddish than in winter. Upper parts between Prout's brown and cinnamon-brown, sometimes inclining toward sepia. Underparts slightly paler ; near snuff brown, usually between snuff brown and Saccardo's umber ; tail and feet about as in winter. Skull.- — Similar in general outline to that of S. pacificus but much smaller in all dimensions. Compared with that of other American members of the subgenus Sorex large, with broad and moderately flattened brain case ; zygo- matic ridge of squamosal developed, forming a trace of a shelf (more than in S. o. bairdi and decidedly less than in S. pacificus) ; interorbital region elongate, depressed ; dentition heavy, heavier than that of bairdi, much weaker than that of S. pacificus; teeth rather intensively but not extensively pigmented ; first and second unieuspids relatively broad, api>earing more or less swollen (less so than in S. pacificus). Measurements. — Type specimen (adult female): Total length, 137; tail ver- tebrae, 59; hind foot, 16. Skull: Type spicimcn (adult female; teeth slightly worn): Condylobasal length, 20.7; palatal length, 8.3; cranial breadth, 9.7; interorbital breadth, 4.3 ; maxillary breadth, 5.9 ; maxillary tooth row, 7.6. Skull of adult male (teeth slightly worn) from Gardiner, Oreg.: Condylobasal length, 20.0; palatal length, 8.0; cranial breadth, 9.9; interorbital breadth, 4.2; maxillary breadth, 6.1 ; maxillary tooth row. 7.4. "^ TTiilv. Mich. 93 s. o. Jpwett coll., Portland, Oreg. »i Univ. Mich., 6 ; D. R. Dickey coll., Pas " S. G. Jewett coll., 3 ; Alex. Walker coll., aciena, Calif.. 2. Tillamoolc, Oreg., 3. 02 D. R. Diokev coll. 11)28] EEVIEVr OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SniJEWS 141 Remarl\^. — The specimens of this shrew available are entirely inadequate for a satisfactory determination of its relationships Avith S. 0. bairdi and jS. pacificus. The species occupies a limited geo- graphic range in we'-tern Oregon, and at Gardiner apparently occurs with S. J), pacifcus^ but in spite of general similarities these two shrews seem to be entirely distinct. It may be possible that the Umpqua River separates the two forms at Gardiner and tliat addi- tional specimens may show intergraclation between them nearer the headwaters of that stream. In a series of eight shrews from Vida, Oreg., there is a single specimen of S. yaquinae that is distinctly separable from the other seven, which are referable to S. o. hairdi. The differences, how- ever, between certain speci- mens of S. yaquinae and hairdi are not great, and it is possible that additional specimens may show specific affinity between these two forms. Specimens examined. — Total number, 12, as follows: Oregon : Elkhead, 1 ; Eug■en^^ (3 miles west, Spencer Butte), 2"; Gardiner, 2; Mapleton, 3; Pliilomath (5 miles southwest), 2; Vida, 1 ; Yaquina Bay ( type locality), 1. SOREX PACIFICUS Cotjes [Synonymy under subspocips] Geographic range. — Pacific from Umpqua south to Point Countv, Calif, coast region River, Oreg., Reyes, ISIarin (Fig. 15.) Fig. 15. — Geographic range of Sorex yaquinae and of subspecies of S. paoificus 8. yaquinae. S. p. pacificus. 3. 8. p. sonomae. Diagnostic oharoctcrs. — Size large (largest of the subgenus Sorex > ; cinminion-like both above and be- low, tlie underparts scarcely differ- entiated from the back, the tail es- sentially unicolor; skull large and broad, Willi heavy rostrum ; zygo- matic ridge of squamosal well de- veloped, forming a distinct shelf-like process extending posteriorly nearly to mastoidal region ; dentition heavy. the unicuspids broad and swollen. Needs critical comparison only with Sorex yaquinae, which it resembles in color; larger than 8. yaquinae, with larger feet; skull decidedly larger in all dimensions than that of 8. yaquinae, with heavier rostrum, zygomatic ridge of squamosal more developed, noticeably longer tooth row and larger teeth, particularly the second upper premolar; dental pigmenta- tion less intense. Subspecies and geographic variation. — The species pacificus includes two sub- species— the typical form, pacificus, in the northern part of its range, and »5 S. G. Jewett coll., Portland, Oreg. 142 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 sonomae in the Sduthern part. The only noticeable geographic variation is a sliglit decrease in .size and reduction of the reddish cinnamon color, in summer, lowai'd the south, which culminates in the subspecies sonomae. Time of molting. — Only a few specimens of S. pa-cificus in transition from winter to summer pelage are available, but it would appear that the spring molting usually occurs during May. Most of the June specimens are in com- plete summer pelage. Three males, however, from Crescent City, Calif., are in process of molt, though nearly completed, July 1, 3, and 5, 1899, and a female from the same locality still retains a trace of the winter pelage on the rump as late as July 30, 1894. A male from near Hardy, Calif., has a remnant of the winter fur June 22, 1919. Winter pelage is usually acquired during October, and by the first to the middle of November the majority of si^ecimens are in full winter coat. Seven males collected at Fair Oaks, Humboldt County, Calif., show indications of the beginning of the autumnal molt August 25 to 29, 1910, and three other males collected at Requa, Calif., show^ first traces of the molt on August 27, 28, and 31, 1901. A male from Gardinei*, Oreg., has retained the summer pelage and is in early process of molt as late as November 26, 1901, and a female collected at the same place is in similar condition of pelage November 28, 1901. SOREX PACIFICUS PACIFICUS Coues Pacific Shrew (Pls. 3, i; 5, i; 6, l; S, I) Sorex pacific'us Coues, Bui. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr. 3 : no. 3, p. 650, May 15, 1877. Sorex pacificus pacificus Jackson, Journ. Mamm. 2 : 162, August 19, 1921. T'l/pe specimen. — No. 3266, U. S. Nat. Mus., adult (teeth slightly- worn), sex unknown, poorly made skin, with fragmentary skull inside; skin torn about the mouth so as to expose what teeth are present, which consist of the upper incisors and unicuspids of both sides, the first upper molariform tooth (upper second premolar) of right side, the first four mandibular teeth of right side and first three of left; catalogued March 8, 1858, in IT. S. National Museum; re- ceived from E. P. Vollum. Ti/pe locality. — Fort Umpqua, mouth of Umpqua River, Douglas Coimty, Oreg. GeograpfuG range. — Pacific coast region from the mouth of the Umpqua River, Oreg., south to Mendocino, Calif. (Fig. 15.) Diag^iostiG chara'Oters. — Characters given under the species pacificus will separate the subspecies pacificus from all shrews except 8. p. sonomae. Summer pelage usually sliglitly paler than in sonomae; size averaging larger, par- ticularly noticeable cranially. Color. — Winte7' pelage: Upper parts mummy brown or fuscous, tending toward fuscous-black ; color of hack extending well down over sides ; underparts slightly paler than upper parts, nearly between olive-brown and huffy brown, sometimes tending toward Saccardo's umber ; tail essentially unicolor, usually olive-brown, sometimes huffy brown, or even Saccardo's umber or tawny-olive. Summer- pelage: Distinctly more reddish or cinnamon than in winter. Upper parts be- tween Front's brown and cinnamon-brown, sometimes between snuff brown and Saccardo's umber ; underparts scarcely paler than back, usually between snuff brown and Saccardo's umber, sometimes inclining towai'd sepia; tail essentially as in winter. Skull. — Large, broad, and massive (largest of the subgenus Sorex), with heavy rostrum and large teeth. Similar to that of S. p. sonomae, but averaging larger in all dimensions. Measurement.^. — Adult female from Gardiner, Oreg. (essentially type local- ity) : Total length, 150; tail vertebrae, 64; hind foot, 17.5. Average of five- adult males from Eureka, Calif.: Total length, 144.8 (137-153) ; tall vertebrae,. 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 143 64.2 (62-67); hind foot, 17.2 (17-17.5). Skull: Adult female (teeth very slightly worn) from Gardiner, Orej?. (essentially type locality) : Condylobasal length, 21.6 ; palatal length, 9.0 ; cranial breadth, 10.4 ; interorbital breadth, 4.7; maxillary breadth, 6.4; maxillary toorh row, S.l. Average of live skulls of adult males (teeth slightly to modex'ately worn) from Eureka, Calif.: Condylo- basal length, 22.1 (21.4-23.0) ; palatal length, 9.3 (9.0-9.5) ; cranial breadth, 10.6 (10.4-11.2) ; interorbital breadth, 4.5 (4.4-4.7) ; maxillary breadth, 6.6 (6.5-6.9) ; maxillary tooth row, 8.5 (S.3-S.S). Remarks. — There is some variation in size among the skulls of S. p. pacificus and in any large series of Californian specimens individ- uals can occasionally be found that are scarcely larger than certain skulls of S. p. sonomae. Specimens from the vicinity of Mendocino City, Calif., are intermediate in characters between S. p. pacificus and sonoriiae^ but in the aggregate they are nearer aS'. p. paci'ficus. Speci77iens examined. — Total number, 186, as follows : California: Areata, 9°'; Carlotta, 3°'; Carsons Camp, Mad River, Hum- boldt Bay, 5 ; Cape Mendocino, 2 ; Crescent City, IS "' ; Cuddleback, 4 '^ ; Dyerville (5 miles south of), 1; Elk River, l'; Eiu-eka, 33'; Fair Oak.s, 19'; Ferndale, 1""; Gasquet, 4; Hardy. 3 "" ; Hardy (7 miles north), 1'"; Loleta, 7"; Mendocino, 19'; Orick, 15'; Requa, 16"; Smith River, 2 ; Trinidad, 9 "' ; Trinidad Head, 1. Oreg'on: Fort Umpqua, Douglas County (type locality), 1; Gardiner, 2'; Goldbeach, 6 ' ; Marshfield, 3 ' ; Myrtle Point, 1. SOREX PACIFICUS SONOMAE Jackson Sonoma Shrew Sorex pacificus sonomac Jackson, Journ. Mamm. 2 : 162, August 19, 1921. Type specimen. — No. 19658, Mus. Vert. ZooL, University of Cali- fornia; 2 adult (teeth moderately worn), skin and skeleton; col- lected July 2, 1913, by Alfred C. Shelton. Type locality. — Sonoma Countv side of Gualala River, Gualala, CaUf. Geographic range. — Coast region of California from Point Arena south to Point Reyes- (Fig. 15.) Diagnostic characters. — Similar to Horcx p. pacificus but averaging smaller, and a trifle darker and less reddish in summer pelage. Color. — Winter pelage: Essentially like that of S. p. pacificus. Summer pelage: Averaging somewhat darker and less reddish than that of S. p. pacificus; scarcely more reddish or cinnamon than winter pelage. Upper parts mummy brown or fuscous, the color of the upper parts extending well down over the sides ; underparts between olive-brown and buffy brov.-n, tending toward sepia ; tail essentially unicolor, about same color as underparts. Skull.- — Similar to that of S. p. pacificus but averaging smaller. Separable from that of S. yaquinae by specific characters. Measurements. — Type specimen (adult female) : Total length, 133; tail verte- brae, 59 ; hind foot. 16. Average of three adult males from type locality : Total length, 141.7 (141-143) ; tail vertebrae, 50 (54-03) ; hind foot, 17 (17-17). Skull: Type specimen (adult female; teeth moderately worn): Condylobasal length, 21.1 ; palatal length, 8.9 ; cranial breadth, 10.3 ; interorbital breadth, 4.5 ; maxillary breadth, 6.3 ; maxillary tooth row, 8.1. Average of three skulls of adult males (teeth moderately worn) from type locality: Condylobasal »« Mus. Vert. Zoo!., 6. niuii. Comp. Zool.,3 ; Mus. Vert. Zool., 16. "'' D. R. Dickey coll.. Pasadena, Calif. * Fichi Mus. Nat. Hist., 3 ; Mus. Vert. »" Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 1. Zoo!., 10. "^Mus. Vert. Zool. ^ D. R. Dickey coll., 2. ^ Mus. Comp. Zool. " Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 15 ; Mus. Comp. ^D. R. Dickey coll., 2; Mus. Comp. Zool., Zool., 1. 1 ; Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 11 ; Mus. Vert. • Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Zool., 17. 8Fiei(i Mus. Nat. Hist., 2. 144 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 length, 21.4 (21.0-21.7) : palatal length, 9.1 (8.9-9.2) ; cranial breadth, 10.5 (10.3-lO.S) ; iuterorbital breadth, 4.5 (4.4^.6) ; maxillary breadth, 6.4 (6.3-G.5) ; maxillary tooth row, 8.2 (8.0-8.4). Remarks. — The southern form of S- pacificus is separable from true pacifieus only in average differences of size and color. The larger skulls of S. p. sonomae can be fairly well matched by a very few small skulls of the subspecies pacifcus from Eureka and other points in northern California. The differences on the whole, how- ever, are well marked. Spechnens examined. — Total number, 35, as follows : California: Bohemian Grove, Monte Rio, Sonoma County, 1'; Cazadero (7 miles west), Sonoma County, 2"; Gualala, 14'; Gualala, Gualala River (Sonoma County side) (type locality), 11°; Inverness, 5"; Point Arena, 2.* Takle 9. — Cranial measurements of adult specimens of Sorex vagrans-obscurus (/roup Species and locality "3 jg .a ■°x: a £ (O .n >.a . •— ■a® a 'S o K o u z OQ O Ph U 24321 d' 16.4 6.5 7.9 24331 cf 16.6 6.6 8.3 24336 rf 16.8 6.4 8.2 24339 d' 16.5 6.4 8.2 71913 r? 16.6 6.5 8.2 1 12r,08 d' 16.1 6.4 8.1 112514 cf 16.6 6.6 8.2 112516 rf 16.5 6.5 8.4 i;2525 rf> 16.1 6.5 8.2 1 12526 rf 16.5 6.6 8.2 1 12541 cf 16.8 6.5 8.2 13038 cf 16.8 6.5 13635 9 16.5 6.4 8.3 13639 d' 17.0 6.0 8.5 4iS63 & 16.8 6.6 8.5 2 DOT 9 16.5 6.4 8.2 32302 rf 16.6 6.6 7.9 32303 cf 16.1 6.6 8.2 21535 c? 16.7 6.7 8.2 208G64 rf 16.3 6.7 8.2 208665 rf 16.4 6.6 8.2 209335 d 16.2 6.5 8.2 75000 & 16.4 6.5 8.3 74999 9 16.2 6.6 8.2 75005 9 16.9 0.7 8.3 53631 d 16.9 6.6 8.2 53634 o" 1-:,. 5 6.5 8.0 54440 V 16.5 6.5 7.8 55898 9 17.2 6.6 8.0 55900 9 17.0 6.5 7.8 94540 & 17.1 6.7 8.4 Wear of teeth Remarks .5. V. vagrans: Washington — Aber- deen. Do Do.... Do S. V. vancouverensis: British Columbia — Goldstream Alberni Valley. -. Do Do Do Do Do S V. halicoetes: California — Palo Alto Do Do_... S, V. amoenus: California — Mam- moth (nep.r). Do S. V. nevadensis: Nevada — Reese River. Do S. V. monticola: Arizona — San Francisco Mountain. White Mountains. Do.... Do Idaho — Alturas Lake Sawtooth City... Do V. orizabae: Puebla — Mount Ori- zaba. Do Vera Cruz — Cofre de Pcrote. Me.xico — North slope of Volcan Toluca. Do duranpae: Duraugo — El Salto... 1 Mus. Vert. Zool. •D. R. Dickey coll., Pasadena, 3. 2 i 4. 6 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.4 3.2 3.3 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.7 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.7 4.8 4.6 4.5 4.6 4.5 5.5 5.7 5.6 5.6 5.7 5.6 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.9 6.0 6.0 5.9 5.7 5.6 5.7 4.8 5.8 5.8 6.0 5.7 5.9 5. 0 5. 8 4.6 I 6.0 4.6 4.8 4.6 Shght. ...do... ...do... ...do... Moderate . ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Much Slight Much ...do Very slight Slight ...do ...do Very slight ...do ...do Slight ...do.... ...do Much. ...do Moderate . Slight. ...do... 5.0 I 6.3 I Much. Type specimen. Type specimen. Type locality. Do. Type specimen. Type locaMty. Type specimen. Type locality. Type specimen. Type locality of S. dobsoni. Do. Do. Type locality. Do. Type specimen. Calif, Mus. °D. R Vert. Zool. . Dickey coll., 4; Mus. Vert. Zool., 1. 192S] REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 145 Tablk 9. — Cranial measurements of adult spcciincns of Sorex vagi-ans-obscurus group — Continued Species and locality 6 63 M CO ■ass p o c "cS S3 •a 03 1 03 a >> § II C8 Wear of teeth Remarks S. 0. obscurus: Idaho— Salmon River Mountains. Do 309« 30940 30942 131014 1310fi5 1310:',9 131070 131082 41224 42550 120590 120591 120594 120597 100440 100442 118789 118791 5C561 56558 56559 97993 3 17048 3 17655 3 17670 3 17681 3 17682 177020 177021 177025 177041 177305 177307 73539 73536 73538 73541 97709 '8401 1 8398 1 8399 18402 1 8405 1 8406 100537 100593 100595 100598 lOOGOl 9 9 9 cf cf d^ d^ cf 9 9 d' cT cf cf 9 9 9 d' 9 S s s s £ 9 9 9 9 S 9 S s s 17.1 17.3 16.9 7.0 7.0 fi. 8 8.3 8.4 8.2 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.3 8.5 8.2 8.5 8.4 8.9 8.6 8.8 8.9 8.1 8.0 8.0 8.7 8.3 8.4 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.5 8.7 8.6 8.6 8.5 8.6 8.8 8.7 8.7 S. 6 8.8 8.7 9.1 8.9 8.8 8.8 8.6 8.4 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.5 3.5 3.3 .3.6 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.4 3.7 3.4 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.8 3.8 4.0 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.5 3.5 3.7 3.9 3.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 4.9 5.2 5.0 5.1 4.9 5.0 4.9 5.0 4.9 4.9 5.1 5.4 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 5.0 4.8 5.0 5.0 4.6 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.9 4.6 5.1 5.3 5.3 5.0 5.0 5.3 5.3 5.4 5.2 5.2 5.1 4.7 4.7 4.9 5.0 4.8 6.2 6.4 6.2 6.0 6.0 6.1 6.3 6.2 6.1 6.0 6.3 6.1 6.0 6.2 6.9 6.9 6.7 6.7 6.2 5.8 6.0 6.2 6.0 6.0 6.1 6.1 5.9 6.0 5.9 6.0 5.8 5.8 6.2 6.4 6.4 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.4 6.6 6.1 6.1 6.3 6.4 6.3 Slight ...do —do ...do ...do ...do ...do. ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do —do Moderate. Shght ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Very slight ...do ...do ...do ...do. Slight ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Moderate - Slight ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do. Type specimen. Type locality. Do Do Alaska — Mountains near Eagle. Do 16. 6 6. 7 17. 4 6. 9 17. 1 6. 8 17. 6 6. 8 17. 3 fi- 9 Do Do _.. Do ... California — Mount Whitney. Do 16.7 16.9 16.8 16.8 16.4 17.2 18.0 17.4 17.7 17.6 17.1 16.4 17.2 17.3 17.8 17.8 17.1 17.2 17.3 16.8 16.8 16.7 17.0 16.8 16.9 17.6 17.7 17.7 17.8 17.6 18.4 18.3 18.6 18.4 17.8 18.3 17.9 17.6 17.9 18.0 18.1 6.7 6.7 6.8 6.8 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.2 7.1 7.0 6.7 6.4 6.5 0.5 6.8 6.6 6.4 6.5 6.8 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.4 6.4 6.6 6.8 6.9 0.7 6.8 6.8 7.3 7.4 7.3 7.3 7.2 7.3 6.9 6.7 W y 0 m i n g— Mam- moth Hot Springs, Yellowstone Na- tional Park. Do... - Do . Do . . S. 0. neomexicanus: New Mexico— Cloud- croft. Do Type specimen. Type locaUty. Do. Do... Do Do. S. 0. parvidens: California— Bluff Lake, San Bernar- dino Mountains. Do Type specimen. Type locality. Do -- Do. S. 0. shumaginensis: Alaska- Pop of Island, Shumagin Is- lands. Do Type specimen . Type locality. Do Do. Do.. Do. Do Do. Do . Do. Kings Cove. Alaska Penin- sula. Do - Do Do . Do Do . S. 0. alascensis: Alaska — Yakutat Bay Do Type specimen. Type locality. Do Do. Do Do. Point Gustavus, Glacier Bay. S. 0. malitiosus: Alaska—East side of Warren Island. Do Type specimen of S.'glacialis. Type specimen. Type locality. Do Do. Do Do. Do Do. Do Do. S. 0. elassodon: British Columbia— Cumshewa Inlet, Moresby Island, Queen Charlotte Islands. Do.. Type specimen. Do 6. 9 8. 6 6. 8 8. 7 6. 8 8. 7 Do. Do Do. Do Do. > Mus. Vert. Zool. 3 Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 146 NORTH AMEEICAlSr FAUlSTA [No. 51 Table 9. — Cranial measurements of adiilt specimens of Sorex vagrans-obscurus group — Continued Species and lacality 6 CO 03 a o O xi a a "3 .a CS 2 '3 =3 is o ci <-• £ a >> o o ^^ C3 Wear of teeth Remarks S. 0. lonpicauda: Alaska— Wrangell Do 747il 74694 74697 74708 74709 74713 74718 100566 100568 100618 100612 100616 100619 107254 177719 177721 '238 89647 89655 89660 88817 88824 88832 88833 91048 91047 91053 91055 91059 91061 24318 24317 89022 89129 73051 69445 <9633 63521 <9647 <9648 > 11748 1 11758 ' 19658 1 19651 1 19652 1 19668 c? 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 (? 9 9 9 9 C? 9 Mus. Vert. Zool. * Field Mus. Nat. Hist. 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 147 SOREX STIZODON GROUP The stisodon group includes a single species: Sorex stizodon. All the necessary group comparisons are made under the species. SOREX STIZODON Merriam Pale-toothe:d Shrew (Pls. 3, j ; 5, J ; 6, m ; 8, j ; 12. m) Sorex stizodon Merriam, North Amer. Fauna No. 10, p. 98, December 31, 1895. Ti/pe specime?i. — No. 75885, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection; 5 adult (teeth slightly worn); skin and skull; collected September 25, 1895, by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman. Type locality. — San Cristobal, altitude 9,000 feet, Chiapas, Mexico. Geographic range. — Known only from the type locality. Diagnostic characters. — Size rather small, color of ventral parts scarcely paler than back, tail relatively short. Skull broad and flattened, with noticeably short and wide rostrum ; dentition moderately lieavy, weakly pigmented, the third unicuspid about equal the fourth in size. Most nearly like S. s. saussurei, somewhat smaller, and darker ventrally ; skull relatively shorter and broader than that of the species saussurei, particularly the rostral region ; dentition weaker. Color. — Winter pelage: Unknown. Summer pelage: Upper parts bister, or a shade darker ; underparts a trifle paler than upper parts, bister tending to- ward snuff brown; tail dark mummy brown above, slightly paler beneath. SkiiU.— Distinctly flat and broad in superior aspect, the rostrum relatively sliort and wide, and brain case broad and flat ; mesopterygoid space short and broad ; occipital foramen small, narrow in iutero-exterior diameter ; dentition moderately heav.v, very weakly pigmented ; third uncuspid about equal in size to fourth. Differs from other Mexican Sorex in the scanty pigmentation of the teeth ; and in having the intero-exterior diameter of flrst upper molari- form tooth distinctly greater than the antero-posterior diameter. Measurements. — Type specimen (adult female) : Total length, 107; tail verte- brae, 41; hind foot, 13.5. Skull: Type specimen (adult female; teeth slightly worn): Condylobasal length, 17.5; palatal length, 7.0; cranial breadth, 8.9; interorbital breadth, 4.2; maxillary breadth, 56; maxillary tooth row, 6.4. Remarks. — Only the type specimen of >S'. stizodon is available for study. This shows so many distinctive characters and differs so widely from other shrews in two or three of these characters that it seems well to place the species in a group by itself. Its nearest af- finity is probabl}?^ >6'. saussurei., from which, however, it is distinctive in cranial characters. Svecinnen examined. — One, the type specimen. SOREX VERAEPACIS GROUP The veraepaci-s group includes two species — Sorex veraepacis and S. rrmcrodon. Geographic range. — Central Vera Cruz and central Guerrero south and east to southern Oaxaca, ISIexico ; central and southern Chiapas, Mexico, and western Guatemala. (Fig. 16.) Diagnostic characters. — Size large ; tail long, dark both superiorly and in- teriorly ; color of body parts dark both dorsally and ventrally, the underparts scarcely, if any, paler than upper parts. Skull rather massive with relatively broad, high, and laterally angular cranium ; broad interorbitally ; wide mesopterygoid space ; dentition rather heavy, the third unicuspidate tooth 148 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 smaller than the fourth; unicuspids with well-deiined internal ridge (usually more or less pigmented in unworn teeth) extending from apex to cingulum, the cinguhim relatively broad and distinct. Skull relatively higher, broader, and more angular than in any of the saussurci group, and the unicuspidate teeth different. Remarks. — Shrews of the veraepacis group hardly need critical comparison with those of any other except the saussurei group. The large size, long tail, and dark colors of the members of this group together with the large skull with high and broad cranium are dis- tinctive among other Mexican and Central American Sorex. Certain individual specimens of S. v. mutahilis may be superficially similar to some specimens of S. saussurei., particularly of the subspecies veraecrucis., but the combined extei-nal and cranial characters readily separate the two forms. Fig. 16. — Geographic range of subspecies of Sorcx veraepacis and of the species iS. macrodon 1. tSf. V. veraepacis. 2. 8. v. mutabilis. 3. .S'. v. chiapensis. 4. 8. macrodon. SOREX VERAEPACIS Alston [•Synonymy under subspecies] Geographic range. — Central Guerrero east through central Oaxaca ; central and southern Chiapas, and western Guatemala. (Fig. 16.) Diagtiostlc characters. — Similar to Sorcx macrodon; rostrum narrower; anterior nares smaller with noticeably thinner and weaker premaxillary borders, and molariform dentition weaker. Subspecies and geographic variation. — The species veraepacis is composed of three subspecies, namely, veraepacis, mutabilis, and chiapensis. In the more westeiiy and northwesterly part of its range (subspecies mutabilis) the species is smaller and more brownish and a shade paler in color, with i-kuU that is comparatively nai'row in all ilimcusions and has smaller teeth. There is a gradual accentuation in size, in broadness of the skull, and size of teeth toward the east and south, which reaches a maximum in the subspecies verae- pacis in Guatemala. There is also a tendency for the species to become progressively less brownish from the northwest toward the southeast. 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 149 Time of molting. — A male collected uear Ozolotepec, Oaxaca, Mexico, March 26, 1895, has the sprins luoli well started ; a male and a female, collected respectively March 26 and 27, from the same locality are still in winter pelage. Beginning of molt is shown in a male from Oniilteme, Guerrero, May IS. 1903. Just the bare beginning of the autumnal molt is indicated in three specimens collected October 20 to 22, 1894, at Reyes, Oaxaca; the other specimens from that locality collected at the same time still retain their summer fur without signs of molting. Specimens from San Cristobal, Chiapas, Mexico, collected between September 29 and October 6, all show that the autumnal molt ha.s begun, although but slightly advanced in any of them. SOKEX VERAEPACIS VERABPACIS Alston Vehsapaz Shrew (Pls. 3, k ; 5, k ; 6, n ; 9, a ; 11, j ; 12, n) Corsira tcmlijas Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, part 11, 1S13, p. 79, 1843. (Nomen nudum.) Sorex verae-pacis Alston, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1S77, p. 445, October, 1877. Clorsira] tcculyas (sic) Alston, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1877, p. 445, October, 1877. (In synonymy.) Sorex vcfacpacis veracpacis Jackson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 3'3 : 130, November 13, 1925. Type specimen. — Two cotypes: No. 43.6.13.8, British Museum (Natural History), skin and skull; No. 43.9.15.2, British Museum (Natural History), skin without skull. Upon the suggestion of Oldfield Thomas, No. 43.6.13.8, British Museum (Natural History), is hereby designated a lectotjpe, and No. 43.9.15.2, British Museum (Natural History), a lectoparatype. Type locality. — -Coban, Guatemala. Geocjrapliic range. — Central and western Guatemala at about lati- tude 16° north. (Fig. 16.) Diag')iostio characters. — Size largest of the species veraepacis; skull rela- tively and actually broader than that of Borcx v. mutabilis or chkwensis, par- ticulai'ly interorbitally and through the brain case. Color. — Winter pelage: Upper p:irts clove brown or darker, between clove brown and chaetura black ; underparts between chaetura drab and hair brown, tending toward fuscous ; tail above essentially same color as back, scarcely, if any, paler below. Sutnmer pelage: Unknown. Skidl. — ^Largest of the species (cond.ylobasal length over 19) ; noticeably broad interorbitally and through brain case (cranial breadth 10 or more) ; mesopterygoid space wide ; dentition rather heavy. In size about equal that of S. macro'Jon. but anterior nares smaller vvith distinctly thinner and weaker premaxillary borders. Measurements. — Average of four adult females from Todos Santos, Guate- mala: Total length, 124.3 (119-128); tail vertebrae, 51 (48-57); hind foot, 15.5 (15-16). Skull: Average of four skulls of adult females (teeth slightly worn) from Todos Santos, Guatemala: Condylobasal length. 19.7 (19.4-19.9); palatal length, 8.0 (7.9-8.1) ; cranial breadth. 10.2 (10.1-10.3) ; interorbital breadth, 4.6 (4.4—4.8) ; maxillary breadth, 5.9 (5.7-6.1) ; maxillary tooth row, 7.5 (7.3-7.6). Remarks. — The writer has seen no specimens of S. v. veraepacis from the type locality. Alston, who based his description on two specimens, says, " second to fourth [incisors] simple, gradually di- minishing in size, canine [fourth unicuspid] slightly smaller than fourth incisor [third unicuspid]" (Alston, 1877, p. 455). This is also shown in his figure (op. cit., p. 446). Merriam, however, states on authority of Oldfield Thomas, who examined the type specimen, that the fourth unicuspid is distinctly higher than the third, and that 150 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 Alston's description is wrong (Merriam, 1895, p. 83), As already pointed out by Merriam (op. cit., p. So), the relations of these teeth are correctly shown by Dobson (1890, pi. 23, fig. 8). The species, how- ever, was misidentified by Dobson with Sorex pacificus. Speci7)ien examined. — Total number, 12, as follows: Guatemala: Todos Santos. 12. SOREX VERAEPACIS CHIAPENSIS Jackson Chiapas Shrew Sorex veraepaeis chmpensls Jackson, Pioc. Biol. Soc. Washington 38 : 129, November 13, 1925. Type specimen. — No. 75877, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection; $ adult (teeth slightl}'^ worn), skin and skull; collected October 1, 1895, by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman. Original number 8528. Type locality. — San Cristobal, altitude 9,500 feet, Chiapas, Mexico. Geographic range. — Central Chiapas, Mexico, to west-southwestern Guatemala. (Fig. 16.) Diagnostic characters. — Intermediate in many respects between Sorex v. verae- pads and S. v. nuitabilis; color in winter pelage, essentially like S. v. verae- pacis, more grayish (less brownish) than mutabiUs; smaller than S. v. veraepacis, about the size of mutabilis or a trifle larger, with shorter tail. Skull somewhat similar to that of mutabilis, broader through cranium and interor- bitally, with wider mesopterygoid space. Color. — Winter pelage: Upper parts clove brown or between clove brown and chaetura black ; uuderparts slightly paler than clove brown or between chaetura drab and hair brown tending toward fuscous ; tail near clove brown above, scarcely paler below. Summer pelage: Fuscous above, sometimes tend- ing toward clove brown ; underparts hair brown or between hair brown and fuscous ; tail fuscous to clove brown above, scarcely paler below. Skiill. — Decidedly .smaller than that of S. v. veraepacis, with noticeably nar- rower cranium. About the size of that of S. v. mutabilis, broader through cranium and interorbitally, mesopterygoid space wider, dentition usually some- what heavier. Measurements. — Type specimen (adult female): Total length, 120; tail ver- tebrae, 48 ; hind foot. 14.5. Average of three adult males from type locality : Total length, 119.3 (117-123) ; tail vertebrae, 48.3 (45-51) ; hind foot, 14.7 (14-15). Skull: Type specimen (adult female; teeth slightly worn) ; Condyio- basal length, 18.3 ; palatal length, 7.3 ; cranial breadth, 9.5 ; iuterorbital breadth, 4.2; maxillary breadth, 5.3; maxillary tooth row. 7.0. Average of three skulls of adult males (teeth slightly worn) from type localitv : Condylobasal length, 18.4 (18.3-18.6) ; palatal length. 7.3 (7.2-7.4) ; cranial breadth, 9.4 (9.3-9.5) : iu- terorbital breadth, 4.3 (4.2-4.4) ; maxillary breadth. 5.4 (5.3-5.5) ; maxillary tooth row, 7.1 (6.9-7.2). Remarks. — Although in reality an intermediate between S. v. veraepacis and S. v. mutabilis., S. v. chiapensis is more like the former in external appearance but nearer the latter cranially. Skulls of chiapensis can be separated from those of true veraepacis by their smaller size, and from those of mutahilis by their wide mesopterygoid space. The geograpliic range of this form, when considered in rela- tion to the range of the subspecies veraepacis., is rather aberrant and does not conform strictly with what one might expect from the topog- raphy of the region. The affinities of the few specimens available, however, seem very clear. Specimens examined. — Total number, 19, as follows : Chiapas: Pinabete, 1; San Cristobal (type locality), 8. Guatemala: Calel, 4; Volcano Santa Maria, Quezaltenango, 6. 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAN" LONG-TAILED SHREWS 151 SOREX VERAEPACIS MUTABILIS Mebriam DARK-BEaXIED ShBEW (PL. 3, L) Sorex sau,^surei catidatus Merriam, North Amer. Fauna No. 10, p. 84, December 31, 1895. Not /S. caudaius Hodgson ( nomen nudum, qui S. catidatus Horsfield), Annals and Mag. Nat. Hi.st. (series 2) 3: 203, 1849. Not 8. cavdatus Horsfield, Catal. Mamm. Mus. East Indian Co., p. 135, 1851, from Siliim and Darjeling, India. Sorex satisswei mutaMUs Merriam, Science (n. s.) 8: 782, December 2, 1898. New name for S. saiisMirei caudattis Merriam. Sorex sautisurii mutabilis Elliot, Field Columb. Mus. Publ. 105 (zool. series 6) : 456, 1905. Sorex veraepacis mutaMUs Jackson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 38 : 130, November 13, 1925. Type specimen: — No. 69600, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection; 9 adult (teeth slightly worn), skin and skull; collected October 21, 1894, by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman. Type locality. — Reyes (near Cuicatlan), altitude 10,200 feet, Oaxaca, Mexico. Geog-raphic range. — Central Guerrero east to north-central and east-central, and south to south-central Oaxaca. (Fig. 16.) Diagnostio characters. — About the size of S. v. chiapensis or a trifle smaller, with relatively longer tail ; color more brownish than in either S. v. veraepacis or chiapensis; skull averaging smaller and relatively narrower than that of chiapensis, decidedly smaller and narrower than that of s. v. veraepacis, with weaker dentition. Color. — Winter pelage: Upper parts clove brown or a shade paler ; under- parts slightly darker than between wood brown and. drab; tail clove bi-own above, very slightly, if any, paler beneath. Summer pelage: Ui^per parts between clove brown and sepia, sometimes almost bister or mummy brown ; underparts usually darker than wood brown, almost between Saccardo's umber and bister, frequently scarcely paler than upper parts; tail as in winter. Skull. — About the size of that of S. v. chiapensis, averaging a trifle smaller and relatively narrower; tn,esoptei'ygoid space narroicer than in chiapensis; and dentition averaging weaker. Measurements. — Type specimen (adult female) : Total length, 126; tail verte- brae, 57 ; hind foot, 14.5. Average of three adult females from type locality : Total length, 123.7 (121-128) ; tail vertebrae, 57 (56-58) ; hind foot, 14.8 (14.5-15). Skull: Type specimen (adult female; teeth slightly worn) : Condylo- basal length, 18.7 ; palatal length, 7.3 ; cranial breadth, 9.4 ; interorbital breadth, 4.3 ; maxillary breadth, 5.3 ; maxillary tooth row, 6.9. Average of three skulls of adult females (teeth slightly to moderately worn) from type locality: Condylobasal length, 18.3 (18.0-18.5) ; palatal length, 7.3 (7.2-7.4) ; cranial breadth, 9.1 (9.0-9.1) ; interorbital breadth, 4.1 (4.0-4.2) ; maxillary breadth, 5.3 (5.1-5.5) ; maxillary tooth row, 6.8 (6.6-6.9). Remarks. — In his original description of this shrew, Merriam remarked upon the variability of skulls from single localities, more particularly from Reyes and Mount Zempoaltepec, stating that two types exist: "(1) A large skull with high brain case, large 7n ^ (with squarish body), long unicuspidate row, the anterior teeth of which are not markedly swollen; and (2) a slightly smaller skull with flatter brain case, smaller m^ (with narrower body and rounded angles), shorter unicuspidate row, the first and second teeth of which are conspicuously swollen (broadened)" (Merriam, 1895, p. 84). Merriam was inclined to look upon these differences as sexual. The critical studies of the present investigator indicate clearly to him that these two so-called types represent two distinct species ; the one with 152 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 the small flat skull, safmswrei; the one with the large skull and high brain case, veraepaeis. Moreover, in each of the series, the two forms can be separated by color differences, 8. s. saussurei having distinctly paler ventral parts than S. v. mutabUis. Specl'inens examined. — Total number 35, as follows : Guerrero: Omilteme, 1. Oaxaca: Ceiro San Felipe, 4; Mount Zempoaltepec, 13; Ozolotepec, 3; lieyes (near Cuicatlau) (type lo<;ality), 7; Tontontepec, 7. SOREX MACRODON Merriam Large-toothed Shrew (Pls. 3, m; 5, l; 9, b) Sorex macrodon Merriam, North Amer. Fauna No. 10, p. 82. December 31, 1895. Type specimen. — No. 58272, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection; $ adult (teeth slightly worn), skin and skull; collected January 26, 1894, by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman. Type locality. — Orizaba, altitude 4,200 feet. Vera Cruz, Mexico. Geogimphic range.- — West-central Vera Cruz. (Fig. 16.) Diagnostic characters. — Similar to 8orex v. mutabilis in color, possibly darker; size large, about as S. v. veraepaeis. Differs craniuUy from any forms of the species veraepaeis in the broad anterior uares with thick and heavy premaxillary borders. Time of uiolting. — Only two specimens showing the molt are available. One of these, a male, was collected at Xico, Vera Cruz, July 6, 1893, and is apparently in complete summer pelage except for the retention of a very small patch of winter fur oii the rump. The other, also a male, collected January 26, 1894, at Orizaba, Vera Cruz, is in complete winter pelage except on the cheeks, face, and occiput, which are in process of molt. Color. — Winter pelage: Upper parts clove brown or a shade darker, or tending toward sepia, but darker ; underparts scarcely paler than upper parts, between clove brown and sepia or a shade paler ; tail dark clove brown above, clove brown or between clove brown and olive-brown below. Summer pelage: Barely different from winter pelage, possibly a shade paler. Upper parts clove brown tending toward bister ; underparts most nearly between clove brown and sepia ; tail as in winter. Skull. — Large and massive ; about the size of that of S. v. veraepaeis ; rostrum broader anteriorly ; anterior nares broad, the premax:ilary borders thick and heavy ; dentition heavy ; third unicuspid distinctly smaller than the fourth. Measurements. — Type specimen (adult male): Total length, 128; tail verte- brae, 52 ; hind foot, 15.5. Adult male from Xico, Vera Cruz, Mexico : Total length, 130; tail vertebrae, 50; hind foot, 15. Skull: Type spec men (adult male; teeth slightly worn): Condylobasal length, 19.6; palatal length, 8.0; cranial breadth, 9.7 ; interorbital breadth, 4.6 ; maxillary breadth, 6.0 ; maxillary tooth row, 7.4. Skull of adult male ( teeth moderately worn ) from Xico,* Vera Cruz, Mexico : Condyloba.sal length, 19.2 ; palatal length, 8.0 ; cranial breadth, 9.9 ; interorbital breadth, 4.7 ; maxillary breadth, 6.1 : maxillary tooth row, 7.3. Remarks. — The geographic range of S. macrodon, as far as is known, occupies a small area in central Vera Cruz. The species shows close affinities with S. veraepaeis and it would seem not at all improb- able that when specimens are available from other localities the two forms may prove to be conspecific. E. W. Nelson, in his manuscript report, states that his first speci- men of this species was taken in the fir belt at 9,500 feet on the west slope of Mount Orizaba. Soon after he began his work at Xico, a specimen was taken under a rock in a damp place in a dense patch of low woods on the side of a canyon near town. Afterwards, in work- 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 153 ing higher up the slope, he found them to be rather common in the dense oak forest from 5,500 to 6,500 feet, which he considered to be their proper home. According to Nelson (manuscript), they are never found among grass and Aveeds, but seek the bare situations under logs and large stones in the damp forest, where their pres- ence is, indicated by curious broad runways made in the soft, loose earth. These runways were often from 3 to 4 inches broad and ex- tended the entire length of the log or other shelter, and usually began at the entrance of the animal's burrow, which led into the ground under the base of the shelter. Specimens examined. — Total number, 7, as follows: Vera Cruz: Orizaba (type locality), 4; Xico, 3. Table 10. — Cranial measurements of adult specimens of Sorex veraepac-Is group Species and locality d o ■0.2 a o a — £ "5 c ° s _ 03 o o 2.2. 1 Wear of teeth Remarks S. V. veraepacis: Guatemida— T o d o s Santos. Do 77029 77030 77032 77033 77034 69600 69598 69601 09602 75877 75878 75882 75884 58272 55101 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 <3 c? S (? 19.4 19.8 19.9 19.7 19.5 18.7 18.0 18.5 18.5 18.3 18.3 18.6 18.4 19.6 19.2 8.0 8.1 .8.1 7.9 7.9 7.3 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.3 7.2 7.4 7.3 8.0 8.0 10.1 10.3 10.2 10.3 10.2 9.4 9.1 9.0 9.1 9.5 9.5 9.3 9.4 9.7 9.9 4.4 4.5 4.7 4.8 4.6 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.0 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.6 4.7 5.7 5.8 6.1 6.0 5.9 5.3 5.2 5.5 5.1 5.3 5.5 5.3 5.5 6.0 6.1 7.3 7.5 7.6 7.4 7.5 6.9 6.9 6.6 6.9 7.0 6.9 7.1 7.2 7.4 7.3 Slight —do --.do. - ---do__ ...do ---do - -..do Moderate - —do Slight ---do - ...do .-do —do Moderate - Do Do Do .. S. V. mutaiiiiis: Gaxaca— Reves Do Type specimen. Type locality. Do Do. Do . Do. S. V. chiapensis: Chiapas— San Cris- tobal. Do Type specimen. Type locality. Do Do. Do Do. S. macrodon: Vera Cruz — Type specimen. Xico SOREX SAUSSUREI GROUP The sausswrei group includes four species: Sorex sav>ssuTei, S. emargitiutus, S. venfralis., and S. oreoiioJus. Geogrcophic range. — Mexico, from southern Coahuila and southern Zacatecas south through Chiapas; extreme western Guatemala. (Fig. 17.) Diagnostic cliaraotcrs. — Size medium to small ; skull relatively flat, brain case rounded laterally (not angular) ; mesoirterygoid .'^pace relatively narrow (except in S. emargiuaius) ; teeth mediuiu to small, the third unicuspid about equal the fourth in size, sometimes slightly smaller, sometimes slightly larger (distinctly larger in the three available specimens of iS'. emarginatus) ; uni- cuspids with poorly defined internal ridge (not pigmented) extending from near apex to cingulum, the cing'ulum relatively narrow, sloping, and indistinct. Compared with any of the veraepacis group the skull of any of the saussiirei group is flatter, has a brain case more rounded (less angular) laterally, shorter unicuspidate tooth row, with different internal ridge and cingulum on unicuspids. Except in fe'. emarginattis, the mesopterygoid space in any of the saussurei group is relativelj^ longer and narrower than in the veraepacis group 154 NOPiTH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 Remarks. — The members of the saussurei group, particularly the species saussurei., show many similarities to members of the tro'm- hridgii group, especially in the general shape of skull and in the dentition. Geographically the two groups are now widely sepa- rated, but it seems not improbable either that one is the direct offshoot of the other, or that both are derived from a common ancestral form. SOREX SAUSSUREI Meeriam [Synonymy under subspecies] Geographic range. — Mexico, from southern Coahuila and south- ern Zacatecas south through Chiapas; extreme western Guatemala. (Fig. ir.) FiG. 17. — Geographic range of subspecies of Sorex saussurei and the species /Sf. emar- ginatu^ 7. 8. ertmrglnatus. 1. /8f. s. saussurei. 2. S. s. veraeontcis. 3. 8. s. oaxacae. 5. S. s. godmani. 4. 8. s. cristobalensis. 6. /S. s. aalvini. Diagnostic characters. — Except its subspecies salvmi, tlie species saussurei is larger than 8. emarginatus, S. ventralis, or S. oreopolus. The skull of 8. saussurei is more depressed rostrally, the brain case more flattened, palate longer, and dentition heavier than in either 8. ventralis or 8. oreopolus. Com- pared with the skull of /S. emarginatus that of the species saussurei differs in its larger size, relatively narrower and longer mesopterygoid space, broader and less emarginate first-upper molariform tooth, and relatively larger fourth upper unicuspid. 8ubspecies and geographic variation. — The species saussurei includes six subspecies : saussurei, veraecrucis, oaxacae, cristobalensis, godmani, and salvini. The subspecies saussurei, which occupies the most northwesterly part of the range of the species, is the palest in color and has a comparatively short tail. Passing easterly there is a slight tendency toward darkening in the color, and a noticeable increase in tail length, which culminates in the subspecies veraecrucis. The tendency toward darkening reaches extreme in the forms oaxacae and cristobalensis. The subspecies godmani is also dark colored and 1928] REVIEW CF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 155 with long tail, but quite in contrast the form salvini, although dark, has a short tail. Time of molting. — Very few of the specimens at hand show indications of molting. A female from Omilteme, Guerrero, has fresh pelage May 17, 1903. A female collected at Encarnacion, Hidalgo, Mexico, on October 4, 1896, has a trace of the winter pelage under the old fur over the posterior half of the back. Two females collected at Nahuatzin, Michoacan, have the molt well begun October 9 and 10, 1892, while a third appears to be in worn summer pelage October 12, and two others have the fresh pelage October 9 and 10. SOREX SAUSSUREI SAUSSUREI Mebeiam Saussure Shbew (Pls. 3, N, o ; 5, M ; 6, 0 ; 9, c ; 11, k ; 13, a) Sorex saussurei Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 7 : 173, September 29, 1892. Sorex saussurii Elliot, Field Columb. Mus. Publ. 105 (zool. series 6) : 456, 1905. Sorex saussurei saussurei Miller, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bui. 79, p. 19, December 31, 1912. Type specimen. — Number fifit? U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Sur- vey collection; 5 adult (teeth moderately worn), skin and skull; col- lected April 23, 1892, by E. W. Nelson. Type locality. — North slope of Sierra Nevada de Colima, altitude about 8,000 feet, Jalisco, Mexico. Geographic range. — Extreme southern Coahuila south through western Tamaulipas, Guanajuato, Hidaigo, and western Puebla to northwestern Oaxaca and central Guerrero, west through northern Michoacan to west-central Jalisco. (Fig. 17.) Diagnostio characters. — Similar in color to Sorex s. veraecrucis and S. emar- ginatus, tail shorter than in veraecrucis; paler, particularly ventrally, than 8. s. oaxacae. Skull averaging relatively broader and shorter in interorbital region than in that of veraecrucis, but relatively and actually narrower in all propor- tions than in oaxacae. Differs cranially and dentally from S. emarginatus. Color. — Winter pelage: Upper parts fuscous to clove brown; underparts smoke gray to nearly pale smoke gray, more or less tinged with drabbish, rarely tinged with almost wood brown ; tail sepia to mummy brown or sometimes near clove brown above, paler beneath, usually near wood brown. Summer pelage: Some- what paler and more brownish than winter pelage. Upper parts fuscous or slightly paler, more frequently near bister or between sepia and bister ; under- parts about as in winter, possibly in certain specimens more stained with brownish ; tail as in winter. Skull. — Medium in size, moderately flattened, rather heavy rostrum. Rela- tively broader and shorter in interorbital region than that of S. s. veraecrucis ; relatively and actually narrower in all proportions than that of 8. s. oaxacae. Essentially like that of S. s. salvini, on the average a trifle larger. Measurements, — Type specimen (adult female) : Total length, 115; tail ver- tebrae, 48 ; hind foot, 14. Adult female from type locality : Total length, 122 ; tail vertebrae, 46 ; hind foot, 15. Two adult females from Nahuatzin, Michoacan, Mexico : Total length, 109, 115 ; tail vertebrae, 48, 47 ; hind foot, 14, 14. Skull: Type specimen (adult female, teeth moderately worn) : Condylobasal length, 18.4 ; palatal length, 7.6 ; cranial breadth, 8.9 ; interorbital breadth, 4.3 ; maxil- lary breadth, 5.6 ; maxillary tooth row, 6.8. Skull of adult female (teeth moderately worn ) from type locality : Condylobasal length, 18.0 ; palatal length, 7.5± ; cranial breadth, 8.8 ; interorbital breadth, 4.2 ; maxillary breadth, 5.6 ; maxillary tooth row, 6.8. Skulls of two adult females (teeth slightly worn) from Nahuatzin, Michoacan, Mexico ; Condylobasal length, 18.1, 18.2 ; palatal length, 7.3, 7.4 ; cranial breadth, 8.6, 8.7 ; interorbital breadth, 4.1, 4.2 ; maxil- lary breadth, 5.4, 5.3 ; maxillary tooth row, 6.5, 6.6. RemarTcs. — The subspecies saussurei has one of the most extensive geographic ranges in Mexico of any form of Sorex. There is some local cranial variation in the available specimens, and to a less degree 74235—28 11 156 NORTH AMERICAI^ FAUNA [No. 51 occasionally an apj^arent slight color variation. On the whole, how- ever, the subspecies is fairly constant in characters, and to recognize these slight local variations by name w^oulcl only cause hopeless con- fusion. S'pecionens examined. — Total number, 46, as follows : Coahuila: Sierra Guadelupe, 2. Guanajuato: Santa Rosa, 1. Guerrero: Cliilpancingo (mounlaius near), 2; Omilteme, 1. Hidalgo: EncarnacioJi, 2. Jalisco: San Sebastian, 2; Sierra Nevada de Colima (type locality), 2. Mexico: Mount Popocatepetl, 2 ; Salazar, 2 ; Volcano Toluca (north slope), 1. Michoacan: Mount Patambau (altitude 10,000 feet), 2; Mount Tancitaro, 6 ; Nahuatziu, 5 ; Patzcuaro, 1." Morelos: Tetela del Volcan, 1. Nuevo Leon: Miquihuana, 4. Oaxaca: Tamazulapan, 3; Tlapancingo, 2. Puebla: Huachinango, 1. Queretaro : Pinal de Amoles, 4. SOREX SAUSSUREl VERAECRUCIS Jackson Vera Cruz Shrew (PL. 3, p) Sorex saussurci veraecrucis Jaclvson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 38 : 128, November 13, 1925. Type speci77ien. — Number 55106, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Sur- vey collection; 5 adult (teeth slightly worn), skin and skull; col- lected July 14, 1893, by E. W. Nelson. Original number 5235. Type locality. — Xico, altitude 6,000 feet, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico. GeograpMc range. — North-central part of the State of Vera Cruz south to Mount Zempoaltepec, eastern Oaxaca, Mexico. (Fig. IT.) Diagnostic characters. — In color essentially lilve Sorex s. saussurei, tail averag- ing longer, and skull relatively more elongate and narrower in interorbital i*egion. Paler, particularly ventrally, than S. s. oaxacae, or any subspecies of /S. saussurei ranging to the south or east of it. Color. — Winter pelage: Essentially like winter pelage of S. s. saussurei. Summer pelage: Averaging a shade darker than summer pelage of S. s. saus- surei. Upper parts fuscous or slightly darker to clove brown ; underparts mouse gray heavily tinged with drab or sometimes darker ; clove brown to mummy brown above, slightly paler beneath. Skull. — Relatively more elongate and narrow in interorbital region than that of S. s. saussurei or S. s. oaxacae. Dentition on the average somewhat heavier than in S. s. saussurei. Measurements. — Type specimen (adult female): Total length, 118; tail ver- tebrae, 52 ; hind foot, 15. Adult female from type locality : Total length, 128 ; tail vertebrae, 60 ; hind foot, 15. Adult female from Mount Zempoaltepec, Oaxaca, Mexico: Total length, 126; tail vertebrae, 57; hind foot, 15. Skull: Type specimen (adult female; teeth slightly worn) : Condylobasal length, 18.3; palatal length, 7.4 ; cranial breadth, 8.7 ; interorbital breadth, 4.1 ; maxillary breadth, 5.3; maxillary tooth row, 6.6. Skull of adult female (teeth unworn) from type locality : Condylobasal length, 18.1 ; palatal length, 7.4 ; cranial breadth, 8. 7 ; interorbital breadth, 4.0 ; maxillary breadth, 5.4 ; maxillary tooth row, 6.7. Skull of adult female (teeth slightly worn) from Mount Zempoalte- pec, Oaxaca, Mexico : Condylobasal length, 18.2 ; palatal length, 7.5 ; cranial breadth, 8.7; interorbital breadth, 4.0; maxillary breadth, 5.3; maxillary tooth row, 6.9. Remarks. — The Vera Cruz shrew is a long-tailed form of S. saus- swei the geographic range of which is confined principally to the " Field Mus. Nat. Hist. 1928] EEVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 157 higher parts of the Atlantic drainage from central Vera Cruz and Puebla south to nortlieastern Oaxaca, ]\Iexico. This form occurs with /S. V. mutahilis at Reyes and Mount Zempoaltepec in the State of Oaxaca, and possibly at other localities. It may be separated from mutahilis by its narrower and more depressed skull with less later- ally angular brain case- Intergradation with S. s. saussurei is indi- cated in specimens from the western part of the range of S. s. verae- crucis. Specimens examined. — Total number, 12, as follows : Oaxaca: Mount Zempoaltepec, 2; Reyes (near Cuicatlau), 3. Puebla: Mount Orizaba, 1. Vera Cruz: Las Vegas, 1; Xico (altitude 6,000 to 6,500 feet) (type local- ity), 5. SOREX SAUSSURBI OAXACAE Jackson Oaxaca Shrew (PL. 3, Q) Sorex saussurei oaxacae Jackson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 38 : 128, Novem- ber 13, 1925. Type specimen. — Number 71467, U- S. Nat. Mus., Biological Sur- vey collection; 5 adult (teeth moderately worn), skin and skull (first left upper incisor missing) ; collected "March 27, 1895, by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman, Original number 7748. Type locality. — Mountains near Ozolotepec, altitude 10,000 feet, Oaxaca, Mexico. Geographic range. — Known only from type locality. (Fig. 17.) Dicu/nostic characters. — Size and color essentially as in Sorex s. cristobalensis, but with skull distinctly shorter, broader, and more depressed. Color decidedly darker than in S. s. saussurei or S. s. veraecrucis, the skull relatively broader than in either. Color. — ^Yinter pelage: Upper parts near bister, possibly a shade darker; underparts between bister and snuff brown; tail dark, darker than mummy brown or bister above, scarcely paler below. Sunmier pelage: Unknown. Skull. — Relatively short and broad, noticeably broad through cranium and interorbital region, brain case rather flattened. Measurements. — Type specimen (adult female): Total length, 114; tail vertebrae, 48; hind foot, 15. Skull: Type specimen (adult female; teeth moderately worn): Condylobasal length, 18.2; palatal length, 7.3; cranial breadth, 9.0; interorbital breadth, 4.2; maxillary breadth, 5.6; maxillary tooth row, 6.7. Remarks. — The type and only specimen available of S. s. oaxacae differs from all other subspecies of S. saussurei in its relatively wide and flattened skull. In color it is almost indistinguishable from S. s. cHstohalensis., but it is darker than S. s. veraecrucis. Specimen examined. — One, the type. SOREX SAUSSUREI CRISTOBALBNSIS Jackson San Cristobal Shrew (Pl. 3, s) Sorex saussurei cristobalensis Jackson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 38: 129, November 13, 1925. Type specimen. — Number 75883, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection; 9 adult (teeth slightly worn), skin and skull; collected 158 NORTH AMEEICATST FAUNA [No. 51 September 19, 1895, by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman. Original number 8429. Type locality. — San Cristobal, altitude 8,400 feet, Chiapas, Mexico. Geographic range. — Known only from type locality. (Fig. 17.) Diagnostic characters. — Cranially essentially like Sorex s. veraecrucis, with dentition apparently heavier ; color distinctly darker than in veraecrucis, and tail shorter. Color about as in 8. s. oaxacae, but skull distinctly longer and narrower. Color a shade darker than S. s. godmani, tail shorter, and skull larger, relatively narrower, with heavier dentition. Color. — Winter pelage: Unknown. Summer pelage: Upper parts a shade darker than bister, possibly tending toward clove brown ; underparts a trifle paler than upper parts ; tail somewhat darker than clove brown above, very slightly paler below. Skull. — Relatively narrow and elongate, particularly elongate in interorbital region (somewhat resembling that of S. s. veraecrucis) ; dentition heavy. Measurements. — Type specimen (adult female) : Total length, 116; tail vertebrae, 46.5; hind foot, 13.5. Skull: Type specimen (adult female; teeth slightly worn) : Condylobasal length, 18.5; palatal length, 7.6; cranial breadth, 8.5 ; interorbital breadth, 4.0 ; maxillary breadth, 5.4 ; maxillary tooth row, 6.7. Remarhs. — This form, represented in collections only by the type specimen, is a dark-colored shrew with tail of medium length, and a skull somewhat like that of &. s. veraecrucis but with heavier denti- tion. In color, however, /S'. s. cristohalensls is darker than verae- crucis, being more like S. s. oaxacae, from which it differs cranially. /Specimen examined. — One, the type. SOREX SAUSSUREI GODMANI Mereiam ' GoDMAN Shrew (PL. 3, R) Soi'ex goihnani Merriam. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 11 : 229, July 15, 1897. [S(yrex'[ godma/nni Trouessart, Catal. Mamm. tam viventium quam fossilium Supplement, fasc. 1, 1904, p. 135, 1904. Type specimen. — Number 77044, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Sur- vey collection; 2 adult (teeth slightly worn), skin and skull; col- lected January 28, 1896, by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman. Type locality. — Volcano Santa Maria, altitude 9,000 feet, Quezalte- nango, Guatemala. Geographic range. — Known only from Todos Santos and Volcano Santa Maria, Guatemala. (Fig. 17.) Diagnostic characters. — Color dark, almost as dark as Sorex s. oaxacae and S. s. cristohalensis ; tail long. Skull in general proportions much like that of 8. s. saussurei, somewhat smaller with relatively weaker dentition. Differs cranially from oaxacae and crlstobalensls. Color. — Winter pelage: Upper parts bister, tending slightly toward clove brown ; underparts somewhat paler, darker than wood brown, paler than snuff brown ; tail bister or darker above, slightly, if any, paler beneath. Summer pelage: Unknown. Skull. — Dentition weak; medium in size, but apparently rather small in proportion to size of animal ; somewhat smaller than that of S. s. saussurei, with weaker rostrum. Shorter and with relatively broader cranium and decidedly weaker dentition than in S. s. cristobalensis. Smaller, relatively narrower, and with less depressed brain case than in S. s. oaxacae, the dentition weaker. Measurements. — Type specimen (adult female) : Total length, 120; tail verte- brae, 57; hind foot, 15. Adult female from Todos Santos, Guatemala: Total 1928] REVIEW OP AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 159 length, 124; tail vertebrae, 55; hind foot, 14.5. Skull: Type specimen (adult female; teeth slightly worn): Condylobasal length, 17.6; palatal length, 7.1; cranial breadth, 8.2 ; interorbital breadth, 3.7 ; maxillary breadth, 4.9 ; maxillary tooth row, 6.3. Skull of aduit female (teeth slightly worn) from Todos Santos, Guatemala : Condylobasal length, 17.4 ; palatal length, 7.1 ; cranial breadth, 8.6 ; interorbital breadth, 4.0 ; maxillary breadth, 5.1 ; maxillary tooth row, 6.2. Remarks. — The Godman shrew is a long-tailed and comparatively dark-colored form of S. saussurei, being almost as dark as S. s. oaxacae or S. s. cristohalensis, with a comparatively small skull and weak dentition. It is known only from a limited area in western Guatemala. Specimens examined. — Total number, 8, as follows: Guatemala: Todos Santos, 1; Volcano Santa Maria (altitude 9,000 feet) (type locality), 2. SOREX SAUSSUREI SALVINI Mbkeiam Salvin Shketw Sorex salvini Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 11 : 229, July 15, 1897. Type specimen. — Number 77035, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection; 2 adult (teeth slightly worn), skin and skull; collected January 12, 1896, by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman. Type locality. — Calel, altitude 10,200 feet, Totonicapan, Guatemala. Geographic range. — Known only from type locality. (Fig. 17.) Diagnostic characters. — Similar in color to Sorex s. godmani, smaller with decidedly shorter tail ; skull heavier, particular rostral region, with larger teeth. Color decidedly darker, particularly ventrally, and tail shorter than in S. s. saussurei, the skull scarcely distinguishable (a trifle smaller). Color. — Winter pelage: Scarcely distinguishable from corresponding pelage of Sf. s. godmani, upper parts possibly a shade darker, particularly posteriorly, and underside of tail paler. Summer pelage: Unknown. Skull. — In general proportions essentially like that of 8. s. saussurei, but a trifle smaller. Measurements. — Type specimen (adult female): Total length, 104; tail vertebrae, 41 ; hind foot, 13.5. Adult female from type locality : Total length, 108; tail vertebrae, 43; hind foot, 14. Skull: Type specimen (adult female; teeth slightly worn): Condylobasal length, 18.0; palatal length, 7.4; cranial breadth, 8.4 ; interorbital breadth, 4.2 ; maxillary breadth, 5.4 ; maxillary tooth row, 6.8. Skull of adult female (teeth moderately worn) from type locality: Condylobasal length, 18.0 ; palatal length, 7.3 ; cranial breadth, 8.8 ; interorbital breadth, 4.3 ; maxillary breadth, 5.6 ; maxillary tooth row, 6.9. Remarks. — Although geographically nearer S. s. godmani.^ this sub- species in most characters more nearly resembles S. s. saussiorei. It is darker than the subspecies saussurei, in this respect resembling more nearly godmani, but in size and proportions, both externalh'^ and cranially, it is more like S. s. saussurei. Specimens examined,. — Two, from the type locality. SOREX EMARGINATUS Jackson Zacatecas Shrew (Pls. 3, t; 9, D) Sorex emarginatus Jackson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 38:129, November 13 1925. Type specimen. — Number 90847, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection; 9 young adult (teeth unworn), skin and skull; collected 160 NOETH AMEEICAISr FAUNA [No. 51 September 17, 1897, by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman. Original nmnber 11765. Type locality. — Sierra Madre near Bolanos, altitude 7,600 feet, Jalisco, Mexico. Geografhic range. — Known only from Sierra Madre near Bolanos, Jalisco, and Plateado, Zacatecas, Mexico. (Fig. 17.) Diagnostic cliaracters. — Similar externally to Sorex s. saussurci, hind foot shorter ; differs from S. ventrulis and 8. oreopolus and from all forms of the species saussurei in its narrow and peculiarly deeply emarginate first upper molariform tooth, and in having the fourth upper unicuspidate tooth distinctly smaller than the third. Color. — Winter pelage: Unknown. Summer pelage: Indistinguishahle from summer pelage of S. s. saussurei. Skull. — Small ; moderately depressed brain case, short rostrum : mesopterygoid space short and wide ; weak dentition ; fourth upper unicuspid distinctly smaller than third ; first upper molariform tooth narrow, deeply emarginate posteriorly. Measurements. — Type specimen (young adult female) : Total length, 100; tail vertebrae, 42 ; hind foot, 12.5. Adult male from Plateado, Zacatecas, Mexico : Total length, 106; tail vertebrae, 41; hind foot, 13. Skull: Type specimen (young adult female; teeth unworn) : Condylobasal length, 1G.9 ; palatal length, 7.0; cranial breadth, 8.0; interorbital breadth, 4.0; maxillary breadth, 5.0; maxillary tooth row, 6.2. Skull of adult male (teeth much worn) from Plateado. Zacatecas, Mexico : Condylobasal length, 1G.4 ; palatal length, 6.8 ; cranial breadth, 8.0 ; interorbital breadth, 3.9 ; maxillary breadth, 5.1 ; maxillary tooth row, 5.9. Remarks. — The three specimens of this shrew examined are entirely inadequate to determine its relationship to ti. saussurei and &. ven- tralls. The species is as small as S. verdralis., but the skull in general shape and proportions is more like that of S. saussurei. It seems quite within the range of probability that additional specimens may prove S. eviarginatus to be a subspecies of S. saussurei. Specitnejis examined. — Total ninnber, 3, as follows : Jalisco: Bolanos (altitude 7,600 feet) (type locality), 1. Zacatecas: Plateado (altitude 7,600 to S,500 feet), 2. SOREX YENTRALIS Mekeiam Cbijeo San Felipe Shrew (Pls. 3, u; 9, E) Sorex oiscurus venfralis Merriam, North Amer. Fauna No. 10. p. 75, December 31, 1895. Sorex ventralis Elliot, Field Colnmb. Mus. Publ. 71 (zool. series 3) : 148, 1903. Type sjjecimen. — Number 68342, U. S. Nat. J\lus., Biological Sur- vey collection; $ adult (teeth much worn), skin and skull; collected August 26, 1894, by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman. Type locality. — Cerro San Felipe, altitude 10,000 feet, Oaxaca, Mexico. Geographic range. — Mountains of northern Puebla and central Oaxaca. (Fig. 18.) DiagnostiG eharacters. — Size small, tail rather short. Smaller and tail shorter than in any form of the s^anssurei group except Sorex s. saWmi. Skull higher and less flattened than that of S. saussurei or S. emarginatus ; shorter and broader than that of S. oreopolus. Color. — Winter pelage: Upper parts between clove brown and sepia, nearer clove brown ; underparts grayish densely tinged with between avellaneous and drab ; tail mummy brown or darker above, distinctly paler below. Summer pelage: Upper parts usually near sepia, sometimes tending toward mummy 1928] REVIEW OF AMEEICAX LONG-TAILED SHREWS 161 brown ; underparts wood brown to avellaneous mixed witb grayish of the base of hairs ; tail sepia or sepia tending toward mummy brown above, decidedly paler beneath, sometimes almost cinnamon-buff. Time of molt'mg.^Ot 3 specimens from the mountains near Ozolotepec, Oaxaca, Mexico, 2 are in worn winter pelage March 25 and 26, 1S95, while the third, a male, shows indications of beginning molt on the flanks, rump, and back, March 27. Of the 9 specimens from 15 miles west of Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico, 5 are in worn winter pelage September 12 to 14, and 17, 1894 ; 2 have the molt well begun September 15 and 17 ; and 2 have acquii*ed the winter pelage on the back September 17 and IS. Skull. — Small, high both rostrally and cranially, rostrum short, dentition weak, the third upper unicuspid smaller than fourth. Skull distinctly higher than that of any subspecies of S. saiissurei, with shorter and weaker rostrum and smaller molariform teeth. Skull higher and dentition different from S. emarginatiis. Actually and relatively shorter and broader than that of /S. oreopohis, with shorter tooth row. ??_._.' Fig. 18. — Geographic range of Sorcx sclateri, 8. stlzodon, S. ventraliSj and S. oreo polus 1. S. sclateri. 2. S. stizodon. 3. 8. ventralis. 4. 8. oreopolus. Measurements. — Type specimen (adult male) : Total length, 104; tail verte- brae. 37 ; hind foot, 13. Two adult males from type locality : Total length, 112, 108 ; tail vertebrae, 43, 40 ; hind foot, 13. 12.5. Average of three adult females from 15 miles west of Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico: Total length, 107.7 (103-112) ; tail vertebrae, 43.3 (41-46) ; hind foot, 13.7 (13.5-14). Skull: Type specimen (adult male; teeth much worn) : Condylobasal length, 16.7; palatal length, 6.9; cranial breadth, 8.6 ; interorbital breadth, 4.0 ; maxillary breadth, 5.2 ; maxillary tooth row, 6.0. Two skulls of adult males (teeth much worn) from type locality: Condylobasal length, 17.0, 16 4 ; palatal length, 7.0, 6.9 ; cranial breadth, 8.7, 8.6 ; interorbital breadth, 3.9, 3.8; maxillary breadth. 5.1, 5.0; maxillary tooth row, 6.0, 6.1. Average of three skulls of adult females (teeth slightly worn) from 15 miles west of Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico: Condylobasal length, 17.2 (17.1- 17.3) ; palatal length, 7.0 (7.0-7.1) ; cranial breadth, 8.5 (8.5-8.6) ; interorbital breadth, 3.9 (3.8-4.0) ; maxillary breadth, 5.2 (5.0-5.4) ; maxillary tooth row, 6.1 (6.1-6.2). Remarks. — In the original description of this form it was treated as a subspecies of S. ohscur-us (Merriam, 1895, p. 75). As a matter of fact, the species is not closely related to &. obscurus and differs 162 NORTH AMERICAN" FAUNA [No. 51 cranially in its shorter and broader mesopterygoid space and in lacking the distinct pigmented ridge extending from the apex to the interior border of the cingulum of each unicuspid. There is appar- ently close relationship between S. oreopolus and S. ventralis. Specimens examined. — ^Total number, 23, as follows: Oaxaca: Cajonos (near), 2; Cerro San Felipe (type locality), 7; Oaxaca (15 miles west), 9; Ozolotepec (mountains near), 3. Puebla: Huachinango, 2. SORBX OREOPOLUS Mebriam Iai.isco Shrew (I'l.s. 3, v; 9, F) Sorex oreopolus Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 7 : 173, September 29, 1892. Type specimen. — Number HHg U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Sur- vey collection; $ adult (teeth moderately worn), skin and skull; collected April 22, 1892, by E. W. Nelson. Type locality. — North slope of Sierra Nevada de Colima, altitude about 10,000 feet, Jalisco, Mexico. Geographic range. — Known only from mountains of Jalisco, Mexico. (Fig. 18.) Diagnostic characters. — Size small, tail short ; skull relatively high, long and narrow ; dentition weak. Skull distinctly higher with shorter palate and rostrum tlian in any form of Sorex saussurei; longer, higher, and narrower inter orbitally than that of S. emarginatus ; longer and narrower than that of 8. ventralis. Color. — Winter pelage: Upper parts most nearly clove brown or a trifle paler ; underparts avellaneous mixed with grayish at base of hairs ; tail be- tween sepia and clove brown above, paler below, near buffy brown. Summer pelage: Unknown. Time of molting. — The two adult males from the type locality still retain the full winter pelage on April 22, 1892. The specimen from Volcan de Nieve Jalisco, is in extremely worn summer pelage September 12, 1905, and the condi- tion of the skin indicates that molt is beginning. Skull. — Relatively high, long, and narrow ; teeth small ; third upper unicuspid smaller than fourth. Similar in general appearance to that of 8. ventralis, but actually and relatively longer and narrower, with longer tooth row. Higher both rostrally and cranially than that of any subspecies of S. saussurei, with shorter and weaker rostrum, and smaller teetli. Brain case and rostrum higher than in S. emarginatus, and teeth different. Measurements. — Type specimen (adult male) : Total length, 106; tail vertebrae, 36; hind foot, 13. Skull: Type specimen (adult male, teeth moderately worn) : Condylobasal length, 17.8 ; palatal length, 6.9 ; cranial breadth, 8.3 ; interorbital breadth, 3.7; maxillary breadth, 5.0; maxillary tooth row, 6.4. Remarks. — The affinities of S. oreopolus are clearly with S. ventralis rather than 8. saussurei^ with which it occurs at the type locality. The inadequacy of the material examined makes impossible definite assignment of its relationship with S. ventralis., but when more speci- mens are available it would not be surprising to find S. oreopolus only subspecifically distinct from S. vent/rali^. Specimens exammed. — Total number, 3, as follows : Jalisco: Sierra Nevada de Colima (type locality), 2; Volcano de Nieve, 1." "Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 163 Table 11. — Cranial measurements of adult specimens of Sorex saussurei group ClJ g 00 >> a m 5 S brt o Species and locality 6 S3 a O ft a 1 •3 PL, 1 •3 1 O is a «5 o .22 ■■a 03 Wear of teeth Remarks S. s. saussurei: Jalisco— Sierra Neva- da de Colima. Do 45702 9 18.4 7.6 8.9 4.3 5.6 6.8 Moderate. Type specimen 45701 9 18.0 7.5± 8.8 4.2 5.6 6.8 ...do Type locality. Michoacan— Nahuat- 50766 9 18.1 7.3 8.6 4.1 5.4 6.5 Slight zin. Do 50768 9 18.2 7.4 8.7 4.2 5.3 6.6 ...do S. s. veraecrucis: Vera Cruz— Xico 55106 9 18.3 7.4 8.7 4.1 5.3 6.6 ...do Type specimen. Do.„. 55105 9 18.1 7.4 8.7 4.0 5.4 6.7 Unworn... Type locality. 0 a X a c a — M o u n t 68566 9 18.2 7.5 8.7 4.0 5.3 6.9 Slight Zempoaltepec. S. s. oaxacae: 0 a X ac a — Moun- 71467 9 18.2 7.3 9.0 4.2 5.6 6.7 Moderate. Type specimen. tains near Ozolo- tepee. S. s. cristobalensis: Chiapas— San Cristo- 75883 9 18.5 7.6 8.5 4.0 5.4 6.7 Slight Do. bal. S. s. godmani: Guatemala- Volcano Santa 77044 9 17.6 7.1 8.2 3.7 4.9 6.3 ...do Do. Maria. Todos Santos 77023 9 17.4 7.1 8.6 4.0 5.1 6.2 ...do. S. s. salvini: Guatemala— Calel.. . 77035 9 18.0 7.4 8.4 4.2 5.4 6.8 ...do Do. Do 77071 9 18.0 7.3 8.8 4.3 5.6 6.9 Moderate . Type locality. S. emarginatus: Jalisco— S i e r r a 90847 9 16.9 7.0 8.0 4.0 5.0 6.2 Unworn... Type specimen, Madre, near Bola- young adult. nos. Zacatecas— Plateado, 90846 5 16.4 6.8 8.0 3.9 5.1 5.9 Much S. ventralis: Oaxaca — Cerro San Felipe. 68342 S 16.7 6.9 8.6 4.0 5.2 6.0 ...do Type specimen. Do. 68343 s 17.0 7.0 8.7 3.9 5.1 6.0 ...do Type locality. Do 68347 08352 d* 9 16.4 17.1 6.9 7.0 8.6 8.5 3.8 3.8 5.0 5.1 6.1 6.2 ...do _ Slight Do. 15 miles west of Oaxaca. Do 68355 68358 9 9 17.3 17.2 7.1 7.0 8.5 8.6 3.9 4.0 5.4 5.0 6.1 6.1 ...do. ...do Do S. oreopolus: Jalisco— Sierra Neva- 45698 s 17.8 6.9 8.3 3.7 5.0 6.4 Moderate. Type specimen. da. SOREX ORNATUS GROUP The OTTUxtus group includes seven species : Sorex ornatus^ S. sinu- osus, jS. juncevsis, tS. trigonirostriSj S. myo^^s,/^. tenelliis, and S.nanii^. Geographic range. — Interior southwestern Oregon, California south of latitude 39° north, Lower California, and central Colorado. (Fig. 19.) Diagnostic characters. — Size rather small, tail comparatively short; skull rather flattened through brain case, depressed interorbitally ; foramen magnum placed dorsad, encroaching more into supraoccipital and less into basioccipital. Compared with any of the tro^vhridgii group, smaller, wit}i shorter, more con- color tail ; skull smaller than in S. trowbridgii, flatter, with narrower cranium and mesopterygoid space, and shorter tooth row. Compared with vagrans- oTyscurus group the skull is flatter, more depressed intei'orbitally, the foramen magnum located relatively more dorsad and encroaching more into supraoccipital and less into basioccipital ; unieuspid teeth viewed laterally are relatively nar- rower and weaker; metacone of flrst upper molariform tooth {pm^) relatively higher. (Fig. 20.) 164 NORTH AMERICAN FAUXA [No. 51 Fig. 19.- — Geographic range of species and subspecies of the Sorex omatus group 4. 8. trigonirostris. 1. B. omatus omatus. 2. S. 0. californicus. 3. S. 0. lagunae. 8. sinuosus. f. juncensis. 7. 8. tenellus. 8. 8. myops. 9. 8. nanus. 1928] EEVIEW OF AMERICMST LONG-TAILED SHEEWS 165 Remarks. — The ornatus group has a comparatively limited distri- bution in western America, the center of abundance for the group appearing to be in southern California. The group is superficial!}^ like the vagrans-ohscurus group in general external appearance, but is usually more grayish in color and with relatively shorter tail ; the two groups are distinctively separate in cranial characters. The ornatus group is probably more nearly allied to the geographically widely separated longirostiis group than to any other. SOREX ORNATUS Merriam [Sj'Donymy under subsijecies] Geographic range. — California south of latitude 39° north, and Lower California. (Fig. 19.) Diaf/nostic characters. — Larger than Sorex tenelliis, 8. nanus or S. myops, with skull distinctly larger in all proportions, the teeth decidedly heavier than in )S. tenellus or S^. nanus. Separable from S. sinuosus by color alone, it being contrastedly paler (grayish brown) as compared with the blackish of 8. sinuosus. Skull decidedly flatter and relatively broader than that of 8. jun- censis. Compared with that of 8. trigonlrostrls the skull of the species ornatus A B C D Fig. 20. — Foramina magna of Sorex o'bscurus and 8. ornatus. A, 8, oi)'- scurus, dorsal view ; B, S. ornatus, dorsal view ; C, S. obscurus, ventral view ; D, S. ornatws, ventral view. Enlarged two diameters has a relatively longer rostrum, the sides of which tend to be more convex (rounded), and the mastoidal region more prominent and angular, and weaker dentition. 8ul)species and geographic variation. — The species ornatus is divided into three subspecies: ornatus, calif ornicus, and lagunae. The species, like most American shrews, displays considerable individual variation, particularly in the northern half of its range. There is a general tendency toward an increase in size and a darkening of the underparts from the northern part of the range southward. The subspecies ornatus is larger than californicus and averages a shade darker, particularly ventrally ; while lagunae is about the size of the subspecies ornatus, but still darker. Time of molting. — Specimens of the species ornatus are usually in full sum- mer fur by May, though frequently the molt does not occur until late in June or even the middle of July, and again it may take place in March, or possibly late in February. The type specimen of 8. o. californicus was in nearly com- plete molt February 15, and another male from Berkeley, Calif., was molting February 29, 1892. The latter specimen, however, bears some indication that it may have been gaining its winter coat, rather than the summer. A male collected July 18, at Dudley, Mariposa County, Calif., and one taken July 19, at Cuddy Canyon, Frazier Mountain, Ventura County, Calif., are assuming what appears to be summer fur. The transition from summer to winter pelage occurs most frequently during September or early in October. Specimens are usually in full winter pelage by November, and often by late October. A male of tue subspecies californicus from Stanford University, Calif., still retains summer fur October 28, 1900, while two from Pacheco Pass are in winter pelage October 11 and 13, 1907, and a female from the same locality has the molt nearly complete October 14. At Gilroy, Calif., a female had the molt progressed about one-half on October 29, 166 NOETH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 5.1 1907. A male of the subspecies ornatus, from San Jacinto Mountains, Calif., has the molt begun as early as August 7, 1907, and another from Big Pine Mountain has the fresh winter pelage coming in under the worn summer fur over its entire back, September 11, 1903. A female from San Diego Bay, Calif., was in summer pelage as late as November 5, 1899. SOREX ORNATUS ORNATUS Mebkiam SouTHEKN California Long-tailed Shrew (Pls. 3, w ; 5, n ; 6, p ; 9, q ; 11, l ; 13, b) Sorex ornatus Merriam, North Amer. Fauna No. 10, p. 79, December 31, 1895. Sorex oreinus Elliot, Field Columb. Mus. Publ. 74 (zool. series 3) : 172, April, 1903. Type locality, Aguaje de las Fresas, altitude 6,000 feet, San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California, Mexico. Sorcx orinus Elliot, Field Columb. Mus. Publ. 79 (zool. series 3) : 228, June, 1903. Type specimen. — No. -Hfffj U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection; s adult (teeth very slightly worn), skin and skull (skull with posterior and basal portions of cranium broken away) ; collected October 19, 1891, by E. W. Nelson. Type locality. — Head of San Emidgio Canyon, Mount Pinos, Kern County, Calif. Geographic range. — Coast region of California south of Monterey Bay, west slope of the Sierras south of latitude 38° north, south through southwestern California and northern Lower California to latitude 30° north. (Fig. 19.) Diagnostic characters. — Larger than Sorex o. californicus and tending to be slightly darker in color ventrally ; skull larger than that of californicus, higher, and with broader rostrum. Indistinguishable from S. o. lagunae in size and cranial characters, but paler, especially on ventral parts of both tail and body. Color. — Winter pelage: General tone of upper parts varying from hair brown more or less mixed with, tinted by, or tending toward olive-brown, to almost fuscous or clove brown, sometimes paling slightly on the flanks, gradually merg- ing with color of the underparts ; underparts smoke gray or pale smoke gray, sometimes tinged with pale pinkish buff or cartridge buff;, tail indistinctly bicolor, buffy brown to olive-brown above, avellaneous, wood brown, or bufE.y brown below, nearly to tip, darkening apically, sometimes almost pinkish buff or even pale pinkish buff below basally. Summer pelage: Upper parts hair brown, drabbish, or buify brown ; underparts smoke gray usually tinged with vinaceous-buff or between pinkish buff and cinnamon-buff ; tail as in winter. Skull. — Skull larger and relatively higher through the brain case than that of S. 0. californicus, broader through rostrum and interorbitally, and dentition heavier. Scarcely distinguishable from the skull of 8. o. lagunae, but usually a trifle higher through brain case. Somewhat similar to that of S. simiosus but slightly wider interorbitally and with longer palate. Measurements. — Type specimen (adult male) : Total length, 108; tail verte- brae, 43 ; hind foot, 13. Adult male from Tehachapi, Calif. : Total length, 107 ; tail vertebrae, 39; hind foot, 12. Adult female (type specimen of S. oreinus) from Aguaje de las Fresas, Lower California, Mexico : Total length, 103 ; tail vertebrae, 43 ; hind foot, 12. Average of four adult males from El Portal, alti- tude 2,000 feet, Mariposa County, Calif.: Total length, 102.3 (101-104); tail vertebrae, 43..5 (43-44) ; hind foot, 12.5 (12-13). Skull: Type specimen (adult male; teeth very slightly worn) : Palatal length, 6.9; interorbital breadth, 3.7; maxillary breadth, 5.0; maxillary tooth row, 6.2. Skull of adult male (teeth slightly worn) from Tehachapi, Calif. : Condylobasal length, 16.7 ; palatal length, 6.8; cranial breadth, 8.2; interorbital breadth, 3.6; maxillary breadth, 5.1; maxillary tooth row, 6.2. Skull of adult female (teeth slightly worn ; type speci- men of S. oreinus) from Aguaje de las Fresas, Lower California, Mexico; Condylobasal length, 16.5 ; palatal length, 6.8 ; cranial breadth, 8.2 ; interorbital breadth, 3.5 ; maxillary breadth, 4 7 ; maxillary tooth row, 6.0. Average of four skulls of adult males (teeth slightly worn) from El Portal, altitude 2,000 feet, Mariposa County, Calif.: Condylobasal length, 16.9 (16.5-17.1); palatal length. 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 167 6.8 (6.7-7.0) ; cranial breadth, 8.1 (8.0-8.2) ; interorbital breadth, 3.6 (3.4-3.8) ; maxillary breadth, 4.9 (4.8-5.0) ; maxillary tooth row, 6.0 (5.8-6.2). Remarks. — The subspecies ornatus occupies a considerable area in southern California, and at several localities in the northern part of its range shows clearly intergradation with S. o. calif ornicus. Speci- mens from Minkler, Calif., are essentially like typical S. o. ornatus., but a single specimen from Orosi, near by, could almost be referred to californicus. Certain of the specimens from Monterey, Calif,, and immediate vicinity could with about equal propriety be referred to californicus as to 8. o. ornatus. The three from Summit Lake, Calif., except for possibly a trifle shorter tails and scarcely paler underparts, are indistinguishable from typical ornatus. The series of specimens from El Portal, Yosemite National Park, is particu- larly interesting from the viewpoint of variation, the specimens showing almost perfect gradation from minimum to maximum size, one skull ^" being larger than normal. Two or three of the skulls from the San Jacinto Mountains, Calif. , are larger and with broader rostra than those of typical specimens of S. o. ornatus, but the differences are too inconstant for subspecific recognition. The single specimen with broken skull from Little Lake, Inyo County, Calif., shows no characters whereby it can be separated from S. o. ornatus. Specimens from Summit Lake, Calif., collected June 27, 1907, are darker than normal specimens of S,. o. ornatus but the writer is inclined to believe that this is due largel}^ to their fresh unworn pelage. A female " collected January 20, 1924, 2 miles east of Playa del Rey, Los Angeles County, Calif., is provisionally re- ferred to /S'. 0. ornatus. The specimen, however, both externally and cranially, is scarcely distinguishable from typical 8. o. californicus., but inasmuch as there is only the one from this locality, which lies near the known geographic range of true ornatus., it seems probable that this individual may be an abnormally small representative of. that subspecies. The type specimen of 8. oreirms Elliot does not differ from true ornatus. Of three specimens from San Quintin, Lower California, Mexico, one, collected August 2, 1902, is typical S. o. ornatus in every respect; another, collected August 1, 1902, appears to be inter- mediate between the subspecies ornatus and lagunae; the third, col- lected July 31, 1902, is fully as dark ventrally, both on body and tail, as the type specimen of lagunae. Specimens examined. — Total number, 109, as follows: California: Bakersfield, 2^^; Big Bear Valley, San Bernardino County, 1"; Big Pine Mountain, 1 ; Big Pines ( Swartout Valley, altitude 6,900 feet), Los Angeles County, 1'"; Bluff Lake (altitude 7,500 feet), San Bernardino Mountains, 5"; Buena Vista Lake (north side), 1; Cuddy Canyon, Frazier Mountain, Ventura County, 1^°; Dudley (altitude 3,000 feet), Mariposa County, 1''; Dulzura, 6"; El Monte (near San Gabriel River Bottom), 2''; El Portal (altitude 1,800 to 2,500 feet), 18''; Fort Tejon, Kern County, 2"'; Little Lake (altitude 3,100 feet), 1 " ; Los Angeles, 3 "" ; Piute Mountains, 1 ^ ; Lytle Creek, 2 ; Minkler, "No. 21523, Mus. Vert. Zool. ^T>. R. Dickey coll., 2 ; Mus. Vert. Zool., 4. " No. 9880, collection of Donald R. Dickey, " Mus Vert. Zool., 4 ; Field Mus. Nat. Pasadena, Calif. Hist., 1. IS Mus. Vert. Zool. ""Field Mus. Nat. Hist. " D. R. Dickey coll., Pasadena, Calif. -^ Mus. Comp. Zool. " D. R. Dickey coll., 1 : Mus. Vert. Zool., 2. 168 NORTH AMEEICAlSr FAUlSrA [No. 51 2'°; Monterey, 5""; Morro, 2"; Mount McGill, 1; Mount Pinos, 2^'; Orosi, 1; Paraiso Springs, 1; Piru Creek (Bailey's Ranch), 3^; Piute, 2 ; Playa del Rey, Los Angeles County. 1 ^^ ; Point Pinos, Pacific Grove, 1; San Bernardino, l^''; San Bernardino Mountains (altitude 7,400 to 7,500 feet), 2''; San Diego Bay, 1^'; San Emigdio Canyon (type locality), 1; San Emigdio Creek (altitude 1,500 feet), 2"; Sau Jacinto Mountains (altitude 8,000 to 9,000 feet), 3; Santa Barbara, 1^"; Santa Ysabel, 2; Seaside, 1; Strawberry Valley (altitude 6,000 feet), Sau Jacinto Mountains, 1'^; Summit Lake (12 miles northwest of Lemoore), 3'°; Tahquitz Valley (altitude 8,000 feet), Sau Jacinto Mountains, 8"; Tehachapi, 2; Trabuco Canyon (altitude 1,700 feet), Santa Aiia Mountains, 1"; Ventura River, 1; Walker Basin, Kern County, 1 '' ; . Lower California: Aguaje de las Fresas (type locality of orehius), 1^; El Rosario, 9^"; La GruUa, San Pedro Martir Mountains, 1""; San Quintin, 3.'" SOREX ORNATUS CALIFORNICUS Mebriam California Long-tailed Shrew (Pls. 3, x; 9, H) Borex calif o mi c us Merriam, North Amer. Fauna No. 10, p. 80, December 31, 1892. Sorex californicus californicus Miller, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bui. 79. p. 18, December 31, 1912. Borcx ornatus californicus Jackson, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci. 12 : 264, June 4, 1922. Type specimen. — No. ^||^ U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection; S adult (teeth slightly worn), skin and skull; collected February 15 1892, by C. P. Streator. Type locality. — Walnut Creek, Contra Costa County, Calif. Geographic range. — Western and west-central California from latitude 39° north, south to somewhat beyond latitude 37° north (Mendota). (Fig. 19.) • Diagnostic characters. — Smaller in all dimensions than Sorex o. ornatus, with the skull usually flatter, rostrum narrower, and dentition weaker. About the size and color of S. trigonirostris but separable by specific characters. Skull larger than that of S. niyops, and larger and with broader rostrum than that of S. tencllus. Color. — Winter pelage: Upper parts varying in general hue from slightl;? darker than hair brown to chaetura drab or fuscous, sometimes almost olive- brown ; underparts smoke gray, pale smoke gray, or grayish white, sometimes faintly tinged with pale pinkish buff, or rarely with vinaceous-buff ; tail in- distinctly bicoltjr, olive-brown, above, near avellaneous below, darkening toward apex. Summer pelage: Scarcely distinguishable from winter pelage, possibly a trifle paler and more bro\^aiish ; upper parts most nearly hair brown, some- times slightly darker, or tending toward drab or olive-brown, slightly paling on the sides and blending gradually with color of the underparts ; underparts smoke gray or pale smoke gray tinged more or less with huffy ; tail as in winter. Skull. — Smaller than that of S. o. ornatus, more flattened through the brain case, narrower through rostrum and interorbitally, with weaker dentition. Smaller than the skull of S. sinuosus, somewhat flatter, with narrower rostrum. About the size of that of 8. trigonirostris, or slightly larger, the mastoid region appearing less prominent and more rotund in dorsal aspect, the rostrum less angular. Measurements. — Type specimen (adult male): Total length, 89; tail verte- brae, 32 ; hind foot, 12. Adult male from Berkeley, Calif. : Total length, 96 ; ^'- Mus. Vort. Zool. -* Acad. Nat. Sci. PhiLidelpbia. '" D. R. Dickey coll., Pasadena, Calif. -■ :\Ius. Oomp. Zool.. 1. "0 Field Mus. Nat. Hist. -''^ San Diego Nat. Hist. Mus., San Diego, -- D. R. Dickev coll., 4. Calif. 2" Mus. Vert. Zool., 1. 1928] EEVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 169 tnil A^ertebrae, 38; hind foot, 12. Skull: Type specimen (adult male; teeth slightly worn) : Condylobasal length. IG.O ; palatal length, 6.3; cranial breadth, 7.8 ; interorbital breadth, 3.3 ; maxilliary breadth, 4.5 ; maxillary tooth row, 5.6. Skull of adult male (teeth slightly worn) from Berkeley, Calif.: Condy- lobasal length, 15.9 ; palatal length, 6.3 ; cranial breadth, 8.0 ; interorbital breadth, 3.3 ; maxillary breadth, 4.6 ; maxillary tooth row, 5.7. Reviarlcs. — Larger series of /S'. o. calif ornicus from various locali- ties are needed before a satisfactory determination of exact relation- ships within the subspecies, as at present recognized, can be reached. There are several specimens available from one or two localities, but the number properly measured and with perfect skulls is decid- edly meager. Intergradation of calif orniciis with S. o. ornatus is clearly indicated in specimens from Mendota and Pacheco Pass, Calif., which are referable to californicus but show tendencies to- ward S. o. ornatus. Likewise, one of the skulls from Hayward is broader and higher than in typical californicus and almost matches skulls of typical S. o. ornatus; another skull from Hayward is a trifle larger than that of true californicus., but in general propor- tions show no differences ; while a third skull, although badly broken, appears to have been more nearly like typical skulls of californicus. The specimen ^^ collected June 25, 1912, at Rumsey, Yolo County, Calif., is paler than ordinary californicus. This may be a seasonal variation, however, as the animal appears to be in worn winter pelage. The skulls of specimens from Petaluma, Calif., seem to average a trifle larger and with broader rostra than in typical S. o. californicus., and the color of two of the skins is a shade darker than in normal individuals. This may possibly indicate a tendency toward S. siivu- osus, but the contrast between the darkest specimens of californicus and the palest of /S. sinuosus is so great that, on the basis of present material, one would hardly be warranted in calling them conspecific. Specimens examined. — Total number, 49, as follows: California: Auburn, 1; Berkeley, 11^; Chalk Creek, Monterey County, \^ \ Concord (5 miles north), 1^"; Cordelia, 1^"; First Canyon (north of Strawberry Creek), 1^'; Gilroy, 1; Glen Ellen, 1; Hayward, 3'*; Los Banos (22 miles south), 1^"; La Honda, San Mateo County, 1"; Mendota, 2; Pacheco Pass (summit), 3; Palo Alto, 1^^; Petaluma, 8^'; Redwood City, 4"; Rumsey (altitude 500 feet), 1''; Sunnyvale, 1'°; Stanford University, 1; Stonewall Creek (6.3 miles northeast of Sole- dad, altitude 1,300 feet), Monterey County, l'"; Walnut Creek (type locality), 4.'' SOREX ORNATUS LACUNAE Nelson and Goldman Laguna Mountain Shrew Sorex lagunae Nelson and Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 22 : 27, March 10, 1909. Type specimen. — No. 147119, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection; adult 2 (teeth slightly worn), skin and skull (skull "" No. 18481, Mus. Vert. Zool. ^ Mns. Comp. Zool. '^ Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1 ; Mus. ^' Mus. Vert. Zool., 5. Vert. Zool., 6. ^ Mus. Vert. Zool., 2 ; Univ. Wis. Zool. -■» Mus. Vert. Zool. Mus.. 2. =" D. R. Dickey coll., Pasadena, Calif. ^ Mus. Vert. Zool., 1. »^ Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 170 NORTH AMEEICAlSr FAUNA [No. 51 broken across rostrum) ; collected January 29, 1906, by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman. Tyfe locality. — La Laguna, altitude 5,500 feet, Sierra Laguna, Lower California, Mexico. Geographic range. — Known only from type locality. (Fig. 19.) Diagnostic characters. — Similar to S. o. ornatus in size and cranial characters, but decidedly darker on ventral parts of tail and body. Color. — Winter pelage: Upper parts slightly darker and very slightly more brownish than hair brown ; underparts a shade paler than upper parts, between drab and light drab ; tail fuscous above, scarcely paler, if any, below. Summer pelage: Unknown. Skull. — Indistinguishable from certain skulls of 8. o. ornatus. Measurements. — Type specimen (adult female) : Total length, 98; tail verte- brae, 41; hind foot, 12.5. Skull: Type specimen (adult female, teeth slightly worn) ; Condylobasal length, 16.4± ; cranial breadth, 7.8; interorbital breadth, 3.5 ; maxillary breadth, 4.8. Remnarhs. — Except for darker color on the ventral parts of its tail and body, S. o. lagunae is closely similar to S. o. ornatus. The single specimen available for study furnishes rather unsatisfactory comparative material, but it seems probable additional material will substantiate recognition of the form. Specimen examined. — One, the type. SOREX TRIGONIROSTRIS Jackson Oregon Dv*^akf Shkbw (PL. 3, z) Sorex trigomrostris Jackson, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci. 12: 264, June 12, 1922. Type specimen. — No. 203608, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection; ? adult (teeth slightly worn), skin and skull; collected May 5, 1914, by Luther J. Goldman. Type locality. — Ashland, Jackson County, Oreg. (altitude 1,975 feet). Geographic range. — Known only from near Ashland, Oreg. (Fig. 19.) Diagnostic characters. — Similar in size and color to Sorex o. calif ornicus ; mastoid region of skull more angular and prominent than in caUfornicus or any other of the ornatus group ; rostrum shorter and more angular, the sides less outwardly curved ; palate shorter than in caUfornicus. Color. — Winter pelage: Unknown. Summer pelage: Upper parts grayish, hair brown, becoming drab on the sides ; underparts between pale smoke gray and pale olive-gray very faintly tinged with pale olive-buff; tail olive-brown above, avellaneous below nearly to tip. Skull. — About the size of that of S. o. caUfornicus, or slightly smaller ; flat, vnth short, angular rostrum ; mastoid region more angular and prominent in dorsal aspect than in any other of the ornatus group. Larger than that of S. myops, S. tenellus, or S. nantis, with actxially and relatively broader cranium. Measurements. — Type specimen (adult female) : Total length, 95; tail verte- brae, 34; hind foot, 12. Skull: Type specimen (adult female, teeth slightly worn): Condylobasal length, 15.6; palatal length, 5.8; cranial breadth, 7.9; interobital breadth, 3.4 ; maxillary breadth, 4.5 ; maxillary tooth row, 5.5. Remarks. — Consisting of only two specimens, one of which has an imperfect skull, the material representing this form in collections is too meager for satisfactory study. The species, however, seems 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 171 closely related to /S. orTiatus and additional material may prove inter- gradation with that species, probably through S. o. calif omicus. Specimens exofmined. — Total number, 2, as follows: Oregon: Asliland (altitude 1,975 feet) (type locality), 1; Ashland (west slope Grizzly Peak, altitude 3,500 feet), 1. SOREX SINUOSUS Grinnell SuisuN Sheew (PL. 3, Y) 8orex sinuosus Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 10 : 187, March 20, 1913. Type specimen. — No. 16470, Mus. Vert. Zool., University of Califor- nia; 2 adult (teeth slightly worn), skin and skull; collected January 5, 1912, by Miss A. M. Alexander. I'ype locality. — Grizzly Island, near Suisun, Solano County, Calif. Geographic range. — Known only from type locality. (Fig. 19.) Diagnostic characters. — Color distinctly darker than in any other of the ornatus group, almost black both dorsally and ventrally. About the size of Sorex o. californicus, head and body possibly averaging slightly larger. Skull somewhat larger, higher, and witli broader rostrum than in californicus ; more nearly like that of S. o. ornatus. Color. — Winter pelage: Dark, almost black; upper parts fuscous-black, chae- tura black, or even nearer black, usually with a metallic sheen, gradually paling to color of underparts ; underparts hair brown to ciiaetura drab ; tail fuscous- black or mummy brown above, scarcely paler ventrally. Summer pelage: Some- what paler and more brownish (less blackish) than winter pelage; upper parts fuscous to chaetura drab, or slightly darker, the sides paler, almost like ventral parts ; underparts hair brown or between hair brown and drab ; tail as in winter. Time of molting. — A single specimen, a male, collected September 6, 1912, is changing from summer to winter pelage and has the molt over half completed. Two females, collected August 25 and September 7, and a male, taken August 24, are in full summer fur. Six specimens, all sexed by the collector as females, and caught between November 25 and January 20, are in full winter pelage. Skull. — Larger than that of S. o. californicus, somewhat higher, with broader rostrum. Not unlike the skull of 8. o. ornatus but slightly narrower interorbi- tally, with shorter palate, and on the average, weaker dentition. Larger and heavier than any of the ornatus group except ;S'. o. ornatus and 8. o. lagunae. Measurements. — ^Type specimen (adult female): Total length, 99; tail ver- tebrae, 37 ; hind foot, 12. Average of four adult females from type locality : Total length, 9S.9 (92-105) ; tail vertebrae, 38.S (37^1) ; hind foot, 12 (12-12). Skull: Type specimem (adult female; teeth slightly worn) : Condylobasal length, 16.4 ; palatal length, 6.6 ; cranial breadth, 7.S ; interorbital breadth, 3.6 ; maxil- lary breadth, 4.7 ; maxillary tooth row, 5.7. Average of four skulls of adult females (teeth sliglitly worn) from type locality: Condylobasal length, 16.8 (16.4^16.9) ; palatal length, 6.6 (6.5-6.6) ; cranial breadth, 8.0 (7.7-8.2) ; inter- orbital breadth, 3.5 (3.4-3.6) ; maxillary breadth, 4.9 (4.8-4.9) ; maxillary tooth row, 5.9 (5.8-6.0). Remxirks. — The almost black color of S. sinuosus makes the species easily distinguishable from any other member of the ornatus group. The species has a very local distribution, being restricted, as far as known, to the brackish marshes of Grizzly Island, bordering Suisun Bay, Solano County, Calif. Intergradation with /S'. o. californicus is not evident, although it is suggested in certain specimens of cali- fornicus from Petaluma, Calif. Specimens examined. — Eleven from type locality.^^ »«Mus. Vert. Zool. 74235—28 12 172 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 SOREX JUNCENSIS Nelson and Goldman TxjxE Shrew (Pl. 3, a') Sorex californicus juncensis Nelson and Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 22 : 27, March 10, 1909. Sorex californicus jucensis (sic) Elliot, Check-List Mammals N. Amer. Conti- nent, the West Indies, and Neighboring Seas, Supplement Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York, p. 146, 1917. Type specimen. — No. 139594, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection; 9 (?) young adult (teeth scarcely worn) ; collected Sep- tember 1, 1905, by E. W. Nelson and E, A. Goldman. Type locality. — Socorro, 15 miles south of San Quintin, Lower California, Mexico. Geograpjhic ramge. — Kjiown only from type locality. (Fig. 19.) Diagnostic characters. — About the color of Sorex a. ornatus, slightly smaller; skull relatively high and narrow for ornatus group ; relatively much narrower than that of ;S'. ornatus and subspecies. Color. — Winter pelage: Unknown. Summer pelage: Upper parts drab or slightly darker, the color or upper parts extending well down on sides; under- parts smoke gray washed with between avellaneous and vinaceous-bufE ; tail indistinctly bicolor, between drab and wood brown above, pale ochraceous-buff beneath nearly to tip. Skull. — About the size of that of 8. o. californicus ; relatively higher than any other of the ornatus group; relatively narrower than any other of the ornatus group, except those of S. myops, S. tencUus, and S. nanus, than which it is larger and contrastedly higher in all parts. Measurements. — Type specimen (young adult female [?]): Total length, 101; tail vertebrae, 41; hind foot, 12.5. Skull of type specimen (young adult female [?], teeth scarcely worn): Condylobasal length, 15.6; palatal length, 6.2; cranial breadth, 7.4; interorbital breadth, 3.5; maxillary breadth, 4.5; maxillary tooth row, 5.6. Reiiuirks. — The distinctly higher and narrow skull of S. juncensis separates the species from other members of the ornatus group. Un- fortunately the only specimen available besides the type is an im- perfect skull of a senile individual from the type locality. This skull consists only of rostrum and mandibles but discloses no signifi- cant differences from the skull of the type specimen. The species is closely related to true ornatus., specimens of which have been examined from localities only a few miles distant from the type locality of S. juncensis. Additional material may show that the two forms are specifically connected. Spechnens examined. — Two, from type locality. SOREX TENELLUS Merriam Owens Valley Dwarf Shkew (Pls. 6, q; 9, I) Sorex tenellus Merriam, North Amer. Fauna No. 10, p. 81, December 31, 1895. Sorex tenellus tenellus Miller, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bui. 79, p. 18, December 31, 1912. Type specimen. — No. fi-IH, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection; sex undetermined, adult (teeth slightly worn), skin and skull (posterior right-half of cranium broken away) ; collected December 22, 1890, by E. W. Nelson. 1928] REVIEW OF AMEEICAKT LONG-TAILED SHREWS 173 Type locality. — Along Lone Pine Creek, at upper edge of Alabama Hills at about 5,000 feet,^^ near Lone Pine, Owens Valley, Inyo County. Calif. Geographic range. — Known only from type locality. (Fig. 19.) Diagnostic characters. — Similar to Sorex myops in color; skull weaker than that of 8. myops, with narrower rostral region and weaker dentition. Color paler than in 8. o. californicus, with skull decidedly smaller in all dimensions and relatively narrower, the rostrum distinctly narrower and teeth smaller. Apparently closely related to 8. nanus, color paler and hind foot larger ; skull Bimilar to that of 8. nanus but larger and possibly proportionally broader. Color. — Winter pelage: Upper parts drab ; sliglitly paling on the flanks; under- parts pale smoke gray tinged with pale olive-buff ; tail olive-brown above, tilleul buff below, darkening toward tip. Summer pelage: Unknown. 8kull. — Small, flat, weak, with narrow rostrum and small teeth. Smallest in the ornatus group except that of S. nanus and possibly that of 8. myops. Nar- rower interorbitally and rostrally than that of 8. myops, with smaller teeth. Measv/rements. — Type specimen (adult, sex unknown) : Total length, 103; tail vertebrae, 42; hind foot, 12.5. Skull: Tj'pe specimen (adult, sex unknown; teeth slightly worn): Condylobasal length, 15.1; palatal length, 5.9; interorbital breadth, 3.1 ; maxillary breadth, 4.2 ; maxillary tooth row, 5.4. Eemm'ks. — Since this species is known only from the type specimen, its exact status is difficult to determine. It certainly has general affinities with the ornahis group, and in some respects it appears that it may be intermediate between S. nanus and S. myops. The sug- gestion, however, is too slight to warrant specific connection among these forms. Specimen examined. — One, the type specimen. SOREX MYOPS Mebriam White Mountains Dwarf Shrew (Pls. 3, b' ; 6, r) Sorex tcnellus myops Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 15: 76, March 22, 1902. Type speci7)ien. — No. ff|-|f , U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey col- lection; $ adult (teeth moderately worn); collected July 1.3, 1891, by E. W. Nelson. Type locality. — Pipers Creek (Cottonwood Creek), near main peak of White Moimtains, altitude 9,500 feet. Mono County, Calif. Geographic range. — Known only from type locality. (Fig. 19.) Diagnostic characters. — Color paler than other California members of the ornatus group, except Sorex tencllus; in size and color similar to 8. tcnellus; .skull heavier, the rostrum noticeably broader, and the teeth larger than in either ^. tcnellus or 8. namis. Skull smaller than that of 8. o. californicus, with shorter palate and narrower brain case. Color. — Worn winter pelage: Upper parts and sides near drab, possibly slightly paler and inclining toward avellaneous ; underparts pale smoke gray tinged with pale olive-buff ; tail, above between huffy brown and tawny-olive, below near tilleul buff", darkening toward tip. Summer pelage: Upper parts drab, inclining toward hair brown ; color of underparts and tail in summer, unknown. Molting. — The type specimen of 8. myops, collected July 13, 1891, shows transition from winter to summer pelage ; the top of the head and anterior half or more of the back is in fresh summer fur ; the remaining parts have the worn winter hair. A topotype, a male, collected one day earlier than the type speci- men, is in worn winter pelage. 37 Not "summit of Alabama Hills," as stated by Merriam (1895, p. 81). See also Howell, A. B., Journ. Mamm. 4: 266, November, 192.3. 174 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 S'tcuU. — Small, flat, and relatively narrow. Smaller than the skull of any of the ornatus group except that of S. tenellus and 8. nanus. Skull heavier, distinctly broader interorbitally and through rostrum, and with heavier dentition than in /S. tenellus or S. nanus. Measurements. — Type specimen (adult female) : Total length, 98; tail verte- brae, 41; hind foot, 12. Adult male from type locality: Total length, 98; tail vertebrae, 41 ; hind foot, 12.5. Skull: Type specimen (adult female ; teeth mod- erately worn) : Condylobasal length, 15.2; palatal length, 6.0; cranial breadth, 7.0 ; interorbital breadth, 3.3 ; maxillary breadth, 4.4 ; maxillary tooth row, 5.6. Skull of adult male (teeth moderately worn) from type locality: Condylobasal length, 15.2; palatal length, 5.9; cranial breadth, 7.0; interorbital breadth, 3.4; maxillary breadth, 4.4; maxillary tooth row, 5.6. Reinarhs. — The two specimens of 8. myops, the only ones known, are very uniform in characters and differ chiefly from S. tenellus., their nearest ally, in the skulls, which are noticeably broader inter- orbitally and through the rostra, and have heavier dentition. This species is probably confined to the White Mountains, Calif., where it is seemingly rare and may even be exterminated by the destruction of its habitat through sheep grazing. Specimens examined. — Two from type locality. SOREX NANUS Merbiam Rocky Mountain Dwabf Sheew (Pls. 3, c'; 9, J) Sorew tenellus nanus Merriam, North Amer. Fauna No. 10, p. 81, December 31, 1895. Type specimen. — No. 73773, U. S. Nat, Mus., Biological Survey col- lection; 2 young adult (teeth unworn), skin and skull (occipital and supraoccipital region of skull broken away) ; collected August 3, 1895, by Edward A. Preble. Type locality. — Estes Park, Larimer Count}^, Colo. Geographic range. — Known only from the mountains of central and north-central Colorado. (Fig. 19.) Diagnostic cJiaracfeis. — Smallest of the ornatus group. Most nearly like Sorex tenellus, but apparently darker. Skull smaller than that of 8. tenellus and possibly relatively narrower. Skull distinctly narrower, particularly ros- trum, than in 8. myops, the teeth smaller. Color. — Winter pelage: Unknown. Summer pelage: Upper parts between hair brown and olive-brown, extending well down over sides where it merges with color of ventral parts ; underparts smoke gray rather densely mixed and washed with between avellaneous and vinaceous buff; tail indistinctly bicolor, drab above, paie oehraceous buff below nearly to tip. Skull. — Smallest of the ornatus group. In general proportions like that of S. tenellus, but smaller and possibly relatively narrower. Measurements. — Type specimen (young adult female) : Total length, 105; tail vertebrae, 42; hind foot, 10. Skull: Type specimen (young adult female; teeth unworn) : Palatal length, 5.3; cranial breadth, 6.6; interorbital breadth, 3.0; maxillary breadth, 4.0; maxillary tooth row, 5.1. Skull of adult (sex unknown; teeth slightly worn), from West Cliff, Colo., altitude 8,300 feet; Condylobasal length, 14.5; palatal length, 5.4; cranial breadth, 6.7; interorbital breadth, 3.0 ; maxillary breadth, 4.0 ; maxillary tooth row, 5.2. Remarks. — With the possible exception of S. prehlei, /S. nanus is the smallest member of the genus. Specimens have been examined only from the mountains of central Colorado, although Merriam records one from Fort Custer, Mont. (Merriam, 1895, jp. 82.) The 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAN" LONG-TAILED SHREWS 175 author has been unable to locate the Montana specimen or to find any record of it other than that published by Merriam. Specimens examined. — Total number, 2, as follows : Colorado: Estes Park (type locality), 1; West ClifiE (altitude 8,300 feet), 1. Table 12. — Cranial measurements of adult specimens of Sorex ornatus group Species and locality d 'Z, o CO -0.2 a o O a si .2 o C3 O « a o o |2 03 Wear of teeth Remarks S. 0. omatus: California- San Emigdio Canyon. Tehachapi.. El Portal Do Do Do 43198 135947 1 21522 1 21525 1 21.533 121534 2 10842 44426 44679 147119 203608 1 16470 16468 1 16469 1 16471 120790 139594 32495 41634 41633 73773 174655 5 S cf cf 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9? 9 cf 9 16.7 17.1 16.8 17.1 16.5 16.5 16.0 15.9 16. 4± 15.6 16.4+ 16.9 16.8 16.4 16.9 15.6 15.1 15.2 15.2 14.5 6.9 6.8 7.0 6.7 6.8 6.7 6.8 6.3 6.3 5.8 6.6 6.5 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.2 5.9 6.0 5.9 5.3 5.4 8.2 8.1 8.0 8.2 8.1 8.2 7.8 8.0 7.8 7.9 7.8 8.0 7.7 8.2 8.2 7.4 7.0 7.0 6.6 6.7 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.4 3.8 3.4 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.5 3.4 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.1 3.3 3.4 3.0 3.0 5.0 5.1 5.0 4.8 5.0 4.9 4.7 4.5 4.6 4.8 4.5 4.7 4.9 4.8 4.9 4.9 4.5 4.2 4.4 4.4 4.0 4.0 6.2 6.2 6.1 6.0 6.2 5.8 6.0 5.6 5.7 5.5 5.7 5.8 6.0 5.9 5.9 5.6 5.4 5.6 5.6 5.1 5.2 Very slight Slight ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do .._do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Very slight Slight IVIoderate. ...do Unworn . . Slight Type specimen. Lower California— Aguaje de las Fre- sas. S. 0. californicus: California- Walnut Creek.. - Berkeley Type specimen of S. oreinus. Type specimen. S. 0. lagunae: Lower California — La Laguna. S. trigonirostris: Oregon— Ashland S. sinuosus: California— Gri z z 1 y Island. Do . Do. Do. Do. Type locality. Do. Do .. Do Do. Do Do. S. juncensis: Lower California — Socorro. S. tenellus: California— 0 wens Valley. S. myops: California— W h i t e Mountains. Do Type specimen young adult. Type specimen. Do. Type locality. S. nanus: Colorado— Estes Park West Cliff Type specimen young adult. 1 Mus. Vert. Zool. « Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Subgenus NEOSOREX Baird Neosorex Baird, Report Pacific R. R. Survey 8 : part 1, Mammals, p. 11, 1857. Type species. — Neosorex navigator Baird. Geographic range. — Northern British Columbia, southern Alaska (Glacier Bay), central Northwest Territories (lat. 64° N.), south in the mountains to southern California, Arizona, and northern New Mexico; east to northern Manitoba and southeastern Quebec, south to northeastern South Dakota, central Minnesota, northern Wisconsin and Michigan, and northeastern Pennsylvania. 176 NORTH AMEEICAX FAUNA tNo. 51 Diagnostic characters. — Size rather large, the largest form {8. p. palustris) about equal in size to the smallest form {8. b. bendirii) of the subgenus Atophj'rax; feet more conspicuously fringed with hair than in Atophyrax or Sorex proper. Skull smaller than in Atophyrax ; rostrum, particularly anterior portion, comparatively short, scarcely curved ventrally anteriorly ; anterior end of premaxilla scarcely narrower dorsoventrally than middle portion ; dorso- ventral diameter of rostrum measured at third unieuspid equal about half the diameter between anterior border of infraorbital foramen and posterior border of i"; anterior-posterior diameter of basal portions of upper unicuspids (par- ticularly fifth or last unieuspid) less than in Atophyrax, elfecting a relatively short unieuspid tooth row with cusps less widely separated ; posterior end of interior cutting edge of anterior portion of internal basal shelf of iii^ and w" usually without cusplike lobe ; pigmentation of anterior portion of internal basal shelf of m' and m? less extended posteriorly than in Atophyrax. Bemarks. — The water shrews of the /S. palustris type form a rather compact group very different from the marsh shrews of the S. heiidini type in its extreme form and readih^ differentiated by the characters designated. In southern British Cohnnbia, however, the two groups approximate each other in certain cranial characters and the cranial differences betv\^een them are more of degree than of absoluteness. The relationship of the two subgenera, Neosorex and Atophyrax, is further discussed under the subgenus Atophyrax (p. 192). Neosorex at best is a poorly characterized subgenus, which differs from the subgenus Sorex solely in the accentuation of the fimbriation on the feet. It differs from the subgenus Atophyrax in this same character as well as cranially. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF THE SUBGENUS NEOSOREX a \ Skull with highly developed sagittal and lambdoidal crests ; condylobasal length less than 19.3 mm alaskanus (p. 189). a'. Skull smooth, without developed sagittal and lambdoidal crests ; condylobasal length 19.3 mm. or more. 6^ Uuderparts in summer pelage pale, almost whitish (usually smoke gray) c\ Condylobasal length of skull 20.5 mm. or more; maxillary breadth of skull more than 6.1 mm palustris (p. 178). c ^. Condylobasal length of skull less than 20.5 mm. ; maxillary breadth of skull 6.1 mm. or less. d^. Range east of the Great Plains (confined to Nova Scotia and southeastern Quebec) gloveralleni (p. 183). (f^ Range west of the Great Plains (Sierra Nevada, and Rocky and Cascade Mountains) navigator (p. 184). 6^ Underparts in summer pelage dark, almost blackish (usually fuscous), c \ Tail usually bicolor nearly to tip in any pelage ; under- parts in winter pelage pale, almost whitish (pale smoke gray) hydrobadistes (p. 180). c ^ Tail usually not bicolor in any pelage ; underparts in winter pelage dark, never distinctly whitish (usually hair brown) albibarbis (p. 181). SOREX PALUSTRIS GROUP The palustris group includes two species: Sorex palustHs and S. alaskanus. Geographic range. — That of the subgenus Neosorex. Diagnostic characters. — Those of the subgenus Neosorex. 1928] EEVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 177 SOREX PALUSTRIS Richardson [Synonymy under subspecies] Geographic range. — That of the subgenus Neosorex except Point Gustavus, Glacier Bay, Alaska. (Fig. 21.) Diagnostic characters. — The species 8. palustris may be separated from S^. 'bendirii by group characters. The smaller forms {navi gator and gloveraUeni) are essentially like ;S'. alaskanus in size and color. The geographically nearer navigator differs from S. alaskanus in its longer and less angular skull, with relatively longer rostrum and longer mesopterygoid space, and without the highly developed sagittal and lambdoidal crests, and inframaxillary ridge of S. alaskanus. Fig. 21. — Geographic range of species and subspecies of the Sorex palmtris group 1. S. p, palustris. 2. S. p. hydroiadistes. 3. /S. p. alMbarbis. 4. /8. p. gloveraUeni. 5. 8. p. navigator. 6. S. alaskanus. Subspecies and geographic variation. — Under the species palustris are in- cluded five subspecies : palustris, hydrobadistes, alMbarbis, gloveraUeni, and navigator. Considering the wide geographic range of this species, it shows comparatively little geographic variation. The typical form palustris is the largest. The size of individuals decreases rather abruptly toward the west of the range of the subspecies palustris into navigator, which retains its characters with re- markable constancy over a very extensive range. Southeasterly from the range of S. p. palustris there is a gradual decrease in size and in intensity of color of underparts. The extreme accentuation of the dark underparts reaches maximum in specimens of albibarbis from eastern New York, Vermont, and New Hampshire, and decreases again northeasterly into the form acadicus, which also gives the minimum in size of the eastern forms of 8. palustris. 178 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 Time of molting. — The change from winter to spring pelage seems to occur usually during- May or early June, but unfortunately only a few specimens collected at that time of the year are available. An adult male of 8. p. pahistris collected June 8, 1895, at Tower, Minn., has complete summer pelage on the back, but the sides and underparts are in worn winter fur. Specimens of the subspecies palustris collected the last week of June in northeastern Manitoba appear to be in summer pelage. Four males of /S. p. navigator from Sierra Nevada, Calif., are apparently in fresh summer pelage the last week of May, while a female collected at the same time and place is in fresh pelage except on the nose and face. A breeding female taken June 19, 1910, at 5,500 feet altitude in the Warner Mountains, Calif., is in full summer pelage on the back ; the head and ventral parts of this animal are in worn winter pelage, but show the new hair growth under the old. The fall molt is evident in a large number of specimens and seems to occur most frequently during the last half of August and early in September, but not infrequently may begin early in August. In the extreme southern part of the range (New Mexico and southern Sierra Nevada in California) the winter pelage may not appear till considerably later than it does in the north ; still on the whole the variation in the time of the fall molt does not appear to be greatly influenced by geographical position. A female of 8. p. pahistris from north- eastern Manitoba shows no indication of molting September 15, 1900, yet an- other female collected in the same region one day earlier seems to be in full winter fur. The latest date at which the writer has noted the incoming winter pelage is in a female collected October 14, 1911, at Big Pine Creek (8,000 feet altitude). Sierra Nevada, Calif.; superficially this animal appears to be in worn summer pelage, but examination shows the nev/ pelage under the old over the entire back, head, sides, and abdomen. SOREX PALUSTRIS PALUSTRIS Richakdson American Water-shrew (Pls. 3, d'; 5, o; 6. s; 10, a) 8oi-ex palustris Richardson, Zool. Journ. 3, no. 12 (January to April, 1828), p. 517, April, 1828. Amphisorex palustris Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 5, 1837, p. 125, May, 1838. Crossopus palustris Reichenbach, Praktische Naturgesch. Menchen und Saugth., p. 161, 1847. Glalemys] {Cross[opus]) palustris Pomel, Arch. Sci. Phys. et Nat. 9:249, 1848. Neosorex palustris Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 9 : 167, February, 1863. Sorex (Neosorex) palustris Merriam, North Amer. Fauna No. 10, p. 91, Decem- ber 31, 1895. Neosorex palustrius (sic) Elliot, Field Columb. Mus. Publ. 45 (zool. series 2) : 378 (fig. 72), 1901. Neosorex palustris palustris G. M. Allen, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 28 : 17, February 12, 1915. Sorex palustris palustris Jackson, Journ. Mamm. 7 : 57, February 15, 1926. Ty2)e specimen. — No. 42.10.7.1, British Museum (Natural History), presented by Sir John Richardson. On the label is written " No. 15. Large Shrew Mouse. Sorex palustris — Prummond." Stuffed speci- men, now dismounted, but not made down into a proper skin ; skull imperfect, no brain case.^^ Type locality. — Marshy places, from Hudson's Bay to the Rocky Mountains. Geographic range. — Central Northwest Territories (lat. 64° N.), south to east-central Alberta, east and south across Manitoba to northeastern Minnesota and eastern Ontario (Fig. 21.) Diagnostic characters. — Size largest of the species (total length usually about 160 mm.) ; color of underparts pale (much paler than in /S. p. alMbarbis, both ■* For this information the writer is indebted to Oldfleld Thomas, who also supplies the following measurements: "Hind foot, c. u. 19 (not quite trustworthy); upper tooth series, 9.8 ; breadth of palate across molars, 5.6." 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 179 in summer and winter pelage ; in winter pelage about as in corresponding peln.ue of (S. p. hydrohadMcit, but mucli paler in summer), sharply defined from upper parts in all pelages ; upper parts in winter about as in hydrobadistes, paler and more brownish than corresponding pelage of albibarbis ; upper parts in summer pelage paler and more brownish than in either albibarbis or hydro- badistes; tail distinctly bicolor ; skull large with relatively heavy rostrum and maxillary region ; dentition heavy, particularly second upper premolar, which in this form is largest of the species ; posterior border of molariform teeth deeply emarginate ; unicuspids relatively large and broad. Color. — Winter pelage: Upper parts usually fuscous-black to dark fuscous- black or chaetura drab, sometimes tending toward chaetura black or blackish mouse gray, usually with a scarcely perceptible sprinkling of whitish hair bands, and with greenish and purplish iridescence ; underparts usually pale smoke gray or between pale smoke gray and smoke gray, sometimes pale olive-gray, mox'e or less glossy or silvery, occasionally stained with Isabella color ; color of underparts extending onto upper lip and underparts of limbs ; flanks slightly paler than back, more mixed with grayish hairs of underparts ; tail bicolor, fuscous-black above, whitish below nearly to tip. Summer pelage: Upper parts slightly paler and more brownish than in winter, fuscous-black or chaetura- drab ; underparts darker than in winter, smoke gray, pale hair brown or mouse gray ; chin and lips about same color as underparts or slightly paler ; tail as in winter. Skull. — Size large, brain case broad, rostrum and maxillary region relatively heavy ; dentition heavy, particularly second upper premolar, which in this form reaches maximum size for the species ; posterior border of molariform teeth deeply emarginate ; unicuspids relatively large and broad ; inner sides of cusps of molariform teeth and cusps of unicuspids and first incisors deeply pigmented with mahogany red. Measurements. — Average of three adult females from Robinson Portage, Manitoba: Total length, 160 (160-160) ; tail vertebrae, 72 (72-73) ; hind foot, 20 (19-20). Skull: Average of three skulls of adult females (teeth slightly worn) from Robinson Portage, Manitoba: Condylobasal length, 21.0 (20.7-21.5) ; palatal length. 8.9 (8.8-9.1) ; cranial breadth, 10.4 (10.2-10.6) ; interorbital breadth, 4.3 (4.2-4.4) ; maxillary breadth, 6.2 (6.2-6.2) ; maxillary tooth row, 7.7 (7.5-7.9). Remarks. — Although S. palustris has been placed in various geneja by different workers, it is one of the few of the early described shrews that has not received several synonymous specific names. The subspecies palustris has a comparatively wide range throughout cen- tral Canada, and intergrades with S. f. hydrohadistes in northern Minnesota. A skin of S. p. palustris in early summer pelage, without skull, from Tower, Minn., indicates a tendency toward hydrohadistes^ and an alcoholic specimen from Itasca County in the same State, the color of which can not be definitely ascertained, shows in cranial characters a decided approach toward hydrohadistes. A skull unaccompanied by a skin, from Michipicoten Island, in Lake Superior, Ontario, is provisionally referred to S. p. palusti^. It is somewhat smaller than skulls of typical S. p. palustris., showing in this respect an approach toward S. p. alhiharhis: but in general shape of the skull and size of the teeth it is like that of S. p. palustris, and shows no tendency toward the relatively broad and flat skull of hydrohadistes. Speciinens examined. — Total number, 21, as follows : Alberta: Athabaska Landing (35 miles south), 1; Ranfurly, 1^ ; South Edmonton, 1. Manitoba: Aweme, 1"; Echimamish River. 1; Fort Garry, 1: Hill River (near Swampy Lake), 1; Nelson River, 1; Norway House, 1; Robinson Portage, 5; Winnipeg, 2. Minnesota: Itasca County (T. 61 N., R. 26 W.), 1; Tower, 1. ""Mus. Comp. Zool. '"Stuart Criddle coll., Treesbank. Manitoba. 180 NORTH AMEEICAX FAUNA [No. 51 IsTorthwest Territories: Fort Rae, Great Slave Lake, 1; Grandiu River, 1. Ontario: Micliipicoten Island, 1. SOREX PALUSTRIS HYDROBADISTES Jackson Wisconsin Water-shrew (Pls. 4, a; 11, M) Sorcx palustris liyclrohadhtes Jackson, Journ. Mamm. 7 : 57, February 15, 1926. Type specimen. — No. 229061, U. S. Nat. Miis., Biological Survey collection; $ adult (teeth much worn), skin and skull; collected July 23, 1918, by Hartley H. T. Jackson. Type locality. — Withee, Clark County, Wis. Geographic range. — Extreme northeastern South Dakota (Fort Sisseton), central Minnesota, easterly across northern Wisconsin and the upper peninsula of Michigan. (Fig. 21.) Diagnostic cliaracters. — Size averaging very slightly smaller than Sorcx p. palustris; color in winter pelage, particularly of underparts, pale, about as in 8. p. palustris; color in summer pelage, particularly of underparts, dark, about as in /S. p. albiharMs; skull slightly smaller than that of 8. p. palustris, flatter, with relatively and actually shorter rostrum ; skull larger and heavier than that of albibarhis; second upper premolar intermediate in size between that of 8. p. palustris and aliibarbls ; emargination of posterior borders of molariform teeth about intermediate between that in 8. p. palustris and alhiharhis. Color. — Winter pelage: Similar to winter pelage of 8. p. palustris. Upper parts usually chaetura drab or fuscous-black, sometimes tending toward chaetura black or blackish mouse gray, usually with a scarcely perceptible sprinkling of whitish hair bands, and sometimes with greenish and purplish iridescence ; underparts usually pale smoke gray or between pale smoke gray and smoke gray, sometimes pale olive-gray, more or less glossy or silvery, occa- sionally stained with Isabella color ; color of underparts extending onto upper lip and underparts of limbs ; flanks slightly paler rhau back, more mixed with grayish hairs of underparts ; tail bicolor, fuscous-black above, whitish below nearly to tip. Summer pelage: Similar to summer pelage of 8. p. alhiharhis. Upper parts slightly more brownish and less glossy than in winter, usually fuscous-black, dark fuscous-black, or chaetura drab ; underparts much darker than in winter, scarcely paler than upper parts, fuscous, hair brown, or chae- tura drab ; chin and lips very slightly paler, more whitish than general color of underparts ; tail as in winter. Skull. — Slightly smaller than that of (S. p. palustris, flatter, with relatively and actually shorter rostrum, and relatively broader brain case; larger and heavier than that of 8. p. alhiMrUs, with relatively wider rostrum ; second upper premolar intermediate in size between that of /S^. p. palustris and albi- Mriis, averaging nearer to that of 8. p. palustris; posterior borders of molari- form teeth less deeply emarginate than in 8. p. palustris, more deeply emar- ginate than in alhiharhis. Measurements. — Type specimen (adult male) : Total length, 150; tail verte- brae, 63; hind foot, 20. Skull: Skull of type specimen (adult male; teeth much worn): Condylobasal length, 20.5; palatal length. 8.2; cranial breadth, 10.2; interorbital breadth, 4.3; maxillary breadth, 6.1; maxillary tooth row, 7.4. Average of six skulls of adult males (teeth slightly to moderately v^-orn) from Elk River, Minn. : Condylobasal length, 20.6 (20.2-21.0) ; palatal length, 8.6 (8.0-9.0) ; cranial breadth, 10.4 (10.0-10.9) ; interorbital breadth, 4.4 (4.3^.6) ; maxillary breadth, 6.4 (6.2-6.5) ; maxillary tooth row, 7.6 (7.4-7.8). Remarks. — Although geographically and in most of its cranial characters S. p. hydrohadistes is intermediate between S. p. palustris and S. p. alhiharhis., and superficially resembles S. p. palustris in color in winter and alhiharhis in summer, it is strikingly different in color from the subspecies palustris in summer and from alhiharhis in winter. It intergrades with S. p. palustris in northern Minne- 1928] EEVIEW OF AMEEICAlSr LONG-TAILED SHREWS 181 sota, and probably also with albiharhis in the Great Lakes region of southwestern Ontario, thoiigh material examined from that region has been insufficient to establish this point. Specimens from the Upper Peninsula of Michigan are referable to hydrohadistes. One collected August 17, 1914, in Chippewa County, Mich., matches typi- cal specimens of hydrotadistes both in cranial characters and color except that it is heavily stained with Front's brown on the throat. S'pecimens examined. — Total number, 35, as follows: Michigan: Chippewa County, 1"; Merriweather, Gogebic Lake, 3"; Michi- gamme, 2. Minnesota: Elk Paver, 6. South Dakota: Fort Sisseton, 3; Fort Wadsworth, 1. Wisconsin: Basswood Lake (10 miles soutlieast, Iron River), 1; Dan- bury, 2; Lac Vieux Desert, 3''^; Lalce St. Germain, Vilas County, 1; Marinette County, 1 '^ ; Mercer, 1 ; Rhinelander, 4 ■" ; Sayner, 1 " ; Solon . Springs, 4^'; Withee (type locality), 1. SOREX PALUSTRIS ALBIBARBIS (Cope) White-lipped Water-sheew (Pes. 1; 4, b; 10, b) Neosorex albihardis Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1S62, p. 188, 1862. So7'ex albiiarbis Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 7:25, April, 1892. Sorex (Neosorex) albiharhis Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1894, part 3, October-December, p. 395, January, 1S95. Sorcx palustris alhibarhis Rhoads, Mammals of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, p. 191, 1903. Neosorex imlustris albiharhis G. M. Allen, Proc. Biol. Soc. AVashington 28:17, February 12, 1915. Type spechnen.—No. 4if||-, U. S. Nat. Mus., 5 adult (teeth slightly worn), alcoholic with skull removed; collected in September, 1859, by E. D._ Cope. Type locality.- — Profile Lake, Franconia Mountains, Grafton County, N. H. GeograpMc range. — Southern Quebec, western New Brunswick, western Ontario, Vermont, eastern New York, south to northeastern Pennsylvania. (Fig. 21.) Diagnostic characters. — Slightly smaller than Sorex p. palustris (total length usually less than 150 mm.) ; underparts very dark, scarcely defined from upper parts (particularly in summer pelage), much darker than in S. p. Jiijdrohadistes in winter pelage ; tail usually not bicolor, or indistinctly so ; skull smaller than that of 8. p. palustris, slightly smaller than that of hydrohadistes; second upper premolar smaller tban in S. p. palustris or hiidrohadistes, slightly larger than in S. p. gloveraUeni or jS. p. navigator; posterior borders of molariform teeth less deeply emarginate than in S. p. palustris or hydrohadistes, and unicuspids rela- tively narrower. Color. — Winter pelage: Upper parts dark fuscous-black, chaetura black, or blackish mouse gray to nearly black, frequently with pronounced greenish or purplish iridescence ; underparts paler than upper parts, more mixed with whitish, the general tone in typical specimens being mouse gray or hair brown, not infrequently almost fuscous-black or chaetura drab ; chin and lips usually paler (more whitish) than general color of underparts; tail usually mono- chromatic (near fuscous-black), frequently indistinctly bicolor, rarely dis- tinctly bicolor (whitish beneath) nearly to tip. Summer pelage: Upper parts *iUniv. Mich. *^ Field Mus. Nat. Hist. *' Public Mus. Milwaukee. ** E. R. Warren coll., Colorado Springs, Colo., 1 ; Univ. Wis. Zool. Mus., 3. 182 NORTH AMERICAN" FAUNA [No. 51 averaging slightly paler and more brownish than in winter, fuscous, fuscous- black, or chaetura drab, with less tendency toward iridescence ; underparts darker than in winter, with less suffusion of whitish, scarcely paler than upper parts, occasionally as dark as upper parts, fuscous, hair brown, or chaetura drab ; chin and lips paler, more whitish, than general color of under- parts ; tail as in winter. Skull. — Slightly smaller than that of S. p. hydrobadistes, with somewhat weaker dentition ; second upper premolar relatively and actually much smaller than in S. p. palustris, slightly smaller than in hydrohadistes, slightly larger than in /8. p. gloveralleni or S. p. navigator; posterior borders of molariform teeth much less deeply emarginate than in 8. p. palustris, slightly less than in hydrohadistes ; unicuspids relatively narrower and dental pigmentation usually less than in S. p. palustris. Measurements. — Type specimen (adult female, measured from alcoholic by the writer) : Total length, 144; tail vertebrae, 68; hind foot, 19. Adult male and old adult male from East Wallingford, Vt. : Total length, 145, 151 ; tail ver- tebrae, 63, 68; hind foot, 19, 18. Skull: Type specimen (adult female, teeth slightly worn) : Condylobasal length, 20.0; palatal length, 8.3; cranial breadth, 10.1 ; interorbital breadth, 4.3 ; maxillary breadth, 6.1 ; maxillary tooth row, 7.3. Skulls of adult male (teeth slightly worn) and old adult male (teeth moderately worn) from East "Wallingford, Vt. : Condylobasal length, 20.2, 19.9; palatal length, 8.4, 8.0 ; cranial breadth, 9.9, 10.4 ; interorbital breadth, 4.1, 4.5 ; maxillary breadth, 6.0, 6.4 ; maxillary tooth row, 7.2, 7.4. Remarks. — The type specimen of /S. p. albibarhis was caught under a stone on the shore of Profile Lake, N. H. (Cope, 1862, p. 188.) Specimens from Vermont and southern Maine are typical ; those from the Adirondack Mountains, N. Y., appear to have more blackish tails than those from the type region, but do not differ in other respects. One from Bushkill Creek, Monroe County, Pa., collected September 28, 1894, in fresh "winter pelage except on the throat, is inseparable in color from albibarhis, but, unfortunately, the skull seems to have been lost. Two skins collected late in July, 1902, on Mount Katahdin, Me., are like albibarhis in color ; one of them is much smaller than typical albibarhis and is accompanied by a skull that is correspondingly smaller and weaker than typical skulls of that subspecies ; it is probably abnormal, however, because the other skin, which is without a skull, has measurements in keeping with true albibarbis. The most southerly New England record is Warwick, Mass., from which place Verrill (1863a, p. 165) records a specimen taken in July, 1862. Intergradation with S. p. gloveralleni is indicated in specimens from eastern Quebec (Godbout and St. Rose), which have weaker dentition than typical S. p. albibarhis. As far as the reviser is able to judge from the three specimens from Godbout, which are alco- holics, the ventral parts are somewhat paler than in typical alhi- harhis^ in this respect approaching gloveralleni. The St. Rose speci- men, however, is identical in color with alhibarhis. A specimen from Lake Edward, Quebec, the skull of which is too imperfect for critical study, is in fresh winter pelage, except on the upper chest and throat; the summer pelage of the chest and throat and of the ventral portion of the tail is dark, as in specimens of alhibarhis from the type region ; the fresh winter pelage of the underparts, hoAvever, is almost as pale as that of JS. p. palustris. A skin in summer pelage, without skull, from North Bay, Ontario, matches albibarhis in color and is pro- visionally referred to that form. Specimens examiined. — Total number, 35, as follows : 1928] EEVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 183 Maine: Basin Pond, Mount Katahdin, 1; Brunswick, 8"; Chimney Pond (altitude 3,000 feet). Mount Katahdin, 1; Norway, 1; Upton, L" New Hampshire: Intervale, 1"'; Profile Lake (type locality), 1. New York: Tupper I^ake, 3." Ontario : North Bay, 1.*' Pennsylvania: Bushkill Creek (7 miles east of Cresco), Monroe County, 1." Quebec: Godbout, 3; Lac aux Sables, 2^"; Lake Edward, 1"*; St. Rose, Temiscouata District, 1. Vermont: East Wallingford, 4 °" ; Mendon, 2 " ; Sherburne, 2 " ; West Bridge- water, 1." SOREX PALUSTRIS GLOVERALLENI Jackson Nova Scotian Water-shrew (Pls. 4, c ; 6, t) Neosorex palustris acadicus G. M. Allen, Proc. Biol. Soc* Washington 28 : 15, February 12, 1915. Not Sorex acadicus Gilpin, qui Sorex cinereus Kerr. Sorex palustris gloverallcni Jackson, Journ. Mamm. 7 : 57, February 15, 1926. Type specimen. — No. 2046, Mus. Comp. ZooL, Harvard Univ., Bangs collection; $ adult (teeth slightly worn), skin and slmll; collected July 26, 1894, by Outram Bangs. Type locality. — Digby, Digby County, Nova Scotia. Geographic range. — Nova Scotia and extreme eastern Quebec (Gaspe Peninsula) south of the St. Lawrence River. (Fig, 21.) Diagnostic cliaracterx. — Size about that of Sorex p. albibarbis or slightly smaller; uuderparts (summer pelage) pale, about as in 8. p. palustris; upper parts usually slightly paler and more grizzled and finely speckled with whitish liairbaiids than in S. p. palustris or albiharbis; in general color much like many specimens of S. p. navigator; tail bicolor ; skull distinctly smaller than that of S. p. palustris or S. p. Jiijdrobadistes, slightly smaller, weaker, and less massive than that of albiharbis ; second upper premolar much smaller than in the sub- species palustris or hydrobadistes, slightly smaller than in albiharbis ; posterior borders of molariform teeth about as emarginate as in albibarbis, unicuspids slightly smaller. Color. — Winter pelage: Unknown. Summer pelage: Upper parts chaetura drab or slightly paler, somewhat suffused with whitish hairtips and hairbands ; underparts much paler than upper parts, usually pale smoke gray or smoke gray, rarely hair brown ; chin and lips more whitish than general tone of underparts ; tail bicolor, fuscous-black above, whitish below nearly to tip. Skull. — Small, much smaller than that of S. p. palustris or 8. p. hydrobadistes ; slightly smaller than that of S. p. albibarbis, weaker and less massive ; about equal in size to that of S. p. navigator but higher through brain case and wider interorbitally ; dentition relatively weak ; second upper premolar much smaller than in S. p. palustris or hydrobadistes, slightly smaller than in albibarbis; posterior borders of molariform teeth less deeply emarginate than in the sub- species' palustris or hydrobadistes, about as in albibarbis ; unicuspids slightly smaller than in albibarbis with similar pigmentation. Measurements. — Type specimen (adult female) and topotype (old adult female) : Total length, 150.5, 158 ; tail vertebrae, 66.5, 70 ; hind foot, 20, 19. Skull: Skull of type specimen (adult female, teeth slightly worn) and topotype (old adult female, teeth much worn) : Condylobasal length, 19.8, 19.5; palatal length, 8.2, 8.0 ; cranial breadth, 10.0, 10.1 ; interorbital breadth, 4.3, 4.4 ; maxil- lary breadth, 5.5, 5.6 ; maxillary tooth row, 7.1, 7.1. Remarks. — Specimens that can be satisfactorily referred to S. p. gloveralleni have been examined only from Nova Scotia and the Gaspe Peninsula region of extreme southeastern Quebec, though *^ Lee Mus. Biol., Bowdoin College. *^ Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. « Univ. Mich. '■<> D. E. Kent coU., Rutland, Vt., 1 ; G. L. "Univ. Mich., 1 ; Mus. Comp. Zool., 2. Kirk coll., Rutland, Vt., 3. *«Mua. Comp. Zool. ^^ G. L. Kirk coll. 184 NORTH AMERICAN FAUlSrA [No. 51 certain individuals of S. p. aJbiharhls from eastern Quebec approach gloveralleni in dental characters and possibly in color. Superficially gloveralleni is often similar to /S'. f. navigator, but the skull is higher through the brain case and wider interorbitally. It is, however, widely separated geographically from navigator, two other divergent forms intervening between the two subspecies. Specimens exa/trmied. — Total number, 14, as follows : Nova Scotia: Aj'lesford, 1; Digby (type locality), 5°'; Halifax, 4"; James River, 1. Quebec: Mount Albert, S.'* SOREX PALUSTRIS NAVIGATOR (Baied) Mountain "Watee-shrew (Pls. 4, D, E, F, G, H ; 10, c, d; 13, c, d) Neosorex navigator Baird, Report Pacific R. R. Survey 8 : pt. 1, Mammals, p. 11, 1857. Sorex navigator Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 9 : 167, February, 1863. (In synonymy.) Sorex (Neosorex) palustris navigator Merriam, North Amer. Fauna No. 10, p. 92, December 31. 1895. [Neosorex] [palustris] navigator Elliot, Field Columb. Mus., Publ. 45 (zool. series 2) : 379, March, 1901. Sorex palustris navigator Stephens, California Mammals, p. 254, June, 1906. Neosorex navigator navigator Miller, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bui. 79, p. 21, December 31, 1912. Type specimen. — No. -^^-^, U. S. Nat. Mus.; sex unknown, adult (teeth slightly worn) ; imperfect skin (from alcoholic) and skull, with posterior part of brain case broken away; collected about August 31, 1853, by J. G. Cooper. Type locality. — Near head of Yakima River, Cascade Mountains, Wash. Geographic range. — Extreme northwestern British Columbia and adjacent part of Alaska (Haines), south through eastern British Columbia and southwestern Alberta to the Olympic Mountains, Wash., and through the Cascade Mountains, and in the Sierra Nevada to Mount Whitney (about lat. 36° N.), Calif., south through Wash- ington, Idaho, and eastern Oregon to central Nevada and southern Utah, and in the Rocky Mountains to northern New Mexico and west-central Arizona. Diagnostic characters. — Average specimens very similar in superficial appear- ance to Sorex p. gloveralleni. Smaller than S. p. pahistris ; about equal in size to gloveralleni, but with tail averaging longer ; color much as in S. p. palustris, but upper parts more grizzled and flecked with whitish-tipped hairs ; skull much smaller and flatter than that of 8. p. palustris, with much weaker denti- tion ; skull about the size of that of gloveralleni, but flatter through brain case, usually narrower interorbitally, with rostrum relatively slightly longer and posterior border of molariform teeth more deeply emarginate. Color. — Winter pelage: Upper parts chaetura drab or slightly darker, dark mouse gray or blackish mouse gray with a brownish tinge, a sprinkling of whit- ish hair tips and hair bands producing a pronounced grizzled effect and some- times frosted appearance, usually vrith a delicate greenish or purplish irides- cence ; underparts usually pale smoke gray or between pale smoke gray and smoke gray, sometimes whitish pale olive-gray, more or less glossy and silvery, ^ Mus. Comp. Zool., 4. ^^ Mus. Comp. Ziiol., :\ ; E. R. Warren coll., Colorado Springf;, Colo., 1. ^' Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 192S] EEVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 185 frequently tinged with pale olive-buff ; color of untlerparts extending onto lips and chin ; tail bicolor, fuscous-black or chaetura black above, whitish beneath nearly to tip. Summer pelage: Upper parts usually more brownish than in winter, chaetura-drab or slightly paler, sometimes almost fuscous-black or chaetura black, somewhat suffused and finely flecked with whitish hair tips and hair bands ; underparts variable, depending much upon wear of the pelage, usually pale smoke gray, smoke gray, or light grayish olive, sometimes almost drab to hair brown, or mousie gray ; chin and lips more whitish than general tone of underparts ; tail as in winter. Skull. — Much smaller and flatter than that of S. p. palustris, with much weaker dentition ; about the size of that of 8. p. gloveralleni, but flatter and usually narrower interorbitally, and posterior border of molariform teeth more emarginate. Measurements. — ^Adult male from Mount Rainier, Wash. : Total length, 152 ; tail vertebrae, 78 ; hind foot, 19. Average of 4 adult males from Pahaska, Wyo. : Total length, 149 (1-15-151) ; tail vertebrae, 74 (72-76) ; hind foot, 20.3 (20-21). Skull: Type (adult, sex unknown, teeth slightly worn) : Condylo- basal length, 19.S ; palatal length, 8.3 ; cranial breadth, 9.8 ; interorbital breadth, 4.1 ; maxillary breadth, 5.4 " ; maxillary tooth row, 7.3. Skull of adult male (teeth slightly worn) from Mount St. Helens, Wash.: Condylobasal length, 19.9 ; palatal length, 8.1 ; cranial breadth, 9.9 ; interorbital breadth, 4.1 ; maxil- lary breadth, 5.9; maxillary tooth row, 7.1. Skull of adult male (teeth slightly worn) from Paradise Creek, Mount Rainier, Wash.: Condylobasal length, 19.6; palatal length, 8.3 ; cranial breadth, 9.8 ; interorbital breadth, 4.1 ; maxillary breadth, 5.8 ; maxillary tooth row, 7.2. Average of 4 skulls of adult males (teeth slightly worn) from Pahaska, Wyo.: Condylobasal length, 19.7 (19.4r- 20.0) ; palatal length, 8.1 (7.9-8.3) ; cranial breadth, 9.6 (9.5-9.6) ; interorbital breadth, 4.1 (4.1-4.1) ; maxillary breadth, 5.7 (5.6-5.8) ; maxillary tooth row, 7.2 (7.1-7.3). Skull of adult female (teeth moderately worn) from Bennett, British Columbia : Condylobasal length, 20.2 ; palatal length, 8.3 ; cranial breadth, 10.1; interorbital breadth, 4.2; maxillary breadth, 5.9; maxillary tooth row, 7.4. Average of 6 skulls of adult males (teeth slightly worn) from Mount Whitney, Calif.: Condylobasal length, 19.8 (19.4-20.0); palatal length, 8.2 (8.0-8.4); cranial breadth, 9.8 (9.6-9.9) ; interorbital breadth, 4.1 (4.0-4.2) ; maxillary breadth, 5.8 (5.6-6.0) ; maxillary tooth row, 7.1 (6.9-7.2). Average of 4 skulls of old adult males (teeth much worn) from Mount Whitney, Calif.: Condylo- basal length, 19.8 (19.3-20.4) ; palatal length, 7.8 (7.4-8.0) ; cranial breadth, 10.2 (10.0-10.4) ; interorbital breadth, 4.2 (4.1-4.2) ; maxillary breadth, 5.9 (5.8-6.0) ; maxillary tooth row, 7.2 (7.0-7.3). ReynarJis. — The type specimen of Neosorex navigator Baird is an imperfect skin made from an alcoholic. The skull, however, except that a portion of the right posterior part of the brain case is broken away, is in fairly good condition. The specimen was collected by J. G. Cooper, the locality on the front of the label being given as Fort Vancouver, Columbia River, Wash. ; on the back of the label is written, apparently in Baird's handwriting: "According to Dr. Cooper, found in lake near summit of Cascade Mts., Aug. 31, '53," a remark evidently taken from Cooper, who states that " this [speci- men], according to the label now attached, was found at Fort Van- couver, but I am inclined to consider this a mistake, and that it was really taken while swimming under water in a lake near the summit of the Cascade Mountains, August 31, 1853" (Cooper, 18G0b, p. 73). Merriam at the time of his revision of the genus Sorex (Merriam, 1895) had seen none of this form from the Cascade Mountains, and remarks in a footnote : It is evident that the type specimen, like many other alcoholic mammals col- lected in the early days, was not labeled until long after its capture, and that little dependence can be placed on either of the alleged localities. Furthermore, since the subgenus Neosorex is unknown from the Cascade region, and prob- ^ Post maxillary processes broken ; actual maxillary breadth was probably about 5.7. 186 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 ably does not inhabit western Oregon or Washington, which region is occu- pied by the allied subgenus Atophyrax, it is highly improbable that the speci- men came from either of the alleged localities. It agrees closely with speci- mens from western Montana, and probably came from some point in northern Idaho or the mountains east of Fort Colville, in extreme northeastern Wash- ington, which region was visited by Dr. Cooper during the same expedition (Merriam, 1895, p. 92). Since the time Merriam wrote as above, however, several specimens of this shrew have been collected in the Cascade Mountains and even in the Olympic Mountains. In view of the aforementioned statement quoted from Doctor Cooper, supported by his additional statement that " aquatic mammalia * * * abound in the fresh waters ; and one seems to be peculiar to the Territory, the water shrew {Neosorex navigator) caught while swimming a foot below the surface of one of the lakes at the head of the Yakima River, and at least 2,500 feet above the ocean" (Cooper, 1860a, p. 36), it seems necessary to fix the type locality as near the head of the Yakima River, Cascade Moun- tains, Wash. This lake may not be one of the so-called " Sneeze " lakes, which include Lakes Keechelus, Kachess, and Clealum, but more probably it is one of the smaller lakes farther up the valley. Stevens remarks : The pass at the head of the main Yakima, some 20 miles north of the Nachess Pa?s, is but 3,466 feet above Vancouver. On the lowest point of the summit is a shallow lake, about 200 yards long, from which the water runs both ways * * * Toward the east the descent in the distance of about three- quarters of a mile is 530 feet, to another lake, about half a mile long. (Ste- vens, 1855, p. 141.) It is probable that one of these two small lakes is the actual type locality. The next lake farther down would be the upper of the " Sneeze " lakes, Lake Keechelus. Although subject to minor individual variations, which in some cases appear to be in a measure geographical, this subspecies retains its characters with comparative uniformity throughout its extensive range. These variations are most noticeable in size and in the depth of emargination of the posterior borders of the molariform teeth, but the differences are too inconstant and their averages too slight for subspecific separation. Thus, in a series from near South Yolla Bolly Mountain, Calif., are specimens that are indistinguishable from typical S. p. navigator, while a few others have skulls a little larger than typical specimens and have wider crania. The indentation of the posterior margins of the molariform teeth seems to average less in the series from Toyabe Mountains, Nev., than in typical specimens, but the difference is slight and can be matched by occasional specimens from points throughout the range of navigator; in no other respects do the Toyabe Mountain specimens differ from typical navigator. A specimen in full summer pelage collected July 10, 1915, at Horseshoe Cienega, 8,300 feet altitude, near the headwaters of White River, White Mountains, Ariz., has a skull inseparable from those of navi- gator from the Cascade or more northern Rocky Mountains ; in color, however, it is distinctly different from any other specimens of navi- gator examined, being very dark ventrally, the tail scarcely if at all bicolored, even at the base, but tipped with a small white pencil. In fact, the White Mountains, Ariz., specimen in color resembles more nearly the summer pelage of 8. p. albiharbis or S. p. hydrohadistes, 1928] r^EVIEW OF AMERICAN" LONG-TAILED SHREWS 187 or even S. h. he?idini, than it does typical navigator. Unfortunately there are no other specimens available from the White Mountains, Ariz., but one from a few miles south collected at 9,000 feet altitude on Prieto Plateau at the south end of the Blue Kange, Ariz., does not differ from imvlgator when in corresponding worn pelage. The three specimens from Poison Creek, altitude 9,500 feet, in the White Mountains, Calif., seem to average larger and paler than typi- cal navigator. The paleness, however, may in a measure be due to the way the specimens are made up, since the fur appears to have been saturated with arsenic. Moreover, many other specimens from the White Mountains, Calif., do not differ to any degree from typical navigator. The series from Highwood Mountains, Mont., while clearly refer- able to na-vigator^ shows an approach toward S. p. paJustris in the skulls, which are somewhat larger and heavier than in average navi- gator'. Specimens from Banff and Henry House, Alberta, are dis- tinctly 7iamgatoi', as are also those from Bennett and Telegraph Creek, British Columbia, and Haines, Alaska, the ones from British Columbia and Alaska showing no approach toward the essential characters of /S. aJashanus. Specimens examined. — Total number, 614, as follows : Alaska: Haines, Lynn Canal, 1. Alberta: Banff, 2; Brazeau Valley, 1; Henry House, 1; Smoky Valley (50 miles north of Jasper House), 1. Arizona: Frieto Plateau (south end of Blue Range, altitude 9,000 feet), Greenlee County, 1 ; White River ( Horseshoe Cienega, altitude 8,300 feet), White Mountains, 1. British Columbia: Bennett, 1; Cariboo (Cottonwood Creek), 1; Chilliwack Valley, 2 s*? ; Cranbrook, 3 s" ; Faulder, 2^8; Hope (14 miles east. Lake House), 1 "^'J ; Hot Springs, Atlin, 1 ^^ ; Nelson (6 miles south of), 3; Seton Creek, Lillooet, 4 S' ; Telegraph Creek, 3^0; Telegraph Creek (25 miles east), 1. California: Aspen Valley, Yosemite National Park (altitude 6.400 feet), 2C1. Big Pine Creek (10 miles west Big Pine, altitude 8,000 feet), 2 «2 ; Blue Canyon (altitude 4,700 to 5,000 feet), Placer County, 3 g-' ; Canyon Creek, Trinity County, 1; Chinquapin (altitude 6,200 feet), Yosemite National Park, Mariposa County, 2'^-; Cottonwood Lakes (altitude 11,000 feet). Sierra Nevada, 1 "52 ; Douner (altitude 7,900 feet), 2; Hat Creek (head). Mount Lassen, 1; Independence Creek (altitude 6,000 feet), Sierra Nevada, 2; Independence Lake, I''-; Kearsarge Pass, Sierra Nevada, 4; Laws (7 miles east. Silver Canyon, altitude 4,600 to 7,000 feet), White Mountains. 9 ^^ ; Little Onion Valley, Sierra Nevada, 5*^-; Lone Pine, 5; Lone Pine Creek (altitude 4,500 feet), Inyo County, 2'^-; Mammoth, 6 ''^ ; Merced Grove, Big Trees (altitude 5,400 feet), Mariposa County. 6^2; Mill Creek (altitude 5,000 feet), Mount Lassen, 2; Mount Lassen (south base), 7; Mount Lassen (south- east side), 1; Mount Lyell (Timberline meadow, north side), 1; Mount Shasta (altitude 7,000 feet), 1*"; Mount Shasta (south side, timber- line), 1; Mount Unicorn (altitude 8,600 feet, Tuolumne Meadows), 1^2. Mount Unicom (Tuolumne Meadows), Yosemite Park, 1; Mount Whitney, 9 ; Parker Creek, Warner Mountains, 1^-; Porcupine Flat (altitude 8,100 feet), Yosemite Park, 2'^-; Sequoia National Park (Halsted Meadows), 3; South Yolla Bolly Mountain (one-half mile south, altitude 6.000 feet), Trinity County, 3 «2 ; South Yolla Bolly Mountain (2 miles south, altitude 7.500 feet), Tehama ^« Nat. Mus. Canada. o« Amer. Miis. Nat. Hist., 2. " Piovincial Mus. British Columbia. "i Mus. Vert. Zool., 1. ^'' Stuart Criddle coll., Tveesbank, Mani- "- Mus. Vert. Zool. toba. 83 D R Dickey coll., Pasadena. Calif., 5 ; °3Mus. Comp. Zool. G. G. Cantwell coll., Palms, Calif., 1. 74235—28 13 188 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 County, 10 ^2 ; Upper Ash Creek, Mount Shasta. 1 ; Vogelsang Lake (altitude 10,100 to 10,350 feet), Yosemite National Park, 7 «2 ; Wagon Camp, Mount Shasta, 1 ; Walker Lake, Mono County, 2 ^~ ; Walker Lake (Warren Fork of Leevining Creek, altitude 9.200 feet), Mono County, 5**-; White Mountains (McAfee Meadows, altitude 11,600 feet), Mono County, 2 "^ ; White Mountains (Poison Creek, altitude 9,500 feet). Mono County. 3 «* ; AVhite Mountains (Roberts Ranch, Wey- man Creek, altitude 8,250 feet ) , Inyo County, 1 ^2 ; Whitney Creek (altitude 10,650 feet). Sierra Nevada, 5°'; Whitney Meadows, Mount Whitney, 19^^; Williams Butte (1 mile south Walker Lake), Mono County, 1"^-; Yosemite National Park (altitude 7,300 feet), Mariposa County, 3.«2 Colorado: Almont, 2; Blackhawk (Dory Hill Pond), 8""; Boulder, 6"; Boulder County, 1; Cochetopa Pass, 1; Coventry (Maverick Canyon, altitude 6,400 "to 6,800 feet), 4 "s ; Crested Butte (Deckers Ranch), 169; Culebia Canyon (altitude 9,100 feet), Costilla County, 1 ''■^ ; Elk- horn, 1 ; Gold Hill, 3 ; Hermit, 3 ; Lake Moraine. El Paso County, 11 ^^^ ; Marvine, 1; Midde Park, 2; Nederland, 4 ^^ ; Rico. 1; Saguache Park, Cochetopa National Forest, 2; St. Elmo (altitude 10,100 feet), 4. Idaho: Albion, 2; Birch Creek, 6; Bitterroot jNIountains, 1: Cedar Moun- tains, 2"; Crow Creek (hend of, altitude 7.500 feet), 1; Fort HaU, 1; Irwin (10 miles southeast), 1; Malad, 13; Salmon River Mountains, 5; Sawtooth City, 1 ; Sawtooth Lake, 3 ; Thompson Pass, 1 ; Warren, 1 ; Wood River (head of), 1. Montana: Bear Tooth Mountains. 1; Big Hole Basin, Beaverhead County, 2'"; Big Timber, 1; Crazy Mountains. 2; Emigrant Gulch (3 miles southeast Cliico), 6: Flathead Lake. 5; Florence, 2; Highwood Moun- tains, 6; Moccasin Mountains (5 miles northwest of Hilger), 1; Paola, 1 ; Pryor Mountains, 7 ; Red Lodge, 3 ; St. Marys Lake. 1 ; Sheep Creek (16 miles north White Sulphur Springs). Little Belt Mountains, 1; Stanford (20 miles southwest. Dry Wolf Creek), Little Belt Moun- tains. 8; Thompson Pass, 1; Tyler (10 miles west North Fork at Willow Creek), 1; Upper Stillwater Lake, 1; Ward Peak (altitude 6,000 feet, Washington Creek). Madison National Forest, 2; west fork of West Gallatin River. Gallatin National Forest. 1: Willow Creek (4 miles east of White Sulphur Springs), Castle Mountains. 1. Nevada: Big Creek (head of, altitude 8,000 feet). Pine Forest Range, 2''; Jet Canyon. Toyabe Mountains, 1 ; Pine Forest Range, 2 ; South Twin River, Toyabe Mountains, 8. New Mexico: Costilla Pass (east slope, altitude 9,000 feet), 1; Hopewell . (6 miles west, altitude 9,000 feet). 1; Pecos Baldy, 1; Santa Clara Canyon, 1; Taos Mountains (east slope, 8,000 feet), 2; Twining (alti- tude 10,700 feet). 1; Willis, 1. Oreg-on: Anna Creek (altitude 6,000 feet), Mount Mazama, 1; Anthony, 16 ''*, Beech Creek, 2 : Bourne. 16 ; Cornucopia, 7 ; Crater Lake. 5 ; Disaster Peak (altitude 7,000 feet), Malheur County. 1; Drews Creek (near), Lake County. 1; Fort Klamath, 1; Haycreek, 1; Howard, 1; Kieger Gorge (altitude 6,900 feet). Steen Mountains, 1; McKenzie Bridge. 1; Permilia Lnke (west base Mount Jefferson), 1; Prospect, Jackson County, 1 ^ : Steen Mountains, 1 ; Strawberry Butte, 3 : Straw- berry Mountains. 6; Three Sisters. 1; Wallowa Lake (altitude 5,000 to 8,000 feet), 2; Warmspring (20 miles west. Mill Creek), 2. Utah: Barclay. 2; Clear Creek, 1; Currant Creek (Uinta Forest), 1: Fish Lake Plateau. 2; Parowan Mountains (Brian Head). 4; Park City. 1; Pine Valley, 1; Puffer Lake. 12; Salt Lake City (City Creek Canyon, 1% miles east from Salt Lake). 1; Wasatch Mountains, 6. "Washington: Bauerman Ridge (Timgsten Mine, altitude 6,800 feet), Okanogan County, 1; Buck Creek Pass (7 miles east of Glacier Peak, altitude 5,500 feet), 1; Calispell Peak (9 miles west Locke, altitude «2Mus. Vert. Zool. so E. R. Warren coll. "* D. R. nickev coll. "OR. R. Warren coll., 7; Mus. Corap. Zool.. 0^ Mus. Vert. Zool., 10 ; Field Mus. Nat. 2 ; Mus. Vert. Zool., 2. Hist.. 6. " Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 3 ; Acad. Nat. 88 Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1. Sci. Philadelphia. 1. <"Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 2; Field '"State Coll. Wash. Mus. Nat. Hist, 3. '''Colo. State Coll., 1 ; Mont. State Coll., 1. •8 E. R. Warren coll., Colorado Springs, ''* Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Colo., 1. 19281 REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 189 3,500 feet), 1; Canyon Croek (8 miles south Soleduck River, altitiido 3,550 feet), 22"; Carson (15 miles north, Government Springs, altitude 1,300 feet), 1: Cascade Tunnel (altitude 3,350 feet), 1"; Cat Creek (headwaters, altitude 4,500 feci), 4"'; Clover Lake (altitude 5,700 feet. White River Park), Mount Rainier, 1; Elvpha, 1; "Fort Vancouver, Columhia River" (lake near summit of Cascade Mountains), (type locality). 1; Gifford (altitude 1,000 feet), 1; Glacier Basin (altitude 5,900 feet), Mount Rainier, 1"; Gotchen Creek (near Lava Spring), Mount Adams, 1; Hindoo Creek, Mount Aix, 1"; Hoh River (2 miles southeast Olympus Ranger Station, altitude 2,100 feet), 1; Hompeg Falls, Blue Mountains, Columbia County, 1'^; Lake James (altitude 4,350 feet), Mount Rainier, 1; Longmire (altitude 2,700 feet). Mount Rainier. 1; Longmires Spring (about 3,000 feet). Mount Rainier, 1; Meslers Rranch (1 mile west Mount Rainier National Park, altitude 2,000 feet), 1; Mount Baker, 2"; Mount St. Helens (altitude 5,500 feet), 1; Mount Stewart (6 miles south, north fork Teanaway River, altitude 3,500 feet), 2; Owyhigh Lake (altitude 5,100 feet), Mount Rainier, 4'''; Paradise Creek (altitude 5.200 feet). Mount Rainier. 1; Paradise Park (altitude 5,400 feet). Mount Rainier, 2; Pasayten liiver (mouth, east fork, altitude 3.900 feet), 1; Pasayten River (west fork, altitude 4.700 feet), 1; Quinault River (head north fork, altitude 4.000 feet). 2; Reflec-tion Lake (4.900 feet), Mount Rainier Park, 1; Rock- port, 3; Scenic, 1'"; Signal Peak, 2; Simcoe Mountains (15 miles north of Goldendale, near Potato Hill), 1"; Sui;ittle River (Chiwawa Moun- tain Fork, altitude 4.500 feet). 1; Tahoma Creek (altitude 2,500 feet), Mount Raitiier, 1; Wallowa Lake (altitude 4,000 feet), 3; Whatcom Pass (altitude 5.200 feet), Whatcom County, 2. Wyoming-: Afton (10 miles north, altitude 6.200 feet. Salt River), 5; Aft on (10 miles southeast. Salt River Mountains, altitude 7,500 feet), 2; Bighorn Mountains (altitude 8.400 feet), 1; Black Mountains (north- east base, Pat O'Hara Creek), 5; Casper (7 miles south, Casi>er Moun- tains, altitude 6,000 feet), 3; Dubois (3 miles south, Jackeys Creek). 3; Evanston, 2: Ferris Mountains (altitude 7.800 to 8,500 feet), 9; Glen Creek (altitude 7,000 feet), 2"; Jackson Hole, 1; Lake Emma Matilda, 4; Lake Fork, Wind River Mountains (altitude 9,600 feet), 1; Laramie, 2; Laramie Mountains (north slope, altitude 8,000 feet), 1; Laramie Mountains (10 miles east of Laramie, altitude 8,500 feet), 3; Mammoth Hot Springs, 5; Medicine Bow Mountains (Headquarters Park, altitude 10.200 feet), 1; Moose Creek, Teton Mountains (altitude 6,800 feet), 1; Moran. 3: Pacific Creek. 1; Pahaska (mouth Grinnell Creek, altitude 6,300 to 7,000 feet), 8; Rattlesnake Mountains (altitude 7,000 feet), 1; Rongis (8 miles east, altitude 8.000 feet), 3; Shirley Mountains (alti- tude 7,600 feet), 3; South Pass City, 1; Teton Pass (above Fish Creek, altitude 7.200 feet), 11; Trappers Creek (head, altitude 8,500 feet). Big Horn Mountain.s, 4; Valley (altitude 7,000 to 7,500 feet), 3; Wolf (Batons Ranch), 5; Yellowstone Park (northwest corner), 1. SOREX ALASKANUS Merriam Gi^AciEii Day Water- sii re v»' (Pls. 4, i; 5. p; 10, e) Sorex naivf/ator alaskanns Merriam. Proc. Washington Acad. Sci. 2:18, March 14. IJXio. [Neosorex] [palustris] alaskanus Elliot, Field Columb. Mus. Publ. 45 (zool. .series 2) : 379. March. 1901. Sorcx (Neosorex) palustris alaskanus Allen, Bui. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 19: • 567, 1903. Neosorex naviqaior alaskanus Miller, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bui. 79:21, December 31, 1912. Sorex alaskanus Jack.son, Journ. Mamm. 7:58, February 15, 1926. G- Mus. Vert. Zool. ™ State Coll. Wash., 1. '2 State Coll. Was''. "'Mus. Comp. Zool., 1. •'State Coll. Wash., 2. 190 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 Tijfe specimen. — No. 97713, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection; $ adult (teeth slightly worn), skin and skull; collected June 12, 1899, by A. K. Fisher. Type locality. — Point Gustavus, Glacier Bay, Alaska. Geographic range. — Known only from type locality. (Fig. 21.) Diagiwfitic characters. — Essentially like Sorex p. navigator in size and color ; skull shorter than that of navigator, heavier and more angular, with relatively shorter rostrum and shorter mesopterygoid space; sagittal and lanibdoidal crests very much developed; a distinct inframaxillary ridge extending above base of uuicuspids. Color. — Winter pelage: Unknown. Summer pelage: Upper parts a trifle paler than chaetura-drab, distinctly flecked and grizzled with whitish hair tips and hair bands; underparts pale smoke gray tinged with pale olive-bufE; color of underparts extending onto lips and chin; tail bicoior, fuscous-black above, whitish beneath nearly to tip. Time of molting.- — The type specimen, collected June 12, appears to be in com- plete summer pelage except on parts of the flank, which show indications of incompleted molt. Skull. — Shorter, heavier, and more angular than that of S. p. navigator, with relatively shorter rostrum and shorter mesopterygoid space ; mandible shorter than that of navigator, with slightly weaker and relatively lower molariform teeth. Differs from those of all other forms of the subgenus Neosorex in the greatly developed sagittal and lanibdoidal crests, which are much more highly developed in comparatively young adults of S. alaskanus than in old adults of other forms, and in the well-developed inframaxillary ridge extending the length of the unicuspid row. Measurements. — Two adult males, type specimen and topotype : Total length. 145, 160; tail vertebrae, 65, 72; hind foot, 18.5, 19. Skull: Skulls of two adult males (teeth slightly worn), type specimen and topotype: Condylobasal length, 18.4, 19.2; palatal length, 7.3, 7.9; cranial breadth, 9.5, 9.7; interorbital breadth, 4.1, 4.1 ; maxillary breadth, 5.3, 5.5 ; maxillary tooth row, 6.8, 7.2. Remarks. — Although aS'. alaskanus resembles S. p. navigator very closely in superficial external appearance, it differs conspicuously from it and all other forms of the subgenus Neosorex in its highly ridged skull, which apparently is not due to age, and shows little, if any, tendency toward intergradation with navigator from the com- paratively near-by regions of Alaska and British Columbia. ]Mor«- over, S. alaskanus is partly, if not completely, isolated on a peninsula cut off by Muir and Davidson Glaciers from the regions known to be inhabited by other forms of the subgenus. It seems best, therefore, to recognize it as a distinct species. Specimens examined. — Two, from the type locality. 192S] EEVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 191 Table 13. — Cranial measurements of adult specimens of Sorex palustris group "3 .a ■S a >, 0 Species and locality C3 ■Ox: o *^ 60 a 1 is o (^ ca_g 0 S 2 Wear of teeth Remarks 6 CO d o O '3 S o a > S. p. palustris: Manitoba— Robinson 107042 9 20.9 8.8 10.2 4.2 6.2 7.5 Slight Portage. Do 107043 107044 9 9 20.7 21.5 8.8 9.1 10.4 10.6 4.4 4.4 6.2 6.2 7.7 7.9 ...do ...do Do S. p. albibarbis: New Hampshire- 38743 9 20.0 8.3 10.1 4.3 6.1 7.3 ...do Type specimen. Profile Lake. Vermont— East Wall- 194 d' 20.2 8.4 9.9 4.1 6.0 7.2 ...do ingford. Do 2 128 & 19.9 8.0 10.4 4.5 6.4 7.4 Moderate - S. p. gloveralleni: Nova Scotia— Digby 3 2046 9 19.8 8.2 10.0 4.3 5.5 7.1 Slight Do. Do 3 2049 «3864 3 2053 9 9 19.5 19.8 19.9 8.0 8.0 8.0 10.1 9.8 10.3 4.4 4.4 4.5 5.6 5.7 5.9 7.1 7.0 7.0 Much Slight. Moderate. Halifax • Do S. p. hydrobadistes: Wisconsin— Withee . . 229061 cf 20.5 8.2 10.2 4.3 6.1 7.4 Much Do M i n n e s 0 1 a— E 1 k 186887 & 20.7 8.3 10.4 4.3 6.5 7.6 Slight River. Do - 186888 186889 186890 186891 186892 cf 20.3 20.6 21.0 20.2 21.0 8.6 8.8 8.8 8.0 9.0 10.3 10.3 10.9 10.0 10.5 4.4 4.6 4.4 4.4 4.5 6.5 6.5 6.3 6.2 6.3 7.4 7.8 7.8 7.5 7.6 Moderate. Slight ...do ...do ...do Do Do Do Do S. p. navigator: Washington- Head Yakima 1780 19.8 8.3 9.8 4.1 5 5.4 7.3 ...do Do. River. Mount Rainier... 89583 cf 19.6 8.3 9.8 4.1 5.8 7.2 ...do_ Mount St. Helens. 90751 cf 19.9 8.1 9.9 4.1 5.9 7.1 ...do Wyoming— Pahaska . 169703 cf 19.4 7.9 9.5 4.1 5.6 7.3 ...do Do 169969 169970 169972 208921 cf 9 19.6 20.0 19.7 19.5 8.2 8.3 8.1 8.2 9.6 9.6 9.6 9.5 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 5.7 5.8 5.7 5.7 7.2 7.1 7.2 7.2 ...do ...do ...do ...do Do Do Nevada— Toy abe Mountains. Do. 208922 208924 205367 9 9 cf 19.5 19.8 19.9 8.0 8.1 8.3 9.6 9.7 9.8 4.2 4.1 4.2 5.8 5.8 5.9 7.1 7.2 7.2 ...do ...do ...do Do.. Arizona— Prieto Pla- teau. California— Jklount 42540 cf 19.4 8.0 9.6 4.0 5.6 6.9 ...do Adult. Whitnev. Do ..". 42543 42545 6 16286 6 16287 cf cf cf cf 20.0 19.9 19.8 20.0 8.3 8.2 8.4 8.1 9.7 9.8 9.8 9.8 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.1 5.8 5.8 6.0 5.9 7.2 7.0 7.2 7.1 ...do ...do ...do -..do Do. Do Do. Do Do. Do Do. Do 6 16297 42413 42547 8 16288 6 16289 128585 cf cf cf cf cf 9 19. 4 19.3 20.4 19.6 19.7 20.2 8.0 7.4 7.9 8.0 7.9 8.3 9.9 10.0 10.4 10.0 10.3 10.1 4.1 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.2 5! 8 5.9 5.9 6.0 5.9 7.1 7.0 7.3 7.1 7.3 7.4 ...do Much ...do ...do ...do Moderate - Do. Do Old adult. Do Do. Do - Do. Do Do. British Columbia — Bennett. S. alaskanus: Alaska— Point Gus- 97712 cf 19.2 7.9 9.7 4.1 5.5 7.2 Slight.:... Topotypc. tavus. Do 97713 cf 18.4 7.3 9.5 4. 1 5. 3 6.8 ...do Type specimen. 1 D. E. Kent coll., Rutland, Vt. 2 G. L. Kirk coll., Rutland, Vt. 8 Mus. Comp. Zool. < E. R. Warren coll., Colorado Springs, Colo. ' Postmaxillary processes broken; actual maxillary breadth was probably about 5.6 or 5.7. • Mus. Vert. Zool. 192 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 Subgenus ATOPHYRAX Merriam Atophyvax Merriam, Trans. Linuaean Soc. New York 2:217, August 28, 1884. Ty2)e species. — Atojyhyrax l)e7idirii Merriam. Geogra/pMc range. — Pacific coast region from extreme southwest- ern British Cohmibia (Port Moody) south through western Wash- ington, western Oregon, and northwestern California nearly to Bodega Bay, Diagnostic characters.- — Size large, the smallest form {Sorex b. bendij-ii) about equal to the largest form {S. p. palustris) of the subgenus Neosorex; feet large, decidedly less conspicuously fimbriate than in subgenus Neosorex. Skull largest of the genus, that of the smallest form (S. b. bcndirii) being ab.mt equal to or slightly larger than that of the largest form (8. p. ixilnstris) of the subgenus Neosorex; rostrum, particularly anterior portion, comparatively long, distinctly curved ventraily anteriorly; anterior end of premaxilla decidedly narrower dorso-ventrally than middle portion, thus producing in lateral view a more acute aspect to the rostrum than in Neosorex ; dorso-ventral diameter of rostrum measured at third unicuspid less than half the diameter between anterior border of infraorbital foramen and posterior border of f; antero- posterior diameter of basal portions of upper unicuspids (particularly fifth or last unicuspid) greater than in subgenus Neosorex, effecting a relatively long unicuspid tooth row with cusps more widely separated ; posterior end of interior cutting edge of anterior portion of internal basal shelf of m^ and vr usually with distinct cusplike lobe; pigmentation of anterior portion of internal basal shelf of m' and nr more extended posteriorly than in subgenus Neosorex. Remarks. — In the original description, Merriam (1884b, p. 217) gave Atophyrax full generic rank under the name Atophyrax hen- dirii. Later he treated Atophyrax as a subgenus under Sorex (Mer- riam, 1895, p, 95). In the extreme form represented in ^S. h. palmeri., the differences between the subgenera Atophyrax and Neosorex are well marked. Certain characters, however, are only relative ; and in certain specimens of S. h. hendirli from southern British Columbia these characters show a decided approach- toward certain specimens of the subgenus Neosorex in all essential features, although there is no actual intergradation. This approach is not only in size and pro- portions of the skull, but in the weakened development of the cusp- like lobe on the posterior end of the interior cutting edge of the anterior portion of the internal basal shelf of the first and second upper molars. Moreover, certain specimens of the subgenus Neosorex show this cusplike lobe developed to a considerable degree." There are, however, enough fundamental differences between the two to warrant the recognition of each as a subgenus. Representatives of both subgenera in the forms S. l>. hendini and S. p. navigat(yr^ occur at Fort Klamath, Oreg., Longmire's Spring, Wash,, and Chilliw-ack, British Columbia, although the two may occupy different habitats at these localities; and the range of S. p. navigator overlaps that of S. h. albiventer in the Olympic Mountains, Wash, Additional specimens of both groups from western British Columbia may throw^ more light on the relationships of Neosorex to Atophyrax. "Among the skulls showing this are tlie following of Sorex p. tiariyutor (all U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection) : No. 81513. Fifty miles north of Jasper House, Alberta. No. 160.5SS. Ferris Mountains, Wyo. No. 17000G. Highwood Mountains, Mont. No. 209559. Beech Creek, Oreg. 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 193 KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF THE SUBGENUS ATOPHYRAX a \ Underparts dark, not whitish in any pelage. & ' Condylobasal length of skull less than 22.6 mm. ; cranial breadth less than 10.7 iendirii (p. 194). 6 1 Condylobasal length of skull 22.6 mm. or more ; cranial breadth 10.7 or more palmeri (p. 197). o^ Underparts whitish, particularly in winter pelage albiventer (p. 198). SOREX BENDIRII GROUP The hendirii ^"oup in- cludes a single species, Sorex hejidirli. Geographic range. — That of the subgenus /i/'o/? Ay rc'itf. (Fig. 22.) Diagnostic characters. — Those of the subgenus Ato- phyrax. SOREX BENDIRII (Mebbiam) [Synonymy under subspecies] Geographic range. — That of the subgenus A?' (9^ 7i?/r<7*. (Fig. 22.) Diagnostic characters. — Those of the subgenus Atopliijrax. ^uhspecics ay\d geographic variation. — The species bcndirii includes three subspecies : boi- dirii, palmeri, and albiventer. The extreme accentuation of the chai'acters of tlie species is found in specimens of palmeri from northwestern Oregon. Ra- diating from this region as a center there is a gradual reduc- tion in the size of tlie animal and its skull ; in the length, acuteness, and decurvature of the rostrum ; and in other essential characters. This reduction is most marked toward the north and reaches its clini.-ix in siwcl- mens of 8. h. hendirii from Su- mas and Port Moody, British Columbia. The subspecies albi- venter is a color-ph;ise form in- termediate in most other re- spects between the subspecies hendirii and palmeri. Time of molting. — The evidence that there is both a spring and fall molt, and, if there is, which is the spring and which the fall one is not in every case clear. There certainly is a fall molt, however, and specimens of S. h. albiventer from Neah Bay, Wash., and one of S. h. palmeri from Portland, Oreg., satis- factorily show there is a spring molt. The transition from the winter pelage to the summer pelage is usually obscure. This is due largely to the wear and fading of the winter pelage, which in this worn and faded condition approaches the summer pelage in Fig. 22. -Geographic range of subspecies of Sorex bend Mi 1. S. b. bendirii. 2. 8. b. palmeri. 8. b. ulhivciiter 194 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 length and color. The molt as a rule is also less regular and defined than in the fall. Specimens of 8. h. hendirii from the coast region of California show the molt in various stages of completion from June 19 to July 18. A specimen from Guulala, Calif., has the molt completed July 3 ; another on the same date has it about half completed ; while a female collected July 14 is apparently still in worn winter pelage. Most of the skins from Easton, Wash., are in the sum- mer pelage the first week of July, although a male still shows traces of the winter pelage July 3. Some of the specimens from Port Moody, British Colum- bia, collected July 22 to 28, appear to be in full summer pelage ; three males, however, have the molt only about half complete. Specimens of palmeri from Crescent City, Calif., are with one exception in summer pelage the first week of July ; an adult male collected July 5, 1899, has obtained the summer pelage only on the posterior half of the back, the rest of the animal being in worn winter pelage. A male from Portland, Oreg., collected May 30, 1905. has the summer pelage except on the abdomen. Specimens of alhiventer from Neah Bay, Wash., are for the most part in winter pelage May 21 to June 7, although four males are in process of molting May 27 to June 7. The earliest indication of the incoming of the whiter pelage is in a male of S. 1). palmeri collected August 29, 1901, at Requa, Calif. ; in this specimen the beginning of the winter pelage is disclosed in the posterior part of the back. Another male from Gasquit, Calif., is in almost the same condition October 29, 1897. A male from Goldbeach, Oreg., is about half molted September 26, 1901. while a female collected September 27 of the same year has only a beginning of the molt on the rump. One from Oregon City. Oreg.. is in complete winter pelage except the throat, chest, and sides of the head, October 21, 1893. A specimen of B. &. bcndirii from near Mount Hood, Oreg., shows first indications of winter pelage under the summer pelage on the back September 6, 1896. A female from Steilacoom, Wash., is in complete winter pelage except on the head, October 13, and one from Puyallup in the same State at essentially the same date has full winter fur. One from Port Moody, British Columbia, is only about half through the molt October 26, 1895. SOREX BENDIRII BENDIRII (Mebbiam) Bendirb Maesh Siibew (Pls. 4, j; 5, q; 6, u; 10, f; 11, n; 13, e) Atopliyrax tendirU Merriam, Trans. Linnaean Soc. New York 2 : 217, Augu.st 28, 1884. Atophi/rax bendirei True. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 7 (1884) : 606, 1885. Sorex lendirU Dobson, Monograph Insectivora, part 3, fasc. 1, pi. 23, fig. 17, and explanation, 1890. Sarex (Atopliyrax) hendirii Merriam, North Amer. Fauna No. 10, p. 95, Decem- ber 31, 1895. [Atophyrax] iendiri Trouessart, Catalogus Mammalium, supplement, fasc. 1, p. 135, 1904. Sorex bendirei Stephens, California Mammals, p. 255, June, 1906. Neosorex hcndirii bcndirii Miller, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bui. 79, p. 22, December 31, 1912. Sorex bendirii bendirii Jackson, Joum. Mamm. 7 : 58, February 15, 1926. Type specimen. — No. 186442, U. S. Nat. Mus., Merriam collection; $ adult (teeth sliojhtly worn), skin (made from alcoholic specimen) and skull ; collected August 1, 1882, by Charles E. Bendire. Type locality. — About 1 mile from Williamson River, 18 miles southeast of Fort Klamath, Klamath County, Oreg. Geographic range. — Extreme southwestern British Columbia (Port Moody), south through western Washington east and south of Puget Sound; interior southwestern Oregon; coast region of California from about latitude 41° north south nearly to Bodega Bay. (Fig. 22.) 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAlvT LONG-TAILED SHREWS 195 Diagnostic characters. — Size smallest of the species (total length about 150 mm. to 160 mm.) ; color of underparts both in summer and winter pelages dark, about as in Sorex b. palmeri, scarcely defined from upper parts, darker than in summer specimens of S. b. albi/voitcr and strikingly in contrast with whitish underparts of winter specimens of albiventer ; tail not bicolor in any pelage; skull smallest of the species, slightly smaller than that of albiventer, and much smaller than that of palmeri; dentition relatively and actually weaker than that of albiventer, much weaker than that of palmeri. Color. — Winter pelayc ; Upper parts dark mouse grsiy to blackish mouse gray or chaelura black to almost black, indistinctly flecked with whitish hair tips, and sometimes with slight purplish and greenish iridescence ; underparts scarcely paler than upper parts, usually slightly more brownish, fuscous black or chaetura black, occasionally hair brown ; usually narrow touch of whitish on lips; tail fuscous black both above and below. Summer pelage: More brownish than in winter; upper parts fuscous to fuscous-black; underparts hair brown or chaetura drab, sometimes drab ; throat sometimes stained with Isabella color ; occasionally inconspicuously whitish on lips ; tail fuscous to fuscous-black both above and below. Skull. — Smallest of the species (condylobasal length usually about 21 mm.) ; much smaller than that of S. b. palmeri, somewhat smaller than that of S. b. albiventer; mesopterygoid space relatively broader than in palmeri or albi- venter; dentition relatively and actually much weaker than that of palmeri, somewhat weaker than that of albiventer. Measurements. — Type specimen (adult male)'': Total length, 150; tail vertebrae, 68 ; hind foot, 20. Adult male from Fort Klamath, Oreg. : Total length, 155 ; tail vertebrae, 71 ; hind foot, 20. Average of 4 adult females from Gualala, Calif.: Total length, 149.5 (147-153) ; tail vetebrae, 67 (61-76) ; hind foot, 19.1 (18.5-20). Average of 5 adult males from Easton, Wash.: Total length, 156.8 (148-163) ; tail vertebrae 74.4 (71-78) ; hind foot, 20.2 (20-21). Average of 6 adult females from Sumas, British Columbia : Total length, 151.7 (148-155) : tail vertebrae, 67.8 (63-70) ; hind foot, 19.7 (19-20.5). Sktill: Type specimen (adult male; teeth very slightly worn); Condylobasal length, 21.4 ; palatal length, 9.2 ; cranial breadth, 10.4 ; interorbital breadth, 4.4 ; maxillary breadth, 6.3; maxillary tooth row, 8.1. Skull of adult male (teeth very slightly worn) from Fort Klamatli, Oreg.: Condylobasal length, 20.9; palatal length, 9.1 ; cranial breadth, 10.4 ; interorbital breadth, 4.3 ; maxillary breadth, 6.4; maxillary tooth row, 8.1. Skulls of 2 adult females (teeth slightly worn) from Gualala, Calif.: Condylobasal length, 21.0, 21.4; palatal length, 9.0, 9.0; cranial breadth, 10.5, 10.5; interorbital breadth, 4.4, 4.4; maxillary breadth, 6.5, 6.4 ; maxillary tooth row, 8.0, 8.2. Average of 4 skulls of adult males (teeth very slightly w^orn) from Easton, Wash.: Condylobasal length, 21.3 (21.0-21.7) ; palatal length, 9.1 (9.0-9.2) ; cranial breadth, 10.4 (10.3-10.5) ; interorbital breadth, 4.3 (4.2-4.4) ; maxillary breadth, 6.3 (6.1- 6.4) ; maxillary tooth row, 8.1 (8.0-8.2). Average of 6 skulls of adult females (teeth very slightly worn) from Sumas, British Columbia: Condylobasal length, 20.9 (20.7-21.0) : palatal length. 9.0 (8.9-9.1) ; cranial breadth, 10.3 (10.0-10.5) ; interorbital breadth, 4.2 (4.1^.3) ; maxillary breadth, 6.2 (6.0-6.3) ; maxillary tooth row, 7.8 (7.6-8.0). Remarks. — The uniformity both in color and cranial characters of specimens of jS. h. bendirii from the widely separated regions of south- western British Columbia and northern Washington, the Klamath Basin of Oregon, and the coast region of Mendocino County, Calif., is astonishing. Although there are at present no specimens of S. h. hendirii available from localities connecting the three distinct regions known to be inhabited by this form, nevertheless it seems probable that with additional specimens its range will be shown to be more or less continuous along the foothills of the Cascade Mountains from southwestern British Columbia to the Klamath 's Measurements given by Merriam (1884, p. 222) as measured from the alcoholic. 196 NORTH AMERICAlSr FAUNA [No. 51 Basin in Oregon, and thence southwesterly along Klamath Canyon and southerly to the coast region of southern Mendocino County, Calif. As has already been noted by Merriam (1895, p. 10), two speci- mens *'^' from Gualala, Calif., have the fifth upper unicuspids (first premolars) unusually large and each with a double cusp; these two specimens also have the second upper premolars and the first upper molars more emarginate posteriorly than in aA'^erage specimens. Three other specimens,^^ however, collected more recently, do not have the first upper premolars bicuspidate and in all essentials agree with typical S. h. hendirii. Northward along the coast of California a gradual increase in the size of the animals is noticed until from Requa and Crescent City, Calif., and Goldbeach, Oreg., specimens are intermediate in size between S. h. hendirii and paJmeii though apparently nearer the latter form, to which they are referred. One skull ^- from Crescent City, however, is considerably smaller than the others from that place and is almost as small as S. b. benclirii. Intergradation with /S. h. alhiventer is evident in specimens from the south end of Puget Sound. Specimens from Nisqually River, Puyallup, Oakville, and Steilacoom, Wash., have skulls somewhat larger than those of typical S. h. hendirii, and the specimens from Oakville and Steilacoom show an approach toward alhiventer in color. Specimens exdmined. — Total number, 133, as follows : British Columbia: Chilliwack, 4''; Chilliwack Valley, 1''; Port Moody, 9; Sumas, 39.'= California: Eureka, 2**^; Gualala, 5"; Carson Camp, Mad River, Humboldt Bay, 3; Mendocino, 2**; Point Arena, l.""^ Oregon: Fort Klamath, 1; Prospect, l""; Williamson River (near, 18 miles southeast of Klamath) (tyi^e locality), 1. Washing'tGn: Ashford (near, Nisqually River, altitude 1,800 feet), 1; Cathlamet, 1; Chehalis (8 miles west), 4; Easton, 8; Ihvaco, 2; Keechelus Lake, 1 ; Kirkland, 1 ; Longmire Springs, Mount Rainier, 4 ; Mesler's Ranch (1 mile west Mount Rainier Park, altitude 2,000 feet), 3; Mountain Meadows (altitude 4,000 feet). Mount Rainier, 1 ; Mount Vernon, 2; Ohanapecosh Springs (altitude 2,000 feet). Mount Rainier, 2; Oakville, 3; Oso (altitude 550 feet), 1; Pacific County, 1 "; Puyallup, 19°'; Signal Peak (altitude 4,000 feet), 1; Snoqualmie Pass (altitude 3,000 feet). King County, 2*^; Steilacoom, 1; Tacoma (6 miles south), 1; Tacoma (5 miles east), 3°"; Toledo, 1; Trout Lake (15 miles south Mount Adams, altitude 1,900 feet), Klickitat County, 1. "•Nos. 681G3 and 68164, U. S. Nat. Mus., liiological Survey collection. Collected July 14, 1894. " Nos. 19695-19697, Mus. Vert. Zool. Collected July 3, 191".. 8= No. 97606, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection. Collected July 5, 1899. S3 Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. ** Nat. Mus. Canada. 85 Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1; Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 1; Mus. Vert. Zool., 1; Mus. Comp. Zool., 13. >"^ Mus. Comp. Zool., 1 ; Mus. Vert. Zool., 1. ^' Mus. Vert. Zool., 3. *** Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 1. «»Mus. Vert. Zool. "" r>. R. Dickey coll., Pasadena, Calif. "' Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. "•- D. R. Dickey coll., 4 : G. G. Cantwell ^''D. R. Dickey coll., 4 ; G. G. Cantwell coll., Palm,s, Calif., 8. lOi'SJ REVIEW OF AMERICAN- LONG-TAILED SHREWS^ TO* SOREX BENDIRII PALMERI Merriam Palmer Marsh Shrew (Pls. 4, k; 5, r; 6, v; 10, g) Sorex (Atophyrax) dendirii pahiieri Merriam, North Amer. Fanua No. 10, p. 97, December 31, 1895. [Atophyrax] [bendirii] palmeri Elliot, Field Columb. Mus. Publ. 45 (zool. series 2) : 381, March, 1901. Neosorex betidirii palmeri Miller, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bill. 79, p. 22, December 31, 1012. Type specimen. — No. ^fi|, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection; $ adult (teeth moderately worn), skin and skull; collected July 29, 1889, by T. S. Palmer. Type Jocalify. — Astoria, Clatsop County, Oreg. Geographic range. — Northwestern Oregon west of the Cascade Mountains, southwestern Oregon west of longitude 123° west, and extreme northwestern California north of the mouth of the Klamath River. (Fig. 22.) Diuffnostic characters. — Size large (total length usually over 170 mm.), largest of the subgenus ; color about as in Sorex b. bendirii, possibly slightly darker above in winter pelage ; underparts dark, scarcely defined from upper parts both in summer and winter ; tail not bicolor in any pelage ; skull large, larger than that of S. b. albiventer, much larger than that of 8. b. bendirii; dentition relatively and actually much heavier than that of /S. b. bendirii, somewhat heavier than that of albiventer. Color. — Winter pelage: Upper parLs rich fuscous-black or chaetura black, sometimes blackish mouse gray, scantily tlecked with whitish hair tips, some- times with indistinct purplish and greenish iridescence ; underparts scarcely paler than upper parts, chaetura drab, fuscous, to fuscous black ; sometimes with a trace of whitish on the lips ; tail fuscous or fuscous-black, not bicolor. Summer pelage: More brownish than in winter; about as in S. b. bendirii; upper parts fuscous to fuscous-black ; underparts hair brown or chaetura drab ; lips sometimes slightly whitish ; tail as in winter. Skull. — Large, largest of the genus (condylobasal length usually 23 mm. or more) ; much larger than that of S. b. bendirii with relatively narrower meso- pterygoid space: larger than that of ^'. b. albirenter; dentition heavy, relatively and actually much heavier than that of S. b. bendirii, heavier tiian that of albiventer ; cusplike development of posterior end of interior edge of anterior portion of internal basal shelf of first and second upper molars more developed than in /5. b. bendirii. Measurements. — Type specimen and topotype (adult females) : Total length, 165, 170; tail vertebrae 73, 78; hind foot. 20, 21. Average of 3 adult males from Crescent City, Calif.: Total length, 172 (168-174) ; tail vertebrae, 77 (75-- 80) ; hind foot. 21 (21-21). Skull: Type specimen (adult female; teeth moder- ately worn) : Condylobasal length, 23.8; palatal length, 10.0; cranial breadth, 11.6 ; interorbital breadth, 4.8 ; maxillary breadth, 7.2 ; maxillary tooth row, 9.0. Skull of adult male (teeth slightly worn) from Oregon City, Oreg.: Condylobasal length, 22.6; palatal length, 9.7; cranial breadth, 11.1; inter- orbital breadth, 4.8 ; maxillary breadth, 7.0 ; maxillary tooth row, 8.9. Average of 3 skulls of adult females (teeth slightly worn) from Eugene, Oreg.; Condylo- basal length, 23.3 (23.0-23.5) ; palatal length. 9.9 (9.(>-10.1) ; cranial breadth. 11.2 (11.0-11.3) ; interorbital breadth, 4.7 (4.6-4.8) ; maxillary breadth, 7.0 (6.9-7.1) ; maxillary tooth row, 9.1 (9.0-9.2). Average of 3 skulls of adult males (teeth slightly worn) from Crescent City, Calif.; Condvlobasal length, 22.9 (22.8-23.0) ; palatal length, 9.7 (9.0-9.8) ; cranial breadth, 11.0 (10.8-11.2) ; interorbital breadth, 4.7 (4.7-4.7) ; maxillary breadth, 6.8 (6.6-6.9) ; maxillary tooth row, 8.8 (8.6-9.0). 198 NORTH AMEEICAI^ FAUNA [No. 51 Reinarks. — There is some individual variation in the actual size and relative breadth of skulls and even more in the length of rostra and unicuspid tooth rows of this form, but none of these variations can be segregated geographically. Judged from the small number of specimens available from a country comparatively well combed for small mammals, the animal appears to be either rare or local. In its typical form it can be identified easily by its long hind foot and its large, heavy skull. Specimens examined. — Total number, 32, as follows : California: Crescent City, 7; Crescent City (4 miles north), 3'^; Requa, 1.** Oregon: Astoria (type locality), 2; Beaverton, 1; Camas Prairie (east base Cascade Mountains), 1; Eugene, 4^°; Goldbeacli, 2"'; McKenzie Bridge, 2^%- Marshfield, l**; Mulino, S'^; Oregon City, 1; Portland, 1; Tilla- mook, 1 " ; Vida, 2 ''. SOREX BENDIRII ALBIVENTER Merriam White-bexlied Marsh Shrew (PL. 4, L) Sorex {Atophyrax) tendin'i albiventer Merriam, North Amer. Fauna No. 10, p. 97, December 31, 1S95. [Atophyrax] Ihcndirii] alhiventer Elliot, Field Colunib. Mus. Publ. 45 (zool. series 2) : 3S1, March, 1901. Neosorcx bendirli alMventer Miller, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bui. 79, p. 22, December 31, 1912. T'lfpe speewien. — No. 66198, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey col- lection; $ adult (teeth verv slightly worn), skin and skull; collected July 7, 1894, by C. P. Streator. Type locality. — Lake Cushman, Mason County, Olympic Moun- tains, Wash. Geographic range. — Northwestern Washington west of Puget Sound and north of latitude 45 degrees north (Olympic region). (Fig. 22.) Diagnostic characters. — Intermediate in size between Sorex h. heudirii and S. b. palmeri, but radically different from either in the color of the underparts, which in winter are distinctly whitish and sharply contrasted with blackish of upper parts; underparts in summer slightly paler than in 8. J), hcndirii or palmei'i. paler and more mixed with whitish than upper parts ; tail in winter distinctly bicolor nearly to tip, in summer not bicolor ; skull intermediate in size between that of 8. b. bendirii and that of palmcri; dentition heavier than in S. b. bendirii, weaker than in palmcri. Color. — Winter pelage: Upper parts fuscous-black or between fuscous-black and chaetura black, inconspicuously sprinkled with a few whitish hair tips : oc- casionally with indistinct purplish or greenish iridescence ; underparts whitish, sharply contrasted from upper parts, pale olive-gray tinged with pale olive-buff extending well up on flanks, usually stained on throat with cream-buff; lips whitish ; tail distinctly bicolor, fuscous-black above, narrowly whitish below nearly to tip. Summer pelage: Upper parts slightly paler and more brownish tlian in winter, fuscous to fuscous-black ; underparts much darker than in winter, drab, perceptibly lightened by admixture of whitish hairs which extend onto the chin and lips ; tail fuscous, scarcely paler below than above, not dis- tinctly bicolor. Skull. — Size medium (condylobasal length usually about 22 mm.) ; inter- mediate in size and proportions between the skull of S. b. bendirii and that of 8. b. paJmeri. 0= D. R. Dickev coll., Pasadena, Calif. »* Greg. State Game Dept. »* Field Mus. Nat. Hist. ^^ Oreg. State Game Dept., 1. 05 Oreg. State Game Dept., 3. 1928] REVIEW OF AMEPJCAJST LONG-TAILED SHEEWS 199 Measurements. — Type specimen (adult male): Total length, 16G ; tail ver- tebrae, 78; hind foot, 20.5. Average of 3 adult males (including type) from type locality: Total length, 160.3 (151-lGG) ; tail vertebrae, 73.3 (G4-7S) ; hind foot, 20.5 (20-21). Average of 4 adult males from Neah Bay, Wash.: Total length, 1GG.3 (100-169) ; tail vertebrae, 72.3 (71-73) ; hind foot, 19.8 (19-20). Skull: Type specimen (adult male; teeth very slightly worn): Condylobasal length, 22.1 ; palatal length, 9.3 ; cranial breadth, 10.8 ; interorbital breadth, 4.6 ; maxillary breadth, 6.G ; maxillary tooth row, 8.3. Skulls of 2 adult males (teeth very slightly worn) from type locality: Condylobasal length, 21.9, 22.0; palatal length, 9.3, 9.3 ; cranial breadth, 10.5, 10.8 ; interorbital breadth, 4.6, 4.6 ; maxillary breadth, 6.4, 6.G ; maxillary tooth row, 8.3, 8.4. Average of 4 skulls of adult males (teeth slightly worn) from Neah Bay, Wash.: Condy- lobasal length, 22.1 (22.0-22.2) ; palatal length, 9.2 (9.0-9.4) ; cranial breadth, 11.1 (10.8-11.2) ; iiiterorbitiil breadth, 4.7 (4.G-4.S) ; maxillary breadth, 6.6 (6.4-6.7) ; maxillary tooth row, 8.4 (8.3-8.4). Be7narks. — In full winter pelage with the whitish underparts typ- ical specimens of jS. h. albiventer are so radically different from S. b. hendirii or S. h. pahjieri that critical comparison with them is un- necessary. In summer pelage, however, the colors of the three forms are more nearly alike, typical alhivenfer^ nevertheless, still averaging considerably paler ventrally than S. h. betidirii or pahneri. In size,, alhiventer on the average is intermediate between S. b. bendirii ancl paJ7)i&n, though usually nearer the size of /S. b. bendirii. A specimen of S. b. albiventer collected during the winter of 1890 at Shelton, Wash., shows an approach toward S. b. bendirii in color and has a skull slightly smaller than typical albiventer; and three skins from the same locality in April, 1918, show a slight tendency toward the subspecies be^idini in color. A single specimen from Duckabush, Wash., collected January 24, 1919, is as dark ventrally as most specimens of >S'. b. bendirii and is referred to alhiventer purely on geographical grounds. It seems probable that if more specimens were available from this locality the majority of them would be of the albiventer tone of coloration. More material is needed, however, to form a definite decision. Specimens referred to the subspecies bendirii from the south end of Puget Sound also indicate intergrada- tion between S. b. bendini and albiventer. The subspecies alhiventer does not intergrade with S. b. pal77ie'n, being separated from it by S. b. bendirii, two specimens of which, from Ilwaco and Cathlamet, Wash., are essentially like typical jS. b. bendirii, although another from Ilwaco shows a very slight approach toward albiventer in color. /Specimeris examined. — Total number, 38, as follows : Washington: Canyon Creek (3 miles south Soleduck River, altitude 8,550 feet), 1; Duckabush, 1; Harstine Island. 2; Lake Cushman (type locality), 5°": Lapusb, 2; Neah Bay, 18; Potlatch, 2°"; Quinault Lake, 2, Shelton, 4'; Soleduck Hot Springs (altitude, 1,750 feet), 1. "^~ Cniv. Mich., 2. ^Acacl. Nat. Sci. Plnladelpbia, 1. ^' D. R. Dickey coll., Pasadena, Calif. I 200 NOETH AMERICAN FAU1-7A [No. 51 Table 14. — Cranial measurements of adult specimens of Sorex bendirii group Species and locality 6 i ^ "3 03 >>c a o O do a "3 .a £ ■3 "3 o is O 03 a Maxillary breadth Maxillary tooth row Wear of teeth Remarks S. b. bendirii: Oregon — Williamson River Fort Klamath..,. British Columbia— Sumas. Do .. 186442 79941 62966 62968 62971 62974 62975 62977 41612 41615 41616 41017 1 19696 68164 24263 56898 2 917 2 918 2 919 97601 97603 97604 66196 66197 66198 88504 88509 88513 88515 d' 9 I o 9 9 cf & cf & 9 9 9 & 9 9 9 & cf cf cf & cf d' d' 21.4 20.9 20.9 20.7 21.0 20.8 20.8 21.0 21.2 21.3 21.7 21.0 21.0 21.4 23.8 22.6 23.0 23.5 23.3 22.8 23.0 23.0 21.9 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.1 22.2 22.0 9.2 9.1 8.9 9.0 9.] 9.0 8.9 9.0 9.2 9.1 9.1 9.0 9.0 9.0 10.0 9.7 9.6 10.1 10.1 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.4 9.0 9.2 10.4 10.4 10.5 10.0 10.0 10.4 10.3 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.5 10.3 10.5 10.5 11.6 11.1 11.0 11.3 11.2 10.8 11.2 1 1.0 10.5 10.8 10.8 11.0 11.2 10.8 11.2 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.8 4.8 4.6 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.8 4.6 4.7 4.7 6.3 6.4 6.1 6.0 6.3 6.0 6.3 6.3 6.1 6.4 6.4 6.2 6.5 6.4 7.2 7.0 6.9 7.1 6.9 6.6 6.8 6.9 6.4 6.6 6.6 6.5 6.4 6.7 6.7 8.1 8.1 7.8 7.6 7.8 7.7 7.6 8.0 8.2 8.1 8.0 8.1 8.0 8.2 9.0 8.9 9.0 9.2 9.1 8.6 8.9 9.0 8.3 8.4 8.3 8.3 8.4 8.4 8.3 Very slight ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Slight ...do Moderate. Slight ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Very slight ...do ...do Slight ...do ...do ...do Type specimen. Do Do Do... Do Washington — Easton. Do. Do . Do California— Qualala.- Do S. b. palmeri: Oregon- Astoria Do Oregon City Eugene. - Do Do California— Crescent City. Do. Do .. .. S. b. albiventer: Washington- Lake Cushman.. Do .... Do.. Do Neah Bay... Do . Do Do.... ' Mus. Vert. Zool. 2 Oreg. State Game Dept. Genus MICROSOREX Coues Mici'osorex Coues, Bui. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Sur. Territories 3 : 646, May 15, 1877. Type species. — Sorex hoyi Baird. Geographic range. — Northern Quebec, northern Ontario, North- w^est Territories, central and western Alaska, south in tlie northern United States to District of Columbia, Ohio, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and northwestern Washington. (Fig. 23.) Generio characters. — Externally very similar to Sorex, but with tail shorter than in most species of Sorex. Skull in general similar to that of Sorex, usually relatively flatter and narrowed, with short, broad rostrum ; infraorbital foramina comparatively small ; mandible short and heavy. Dentition simple, first upper incisor large, elongate, two-lobed, the anterior (jirimary) lobe rela- tively long and narrow, the length more than twice the width and more than twice the length of secondary lobe; first and second unicuspid teeth (/.^ and f) jieglike with distinct ridge from cusp to cingulum, distinctly and sharply curved caudad toward terminus, with a pronounced secondary cusp near terminus of ridge on cingulum ; third unicuspid disklike, antero-posteriorly flattened ; fourth unicuspid (pm') normal, peglike; fifth unicuspid (pm') minute; molari- form teeth not essentially different from those of Sorex. Bases of lower incisor and premolar closely approximated, separated by space equal about one-fourth the antero-posterlor diameter of canine. (Fig. 24.) 3. . 1. 3. „ 3. Dentition: i., y; c, j; pm., j; m., |; total, 32. 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 201 Fig. 23. — Geographic range of subspecies of Microsorex hoyi 1. M. h. hoyi. 2. M. h. thompsoni. 8. M. h. winnemana. 4. M. h. intcrvectus. 5. M. h. alnorum. 6. H. h. arimitis. 7. If. h. waslUtifjtoni. Fig. 24. — Dorsal view of right third upper incisors; A, Sorex araneus; B, 8. cinereus cinereus; C. Microsorex hoyi hoyi. Enlarged about 20 diameters 202 NORTH AMEEICAN FAUjSTA [No. 51 KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES OF MICROSOREX a\ Condylobasal length 14.3 or more. &'. Cranial breadth less than 6.7 Iwyi (p. 202). 6^ Cranial breadth more than 6.7. . c\ Condylobasal length more than 15.7 ; cranial breadth 7.3 or more ainorum (p. 208). c'. Condylobasal length less than 15.7 ; cranial breadth less than 7.3. (P. Condylobasal length usually less than 15.3; maxillary tooth row usually less than 5 ; color more gray- " ish intervectus (p. 206). d^. Condylobasal length more than 15.3 ; maxillary tooth row more than 5; color more brownish eximius (p. 208). a^ Condylobasal length less than 14.3. 6\ Known geographic range confined to Washington washingtoni (p. 209). &^ Known geographic range eastern United States or eastern Canada. c\ Condylobasal length more than 13.5 ; cranial breadth more than 6.2 thompsoni (p. 204). (f. Condylobasal length less than 13.5 ; cranial breadth less than 6.2 winnematia (p. 206). MICROSOREX HOYI GROUP The hoyi group includes a single species — Microsorex hoyi. All necessary group comparisons are made under the genus Micro - sorex (p. 200). MICROSOREX HOYI (Bated) [Synonymy under subspecies] Geographic rcmge. — That of the genus Microsorex (p. 200). (Fig. 23.) Diagnostic characters. — Those of the genus Microsorex (p. 200). Subspecies and geographic variation. — The species Microsorex hoyi- is divided into seven subspecies, namely : lioyi, thompsoni, toinnemana^ intervectus, ai- norum, eximius, and washingtoni. The species reaches its maximum size in the north, where also there appears to be a coiTelation in the increased height of the brain case. Toward the south there is a gradual diminution in size, which reaches a climax in the forms imnn&mana, thompsoni, and washingtoni. West- ward there is a tendency for the color to become somewhat more reddish-brown, noticeable in the subspecies eximius and washingtoni. Time of molting. — The only molting specimens of Microsoi'ex examined are of M. h. thompsoni. A female of this form from Brunswick, Me., has the new fur well advanced under the old only over the posterior two-thirds of the back on April 28, 1912. Another female from the same locality had acquired her complete but fresh summer fur May 17, 1922. * A female from Trousers Lake, New Brunswick, has the new fur coming in under the old over the entire upper parts, October 8, 1894. Another specimen of undetermined sex was in about the same condition of molt November 9, 1903. MICROSOREX HOYI HOYI (Baird) American Pigmy Shrew (Pls. 4, M, t; 6, w; 10, n; 13, i) Sorex hoi/i Baird, Rept. Pacific R. R. Survey, vol. 8, pt. 1. Mammals, p. 32, 1857." Sorex (Microsorex) hoyi Merriam, North Amer. Fauna No. 10, p. 89, December 31, 1895. [Microsorex'] hovi Elliot, Field Columb. Mus. Publ. 45 (zool. series 2) : 377, March, 1901. Microsorex hoyi hoyi .Jackson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 38: 125, November 13, 1925. 1928] ItEVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 203 Type specimen. — Lectotype, No. xStsj U. S. Nat. Mus. ; $ adult, poorly made and faded skin, and fragment of skull consisting of base of cranium ; collected by P. R. Hoy (no date) , entered in museum catalogue April 19, 1855. Type locality. — Racine, Racine County, Wis. Geographic range. — Southeastern British Columbia, southern Alberta, southern Manitoba, southeast through eastern North Dakota, northeastern South Dakota, southern Minnesota, and southern Wis- consin, to extreme southern Ontario. (Fig. 23.) Diagnostic characters. — Size medium, smaller than Alicrosorex h. ainorum or M. h. eximius, sligiitly larger thau M. h. thotnpsoni, about the size of M. h. intervcctus. Color in summer i>elage slightly more reddish than in iniervectus or thoiiipsotii. Skull relatively long and narrow, much depressc^l ; longer than that of tlwmpsonl with slightly heavier dentition ; much more flatiened than that of intervcctus, with narrower hrain case. Colw. — Winter pelage: General tone of upiier parts between hair brown and olive-brown, sometimes tending toward clove brown ; underparts smoke gray or between pale smoke gray and smoke gray, sometimes slightly tinged with pinkish buff or warm buff; tail indistinctly bicolor, mummy brown or Front's brown above, buffy brown or between buffy brown and drab below, darkeiiing toward tip. Summer pelage: Upper parts between sepia and bister; undei-parts smoke gray, tinged with light buff ; tail as in winter. Skull. — Relatively long, narrow, much depressed ; anterior and posterior borders of cranium gently rounded, not angular or truncate; dentition moder- ate. Longer than the skull of M. h. thompsoni, with slightly heavier dentition. Cranium less angular, narrower, and more depressed than in M. h. intervcctus. Measuretnents. — Average of three adults "* (sex undetermined), alcoholic specimens, from Elk River, Minn., measured by the writer : Total length. 81. 3 (80-82) ; tail vertebrae, 30.7 (30-31) ; hind foot, 10.5 (10-11). Sffci/W; Average of three skulls of adult females (teeth slightly to moderately worn) from Elk River, Minn. : Condylobasal length, 14.7 (14.3-15.0) ; palatal length, 5 3 (5.2-5.3) ; cranial breadth, 6.5 (6.4-0.6) ; intcrorbital breadth, 3.1 (3.0-3.1) ; maxillary breadth, 4.3 (4.2-4.3) ; maxillary tooth row, 4.9 (4.8-4.9). Remarks. — In the original description of this form Baird (1857, p. 32) listed and described two specimens from Racine, Wis., an alco- holic with skull inside (No. 1688, U. S. Nat. Mus.) and a skin with skull (No. yWj: U. S. Nat. Mus.). As has already been pointed out by Preble (1910, p. 102), No. 1688 proves to be a specimen of Sorex cinereus. Baird's illustration of the external parts (1857, pi. 28) on close scrutiny would also indicate this. The skull figured by Baird (1857, pi. 28) undoubtedly belongs to his other specimen (No. -ytsz) since he gives a description and measurements of it (op. cit., p. 33) and does not mention the skull of No. 1688. Preble (1910, p. 102) therefore regards the skull No. 1783 as the type of ^S'. hoyi Baird. In- asmuch as Baird (1857, p. 32-33), however, describes the skin, which is still in the United States National Museum collection, it must also be considered with the specimen. The present reviser therefore desig- nates skin and skull No. ^^V^, United States National Museum, the lectotype of Sorex hoyi Baird. Unfortunately, since the time of Baird, the skull of the lectotype has become so badly damaged that now all that remains is a fragment of the base of the cranium and a portion of the parietals. This frag- ment, however, together with Baird's description and illustrations * Nos. 187002, 187003, and 187004, U. S. Nat. Mus. Apparently these same specimens were measured by Merriam (1805, p. 90) with a slight variation from the measurements of the writer. 74235—28 14 204 ]SrOETH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 (1857, p. 32-33, pi. 28) seems to establish the identit}'- of the form Topotypes would be a welcome asset toward strengthening our knowl- edge, Jbut it is hardly probable that additional specimens can ever be obtained at the type locality, which has undergone marked physio- graphic and ecological changes under so-called civilization. The skull is of the fiat type quite in contrast with the skulls of M. h. intervectus from northern Wisconsin, and similar to skulls from Elk River, Minn. The subspecies hoyi intergrades with both 71/. h. thompsoni and M. K. intervectus. Specimens from Locust Grove, N. Y., which are referred to thompsoni^ show a strong tendency toward M. h. hoyi. Two of the specimens from Red River Settlements, Manitoba, are easily referable to M. h. hoyi, while a third ^ has a skull that is as broad as that of typical hitervectus, but tends to be depressed as in the subspecies hoyi. Specimens from Aweme, Manitoba, are indis- tinguishable from those from Elk River, Minn. /Specimens exainined. — Total number 31, as follows : Alberta: Blindman and Red Deer River (forks of), 1^; Red Deer River, 1.* British Columbia: Cariboo, 1. Manitoba: Aweme, 3°; Red River Settlement, 3. Minnesota: Elk River, 14; Steele County, 1." North Dakota: Devils Lake, 1 ; Pembina, 2. Ontario: Coldstream, 2.' South Dakota: Fort Sisseton, 1. Wisconsin: Racine (type locality), 1. MICROSORBX HOYI THOMPSONI (Baied) Thompson Pigmy Shrew (PL. 4, N) Sorex thompsoni Baird, Rept. Pacific R. R. Survey 8: pt. 1, Mammals. p. 34, 1857. Sorcx thomsoni Gilpin, Proc. and Trans. Nova Scotian Inst. Nat. Sci. 1 : pt. 2, p. 1, 1867. Microsorex lioyi. tlioinpsoni Jackson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 38 : 126, November 13, 1925. Type specimen. — Lectotype, No. -g^gVs^a , U. S. Nat. Mus. ; $ adult (teeth slightly worn) ; alcoholic with skull removed (skull badly crushed, incomplete, and in several pieces; practically useless for comparative purposes except for rostrum, mandibles, and denition) ; collected by Zadock Thompson (no date), and entered in Museum catalogue, October 23, 1856. Type locality. — Burlington, Chittenden County, Vt. Geographic range. — Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, southwesterly across Maine, Vermont, northern New York to eastern Ohio. (Fig. 23.) Diagnostic clKiractcrs. — Slightly smaller than Microsorex h. hoyi, color aver- aging a shade more grayish in summer pelage, skull and palate shorter, dentition weaker. Larger than M. h. winnemana, the skull larger and with more de- pressed brain ease. Color. — Averaging somewhat paler than in M. h. hoyi, and in summer pelage a trifle more grayish. Winter pelage: Upper parts hair brown or slightly 'No. AV/j. TT. s. Niit. Jfus. "Aoaa. Nat. SH. Philadelphia. ■• Mils. Conip. /ool. 7 Royal Ontario Mus. Zool. ° Stuart Criddle coll.. Treesbank, .ilnnitoba. 1928] KSVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 205 darker ; underparts pale smoke gray, or between pale smoke gray and smoke gray, tinged slightly with light buff ; tail as in M. h. hoyi. Summer pelage: Upper ])arts between hair brown and clove brown, sometimes tending toward olive-brown ; underparts about as in winter, a shade more buffy ; tail as in winter. Skull. — Relativt^ljf small, depressed, with narrow rostrum and rather weak dentition. Shorter and with narrower rostrum and somewhat smaller teeth than in M. h. Jwi/i ; larger in all dimensions than that of M. h. winnemana, with more depressed brain case and noticeably longer tooth row. Mea,surcmenis.- — Two adult males from Brunswick, Me.: Total length, 84, 87; tail vertebrae, 28, 30 ; hind foot, 0.5, 9.0. Two adult females from Brunswick, Me.: Total length, 8L5, 88 5; tail vertebrae, 27, 31; hind foot, 8.5, 9 5. Skull: Type specimen (adult male, teeth slightly worn) : Maxillary tooth row, 4.6.* Skulls of two adult males (teeth moderately worn) from Brunswick. Me.: Condylobasal length, 14.0, 14.2; palatal length, 5.1, 5.1; cranial breadth, 6.8, 6.3 ; interorbital breadth, 3.1, 3.1 ; maxillary breadth, 3.9, 4.0 ; maxillary tooth row, 4.9, 4.7. Skulls of two adult females (teeth respectively much worn and moderately worn) from Brunsv/ick, Me.: Condylobasal length, 14.2, 13.6; palntal length, 5.0, 5.0; cranial breadth, 6.4, 6.3; interorbital breadth, 3.0; maxillary breadth, 4.1, 4.0 ; maxillary tooth row, 4.6, 4.8. Remarks. — In the original description of Sorex thoinpsoni Baird (1857, p. 34-35) listed and described three specimens from the United States National Museum collection, namely. No. 1686, an alco- holic, which has since then had tlie skull remoA^ed, from Burlington, Vt. ; No. x^^, a skin with skull from Zanesville, Ohio; and No. ■|-^f , a skin with skull, from Halifax, Nova Scotia. He gave meas- urements and rather detailed descriptions of the first two specimens, and illustrated the external characters of the Burlington specimen (Baird, 1857, pi. 27), the illustration of the skull (Baird, 1857, pi. 27) apparently being that of the Zanesville specimen, since the Bur- lington skull was in the alcoholic and the Halifax skull, even to-day, is more complete than Baird indicates in his drawing. Lyon and Osgood (1909, p. 250) considered No. 1686 the type. It, with its removed skull number 38838, is herewith made the lectotype of Sorex thotnpsom Baird. Intergradation of M. h. thompsoni with M. h. hoyi is clearly indi- cated. The skulls from Locust Grove, N. Y., can about as well be referred to the subspecies hoyi as to thonnpsoni. One ^ is almost like typical M. h. hoyi., with even slightly broader skull; another" is somewhat intermediate between M. h. hoyi and thompsoni; while a third ^^ is like typical thompsoni. Intergradation of thoonpsoni with M. h. ivinnemana is suggested in the skull of winnemana from Alta Vista, Va. Specimens examined. — Total number, 33, as follows : Maine: Brassua Lake, 3"; Brunswick, 9"; East Andover, 1"; Grace Pond, Somerset County. 1"; Norway 1; V.'aterville, 1. New Brunswick: Bathurst (15 miles from Miramichi Road), 1"; Trousers Lake, 1.'' New York: Canton, 1"; Locust Grove, 3; Northwood, 1." Nova Scotia: Digby, 1"; Halifax, 2; Ingonish Centre, Cape Breton Island, 1 " ; Little River, Digby Neck, 1. Ohio: Zanesville, 1. Prince Edward Island: Alberton, 1"; Georgetown, 2.-' Vermont: Burlington (type locality), 1. ® The onlv measurement available. i'' Nat. Mus. Canada. "No. 186995. U. S. Nat. Mu.«. i" .\mer. Mus. Nat. Hist. '"No. 1S0994, U. S. Nat. Mus. "Lee Mus. Biol. •iNo. 186993, U. S. Nat. Mus. »» Mus. Comp. Zool. " E. C. and A. S. Pope coll.. Chicago, III. i" Field Mus. Nat. Hist. 13 Lee Mus. Biol.. Bowdoin College. 3; ^o pjpjfj jyj^,;, -^^^ Hist., 1; Amer. Mus. Mauton Copeland coll., Brunswick, Me., 6. Nat. Hist., 1. " Manton Copeland coU. 206 NOKTH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 MICRO SOREX HOYI WINNEMANA Preble WiNNEMANA PiGMY ShBEW (PL. 4, O) Microsoi-ex winnemana Preble, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 23: 101, June 24, 1910. Microsorex hoyi toinnemana Jackson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 38 : 126, November 13, 1925. Type specimen. — No. 126320. U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection; 5 adult (teeth slightly worn), skin and skull; collected April 25, 1903, by Edward A. Preble. Type locality. — Bank of Potomac River near Stubblefield Falls, 4 miles below Great Falls of the Potomac, Fairfax County, Va. Geographic range. — Maryland in the vicinity of the District of Columbia to south-central Virginia." (Fig. 23.) Diagnostic characters. — Smallest of the genus ; most nearly like Microsorex h. thompsoni, but smaller, the skull with relatively higher and more rotund brain case. Color. — Winter pelage: UnknoAvn. Summer pelage: Upper parts between sepia and olive-brown ; underparts and tail as in M. h. thompsoni. Skull. — Smallest of the genus; compared with that of M. h. thompsoni smaller, with higher and more rotund brain case, and distinctly shorter palate and tooth row. Measurements. — Type specimen (adult female): Total length, 78; tail ver- tebrae, 28; hind foot, 9. Skull: Type specimen- (adult female, teeth slightly worn) : Condylobasal length, 13.0; palatal length, 4.8; breadth of cranium, 6.1; interoi'bital breadth, 2.7 ; maxillary breadth, 3.8 ; maxillary tooth row, 4.1. Reiiiarhs. — The Winnemana pigm}^ shrew is tlie smallest American mammal known and, with the possible exception of Pachyura etrusca Savi, is the smallest known mammal in the world. Apparently it is about the same size as P. etrusca of Italy ; but compared with Borex inmutas Linnaeus of Europe, another midget species, it averages about 10 per cent less in both condylobasal length of skull and in ex- ternal total length, and in head and body length is about equal to the smallest specimens of /S'. minutus. Only three specimens of this shrew have been examined: The type specimen, and one from Ber- wyn, Md., which closely resembles the type specimen; and the third from Alta Vista. Va., which has a broken skull, but appears to approach M. h. thompsoni in size. Specimens examined. — Total number, 3, as follows: Maryland: Berwyn, 1. Virginia: Alta Visfa. 1; Stubblelield Falls, 4 miles below Great Palls of the Potomac, Fairfax County (type locality), 1. MICROSOREX HOYI INTERVECTUS Jackson Northwestern Pigmy Shrew (Pls. 4, p; 6, x; 10, i; 11, o; 13, f, h) Microsorex Jioyi infcrvcctus Jackson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 38:125, November 13, 1925. Type specimen. — No. 226979, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection; 9 adult (teeth slightly worn), skin and skull; collected August 17, 1917, by Hartley H. T.' Jackson. Original number 820. Type locality. — Lakewood, Oconto County, Wis. "Since this was written, a male (skin with fragmentary skull) Wiis collectwl April 2.*?, 1928, by A. H. Howell, at BeJit Creek Experiment Station, Pisgali National Forest, N. C. 1928J REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 207 Geographic range. — Northwest territories (Fort Franklin) , north- ern British Columbia, southeasterly to western Ontario, thence east and north to Labrador and northern Quebec. Diagnostic characters. — Size about that of Microsorex h. hoyi, averaging very sliglitly more grayisli in summer pelage ; skull more angular than that of M. h. hoyi, with distinctly higher and broader brain case. Smaller, some- what darker and more grayish than M. h. exitnius, with smaller skull, rela- tively shorter rostrum and palate, and weaker dentition. Smaller than M. h. alnorum, with brain case less inflated, i)alate shorter, and teeth smaller. Color. — Winter pcJage: Essentially like that of M. h. hoyi. Summer pelage: Essentially like that of M. h. thompsoni. Skull. — Medium size, relatively high through brain case, with moderately broad rostrum, and medium dentition. More angular, higher and broader brain case than in the skull of M. h. hoyi, with on the average slightly heavier dentition. Smaller than that of M. h. eximius or M. h. alnorum with relatively .shorter rostrum and palate, and weaker dentition ; brain case less inflated than in alnorum. Measurements. — Type specimen and topotype (adult fem^iles) : Total length, 92, 97; tail vertebrae, 31, 30; hind foot, 10, 10. Skull: Type .specimen and topotype (adult females, teeth slightly worn) : Condylobasal length. 14.8, 14.3; palatal length, 5.3, 5.2; cranial breadth, 7.1, 6.8; interorbital breadth, 3.1, 2.9; maxillary breadth, 4.4, 4.2 ; maxillary tooth row, 4.9, 4.7. Skull of adult male (teeth very slightly worn) from Fort Chimo, Quebec: Condylobasal length, 15.4; palatal length, 5.8; cranial breadth, 7.2; interorbital breadth, 3.3; maxil- lary breadth, 4.5; maxillary tooth row, 5.1. Remarks. — Externally M. h. intervectiis is scarcely distinguishable from M. h. lioyi.^ but cranially it displays considerable contrast. It intergrades with the subspecies lioyi in Manitoba, as it also probably does in other regions from which specimens are lacking. It also intergrades with M. h. exlmms as is indicated by certain specimens of eximius from interior Alaska, The specimen from Cumberland District, Saskatchewan, shows a tendenc}^ toward M. h. hogi in the flatness of its skull ; however, it has the broad cranium of i7itervecfus and on the whole is nearer to this form. The fragmentary skull from Echimamish River, Manitoba, referred with some doubt to M. h. alnorum by Preble (1902, p. 72-73) seems more clearly referable to intervectus ; the cranium is entirely gone, but the ro.strum and palate are shorter than in alnoi^wm and the molariform teeth are smaller. The skull extracted from the alcoholic specimen from Fort Chimo, Quebec, is larger than that of typical M. h. intervectiis.^ and has a longer palate and tooth row and heavier dentition. In some respects it inclines toward that of M. h. alnoru7n from Robinson Portage, Manitoba; but, until more specimens are available from these local- ities and the intervening region, the meaning of these variations can only be conjectured. Specimens examined. — Total number, 58, as follows: Alberta: Fort Chipewyan, 1; Muskeg Creek (15 miles from mouth), 1; Smith Landing, Slave River, 1. British Columbia: Fort St. .James, 1; Hazelton (altitude 950 feet), 1"; McDame Post, Dease River, 1; Telegraph Creels (near, Sawmill Lake), 1." Labrador: Hopedale, 1." Manitoba: Echimamish River, 1. Michigan: Fish Hawk Lake, Gogebic County, 2^'; Porcupine Mountains (T. 51 N., R. 43 W., S. 14), Ontonagon County, 2.'' ^ Mus. Vort. Zool. - Mus. Comp. Zool. " Univ. Mich. 208 NORTH AMEEICAlSr FAUXA [No. 51 ISTcrthwest Territories: Big Island, Great Slave Lake, 1; Fort Franklin, Great Bear Lake, 1 ; Fort Rae, 1 ; Fort Resolution, 6 ; Fort Simpson, 1 ; Fort Smith, 5. Ontario: Algonquin Park, 1"; Macdiarmid, Lake Nipigon, 1.^ Quebec: Fort Claimo, 1; Godbout, 9; Grand Cascapedia, 1^^; Lake Edward, 1 ^' ; Ste. Anne des Monts, Gaspe, 9.'° Saskatchewan: Cumberland District, 1. Wisconsin: Crescent Lake, 1; Lac Vieux Desert, 2"; Ijukewood (type locality), 2; Rhinelander, 1/' MICROSOREX HOYI ALNORUM (Preble) Alder Pigmy Shrew (PL. 4, Q) Sorex (Microsorex) ainorum Preble, North Amer. Fauna No. 22, p. 71, October 31, 1902. Microsorex ainorum Elliot, Field Columb. Mus. Publ. 105 (zool. sei'ies 6) : 457, 1905. Microsorex hoyi ainorum Jackson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 38: 126, Novem- ber 13, 1925. Type specimen. — No. 107014, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection; 5 adult (teeth slightly worn), skin and. skull; collected June 27, 1900, by Edward A. Preble. Ti/pe locality. — Robinson Portage, Manitoba, Canada. Geographic range. — Known only from type locality. (Fig. 23.) Diagnostic characters. — Size large for the species, about equal to Microsorex h. eximius or larger, somewhat darker and more gi'ayish ; skull deeper infero- superiorly, both through cranium and rostrum, the molariform teeth a trifle heavier, the unicuspidate teeth more crowded. Larger than M. h. intervectus, with brain case more inflated, palate longer, and dentition heavier. Color. — Winter pelage: Uriknown. Bummer pelage: General tone of upi^er parts mummy brown or slightly more grayish ; underparts smoke gray tinged with light buff; tail mummy brown above, light buff below basally, gradually darkesfing to mummy brown apically. Skull. — Large, with brain case inflated, rostrum relatively high, molariform dentition heavy, and unicuspidate teeth somewhat crowded. Larger than the skull of M. h. intervectus, with brain case more inflated, longer palate, and heavier molariform teeth. Higher than the skull of M. h. eximius, with heavier molariform teeth, and more crowded unicuspids. Measurements. — Type specimen (adult female): Total length, 98; tail ver- tebrae, 35; hind foot, 12. Skull: Type specimen (adtilt fenuUe, teeth slightly worn): Condylobasal length, 15.8; palatal length, 5.9; cranial breadth, 7.3; interorbital breadth, 3.1 ; maxillary breadth, 4.4 ; maxillary tooth row, 5.0. Remarks. — The type specimen of M. h. alnoi-um is unique, and imtil additional material is obtained it will be impossible to deter- mine the exact status of the subspecies and its relationship to M. h. hitervectus. It appears not improbable that ainorum may occupy an area bordering Hudson Bay and extending northeast- wardly into Quebec. The Fort Chimo specimen, referred to inter- vectus, seems to indicate such a condition. Specimen examined. — One, the type specimen. MICROSOREX HOYI EXIMIUS (Osgood) Alaska Pigmy Shrew (Pls. 4, k; 10, j) Sorex {Microsorex) eximius Osgood, Nortli Anier. Fauna No. 21, p. 71. Septem- ber 26, 1901. " Mus. Comp. Zool. ^ Royal Ontario Mus. Zool. -' Field Mus. Nat. Hist. -^ Nat. Mus. Canada. -» Auier. Mus. Nat. Hist. ==* Univ. Wis. Zool. Mus. 1028J REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 209 Microsorex exim'ms Elliot, Field Ccilumb. Mus. Publ. 105 (zool. series G) : 457, 1905. Microsorex hoyi cximius Jackson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 38 : 125, Novem- ber 13, 1925. Type specimen. — No. 107126, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection; 2 adult (teeth slightly worn), skin and skull; collected September 14. 1900, by W. H. Osgood. Type locality. — Tyonek, Cook Inlet, Alaska. Geographic range. — "Western Alaska from the Yukon River south to Kenai Peninsula and the base of the Alaska Peninsula. (Fig. 23.) Diagnostic characters. — Size comparatively large, color in summer paler and more retldish tban Microsorex h. Jwiji, M. h. iiitervectus, or M. h. alnorum. Skull larger than that of M. h. hoyi or intcrvcctus. with longer palate and heavier dentition. Skull somewhat more depressed both through brain case and rostrum, than that of alnorum, with the dentition a triflv- weaker. Color. — Winter pelage: Essentially like that of M. h. hoyi in corresponding pelage, less tinged with buff ventrally. Summer pelage: Upper parts sepia or slightly paler ; underparts smoke gray tinged with avellaneous or vinaceous- buff ; tail sepia to mummy brown above, pinkish buff to almost avellaneous below, nearly to tip. Skull. — Large, with relatively long rostrum and heavy dentition. Larger than the skull of M. h. intcrvcctus, with longer rostrum, and correspondingly longer tooth row, and heavier dentition. Brain case not so much inflated as in M. h. alnorum., and dentition somewhat weaker. Measurements. — Type specimen (adult female): Total length, 98; tail ver- tebrae, 31; hind foot, 11. Skull: Type specimen (adult female, teeth slightly worn): Condylobasal length, 15.5; palatal length, 5.9; cranial breadth, 7.1; interorbital breadth. 3.2 ; maxillary breadth, 4.4 ; maxillary tooth row, 5.2. Remarks.- — Representatives of T\Iicrosorex referable to M. h. exi'uii'us have been examined from several localities in southwestern Alaska west of Kenai Peninsula and Tanana. The specimens from the more interior regions of Alaska — Tanana and Mount McKinley — show a slight approach cranially toward M. h. intervectus. Specimens examined. — Total number, 11, as follows: Alaska: Baraborl, Kenai Peninsula, 1^; Bear Creek, Mount McKinley, 1; Chalitna River (head), 1; Kakwok River (80 miles up), 1; Moose Camp, Kenai Peninsula, l*"*; Nulato, 2; Tanana, 3; Tyonelc (type locality), 1. MICROSOREX HOYI WASHINGTONI Jackson Washington Pigmy Shrew (PL. 4, s) Mierosorex hoyi tcashingtoni Jackson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 38 : 125, November 13, 1925. Type specimen. — No. 91007, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey col- lection; $ adult (teeth moderately worn), skin and skull (posterior and basal portion of cranium broken) ; collected September 26, 1897, by Vernon Bailey. Original number (5293. Type locality. — Loon Lake, Stevens County, Wash. Geographic range. — Known only from type locality. (Fig. 23.) Diagnostic characters. — Size small, about the size of Microsorex h. thompsoni, slightly larger than M. h. winneniana; color more reddish brown (less grayish) than in any other subspecies ; skull about the size of that of thompsoni -but with slightly broader and higher cranium. =* Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 1 1 210 NORTH AMEEICAlSr FAUNA [No. 51 Color.- — Winter pelage: Unknown. Summer pelage: Upper parts between cin- namon-brown and Front's brown, grading into snuff brown on the flanks ; underparts smoke gray heavily tinged with avellaueous ; tail sepia above, be- tween drab and avellaneons below. Skull. — Size rather small, moderately depressed, relatively broad, dentition weak. About the size of the skull of M. h. thompsoni with actually and rela- tively broader cranium. Measurements.- — Type specimen (adult female) : Total length, 89; tail verte- brae, 27; hind foot, 9. Skull: Type specimen (adult female, teeth moderately worn): Condylobasal length, 13.9; palatal length, 5.2; cranial breadth, 6.6; interorbital breadth, 3.0 ; maxillary breadth, 4.1 ; maxillary tooth row, 4.6. Remarks. — The reddish color and the small and flattened, but rela- tively broad, skull of M. h. xoasKingtoni show the form to be well differentiated. Unfortunately but one specimen, the type, is avail- able, but it seems highly probable that intergradation occurs between true M. h. hoyi and washingtoni. Specimen exaonined. — One, the type specimen. Table 15. — Cranial vieasurements of adult specimens of Microsorex hoyi Species and locality M. h. hoyi: M i n n e s o t a— E Ik River. Do Do M. h. thompsoni: Vermont— Burling- ton. Maine— Brunswick- _ Do Do Do M. h. vrinneniana: Virginia — 4 miles be- low Great Falls. M. h. intervec'tus: Wisconsin— L a k e- wood. Do_ Q u e b e c — F- o r t Chimo. M. h. alnorum: Manitoba — Robin- son Portage. M. h. eximius: Alaska — Tyonek M. h. washingtoni: Washington — Loon Lake. "3 Si oj s» J3 "O O ■Qa M S£ '^.a o a o O — "3 X3 rt o 6 W C5 "3 1 a c.-" § 186996 9 15.0 5.3 6.4 3.1 4.3 4.8 187001 9 14.3 5.2 6.4 .3.1 4.3 4.9 187008 9 14.7 6.3 6.6 3.0 4.2 4.9 388.38 1 -l.'ie & & 4.6 4.7 14.2 5.1 6.3 3.1 4.0 1 730 rf 14.0 5.1 6.3 3.1 3.9 4.9 1 4.51 9 14.2 .5.0 6.4 .3.0 4.1 4.6 1776 9 13.6 5.0 6.3 4.0 4.8 126320 9 13.0 4.8 6.1 2.7 3.8 4.1 226978 9 14.3 5.2 6.8 2.9 4.2 4.7 226979 9 14.8 5.3 7.1 3.1 4.4 4.9 38848 cf 15.4 5.8 7.2 3.3 4.5 5,1 107014 9 15.8 5.9 7.3 3.1 4.4 5.0 107126 9 15.5 5.9 7.1 3.2 4.4 5.2 91007 9 13.9 5.2 e. 6 3.0 4.1 4.6 Wear of teeth Slight.... .._do Moderate Slight.... Moderate ...do Much Moderate Slight.... ...do _.do Very slight. Slight ..do Moderate. Remarks Type specimen. Do. Type locality. Type specimen. Approaching alnorum? Type specimen. Do. Do. iManton Copeland coll., Brunswick, Me. 19281 REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHEEWS 211 LITERATURE CITED Allen, G. M. 1915. THE WATER SHREW OF NOVA SCOTIA. Pi'oc. BioL Soc. Washington 28 : 15-18, P'ebruary 12. Allen, J. A. 1895. ON the NAMES OF MAMMALS GIVEN BY KERR IN HIS " ANIMAL KING*- DOM," PUBLISHED IN 1702. Bill. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 7: 179-192, June 20. 1896. LIST OF MAMMALS COLLECTED BY MB. WALTER W. GRANGER, IN NEW MEXICO, UTAH, WYOMING, AND NEBRASKA, 1S95-1S!H>, WITH FIELD NOTES BY thp: COLLECTOR. Bill. Amei". Mus. Nat. Hist. 8 : 241-258, November 25. 1902. LIST OF MAMMALS COLLECTED IN ALASKA BY THE ANDREW J. STONE EXPEDITION OF I'joi. Bul. Aiiier. Mus. Nat. Hist. 16: 215-230, July 12. 1903. MAMMALS COLLECTED IN ALASKA AND NORTHERN BRITISH COLUMBIA BY THE ANDREW J. STONE EXPEDITIO?; OF UtU2. 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Hist. 9 : 172-173, February. 1863c. [supplementary notice of neosorex palustris]. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 9: 225-226, July. "Wagler, J. 1832. mittheilungen tjber einige murkwurdigb THiEaiE. Isis von Oken 25 : 275-282. Winge, H. 1923. PATTEDYR-SLAEGTEB. vox, l, MONOTREMATA, MARSUPIALIA, INSECTIVORA, chiroptera, EDENTATA. 360 p., 1 pi. (lusectivora, p. 116 to 218.) Woodward, M. F. 1896. contributions to the study of mammalian dentition. part 2. on THE TEETPi OF CERTAIN INSECTIVORA. Proc. Zool. Soc. Londou, year 1896, p. 557-594, pis. 23-26. WORTMAN, J. L. 1920. ON SOME HITHERTO UNRECOGNIZED REPTILIAN CHARACTERS IN THE SKULL OF THE INSECTIVORA AND OTHER MAMMALS, PrOC. U. S. Nat. MuS. 57: 1-52, figs. 1-16. 75235—28- -15 Plate 2 [Natural size] A. Sorex cinereus cinereus Kerr; J* adult; Elkhart Lake, Wis. (No. 227412, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.) B. Sorex cinereus miscix Bangs ; type specimen ; d" adult ; Black Bay, Labrador. (No 8651, Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard College, Bangs collection.) C. Sorex cinereus haydeni Baird ; 9 adult ; Ekalaka, Mont. (No. 213832, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.) D. Sorex cinereus streatori Merriam ; i'ij M0 ii t ^v '^|. ^1 1 1^9 5 ^4fil T u /Ki * V w' X /^ Y __- .^„- „^^^^_ A' Skulls of Sorex PLATE 5 [Natural size] A. Sorex longirostris longirostris Bachman ; adult ; sex unknown ; Butler, Ga. (No. 38425, U. S. Nat. Mus.) B. Sorex longirostris flsheri Merriam ; topotype ; 9 adult ; Lake Drummond, Dismal Swa'mp, Va. (No. 753 67, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.) C. Sorew 'trowbridgii trowbridgii Baird ; topotype; $ adult; Astoria, Oreg. (No. 89021, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.) D. Sorex vagrans vagi'ans Baird ; c? adult ; Aberdeen, Wash. (No. 24339,' U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.) E. Sorex durangae Jackson ; type specimen ; cf adult ; El Salto, Durango, Mexico. (No. 94540, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.) F. Sorex ohscurus obscurus Merriam ; toijotype ; 9 adult ; Lemhi Mountains, 10 miles ■west of Junction, Idaho. (No. 30940, TJ. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.) G. Sorex obscurus parvidens Jackson ; type specimen ; c? adult ; Bluff Lake. San Bernardino Mountains, Calif. (No. 56561, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.) H. Sorex yaquinae Jackson ; type specimen : 9 adult ; Yaquina Bay, Lincoln County, Oreg. (No. 73051, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.) I. Sorex paciflcus paciflcus Coues ; adult, sex unknown ; Crescent City, Calif. (No. 97612, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.) J. Sorex sUzodon Merriam ; type specimen ; 9 adult ; San Cristobal, Chiapas, Mexico. (No. 75885, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.) K. Sorex veraepacis veracpacis Alston: 9 .nrtult; Todos Santos, Guatemala. (No. 77033, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.) L. Sorex macrodon Merriam ; type specimen ; c? adult ; Orizaba, Vera Cruz, Mexico. (No. 58272, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.) M. Sorex saussurei saussurei Merriam ; type specimen ; 9 adult ; north slope Sierra Nevada de Colima, Jalisco, Mexico. (No. 45702, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.) N. Sorex ornatus ornatus Merriam ; *%•; ^.iS ROSTRA AND UPPER TEETH OF SOREX ■ Plate 9 [Enlarged five diameters] A. Sorex veraepacis veraepacis Alston ; 9 adult ; Todos Santos, Guatemala. (No. 77033, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.) B. Sorex macrodon Merriam ; type specimen ; c? adult ; Orizaba, Vera Cruz, Mexico. (No. 5S272, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.) C. Sorex saussurei saussurei Merriam ; type specimen ; 9 adult ; north slope Sierra Nevada de Colima, Jalisco, Mexico. (No. 45702, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.) D. ISorex emarginatus Jackson ; type specimen ; 9 young adult ; Sierra Madre near Bolanos, Jalisco, Mexico (No. 90847, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.) B. Sorex ventraJis Merriam ; type specimen ; W'^^;>j,J ,..^'4 ;.-i'^^ t * ^■'^f^jn* *^^^i.^ y < ^^/^S^icS^Je Rostra and Upper Teeth of Sorex and Microsorex North American Fauna No. 51, U. S. Dept. Agr., Biological Survey PLATE 1 1 A '< Upper Teeth of Sorex and Microsorex Plate 1 1 [Enlarged five diameters] A. Sorex cinereus cinereus Kerr ; c? adult ; Elkhart Lake, Wis. (No. 227412, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.) B. Sorex fumeus fumeus Miller; topotype ; 9 adult; Peterboro, N. Y. (No. 111123, U. S. Nat. Mus.) C. Sorex arcticus arcticus Kerr ; c? adult ; South Edmonton, Alberta. (No. 69163, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.) D. Sorex pribilofensis Merriam ; topotvpe ; (? adult ; St. Paul Island, Pribilof Group, Alaska. (No. 206182, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.) E. Sorex merriami Dobson ; tvpe specimen; 9 adult; Fort Custer, Bighorn County, Mont. (No. 186441, U. S. Nat. Mus., Merriam collection.) P. Sorex longirostris longirostris Bachman ; S adult ; Falls Church, Va. (No. 87190, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.) G. Sorex dispar Batchelder : 9 adult ; Hunter Mountain, Catskill Mountains, N. Y. (No. 83159, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.) H. Sorex trowbridgii troivbridgii Baird ; topotype; 9 adult; Astoria, Oreg. (No. 89021, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.) I. Sorex obscurus obscurus Merriam ; topotype : 9 adult ; Lemhi Mountains, 10 miles west of Junction, Idaho. (No. 30940, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.) J. Sorex veraepacis veraepacis Alston; 9 adult; Reyes (near Cuicatlan), Oaxaca, Mexico. (No. 77033, TJ. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.) K. Sorex saussurei aaussurei Merriam ; type specimen ; 9 adult ; north slope Sierra Nevada de Colima, Jalisco, Mexico. (No. 45702, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey collection.) L. Sorex ornatus ornatus Merriam ; ripes, 23, 40. liydrodomus, Neosorcx, 74. liydrodromus, Neosorex, 74. Sorex, 16, 24, 74. idahoensis, Sorex, 41, 45. Individual variation, 19. intervectus, Microsorex hoyi, 204, 206. isolatus, Sorex obscurus, 134. jucensis, Sorex californious, 172. juncensis, Sorex, 172. Key, Atophyrax, 193. genera and subgenera, 27. Microsorex, 202. Neosorex, 176. Sorex (subgenus), 32. lagunae, Sorex ornatus, 167, 169. laricorum, Sorex arcticus, 8, 71. leseueri, Amphisorex, 41. leseurii, Amphisorex, 41. lesneurii, Sorex, 40. lesueri, Amphisorex, 41. Sorex, 40. lesuerii, Amphisorex, 40. lesueuri, Amphisorex, 41. Sorex personatus, 41. lesueurii, Amphisorex, 23, 26, 40, 43, 86. Sorax personatus, 41. Sorex, 23, 40. Sorex longirostris, 41, 44. Sorex personatus, 41, 44. leucogenys, Sorex, 4, 7, 81. List of generic names, 26. List of species and subspecies, 27. Local names, 2. longicauda, Sorex, 131. Sorex obscurus, 20, 123, 127, 129, 131. longicaudus, Sorex ohscurus, 131. longirostris, Otisorcx, S5. Sorex, 7, 22, 23, 26, 43, 44, 83. Sorex longirostris, 84, 85, 87. lyelli, Sorex, 57, 59. Sorex tenellus, 57. macrodon, Sorex, 152. macrurus, Sorex, 25, 89. malitiosus, Sorex obscurus, 128. mariposae, Sorex montereycnsis, 98. Sorex trowbridgii. 7, 95, 98. Material examined, 16. Maturity of skulls, 13. Mea.surements, cranial, 13. external, 12. merriami, Sorex, 4. 5, 7, 25, 78. Microsorex (genus), 17, 24, 26, 200, 202. alnorum, 208. eximius, 208. hoyi, 11, 20, 201, 202, 204, 205, 207. 210. hoyi (sp.), 202, 210. intervectus, 204, 208, thompsoni, 204. washiugtoni, 4, 209. winnemana. 4. 11, 206. minutus, Sorex, 38, 206. miscix, Sorex cinereus, 50. Sorex merriatni, 50. Sorex personatus. 50. Molt, 17. autumnal, 18. spring, 18. 1928] REVIEW OF AMEEICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 235 moniereuoisis, Sorex mo^itereyeDSis, 97. Sorex trowbrid.ui. 97, 99. monticola, Sorex vagrans, 101, 103, 110, 115. nionticoliis, Sorex, 110. Mortality, 7. Mumrancus, 26, 30. hachmam, 23. 85. mvtahilis. Sorex saiissurei, 151. Sorex saiissuHl, 151. Sorex veraepacis, 148, 150, 151, 157. niyops, Sorex, 173. Myosorex. 22. Names, generic, 26. local, 2. nanus, Sorex, 59, 173, 174. Sorex tenellns, 174. navigator, Neosorex. 175. 184, 185. Neosorcx naingator, 184. Neoso7'Cx i)alusti'is. 184. Sorex palustris, 7, 9. 10. 12, 19, 178, 184, 192. neomexicanus, Sorex obscurus, 117, 120, 123. Neosorex (subgenus), 4, 23, 27, 75, 175, 176. alMbarhis, 181. albirenter, 198. aeadiciis, 26. 183. alaskaiius, 189. hendirii, 194. hydrodomus, 74. hifdrodromus, 74. naivgator, 23, 175, 184, 185. palmeri. 197. palustris, 178. paJitstrius,. 178. Nests, 6. nevadeiisis. Sorex vagrans, 107. Notiosorex, 17. oaxacae, Sorex saussvirei. 157. obscurus. Sorex, 3, 115, 161, 165. Sorex obscurus, 3, 8, 12, 18, 19, 20, 101. 112, 117, 123, 134, 136. oreinus, Sorex, 166, 167. oreopolup, Sorex, 162. orinus, Sorex, 166. orizabae, Sorex vagrans, 103, 112, 113. ornatus, Sorex, 7, 21, 165. Sorex ornatus, 166, 169. Otisorex. 23, 27, 30. longiro-stris, 85. platyrhinus, 23, 40, 43. platyri'Miius, 40. Oxyrliin, 30. Pachyura etrusca, 71, 72, 206. pachyurtis, Sorex, 23, 71, 72. pacificus, Sorex, 24, 141, 150. Sorex pacificus, 19, 141, 142. palmeri, Atophyrax bendirii, 197. Neosorex bendirii, 197. Sorex bendirii, 13, 193, 194, 196, 197, 199. palustris, Ainphisorex, 178. Crossopus, 178. Galeniys (Crossopus) , 178. Neosorex, 178. Neosorex palustris, 178. Sorex, 21, 22, 25, 75, 177. Sorex palustris, 178, 180, 182, 187. parvidens, Sorex obscurus, 124. l)arvus, Sorex, 25, 68, 70. Pelages, 17. permiliensis, Sorex obscurus, 137, 139. personatus, Sorex, 22, 23, 26, 40, 43. platyrhinchus, Sorex, 41. platyrhinus, Otisorex, 23, 40, 43. Sorex, 23, 40, 64. platyrhnehus, Sorex, 41. platyrhynoha, Crocidura, 41. platyrUynclius, Sorex, 41. platyrinus, Sorex, 41. platyrrhinchus, Sorex, 40. platyn'Mnus, Otisorex, 40. Sorex, 40. preblei, Sorex, 58, 174. prevostensis, Sorex longicaiida, 133. Sorex obscurus, 133. pribilofensis, Sorex, 76. pygmaeus, Sorex, 25. richardsoni, Sorex, 23, 64. 68. riehardsonii, Sorex, 22, 45, 68, 70. salvini, Sorex saussurei, 159. saussurei, Sorex, 147, 154. Sorex saussurei, 152, 155, 157. saussurii, Sorex, 155. sclateri, Sorex. 82. Scutisoricinae, 17. Seasonal variation, 21. setosus, Sorex obscurus, 101, 119, 134, 135, 138. Sexual variation, 20. shastensis, Sorex, 109, 110. Shrew, Alaska pigmy. 208. Alaskan dusky, 126. alder pigmy, 208. American pigmy. 202. American saddle-backed, 68. Bachman, 85. Baird dusky, 139. Bendire marsh, 194. California long-tailed, 168. Cascade dusky, 137. Cerro San Felipe, 160. Chiapas, 150. cinereous, 40. Hollister, 55. Labrador. 50. Plains, 51. Streator, 53. 74235— 2&- -16 236 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 Shrew — Continued, dark-bellied, 151. Durango, 114. dusky, 117. Alaskan, 126. Baird, 139. Cascade, 137. long-tailed, 131. New Mexico, 123. Olympic, 135. Prevost Island, 133. Queen Charlotte, 130. San Bernardino, 124. Shumagin, 125. Vancouver, 134. Warren Island, 128. dwarf, Oregon, 170. Owens Valley, 172. Rocky Mountain, 174. V/hite Mountains, 173. Fisher, 87. Gaspe Peninsula, 91. Godman, 158. gray long-tailed, 89. Hollister cinereous, 55. Humboldt Bay, 96. Jalisco, 1G2. Laguna Mountain, 169. Large-toothed, 152. long-tailed dusky, 131. Maryland, 56. marsh, Bendire, 194. Palmer, 197. white-bellied, 198. Merriam, 78. Monterey, 97. Mount Lycll, 57. Nevada, 107. New Mexican dusky, 123. northwestern pigmy, 206. Nova Scotian smoky, 65. Oaxaca, 157. Olympic dusky, 135. Oregon dwarf, 170. Orizaba, 113. Owens Valley dwarf, 172. Pacific, 142. pale-toothed, 147. Palmer marsh, 197. pigmv, Alaska, 208. alder. 208. American, 202. northwestern, 206. Thompson, 204. Washington, 209. Winnemana, 206. Plains cinereous, 51. Preble, 58. Prevost Island dusky, 133. Pribilof, 76. Queen Charlotte dusky, 130. Rocky Mountain, 110. Rocky Mountain dwarf, 174. Shrew — Continued. saddle-backed, American, 6>i southern, 71. tundra, 72. Unalaska, 74. salt-marsh, 108. Salvin, 159. San Bernardino dusky, 124. San Cristobal, 157. Saussure, 155. Sclater, 82. Shumagin dusky, 125. Sierra, 109. smoky, 63. Nova Scotian, 65. Sonoma, 143. southern California long-tailed, 166. southern saddle-backed, 71. Streator cinereous, 53. Suisun, 171. Thompson pigmy, 204. Trowbridge, 94. tule, 172. tundra saddle-backed, 72. Unalaska saddle-backed, 74. vagrant, 104. Vancouver, 106. Vancouver dusky, 134. Vera Cruz, 156. Verapaz, 149. Warren Island dusky, 128. Washington pigmy, 209. white-bellied marsh, 198. white-cheeked, 81. White Mountains dwarf, 173. Winnemana pigmy, 206. Yaquina, 140. Yosemite, 98. Zacatecas, 159. see also, Water-shrew. shiunaginensis, Soi-ex alascensLs, 125. Sorex glacialis, 125. Sorex obscurus, 117, 125. similis, Sorex vagrans, 117, 119. siuuosus, Sorex, 169, 171. skulls, maturity of, 13. sonomae, Sorex pacificus, 143. Sorax, 27. lesueurii, 41. Sorex (genus), 17, 24, 27, 30. Sorex (subgenus), 31, 32. Sorex acadica, 41. acadieus, 26, 40, 45. alascensis, 126, 131. alaskanus, 187, 189. albibarbis, 179, ISO, 181, 184, 186. albiventer, 192, 193, 196, 198. alnorum, 208. amoenus, 3, 103, 109. araneus, 21, 24. 30, 31, 69, 70. 201. arcticus, 45, 55, 68, 74. arcticus (sp.), 7, 11, 20, 21, 22, 26, 67. 1928] REVIEW OF AMERICAN LONG-TAILED SHREWS 237 Sorex — Continued. baircli, 138, 139, 141. belli, 69. bendirel, 194. bendirii, 12, 15, 1S7, 194, 199. bendirii (sp.), 18, 21, 193. californicus, 165, 167, 168, 171. caudafus, 151. cliiapensis, 150, cinereus, 6, 8, 12, 18, 19, 22, 23, 39, 40. 52, 54, 57, 64, 86, 201, 203. cinereus (sp.), 5, 20, 21, 22, 38, 58. cooperl, 22, 40, 43. eristobalensis, 157. dispar, 3, 5, 25, 89, 91. dobsoni, 25, 110, 111. durangae, 114. elassodon, 116. 129, 130. emarginatus, 159. exim'ms, 208. fimbriata, 41. fimbripes, 22, 23, 26, 40, 43. fisheri, 2, 11, 84, 86, 87. fontinalis, 26, 56, 59. forsteri, 22, 23, 25, 40, 41, 43, 64. fosteri, 40. franhstounensis, 41, 45. fumens, 65. fumeus, 63, 90. fumeus (sp.), 21, 25, 62. gaspensis, 3, 91. glaoialis, 126, 127. gloveralleni, 26, 91, 182, 183. godmani, 158. godmanni, 158. halicoetes, 103, 105, 108. haydeni, 7, 11, 23, 38, 40, 45, 51. hollisteri, 40, 55. hoyi, 23, 24, 200, 202. humboldtensis, 95, 96, 99. hydrobadistes, 179, 180, 186. hydrodromus, 16, 24, 74. idahoensis, 41, 45. isolatus, 134. jucensis, 172. juncensis, 172. lagunae, 167, 169. laricorum, 8, 71. lesneurii, 40. lesuei'i, 40. lesueurii, 23, 40, 41, 44. leucogenys, 4, 7, 81. longicauda, 20. 123, 127, 129, 131. longicaudus, 131. longirostris, 22, 23, 26, 43, 44, 84, 85, 87. longirostris (sp.), 7, 83. lyelli, 57, 59. macrodon, 152. macrurus, 25, 89. malitiosus, 128. mariposae, 7, 95, 98. merriami, 4, 5, 25, 78. minutus, 38, 206. misoix, 50. Sorex — Continued. moniereyensis, 97, 99. monticola, 101, 103, 110, 115. monticolus, 110. mutabilis, 148, 150, 151, 157. myops, 173. nanus, 59, 173, 174. navigator, 7, 9, 10, 12, 19, 178, 184, 192. neomexicanus, 117, 120, 123. nevadensis, 107. oaxaeae, 157. obscurus, 3, 8, 12, 18, 19, 20, 101, 112, 117, 123, 134, 136. obscurus (sp.), 3, 115, 161, 165. oreinus, 166, 167. oreopolus, 162. orinus, 166. orizabae, 103, 112, 113. ornatus, 166, 169. oruatus (sp.), 7, 21, 165. pacJiijiirus, 23, 71, 72. paciticus, 19, 141, 142. pacificus (sp.), 24, 141, 150. palmeri, 13, 193, 194, 196, 197, 199. palustris, 22, 75, 178, ISO, 182, 187. palustris (sp.), 21, 25, 177. parvidens, 124. parvus, 25, 68, 70. permiliensis, 137, 139. per sonatas, 22, 23, 26, 40, 43. platyrhinchus, 41. platyrhinus, 23, 40, 64. platyrlinclms, 41. platyrhynchus, 41. platyrinus, 41. platyrrhinchus, 40. platyrrhinus, 40. preblei, 58, 174. prevostensis, 133. pribilofensis, 76. pygmaeus, 25. ricliardsoni, 23, 64, 68. ricliardsonii, 22, 45, 68, 70. salvini, 159. saussurei, 152, 155, 157. saussurei (sp.), 147, 154. sanssurii, 155. sclateri, 82. setosus, 101, 119, 134, 135, 138. shastensis, 109, 110. shumaginensis, 117, 125. similis, 117, 119. sinuosus, 169, 171. sonomae, 143. sphagnicola, 24, 25, 69, 70. sphagnicolus, 69. stizodon, 147. streatori, 12, 39, 46, 53. suckleyi, 23, 104. tenellus, 4, 58, 172. thompsoni, 23, 204, 205. thomsoni, 204. trigonirostris, 170. trowbridgei, 94. 238 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 51 Sorex— Continued. trowbridgii, 7, 8, 23, 31, 94, 97. trowbridgii ( sp. ) , 4, 21, 92. tundrensis, 7, 20, 30, 72, 75. umbrosus, 65. vagi-ans, 6, 7, 12, ]0. 75, 103, 104, 109, vagrani- is .), , 2l. ;';, 1^1. vancou^' -er'-is. .<•."; 3, 1,' " ventralis, 160. veraecrucis, 148, 156, 157, 158. veraepacis, 149, 150. veraepacis (sp.). 18, 24, 83, 148, 152. vulgaris, 24, 25, 70, 75. wagneri, 24, 85. yaquinae, 140. Soricidae, 16. Soricinae, 17. Species, list of, 27. sphagnicola, Sorex, 24, 25, 69, 70. sphagnicolm, Sorcx, 69. Spring molt, 18. Status, economic, 10. stizodon, Sorex. 147. streatori, Sorex cinereus, 12, 39, 40, 46, 53. Sorex personatus, 53. Subfamilies, 17. Subgenera, key to, 27. suckleyi, Sorex, 23, 104. Swimming, 9. teculyas, Corsira, 149. Teeth, elements, 14. tctnlyas, Corsira, 149. tenellus, Sorex, 4, 58, 172. Sorex tenellus, 172. thompsoni, Microsorex lioyi, 204. Sorex, 23, 204, 205. tJwmsoni, Sorex, 204. Time of molting, 17. trigonirostris, Sorex, 170. troivhridgei, Sorex, 94. trowbridgii, Sores, 4, 21, 23, 31, 92. Sorex trowbridgii, 7, 8, 94, 97. tundrensis, Sorex, 7, ^0. 30. 72, 75. Type localities, list of, 27. va-ru::?, St. ex, Z, Z, 7, £1, 23, 75, 101. Sorex vagrans, 12, 19, 103, 104, 109, 112. Value, economic, 10. vancouverensis, Sorex A'agraus, 106, 135. Variations, 18. age, 21. geogi-apbic, IS. individual, 19. seasonal, 21. sexual, 20. ventralis, Sorex, 160. Sorex ohscurus, 160. veraecrucis, Sorex saussurei, 148, 156, 157, 158. veraepacis, Sorex, 18, 24. 83, 148, 152. Sorex veraepacis, 149, 150. Voice, 8. vulgaris, Sorex, 24, 25, 70, 75. wagneri, Sorex, 24, 85. Avashingtoni, Microsorex hoyi, 4, 209. Water-shrew, American, 178. Glacier Bay, 189. mountain, 184. Nova Scotian, 183. white-lipped, 181. Wisconsin, ISO. Weight, 11. winnemana, Microsorex hoyi, 4, 11, 206. yaquinae, Sorex, 140. Young, characteristics of, 11. number of, 7. ■QL133 O Ja:kson. Hartley Harrad Thompson J3x ta A taxonomic review of the American long- Lied shrews. GPO, 1928. 24)196 CHEM BLDC^ (Continued from page 2 of cover) *No, 24. A Biological Reconnaissance of tlie Base of the Alaska Peninsula. By .Wilfred H. psgood^ Pp. 86, pis. 7 , *No. 26. Revision"bf.the Skunks of the Genus SpUogale. By' Arthur H. HowelL Pp. 55,pls.:10 (incl. 1 map)';:"1906.i • v;^v^- ..-'\--^: , ;: , : s' ; • - No. 27, ':A BiolQglcal Investigation of the 'Athabaska-Mackehzie Region. By -Edward A; 'Preble. Pp. 674, "pis." 25 (inicl.' 4 maps); figs. 16, 1908 (Price, ^ '$ i£5)i :/;::--:- ^:':.-:-^ :/,:'' ■ ■-'■■- '^"-y^- '.-':■■:" : ■-'r.';-''-^-:-. ':■,-■■ ^■,. ♦No. 28. Revisibn of the Mice of the American Genus Peromyscus. By Wilfred H. Qsgood. Pp:285, pls; 8 (incl. 1 map), flgs. i2:(inaps).^ 18Q9. '^ -V - *No. 29. -The Rabbits of North "America.-l:.33r^E::-™--^' '^"'"'^ K 314, pis. 13, :;:figs.:i9;(inci. i6 map8).:yi^-^^ QU55.J3X „„„,,,, ,,,.,.,,,.,! \r, ■. •,,;:? ^ - *No. :30.' .Biological -Investi^ .u,i»iiiniMlllflll\l\ll\ 1 \ \\ 1 D^y: XivEast- ■^central Alaska:;.:2;:; Ogilvl^ l\ll\llll\lllW||p^^^^ lTukon.V By ■WUfred H.Osgood.: Pp. 96 \ IV lMllP»"i>"i'Vn^QR 9.. -..:-. . ...,: ■ *No. 31. Revision:' of the Wd i>"'"'% 9358 00249Tyoj^_^f Eaward ^..-V .^.:;ttQldiiian.; Ppvjl24, pls^S, fl jL^l^T-T^tOTOTl''''"^- " : - •'. : > ♦No." i32.' A Systematic Synopsrr^lheTkluskrats: > By N, Hollister. Pp. 47, pis". " .; 6 (incl. i map): 1911., ..-"^ -- -' --;>-■■ ;: ^ : . . ^ . ; ^-~ ♦No. 33. A Biological, Survey of Colorado, :>. By Mefritt Gary. Pp. 256, pi's. 12 :(ipcl.,lcolored'map)> figs. 39 (incl. 29jmaps).;i911.\/- / , -r: ; ; ♦No; 34.' ^Revisi6n of the Spiny Pocket Mice .(Genera Heteromys and Liomys). V " By Edward A. -Goldman. ;Pp, 70, pis. '3,^ figs. 6 -(maps).. -,1911' (Price, 10 cents) ^. ~r- '-- ■ ■""'i' '.■'"'■-■ '■'-■■"< ■.■'^'']-~yi' '\-^ "^ -y^-- ^ ' "v^-- ^: - :\ .' :-\ No, 35. "ilf e feones and Crop Zones of New Mexico. . By -Vernon Bailey;- Pp. • \ 100, pig,' 16 1< incl. 1 colored map)y figs. 6.' 1913 -(Price, 45 cent^). .\ r^.. ;: .■, ,. No. 36. Kevlsion of the, American Harvest :B^ice:( Genus -Reithrodontomys).' \. By Arthur H^ Howell. Pp. 97; pis. Vfigs^ 6 (maps) .1914 -(Pr/c6, 20 cents) . • ' •No^' 37. Revision oiE the American Marmots. By Ajrthur H. Howell.- = Pp. 80, 'i / , pls.i5, figs,-3 (niaps).-:i915. >' . ^_/ V ,;■ , . - ,, . a ^;,, -«.. v^ : ♦No. '38. X- Review of the American Moles. By ^HartleyH. T. Jackson. Pp. -' : , .100, pls.r6,'figsr^7 (inci::6maps);> 1915.V .%:' ; .:':.:■ f^ 0/^ ^^^ ♦No. 39;- Revision of thePocket Gophers of the Genus Thoniomys. -By Vernon • '~ ^ Bailey? Pp:i36^pls. 8, figs,'10 (inci. 7lnaps). 1915: .' ' • - i. . "- ' *No: 40. A 'Systehiatic Account of the Prairie-Dogs. , By N. Hollister. ''Pp. 37, : :pls.^.7,;^s.i2'Xmaps); :-1916.-V;: ::_.■.-': V'-^-:;,;^-,: -, ;'U,;\ - -.,, ?- ,-',.;";- ■ - :- ♦No; 411 "^Review of ; the Grizzly -and Big Brown Bears of North Anie/ica (Genus IJrsus),wi^h Description of a New Genus, Vetularctos. By C. Hart Merriaim. Pprl36, pis. 10. 1918. v, " :^ .. V^ - ' - . - .^ . . w ^ ■:• - v ' , - No, .42. LifjB Zone Investigatioiis in Wyoming. ^By Jklerritt Cary<. Pp. 95, pis. \ l5' " ;. <^-; - No; 47. .Revision ^f th^-tAiriericaii^pikas. (Genus Ochotona) . By Arthur H. Howell.^ Pp. izH-57, pis. 6; figs. 4 (iriaps); 1924 (PHce, J5 cenf*).- ; ■' - No. 48.'Voles of the Genus Phenacomys : I, Revision of the Genus PhenacomySvv ^ lI^;Life History of the Red Tree/Mouse( Phenacomys longlcaudus).. By - • A. Brazier Howell. Pp. '66, 'pis. 7, figs. 11 (incl. .5 max>s), ^1926 {Price, - ' K^Q cents). ^r ::[}■.-:.■,_.■::■ r':- yo :. ,■- ^^.V-V- ^^ ~."^-« .?' ^ .■ : -.-^ ^ ""^ r: -\'>-r ■'o.^^D.; A Biological Survey of North Dakota : I, Physiography and Life Zones ; /. ^- ' The Mammals. By VeiTion Bailey; Pp. 226, pis. 2! (incl. 1 colored map), R (maps). 1926 (Price, 60 cents). \;^ ; -7 ■-, /; ; - v:^ ,- ; ^vision of .the American' Lemming Mice (Genus Synaptomys); By v ■ ^-'^ll.:4.P'* *° "' " ^Ss: 11 (iQcl.;& maps) . 1927 (Prioe,^ _; 'can Long- tailed Shrews (Genera ' ' "ksbn, ; Pp. 238, pis. 13, figs. 24 . ; i> J 7 6 8 2 7 DATE DUE 1 GAYLORD PRINTED INUSA NORTHEfiSTERN UNIV. LIBRfiRIES iiiiij nil III mil III mil III II 39358002491964