A TEACHING GUIDE to the TREES AND SHRUBS OF GREATER NEW YORK KjlVt Graves and Rusk A TEACHING GUIDE t I TO THE TREES AND SHRUBS OF GREATER NEW YORK Including the Kinds Most Commonly Seen in Cultivation BY ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES, Pm. I). Curator of Public Instruction, Brooklyn Botanic Garden AND HESTER M. RUSK, A.M. Instructor, Brooklyn Botanic Garden Published by the Authors at The Brooklyn Botanic Garden 1000 Washington Avenue Brooklyn, N. Y. 1933 Copyright, 1933, by Arthur H. Graves and Hester M. Rusk PRINTED 13Y THE LANCASTER PRESS, INC. LANCASTER, PENNSYLVANIA 6 Map Showing the Greater New York Region. The Numbers Correspond to Those of the Pathfinder Beginning on the Next Page. PATHFINDER * How to Reach the Most Important Parks and Woodlands of the Greater New York Region The cost of each trip is figured on the basis of Grand Central Station or Times Square, Manhattan, as the start- ing point. The numbers correspond to those on the map facing this page. 1. Bav Terrace, Staten Island (Richmond). Ferry to Staten Island from South Ferry Slip, at the southern end of Manhattan. (South Ferry Station of I.R.T. or Whitehall Station of B.M.T. Subway.) From land- ing- at Staten Island (St. George) take Staten Island Rapid Transit R.R. (electric train) at east side of station, upstairs. Get round trip ticket for Bay Terrace. Cost : about 60 cents. 1. Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Broadway-7th Avenue or 7th Avenue I.R.T. Subway to Eastern Parkway-Brooklyn Museum Station, or Lexing- ton Avenue I.R.T. Subway to Nevins Street, Brooklyn, there changing to 7th Avenue train; or B.M.T. Subway, Brighton Line, to Prospect Park- Station. Cost : 10 cents. 3. Central Park, Manhattan (north end of park). 7th Avenue (Bronx Park) I.R.T. Subway to 110th Street Station. Cost: 10 cents. 4. Coytesville, New Jersey. Broadway-7th Avenue I.R.T. Subway to 181st Street. Bus from 180th Street and Amsterdam Avenue across George Washington bridge to north end of Coytesville. Cost : 30 cents. 5. Forest Park, Queens. From Manhattan: Broadway-Jamaica Ele- vated from Canal Street to Woodhaven Boulevard. From Brooklyn: Fulton Street Elevated to Atlantic Avenue, change to Broadway line to Eastern Parkway (one station), then change to Jamaica line to Wood- haven Boulevard. Cost : 10 cents. 6. Fresh Kills, Staten Island. Ferry to Staten Island from South Ferry Slip, Manhattan. From landing at Staten Island (St. George) take Richmond bus to end of line. Cost: about 40 cents. 7. Hollis, Oueens. Long Island R.R. from Pennsylvania Station, Manhattan, or from Flatlnish Avenue Station, Brooklyn. Walk north from Hollis Station. Cost: about 75 cents. 8. Inwood Park, Manhattan. Broadway-7th Avenue I.R.T. Subway to Dyckman Street Station. Walk west along Dvckman Street to Payson Avenue, and turn right on Payson Avenue. Cost : 10 cents. * Adapted from a circular issued to Brooklyn Botanic Garden field classes. A IV PATHFINDER 9. Kissena Park, Flushing (Queens). Flushing Subway from Times Square or Grand Central I.R.T. (lowest level) to end of line at Main Street, Flushing. At Main Street take Jamaica trolley eastward to Kis- sena Park. From Brooklyn take L.I.R.R. from Flatbush Avenue Station to Jamaica, or elevated R.R. to Jamaica, thence north via Flushing trolley from corner of 160th Street and Jamaica Avenue. Cost: about 20 cents. 10. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx. Lexington Avenue (180th Street) or 7th Avenue (Bronx Park) I.R.T. Subway, to 149th Street-id Avenue Station ; then take Third Avenue Elevated and continue without change to end of line at N. Y. Botanical Garden. Cost: 10 cents. 11. Palisades of the Hudson, New Jersey. Broadway-7th Avenue I.R.T. Subway to Dyckman Street. Walk west to Dyckman Street Ferry. Take Englewood Ferry to base of Palisades. Cost: 20 cents. 12. Pelham Bay Park, Bronx. Lexington Avenue I.R.T. Subway, Pelham Bay Park Branch, to end of line. Cost : 10 cents. 13. Prospect Park, Brooklyn. Broadway-7th Avenue or 7th Avenue I.R.T. Subway to Prospect Park Plaza, or Brighton Line of B.M.T. to Prospect Park Station. Cost : 10 cents. 14. Van Cortlandt Park, East (Bronx). Lexington Avenue I.R.T. Subway, Woodlawn Branch, to end of line. Cost : 10 cents. 15. Van Cortlandt Park, West. Broadway-7th Avenue I.R.T. Subway, Van Cortlandt Park Branch, to end of line. Trolley about mile north to Mosholu Avenue and Broadway. Cost : 20 cents. CONTENTS PAGE Introduction vii Summer and Winter Characters 1 Suggestions on the Use of the Keys 4 Key to Genera Based on Summer Characters 8 Key to Genera Based on Winter Characters 18 Distinguishing Characters of Species 27 Glossary 67 Reference Books 71 Index 74 V Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from IMLS LG-70-15-0138-15 https://archive.org/details/teachingguidetotOOunse INTRODUCTION Although the list of hooks on trees and shrubs is already a long one. the authors believe that publication of this new handbook is much needed for the following reasons: 1. There are very few books which deal to any extent with both the winter and the summer characters of woody plants. 2. Very few books include both the shrubs and the trees. 3. Only rarely are the commoner exotic or foreign species included. This is unfortunate for those who live in large cities, where, in the parks and gardens, these exotic species are often as commonly planted as the native ones. 4. Although many of the States have issued publications of various sorts dealing with their native woody plants, no book has yet appeared which treats of the trees and shrubs of Greater New York. Few people realize the extent of the area covered by the Greater City. With its five boroughs, Manhattan, The Bronx, Queens, Brooklyn, and Richmond (Staten Island), the total area is 308.95 square miles, about one-fourth the size of Rhode Island. In this book tbe authors have endeavored to fill these needs. It deals with both summer and winter characters of shrubs as well as of trees; and includes tbe common exotic species as well as those which are native or naturalized in Greater New York. The book is the result of a gradual development. For eight years, mimeographed outlines have been distributed to tbe members of the tree and shrub classes at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. These outlines con- tained a summary, in a form as brief as possible, of the distinctive characters of each species studied. This summary has been amplified to some extent for the present edition ; but lengthy, technical descriptions have been avoided, and only those features have been included which are significant as diagnostic characters. The few technical terms which are used are considered a necessary part of the student’s vocabulary. A glossary of these terms will be found on pages 67 to 70. The numbered species are those which are considered more important, in most cases because they are of more frequent occurrence. Others of lesser im- portance are noted in small type. Also in small type are mentioned some species not found in Greater New York, but of frequent occurrence nearby. For those who may desire to use this handbook but who do not attend the Brooklyn Botanic Garden classes, there are keys for the identification vii VI 11 INTRODUCTION of the genera, one based on summer and the other on winter characters; also a section explaining the nature of these characters, as well as sug- gestions regarding the use of the keys. In the section on “ Distinguishing Characters ” : Names in heavy type are of species native or naturalized (i.e. grow “ wild ’’) in Greater New York. Names starred are of species native or naturalized in North Amer- ica but found in Greater New York only in cultivation. Names neither in heavy type nor starred are of foreign species not naturalized and found only in cultivation in Greater New York. The parts of the world in which they are native are usually mentioned. 0 before a name indicates a shrub. 00 before a name indicates a climber. All names not thus marked are of species classed as trees. The scientific name of each plant is followed by an abbreviation of the name of the botanist or botanists responsible for naming the plant. The explanation of these abbreviations may be found in any of the standard manuals. As an aid to the pronunciation of the scientific names, the syllable to be accented is marked ; two accents are used : the grave ( ' ) to indicate the long English sound of the vowel, the acute ( ' ) for the short sound. The following abbreviations are used for words constantly recurring in the descriptions, in addition to the familiar ones used for feet, inches,- and the various States : hr. — branch. 1ft. — leaflet. brt. — branchlet. L. /. — Long Island. cult. — cultivated or cultivation. h'S. — leaves. //. — flower. nr. — near. fr. — fruit. A. I. — Staten Island. If. — leaf. var. — variety. Some of the localities in Greater New York and vicinity where the species may he found have usually been added at the end of the descrip- tions. These lists do not aim at completeness, but merely direct one to some of the good specimens available. The names of these localities have been abbreviated as follows: B.B.G. — Brooklyn Botanic Garden. B. Ter. — Bay Terrace, Staten Island. C. Pk. — Central Park, Manhattan. For.Pk. — Forest Park, Queens. INTRODUCTION 1\ Inw. — Inwood Park, Manhattan. Kis.Pk. — Kissena Park, Queens. N. Y.B.G. — New York Botanical Garden. Pal. — Palisades of the Hudson, near Englewood, N. J. Pel.Pk. — Pelham Bay Park, The Bronx. Pros.Pk. — Prospect Park, Brooklyn. Y.C.Pk. — Van Cortlandt Park, The Bronx. 'The authors are pleased to acknowledge their indebtedness for the illustrations to Miss Maud H. Purdy of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Brooklyn, New York September, 1932. SUMMER AND WINTER CHARACTERS The chief feature by which woody plants may be recognized in the summer is the leaves. One should not try to identify a plant by detached leaves, however, as the arrangement of the leaves is just as important as their form. Also of importance are the characters of the branchlets with their buds, and the bark of the older branches and of the trunk. Flowers and fruits are very helpful, too, and sometimes practically necessary; but their absence at certain times of the year and on young specimens makes them less desirable as key characters. The most important winter character is the buds, their arrangement on the branchlet, the presence or absence of a true terminal bud, the angle they assume in relation to the branchlet, the arrangement and character of their scales, etc. The characters of the branchlets are also important, with their leaf scars and, in some cases, stipule scars. In addition, the bark of the trunk is helpful, as well as the fruits, and, in some cases, clusters of special flower buds for the next season. The features of a winter twig are less familiar to most people than those of a leafy stem. For this reason a brief description of a typical winter twig, such as that of the largetooth aspen, is given here. At the tip of the stem is a large bud, the terminal bud. A. Fig. 1. Along the sides of the stem are other buds, lateral buds, cf. B, usually smaller, each one situated above a leaf scar, C. A leaf scar is left where a leaf of the previous summer fell from the stem. The location of buds above the leaf scars shows that these buds were formed in the axils of the leaves; and they are, therefore, called axillary buds. (In some plants there are several buds above a leaf scar; in these cases the middle or the lowest one of these buds is axillary, and the others are termed accessory buds. Some plants do not have a true terminal bud ; but in these cases the uppermost axillary bud looks like a terminal bud L r, and takes its place.) The leaf scar is marked by several small dots; these are the vascular bundle scars, cf. D. marking the place where the conducting strands extended from the stem into the leaf. On this stem there is a pair of small scars, one on each side of the leaf scar ; these are p ... JU Fig. 1. Twig of largetooth as- pen. For ex- planation of let- tering see text. 1 2 SUMMER AND WINTER CHARACTERS stipule scars, cf. E, showing where these appendages were attached. (Many plants do not have stipules.) The place on the stem where a leaf is borne (in some plants several leaves) is called a node, F; and the part of the stem between two adjacent nodes is the internodr, G. Scattered over the surface of the stem are small dot-like markings, slightly raised. These are the lenticels, H , regions of loosely fitting cells, with air spaces among them, in the otherwise impervious corky covering of the stem. A bud is an undeveloped shoot ; it consists of a little stem, bearing tiny leaves, or flowers, or both ; in woody plants of this climate it usually has its lowest leaves modified into scales, bud scales, /, which cover and protect the rest of the bud. The young stem and leaves within the bud lie dormant during the winter. In the spring the stem begins to lengthen and the leaves to expand, and the scales drop off. By this development of the terminal bud, the stem that bears it grows in length. The inter- nodes between the expanding foliage leaves usually lengthen considerably, but those between the bud scales lengthen very little or not at all. Hence, when the bud scales fall, they leave a series of scars very close together; the scars themselves are very narrow, and they look like a succession of rings around the stem. A group of such bud scale scars, J , marks the beginning of each year’s growth in length ; these are visible on the stem for a number of years, until they are obliterated by its growth in thickness. The age of a twig can be determined by counting the groups of bud scale scars back from the tip. Some of the axillary buds may develop simi- larly, forming side branchlets, cf. N . Some plants have buds o.f definite growth, in which all the leaves that are to develop on a given branchlet in one season are laid down in the bud the previous summer. When these leaves have expanded, the stem stops growing in length, and usually forms a terminal bud, unless the branchlet ends in a flower or flower cluster ; a bud is also formed in the axil of each of the leaves. Other plants have buds of indefinite growth, in which there are a few fully formed leaves, and many others just beginning. When such a bud unfolds, the fully formed leaves expand and some of the partly formed leaves finish their development, and buds are formed in their axils. The stem continues to grow in length and to put out new leaves until cold weather stops it in the fall ; it forms no terminal bud, and its growth in length the next year is taken up usually by the uppermost well formed axillary bud. The stem is divided roughly into three concentric regions: bark, K. wood , L, and pith, .1/. The age of any part of the stem may be determined bv counting the annual rings in the wood, which are clearly visible in cross section. The age thus determined would, of course, agree with the age computed by counting groups of bud scale scars. SUMMKR AND WIN TICK CHARACTERS The phyllotaxy, or arrangement of leaves on the stem (and conse- quently the arrangement of axillary buds), is in a general way constant for each species, although there may he some variation on different parts of the same plant, and occasionally some distortion due to twisting of the stem during growth. The leaves may be arranged in whorls (circles) of three or more at a node; or they may be opposite (two at a node), in which case adjacent pairs alternate with each other at right angles, making four vertical ranks of leaves; or they may be spirally arranged (alternate). Spirally arranged leaves may be in two, three, five, or eight ranks, or rarely more, but there is always just one leaf at a node. SUGGESTIONS ON THE USE OF THE KEYS Poison ivy and poison sumac should be thoroughly familiar before any attempt is made to identify strange plants; descriptions and illustrations of these plants are to be found on page 55. The summer key here is so arranged that both poison ivy and poison sumac can be identified without being touched. A hand lens is necessary to identify plants by these keys; for while many of the key characters are easily visible to the naked eye, some of them are not ; and it is absolutely impossible to be sure of a correct determination of such questions as the presence or absence of a true terminal bud, of stipule scars, of appressed pubescence, etc., without the aid of a lens. A lOx lens is good for general use ; but any power between 6x and 20x will answer the purpose. The whole plant should be at hand when these keys are being used, whenever this is possible, particularly in the winter. When this is not possible, the plant should be studied carefully, and notes should be made on its stature, its bark, and any other characters that do not show in a small specimen. Since there is a considerable amount of variation among fhe branches of any individual plant, the specimen chosen should be one that is fairly representative of the plant as a whole. (The summer key is constructed in such a way that, in most cases, a plant can be identified from a small specimen; but this is not always possible.) The keys themselves may now be considered. The summer key, for example, beginning on page 8, reads: “ A. Lvs. needle-shaped, awl-shaped, scale-like, or linear”; and on page 9, “A. Lvs. comparatively broad and flat.” We must first decide, then, according to the shape of the leaves, in which of these two “ A ” groups the plant belongs. We may then proceed, under the appropriate “ A ” group, to the “ B ” groups. Having decided, according to the arrangement of the leaves, in which of the two “ B ’ groups the plant belongs, we go on to the “C” groups; and so on, by gradual stages, until we come to the name of a genus, or in some cases, of a species. In most cases the keys require a decision between only two groups at each point ; occasionally there are three or four, but in these cases the reader is directed, at the second group, to look farther. When distinc- tions become fine and somewhat difficult to determine, several characters are often given together, especially when some of these are temporary or obscure or variable. In such cases we should try to test each of the 4 THE USE OE THE KEYS 3 characters named ; but where, for example, the fruit is lacking, or the specimen is too young to show typical bark, we must use those features which are present. The tentative identification thus determined should be checked by reading the description of that genus in the section on “ Distinguishing C haracters ” beginning on page 27. In this section the names are ar- ranged by families ; but anyone unfamiliar with the families may readily locate a name by using the index. The genus determined, we must find the species by reading the species descriptions to see which one fits the specimen. This is usually not difficult, as this handbook gives less than ten species for each of the genera except Qnercits and Salix. We may further check the identification of the species by some of the reference books mentioned on pages 71 to 73. in which there may be illustrations and more detailed descriptions. A considerable amount of judgment is necessary, in some cases, to determine characters from descriptions, and this judgment comes with experience. One should not be discouraged, therefore, if he does not always identify his plants correctly on first trial. In case of any possible doubt as to the meaning of terms, the glossary should be consulted, and this may be supplemented by a study of the same terms as defined and illustrated in Gray's Lessons in Botany, mentioned on page 71. If the description of the genus arrived at in the key does not fit the plant, it is either because the plant is not within the scope of this handbook, or because the student has made a mistake. He should go hack to the beginning of the key, and try to discover where he might have gone astray. In every case at least a tentative decision between two groups must be made; but the possibility of a mistake in judgment must always be kept in mind ; and in case of doubt, both groups must be tried. Plants which are variable have been included in more than one group in the keys. For example, certain plants, such as Abuts and Harnamelis , which are sometimes shrubs and sometimes tree-like, are included both under shrubs and under trees in the winter key. And certain plants, such as Kabiiia angustifolia, whose leaves are sometimes opposite and some- times in whorls, are put in both of these groups in the summer and evergreen key. In anticipation of some of the difficulties in using the keys, the follow- ing suggestions are given : 1. To determine the presence or absence of a true terminal bud one must examine the tip of the branchlet carefully with the lens. If the end bud is situated just above a leaf scar, it is axillary, and a true terminal bud is lacking; often, in this case, a small stub, the true terminus of the stem, can be seen at the other side of the bud, opposite the leaf scar. 2 6 THE USE OF THE KEYS 2. A young tree may look like a shrub ; and therefore what appears to be a shrub may have to be sought under “ trees ” in the winter key. 3. A climber is not always easy to distinguish in the very young stage if it lacks tendrils and has not yet started to climb; but the branchlets are usually long and very slender, and early show a tendency to coil as though reaching out for something to climb on. 4. Whether the leaves are opposite or whorled, or alternate is some- times puzzling if the internodes are very short, as in Kalmia latifolia and in some of the conifers. In case of uncertainty, it should be assumed that the leaves are alternate, as pairs and whorls of leaves usually show fairly distinctly, especially if the stem is viewed from the tip rather than from the side. The leaves of any pair or whorl are usually of approxi- mately the same size; hence if leaves appear to be at the same level but are markedly different in size, the probability is that the small one is actually younger and nearer the tip of the stem. A notable exception occurs in Catalpa, in which there are usually two large leaves and one small one at a node. Leaf scars on older parts of the twig often show their arrangement more clearly than the leaves of the current season. 5. A compound leaf can be distinguished from a branchlet with several simple leaves by the presence of a bud in its axil, and by the lack of buds in the axils of its leaflets ; it may be terminated by a leaflet, but never by a bud. A branchlet has no bud in its axil, but has a bud in the axil of each of its leaves; it may be terminated by a bud, but never by a leaf. A deeply cut leaf is not considered compound unless it is divided into separate parts all the way to the rachis or midrib. 6. Plants classed as having “ lvs. symmetrical at base ” often have some nnsymmetrical leaves ; and even on plants characterized by having “ lvs. very unsymmetrical at base,” some of the leaves are nearly sym- metrical. One must look at many leaves, therefore, and try to judge the plant fairly by the majority. 7. The difference between shallow lobes in a leaf and large, coarse teeth may not always be clear, in such plants as Ilex opaca and Qucrcus bicolor. One should be ready to change his opinion concerning such char- acters if he has trouble in naming his plant. 8. By mid-summer the buds for the following season are well formed in the axils of the leaves and at the tips of the branchlets, and are typical in appearance. Early in the summer, however, when the buds are not fully developed, they may not look typical or may not be visible at all ; at this time, therefore, one must look for dormant buds on twigs of the previous year. 9. Evergreens may be recognized in the summer by the presence on the plant of leaves of more than one season. Leaves of the current season THE USE OF THE KEYS 7 are usually much lighter in color. The stem of the current year, too, can usually be recognized by a difference in color, and by the position (at its base) of the last group of bud scale scars. If leaves are still present on older parts of the stem, the plant is evergreen; but it must be remembered that very short branchlets of the current year (bearing new leaves) may occur along the sides of older parts of the stem ; and the leaves on these may at first appear to be borne directly on the old wood. As a general rule, the leaves of evergreens are of firmer texture than those of deciduous plants ; at least one can be sure that very thin-leaved plants are not ever- green. These keys must never be used to build up a description of a genus by starting from its name in the key and working backwards. The purpose of the keys is to guide the student to the name of a plant strange to him. The characters used are such as to identify those species of each genus ■which are included in this list, and will not necessarily answer for species out of the range of Greater New York, or for species so uncommon in cultivation that they have not been included in this handbook. Further- more, in many cases, a genus occurs in several places in the key, on account of differences among the species or great variability even within a species. For example, Gleditsia triacanthos , whose very name indicates thorniness, may he found under “ stems without thorns,” because there is a thornless variety; and such plants as Broussonetia, which are charac- teristically variable, having both alternate and opposite leaves and buds, may be found in the keys under either of these groups. KEY TO GENERA BASED ON SUMMER CHARACTERS A. Lvs. needle-shaped, awl-shaped, scale-like, or linear. B. Lvs. in pairs or in three’s around the stem, or (at least some of them) in clusters. C. Lvs. in alternating pairs or in three’s around the stem. D. L vs. in alternating pairs, at least some of them scale-like. E. Scale-like lvs. forming 4-sided hrts. (sometimes awl-shaped lvs. on same plant) Juniperus E. Lvs. all scale-like, forming flat or cord-like hrts. F. Lvs. usually whitish below, cones globular, cone scales thick. Chamaecy pans F. Lvs. usually not whitish below, cones conical, cone scales thin ...Thuja D. I. vs. in alternating pairs or in three’s, at least some of them awl-shaped or linear. E. Lvs. awl-shaped, stiff and sharp, either in pairs, with scale-like lvs. form- ing 4-sided brts. on same plant, or in three's Juniperus E. Lvs. awl-shaped or linear, pointed but usually soft, all alike on one plant, in pairs Chamaecy pans pisifera vars. C. Lvs., at least some of them, in clusters of 2 or more. D. Lvs. 2-5 in eacli cluster, sheathed at tire base by dry scales Pinns D. L vs. many in each whorl-like cluster. E. Lvs. 3-5 in. long, in whorls around the stem, each If. in the axil of a lit- tle scale Sciadopilys E. Lvs. less than 3 in. long, in whorls on short, thick spurs (lvs. also ar- ranged spirally along long growths of stem). F. Lvs. stiff, sharp, evergreen Ccdrus F. Lvs. soft, blunt, deciduous. G. Lvs. short, (1%) in. long; cone scales persistent Lari. r G. Lvs. longer, %-l% (3) in. long; cone scale deciduous . . Pscudolarix B. Lvs., at least some of them, spirally arranged. C. Lvs. needle- or awl-shaped. D. Lvs. mounted on little stalks. E. Lvs. 4-sided, all spirally arranged, set close together on brts Picca E. Lvs. 3-sided, sparsely scattered on long growths of stem, whorled on short spurs Ccdrus D. L vs. not on stalks. E. Lvs. strongly decurrent on stem Cryptomeria E. Lvs. not decurrent Tax odium ascendcns C. Lvs. linear, flattened. D. Lvs. abruptly narrowed into short stalks, all spirally arranged. E. Lvs. sharp-pointed at end Ta.rtis E. Lvs. not sharp-pointed at end Tsuga D. Lvs. not abruptly narrowed into distinct stalks. E. Lvs. deciduous, soft. F. Lvs. very short, up to in., apparently 2-ranked on most of the brts., making these resemble compound leaves Tax odium distichum 8 SUMMER KEY 9 F. Lvs. longer, }4-l '4 (3) in., spirally arranged on long growths of stern, in whorls on short spurs. G. Lvs. short, 14-% (114) in.', cone scales persistent Larix G. Lvs. longer, %— 1 ]■> (3) in.; cone scales deciduous Pscudolarix E. I. vs. evergreen, firm, all spirally arranged, leaving circular leaf scars. F. Leaf scars flat against the twig Abies F. Leaf scars raised from the twig at lower edge Pseudotsuga A. Lvs. comparatively broad and flat. B. Lvs. more than one at a node (opposite or whorlecl) (2d B, p. 11). Note: The barberry, a spiny shrub, might be sought here by the student, as the lvs. appear to be opposite or whorled on the short spurs in the axils of the spines. The spines themselves are modified leaves, however, and are clearly alternate ; hence this genus is put in the alternate-leaved group. C. Lvs., at least in some cases, in whorls of 3 or 4 at a node, sometimes opposite. D. Lvs. evergreen, small, %-2 14 in. long, 2, 3, or 4 at a node; shrubs. Kalmia angustifolia D. Lvs. deciduous, larger, 214-12 in. long, 2 or 3 at a node ; shrubs or trees. E. Lvs. large, 4-12 in. long, mostly 3 at a node, without stipules; trees. Catalpa E. Lvs. smaller, 214-6 in. long, 2 or 3 at a node, with triangular stipules; shrub or small tree Cephalanthus C. Lvs. 2 at a node (opposite). D. L vs., at least some of them, compound. E. Climbing; with aerial rootlets Tecotna E. Not climbing; without aerial rootlets. F. Brs. hollow, lvs. often simple Forsythia F. Brs. with solid pith, lvs. all compound. G. Lvs. palmately compound Aesculus G. Lvs. pinnately compound. H. Lfts. 3, finely serrate; shrub Staphylca H. Not as above. I. Buds completely hidden under bases of petioles ; lfts. 5-13 ; trees. Pliellodendron I. Buds not hidden under petioles; lfts. 3-11; trees or shrubs. J. Brts. slender and flexible; lfts. 3-7 (rarely 9). K. Lfts. 3-5 (rarely 7-9) with few, large, irregular teeth; tree. Acer Negundo K. Lfts. 5-7, regularly serrate with many teeth ; shrubs. Sambucus J. Brts. stout and stiff; lfts. 5-11, entire or toothed; trees. Fraxinus D. Lvs. simple. E. Lvs., all or some of them, lobed. F. Brs. hollow or with chambered pith, lvs. often not lobed. G. Twining; half-evergreen ; lvs. small, 1-3 in., brts. pubescent. Lonicera G. Not twining; deciduous; brts. smooth, or lvs. much larger. H. Lvs. large, 5-10 in. long, shallowly 3-5-lobed or undivided, not toothed; trees Paul omnia H. Lvs. smaller, 214-514 in. long, deeply 2- or 3-parted or undivided, serrate or occasional!}' entire; shrubs Forsythia 10 SUMMER KEY F. Brs. with solid pith. G. Lvs. irregularly lobed or undivided, sometimes alternate, very rough above Broussonctia G. Lvs. palmately 3-11 -lobed, all opposite, not rough above. H. Lvs. 3-lobed, with tiny black dots below, and with stipules; shrub. V iburnum acerifolium H. Lvs. 3-11 -lobed, without black dots or stipules; trees Acer E. Lvs., at least some of them, not lobed. F. Sap milky; lvs. often lobed, sometimes alternate Broussonctia F. Sap not milky. G. Lvs. very large, 4-12 in. long; trees. H. Lvs. pubescent on both sides, regularly opposite, sometimes shal- lowly 3-5-lobed Pauloivnia H. Lvs. glabrous or nearly so above, more often in 3’s, not lobed. Catalpa G. Lvs. smaller, not more than 6 in. long; shrubs or trees. H. Lvs. entire. I. Twining Loniccra I. Not twining. J. Triangular stipules present, lvs. sometimes in three’s. Cephalanthus J. Stipules lacking. K. Lvs. evergreen. L. Lvs. sometimes in three’s or four’s ; flower clusters axil- lary ; low, rarely more than 3 ft. Kalmia angustifolia L. Lvs. regularly opposite ; flower clusters terminal (often kept trimmed and not allowed to bloom) ; taller unless trimmed Ligustrum K. Lvs. deciduous. L. Brs. hollow or with chambered pith; lvs. often serrate, at least above the middle (sometimes 3-parted or with 3 If ts. ) . Forsythia L. Brs. with solid pith; lvs. regularly undivided and entire. M. Lvs. small, %-l% (2V>) in. long, mostly elliptic. Ligustrum M. Lvs. larger, 1% to 4 or 6 in. long. N. L vs. smooth, broadly ovate Syringa N. Lvs. usually pubescent at least on veins below; or if smooth, then narrow, elliptic or lanceolate Cornus H. Lvs. toothed. I. Lvs. oblanceolate, often alternate ; buds with a single cap-like scale Saiix purpurea I. Not as above. J. Lvs. somewhat fleshy, the upper ones alternate; plants of salt marshes Iva J. Not as above. K. Lvs. finely toothed and finely ciliate Dicrvilta K. Not as above. SUMMER KEY 11 L. Lvs. with rounded, shallow teeth Evonymus L. Lvs. with pointed teeth, or occasionally entire. M. Brs. hollow or with chambered pith; lvs. sometimes 3- parted or with 3 lfts., occasionally entire Forsythia M. Brs. with solid pith Viburnum B. Lvs. only one at each node (alternate). C. Lvs. compound. D. Stems without spines or prickles. E. Lvs., at least some of them, with 3 lfts. F. Lfts. entire or wavy-toothed or with few, large, irregular teeth. G. Lfts. approximately equal ; at least the terminal one distinctly slender- stalked; poisonous to touch Rhus Toxicodendron G. Lfts. not definitely stalked; the terminal one often much larger. H. Lvs. all similar and with pellucid dots; shrub or tree Ptelea H. Lvs. without pellucid dots, some of them often undivided or only lobed; plant climbing or trailing Solarium Dulcamara F. Lfts. sharply serrate except at base, sometimes more than 3. G. Lfts. smooth or nearly so, 3 to 7 in number. H. Tree with stout, stiff brts. ; lfts. 3-7, usually 5 Carya glabra H. Low shrub, almost herbaceous; lfts. 3 or 5 Rubus triflorus G. Lfts. tomentose below, sometimes up to 9 in number, or lvs. only lobed. Sorbus hybrida E. Lvs. with more than 3 lfts. F. Stems with tendrils; lvs. palmately compound of S lfts. . .Parthenocissus F. Stems without tendrils ; lvs. pinnately compound. G. Lvs. once pinnate. H. Lfts. entire or nearly so. I. Rachis winged Rhus copalHna I. Rachis not winged. J. Lfts. with a few large, gland-bearing teeth at base ..Ailanthus J. Not as above. K. Shrub or small tree of swamps ; twigs smooth, light gray, marked with dark lenticels ; very poisonous to touch. Rhus V ernix K. Not as above. L. Lfts. marked with little dots; shrub Amorpha L. Not as above. M. Lfts. oblong-lanceolate, faintly wavy-toothed; lvs. some- times twice pinnate Gleditsia M. Not as above. N. Twiners Wisteria N. Trees. O. Lfts. 7-9, alternate, large, up to 4 in. long. Cladrastis O. Lfts. 7-25, opposite, smaller, not over 2 in. long. P. Lfts. blunt and mucronate or brts. glandular- viscid; brs. often with stipular spines Robinia P. Lfts. acute, glaucous and appressed-pubescent be- low; brs. without stipular spines Sopliora 12 SUMMER KEY H. Lfts. distinctly toothed. I. Sap milky Rhus typhina and R. glabra I. Sap not milky. J. Teeth long-spiny; shrub Mahonia J. Teeth not spiny ; trees. K. Pith chambered luglans K. Pith not chambered. L. Lfts. 5-11, large, 3-7 in. long Carya L. Lfts. usually 9-17, smaller, %— 4 in. long (lvs. sometimes compound only at base, the upper part or even the whole only lobed) Sorbus G. Lvs. twice pinnate. H. Lfts. ovate or elliptical, entire Gyinnocladus H. Lfts. oblong-lanceolate, with a slightly wavy-toothed margin ; lvs. sometimes only once pinnate Gleditsia D. Stems with spines or prickles. E. Stems with comparatively few stout spines ; lvs. not prickly ; trees. F. Spines in pairs at bases of lvs Robinia F. Spines solitary, above attachment of lvs., often branched Gleditsia E. Stems with many prickles ; lvs. often prickly ; shrubs. F. Lvs. pinnately compound of 5-9 lfts., not white-downy below Rosa F. Lvs. of 3-5 lfts., pinnately or palmately compound, sometimes white- downy below Rub us C. Lvs. simple. D. L vs., at least some of them, lobed. E. Lvs. parallel veined, fan-shaped, 2- (or more-) lobed, sometimes undivided. Ginkgo E. Not as above. F. Lvs. palmately veined. G. Sap milky ; lvs. sometimes undivided. H. Bark of medium sized brs. gray, with greenish inner streaks and conspicuous orange lenticels ; lvs. sometimes opposite . . Broussonetia H. Bark of medium sized brs. yellowish or brownish, without contrast- ing lenticels; lvs. all alternate Morns G. Sap not milky. H. Stems with axillary thorns Crataegus H. Stems without axillary thorns. I. Climbing. J. Witli tendrils Vitis J. Without tendrils Mcnispennum I. Not climbing. J. Shrub with glandular-hairy stems Rubus odoratus J. Trees with stems not glandular-hairy. K. Lvs. star-shaped, finely'' serrate Liquidambar K. Lvs. not star-shaped ; lobes coarsely toothed or entire. L. Twigs and petioles aromatic when broken; lvs. sometimes not lobed Sassafras L. Not aromatic. M. Lvs. white-tomentose below even when mature, some- times not lobed; bark of twigs very bitter ..Populus alba SUM M ICR K1CV M. Lvs. nearly smooth when mature; bark of twigs not bit- ter Plat anus F. Lvs. pinnatelv veined. G. Twining; lvs. sometimes undivided Solatium Dulcamara G. Not twining. H. Stems with axillary thorns Crataegus H. Stems without axillary thorns. I. Lvs. 4-6-lobed, squarish at apex; a stipule scar encircling brt. above each petiole Liriodendron I. Lvs. 2-many-lobed, pointed or rounded at apex. J. Lvs. aromatic. K. Lvs. narrow, regularly pinnately lobed ..Myrica asplenifolia K. Lvs. broad, irregularly palmately lobed or undivided. Sassafras J. Lvs. not aromatic. K. Lvs. and brts. with many, small, dark resin glands. Betala pendula var. gracilis K. Lvs. and brts. without resin glands. L. Pith angled or lobed; lvs. occasionally undivided . .Quercus L. Pith round. M. Lf. lobes entire, sharp ; buds long, slender, sharp-pointed. Fagus sylvatica var. incisa M. Lf. lobes toothed; buds shorter and broader or blunt. N. Lvs. very unsymmetrical at base, lobed only at the broad apex or not at all U linns glabra N. Lvs. symmetrical at base, sometimes with 1-4 pairs of lfts. at base S orbus hybrida D. L vs., at least some of them, not distinctly lobed. E. Lvs. parallel veined (fan-shaped, sometimes lobed) Ginkgo E. Lvs. not parallel veined. F. Lvs. palmately veined. G. Climbing. H. With tendrils. I. Entirely glabrous; stems usually prickly Smilax I. More or less pubescent or woolly; not prickly (lvs. sometimes lobed) V it is H. Without tendrils (lvs. sometimes lobed) Mcnispennnm G. Not climbing. H. Sap milky; lvs. often irregularly lobed. I. Lvs. often opposite; bark of medium sized brs. gray, with con- spicuous orange lenticels Bronssonelia I. Lvs. all alternate; bark of medium sized brs. yellowish or brown- ish, with yellowish lenticels Morns H. Sap not milky; lvs. not lobed. I. Lvs. somewhat fleshy, the lower ones opposite ; shrub of salt marshes Iva I. Not as above. J. Lvs. toothed. K. Lvs. with tufts of hairs in axils of veins below, or whole lower surface tomentose Tilia 3 X E 14 SUMMER KEY K. Lvs. smooth, or slightly hairy on veins below Celtis J. Lvs. entire, heart-shaped or nearly round Cercis F. Lvs. pinnately veined. G. Evergreen. . Lvs. toothed, at least at tip Ilex . Lvs. entire. I. Lvs. small, less than % in. long ; trailing shrub. V accinhun inacrocarpon I. Lvs. larger, more than % hi. long; upright shrubs. J. Buds very inconspicuous, much flattened; capsules roundish. Kalniia latifolia J. Buds easily visible, conical, with several overlapping scales; capsules ovate or oblong Rhododendron G. Deciduous. H. Lvs. sprinkled with shiny, yellow resin dots. I. Lvs. aromatic, obscurely toothed near tip Myrica I. Lvs. not aromatic, entire Gaylussacia H. Lvs. not as above. I. Stipule scar or scars nearly or quite encircling brt. above each petiole. J. Stipule scar completely encircling brt Magnolia J. Stipule scars not quite meeting around brt Fagus I. Not as above. J. Stems aromatic when broken. K. Lvs. entire. L. Lvs. obovate or elliptic, evenly distributed along brts. ; often several buds in axil of a If Benzoin L. Lvs. ovate or elliptic or irregularly lobed, very unevenly distributed along brts. ; only one bud in axil of each If. Sassafras K. Lvs. toothed. L. Petioles glandular Primus scrotina L. Petioles not glandular Bctula lenta and B. lutca J. Stems not aromatic when broken. K. Sap milky; stems sometimes with spines; tree Maclura K. Sap not milky. L. Stems spiny. M. Spines stout, in If. axils Crataegus M. Spines smaller, replacing lvs. of main shoots, with short brts. in their axils Bcrbcris L. Stems not spiny. M. Twining. N. Lvs. toothed Cclastrus N. Lvs. entire, or pinnately or irregularly lobed at base, or even compound Solatium Dulcamara M. Not twining. N. J. vs. very unsymmetrical at base. O. Lvs. coarsely wavy-toothed Hamamclis O. Lvs. sharply serrate. P. Lvs. ovate, doubly serrate, often pubescent below but never white Ulmus SUM MICK KKV 15 P. Lvs. heart-shaped, simply serrate, or if doubly serrate, then white-tomentose below Tilia N. Lvs. symmetrical at base. O. Lvs. with elongated dark glands along upper side of midrib Aronia O. Not as above. P. Bark of twigs bitter. Q. Lvs. about as broad as long Populus Q. Lvs. distinctly longer than broad. R. Lvs. entire or nearly so. S. Lvs. not at all toothed, elliptic or ovate, glaucous and pubescent below (but not to- mentose), without stipules; fr. fleshy; buds with several scales showing. Vaccinia in stamineum S. Lvs. usually at least sparingly toothed, lan- ceolate or elliptic, tomentose at least when young, sometimes glaucous, sometimes with stipules ; fr. dry ; buds with a single cap-like scale Sail. r R. Lvs. distinctly toothed. S. Buds with a single cap-like scale ; lvs. either lanceolate or glaucous below or short-petioled (Vo in. or less) ; petioles usually not glandu- lar, or if so, then lvs. both lanceolate and either silky below or glandular-serrate .Salix S. Buds with more than 1 scale showing ; other characters not combined as above. T. Lvs. with 2 or more glands on petiole or at base of blade Primus T. Not as above Mains P. Bark of twigs not bitter. Q. Lvs. entire or nearly so. R. Lvs. ap pressed -pubescent over whole lower surface even when mature . .Camus alternifolia R. Not as above. S. Margins of lvs. ciliate and midribs strigose ; lvs. often all crowded together at tips of brts. (scattered on more vigorous shoots) and brts. clustered at end of previous year’s growth Rhododendron S. Lvs. not both ciliate on margin and strigose on midrib ; lvs. and brts. distributed more evenly. T. Brts. very slender ; lvs. small, mostly %- 2V> (sometimes to 4) in. long; shrubs. U. Lf.-bud scales sharp-pointed ; frs. fleshy, usually in short, dense clusters ; lvs. some- times ciliate Vaccinium U. Bud scales blunt ; frs. dry, usually in longer, terminal, branched clusters; lvs. 16 SUMMER KEY sometimes obscurely toothed, not ciliate. Lyonia T. Brts. stouter; lvs. larger, mostly 2-4 (sometimes to 5!£) in. long; trees. U. Pith angled or lobed in cross section; lvs. occasionally lobed. Quercus Pliellos and Q. Iieterophylla U. Pith round. V. Lvs. obovate or elliptic, usually acute at both ends ; If. scars with three dis- tinct bundle scars ; frs. small, dark. Nyssa V. Lvs. ovate or elliptic, more often rounded at base; If. scars with many bundle scars crowded into a continu- ous line ; frs. large, about 1 in. in diam., yellowish Diospyros Q. Lvs. distinctly toothed or notched. R. Buds stalked; cone-like woody pistillate cat- kins present on mature plants all summer. Alnus R. Buds sessile ; woody pistillate catkins lacking. S. Brts. marked with lengthwise lines starting from nodes (lines sometimes obscured by dense tomentum). T. Lvs. coarsely toothed. U. Lvs. large, 5-10 in. long, with slender- pointed teeth ; stems usually growing from stumps of dead trees Castanea U. Lvs. smaller, %-3 in. long, with blunt- pointed teeth ; shrub of salt marshes. Baccharis T. Lvs. finely toothed. U. Tiny, dark stipules or their scars pres- ent ; frs. fleshy ; lvs. usually pubescent, at least on veins below . .Ilex verticillata U. Stipules lacking ; frs. dry ; lvs. densely tomentose or entirely glabrous below. Spiraea S. Brts. not marked with lengthwise lines. T. Lvs. doubly and sharply serrate. U. Bark marked with transversely elon- gated lenticels, even on brs. only 5 or 6 years old. V. Buds pointed; trees Betula V. Buds blunt; shrub Corylns U. Bark not as above. V. Brts. dull, slightly hairy; shrub. Corylns V. Brts. shining, usually smooth ; trees. W. Lvs. smooth except for a few hairs on veins below and tufts of hairs in SUMMER KEY 17 axils of veins ; bark smooth ; buds reddish Carpiniis W. Lvs. slightly hairy on both sides; bark scaly; buds greenish ...Ostrya T. Lvs. simply toothed, sharply or bluntly. U. Lvs. obovate, entire toward base. Clethra U. Not as above. V. Buds long, slender, pointed ; lvs. folded lengthwise when young ; bark smooth Amelanchier V. Buds short. W. Lvs. with fine teeth ending in lit- tle hairs which are sometimes gland- tipped Vaccinium W. Not as above. X. Lvs. very short-petioled ; frs. dry; shrub Lcucothoe X. Lvs. on longer petioles (Y2 in. or more) ; frs. fleshy; tree ..Pyrus KEY TO GENERA BASED ON WINTER CHARACTERS (for evergreens see summer key) A. Buds opposite. B. Woody climbers (vines). C. Purely stem twiners; If. scars crescent-shaped, raised (in L. japonica, base of petiole often persistent) ; usually several pairs of bud scales exposed; lvs. often half-evergreen Lonicera C. Climbing mainly by aerial rootlets arising at nodes ; If. scars elliptical or shield-shaped, low; 2 bud scales exposed; lvs. deciduous Tecowa B. Shrubs (see 3d B). C. Terminal bud absent (occasionally present in Syringa). D. Stipule scars present. E. Buds small (often in whorls of 3), sunken in depressed areas above It", scars; globular heads of fr. persistent in winter; swamps and ponds. Cephalanthus E. Buds larger, about 34 in. long, ovoid, with 4 blunt scales exposed ; older stems white-striped ; 3-celled, bladdery fr. persistent ; rocky woods. Staphylca D. Stipule scars absent (If. scars meeting laterally or connected by transverse lines or flaps in Sambucus and Iva). E. Brts. with distinctly wide pith, prominent lenticels, and without vertical lines Sambucus E. Brts. not as above. F. Two pairs of vertical lines on brt., descending from If. scars; usually cult Syringa F. More than two pairs of lines; shrub of salt marshes Iva C. Terminal bud present. D. Brts. with 1 pair of vertical lines, which descend from the middle points be- tween the If. scars Dicrvilla Lonicera D. Brts. with 2 pairs of vertical lines, each pair descending from sides of If. scars (in some species of Evonyinus parallel corky ridges or “wings” also present) (see 3d and 4th D’s). E. Brts. yellow Forsythia E. Brts. green or purplish Evonyinus D. Brts. with more than 2 pairs of vertical lines; shrub of salt marshes ...lva D. Brts. without vertical lines. E. Lvs. half -evergreen Ligustrum E. Lvs. early deciduous. F. Lvs. entire; If. scars joined transversely by a more or less distinct ridge or flap (usually notched or depressed between the If. scars) ; buds with mainly 2 scales exposed (4 in fl. buds of C. florida) which are valvate or nearly so Cornus F. I. vs. toothed; If. scars not quite meeting at sides (sometimes joined by a transverse ridge) ; buds covered by 2 valvate or 2 or 3 pairs of scales. Viburnum 18 WINTER KEY 19 B. Trees. C. Terminal bud absent (rarely present in PheUodendron) . D. Sap milky Broussonetia D. Sap not milky. E. Lf. scar shield-shaped or nearly circular; buds small, superposed, the upper one much sunken in the bark ; ovoid capsules and pamcled fl. buds persistent in winter; pith usually chambered, white Paulownia E. Lf. scar horseshoe-shaped, almost surrounding bud; bud silky, with promi- nent keel; pith not chambered, brownish PheUodendron C. Terminal bud present. D. Brts. with 2 pairs of vertical lines (sometimes developed into wings) de- scending from sides of lf. scars Evonymus D. Brts. without such lines. E. Terminal bud large, V>-1 in. or more in length; sessile, blunt, ovoid. Aesculus E. Terminal bud smaller, less than H in. in length; or if longer, then sharp- pointed and stalked. F. Shrubs or small trees. G. Lvs. entire; lf. scars joined transversely by a more or less distinct ridge or flap (usually notched or depressed between the lf. scars) ; If. buds with mainly 2 scales exposed (4 in fl. buds of C. florida) which are valvate or nearly so Cornus G. Lvs. toothed; lf. scars not quite meeting at sides (sometimes joined by a transverse ridge) ; buds covered by 2 valvate or 2 or 3 pairs of scales Viburnum F. Large trees. G. Lf. scars triangular or u-shaped ; bundle scars in 3 groups, one at the base and one at each side of the lf. scar Acer G. Lf. scars crescent-shaped to almost circular ; bundle scars more nu- merous, in a crescent- or c-shaped aggregate Fraxinus A. Buds in whorls of 3 (see 3d A). B. Tree; one small lf. scar and two large lf. scars at each node; long, cylindrical pods; cult, or escaped in Greater N. Y Catalpa B. Shrub; lf. scars not as above; fr. heads persistent through winter; wet places. Cephalcinthus A. Buds, i.e. axillary buds, alternate. B. Woody climbers (vines). C. Prickles present on stem Smilax C. Prickles absent. D. Climbing mainly by aerial rootlets (whole plant poisonous to touch) ; tendrils absent Rhus Toxicodendron D. Climbing mainly by tendrils formed at the nodes, although the slender stems often assist in the climbing process (aerial rootlets also rarely present on old stems of Parthenocissus ) (see 3d D). E. Pith brown; stems striate; tendrils unbranched, without expanded ad- hesive disks at their tips Vitis E. Pith white or greenish; stems terete; tendrils branched, the tips of the branches expanded into adhesive disks Parthenocissus D. Stem twiners ; aerial rootlets and tendrils absent. E. Lf. scars low, buds projecting outwards at right angles to axis of brt. Celastrus 20 WINTER KEY E. Lf. scars raised, buds not as above. F. Lf. scars with horn-like protuberances (at least on long shoots) . Wisteria F. All lf. scars without horn-like protuberances. G. Lf. scars semicircular, flat; brts. more or less downy, terete or some- times irregularly 3-sided ; buds small, hairy, scales blunt. Solatium Dulcamara G. Lf. scars circular or sometimes cleft at the top, concave; brts. not downy, fluted; buds minute Menispennum B. Trees or shrubs. C. Sap milky. D. Thorns present, axillary; usually a small bud at their base Maclura D. Thorns absent. E. Lf. scars nearly encircling the buds Rhus typhina and R. glabra E. Lf. scars rounded or semicircular, entirely below the buds. F. Buds nearly covered (except at tip) by one or two striate scales (buds often opposite) Broussonetia F. Buds with several scales exposed Morus C. Sap not milky. D. Brts. sticky (glandular) Robinia viscosa D. Brts. not sticky. E. B rts. with bristles, prickles, or spines. F. Shrubs. G. Brts. bristly or with weak, irregularly distributed prickles. H. Petiole base persistent Raspberry group of the genus Rubus: R. occidentalis, R. phoenicolasius, etc. H. Petiole base deciduous; buds sub-petiolar Robinia hispida G. Brts. armed with stiff spines or prickles. H. Prickles irregularly distributed. I. Petiole base persistent Blackberry group of genus Rubus: R. Andrewsianus, R. villosus, R. hispidus, etc. I. Petiole base deciduous; lf. scars low, narrow Rosa H. Spines or prickles regularly distributed. I. A single spine at each node. J. Spine (simple or branched) a modified If., subtending bud at each node Bcrbcris J. Spine simple, axillary, a modified brt., usually with a bud along- side the base Crataegus I. Two prickles, usually somewhat recurved, below each node . .Rosa F. Trees. G. Spines branched Glcditsia triacanthos G. Spines simple. H. In pairs at lf. scars Robinia Pscudoacacia H. Not in pairs. I. Single in lf. axils, usually with a bud alongside the base. Crataegus I. Terminating tips of short brts Pyrus communis E. Bristles, prickles, or spines absent. F. True terminal bud present (2d F, p. 23). G. Buds clustered toward tip of brt.; scales closely 5-ranked; pith star- shaped in cross section Qucrcus G. Buds not clustered toward tip of brt. ; or, if apparently so, other char- acters not as above. WIN TICK KEY 21 H. Shrubs. I. Staminate and pistillate catkins present and naked during the win- ter ; buds stalked, covered by 2 or 3 valvate or nearly valvate scales; pith 3-sided Alnus I. FIs. not in catkins. J. Buds stalked Hamamelis J. Buds sessile or nearly so. K. Bud scales valvate or nearly so; brts. shining, green or red- dish purple; small tree, rare in Greater N. Y. Cornus alternifolia K. Bud scales imbricated ; brts. not as above. L. Base of petiole persistent, partly sheathing the bud . .Rnbus L. Petiole entirely deciduous, leaving a well defined If. scar. M. Buds clustered toward tip of stem so that brts. tend to grow out in a whorl-like manner each season; fl. buds much larger than If. buds; pith round ... .Rhododendron M. Buds not clustered as above, fl. buds not clearly differ- entiated from If. buds. N. Buds very small ; terminal bud about %6 in. long ; lateral, in., commonly with a very tiny extra bud at their bases; brts. dark purple or grayish purple, very slender Ilex verticillata N. Buds, at least the terminal, larger. O. Buds gray; lateral buds often growing out during the first season to form short, oblique brts.; the ter- minal bud sharp-pointed, hairy, the inner scales with a slight rosy tint; terminal racemes of small, dry frs. persistent in winter Clethra alnifolia O. Buds brownish, blunt, the terminal with about 4 scales showing, these often in apparent pairs ; fr. consisting of clusters of grayish white drupes; wet places; very poisonous to touch Rhus V ernix O. Buds carmine, sometimes with greenish tints, long and sharp-pointed, scales usually with glandular or ragged edges ; clusters of berry-like frs. or their stalks persistent in winter Aronia O. Buds greenish, sometimes with pinkish tints, much like last in form and arrangement, scales often hairy or ciliate on margins; frs. (larger than in last) early deciduous Amelanchier H. Trees. I. Buds small, not more than Ihi in. in length. J. Buds minute, hidden under bark, or in groups of 2 or more at the tips of the very slender brts. ; bark shedding from brs. of 3 yrs. and older; fr. a woody cone Taxodium J. Buds larger, globose, those on the brs. of 2 or more years back located at the tip of short shoots ; fr. an open, scaly cone. K. Cones persistent Larix K. Cones (at least the cone scales) deciduous; short shoots longer than in the last Pseudolarix I. Buds, at least the terminal, more than H4 in. in length. 22 WINTER KEY J. Buds stalked, tomentose; the terminal one-sided, the lateral more or less so ; fl. buds distinct, small and globular, usually in groups of 3 Hamamelis J. Buds sessile. K. Pith chambered. L. Chambers empty ; buds tomentose, not covered by typical scales; stipule scars absent Juglans L. Chambers stuffed. M. Buds covered by a single scale; stipule scars encircling brt Magnolia M. Buds covered by 2 valvate scales, smooth, flattened, and blunt like duck’s bill ; stipule scars encircling brt. Liriodendron M. Buds with at least 4 small scales exposed, ovoid, pointed; stipule scars absent Nyssa K. Pith not chambered. L. Stipule scars present and distinct. M. Stipule scars encircling brt.; buds covered by a single scale, terminal bud often much larger, ovoid . . . .Magnolia M. Stipule scars nearly meeting around brt. ; buds covered by many scales, long (about 1 in.) and slender (Yg in.) Fagus M. Stipule scars shorter. N. 3 scales exposed ; stipule scars unequal ; buds yellow- brown, thick and blunt, about % in. long; pith star- shaped Castanca N. 5 or more scales exposed. O. Pith angled; lowest bud scale directly over If. scar. Populus O. Pith round; lowest bud scale not as above .Prunus L. Stipule scars absent or indistinct. M. Brts. with a pronounced green color. N. Light to dark green, with spicy taste, internodes very variable in length; buds green, dull Sassafras N. Olive- or yellow-green, often with corky ridges; buds the same color, shining, sharp-pointed . . . .Liquidambar N. Dark red above, green beneath ; buds brown or red- dish, hairy, blunt Primus Persica M. Brts. without a pronounced green color. N. Bundle scars 2 ; buds short, stout, blunt, lateral ones pointing outward at a wide angle, developing into short, spur-like shoots Ginkgo N. Bundle scars more than 2. O. Bud scales valvate or nearly so. P. Lf. scars crescent- or u-shaped, buds purplish. Corntis altcrnifolia P. Lf. scars heart-shaped or lobed, buds sulphur-yel- low Cary a cordiformis O. Bud scales imbricated. WINTER KEY 23 P. Brts. thick, Vi in. or slightly less in diameter; If. scars heart-shaped or lobed. Q. Brts. glabrous, gray or light red-brown, speckled with dark dots (lenticels) ; very poisonous to touch ; pendent clusters of ivory or whitish drupes persistent in winter ; shrub or small tree of wet places Rhus V crnix Q. Brts. more or less pubescent, dark gray or dark red-brown to almost black ; fr. a nut with de- hiscent husk; tall forest trees. Cary a alba and C. ovata P. Brts. of medium thickness, about Vs in. in diameter (see 3d P). Q. Lf. scars heart-shaped or lobed, low. Cary a glabra Q. Lf. scars not heart-shaped or lobed, more or less raised. R. Buds more or less pubescent, terminal bud much larger than lateral. S. Brts. pale woolly, at least toward apex, buds more or less woolly Mains pnniila S. Brts. glabrous, buds pubescent with long, matted hairs Sorbus Aucuparia R. Buds glabrous; terminal of about same size as lateral (except sometimes in Pyrus). S. Brts. without any distinct taste; short shoots often with thorn-like ending. Pyrus communis S. Brts. with bitter taste like that of cherry pits ; short shoots without thorn-like ending. Primus P. Brts. slender, about Vic, in. in diameter, olive-green to reddish brown, often covered with a gray skin; terminal bud often much larger than lateral, slender, long-pointed, green or with mingled shades of green and red ; lf. scars linear ; small tree or shrub. Amelancliicr F. True terminal bud absent. G. Shrubs. H. Buds without evident scales; hairy Rhus copallina H. Buds covered by a single, hollow-conical or flattened scale ..Salix H. Buds with more than one scale exposed. I. Staminate catkins present. J. Catkins pendulous, gray ; brts. without aromatic fragrance. Corylus J. Catkins more or less erect, brown ; brts. with aromatic fra- grance Myrica asplenifolia and M. Gale I. Staminate catkins absent. 24 WINTER KEY J. At least the fl. buds with their uppermost scales sprinkled with resin globules or encased in a resinous coating. K. Resin globules plentiful on brts. as well as on buds ; buds not brightly colored ; brts. with aromatic fragrance. Myrica caroliniensis K. Resin globules usually evident only on the uppermost scales of the fl. buds ; bud scales crimson with dark brown margins ; brts. without aromatic fragrance Gaylussacia K. Resin forming a coating which completely covers the bud; plant of salt marshes Baccharis J. All buds without resin. K. Fl. buds distinctly differentiated from If. buds in shape, and with a definite position on brts. L. Fl. buds in pairs, one bud on each side of a If. bud, globose, greenish, and stalked in the lowermost scales of the If. bud; brts. spicy-aromatic i Benzoin L. Fl. buds in racemose clusters 1-2 in. in length, each bud stalked, dark red or purple, ovate, pointed. Lcucotho'e racemosa K. Fl. buds not distinctly differentiated from If. buds in shape (although they may be of larger size), and without a definite position on brts. L. Fl. buds much larger than If. buds ; brts. with shades of bright green or red Vaccinium L. Fl. buds not markedly larger than If. buds; brts. without shades of bright green or red. M. Buds superposed, with 2 or 3 scales exposed, the lower bud small, much sunken in bark Amorpha M. Buds solitary or sometimes ( Primus and Spiraea ) col- laterally multiplied. N. Brts. yellow or light brown. O. Brts. smooth, buds carmine Lyonia O. Brts. pubescent or tomentose, buds not carmine. P. Brts. pubescent, with rusty brown lenticels ; If. scars u-shaped, concave ; large shrub or small tree. Rhus copallina P. Brts. covered with rusty wool, lenticels not notice- able; If. scars raised, triangular; low shrub, 2-3 ft. Spiraea tomentosa N. Brts. dark purple or almost black. O. Buds and brts. velvety, brts. with bitter taste of cherry pits ; medium-sized shrub of sea coast. Primus maritima O. Buds and brts. smooth, brts. without bitter taste; low shrub of meadows Spiraea latifolia G. Trees. H. Catkins (staminate) present. I. Bark in large plates, scaly, papery, or curly; dwarf shoots nu- merous along 2-year-old or older twigs, giving an appearance like lateral buds Bctula WINTER KEY 25 I. Bark shedding in long, narrow, irregular, thin strips; dwarf shoots absent O strya H. Catkins absent. I. Buds more or less sunken in the bark. J. Buds surrounded at sides and below or entirely Bidden (Robinia) by If. scar, superposed, very close together ; brts. slender or of medium size. K. Brts. dark green, fr. a legume Sophora K. Brts. brown or reddish. L. Brts. conspicuously swollen at and just below If. scars; fr. a legume Glcdilsia triacanthos var. inermis (thornless var.) L. Brts. not conspicuously swollen at nodes. M. Fr. a circular samara Ptclca M. Fr. a legume ... .Robinia Pseudoacacia (thornless var.) J. Buds not surrounded (or only the lowest) by If. scar, super- posed some distance apart ; fr. a legume ; brts. stout. Gymnocladus I. Buds not evidently sunken in bark. J. Buds very hairy; no typical scales evident. K. Buds solitary; shrubs or small trees Rhus copallina K. Buds superposed in 3's, but so close together as to appear as a single bud; large tree Cladrastis J. At least the If. buds not hairy, but glabrous or somewhat pubescent ; typical scales present. K. Pith chambered, at least near nodes ; chambers often stuffed. L. Buds (about Mg in. long) closely appressed to brt. ; bark of trunk warty ; stipule scars present ; pith often chambered only near nodes Celtis L. Buds pointing outward from brt. ; bark of trunk deeply divided into small polygonal chunks ; stipule scars absent ; pith irregularly chambered, the chambers often stuffed. Diospyros K. Pith not chambered. L. Buds covered by a single scale. M. Scale rather symmetrically conical; stipule scars en circling brt Plat anus M. Scale more or less flattened against brt. ; stipule scars shorter or lacking Salix L. Buds with 2 scales exposed; pith circular in section (see 3d and 4th L's). M. Scales of about the same size (an inner pair often show- ing under the outer pair) ; brts. stout ( MMi in. thick) ; If. scars large, heart-shaped or shield-shaped ; pith col- ored Ailanthus M. Scales unequal, outer scale shorter and giving bud lop- sided appearance; brts. more slender (M— !4 in. thick); If. scars half-elliptical; pith white Tilia L. Buds with 3 scales exposed, pith star-shaped in section (see 4th L) Castanca 26 WINTER KEY L. Buds (at least the fl. buds) with more than 3 scales ex- posed, pith roundish (sometimes S-sided in Carpinus). M. Buds blunt, stipule scars absent. N. Buds coated with resin ; plant of salt marshes. Baccharis N. Buds not coated with resin. O. Buds glabrous, fl. buds apparently on old wood; fr. a legume Cercis O. Buds pubescent, no distinction between If. and fl. buds; fr. a samara Ailanthus M. Buds (at least the If. buds) pointed, stipule scars present. N. Bark of trunk smooth, fluted; buds not markedly at side of If. scar; scales in 4 ranks Carpinus N. Bark of trunk scaly; buds at one side of If. scar; scales in 2 ranks U I nuts DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS OF SPECIES GYMNOSPERMAE — GY MAC) SPERMS Seeds naked ( gymuos , naked; spennon, seed); trees or shrubs with needle- or scale-like (in Ginkgo fan-shaped), mostly evergreen lvs. ; in Ginkgo, Larix, Pscudolarix, and Taxodium, lvs. are deciduous. GINKGOACEAE — GINKGO FAMILY Ginkgo (Pronounced with a soft or hard initial “ G ”) 1. G. biloba L. Ginkgo. Dioecious; lvs. fan-shaped, often two-lobed ( biloba ), deciduous; short, thick, spur-like growths (short brs.) along the main brs.; seed with a thick, fleshy, outer coat, when ripe superficially resembling a yellow cherry. Native of China. Commonly cult. TAXACEAE — YEW FAMILY TAxus — Yew Seed solitary, surrounded by a red (rarely yellow), fleshy aril. Lvs. evergreen, linear, green or yellow-green beneath and paler than above, but without white bands; without resin ducts; distinctly petioled ; midrib of If. raised along upper surface. Dioecious, rarely monoecious ; small trees, some vars. shrubby. Much cult. 2. T. baccata L. English Yew. Lvs. come to a point gradually ; brts., petioles, and under side of lvs. greenish; upper side of lvs. shining; scales of buds obtuse, not keeled. 3. T. cuspidata Sieb. & Zucc. Japanese Yew. Lvs. abruptly pointed ; brts. reddish brown when mature; petioles and stripes on under side of lvs. yellowish ; upper side of lvs. dull ; scales of buds acute, keeled. A great many vars. of these two species are commonly cult. The American Yew, or Ground Hemlock, *°T. canadensis Marsh., a low shrub, hut sometimes 3-6 ft. high, is native in eastern N.A. ; found in the Catskills and at one station on L.I., but not in Greater N.Y. PIN ACEAE — PINE FAMILY The Pine Family, as represented in this vicinity, may he divided into 3 tribes, as follows : 1. The Fir Tribe (Abieteae) including Finns, Larix, Picca, Abies, Tsnga, and Pseudotsnga. 27 28 PINACEAE 2. 1 he Bald Cypress Tribe (Taxodieae) comprising Taxodimn and Sequoia ( Cryptomeria and Sciadopitys are exotic cult, genera). Sequoia is a genus of two species: *S. sempervirens Endl., the Redwood, and *-S’. gigantea Decne., the Bigtree, both of them famous species of the Pacific Coast region. 3. The Cedar or Cypress Tribe (Cupresseae) , with usually scale-like lvs., comprising Chamaecy parts, Thuja, and Jitnipcrus. Abieteae — -Fir Tribe Lvs. spirally arranged, fascicled, or whorled ; needle-like or linear; cone scales borne in the axils of bracts. PInus — Pine Lvs.1 long, needle-like, evergreen, in our species in fascicles of two or more. The common native species of Greater N.Y. and immediate vicinity are P. Strobus and P. rigida. 4. P. excelsa Wall. Himalayan Pine. 5 lvs. in a fascicle; long (4-7 in.) and drooping; cones 6-10 in. long, thicker than in the following species. B.B.G., N.Y.B.G., Pros. Pk. 5. P. Strobus L. Northern White Pine. 5 lvs., shorter (2)4-5 in.) than in the last, and only slightly drooping; cones long (3)4—8 in.), chiefly near top of tree. B.B.G., Pal., Pel. Pk., V.C. Pk. 6. P. nigra Arnold. Austrian Pine. Lvs. in 2's, long (3-6 in.), heavy, dark green. Native in southern Europe. Commonly cult. 7. P. sylvestris L. Scotch Pine. Lvs. in 2's, of medium length ( 1/4-3 in.), blue-green ; inner bark shows orange color. Native in Europe and Siberia. Commonly cult. 8. P. montana Mill. var. Mughus Willk. Mugho Pine. Lvs. in 2's. very short and stout (•% to 2 in. long) ; habit dwarf and shrubby. Native in southern Europe. Commonly cult. 9. P. rfgida Mill. Pitch Pine. Lvs. in 3's ; cones short, on any part of the tree, and persistent. Common on L.I. 10. P. virginiana Mill. Virginia (or Scrub) Pine. Lvs. in 2’s, of medium length (1)4-3 in.). Occurs at one station on S.I. The Norway Pine, *P. rcsinosa Ait., also called the Red Pine, is an American species common in northern N.Y. State, northern New England, and Canada. It closely resembles the Austrian pine, but its lvs. (2 in a fascicle) are more slender, and its cone scales are without the short prickle typical of the Austrian. Its bark has a reddish tinge (hence the common name) somewhat like that of the Scotch pine. Although it grows southward in the mountains of Pa. and W. Va., its nearest locality to N.Y. City is in Greene County among the Catskills, several miles above Kingston. 1 Strictly', these are the secondary lvs., borne in a whorl (fascicle) on a very short br., which is subtended by a scale-like primary If. ; these scale lvs. are more prominent in the bud stage, there functioning as bud scales. PIN ACE AE 29 C edrus — Cedar Lys. acieular, 3-sided, mainly in dense, whorl-like clusters on short, spur-like brs. Much like Lari. r, but lvs. are evergreen and cones much larger. 11. C. atlantica Manetti. Atlas Cedar. Habit of tree is stiff; lvs. bluish green ; cones erect on the brs., about 2-3 in. long and H/> in. in chain. A species rather rare in cult. Native in northern Africa. B.B.G. The other two species are the Cedar of Lebanon, of biblical fame, C. libanotica Link, of which there is a superb, large specimen in Flushing; and the Deodar Cedar of the Himalayas, C. Dcodara Loud., which is not hardy here. Larix — Larch Lvs. deciduous, borne mainly in whorl-like clusters at the ends of short, spur-like brs. ; cones persistent. 12. L. decidua Mill. (L. curopaea DC.). European Larch. Cones :i4 to lko hi. long; cone scales slightly downy outside, 40-50 to a cone. The species commonly seen in parks and private grounds. Kis. Pk., Pal., Pel. Pk. 13. *L. laricina (DuRoi) Koch (L. arnericana Michx.). Tamarack. Cones K to % in. long; cone scales smooth outside, 12-15 to a cone; lvs. about as in last (% to 1% in.). Prefers moist soil and grows in abun- dance in the swamps of the northern States. Occasionally, however, it takes kindly to cult, in drier soil. Pseudolarix — Golden Larch Lvs. deciduous, borne mainly in whorl-like clusters at the ends of spur- like brs. Much like the true larch (Larix), but with cone scales deciduous, leaving the axis of the cone standing on the tree ; the spur-like brs. and the lvs. are longer than in Larix. 14. P. Kaempferi Gord. (P. amabilis Rehd.). Golden Larch. The only species. Native in China. B.B.G., Pros. Pk. Picea — Spruce Lvs. (in our species) 4-sided, acieular, borne on short peg-like projec- tions on the stem, which remain when the lvs. are shed, giving brs. a rough appearance and feel ; cones pendulous, their scales persistent. 15. P. Abies Karst. (P. excelsa Link). Norway Spruce. The com- monly cult, spruce, recognized by its long cones (4—6 in.) and pendulous lifts., which are glabrous. A multitude of vars. and forms in cult. Native in northern and central Europe. B.B.G.. N.Y.B.G., Pal. 16. P. orientalis Carr. Oriental Spruce. Lvs. verv short, blunt, shin- ing; brts. pale brown, short-pubescent; cones 2)A — 31 f in. long. Native in 4 30 PINACEAE Asia Minor and the Caucasus region. Occasionally cult. B.B.G., N.Y.B.G., Pros. Pk. 17. *P. pungens Engelm. (P. Parryana Sarg.). Blue Spruce. Lvs. stiff, sharp, blue; brts. glabrous. Often cult.; with many vars., of which the Koster Spruce (var. Kosteri ) is a popular one. Native in Colo., Utah, and Wyo. Probably the best species for planting in a dry climate. B.B.G., N.Y.B.G., Pros. Pk. The White Spruce, *P. glaiica Voss ( P . canadensis (Mill.) B.S.P.) ; the Red Spruce, *P. rubra Link; and the Black Spruce, *P. maridna (Mill.) B.S.P., are the common native species of the northeastern U.S. ; the first two, especially the first, are occasionally seen in cult, in Greater N.Y. The white spruce has glabrous brts. and might be mistaken for the Norway, but it has glaucous lvs., and its brts. lack the pend- ent character of those of the Norway, giving the tree a much stiffer aspect, and the cones are much smaller, 1)4-2 in. long. Both the red and the black spruce have glandular-pubescent brts., and small cones similar to those of the white spruce, but differing in color and other details. The black spruce is a typical swamp species, with cones long persistent. It may be seen in a swamp near Merrick, L.I. All these three species are common farther north. Abies — Fir Lvs. linear, flat, with two white lines beneath; leaving a circular scar with a dot in the center when they fall. Cones erect , falling off scale by scale, leaving the persistent axis. IS. A. Nordmanniana Spach. Nordmann Fir. Lvs. notched at tip; buds not resinous. Native in Greece, Asia Minor, and the Caucasus region. Commonly cult., and grows well in Greater N.Y. B.B.G., N.Y.B.G., Pros. Pk. The Balsam Fir, *A. balsamca (L.) Mill., common in northern New England and northern N.Y. State (also found in the mountains to W.Va., and west to Minn, and Iowa) does not take kindly to cult, in Greater N.Y. It may be recognized by its very resinous buds and fairly short lvs., %-l in. long, disposed usually (but not always) in fairly flat series on each side of the br. (although in reality inserted spi- rally). Very popular as a Christmas tree. The White (or Silver) Fir, *A. concolor Lindl. & Gord., of the western U.S., is occasionally cult, here; while it also has resinous buds, it is characterized especially by its long, curved, bluish lvs. Tsuga — Hemlock Lvs. linear, flat, with two white lines beneath, and distinct short petioles. (The lvs. of Abies, the fir, which resembles this, have no distinct petioles, although they are much contracted at the base.) 19. T. canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock. Lvs. blunt at tip; usually several small lvs. occur upsidedown along brt. The only common native species in the eastern LT.S. ; grows on rocky ridges and in rocky ravines. Inw., N.Y.B.G., Pal., V.C. Pk. Weeping and other vars. occur in cult. PINACEAE 31 PSEUDOTSUGA 20. *P. taxifolia (Lam.) Britton (P. Douglasii Carr.). Douglas Fir. Buds red-brown, smooth, sharp-pointed; lvs. linear, with two grayish lines beneath; If. scars circular, somewhat as in Abies, but tilted at an angle from the twig. The characters of the buds and If. scars are very distinct and are important for the recognition of this species. Native in the moun- tains of western X.A. Much cult, in several vars. in Greater N.Y., and grows well here. B.B.G., NY .B.G. Taxodieae — Bald Cypress Tribe Lvs. linear, spirally arranged (whorled in Sciadopitys ) ; cones without bracts. Taxodium — Bald Cypress Bits, of two kinds: those near tip of shoot persistent and with buds in the axils of the lvs. ; those on lower part of shoot without axillary buds and deciduous. Buds very small, globular, scaly. Lvs. small, flat, yellow- green on both sides; those on persistent brts. projecting radially; those on deciduous brts. appearing as if 2-ranked. 21. *T. distichum (L.) Richards. Southern Cypress (Bald Cypress). Twigs more or less horizontal. Native in swamps of southeastern U.S. Grows well in moist soil. B.B.G., N.Y.B.G., Pros. Pk. Some good specimens of the Pond Cypress, *T. ascendrns Brongn., may be seen at the N.Y. Botanical Garden, to the southeastward of the conservatories, where they may he compared with T. distichum nearby. The pond cypress has more upright hrs. and much narrower lvs. than the commoner species. Sciadopitys — Umbrella Pine 22. S. verticillata Sieb. & Zucc. Umbrella Pine. Lvs. (said to be the morphological equivalent of 2 connate pine needles) long, linear, ever- green, borne in whorls, each If. in the axil of a little scale. Native in Japan. B.B.G., N.Y. B.G. Cryptomeria 23. C. japonica D. Don. Cryptomeria. Lvs. very short, awl-shaped, curved, evergreen, strongly decurrent on the stem. B.B.G., N.Y. B.G. Cupresseae — Cypress or Cedar Tribe Lvs. usually small and scale-like, sometimes acicular; decussately op- posite or in whorls of 3 ; cone scales opposite or in whorls of 3. Chamaecyparis — White Cedar Lvs. small and scale-like (awl-shaped or linear in some vars.) ; in the Japanese species listed below, whitened beneath. Cones composed of 32 PINACEAE shield-shaped scales (the stalk of the scale being produced from the center of its under surface), the scales being fitted together in such a way that the whole forms a little ball. The Japanese species and vars. are much cult, in Greater N.Y. The native species, inhabiting swamps, does not do so well in cult. 24. C. pisifera Sieb. & Zucc. Sawara Cypress (Retinospora) . Cones small (% in. in diam. or slightly larger), brown. Native in Japan. B.B.G., N.Y.B.G., Pros. Pk. Vars. commonly cult, are : 25. C. pisifera var. plumosa Beissn., with feathery or plume-like brts. and awl-shaped lvs. N.Y.B.G., Pros. Pk. 26. C. pisifera var. squarrosa Beissn. & Hochst., with spreading, linear lvs. N.Y.B.G., Pros. Pk. 27. C. pisifera var. filifera Beissn., with gracefully drooping, thread- like brs. N.Y.B.G., Pros. Pk. 28. C. obtusa Sieb. & Zucc. Hinoki Cypress. Lvs. blunt or only short-pointed. Native in Japan. B.B.G., N.Y.B.G. The native American species is the Southern White Cedar, *C. thyoidcs (L.) B.S.P., which grows in swamps along the coast from Me. to Fla. and Miss. The lvs. are not whitened beneath and the cones are a trifle smaller and bluish bloomy when ripe. Abundant in a swamp at Merrick, L.I. ; also found in swamps in N.J. not far from the Greater N.Y. region. Thuja — Arbor Vitae Lvs. tiny and scale-like ; those on edges of brt. keeled ; those on upper and lower surfaces flat. Cones small, constructed on the plan of the pine or spruce cone. 29. *T. occidentals L. Northern White Cedar (Arbor Vitae). Cones 34— -J4 in. long. Commonly cult, in Greater N.Y. Has been found in Westchester County and is very common in wet ground in the North. The Oriental Arbor Vitae, T. orientdlis L., is easily recognized by the vertical plane in which the brts. are disposed. Commonly cult. Juniperus — Juniper Cone berry-like, the scales having become fleshy and welded together. 30. J. virginiana L. Eastern Red Cedar. Lvs. scale-like, in 4 rows, making the brts. 4-sided; but on young trees or on vigorous shoots, lvs. are needle-like. Fr. about 34 in. in diam., with a bloom. B.B.G., N.Y.B.G., V.C. Pk. The Dwarf Juniper, */. communis L., with all its lvs. needle-like and in whorls of 3, is common northward. Found at one station on L.I. B.B.G. LILIACEAE SALICACEAE 33 ANGIOS PE IiM A E — A NGIO SPERMS Seeds enclosed in an ovary ( angion , a vessel; spcrmon, seed); lvs. mostly broad (rarely needle- or scale-like) ; deciduous (rarely eveigreen). LILIACEAE — LILY FAMILY SmIlax — Green Brier In woods and along fences and borders of fields two woody, climbing species of Sniilax are common in this region. Being closely related to the lilies, they have no central pith, but the vascular bundles are distributed throughout the stem. These two species have perennial, aerial stems, which are usually green and prickly, and have a pair of tendrils near the base of the If. stalk. 31. ""S. rotundifolia L. Green Brier. The commoner of the two; can be recognized by its thicker stems, stronger prickles, and lvs. rounded and shining on both surfaces. B. Ter., B.B.G., Inw., Pal., Pel. Pk., V.C. Pk. 32. °"S. glauca Walt. Saw Brier. Has more slender stems and prickles and ovate lvs. which are glaucous beneath. B. Ter., Pel. Pk. SALICACEAE — WILLOW FAMILY Dioecious ; both staminate and pistillate fls. in catkins ; lvs. alternate (in V purpurea often opposite), simple; bark bitter; wood light and soft. Salix — ■ Willow Buds covered with a single hollow-conical scale, often more or less flattened against brt. ; true terminal bud absent ; lvs. mostly long and narrow. 33. S. nigra Marsh. Black Willow. A large tree; lvs. narrow, often scythe-shaped, green and smooth on both sides ; petioles glandless. Grows in wet places. Kis. Pk., V.C. Pk. 34. S. fragilis L. Crack Willow. A large tree ; lvs. very long-pointed, light green or blue-green and at length smooth beneath, serrate, with glands at base of blade; brs. and brts. very brittle, easily knocked off with the finger. Native in Europe. Kis. Pk., Pel. Pk. 35. S. alba L. European White Willow. A large tree ; lvs. lanceolate, long-pointed, finely toothed, silky pubescent and white beneath, in one var. silky pubescent also above; brts. greenish. Native in Europe. B.B.G., Inw. 36. S. alba L. var. vitellina (L.) Koch. Golden Willow. A large tree, more common than the last. Mature lvs. similar, but smooth; whitish beneath. Brts. ycllozv. Inw., Kis. Pk. 34 SALICACEAE 37. S. babylonica L. Babylon Weeping Willow. May be recognized by its very long, slender, olive-brown, drooping brts. Native in Europe. Often cult. B.B.G., Kis. Pk., Pal., V.C. Pk. 38. °S. cordata Muhl. Pleart-leaf Willow. A shrub with finely ser- rate lvs., green beneath and cordate (at least some of them) at base; stipules long persistent. Inw., Kis. Pk., Pal., V.C. Pk. 39. S. discolor Muhl. Pussy Willow (Glaucous Willow). Usually a shrub; fl. buds much larger than If. buds and opening early; lvs. smooth and glaucous beneath, irregularly serrate. B. Ter., Pel. Pk., V.C. Pk. 40. °S. humilis Marsh. Prairie Willow. A small, low shrub ; lvs. ob- lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, tomentose beneath ; buds and brts. hairy. Occasional on S.I. B. Ter. 41. S. rostrata Richards. Beak Willow. A large shrub or small tree; lvs. with conspicuous veins, somewhat sunken below upper If. surface, obovate to elliptic-lanceolate, usually pubescent beneath. Rare in Greater N.Y. Pel. Pk. 42. °S. sencea Marsh. Silky Willow. A shrub, 6-12 ft. high; lvs. narrow, finely serrate, silky beneath. Very common in swamps, and grow- ing in large colonies. V.C. Pk., Kis. Pk. The following species are also found in this region : the Shiny Willow, S. lucida Muhl., with brts. and long-pointed lvs. shining (Pel. Pk.) ; the Dwarf Gray W., "S. trfstis Ait., closely related to S', humilis, but smaller; the Sage W., "S. Candida Fliigge, with brts. and under side of lvs. white-woolly ; the Purple W. or Purple Osier, °S. purpurea L., with smooth brts. purplish when young, becoming gray, and with oblanceolate, often opposite lvs. The last species, a native of Europe, was originally cult., but now naturalized; B.B.G. Populus — Poplar Buds with many scales ; true terminal bud and stipule scars present ; bark very bitter; pith 5-angled; lvs. in general broader than in Salix; bark on young trees and brs. smooth and pale, gray or yellowish, but dark and rough on old trunks. 43. P. alba L. White Poplar. Young brts. and under surface of lvs. with a white, felty covering; lvs. rhombic; buds more or less woolly; young bark very pale gray or nearly white ; dark, rough bark appears later than in other species of Populus. Native in Europe. Kis. Pk., N.Y.B.G., Pel. Pk., Pros. Pk. 44. P. tremuloides Michx. Aspen (Quaking Aspen). Common in forests, usually in rather dry locations. Lvs. ovate to rounded, with small, regular teeth ; petioles flattened ; buds narrow, very sharp-pointed, shining as if varnished, appressed close to brt. ; young bark often more yellowish than that of last species ; old bark nearly black. B. Ter., Pel. Pk., V.C. Pk. SALICACEAE TO JUGLANDACEAE 35 45. P. grandidentata Michx. Largetooth Aspen. Lvs. round-ovate, with large, irregular teeth ; buds plumper than in the last, somewhat downy ; voting hark usually more distinctly yellow than that of the last. Common in forests. B. Ter., Inw., Pel. Pk., V.C. Pk. 46. P. deltoides Marsh. Eastern Cottonwood. Lvs. deltoid in shape; brts. yellowish, often showing 3 ridges extending downward below If. scars; buds large, smooth, with a yellow resin within; young hark much like that of the last; old hark grayish. Often cult, on account of its rapid growth. Pal. 47. P. nigra L. var. italica Du Roi. Lombardy Poplar. A species much cult., and easily recognized by its erect, columnar habit; lvs. com- paratively small, usually wider than long. B.B.G. The Balm-of-Gilead Poplar, P. candicans Ait., with large, sticky, fragrant buds, and with brts., petioles, and under side of broadly ovate lvs. (especially on the veins) pubescent, or at least the margins of the lvs. ciliate, is also occasionally seen. B.B.G., Pal. The Carolina Poplar, P. Eugcnei Dode, often planted (only in the staminate form) as a street tree, and of pyramidal habit, is said to be the result of a cross between P. deltoides and P. nigra. Similar forms with a different parentage probably also occur. MYRICACEAE — SWEET GALE FAMILY Myrica 48. "M. caroliniensis Mill. Bayberry. Lvs. aromatic, falling late; brts. and buds with long black hairs (seen under lens) and dotted with yellow resin glands; bud globose, about bi 2 in. in diam. ; staminate cat- kins enclosed in the winter buds ; fr. grayish white, waxy. B. Ter., B.B.G., Pah, Pel. Pk. The Sweet Gale, "M. Gale L., occurs on L.I. ; a usually larger shrub, with similar lvs., but with resin-dotted fr. in cone-like bunches at the ends of the brts., and with usually pointed buds. B.B.G. The Sweet Fern, "M. asplenifolia L., with fragrant, more or less deeply cleft, fern-like lvs., is common on L.I. and S.I. B.B.G. In both of these species the staminate catkins are exposed during the winter, and are more or less erect. JUGLANDACEAE — WALNUT FAMILY Lvs. of hickory and walnut, our two genera in this family, pinnately compound; true terminal bud present; fr. a nut enclosed by an outer husk; large forest trees. JUGLANS — W ALNUT Husk of fr. not splitting when ripe; pith chambered; buds naked; If. scars shield-shaped or 3-lobed ; stipule scars lacking; lfts. numerous (11-23). 36 JUGLANDACEAE 49. J. cinerea L. Butternut. Transverse, downy pads above triangu- lar If. scars; buds gray-brown; pith dark brown; nuts long; Ifts. 11—17; bark with broad, light, smooth, lengthwise stripes. Inw., Pal., V.C. Pk. 50. J. nigra L. Black Walnut. Lf. scars heart-shaped ; buds grayish ; pith lighter brown ; nuts spherical; lfts. 13-23; bark dark and rough, with- out stripes. B.B.G., Inw., N.Y.B.G., Pal., Pel. Pk., Pros. Pk. Carya (Hicoria) — Hickory Husk of fr. splitting open into 4 valves, at least part of the way down from apex, when ripe; pith not chambered ; buds (except in C. cordiforrnis ) scaly; lf. scars shield-shaped or 3-lobed ; stipule scars lacking; lfts. (5-11) usually fewer than in Jnglans. Forms of C. glabra and C. alba sometimes occur, and are difficult to determine with exactness ; C. ozvta and C. cordi- formis are quite distinct. 51. C. ovata (Mill.) K. Koch. Shagbark Hickory. Bark shaggy; buds of medium size, with outermost scales produced into long points; husk of fr. thick, splitting readily to base; nut white, kernel sweet; the hickory nut of commerce; lvs. downy below when young, later usually smooth, with usually 5 lfts. (sometimes 7). B. Ter., Kis. Pk., N.Y.B.G., Pal., Pel. Pk., V.C. Pk. 52. C. alba (L.) K. Koch. Mockernut Hickory. Bark close, i.e., not readily peeled off with the fingers ; buds large, the terminal one in. long, outer scales early deciduous; brts. stout and thick, usually pubescent; husk of fr. thick, not splitting to base; nut light brown, shell thick; lvs. pubescent below, with 5-7, often 9 lfts., fragrant when crushed. B. Ter., Inw., N.Y.B.G., Pal., Pel. Pk., V.C. Pk. 53. C. glabra (Mill.) Spach. Pignut Hickory. Bark scaly; buds smaller (-*4-/4 in. long), outer scales early deciduous ; brts. slender, smooth; fr. obovate, husk thin, not splitting more than halfway to base; lvs. smooth, with usually 5 lfts. (may have 3-7), smaller than in the last. B. Ter., Inw., Kis. Pk., N.Y.B.G., Pal., Pel. Pk., V.C. Pk. Another species of pignut, the Small Pignut, C. ovalis Sargent (H. ovalis (Wang.) Sudworth), is also recognized, characterized by small (about 1 in. long), ovoid fr. with a thin, scaly husk, which splits tardily to near the base, and by bark which is often shaggy on old trunks; lfts. 5-7; both lfts. and brts. scurfy-pubescent while young, glabrous when mature. Several vars. of this species, depending on the size and shape of the fr., are described. Here belongs H. microcarpa Britton. 54. C. cordiforrnis (Wang.) K. Koch (H. minima Britton). Bitter- nut Hickory. Bark close; buds sulphur-colored, naked; husk and shell of nut thin, kernel bitter; lfts. numerous (7—11). Closely related to *C. pecan, the pecan nut of the southern States. C. Pk., Inw., Kis. Pk., N.Y.B.G., Pal, Pel. Pk, V.C Pk. J5I-: TULACKAE BETULACEAE — BIRCH FAMILY Monoecious; staminate and pistillate fls. in catkins, except in Coryltts, where the pistillate 11s. are in short, few-flowered heads; staminate catkins naked throughout the winter in all genera except Carpinus; pistillate cat- kins naked throughout the winter only in Alnits, in other genera enclosed in the buds. The naked catkins are a conspicuous winter character, and are therefore an easy means of identification of membership in this fam- ily. Lvs. simple, alternate, usually doubly serrate. Corylus — Hazelnut Shrubs; staminate catkins gray, pendulous; buds somewhat flattened, blunt, with 4—6 scales exposed; true terminal bud lacking; lvs. often in 3 ranks. Stipule scars present, unequal. 55. "C. americana Walt. Hazelnut (American Hazelnut). Brts. and petioles with stiff, glandular hairs; lvs. oval, pointed, downy below; fr. enclosed in a broad involucre. B.B.G., C. Pk., Kis. Pk., V.C. Pk. 56. °C. rostrata Ait. Beaked Hazelnut. Brts. more slender than in the last, smooth or only slightly hairy; lvs. broader than in the last; fr. with a long, tube-like involucre. Not common in Greater N.Y. Native in Canada and in northern and central U.S. B.B.G., Pel. Pk., V.C. Pk. OSTRYA HoP-HORNBEAM 57. O. virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch. Hop-hornbeam. Small tree, with hark in long, narrow, loose, ragged, vertical strips ; buds ovoid, gen- erally tinged with green, about 6 striate scales exposed ; true terminal bud lacking; staminate catkins, often in 2’s or 3’s, present on mature trees; lvs. oblong-ovate, sharp-pointed, slightly hairy on both sides ; frs. enclosed in bladder-like sacs which occur in cone- or hop-like clusters. C. Pk., Inw., N.Y.B.G., Pal., Pros. Pk. Carpinus — Blue Beech Neither staminate nor pistillate catkins evident during the winter, both being enclosed in the buds; buds small, pointed, with 10 to 12 scales ex- posed in 4 rows; true terminal bud lacking; stipule scars present; frs. in loose, pendulous clusters, each individual nut-like fr. subtended by a three-lobed bract; bark smooth, fluted (with muscle-like ridges). 58. C. caroliniana Walt. Blue Beech (American Hornbeam). Bark steel-gray. Likely to be confused with Ostrya when young, hut the lvs are entirely smooth above, and the buds are smaller, reddish, usuall)i angled, and show more scales; also, catkins are absent. B.B.G., C. Pk., Inw., Kis. Pk., N.Y.B.G., Pal., Pel. Pk., Pros. Pk., V.C. Pk. 38 BETULACEAE 59. C. Betulus L. European Hornbeam (European Blue Beech). A larger tree (60-70 ft.) than the American species (30-40 ft.) ; lvs. thicker, with veins sunken in upper surface, turning yellow in fall, and often persistent all winter; bracts large, 1)4 in. long (in American, 1 in. long), margin of bract nearly entire; buds longer (% in.) than in Ameri- can (Yg in.). B.B.G., C. Pk., common in Pros. Pk. Cult. vars. occur. Betula — Birch Staminate catkins conspicuous in winter on mature trees, pendulous ; bark marked by horizontally elongated lenticels ; dwarf shoots numerous along 2-year-old or older twigs ; terminal bud lacking except at tips of the numerous dwarf shoots; buds with 2-3 scales showing; stipule scars nar- row; frs. in compact cylindrical spikes, each individual fr. (or winged nut) subtended by a 3-lobed bract. 60. B. lenta L. Sweet Birch. Bark dark brown; twigs with strong wintergreen flavor; buds sharply pointed and long (% to Yi in.) ; fr. bracts smooth. Has lvs. like Ostrya and Carpimis, with which it may lie confused when young; but it can always be distinguished by the taste of the nearly smooth brts. B. ,Ter., B.B.G., Xnw., Kis. Pk., N.Y.B.G., Pal., Pros. Pk., V.C. Pk. 61. B. lutea Michx. f. Yellow Birch. Bark peeling into thin, silvery yellow, ribbon-like layers ; twigs with wintergreen flavor (but not so strong as in the last), pubescent, at least when young; lvs. like the last; spikes of fr. a little thicker and shorter; fr. bracts pubescent. A native tree in Greater N.Y., but rare. B.B.G., N.Y.B.G., V.C. Pk. The River Birch, B. nigra L.. is common along rivers just south and west of N.Y. City (e.g., Delaware R. and N.J. streams) ; has curly, papery, reddish bark, and rhombic lvs., bluish beneath. Sometimes cult. 62. B. populifolia Marsb. Gray Birch. Bark dirty white, not chalky, nor dividing readily into thin layers; lvs. triangular, very long-pointed; buds short, about Yi in. ; brts. roughened with resin dots ; a small tree, typi- cally with several oblique trunks from a single base. Very common. B. Ter., Kis. Pk., N.Y.B.G., Pal., V.C. Pk. 63. *B. papyrifera Marsh. ( B . alba L. var. papyrifera (Marsh.) Spach). Paper Birch (Canoe Birch). Similar to the gray birch so commonly growing wild in Greater N.Y., but the lvs. are ovate; the brts. pubescent; the bark chalky white , separable into thin layers; and the tree is larger, with usually a single main trunk. A northern species. Not known in Greater N.Y. except in cult. B.B.G. 64. B. pendula Roth (B. verrucosa Ehrh.). European Birch. The common, cult, white birch. Bark rather dirty white; brts. with resin BETULACEAE FAGACEAE 39 glands, not pubescent ; lvs. rhombic-ovate. The cut-leaved horticultural var. gracilis Rehd. is the one most commonly seen. B.B.G. Another white-barked European species often cult, is D. pubcscens Ehrli., with glandless, pubescent brts., and lvs. much like those of B. pendula. Alnus — Alder Buds, in our species, stalked, covered by 2 or 3 valvate or nearly valvate scales; both staminate and pistillate catkins naked and conspicuous during the winter; old fr. heads (cone-like) also persistent; true terminal bud and stipule scars present. 65. "A. incana (L.) Moench. Speckled Alder. Lvs. ovate, downy and glaucous beneath, doubly serrate; bark speckled with large lenticels ; pistillate catkins recurved, apparently lateral. Often grows in drier soil than the next. B.B.G. 66. "A. rugosa (DuRoi) Spreng. Smooth Alder (Hazel Alder). Lvs. green on both sides, almost regularly serrate, narrowing somewhat at their bases ; pistillate catkins erect, apparently terminal. Usually in moist soil. B. Ter., B.B.G., Inw., Kis. Pk., V.C. Pk. These two alders often grow in the same habitat, but are usually easily distinguished, although intermediate forms sometimes occur. FAGACEAE — BEECH FAMILY Mainly trees (a few are shrubs) with alternate, simple lvs.; character- ized particularly by the fr., a nut, more or less surrounded by a woody or spiny involucre — the cup of the acorn, or the bur of the chestnut or beech. FAgus — Beech Easily recognized by the very long (sometimes nearly an in.), narrow, cylindrical, sharp-pointed buds ; stipule scars linear, nearly meeting around brt. ; true terminal bud present ; bark light gray and smooth ; in winter the pale, dead lvs. tend to persist on the tree ; nuts triangular, usually two in a spiny bur, the involucre. Only one species ( F . grandifolia ) is native in the U.S. The European species, F. sylvatica, and its vars., are commonly cult. 67. F. grandifolia Ehrh. Beech (American Beech). Lvs. ovate- oblong, long-pointed, coarsely serrate, 21/o— 5 in. long, with 9-14 pairs of veins. B.B.G., Inw.. Kis. Pk, N.Y.B.G, Pal, Pel. Pk, V.C. Pk. 68. F. sylvatica L. European Beech. Lvs. similar, but 2 — 1 in. long, with only 5-9 pairs of veins, and with smaller teeth than in the American species; bark somewhat darker than in the latter. B.B.G, C. Pk, Pros. Pk, V.C. Pk. Vars. of the European beech commonly planted in parks are: 40 FAGACEAE 69. F. sylvatica L. var. purpurea Ait. Copper or Purple Beech. Lvs. copper-colored or purple, changing to dark green in late summer. C. Pk., Pros. Pk. 70. F. sylvatica I., var. incisa Flort. Cut-leaved European Beech. Lvs. deeply and variously cleft and toothed. C. Pk., Kis. Pk., Pros. Pk., V.C. Pk. ’ 71. F. sylvatica L. var. pendula Loud. Weeping European Beech. Brs. drooping. A famous specimen, perhaps the largest in the U.S., is in Flushing. Castanea — - Chestnut Characterized particularly by the fr., 1-3 rounded nuts in a spiny bur, the involucre ; and by the lvs., like those of the beech, but longer, wider, and with longer, sharper teeth. The American species is now rare in this part of its range, having been killed by a parasitic fungus brought into the U.S. from the Orient; but young shoots are occasionally seen in Greater N.Y., growing from the old roots, which have persisted because of their greater resistance to the disease. 72. C. dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. Chestnut (American Chestnut). Buds blunt, ovoid, light to dark brown, with only 2 or 3 scales showing; true terminal bud frequently lacking; stipule scars elongated, unequal; on erect shoots lvs. usually in 5 ranks, on lateral shoots in 2 ranks ; pith star- shaped in section ; bur about the size of a small apple. Quercus — Oak Characterized by a cluster of buds toward the end of the brt., the bud scales being numerous and in 5 ranks; by simple lvs., lobed or cleft in the majority of the species; and by the fr., known as the acorn. Here the involucre (the cup of the acorn) does not entirely enclose the fr. as in the beech and chestnut. Stipule scars small ; pith star-shaped in section. Although there are many subdivisions, for convenience two main groups of oaks may he recognized in this region, as follows : WHITE OAKS BLACK OAKS Leaf lobes rounded, without bristle Leaf lobes with bristle tips, tips (sharp-pointed in Nos. 76 and 79). Buds blunt (except in chestnut oak). Buds more or less sharp-pointed. Acorns mature first year (except in Acorns mature second year.1 Turkey oak). 1 On this account all species of the black oak group, if old enough to bear fr., will be found in any given autumn to have two sizes of nuts : those of the current year, still tiny, and those in their second year, now ripening. FAGACEAE 41 Species in the White Oak Group 73. Q. alba L. White Oak. Buds smooth and blind; bark light gray and scaly; brts. smooth, usually reddish brown at maturity, often glaucous; acorns ovoid-oblong, cups shallow; lvs. deeply lobed, pale and smooth be- low ; dead lvs. often persist on tree in winter. Yar. latiloba Sarg. is the form most generally seen in this vicinity; in this the If. lobes are broad, and extend less than halfway to the midrib. B. Ter., B.B.G., C. Pk., Inw., Kis. Pk., N.Y.B.G., Pal., Pel. Pk., Pros. Pk., V.C. Pk. 74. Q. stellata Wang. Post Oak. Buds pubescent and blunt ; brts. stout, tomentose; bark of trunk red-brown, or sometimes lighter, scaly; acorns small, with hemispherical cups; l-vs. with squarish lobes, pubescent beneath ; small tree. Common on L.I. and Hunter’s I. Pal. The Bur Oak, *Q. macrocarpa Michx., with light colored, scaly bark, and large acorns, their cups with fringed borders, has lvs. separated into 2 parts (upper and lower) by a pair of deep sinuses k> or % of the way down If., and is often cult. Native in central and northern N.Y. State. B.B.G., C. Pk., Pros. Pk. 75. Q. bicolor Willd. (Q. plalanoides Sudworth). Swamp White Oak. Buds blunt, with fine capillary scales often present in the terminal hud cluster; brts. at length smooth and yellowish; lvs. narrower and entire towards the base, tomentose beneath, with numerous rounded lobes, but these usually not so deep as in Q. alba (rarely lobed halfway to midrib) ; bark exfoliating on young portions of brs. B.B.G., Kis. Pk., N.Y.B.G., Pal., Pel. Pk., V.C. Pk. 76. Q. prinoides Willd. Dwarf Chinquapin Oak. A dwarf species; brts. brittle, slender, smooth ; buds small, very blunt ; lvs. of the chestnut oak type, regularly crenately toothed, gray-downy beneath. Found on S.I. (nr. Arlington) and L.I. 77. Q. montana Willd. ( Q . Pnnus L. of Gray's Manual). Chestnut Oak. Buds yellowish, smooth, pointed; bark not flaky, dark brown, in mature trees with deep, more or less vertical grooves, v-shaped in cross section; cup somewhat warty, but thin, covering of acorn; lvs. with numerous, regular, rounded teeth. B. Ter., Hunter's I., Inw., Pal. 78. Q. Robur L. English Oak. Brts. glaucous, usually reddish above, green beneath; buds short, thick, blunt. Resembles Q. alba in some re- spects, but lvs. are smaller, often with ear-like lobes at base. The acorns ripen the first year, and although the bark is dark colored, this species is closely related to the white oak. B.B.G., Kis. Pk., commonly cult. 79. O. Cerris L. Turkey Oak. Capillary scales of buds numerous; lvs. with shallow, abruptly pointed lobes; acorn (about 1 in. long) with large “ mossy ” cup, ripening the second year ; bark dark colored and rough. Native in southeastern Europe and western Asia, and rarely cult, here. Several vars. cult. C. Pk., Pros. Pk. 42 FAGACEAE Species in the Black Oaic Group SO. Q. borealis Michx. f. ( Q . rubra L. var. ambigua (Michx. f.) Fernald). Red Oak. Buds large, those at tip of brt. about % in. long or more, red- or dark-brown and usually shining ; rounded on the sides (not strongly angled), somewhat pubescent towards the pointed tip. Lvs. with numerous bristle-tipped lobes which are more or less triangular in rough outline; smooth beneath except for occasional tufts of hairs in axils of veins. Brts. usually strongly ridged or fluted. Acorns large, about 1 in. long, with cup-shaped cups covering about % of acorn. The bark of old trunks is the smoothest of all our oaks, vertically grooved, but with smooth, light-colored strips between the grooves. The red oak is a common tree with us, especially in rocky situations ; it is a vigorous, fast grower, and is best recognized by the red, shining buds, the many-lobed (7—11) lvs., the sinuses varying considerably as to depth, and the large acorns. Var. maxima Sarg., common in this vicinity, has larger acorns and flat, saucer-shaped cups. B. Ter., B.B.G., C. Pk., Inw., Kis. Pk., N.Y.B.G., Pal., Pel. Pk., Pros. Pk., V.C. Pk. 81. Q. palustris Muench. Pin Oak. Buds about Ys in. long, sharp- pointed, angled, entirely smooth and usually shining, brown ; many short, pin-like brs. throughout tree ; lower main brs., especially in younger trees, droop characteristically downward ; lvs. small and deeply cleft, the lobes often standing out nearly at right angles to the long axis of the If. ; acorns very small, about Y> in. in diam., often striped, nearly hemispherical, with flat cups. Best recognized by its smooth, sharp-pointed buds, pin-like brs., and small acorns with flat cups. Prefers moist soil. Much planted as a street tree and in parks and estates. B. Ter., B.B.G., C. Pk., Kis. Pk., N.Y.B.G., Pal., Pel. Pk., Pros. Pk., V.C. Pk. 82. Q. coccinea Muench. Scarlet Oak. Buds in. long, fairly smooth and reddish brown at base; gray and distinctly pubescent above middle, and pointed at tip. Lvs. scarlet in the fall, hence the name ; shaped as in pin oak, but larger ; lobes less numerous than in red oak. Acorn with hemispherical cup and white meat. Inner, living bark not yellow, hut reddish or pinkish; outer bark black and rough. Apt to be confused with the pin oak, but lacks the pin-like brs., and its buds are larger and pubescent in the upper half. Also may be mistaken for the black oak. B. Ter., B.B.G., Inw., Pal., Pros. Pk. 83. Q. velutina Lam. Black Oak. Buds large, of about the dimen- sions of those of the red oak. hut 5-angled or -sided, grayish-pubescent. Brts. apt to he downy or scurfy. Lvs. usually pubescent or scurfy below, with prominent tufts of hairs in axils of veins ; with fewer lobes than in red oak, (7-9) usually 7, and lobes more oblong. Acorns have hemispher- ical cups and yellow meat. Inner, living bark bright orangc-yelloiv ; hence FAGACEAE — URTICACEAE 43 tree sometimes called yellow oak ; outer bark of old trunks rough and black, divided into polygonal chunks. Best recognized in winter by its stout, en- tirely gravish-hairy, angled buds ; by these and by its yellow inner bark it can be distinguished from the scarlet oak, with which it may be confused. B. Ter., B.B.G., C. Pk„ Inw., Kis. Pk„ Pal., Pros. Pk„ V.C. Pk. 84. Q. ilicifolia Wang. Bear or Scrub Oak. A dwarf species usually about 6 ft. in height, but sometimes attains 20 ft. ; much branched and spreading; Ivs. semipersistent, r-ery variable in shape, tomentose beneath; brts. minutely downy; buds short, pointed, shining; acorns small, about ]■> in. high, with saucer-shaped cups. In barren soil on L.I. and S.I., and along the tops of the nearby ridges in N.Y. and N.J. B.B.G. The Blackjack Oak, Q. marilandica Muench., occurs on L.I. and S.T. Best recognized by the very broadly obovate, almost triangular outline of its lvs. ; buds about 14 in- long, pointed, pubescent, red-brown. 85. Q. Phellos L. Willow Oak. Buds sharp-pointed, about Vs in. long; acorns much like those of the pin oak; best recognized by its long, narrow, willow-like lvs. A rare species in this vicinity but occasionally cult, here, and common in wet grounds farther south. Found rarely on S.T. and L.I. B.B.G., Pros. Pk. The Rudkin Oak, Q. Rudkini Britton, a hybrid between Q. marilandica and Q. Phellos; the Britton Oak, Q. Brfttoni W.T. Davis, a hybrid between Q. mari- landica and Q. ilicifolia; and the Bartram Oak, Q. heterophylla Michx. f. (B.B.G.), a hybrid between 0. Phellos and Q. borealis maxima, occur on S.I. The commonest oaks in the N.Y. region are Q. borealis, Q. alba, and Q. vclutina. The first and second prefer the higher, drier locations, while the last is not particular. In swamps and wet soil Q. palustris and Q. bicolor are common. Q. montana is almost entirely restricted to higher elevations and rocky woods, but occurs in low, sandy woods on S.I. Q. stellata is found in sterile soil ; usually, in this vicinity, not far from the sea coast (common on Hunter’s I.), although it occurs as far west as Kan. Except in the low, sandy woods of S.I., Q. coccinca is not very common in this neighborhood, but may be looked for in company with Q. vclutina. Q. ilicifolia and Q. priiioides, the scrub oaks, as well as Q. stellata, are common on L.I. east of the Hempstead Plains. URTICACEAE — NETTLE FAMILY In the mulberry subfamily, including the mulberry, paper mulberry, and Osage orange, the sap is milky. LJlmus — Elm Fr. surrounded by a membranous wing; lvs. usually inequilateral at base ; buds with about 6 scales exposed, arranged in 2 ranks ; true ter- minal bud absent ; stipule scars unequal ; bundle scars 3, or in 3 groups. 44 URTICACEAE 86. U. fulva Michx. Slippery Elm. Lvs. large, very rough to the touch, ovate-oblong, pointed, doubly serrate, pubescent below, not sym- metrical at base ; brts. gray, pubescent, and rough to the touch, with mucilaginous taste; buds, especially the fl. buds, large, with rusty brown hairs, blunt ; frs. borne in short-stalked, dense clusters. Occasional in rocky woods. Inw., Kis. Pk., Y.C. Pk. 87. U. americana L. American Elm. Lvs. as in slippery elm, but smaller, not so rough to the touch, and smoother below; brts. brown, some- what zig-zag, with elm taste, but not mucilaginous ; buds red-brown and fairly smooth, often situated a little at one side of the If. scar; frs. smaller than in last, borne in long-stalked clusters ; a larger tree than the last, with bark more deeply grooved ; trunk typically dividing above into sev- eral leaders. Common in moist soil, and much planted as a street tree. B. Ter., B.B.G., C. Pk., Inw., Kis. Pk., N.Y.B.G., Pal., Pel. Pk., Pros. Pk., V.C. Pk. 88. U. campestris L. ( U . proe'era Salisb.). English Elm. Similar in a general way to the American elm, but differs mainly as follows : lvs. smaller, and more pubescent below ; buds darker or almost black ; brts. generally downy; hark darker colored, and divided into small, irregular, polygonal plates ; tree with a single main trunk, not dividing into a number of leaders. Native of England and western and southern Europe. Often cult, and has several vars. C. Pk., Pros. Pk. The Wych Elm, U. glabra Huds., from Europe and western Asia, has a light gray bark which stays smooth for a long time, and some of the lvs. 3-lobed at tip. Pros. Pk. The Camperdown Elm, U. glabra var. Camperddzvnii Rehd., with pen- dulous brts. and round-topped head, is occasionally cult. Pros. Pk. There are many other cult. vars. Celtis — Hacicberry 89. C. occidentals L. blackberry. Buds small, sharp-pointed, pressed close to brt. ; true terminal bud lacking ; stipule scars narrow ; pith of brts. closely chambered, sometimes only at the nodes ; bark warty (caused by local growths of cork) ; insect galls usually plentiful on lvs. and twigs, often causing “ witches’ brooms ” on latter ; lvs. ovate, long- pointed, serrate, unequal at base, with 3 prominent veins starting from base; fr. a drupe the size of a pea, with thin, sweet, edible flesh, yellow when ripe; a small tree. C. Pk.. Inw., Kis. Pk., Pal., Pros. Pk., V.C. Pk. Maclura — Osage-orange 90. M. pomifera (Raf.) Schneider. Osage-orange. Medium-sized tree with yellow-brown hark; shining, entire lvs.; axillary, simple thorns; milky sap; and large multiple frs. the size of an orange, mostly falling greert; huds small, globular; true terminal hud lacking; stipule scars small. URT1CACEAE M AG N OLIACEA E 45 Native in the Middle West. Cult, and sparingly naturalized in Greate*- N.Y. Used for hedges. B.B.G., N.Y.B.G., Pel. Pk., Pros. Pk., S.l. nr. Richmond. Brousson i';tja — Paper Mulberry 91. B. papyrifera (L.) Vent. Paper Mulberry. A medium-sized tree with smooth bark, gray with pinkish tinge, and milky sap; lvs. often opposite, pubescent below, rough above, and often lobed ; If. scars rounded, elevated; buds mostly covered by 2 striate scales; terminal bud lacking; pith white, with a thin, green partition at each node. From China and Japan. Cult, and sparingly naturalized in Greater N.Y. B.B.G., Pal., Pros. Pk. Morus — - Mulberry 92. M. alba L. White Mulberry. Lvs. smooth and shining, often variously lobed; sap milky; bark with yellowish tinge; buds red-brown, triangular. Naturalized from China. Several vars. cult. B.B.G., C. Pk., Inw., N.Y.B.G., Pros. Pk. 93. M. rubra L. Red Mulberry. Lvs. broad, occasionally lobed. rough and hairy; sap milky; hark darker than in last: buds larger, with green tinge. Native species in woods, but rare. C. Pk., Inw., Pal. ) MAGNOLIACEAE — MAGNOLIA FAMILY Magnolia Buds with only one scale showing, the inner scales (in If. buds) alter- nating with the rudimentary lvs. ; large true terminal bud ; stipule scars linear, encircling brt. ; pith sometimes with firmer diaphragms. Many of the cult, magnolias in Greater N.Y. are Asiatic, and bloom in early spring before the lvs. appear. The species native in the U.S., of which there are eight or nine, bloom after or with the appearance of the lvs., and the fls. are therefore not so conspicuous, although often large. 94. M. virginiana L. Sweet Bay. Small tree; lvs. half-evergreen, glaucous beneath ; brts. bright green. Grows in one spot on the south shore of L.I., on and near the coast of N.J., and on S.L B.B.G. The Cucumber Magnolia, *M. acuminata L., a large, pyramidal forest tree, native in central and western N.Y.. with downy buds and u-shaped If. scars; and the Umbrella Magnolia, *M. tripetala L., a smaller tree (Pa. southward), with large, smooth or glaucous buds, and lvs. up to 20 in. long, are commonly cult. B.B.G., Kis. Pk. Liriodendron — Tulip Tree 95. L. Tulipifera L. Yellow Poplar (Tulip Tree). A tall, straight forest tree, valuable for its timber; lvs. squarish at apex; pith white, chambered ; bud shaped like a duck’s bill, smooth, covered by two valvate 5 46 MAG NOLI ACEAE TO LAURACEAE scales; true terminal bud present; stipule scars encircling brt. ; frs. cone- shaped, conspicuous, and long persistent, often throughout the winter. Likes deep, rich soil. B.B.G., C. Pk„ Inw., Kis. Pk., N.Y.B.G., Pal., Pros. Pk., V.C. Pk. MENISPERMACEAE — MOONSEED FAMILY Menispermum — Moonseed The Moonseed, 00M. canadense L., is a woody climber with broad, peltate, lobed or angular, alternate lvs. ; and small, black, fleshy frs. ; each with one crescent-shaped seed (hence the name) ; brts. minutely fluted, slender; If. scars elliptical, raised, and with concave surface; buds very small. B.B.G., Inw., Pal., V.C. Pk. BERBERIDACEAE — BARBERRY FAMILY Berberis — Barberry Shrubs with red berries and a spine (modified If.) at each node. The two species of barberry commonly seen are the Common Barberry, "B. vulgaris L., a native of Europe, but naturalized in woods and fields, with berries in a long cluster, and with usually 3-pronged spines; and the Japanese Barberry, "B. Thunbergii DC., much cult, for hedges, with berries borne singly or in umbel-like clusters, and with usually simple spines. B.B.G. Mahonia The Oregon Grape, *°M. Aquifdliuni Nutt., a low shrub with evergreen, pinnate, spiny-margined lvs., and hlue-black, glaucous fr., is occasionally cult. B.B.G. LAURACEAE — LAUREL FAMILY Sassafras — - Sassafras 96. S. variifolium (Salisb.) Ktze. Sassafras. Brts. and buds green, with characteristic taste ; internodes conspicuously variable in length ; true terminal bud present, large, with about 4 scales exposed ; stipule scars lacking; lvs. simple, variously lobed or entire; bark brown, in old trees deeply furrowed into broad, flat ridges, which are sometimes cut by transverse lines; often a large tree, the trunk sometimes nearly 6 ft. in diam. B. Ter., B.B.G., C. Pk., Inw., Kis. Pk., N.Y.B.G., Pal., Pel. Pk., Pros. Pk., V.C. Pk. Benzoin — Spice Bush 97. "B. aestivale (L.) Nees. Spice Bush. Brts. with characteristic spicy taste; buds of two kinds: fl. buds larger and globular, If. buds smaller and pointed, with about 3 scales ; on brts. where fl. buds occur, they are arranged in pairs at the nodes, one on each side of a If. bud; true terminal bud and stipule scars lacking; lvs. simple, obovate. B. Ter., B.B.G., C. Pk., Inw., Kis. Pk., N.Y.B.G., Pal., Pel. Pk., Pros. Pk., V.C. Pk. HAM AM ELI DACEAE PLATANACEAF. 47 HAM A M ELI D A CE A K — WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY Ha it am FLis — Witch-hazel 98. H. virginiana L. W itch-hazel. Usually a shrub, but sometimes tree-like; brts. zig-zag; buds naked, stalked, the terminal crescent-shaped, tomentose, flat, the lateral more cylindrical ; lvs. oval, wavy-toothed, very one-sided at base; stipule scars unequal; fls. with long, narrow, crinkly, vellow petals, opening in Oct. and Nov.; fr. a 2-chambered capsule, shoot- ing out its 2 seeds in the fall and remaining gaping open on the plant through the winter. Common in many of our woodlands. B.B.G., C. Pk., inw., N.Y.B.G., Pal., Y.C. Pk. Liquidambar — Sweet Gum 99. L. Styraciflua L. Red Gum (Sweet Gum). Large tree with star-shaped lvs.; buds pointed, shining, scaly, and red-brown or greenish; terminal hud large, Y> in. long; bud scales with a minute point at tip, and fringed on margin; stipule scars lacking; brs. of second year and older often with corky ridges; brts. often brown above, green beneath; bark light gray and smooth on small trunks and brs. ; scaly and light brown on older trunks; fr. a spiny ball, often hanging on the tree through the winter. An important timber tree. This is near the northern limit of its range; grows wild as far north as South Norwalk, Conn., but is common in the southern States. B. Ter., B.B.G., C. Pk., Kis. Pk., N.Y.B.G., Pah, Pel. Pk.. Pros. Pk., Y.C. Pk. FLATANACEAE — PLANE TREE FAMILY Platanus — Plane Tree Outer bark peeling off in thin plates of varying size, revealing whitish or yellowish inner bark ; buds conical, covered by a single cap-like scale, and hidden under hollow base of petiole; true terminal bud lacking; stipule scars narrow, encircling brt. ; If. scars encircling bud ; lvs. pal- mately lobed ; fr. head a conspicuous ball, made up of many little hard frs., each surrounded by long hairs ; large trees, the native species with the most massive trunk of all the deciduous trees in N.A. 100. P. occidentalis L. Sycamore. Inner bark, where exposed, zvhite; lvs. shall ozely 3-5 -lobed (lobes shorter than broad); fr. heads borne singly (rarely in 2’s), a little more than 1 in. in diam., and not markedly bristly. Native in woods and fields, usually in moist soil. Easily recognized at a distance by its chalky-white patches of bark. Inw., Pal., Pel. Pk., Pros. Pk., Y.C. Pk. 101. P. orientalis L. Oriental Plane. Inner bark of a greenish white or grayish hue; lvs. deeply 5-7- (rarely 3-) lobed (lobes longer than 48 PLATANACEAE ROSACEAE broad); fr. heads 2-6, bristly, the smallest of the three species, 1 in. or less in diam. Native in western Asia and southeastern Europe. C. Pk., Pros. Pk. 102. P. aceriiolia Willd. London Plane. A hybrid between P. occi- dentalis and P. orientahs, sometimes resembling more the one, and some- times more the other parent; inner bark of a greenish or yellow hue; lvs. 3-5-lobed, the middle lobe as long as, or slightly longer than broad ; lobes not, or only sparingly toothed ; lvs. have the general aspect of maple lvs. (hence the specific name) ; fr. heads usually in 2’s (rarely 3's), bristly, about 1 in. in diam. The species commonly planted along streets ; seems better adapted to city conditions than any other tree. B.B.G. ROSACEAE — ROSE FAMILY A large family, divided into several tribes, some of which are: I. Spiraeas, with dry frs. II. Apple tribe, with characteristic fleshy fr. (pome) ; includes apples, pears, quinces, shadbush, and hawthorns. III. Rubus tribe; includes blackberries and raspberries. IV. Roses. V. Primus tribe ; includes cherries, plums or prunes, peach, nectarine, and almond. Spiraea Tribe Spiraea Two species of Spiraea are common, native, low shrubs of Greater N.Y. : the Meadow-sweet, °S. latifolia Borkh., with lvs., frs., and purplish brts. glabrous, and white or pinkish fls. ; and the Hardhack, °S. tomentosa L., with lvs., frs., and brts. rusty woolly (hence the specific name), and fls. mostly deep rose-color; true terminal bud lacking. B.B.G. Many other species cult. Apple Tribe Malus — Apple 103. M. pumila Mill. ( Pyrus Mains L.). Wild Apple. Brts. more or less woolly, at least toward tip ; buds grayish, hairy at tip, blunt, terminal bud present, much larger than the lateral ; stipule scars lacking ; bundle scars 3 ; lvs. oblong-ovate, pubescent beneath. The common “ eating apple ” of Asiatic origin, and now self-sown throughout the U.S. The Baldwins, Greenings, Pippins, etc., are cult. vars. of this species, and can not be relied on to grow true to seed, but must be grafted. The wild apples coming from chance-sown seed, therefore, usually bear dwarfed, knubbly fr. Inw., Kis. Pk., V.C. Pk. ROSACEAE 49 Pyrus — Pear 104. P. communis L. Pear. Buds usually glabrous, sharp-pointed; often with thorn-like short brs. ; stipule scars lacking; bundle scars 3, lvs. elliptic, smooth beneath. In the same category as Mains puinila, i.e. of Asiatic origin, and long cult., but not so commonly found in a wild state. B. Ter., Pel. Pk. Aronia (Pyrus) — Ciiokeberry Shrubs of wet places, occasional in drier soil ; true terminal buds, with about 5 scales exposed ; bundle scars 3 ; stipule scars lacking. The fol- lowing, as well as forms intermediate between them, are common on S.l. 105. "A. arbutifolia (L.) Pers. Red Chokeberry. A shrub with clusters of small, apple-like Its. ; buds carmine, sometimes with greenish tints, long, narrow, and sharp-pointed ; lvs. elliptic, pubescent beneath, with many rounded teeth, and with glands along midrib on upper side; irs. bright red. B. Ter., B.B.G., Kis. Pk., Pel. Pk. °Var. atropurpurea Robinson, the Purple-fruited Chokeberry, has fr. a little larger than that of the type, and very dark i_ed or purple. B. Ter. 100. "A. melanocarpa (Michx.) Britton. Black Chokeberry. Simi- lar to last species, but fr. is very dark purple or nearly black, and lvs. are smooth beneath. B. Ter., Pal. Sorbus (Pyrus) — -Mountain Ash Small trees, with clusters of attractive, bright red frs. in the fall, ap pearing like berries, but in reality like small apples in structure. 107. S. Aucuparia L. European Mountain Ash (Rowan Tree). A small tree with pinnate lvs. resembling those of ash, but not opposite; Ifts. blunt, pubescent beneath, at least when young; terminal buds much larger than lateral, pubescent with long, matted hairs ; bundle scars 3 or 5 ; stipule scars lacking. Often cult. In the American Mountain Ash, *5". amcricdna Marsh., which grows wild in Westchester Co., and is found from there northward in N.Y. State, the Ifts. are taper-pointed and glabrous beneath. S. hybrida L., a form in which the lvs. are tomentose on the under side, pinnate only toward the base, the upper part being lobed, or sometimes the whole If. only lobed, is occasionally cult. AmELANCHIER JuNEBERRY Besides the following, other species may be looked for in the Greater N.Y. region, but the lvs. and fr. are necessary for their identification. (See Wiegand, Rhodora 14: 117 and 239. 1912; also 22: 146. 1920). 108. A. canadensis (L.) Medic. Serviceberry (Shadbush). Bark smooth, colored somewhat like that of blue beech; buds like those of choke- berry in shape, narrow and long-pointed, but larger, usually of a green 50 ROSACEAE color ; terminal bud much larger than lateral ; bud scales sometimes twisted ; bundle scars 3; stipule scars lacking; lvs. usually obovate and heart- shaped at base, pointed at tip, 1-3 in. long; fls. white, with oblong or linear petals, in early INTay ; fr. small, purplish, usually tasteless. B. Ter., Inw., Pal., Pros. Pk. The Southern Swamp Shadhush, "A. oblongifolia (T. & G.) Roetn., has similar buds, but slightly smaller, oblong lvs., usually rounded at both ends; and sweet, nearly black fr. Crataegus — - Hawthorn Small trees or shrubs with thorns in the axils of the lvs., and apple-like frs. ; buds rather small, rounded. Several native species grow in Greater N.Y., but they are difficult to distinguish. They can be identified as hawthorns by the axillary thorns. B.B.G. 109. C. Oxyacantha L. English Hawthorn. Has small, deeply lobed lvs., and mostly white or pink fls. The “ May ” tree of English literature. C. Pk., Pros. Pk. Rubus Tribe Rubus — Bramble To this genus belong the raspberries and blackberries. Basal portion of petiole persistent; buds commonly superposed, the lower one covered by the petiole base. Raspberries The raspberries are either without prickles, or their prickles are weak and bristle-like. The fr. is like a thimble in shape, and when picked, leaves the cone-shaped receptacle on the plant ; lvs. usually compound. The Wineberry, "R. phoenicolasius Maxim., a native of Japan, with stems and petioles covered with soft, reddish, glandular hairs, a few prickles also on the stems, is occasionally seen in Greater N.Y. B.B.G., Inw. 110. "R. occidentalis L. Black Raspberry (Black Cap). Has glau- cous, prickly stems , and lvs. white beneath. The common species in this neighborhood. B. Ter., B.B.G. , Inw., Pal., V.C. Pk. 111. "R. odoratus L. Purple Flowering Raspberry. A handsome species, with large, purple fls., simple, large-lobed lvs., and light brown, loose, shreddy bark. It has no prickles, but its stems, when young, are covered with glandular hairs. Rather common along the Palisades, oppo- site Dyckman St., Manhattan, and often cult. B.B.G. The Dwarf Raspberry, R. triflorus Richards., a low, weak species, almost herba- ceous, with smooth lvs. and sour frs., grows occasionally in wet places. Blackberries The blackberries have (mostly) strong prickles and compound lvs. The fr., when picked, includes the pulpy receptacle. ROSACEA E 51 112. "R. hispidus L. Swamp Dewberry. Creeping, in swamps or wet woods, with prickles pointed backwards ; lvs. smooth on both sides. B. Ter. 113. ”R. villosus Ait. Dewberry. Creeping, on dry soil, with strong prickles ; lvs. thinner than in the last, and may be slightly soft-hairy below. B. Ter. Several species of high blackberries are native in Greater N.Y. They are difficult to distinguish when not in fl. and fr. One of the commonest is : 114. "R. Andrewsianus Blanchard. Andrews’ Highbush Blackberry. Distinguished particularly by prickles and glandular hairs on the fl. and fr. stalks, and by lfts. sparingly pubescent above, velvety beneath, green on both sides. B. Ter., Inw., Pal., Pel. Pk\, V.C. Pk. Rose Tribe Rosa — Rose Shrubs, with stems usually prickly, lvs. usually pinnately compound. Fr. somewhat resembles a little apple externally, but is really a fleshy structure enclosing many little achenes. 115. "R. Carolina L. Swamp Rose. Tall; young brts. with a pair of usually curved prickles at each node ; lvs. dull above, finely toothed, paler and often pubescent below. Grows in wet places. Kis. Pk., V.C. Pk. The Virginia Rose, "R. virginiana Mill., with more or less hooked prickles, longer than in the last, and smooth, shining lvs., grows in moist places. The Sweet- brier, "R. rubiginosa L., naturalized from Europe, with strong, hooked prickles, and lvs. resinous beneath and with the odor of green apples when bruised, is occasionally seen in rocky places and pastures. B.B.G. Prunus Tribe Prunus — Cherry, Plum, Peach, etc. Trees or shrubs; lvs. simple, mostly toothed; fr. fleshy, with one stone inside; bark and lvs. of all species with a characteristic bitter flavor; buds usually with 4 or more scales exposed ; terminal bud usually present, but lacking in the plums; bundle scars 3; stipule scars indistinct. 116. P. serotina Ehrh. Black Cherry. Lvs. simple, thick, shining, serrate with incurved teeth; frs. black, in racemes; buds bright reddish brown, shiny, about 4 scales showing ; brts. with bitter taste like that of cherry pits ; baric on young trees reddish brown and smooth, on older brs. and young trunks marked with horizontally elongated lenticels, on old trunks covered with small, red-brown scales. One of the commonest trees in the woods of Greater N.Y. B. Ter., B.B.G., C. Pk., Inw., Kis. Pk., N.Y.B.G., Pal., Pel. Pk., Pros. Pk., V.C. Pk. 52 ROSACEAE LEGUMINOSAE 117. P. virginiana L. Choke Cherry. Usually a shrub, sometimes a tree; buds rather large (V\ in. long), sharp-pointed, paler than in last species, the margins of the scales light gray; taste of bark cherry-like, but different from that of black cherry; lvs. thin, sharply serrate, with teeth pointing outward; frs. also in racemes, dark red, very puckery, ripening earlier than in P. serotina. Not common in Greater N.Y. B.B.G., Pros. Pk. 118. P. avium L. Sweet Cherry (Mazzard). Lvs. usually with rounded, unequal teeth; brts. stout, and of a paler hue than in last two; bark of young trees and brs. somewhat like that of black cherry, but lenti- cels are larger and more yellowish ; frs. in umbel-like clusters. The sweet, dark red cherry of the garden, native in Europe and western Asia, now growing wild over a large part of eastern U.S. B.B.G., Inw., Kis. Pk., Pal., Pel. Pk., Pros. Pk., V.C. Pk. 119. P. Persiea (I..) Stokes. Peach. Lvs. smooth, long, narrow, tapering to a long point ; brts. smooth, reddish on upper side, green be- neath; buds pubescent; bark somewhat similar to that of cherries. Fr. velvety. Native in China. Often escaped in Greater N.Y. Inw., Pal. The Pin Cherry (Wild Red Cherry), *P. pennsylvanica L. f., with long, narrow, long-pointed, finely serrate, smooth lvs., and small, translucent, red frs. in umbel-like clusters, is found on nearby N.T. ridges and farther north. The Beach Plum, "P. maritima Wang., a low, spreading shrub with velvety buds and brts., lvs. pubescent below, and red or purple frs. with a bloom, in umbel-like clusters, grows on sea beaches of L.I. and S.I. B.B.G. LEGUMINOSAE — PULSE FAMILY Lvs. pinnate, except in Cercis; tis. papilionaceous, except in Gymno- cladus and Gleditsia; fr. a legume; brts. and inner bark with taste of raw beans or peas; true terminal bud lacking in our genera. GyMNOCLADUS COFFEE-TREE 120. *G. dioicus (L.) Koch. Coffee-tree. Lvs. bipinnate; fls. regu- lar ; brts. stout, very irregular in arrangement and position ; pith salmon- colored ; buds two or three together, superposed, and deeply sunken in the bark ; pods woody and thick, 5 in. or more long, rather persistent. Best known by its bark, which has thin, twisted ridges standing out at an angle from surface of trunk. Native from western N.Y. south and west. Often cult. here. B.B.G., Flushing, Pros. Pk. Gleditsia — Honey Locust 121. G. triacanthos L. Honey Locust. Lvs. once or twice pinnate; pods a foot or more long (sometimes less) ; fls. regular or nearly so; buds superposed, partly sunken in bark, but not so deeply as in coffee-tree LEGU MINOS AE 53 thorns, which are often branched , arise above the If. axils (a thornless var. occurs, var. inermis) ; brts. swollen at or below If. scars; hark compara- tively smooth, bnt often with deep, more or less vertical fissures and many branched thorns. Native from Pa. southward and westward. B.B.G., C. Pk., Kis. Pk., Pal. Cercis — Redbud 122. *C. canadensis L. Redbud. Lvs. broadly heart-shaped, entire; buds small, blunt, glabrous, purplish, superposed, with 2, or, in the fl. buds, with several scales exposed; If. scars somewhat raised, with decurrent ridges; bundle scars 3; stipule scars lacking; fls. pink, papilionaceous, borne close to old wood before lvs. appear; small tree. Native from (N.Y.?) N.J. and central Pa. south and west. B.B.G., N.Y.B.G., Pros. Pk. In the oriental species, C. chinensis Bunge, sometimes cult., the lvs. have a very narrow, transparent margin. Cladrastis — Yellow-wood 123. *C. lutea (Michx. f.) K. Koch. Yellow-wood. Bark smooth and gray, like that of beech ; buds naked, hairy, superposed, several so close together as to appear as a single bud, almost surrounded by If. scar; stipule scars lacking; lvs. pinnate, petioles much swollen at base; fls. papilionaceous, white, fragrant, in June. Native in southeastern U.S. A rare tree in its wild state; much cult. B.B.G., Pros. Pk. Sophora 124. S. japonica L. Japan Pagoda-tree. Brts. dark green; buds small, reddish-brown-hairy, almost hidden under u- or v-shaped, raised If. scars; stipule scars minute ; lvs. pinnate ; fls. very light yellow, papilionaceous, in July and August. Native in China. B.B.G., Pros. Pk. Amorpha The False Indigo, "A. fruticosa L., a tall shrub, native from southern Pa. south- ward and westward, is sometimes escaped from cult. Has pinnate lvs. marked with minute dots, spikes of violet, papilionaceous fls. in May and June, and 1-2-seeded, small, rough pods; buds with 2 or 3 scales exposed, superposed; stipule scars small. B.B.G., Kis. Pk., Richmond, S.I. Wisteria — - Wisteria Twining climbers, with pinnate lvs., and without tendrils or aerial rootlets ; fls. blue, purple, or white, in racemes; If. scars raised, and with horn-like protuberances (at least on long shoots) which seem to be of assistance in climbing. Several species cult. B.B.G. 54 LEGUMIXOSAE TO SIM AROUBACEAE Robinia — • Locust 125. R. Pseudoacacia L. Black Locust. Bark somewhat resembles that of American elm ; a pair of stipular spines normally at nodes of brts., but often lacking; buds superposed, hidden under fringed cracks of bark of If. scar; lvs. pinnate; fls. white, papilionaceous, fragrant, in late May or June; pods 3—1 in. long, in. wide, thin. Native south and west of N.Y., but thoroughly established here. A thornless form, var. inermis, exists; many other vars. cult. B. Ter., B.B.G., C. Pk., Inwl, Kis. Pk., Pal., Pel. Pk., V.C. Pk. The Clammy Locust, *R. viscosa Vent., with sticky, dark red-brown brts., and pink fls., is native in the mountains of N.C. and S.C., and cult. ; naturalized at Rich- mond. S.I. The Bristly Locust, *"R. hispida L., with bristly brts. and rose-colored or pale purple fls., is a southern shrub, sometimes cult. B.B.G. RUT ACE AE — RUE FAMILY Ptelea — Hoptree 126. P. trifoliata L. Hoptree (Wafer Ash). A tall shrub or low tree. Lvs. alternate, with 3 Ifts., closely resembling those of poison ivy, but the terminal 1ft. here is larger than the others, and narrows gradually toward its usually sessile base (in poison ivy the terminal 1ft. is conspicuously stalked) ; also, the translucent dots characteristic of the lvs. of this family may readily be seen with a lens. Fr. a thin, circular disk composed of the fr. proper in the center surrounded by a circular wing, the whole about the size of a quarter; frs. in dense clusters persisting during the winter; buds very blunt, pubescent, almost surrounded or often covered by the triangu- lar, raised If. scars; true terminal bud and stipule scars lacking. Fr. has been used as a substitute for hops. Perhaps native in Greater N.Y. ; ranges mostly southward and westward. B.B.G., C. Pk., Kis. Pk., Pros. Pk. P H ELLODENDRO N The Amur Cork Tree, P. amurense Rupr., with opposite, pinnate lvs., keeled, silky-pubescent buds, and soft, corky, light gray bark, deeply grooved, is a native of China, and rarely naturalized in Greater N.Y. True terminal bud rarely present; If. scars horseshoe-shaped, almost surrounding buds; pith brownish; clusters of black frs. persistent during the winter ; brts., except for their opposite lvs., similar in appearance to those of poison sumac. B.B.G., N.Y.B.G. SIMAROUBACEAE — QUASSIA FAMILY Ailanthus (Ai pronounced like “a” in paper) 127. A. altissima (Mill.) Swingle (A. glandulosa Besf.). Ailanthus (Tree of Heaven). Brts. thick (extremely so on young shoots), with a SIM AROUBACEAE A NACARDIACEAE 65 wide, colored pith; If. scars large, heart-shaped or shield-shaped; buds hemispherical, more or less pubescent, relatively small, with 2 or some- times 4 scales exposed, the terminal bud lacking; lvs. pinnate (D/o— 2 ft. long), with a few blunt, glandular teeth at the base of each 1ft., and with a rank odor when crushed ; sap not milky. A native of China, extensively naturalized in Greater N.Y. ; remarkably tolerant of city conditions, grow- ing vigorously in the most densely populated sections of the City. B.B.G., C. Ph\, Inw., N.Y.B.G., Pal., Pel. Pk., Pros. Pk., V.C. Pk. ANACARDI ACEAE — CASHEW FAMILY Rhus — ■ Sumac (Pronounced “ shoomac ” or “soomac”) Sap milky (except in R. copallina and R. Vertii.v) ; lvs. pinnate (ex- cept in R. Toxicodendron ); lfts. serrate or entire; stipule scars lacking. In this region, the poisonous species of Rhus have whitish fr. ; harmless, red. The first, third, and fourth species, although usually shrubs, some- times attain the size and habit of small trees. 128. R. typhina L. Staghorn Sumac. Young brts. brown-hairy, somewhat resembling stags’ horns; buds almost surrounded by If. scars; true terminal bud lacking; lfts. serrate; fr. red. B.B.G., Inw., Pal., V.C. Pk. 129. "R. glabra L. Smooth Sumac. Brts. smooth, usually glaucous ; true terminal bud lacking; lfts. serrate; fr. red. Inw., Kis. Pk., Pal., Pel. Pk., V.C. Pk. 130. R. copallina L. Dwarf Sumac. Brts. downy ; true terminal bud lacking; lvs. with winged rachis, lfts. mostly entire; sap watery; fr. red. B. Ter., Pel. Pk. 131. R. Vernix L. Poison Sumac (Poison Dog- wood). Brts. smooth, speckled with dark dots (lenti- cels) ; true terminal bud present; lfts. entire; fr. whit- ish ; grows only in wet places. Very poisonous to the touch. B. Ter., B.B.G. (labeled specimen), Kis. Pk., V.C. Pk. 132. 00R. Toxicodendron L. Poison Ivy (Poison Oak). A woody climber with aerial rootlets, but often creeping on the ground and sending up short, erect shoots; buds stalked; fr. whitish; lfts. 3, entire or toothed, with stalks. Poisonous to the touch. Cf. Ptelea, No. 126. Staphylea, No. 137, also has 3 lfts., but there the buds are opposite. B. Ter., B.B.G. (la- beled specimen), N.Y.B.G., Pal., Pel. Pk., V.C. Pk. Fig. 2. Branch- lets of poison ivy (left) and poison sumac (right). See description in text. 56 AQUIFOLIACEAE TO STAPHYLEACEAE AQUIFOLIACEAE — HOLLY FAMILY Ilex — Holly 133. I. opaca Ait. Holly. Lvs. persistent, spiny, not so glossy nor with such wavy margins as in English holly (/. Aquifdlium L.) ; berries red. Rarely found on L.I. south of the moraine and also on S.I.; com- mon southward not far from the coast ; the holly commonly used here for Christmas decoration. C. Pk. 134. °I. verticillata (L.) Gray. Winterberry. Lvs. deciduous, ser- rate, not spiny ; berries red and much the same as in holly ; brts. slender, dark purple or grayish purple ; buds tiny, blunt, superposed, a small one very close to the base of a larger one; If. scars crescent-shaped, with one vascular bundle scar; true terminal bud and minute stipule scars present. Also popular for decoration, and becoming scarce ; moist soil or swamps. B. Ter., B.B.G., Kis. Pk., V.C. Pk. The Inkberry, "1. glabra (L.) Gray, with smooth, shining, evergreen or half- evergreen lvs., almost entire, and black fr., grows along the south coast of L.I. B.B.G. The Japanese Holly, '7. crcnata Thunb., with small, shining, toothed, ever- green lvs., borne very thickly, and black fr., is much cult, and thrives under city con- ditions. B.B.G. CELASTRACEAE — STAFF TREE FAMILY Evonymus — Spindle Tree 135. E. europaeus L. European Spindle Tree. Often cult, and sometimes escaped. Opposite, simple, crenate lvs.; tiny, conical buds; slender, green brts. with corky lines on the angles ; fr. 4-lobed, smooth, pink, with red inner parts disclosed when ripe. B.B.G. The Strawberry Bush, "E. americanus L., with warty fr., grows on S.I. and has been recorded from L.I. Celastrus — Staff Tree 136. 00C. scandens L. Climbing Bittersweet. A woody stem twiner, with orange-colored, berry-like fr., showing scarlet interior when ripe; lvs. simple, finely serrate, alternate ; buds small, projecting at right angles to stem. N.Y.B.G., Pros. Pk. STAPHYLEACEAE — BLADBERNUT FAMILY Stapii ylea — Bladder nut 137. "S. trifolia L. Bladdernut. Bark striped; buds opposite, with 3 or 4 scales showing, smooth, red-brown, pointed; If. scars triangular, with 3-5 bundle scars ; stipule scars present ; terminal bud absent ; lvs. with 3 finely serrate Ifts. ; fr. a 3-divided bladdery pod. Palisades below Engle- wood Heights. B.B.G. ACERACEAE 57 ACERACEAE — MAPLE FAMILY Acer — Maple Lvs. in our species simple (pinnately compound in A. N cgundo) , pal- mately lobed, opposite; true terminal bud present; If. scars triangular or u-shaped; bundle scars in 3 groups; stipule scars lacking; fr. a double samara. The species commonly found wild in Greater N.Y. is A. rubrum. 138. A. saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple. Bark not scaly, in old trees in long, thick, irregular plates; buds sharp-pointed and scaly , about 14 in. long, brown or often purplish, somewhat pubescent, especially to- ward tip ; lvs. with rounded sinuses and sparingly toothed, pale beneath. B.B.G., Inw., N.Y.B.G., Pal., V.C. Pk. 139. A. platanoides L. Norway Maple. Bark close (not scaly) ; buds large, reddish (sometimes intermixed with green) ; sap milky; lvs. like those of sugar maple, but green and shining beneath. B.B.G., C. Pk., Ivis. Pk., N.Y.B.G., Pros. Pk. A red-leaved var. commonly cult, is var. Schwedleri. The red color disappears in late June. B.B.G. 140. A. saccharinum L. Silver Maple. Bark scaly; buds small, red; lvs. deeply cleft, silvery white beneath, with sharp sinuses. Brts. have a rank odor when crushed, and tend to point upward at their tips. B.B.G., N.Y.B.G., Pal., Pros. Pk. 141. A. rubrum L. Red Maple. Bark scaly, much like that of the last, but on young trees and brs. pale as in the beech ; buds similar to those of last species ; lvs. not so deeply cleft, but also with sharp sinuses, glau- cous beneath. B. Ter., B.B.G., C. Pk., Imv., Kis. Pk., N.Y.B.G., Pal., Pros. Pk., V.C. Pk. 142. A. Pseudoplatanus L. Sycamore Maple. Bark in roundish, ir- regular scales; buds green, sometimes tinged with red; If. veins prominent on lower surface and pubescent ; fls. and frs. in long pendent clusters. Native in Europe and western Asia. B.B.G., C. Pk., Kis. Pk., N.Y.B.G., Pros. Pk. 143. A. campestre L. Hedge Maple (European Field Maple). Bark close; sap milky; lobes and teeth of lvs. rounded. B.B.G., Pros. Pk. 144. A. Negundo L. Boxelder. Buds short-stalked, reddish and usually woolly; If. scars v-shaped; brts. green or reddish; lvs. compound , with usually 3-5 lfts. ; fr. in long (6 in.), pendulous clusters. Native in New England and southward and westward. Kis. Pk., N.Y.B.G., Pros. Pk., S.I. nr. Richmond. Two species of Japanese maple are commonly cult.: the Japanese Maple, A. pat- ina turn Thunb., with lvs. very deeply 5-9-lobed, like the fingers of a hand ; and the Fullmoon Maple, A. japonicum Thunb., with lvs. not deeply 7—1 1 -lobed ; both are small trees ; purple- or red-leaved and other vars. of these two species are common. Kis. Pk. Two other species of maple are found on the nearby N.J. ridges and on the 58 ACERACEAE TO VITACEAE Hudson Highlands: the Striped Maple (Moosewood), *A. pennsylvdnicum L., a small tree with smooth, green, white-striped bark, 3-lobed, finely toothed lvs., and red buds covered with 2 valvate scales, the terminal bud stalked and large; and the Mountain Maple, *A. spicatum Lam., usually more shrubby, with thin, red-brown bark and downy brts., 3-5-lobed, coarsely serrate lvs., and small buds with only 2 scales showing, the terminal bud % in. long. HIPPOCASTANACEAE — HORSE-CHESTNUT FAMILY Aesculus - — Horse-chestnut 145. A. Hippocastanum L. Horse-chestnut. Buds resinous, oppo- site; lvs. opposite, palmately compound, with usually 7 Ifts. Native in the Balkan Peninsula. B.B.G., C. Pk., Kis. Pk., Pros. Pk., V.C. Pk, Large, pink- or red-flowered horse-chestnuts, often cult., are usually A. cornea Hayne, with slightly resinous buds and 5 lfts., a cross between A. Hippocastaniun and A. Pavia L., the latter a shrubby, red-flowered species of the southeastern U.S. Kis. Pk. The Ohio Buckeye, *A. glabra Willd., a native of the Middle West, sometimes cult, here, has non-resinous buds and usually 5 lfts. B.B.G., Pros. Pk. VITACEAE — VINE FAMILY Our species woody climbers with tendrils; frs. fleshy (berries). Parthenocissus 146. 00P. quinquefolia Planch. (Psedcrci quinquefolia (L.) Greene). Virginia Creeper. Sometimes mistaken for poison ivy, but can be distin- guished by its palmately compound lvs. of 5 lfts.; bluish black berries; circular, raised If. scars subtending blunt buds (often 2 at a node, 1 large and 1 small) ; and by its usual lack of aerial rootlets, the branched tendrils with expanded adhesive disks at their tips serving as holdfasts (older stems sometimes develop aerial roots in abundance) ; pith white or greenish. B. Ter., B.B.G., Inw., Pal., Pel. Pk., V.C. Pk. VItis — Grape Lvs. simple, usually lobed; pith brown; stems striate; tendrils unbranched, with- out disks at their tips. Two species of wild grape are common in this neighborhood. The Northern Fox Grape, °"V. labrusca L., has very woolly brts. ; lvs. persistently woolly below ; a tendril or a fl. cluster at every node; and large, dark purple or amber-colored frs.; has given rise to the Concord and many other vars. of cult, grapes. Pel. Pk., V.C. Pk. The Summer Grape, 00V. aestivalis Michx., has more loosely pubescent brts.; mature lvs. with scattered rusty woolliness below; tendrils intermittent; and smaller black frs. with a bloom. B.B.G. TJLIACEAE CORNACEAE 59 T I L I ACE AE — LIND E N FAM I LY Tilia - — - Linden Stalk of fl.- or fr. -cluster appears to grow from about the middle of a large strap-shaped bract; fr. hard, spherical, about the size of a pea; lvs. alternate, more or less heart-shaped ; buds lopsided, 2 scales exposed ; true terminal bud lacking; stipule scars unequal. 147. T. americana L. Basswood. Lvs. heart-shaped, the under sur- face with tufts of hairs in axils of lateral veins but wanting in those at base of If.; buds carmine or greenish, with a large scale on one side, giv- ing a lopsided appearance. Inw., Kis. Pk., N.Y.B.G., Pah, Pel. Pk., Pros. Pk., V.C. Pk. A common European species much cult, is the Common Linden, T. vulgaris Iiayne, with smaller lvs., which have tufts of hairs in axils of all the veins. Kis. Pk., Pel. Pk., Pros. Pk. The Silver Linden of southeastern Europe and western Asia, 7. tomentosa Moench., occasionally cult., is easily recognized by the white tomentose under surface of the lvs. B.B.G., Pros. Pk. CORN ACE AE — DOGWOOD FAMILY Lvs. opposite (alternate in C. alternifolia and in Nyssa ), entire; fls. small, in rather close bunches (cymes or heads) ; If. buds narrow, with a pair of nearly or quite valvate scales. Cornus - — Dogwood 148. C. florida L. Dogwood. Small tree; bark appearing like alli- gator skin; lvs. pale beneath; fr. a bright red drupe; fl. buds globular, If. buds narrow. The only native species of this region in which the bud scales of the fl. buds grow out into large petal-like bracts at the time of flowering. Very common. C. Pk., Inw., Kis. Pk., N.Y.B.G., Pal., Pel. Pk, Pros. Pk, V.C. Pk. 149. °C. Amomum Mill. Kinnikinnik (Silky Dogwood). Lvs. silky, downy, and often rusty beneath; brs. red, pith tawny (this shows best in stems 3 years old or more) ; fr. pale bine. Wet places ; very common. B.B.G., V.C. Pk. 150. °C. stolonifera Michx. Red-osier Dogwood. Brs. red, with white pith at all ages; lvs. whitish beneath, pubescent on both surfaces; fr. white or lead color; stems (stolons) when they touch the soil root easily, making new plants. Wet places; not so common in Greater N.Y. as last species ; distinguished from last by stolons, white fr., and white pith. Pel. Pk, V.C. Pk. 151. °C. paniculata L’Her. Panicled Dogwood (Gray Dogwood). Common, and often in drier soil, along fences, etc. Fls. in somewhat convex or elongated clusters, not flat-topped as in three preceding species : 60 CORNACEAE ■ — ERICACEAE brts. gray or reddish gray; pith brown ; fr. white, on red stalks; Ivs. glau- cous below. Pel. Pk., V.C. Pk. 152. C. mas L. Cornelian Cherry. Yellow fls. blooming early in April, enclosed in the winter bud stage by 4 scales which, however, do not expand at flowering time as in C. florida, and are early deciduous. A species from Europe and western Asia, commonly cult. B.B.G. The Blue Dogwood (Alternate-leaved Dogwood), C. alternifolia L. f., a small tree with alternate Ivs. appressed-pubescent below, occurs on L.I. B.B.G. The Round-leaf Dogwood, *°C. circindta L'Her. (C. rugosa Lam.), with large, almost round Ivs., woolly beneath, and green or pinkish purple brts., grows in rocky places to the northward and westward. B.B.G. The Bunchberry, *C. canadensis L., is an herbaceous species common in northern and western N.Y. and in New England. Nyssa — Tupelo 153. N. sylvatica Marsh. Black Gum (Tupelo, Pepperidge, Sour Gum). Large tree; in wet places; the many short, wide-angled brs. re- mind one of a pear or a hawthorn. Lvs. alternate, simple, turning crimson in fail; pith unequally chambered, the chambers stuffed; If. scars reddish, with 3 very distinct vascular bundle scars in a straight or curved row ; stipule scars lacking; fr. small, a dark blue drupe; buds smooth, ovoid, dark red-brown; true terminal bud present, about 4 scales exposed. B. Ter., B.B.G., C. Pk., Kis. Pk., N.Y.B.G., Pal., Pel. Pk., Pros. Pk., V.C. Pk. ERICACEAE — HEATH FAMILY A large family, including huckleberries, blueberries, cranberries, mountain laurel, rhododendron, azalea, trailing arbutus, etc. In most of the genera the anthers open by a pore at the tip. Lvs. simple, often ever- green; corolla usually gamopetalous (petals distinct in Clethra). Cletiira — ■ White Alder 154. °C. alnifolia L. Sweet Pepperbush. A tall shrub with long, erect spikes of white, fragrant fls. in July or August, and dry frs. ; buds minutely pubescent ; terminal buds pointed, lateral buds very small and inconspicuous or developing into short brts. the same season ; brts. downy or scurfy, angled; outer bark peeling off the second year; If. scar oval or triangular, with bundle scar forming a prominent semicircular or broad u-shaped ridge ; lvs. obovate, pointed, smooth, serrate. In wet ground or swamps; also cult. B. Ter., B.B.G., Kis. Pk., N.Y.B.G., Pros. Pk. Rhododendron Often has a number of brs. growing out in whorl-like fashion at end of previous year’s growth. FI. buds much larger than If. buds; true terminal bud present. By some authorities the two following species are ERICACEAE 61 classed as azaleas, on account of their deciduous lvs. ; true rhododendrons, according to them, have evergreen lvs. 155. "R. viscosum (L.) Torr. Clammy Azalea (White Swamp Honeysuckle). Lvs. deciduous, shining, somewhat narrowed toward their liases, often arranged in a conspicuous, flat mosaic near tip of hrt. ; brts. bristly; fl. huds large, with ciliate scales, terminal; If. buds much smaller; fls. (in June and Julv) white, fragrant, sticky. Grouts in swamps. B. Ter., B.B.G., N.Y.B.G. 156. "R. nudiflorum (L.) Torr. Purple Azalea (Pinxter Flower). Much like the last, but usually not so tall; with duller lvs. and generally smoother brts.; fls. opening much earlier, with the unfolding of the lvs.; usually of various shades of pink; buds as in the last. Grows in drier soil. From the winter characters alone, this and the last species are diffi- cult to distinguish. B. Ter., B.B.G., Pal., Pros. Pk., V.C. Pk. Various species and vars. of "Rhododendron with large, thick, evergreen lvs., are cult. Kalmia — Laurel Smooth shrubs with show}' fls., evergreen lvs., and small buds with onlv 2 scales showing. 157. K. latifolia L. Mountain Laurel. Has ovate, thick, leathery, alternate lvs. Fls. terminal. B.B.G. 158. °K. angustifolia L. Sheep Laurel. A small shrub with smaller, thinner, oblong lvs., which are opposite or in 3’s (rarely in 4’s). Fls. lateral. Poisonous to stock; sometimes called lambkill. B. Ter., B.B.G. Leucothoe - — - Fetter Busii The Fetter Bush, f'L. racemosa (L.) Gray, is a shrub with thin, deciduous, alter- nate, toothed lvs., and very fragrant, white fls. in one-sided, terminal racemes ; in winter the roundish dry frs. are still to be seen, as well as the racemes of fl. buds for the next year ; the brts. are often reddish brown above, green below; buds small, roundish ; If. scars crescent-shaped or semicircular, with one. central bundle scar ; true terminal bud lacking. Poisonous to stock. Native on S.I. B. Ter., B.B.G. Lyonia The Stagger-bush, C,L. mariana (L.) D. Don., has small, roundish, crimson buds standing out at a wide angle from the smooth, yellow brts., and urn-shaped, per- sistent, dry frs. ; buds with at least 4 scales exposed ; true terminal bud lacking. Poisonous to stock. B. Ter. 159. °L. ligustrina (L.) DC. Male Berry. Has one-sided racemes of small, white fls.. and roundish, dry frs.; brts. often minutely pubescent, yellow; buds smooth, slender, sharp-pointed, crimson, with 2 scales show- ing, flattened, lying close to hrt. ; true terminal bud lacking; If. scars shield- shaped ; lvs. oval, pointed, mostly smooth. B. Ter. 6 62 ERICACEAE EBENACEAE Gaylussacia — - Huckleberry Fr. sweet, with ten large seeds; lvs. (in our species) more or less dotted on the under surface with resin globules; true terminal bud lacking. 160. "G. baccata (Wang.) K. Koch. Black Huckleberry. Stems stiff, much branched, finely pubescent on younger parts; lvs. densely cov- ered on under side with shiny resin globules which are sticky when young ; fl. huds larger than If. buds, with resin globules; fr. black, shiny, edible, in short, dense clusters. FIs. more slender than those of blueberries, and more reddish. The common species in Greater N.Y. B. Ter., B.B.G. The Dwarf Huckleberry, °G. dumosa (Andr.) T. & G., has glandular-hairy brs. coming up from a creeping stem, shiny lvs., glandular-pubescent below, and elongated clusters of black, tasteless frs. The Dangleberry, "G. frondosa (L.) T. & G., has slender, smooth, glaucous stems, lvs. glaucous and finely pubescent beneath, and dark blue, edible frs. with a white bloom. B. Ter., B.B.G. Vaccinium — Blueberry, Cranberry Fr. usually more acid than that of huckleberries, and with numerous small seeds; true terminal hud lacking. The Deerberry, “V. stamineum L., is low and much branched, with bitter-tasting, pubescent stems; pale lvs., glaucous and pubescent below; fls. with projecting stamens; and greenish, glaucous, tart fr. B. Ter., Pal. 161. "V. pennsylvanicum Lam. Early Sweet Blueberry. Low; stems smooth; lvs. smooth, shining, green on both sides, not mucronate ; fr. mostly bluish hlack and glaucous. B.B.G. 162. °V. vacfflans Kalm. Late Low Blueberry. Low ; stems smooth and yellowish green; lvs. dull above, glaucous below, mucronate ; fr. blue, glaucous, later than in the last species. Inw., Pal., Y.C. Pk. 163. "V. corymbosum L. High or Swamp Blueberry. Tall; brts. green or often reddish; fl. buds red, plump, pointed; If. buds (smaller than fl. buds) pointed, the scales each with a prominent, spine-like point; If. scars very narrow, sometimes merely transverse lines on brt. ; lvs. usu- ally somewhat pubescent below; fr. blue-black, glaucous. Very common. B. Ter., B.B.G., Kis. Pk., V.C. Pk. The Black High Blueberry, "V. atrococcum (Gray) Heller, is somewhat similar to the last, but has lvs. densely pubescent below and black, shiny fr.; blooms and frs. earlier. B.B.G. The American Cranberry, "V. macrocarpon Ait., evergreen, with sour, red frs., grows on L.I. and is said to occur on S.I. B.B.G. EBENACEAE — EBONY FAMILY Diospyros — Persimmon 164. D. virginiana L. Persimmon. A tree with alternate, ovate- oblong, entire, smooth lvs.; yellowish, fleshy fi's. an in. or slightly less in diam., very puckerv ; somewhat triangular buds with only 2 or 3 greatly EBENACEAIi — OLEACEAE 63 overlapping scales showing; and very distinctive bark, deeply cut into thick, squarish segments; terminal bud and stipule scars lacking; pith irregularly chambered, the chambers often stuffed. Kis. Pk., N.Y.B.G., Pel. Pk. OLEACEAE — OLIVE FAMILY Lvs. (and buds) opposite throughout the family. Fraxinus — Asii Lvs. pinnately compound; true terminal bud present; fr. a samara or key; If. scars crescent-shaped to almost circular; bundle scars numerous in a crescent- or c-shaped aggregate. The ash is sometimes confused with the hickory, but can readily be distinguished by its opposite lvs. and buds (alternate in hickory). 165. F. americana I .. White Ash. Buds stout, rusty to dark brown or sometimes nearly black ; usually a pair of lateral buds very close to the base of the terminal one ; If. scars crescent-shaped ; bark close but grooved as in mockernut ; lfts. stalked, may or may not be pubescent beneath; brts. smooth and shining, usually gray or greenish brown. The common spe- cies. B.B.G., C. Pk., Imv, Kis. Pk., N.Y.B.G., Pal., Pel. Pk., Pros. Pk., V.C. Pk. 166. F. pennsylvanica Marsh. Bed Ash. Buds smaller than in white ash, rusty brown ; If. scars semicircular, not or only a little concave on upper margin; lfts. stalked; lvs. and ends of brts. downy; smaller tree, with more slender brts. and more irregular in habit, but with bark like that of the last. Likes banks of small streams or swampy soil. B.B.G., Imv., V.C. Pk. 167. F. nigra Marsh. Black Ash. Buds usually black and rather sharp-pointed, the first pair of lateral buds at a little distance below the terminal bud, giving it a stalked appearance; brts. stout, yellow or buff- colored, not shining hut smooth; If. scars circular to semicircular; large trees with corky bark which easily rubs off; lfts. sessile. In swamps. Kis. Pk., V.C. Pk. 168. F. excelsior L. European Ash. Has jet-black buds, with a pair just below the terminal bud, as in white ash; If. scars semicircular; lfts. almost sessile, serrate. Commonly planted in parks. The Golden Bell, ° Forsythia , from Asia (B.B.G.) ; the Common Lilac, ° Syringe , from Europe (B.B.G.) ; the Privet, 0 Ligustnnn , from Europe (B.B.G.) , the last com- monly used for hedges; and the Olive, Olca (not hardy here), also belong to this family. 64 SOLANACEAE TO BIGNONIACEAE SOLANACEAE — NIGHTSHADE FAMILY Solanum — Nightshade 169. 00S. Dulcamara L. Bitter Nightshade or Bittersweet. A woody climber naturalized in some places, with clusters of bright red berries said to be poisonous. Lvs. simple, ovate or heart-shaped, or with two ear-like lobes at the base which often become separate lfts. ; stems light gray with an olive tint, usually somewhat downy, terete or irregularly 3-sided; buds globose, alternate; If. scars raised, semicircular. Not a relative of the true bittersweet. Native in Europe and Asia. B.B.G., C. Pk., Kis. Pk. SCROPPIULARIACEAE — FIGWORT FAMILY Paulownia 170. P. tomentosa Steud. Royal Paulownia. Lvs. opposite, heart- shaped, soft-pubescent, often showing very shallow lobing, indicated by projecting points on the margins; large, violet, unequally 5-lobed fls. in upright panicles in May ; clusters of large, ovoid capsules to be seen in winter, as well as clusters of fl. buds for the following year; seeds small, winged; If. buds blunt, sunken in bark, superposed above large, nearly circular If. scars; terminal bud lacking; pith usually chambered, white. A Chinese species escaped in the U.S., from southern N.Y. to Fla. and Tex. B.B.G., Inw. (River Rd.), N.Y.B.G., Pal., B'way at V.C. Pk. BIGNONIACEAE — BIGNONIA FAMILY Tecoma — Trumpet Creeper The Trumpet-creeper, *°°T. r a die a ns (L.) Juss. ( Campsis radiants Seem.), is a vine with opposite, deciduous, pinnately compound lvs., and conspicuous, orange- scarlet, tubular fls., climbing mainly by aerial rootlets arising at the nodes. Lf. scars elliptical or shield-shaped; buds with 1-3 pairs of scales exposed. Native in N.J. and Pa. and southward and westward. Cult. CATALrA — CATALPA Apt to he confused with paulownia, but has lvs. usually 3 at a node (sometimes opposite), smoother, without a tendency toward lobing, and with solitary buds in their axils ; nearly white, spotted fls., opening later than in paulownia; very long, nearly cylindrical pods, with large, winged seeds. 171. *C. speciosa Warder. Hardy Catalpa. Fls. (in June) incon- spicuously spotted; lvs. long-pointed, without odor when crushed; fr. 8-20 in. long, %-% in. in diam. at the middle; wings of seeds rounded at end, with a fringe of short hairs. Native in the Middle West. B.B.G., Pel. Pk. BIG NON IACEAE TO CA I’RIFOLIACEAE 65 172. C. bignonioides Walt. Common Catalpa. FIs. (in June and July) conspicuously spotted ; lvs. short-pointed, with unpleasant odor when crushed; fr. 6-20 in. long', in. in diam. at the middle; 'icings of seeds pointed at end, with a fringe of long hairs. Native in the southern States. B.B.G. RUB IACEAE — MADDER FAMILY Cephalanthus — Buttonbush The Buttonbush, C. occidentalis L., usually a shrub, with ovate, entire lvs., opposite or in 3’s, with triangular stipules; small buds in depressed areas above the circular If. scars; white fls. in July and August in dense, round heads, and small, dry, persistent frs. clustered the same way; grows in swampy places. B. Ter., B.B.G., Kis. Pk„ V.C. Pk. CAPRI FOLIACEAE — HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY Entire family has opposite lvs. (and buds). DiervIlla — Bush Honeysuckle The Dwarf Bush Honeysuckle, "B. Lonicera Mill., has oblong-ovate, pointed, serrate, ciliate lvs.; yellow to red fls. ripening into slender, long-pointed, persistent, dry frs.; pointed, scaly buds; terminal bud present; stipule scars lacking. Lonicera - — Honeysuckle 173. 00L. japonica Thunb. Japanese Honeysuckle. The common species, a usually pubescent climber and creeper ; very variable ; lvs. ovate or oblong, half-evergreen, sometimes lobed ; fr. black ; grows wild in abundance in many parts of our woods and thickets, especially on L.I. B.B.G., C. Pk., For. Pk.. Inw., Kis. Pk., Pal. The Trumpet Honeysuckle, °"L. sempervirens L., a smooth, more or less ever- green climber with red fr., is said to occur on L.I. and S.I. Viburnum - — Arrow-wood Likely to be confused with Cornus, because of the opposite, simple lvs. and somewhat similar-appearing, white fls. ; but the lvs. are serrate. while in Cornus they are entire. Fr. (in our species) black or very dark blue; true terminal bud present; stipule scars lacking; If. scars not quite meeting at sides (sometimes joined by a transverse ridge) ; buds covered by 2 valvate or 2 or 3 pairs of scales. 174. °V. acerifolium L. Maple-leaf Viburnum. A low shrub; lvs. pubescent, toothed, shaped like those of red maple, with minute dark dots on the under side; bud scales separate, i.e., not valvate, the outermost pair very short. Very common in woods. Inw., Pal., V.C. Pk. 175. °V. dentatum L. Arrow-wood. Lvs. with coarse teeth, nearly smooth beneath ; bud scales separate, the outermost pair longer than in 66 CAPRIFOLIACEAE COMPOSITAE the last species, often reaching the middle of the bud. In wet places. B. Ter., B.B.G., Kis. Pk., Pal.," Pel. Pk„ V.C. Pk. The Downy Arrow-wood, *“V. pubescens (Ait.) Pursh, which closely resembles V. dent at urn, grows on higher, drier ground, and has lvs. pubescent beneath. Found sparingly along the Palisades opposite Dyckman Street. The Nannyberry, V. Lentago L., has upper lvs. very long-pointed, on winged petioles, valvate bud scales, and long, limber brs. B.B.G. 176. V. prunifolium L. Blackhaw. Shrub or small tree with short, stiff brs. ; bark somewhat like that of C omits florida; lvs. oval, finely ser- rate, on only slightly winged petioles ; bud scales valvate or grown to- gether. C. Pk., B.B.G., Inw., Kis. Pk., Pal., Pel. Pk., V.C. Pk. Sambucus — Elder Lvs. pinnate; pith wide and soft; true terminal bud lacking; stipule scars lacking; If. scars meeting laterally, or connected by transverse lines. 177. °S. canadensis L. Common Elder. Pith zvliitc ; fls. and frs. in flat-topped clusters. The common species, with black berries. B. Ter., B.B.G. , Inw., Kis. Pk., N.Y.B.G., Pal., Pel. Pk., Pros. Pk., V.C. Pk. 178. °S. pubens Michx. (S. racemdsa L. of Gray’s Manual). Red- berried Elder. Pith orange; buds and young brts. often with purplish tinge; fls. and frs. in elongated clusters; berries red. Likes rocky woods. Pal., Inw. COMPOSITAE — COMPOSITE FAMILY Two species of this family are shrubby and of common occurrence in the salt marshes of Greater New York. Baccharis - — Groundsel-tree The Groundsel-tree, B. halimifolia L„ sometimes attains the dimensions of a tree, and is distinguished by its alternate, obovate, simple lvs., bluntly toothed in the upper part (upper lvs. entire) ; slender, green or brownish, ridged brts. with minute, resinous buds, and broadly v-shaped If. scars. Stipule scars absent. Since the brts. have indeterminate growth, a typical terminal If. bud is lacking. Fls. in dense terminal panicles; dioecious, the pistillate plants conspicuous in the late fall with their tassels of white pappus. Iva — Marsh-elder The Marsh-elder, °L oraria Bartlett, is lower (2-4 ft.), has longer, oval or lanceolate, somewhat fleshy, sharply toothed, mostly opposite lvs., ridged brts., and fls. resembling those of the ragweed. Lf. scars broadly triangular, and when opposite, connected by lateral flaps. Stipule scars absent. GLOSSARY Accessory buds. Buds near the nodes but not in the leaf axils. Aclicnc. A small, dry, one-seeded, inde- hiscent fruit. Acicular. Needle-shaped. Acute. Sharp-pointed. Alternate. Not opposite; (leaves) only one at a node ; (buds) only a single axillary bud at a node. Aril. A fleshy outgrowth from a seed, sometimes more or less surrounding it. . hoi-shaped. Tapering from a thick base to a sharp point. Axil. Angle; e.g., the angle between a leaf and stem, or the angle of a branch- ing vein. . Ixillary. Situated in an axil. Axis. The center line of any organ, or the central organ around which others are attached. Berry. A many-seeded, entirely fleshy fruit. Blade. The expanded part of a leaf. Bract. A small leaf or scale in the axil of which a flower or flower cluster may be borne. Branch. A subdivision of the main stem. Branchlct. The growth of the last sea- son on any stem. Bristle. A stiff hair. Bud. An undeveloped stem with unde- veloped leaves, or flowers, or both. Bud scales. Small, dry, modified leaves covering a bud. Bundle scars. Small marks on a leaf scar where the vascular bundles (con- ducting strands) passed from the stem and connected with the veins in the leaf. Capsule. A dry, dehiscent fruit devel- oped front a compound ovary. Catkin. A spike of unisexual flowers, each borne in the axil of a bract. Chambered. (Pith) interrupted by hol- low spaces or regions of looser tissue. Ciliatc. Fringed with hairs. Collateral buds. Accessory buds at the sides of the axillary bud. Compound leaf. A leaf whose blade is divided into separate parts called leaf- lets. Cone. A spike-like cluster of scales bear- ing naked seeds. Connate. Grown together. Cordate. (Leaves) with 2 rounded lobes at the base, and a deep sinus between them, where the stalk is attached. Corolla. Collective name for the petals. Crcnate. Scalloped, or with rounded teeth. Deciduous. Falling off; applied to leaves which drop off in the autumn of their first year. Dc current. (Leaf) extending down the stem below the place of insertion. Decussate. Arranged in pairs which al- ternate with each other at right angles, making four vertical ranks. Dehiscent. Splitting open when ripe. Dioecious. Ftaving staminate and pis- tillate flowers on separate plants. Doimy. Covered with short, soft hairs. Drupe. A stone fruit, the fleshy part surrounding a stone which encloses the seed, as in the peach. Elliptic. About twice as long as wide, and with the general outline of an ellipse, the two ends about the same width. Entire. With an even margin, not toothed or divided. Evergreen. (Leaves) remaining green through the winter. Exfoliating. Peeling off in layers. Exotic. Of foreign origin and not nat- uralized. 67 68 GLOSSARY Falcate. Sickle- or scythe-shaped; flat with parallel, curved edges. Fascicle. A bundle or close cluster. Fluted. With rounded ridges. Fruit. A ripened ovary or seed vessel. Glabrous. Smooth, i.e., without hairs. Gland. A secreting organ, embedded, or mourned on a stalk, or tipping a hair or tooth ; or any protuberance resem- bling such an organ. Glandular. Furnished with glands. Glaucous. Covered with a white or blu- ish bloom, which rubs off, as on plums. Globose. Spherical or nearly so. Hairy. With fairly long hairs. Half-evergreen. (Leaves) remaining green through part of the winter. Imbricated. Overlapping. Indehiscent. Not splitting open when ripe. Internode. The part of the stem between two nodes. Involucre. A group of modified leaves around a flower or flower cluster. Keeled. With a central ridge, like the keel of a boat. Lanceolate. Shaped like the head of a lance ; much longer than wide, tapering to a point at the upper end, and slightly narrowed at the base. Lateral. Situated on the side. Leader. The trunk of a tree. Leaf bud. A bud containing leaves and stem, but no flowers. Leaf scar. A scar left where a leaf fell from the stem. Leaflet. One of the parts of a compound leaf. Legume. A dry fruit formed from a simple ovary, and splitting into 2 valves when ripe, as the pea pod. Lenticel. A raised dot, a region of loose aerating tissue in the bark. Linear. Long and very narrow, with parallel margins. Lobe. A segment of a leaf whose mar- gin is too deeply cut to be called toothed. Midrib. The central vein of a leaf. Mixed bud. A bud containing both leaves and flowers. Monoecious. Having staminate and pis- tillate flowers on the same plant. Mucronate. Abruptly tipped with a short, blunt point. Multiple fruit. A structure composed of the fruits of several flowers so close together as to appear as a single fruit. Naked. Not covered: (bud) without specially modified, covering scales ; (catkin) not enclosed in a bud; (seed) not enclosed in an ovary. Needle. A long, slender, more or less needle-shaped leaf. Node. A place on the stem where one or more leaves are (or were) borne. Nut. A hard, mostly one-seeded, inde- hiscent fruit, larger than an achene. Oblanceolate. Lanceolate with the taper- ing point toward the base. Oblong. Longer than wide, with mar- gins nearly parallel. Ob ovate. Ovate with the narrow end toward the base. Obtuse. Blunt or rounded at the end. Opposite. (Leaves or axillary buds) two at a node, inserted on opposite sides of the stem at the same level. Oval. Broadly elliptical, less than twice as long as wide. Ovary. The part of the flower in which the seeds will be formed; compound ovary, one composed of 2 or more parts. Ovate. With the general outline of a lengthwise section of an egg, with the wider end toward the base. Palmate. Resembling a hand: palmately veined, with three or more veins about the same size arising from the same GLOSSARY 69 point at the base of the blade; — lobcd, with sinuses pointing' toward the peti- ole; — compound, with leaflets all at- tached to the tip of the petiole. Panicle. An elongated, loose, branching or compound flower cluster. Papilionaceous. With flowers con- structed like those of the sweet pea. Pappus. The modified calyx in the Com- posite Family. Parallel veined. With veins nearly par- allel, from the base to the tip of the leaf. Parasitic. Getting food partly or wholly from another living organism. Parted. (2-, 3-. etc. -parted) : too deeply cut to be called lobed, but not deeply enough to be called compound. Pendulous. Drooping. Persistent. Remaining on; not decidu- ous; applied to leaves, pubescence, etc. Petal. One of the modified leaves (usu- ally bright-colored) forming the inner circle of leaf-like parts of a flower, next to and surrounding the stamens. Petiole. The stalk of a leaf. Phyllotaxy. The arrangement of leaves on the stem. Pinnate. Resembling a feather; pin- nately veined, lobcd, or compound, with veins, lobes, or leaflets arranged along the sides of a central axis, midrib or rachis. Tzeicc pinnate. Pinnately compound of leaflets which are also pinnately compound. Pistil. The central organ of a flower, in the base (ovary) of which the seeds will be formed. Pistillate. Having one or more pistils, but no stamens. Pith. Tbe softer, central part of a 'tern. Polien. A powder, usually yellow, dis- charged from the enlarged tips (an- thers) of the stamens of a flower. Prickle. A slender, sharp-pointed out- growth from the young bark or epi- dermis. Pubescent. Bearing hairs of some sort, soft and fine ones particularly. Raceme. A cluster of stalked flowers on an elongated axis. Racemose. Raceme-like. Rachis. The axis of a compound leaf (or of a spike). Receptacle. The tip of the stem (usually somewhat enlarged) on which the parts of the flower are borne. Resin duel. A lengthwise or transverse canal which carries resin. Rhombic. With 4 nearly equal sides, but not rectangular. Samara. A winged fruit. Scale. (1) A very small leaf, usually appressed and often dry; e.g., mod- ified leaves that cover buds; mod- ified leaves on cones and catkins. (2) A tiny flattened outgrowth from the epidermis. (3) A flake of bark. Serrate. Saw-toothed ; with sharp teeth pointing forward. Sessile. Without a stalk. Shoot. Stem and leaves. Shrub. A woody plant branched from the base, usually less than 8 ft. tall. Simple. Not branched; not compound. Sinus. The indentation between two lobes. Spike. A cluster of sessile flowers borne close together on an elongated axis. Spine. A sharp-pointed, rigid outgrowth from the stem, a modified branch or leaf or part of leaf. Stamen. One of the pollen-bearing or- gans of a flower. S laminate. Having stamens but no pis- tils. Stipules. Small appendages occurring in pairs at the bases of the petioles of the leaves of certain plants. Stipule scar. A scar left on the stem where a stipule fell. Striate. Marked with lengthwise stripes or ridges. Strigosc. With appressed bristles. Subpetiolar. Underneath the base of the petiole. 70 GLOSSARY Subtended by. Situated just above. Superposed buds. Accessory buds above the axillary bud. Tendril. A thread-like organ (modified stem or leaf) which coils around a support. Terete. Cylindrical. Thorn. Usually a hardened, sharp- pointed branch. Tomentose. Covered with a woolly felt {t omentum) . Toothed. With short projections be- tween shallow notches on the margin. Tree. A woody plant usually with one main trunk and reaching a height of at least 8 feet and a diameter of at least 2 inches. T rank. The main stem of a tree. Twig. A small branch, usually includ- ing several years’ growth. Umbel. Umbrella-like flower cluster; with flower stalks all from one point, the tip of the axis. Unisexual. Staminate or pistillate. Valvate. With edges meeting and not overlapping. Valve. One of the pieces into which a dehiscent fruit splits. Veins. Strands of conducting tissue forming the framework of leaves. Whorl. A circle of three or more (leaves or buds) around the stem. Wing. A thin expansion of, or append- age to, an organ. Woolly. Covered with long, entangled, soft hairs. REFERENCE BOOKS : ;.\u.f.y, L. H. The standard cyclopedia of horticulture. New York, Macmillan Co., 1925. 3 vols., illus., $25.00. Valuable for descriptions of cultivated species of trees and shrubs. Hi. a k i slkk, A. F., and C. D. Jarvis. Trees in winter, their study, planting, care, and identification. New York, Macmillan Co., 1913. 446 pp., illus., $3.50. Very valuable for the winter study of trees. The comparisons of the species with others with which they are likely to be confused are particularly helpful. — . Trees in winter. New York, Macmillan Co., 1931. New, abridged. 292 pp., 516 figs., $2.00. Britton, N. L. Manual of the flora of the northern States and Canada. 3d ed. New York, Henry Holt & Co., 1907. xxiv-)-1122 pp. Technical descriptions, with keys, of the flowering plants and ferns of the northeastern U. S. Out of print. — . North American trees, being descriptions and illustrations of the trees grow- ing independently of cultivation in North America, north of Mexico and the West Indies. New York, Henry Holt & Co., 1908. x -(- 894 pp., 781 figs. Technical descriptions of the various North American trees. Out of print. , and Addison Brown. An illustrated flora of the northern States, Canada, and the British possessions. New York, Chas. Scribner’s Sons, 1913. 3 vols., $13.50. Description and illustration of each species of flowering plant and fern. Brown. H. P. Trees of New York State, native and naturalized. Syracuse, N. Y., Tech. Publ. No. 15, N. Y. State Coll, of Forestry, Syracuse Univ., 1921. 401 pp., illus. Paper, $1.00; cloth, $1.60. Technical descriptions, with figures, of the trees of N. Y. State. Contains a chapter on the ecology of the N. Y. State trees and also an interesting article on the derivation of tree names. Glossaries. Collins, J. Franklin, and Howard W. Preston. Illustrated key to the wild and commonly cultivated trees of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada based primarily on leaf characters. New York, Henry Holt & Co., 1912. vii -j- 184 pp., 279 figs., $1.35. A good key to trees by leaf characters. Can be carried in the pocket. Contains also a glossary, and list of standard works on trees. Curtis, Carlton C. A guide to the trees. New York, Greenberg, 1925. 208 pp., illus., $2.00. A good, non-technical little book containing a key to, and descrip- tions of, the native trees. Dame, Lorin L., and Henry Brooks. Handbook of the trees of New England with ranges throughout the United States and Canada. Boston, Ginn & Co., 1902. xv -j- 196 pp., 87 figs. A small book with good figures and technical descriptions. Can be carried in the pocket. Out of print. Gray, Asa. Lessons in botany. The elements of botany for beginners and for schools. New York, American Book Co., 1887. Revised ed. 226 pp., 589 figs. $1.28. “A companion and interpreter to the manuals and floras”; practically an extended glossary with descriptions and illustrations. Gray’s manual of botany. See Robinson and Fernald. Hough, R. B. Handbook of the trees of the northern States and Canada cast of the Rocky Mountains. Lowville, N. Y., published by the author, 1924. x -|- 470 71 72 REFERENCE BOOKS pp., 498 figs., $8.00. Good pictures of bark, fruit, leaves, etc. The range of each species is clearly shown on a map of the U. S. Many species have mag- nified cross sections of the wood shown. House, Homer D. Annotated list of the ferns and flowering plants of New York State. N. Y. State Museum Bull. 254, 1924. 759 pp. Valuable as a record of the plants known to occur in this State. Huntington, Annie Oakes. Studies of trees in winter. Boston, Knight and Mil- let, 1910. xviii -f- 198 pp., illus., $3.50. Non-technical and popular, dealing with the winter characters. The figures, which are excellent, are mainly of the bark and habit of the tree. Illick, Joseph S. Common trees of New York. Washington. D. C., American Tree Association, 1927. 123 pp., illus. A non-technical handbook of the common and introduced trees of N. Y. . Tree habits: how to know the hardwoods. Washington, D. C., American Tree Association, 1924. 341 pp.; $4.00. Valuable for the comparative tables for distinguishing different species of the same genus. Keeler, Harriet L. Our native trees and how to identify them. New York, Chas. Scribner’s Sons, 1912. xxiii -f- 533 pp., illus., $3.00. Both technical and popular descriptions of the native trees. . Our northern shrubs and how to identify them. New York, Chas. Scribner’s Sons, 1928. xxx-j-521 pp., illus., $3.00. A popular book on shrubs with excellent photographs and drawings. Mathews, F. Schuyler. Field book of American trees and shrubs. New York. G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1915. xvii -f- 465 pp., illus., $3.50. Popular descriptions of the native trees and shrubs hardy in North America. Rehder, Alfred. Manual of cultivated trees and shrubs. New York, Macmillan Co., 1927. xxxvii -)- 930 pp., $10.50. The latest and best technical manual of cultivated trees and shrubs. Robinson, B. L., and M. L. Fernald. Gray’s new manual of botany. 7th ed. New York, American Book Co., 1908. 926 pp., illus., $3.00. Technical descriptions, with keys, of the flowering plants and ferns of the central and northeastern U. S. and adjacent Canada. Rogers, Julia E. The tree book, a popular guide to a knowledge of the trees of North America and to their uses and cultivation. New York, Doubleday, Doran & Co., 1931. 565 pp., illus., $3.50. Good illustrations. Describes many cultivated species. Sargent, Charles S. Manual of the trees of North America exclusive of Mexico. Boston and New York, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1922. 2d ed. viii -|- 910 pp., 783 figs., $12.50. The most recent, complete, and concise technical account of the native trees of the whole of North America excluding Mexico. . The silva of North America. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1894—1902. 14 vols., 4to, $350.00. Superbly illustrated, with excellent descriptions and copious footnotes. The most complete and the finest work in the world on trees. Out of print. Sudworth, G. B. Checklist of the forest trees of the United States, their names and ranges. Miscellaneous Circular 92, U. S. Dept, of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., 1924. 295 pp., $.40. A list of the native and naturalized trees of the U. S. with their ranges, their common names in the various localities, and the scientific and common names recommended for uniform usage. REFERENCE BOOKS 73 'release, William. Plant materials of decorative gardening. Urbana, 111., pub- lished by the author, 1917. 204 pp., $1.00. A pocket manual with keys based on summer characters. Includes wild and cultivated trees and shrubs. — . Winter botany. Urbana, 111., published by the author, 1925. xl -|- 396 pp., i 1 1 us., $2.50. A companion volume to the above. A pocket manual of wild and cultivated trees and shrubs with keys based on winter characters, and detail draw- ings and descriptions of twigs. INDEX Abies, 9, 30 Acer, 9, 10, 19, 57, 58 Aceraceae, 57 Aesculus, 9, 19, 58 Ailanthus, 11, 25, 20, 54 Alder, 39 White, 00 Almond, 48 Alnus, 5, 10, 21, 37, 39 Amelanchier, 17, 21, 23, 49, 50 Amorpha, 11, 24, 53 Anacardiaceae, 55 Angiosperms, 33 Apple, 48 Aquifoliaceae, 56 Arbor Vitae, 32 Arbutus, Trailing, 00 Aronia, 15, 21, 49 Arrow-wood, 65, 66 Asb, 63 Mountain, 49 Wafer, 54 Aspen, 1, 34, 35 Azalea, 61 Baccharis, 16, 24, 26, 66 Bald Cypress, 31 Balm-of-Gilead Poplar, 35 Barberry, 9, 46 Family, 46 Basswood, 59 Bay, Sweet, 45 Bavberry, 35 Beech, 39, 40 Blue, 37, 38 Family, 39 Benzoin, 14, 24, 46 Berberidaceae, 46 Berberis, 14, 20, 46 Betula, 13. 14, 16, 24, 38, 39 Betulaccae, 37 Bignonia Family, 64 Bignoniaceae, 64 Bigtree, 28 Birch, 38, 39 Family, 37 Bitternut Hickory, 36 Bittersweet, 56, 64 Black Cap, 50 Gum, 60 Blackberry, 50, 51 Blackhaw, 66 Bladdernut, 56 Family, 56 Blue Beech, 37, 38 Blueberry, 62 Boxelder, 57 Bramble, 50 Brier, 33 Sweetbrier, 51 Broussonetia, 7, 10, 12, 13, 19, 20, 45 Buckeye, 58 Bunchberry, 60 Bush-honeysuckle, 65 Butternut, 36 Buttonbush, 65 Campsis, 64 Caprifoliaceae, 65 Carpinus, 17, 26, 37, 38 Cary a, 11, 12. 22, 23, 36 Cashew Family, 55 Castanea, 16, 22, 25, 40 Catalpa, 6, 9, 10, 19, 64, 65 Cedar, 29 Red, 32 White, 31, 32 Cedrus, 8, 29 Celastraceae, 56 Celastrus, 14, 19, 56 Celtis, 14. 25. 44 Cephalanthus, 9, 10, 18, 19, 65 Cercis, 14, 26, 52, 53 Chamaecyparis, 8, 31, 32 Cherry, 51, 52 Cornelian, 60 Chestnut, 40 Horse-chestnut, 58 Chokeberry, 49 Cladrastis, 11, 25, 53 Clethra, 17, 21, 60 Coffee-tree, 52 Compositae, 66 Composite Family, 66 Cork Tree, 54 Cornaceae, 59 Cornelian Cherry, 60 Cornus, 10, 15. 18, 19, 21. 22, 59, 60 Corylus, 16, 23, 37 Cottonwood, 35 Cranberry, 62 Crataegus, 12, 13, 14, 20, 50 Cryptomeria, 8, 31 Cucumber Magnolia, 45 Cypress, 31, 32 Dangleberry, 62 Beerberry, 62 Dewberry, 51 Diervilla, 10, 18, 65 Diospyros, 16, 25, 62 Dogwood, 59, 60 Family, 59 Poison, 55 Douglas Fir, 31 Ebenaceae, 62 Ebony Family, 62 Elder, 66 Boxelder, 57 Marsh-elder, 66 Elm. 43. 44 Ericaceae, 60 Evonymus, 11, 18, 19, 56 Fagaccae, 39 74 INDEX / .) Fagus, 13, 14. 22, 39, 40 Fetter Bush, 61 Figwort Family, 64 Fir, 30 Douglas, 31 Forsythia, 9, 10, 11, 18, 63 Fraxinus, 9, 19, 63 Gale, Sweet, 35 Gaylussacia, 14, 24, 62 (iinkgo, 12, 13, 22, 27 Family, 27 Ginkgoaceae, 27 Gleditsia, 7, 11, 12, 20, 25, 52 Golden Bell, 63 Larch, 29 Grape, 58 Oregon, 46 Ground Hemlock, 27 Groundsel-tree, 66 Gum, Black, 60 Red, 47 Sour, 60 Sweet, 47 Gymnocladus, 12, 25, 52 Gymnosperms, 27 Hackberry, 44 Hamamelidaceae, 47 Hamamelis, 5, 14, 21, 22, 47 Hardback, 48 Haw : Blackhaw, 66 Hawthorn, 50 Hazel : Witch-hazel, 47 Hazelnut, 37 Heath Family, 60 Hemlock, 30 Ground, 27 Hickory, 35, 36 Hicoria, 36 Hippocastanaceae, 58 Holly, 56 Family, 56 Honey Locust, 52 Honeysuckle, 65 Bush, 65 Family, 65 White Swamp, 61 Hop-hornbeam, 37 Hoptree, 54 Hornbeam, 37, 38 Hop-hornbeam, 37 Horse-chestnut, 58 Family, 58 Huckleberry, 62 Ilex, 6, 14, 16, 21, 56 Indigo, False, 53 Inkberry, 56 Iva, 10, 13, 18, 66 Ivy, Poison, 4, 55 J uglandaceae, 35 Juglans, 12, 22, 35, 36 Juneberry, 49 Juniper, 32 Juniperus, 8, 32 Kalmia, 5, 6, 9, 10, 14, 61 Kinnikinnik, 59 Lambkill, 61 Larch, 29 Golden, 29 Larix, 8, 9, 21, 29 Lauraceae, 46 Laurel, 61 Family, 46 Leguminosae, 52 Leucothoe, 17, 24, 61 Ligustrum, 10, 18, 63 Lilac, 63 Liliaceae, 33 Lily Family, 33 Linden, 59 Family, 59 Liquidambar, 12, 22, 47 Liriodendron, 13, 22, 45 Locust, 54 Honey, 52 Lonicera, 9, 10, 18, 65 Lyonia, 16, 24, 61 Maclura, 14, 20, 44 Madder Family, 65 Magnolia, 14, 22, 45 Family, 45 Magnoliaceae, 45 Mahonia, 12. 46 Male Berry, 61 Malus, 15, 23, 48 Maple, 57, 58 Family, 57 Marsh-elder, 66 May Tree, 50 Mazzard, 52 Meadow-sweet, 48 Menispermaceae, 46 Menispermum, 12, 13, 20, 46 Mockernut Hickory, 36 Moonseed, 46 Family, 46 Moosewood, 58 Morns, 12, 13, 20, 45 Mountain Ash, 49 Laurel, 61 Mulberry, 45 Paper, 45 Myrica, 13, 14, 23, 24, 35 Myricaceae, 35 Nannybcrry, 66 Nectarine, 48 Nettle Family, 43 Nightshade, 64 Family, 64 Nyssa, 16, 22, 60 Oak, 40-43 Poison, 55 Olea. 63 Oleaceae, 63 Olive, 63 Family, 63 Oregon Grape, 46 Osage-orange, 44 Osier, 34 Ostrya, 17, 25, 37 Pagoda-tree, 53 Paper Mulberry, 45 Parthenocissus, 11, 19, 58 Paulownia, 9, 10, 19, 64 Peach, 52 Pear, 49 Pecan Nut, 36 Pepperbush, Sweet, 60 Pepperidge, 60 Persimmon, 62 Phellodendron, 9, 19, 54 76 INDEX Picea, 8, 29, 30 Pignut Hickory, 36 Pinaceae, 27 Pine, 28 Family, 27 Umbrella, 31 Pinus, 8, 28 Pinxter Flower, 61 Plane Tree, 47, 48 Family, 47 Platanaceae, 47 Platanus, 13, 25, 47, 48 Plum, 52 Poison Dogwood, 55 Ivy, 4, 55 Oak, 55 Sumac, 4, 55 Poplar, 34, 35 Yellow, 45 Populus, 12, 15, 22, 34, 35 Privet, 63 Prune, 48 Prunus, 14, 15, 22, 23, 24, 51, 52 Psedera, 58 Pseudolarix, 8, 9, 21, 27, 29 Pseudotsuga, 9, 31 Ptelea, 11, 25, 54 Pulse Family, 52 Pyrus, 17, 20, 23, 48, 49 Quassia Family, 54 Quercus, 5, 6, 13, 16, 20, 40—13 Quince, 48 Raspberry, 50 Red Cedar, 32 Gum, 47 Redbud, 53 Redwood, 28 Retinospora, 32 Rhododendron, 14, 15, 21, 60, 61 Rhus, 11, 12, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 55 Robinia, 11, 12, 20, 25, 54 Rosa, 12, 20, 51 Rosaceae, 48 Rose, 51 Family, 48 Rowan Tree, 49 Rubiaceae, 65 Rubus, 11, 12, 20, 21, 50, 51 Rue Family, 54 Rutaceae, 54 Salicaceae, 33 Salix, 5, 10, 15, 23, 25, 33, 34 Sambucus, 9, 18, 66 Sassafras, 12, 13, 14, 22, 46 Sciadopitys, 8, 31 Scrophulariaceae, 64 Sequoia, 28 Serviceberry, 49 Shadbush, 49, 50 Shagbark Hickory, 36 Sheep Laurel, 61 Simaroubaceae, 54 Smilax, 13, 19, 33 Solanaceae, 64 Solatium, 11, 13, 14, 20, 64 Sophora, 11, 25, 53 Sorbus, 11, 12, 13, 23, 49 Sour Gum, 60 Spice Bush, 46 Spindle Tree, 56 Spiraea, 16, 24, 48 Spruce, 29, 30 Staff Tree, 56 Family, 56 Stagger-bush, 61 Staphylea, 9, 18, 56 Staphyleaceae, 56 Strawberry Bush, 56 Sumac, 4, 55 Sweet Bay, 45 Fern, 35 Gale, 35 Gale Family, 35 Gum, 47 Pepperbush, 60 Sweetbrier, 51 Sycamore, 47 Svringa, 10, 18, 63 Tamarack, 29 Taxaceae, 27 Taxodium, 8, 21, 27, 31 Taxus, 8, 27 Tecoma, 9, 18, 64 Thuja, 8, 32 Tilia, 13, 15, 25, 59 Tiliaceae, 59 Tree of Heaven, 54 Trumpet Creeper, 64 Honeysuckle, 65 Tsuga, 8, 30 Tulip Tree, 45 Tupelo, 60 Ulmus, 13, 14, 26, 43, 44 Umbrella Magnolia, 45 Pine, 31 Urticaceae, 43 Vaccinium, 14, 15, 17, 24, 62 Viburnum, 10, 11, 18, 19, 65, 66 Vine Family, 58 Virginia Creeper, 58 Vitaceae, 58 Vitis, 12, 13, 19, 58 Wafer Ash, 54 Walnut, 35, 36 Family, 35 White Alder, 60 Cedar, 31, 32 Willow, 33, 34 Family, 33 Wineberrv, 50 Winterberry, 56 Wisteria, 11, 20, 53 Witch-hazel, 47 Family, 47 Yellow Poplar, 45 Yellow- wood, 53 Yew, 27 Family, 27