HE NEWYORK B BOTANICAL ary e Volume XXI | 36 | Poteunry, 1921 : Number 5 ; TECHNICAL PUBLICATION NO. 15 » : | OF | The New York State College of Forestry SYRACUSE. UNIVERSITY A TREES OF NEW YORK STATE NATIVE AND NATURALIZED : H. P. ated Ph. D. a Published Quarterly by. the University, Syracuse, N. Y. Entered at the Postoffice at Syracuse as second-ciass mail matter Volume XXI February, 1921 Number 5 TECHNICAL PUBLICATION NO. 15 OF The New York State College of Forestry AT SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY TREES OF NEW YORK STATE NATIVE AND NATURALIZED BY H. P. BROWN, Ph. D. Professor of Wood Technology Published Quarterly by the University, Syracuse, N. Y. Entered at the Postoffice at Syracuse as second-ciass mail matter r) re PF ee Dee ee ee as eae | COPYRIGHT 1922 EBy ’ . hy p| : 1 4 i HARRY P. BROWN, Ph.D. ar = 4 ? oe as a eae eset 2 er ee Face heat 39 TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF FORESTRY TECHNICAL PUBLICATION No. 1, 1914. Preliminary Report on the Diseases of Fish in the Adirondacks: A Contribution to the Life History of Clinostomun marginatwum. By Dr. W. M. Smallwood. No. 2, 1916. I. A New Species of Pityogenes. By J. M. Swaine. II. Observations on the Life History and Habits of Pityogenes hop- kinsi Swaine. By Dr. M. W. Blackman. No. 3, 1916. The Development of the Vegetation of New York State. By Dr. William L. Bray. No. 4, 1916. The Relation of Mollusks to Fish in Oneida Lake. By Frank C. Baker. No.5, 1917, The Hardwood Distillation Industry in New York. By Nelson C. Brown. No. 6, 1917. Wood Utilization Directory of New York. By John Harris, Forest Service, revised and rearranged by Nelson C. Brown and Henry H. Tryon. No. 7, 1917. The Relation of Birds to the Western Adirondack Forest. By P. M. Silloway. No. 8, 1917. The Black Zones Formed by Wood-destroying Fungi. By Arthur S. Rhoads. ition 9, 1918. The Productivity of Invertebrate Fish Food on the Bottom of Oneida Lake, with Special Reference to Mollusks. By Frank Collins Baker. No. 10, 1918. I. Notes on Insects Bred from the Bark and Wood of the American Larch. By M. W. Blackman and Harry H. Stage. II. On the Insect Visitors to the Blossoms of Wild Blackberry and Wild Spirea: A Study in Seasonal Distribution. By M. W. Blackman. Wo. 11, 1918. The Biology of Polyporus pargamenus Fries. By Arthur §. Rhoads. No. 12, 1920. Yellow Birch and Its Relation to the Adirondack Forest. By E. F. McCarthy and H. C. Belyea. No. 13, 1921. The Development of the Vegetation on the Grass River Marsh Area. By Dr. W. L. Bray. Mo. 14, 1921. Wood-using Industries of New York State. By R. V. Reynolds and R. J. Hoyle. [3] TRUSTEES OF THE NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF FORESTRY EX-OFFICIO Dr. JamES R. Day, Chancellor............-.---++--++>- Syracuse University Dr. JoHN Huston FINLEY, Commissioner of Educa- : LETT Dae ae Coo Eo oe CEE icc SOOO Re, Re a REE eC) co Albany, N. Y. Hon. Grorce D. Prarr, Conservation Commissioner... New York City Hon. Harry WALKER, Lieutenant Governor............ Binghamton, N. Y. aed APPOINTED BY THE GOVERNOR Hon. ALEXANDER T. BROWN........-.-- see ee eeeeeees Syracuse, N. Y. Hon: JOHN RB. CuANCY,. 25. 2c eae e sek oe sie cle gee Syracuse, N. Y. ions HIAROLD Dl (CORNIWAUI oc «ars sce 3 ie ole srleislo tela Lowville, N. Y. don. ‘GEORGE “VW... DRISCUEL. «ogee anne 2c eon Syracuse, N. Y. 18 fonds (Ch Oh asunsiSe on oon Sooo cD esa OU omomE 6600 dS.c Watertown, N. Y. Hon. LOUIS MARSHALL 2.01.2 50 sce e rete ects eceenee New York City Hon: WintiaM H. KELLEY...........-------+-2s0e>- Syracuse, N. Y. ons EID WARD) His (O7EUARAY Se erate eieteretn ole elie elet-t= 2a) =1- .. Syracuse, N. Y. Hionked), ELENRY (WALTERS). - crerele tr = cr clei tyes “elt =rene ters New York City OFFICERS OF THE ROAD FELONS GOULS! NEAR GEVAT I) 5 cicseicwerciekereiersctekeies aiaeton= eteusreiicns President One eOH Ne ky. _OUANGY:: ch. 5 aetereonatotene = stelle: «isk fer cho keleel Vice-President [4] Ee —— - PREFACE As an educational institution, the New York State College of Forestry is obligated to the people of the State of New York to give information regarding the forest resources of the state, chief among which are its trees. In the past we as a common- wealth have been profligate in the natural bounty with which nature has endowed us. We have watched with public serenity the wasteful exploitation of our forest resources with no thought of the future. Today we are faced with an appalling timber shortage within the state. Thousands of acres of forest lands lie idle which should be producing the forests of the morrow. To exercise sane suffrage the public must be educated as to the natural resources of the state. We must know more of the kinds of trees which make up its forests, the game which inhabits them, the fish which live in the forest streams. Succeeding generations will criticize or commend us as we employ unwise or remedial measures. A wise forest policy presupposes two things, an exten- sive campaign of reforestation on idle forest lands within the state, and a close utilization of such forest resources, chiefly tim- ber, as still remain. Closer utilization of wood requires a more specific knowledge of tree species and the information given in the following pages is an endeavor to meet this demand. In writing this bulletin no contention is made that the field is a new one. The information given herein is included in the larger and more comprehensive ‘“‘tree’’ manuals covering the trees of North America or, more specifically, those of the north- eastern states. Unfortunately, however, many of the manuals are inaccessible to the general public because of the cost while others are of such a technical nature as to render their contents difficult of interpretation by the reading public. Moreover, such generalities often occur as to cause the reader some doubt as to what to apply to New York State. The present bulletin, covering the trees of the state only, omits much extraneous matter which would otherwise confuse. In the publication of a tree bulletin the New York State Col- lege of Forestry is meeting a definite demand as evidenced by the numerous queries received relative to tree species within the [5] 6 The New York State College of Forestry state. It is following a policy of public education already in force in neighboring states, many of which have tree bulletins. Trees play a large part in the economic and recreational life of the state and a better understanding and appreciation of them is bound to lead to ultimate good. In the treatment of the sub- ject in hand it has seemed wise to include in these pages not only those trees which are conceded to be native to the state but also those which have become naturalized within our boundaries and propagate themselves in the wild condition. Listed among these are such foreign trees as the White Willow, the European Crack Willow, Paulownia, ete., or trees introduced from other parts of the United States, as Osage Orange and the Catalpas. Orna- mental trees which are never found as ‘‘escapes’’ are omitted as are those species such as Witch Hazel or Cordate Willow which are shrubby within the state but arborescent elsewhere. In some cases the author has been in doubt as to just where to draw the Ine. The treatment throughout must be considered conservative. There are within the borders of the state one hundred and thirty-three kinds of trees exclusive of Crataegus. Of these one hundred and nine may be considered as native and twenty-four as naturalized. Over two hundred species of Crataegus have been described for New York State alone but these exhibit such a multitude of bewildering forms as to be beyond the scope of the bulletin. The inclusion of Crataegus brings the total num- ber of native arborescent species well over three hundred and ranks New York State as one of the richest in the Union in its arborescent flora. No attempt has been made to include the shrubby plants of the state in this publication. The descriptions accompanying the plates are based in part on fresh and herbarium material available at the College of For- estry or in the herbarium of the Department of Botany, Syracuse University, in part from descriptions checked with living mate- rial from Sargent’s Silva, Britton’s North American Trees, Hough’s Handbook of the Trees of the Northeastern States and Canada, Gray’s Manual, and Bailey’s Cyclopaedia of Horticul- ture. I am especially indebted to Prof. W. C. Coker of the University of North Carolina, to Prof. J. S. Illick, of the Penn- sylvania State Forest Academy, to Mr. Henry Hicks of West- bury, Long Island, and to Mr. C. Leo Macy of Princeton, New Jersey, for assistance in collecting specimens of trees which grow along the southern border of the state. ea —— aa Trees of New York State 7 The drawings were all made by Mr. J. Elton Lodewick, a eraduate of the College of Forestry, to whom I am grateful for the zeal and loyalty which has made this work possible. Except in rare cases they were drawn directly from fresh material col- lected at Syracuse or sent to the college upon request and they were personally checked by the author as to accuracy upon completion. Grateful acknowledgment is due my colleague, Dr. C. C. Forsaith, who has contributed the glossary giving the derivation of scientific names, and has likewise assisted me with many help- ful suggestions. In conclusion I am happy to express my gratitude to all others who have in any way contributed to the publication. Not least among these is F. Franklin Moon, dean of the college, whose kindly interest in the project from the first materially helped to bring it to a successful conclusion. I have met always with a ready response from my students and friends in the collection of material and data covering the trees of the state and extend to them my sincere thanks. H. P. BROWN. gl agi) Clee po wR a aie?) aeel, Fate ae tees oe ee ae onete Tage & @'ajis > 4 eae re eine: od ooo Cg nay het a a A ‘ ioe FoF Me Reel: |. vel oie gb erect Ogiag eee i dor (all ie paiedaegaee See ot. GP Se) aricr vol aT brat «ea eet eat Be) i eres Prine Thi ties ey G ‘awl Av) .! i. bY oo ae | L, Sie as uly GE Re Aen Her ifsc yss eo BA Oot) inch ep ees. a 1 . a si Woes os eb TABLE OF CONTENTS PaGcE PANIC VIDS USP ANT NEATIS © trcrer isc esie bee ataiaats Ga ks chteMee tore Oe een se ea ie 11 SRN OREYE ORME TANTS SEES cre eee nieces SAS tes 24, ay au es ERP tae Lae 13 INomenc es tureroteblants aan tk bs 2k ot ke, eh i Ne 13 AO SSI CATIONICON lea ANUS Mr tenes cet tetas ek fhe hoe Ee Ce ER Ne Lr 15 Wlascticanonion ATporescent: plants: 911.-\. 50.0 nee Oe eee. eee ieee 21 Ths ean recA ae SIS Oe ee eA) oe ie eas 22 LIGNESERO OG NER ieee rates tear ee Dee ee en ee ee eee eee ee 24 WencdrolopyDeined ses. Ait a See a. 5 mee cate ee eee Ware oot Criteria ior, Wistinguishine Woody Plants. ......-1....c 0020s seen. 24 MIU SIOtMWOOGVA ANUS erick ech cate oe mer ens os ct ce ei Meee Me Ae? PP 25 EHC UAT VCORE HO LOG Ny ign cys cstls Gomis chop aeeNeacie hore cae ht ee ace Re tie ee 2 IL SEWERS oe Bk Age eee ee SPE Sa oes ok 0 Se A ee Sm 27 GEMCLA yah. aye sr Raen ene eT ae Rts Oke odes cont one Ree ela a eae 27 STAVE ATI UUI OTN A, sls cnscceet chee cere ett en VER Net Roy ok ie oa. ecevene os acy eee ee 28 MenmGlassthCavlone:: ease Meteo nolo ce cite dic ee eee 29 Aemiieaves classitied) as to;positlone vs... 5. 6- es - 4. suis cl ane 29 Be Leaves classified as toicomposition. ....,.....+-.5-5s6.4.s5e8 29 Cw leavesclassifiedvas tomtorm.....-... i... as cee ceo yo eee 29 Ds Mheaves classificdtashiO Apexi s4 =.) sf: os\o Pe eae cyy —-5- Soe 373 Glossary of Derivations. .0%. 052. 2.23... pene oneee eee 374 GENERAT GLOSSARY: 6 4c. oc ok bod ecsios ccna Be: os oe REO RE ee 386 NDE Secu) 5a0, So ct sees 4 Sets Ral sadn ale 6 SRR s «ot ER ee 393 PLANTS VERSUS ANIMALS Since this bulletin is concerned with trees and trees are plants, the proper use of it entails the right concepts as to what a plant is, its relation to other plants and animals, and to its environ- ment. The following paragraphs are devoted to an elaboration of this phase of the subject. While the information thus imparted is treated in a general and cursory way and is likely to prove uninteresting, a proper conception and understanding of plants, and of their classification and general morphology is absolutely essential if one would glean the most from the descrip- tions which follow in the text. People who are not conversant with plants and their life activi- ties are prone to place them in a category entirely apart from animals. They do not think of them as living organisms which, like animals, must meet the vicissitudes of a varying, shall I say even hostile, environment, but more of the nature of inanimate objects, bound through the nature of things to one spot, capable of growth, ’tis true, but insensible to most of their surroundings. It may be conceded that the higher plants do lack motility. They do not respond instantly to aggression by teeth or claws or flight. Nevertheless the response is none the less sure, though less imme- diate. It may continue over days or months or years, but it is none the less certain. Plants differ from animals strikingly in being more plastic to their environment. Once the idea of plant dynamics is thoroughly ingrained the study of plants becomes not a toilsome journey in the identification of the inanimate, but rather a fascinating vista which beckons us onward to greater discoveries and a happier understanding of the power of the Infinite. Life on this planet is absolutely dependent on the activities of green plants for it is in the green parts of plants that food in its elementary stages is manufactured from the elements.* There are plants which lack this green pigment, chlorophyll, but these exist either as parasites or saprophytes on organic mat- ter previously elaborated. There are herbivorous and ecarnivor- ous animals. But these in turn are wholly dependent for their existence on the metabolic processes which go on in the green * A few exceptions occur in the case of certain bacteria which build up compounds by chemo-synthesis. [11] 12 The New York State College of Forestry portions of plants. The basis of all life, be it plant or animal, is that living substance known as protoplasm, and protoplasm requires carbon for its nutrition. In fact carbon is one of the essential constituent elements of that substance. But free ear- bon in any of the forms in which it occurs in nature cannot be directly assimilated by plants. Nor is the carbon dioxide which results from combustion absorbed directly in the processes of metabolism. It is first combined chemically in the plant tissues with hydrogen to form sugar or starch. Subsequently other organic compounds are elaborated from these by the protoplasm through a readjustment of molecules, and hence molecular weight, and by the addition of other elements such as nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, ete. The ultimate origin of all the organic com- pounds which are found in nature is in the green parts of plants. Plants possess the ability which animals lack of manufacturing complex organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water. The gulf which separates the higher plants from the higher animals is obvious —so obvious in fact that one can never mis- take the one for the other, The animal possesses motility; it has a highly developed nervous and circulatory system. Its tissues, aside from the bones, are soft and plastic. It is wholly dependent for its food on compounds elaborated by plants or, in the ease of carnivores, in the bodies of other animals. The plant, on the other hand, is compelled to spend its whole life in one place. It lacks a nervous system and while there is a circulatory system this is less specialized, and utilized wholly in the movement of plant foods and water. Its tissues are firmer than those of the animal and differ in their chemical composition. The plant pos- sesses leaves which contain the green pigment chlorophyll, thus permitting it to manufacture its own organie food. But science tells us that the higher plants and animals have been derived from lower, less complex forms, the simplest of which are unicellular. Some of these simple plants are motile. Others, as the bacteria and fungi, are without the green pigment chlorophyll. The simple animals lack a nervous system worthy of the name and many engulf or swallow their food bodily. Others possess chlorophyll granules whose origin is still a matter of dispute. We are forced to the conclusion that there is no sharp dividing line between plants and animals. Differences which obviously separate the higher plants from the higher animals will no longer suffice. The simple forms of plants and animals intergrade. Trees of New York State 13 TAXONOMY OF PLANTS Taxonomy comes from the Greek véves and 74F:s, meaning re- spectively law and arrangement, and is concerned with the logical arrangement of related things and the laws and princi- ples governing that arrangement. Thus we may have the tax- onomy of mollusks, insects, worms, and of fishes, in fact, of any sroup of organisms or of related things. The taxonomy of plants deals with the kinds of plants (identification), their nomenclature and classification. NOMENCLATURE OF PLANTS Plants have one or more so-called common names and a scien- tific name. The common names usually designate some peculiar feature or characteristic of the plant, the habitat where found, resemblance to some previously known form, or some use, often mythical, to which the plant may have been put. Willow Oak signifies the oak with willow-like leaves. Shining Willow desig- nates the willow with shiny leaves. Swamp Poplar is found in swamps. Paper Mulberry refers to the mulberry, the bark of which is manufactured into paper. Hamamelis virginiana lL. is known under the common name of Witch Hazel owing to the reputed value of its twigs in colonial times as divining rods to indicate deposits of precious metals and veins of water. But common names at best are very confusing. Tronwood in New York may refer to Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch, or Carpimus caroliniana Walt. In Australia it is applied to woods belonging to trees of such widely separated families as the Leguminosae and Myrtaceae. In Burma, Xylia dolabriformis Benth. goes under the name of Ironwood. The Ironwood of Cey- lon and India is Mesua ferrea L. Added to the above is the con- fusion resulting from the use of different languages. The Maple is known as Ahorn in Germany, as Erable in France, as Arce or Meple in Spain. Scientific names are the same the world over. They are derived from the Latin or Greek and take Latin end- ings. Latin is a dead language and the rules which govern its syntax never change. Pinus Strobus lL. will mean the same to a botanist now or a hundred years from now, be he Russian, Ger- raan, Italian, or English. A scientific name consists of three parts, a genus name 14 The New York State College of Forestry (plural-genera) which is always capitalized, a species name (plural-species) which is rarely capitalized, and the abbreviation cf the name of the man who is given eredit for its original description. The common Sugar Maple is Acer sacchrum Marsh. while Acer rubrum L. signifies Red Maple. In general practice it is customary to omit the abbreviation of the author’s name. The proper use of scientific names* may be well illustrated with the oaks. The various oaks all are assigned to the genus Quercus; in other words, they are different species of this genus. Jn the United States alone we have some eighty species which are de- signed by different scientific names as Quercus rubra, Red Oak; Muwercus coccinea, Searlet Oak; Quercus phellos, Willow Oak, ete., cach with the abbreviation of the author’s name after the species name. Generic and specific limits are more of a conception than a definite thing. Man aims at a natural classification, that is, one which indicates natural relationships, but the boundaries thus laid down may not be of those of nature. Plants which resemble each other as closely as the offspring of common parents are gen- erally conceded to belong to the same species. A genus may contain but one species as in the case of Ginkga biloba L., the Maidenhair Tree, or a hundred or more as in the ease of Salix (Willow) where some one hundred and seventy species are recognized. The actual number of species assigned to a genus depends largely on whether the systematist is radical or conser- vative in his ideas. Unfortunately botanists often differ widely in their conception of plant relationships, especially as to specific limits. In some eases the differences between plants are so slight as to render their separation into different species unjustifiable. It may be a difference in stature or in size and shape of the leaves or fruit which a different environment has occasioned. For example, the White or Canoe Birch of New York and southern Canada differs from the European White Birch in its greater size and larger leaves. In its other characters it approximates the European species very closely and conservative systematists con- * For the derivation of the scientific and common names used in this text, the reader is referred to the glossary on page 375. They may be derived from any of the following sources: (a) An ancient common name (Latin, Quercus) or aborignal name (Indian, Poiwcohiccora—Hicoria) : (b) the name of the geographical locality (continent, Prunus americana; country, Tsuga canadensis; state, Quercus marilan- dica; city, Picea sitchensis; river, Celtis mississippiensis, etc.), from which the plant originally came: (c) habitat (Latin. mons mountain and colere — to dwell, Pinus monticola) ; (d) the name of the discoverer or some person associated with the discovery, or in honor of some persen (Maclura— Wm. Maclure, an early American geologist; (e) some peculiar feature of the plant (Latin, nigra — black, Naliz nigra). Trees of New York State 15 sider it but a variety of the European form and list it as Betula alba, var. papyrifera (Marsh.) Spach. The selection of the scientific names of plants depends upon a complex system of rules based mainly on considerations of pri- _ority. Conservative botanists in this country are following a universal code of nomenclature according to a set of rules promulgated at the International Botanical Congress, held at Vienna, June, 1905.* The Vienna Code considers the first edition of Linnaeus’ Species Plantarum of 1753 as the logical starting point for the nomenclature of the higher plants and adopts the generic names used by Linnaeus in his text. These were in part coined by Linnaeus himself and in part adopted by him and his followers from pre-Linnean authors. In _ the adoption of post-Linnean generic names, priority rules. The Vienna Code likewise adopts the earliest specific name used to designate a plant rather than that specific name which was first combined with the correct generic name. Sassafras variufolium ‘Salisb.) Ktze. indicates that Salisbury first applied the specific name of variifolium to Sassafras but used it with a different generic name. Kuntze was the first to use the specific name of varvifolium correctly with the generic name, Sassafras. CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS The ultimate aim of botanists and zoologists in the classifi- cation of plants and animals has been to devise a ‘‘natural system’’ of elassification which would best indicate the natural affinities of related forms. Such a treatment is both logical and practical in that related forms are thus brought down together in congeries which permit of their identification and study with greater ease. Experience has taught that in the higher plants variation in the flower offers the best basis for a ‘ fcc syruenay oeerke eens aoicns’ «Sue eveyetealeietsys late dein kanmiensy ae 13 SeRHO MAME DIMIGMYOLCEH'.;5 =, o<\s cece yeeMa RIOR: he] de> lelsjoeer sso Picea mariana 95 13. Foliage yellowish BEEOD. eee eee tenes Picea rubra 93 14. Leaves sessile, in falling leaving circular scars.......... Abies balsamea 97 14. Leaves jointed to short persistent sterigmata, in falling leaving a raised Richins Oe eR DET ae On Eco oe Ore DOR Me E eer ee Tsuga canadensis 99 (Sas praysimotiattened <5. sr.<5 sacbieile eile akieltiar «eyes sash Juniperus virginiana 105 15. Sprays flattened; branchlets appearing as in one plane.............-..: 16 16. Foliage bluish green; median leaves taper-pointed; lateral leaves with TOUNGEd: Keel. .,4 <0 pelew roe Axper her oles, ocr Chamaecyparis thyoides 101 16. Foliage yellowish green; median leaves abruptly pointed; lateral leaves WIEN A CUbe) KEEll-s 3.1 vst MeePesney” cae ebtys iebekone toners pce sarees Thuja occidentalis 105 17. Leaf-margin with distant spinose teeth......................-. Tlex opaca 287 il UeERe aint se ee pees ons do mene Done eee EEE eer Oon opm aoe: 18 18. Leaves 3-4 inches long, flat; midribs impressed above... Kalmia latifolia 323 18. Leaves 4-11 inches long, the margin revolute; midribs rounded above. . Rhododendron maximum 3521 19. Leaves needle-shaped, borne in many-leaved fascicles on short lateral spurs and singly in spirals on the twigs of the season........ Larix laricina 89 HOmelbenvesmotnecd le-sha Ped ).iyaraldeytecwsrex cist ert ceveketisy acd Leaves glabrous beneath: 292). 9). .9o.holencw)) OG Ae 86 Leaves rugose-veined above; margin remotely serrate........ Salix rostrata 125 Leaves not rugose-veined above; margin finely serrate.................. Salix alba, var. vitellina 117 86. Leaf margin irregularly crenate-serrate, revolute......... Salix discolor 121 86. Leaf margin finely serrate, not revolute.......................---- 87 . Leaves thin; apex long attenuate...........- 2... 00-6. e eee e eee nee 88 . Leaves semi-coriaceous; apex acute or acuminate............. Salix fragilis 115 88. Petioles glandular above, inserted obliquely, generally 3 inch or less in Jen ether. 1 Ruse, Sete ae Sia GY RES Salix babylonica 119 88. Petioles not glandular, widely divergent, generally > inch or more in lengthy seis SSB estore ae ee She) ei Salix amygdaloides 109 Leaves rugose-veined above; margin revolute............... Salix rostrata 123 Leaves not rugose-veined above; marcin not revolute: ay... aes 90 90. Leaves coriaceous, very lustrous and appearing as though varnished. .91 90. Leaves membranous to thick, dull or somewhat lustrous. . .92 Leaves ovate, oblong-ovate, or obovate; apex acute........ Salix pentandra 111 Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate; apex attenuate.......... Salix lucida 113 92. Leaf-margin doubly serrate. .......- 2... 0-0. secs e seer eee ees 93 92. Leaf-margin serrate or crenate-serrate............2.....20eseeeeee 94 Leaves oblanceolate to obovate, with acute apex and tapering base........ Prunus instititia 251 Leaves elliptical to narrowly obovate, with acuminate apex and acute or POUT GECUD ASC! ois beac caters. scoisreud as Lee ee Se Prunus americana 261 94. Leaf-margin irregularly serrate..................-... Prunus Cerasus 257 94. eaf-marpinpresiilarly serrate. a). 9 ee eee eee 95 Leaf-blade tapering atthe ibaseri 5. Js cho teloe oie teeiiee Prunus Persica 265 Leaf-blade rounded or obtuse at the base AER ar mds 5 so boc 96 96. Leaves 3-14 inches wide; petioles 3 inch or more in length.......... 97 96. Leaves 4-2 inches wide; petioles less than 4 inch in length. .Salix nigra 107 Leaves oblong-lanceolate, thin-textured............. Prunus pennsylvanica 249 tii ee 97. 99. 99: 101. 101. 103. 103. 105. 105. 107. 107. 109. 109. 111. iE 113. 113. 115. 115. 7, tT. 119. 119, Trees of New York State 59 LEAF KEY TO THE SPECIES — (Continued) PAGE Leaves lanceolate-oblong, oval, or lance-obovate, thick textured........... Prunus serotina 245 98. Leaf-petioles exuding a milky juice when broken................... 99 98. Leaf-petioles not exuding a milky juice when broken.............. 101 Leaf-blades velvety tomentose below; petioles usually 2—4 inches long...... Broussonetia papyrifera 211 Leaf-blades pale pubescent or nearly glabrous below; petioles less than 2 mchestlonerise «G04. daehaeths.. ser.cah verre yee santos 106 100. Leaves broadly ovate to ovate-orbicular, membranous, dull above, conspicuously reticulate-veined...................0:. Morus rubra 213 100. Leaves ovate to ovate-oval, firm, somewhat lustrous above, not con- Reespicuouslywreticulate-veined-i-uc0:6, . sate aise eerer Morus alba 215 Leaf-blades inequilateral or oblique at the base...................... 102 Leaf-blades not inequilateral or oblique at the base................... 112 102. Leaves ovate-lanceolate to broadly ovate, oval or orbicular; margin ISVS Rahn Oy ok cetera Sacer MERC OTN CCRT Sey ee mE RS eer ae 103 102. Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, elliptical or obovate; margin doubly GOALIE 2 ae ch, Aiirn SRO ED et Leora O SCC EREREEY Mis mice en eraake mia atc 106 Leaf-blade conspicuously reticulate-veined; petioles less than one inch long. Celtis occidentalis 207 Leaf-blade not conspicuously reticulate-veined; petioles 3-3 inches long. . 104 104. Leaves smooth below aside from tufts of hairs in axils of prominent VEINS VN Weis Phe BRE Seen clays od site cere Tilia americana 307 1044 Meaves pubescent beneath’: .niyetaialn.tudeteeien ctakeeeemin bes 105 Leaves grayish green beneath, densely pubescent.......... Tilia. Michauxii 309 Leaves grayish white pubescent beneath. . Tilia heterophylla, var. Michauxii 311 106. Leaves thick; margin coarsely doubly serrate...................- 107 106. Leaves thin, margin finely doubly serrate...................005. 109 Leaves exceedingly rough-papillose above.................... Ulmus fulva 201 Weavesrsmoathy or nearlyssOidbOVer jee occ eu cn ce su a eae oes 108 108. Leaves oval to obovate-oblong, dull and somewhat scabrous above... . Ulmus americana 203 108. Leaves oblong-oval to obovate, smooth and lustrous above Ulmus racemosa 205 Leaves bright green above; base generally heart-shaped....... Betula lenta 161 Leaves dull green above; base rounded or shallowly heart-shaped.......110 110. Petioles about + of an inch long................... Ostrya virginiana 157 HOsPetiolesimore than: 1of an inchwlong se. tee sis st od elyer- ee een. 111 Hetiolesi:—sotean inch longi... nye eee ces eile ile skets «1 Carpinus caroliniana 159 Petiolest=ltinch long ess. eet. whee sre: ee .aae.« laren ae Betula lutea 163 iiePetioles Iinchorlessiinslenothiy: > S29 %).0. fe sdie-rs nar. Oe. cisterns ate 113 ii2asPetioles more thant! mehunilengthe ..1...-4..6--.-o. Seats ees 139 Leaf-margin coarsely indented; teeth acute or rounded............... 114 Leaf-margin finely indented or at least with fine secondary teeth; teeth ACULCTOLTOUNC EMIS 2.8, aero ein eRe AC chao, Pai oe 118 114. Leaf-margin coarsely serrate or dentate..................-.0005- 115 114. Leaf-margin coarsely sinuate or undulate-crenate................ 117 Leaf-margin undulate-dentate; leaves lustrous above. ......Nyssa sylvatica 319 Leaf-margin coarsely serrate; leaves dull above.....................-. 116 116. Leaves membranous, smooth below; petioles about 4 inch in length... . Castanea dentata 173 116. Leaves thick, pale silvery pubescent below; petioles }-1 inch in length Quercus Muhlenbergii 183 ibeat-marein undulate-crenate.... =. ..6--.0c.>- detue as sie Quercus Prinus 185 Leaf-margin sinuately-crenate....................4.. Quercus macrocarpa 179 iSsplieai-marcin doubly: serratess +4 Aemamesis ties doled irertae mis oc 119 118. Leaf-margin serrate or crenate (sometimes obscurely doubly serrate in (PUES VAP IMIATIA)| Ar if ees ote chai. Aiba a eet oR eae » 126 Leaves with 8 or more pairs of prominent secondary veins............. 120 Leaves with 7 or less pairs of prominent secondary veins.............. 125 120. Petioles less than 3 of an inch in length......................45. 121 120. Petioles 4 of an inch or more in length.................00 eee eee 122 60 121. 121. 123. 123. 131. 131. The New York State College of Forestry LEAF KEY TO THE SPECIES — (Continued) PAGE Petioles about + of an inch in Jength.:.:.-2..2.7..2...... Ostrya virginiana 157 Petioles about 4 of an inch in length................. Carpinus caroliniana 159 122. Leaves ovate to elliptical, oval or obovate; leaf base rounded or some- what cordate. 37 200% date Se eee eee 123 122. Leaves rhombic-ovate; leaf-base cuneate or subtruncate.. .Betula nigra 165 Leaves ovate-oval to oblong or obovate, 1 3/5-4 inches long; margin obscurely doubly serrate: 22.02. 22550... 2 0.5. Amelanchier canadensis 241 Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate or elliptical, 23-6 inches long; margin obviously ‘doubleserrate nets eee ee ee ee ene 124 124. Leaves bright green above, thickish; base generally heart-shaped... . Betula lenta 161 124. Leaves dull green above, membranous; tase rounded or somewhat heart-shaped 20.55.39. 2800 PAE eRe eee Betula lutea 163 . Leaves triangular to rhombic-ovate, very taper-pointed; petioles slender, 3= [inch longa ea eo. Ree Betula populifolia 167 Betula nigra 165 . Leaves ovate, somewhat taper-pointed; petioles stout, 3—-} of an inch long. . Betula alba, var. papyrifera 169 126. Lateral veins prominently arcuate, extending from near the base nearly LORLHELAPEXt eee pers toss ence — ieee Rhamnus cathartica 305 126. Lateral veins not prominently arcuate. ........ 2.2.2... 4 Jesse 127 . Deavestround-ovatestovorbicular. 0). 03.5.2: 2a8 Sa ee eee 128 . Leaves ovate-lanceolate to oval, oblong, or obovate................... 129 128. Foliage fragrant, somewhat glaucous; petioles terete. .Prunus Mahaleb 253 128. Foliage neither fragrant nor glaucous; petioles conspicuously flattened. . Populus tremuloides 129 . Petioles glandular at the top, generally with cherry taste.............. 130 | ‘Petioles eglandular; ‘without icherry taste....%. 0.2 9.022). - 2) eee ee 134 130. Leaves smooth above, glabrous or sparingly pubescent on the veins below. aceite kaa so «6 ER ee i ee 131 130. Leaves somewhat rugose above, pubescent below........ Prunus nigra 259 Prunus domestica 263 Leaf-margin regularly ‘serrate: 925: 22. 2. 0.5 220 2) Re eee eee 132 Leaf-margin irregularly serrate or crenate-serrate...............-..-.- 133 132. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to oval, or lance-obovate; serrations blunt, incurvedssplandularye He was. a lacs SOS eee Prunus s rotina 245 Prunus pennsy “vanica 249 132. Leaves ovate to elliptical or obovate; serrations attenuate, asclending, eclandularve eset siete nee 6a Dae See Prunus virginiana 247 133. Leaves ovate, oblong, oval, or obovate, thin and rather flaccid...... Prunus avium 255 Prunus nigra 259 133. Leaves ovate lanceolate to narrowly obovate, thick and firm........ Prunus Cerasus 257 134. Leaves:pubescent.beneaths-a. 2 2.3... he ee eee 135 134. Leaves glabrous beneath aside from the veins or veins axils....... 137 135. Leaves close white-woolly pubescent beneath; petioles ?-2 inches in length. . Pyrus Malus 235 135. Leaves pale greenish or grayish pubescent beneath; petioles 3—1 inch long. 136 136. Leaves minutely downy and rugose-veined above....... Salix rostrata 123 136. Leaves glabrous and somewhat rugose above............ Prunus nigra 259 Prunus domestica 263 137 iLeavestwhiteizlaucous beneath: 7-22 4. -. -) +. eee eee Salix discolor 121 13%. Meavesipale green’ beneath......... . 2.2 c... 25... eee 138 138. Leaves thin, with tufts of hairs in the vein axils on the lower side; petioles about { inch in length.................. Fagus grandifolia 171 138. Leaves thick, without axillary tufts of hairs; petioles 3-1 inch in lerigt hws Av CRASS oR Ee ee Amelanchier canadensis 241 139. Petioles.:conspicuously flattened): 2575/2 s29- 62 eee ee ee eee 140 139: “Betioles.terete ormearly soe tonnes es eee Oe eee Fee eee 142 140. Leaves deltoid or deltoid-ovate................0-5- Populus deltoides 139 140! Leavesiovate toorbictlars hates ae) cis ietele tier oletatactete Vets fe| stele erie 141 141. 141. 143. 143. 145. 145. 147. 147. 149. 149. 151. 151. 153. 153. 155. 155. 157. 157. 159. 159. 161. 161. 163. 163. 165. Trees of New York State 61 LEAF KEY TO THE SPECIES — (Continued) PAGE Leaves 3-6 inches in diameter; margin coarsely dentate............ Populus grandidentata 131 Leaves 13-38 inches in diameter; margin finely serrate.. .Populus tremuloides 129 MMe Niancineserrate or crenates.....3% 2 s «clas desis ee inaew an Althea. oe 143 142. Margin undulately or sinuately dentate......................-.-. 150 Leaves narrowly ovate to ovate elliptical or oval; serrations fine........144 Leaves oblong, lanceolate or obovate; serrations coarse............. Quercus Muhlenbergii 183 144, Mature leaves pubescent beneath.............................. 145 144. Mature leaves smooth or somewhat hairy on the veins beneath... . 146 Leaves appressed pubescent beneath; leaf-margin obscurely crenulate...... Cornus alternifolia 317 Leaves white woolly-pubescent beneath; leaf margin irregularly serrate. . Pyrus Malus 235 (AG aeVisneinwincised-serrate. oo. 2.6 en oe euie samee atc ce are Pyrus coronaria 233 foes Vianeinjnobein Cised serrate empee ceric: oaeida se <1 ak eeneenenn alee 147 BETO lsd AINVET Sa Riis accents ot Wa So eee ECL i ok ier eR a ake 148 Reniolestr apnOuss. 54. jana eel Se ERG Ooi at cir: 4 ee eee ee 149 148. Leaves 3-6 inches long, lustrous above, ciliate on the margin......... Populus candicans 137 148. Leaves 4-8 inches long, dull above, not ciliate on the margin......... Populus heterophylla 133 Leaves ovate-lanceolate to ovate, 3-6 inches long, more or less rusty below. . Populus balsamifera 135 Leaves ovate-oblong to oval, 2-4 inches long, not rusty below........ Pyrus communis 231 150. Leaves white velvety-tomentose below................. Populus alba 127 150. Leaves light green and quite smooth below........... Nyssa sylvatica 319 heaveswpinnately, Compoundh Mirrycle akideyecises'- alae ss. el eet eae 152 eavesibipinn ately compound san onrntiem ei arias. eerie eee ae 171 sR, ILSeRGeS aah DORs camaiicr oc cou ocho ed Rlgnretaoe oceans Ptelea trifoliata 275 Hj ZemlbeavestoOlorsmare 1OMaAtea mtr ts el rie cr ates oh sen caer nee Ae 153 Weat=rachisswinged's, {\ <<. « sverkeucmomerenktla ty husrsiarnenieaer. (aaa: Rhus copallina 283 eaianaAchis in ObusWIN@ed«, .. yaya eeem sts Seen clianc: ho Rikon eeeae a ee 154 jAalbeatetsientire-marrinedse map ade «oon Ge. cis aoe sees 4 os atlas 155 (i eaeebecatletsmotsentine-mMargineds essere fhe ag aeyeele a ean) ioe cele 157 Leaves 1-3 feet long; leaflets 13-41................. Ailanthus glandulosa 277 heaves: 7—l4nches long: leafletsi(—U9 05... ha crestce .s- 5.05. Seema. een. 156 156. Leaflets obovate-oblong, coriaceous, acute at the apex, 3-4 inches LOR Ao ot as, 7. ROT Loe SO oe alors Ae one Rhus Vernix 285 156. Leaflets ovate-oblong to elliptical, thin, mucronate or retuse at the apexcula—2-1n ches longer cea aeet ae is cs ei Robinia Pseudo-Acacia 273 LAgTi iS BO ee eee ee ee ee ee eR OO oe eee ane 158 HES LO all eae ik cock ee eM INES aah on At meters PAN Al bal scl elena 162 158. Three upper leaflets conspicuously larger than the others......... 159 158. Three upper leaflets not conspicuously larger than the others... ... 160 Leaflets generally 5, glabrous or puberulous below............ Carya ovata 145 Leaflets generally 7, soft pubescent below................. Carya laciniosa 147 160. Leaflets glabrous or nearly so below; leaf-rachis smooth........... 161 160. Leaflets pubescent below; leaf-rachis pubescent........... Carya alba 149 Leaflets chiefly 5 or 7, oblong- or obovate-lanceolate.......... Carya glabra 153 Carya microcarpa 151 Leaflets chiefly 9, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate........ Carya cordiformis 155 NG 2aelneatletsieven. ny MUIIDEL as Sek ee tein oes ee % 2S i» ea era, a 163 62 eelceatletsiodduinsnUMDeE. npaareewiee Temes. © ake k cheer eet 165 Leaves 6-8 inches long, leaflets 1-2 inches long....... Gleditsia triacanthos 269 Leaves 1-3 feet long; leaflets 2-5 inches long......................... 164 164. Leaflets sharply serrate except at the base, sessile or sub-sessile. . . . Juglans nigra 143 164. Leaflets entire except for a few coarse teeth toward the base, short BALCH pws cits shar seuigs ake Re RRO aS Thee Ailanthus glandulosa 277 TLeennegs CHT eNOS See ccito ec ni diam toa See er ict cciee eemirame 166 62 165. . Leaflets sharply serrate at least toward the apex, sessile or sub-sessile. . . . 168 168. Leaf-rachis glabrous............ At gk Cee ee ee eee: ee Rhus glabra 168. Leaf-rachis pubescent: . 2: <0.) 2S9Ue. oe eee 169 . eaflets ‘pubescent: beneath’: . oi. 2) BPs Ph ae ee eee 10 . Leaflets glabrous or puberulous beneath.................... Rhus typhina 170. Leaflets 13-23, lustrous above, 1-1} inches wide........ Juglans nigra 170. Leaflets 11-17, rugose above. 13-2 inches wide........ Juglans cinerea . Leaves 6-8 inches long; leaflets less than 1 inch in length............ Gleditsia triacanthos . Leaves 1—4 feet long; leaflets 1 inch or more in length................. W2 172; Leaflets ovate to ovaljentire. <== 22.2 .seesee ee oe Gymnocladus dioica 172. Leaflets broadly ovate to lanceolate, finely serrate...... Aralia spinosa The New York State College of Forestry LEAF KEY TO THE SPECIES — (Continued) PAGE Leaves 8 inches ‘tod feet long: oi 222), eee Sh ee ee 167 166. Leaflets oblong to oblong-lanceolate, blunt or acute at the apex....... Pyrus Aucuparia 239 166. Leaflets lanceolate, acuminate at the apex........... Pyrus americana 237 . Leaflets entire except for a few coarse teeth toward the base, short stalked. . Ailanthus glandulosa 277 281 279 143 141 269 267 318 Ee Trees of New York State 63 FRUIT KEY TO THE SPECIES PAGE eebrat simple, arising from ‘a ‘single pistil:. : ../.02 20 Pe a ee 2 1. Fruit compound,* arising from several pistils or flowers................ 75 Pee nUTNALy eee ee. OORT LUD EM «SI Tt es RE ee. 3 Pepe rrurt flestnyy yt. ok ts ons ste ote tec SSS Te FD eS 43 Petri teleniscenter 22-882 oP) ott aca ee ee ee Ba 4 POMBE CEPBENIELCLNISCEN GPE oreo ene oo <5 asc Eve e reali Caadewels te he See ee 22 4. Fruit a bony nut with a dehiscent involucre or husk................. 5 PemnCOreaOUrH DOMY Tut... 2 re Te PRR SN ON PE 12 PRIA VOLMETE SICK Se), 52s FO a ee ee >. Es Se 6 PEL OLUCKC MIO PLICKLY:: |b... 5 akc Mase ee eee oll als eee eee 7 6. Nut trigonous; burr stalked; spines simple............ Fagus grandifolia 171 6. Nut ovoid, laterally compressed; burr sessile; spines branched........... Castanea dentata 173 7. Husk 4-valved to the base; valves rather thick and woody at maturity... .8 7. Husk 4-valved only to the middle or rarely to the base; valves thin and some- WRG OM IADIC*AG INALUITILY | |e ote eth oe. Seats ie tts Hae soe aan eh ae Lt Seebrait +l meb imdiameter: 2o)..0) 6c20s Shek. wees Carya microcarpa 151 SeLLCtuyl 2) INEHES INT GIAMELEL sets eae Note es ele es eels ee ee eee 9 SSILEWINtLe TOIT Y.GlOWISI:>.5..0.5 tor eeae ae tiene oak Scie hohs co He RSE Os crstels 10 MENGIGADEGWALISK ene. ae ee ees, Seto ee Carya alba 149 10. Fruit globular or depressed; nut barely mucronate........ Carya ovata 145 10. Fruit ovoid; nut usually strongly pointed at both ends............... Carya laciniosa 147 iimehnii pyriorm to ovoid; shell’thicksss...0.o sce. . S22. sos. es. Carya glabra 153 Rieeirutrellipsoid; shellithin= 2 !)22 acs os sales =. os ose oes Carya cordiformis 155 MOMMRnUites lepine: s. see: 2 Rie Riemer eee eee he oe Be ae ote 13 PemrTUF AL CADSULON S| | aaa ee Fe ta etcts a iaiaisle hore ta ae Sete ae ee 16 13. Legume 12-18 inches long, twisted, reddish or purplish brown............ Gleditsia triacanthos 269 13. Legume less than 11 inches long, not twisted.......................6. 14 14. Legume thick and woody; seeds about ? of an inch long.............. Gymnocladus dioica 267 14. Legume thin and coriaceous; seeds less than } of an inch long....... 15 15. Seeds reniform, orange-brown with darker mottlings..................... Robinia Pseudo-Acacia 273 15. Seeds broadly ovate, chestnut-brown................--. Cercis canadensis 271 16. Fruit spiny; seeds without appendages. .......Aesculus Hippocastanum 303 16. Fruit not spiny; seeds with appendages........................08- 17 7 SERRE EIUTIOT IS MS SHC Se yD ele ed 18 COs DSIRE IN STII S3 | ace al UES ELS © doc Sot ee eat tCae RARER Sip as aa eae 19 18. Capsule subtended by persistent disk................. Populus species 353 18. Capsule not subtended by persistent disk................ Salix species 352 19. Capsule linear, subterete, 5 or more inches long.......... Catalpa speciosa 339 Catalpa bignonioides 337 19. Capsule globose to oblong-ovoid, not over 2 inches long................ 20 20. Capsule 2-celled, loculicidally dehiscent; seeds lace-winged............ Paulownia tomentosa 335 20. Capsule 5-celled, septically dehiscent; seeds winged at the ends...... 21 21. Capsule globose, about 3/16 of an inch long.............. Kalmia latifolia 323 21. Capsule oblong-ovoid, about 4 of an inch long. ...Rhododendron maximum 321 POMEL TUTE SAITIAT A. s-2 2 sod eRe ee cr ed Dan ip Sy Schon af Melee! aie or Sep aise ectaged 23 Poa Brig nut Or Cry leather yi GIAlpe casein cary oielfeicy a, bereiai> exe's ousioiekopor ate 36 * The interpretation of the structures which enter into the fruit is of necessity more or less arbitrary. A compound fruit is here interpreted as one arising from several pistils in the same flower or from a cluster of flowers which in fruit give rise to structures which cohere or at least overlap. 64 The New York State College of Forestry FRUIT KEY TO THE SPECIES — (Continued) PAGH 23; Fruit a doublejsamaraxorkey7e?- 6a. ee oe ee eee 24 Zo. Hruit: asingle: Samaras, 4.0.0) oe avensinhe, aye bites ole Ceres Ge Te 29 24. Kruit in racemose. clusters).2. 5... «..22.<...5suel+ sine elele\ = nel hee eae 25 24. Fruit in corymbose or umbellate clusters......................-.-- 27 oN Wings |>—2 incheslOng .:ws..vesiv ac ane ee eer Acer Negundo 301 255 Wings. inch or less,in length’. < «2. iz stew elssts «ose eee 30 BOMPULIACE Ol Samara pUbeSscelite. oe. - 4-4 ees eee eee Ulmus racemosa 205 SOs SUrAce OlssaMmarage ADLOUSH sects to cy Selo eee ioe Ulmus americana 203 36. Fruit a nut subtended by a cup-like or foliaceous involucre.......... 37 36; Fruita leathery drupe or drupaceous mit. cis eee eee 39 3”. Involucre cup-like: fruit an)acorm’;...-. .6)--.- afin Seen oe eee 38 aiaulnyolucresfoliaceous) trilobed! =... =. 2.- 1-2 - sees eee Carpinus caroliniana 159 38. Acorns maturing at the end of the first season: shell of nut glabrous on thevinner suTACe = Meme: a445ch «bor Beenie ae White Oaks 360 38. Acorns maturing at the end of the second season; shell of nut silky- tomentose on the inner surface.................. Red or Black Oaks 360 39: bruit lesssthanys7otsantinch longs. 3.5 8 yopusia1- fron ee ee 40 395 Bruitover’ ineh long. 27. oe sc. ayer sisters el al- ees 2G eee 42 40. Fruit in cymose clusters, adnate to a ligulate bract................. 41 AQ AR rit SOMbAnYe eee nee ires Ske tes eee eee Celtis occidentalis 207 AT Brit OVO E uate ees eee. 2.5 Pals Bice ere eee Tilia americana 307 41. Fruit globose or subglobose.............. Tilia heterophylla, var. Michauxii 311 Tilia Michauxii 309 42. Nut ovoid or ellipsoid, 2-celled at base................. Juglans cinerea 141 42. Nut globose or rarely oblong, 4-celled at base............ Juglans nigra 143 45. Eruit ‘a pomess: . 20 3. er Se en ee 44 AS@Rruit'as Grupe:Or DLL =. 522. 6 seems os Shs | ee ee eee Oe eee 50 44, Fruits in racemose clusters; pome 10-celled. ....Amelanchier canadensis 241 Amelanchier laevis 241 44° Fruits not'racemose; pome I—5 celled >: 5.222... ee eee 45 45. Mature carpels papery or soft-cartilaginous ...............-.-.--+-ee: 46 45. Mature carpels hard and bony, forming nutlets in fruit.................. Crataegus pedicellata 243 46. Fruit pyriform or subglobose; flesh with stone cells. ...Pyrus communis 231 4G. Fruit globose or depressed globose: 2. ese nee sakes ie ereeiens 47 . Fruit 3 of an inch or less in diameter, bright red..............-..0.00: 48 47. 49. 49. 51. 51. 50. 53. Trees of New York State 65 FRUIT KEY TO THE SPECIES — (Continued) PAGE Fruit over 3 of an inch in diameter, yellowish green or reddish in the autumn 48. Fruit about 3 of an inch in diameter... .........0... Pyrus Aucuparia 239 48. Fruit about } of an inch in diameter................. Pyrus americana 237 Fruit long-stalked, yellowish green, fragrant.............. Pyrus coronaria 233 Fruit short-stalked, yellowish green or reddish, not perceptibly fragrant Pyrus Malus 235 50. Seeds or nutlets two or more (rarely one by abortion).............. dl PH SECON OE MHULIEH One® <2 Vsti ls Bei Se PR RI I WE ee Pay 55 Brite AOlanvinenmor less insleneth, 3. 2. S45 soca. Ssh eee; 52 Eraiinehon morein length. £27. See 54 52. Fruit dull red or yellowish, chiefly solitary................ . Ilex opaca 287 J22 brut black, in axillary or terminal clusters. ./.2-. 02... 092.2722... 53 Fruits numerous in a terminal compound panicle, 3-5 angled............. Aralia spinosa 313 Fruits in axillary clusters of 2-5, not angled.......... Rhamnus cathartica 305 54. Mature fruit dark brown, oblong-cylindric to oval, 3-5 inches long... . Asimina triloba 223 54. Mature fruit pale orange, depressed-globose to obovate-oblong, 1-14 inches LOTTE Spi onl Poe rer Sek ae a Diospyros virginiana 325 do. Fruits in capitate or paniculate clusters.....................0-ecceeee 56 55. Fruits solitary or in umbellate, cymose or racemose clusters............ 61 56. Fruit ivory to tawny-white or dark blue....:..................... 57 Sh. LEAT? lta fro ee ee ee ee kee 58 57. Fruit striated, in dropping axillary panicles.................. Rhus Vernix 285 57. Fruit smooth, in long-stalked clusters of 1-3.............. Nyssa sylvatica 319 58. Fruit in terminal capitate clusters; stone 2-celled and 2-seeded........ Cornus florida 315 58. Fruit in paniculate clusters; stone 1-celled and l-seeded............ 59 59. Fruit in narrow, somewhat open terminal panicles............ Rhus glabra 281 PERE HSbOUL, GENS PANICles 2.2. soo oc ec oces oo oleae osc le eee acs 60 6022 Drape ovaltor slightly-ovate. 22%)... 2 ee) Rhus copallina 283 60. Drupe depressed-globular or hemispherical.............. Rhus typhina 279 SPT OG ALeCrallyDrOOVed: 4's. 2. eee eT Ey a 62 een, InLeTally grooved. 22. 255626 os. ¢ oho cacets tes ole ties 66 62. Fruit velvety-tomentose; stone deeply wrinkled and pitted...... Prunus Persica 265 62. Fruit glabrous; stone not deeply wrinkled or pitted................ 63 BeewHruiuiorsnge to'dark red: in colors) 85) Smet) eee a 64 RESPEC E Pe LOL DIAGCK In, COlOT 70 sc oi efis patein cada ell es mre Pea weeds 65 Gre benitelicvinches lont. ee en cc eeee cea eee eee. Prunus nigra 259 Gaebler inchlong.-. sas wha... 20 nde 2 bacon Prunus americana 261 bo. bruit t inch long, without bloom.:..:..2..0..22..25..0.. Prunus domestica 263 fpebruin, of an,inch long, glaucous. ...............-.004:; Prunus instititia 251 66. Stone conspicuously compressed................... Viburnum Lentago 341 Viburnum prunifolium 343 66. Stone terete or but slightly compressed...................0.00000 67 67. Stone 2-celled and 2-seeded..................0..00000- Cornus alternifolia 317 feesronest—celledand I-seeded; ...:. exciton tees oe ea ee ee kT Se 68 Gemimiucoin racemose clusters +.ssise che see oe ee eee Mae 69 68. Fruits solitary or in umbellate clusters.................2.00000000: 71 feebrtoblons dark blue. ..... = So ote ic te a cies a's ote ole Sassafras variifolium 225 69. Fruit globose, dark crimson or nearly black.............0.........00005 70 70. Fruit subtended by persistent calyx................ Prunus virginiana 247 Woe Brut without persistent calyx!) 82.25 5..20 os: Prunus serotina 245 71. Fruit a leathery drupe; flesh thin and dry.............. Celtis occidentalis 207 71. Fruit a fleshy drupe; Heshs}UiGys seer ater. oan eee ete om oo a oie eke ae 72 72. Fruit light red, } of an inch or lees in diameter. ..Prunus pennsylvanica 249 72. Fruit dark red or reddish black, 4 of an inch or more in diameter... .73 73. Fruits in racemose umbels; flesh thin ‘anit sori eee Se: Prunus Mahaleb 253 3 66 73. 75. 75. The New York State College of Forestry FRUIT KEY TO THE SPECIES — (Continued) PAGE Fruits in lateral sessile umbels, rarely solitary; flesh thick and succulent. .74 vA” Meshisweet or but:slightly acrids.-.e0. sees ee oe Prunus avium 255 74. Flesh perceptibly acidulous.......................... Prunus Cerasus 257 Fruit aggregate, arising from the pistils of a single flower............... 76 Fruit multiple, arising from a cluster of flowers....................... 78 76. Fruit a cone of imbricated indehiscent carpels (samaroids)............ Liriodendron tulipifera 221 76. Fruit a cone-like cluster of coherent follicles....................... 77 77. Fruit oval or irregular, about 2 inches long; follicles scarlet.......... Magnolia virginiana 217 77. Fruit ovate to oblong, 23-3 inches long; follicles dark red............ . ' Magnolia acuminata 219 78. Fruit fleshy and more or less succulent at maturity................ 79 78: Bruit: drysat maturiiyiod sans bor soe ss) ee 1. ee 83 (O:oBrurt subglabosectoiglobulars..,......+.. os. 2-0 Jee oe eee 80 79. Fruit, oyal-oblongto cylindrical :.. j..-:. sc... 3:4 Jen y ska. hee 82 80. Fruit 3—5 inches in diameter, yellowish green........ Maclura pomifera 209 S80 bruit danchiordess in diameter. .......0.:-.5. eee eee 81 81. Fruit dark blue and glaucous, }-} of an inch in diameter............ Juniperus virginiana 105 81. Fruit reddish, about ? of an inch in diameter...... Broussonetia papyrifera 211 82. Fruit purple, 1-14 inches long, succulent and edible....... Morus rubra 213 82. Fruit white or pinkish, 2/5-4/5 of an inch long, rather dry and PTI SU) re sears ok) hs ey ies acts ous +2 Sag eee eae ee Morus alba 215 $3. Pruitisubglobosettorglobular. << .cecsas% e224 2 eee oe eee 84 83. Fruit samore or less elongated ; ./f...5..¢5.«: daca-ten inion oe Ue eee 86 84. Fruit a cone, about } of an inch in diameter; scales peltate............ Chamaecyparis thyoides 101 84. Fruit a head, 2 of an inch or more in diameter...................-- 85 85. Head consisting of many beaked woody capsules; abortive seeds resembling RCH OWE isn b oino.cee Oa ODE ROOT oe Liquidambar Styraciflua 227 85. Head consisting of many achenes, each with a basal ring of hairs...... Platanus occidentalis 229 86. Fruit a cone-like aggregate of saccate involucres, resembling the fruit Olthe shop a Cee nsec ca Be es oe ea Ostrya virginiana 157 SG. Pruitiacone of ambbricated scales. .....s¢.: « . dee ees ae eee 87 87. Cone-scales trilobed, each subtending 3 winged nutlets................. 88 87. Cone-scales not trilobed, each subtending 1—2 winged seeds............. 92 88. Cone oblong-ovoid to ovoid-cylindrical.....................--.5-- 89 88: ‘Conecylindrical.. . 20 seek Ao Se on ted ae 91 89. Cone slender pedunculate, maturing in the early summer; wing broader than themubletee yy seer terns os on ih, 5 ee ee eee Betula nigra 165 89. Cone short pedunculate, maturing in the autumn; wing not broader than the: -Mitlet jek he alee Ales Ss. i sah bei aon Oe ene 90 90. Cone-scale puberulous; wing narrower than the nutlet..... Betula lutea 163 90. Cone-scale glabrous; wing as broad as the nutlet ......... Betula lenta 161 91. Cones about 2 of an inch in length, spreading or pendant. . Betula populifolia 167 91. Cones 1-2 inches in length, drooping.......... Betula alba, var. papyrifera 169 92. Cone:maturing the first season. . oc... =<. See < ce eee eee 93 92. Cones maturing the second season’. 2: 5. joc a--ee eee ee eee 99 93: (Cones erect or asCending™..:. 2,-0.5 seciecisc svo0 neuteinie aie Sl eee 94 93: Conesspendant® hojanc eb cs cewie ose wet eee te See eee 96 94. Cones 4—2 of an inch long; cone-scales persistent................... 95 94. Cones 24-4 inches long; cone-scales deciduous......... . 4 Abies balsamea 97 95. Cone-scales nearly orbicular; seeds terminally winged........ Larix laricina 89 95. Cone-scales oblong; seeds laterally winged.............. Thuja occidentalis 103 96.(Cones's— = Of anuinch long: ..n +0... eee eee ee Tsuga canadensis 99 96. Cones 3-23 inches long... . 4. osm: foscece 2 Ce ee eee 97 97; «Cones cylindrical. ix. oa; sciteesie mo ee Ae ee eee Picea canadensis 91 97. Conesiovate to.ovate-oblong:s...:.,. ¢..« -o43-eee «ean eee ae 98 98. Cones brown or reddish brown, lustrous.................. Picea rubra 93 95° Cones grayish browi, Gulls sc se ce sets tice etn Picea mariana 95 Trees of New York State 67 FRUIT KEY TO THE SPECIES — (Continued) PAGE 99. Cones cylindrical, long-stalked, 5-11 inches long............ Pinus Strobus 77 99. Cones ovate-conical to oblong-conical, sessile or nearly sessile, } inches CSV, oo, ae er ee Re Saeeeons NES Leh Ue Ie M, ees par sf 100 OU @one-Scalessunarmed:.. ... 5.4. sc os ka cee eawee eens. Pinus resinosa 87 100. Cone-scales armed with deciduous or persistent prickles........... 101 101. Cone scales unevenly developed; cones strongly incurved. .Pinus Banksiana 83 101. Cone-scales evenly developed or nearly so; cones not strongly incurved. . 102 pas ecasmearivraval’ oi). i's Me pA oe. es os. kee be Pinus virginiana 81 L025 Seeds triangular with rounded sides.........<<-....-0.s---0+eu- 103 103. Spine of cone-scale about 1/25 of an inch long, early deciduous...... Pinus echinata £5 103. Spine of cone-scale 1/12—{ of an inch long, persistent.......... Pinus rigida 79 aly aR witli’ th ai tg betel mah cn ‘ re ee os) uf luckeal - 2 ren ca bee ee As. + Trees of New York State 69 TWIG KEY TO THE SPECIES PAGE feetiohare persistent through the winters «<< cic sic askew sae pe Jaen Se 2 1. Foliage deciduous eerdrcigal 2a ER ORO aa See Pinus echinata 85 9. Leaves 3-13 inches long, serrulate, flemble; buds acute...... Pinus virginiana 81 9. Leaves 13 3-3 inches long, entire, rigid; buds obtuse: 2653526; Pinus Banksiana 83 10. lines SHES DIES S-iNGal Ole ACICUI AL eee ees sce oo. oe <2 11 10. Leaves opposite, awl-shaped or scale-like.......................... 15 11. Leaves 4-angled, stomatiferous on all sides; foliage with a prickly feel... .. 12 11. Leaves flattened, with two stomatiferous lines below; foliage without prickly ETE eR eS a TER fe a te le eS, eae eS ae AY ae ene ae 14 Pee liwins lA DrOUSS, «2 Solas eres AOR ra ais - yoitawi Se we Salus Picea canadensis 91 Panu sep DESCEN Grom 9 vs cde trterareitaers aha sc stove og) - cis heretic ener 6 82. Buds small; bark of twigs mottled; pith terete............. Rhus Vernix 285 82. Buds large; bark of twigs not mottled; pith angular................. 3 83. Buds bright yellow; bud-scales 4-6 valvate in pairs....... Carya cordiformis 155 83. Buds not bright yellow; bud-scales 10 or more, imbricated............... 84 84. Terminal buds chiefly less than 2/5 of an inch long; bud-scales close, generally glandular; twigs slender..................--- Carya glabra 153 Carya microcarpa 151 84. Terminal buds chiefly more than 2/5 of an inch long; bud-seales rather loose, essentially glandless; twigs rather stout...................- 85 85. Outer bud-scales early caducous; inner bud-scales pale yellowish gray and 11) 9) (Are Oe Ce OS EE EEE Oe Goo ones a ole Gc Carya alba 149 85. Outer bud-scales persisting through the winter................ Carya ovata 145 86. Leaf-scars semi-circular to broadly lunate, 3-1/5 of an inch in diameter; bundle-scars large, annular; older twigs often corky-winged...... Liquidambar Styraciflua 227 86. Leaf-scars narrowly lunate or otherwise less than + of an inch in diameter: Js2...0 Ue eee alg s DOL os Oe ORR OEE Oe Oe 87 87. Some of the upper buds more than 7 of an inch in length................ 88 87. Upper buds never more than 4 of an inch in length....................-. 89 89. 89. 91. oF 93. 93. 88. Buds lance-linear; bundle scars 3; pith greenish white, angular... . Amelanchier canadensis 241 Amelanchier laevis 241 88. Buds ovate; bundle-scars 3-5; pith brownish, terete... .Pyrus americana 237 Pyrus Aucuparia 239 Internodes very unequal; branches much exceeding the parent axis.... Cornus alternifolia 317 Internodes essentially equal; branches shorter than the parent axis........ 90 90. Terminal bud narrowly ovate, its scales narrow, thickened and usually oS toothed... oastik ear eee iO CSR EEE Pyrus coronaria 233 90. Terminal bud usually broadly ovate or hemispherical, its scales broadly ovate ‘and thins. 20.62 5.0.05 64 0s 220d SRR ee Tene oeeeee 91 Leaf-scars in 4 phyllotaxy; bud-scales thick; twigs with long slender, often falcate: thOPNS! Ss ie. 6 o ClCcor Short-leaved Pine, Yellow Pine [Pinus mitis Michx.] . A fascicle showing three needles x 14 Pinus echinata Mill. A branch with staminate flowers x %4 A stamen, lateral view x 10 A stamen, front view x 10 A branch with ovulate flowers x % Cover and ovuliferous scale, lower side x 8 Ovuliferous scale, upper side, showing ovules x 8 A fruiting branch showing mature cones, second year x % . A fascicle showing two needles x % . A fruiting branch showing cones, first year x 14 . Seale from mature cone, lower side x 1 2. Scale from mature upper side. showing seeds x 1 cone, . Winged seed x 1 ——————— Trees of New York State 85 PINACEAE Pinus echinata Mill. [Pinus mitis Michx.] Short-leaved Pine, Yellow Pine Habit — A tree at maturity attaining a height of 80-100 feet, occasionally 120 feet, with a trunk diameter of 3-4 feet. Crown broad, pyramidal, truncate, consisting of slender, somewhat pendulous, very brittle branches. Trunk long, clean, somewhat tapering. Leaves — Borne in fascicles of 2-3 (rarely 4), needle-shaped, closely ser- rulate, abruptly pointed, soft and flexible, dark bluish green, 3-5 inches long, persisting from two to five years. Flowers— Appearing in April and May, monoecious, borne in cones, Staminate cones clustered at the base of the growth of the season, nearly sessile, about %4 of an inch long, oblong-cylindrical, pale purple at maturity. Ovulate cones usually in pairs or clusters of three or four, rarely solitary, subterminal on the growth of the season, oblong to sub- globose, about 43 of an inch long, on stout ascending stalks, pale rose- colored at pollination. Fruit — An ovate or oblong-conical, chestnut-brown cone, 1144-2 inches long, subsessile, horizontal or pendant, attaining full size and maturity during the second autumn. Opened cones persist on the branches for several years. Cone-scales with slightly thickened ends, equipped with weak, usually deciduous prickles. Winter characters — Branchlets stout, brittle, somewhat rough, at first pale green or violet, glaucous, later dark reddish brown and scaly. Buds ¥—-Y of an inch long, ovate, obtuse, with ovate-lanceolate, closely imbri- cated, chestnut-brown scales which are divided above the middle into matted filaments. Mature bark dark brown tinged with red, divided by fissures into irregular, scaly, angular plates. Habitat — Occurs on a wide range of sites on plains, foothills, and table- lands. Thrives on poor clayey and sandy soils. Grows in pure stands or intermixed with hardwoods, generally the latter in the east. Range — Staten Island, New York, Pennsylvania, south to Georgia, and west to Missouri, Oklahoma and Texas. Zone A, Uses — An important timber species, ranking second in importance among the Southern Yellow Pines. Wood heavy, heard, strong, resinous, coarse- grained, variable in quality, orange or yellowish brown in color with pale white sapwood. Largely manufactured into lumber for a variety of pur- poses. Within its natural range valuable in reforestation because of the ease of self-generation. Red Pine, Norway Pine Pinus resinosa Ait. . A branch with staminate flowers x 1% Ss. A fruiting branch showing mature cones, 2~A stamen, front view x_5 second year x 4 3. A stamen, lateral view x 5 9. A fascicle showing needles x % 4. A branch with ovulate flowers x 14 10. Seale from mature cone, upper side, 5. Cover-scale, lower side x 15 showing seeds x 1 G. Ovuliferous and cover-seale, uppér side, 11. Scale from mature cone, lower side x 1 showing ovules x 15 12. Winged seed x 1 7. A fruiting branch showing cones, first year), xX Trees of New York State 87 PINACEAE Pinus resinosa Ait. Red Pine, Norway Pine Habit — A tree, usually 50-75 feet in height, occasionally 100 feet, with a trunk diameter of 2-3 feet. Crown at first broadly pyramidal, with stout, thick-spreading branches which are more or less pendulous and clothe the bole to the ground, in age forming an open, round-topped head. Leaves — Borne in fascicles of 2, needle-shaped, semi-cylindrical, soft and flexible, dark green and shining, 4-6 inches long, falling during the fourth and fifth season. Fascicle-sheaths persistent. Flowers — Appearing in May and early in June, monoecious, borne in cones. Staminate cones in dense clusters at the base of the growth of the season, solitary or in whorls of 2-3 near the top of the growth of the season, subglobose, about % of an inch long, stalked, upright, scarlet at pollination. Fruit — An ovate-conical, green cone, 2-2% inches long, subsessile, horizontal, attaining full size during the second summer, turning lght chestnut- brown and opening in the autumn. Opened cones persist on the branches until the following season. Cone-seales with slightly thickened and ridged end, unarmed. Seeds dark chestnut-brown, winged, about 4% of an inch long. Winter characters — Branchlets stout, roughened by the persistent bases of the leaf-buds, at first orange in color, when older, light reddish brown. Buds %4-—*%4 of an inch long, ovate, acute, with lanceolate, loosely imbri- ‘ated, chestnut-brown scales, white and fringed on the margins. Mature bark light reddish brown, thick, divided by shallow fissures into broad, flat ridges. Habitat — Thrives on dry, gravelly ridges and sandy plains where poor soils are found. Rare on low, wet ground. Usually forms open groves of a few acres extent, scattered through forests of other species. Range— A northern species widely distributed in southeastern Canada, Maine, west through the northern states to Minnesota, south through New England and Pennsylvania. Zones C and D. Uses — An important timber species. Wood light, hard, close-grained, pale red with thin, yellowish white sapwood. Used for structural timber in bridges, boat construction, piles, etc. Red Pine is a prolific seeder and lends itself to ‘‘natural’’ reforestation. It is of ornamental value. SY SS = N LZ \s Se: Boe eS Sp LY) \ VINA es SS e\ — Tamarack, Larch, Hackmatack arix laricina (Du Roi) Koch. [Larix americana Michx.] 1. A branch wi-s staminate flowers x 1 7. A fruiting branch showing mature cones 2. A stamen, front view x 10 x % 3. A stamen, lateral view x 10 8. Scale from mature cone, upper side, show- 4. A branch with ovulate flowers x 1 ing seeds x 2 5. Cover-seale, lower side x 5 9. Winged seed x 5 G. Ovuliferous and cover-seale, upper side, 10. A winter twig x % showing ovules x 5 Trees of New York State 89 PINACEAE Larix laricina (Du Roi) Koch. [Larix americana Michx.] Tamarack, Larch, Hackmatack Habit— A tree of medium stature, under optimum conditions sometimes 50-110 feet in height, with a trunk diameter of 2-3 feet, usually much smailer, shrubby near the northern limit of its range. Crown in yeung trees narrowly pyramidal, often extending to the ground, in older trees in abundant light, forming a broad, open head. Branches slender, slightly ascending, feathery with the foliage. Leaves — Linear, triangular, rounded above and ridged beneath, pale green, 34-114 inches in length, deciduous in the autumn of the first year. On the growth of the season they occur singly in spirals, on the older growth in clusters terminating short lateral spurs. Flowers — Appearing in May and June with the leaves, monoecious, borne in cones. Staminate cones arise laterally along the 1—2-year twigs, subglobose, sessile, about 4 of an inch long, yellow at maturity. Ovulate cones lateral on 1—8-year twigs, scattered, oblong, about 4% of an inch long, short-stalked, consisting of rose-colored bracts with green tips subtending rose-red fertile scales. Fruit — An oblong, obtuse, chestnut-brown cone, %4-%4 of an inch long, borne on a stout, short, incurved stalk, attaining full size in the autumn of the first year and setting free its seeds during the fall and winter. Opened cones turn darker with age and persist on the twigs for a season or two. Cone-scales about 20 in number, strongly concave and semi-orbicular, usually with erose margins. Seeds light brown, winged, about 4% of an inch long. Winter characters — Terminal branchlets light orange-brown with small, lustrous, globose, red buds. Two and three-year branches darker, with short lateral spurs. Mature bark thin, close, separating at the surface into thin, reddish brown seales. Habitat — In the southern part of its range, mostly confined to cold, springy swamps, further northward inhabiting well-drained uplands and_hill- sides. Extending to the limit of tree growth beyond the Arctic Cirele and becoming greatly dwarfed. Range — Newfoundland west to Alaska and British Columbia, south through the northern states to northern Pennsylvania, West. Virginia, northern Indiana and Illinois, Wisconsin and central Minnesota. a ie 7} As i \Fir,"‘Balsam Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. Balsam mature cones « Ss cone, upper side, show- e and subtending bract from mature = = can =| wn nD Vo ww p| Tea) S ‘@snc P= p s HS 2 CAR od Ese a on Cg So i m= @ > a Dp te) ey 4 am RWIS OH BD mm. el seni He Lov, wh HHS E TA Sn sit , = qnn & ~- 0G SO i) S| n Saal ow 4 nr Oo ~ mM 8 5 = Lon - SOG %5o ar ers ry oY Suma KA 8 Boe, 22 co) ABorg 2 ‘Se Or Sa, SAP onHH ar =} o Sb oberon Ny SOV Yo FA Sa aa. Fes FHopdors See OSS sae Speco mn = F SS ty einer i aeeaaia iid Osi acSdcdqn e BABA? = RaanHHey HpPpHODOS MnARnRObEPpn 4444400 Trees of New York State N7 PINACEAE Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. Balsam Fir, Balsam Habit — A tree usually 40-60 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 1-1% feet, under optimum conditions sometimes attaining a height of 80 feet. In young trees growing in the open, the crown is pyramidal, open and broad-based, consisting of slender, elongated, horizontal branches in rather distant whorls of 4-5, the lower sometimes slightly pendulous. Under crowded forest conditions the lower branches subsequently die, leaving a reduced spire-like crown. Leaves— Borne spirally, those on the young growth or sterile branches appearing 2-ranked, spreading at right angles to the twig, those near the top of the crown incurved, almost erect, entirely clothing the branches on the upper side, stalkless, oblong-linear, flat, generally blunt, entire margined, dark green and shining above, with 2 broad, white-glaucous .lines beneath, each consisting of about 6 rows of stomata, 44-14% inches long, about 1/16 of an inch wide. Flowers — Appearing in May, monoecious, borne in cones. Staminate cones borne on the growth of the preceding season from axillary buds, clothed at the base by persisting bud-seales, oval to oblong-cylindrical, yellow at maturity tinged with reddish purple. Ovulate cones borne similarly but confined to the upper side of the topmost branches, erect, oblong-cylindri- cal, about 1 inch long, consisting of purple bracts with green, caudate tips. Fruit — An erect, oblong-cylindrical, puberulous, dark purple cone, 214-4 inches long, rounded at the apex, usually bearing globules of resin, maturing in the autumn of the first year. Cone-scales usually slightly longer than broad, thin, fan-shaped, longer than the bracts, deciduous from the upright cone-axis. Seeds winged, about 44 of an inch long, equipped with resin vescicles. Winter characters— Branchlets slender, usually borne opposite, pubescent, at first yellowish green, becoming at length grayish brown tinged with purple, smooth and somewhat lustrous. Buds about 1/5 of an inch long, clustered at the ends of the twigs, globose to ovate, covered with a resi- nous exudation, with dark orange-green, lustrous bud-scales. Bark on young branches pale gray, thin, smooth, marked by raised areas denoting the presence of resin cysts. Mature bark pale reddish brown, separating into small, irregular, scaly plates. Habitat — Thrives best on moist sites in swamps and peat bogs, or on moun- tain tops and slopes where condensation offers sufficient moisture. Nae Hemtock Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. . A branch with staminate flowers x 1 >. A stamen, front view x 20 . A stamen, lateral view x 20 A branch with ovulate flowers x 1 Ovuliferous and cover-secale, lower side 5 D> Oooo og al Ovuliferous-secale, upper side, showing ovules x 10 Th 8. 9. 10. Winged seed x 2 A fruiting branch showing mature cones x 72 Seale from mature cone, upper side, show- ing seeds x ; Seale from mature cone, lower side x 2 Trees of New York State 99 PINACEAE Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Hemlock Habit — A tree at maturity usually 60-70 feet tall with a trunk diameter of 2-4 feet, under optimum conditions becoming 100 feet in height. With sufficient light the crown is obtusely pyramidal, broad-based, consisting of horizontal branches (the lower pendulous) which extend to the ground. Under forest conditions, the trunk is often devoid of branches for two- thirds of its length and exhibits decided taper. Branches and foliage arranged in flat-topped sprays. Leaves — Borne spirally on the branches but appearing two-ranked due to a twist in the petioles, oblong-linear, flat, obscurely grooved, rounded or notched at the apex, often obscurely denticulate, dark yellowish-green and lustrous above, with two broad, white-glaucous lines beneath, each line consisting of 5-6 rows of stomata, %—%6 of an inch long, about 1/16 of an inch wide. Flowers — Appearing in May, monoecious, borne in cones. Staminate cones borne near the ends of the branches on the growth of the previous season, axillary, on slender stalks, about % of an inch long, subglobose, yellow at maturity. Ovulate cones terminal, oblong, about % of an inch long, pale green at pollination. Fruit — An ovate-oblong, pale green cone, 4%—%4 of an inch long, suspended on a slender, puberulous peduncle, attaining full size in the summer and turning reddish or grayish brown in the autumn, gradually setting free the seeds during the winter and falling in the spring of the second year. Cone-seales orbicular to obovate, slightly thickened above. Seeds light brown, winged, about 1/16 of an inch long. Winter characters — Branchlets during the first winter yellowish brown and pubescent, becoming dark grayish or purplish brown and glabrous the third season. Buds about 1/16 of an inch in length, ovate, obtuse, slightly puberulous, light chestnut-brown. Mature bark reddish or gray- ish brown, thick, deeply divided by long fissures into broad ridges, closely scaly on the surface. Habitat A moisture-loving tree, occurring on damp soils along stream courses, the sides of glens, northern slopes, borders of lakes and ponds and margins of swamps. Reaches its best development under dense forest conditions where it is protected from extreme wind pressure. Shallow- rooted and subject to wind fall. Range — Nova Scotia west through Ontario, Michigan and Wisconsin to Minnesota, south along the Appalachians to Georgia and Alabama. Attains its best development in the southern Appalachians. Zones B, C, and D. Uses — Formerly despised as a source of timber. With the depletion in the supply of the more valuable species, the Hemlock has come to be am important timber tree. Wood light, hard, brash, coarse-grained, splintery, subject to shake, light brown, tinged with red. Chiefly manufactured into lumber of the coarser grades. The wood is also widely used for ‘‘mechanical’’ pulp. Hemlock bark is an important source of tannin in the northeastern states. hoe Ct co og 4 White Cedar, Coast White Cedar Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) B. S. and P. [Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea Spach. ; Cupressus thyoides L.] A branch-tip with staminate flowers x 2 A stamen, front view x § A stamen, axile view x 8 A branch-tip with ovulate flowers x 2 Ovulate cone-scale, axile side, showing ovules x 15 6. i 8. 9: 10. Ovulate cone-scale, distal side x 15 A fruiting spray showing mature cones x % : Mature cone x 2 Winged seed x 5 : Portion of twig showing phyllotaxy x 2% Trees of New York State 101 PINACEAE Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) B. S. and P. [Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea Spach.; Cupressus thyoides L.] White Cedar, Coast White Cedar Habit — Usually a small tree from 20-50 feet in height with a trunk diam- eter of % foot, under favorable conditions sometimes attaining a height of 80-90 feet. Crown narrowly conical, consisting of slender horizontal branches with deciduous laterals, the latter commonly arranged in fan- shaped sprays. Leaves — Opposite, keeled, often glandular, dark blue-green, dull. On normal twigs they are ovate, acuminate, appressed, imbricated, glandular, 1/16-¥ of an inch long. The thrifty shoots have spreading, awl-shaped, often remote and eglandular leaves, usually about 14 of an inch long. Flowers — Appearing in March and April, monoecious, borne in cones on dif- ferent sprays. Staminate cones terminal, solitary, about 4% of an inch long, oblong, 4-sided, consisting of 4-6 pairs of stamens with yellow pollen sacs. Ovulate flowers terminal, usually solitary, 1/16-% of an inch long, subglobose, consisting of 6 peltate spreading scales, liver- colored at pollination. Fruit — A globose, glaucous, nearly sessile, inconspicuous, bluish purple cone, about 14 of an inch in diameter, turning dark reddish brown at the end of the first season, opening in the autumn and persisting on the sprays. Cone-seales peltate, the outer face marked by a slight projection. Seeds grayish brown, about % of an inch long, with a dark brown wing as broad as the body. Winter characters — Branchlets arranged in fan-shaped sprays which diverge at various angles, at first bluish green from the decussate imbricated leaves, during the first winter becoming reddish brown, at length dark brown, slowly losing their leaves and marked by the scars of the deciduous laterals, with small papery scales. Buds minute, without scales, pro- tected by the appressed scale-like leaves. Mature bark light reddish brown, 4-1 inch thick, fibrous consisting of narrow anastomosing ridges: separated by shallow fissures. Habitat — Thrives along the Atlantic and Gulf seaboards in cold, wet swamps which are inundated for long periods each year, in the north forming pure stands, farther south intermingled with Bald Cypress. Rarely far from the coast. Range — Southern Maine, southward to northern Florida, westward along the Gulf Coast into Mississippi. Zone A. Uses— An important timber tree, especially in that it thrives in regions unsuitable for other species. Wood light soft, weak, rather close- grained, slightly fragrant, light reddish brown with thin pale sapwood. Very durable in contact with the soil. Used for fence posts, poles, shin- gles, railroad ties, ete. The Coast White Cedar is one of the most beautiful of the eastern conifers and is grown extensively for ornament. There are numerous horticultural forms. OS COND Arbor Vitae, White Cedar Thuja occidentalis L. A branch-tip with staminate flowers x 2 . A stamen, front view x 10 A stamen, axile view x 10 A branch tip with ovulate flowers x 2 . Ovulate cone-scale, distal side x 10 . Ovulate cone-scale, axile side, showing ovules x 10 i 8 10. A fruiting spray showing mature cones x % . Seale from mature cone, axile side, show- ing seeds x 2 Winged seed x 8 Sterile branch-tip showing glandular leaves x 24 decussate, Trees of New York State 103 PINACEAE Thuja occidentalis L. Arbor Vitae, White Cedar Habit — A tree at maturity Attaining a height of 30-50 feet with a trunk diameter of 1—2 feet, under optimum conditions sometimes becoming 70 feet tall. Crown dense, pyramidal, rather wide-based, often extending nearly to the ground. Trunk usually short, often lobed and buttressed, sometimes twisted, commonly dividing into several upright secondary stems. Lateral branches short, horizontal, often declined, with short pendulous laterals arranged in a horizontal plane. The laterals at length die and are cast off with the leaves. Leaves — Opposite, yellowish green; on the thrifty shoots they are scale-like, closely imbricated, ovate to lanceolate, pointed at the apex, glandular on the back, aromatic when crushed, 1%.-14 of an inch long; on the deciduous laterals they are much smaller, of two kinds in alternating pairs, those on the side of the twig strongly keeled, those on the face flat and usually glandular, giving the twigs a flattened appearance. Flowers — Appearing in April and May, monoecious, borne in cones on different branches. Staminate cones terminal, solitary, about 1/16 of an inch long, ovoid to globose, consisting of 4-6 stamens, yellow at maturity. OUvulate cones terminal, solitary, similar in size, ovoid, con- sisting of 4-6 pairs of thin scales, pinkish at pollination. Ovules borne in pairs. Fruit — An oblong, erect, green cone, %-%4 of an inch long, consisting of 6-12 obtuse scales, attaining full size by the middle of the summer, turn- ing pale cinnamon-brown and opening in the autumn, persisting during the following winter. Cone-scales thin, dull, coriaceous, oblong, -blunt- pointed, the outer usually sterile. Seeds light brown, about 4% of an inch long, nearly encircled by the broad wing. Winter characters — Branchlets arranged in flat, fan-shaped sprays, yellow- ish green, flattened, at first completely covered by the decussate, over- ‘lapping leaves. During the second season, the laterals turn brown and fall with the leaves. The bark of the primary branches eventually becomes dark orange-brown and is marked by lateral branch-scars. Buds minute, without scales, protected by the appressed scale-like leaves. Mature bark light reddish brown, thin, fibrous, consisting of narrow anastomosing ridges separated by shallow fissures. Habitat — Prefers low swampy sites such as stream sources, borders of ponds, streams and lakes, where it often forms almost impenetrable, pure stands or grows in company with Spruce and Balsam. Found on higher ground in the southern part of its range. Thrives on limestone outcroppings. Range — Nova Scotia westward to Manitoba in Canada, in the United States from Maine through the border states to Minnesota, south in the moun- tains to Georgia and Tennesseee. Zones A, B, C, and D. Uses — Wood light, soft, brittle, aromatic, coarse-grained, light yellowish brown, darkening with exposure, with thin, nearly white sapwood. Extremely durable in contact with the soil. Largely utilized for fence posts, poles, and shingles. Arbor vitae is widely used as a hedge plant and otherwise ornamentally where varieties of abnormal habit have been developed. He OS bo far) \ AN NY AN NN | Red Cedar, Pencil Cedar Juniperus virginiana L: A branch-tip with staminate flowersx1% A stamen, front view x 10 A stamen, axile view x 10 A branch-tip with ovulate flowers x 1% Ovulate cone-scale, distal side x 10 Ovulate cone-scale, axile side, showing ovules x 10 fod i. S90 A fruiting spray like cones x % Section of cone showing mature seeds x 1 Tip from a vigorous shoot x 2% Portion of normal branch showing phyl- lotaxy x 2% showing mature berry- Trees of New York State 105 PINACEAE Juniperus virginiana L. Red Cedar, Pencil Cedar Habit — At maturity a tree usually 20-50 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 1-2 feet, under optimum conditions sometimes attaining a height of 100 feet. Crown narrowly pyramidal, compact, deep, consist- ing of short, slender branches, horizontal below but ascending above, in the open often extending to the ground. In old age, the crown usually becomes broad and round-topped and more or less irregular. Leaves — Opposite, often glaucous, persisting 3-6 years. On normal shoots they are scale-like, 4-ranked, closely imbricated, ovate, acute (rarely obtuse), usually glandular on the back, dark bluish green, about 1/16 of an inch long; on vigorous shoots they are linear-lanceolate, long- pointed, without glands, light yellowish green, %4—%4 of an inch long. The first type largely predominates. Flowers — Appearing from February to May, dioecious (rarely monoecious), borne in cones. Staminate cones numerous, terminal, 4-14 of an inch long, oblong-ovate, consisting of 10-12 stamens, yellowish at maturity. Ovulate cones solitary, terminal, about 1/16 of an inch long, ovoid, con- sisting of about 6 fleshy, spreading, acute, bluish scales, subtended by scale-like bracts. Fruit — A subglobose, pale green, somewhat angled, berry-like cone, 4-14 of an inch in diameter, becoming dark blue and glaucous in the autumn, with firm epidermis and thin sweet flesh. Cone-scales fleshy, coherent. Seeds 1-2, light chestnut-brown, lustrous, wingless, 1/16-14 of an inch long. Winter characters— Branchlets slender, 4-sided, at first green with the appressed leaves, at length round and dark reddish brown. Buds minute, inconspicuous, covered by the appressed, imbricated leaves. Mature bark reddish brown, thin, somewhat grooved, persisting many years, peeling off at length in long, narrow, fibrous strips. Habitat — A gregarious species thriving on a wide variety of sites and soils including abandoned fields, rocky cliffs, limestone outcroppings, swamps, and bottom-lands. Attains its best development on the alluvial soils of the southern states. Range — Nova Scotia west through the northern states from New England, New York and Ontario, to the Dakotas, south to Florida and Texas. Widely spread through the agency of birds. Zones A, B, and C. Uses — A valuable commercial species. Wood light, soft, fragrant, brittle, extremely durable in contact with the soil, readily worked, dull red with thin, nearly white sapwood. The most important species in pencil manu- facture. Largely used for moth-proof chests, cabinet-making, interior © finish, fence posts, etc. The tree is likewise used extensively orna- mentally. S = {2 SSS SELLE DE eH a Zt 1 Black Willow, Crack Willow Salix nigra Marsh. (on) . A branch showing leaves and fruiting A staminate flower, axile view x 5 aments x % . A twig showing pistillate aments x % 7. Mature capsule x 4 . A pistillate flower, axile view x 5 8. Comose seed x 4 A vigorous twig showing leaves and stip- 9. Portion of leaf-margin, enlarged ules x % 10. Winter twig x % A twig showing staminate aments x 14 Ol Co bo Trees of New York State 107 SALICACEAE Salix nigra Marsh. Black Willow, Crack Willow Habit — The largest native willow. A tree of rapid growth, attaining maturity between 50-70 years, under optimum conditions sometimes 120 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 2-3 feet, usually much smaller, often with several crooked medium-sized trunks ascending obliquely from the same root crown. Crown broad and open, consisting of stout, ascend- ing branches and drooping branchlets. Leaves — Alternate, lanceolate, 3-6 inches long, 4%4-%4 of an inch wide, long attenuate and usually curved at the apex, rounded or wedge-shaped at the base, finely serrate, at maturity thin, light green, smooth and lustrous above, pale green and glabrous (except on the veins) beneath, borne on short petioles. Stipules on vigorous shoots foliacious, semi-cordate and persistent, on normal shoots minute, ovoid and deciduous, Flowers — Appearing in May, terminal on short, lateral, leafy branchlets, dioecious, glandular, borne in the axils of yellow, rounded scales, the whole forming narrow, cylindrical aments 1-3 inches in length. Perianth wanting. Stamens 3-5, with long filaments and yellow anthers. Pistil solitary, consisting of a stalked, glabrous, ovate, 1-celled ovary and 2 nearly sessile, thick stigmas. Fruit— A reddish brown, ovate, smooth, short pedicellate capsule, about % of an inch long, opening by 2 sutures at maturity to set free the minute, comose seeds. Winter characters — Twigs slender, smooth, very brittle at the base, reddish brown to pale orange. Terminal bud lacking. Lateral buds 1-sealed, acute, reddish brown, about 1/16 of an inch long. Mature bark varying from brown to nearly black, thick, divided by deep furrows into broad, flat, anastomosing ridges, scaly at the surface. Habitat — A moisture-loving species growing on wet sites along stream courses, shores of lakes, flat swampy areas, more rarely in upland situa- tions. Propagates as readily through natural cuttings as through seeds. Range— A widely distributed species ranging from New Brunswick west through southern Canada to the Dakotas, south to Florida and Texas, thence westward into central California. Zones A, B, C, and D. Uses — Of secondary importance as a timber tree, producing a low grade of lumber. Wood light, soft, weak, fine grained, pale reddish brown with light, nearly white sapwood. Made into artificial limbs, slack cooperage, excelsior, charcoal, pulp and cheap furniture. Because of the ease of propagation by cuttings and its rapid growth, this species is used exten- sively in bank revetment along streams. OV CO DD LESS mee SS (eon SS : ie meet Zz < tS) 9, (Fr Peach-leaved Willow, Almond-leaved Willow Salix amygdaloides Anders. A twig showing staminate aments x 1% A staminate flower, axile view x 5 E A twig showing pistillate aments x 4 . A pistillate flower, axile view x % A branch showing mature leaves and fruiting aments x % 6. Mature capsule x 4 7. Comose seed x 4 8. Winter twig x 4 9. Portion of leaf-margin, enlarged Trees of New York State 109 SALICACEAE Salix amygdaloides Anders. Peach-leaved Willow, Almond-leaved Willow Habit — A tree under optimum conditions occasionally 60-70 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 1-2 feet and a single, columnar bole, usually much smaller. Crown rather narrow, rounded, consisting of ascending, spreading branches. Leaves — Alternate, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, 244-4 inches long, 34-1 inch wide, attenuate-cuspidate at the apex, wedge-shaped or somewhat rounded at the base, finely serrate, at maturity thin, firm, light green and lustrous above, pale glaucous below, borne on long, usually twisted petioles which diverge nearly at right angles to the twigs. Stipules minute, fugacious. Flowers — Appearing in May with the leaves, terminal on short, lateral, leafy branchlets, dioecious, glandular, in the axils of yellow, broadly ovate scales, the whole forming an elongated, cylindrical, more or less erect, hairy ament 2-3 inches in length. Perianth wanting. Stamens 5-9, with long filaments and yellow anthers. Pistil solitary, similarly borne, con- sisting of an oblong-conical, glabrous, long-stalked, 1-celled ovary, a short style and 2 spreading stigmas. Fruit — A pale, reddish yellow, globose-conical, pedicellate capsule, about 4 of an inch long, opening by 2 sutures at maturity to set free the minute, comose seeds. Winter characters — Twigs slender, smooth, pale lenticellate, not brittle at the base, orange or reddish brown. Terminal bud lacking. Lateral buds brown and lustrous, 1-scaled, rather blunt, ovoid, about 1% of an inch long. Mature bark brown, thick, irregularly furrowed and scaly ridged. Habitat — Typically found along the banks of streams, rivers, lake shores, and on wet bottom-lands, rarely in dry gravelly and sandy soils. Range — Western Quebec through southern Canada to British Columbia, central New York westward to Washington, southwest to Texas and New Mexico. Zones B and C. Uses — Produces a soft, weak, close-grained, inferior wood, light brown with rather thick, white sapwood. Occasionally manufactured into cheap lumber. Used locally for fuel and charcoal. c OU Co bo 5 2s 5 sk A Bay-leaved , Willow, Laurel-leaved Willow Salix pentandra L. [Salix laurifolia Hort.] . A twig showing staminate aments x % . A staminate flower, axile view x twig showing pistillate aments x % pistillate flower, axile view x 4 twig with mature leaves x 4 6. A twig showing leaves and fruiting aments x ¥ 2 7. Mature capsule x 3 8. Comose seed x 3 9. Winter twig x % Trees of New York State 111 SALICACEAE Salix pentandra L. [Salix laurifolia Hort.] Bay-leaved Willow, Laurel-leaved Willow | Habit — A small tree, 25-40 feet high with a trunk diameter of 5-10 inches, often shrubby. Crown round-topped, symmetrical, consisting of wide- spreading branches, the lower somewhat pendulous. Bole short, stout, dividing above into several large, obliquely ascending limbs. Leaves — Alternate, ovate, oblong-ovate or obovate, 114-4 inches long, 4/5-2 inches wide, acute at the apex, rounded at the base, finely glandular ser- rate, at maturity coriaceous, dark green and very lustrous above, green and paler below, borne on short glandular petioles. Stipules broadly ovate to semi-circular, %4—-% of an inch long, fugacious except on vigorous shoots. Flowers — Appearing in April and May, dioecious, glandular, borne in the axils of hairy, narrowly ovate scales, the whole forming rather loosely flowered aments which are borne terminally on short leafy branchlets. Staminate aments long-cylindrical, 1-2 inches long. Pistillate aments similar. Stamens 5, with long, free, smooth filaments and small anthers. Pistil solitary, consisting of a smooth, narrowly ovoid ovary which is rounded and stalked at the base and attenuate at the apex, and 2 nearly sessile, spreading stigmas. Fruit — A short pedicellate, smooth, lustrous, straw-colored or pale brown, conic-subulate capsule, rounded and somewhat cordate at the base, %-4 of an inch long, opening by 2 opposite sutures at maturity to set free the minute, comose seeds. Winter characters — Twigs, slender, lenticellate, terete, smooth, lustrous, greenish yellow, at length dull gray and roughened by the leaf- and branch-sears. ‘Terminal bud lacking. Lateral buds 1-sealed, oblong-ovate, bluntly acute and smooth, greenish yellow, %4—% of an inch long. Mature bark dark brownish black, deeply fissured with narrow ridges, scaly at the surface. Habitat — Readily propagated and not exacting as to soil requirements pro- vided a sufficient supply of moisture is available. Thrives on gravelly or loamy, upland soils. Range— A native of Europe and Asia, extensively cultivated but seldom escaping in this country. Zones A, B, and C. Uses — An ornamental species largely used in parks, cemeteries, and private estates because of its dark green, lustrous, laurel-like leaves. Of no commercial significance in the United States other than the above. - ~~) Ze 20} Shining Willow Salix lucida Muhl. A twig showing staminate aments x 1 A staminate flower, axile view x 5 A twig showing pistillate aments x 1 A pistillate flower, axile view x 5 A twig showing mature leaves and fruit- ing aments x % 6. Mature capsule x 4 7. Comose seed x 5 8. Winter twig x % 9. Portion of leaf-margin, enlarged Trees of New York State 113 SALICACEAE Salix lucida Muhl. Shining Willow Habit — Usually shrubby, occasionally a small bushy tree 20-30 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 6-8 inches. Crown round-topped, symmetrical, rather broad. Trunk short. Leaves — Alternate, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 3-5 inches long, 1-114 inches wide, attenuate at the apex, wedge-shaped or rounded at the base, finely serrate, at maturity coriaceous, dark green and lustrous above, paler and lustrous beneath, borne on short, terete, glandular petioles. Stipules semi-circular, membranous, persistent through the summer. Flowers — Appearing in May and early June, dioecious, glandular, borne in the axils of yellowish, rounded scales, the whole forming aments termi- nating short leafy branches. Staminate aments oblong-cylindrical, densely flowered, 1-11% inches long. Pistillate aments slender-cylindrical, 144-2 inches long. Perianth wanting. Stamens 5, with long filaments which are hoary below, and yellow anthers. Pistil solitary, consisting of a stalked, glabrous, conic-ovoid ovary and 2 nearly sessile stigmas. Fruit— A pale brown, smooth and lustrous, ‘conic-ovoid capsule, about 14 of an inch long, opening by 2 opposite sutures at maturity to set free the minute, comose seeds. Winter characters — Twigs stout, glabrous, dark yellowish brown, at length dark brown. Terminal bud lacking. Lateral buds 1-sealed, oval, acute, yellowish brown and lustrous, about 14 of an inch long. Mature bark reddish brown, thin, divided into furrows and flat-topped, shallow ridges. Habitat — A moisture-loving species occurring in swamps, along stream courses and lake shores, and in springy places. Range — Newfoundland westward to the North West Territory in Canada, in the United States from Maine to eastern Montana, south to southern Pennsylvania, Kentucky and Nebraska. Zones A, B, C, and D. Uses — Of slight economic importance. The tree deserves consideration ornamentally because of its dark green, shining foliage which resembles that of the Bay-leaved Willow. iS AN 1D: Zs SSS Ss ES SS es p ZS Crack Willow, Brittle Willow Salix fragilis L. [Salix viridis Fries.; Salix Russelliana Sm.] 1. A twig showing staminate aments x % 6. Portion of twig showing mature aments 2. A staminate flower, axile view x 5 x \% 3. A twig showing pistillate aments x 4% 7. Mature capsule x 4 4. A pistillate flower, axile view x 5 8. Comose seed x 4 5. A twig with mature leaves x % 9. Winter twig x % 10. Portion of leaf-margin, enlarged Trees of New York State 115 SALICACEAE Salix fragilis L. [Salix viridis Fries.; Salix Russelliana ,Sm.] Crack Willow, Brittle Willow Habit — A large tree sometimes attaining a height of 60-80 feet with a trunk diameter of 3-4 feet. Crown wide and rounded, consisting of upright and ascending wide-spreading branches. Leaves — Alternate, petioled, lanceolate, 3-6 inches long, 34-114 inches wide, acuminate at the apex, cuneate at the base, finely and glandular serrate, at maturity coriaceous, dark green and glabrous above, paler and some- what glaucous below. Stipules semi-cordate, glandular-toothed, fugacious. Flowers — Appearing in April and May, dioecious, glandular, borne in the axils of ovate, rather blunt and hairy, persistent scales, the whole form- ing densely flowered aments terminal on short, leafy branchlets. Stami- nate aments narrowly oblong to conic, %4—-2% inches long. Pistillate aments linear-cylindrical, of similar size. Stamens 2, with free, smooth filaments and yellow anthers. Pistil solitary, consisting of a smooth, narrowly ovoid, short-stalked ovary, a short style and 2 spreading stigmas. Fruit — A short-pedicellate, glabrous, long-conical capsule, opening at matu- rity by 2 opposite sutures to set free the minute, comose seeds. Winter characters — Twigs somewhat angular, slender, at first finely hairy, reddish to yellowish brown, finally smooth, lustrous, brown, lenticellate, with raised leaf-scars, very brittle at the base. Terminal bud lacking. Lateral buds 1-scaled, oblong-ovate, bluntly acute, and smooth, 1/16—-4 of an inch long. Mature bark gray or grayish brown, thick, with narrow, scaly, anastomosing ridges separated by rather broad furrows. Habitat — More cosmopolitan in distribution than Weeping Willow, thriving well on deep, moist, upland soils as well as along stream courses, margins of ponds, ete. Range — A native of Europe and Asia, long introduced inte this country for ornament and shade. Naturalized in the eastern states and Canada through natural cuttings. Common along our streams and rivers, the brittle twigs snapping off with a cracking sound, falling, and eventually taking root. Zones A, B, and C. Uses— Of no commercial significance in this country aside from ornament and shade. Occasionally used for light fuel and charcoal. In the Old World, the trees are pollarded where fuel is scarce or are sometimes sawed into lumber. Golden Osier Salix alba, var. vitellina (L.) Koch. [Salix vitellina L.; Salix blanda Anders.] 1. A twig showing staminate aments x %4 6. Mature capsule x 4 2. A staminate flower, axile view x 5 7. Comose seed x 4 3. A twig showing pistillate aments x % 8. Winter twig x % 4. Pistillate flower, axile view x 5 9, Portion of leaf-margin, enlarged A twig showing mature leaves and fruit- ing aments x % Trees of New York State 117 SALICACEAE Salix alba, var. vitellina (L.) Koch. [Salix vitellina L.; Salix blanda Anders. ] Golden Osier Habit — A large tree, under favorable conditions sometimes becoming 70-100 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 3-6 feet. Bole short, stout, irregular, dividing near the ground into several large, obliquely ascending branches which form a somewhat irregular, broad and rounded crown. Leaves — Alternate, short-petioled, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 2-5 inches long 4-% of an inch wide, acuminate at the apex, wedge-shaped at the base, finely serrate, at maturity dark green and glabrous or slightly hairy above, glaucous, glabrous or close silky-white hairy beneath. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, fugacious. Flowers — Appearing in April or May, dioecious, glandular, borne in the axils of yellow, narrowly ovate bracts, the whole forming aments terminal on short, leafy branchlets. Staminate aments oblong-cylindrical, densely flowered, 1-214 inches long, yellowish. Pistillate aments linear-cylin- drical and whitish at maturity. Stamens 2, with long, smooth filaments and yellow anthers. Pistil solitary, consisting of a smooth, short- pedicellate, narrowly ovoid ovary and 2 nearly sessile stigmas. Fruit — A brownish, nearly sessile, smooth, ovoid-conic capsule, opening by 2 opposite sutures to set free the minute comose seeds. Winter characters — Twigs slender, rather brittle at the base, finely hairy at first, at length smooth and lustrous, bright yellow, becoming yellowish brown. Terminal bud lacking. Lateral buds 1-scaled, oblong to ovoid, rounded at the apex, closely appressed, greenish yellow. Mature bark dark gray, deeply furrowed, with prominent, scaly ridges. Habitat — Typically found along stream courses where there is abundant moisture, spreading by suckers and natural cuttings, rarely through seeds. Thrives well on moist uplands. Range — A species originally introduced from Europe for shade and orna- ment, now widely naturalized in eastern North America. Zones A, B and C. Uses — Of value chiefly as a shade and ornamental tree. Sometimes planted along water courses to prevent erosion as it is readily propagated by cuttings and grows rapidly. Wood light, soft, close-grained, tough, light brown with thick, nearly white sapwodéd. Used for light fuel and charcoal. OUR Goto Weeping Willow Salix babylonica L. [S. pendula Moench.] Mature capsule x 4 . Comose seed x 4 . Winter twig x 14 Portion of leaf-margin, enlarged A twig showing staminate aments x % A staminate flower, axile view x 5 A twig showing pistillate aments x %4 A pistillate flower, axile view x 5 A pendant twig showing mature leaves and aments x % ~ ». Trees of New York State 119 SALICACEAE Salix babylonica L. [S. pendula Moench. ] Weeping Willow Habit — A tree of characteristic habit, at maturity sometimes attaining a height of 60-75 feet with a short, stout trunk 2-6 feet in diameter. Crown broad, globose to globose-oblong, consisting of arching limbs which bear long, pendant, leafy twigs, giving the tree a very bizarre appearance. Leaves — Alternate, petioled, pendant, linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, 3-6 inches long, 7%-34 of an inch wide, long attenuate at the apex, wedge- shaped at the base, finely serrate, at maturity dark green and glabrous above, pale glaucous green beneath. Stipules small, semicordate, fugacious. Flowers — Appearing with the leaves in April and May, dioecious, glandular, borne in the axils of ovate-lanceolate, greenish yellow bracts, the whole forming aments terminal on short, leafy, lateral branches. Staminate ament elongate-cylindrical, densely flowered and usually curved, yellow- ish, 1-2 inches long. Pistillate aments linear-cylindrical and greenish at maturity. Stamens 2, with rather short, smooth filaments and yellow anthers. Pistil solitary, consisting of an ovate, nearly sessile, smooth ovary, a short style and 2 spreading stigmas. Fruit — A smooth, beaked, ovate, pale brown capsule opening by 2 sutures at maturity to set free the minute, comose seeds. Winter characters — Twigs slender, yellowish green to brown, smooth, some- what lustrous, drooping. Terminal bud lacking. Lateral bud 1-scaled, oblong-ovate, acute, appressed, 1/6—14 of an inch long. Mature bark gray, rather smooth, shallowly and reticulately ridged. Habitat — A moisture-loving species thriving along streams, about lakes and ponds or on sites where the water table is close to the surface. Range — Originally a native of Asia, whence its name, ‘‘babylonica,’’ from Babylonia. Now widely cultivated in Europe and North and South America. Established in many places through natural cuttings, the twigs falling upon the surface of the water, and floating away to eventu- ally find lodgment farther down, taking root, and growing into trees. Zones A, B, and C. Uses — Widely used for ornament and shade, especially about artificial ponds and lakes in city and suburban parks. Of no significance in this country from the standpoint of lumber. A number of horticultural varieties are recognized. OTH CO LO NS (~ Glaucous Willow, Pussy Willow Salix discolor Muhl. twig showing staminate aments x % staminate flower, axile view x 5 twig showing pistillate aments x % pistillate flower, axile view x 5 twig with mature leaves x %4 6 . r) 3: . A twig showing aments x %4 . Mature capsule x . Comose seed x 5 Winter twig x % >) leaves and fruiting Trees of New York State 121 SALICACEAE Salix discolor Muhl. Glaucous Willow, Pussy Willow Habit — Usually shrubby with many ascending branches, occasionally a small tree 15-25 feet in height with a short bole 5-8 inches in diameter. Crown round-topped, consisting of stout, ascending branches and twigs. Leaves — Alternate, petioled, in the typical form lanceolate to elliptic, 3-5 inches long, 34-1 inch wide, acute at the apex, wedge-shaped at the base, irregularly crenate-serrate or entire and revolute on the margin, at maturity thick and subcoriaceous, bright green and glabrous above, pale white-glaucous beneath. Stipules lunate, foliaceous, fugacious. Leaves very variable in size and form, running into several varieties. Flowers — The first of the willows to blossom in the spring, the flower buds beginning to open in March and April. Flowers dioecious, glandular, borne in the axils of oblong-obovate, reddish brown, copiously hairy scales, the whole forming stout, nearly sessile, oblong-cylindrical aments about 1 inch long appearing before the leaves from axillary buds along the stout twigs. Stamens 2, with elongated, smooth filaments and yellow anthers. Pistil solitary, consisting of a villous, oblong-cylindrical, attenuated, long- stalked ovary and a short style with spreading, entire stigmas. Fruit — A large, pale pubescent, long-beaked, stalked, light brown capsule, Y%—1% of an inch long, opening at maturity by 2 opposite sutures to set free the minute, comose seeds. Winter characters— Twigs stout, lenticellate, terete, at first somewhat pubescent, at length dull reddish purple and glabrous. Terminal bud lacking. Lateral buds 1-scaled, ovate, flattened and acute at the apex, dark reddish purple and lustrous, about % of an inch long. Mature bark thin, light brown tinged with red, divided by shallow fissures into thin, oblong, deciduous scales. Habitat — Wet marshy sites along stream courses and lakes, hanging bogs, spring holes, and low meadows. Range — Nova Scotia and Manitoba, Maine to northeastern North Dakota, south to Delaware, Kentucky and Missouri. Zones A, B, C, and D. Uses — Of little commercial significance. The aments are showy in the spring and are sometimes collected for ornament. o ly 9 oO Trees of New York State 135 SALICACEAE Populus balsamifera L. Balsam Poplar, Tacamahac Habit — A tree attaining a height of 60-70 feet with a trunk diameter of 1-5 feet, under optimum conditions in the forest sometimes 100 feet tall. Crown rather narrow, irregular, open, bluntly pyramidal in exposed trees, consisting of stout, sparse, erect branches which are bushy at the ends. Propagates by root suckers. Leaves — Alternate, borne on long, slender, smooth, terete petioles, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, finely crenate-serrate, 3-6 inches long, 144-3 inches wide, at maturity thin but firm in texture, dark green and lustrous above, paler and somewhat rusty, and reticulate-veined below. Stipules oblong-lanceolate, ° ciliate, about 3% of an inch long, tardily fugacious. Flowers — Appearing in April and May before the leaves from separate flower-buds, dioecious, borne in the axils of light brown, obovate, hairy, laciniate scales, the whole forming pendulous, densely flowered, hairy, cylindrical aments, 24%4-4 inches long. Perianth wanting. Stamens 20- 30, with short, slender filaments and light red anthers, inserted on an oblique, short-stalked, shallow disk. Pistil solitary, enclosed at the base by the cup-shaped, slightly lobed disk, consisting of an ovoid, slightly 2-lobed ovary, and 2 large, nearly sessile stigmas. Fruit— An ovoid-oblong, light brown, thin-walled, pedunculate capsule, acute and often curved at the apex, about %4 of an inch long. The capsules are borne rather closely in pedunculate, stout-stalked, naked aments 4—5 inches long and open by 2 opposite sutures in late May or June to set free the minute, pale brown, white-comose seeds. Winter characters — Twigs stout, lenticellate, smooth, lustrous, bright red- dish brown, at length dull orange and finally yellowish or greenish gray. Flower- and leaf-buds distinct. Leaf-buds ovate, acuminate, usually divergent, dark red, water-proofed with a fragrant, amber-colored resin which exhales a pleasing odor as the buds unfold in the spring, 44-1 inch long. Flower-buds similar but somewhat broader. Bark on young trunks and limbs smooth, light reddish brown. Mature bark dark gray tinged with red, thick, with narrow fissures and broad scaly ridges, Habitat — Prefers alluvial soils in the bottom-lands of river valleys, along banks of streams and lake shores, borders of swamps, ete. A moisture- loving species, occasionally growing in drier situations. Range — A transcontinental species widely spread throughout Canada from Labrador to Alaska, south into northern New England, New York, Michi- gan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Nebraska, Montana, Nevada and Oregon. Zones C and D. Uses — Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, pale brown with thick, nearly white sapwood. Intermixed with that of other species in the manufacture of pulp. Occasionally manufactured into small wooden containers such as pails and boxes. Heo bor Balm of Gilead Populus candieans Ait. [Populus balsamifera, var. candicans (Ait.) Gray] A twig-tip showing staminate aments x % A staminate flower, lateral view x 5 A twig-tip showing pistillate aments x % A pistillate flower, axile view x 4 A twig showing mature foliage and fruit- ing aments x % >. Mature capsule x 2 . Comose seed xX 5 Winter twig x % SE Trees of New York State 137 SALICACEAE Populus candicans Ait. [Populus balsamifera, var. candicans (Ait.) Gray] Balm of Gilead Habit — A tree at maturity 50-80 feet high with a trunk diameter of 2-4 feet, occasionally 100 feet tall. Crown rather broad, irregular and open, consisting of stout, sparse, spreading, somewhat drooping limbs. A short- lived tree propagating readily by suckers. Leaves — Alternate, borne on long, slender, pubescent terete petioles, broadly ovate, acuminate at the apex, cordate or truncate at the base, coarsely crenate-serrate and ciliate cn the margin, 3-6 inches long, 144-4 inches wide, at maturity thin but firm in texture, dark green and lustrous above, paler and hairy on the veins beneath. Stipules oblong, lanceolate, ciliate, about 4% of an inch long, tardily fugacious. Flowers — Appearing in April and May before the leaves from separate flower-buds, dioecious, borne in the axils of light brown, obovate, hairy, laciniate scales, the whcle forming pendulous, densely flowered, cylindrical aments 214-4 inches long. Perianth wanting. Stamens 20-30, with short, slender filaments and light red anthers, inserted on an oblique, short-stalked, shallow disk. Pistil solitary, enclosed at the base by the cup-shaped slightly lobed disk, consisting of an ovoid, slightly lobed ovary, and 2 large, sessile stigmas. Fruit — A narrowly ovoid, pale brown, thin-walled, pedunculate capsule, acute and often curved at the apex, %4—'% of an inch long. The capsules are borne rather loosely in pedunculate, stout-stalked, naked aments 4-6 inches Jong and open by 2 opposite sutures in late May or June to set free the minute, pale brown, white-comose seeds. Winter characters — Twigs stout, lenticellate, smooth, lustrous, reddish brown, at length dull yellowish or greenish gray. Flower- and leaf-buds distinct. Leaf-buds narrowly ovate, acuminate, somewhat divergent, dark red, water-proofed with a very fragrant, amber-colored resin which exhales a pleasing odor as the buds unfold in the spring, %-1 inch long. Flower- buds similar, usually broadly ovate. Mature bark dark gray, thick, with narrow fissures and broad, scaly ridges. Habitat — In deep, moist soil about dwellings and dooryards. Range — Imperfectly known. Widely planted in North America from New- foundland to Alaska, south to Virginia and Missouri. Said to have come originally from the state of Michigan but now occurring as an ‘‘escape’’ about the dwellings of man. Uses — A fast-growing species planted ornamentally about dwellings but not to be recommended because of its short life and unsightly appearance in age. Suckers from these trees are a nuisance about dooryards. Wood similar to that of Balsam Poplar and occasionally used for the same purposes. a7 ROS aromas DAY/ We Carolina Poplar, Cottonwood, Necklace Poplar [Populus monilifera Ait. Populus canadensis, var. Eugenie Schelle.] Populus deltoides Marsh. twig-tip showing staminate aments x %4 Staminate flower, lateral view x 4 twig-tip showing pistillate aments x %4 pistillate flower, axile view x 5 twig showing mature leaves x ome Portion of twig showing fruiting aments x % Mature capsule x 2 Comose seed x 5 Winter twig x %4 Trees of New York State 139 SALICACEAE Populus deltoides Marsh. [Populus monilifera Alt. Populus canadensis, var. Eugenie Schelle.] Carolina Poplar Cottonwood, Necklace Poplar ' Habit — A tree usually 50-70 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 2-3 feet, under optimum conditions sometimes 100 or more feet tall. Crown at first pyramidal, with age becoming rounded and open and nearly as broad as long. Limbs sparse, stout, ascending or the lower horizontal. Branchlets drooping. Bole tapering and continuous well into the high crown. Propagates naturally by suckers. Leaves — Alternate, borne on long, slender, smooth, flattened petioles, broadly deltoid-ovate, acute at the apex, truncate or cuneate at the base, crenate- serrate, 3-5 inches long and broad, at maturity thick and firm in texture, light green, smooth and lustrous above, paler and smooth below. Stipules ligulate to linear-lanceolate, 4-1 inch long, fugacious. Flowers — Appearing in April and May before the leaves from separate flower-buds, dioecious, borne in the axils of pale brown, hairy or glabrous, obovate, laciniate scales, the whole forming pendulous aments. Staminate aments cylindrical, stout, densely flowered, 3-4 inches long. Pistillate aments linear-cylindrical, sparsely flowered, 244-314 inches long. Stamens 40-60, with short, slender filaments and dark red anthers, inserted on a broad, shallow, oblique disk. Pistil solitary, enclosed at the base by the cup-shaped, shallow disk, consisting of a subglobose ovary and 3-4 nearly sessile, spreading, lobed stigmas. Fruit — An cblong-ovoid, acute, pedicellate, dark green capsule, thin-walled and glabrous at maturity, 4—% of an inch long. The capsules are borne loosely in naked, pendant, thin-stemmed aments 8-12 inches long, and open in May or early June by 3-4 valves to set free the minute, pale brown, white- or rusty-comose seeds. Winter characters— Twigs stout, lenticellate, terete or angled below the buds, smooth, sometwhat lustrous, pale yellow tinged with green. Flower- and leaf-buds distinct. Leaf-buds ovate, acute, somewhat divergent, smooth, lustrous, chestnut-brown, covered by 6—7 scales which are water- proofed on their inner surface with a yellow, fragrant resin, 4—%4 of an inch long. Flower-buds similar until they begin to swell in early spring. Mature bark ashy gray, thick, deeply fissured with broad, rounded ridges. Younger bark pale yellowish green, thin and smooth. Habitat — A moisture-loving, rapidly growing species preferring rich, damp soils along stream courses, borders of lakes and on wet meadows and bottom-lands. A form of this species, the Carolina Poplar, is widely planted as a shade tree along streets, in dooryards, ete. Range — Southern Quebee west through southern Canada to the Rocky Moun- tains, south to Florida and New Mexico. Zones A, B, and C. Uses — Wood light, soft, weak, fine-grained, difficult to season, dark brown, with thick, nearly white sapwood. Used for pulp, packing cases, light fuel. A staminate form of this species, the Carolina Poplar, is extensively used as a street and park tree, especially where quick effects as in real estate developments are desired. The tree is not to be recommended because it is short-lived and sheds many branches during the autumnal rains. The roots cause trouble by penetrating and clogging drains and sewers. SS te 3 ime Butternut, White Walnut Juglans cinera L. 1. A flowering branch showing pistillate and 4. A mature leaf x % staminate flowers x % 5. A fruit cluster x Wy 2. A staminate flower, lateral view x 5 3. Winter twig x % 8. A pistillate flower, lateral view x 24% ia | Trees of New York State 141 JUGLANDACEAE Juglans cinera L. Butternut, White Walnut Habit — Usually a medium sized tree 30-50 feet in height, with a short, stout trunk 1-2 feet in diameter which divides 15-20 feet above the ground into several stout, horizontally-spreading limbs. Crown broad, unsym- metrical, round-topped and rather open. Under optimum conditions the tree may attain a height of 100 feet with a tall, stout, straight bole which is free of branches for half its length. Leaves — Alternate, odd-pinnately compound, 15-30 inches long, consisting of 11-17 sessile or nearly sessile leaflets arranged in pairs along a stout, pubescent petiole, the terminal leaflet long-stalked. Leaflets oblong- lanceolate, 3—4 inches long, 114-2 inches wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, inequilateral and rounded at the base, finely serrate except at the base, at maturity thin, yellowish green and rugose above, pale and soft pubescent beneath. Flowers — Appearing in May or early June when the leaves are about half grown, monoecious, the staminate in stout, unbranched, elongated aments on the growth of the preceding season, the pistillate in terminal, 6-8- flowered spikes capping the growth of the season, the two sorts proximal. Staminate flowers about 4 of an inch long, epaulet-shaped, consisting of a rusty-pubescent, acute bract bearing adaxially a 6-lobed, light yellowish green perianth subtending 8-12 nearly sessile stamens. Anthers dark brown. Pistillate flowers about 144 of an inch long, sessile, consisting of an inferior, 1-celled ovary surmounted by a short style and 2 clavate, spreading, bright red stigmas nearly half an inch in length. The ovary is closely invested by glandular, coherent bracts and the calyx. Fruit — An ovoid or ellipsoid, 4-ridged, sculptured nut, abruptly acute at the apex, l-celled above, 2-celled at the base, covered by a glandular, hairy, indehiscent, fleshy, green husk. Winter characters — Twigs stout, lenticellate, greenish gray to reddish buff and lustrous the first winter, turning reddish or orange-brown the second season, at length gray. Pith dark brown, diaphragmed. Leaf-scars ele- vated, obcordate, hairy fringed on the upper margin, with 3 equidistant U-shaped clusters of bundle-scars. Terminal buds truncate, 4% of an inch long, the outer scales lobed. Lateral buds smaller, ovate, blunt, often superposed. Staminate catkins preformed the preceding season, appear- ing as scaly, cone-like, lateral buds. Mature bark light gray, 94-1 inch thick, divided by deep fissures into broad ridges scaly on the surface. Habitat — Prefers rich, moist soils. Frequent along fences and roads, stream courses, in pastures and low moist woods, or on rocky hills. Range — New Brunswick and Quebec through Ontario, Maine to Minnesota, south to Delaware, northern Georgia, and northeastern Arkansas. Com- mon in the lowland forests of the northeast, rare south of the Ohio basin. Zones A, B, and C. Uses — Not an important timber species. Wood light, soft, weak, rather coarse-grained, easily worked and polished, light brown darkening with exposure, with thin, light sapwood. Used occasionally for interior and cabinet work. The oily and nutritious nuts could no doubt be greatly improved by selection. The bark and husk of the nuts contain a yellow dye. Black Walnut Juglans nigra L. 1. A branch showing nearly mature leaves, 3. A pistillate flower, lateral view x 4 and pistillate and staminate flowers x 1% 4. Globose fruit x % 2. A staminate flower, lateral view x 3 5. Winter twig x % Trees of New York State 148 JUGLANDACEAE Juglans nigra L. Black Walnut Habit — A large tree 75-100 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 2-3 feet, in the rich alluvial soils of the Ohio basin sometimes attaining a height of 150 feet with a bole 5-6 feet in diameter. The trunk is straight and continuous into the crown, gradually breaking up into stout, spreading limbs which form a narrow or broad, round-topped crown. In tall indi- viduals the bole is often clear of branches for 50-60 feet. Leaves — Alternate, odd-pinnately compound, 1-2 feet long consisting of 13- 23 sessile or nearly sessile leaflets arranged in pairs along a puberulent petiole, the terminal leaflet often suppressed. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate 3—3% inches long, 1-114 inches wide, acuminate at the apex, rounded and usually inequilateral at the base, sharply serrate except at the base, at maturity thin, yellowish green, lustrous and glabrous above, soft pubes- cent beneath. Flowers — Appearing in May and early June when the leaves are about half grown, monoecious, the staminate in stout, unbranched catkins, 3—5 inches in length on the growth of the preceding season, the pistillate in terminal 2-5-flowered spikes capping the growth of the season, the two sorts proxi- mal. Staminate flowers about 4 of an inch long, epaulet-shaped, consist- ing of a nearly triangular, rusty-tomentose bract bearing adaxially a rounded, 6-lobed perianth subtending 20-30 nearly sessile stamens. Anthers purple. Pistillate flowers about 14 of an inch long, sessile, con- sisting of an inferior, 1-celled ovary surmounted by a style and 2 clavate, ascending stigmas which are yellowish green tinged with red and %4—%4 of an inch long. The ovary is closely invested by glandular, cchering bracts and the calyx. Fruit — A globose or oblong, deeply sculptured nut, 4-celled at the base, slightly 2-celled at the apex, 1144-1% inches in diameter, covered by a rather thick, indehiscent, yellowish green husk which is roughened with clusters of pale hairs. Winter characters — Twigs stout, lenticellate, dull orange-brown and _ pilose the first winter, gradually darkening to a light brown. Pith pale buff, diaphragmed. Leaf-scars elevated, 3-lobed, often cordate, with 3 equi- distant U-shaped clusters of bundle-scars. Buds pale grayish white. Terminal bud rounded, ovate, 144 of an inch long, covered by 4 scales, the outer pair rounded and lobed, the inner pinnatifid at the apex. Lateral buds smaller, blunt, often superposed. Staminate aments preformed the preceding season, appearing as scaly, cone-like, tomentose lateral buds. Mature bark dark brown to grayish black, 2—3 inches thick, divided by deep fissures into broad, rounded ridges, thick, scaly at the surface. Habitat — Requires a deep, rich, moist, well-drained soil. Thrives best in the deep alluvial soils of bottom-lands and on fertile slopes. Range — Central New England west through central New York, Michigan and Wisconsin, to Nebraska, south to Florida and eastern Texas. Zones A, B, and C. Uses — One of the most valuable timber trees of eastern United States. Wood hard, heavy, strong, somewhat coarse-grained, easily worked, durable in contact with the soil, rich dark brown with thin pale sapwood. Prized for gun stocks, furniture, interior finish and cabinet making. Supply greatly depleted. Nut rich in oil, nutritious, often found in the eastern markets. Black Walnut is of decided ornamental value. i, He CO DS Shagbark Hickory, Shellbark Hickory Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch. [ Hicoria ovata (Mill.) Britt.; Carya alba Nutt.] A branch showing immature leaves, and 5. A mature leafix 4 pistillate and staminate flowers x 1%4 6. A twig with fruit x '% . A staminate flower, axile view x 5 7. Nutx &% 8S. Cross section of the nut x %4 A staminate flower, abaxile view x 5 A pistillate flower, lateral view x 6 9. Winter twig x 14 Trees of New York State 145 JUGLANDACEAE Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch. [Hicoria ovata (Mill.) Britt; Carya alba Nutt.] Shagbark Hickory, Shellbark Hickory Habit — A tree at maturity attaining a height of 60-90 feet with a trunk diameter of 2-3 feet, under optimum conditions sometimes 120 feet tall. Crown in the open usually irregular and open, narrowly oblong-cylindrical, the bole usually forking low down into stout, ascending limbs. In the forest the bole is typically tall and columnar and often free of branches for 50-60 feet, bearing aloft a narrow head. Leaves — Alternate, odd-pinnately compound, 8-14 inches long, consisting of 5-7 sessile or nearly sessile leaflets arranged in pairs along a stout, glabrous or pubescent, slightly grooved petiole, the lower pair the smallest and the terminal leaflet narrowed into a stalk. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate to obovate, 4-5 inches long, usually acuminate at the apex, inequilateral at the base, serrate and ciliate except near the base, at maturity thin, firm, dark yellowish green and glabrous above, pale, glabrous or puberu- lous below. Flowers — Appearing in May and early June after the unfolding of the leaves, monoecious, the staminate in slender, light green, drooping catkins 4-5 inches long which are borne in pedunculate clusters of 3 on the growth of the preceding season, rarely at the base of the growth of the season, the pistillate in terminal, 2—5-flowered spikes capping the growth of the sea- son, the two sorts proximal. Staminate flowers pedicellate, glandular- hirsute without, about 4 of an inch long, consisting of an elongated, ovate-lanceolate bract and 2 ovate, concave calyx-lobes bearing adaxilly 3-4 stamens. Anthers nearly sessile, yellow, tinged with red. Pistillate flower about 14 of an inch long, sessile, consisting of an inferior 1-celled ovary surmounted by 2 sessile, spreading, pale green, papillate stigmas. The ovary is invested by the perianth-like, cohering, rusty-tomentose involucre. Fruit — Subglobose to obovate, 1-214 inches long, 4-channeled from apex te base, at maturity dark reddish brown or nearly black, lenticellate, glabrous or pilose. Husk thick, splitting to the base. Nut white, thin-shelled usu- ally oblong but very variable in form, 4 angled or ridged, with large, light brown, sweet kernel. Winter characters — Twigs stout, lenticellate, usually somewhat pubescent or occasionally lustrous and smooth, reddish brown or grayish. Leaf-secars slightly elevated, inversely triangular to oblong, with scattered bundle- sears. Terminal bud broadly ovate, dark brown, 4%4-%4 of an inch long, the outer scales loose and pubescent on the outer surface and often keeled and projecting above into a point. Lateral buds smaller. Mature bark light gray, 34-1 inch thick, separating into rough strips or plates which remain attached to the trunk, giving it a shaggy appearance. Habitat — Prefers deep, moist soil. Common and of its largest size on the rich alluvial soils of the lower Ohio basin. Range — Southern Quebec and Ontario, Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. Zones B and C. Uses — One of the most valuable hickories, producing excellent hickory stock. Wood heavy, very hard and strong, tough, elastic, close-grained, light brown with pale nearly white sapwood. Largely used in the manufacture of wagons, automobile wheels, axe helves, agricultural implements, ete. This tree produces the common hickory nut of commerce. Carya | branch showing Big Shellbark, Kingnut aciniosa (Michx. f.) Laud. [Hiecoria laciniosa Sarg.; Carya suleata Nutt.] immature leaves, and 5. A mature leaf x pistillate and staminate flowers x % 6. A twig with fruit x 4 pistillate flower, Mi staminate flower, staminate tlower, lateral view x 2% nbaxile view x > axile view x 3 9 Winter twig x . Nut. x % » » o S. Cross section of the nut x Trees of New York State 147 JUGLANDACEAE Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) Laud. [Hicoria laciniosa Sarg.; Carya suleata Nutt. ] Big Shellbark, Kingnut Habit — Similar in gross features to the Shagbark Hickory. A tree 50-90 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 2-3 feet, occasionally 120 feet tall. Crown narrowly oblong to subovoid, consisting of rather short lateral branches, which extend in the open to within 8-10 feet of the ground. Lower branches pendulous. Under forest conditions the bole is tall, straight, and columnar and often free of branches for half its length, bearing aloft a reduced crown. Leaves — Alternate, odd pinnately compound, 15-22 inches long, usually con- sisting of 7 (5-9) sessile or nearly sessile leaflets arranged in pairs along a stout, glabrous or pubescent, flattened, grooved petiole, the lower pairs the smaller and the terminal leaflet narrowed into a stalk. Leaflets ovate to oblong-lanceolate, the 3 upper usually obovate, 4-9 inches long, acumi- nate at the apex, rounded and inequilateral at the base, ciliate and finely serrate except near the base, at maturity thin, firm, dark green and somewhat lustrous above, paler and soft pubescent below. Flowers — Appearing in May and early June after the unfolding of the leaves, monoecious, the staminate in slender, light green, drooping catkins 5-S inches Jong which are borne in pedunculate clusters of 3 on the growth of the preceding season, rarely at the base of the growth of the season, the pistillate in terminal, 2—5-flowered spikes capping the growth of the season, the two sorts proximal. Staminate flowers pedicellate, rufous- tomentose without, about 4% of an inch long, consisting of a linear- lanceolate, acute bract and 2 rounded calyx-lobes bearing adaxilly 3-5 sta- mens. Anthers yellow, nearly sessile. Pistillate flowers about 14 of an inch long, sessile, consisting of an inferior, 1-celled ovary surmounted by 2 sessile, spreading, pale green, papillate stigmas. The ovary is invested by the perianth-like, cohering, pale tomentose involucre. Fruit — Ellipsoid, ovoid, or subglobose, 1%-214 inckes long, 4-channeled at least above the middle, at maturity light orange to pale chestnut-brown, glabrous or pubescent, orange-lenticellate. Husk thick, splitting to the base. Nut dull white or yellowish, thick-shelled, usually ellipsoidal but very variable, 4-ridged or angled, with large, light brown, sweet kernel. Winter characters— Twigs stout, orange-lenticellate, usually somewhat pubescent, orange-brown turning to ashy gray the second winter. Leaf- scars slightly elevated, inversely triangular, the upper margin indented. Terminal bud ovate, dark brown, %4-1 inch long, the outer scales rather loose and pubescent on the outer surface and often keeled and long pointed at the apex. Lateral buds much smaller. Mature bark light gray, 1-2 inches thick, separating into broad, thick plates which persist on the tree for a number of years giving the trunk a shaggy appearance. Habitat — Distinctly a bottom-land tree, preferring wet but rich soils which are often inundated for several months in the spring. Occasional on fertile uplands. Range — Central New York and Pennsylvania, west to eastern Nebraska, south to Tennessee, northern Arkansas and Oklahoma. Zone B. Uses — Among the most valuable of the hickories as a source of timber. Wood similar to that of Shagbark Hickory and usually not distinguished in the trade. Nuts often found in the eastern markets, larger than those of the Shagbark but not as finely flavored. 1. A branch showing immature leaves, and 9 oS. 4. Mockernut Carya alba (L.) K. Koch. [Hicoria alba Britt.; Carya tomentosa Nutt.] pistillate and staminate flowers x 1% 2. Pedunculate clusters of staminate aments x &% A staminate flower, axile view x 5 A pistillate flower, lateral view x 6 DODAIDON A mature leaf x % A fruit x % Nut x % Cross section of the nut x % . Winter twig x % Trees of New York State 149 JUGLANDACEAE Carya alba (L.) K. Koch. [Hicoria alba Britt.; Carya tomentosa Nutt.] Mockernut Habit — A tree usually 50-80 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 2-3 feet, under optimum conditions sometimes 100 feet tall. In the forest the crown is narrowly oblong and reduced, extending down about half way on the clean, straight bole. Trees in the open usually develop a broad, open, rather ragged crown. Leaves — Alternate, very fragrant, odd-pinnately compound, 8-12 inches long, consisting of 7—9 sessile or nearly sessile leaflets arranged in pairs along a rather stout, pubescent, flattened, grooved petiole, the lower pairs grad- ually reduced in size and the terminal leaflet narrowed into a stalk. Leaflets oblong-lanceolate or obcvate-oblanceolate, acuminate at the apex, somewhat rounded and inequilateral at the base, serrate, at maturity rather thin, dark green and lustrous above, pale orange-brown and pubescent below. Flowers — Appearing in May and early June when the leaves are about half grown, monoecious, the staminate in slender, yellowish green drooping catkins 4-5 inches in length which are borne in pedunculate clusters of 3 on the growth of the preceding season or rarely at the base of the growth of the season, the pistillate in terminal, 2-5-flowered spikes capping the growth of the season, the two sorts proximal. Staminate flowers short pedicellate, pale yellowish green, 1/16—4% of an inch long, consisting of an ovate-lanceolate bract and 2 rounded calyx-lobes bearing adaxilly + stamens. Anthers bright red and nearly sessile. Pistillate flowers about 14 of an inch long, sessile, consisting of an inferior 1-celled ovary sur- mounted by 2 sessile, spreading, dark red stigmas. The ovary is invested by the greenish, tomentose, perianth-like involucre. Fruit — Ellipsoidal to obovate, 144-2 inches in length, 4-channeled from apex to base, at maturity dark reddish brown, lenticellate, nearly glabrous. Husk thick, splitting to the base. Nut pale reddish brown, very thick- shelled, globose to ellipsoidal but very variable in shape, 4-ridged toward the apex, with small, dark brown, sweet kernel. Winter characters — Twigs very stout, pale-lenticellate, pubescent, reddish brown turning gray the second season. Leaf-scars inversely 3-lobed, the bundle-scars in marginal clusters. Terminal bud reddish brown or yel- lowish, usually tomentose, 43-%4 of an inch long. Lateral buds much smaller. Mature bark gray, rather thin, shallowly fissured, close-scaly. Habitat—A moisture-loving tree preferring rich, deep-soiled bottom-land woods, more rarely on fertile slopes and hills, Range — Massachusetts west through central New York and southern Ontario to eastern Kansas, south to Florida and Texas. Zones A and B. Uses — Produces the best grade of hickory stock. Wood hard, strong, heavy, tough and elastic, dark brown with thick sapwood. Used similarly as the wood of the other hickories. Nuts occasionally found in the eastern markets. 1. A branch showing immature leaves, and 5. pistillate and staminate flowers x % 6. ». A staminate flower, abaxile view x 3. A staminate flower, axile view x 5 4. A pistillate flowe.. Small-fruited Hickory Carya microcarpa Nutt. [Hicoria microcarpa (Nutt.) Britt.; Hicoria glabra, var. odorata Sarg.] 5 7. Nut x % lateral view x & A mature leaf x A twig-tip with fruit x 8. Cross section of nut x 4% 9. Winter twig x ¥ Trees of New York State 151 JUGLANDACEAE Carya microcarpa Nutt. [| Hicoria microcarpa (Nutt.) Britt.; Hicoria glabra, var. odorata Sarg.] Small-fruited Hickory Habit — A tree at maturity attaining a height of 50-80 feet with a trunk diameter of 2-3 feet, under optimum conditions sometimes 100 feet tall. Crown narrowly oblong with rather short, spreading branches, the lower mostly pendulous. Bole continuous into the crown, sometimes forked. Leaves — Alternate, odd-pinnately compound, 8—12 inches long, consisting of 5-7 sessile or nearly sessile leaflets arranged in pairs along a stout, smooth, slightly grooved petiole, the terminal leaflet narrowed into a stalk. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate to oblong, 3-5 inches long, 1-2 inches broad, acuminate at the apex, rounded and usually inequilateral at the base, sharply serrate except at the base, at maturity thick, firm, dark yellowish green and shining above, paler and glabrous below. Flowers — Appearing in May and June after the unfolding of the leaves, monoecious, the staminate in slender drooping catkins 3-6 inches long which are borne in pedunculate clusters of 3 on the growth of the preced- ing season or rarely at the base of the growth of the season, the pistillate in terminal 2—-5-flowered spikes capping the growth of the season, the two sorts proximal. Staminate flower short-pedicellate, somewhat pubescent, about ¥ of an inch long, consisting of an ovate-lanceolate bract and two calyx-lobes bearing adaxilly 4 stamens. Pistillate flowers about 34 of an inch long, sessile, consisting of an inferior, 1-celled ovary surmounted by 2 sessile, spreading, yellowish green stigmas. The ovary is invested by the cohering, pale green involucre. Fruit — Subglobose, 44-1 inch long, 4-channeled from apex to base, light brown and scaly at maturity. Husk thin, tardily splitting. Nut brownish white, thin-shelled, subglobose and often slightly angled, with small, sweet kernel. Winter characters — Twigs rather slender, pale-lenticellate, smooth and lus- trous, light brown turning dark red the second season. Leaf-scars bluntly and inversely triangular, the bundle-scars in clusters in the lobes. Termi- nal bud reddish brown and lustrous, ovoid, %4—%, of an inch long, the scales imbricated and close-fitting. Mature bark thin, at first close and shallowly furrowed, at length shaggy with thin plates. Habitat — An upland species preferring the same sites as the Pignut Hickory and usually not distinguished from this species. Range — Central New England west through New York, southern Ontario and Michigan to Iowa, south to Georgia and Missouri. Zones A, B, and ©. Uses — Wood similar to that of the Pignut Hickory and put to similar uses. Nuts sweet but too small for general commercial exploitation. Pignut Carya glabra (Mill.) Spach. [Hicoria glabra Britt.; Carya porcina Nutt.] 1. A branch showing immature leaves, and 5. A mature leaf x % pistillate and staminate flowers x 1% 6. A twig-tip with fruit x % 2. A staminate flower, abaxile view x 5 7 Nut x &% 3. A staminate flower, axile view x 5 8. Cross section of nut x % 4. A pistillate Nower, lateral view x 6 9. Winter twig x 14 Trees of New York State 153 JUGLANDACEAE Carya glabra (Mill.) Spach. [| Hicoria glabra Britt.; Carya porcina Nutt.] Pignut Habit — A tree at maturity attaining a height of 80-90 feet with a trunk diameter of 2-3 feet, occasionally 120 feet in height. Crown oblong, rather narrow, consisting of short, spreading branches, the lower some- what pendulous. Bole tall, slender, tapering, often free of lateral branches for some distance, occasionally forked. Leaves — Alternate, odd-pinnately compound, 8-12 inches long, consisting of d-7 (rarely 9) sessile leaflets arranged in pairs along a slender, glabrous or pubescent, slightly grooved petiole, the terminal leaflet narrowed into a stalk. Leaflets lanceolate to obovate-oblanceolate, 3-8 inches long, 1-2% inches broad, acuminate at the apex, rounded and usually inequi- lateral at the base, sharply serrate except at the base, at maturity thick, firm, dark yellowish green and glabrous above, paler, glabrous or with axillary tufts of hairs below. Flowers — Appearing in May and June after the unfolding of the leaves, monoecious, the staminate in slender drooping catkins 3—7 inches long which are borne in pedunculate clusters of 3 on the growth of the pre- ceding season or rarely at the base of the growth of the season, the pistillate in terminal, 2—5-flowered spikes capping the growth of the season, the two sorts proximal. Staminate flowers short pedicellate, pale tomentose, about 4% of an inch long, consisting of an ovate or lanceolate bract and 2 calyx-lobes bearing adaxilly 4 stamens. Anthers nearly ses- sile, orange-colored. Pistillate flowers about 14 of an inch long, sessile, consisting of an inferior, 1-celled ovary surmounted by 2 sessile, spread- ing yellow stigmas. The ovary is invested by the cohering, glabrous or pubescent, pale green involucre. Fruit — Pyriform or globose, 144-2 inches long, 4-sutured at least above the middle, at maturity reddish brown and often pubescent. Husk thin, often opening rather tardily at the apex, sometimes enclosing the nut after it has fallen. Nut brownish white, thick-shelled, ellipsoidal to subglobose with light brown, bitter kernel. Winter characters — Twigs rather slender, pale-lenticellate, smooth and lus- trous, light reddish brown turning dark red the second season. Leaf-scars bluntly and inversely triangular, slightly indented above, rather small. Terminal bud reddish brown and lustrous, ellipsoidal, 4—-%4 of an inch long, the seales rather close-fitting. Lateral buds much smaller. Mature bark thin, close, light gray with shallow fissures separating narrow ridges, never shaggy. Habitat — An upland species preferring dry ridges and hillsides, often in admixture with Oak and Chestnut. Range — New England west through southern Ontario and Michigan to south- ern Minnesota and Nebraska, south to Florida and eastern Texas. Zones A, B, and C. Uses — Produces a valuable grade of hickory timber. Wood heavy, hard, very strong, tough, elastic, close-grained. Used similarly as the wood of the other hickories for wheels, tool handles, ete. Nuts very variable in flavor. — we CODD Bitternut cordiformis (Wang.) K. Koch. [Hicoria minima (Marsh.) Britt.; Carya amara Nutt.] A twig-tip with fruit x % o pistillate and staminate flowers x % 6. Nut x % branch showing immature leaves, and 5. 7. Cross section of the nut x % staminate flower, axile view x 5 r S. Winter twig x % pistillate flower, lateral view x 74% mature leaf x % Trees of New York State 155 JUGLANDACEAE Carya cordiformis (Wang.) K. Koch. [Hicoria minima (Marsh.) Britt.; Carya amara Nutt.] Bitternut Habit — A tree 40—75 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 1-2% feet, under optimum conditions in the southern part of its range sometimes attaining a height of 100 feet with a tall, straight, clean trunk. Crown round-topped, broadest near the top, consisting of rather slender, stiff, upright, ascending branches, under forest conditions usually much restricted in size. Leaves — Alternate, odd-pinnately compound, 6-10 inches long, consisting of 5-9 sessile leafletes arranged in pairs along a slender, pubescent, slightly grooved petiole, the terminal leaflet narrowed into a stalk. Leaflets lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 4-6 inches long, 34-114 inches wide, acumi- nate at the apex, rounded or subcordate and usually inequilateral at the base, rather coarsely serrate except at the base, at maturity thin, firm, dark yellowish green and glabrous above, paler, often yellow glandular and glabrous or somewhat pubescent below. Flowers — Appearing in May or early June after the unfolding of the leaves, monoecious, the staminate in slender, drooping catkins 3-4 inches long which are borne in clusters of 3 on the growth of the preceding season or rarely at the base of the growth of the season, the pistillate in ter- minal, 2—10-flowered spikes capping the growth of the season, the two sorts proximal. Staminate flowers short pedicellate, somewhat pubescent, about 1/10 of an inch long, consisting of a rufous, ovate, acute bract and 2 ealyx-lobes of the same color bearing adaxilly 4 stamens. Anthers yellow, ovate, short-stalked. Pistillate flowers about 1% an inch long, sessile, consisting of an inferior 1-celled ovary surmounted by 2 sessile, spreading, pale green stigmas, papillate on the stigmatic surface. The ovary is invested by a perianth-like, cohering, slightly 4-ridged, yellowish green involucre. Fruit — Ovate or subglobose, 34-114 inches long, 4-winged along the sutures from the apex half way to the base, greenish yellow, scurfy and pubescent. Husk thin. Nut thin-shelled, as broad or breader than long, smooth, abruptly pointed, with reddish brown, very bitter kernel. Winter characters — Twigs slender, lenticellate, glossy, often yellow glandu- lar and hairy toward the apex but smooth below, grayish or orange- brown during the first winter, at length light gray. Pith brown, angular. Leaf-scars elevated, obcordate, with 3 groups of bundle-scars. Terminal bud yellow, oblique and blunt at the apex, %-%4 of an inch long, con- sisting of 4 glandular scales valvate in pairs. Lateral buds smaller, some- what 4-angled, superposed, %—%4 of an inch long, the lowest or axillary bud sessile and sharp-pointed, the upper pedunculate and angular. Mature bark light gray, 144-34 of an inch thick, close, with shallow fissures and narrow ridges, the surface peeling in small flakes. Habitat — By preference a bottom-land tree growing on low, wet sites in pastures, fields, along sluggish streams, and in lowland deciduous for- ests. Occasionally found in hilly situations, on limestone outcroppings, and mountain slopes. Range — Southern Quebee and Ontario, Maine to southern Minnesota, south into the Gulf States. Zones B and C. Uses — A valuable timber species contributing a part of the hickory wood of commerce. Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, elastic, close-grained, dark brown with paler sapwood. Valued for wagon and automobile wheels, wagon tongues, whippletrees, tool handles, etc. Nuts bitter, not edible. . A twig SAL ipract Hop Hornbeam, Ironwcod, Leverwood Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch, showing and staminate aments x %4 from view x 5 pistillate staminate ament, abaxile . A staminate flower with bract, axile view 4. >: GF) A bract view from abaxile x 6 pistillate ament, 5. x ie 8. 9: Pistillate flowers with bract, axile view x 6 A twig showing mature leaves and fruit x % Vertical section of fruiting involucre show- ing enclosed nutlets x 2 Nutlet x 2% Winter twig with staminate aments x % Trees of New York State 157 BETULACEAE Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch. Hop Hornbeam, Ironwood, Leverwood Habit — At maturity a small tree usually 25-40 feet in height with a short trunk 8-15 inches in diameter, occasionally seventy feet tall. Crown rather high, open, broad, round-topped, consisting of slender branches, the lower wide-spreading and often penduluous with fine, ascending branchlets. Leaves — Alternate, borne on slender, terete petioles about %4 of an inch long, ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 3-5 inches long, 1144-2 inches wide, acu- minate or acute at the apex, rounded or slightly cordate and inequilateral at the base, finely doubly serrate, at maturity thin, coriaceous, smooth and dull yellowish green above, pale green below with tufts of pale hairs in the axils of the veins. Flowers — Appearing in April or early May with the leaves, monoecious, borne in aments. Staminate aments, preformed the preceding season, clustered, subterminal, cylindrical, at anthesis reddish brown, pendant, about 2 inches long. Pistillate aments appearing with the leaves, terminal on the growth of the season, pedunculate, lax, pale green, %4—%4 of an inch long. The staminate flowers consist of 6-28 yellow half-anthers which are long-hairy at the apex and are raised on short, bifurcated fila- ments inserted on a pilose torus, the group subtended by a broadly ovate, concave scale. The pistillate flowers are borne in pairs at the base of an ovate acute bract which persists until mid-summer, and consist of an ovary closely invested by a hairy sac-like structure formed of a bracteole and 2 secondary bractlets, a short style, and 2 long, filiform, red stigmas. Fruit — A long-pedunculate, pendulous, creamy-white, oblong strobile, 144-2% inches long, 24-1 inch in width, consisting of ovate, acute, membrana- ceous, bladder-like, reticulate-venose, imbricated involucres forming a hop- like fruit. Fruiting involuere about % of an inch long, slightly hairy at the apex, with sharp, stiff, stinging-hairs at the base, enclosing but much larger than the ovate, acute, flattened, chestnut-brown nutlet, at length deciduous from the strobile axis. Winter characters — Twigs slender, tough, pale-lenticellate, smooth, lustrous, dark reddish brown and often zigzag, becoming dull and darker the second year. Terminal bud absent. Lateral buds ovate, acute, slightly puberu- lous, divergent, light chestnut-brown, about 1% of an inch long. Mature bark light grayish brown, thin, consisting of narrowly oblong, thick scales which are loose at the ends and give a shreddy appearance to the bole. Habitat — Dry gravelly and stony soils on slopes, ridges and limestone out- crops, rarely on moist sites. A tolerant species occurring in admixture with Beech, Hard Maple, Yellow Birch, White Ash, Elm, ete., seeding abundantly and forming the bulk of the under-growth in many places. Range — Nova Scotia through southeastern Canada to Lake Superior, in the United States from Maine to Minnesota, South Dakota and Nebraska, southward to the Gulf. Zones B, C, and D. Uses — Wood very heavy, hard, strong, tough, close-grained, light brown, red- dish brown or nearly white, with thick, pale white sapwood. Not durable in contact with the soil. Used for tool handles, mallets, levers, fence posts and for fuel. «, NN Blue Beech, Hornbeam, Water_Beech Carpinus caroliniana Walt. 1. A twig showing pistillate and staminate 5. A staminate flower with bract, axile view aments x % x “5 9 Pistillate flowers with bract, axile view 6. A twig showing mature leaves and fruit x 4 x % 3. A bract from pistillate ament, abaxile 7. Nutlet. with trilobed subtending invo~ view x lucre x 1% 4. A bract from staminate ament with sta- 8. Involucre and nutlet, axile view x 5 mens, abaxile view x 5 9. Winter twig x % Trees of New York State 159 BETULACEAE Carpinus caroliniana Walt. Blue Beech, Hornbeam, Water Beech Habit — A shrub or low bushy tree 25-30 feet in height with a short fluted trunk 6-12 inches in diameter, under optimum conditions sometimes 40 feet in height with a trunk 18-24 inches in diameter. Crown round- topped and wide-spreading, consisting of long, wiry, ascending branches which are often pendulous at the tips, and short, thin laterals, the two forming horizontal sprays. Leaves — Alternate, borne on slender, terete, hairy petioles about 4g of an inch long, ovate-oblong, 2-4 inches long, 1-134 inches wide, acuminate at the apex, rounded or cuneate and often inequilateral at the base, finely doubly serrate, at maturity thin, firm, smooth and deep green above, pale green and glabrcus or puberulous below with tufts of pale hairs in the axils of the veins. Flowers — Appearing in April and early May with the leaves, monoecious, borne in aments. Staminate aments arising from lateral buds similar to leaf-buds but larger, at anthesis reddish green, pendant, about 144 inches long. Pistillate aments appearing with the leaves, terminal on the growth of the season, lax, green, 4—% of an inch long. The staminate flowers consist of 6-40 yellow half-anthers which are raised on short, bifurcated filaments inserted on a pilose torus, the group subtended by a short-stalked, broadly ovate, concave scale. The pistillate flowers are borne in pairs at the base of an ovate, acute, deciduous bract and consist of an ovary invested by a bracteole and 2 secondary bractlets, a short style, and 2 elongated, filiform scarlet stigmas. : Feuit— A long-pedunculate, pendulous cluster of 3-lobed, foliaceous, green involucres, 1144-4 inches long, 1-2 inches wide, each involucre bearing adaxilly a corrugated, light brown nutlet. The involucres arise from the fusion of a bracteole and 2 secondary bractlets and are borne vis-a-vis in pairs. Winter characters— Twigs very slender, tough, pale-lenticellate, smooth, lustrous, dark reddish brown and often zizag, at length dull reddish gray. Terminal bud absent. Lateral buds ovate, acute, slightly puberu- lous; somewhat divergent, light chestnut-brown, about 144 of an inch long. Mature bark bluish gray tinged with brown, thin, forming a smooth layer on the fluted trunk. Habitat — A moisture-loving species usually found in swamps, along the banks of streams, in low wet woods and on moist slopes. Range — Nova Scotia westward through southern Canada to Minnesota, southward to Florida and Texas. Zones B and C. Uses — Of no commercial significance. Wood very heavy,. hard, strong, close- grained, light brown with thick white sapwood. The tree is occasionally used ornamentally on wet, springy sites. Sweet Birch, Cherry Birch, Black Birch Betula lenta L. A twig showing pistillate and staminate aments x % Bract and bracteoles from staminate ament showing stamens, distal view x 3 Staminate flowers with subtending bracts, and sepals, axile view x 3 3ract and bracteoles from pistillate aments showing styles, abaxile view x 3 * 6. x 3 . Winged nutlet x 3 . Winter twig x 4 Pistillate flowers with subtending bracts, axile view x 3 A twig showing mature leaves and fruiting strobiles x % Scale from fruiting strobile, abaxile view 2 Trees of New York State 161 BETULACEAE Betula lenta L. Sweet Birch, Cherry Birch, Black Birch Habit — A tree under optimum conditions sometimes attaining a height of 75-80 feet with a trunk diameter of 3-4 feet, usually 50-60 feet tall. Crown at first rather narrowly conical, clothed with ascending branches which extend nearly to the ground, at length open, round-topped and rather narrow, with long, slender, horizontal or somewhat pendulous, much-forked branches. Bole in mature trees tapering. Leaves — Alternate, ovate or oblong-ovate, 2144-5 inches long, 1144-3 inches wide, acute at the apex, slightly cordate or rounded and inequilateral at the base, sharply doubly serrate, at maturity membranaceous, smooth, dark dull green above, pale yellow-green and smocth below aside from the axillary tufts of white hairs, borne on stout, hairy petioles #4—1 inch long. Flowers — Appearing in April or early May before the leaves, monoecious, borne in aments. Staminate aments preformed the preceding season, clustered, subterminal, cylindrical, at anthesis brownish yellow, 3—4 inches long. Pistillate aments appearing as the buds unfold, terminal and soli- tary on short, 2-leaved lateral branches, pale green, cylindrical, sessile, 14-34 of an inch long. Flowers borne in clusters of 3. The staminate flowers consist of 4 yellow half-anthers raised on short, bifurcated fila- ments and accompanied by a calyx of 1 sepal, the cluster of 3 covered distally by a peltate, obovate bract and 2 bracteoles. The pistillate flower consists of a small, green, ovoid ovary surmounted by 2 spreading, fili- form, pink styles, the cluster of 3 subtended by an oblong, obtuse bract and 2 adnate bracteoles. Fruit — A sessile, pale brown, short-cylindric, obtuse, woody strobile 1-144 inches long and about 1% inch thick, consisting of glabrous, imbricated, 3-lobed bracts subtending winged nutlets, both deciduous in the autumn from the slender rachis. Nutlets compressed, oblong to obovate, about 1% of an inch long, surmounted at the apex by the 2 persistent styles, with lateral marginal wings as broad as the nutlet. Winter characters — Twigs slender, lenticellate, smooth, lustrous, light red- dish brown, at length dull dark brown tinged with red, with wintergreen taste when chewed. Short spur-like lateral fruiting branches present. Staminate aments grouped at the tips of vigorous branchlets, oblong- cylindric, reddish brown, lustrous, about 94 of an inch long. Buds ovate, acute, lustrous, divergent, light chestnut-brown, about %4 of an inch long. Bark on young trunks smooth, lustrous, dark reddish brown, with conspicuous horizontal lenticels. Mature bark dull brownish black, fur- rowed and broken into large, irregular plates. Habitat — Usually in upland situations on moist or dry gravelly or rocky soils. Range — Newfoundland, New York and Pennsylvania, south along the moun tains to Florida, west through southern Ontario to lowa and Tennessee. Zones A, B, and C. Uses — Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, dark reddish brown with thin, pale sapwood, capable of high finish and used in the manufacture of furniture to imitate mahogany, likewise for woodenware, fuel, ete. Oil of wintergreen is distilled from the wood, and birch beer can be made by fermenting the sap. 6 re i be) 2 os er FS Seine ait Yellow Birch, Gray Birch Betula lutea Michx. f. . A twig showing pistillate and staminate aments x %4 2. Bract and _ bracteoles ament, distal view x from staminate i 71% 3. Staminate flowers with subtending bracts and sepals, axile view x 7% . Bract and_ bracteoles abaxile view x 7% showing tyles, Dd. 6. 7. 8, 9. Pistillate flowers with subtending bracts, axile view x 7% A twig showing mature leaves and fruit- ing strobiles x % Seale from fruiting strobile, abaxile view x Winged nutlet x 4 Winter twig with staminate aments x %& Trees of New York State 163 BETULACEAE Betula lutea Michx. f. Yellow Birch, Gray Birch Habit — A tree at maturity usually 60-75 feet in height with trunk diameter of 2-3 feet, sometimes 100 feet tall and 3-5 feet through. In the open the crown is broadly ovoid, consisting of long, wide-spreading, somewhat pendulous branches borne aloft on a short bole which is continuous into the crown or breaks up a short distance above the ground into several large, ascending limbs. Under forest conditions the bole is usually clean for some distance below. Leaves — Alternate, ovate, oblong-ovate or elliptical, 3-414 inches long, 1144-2 inches wide, acute at the apex, rounded or slightly heart-shaped and inequilateral at the base, sharply doubly serrate, at maturity smooth, dull and dark green above, pale yellowish green and hairy at least on the veins below, borne on slender, pale yellow, hairy, terete petioles 34-1 inch long. Flowers — Appearing in late March or April before the leaves, monoecious, borne in aments. Staminate aments preformed the preceding season, clus- tered, subterminal, cylindrical, at anthesis brownish yellow, 3-314 inches long. Pistillate aments appearing as the buds unfold, terminal and soli- tary on short, 2-leaved lateral branches, pale green, oblong-eylindrical, nearly sessile, about 35 of an inch long. Flowers borne in clusters of 3. The staminate flowers consist of 4 yellow half-anthers raised on short, bifurcated filaments and accompanied by a calyx of 1 sepal, the cluster of 3 covered distally by a peltate broadly oval bract and 2 bracteoles. The pistillate flower consists of a small, green, ovoid ovary surmounted by 2 spreading, filiform styles, the cluster of 3 subtended by an oblong, obtuse bract and 2 adnate bracteoles. ‘Fruit — An erect, sessile or nearly sessile, pale brown, oblong-ovoid, woody strobile, 1-1% inches long and about *4 of an inch wide, consisting of imbricated, 3-lobed bracts which are puberulous on the back and sttbtend winged nutlets, both deciduous in the autumn from the slender rachis. Nutlets compressed, ovate to oval, chestnut-brown, about 1% of an inch long, crowned by the 2 persistent styles, with lateral marginal wings narrower than the nutlet. Winter characters— Twigs slender, lenticellate, smooth, light yellowish brown, becoming dark brown and lustrous and finally dull silvery- -gTay, with faint wintergreen odor when chewed. Short, spur-like, lateral fruit- ing branches present. Buds narrowly ovate, acute, lustrous, somewhat divergent, chestnut-brown, about *4 of an inch long, covered by 3-8 scales downy on the margins. Staminate aments grouped at the tips of vigorous twigs, oblong-cylindric, light chestnut-brown and lustrous, 34-1 inch long. Bark on young trunks cr limbs lustrous, close and firm, bright silvery- gray, separating at the surface into thin, revolute, clinging scales. Mature bark reddish brown to nearly black, broken into large, thick, irregular plates. Habitat — Rich moist uplands in company with Beech, Sugar Maple, Ash, Hornbeam, Hemlock, Red Spruce, ete. Range — Newfoundland south along the mountains to North Carolina and Tennessee, west through southern Ontario, Michigan and Wisconsin to Minnesota. Zones B, C, D, and E. Uses — Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, light reddish brown with thin, nearly white sapwood. Used for furniture, flooring, interior finish, agricultural implements, turnery, and for fuel. 4 ) gel Wf} il W iy fy) rea River Birch, Red Birch, Black Birch Betula nigra L. 1. A twig showing pistillate and staminate aments x 1 2. Bract and _ obracteoles from staminate ament showing stamens, distal view x 8 8. Staminate flowers with subtending bracts and sepals, axile view x 8 4. Bract and bracteoles from _ pistillate ament showing styles, abaxile view x 6 5. om AS Pistillate flowers with subtending bract axile view x 6 A twig showing mature leaves and frui ing strobiles x % : j Scale from fruiting strobile, abaxile vie 5.6 Winged nutlet x 4 . Winged twig x % Trees of New York State 165 BETULACEAE Betula nigra L. River Birch, Red Birch, Black Birch a ee A tree 30-60 feet in height with a short trunk usually dividing near the base into several large, obliquely ascending limbs which form in age a round-topped, open, irregular crown. Under cptimum conditions some- times 80-100 feet in height with a bole 4-5 feet through, at other times a bushy tree branching from the ground. Leaves — Alternate, rhombic-ovate, 1144-3 inches long, 1-2 inches wide, acute at the apex, cuneate at the base, doubly serrate, at maturity thin but firm in texture, dark green, smooth, and lustrous above, pale yellowish green and glabrous or slightly pubescent below, borne on slender, pubescent petioles about 1% of an inch long. Stipules pale green, ovate, fugacious. Flowers — Appearing in March and April before the leaves, monoecious, borne in aments. Staminate aments preformed the preceding season, clustered, subterminal, cylindrical, at anthesis brownish yellow, 2-3 inches long. Pis- tillate aments appearing as the buds unfold, terminal and solitary on short, 2-leaved lateral branches, bright green, cylindrical, pedunculate, about 1%4 of an inch long. Flowers borne in clusters of 3. The staminate flowers consist of 4 yellow half-anthers raised on short, bifureated fila- ments accompanied by a calyx of 1 sepal and covered distally by a peltate, broadly oval bract and 2 bracteoles. Pistillate flowers consisting of a small, green, ovoid ovary surmounted by 2 spreading filiform styles, the cluster of 3 subtended by an oblong, obtuse bract and 2 bracteoles. Fruit — An erect, pedunculate, pubescent, pale brown, ovoid-eylindrical, woody strobile, 1-114 inches long and about 1% inch wide, consisting of imbri- cated, 3-lobed bracts which are pubescent on the back and subtend winged nutlets, both deciduous in mid-summer from the slender rachis. Nutlets compressed, broadly oval, chestnut-brown, about 4% of an inch long, crowned by the 2 persistent styles, with lateral, marginal, pubescent wings narrower than the nutlet. Winter characters — Twigs slender, lenticellate, smooth, reddish brown and lustrous, at length darker, the bark exfoliating in thin, papery scales. Buds ovate, acute, smooth or somewhat hairy, divergent, covered by 3-7 chestnut-brown scales. Staminate aments clustered, subterminal, cylin- drical, %-1 inch long. Bark on limbs and upper part of bole light red- dish brown to cinnamon red, exfoliating in papery, clinging scales, giving the trunk a ragged appearance. Mature bark at the base of the trunk dark reddish brown and fissured. Habitat— A moisture-loving species typically found along the banks of streams, ponds, and lakes, more rarely on drier sites. Range — Central New England, south to Florida, west to Minnesota and Texas. Zones A, B, and C, Uses — Wood light, medium hard, strong, close-grained, light brown with wide, pale sapwood. Used in the manufacture of cheap furniture and woodenware. The tree is attractive ornamentally and is grown in parks, cemeteries and private estates. " | “et Gray Birch, Old Field Birch, White Birch Betula populifolia Marsh. A twig showing pistillate and staminate aments x 4% Pract and bracteoles from staminate ament showing stamens, distal view x 95 Staminate flowers with subtending bracts and sepals, axile view x 5 Bract and bracteoles from pistillate ament showing styles, abaxile view x 15 ;, A twig showing mature leaves and fruit ae 4 Pistillate axile flowers with subtending bracts, view x 15 ing strobiles x % Scale from fruiting strobile, abaxile view 5 Winged nutlet x 10 Winter twig x %& j _—- Trees of New York State 167 BETULACEAE Betula populifolia Marsh. Gray Birch, Old Field Birch, White Birch Habit — A small tree 20-35 feet high with a trunk diameter of 6—12 inches, occasionally 50 feet tall with a diameter of 18 inches. The boles usually arise in groups of 2-6 from a common root-crown. Crown open, rather irregular, narrowly pyramidal, often extending to the ground, consisting of slender, ascending or horizontal branches and drooping branchlets. Bole continuous to the top of the crown. Leaves — Alternate, triangular to rhombic-ovate, 214-3 inches long, 114%4-2% inches wide, long attenuate at the apex, cuneate or truncate at the base, coarsely doubly serrate, at maturity thin but firm in texture, dark green, lustrous and somewhat glandular above, pale green and glabrous or hairy on the veins below, borne on long, black-glandular, terete petioles. Flowers — Appearing in late March or April with the leaves, monoecious, borne in aments. Staminate aments preformed the previous season, usu- ally solitary, subterminal, narrowly cylindrical, at anthesis brownish yel- low, 2%4-4 inches long. Pistillate aments appearing as the buds unfold, terminal and solitary on short, 2-leaved lateral branches, pale green, linear-cylindical, pedunculate, 4-1 inch long. Flowers borne in clusters of 3. The staminate flowers consist of 4 yellow half-anthers raised on short bifureated filaments and accompanied by a calyx of 1 sepal, the cluster of 3 covered distally by a peltate, obovate bract and 2 bracteoles. Pistillate flowers consisting of a small, green, ovoid ovary crowned by 2 spreading, filiform, pale red styles, the cluster of 3 subtended by an ob- long, obtuse bract and 2 adnate bracteoles. Fruit — A peduneulate, pale brown, cylindrical, obtuse, woody strobile, about 34 of an inch long and 1% of an inch wide, consisting of puberulous, imbri- eated, 3-lobed bracts subtending winged nutlets, both deciduous in the autumn from the slender rachis. Nutlets compressed, oval-obovate, chest- nut-brown, 1/16—-1/12 of an inch long, crowned by the 2 persistent styles, with lateral marginal wings broader than the nut. Winter characters — Twigs slender, lenticellate, lustrous, roughened by warty glands, reddish brown or nearly white near the trunk. Buds ovate, acute, smooth, somewhat resinous and divergent, covered by 3-4 scales downy at the margins. Staminate aments usually solitary, subterminal, linear- eylindrieal, 1144-114 inches long. Mature bark thin, close, dull grayish white with bright orange inner bark, nearly black and fissured at the base of the tree. Habitat — A short-lived ‘‘weed’’ tree establishing itself rapidly in abandoned fields, burns and on waste lands. Thrives on moist soil along streams and lakes. Range — Nova Scotia, south to Delaware and southern Pennsylvania, west- ward to Central Quebec, southern Ontario, and western New York. Zones ‘Ay B,C; and D. Uses — Not an important timber species. Grown ornamentally. Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, pale brown with thick, nearly white sapwood. Used largely for fuel, also for spools, shoe pegs, ete. to 9 Paper Birch, Canoe Birch, White Birch Betula alba, var. papyrifera (Marsh.) Spach. [Betula papyrifera Marsh.] A twig showing pistillate and staminate aments x 14 Bract and bracteoles from staminate ament showing stamens, distal view x 7 Staminate flowers with subtending bracts and sepals, axile view x 7 . Bract and bracteoles from pistillate ament showing styles, abaxile view 15 é. 8 9 Pistillate flowers with subtending bracts, axile view x 15 A twig showing mature leaves and fruit- ing strobiles x % 7. Scale from fruiting strobile x 4 . Winged nutlet x 4 . Winter twig x 1% Trees of New York State 169 BETULACEAE Betula alba, var. papyrifera (Marsh.) Spach. [Betula papyrifera Marsh.]* Paper Birch, Canoe Birch, White Birch Habit — A tree at maturity usually 50-75 feet in height with a trunk diame- ter of 1-2 feet, under optimum conditions sometimes 120 feet tall. Crown in young trees extending nearly to the ground, narrowly pyramidal, con- sisting of short, slender, spreading branches. In mature or crowded trees, the bole is clean below and supports a rather narrow, round-topped, open head with pendulous branches. Leaves — Alternate, ovate, acuminate at the apex, rounded or cuneate at the base, coarsely doubly serrate, 2-3 inches long, 1144-2 inches wide, at ma- turity thick and firm in texture, dull dark green and usually eglandular above, pale yellowish green, glabrous or somewhat hairy and marked with minute black glands beneath, borne on stout, yellow, black-glandular petioles. Stipules fugacious. Flowers — Appearing in April and May with the leaves, monoecious, borne in aments. Staminate aments preformed the preceding season, usually in group of 2-3, subterminal, cylindrical, at anthesis brownish yellow, 344-4 inches long. Pistillate aments appearing as the buds unfold, terminal and solitary on short, 2-leaved lateral branches, pale green, linear-cylindrical, pedunculate, 1-114 inches long. Flowers borne in clusters of 3. The staminate flowers consist of 4 yellow half-anthers raised on short bifur- cated filaments and accompanied by a calyx of 1 sepal, the cluster of 3 covered distally by a peltate, broadly obovate bract and 2 bracteoles. Pis- tillate flowers consisting of a small, green, ovoid ovary crowned by 2 spreading, filiform, bright red styles, the clusters of 3 subtended by an oblong, obtuse bract and 2 bracteoles. Fruit — A pedunculate, drooping, pale brown, cylindrical, obtuse, woody stro- bile, about 114 inches long and 14 of an inch thick, consisting of puberu- lous or glabrous, imbricated, 3-lobed bracts subtending winged nutlets, both deciduous in the autumn from the slender rachis. Nutlets com- pressed, elliptical to oval, chestnut-brown, about 1/16 of an inch long, with marginal wings broader than the nut. Winter characters— Twigs rather stout, lenticellate, smooth, dull reddish brown, at length orange-brown and Justrous, finally white from the exfoli- ation of the outer bark. Buds ovate, acute, smooth, divergent, chestnut- brown, covered by 3-5 scales downy at the margins. Staminate strobiles in groups of 2-3, subterminal, cylindrical, 34-144 inches long. Bark on the trunk and older branches chalky to creamy-white, peeling off in thin papery layers, marked by elongated, horizontal lenticels. Mature bark at the base of mature trunks brownish black, sharply and irregularly fur- rowed. Habitat — Thrives on moist sites about lakes, streams, swamps, wooded moun- tain slopes and hillsides, usually intermingled with other hardwoods, more rarely with conifers. Range — A transcontinental species ranging from Newfoundland to Alaska, south through New England to central Pennsylvania, Michigan, Wiscon- sin, Colorado and Washington. Zones C, D, and E. Uses — Wood light, strong, hard, close-grained, light reddish brown with thick, nearly white sapwood. Largely used in the manufacture of spools, likewise woodenware, shoe-lasts, wood-pulp and fuel. The papery bark is made into canoes and souvenirs. The tree is grown ornamentally in the northern states, replacing in many places the European White Birch destroyed by the Bronze Birch Borer. *A variety of paper birch, Betula alba, var. cordifolia (Regel) Fernald, is found at higher elevations on cool mountain slopes in the Adirondacks and Catskills. Beech Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. [Fagus americana Sweet; Fagus atropunicea (Marsh) Sud.; Fagus ferruginea Ait.] 1 A twig showing pistillate and staminate 4. A twig showing mature leaves and fruit flowers, and immature leaves x 1 od x % 2. A staminate flower, lateral view x 5 5. Trigonous nut x 2 5. A pistillate flower, lateral view x 5 6. Winter twig x 4 Trees of New York State ae FAGACEAE Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. [Fagus americana Sweet; Fagus atropunicea (Marsh) Sud.; Fagus ferruginea Ait.] Beech Habit — A tree under optimum conditions sometimes 120 feet in height, usu- ally 60-80 feet in height with a trunk 2-4 feet in diameter. Crown com- pact and narrow under forest conditions, borne aloft on a long, straight, columnar bole. In the open the trunk is short and thick and breaks up a few feet above the ground into numerous spreading limbs and slender, somewhat drooping branches, forming a broad, round-topped head. Spreads by root suckers. Leaves — Alternate, oblong-ovate, 244-5 inches long, 1-3 inches wide, acu- minate at the apex, cuneate or rounded at the base, sharply serrate with rather distant teeth, at maturity thin, coriaceous, smooth and dull green above, pale green and lustrous beneath, with tufts of hairs in the axils of the prominent rib-like secondary viens, borne on short, terete, heavy petioles about 14 of an inch long. Flowers — Appearing in April or May when the leaves are about one-third grown, monoecious. Staminate flowers in many-ilowered, drooping, globose heads which are 1 inch in diameter and are borne on slender, scaly ped- uncles about 2 inches long arising from the axils of the inner bud-seales or of the lower leaves. Calyx narrowly campanulate, pale hairy without, 4-8-lobed, borne on a short peduncle. Stamens 8-10, with pale green anthers and slender filaments, the filaments about twice the length of the calyx. Pistillate flowers in clusters of 2 on short, clavate, woolly ped- uncles from the upper leaf-axils, the cluster surrounded by an involucre of accrescent scales clothed with long white hairs and subtended by several deciduous, pink bracts. Calyx hairy, adnate to the ovary, with 4-5 linear lobes. Pistil consisting of a trigonous, 3-celled ovary surmounted by 3 slender, reflexed styles stigmatic on the inner surface. Fruit — A stalked, prickly, thick-walled, ovoid bur, about *4 of an inch long, opening in the autumn by 4 valves to set free the 2 trigonous, lustrous brown nuts. Kernel sweet, edible. Winter characters — Twigs slender, zigzag, wiry, orange-lenticellate, smooth, lustrous, bright reddish brown, at length dark brown turning to ashy gray, with tardily deciduous leaves. Buds narrowly conical, sharp- pointed, strongly divergent, 4-1 inch long, covered by numerous, thin, lustrous, pale chestnut-brown scales with hairy margins. Mature bark thin, close, smooth, dull light gray, often mottled with dark spots. Habitat — A tolerant species preferring rich, moist uplands in admixture with Hard Maple, Yellow Birch, Hornbeam, Hemlock, etc. In the south occurring on moist bottom-lands and the borders of swamps. Range— Nova Scotia through southern Ontario to Wisconsin, south to Florida and Texas. Zones B, C, and D. Uses — A timber species producing a hard, strong, tough, close-grained wood which is susceptible of high polish but difficult to season and not durable in contact with the soil. Heartwood light or dark red; sapwood nearly white. The wood is used for cheap furniture, tool handles, basketry (as veneer), and largely in the rural districts for fuel. The tree is to be recommended ornamentally because of its striking appearance, especially during the winter months. The nuts occasionally appear in the eastern markets. Chestnut Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. [Castanea vesca, var. americana Michx.; Castanea sativa, var. americana Sarg.] 1. A twig showing pistillate and staminate 4. Opened burs showing nuts and nut-sears _ flowers and mature leaves x % x % 2. A staminate flower, lateral view x 8 Leas ribet Il 3. A pistillate flower, lateral view x 10 6. Spine from bur x 1% 7. Winter twig x % _—— _——s Trees of New York State 173 FAGACEAE Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. [Castanea vesca, var. americana Michx.; Castanea sativa, var. americana-Sarg.] Chestnut Habit — An important timber species, usually 60-80 feet tall, under optimum conditions sometimes 100 feet in height with a restricted crown and tall columnar trunk 3-4 feet in diameter. Trees in the open have a short, massive bole which soon breaks up into stout, wide-spreading limbs to form a very broad, ovate, rounded head. Chestnut sprouts readily from the stump after cutting (coppice growth) and it is not uncommon to find several trees that have arisen from sprouts in this way, grouped about an old stump. Leaves — Alternate, oblong-lanceolate, 6-8 inches long, 144-2 inches wide, acuminate at the apex, cuneate at the base, coarsely serrate, at maturity thin, glabrous, dull, dark green above, smooth and pale yellow beneath, borne on stout, puberulent petioles about %4 of an inch long. = Flowers — Appearing in late June or July after the leaves have attained full size, monoecious. Staminate flowers in erect deciduous aments 6-8 inches long consisting of stout, green, puberulous stems arising from the axils of the leaves of the year or of the inner scales of the terminal bud, and sessile flower clusters. Calyx campanulate, pale brown, puberulous, 6- lobed. Stamens 10-20, with long, slender, white filaments and pale yellow anthers. Pistillate flowers at the base of the upper androgynous aments in clusters of 3 (2-5), each cluster enclosed in a green, sessile involucre of thick, imbricated, sharp-pointed, slightly hairy scales sub- tended by several bracts. Calyx hairy, adnate to the ovary, with short, 6-lobed limb. Pistil consisting of a 6-celled ovary surmounted by 6 white, linear, spreading styles stigmatic at the apex. Fruit — A sessile, globose, light brown bur, 2—214 inches in diameter, densely echinulate with branched spines and usually tomentose without, opening the first autumn by 4 valves and exposing the 1-3 nuts and the velvety inner surface. Nuts ovoid, laterally compressed, pubescent at the apex, lustrous below, dark chestnut-brown, marked at the base by a large, pale, oval scar. Kernel sweet, edible. Winter characters — Twigs rather stout, white-lenticellate, smooth, lustrous, olive or yellowish green, at length dark brown. Terminal bud absent. Lateral buds ovate, acute, divergent, dark chestnut-brown. Mature bark dark brown, thick, divided by shallow fissures into broad, flat ridges scaly on the surface. Habitat— Thrives on a wide variety of sites and soils but avoids a wet habitat. In the north common on gravelly, well-drained, glacial soils; farther south it is an inhabitant of cool mountain slopes. Range — Maine westward through southern Ontario to Michigan, southward to Delaware and along the mountains to Alabama, Mississippi, Kentucky and Tennessee. Attains its best development in the mountains of the South. Zones A, B, and C. Uses — An important timber tree. Wood light, soft, rather weak, coarse- grained, difficult to season but very durable in contact with the soil. Heartwood reddish brown; sapwood thin and pale. Largely used for railroad ties, telephone and telegraph poles, fence posts, coffins, cheap furniture, interior finish and as a source of tannin extract. The tree is important silviculturally because of the readiness with which it may be coppiced. The chestnuts of commerce are produced by this species. The supply of American Chestnut has been greatly depleted through the rav- ages of the chestnut-bark disease. % ANY White Oak Quercus alba L. 1. A twig showing pistillate and staminate 4. A twig showing mature leaves and fruit flowers, and immature leaves x % x 2. A staminate flower, lateral view x 5 5. Nut with cup, lateral view x 1 3. A pistillate flower, lateral view x 5 C. Winter twig x % Trees of New York State 175 FAGACEAE Quercus alba L. White Oak Habit — A valuable timber species, usually attaining a height of 60-80 feet with a trunk 2-4 feet in diameter, under optimum conditions sometimes 140 feet tall. Trees in dense forest stands have long, clean boles with little taper, bearing aloft a narrow crown. In the open the bole is short and stout and soon breaks up into massive, gnarled, wide-spreading limbs and slender rigid branches to form a broad, open, irregular crown. Leaves — Alternate, obovate-oblong, 5-9 inches long, 2-4 inches wide, cuneate at the base, 3—-9-lobed, the lobes ascending and blunt and separated by wide, rounded sinuses which are shallow or may extend nearly to the midrib. Upper lobes irregular, often with secondary lobes at the apex. At maturity leaves thin, firm, glabrous, dull or lustrous and bright green above, paler, smooth and sometimes glaucous beneath. Petioles stout, glabrous, 144-1 inch long. Flowers — In our range appearing in late May or early June when the leaves are about one-third grown, monoecious. Staminate flowers ebracteolate, in interrupted, filiform, pendulous, deciduous aments 244-3 inches long which are borne on the growth of the preceding season or from the axils of the inner scales of the terminal bud. Calyx campanulate, bright yel- low, pubescent, acutely lobed. Stamens 4-6, with filiform exserted fila- ments and yellow, notched anthers. - Pistillate flowers solitary, peduncu- late or nearly sessile, borne in the axils of the leaves of the season, each subtended by broadly ovate, hairy involucral seales. Calyx urn-shaped, shallowly lobed, adnate to the ovary. Pistil consisting of a 3-celled (rarely 4—-5-celled) ovary surmounted by 3 short, dilated, spreading, red styles stigmatic on the inner surface. Fruit — A sessile or pedunculate acorn, ripening the first season. Nut ovoid- oblong, light chestnut-brown and lustrous at maturity, rounded at the apex, about 4 of an inch long, enclosed about one-fourth its length in the cup. Cup bowl-shaped, somewhat pubescent within, consisting of numerous seales, those at the base thickened and tubereulate. Winter characters— Twigs rather slender, pale-lenticellate, lustrous or somewhat glaucous, reddish gray becoming ashy gray the second season. Buds alternate, these near the branch-tip clustered about the terminal bud, broadly ovate. obtuse, reddish brown, about 44 of an inch long. Mature bark light gray or nearly white, thick, divided by shallow fissures into long, irregular, thin scales. Habitat — A cosmopolitan species growing on sandy soil, on moist bottom- lands, rich uplands, and stony ridges, preferring rich moist soil. Range — Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. Zones A, B, and C. Uses — An important lumber species producing the best grade of oak timber. Wood hard, heavy, strong, durable, pale brown with lighter sapwood. Prized for furniture, tight cooperage, wagonry, railroad ties, ete. Post Oak, Iron Oak Quercus stellata Wang. [Quercus minor Sarg.; Quercus obtusiloba Michx.] 1. A twig showing pistillate and staminate 4. A twig showing mature leaves and fruit flowers, and immature leaves x \% x % 2 A staminate flower, lateral view x 5 5. Nut with cup, lateral view x 1 3. A pistillate flower, lateral view x 5 6. Winter twig x % Trees of New York State 177 FAGACEAE Quercus stellata Wang. [Quercus minor Sarg.; Quercus obtusiloba Michx.] Post Oak, Iron Oak Habit — A tree usually 50-60 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 1-2 feet, under optimum conditions sometimes becoming 80-100 feet tall with a long, clean bole, in the northern limits of its range often reduced to a shrub. Crown broad, dense, round-topped, with stout spreading branches, much reduced in forest-grown specimens. Leaves — Alternate, oblong-obovate, 4~7 inches long, 3-5 inches wide, broadly cuneate at the base, sinuately cut in 5—7 rounded, divergent lobes, the upper 3 much the larger and often notched. At maturity leaves thick, firm, dark green above with scattered stellate hairs, and rusty pubescent beneath. Petioles stout, pubescent, %—1 inch in length. Flowers — In our range, appearing in May when the leaves are about one- fourth grown, monoecious. Staminate flowers bracteolate, in interrupted, pendulous, deciduous aments 24%—4 inches long which are borne on the growth of the preceding season or from the axils of the inner scales of the terminal bud. Calyx campanulate, yellow, hirsute, with laciniate, acute lobes. Stamens 4-6, with filiform, exserted filaments and yellow, notched anthers. Pistillate flowers sessile or pedunculate, borne in the axils of the leaves of the season, each subtended by broadly ovate, hirsute involucral scales. Calyx campanulate, shallowly lobed, adnate to the ovary. Pistil consisting of a 3-celled (rarely 4—5-celled) ovary surmounted by 3 short, dilated, red styles stigmatic on the inner surface. Fruit — A sessile or pedunculate acorn, ripening in one season. Nut oval, obtuse and often pubescent at the apex, light chestnut-brown and striate, 1%4-1 inch long, enclosed about one-third of its length in the cup. Cup turbinate, downy within, consisting of numerous thin, flat, tomentose scales. Winter characters — Twigs stout, pubescent, pale-lenticellate, orange to red- dish brown, at length dark brown or nearly black. Buds alternate, those near the branch-tip clustered about the terminal bud, broadly ovate, bluntly acute, chestnut-brown and pubescent, %-%4 of an inch long. Mature bark grayish brown, thick, divided by deep fissures into broad ridges, scaly on the surface. Habitat — An upland species preferring dry, sandy or gravelly sites. Thrives on limestone soils. Range — Central New England west to Kansas and Missouri, south to Florida and eastern Texas. Usually shrubby in the northeast. Zones A and B. Uses — Wood hard, heavy, close-grained, durable, pale brown with lighter sapwood. It is not distinguished in the trade from that of Quercus albc and is put to similar uses. vo Bur Oak, Mossy-cup Oak, Over-cup Oak Quercus macrocarpa Michx. A twig showing pistillate and staminate flowers, and immature leaves x %4 . A staminate flower, lateral view x 5 A pistillate flower, lateral view x 5 6. A twig showing mature leaves and fruit x % Nut with cup, laterel view x 1 Winter twig x & Trees of New York State 7g FAGACEAE Quercus macrocarpa Michx. Bur Oak, Mossy-cup Oak, Over-cup Oak Habit — One of the largest of American oaks, under optimum conditions sometimes 170 feet in height with a trunk 4-7 feet in diameter which is free of branches for 50 feet or more. Usually smaller, becoming shrubby at the northern limits of its range. Crown in the open broad and round- topped, with massive, spreading limbs and drooping, bushy branchlets. Leaves — Alternate, obovate or oblong, 6-12 inches long, 3-6 inches wide, cuneate at the base, sinuately cut or nearly divided into 5-7 lobes, the terminal lobe the larger and crenately lobed. At maturity leaves thick, firm, lustrous and usually smooth above, greenish or silvery pubescent below. Petioles stout, 4%—1 inch long. Flowers — In our range appearing in late May or early June when the leaves are about one-fourth grown, monoecious. Staminate flowers in interrupted, hairy, filiform, pendulous, deciduous aments, 4-6 inches long which are borne on the growth of the preceding season or from the axils of the inner scales of the terminal bud. Calyx hemi-spherical, yellowish green, pubescent with 4-6 laciniate lobes. Stamens 4-6, with short fila- ments and yellow, glabrous anthers. Pistillate flowers sessile or pedun- culate, solitary or paired, borne in the axils of the leaves of the season, each subtended by broadly ovate, pubescent involucral scales. Calyx eampanulate, shallowly lobed, adnate to the ovary. Pistil enclosed aside from the 3 spreading styles which are reddish and stigmatic on their inner surface. Fruit — A sessile or short-pedunculate acorn ripening the first season. Nut chestnut-brown, oval or broadly ovate, rounded and finely pubescent at the apex, from 44-2 inches long, enclosed from one-half to its whole length in the cup. Cup bowl-shaped, pale brown and pubescent within, hoary-tomentose without, with pointed,.imbricated scales, the upper pro- longed to form a fringe. Winter characters — Twigs stout, pale-lenticellate, glabrous, pale orange- yellow, at length dark brown. Older twigs often develop corky wings. Buds alternate, those near the branch-tip clustered about the terminal bud, broadly ovate, obtuse, pubescent, pale reddish brown, 1-4 of an inch long. Mature bark pale brown, medium thick, divided by deep fur- rows into irregular, scaly plates. Habitat — A bottom-land species preferring rich, deep, moist soils, more rarely on drier, upland sites. Range — Nova Scotia to Manitoba and Montana, south to Pennsylvania, Ten- nessee and Texas. Zones A, B, and C. Uses — A valuable timber species producing lumber equivalent in quality to that of White Oak. Wood hard, heavy, strong, durable, rich brown with paler sapwood. Prized for furniture, cooperage, interior finish, railroad ties, ete. at a AN i NY yy OS rey Swamp White Oak Quercus bicolor Willd. [Quereus platanoides Sudw.] 1. A twig showing pistillate and staminate 4. A twig showing mature leaves and fruit, flowers, and immature leaves x % x 4% A staminate flower, lateral view x 5 Nut with cup, lateral view x %4 3. A pistillate flower, lateral view x 5 . Winter twig x % i) bo DH Trees of New York State 181 FAGACEAE Quercus bicolor Willd. [Quercus platanoides Sudw.] Swamp White Oak Habit — A tree usually 60-80 feet high when mature with a trunk 2-4 feet in diameter, occasionally under optimum conditions 100 feet tall. In the open the crown is broad, open, and round-topped with basal drooping branches which give the tree a bizarre appearance. In dense stands the bole is free of branches for some distance, continuing well into the crown. Leaves — Alternate, obovate or oblong-obovate, 5-6 inches long, 2—4 inches wide, rounded at the apex, cuneate at the base, coarsely sinuate-crenate or occasionally pinnatifid, at maturity thick, firm, dark green and lustrous above, white-hoary below, borne on stout petioles 4-34 of an inch long. Flowers — Appearing in late May or early June when the leaves are about one-fourth developed, monoecious. Staminate flowers in interrupted, fili- form, pendulous, hairy aments 3-4 inches long which are borne on the growth of the preceding season or from the axils of the inner scales of the terminal bud. Calyx campanulate, pale yellowish green, pubescent, deeply cut into 5-9 lanceolate segments. Stamens 5-9, with slender fila- ments and glabrous, yellow anthers. Pistillate flowers in few-flowered, white-tomentose, pedunculate spikes borne in the axils of the leaves of the season, each subtended by the broadly ovate, hairy involucral scales. Calyx campanulate, adnate to the ovary, shallowly lobed above. Pistil consisting of a 3-celled (rarely 4—5-celled) ovary surmounted by 3 short styles stigmatic on their inner surface. Fruit — An acorn, borne solitary or in pairs on a long peduncle, ripening the first season. Nut oval or oblong, light chestnut-brown, round-pointed and pubescent at the apex, 34-114 inches long, enclosed about one-third of its length in the cup. Cup broadly turbinate, thick, woody, pale brown and pubescent within, hoary-tomentose without, often fringed at the upper margin. Winter characters— Twigs stout, pale-lenticellate, smooth or puberulous, yellow or reddish brown, at length darker and glaucous. Bark on older branches exfoliating in thin strips. Buds alternate, those near the branch- tip clustered about the terminal bud, broadly ovate, obtuse, pale chestnut- brown, 4%-%4 of an inch long. Mature bark grayish brown, thick, divided by deep fissures into long, flat ridges scaly at the surface. Habitat — A bottom-land species preferring moist, fertile soils along stream borders, the edges of swamps, and low, poorly drained pastures. Range — Maine west to Michigan and eastern Iowa, south to Georgia and Arkansas. Zones A, B, and C. Uses — Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, pale brown with lighter sapwood. It compares: favorably with that of White Oak and is used for similar purposes, but is more inclined to knots. sea BAA VON ety. ay Chestnut Oak, Yellow Oak, Chinquapin Oak Quercus Muhlenbergii Engelm. [Quercus acuminata Houba.] . A twig showing pistillate and staminate 4+. A twig showing mature leaves and fruit flowers, and immature leaves x 1% x &% A staminate flower, lateral view x 5 5. Nut with cup, lateral view x 1 A pistillate flower, lateral view x 5 6. Winter twig x % Trees of New York State 183 FAGACEAE Quercus Muhlenbergii Engelm. [Quercus acuminata Houba.] Chestnut Oak, Yellow Oak, Chinquapin Oak Habit — In our range a shrub or small tree 20-50 feet in height with a trunk 1-2 feet in diameter, in southern Indiana and Illinois attaining an optimum development of 100-160 feet. Crown narrow, round-topped. Bole often buttressed below. Leaves — Alternate, oblong, lanceolate, or obovate, 4-7 inches long, 1-5 inches wide, pointed at the apex, cuneate or rounded at the base, coarsely and regularly serrate except at the base, at maturity thick, firm, glabrous, yellowish green above, pale silvery-pubescent below, borne on slender, nearly terete petioles 94-1% inches long. Flowers— In our range appearing in late May or early June when the leave are about one-fourth grown, monoecious. Staminate flowers in interrupted, filiform, pendulous, hairy aments 3-4 inches long which are borne on the growth of the preceding season or from the axils of the inner scales of the terminal bud. Calyx campanulate, yellow, pubescent, deeply divided into 5-6 acute lobes. Stamens as many as the calyx-lobes, with short smooth filaments and yellow, oblong, notched anthers. Pistil- jate flowers clustered, sessile or pedunculate, white-tomentose, borne in the axils of the leaves of the season, each subtended by the broadly ovate, hairy involucral scales. Calyx campanulate, adnate to the ovary, shallowly lobed above. Pistil consisting of a 3-celled (rarely 4—5-celled) ovary surmounted by 3 bright red styles, stigmatic on their inner surface. Fruit — An acorn, borne solitary or in pairs on a short peduncle or sessile, ripening the first season. Nut ovoid or oval, pale chestnut-brown, pubes- cent and round-pointed at the apex, %-1 inch long, enclosed from one- third to one-half of its length in the cup. Cup bowl-shaped, thin, pale brown and pubescent within, hoary tomentose without, with small obtuse scales. Winter characters— Twigs slender, pale-lenticellate, smooth, grayish or reddish brown, at length brownish gray. Buds alternate, those near the branch-tip chestnut-brown, 4%—% of an inch long. Mature bark gray or nearly white, thin, shallowly fissured into flat-topped, scaly ridges, approaching in appearance that of Quercus alba. Habitat — In New York State, an upland species preferring barren limestone ridges, farther west attaining its largest size on the bottom-lands of the Wabash river. Range — Vermont to Iowa and eastern Nebraska, south to the District of Columbia, and southwest through the mountains to Alabama and Texas. Zones A, B, and Co Uses — Wood hard, heavy, strong, close-grained, durable in contact with the soil, dark brown with pale sapwood. Used for wagonry, cooperage, rail- road ties, ete. Of minor importance in this state because of its small stature. ro ais me waretal BO AY 4, ee penees Chestnut Oak Quercus Prinus L. [Quereus Michauxii Nutt. ] A twig showing pistillate and staminate 4. A twig showing mature leaves and fruit = flowers, and immature leaves x % ones % ; 2. A staminate flower, lateral view x_5 5, Nut with cup, lateral view x % 3. A pistillate flower, lateral view x 5 6. Winter twig x % Trees of New York State 185 FAGACEAE Quercus Prinus L. [Quercus Michauxii Nutt.] Chestnut Oak Habit — Usually a medium sized tree 30-70 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 1-4 feet, rarely under favorable conditions 100 feet tall. In the open the bele breaks up 15-20 feet above the ground into stout, spreading limbs which form a broad, low, open, rounded crown. Trees under forest conditions have a stout, columnar bole which continues well into the high, reduced crown. Leaves — Alternate, obovate, oblong, or lanceolate, 5-9 inches long, 2—4 inches wide, rounded to acuminate at the apex, cuneate at the base, undulately erenate-toothed, at maturity thick, firm, yellowish green and somewhat lustrous above, pale and somewhat pubescent beneath, borne on stout or slender petioles 4-1 inch long. Flowers — Appearing in late May or early June when the leaves are about one-fourth grown, monoecious. Staminate flowers in interrupted, filiform, pendulous, hairy aments 2-3 inches long which are borne on the growth of the preceding season or from the axils of the inner scale of the terminal bud. Calyx campanulate, light yellow, pubescent, deeply cut into 7-9 acute lobes. Stamens 7—9, with slender glabrous filaments and oblong, glabrous, notched, bright yellow anthers. Pistillate flowers in groups of 2-3 (occasionally solitary), pedunculate, borne in the axils of the leaves of the season, each subtended by the broadly ovate, hairy involucral scales. Calyx campanulate, adnate to the ovary, with shallow, ciliate lobes. Pistil consisting of a 3-celled (rarely 4—5-celled) ovary surmounted by 3 short, dilated, spreading, reddish styles stigmatic on the inner surface. Fruit — An acorn, borne solitary or in pairs on a short peduncle, ripening the first season. Nut oval or ovate, light chestnut-brown and lustrous at maturity, round-pointed at the apex, %4-11%% inches long, enclosed for about one-third of its length in the cup. Cup bowl-shaped, thin, pale brown and pubescent within, heary-pubescent without, the scales toward the base tuberculate. Winter characters — Twigs stout, bitter, pale-lenticellate, smooth, orange to reddish brown, becoming brown or dark brown the second year. Buds alternate, those near the branch-tip clustered about the terminal bud, ovate-conical, acute, light chestnut-brown and pilose, %4-% of an inch long. Mature bark dark reddish brown to nearly black, thick, very rough, characteristically divided by deep fissures into broad, rounded, continuous, longitudinal ridges, scaly at the surface. Habitat — An upland species preferring well-drained sites on ridges, wooded hilltops, the sides of high rocky glens, climbing higher near the southern limits of its range. Range — Southern Maine to Ontario, south along the mountains to northern Georgia and Alabama. Zones A, B, and C. Uses — Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, durable in contact with the soil, dark brown with paler sapwood, somewhat inferior to that of White Oak in value. Used for construction, railroad ties, fencing, etc. The bark is an important source of tannin. Red Oak Quercus rubra L. 1. A twig showing pistillate and staminate 4. A twig showing mature leaves and fruit flowers, and immature leaves x % “)peaats 2 3. A perfect flower, lateral view x 3 1. Winter twig x Hackberry, Sugarberry Celtis occidentalis L. [Celtis canina Raf.] twig showing polygamous flowers and 4. A twig showing mature leaves immature leaves x 1 x % : expanded staminate fiower, lateral 5. Fruit, lateral sectional view x 2 Se: viey 6. Rugose nutlet, lateral view xX 2 15 and fruit Trees of New York State aa ULMACEAE Celtis occidentalis L. [Celtis canina Raf.] Hackberry, Sugarberry Habit — In our range usually, a small tree 20-60 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 144-2 feet, attaining its maximum size of 130 feet in the rich alluvial soils of the Ohio basin. In the open the trunk is short, breaking up 8-10 feet above the ground into stout spreading limbs to form a bushy, ovoid or oblong, round-topped head comparable to that of the Sugar Maple. Leaves — Alternate, broadly ovate and somewhat falcate, 244-4 inches long, 1-2 inches wide, acuminate at the apex, rounded and inequilateral at the base, coarsely serrate except at the ends, 3-ribbed, at maturity thin, lus- trous, smooth or scabrous and light green with sunken veins above, paler and glabrous or somewhat hairy on the prominent veins beneath, borne on slender, hairy petioles %—%4 of an inch long. Flowers — Appearing in May with the leaves, polygamo-monoecious, the staminate cymose from flower-buds at the base of the growth of the season, the perfect and pistillate solitary or in few-flowered fascicles from the axils of the upper leaves. Calyx pale yellowish green, divided nearly to the base into 5 linear, acute, scarious lobes. Stamens in sterile flower inserted marginally on the white-tomentose receptacle. Filaments incurved above the middle before anthesis, bearing proximal, oblong, emarginate anthers, straightening abruptly and catapulting the pollen as the flower opens. Stamens in perfect flower shorter with slightly curved filaments and anthers equal to or slightly exceeding the calyx-lobes, similar in anthesis. Pistil consisting of a sessile, green, lustrous, 1-celled, ovate ovary surmounted by a short, sessile style dividing into 2 broadly diverg- ent lobes white papillate and stigmatic on their inner surface. Fruit — A thick-skinned, i-seeded, subglobose or oblong, long-stalked, dark purple, dry drupe, about %4 of an inch long, tipped by the persistent style, maturing in the autumn and persisting into the winter. Flesh thin, dry, orange-colored. Nutlet oblong-oval, thick-walled, apiculate, light brown. Winter characters — Twigs slender, somewhat zigzag, glabrous or puberulous, semi-lustrous, reddish brown, at Jength dark reddish brown. Terminal bud absent. Lateral buds ovate, acute, closely appressed and flattened, pubescent, chestnut-brown, about 4 of an inch long. Mature bark thick, grayish brown, scaly at the surface, often roughened by characteristic, irregular, wart-like excrescences. Habitat — Attains its best development in the deep alluvial soils of river bot- toms but thrives on gravelly and stony upland sites, especially limestone outcrops. Widely scattered and usually solitary. Range —Southern Quebec, westward to eastern Washington and Oregon, southward to Florida, eastern Texas, New Mexico and Nevada. Rare and widely scattered in the east through the agency of birds. Zones A, B, and C. Uses — Of no economic importance in New York State because of its scarcity. Wood rather soft, heavy, not strong, coarse-grained, pale yellow with wide sapwood. Used for cheap furniture, boxes, slack cooperage and fencing. = mm COND rt als } mK Thy a Prot/ 4, EN ais” wa ¥, Sica » yines? Osage Orange Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schn. [Toxylon pomiferum Raf.; Maclura aurantiaca Nutt. ] A twig showing staminate flowers and im- mature leaves x % A staminate flower, lateral view x 5 A twig showing pistillate flowers and im- mature leaves x %4 A pistillate flower. lateral view x 4 5. Portion of a twig with fruit x % o 6. Section of fruit showing seeds x % 7. Seed, lateral view x 2 8. Twig with short lateral spurs x % 9. Vigorous twig with lateral spines x % ve Le Trees of New York State 209 MORACEAE Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schn. [Toxylon pomiferum Raf.; Maclura aurantiaca Nutt.] Osage Orange Habit — A tree of medium size, within its natural range sometimes 50-60 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 2-3 feet, in New York State usually much smaller, often a large shrub. Trunk short, dividing a few feet from the ground into stout. ascending branches, the lower arching to form an open, rather irregular, round-topped head. Leaves — Alternate, narrowly ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 3-5 inches long, 2-3 inches wide, acuminate at the apex, rounded or somewhat cordate at the base, entire, at maturity thick, firm, dark green and lustrous above, paler, dull and slightly pubescent on the midribs below, borne on slender pubes- cent petioles 1144-2 inches long which exude a milky juice when broken. Flowers — Appearing during May and June when the leaves are about two- thirds grown, dioecious, the staminate in stout, globose, long-stalked racemes from the axils of the leaves crowded on short spurs, the pistillate sessile in short-stalked, dense, globose, many-flowered heads axillary on shoots of the year. Staminate flower slender-pedicelled. Calyx campanu- late, pubescent without, divided to the middle into 4 acute lobes. Sta- mens 4, inserted opposite the calyx-lobes, becoming exserted abruptly at anthesis. Calyx of pistillate flower obovate, pubescent above, cleft to the © base into 4 oblong, thick, concave lobes which are longer than the ovary and closely invest it. becoming fleshy and persisting in the fruit. Pistil consisting of an ovate, sessile, flattened, glabrous, green ovary surmounted by a long filiform style covered with white stigmatic hairs. Fruit— A multiple, short-stalked, spherical, yellowish green synearp, 4-5 inches in diameter sculptured on the surface by the persistent, fleshy peri- anth-tips, enclosing in its milky pulp the oblong, compressed, pale chest- nut-brown seeds. Winter characters — Twigs stout, tough, flexible, smooth, pale orange-brown, the more vigorous armed with stout, straight, axillary spines, the older twigs unarmed but bearing short, spur-like branches. Pith thick, orange- colored. Terminal bud absent. Lateral buds alternate, blunt, small, pale chestnut-brown and ciliate, party immersed in the bark. Mature bark thick, dark orange-colored, deeply furrowed. Habitat — In its natural range, preferring rich moist bottom-lands. Grown in the east under a variety of conditions as a hedge plant. Range — Southern Arkansas and Oklahoma south into northern Louisiana and eastern Texas. Extensively planted in eastern United States as a hedge plant. Zones B and C. Uses — Of no commercial importance in New York State. Wood heavy, very hard and strong, coarse-grained, durable, bright orange on fresh section with thin, pale sapwood. Used for fence posts, railroad ties, wheel hubs, and as a source of a yellow dye. The tree makes a good hedge plant if kept trimmed. Con Paper Mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent. [Morus papyrifera L.; Papyrius papyri- fera (L.) Kuntze.] . A twig showing staminate aments and im- 5. A twig showing mature feaves and fruit mature leaves x 1% x % A staminate flower, lateral view x 7 6. A druplet subtended by persisting calyx x 5 . A twig showing heads of pistillate flowers 7. Druplet, lateral view x 10 and immature leaves x % 8. Winter twig x % . A pistillate flower, lateral view x 7 ‘>, bx Trees of New York State 211 MORACEAE Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent. [Morus papyrifera L.; Papyrius papyri- fera (L.) Kuntze. ] Paper Mulberry Habit — A small or medium-sized tree 30-50 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 1—4 feet. Bole stout, in age often oddly gnarled and convo- luted. Crown wide-spreading, round-topped, consisting of many rather stout, densely hairy branches. Spreads freely by root-suckers. Leaves — Alternate, broadly ovate to oval, 3-8 inches long, acuminate at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, serrate, dentate on the margin or mitten-shaped or 3-lobed with oblique sinuses which are rounded or jagged at the bottom, at maturity dark green, dull and scabrous above, paler and velvety-tomentose below, borne on pubescent, terete petioles 2-4 inches long which exude a milky juice when broken. Flowers — Appearing in May or early June when the leaves are partly grown, inconspicuous, dioecious, the staminate in cylindrical, stalked, nodding aments, the pistillate in dense, globose heads. Calyx of staminate flower pubescent without, deeply 4-cleft, its lobes ovate, rounded and. spreading. Stamens 4, exserted, inserted opposite the lobes of the calyx. Rudimen- tary ovary present. Calyx of pistillate flower tubular, enclosing a stalked ovary which bears an exserted, laterally inserted, filiform style and ter- minal stigma. Fruit — Globular, loosely multiple, pedunculate, about 34 of an inch in diame- ter, consisting of many small, fleshy, red druplets, each exserted above a persistent calyx. Winter characters — Twigs medium stout, zigzag, greenish gray, pubescent or scabrous. Terminal bud absent. Lateral buds ovate, attenuate, divergent, greenish brown, about 4% of an inch long. Visible bud-seales 2-3. Mature bark nearly smooth, greenish gray marked by longitudinal, anastomosing, pale yellow lines, becoming gnarled and convoluted with age. Habitat — Waste places along roadsides, in abandoned fields, and about the habitations of man. Range — Introduced as an ornamental plant from eastern Asia and the neigh- boring islands. Now widely naturalized in the eastern states as far north as New York City. Zone A. Uses — The fibrous inner bark is an important source of paper-making mate- rial in China and Japan. Readily propagated by seeds or cuttings and extensively grown for ornament where the climate is not too rigorous. Wood soft, light, coarse-grained, easily worked. Of no importance in the United States. inflorescences and immature leaves x % staminate flower prior to anthesis, lat- eral view x 5 staminate flower at anthesis, to mp twig showing pistillate inflorescences and immature leaf x ¥ Sr =I Red Mulberry Morus rubra:L. A pistillate flower, lateral view x 5 A twig showing mature leaves and fruit x &% Fleshy calyx enclosing a nutiet, lateral view x 2 Nutlet, lateral view x 2 Winter twig x % Trees of New York State 213 MORACEAE Morus rubra L. Red Mulberry Habit — A tree of medium size, usually 30-50 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 1-1% feet, under optimum conditions in the Ohio and Missis- sippi valleys sometimes 70 feet tall. Trunk short, dividing near the ground into stout, ascending limbs to form a dense, broad, round-topped crown. Leaves — Alternate, broadly ovate to ovate-orbicular, 3-5 inches long, 2144-4 inches wide, acute at the apex, cordate at the base, singly or doubly ser- rate on the margin or mitten-shaped or 3-lobed with deep, broad, oblique, rounded sinuses, at maturity thin, membranous, veiny, dark bluish green and nearly smocth above, pale pubescent below, borne on stout petioles 34-14% inches long which exude a milky juice when broken. Flowers — Appearing in May and early June when the leaves are about half grown, chiefly dioecious, the staminate in cylindrical, pedunculate spikes from the axils of the inner bud-scales or lower leaves, the pistillate in oblong, sometimes androgynous, pedunculate, densely-flowered spikes from the upper leaf-axils. Staminate flower with deeply 4-lobed calyx, its lobes ovate, rounded, revolute toward the apex. Stamens 4, inserted opposite the calyx-lobes, at first included but straightening elastically at anthesis and becoming exserted. Pistillate flower with 4-parted calyx. Calyx- lobes ovate to obovate, pubescent above, the outer pair valvate and inclos- ing the others, becoming fleshy and closely investing the ovary in fruit. Pistil consisting of an ovate, flattened, glabrous, pale green ovary sur- mounted by a short style and 2 spreading white stigmas. Fruit— A fleshy, multiple, pedunculate, cylindrical syncarp, 1-114 inches long, maturing during July in New York, composed of many small drupes each enclosed in a fleshy calyx, at first greenish red, at maturity dark purple, juicy and edible. Nutlet ovoid, sharp-pointed, light brown. Winter characters — Twigs slender, slightly zigzag, smooth, semi-lustrous to dull, pale reddish or orange-brown, at length dark reddish brown. Ter- minal bud absent. Lateral buds alternate, ovate, rounded or biunitly pointed at the apex, somewhat divergent and laterally inclined, chestnut- brown, about 1% of an inch long. Mature bark thin, dark reddish brown, ith longitudinal, flaky plates. Habitat —Prefers deep moist soils along stream courses, in rich woods, anid on fertile slopes in admixture with other species. Range — Central New England, southern Ontario, west to Nebraska and Kansas, south to Florida and eastern Texas. Zones A, B, and C. Uses — Not an important timber species because of its mediocre size and scattered distribution in admixture with other species. Wood soft, light, weak, coarse-grained, durable in contact with the soil, pale orange turn- ing russet-brown with exposure to the light, with thick, lighter sapwood. Used for railroad ties, fence posts, loose cooperage and furniture. . A twig 3. A twig White Mulberry alba L. Morus showing staminate inflorescences and immature leaves x % 2. A staminate flower at anthesis, lateral sec- tional view x 95 showing pistillate inflorescences and immature leaves x % . A pistillate flower, lateral view x 5 A twig showing mature leaves and fruit x Wy . Fleshy calyx enclosing a nutlet, lateral o1/ 34% view X . Nutlet, lateral view x 10 Winter twig x % Trees of New York State bo — oO MORACEAE Morus alba L. White Mulberry Habit — A medium-sized tree 30-40 feet in height, with a trunk diameter of i-3 feet. Bole short, stout, often irreguiar, fluted and swollen at the base, branching low down into stout, ascending, wide-spreading limbs to form a low, broad, rounded crown. Leaves — Alternate, ovate to ovate-oval, 2-6 inches long, 1-3 inches wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded cr cordate at the base, serrate and variously lobed, at maturity thin, firm, smooth, light green and some- what lustrous above. paler and hairy along the prominent veins beneath, borne on slender, slightly hairy petioles *4-114 inches long which exude a milky juice when broken. Flowers — Appearing in May when the leaves are about half grown, dioecious, the staminate in cylindrical, pedunculate spikes %—*4 of an inch long from the axils of the leaves of the season, the pistillate in oblong, pedun- culate, densely-flowered spikes 43-35 of an inch long, from the upper leaf-axils. Staminate flower with deeply 4-lobed calyx, its lobes ovate, rounded, revolute toward the apex. Stamens 4, inserted opposite the lobes, at first included but straightening elastically at anthesis and becoming exserted. Pistillate flower with 4-parted calyx. Calyx-lobes ovate to obovate, the outer pair valvate and inclosing the others, becom- ing fleshy and closely investing the ovary in fruit. Pistil consisting of an ovate, flattened, glabrous, pale green ovary surmounted by a_ short style and 2 white stigmas. Fruit — A semi-fleshy, multiple, pedunculate, oval-oblong synearp, %5-*5 of an inch long, maturing in July or early August, composed of many small drupes, each inciosed in a fleshy calyx. At maturity the fruit is white or pale pinkish, and rather dry and insipid. Nutlet ovate, pointed light brown. Winter characters — Twigs slender, somewhat zigzag, swollen at the nodes, smooth, semi-lustrous, pale yellowish green to brownish gray, at length dark brown. Lateral twigs numerous, short, giving the crown a bushy, seraggly appearance. Terminal bud absent. Lateral buds alternate, broadly ovate, somewhat appressed and laterally inclined, chestnut-brown, about 4 of an inch long. Mature bark thin, pale yellowish brown, broadly fissured into long, somewhat wavy, blunt ridges. Habitat — Occurs as a ‘‘weed’’ tree on waste lands along fences and on rocky hillsides. Not exacting as to soil requirements. Range — Widely naturalized through the agency of birds in eastern North America from southern Canada southward. Originally introduced into this country in an endeavor to establish the silk industry, its leaves fur- nishing the favorite food of the silk worm. Zones A, B, and C. Uses — Of no economic significance in the United States. Widely grown in China, Japan, India and about the Mediterranean where the silk indus- try flourishes. Wood rather*hard and heavy, close-grained, pale yellowish brown, with thick, lighter sapwood. Durable in contact with the soil. Sweet! Bay, Swamp Bay, Sweet Magnolia Magnolia virginiana L. [Magnolia glauca L.] 1. A twig showing a flower, and mature and 5. Drupaceous seed, lateral sectional view immature leaves x %4 i x 1% 2. Lateral view of the flower, perianth re- 6. Seed with outer fleshy integument re moved x 1 moved x 1% 3. Cone-like fruit of coalescent follicles x 14 7. Winter twig x % 4. Drupaceous seed, lateral surface view x 1% Trees of New York State 217 MAGNOLIACEAE Magnolia virginiana L. [Magnolia glauca L.] Sweet Bay, Swamp Bay, Sweet Magnolia Habit — In our range a large shrub or slender tree 20-30 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 6—9 inches, farther south under optimum conditions occasionally 50-70 feet tall. Trunk short, slender, often swollen at the base. Branches erect, at length spreading to form an oblong or rounded crown. Leaves — Alternate, oblong to oval, 3-6 inches long, %-114 inches wide, obtuse or acute at both ends, entire, at maturity thick, dark green, smooth and lustrous above. minutely pubescent and pale glaucous below, borne on slender petioles 14—%4 of an inch long, falling in the north during the late autumn. Flowers — Appearing in the north over a period of several weeks in late May or early June, terminal, creamy-white, globular perfect, fragrant, 2-3 inches across. Sepals 3. membranaceous, obtuse, spreading, deciduous. Petals 9-12, obovate, obtuse, concave, erect, deciduous. Stamens numer- ous, inserted in many ranks on the base of the torus, apiculate, with short filaments, deciduous after anthesis. Pistils densely imbricated on the receptacle, each consisting of a fleshy ovary and short recurved style stigmatic on its inner surface. Fruit — Aggregate, cone-like, fleshy to dry, oval or irregular, about 2 inches long, consisting of many coherent scarlet follicles which open at maturity along the outer suture to release the fleshy seeds. Seed red, lustrous, drupaceous, compressed, about 14 of an inch long, suspended at maturity by a long, thin, funicular cord. Winter characters— Twigs rather slender, finely pubescent, bright green, at length reddish brown. Pith diaphragmed-stuffed. Buds alternate, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, bright green, pubescent, 144-34 of an inch long, covered by stipular bud-scales. Mature bark thin, light brown, smooth or covered with thin, appressed scales. Habitat — A moisture-loving species found in swamps, on moist bottom-lands, and along the shores of lakes and streams. Range — Eastern Massachusetts south along the coast to Florida and through the Gulf States to southwestern Arkansas and eastern Texas. Attains its largest size on the Flordia peninsula. Confined to Long Island and Staten Island in New York State. Zone A. Uses — Not a valuable timber species. Wood soft, light, rather coarse, pale brown tinged with red, with wide pale sapwood. Used locally in the south in the manufacture of wooden ware. The importance of the species lies rather in the ornamental value of hardy varieties and hybrids. Ha OO Cucumber Tree Magnolia acuminata L. . A twig showing flower and mature leaves x & Lateral view of the flower, perianth re- moved x 1 Cone-like fruit of coalescent follicles x % Drupaceous seed, lateral surface view x i}2 6 Drupaceous x 1% Seed with seed, outer moved x 1% Winter -twig x 14 lateral fleshy sectional integument view re- 7 * Trees of New York State 219 MAGNOLIACEAE Magnolia acuminata L. Cucumber Tree Habit — A large tree attaining under optimum conditions a height of 80-90 feet with a trunk diameter of 3-4 feet. In the open the bole is tapering and continuous through the pyramidal crown, the lateral limbs clothing the trunk nearly to the ground. Under forest conditions the slightly tapering trunk may be free of branches for 40-50 feet and the crown much restricted. Leaves — Alternate, oblong to oval 4-10 inches long. 2-6 inches wide, acute at the apex, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, entire, at maturity thin, dark green, smooth and glabrous above, paler and slightly pubescent beneath, borne on slender petioles 1-144 inches long, turning yellow in the autumn before falling. Flowers — Appearing in the North during May and early June, terminal, -glaucous-green tinged with yellow, campanulate, about 3 inches long, per- fect. Sepals 3, membranaceous. acute, shorter than the petals, at length reflexed and deciduous. Petals 6, obovate, acute, concave, erect, 2144-3 inches long, deciduous. Stamens numerous, inserted in many ranks on the base of the torus, apiculate, with short filaments and pale yellow anthers, deciduous after anthesis. Pistils densely imbricated on the receptacle, each consisting of a fleshy ovary and short, recurved style stigmatic on its inner surface. Fruit — Aggregate cone-like, somewhat fleshy, oblong or ovoid, usually curved, glabrous, 2-214 inches long, consisting of many coherent, dark red follicles which open at maturity along the outer suture to release the fleshy seeds. Seed scarlet, drupaceous, compressed, about 34 of an inch long, suspended at maturity by a long, thin, funicular cord. Winter characters— Twigs rather slender, lustrous, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, bright reddish brown, at length gray. Pith diaphragmed- stuffed. Terminal bud ovate-oblong, acute, somewhat curved, densely covered with pale silky hairs, 75-45 of an inch long. Lateral buds smaller, blunt, nearly surrounded by the leaf-scar. Bud-scales stipular, valvate. Mature bark thin, dark grayish brown, separated by long fur- rows into scaly ridges. Habitat — Usually found in rich woods on moist slopes and along stream courses. Range — Central New York westward through southern Ontario to southern Tilinois, southward along the Appalachian Mountains into the Gulf States and Arkansas. Zones B and C. Uses — A timber species of some importance. Wood light, soft, close-grained, brittle, pale yellowish brown with thin, yellowish white sapwood. Not distinguished in the trade from that of the Yellow Poplar and used for similar purposes. The tree is also grown ornamentally in eastern United States and abroad. ‘Ve ay ( i Yah ” KG By 4g | k 1" ty > SSS SS Yellow Poplar, Tulip Tree Liriodendron tulipifera L. 1. A twig showing a flower, and mature and immature leaves x 14 2. Lateral view of the flower, several petals removed x % Aggregate cone of, samaroids, lateral view x 4 4. A samaroid from the cone, lateral view x 1 5. Winter twig x Trees of New York State 221 MAGNOLIACEAE Liriodendron tulipifera L. Yellow Poplar, Tulip Tree Habit — One of the largest trees of the eastern states, in the south commonly 150 feet in height with a straight trunk 5-6 feet through* and free of branches for 60-80 feet, in New York State usually 50-80 feet tall with a trunk diameter of 2-3 feet. In the open the crown is narrowly pyra- midal or oblong. the branches extending to within 8-10 feet of the ground. Trees in the forest have flat, wide-spreading crowns borne aloft on tall, straight, naked trunks. Leaves — Alternate, broadly ovate to orbicular, 5-6 inches long and broad, truncate or broadly notched at the apex, rounded or slightly cuneate at the base, sinuately 4-lobed, at maturity dark green, smooth and lustrous above, dull green and paler below, borne on slender angled petioles 5-6 inches long. Flowers — Appearing during May and June after the leaves, terminal, soli- tary, greenish yellow with orange markings, cup-shaped, 2-5 inches wide, 1-114 inches deep, perfect. Sepals 3, ovate-lanceolate, greenish white, at length reflexed and early deciduous. Petals 6, broadly ovate, rounded, erect, light green marked with orange at the base, deciduous. Stamens numerous, inserted in many ranks on the base of the torus, with filiform filaments and linear yellow anthers, deciduous after anthesis. Pistils densely imbricated on the elongated receptacle, each consisting of a 1-celled ovary surmounted by an acuminate and laterally compressed style and short recurved stigma. Fruit — A light brown cone, 2-3 inches long, composed of many closely imbricated, indehiscent carpels (samaroids). Carpels dry, woody, con- sisting of a laterally compressed. 4-ribbed pericarp and large, persistent, winged style, falling during the autumn and winter from the persistent, upright cone-axis. Seed solitary by abortion. Winter characters Twigs rather stout, smooth, lustrous, somewhat glau- cous, reddish brown, at length dark gray. Pith diaphragmed-stuffed. Terminal bud oblong, compressed, obtuse, dark red, glaucous and white- punctate, 144-1 inch long, the scales stipular and valvate in pairs. Lateral buds similar, divergent, sometimes superposed or terminal on short spurs, %-l4 of an inch long. Mature bark thick, brown, with long shallow furrows and rounded ridges. Habitat — Prefers deep moist soil in admixture with other species. Occurs along streams, on bottom-lands, and on moist mountain slopes. Range — Rhode Island and southwestern Vermont westward through Ontario to Wisconsin, south to Florida and Arkansas. Zones A, B and C. Uses — A valuable timber species producing the Yellow Poplar or White- wood of commerce. Wood light, soft, brittle, weak, straight-grained, pale greenish yellow or brown with thin, nearly white sapwood. Largely manufactured into lumber and used where a soft, easily-worked wood is required. The tree is widely cultivated in the east and abroad for its ornamental value. * Trees are known which have reached a height of 200 feet with a trunk diameter of 8—10 feet. _ Vie CO ' nal Be ee twig s S Sy S& —— Fapaw Asimina triloba Dunal. [Anona triloba L.] howing flowers leaves x 14 flower, stamen, stamen, lateral sectional view x 2 »? dorsal view x ventral view x and immature 7. Fruit, surface and sectional views x 4 pistil, lateral sectional view x 3 mature leaf x % 4 8. Portion of twig showing lateral bud and leaf-scar x 1 9. Mature seed enclosed in its aril x 1 10. Mature seed x 11. Winter twig x % Trees of New York State 223 ANONACEAE Asimina triloba Dunal. [Anona triloba L.] Papaw Habit — A shrub or small tree 20-40 feet in height with a maximum trunk diameter of 12 inches. Bole short and slender. Branches slender, spread- ‘ing, forming a rather broad, high crown. This species often forms dense thickets in the shade of other trees. Leaves — Alternate, obovate-lanceolate, 4-12 inches long, 2-6 inches wide, sharply acute at the apex, tapering gradually at the base, entire, at maturity dull green and glabrous above, paler and glabrous below, borne on a snort, stout petiole 1%-%4 of an inch long. Flowers — Appearing in our range in late May and June, with the leaves but usually below them on the twigs, axillary, solitary, perfect, at maturity reddish purple, 1144-2 inches in diameter, borne on short, stout, hairy, brown pedicels. Sepals 3, ovate, pale green, densely pubescent on the outer surface. Petals 6, purple, reticulate-venulose, the 3 outer broadly ovate and reflexed above the middle and much longer than the sepals, the 3 inner smaller, erect, nectariferous at the base. Stamens numerous, densely packed on the receptacle. Pistils sessile on the summit of the receptacle, projecting above the stamens, each consisting of a l-celled ovary and sessile stigma. Fruit — An oblong-cylindrie or oval, somewhat faleate, smooth, green berry. becoming dark brown, pulpy and edible at maturity. Seeds dark brown, lustrous, ovate-oblong and compressed, about 1 inch long and half as wide, enclosed in an aril, horizontally imbedded in the fleshy pulp. Winter characters — Twigs rather slender, quite glabrous, thickened at the nodes, reddish brown and marked with narrow, shallow grooves. Buds alternate, naked, rusty brown, tomentose. Leaf-buds slender, somewhat flattened, the lateral buds closely appressed toe the twig and set in the notch of the leaf-scar. Flower-buds lateral, spherical in outline, divergent. Pith smail, white. Mature bark thin, close, dark brown, slightly scaly at the surface. Habitat — Prefers moist sites along streams in rich bottom-land forests and on low, fertile slopes. Very tolerant of shade. At its optimum range often forming the bulk of the undergrowth under other species but in New York State usually in small isolated groups. Range — Western New York westward through southern Michigan to eastern Kansas, south to Florida and eastern Texas. Zone B. Uses — Of no timber value because of its small size and the character of the wood. The edible fruit is sold in the regions where the tree abounds but is not grown commercially. The species possesses some ornamental value. ( \ ) fir Ay SS. : Ay) ag =, Ww N % aN es DE “> - ‘ 4 4 ‘ —= "y f Sassafras Sassafras variifolium (Salisb.) Ktze. [Sassafras Sassafras Karst. ; Sassafras officinale Nees. and Eberm. ] 1. A twig showing immature leaves and 4. A pistillate flower, lateral sectional view staminate flowers x 1 r 3 = je 2. A staminate flower, lateral sectional view 5. A branch showing mature leaves and fruit Xie b x Drupe, lateral sectional view x 2 7. Pit, lateral view x 2 8. Winter twig x % 3. A twig showing immature leaves and pis- 6. tillate flowers x 1 T Ee Trees of New York State bo ~) Or LAURACEAE Sassafras variifolium (Salisb.) Ktze. [Sassafras Sassafras Karst.; Sassafras officinale Nees. and Eberm.] Sassafras Habit — A medium-sized tree, commonly 40-50 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 1-3 feet, generally shrubby at the northern limits of its range, in the south occasionally 100 feet tall. Trunk short, stout, soon breaking up into many stout, more or less abruptly spreading and con- torted branches to form a flat-topped or rounded-oblong, bushy crown. Leaves — Alternate, ovate or obovate, 4—6 inches long, 2-4 inches wide, entire and acute at the apex or 2—3-lobed, the lobes broadly ovate and acute with broad, rounded sinuses. At maturity the leaves are thin, dull dark green above, paler and glabrous or pubescent below, burne on slender petioles, %4-1% inches long. Flowers — Appearing in May with the leaves, dioecious, borne in lax, pilose, few-flowered racemes from the axils of large, obovate bud-scales. Calyx pale yellowish green, divided nearly to the base into 6 narrow obovate lobes. Stamens 9, inserted in 3 sets on the margin of the calyx-tube, those of the inner set with orange-colored glands at the base and reduced in the staminate flowers to orange-colored staminodia. Anthers opening by 4 pores. Pistil consisting of a 1-celled, light green, glabrous ovary, a slender curved style and a capitate stigma. Fruit — An oblong, 1-seeded, dark blue, lustrous berry, %-34 of an inch long, borne upright on a bright red, club-shaped, fleshy stem which is terminated by the fleshy, obscurely 6-lobed calyx-limb in which the fruit rests, falling soon after maturity from the persisting stalk. Winter characters — Twigs slender, smooth and lustrous or somewhat downy, rather brittle, spicy-aromatic, light yellowish green, at length reddish brown. Vigorous shoots branch freely the first season. Inner bark mu- cilaginous. Pith large, white. Terminal bud ovate, acute, green, 14-% of an inch long. Lateral buds smaller and divergent. Mature bark thick, reddish brown, with deep furrows and flat-topped ridges crossed by horizontal cracks. Habitat — Prefers a rich, sandy loam but thrives in a variety of sites along fences, in abandoned pastures, and in open, hardwood forests. Range — Central New England west through southern Ontario, southern Michigan to Towa and eastern Kansas, south to Florida and eastern Texas. Zones A, B and C. Uses — Not an important timber species. Wood soft, brittle, coarse-grained, aromatic, dull orange-brown with pale yellow sapwood, very durable in contact with the soil. Used for fence posts, pails, in cooperage, ete. The oil of sassafras which is used to scent soap and liniment, is distilled from the roots and bark of this species. 8 > 3. A pistillate flower, lateral view x 6 Sweet Gum, Bilsted, Red Gum Liquidambar A twig showing staminate and pistillate inflorescences, and immature leaves x 1% A stamen, lateral view x 6 Styraciflua L. 4. A branch showing mature leaves and fruit x % 5. Winged seed, lateral view x 2 6. Winter twig x % 7. Portion of twig with corky wings x 1 Trees of New York State 227 HAMAMELIDACEAE Liquidambar Styraciflua L. Sweet Gum, Bilsted, Red Gum Habit — An important timber species, usually 40-80 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 2-3 feet, under optimum conditions sometimes 150 feet tall with a trunk 4-5 feet through. Bole tapering, continuous into the crown. Crown at first pyramidal and symmetrical, becoming narrowly oblong in older trees. Leaves — Alternate, nearly orbicular, 3-6 inches in diameter, truncate or cordate at the base, deeply 5—7-lobed and palmately veined, the lobes acuminate, widely divergent (stellate), finely glandular, serrate. At maturity the leaves are thin, smooth, lustrous and bright green above, green and smooth below except for tufts of rufous hairs in the vein axils, borne on slender petioles 5-7 inches long. Flowers — Appearing in our range during May on the growth of the season when the leaves are about one-third grown, monoecious, borne in capitate heads, subtended by 4 deciduous bracts. Staminate heads about 4 of an inch in diameter, borne in terminal racemes. Staminate flowers with- out calyx or corolla. Stamens indefinite, interspersed among minute scales. Pistillate heads about half an inch in diameter, borne solitary on long peduncles from the axils of the upper leaves. Pistillate flowers interspersed among long-armed scales. Calyx obconic. Stamens 4, inserted on the summit of the calyx, usually sterile. Pistil consisting of an inferior ovary surmounted by 2 elongated, recurved, persisting, subu- late styles stigmatic on the inner surface. Ovules numerous, Fruit — A long-stalked, globose, light brown, aggregate head, 1-1% inches in diameter, consisting of many imbedded, woody capsules, each capped by the 2 horn-like, wide-spreading, woody styles. The fruits mature in autumn but persist far into the winter. Fertile seeds angular, winged, light brown, seldom more than one to a capsule. Sterile seeds numerous, resembling sawdust, rattling out of the capsules along with the fertile seeds at maturity. Winter characters — Twigs rather stout, glabrous, somewhat angled and lus- trous, roughened by dark, raised lenticels, light orange to reddish brown, becoming darker the second season and often developing characteristic corky wings. Pith pale brown, rather large and angular. Buds ovate to conical, obtuse or acute, lustrous orange-brown, 4—% of an inch in length, fragrant when crushed. Mature bark thick, dark reddish brown, with deep furrows and broad, flat-topped, scaly ridges. Habitat — A bottom-land species preferring the deep, rich, moist soils of river flats and the borders of swamps and lakes where the ground is inundated for a period each year. An intolerant species usually forming open, even- aged groves, or in admixture with other species. Range — Southern Connecticut westward through Pennsylvania to southern Missouri, south to Florida and eastern Texas. Zone A. Uses — A ‘‘weed’’ tree occupying sites suited for other more valuable species or for agriculture, but producing a fair grade of lumber. Wood medium soft, rather heavy, straight- and close-grained, weak, dark reddish brown and streaked, with thin, nearly white sapwood. Widely used for loose cooperage, veneer, boxes, crates, woodenware and for interior finish as a substitute for Circassian Walnut under the trade name of Satin Walnut. The tree is also grown ornamentally. He COLO Sycamore, Buttonwood, Plane Tree Platanus occidentalis L. A twig showing staminate and pistillate inflorescences, and immature leaves x 1% A staminate flower, lateral view x 5 A pistillate flower, lateral view x 5 A branch showing mature leaves and fruit x &% 6 An achene with pappus-wing x = A twig-node showing persistent bud, and hollow leaf-stalk x 1 Winter twig x % ° > stipules, i] Trees of New York State 229 PLATANACEAE Platanus occidentalis L. Sycamore, Buttonwood, Plane Tree Habit — The most massive tree of eastern North America, commonly 50-100 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 3-8 feet, under optimum condi- tions sometimes 150-170 feet tall with a trunk diameter of 11 feet. Bole erect or often declined, tapering, continuous through the oblong head or soon breaking up near the ground into several large, massive limbs to form a broad, rounded, irrregular crown. Leaves — Alternate, broadly ovate or orbicular, 4—7 inches in diameter, truncate, slightly cordate or cuneate at the base, shallowly 3-5 lobed and palmately veined, the lobes broad, acuminate, sinuately dentate with remote acuminate teeth, or entire. At maturity the leaves are thin, firm, smooth and bright green above, paler and white-woolly below on the principal veins, borne on stout petioles 121% inches long. Flowers — Appearing on the growth of the season during May when the leaves are about one-fourth grown, monoecious, borne in capitate heads. Staminate heads dark red, about 14 of an inch in diameter, borne axillary on long, stout, woolly peduncles. Perianth of 3-5 minute sepals and petals. Stamens 3-6, nearly sessile, with yellow, clavate anthers. Pistil- late heads pale green tinged with red, about 14 of an inch in diameter, borne terminally on long, stout, woolly peduncles. Perianth of 3--6 sepals and petals. Pistils as many as the sepals, superior, surrounded by a like number of spatulate staminodia, each consisting of an ovate- oblong ovary surrounded at the base by long pale hairs which persist in fruit, and long, tapering, bright red styles stigmatic along the ventral suture. Fruit — A spherical, brown, aggregate head, about 1 inch in diameter, borne on a long, smooth peduncle 24%4—-6 inches long, consisting of many closely- compacted, clavate, 1-seeded nutlets, each crowned by the remains of the persistent style and furnished with a ring of bristly hairs about the base. The heads mature in the late autumn but persist on the branches into the winter and following spring. Winter characters — Twigs rather stout, smooth, somewhat lustrous, zigzag, enlarged at the nodes and encircled by stipule-scars, dark orange-brown, at length light gray. Pith white and rather broad. Terminal bud absent. Lateral buds divergent, conical, obtuse, lustrous, reddish brown, %4—%< of an inch long, subpetiolar until leaf-fall. Mature bark at base of trunk thick, dark brown, deeply furrowed with broad ridges which peel off as dark brown scales. On young trunks or large limbs the bark is much thinner and flakes off during the early summer in large plates, exposing a whitish, yellowish, or greenish inner bark. Habitat — Thrives best along river banks and on rich, moist bottom-lands but will grow in rather dry soils. Attains its best development in the Ohio and Mississippi River basins. Range — Southern Maine westward through southern Ontario and Michigan to Minnesota and Nebraska, south to Florida and eastern Texas. Zones A, B and C. Uses — A timber species of secondary importance. Wood hard, heavy, weak, coarse-grained not durable, light brown with pale yellowish sapwood. Used for crates, tobacco boxes, butchers’ blocks and for interior finish as quartered sycamore. Occasionally planted ornamentally. Pear Pyrus communis L. A twig showing flowers and immature 4. A branch with mature leaves and fruit x % | ls leaves x %4 5. Fruit, lateral sectional view x % 2. A flower, lateral sectional view x 2 6. Seed, lateral view x 2 | 3, A branch with mature leaves x 1% 7. Winter twig x 14 eae Trees of New York State 231 ROSACEAE Pyrus communis L. Pear Habit — A slow-growing, long-lived tree attaining under optimum conditions a height of 75 feet with a trunk diameter of 2 feet, usually much smaller in cultivation. Bole straight, continuous into the crown, bearing short, stout, ascending branches which form an oblong or pyramidal crown. Leaves — Alternate, ovate-oblong to oval or obovate, 2-4 inches long, %4-11%4 inches wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, obtuse or rounded at the base, finely serrate or entire, at maturity thick, smooth, dark green and lustrous above, paler and smooth below, borne on slender petioles 114-4 inches long. Flowers — Appearing in April and May with the leaves, perfect, 94-1 inch in diameter, borne on slender, usually downy pedicels in few- or many- flowered, umbel-like cymes on short spur-like branches of the previous season. Calyx gamosepalous, urn-shaped, pubescent, 5-lobed, the lobes acuminate, as long as the tube and ciliate on the margin. Petals white, broadly obovate, rounded at the apex, contracted at the base, inserted with the stamens on the calyx-tube. Stamens about 20, shorter than the petals. Pistil consisting of an inferior 5-celled ovary and 5 styles which are connate at the base and bear capitate stigmas. Fruit — A pyriform or subglobose, waxy-green pome, about 2 inches long in the wild form, marked at the top by the persistent calyx-lobes and stamen- filaments, borne on a slender stalk about 1 inch long, ripening and turn- ing yellowish green in the autumn. Flesh in the wild form rather dry, sour, permeated with grit cells. Carpels coriaceous, enclosing 2 lustrous brown seeds. Winter characters— Twigs stout, nearly smooth and somewhat lustrous, brownish red with scattered, pale yellow lenticels. Short spinescent twigs commonly present. In addition fruiting-trees have stout, slow-growing fruit spurs marked by numerous leaf-scars. Terminal buds conical, sharply acute, smooth or slightly pubescent at the tip, chestnut-brown, about 144 of an inch long. Mature bark thin, grayish brown, at first smooth, at length dissected by shallow fissures into broad, flat, scaly ridges. Habitat — Thickets, open woods, fence rows, old pastures and waste lands, occurring as an escape. Seeds often disseminated by cattle which eat the acidulous fruit. Range — Native to Eurasia but now widely cultivated in its various varieties for its fruit throughout the temperate regions of the world. Widely naturalized in the northeastern states as an escape. Zones A, B, and C. Uses — Not a timber species. Wood hard, heavy, strong, close-grained, red- dish brown with paler sapwood. Used occasionally for tool handles, knife handles, wood engraving, and for fuel. The value of the species lies in its horticultural and ornamental varieties, Sweet Crab, Fragrant Crab, American Crab Apple Pyrus coronaria L. [Malus coronaria (.) Maill.] 1. A twig showing flowers and immature 4. Fruit, lateral sectional view x 1 leaves x 4 5. Seed, lateral view x 2 2. A flower, lateral sectional view x 2 6. Winter twig x % A braneh showing mature leaves and fruit x % 2 Oe Trees of New York State 233 ROSACEAE Pyrus coronaria L. [Malus coronaria (L.) Mill.] Sweet Crab, Fragrant Crab, American Crab Apple Habit — A bushy shrub or small tree 20-30 feet in height with a trunk 6-14 inches in diameter. Trunk short, dividing 8-10 feet above the ground into several stout, wide-spreading limbs to form a broad, round-topped, bushy crown. Leaves — Alternate, ovate or nearly triangular, 3-4 inches long, 14-2% inches broad, sharply acute at the apex, rounded or acute at the base, the margin incised-serrate with gland-tipped teeth or 3-lobed, at maturity thin, smooth, dark green above, pale green and glabrous or slightly pilose below, borne on slender petioles 144-2 inches long. Flowers — Perfect, fragrant, 144-2 inches in diameter, long-pedicellate, appearing during May and early June when the leaves are nearly grown in 5-6-flowered, terminal umbels. Calyx urn-shaped, white-tomentose, 5-lobed, the lobes long, acute, subulate-tipped, spreading, hairy on the upper side, persistent in the fruit. Petals rosy-white, obovate, rounded at the apex, clawed at the base, entire or crenulate-serrate, inserted with the stamens on the calyx-tube. Stamens usually 20, shorter than the petals, the filaments united into a tube at the base. Pistil consisting of an inferior 5-celled ovary, 5 filiform styles which are hairy and somewhat united below, and a like number of capitate stigmas. Fruit — A depressed-globose, glaucous-green pome, 114-2 inches in diameter, borne on a long, slender stalk, ripening in late autumn and becoming yellowish green and fragrant. Flesh very tart. Seeds chestnut-brown, lustrous. Winter characters — Twigs rather stout, pale-lenticellate, glabrous or slightly pubescent, reddish brown. In the second year they become light brown and develop short, stout spurs or sharp spines. Buds ovate, obtuse or acute on the more vigorous shoots, bright red, %-%4 of an inch long. Mature bark thin, reddish brown, divided by shallow fissures into broad, flat-topped, scaly ridges. Habitat — In rich moist soil, in copses, open woods and along fences, occa- sionally forming thickets of limited extent. Range — Central New York westward through Ontario and Michigan to southern Minnesota, south into the Gulf States. Uses — Not a timber species. The acid fruit is sometimes made into preserves. The species has ornamental value because of its showy, fragrant flowers. Apple Pyrus Malus L. [Malus Malus (L.) Britt.] 1. A twig showing flowers and immature 4. Fruit, lateral sectional view x %4 leaves x 1% ; 5. Seed, lateral view x 3 . A flower, lateral sectional view x 2 6. Winter twig x % » 38. A branch with mature leaves and fruit x %4 bo St) Ol Trees of New York State ROSACEAE Pyrus Malus L. [Malus Malus (L.) Britt.] Apple Habit — A small tree 30-50 feet in height with a short trunk 1-3 feet in diameter which breaks up a few feet above the ground into stout, wide- spreading limbs to form a broad, rounded head. Leaves — Alternate, ovate to oval, 34-3 inches long, blunt or abruptly pointed at the apex, rounded or somewhat heart-shaped at the base, irregularly serrate or entire, at maturity thick, dark dull green and quite glabrous above, close white-woolly beneath, borne on stout, hairy petioles, %4-2 inches long. Flowers — Appearing during May and June when the leaves are about one- third grown, perfect, 1-2 inches in diameter, borne on stout woolly pedi- cels in terminal, few-flowered cymes. Calyx gamosepalous, urn-shaped, woolly, 5-lobed, the lobes narrowly triangular and acute, reflexed, per- sistent in the fruit. Petals white or pinkish white, obovate, rounded at the apex, clawed at the base, inserted with the stamens on the calyx- tube. Stamens about 20, shorter than the petals, the stout filaments bearing yellowish or purple anthers. Pistil consisting of an inferior 5- celled ovary and 5 filiform, hairy styles, each terminated by a capitate stigma. Fruit— A depressed-globose, waxy-green pome, 1-3 inches in diameter, marked at the top by the persistent calyx-lobes, borne on a slender stalk 1-11% inches long, ripening and turning yellowish green or reddish in the autumn. Flesh coarse and sour. Seeds chestnut-brown, lustrous. Winter characters — Twigs rather stout, sparingly pubescent or smooth, red- dish or purplish brown, at length dark grayish brown and smooth. Fruit- spurs short, stout, roughened by numerous leaf-scars. Buds ovate, obtuse, tomentose, grayish white, %—'4 of an inch long. Mature bark thin, grayish brown, sloughing off in small, thin, irregular scales. Habitat — A ‘‘weed’’ tree growing as an escape on a wide variety of sites in pastures, thickets, and along fences and roadsides. Seeds often dissemi- nated by cattle which eat the sour fruit. Range — Supposed to have come originally from southeastern Europe and western Asia but cultivated since early times in the Old and New World. Widely naturalized in the eastern United States as an escape. Zones A, B, Cand. D: Uses — Not a timber species. Wood hard, strong, close-grained, reddish brown with thin, pale sapwood. Used for firewood and occasionally for tool handles. The importance of the species lies in its horticultural value as the stock from which the various varieties of cultivated apples have been derived. Dwarf- and double-flowered forms are grown ornamentally. American Mountain Ash Pyrus americana (Marsh.) DC. [Sorbus americana Marsh.] 1. A branch showing inflorescence and ma- 4. Fruit, lateral sectional view x 3 ture leaves x 1% ny. Seed, lateral view x 5 2 A flower, lateral sectional view x 5 G. Winter twig x % 5. A fruit cluster, lateral view x 1% Trees of New York State 230 ROSACEAE Pyrus americana (Marsh.) DC. [Sorbus americana Marsh. ] American Mountain Ash Habit — A small tree 20-30 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 4-12 inches, often a shrub propagating by means of root-suckers. Trunk short, breaking up a few feet above the ground into spreading, slender branches to form a narrow, round-topped head. Leaves — Alternate, odd-pinnately compound, 6-8 inches long, consisting of 13-17 sessile or nearly sessile leaflets arranged in pairs along a slender petiole, the terminal leaflet stalked. Leaflets lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, rounded or cuneate and inequilateral at the base, serrate, 2-3 inches long, %-%, of an inch broad, at maturity thin, glabrous and dark yellowish green above, paler below. Flowers — Appearing during May and June after the leaves are fully grown, perfect, about 4% of an inch in diameter, borne on short, stout pedicels in flat, compound cymes 2-3 inches in diameter. Calyx gamosepalous, obconic, puberulous, 5-lobed, the lobes short, triangular and tipped with minute glands. Petals white, orbicular, short-clawed, inserted with the stamens on the calyx-tube. Stamens about 20, exserted, with purplish anthers. Pistil consisting of a 3-celled, inferior ovary surmounted by 3 distinct styles with capitate stigmas. Fruit — A stalked, globose, berry-like, bright red pome, about 44 of an inch in diameter, marked at the top by the persistent calyx-lobes, ripening in the autumn and persisting until the following spring unless devoured by birds. Flesh thin, acrid. Seeds light chestnut-brown, about 4% of an inch long. Winter characters — Twigs rather stout, glabrous, somewhat glaucous, gray- ish to reddish brown, at length dark brown. Terminal bud ovate to broadly conical, somewhat curved, gummy and somewhat pilose without, dense-woolly within, dark purplish red, 4—% of an inch long. Lateral buds smaller, somewhat flattened and closely appressed. Mature bark thin, light gray, smooth or somewhat scaly. Habitat — Prefers open, moist sites along lake shores, mountain streams, the margins of peat bogs and in damp woods, but thrives in drier situations on the thin soils of ledges and rocky hillsides. Range — Newfoundland and southern Labrador westward to Manitoba, south- ward into the northern border states and along the Appalachian moun- tains to North Carolina. Zones C, D, and E. Uses — Of no commercial importance. The tree has ornamental value, espe- cially the ‘‘decora’’ variety, and is occasionally cultivated in the north- eastern states and southern Canada. The inner bark and fruit possess some medicinal qualities. At | Wee < % A ae) 09 Sao , if as Py £e ( European Mountain Ash, Rowan Tree Pyrus Aueuparia (L.) Ehrh. [Sorbus Aucuparia L.] 1. A branch showing inflorescence and ma- 4. Fruit, lateral sectional view x 2 ture leaves x % 5. Seed, lateral view x 3 2 A flower, lateral sectional view x 2% 6. Winter twig x % 3. A fruit cluster, lateral view x % Trees of New York State 239 ROSACEAE Pyrus Aucuparia (L.) Ehrh. [Sorbus Aucuparia L.] European Mountain Ash, Rowan Tree Habit — A small, quick-growing tree, usually 20-40 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 6—15 inches, under optimum conditions occasionally 60 feet tall, at the northern limits of its range in Eurasia often reduced to a small shrub. Trunk short, separating a few feet above the ground into stout, spreading branches to form a rounded crown. Leaves — Alternate, odd-pinnately compound, 6-10 inches long, consisting of 9-15 sessile or nearly sessile leaflets arranged in pairs along a slender hairy petiole, the terminal leaflet stalked. Leaflets oblong to oblong- lanceolate, blunt or short-pointed at the apex, rounded and inequilateral at the base, serrate, 4-2 inches long, 4-24 of an inch broad, at matur- ity dull green and somewhat pubescent above, paler and sparingly tomen-- tose beneath. Flowers — Appearing in June or July after the leaves are fully grown, per- fect, about 14 of an inch in diameter, borne on short pedicels in compact, woolly cymes 4-6 inches in diameter. Calyx gamosepalous, obeconic, with short, acute, pubescent lobes. Petals white, orbicular, short-clawed, inserted with the stamens on the calyx-tube. Stamens about 20, as long as the petals. Pistil 3-5-celled with a like number of distinct styles and capitate stigmas. Fruit — A stalked, globose, berry-like, bright red pome, about 44 of an inch in diameter, marked at the top by the persistent calyx-lobes, ripening in the autumn and persisting into the winter unless devoured by birds. Seeds chestnut-brown, about 4% of an inch long. Winter characters — Twigs rather stout, pubescent, grayish brown, at length dark brown. Terminal bud evate, white-villous-tomentose, dark purplish red, %4-% of an inch long. Lateral buds smaller, somewhat flattened, closely appressed. Mature bark thin, dark gray, smooth or somewhat sealy. Habitat — Widely planted in the northeastern states around the habitations of man as a shade and ornamental tree. The fruit is devoured by birds and wild trees thus sown are occasionally found along fences, in upland bogs, and around the borders of swamps. Range — Through northern Europe to Western Asia and Siberia. Naturalized in the northeastern states and eastern Canada. Zones B and C. Uses — Chiefly an ornamental species because of its showy white flowers and large clusters of bright red fruit which persist into the late fall and winter. - Grown widely in the United States as a park tree, especially the various horticultural varieties. Wood hard, heavy, close-grained, light brown with paler sapwood. Used occasionally in the Old World for tool handles, agricultural implements, ete. | Shad Bush, Serviceberry, Juneberry Amelanchier canadensis (l.) (Medie. Fruit, lateral sectional view x 2% 1. A twig showing flowers and immature 4, ieaves x 1 5. Seed, lateral view x 5 2 A flower, lateral sectional view x 4 6G. Winter twig x 4% 3. Bra neh showing mature leaves and fruit x % Trees of New York State 241 ROSACEAE Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medic.* Shad Bush, Serviceberry, Juneberry Habit — A small tree 20-30 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 6-12 inches, occasionally under optimum conditions 50 feet tall, at times shrubby and fastigiately branched. Trunk long, slender, usually straight and with slight taper. Crown narrow, oblong, round-topped, dense with many slender branches. Leaves — Alternate, obovate to oblong or ovate-oval, 134-4 inches long, 4-2 inches wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, cordate or rounded at the base, sharply and somewhat doubly serrate, at maturity thick, firm, glabrous, dull dark green above, paler and slightly pubescent on the veins beneath, borne on slender petioles %-—1 inch long. Flowers — Appearing in April and May when the leaves are about one-third grown, perfect, 4-1 inch broad, borne on slender bibracteolate pedicels 1%—] inch long in erect or lax, tomentose racemes 3-4 inches long. Calyx- tube campanulate, quite smooth, 5-lobed, the lobes oblong-triangular, acute or obtuse, tomentose at least above. Petals white, linear-oblong or some- what obovate, rounded or obtuse at the apex, inserted on the calyx-tube, 4-44 of an inch long. Stamens usually 20, shorter than the petals, the subulate filaments bearing oblong yellow anthers. Ovary smooth, inferior, 5-celled. Styles 3-5, connate below, bearing terminal stigmas. Fruit — A globose, berry-like, glaucous, bright red pome, 4%-%4 of an inch in diameter, marked at the apex by the persistent calyx-lobes and stamen- filaments, borne on slender pedicels *4-114 of an inch long, ripening in June or July and turning purplish red. Flesh dry, rather tasteless. Seeds numerous, small. Winter characters— Twigs slender, somewhat zigzag, smooth but usually covered with a thin, grayish, evanescent outer layer, reddish brown with small minute lenticels, at length dark reddish brown. Terminal bud narrowly ovate to conical, acuminate, greenish or purplish brown, hairy at the apex and along the scale-margins, %4—'% of an inch long. Lateral buds on vigorous twigs normal, smaller than the terminal bud, somewhat divergent. On slow-growing twigs the lateral buds are often rudimentary. Mature bark thin, smooth, grayish brown, on older trees divided by shallow fissures in narrow, scaly, longitudinal ridges. Habitat — Dry banks and hillsides, open upland woods and limestone ridges, seemingly preferring calcareous soils. Range — New Hampshire westward to Iowa, Kansas and Missouri, southward to Georgia and Louisiana. Zones A, B, and C. Uses — Not a timber species because of its small size. Wood hard, heavy, strong, close-grained, dark brown often tinged with red, with thick, paler sapwood. Occasionally used for tool handles and in the manufacture of fishrods. The showy white flowers which appear in dense masses in early spring before the leaves have become green, render this species of orna- mental value. The fruit is a favorite food of birds. * A second arborescent species of Amelanchier, A. laevis Wieg., has been reported as occurring within the borders of New York State. This is found in moist, more protected places in revines and gorges, seeming to avoid excessive isolation, and dif- fers from A. canadensis in that the foliage has a bronze cast at blossom time (in contrast to the white-tomentose foliage of the other form), in its looser racemes with longer flower pedicels and petals, and in the larger, longer-stalked fruit. Thorn Apple, Hawthorn Crataegus pedicellata Sarg. 1. A twig showing flowers and immature 4. Fruit in section showing nutlets x 1% es x 5. Nutlet, lateral surface view x 2 2. A flower, lateral sectional view x 2 6. Winter twig x Vy 3. A branch showing mature leaves and fruit x % Trees of New York State 243 ROSACEAE Crataegus pedicellata Sarg. Thorn Apple, Hawthorn Habit — A small tree 18-20 feet in height, with a trunk diameter of 6-12 inches and many slender, elongated, ascending or spreading branches which form a rounded, symmetrical, dense crown. Leaves — Alternate, broadly ovate or sometimes obovate, 3-4 inches long, 2-3 inches wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, broadly cuneate or truncate at the base, divided above the middle in 4 or 5 pairs of short, pointed, divergent lobes, doubly serrate on the margin except toward the base, at maturity thin, dark green and scabrous above, paler and nearly glabrous below, borne on slender, glandular petioles 1144-2% inches long. Flowers — Appearing in late May and early June when the leaves are about half grown, perfect, °4-44 of an inch broad, borne on long, slender pedicels in loose, lax, many-flowered, somewhat villose corymbs. Calyx- tube urn-shaped, glabrous, 5-lobed, the lobes broad, acute, coarsely glan- dular-serrate, subsequently reflexed. Petals 5, white, obovate, rounded at the apex, contracted at the base, entire, inserted on the calyx-tube. Stamens 10, with elongated filaments and rose-colored anthers. Ovary inferior, 5-celled. Styles 5, surrounded at the base by a ring of tomentum. Stigmas capitate, terminal. Fruit — An oblong, rounded, lustrous, dark punctate, bright scarlet pome, 34-44 of an inch long, marked at the apex by the persisting calyx-lobes and stamen-filaments, borne on slender pedicels in lax, few-fruited, gla- brous, corymbose, clusters, deciduous in early autumn. Flesh thin, dry, mealy, enclosing 5 rounded, vertically-grooved, 1-seeded, bony nutlets. Winter characters — Twig slender, somewhat zigzag, smooth, dark chestnut- brown and lustrous, becoming light gray the second season, armed with straight or slightly curved, lustrous spines 144-2 inches long. Buds globose, bright-red, about 4 of an inch in diameter. Mature bark thin, close, reddish brown, scaly on the surface. Habitat — A ‘‘weed’’ tree occurring in waste places along fence rows, in fence corners, old pastures, and open upland woods. Range — Northeastern United States but imperfectly known. Said to oceur from southern Connecticut to southern Ontario and Illinois, south to Pennsylvania and Delaware. Zones B and C. Uses — Of no commercial importance. A tree ‘‘ weed ’’, Occasionally grown ornamentally in arboretums, Wild Black Cherry, Rum Cherry Prunus serotina Ehrh. 1. A twis showing flowers and immature 4. Fruit, lateral sectional view x 2 leaves x % 5. Stone, lateral view x 2 ©» . Wild Red Cherry, Bird Cherry, Fire Cherry, Pin Cherry Prunus pennsylvanica L. f. A twig showing flowers and immature 4. Portion of leaf-margin, enlarged. leaves x % 5. Fruit, lateral sectional view x 2 A flower, lateral sectional view x 35 6. Stone, lateral view x 2% A branch showing mature leaves and fruit 7. Winter twig x % 1 x Trees of New York State 249 ROSACEAE Prunus pennsylvanica L, f. Wild Red Cherry, Bird Cherry, Fire Cherry, Pin Cherry Habit — Usually a shrub or small tree 20-30 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 6-10 inches, under optimum conditions occasionally 40 feet tall. Trunk short, continuous into the crown. Crown narrowly oblong, somewhat rounded at the top, consisting of slender ascending branches. Leaves — Alternate, oblong-lanceolate and occasionally slightly faleate, 3-414 inches long, %4—114 inches wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded or cuneate at the base, finely serrate with incurved teeth, at maturity bright green, smooth and lustrous above, paler and smooth below, borne on slender, glabrous petioles 44-1 inch long. Flowers — Appearing in May or early June when the leaves are about one- fourth grown, perfect, about % of an inch broad, borne on slender pedicels about 1 inch long in 4—5-flowered, short pedunculate, 2—3-clustered umbels. Calyx-tube urn-shaped, glabrous, 5-lobed, the lobes oblong, obtuse, red- margined, reflexed at maturity. Petals 5, creamy white, nearly orbicular, clawed at the base, inserted with the stamens on the calyx-tube. Stamens about 30, with long filiform filaments and oval anthers. Pistil green, glabrous, consisting of a 1-celled ovary inserted in the bottom of the calyx-tube, a filiform style and broad, simple stigma. Fruit — A globose, long-stalked, thick-skinned, light red drupe, about 4 of an inch in diameter, maturing in July and early August. Flesh thin, sour. Stone oblong, apiculate at the apex, thin-walled, slightly com- pressed, ridged on one side. Winter characters— Twigs slender, glabrous, bright red and lustrous or partly covered with a grayish, evanescent skin, with prominent, pale lenti- cels. Broken twigs have a characteristic bitter taste and odor. Buds ovate, obtuse, reddish brown, clustered at the twig-tip and sometimes along the sides, about 1/12 of an inch long. Mature bark thin, reddish brown, smooth aside from the large, horizontally elongated lenticels. Inner bark bright green. Habitat — A ‘‘weed’’ tree widely distributed through seeds scattered by the birds. Occurs in fence rows, abandoned pastures, along road sides and on limestone outcrops. Comes in rapidly in burns and slashes after defor- estation, providing a temporary ground cover until overshadowed by the more important timber species. Range — Newfoundland westward to British Columbia, southward along the mountains to Georgia and Tennessee, and through the Lake States. Zones TN ery (On enavoled DIE Uses — Not a timber species. Its chief value lies in its ability to establish itself rapidly after deforestation and forest fires, protecting the soil and acting as a nurse-tree until other larger and more permanent species occupy the site, Black Thorn, Bullace Plum, Sloe Prunus instititia L. [Prunus spinosa, var. instititia Gray] 1. A twig showing flowers and immature 4, Fruit, lateral sectional view x 2 leaves x % 5. Stone, lateral view x 2 2. Flower, lateral sectional view x 2% 6. Winter twig ~ 4 3. A branch showing mature leaves and fruit x % i Trees of New York State 251 ROSACEAE Prunus instititia L. [Prunus spinosa, var. instititia Gray] Black Thorn, Bullace Plum, Sloe Habit — Generally a bushy shrub 2-15 feet high with short, stiff, spiny branches forming a dense, compact top, occasionally a small tree 20-25 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 5-8 inches and a narrow, compact, rounded crown. Leaves — Alternate, oblanceolate to obovate, 144-2 inches long, broadly acute at the apex, attenuate at the base, sharply and somewhat doubly serrate, at maturity firm, dark green and glabrous above, paler and pubescent below, borne on slender petioles, 95-3, of an inch long. Flowers — Appearing in April or May with the leaves, perfect, about 1%4 of an inch broad, borne solitary or in 2—3-flowered, umbellate clusters from lateral buds on the growth of the preceding season. Calyx-tube campanu- late, green, glabrous, 5-lobed, the lobes narrow and acute. Petals 5, elliptical, blunt at the apex, inserted with the stamens on the calyx-tube. Stamens about 30, with filiform filaments and oval anthers. Pistil green, glabrous, consisting of a 1-celled ovary, a long filamentous style, and capitate stigma. 9 Fruit— A globular, glaucous, deep blue or nearly black drupe, %—% of an inch in diameter maturing in July but usually persisting until winter, scarcely edible. Flesh thin, acidulous. Stone oval, somewhat compressed, grooved on one side. Winter characters — Twigs slender, glabrous, lustrous, dark brown, at length becoming dark gray. Lateral spinescent spurs well devolped. Terminal bud absent. Lateral buds ovate, acute, light brown, 4%—%4 of an inch long. Mature bark thin, quite smooth, nearly black. Habitat — An ‘‘escape’’ that has become established along highroads, fence rows and in waste places. Range — Central and southern Europe, northern Africa and western Asia. Naturalized in New England, Long Island, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and possibly elsewhere. Zones A, B, and C. Uses — Occasionally used as a hedge plant because of its dense habit and spiny branches, but objectionable as it produces root-suckers in abundance. A double-flowered form is propagated in this country for ornamental purposes. Wood hard, heavy, close-grained, reddish brown with paler sapwood. Used abroad in the manufacture of furniture and for cabinet work. . A Mahaleb Cherry, St. Lucie Cherry Prunus Mahaleb lL. showing flowers and immature 4. Fruit, lateral sectional view x leaves x 1% 5. Stone, lateral view x 2 2. A flower, lateral sectional view x 2% 6. Winter twig x %4 3. A branch showing mature leaves and fruit - 14, » Trees of New York State 253 ROSACEAE Prunus Mahaleb L. Mahaleb Cherry, St. ‘Lucie Cherry Habit — A small, slender tree 20-25 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 6-12 inches, or a flowering shrub. Bole short, breaking up a short distance above the ground into stout, ascending branches to form a broad, low, rounded crown. Leaves — Alternate, round-ovate to orbicular, 1-2 inches in diameter abruptly sharp-pointed at the apex, rounded or somewhat cordate at the base, finely glandular-serrate, at maturity thin, firm, light green, smooth and somewhat glaucous on both sides, fragrant, borne on slender petioles %4—1 inch long. Flowers — Appearing in May and June when the leaves are partly grown, perfect, white, about %4 of an inch broad, borne on stout pedicels in several-flowered, racemose corymbs terminal on short leafy branches of the year. Calyx-tube urn-shaped, glabrous, with 5 strongly reflexed lobes. Petals 5, white, obovate, obtuse, short-clawed at the base, inserted with the stamens on the calyx-tube. Stamens about 30, with slender filaments and oblong anthers. Pistil green, glabrous, consisting of a l1-celled ovary, long style, and broad, simple stigma. Fruit — A depressed-globose or globose-ovoid, long-stalked, reddish black and lustrous, unpalatable drupe, about 4% of an inch in diameter, ripening in early summer. Flesh thin, firm, bitter. Stone small, globose, slightly compressed. Winter characters— Twigs slender, glabrous, grayish red and lustrous, fragrant. Buds ovate, acute, grayish red, those near the branch-tip some- what clustered. Mature bark thin, close, dark gray, somewhat roughened by shallow ridges. Habitat — In waste places along roadsides, fence rows, and about abandoned homesteads, preferring a moist, rich soil. Range — Native to middle and southern Europe. Sparingly naturalized in southern New York and southward. Zones A and B. Uses — Introduced from abroad as a stock on which to graft garden cherries. Wood hard, heavy, close-grained, fragrant, dark red. Prized abroad as a cabinet wood and for the manufacture of small trinkets. The species has ornamental value but is seldom used here. Sweet Cherry, Mazzard Prunus avium L. and immature 1. A twig showing flowers 4. Fruit, lateral sectional view x 1% leaves x 4 , 5. Stone, lateral view x 1% 2. A flower, lateral sectional view x 1% 6. Winter twig x %4 3. A braneh showing mature leaves and fruit x % Trees of New York State 255 ROSACEAE Prunus avium L. Sweet Cherry, Mazzard Habit —A medium-sized tree usually 30-50 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 1—2 feet, under favorable conditions sometimes 75 feet tall. Trunk tapering, continuous into the crown. Lateral branches slender, ascending, beginning a few feet above the ground, forming a narrowly pyramidal crown which becomes broad-spreading in age. Leaves — Alternate, oblong-ovate to obovate, 2-414 inches long, abruptly short acuminate at the apex, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, irregularly serrate, at maturity thin, rather flaccid, glabrous, dull dark green above, paler and pubescent on the veins beneath, borne on slender petioles 44-1 inch long. Flowers — Appearing in April and May with the leaves, perfect, about 1 inch broad, borne on slender pedicels in 2—5-flowered, lateral, sessile umbels. Calyx-tube campanulate, glabrous, reddish at the top, 5-lobed, the lobes oblong, obtuse, reflexed. Petals 5, white, orbicular, shallowly notched at the apex, short-clawed at the base, inserted with the stamens on the calyx-tube. Stamens about 30, with long, filiform filaments and oval anthers. Pistil green, glabrous, consisting of a 1-celled ovary, long style, and broad, simple stigma. Fruit — A depressed-globose, long-stalked, dark red or nearly black drupe, about 4% of an inch in diameter in the wild form, usually borne in clus- ters, appearing in June or July. Flesh sweet or somewhat tart, adhering to the globose or ovoid stone. Winter characters — Twigs stout, glabrous, light reddish brown and lustrous, or partly covered with a grayish, evanescent skin, with characteristic bitter taste and odor when broken. Older twigs with short, stout, fruit-spurs marked with many leaf-scars and terminally clustered buds. Buds ovate, acute, divergent, glabrous, reddish brown, clustered near the tips of the fruit-spurs or scattered on vigorous shoots, 4%—%4 of an inch long. ‘ Outer bark thin, reddish brown, smooth aside from the prominent, horizontally elongated lenticels, peeling off transversely to expose the lighter inner bark. Mature bark in old trees roughened with shallow ridges. Habitat — An ‘‘ escape ’’ in waste places along fences, hedge rows, roadsides, and in open woods. Widely disseminated through the agency of birds and hence known as European Bird Cherry. Range — A native of southern Europe but now widely naturalized in eastern United States. Frequent in New York State. Zones A, B, and C. Uses — Many of the cultivated garden cherries have been derived from this species. Ornamental varieties, including double-flowered forms, may be purchased from nurserymen. Wood heavy, rather soft, brittle, close- grained. Used abroad for the manufacture of furniture, musical instru- ments and in turnery. eet Sour Cherry, Morello Cherry Prunus Cerasus L. 3. A branch showing mature leaves and fruit x twig showing flowers and immature 4. Fruit, lateral sectional view x 1% leaves x % 5. Stone, lateral view § 2. A flower, lateral sectional view x 2 6. Winter twig x % Trees of New York State 257 ROSACEAE Prunus Cerasus L. Sour Cherry, Morello Cherry Habit — A small tree 20-30 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 10-12 inches, occasionally under favorable conditions 40 feet in height. Bole seldom more than 4-6 feet long, breaking up into stout, ascending, spread- in branches to form a broad, low, rounded crown. Leaves — Alternate, ovate-lanceolate to narrowly obovate, 244-4 inches long, 1-1%4 inches wide, acute or abruptly acuminate at the apex, rounded or cuneate at the base, unequally ‘erenate-serrate, at maturity thick, firm, smooth, dark green and lustrous above, paler and smooth below, borne on slender, usually biglandular petioles 44-1 inch long. Flowers — Appearing in April or May with the leaves, perfect, about 1 inch broad, borne on slender pedicels in 1—5-flowered, lateral, sessile umbels which are scaly at the base from the persisting appressed scales of the flower-buds. Calyx-tube urn-shaped, glabrous, 5-lobed, the lobes oblong, obtuse, minutely glandular-serrate and reflexed. Petals 5, white, broadly obovate and sometimes notched at the summit, short-clawed at the base, inserted with the stamens on the calyx-tube. Stamens about 30, with long filiform filaments and oval anthers. Pistil green, glabrous, consist- ing of a 1-celled ovary, long style and broad, simple stigma. Fruit — A depressed-globose, long-stalked, red or reddish black drupe, about 1% of an inch in diameter in the wild form, maturing in June or July. Flesh juicy, sour. Stone subglobose, apiculate at the apex, slightly ridged on one side. Winter characters — Twigs rather stout, glabrous, red or grayish brown and somewhat lustrous cr partly covered with a grayish evanescent skin, with characteristic bitter taste and odor when broken. Older twigs with short, stubby fruit-spurs. Buds ovate, acute, reddish brown, clustered near the tips of the fruit-spurs or scattered along vigorous shoots, about ¥, of an inch long. Outer bark thin, reddish brown, smooth aside from the prominent, horizontally elongated lenticels, soon peeling back to expose the rougher inner bark. Habitat — In rich, moist soil about abandoned homesteads, along fences and roadsides and the margins of woods. Spreads readily from seeds or root- suckers. Range— A native of southern Europe but now widely naturalized as an ‘* escape ’’ in the eastern United States. Zones A, B, and C. Uses —.The importance of the species lies chiefly in its horticultural value as the source of various varieties of canning cherries. Wood heavy, rather soft, brittle, close-grained. Used in Europe for furniture and interior finish. 9 Choe Canada Plum, Red Plum Prunus nigra Ait. Fruit, lateral sectional view x 1 >. Stone, lateral view x 1 A twig showing flowers and leaf-buds x 4% A flower, lateral sectional view x 4 A Cog showing mature leaves and fruit > Gy} Winter twig x % Trees of New York State 259 ROSACEAE Prunus nigra Ait. Canada Plum, Red Plum Habit — A shrub or occasionally a small, bushy tree 20-30 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 5-6 inches. Bole short, dividing 5-6 feet above the ground into a number of stout, ascending limbs to form a low-spread- ing, rounded top of many rigid, more or less contorted branches and zigzag twigs. Leaves — Alternate, oblong-ovate to obovate, 3-5 inches long, 114-3 inches wide, abruptly acuminate at the apex, rounded or somewhat cuneate at the base, unequally crenulate-serrate with gland-tipped teeth, at maturity thick, firm, dull dark green and glabrous above, paler, somewhat pubescent and with prominent midrib beneath, borne on stout, usually biglandular petioles %-—1 inch long. Flowers — Appearing in April or May before the leaves, perfect, *;-1 inch broad, borne on red pedicels 24—45 of an inch long in 3—5-flowered. lateral glabrous umbels. Calyx-tube urn-shaped, dark red without, pnght red within, 5-lobed, the lobes lanceolate, glandular-toothed, usually somewhat pubescent above, reflexed after anthesis. Petals 5, white fading to pink with age, orbicular-obovate, rounded and somewhat erose at the apex, short-clawed at the base, inserted with the stamens on the calyx-tube. Stamens about 30, with long, filiform filaments and small, oval anthers. Pistil green, glabrous, consisting of a 1-celled ovary inserted in the bottom of the calyx-tube, a filiform style, and broad, simple stigma. Fruit — An oval or oblong-oval, slightly glaucous, thick-skinned, orange-red drupe, 1-114 inches long, ripening during the latter half of August. Flesh yellow, sour, adhering to the stone. Stone oval, thick-walled, com- pressed, slightly grooved on one side. Seed ovate, light brown, compressed. Winter characters — Twigs rather stout, slightly zigzag, glabrous or some- what puberulous, dark reddish brown and partly covered with a grayish, evanescent skin. Lateral spinescent spurs usually present. Terminal bud absent. Lateral buds conical, acute, chestnut-brown, about ¥% of an inch long. Mature bark thin, light grayish brown, at first smooth and marked with prominent, horizontally elongated lenticels, soon splitting and curling back in thick-layered plates exposing the darker, inner scaly bark. Habitat — A ‘‘weed’’ tree preferring moist sites along fence rows, abandoned pastures, and in open glades and the margin of woods. Thrives on lime- stone outcrops. Range — Newfoundland westward through southern Canada to Minnesota, southward into New England, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa. Zones A, B, and C. Uses — Occasionally cultivated for its showy flowers in southern Canada and the northeastern states. Several varieties of cultivated plums have been derived from this species by horticulturists. LT Td Wild Plum, Wild Yellow Plum Prunus americana Marsh. . A twig showing flowers and leaf-buds x % 4. Fruit, lateral sectional view x 1% A nower, lateral sectional view x 2% 5. Stone, lateral view x 1% A branch showing mature leaves and fruit 6. Winter twig x % : x % ile ne of branch showing spinose x : Trees of New York State 261 ROSACEAE Prunus americana Marsh. Wild Plum, Wild Yellow Plum Habit — A shrub or small tree 20-35 feet in height with a maximum trunk diameter of 12 inches. Trunk short, usually dividing 4-5 feet above the ground into many slender, spreading, slightly drooping branches which form a broad, rather deep crown. ' Leaves — Alternate, elliptical to narrowly obovate, 2-4 inches long, %-1% inches wide, a¢umiriate at the apex, cuneate or rounded at the base, sharply doubly serrate, at maturity thick, firm, dark green and somewhat scabrous above, paler and glabrous or pubescent below, borne on slender, eglandular petioles 44—% of an inch long. Flowers — Appearing in April or May when the leaves are about one-third grown, perfect, about 1 inch broad, ill-scented, borne on slender pedicels %-2/, of an inch long in 2-5-flowered lateral, glabrous umbels. Calyx- tube narrow, urn-shaped, light red and glabrous or puberulous without, green within, 5-lobed, the lobes acuminate and reflexed after anthesis. Petals 5, white, obovate, rounded and irregularly erose at the top, with short red claws at the base, inserted with the stamens on the calyx-tube. Stamens about 30, with long filiform filaments and small, oval anthers. Pistil green, glabrous, consisting of a 1-celled ovary inserted in the bottom of the calyx-tube, a filiform style, and broad, simple stigma. | Fruit — A subglobose or globose-oblong, glabrous, pale punctate, thick-skinned, bright red drupe, 34-1 inch in diameter, maturing in late summer or early autumn. Flesh succulent, sour, adhering to the stone. Stone oval, thick- walled, slightly grooved on one side. Seed oval light brown. | Winter characters — Twigs rather stout, glabrous or slightly pubescent, pale orange-brown, at length smooth and reddish brown. Lateral spinescent spurs usually present. Terminal bud absent. Lateral buds broadly coni- cal, acute, brown, about 14 of an inch long, the margins of the bud-scales ciliate. Mature bark thin, light reddish brown, breaking up into large, \ thin, persisting plates. Habitat — Prefers rich soil in moist situations along stream courses, in hedge rows and fence corners, or the borders of swamps, often forming extensive thickets, more rarely on dry limestone outcrops. | Range — Central New York westward to Montana and Colorado, south to Florida and eastern Texas. Zones A. B, and C. Uses — Not a timber species because of its diminutive size. Various varieties are cultivated ornamentally for their showy blossoms and bright green foliage, and for their fruit which has been greatly improved by selection. The tart fruit of the wild form is sometimes made into preserves. Plum Prunus domestica L. [Prunus communis Huds. ] Portion of a twig showing flowers and im- ' Fruit, lateral seetional view xX 4 mature leaves x % 5. Stone, lateral view x % 2 vu. Winter twig x 4% A flower, lateral sectional view xX 2 A branch showing mature leaves and fruit x % Trees of New York State 263 ROSACEAE Prunus domestica L. [Prunus communis Huds.] Plum Habit — A small tree attaining a height of 20-25 feet with a trunk diameter of 5-8 inches, or many times shrubby and forming extensive thickets. Trunk short, dividing 4-8 feet above the ground in stout, ascending limbs and many spreading, slender, slightly drooping branches to form a low, rounded crown. Leaves — Alternate, varying greatly in form from ovate or oval to obovate, 2-314 inches long, broadly acute at the apex, cuneate at the base, coarsely and irregularly serrate, at maturity thick, firm, dull dark green and some- what rougose above, pale, soft pubescent below, borne on stout petioles %-1 inch long. Flowers — Appearing in April or May with the leaves, perfect, about 1 inch broad, borne solitary or in 2-3-flowered, umbellate clusters from lateral buds on the growth of the preceding season. Calyx-tube cup-shaped, green, glabrous, 5-lobed, the lobes ovate, acute, reflexed after anthesis. Petals white, oval or obovate, rounded at the apex, short-clawed at the base, inserted with the stamens on the calyx-tube. Stamens about 30, with filiform filaments and oval anthers. Pistil green, glabrous, consisting of a 1-celled ovary, a long, filamentous style, and capitate stigma. Fruit — A drupe, very variable in size, shape and color, ripening during August. It is commonly about an inch long, glaucous, and blue or bluish black in color. Stone large, slightly roughened, prominently grooved on one side. Winter characters — Twigs rather stout, pubescent at least at first, reddish to grayish brown. Lateral spinulose spurs often present. Terminal bud absent. Lateral buds ovate, acute, appressed light brown, about 4 of an inch long. Mature bark thin, grayish or brownish black, breaking up into large, thin, persisting plates. Habitat — Prefers rich, moist soil but grows on a variety of sites about the habitations of man, along roads and fences, and borders of woods, often forming extensive thickets. Range — Point of origin obscure but probably originally from the region of the Caucasus. It is held by some that P. domestica never existed in the wild form but that it is purely a horticultural species. Now widely cul- tivated in the Old and New World, often becoming an ‘‘escape.’’ Zones A, B; and. ©; Uses — The source of the ‘‘old time’’ or garden plums. Various ornamental varieties, including the double-flowered and variegated-leaved forms are propagated by nurserymen. The wood is hard, heavy, close-grained, red- dish brown with pale sapwood. It is used abroad in cabinet work and for trinkets. Who Peach Prunus Persica (L.) Stokes. A twig showing flowers and immature 4. Fruit, lateral sectional view x % leaves x % 5. Stone, lateral view x %4 A flower, lateral sectional view x 1 6. Winter twig x 44 A branch showing mature leaves and fruit x % Trees of New York State 265 ROSACEAE Prunus Persica (L.) Stokes. PEACH Habit — A small tree usually about 20 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 5-6 inches, occasionally 25-30 feet tall. Bole short, breaking up 2-4 feet from the ground into stout, ascending limbs and branches to form a low, broad, globose crown. Leaves — Alternate, lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, acuminate at the apex, tapering at the base, sharply serrate, at maturity light green, glabrous and lustrous above, paler and glabrous beneath, borne on stcut petioles 144-96 of an inch long. Flowers — Appearing in April and May before the leaves, solitary, perfect, 14-2 inches broad, borne laterally on short pedicels from scaly buds formed the previous season in the leaf-axils. Calyx-tube cup-shaped, pubescent within, 5-lobed, the lobes obovate, acute, purplish green. Petals pink, oval, obtuse at the apex, short-clawed at the base, inserted with the stamens on the calyx-tube. Stamens 20-30, with long slender filaments and oval anthers. Pistil sessile, inserted at the base of the calyx-tube, consisting of a 1-celled pubescent ovary surmounted by a simple style and small capitate stigma. Fruit — A short-stalked, globose, laterally grooved, velvety-tomentose, yellow- ish green drupe 1-3 inches in diameter, maturing in late summer or early autumn and becoming roseate or reddish pink. Flesh thick, aromatic, mildly acidulous and sweet, adhering to or free from the stone. Stone ovoid, laterally compressed, apiculate at ome end, deeply wrinkled and pitted. Seed aromatic, rather bitter, pale brown. Winter characters — Twigs medium stout, glabrous, lustrous, pale punctate- lenticellate, greenish or reddish purple where exposed to direct sunlight, green below. Bruised twigs with the odor and taste of bitter almonds. Flower- and leaf-buds separate. Leaf-buds ovate, obtuse, densely pale woolly-tomentose, about 1% of an inch long. Flower-buds stouter than the leaf-buds, usually accessory and lateral to the leaf-buds. Mature bark thin, dark reddish brown, smooth aside from the prominent, hori- zontally elongated lenticels, becoming rougher and scaly at the base of the bole. Habitat — An ‘‘escape’’ in waste places along fences, high roads and about the habitations of man, preferring protected sites where the climate is ameliorated by the proximity of large bodies of water. Range — Supposed originally to have been a native of eastern Asia but long cultivated in North America for its fruit. The wild form has become naturalized as an ‘‘escape’’ in eastern United States. Zones A and B. Uses — This species in its numerous varieties produces the peaches of com- merce. Two well-marked strains, the ‘‘cling stones’’ and the ‘‘free stones’’ have been evolved. The fruit of the wild form is far inferior to that of the cultivated forms. Double-flowered dwarf forms with con- spicuous flowers, ete., are grown ornamentally. During the World War, peach pits were used in the manufacture of gas masks. Oy WLR lA WV VB Wa } A Ay Ay S: 140, "} i we Io ce SY i * i = ‘s aX y> € i \ 1 WY & \ XI | J Kentucky Coffee Tree Gymnocladus dioica (L.) K. Koch [Gymnocladus canadensis Lam.] An inflorescence from the staminate tree 4. A mature leaf x % aes | x % 5. Fruit, lateral view x % 2. A staminate flower, lateral sectional view 6. Seed, lateral view x 1 a) x2 . Winter twig x % 3. A pistillate flower, lateral sectional view x 2 Trees of New York State 267 LEGUMINOSAE Gymnocladus dioica (L.) K. Koch [Gymnocladus canadensis Lam. ] Kentucky Coffee Tree Habit — A large tree, under favorable conditions sometimes attaining a height of 100 feet with a trunk diameter of 2—4 feet, generally much smaller in central and western New York. Trunk usually short, dividing ten or fifteen feet above the ground into several stout, ascending limbs to form a narrow, obovate crown. Under forest conditions the bole may be columnar and free of branches for 70-80 feet. Leaves — Alternate, bipinnate, 1-3 feet long, 144-2 feet broad, with 7-13 pinnae and 1-2 basal pairs of lobed leaflets, borne on glabrous, terete, purplish green leaf-stalks which are prominently enlarged at the base. Pinnae consisting of 6-15 leaflets borne subopposite or alternate on the secondary rachis. Leaflets ovate to oval, taper-pointed at the apex, rounded and inequilateral at the base, entire, at maturity dark green and lustrous above, paler beneath, short-stalked, 1-2% inches long, falling separately in the autumn. Flowers— Appearing in June after the leaves, regular, greenish white, polygamous, borne in terminal racemes or panicles. Staminate inflores- cence 3-4 inches long, the lower branches usually several-flowered. Pistillate inflorescence 10-12 inches long, the flowers fewer and longer- stalked than in the staminate clusters. Calyx about % of an inch long, narrowly tubular, white-tomentose, 10-ribbed and 5-lobed, the lobes linear- lanceolate. Petals oblong, slightly keeled and inrolled, nearly white, tomentose on the inner surface, longer than the calyx-lobes. Stamens 10, included, inserted on the calyx-tube, with awl-shaped hairy filaments and orange anthers. Pistil consisting of a hairy, linear-lanceolate sessile, ovary, short style and oblique stigma. Fruit — A broad, flat, thick, somewhat glaucous, reddish brown, woody legume, 4-10 inches long, 1-2 inches broad, borne on a stout stalk 1—2 inches long, persisting on the trees into the winter. Flesh thick, dark-colored, sweet. Seeds ovate to oval, somewhat compressed, thick-walled, about % of an inch long. Winter characters — Twigs very stout, blunt-pointed, dark brown or greenish brown and usually with a pale evanescent skin, marked with orange- colored lenticels and broad, heart-shaped leaf-scars. Pith large, salmon- colored. Terminal bud absent. Lateral buds 2 or 3 at a node, small, bronze, silky-pubescent, sunken in the twig so that they scarcely project beyond its surface, surrounded by a hairy, incurved ring of bark. Accessory buds superposed, the upper the larger. Mature bark rather thick, dark grayish brown, divided by shallow fissures into shallow ridges covered with reflexed scales. Habitat —In the wild state a typical bottom-land species preferring deep, rich, alluvial soils in company with Black Ash, Cottonwood, Honey Locust, ete. Will thrive in drier situations if not overtopped by other species. An intolerant tree. Range — Central New York westward to southern Minnesota and eastern Nebraska, southwest through Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee and Oklahoma. Zones A, B, and C. Uses — Of wide distribution but one of the rarest forest trees of eastern United States. Wood rather soft, heavy, coarse-grained, light brown with thin, paler sapwood. Occasionally used for fence posts, railroad ties, in cabinet making and in general construction. Widely planted as an orna- mental tree in parks, cemeteries, and gardens because of its striking appearance, particularly during the winter months. The seeds were used by early pioneers as a substitute for coffee, hence the name, ‘‘ Kentucky Coffee Tree.’’ Vs Ye => \ SAW Ke “ESN seal A SX ke S A | y SMR i D- \e Ne Wi) My (ANUAY (Ay \< WAY NAY oy NZ MH) i AN / H)} ii ; Zi Lf Honey Locust Gleditsia triacanthos L. 1. A twig showing staminate flowers and 4. A pistillate flower, lateral sectional view “ae 4 mature pinnate leaves x 4% Soe 2. A staminate flower, lateral sectional view 5. A bipinnate leaf x % 6. Fruit, lateral view x % 7. Seed, lateral view x 2 8. Winter twig x My x 8. A twig showing pistillate flowers and ma- oP) Branched thorn x % ture pinnate leaves x Trees of New York State 269 LEGUMINOSAE Gleditsia triacanthos L. Honey Locust Habit — Usually a medium-sized tree 40-80 feet high with a trunk diameter of 1-3 feet, under favorable conditions on rich river bottoms occasionally 140 feet tall. Trunk generally short, characteristically marked with clumps of thorns, dividing a few feet above the ground into a number of stout, ascending limbs and slender, spreading, somewhat pendulous, zigzag branches to form a broadly obovate or flat-topped head. Leaves — Alternate, pinnate or bipinnate, 6-8 inches long, borne on flattened, pubescent petioles which are grooved above and enlarged at the base. Pinnate leaves with 18-28 nearly sessile leaflets borne subopposite cr alternate on a hairy rachis. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate to elliptical, bluntly acute or rounded at the apex, acute and slightly inequilateral at the base, remotely crenulate-serrate, at maturity dark green and lustrous above, dull yellowish green below, 1-2 inches long. Bipinnate leaves with 4—-7 pairs of pinnae. Leaflets similar to those of the pinnate leaves but smaller. Flowers — Appearing in June when the pinnate leaves are nearly full grown, small, greenish, polygamous, borne in lax racemes from the axils of the leaves of the season or of preceding seasons. Staminate racemes often clustered, pubescent, densely-flowered, 2-2%4 inches long at maturity. Pistillate racemes slender, few-flowered, usually solitary, 24-34 inches long. Calyx campanulate, unequally 5-lobed, the lobes acute and hairy. Petals oval or oblong-oval, erect, longer than the calyx-lobes, the margin inrolled and pubescent. Stamens 10, exserted, inserted on the calyx-tube, with slender filaments and green anthers. Pistil consisting of a linear- lanceolate, white-tomentose, subsessile, l-celled ovary, a short style, and a terminal capitate stigma. Fruit — A flat, thin, thick-margined, somewhat faleate and twisted, reddish or purplish brown legume, 12-18 inches long, 1-144 inches wide, tapering at either end, borne in clusters of 2 or 3 on short stalks, tardily deciduous during the fall and winter. Flesh thin. Seeds oval, compressed, brown, about 14 of an inch long. Winter characters — Twigs rather stout, zigzag, thickened at the nodes and apex, lustrous, reddish or greenish brown, at length grayish brown. Simple or branched thorns,. eften 3-4 inches long, are borne above the leaf-scars and on the trunk and main branches of some trees. Terminal bud absent. Lateral buds minute, several at a node, superposed, the upper larger and scaly, the lower wholly submerged in the bark. Mature bark rather thick, grayish brown to almost black, usually roughened and divided by deep fissures into long, narrow, longitudinal ridges which are scaly on the surface. Habitat — By preference a bottom-land species attaining its best development in deep, moist soils along stream courses, but occupying a variety of sites in rich woods and on moist mountain slopes. Propagates readily from seeds but requires plently of light. Range — Southern Ontario westward to eastern Nebraska and Kansas, south- ward to Florida and Texas. Zones A, B, and C. Uses — A timber species of secondary value southward beyond the borders of the state. Wood hard, heavy, strong, coarse-grained, very durable in contact with the soil, reddish brown with thin pale sapwood. Used for railroad ties, fence posts and occasionally in construction. This species is widely propagated as a hedge plant because of its vigorous growth and well-armed branches. It is especially free from fungal and insect enemies and is to be recommended as an ornamental tree. CS Red Bud, Judas Tree Cercis canadensis L. 1. A. twig showing flowers and immature 3. A branch showing mature leaves and leaves x %4 ‘ R fruit x % 2. A flower, lateral sectional view x 2 4. Seed, lateral view x 3 5. Winter twig x % Trees of New York State 271 LEGUMINOSAE Cercis canadensis L. Red Bud, Judas Tree Habit — A large shrub or small tree 20-25 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 5-8 inches, occasionally 45 feet tall with a trunk a foot in diameter. Trunk straight, usually separating 8-10 feet above the ground into a number of stout limbs which are either ascending and form an ovate crown, or wide-spreading, forming a flat, shallow, broad crown. Leaves — Alternate, broadly ovate, 3-5 inches in diameter, abruptly acute at the apex, cordate or truncate at the base, entire, 5—7-nerved, at maturity medium thick, glabrous, bright green above, paler and glabrous below aside from the tufts of hairs in the axils of the veins, borne on slender petioles which are thickened at either end and 2—5 inches long. Flowers — Appearing in March and April before the leaves, or as the leaf- buds open, perfect, papilionaceous, about 4% of an inch long, borne on slender pedicels 44-14 of an inch long in lateral fascicles of 4-8. Calyx-tube dark purplish red, campanulate, oblique and gibbous at the base, the 5 lobes short and rounded. Petals pink or rose colored, oblong- obovate, rounded at the apex, the upper one the smallest, enclosed by the lateral wing-petals and the basal keel-petals. Stamens 10, separate, shorter than the petals, inserted in 2 rows on the margin of the disk. Pistil short-stalked, inserted obliquely in the bottom of the calyx-tube, consisting of a pubescent 1-celled, many-ovuled ovary, a filiform, upeurved style and capitate stigma. Fruit — A short-stalked, oblong or linear-oblong, compressed legume, 244-3% inches long, curved on one side, acute at either end, attaining full size and turning pink or light brown by midsummer but persisting on the trees into the autumn and early winter. Seeds broadly ovate, compressed, thick-walled, chestnut-brown, about 14 of an inch long. Winter characters — Twigs slender, zigzag, glabrous and somewhat lustrous, dotted with many small lenticels, light brown, at length grayish brown. Terminal bud absent. Lateral buds blunt, appressed, dark purplish red, about 1% of an inch long. One or two accessory, superposed buds often present, the upper one the largest. Mature bark thin, reddish brown to dark brown, shallowly reticulately fissured and scaly. Habitat — In rich moist soils on bottom-lands, along the borders of streams, on brush lands and in open forest where it often forms a large part of the understory growth. Range — New Jersey westward through Pennsylvania and southwestern New York to Minnesota, south to Florida and eastern Texas. Zones A and B. Uses — Of no importance as a timber species because of its small size. Cultivated in this country and abroad for its ornamental value. Locust, Black Locust, False Acacia Robinia Pseudo-Acacia L. 3. A branch showing mature leaf and fruit Yer) a Bw or ‘- rH 4 aie RTT ve Nig PE ov wae on oF vit of 0d e os] hy v ~ ios] 4 re ov Mie = S v H | rma = Sy Ko a i= [t=] 0° 4 =| = | ae) AeA i EN 4 aI Sars eo SS qe 1. A flowering ae Trees of New York State Dar LEGUMINOSAE Robinia Pseudo-Acacia L. Locust, Black Locust, False Acacia Habit — A medium-seized tree usually 30-60 feet in height with a trunk diameter of %4-2 feet, under optimum conditions sometimes 60-80 feet tall with a trunk 2-4 feet in diameter. In the open the bole is short, dividing a few feet above the ground into a number of stout, ascending branches which form a narrow, oblong, open crown. The trunk of forest grown specimens is often free of branches for three-fourths of its length. Laeves — Alternate, odd-pinnately compound, 8-14 inches long, consisting of 7-19 subopposite or alternate leaflets arranged along a slender, puberulous rachis which is grooved above and swollen at the base. Leaflets ovate- oblong to elliptical, 1144-2 inches long, mucronate or retuse at the apex, rounded at the base, entire, at maturity dull, dark blue-green and glabrous above, paler and glabrous below except on the midrib, borne on stout petioles %-%4 of an inch long, turning yellow and falling early in the autumn. Flowers — Appearing in late May or early June when the leaves are nearly grown, perfect, irregular, white, fragrant, about 1 inch long, borne on slender, reddish pedicels in drooping, puberulous racemes 4-5 inches long. Calyx campanulate, gibbous on the upper side, reddish green and pilose, persistent, 5-lobed, the lower lobe longer than the others, corolla resem- bling that of a sweet pea, consisting of a broad, obcordate, reflexed standard (one petal), marked on the inner surface with a yellow spot, two oblong faleate wings (one petal each), and acurved keel (two petals united below). Stamens 10, diadelphous, the upper free, the remainder united into a cylinder which is cleft on the upper side and encloses the style. Pistil consisting of a linear-oblong, stipitate ovary, a geniculate, subulate style bearded toward the top on the inner side, and a small terminal stigma. Fruit — A flat, oblong-linear, somewhat falcate, glabrous, reddish brown legume, 2-4 inches long, % of an inch wide, borne on stout, thick-stemmed racemes, early dehiscent but persisting on the trees into the winter. Seed reniform, compressed, orange-brown with darker mottling, about 3/16 of an inch long, borne on a curved funiculus, 4-8 to a pod. Winter characters— Twigs slender or rather stout on vigorous growth, brittle. more or less zigzag, terete or angular in cross section, glabrous, light reddish to greenish brown. Divergent or slightly recurved stipular- thorns present on vigorous growth. Terminal bud absent. Lateral buds small, 3-4 at a node, superposed, imbedded in the twig under the leaf-scar, at length erumpent. Mature bark thick, reddish or yellowish brown, deeply furrowed into rounded ridges covered with squarish persistent scales. Habitat — Moist, fertile mountain slopes and along stream courses in rocky, gravelly or alluvial soils. Widely naturalized in eastern United States, occurring about dwellings, along highways and in waste places as a ‘“‘weed’’ tree, spreading by means of root-suckers and often forming extensive thickets. Range — Originally confined to the slopes of the Appalachian Mountains from Pennsylvania to Georgia. Now widely naturalized in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. Zones A, B, and C. Uses — A valuable timber species, easily propagated by cuttings and of rapid growth, but in certain sections subject unfortunately to the attacks of several serious pests including the Locust Borer. Wood very hard, heavy, strong, very durable, brown or greenish yellow with narrow, pale yellow sapwood. Used for fence posts, insulator pins, tree nails, railroad ties, in shipbuilding and for other purposes where strength, freedom from checking, and durability in contact with the soil are requisite. Widely planted both at home and abroad for timber and ornament. to ad Ay ID Ss} ae Hop Tree, Wafer Ash Ptelea trifoliata L. . A twig showing inflorescence and imma- ture leaves x % A staminate flower, lateral sectional view Xaes A pistillate flower, lateral sectional view >.< 83 =. oD. ), Te A branch showing mature leaves and fruit x 72 Fruit, lateral surface view x 1 Seed, sectional view x 3 Winter twig x % Trees of New York State bo —l oO RUTACEAE Ptelea trifoliata L. Hop Tree, Wafer Ash Habit — A shrub or small tree 20-25 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 6-12 inches. Trunk straight, slender, bearing a broad, rounded crown of many slender twigs. Leaves — Alternate or rarely opposite, compound, 4-6 inches long, 214-3 inches wide, consisting of 3 nearly sessile leaflets borne at the top of a stout petiole which is thickened at the base and 214-3 inches in length. Leaflets ovate or oblong, acute at the apex, cuneate at the base, entirely or remotely crenulate, the terminal usually larger and more contracted at the base than the others, at maturity subcoriaceous, dark green and lustrous above, paler and smooth or pubescent beneath. Flowers — Appearing in June after the leaves, greenish white, polygamous, borne intermixed on slender pedicels in terminal, often compound cymes. Calyx 4-5-parted, with ovate, acute lobes. Petals 4-5 hypogynous, longer than the sepals. Stamens 4—5, alternate, exserted in the staminate flowers, much smaller or abortive in the pistillate flower. Pistil consisting of an oblong, compressed, puberulent ovary surmounted by a short style and 2-3-lobed stigma. Fruit — A 2-celled, 2-seeded, orbicular, compressed, buff-colored samara sur- rounded by a broad, reticulate wing. Fruits ripen in the late autumn and are borne on long, slender, reflexed pedicels which persist on the twigs during the winter. Winter characters — Twigs slender, yellowish brown, lustrous, conspicuously marked by leaf-scars, with a rank odor when broken. Terminal bud absent. Lateral buds small, whitish-hairy, rotund, mostly superposed, borne in the upper angle of V-shaped leaf-scars. Mature bark thin, smooth, dark gray, with numerous, oblong, wart-like excrescences. Habitat — On rocky, upland slopes about the borders of forests and woods. Range — Central New York westward through southern Ontario to Minne- sota, southward to Florida and Texas. Zones A and B. Uses — Occasionally propagated as an ornamental plant in the parks and gardens of eastern United States. The bitter principle obtained from the roots is sometimes used as a tonic. Noe ww Ailanthus, Chinese Sumach, Tree of Heaven Ailanthus glandulosa Desf. 4. 5. 6. = A staminate inflorescence x %4 . A staminate flower, lateral sectional view Xe Portion of a pistillate inflorescence x \%4 A pistillate flower with one petal removed, lateral view x 10 A mature leaf x % A cluster of samaras x % Winter twig x % Trees of New York State Ne) =] ~l SIMAROUBACEAE Ailanthus glandulosa Desf. Ailanthus, Chinese Sumach, Tree of Heaven Habit — In New York State usually a medium-sized tree 30-40 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 34-2 feet, occasionally where conditions are favorable 100 feet tall with a trunk 3 feet in diameter. Bole usually short, dividing 6-10 feet above the ground into a few, stout, ascending limbs to form a wide, flat-topped crown of sparse, coarse branches. Leaves — Alternate, odd-pinnately compound, 1-3 feet long, consisting of 13-41 short-stalked, subopposite or alternate leaflets arranged along a long, tapering, smooth rachis. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate, 3-5 inches long, acuminate at the apex, truncate or cordate and somewhat inequilateral at the base, entire except for a few coarse teeth toward the base, at maturity thin, light green and glabrous above, paler, pubescent and often glandular on the basal lobes beneath. Flowers — Appearing during June after the leaves are fully developed, polyga- mous, greenish white, about 44 of aninch broad, borne in terminal panicles, the staminate often a foot in length, densely-flowered and ill-scented, the pistillate smaller and fewer flowered. Calyx 5-lobed, the lobes broadly ovate, acute. Petals 5, oval, acute, valvate, inrolled, much longer than the sepals. Stamens 10 in the staminate flowers, inserted with the petals on the edge of the disk, exserted, the filaments hairy toward the base. Perfect flowers with 2-3 stamens. Pistil consisting of a deeply 2—5-lobed ovary surmounted by an equal number of short styles and spreading stigmas. Fruit — A flat, veiny, oblong-linear, glabrous, twisted, pale yellow samara, 114-2 inches long, about % of an inch wide, rounded at the apex, tapering at the base, notched on one side and bearing the solitary seed near the middle, borne in ample clusters on short stalks, persisting on the tree into the winter and following spring. Winter characters— Twigs very stout, blunt-pointed, yellowish to reddish brown, glabrous or fine velvety-pubescent, marked with scattered, ochre lenticels, ill-smelling when crushed. Pith large, ochraceous. Terminal bud absent. Lateral buds hemi-spherical, reddish brown, pubescent, %—% of an inch long, usually with but 2 visible scales, located in a notch above the large leaf-scar. Mature bark thin, dark gray, slightly rough- ened by shallow, whitened fissures. Habitat — A ‘‘weed’’ tree growing vigorously on a variety of sites in vacant lots, about cities, and along streets and highways where less resistant species cannot compete, owing to adverse conditions. Range — A native of China, introduced into this country for ornamental pur- poses and now widely naturalized as a ‘‘weed’’ tree in the northeastern states and Ontario. Zones A, B, and C. Uses — Undesirable either as a lumber tree or for ornament. Wood soft, weak, coarse-grained, not durable. Objectionable as a shade or park tree because difficult to eliminate when once established, owing to root-suckers. The staminate trees should never be propagated because of the disagreeable odor of the flowers. It recommends itself only as a shade tree where urban conditions are too rigorous for other species. Staghorn Sumach Rhus typhina L. [Rhus hirta (L.) Sudw.; Datisca hirta L.] A staminate inflorescence x %4 . A staminate flower, lateral sectional view x 10 . A pistillate flower with two petals moved, lateral view x 10 A mature leaf x % Fruit cluster x % Hairy drupe x 3 Pit, lateral view x 3 Winter twig x % re- PAD ME Trees of New York State 279 ANACARDIACEAE Rhus typhina L. [Rhus hirta (L.) Sudw.; Datisea hirta L.] Staghorn Sumach Habit — A small tree 25-30 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 4—8 inches, occasionally 40 feet tall with a trunk a foot in diameter, more often shrubby, spreading by means of underground shoots and forming extensive thickets. In the aborescent form, the bole is short and often inclined, and bears a low flat crown consisting of stout, ascending, more or less con- torted, irregular branches. Leaves — Alternate, odd-pinnately compound, 144-2 feet long, consisting of 11-31 nearly sessile leaflets arranged in pairs along a stout, hairy, red- dened rachis. Leaflets cblong, 2-5 inches long, acute at the apex, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, remotely and sharply serrate, at maturity dull dark green and quite glabrous above, paler and glabrous below aside from the midrib. Flowers — Appearing in June or July after the leaves, dioecious (by abor- tion), yellowish green, borne on slender, bracteolate pedicels in dense, ter- minal panicles 5-12 inches long, the staminate the larger and more open. Calyx 5-lobed, the lobes lanceolate, acute, woolly without, longest in the pistillate flower. Petals 5, strap-shaped, yellowish green and reflexed at anthesis in the staminate flower, green, narrower, thickened at the apex and erect in the pistillate flower. Stamens 5, inserted on the margin of the red disk, exserted, the anthers bright orange. Pistil consisting of an ovoid, pubescent ovary, 3 short, spreading styles and a similar number of capitate stigmas. _ Fruit — A depressed-globular or hemi-spherical drupe, about 4 of an inch in diameter, densely covered with crimson acid hairs, borne in dense panicles which persist throughout the winter. Pit somewhat reniform, orange- brown, smooth. Winter characters — Twigs very stout, densely pubescent with olive-brown to nearly black hairs, exuding a milky juice when broken, usually winter- killing through several nodes. Lenticels orange-colored and conspicuous. Pith large, orange-colored, homogeneous. Terminal bud absent. Lateral buds conical, obtuse, protected by a dense, pale brown tomentum, nearly surrounded by the leaf-scar. Mature bark dark brown, dotted with hori- zontally elongated lenticels, occasionally with small, superficial scales. Habitat — A ‘‘weed’’ tree found on a variety of soils and sites along fences and highways, in pastures, and on talus slopes and cliffs, usually in dry situations, often forming copses of wide extent. Range — New Brunswick westward through southern Canada to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Alabama. Zones A, B, and C. Uses — Of little commercial value. Wood light, soft, golden yellow tinged with green, with paler sapwood. Occasionally used for picture frames and nicknacks. This species is sometimes propagated ornamentally because of its showy autumal foliage and fruits, and grotesque habit. Several hor- tricultural varieties have been evolved. bok a Smooth Sumach Rhus glabra L. A staminate inflorescence x 1% A stuninate flower, lateral sectional view dea! A pistillate flower with two petals re- moved, lateral view x 10 DOAN . A mature leaf x % Fruit cluster x % Drupe, lateral view x 5 Pit, lateral view x 5 Winter twig x % Trees of New York State 281 ANACARDIACEAE fEy Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumach Habit — Usually a low, spreading shrub, propagating by means Of root-suckers and often forming extensive thickets, occasionally becoming a small tree 20-25 feet in height with a short trunk 4-5 inches in diameter which divides 3-4 feet above the ground into a number of stout, ascending branches to form a broad, flat-topped crown. Leaves — Alternate, odd-pinnately compound, 1-3 feet long, consisting of 11-31 nearly sessile leaflets arranged suboppositely or alternately along a smooth, stout, reddish rachis. Leaflets lanceolate-oblong, 2-5 inches Icng, acute at the apex, rounded and somewhat inequilateral at the base, sharply and remotely serrate, at maturity dark green and glabrous above, pale glaucous beneath. Flowers — Appearing in June or July after the leaves, dioecious, yellowish green, borne in terminal panicles 5-12 inches long, the staminate panicles more open and larger than the pistillate. Calyx 5-lobed, the lobes ovate- lanceolate, acute, somewhat pubescent without, longest in the pistillate flowers. Petals ovate, acute, yellowish green. Stamens 5, inserted on the margin of the conspicuous disk, shorter than the petals. Pistil consisting of an ovoid, pubescent ovary surmounted by 3 short styles and capitate stigmas. ; Fruit — A depressed-globular, crimson drupe, about 14 of an inch in diameter, covered with short, close, acidulous pubescence, borne in rather open, nar- row panicles, persisting on the tree into the winter and following spring. Pit ovoid, orange-brown, smooth. Winter characters — Twigs very stout, lenticellate, pale bronze, usually glau- cous and in part covered with a grayish, evanescent skin exuding a milky juice when broken, usually winter-killing through several nodes. Pith large, orange-colored, homogeneous. Terminal bud absent. Lateral bud conical, obtuse, densely covered with pale brown tomentum, nearly sur- rounded by the leaf-scar. Mature bark thin, gray, quite smooth. Habitat — On a variety of sites and soils in open pastures, on hillsides and on waste ground, seeming to prefer well-drained situations, often forming thickets of considerable extent. Range— Nova Scotia westward through Ontario to Minnesota, south to Florida and Louisiana. Zones A, B, and C. Uses — The importance of this species lies in its use as an ornamental shrub. In New York State it is numbered among the best for mass planting. A cut-leaved form, var. laciniata, is widely propagated for the same purpose. Sa afer, —~ ce We (yas cs Dwarf Sumach Rhus copallina L. 1 . A staminate inflorescence x % 4. A mature leaf x % 2. A staminate flower, lateral sectional view 5. Fruit cluster x % Pubescent drupe, lateral view x 5 Pit, lateral view x 5 Winter twig x % X 3. A pistillate flower with two petals re- moved, lateral view x 10 CONS’ Trees of New York State 283 ANACARDIACEAE Rhus copallina L. Dwarf Sumach Habit — In the north usually a shrub 5-8 feet tall, spreading by means of root-suckers, and often forming extensive copses in pastures and aban- doned fields, occasionally a small tree 20-30 feet in height with a short, usually oblique trunk 8-10 inches in diameter bearing a wide-spreading crown of stout branches. Leaves — Alternate, odd-pinnately compound, 6-12 inches long, consisting of 9-21 sessile or nearly sessile leaflets arranged in pairs along a winged rachis. Leaflets oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 14%4-2% inches long, acute at the apex, cuneate and usually inequilateral at the base, entire or remotely serrulate above the middle, at maturity thick, dark lustrous green and glabrous above except on the midrib, paler and pubescent below. Flowers — Appearing in late June or July after the leaves are full grown, dioecious, yellowish green, borne in short, compact, pubescent, terminal or axillary panicles 4-6 inches long, the staminate panicles usually the larger. Calyx 5-lobed, the lobes ovate, acute, puberulous on the inner sur- face. Petals ovate, acute, greenish yellow, at anthesis reflexed above the middle. Disk red, conspicuous. Stamens 5, exserted, with slender fila- ments and orange-colored anthers. Pistil consisting of an ovate, pubes- cent ovary surmounted by 3 stout, spreading styles terminated by capi- tate stigmas. Vestigial organs occur in flowers of both sexes. Fruit — An oval or slightly ovate, somewhat compressed, thin-fleshed, bright red drupe about 1% of an inch in diameter, covered with close, glandular pubescence, borne in stout, pubescent clusters, ripening in the early autumn but persisting on the trees into the winter and following spring. Pit somewhat reniform, orange-brown, smooth. Winter characters — Twigs medium stout, tapering and somewhat zigzag, pubescent, reddish brown with prominent leaf-scars and conspicuous len- ticels, exuding a watery juice when broken, usually winter-killing through several nodes. Terminal bud absent. Lateral buds small, spherical, cov- ered with rusty brown hairs, superposed above the leaf-scar. Mature bark thin, pale reddish brown, dotted with horizontal elongated lenticels, ex- foliating tardily in large, papery scales. Habitat — Dry sandy soils on hillsides, ridges, and in abandoned fields and pastures, often forming extensive thickets, more rarely on rich bottom lands. Range — Central Maine westward through southern Ontario and Michigan to eastern Nebraska, southward to Florida and Texas. Uses — Not a timber species because of its small size. Widely used as an ornamental shrub in the parks and cemeteries of eastern United States and prized for its dark green, lustrous leaves which turn a rich maroon in the autumn, for its small stature, and persisting, showy fruit-clusters. Poison Sumach Rhus Vernix L. [Toxicodendron Vernix (L.) Shafer; Rhus venenata DC.] 1. A pistillate inflorescence x 1 2. A staminate flower, lateral sectional view x LO Bok peate flower, lateral sectional view x A mature leaf x % Fruit cluster x 2% Drupe, lateral view x 214 Pit, lateral view x % Winter twig x &% 90 ISD OY Trees of New York State 285 ANACARDIACEAE Rhus Vernix L. [Toxicodendron Vernix (L.) Shafer; Rhus venenata DOC.] Poison Sumach Habit — A shrub or small tree 20-25 feet in height with a trunk 5-6 inches in diameter which generally divides near the ground into a number of stout, spreading limbs to form an open, rounded, bushy crown of coarse branches, Leaves — Alternate, odd-pinnately compound, 7-14 inches long, consisting of 7-13 leaflets arranged suboppositely along a smooth, greenish red rachis. Leaflets obovate-oblong, 3-4 inches long, acute at the apex, cuneate and inequilateral at the base, entire, revolute margined, short-petiolate aside from the terminal leaflet, at maturity coriaceous, dark green and lustrous above with scarlet midribs, paler and glabrous below. Flowers — Appearing in June and July before the leaves have attained full size, dioecious, yellowish green, borne in rather narrow, drooping, axillary panicles 2144-8 inches long clustered near the tips of the twigs. Calyx 5-lobed, ovate, acute, glabrous. Disk prominent. Petals ovate-lanceolate, acute, erect. Stamens 5, exserted, with slender filaments and orange-col- ored anthers. Pistil consisting of an ovoid-globose, glabrous ovary sur- mounted by 3 short, thick, spreading styles terminated by proximate, capi- tate stigmas. Vestigial organs occur in flowers of both sexes. Fruit — A globose, slightly compressed, thin-fleshed, lustrous, ivory-white or tawny white, somewhat striated drupe, tipped with the style remnants, about 14 of an inch in diameter, borne in loose, pendant clusters, ripen- ing in September but persisting on the trees far into the winter. Pit pale yellow, thin-shelled, prominently grooved. Winter characters — Twigs stout, glabrous, brown to orange-brown, marked by numerous, minute, raised lenticels, exuding a watery, poisonous juice when broken, at length light gray. Pith large, yellowish brown, homo- geneous. Terminal bud conical, acute, purplish, finely pubescent, 4%-% of an inch long. Lateral buds similar but much smaller. Mature bark thin, pale light gray, smooth or somewhat striate, marked with prominent, horizontally elongated lenticels. Habitat — In old peat bogs and cold, wet swamps which are often inundated for a portion of the year. Range — Northern New England westward through southern Ontario to Min- nesota, southward into the Gulf States. Zones A, B, and C. Uses — A poisonous species to be shunned by people susceptible to its poison- ous properties. The active principle is a non-volatile oil similar to and causing the same reaction as that from Poison Ivy. The symptoms are acute irritation of the skin including itching, swelling and the formation of blisters which exude a hyaline, somewhat viscid fluid when ruptured. It is recommended that the parts be scrubbed vigorously with alcohol or a saturated solution of lead acetate as soon after exposure as possible. In lieu of this, use soap and water. More advanced stages may be relieved with an aqueous solution of baking soda, applied directly to the affected parts. The species has no economic value. Holly Ilex opaca Ait. 1. A twig showing staminate flowers x 1% 4. A pistillate flower, lateral sectional view 2. A staminate flower, lateral sectional view c 4 x x hr. A branch with mature leaves and fruit x 4 8. A twig showing pistillate flowers x 1% 6. Fruit in lateral sectional view x 2 7. Ribbed nutlet x 3 Trees of New York State 287 AQUIFOLIACEAE Ilex opaca Ait. Holly Habit — A small tree 20-30 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 6-18 inches, under favorable conditions sometimes 50 feet tall with a trunk 3 feet in diameter. Bole continuous through the crown. Crown compact, conical, consisting of slender, spreading, horizontal or somewhat drooping branches bearing evergreen leaves, often extending nearly to the ground. Leaves — Alternate, elliptical to obovate-oblong, 2-4 inches long, pungently acute at the apex, broadly cuneate at the base, sinuate with rather dis- tant spiny teeth or entire, at maturity coriaceous, dull dark green, gla- brous and centrally grooved above, paler and smooth beneath, borne on short, stout, thickened petioles. Flowers — Appearing in late May and June in New York State, small, dioe- cious, axillary on slender, puberulous, bracteolate pedicels, the staminate in 3-9-flowered cymes, the pistillate singly or 2-3 together. Calyx minute, 4-6-lobed, the lobes triangular, acute, ciliate, persistent. Petals 4-6, oblong, obtuse, greenish white, about % of an inch long. Stamens 4-6, alternate with the petals, exserted, with subulate filaments and oblong anthers. Pistil consisting of a sessile, subeylindrical, 4—6-celled ovary and sessile, usually confluent stigmas which persist in fruit, Fruit — A spherical or ovoid, glabrous, dull red or occasionally yellow drupe, about %4 of an inch in diameter, subtended by the persistent calyx, usually borne solitary on short, stout stalks, ripening in the autumn but remain- ing on the branches until the following spring. Nutlets light brown, promi- nently few-ribbed on the back. Winter characters — Leaves persisting on the twig about three years, turning yellowish green during the winter months. Twigs rather stout, glabrous, pale brown, with inconspicuous lenticels. Buds short, the terminal acute, the lateral obtuse and somewhat downy. Mature bark grayish white, roughened by warty excrescences, about % of an inch thick. Habitat — Prefers moist sites on the borders of swamps and on rich bottom- lands but thrives on drier soils in protected situations. Along the coast it is frequently found growing behind the protecting sand dunes. Range — Coastal region from Maine to Florida and eastern Texas, extending north in the Mississippi basin to southern Illinois and Indiana. It is ex- ceedingly rare at higher elevations in the interior. Zone A. Uses — The sprays of evergreen leaves and bright berries (drupes) are used in immense quantities for holiday decoration. The tree possesses orna- mental value but is not used extensively for this purpose because of its slow growth. Wood light, tough, rather weak, close-grained, ivory-white when first cut, turning brown with exposure. , Used for umbrella handles, tor turnery of all sorts, and in the manufacture of souvenirs and nick- nacks. ff OL AAS Striped Maple, Moosewood Acer pennsylvanicum L. 1. A flowering branch x % 3. A pistillate flower, lateral sectional view 2. A staminate flower, lateral sectional view x lO 4. A fruiting branch x % x 10 4 d 5. Winter twig xX 7% Trees of New York State 289 ACERACEAE Acer pennsylvanicum L. Striped Maple, Moosewood Habit — Usually a large shrub or small tree 10-25 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 2-6 inches, occasionally 30-40 feet in height with a trunk 8-10 inches in diameter. Trunk usually short, dividing a few feet above the ground into slender, straight, ascending branches which form a deep, broad crown, often several stems together. Leaves — Opposite, broadly obovate to orbicular, 4-6 inches long, 4-5 inches wide, cordate or rounded at the base, palmately 3-nerved and acutely 3-lobed at the apex and occasionally with 2 short additional lobes at the base, sharply and finely doubly serrate, at maturity membranous, pale green and glabrous above, paler and nearly smooth beneath, borne on stout, grooved petioles which are enlarged at the base and 1144-2 inches long. Flowers — Appearing in May and June when the leaves are nearly full grown, dioecious or occasionally the two sorts on the same plant, yellowish green, borne in terminal, drooping, stalked racemes 4-6 inches long. Sepals linear-lanceolate, yellowish green, about 14 of an inch long. Petals obovate to spatulate, bright yellow, slightly longer than the sepals. Stamens 7-8, shorter than the petals, with slender filaments and oval anthers. FPistil consisting of a sessile, broadly obovate, laterally com- pressed, purplish brown, puberulous ovary surmounted by a stout style and 2 spreading recurved stigmas, Vestigial organs present in both types of flowers. Fruit — A double samara consisting of two dark reddish brown, 1-seeded, laterally-compressed and somewhat rugose, nut-like carpels each about ¥Y% of an inch long and bearing on its back a thin, oblong to obovate, divergent wing about *4 of an inch long. Fruiting racemes glabrous, drooping, 4-6 inches long. Winter characters — Twigs stout, glabrous, reddish brown, with scattered, inconspicuous lenticels and brown pith. Buds opposite, obtuse, some- what 4-sided, appressed, short-stalked about 34 of an inch long, entirely covered by single pair of red, smooth, valvate scales. Terminal bud larger than the appressed lateral buds. Mature bark thin, quite smooth, green or reddish brown, conspicuously marked longitudinally by white streaks, at length becoming dark gray and rougher. Habitat — A retiring, tolerant species. Shaded situations in cool, moist woods, deep glens, and on northern exposures where it is protected from excessive isolation. Forms the bulk of the shrubby undergrowth in many places. Range — Nova Scotia westward through southern Canada and the northern border states to Minnesota, southward along the Applachians to northern Georgia and eastern Tennessee. Zones B, C, D, and FE. Uses — Of no economic importance. The tree possesses ornamental value and is occasionally grown in the larger parks of the northeastern states but its exacting site requirements preclude its extensive use. 10 Mountain Maple Acer spicatum Lam. 1. A flowering branch x % 3. A pistillate flower, lateral sectional view 2. A staminate flower, lateral sectional view x 5 x 5 4. A fruiting branch x % >. Winter twig x % Trees of New York State 291 ACERACEAE Acer spicatum Lam. Mecuntain Maple Habit — Occasionally a small bushy tree 20-35 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 4-8 inches, more often a shrub growing in clumps of a half dozen or more, or forming extensive thickets. Leaves — Opposite, broadly ovate to orbicular, 3-5 inches long, cordate at the base, palmately 3-lobed or obscurely 5-lobed, the lobes acute or acu- minate at the apex and coarsely crenate-serrate with gland-tipped teeth. At maturity the leaves are membranous, prominently 3-nerved with con- spicuous veinlets, glabrous above, dense hoary pubescent below, borne on slender petioles 2-3 inches long which are enlarged at the base and usually turn scarlet during the summer. Flowers —Appearing in June when the leaves are nearly full grown, polygamo-dioecious, greenish yellow, borne in narrow, erect, terminal, pubescent, long-stalked, compound racemes, the fertile flowers towards the base. Calyx usually 5-lobed, the lobes narrowly obovate, pubescent on the outer surface. Petals usually 5, linear-spatulate, acute, longer than the sepals. Stamens 7-8, free, with slender, glabrous filaments and oblong, glandular anthers, exserted in the staminate flower. Pistil con- sisting of a sessile, broadly obovate, laterally compressed, pale tomentose ovary surmounted by a columnar style and 2 short, spreading stigmas. Fruit — A double samara consisting of 2 bright red, 1-seeded, laterally com- pressed, nearly glabrous, strongly striated, nut-like carpels which develop from the back oblong or obovate, coriaceous, divergent wings about 14 of an inch long. The samaras are borne in drooping, racemose clusters. As they mature in September, the nut-like carpels turn brown and fall separately from the persisting axis. Winter characters — Twigs slender, bright red, appressed grayish-pubescent at least toward the tip, at length pale grayish brown, often streaked witi green toward the base. Buds opposite, acute, appressed, short-stalked, greenish red, about 14 of an inch long including the stalk. Terminal bud larger. Bud-scales 2-3 pairs, but one or two pairs visible, the inner pair tomentose. Mature bark thin, reddish brown, smooth or slightly furrowed. Habitat — A retiring species preferring moist sites in rocky glens, gulfs and on talus slopes with northern exposure. Frequent on the moist alpine slopes of the southern Appalachian Mountains. Range — Newfoundland westward to Manitoba and the northern border states as far west as Minnesota, south along the Appalachians to north- ern Georgia and eastern Tennessee. Zones B, C, D, and E. Uses — The species possesses little economic importance. Occasionally culti- vated for ornament in arboretums and parks. The wood is sometimes used for fuel. SZ AH) ty tl, Wis py AS La Sugar Maple, Black Maple Acer saecharum Marsh. [Acer saccharinum Wang. | A twig-tip showing staminate flowers x 14 5. A branch showing mature leaves and fruit ile ; 29. A staminate flower, lateral view x 2 5 x % >" A twig-tip showing pistillate flowers x % 6G. Winter twig x t 4. A perfect flower, lateral view x 2 Trees of New York State 293 ACERACEAE Acer saccharum Marsh. [Acer saccharinum Wang. ] Sugar Maple, Black Maple Habit — A valuable timber species usually 50-80 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 2-3 feet, under optimum conditions sometimes 120 feet tall with a trunk 3-4 feet through. In the open the bole divides 8-10 feet above the ground into stout, ascending branches which form a broad, ovoid, round-topped crown. Trees under forest conditions have long, straight, columnar boles often free of branches for 60-70 feet and bear- ing shallow, rounded crowns with a few large limbs. Leaves — Opposite, orbicular to broadly obovate, 3-5 inches across, cordate or rounded at the base. palmately 3—5-nerved and lobed, the lobes acu- minate, sparingly sinuately toothed and separated by rounded sinuses. At maturity the leaves are rather thin, glabrous, dark green and dull above, paler and smooth below, borne on slender, glabrous petioles 1144-3 inches long. Flowers — Appearing in April and May with the leaves, greenish yellow, polygamous, the staminate and pistillate flowers on the same or on dif- ferent trees, borne on long, filamentous, hairy pedicels in drooping, many- flowered, nearly sessile, umbel-like corymbs from terminal leafy buds or lateral flower-buds. Calyx campanulate, hairy without, 5-lobed, the lobes shallow and obtuse. Corolla wanting. Stamens 7—8, exserted in the sterile flowers. with slender, glabrous filaments and oval anthers. Pistil consisting of a sessile, broadly obovate, laterally-compressed, pale green, pilose ovary surmounted by 2 filamentous styles united at the base and bearing long, exserted stigmas. Fruit — A glabrous, double samara consisting of 2 light reddish brown, laterally compressed, 1-seeded carpels about 14 of an inch long, equipped on the back with bread, thin, divergent wings 144-114 inches long. The samaras are borne in ¢lusters on long, smooth, filamentous stalks. Winter characters.— Twigs slender, lustrous, reddish brown to buff, niarked by numerous, conspicuous lenticels, becoming paler the second season. Terminal bud conical, reddish brown, hairy toward the apex, with 8-16 visible scales, about 45 of an inch long. Lateral buds opposite, similar to the terminal bud but smaller. Mature bark thick, light grayish brown, separated by deep furrows into longitudinal ridges which are scaly at the surface, that of smaller trunks quite smooth. Habitat — An upland species preferring the rich, well-drained, rocky soils of slopes, ridges and hills. Thrives on sites underlaid with limestone. Range — Newfoundland westward to Manitoba and the Dakotas, south to Florida and northeastern Texas. Zones B, C, and D. Uses — One of the most valuable timber trees of the forests of eastern United States. Wood hard, heavy, strong, close-grained, pale reddish brown with narrow, paler heartwood. Largely used for furniture, floor- ing, interior finish, turnery, and for fuel in the rural districts. Bird’s-eye and curly maple are especially prized in cabinet work. This tree is tapped in the spring and produces the maple syrup and sugar of the trade. It makes an excellent shade and ornamental tree and is commonly planted along country roads and on private estates. 1. > 2 o Acer saccharum, var. nigrum (Michx. Portion of a flowers and . Portion of flowers a and branch showing leaves xX immature . A staminate flower, lateral view x 2 branch showing immature leaves Black Maple staminate 1, » xX pistillate 1 f Clie .) Britt. [Acer nigrum Michx. f.] A pistillate flower, lateral view x 2 A branch showing mature leaves and fruit x 14 Winter twig x % Trees of New York State 295 ACERACEAE Acer saccharum, var. nigrum (Michx. f.) Britt. [Acer nigrum Michx. f.] Black Maple Habit — Similar in habit to Sugar Maple and not distinguished in the trade. a valuable timber species, becoming under optimum conditions 80-100 feet in height with a trunk 3-4 feet in diameter. In the open the crown is ovoid, at length becoming broad and round-topped. Under forest con- ditions the bole is long and columnar, bearing aloft a shallow, flat-topped crown. Leaves — Opposite, orbicular to broadly obovate, 3-5 inches across, cordate at the base, palmately 3-veined and 3-lobed (rarely 5), the lobes acumi- nate, entire or somewhat undulate, and separated by broad, rounded sinuses. At maturity the leaves are rather thick, dull, dark green and glabrous above, yellow-green and pubescent below, borne on rather stout, pubescent petioles 2-5 inches long. Flower — Similar to those of Sugar Maple, but opening a few days later than those cf the species when the leaves are about one-third grown, Fruit —- Similar to that of Sugar Maple and not to be distinguished from it. Winter characters — Twigs rather stout, lustrous or dull, orange-brown or grayish brown, marked by conspicuous, oblong, grayish white lenticels. Terminal bud conical to ovate, grayish brown, hoary pubescent, about 4 of an inch long. Lateral buds opposite, similar to the terminal bud but smaller. Mature bark similar to that of Sugar Maple and not to be distinguished from it. Habitat — The Black Maple is said to prefer lower ground than the Sugar Maple. In central New York it grows on upland sites, intermixed with or in places wholly replacing the Sugar Maple. Range — Quebee westward to South Dakota and Kansas, southward to north- ern Georgia and Louisiana. Zones B, C, and D. Uses — A valuable timber species. Wood similar to that of Sugar Maple and not distinguished in the trade. The trees are tapped indiscriminately with those of Sugar Maple for their sugary sap. i) we) Silver Maple, White Maple Acer saccharinum L. [Acer dasycarpum Ehrh. ] . A twig showing staminate flowers and un- opened leaf-buds x 15 . A staminate flower, lateral view x 10 . A twig showing pistillate flowers and un- opened leaf-buds x % 4, oo. 6. A pistillate flower, lateral view x 8 A branch showing mature leaves and fruit x % Winter twig x % Trees of New York State 297 ACERACEAE Acer saccharinum L. [Acer dasyearpum Ehrh.] Silver Maple, White Maple Habit — A large tree 60-80 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 2-4 feet, under favorable conditions sometimes 120 feet tall. Bole usually short, dividing 10-15 feet above the ground into several stout, ascending limbs which ultimately bear brittle, pendulous branches and form a_broad- topped, rounded crown. Leaves ——- Opposite, nearly orbicular, 6-7 inches across, cordate or truncate at the base, palmately 5-nerved and deeply 5-lobed, the lateral lobes acu- minate, coarsely and irregularly dentate and separated by acute sinuses, the terminal lobe usually with three divergent secondary lobes. At maturity the leaves are thin, pale green and glabrous above, silvery- glaucous beneath, borne on slender, drooping, red petioles 4-5 inches long. Flowers — Appearing during the first warm days of March and April before the leaves in dense, sessile, axillary clusters on the growth of the pre- ceding season, greenish yellow, polygamous, the staminate and pistillate in separate clusters on the same or on different trees. Calyx tubular in the staminate flower, urn-shaped in the pistillate flower, shallowly 5-lobed, usually pubescent without. Corolla lacking. Stamens 3-7, long exserted in the staminate flower, with slender filaments and red anthers. Pistil consisting of a short, compressed, pubescent, 2-lobed ovary sur- mounted by 2 widely divergent styles with stigmatic tips. Fruit — A glabrous, double samara consisting of 2 pale, reddish brown and wrinkled, laterally compressed, 1-seeded carpels about 4% of an inch long bearing from the back straight or somewhat falcate, widely divergent wings 1-2 inches long, borne on slender, drooping stalks. The samaras mature in April and May and the seeds germinate as soon as they fall to the ground. Winter characters — Twigs rather slender, lustrous, conspicuously lenticel- late. light chestnut-brown becoming paler the second season. When freshly cut or broken, the twigs exhale a rank odor. Terminal bud ovate- oval, obtuse, red, about ¥% of an inch long, covered with 3-4 pairs of visible scales which are rounded and ciliate on the margin. Lateral leaf- buds similar, short-stalked, usually accompanied by globose flower-buds on either side which are larger and more conspicuous than the true axil- lary bud. Mature bark thin, reddish brown, separating at the surface into elongated, loose, longitudinal plates giving the tree a shaggy appear- ance, that of young trunks and branches smooth and light gray. Habitat — Typically a bottom-land species preferring moist situations along sluggish streams and the borders of swamps where the soil is often inun- dated for a part of each year. Propagated for shade and ornament in drier soils. Range — New Brunswick westward through southern Ontario to eastern South Dakota and Nebraska, south to Florida and Oklahoma. Zones B and C. Uses — The chief value of the species lies in its use as an ornamental and shade tree, a number of horticultural varieties being recognized. This tree should not be planted in exposed situations as the branches are brittle and subject to storm injury. Wood medium hard heavy, strong, brittle, close-grained. pale brown with thick, paler sapwood. Used for cheap furniture and occasionally for flooring. abo Red Maple, Swamp Maple Acer rubrum L. . A twig showing staminate flowers and un- opened leaf-buds x 1 . A staminate flower, lateral view x 5 . A twig showing pistillate flowers and un- opened leaf-buds x % 4. A pistillate flower, lateral view x 5 5. A branch showing mature leaves and fruit x % 6. Winter twig x % Trees of New York State 299 ACERACEAE Acer rubrum L. Red Maple, Swamp Maple Habit — Generally a medium-sized tree 40-50 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 1-2 feet, under favorable conditions occasionally becoming 100 feet tall with a trunk 4 feet in diameter. In the open the bole is usually 6-10 feet long and branches low down into stout, spreading, upright and horizontal branches to form a compact, narrow, oblong or obovoid head. Under forest conditions the bole is much longer and bears a restricted crown. Leaves — Opposite, orbicular or obovate, 2-6 inches long, truncate or sub- cordate at the base, palmately 3—5- nerved and lobed, the lobes acute or acuminate, irregularly doubly seftrate and separated by shallow, acute sinuses. At maturity the leaves are light green and glabrous above, pale greenish white and glabrous below aside from the prominent veins, borne on slender, red or green petioles 2—4 inches long. Flowers — Appearing in March and April in advance of the leaves in dense, sessile, axillary clusters on the growth of the preceding season, scarlet or yellowish red, polygamous, pedicellate, the staminate and ponies in separate clusters on the same or on different trees. Calyx campanulate, deeply 5-lobed, the lobes oblong and obtuse. Petals 5, oblong or linear, equaling the calyx-lobes. Stamens 5-8, exserted in the staminate flowers, with slender filaments and scarlet anthers. Pistil consisting of a gla- brous, compressed, laterally lobed ovary and 2 widely divergent styles which bear elongated stigmatic lobes. Fruit — A glabrous, scarlet or reddish brown, double samara consisting of 2 somewhat striate, laterally compressed, seed-like carpels about 44 of an inch long bearing from the back thin, erect, divergent wings 14-1 inch long, borne in clusters on drooping stalks 3-4 inches long. The samaras mature in May and June and the seeds usually germinate at once. Winter characters — Twigs rather slender, lustrous, pale lenticellate, light or dark red, at length gray tinged with red, odorless when crushed. Lateral leaf-buds opposite, oval-ovate, obtuse, red, short-stalked, about 1% of an inch long, covered with 38-4 pairs of visible scales which are rounded and ciliate on the margins. Terminal bud similar but slightly larger. Flower-buds numerous, stout, collateral, usually one on either side of the leaf-bud. Mature bark thin, dark gray, divided by shallow fissures into long, longitudinal ridges which separate into long plates at the surface giving the tree a shaggy appearance, that of young trunks and branches smooth and light gray resembling Beech. Habitat — Typically a bottom-land species inhabiting and attaining its best development on river banks and in low, wet swamps in company with Black Ash, Red Gum, Pepperidge, etc., or often occupying such sites to the exclusion of other species It also frequents higher ground, often forming an important part of the forest in hilly areas in company with other species, Range — Nova Scotia westward through southern Canada to Manitoba, south to Florida and eastern Texas. Zones A, B, C, and D. Uses — This species possesses ornamental value, more especially because of its foliage which is whitened beneath and turns red or scarlet in the autumn. It is to be recommended for roadside and park planting but is not sufficiently hardy for city streets. Wood medium hard, heavy, not strong, close-grained, light brown often with a roseate cast, with thick paler sapwood. Used for cheap furniture, flooring, in turnery and for woodenware. Box Elder, Ash-leaved Maple Acer Negundo L. [Negundo aceroides Moench.] 1. A twig showing staminate flowers and 4, A pistillate flower, lateral view x 2 opening leaf-buds x %4 5. A mature leaf x 1 A staminate flower, lateral view x 3 6. Portion of twig with fruit clusters x %4 3. A twig showing pistillate flowers and im- 7. Winter twig x % mature leaves x 4 i) Trees of New York State 301 ACERACEAE Acer Negundo L. [Negundo aceroides Moench.] Box Elder, Ash-leaved Maple Habit — A tree of medium size, under favorable conditions attaining a height of 50-75 feet with a trunk 2-4 feet in diameter. Bole usually short, dividing low down into stout, spreading limbs to form a broad, rounded, bushy crown, occasionally long and free of branches for some distance. Leaves — Opposite. odd-pinnately compound or in part decompound, 6-15 inches long. long-petioled, consisting of 3-5 (rarely 9) leaflets. Leaf: lets ovate-lanceclate. oval, or obovate, acuminate at the apex, cuneate or rounded at the base, coarsely and irregularly serrate above the middle or deeply lobed or divided, at maturity thin, light green, gla- brous or somewhat pubescent above, paler and nearly smooth below, borne on stout petioles, that of the terminal leaflet often 1 inch long Flowers — Appearing in April or May with or before the leaves on the growth of the preceding season, yellowish green, dioecious, the stami- nate in fascicles with long, pendulous pedicels 1-2 inches long, the pistillate in narrow, drooping racemes. Calyx hairy without, cam- panulate and obscurely 5-lobed in the staminate flower, tubular and deeply lobed in the pistillate flower. Corolla wanting. Stamens 4-6, exserted, with slender filaments and elongated anthers. Pistil con- sisting of a short, compressed, pubescent, laterally lobed ovary sur- mounted by elongated styles which are stigmatic along the inner surface. Fruit — A glabrous, double samara consisting of 2 pale, reddish brown acutely diverging 1l-seeded carpels, 7-35 of an inch long, bearing thin, reticu- lately veined, straight or somewhat faleate wings 144-2 inches long, borne in drooping racemes. ripening in the autmun and separating from the fruit stalks which persist on the twigs during tke winter. Winter characters— Twigs stout, green or purplish green, smooth, lus- trous or covered at least toward the tips with a glaucous bloom, marked by scattered, pale lenticels. Terminal bud ovoid, acute, pale tomentose about 44 of an inch long. Lateral buds opposite, short-stalked, obtuse, shorter than the terminal bud, nearly or quite enclosed by the first pair of bud-scales which commonly bear lateral accessory-buds in their axils. Mature bark thin. pale gray or light brown, shallowly fissured with narrow, anastomosing ridges. Habitat — A moisture-loving species preferring the banks of streams and rivers, margins of lakes, and low bottom-lands in company with other species. It is often planted and will thrive in drier situations. Range — Western Vermont southward to Florida, westward through stuth- ern Ontario to the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains, Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. Rare east of the Appalachian Mountains. Zones A, B, and C. Uses — Of little commercial importance as a timber tree. Wood soft, light. not strong, close-grained, creamy white. Occasionally manufactured into cheap furniture, woodenware, paper pulp, ete. The tree possesses some ornamental value and is planted extensively in the east as a shade, lawn, and roadside tree. A number of horticultural forms are recognized. A variety (A. Negundo, var. Californicum Sarg.) oceurs in California. Horse Chestnut Aesculus Hippocastanum L. 1. An inflorescence, lateral view x % 4. A mature leaf x % 2. A staminate flower, lateral sectional view 5. Mature fruit, lateral view x % x 6. Winter twig x % 3. A perfect flower, lateral sectional view x 1 Trees of New York State 303 SAPINDACEAE Aesculus Hippocastanum L. Horse Chestnut Habit — A large tree, under favorable conditions sometimes attaining a height of 70-80 feet with a trunk diameter of 2-3 feet. Trunk continuous into the crown or more frequently dividing 6-8 feet above the ground into a number of stout, ascending limbs and spreading branches whieh form an oblong or broadly conical crown. Lower branches drooping, with upturned tips. Leaves — Opposite, palmately compound, 6-15 inches in diameter, consisting of 5-7 (usually 7) leaflets, borne on stout petioles which are swollen at the base and measure 4-7 inches in length. Leaflets obovate, 4-8 inches long, abruptly acuminate at the apex, tapering to a sessile base, irregu- larly crenate-dentate, at maturity dark green, rugose, and nearly glabrous above, paler beneath. Flowers — Appearing in June and July after the leaves, polygamous, in compact, terminal, upright thyrses 6-12 inches high, only those near the base of the inflorescence fertile. Calyx campanulate, finely pubescent, usually gibbous on the lower side near the base, 5-lobed. Petals 5, white spotted with yellow and purple, unequal in size, inserted by a claw at the base. Stamens 6-8, longer than the petals, with slender, upeurving fila- ments and small, elliptical anthers. Pistil consisting of an oblong, pubescent ovary terminated by an elongated, slender, upcurving style and terminal stigma. Fruit — A light green, coriaceous, echinulate, 3-celled capsule, 2-3 inches in diameter, turning brown in the autumn and opening by several sutures to set free the 1-3 large, lustrous, brown seeds, each marked by a conspicu- ous sear. Winter characters — Twigs stout, reddish brown, glabrous, or finely pubes- cent, marked by the large, inversely triangular leaf-sears which enclose a U-shaped line of 5-7 bundle-sears. Twigs fork after flowering, an axillary bud then functioning as a terminal bud. Buds large, reddish brown, water-proofed with-a sticky gum. Terminal flower-buds, %4—1 inch long, much larger than the lateral buds. Bud-scales opposite, paired, about 5 pairs visible in the largest buds. Mature bark thin, dull brown, shallowly fissured into small, irregular plate-like scales. Habitat — Prefers deep, moist soils. Extensively planted as a shade and ornamental tree in this country and found as an ‘‘escape’’ along highways and about the habitations of man, Range — Originally from southern Asia but now much planted in America and Europe as a shade and ornamental tree. Zones A, B, and C. Uses — Its chief value lies in its extensive use as a shade and ornamental tree. A number of horticultural varieties including forms with laciniate leaves and double flowers are propagated. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, pale yellowish white. Employed in Europe in carving, turnery and as blind-wood in veneering. Common Buckthorn , Waythorn, Plumberry Rhamnus eathartiea L. 1. A twig showing staminate flowers and im- 4. A pistillate flower, lateral sectional view mature leaves x % x 5 2. A staminate flower, lateral sectional view 5. A branch showing mature leaves and fruit =o x &% 8. A twig showing pistillate flowers and im- -6. Fruit, lateral view, showing nutlets x 2 mature leaves x % 7. Nutlet, dorsal view x 3 8. Winter twig x % Trees of New York State 305 RHAMNACEAE Rhamnus eathartica L. Common Buckthorn, Waythorn, Plumberry Habit — A large shrub or small tree occasionally becoming 30 feet in height with a stout trunk 6-12 inches in diameter. Bole short, dividing 2-5 feet above the ground into a number of stout, ascending limbs which form an oblong or globular, bushy crown. Leaves — Chiefly subopposite, more rarely alternate, tufted, broadly ovate or oval, 144-3 inches long, abruptly acute or obtuse at the apex, rounded or obtuse at the base, finely crenate-serrate, at maturity dark dull green and glabrous above, paler and glabrous or pubescent beneath, borne on slender petioles #4—1 inch long. Flowers — Appearing in May and June after the leaves in 2—5-flowered, axillary clusters, green, 4-merous, dioecious. Calyx-tube in staminate flower cylindrical, in pistillate flower campanulate. Calyx-lobes triangu- lar, acute, ascending or somewhat reflexed. Petals narrow, shorter than the calyx-lobes, inserted with the stamens on the calyx-tube. Stamens shorter than the calyx-lobes, with awl-shaped filaments and oblong anthers. Pistil consisting of a globose, 4-celled ovary surmounted by 4 linear styles which are united below and bear terminal stigmas. Fruit — A subglobose, lustrous, black drupe, about %4 of an inch in diameter. containing thin, acrid flesh and 3-4 bony nutlets. Nutlets strongly sul- cate on the outer face. Winter character — Twigs rather slender, pale reddish brown with a grayish evanescent skin, at length brownish black. Shoots of two sorts, long shoots and short, often spinulose, dwarf shoots which bear flowers and tufted foliage during the summer. Buds ovate, acute, appressed, brownish black, about 4% of an inch long. Mature bark thin, very rough, nearly black in color. Habitat — In waste places along fence rows and highways where it is widely spread through the agency of birds. Thrives on a variety of upland sites. Range — Europe and western and northern Asia. Introduced into the country as a hedge plant and now widely naturalized throughout the eastern United States. Zones A, B, and C. Uses — Its economic status in this country rests on its use as a hedge plant for which it is well adapted because of its compact head of many small, spiny branches, and the ease of propagation. The bark yields a cathartic and a yellow dye. The close-grained wood is sometimes used for turner) and tool handles in the Old World. Basswood, American Linden Tilia americana L. [Tilia glabra Vent.] 1. A branch showing inflorescences and ma- 3. A fruit-cluster with leafy bract x % ture leaves x 4 4. Fruit, lateral sectional view x 3 2. A flower, lateral sectional view x 4 5. Winter twig x %4 Go 5 Trees of New York State TILIACEAE Tilia americana L. [Tilia glabra Vent.] Basswood, American Linden Habit — A valuable timber tree, generally 60-70 feet in height with a trunk 1-3 feet in diameter, under favorable conditions sometimes 120 feet tall and 4% feet in diameter. Bole straight, continuous into the crown, bear- ing slender, lateral branches which form a dense, ovoid crown. In the open the lower branches are pendulous and reach within a few feet of the ground. Forest grown specimens have straight, columnar trunks and high crowns. Leaves — Alternate, broadly ovate to oval, 5-10 inches long, abruptly acumin- ate at the apex, cordate and inequilateral at the base, coarsely serrate with ineurved, glandular teeth, at maturity thick, dark green lustrous and glabrous above, paler and glabrous below aside from tufts of brown hairs in the axils of the prominent veins, berne on slender petioles 144-2 inches in length. Flowers — Appearing in early July after the leaves, perfect, fragrant, yel- lowish white, borne in drooping, cymose clusters on long peduncles which are united for about half their length with conspicuous pale green bracts. Sepals 5, lanceolate, pubescent, about 44 of an inch long. Petals 5, lanceo- late, longer than the sepals, with a spatulate staminode at the base. Stamens numerous, hypogynous, shorter than the petals, collected in 5 groups one of which is inserted at the base of each staminode. Pistil con- sisting of a sessile, pubescent globose, 5-celled ovary crowned by an erect style bearing a 5-lobed stigma at the tip. Fruit — An ovoid, obscurely ribbed, apiculate, tawny-brown, pubescent, woody, nut-like drupe, about the size of a pea, borne in cymose clusters on a long stalk attached at the base to the persistent, leafy bract, usually persist- ing on the trees far into the winter. Fruiting bract usually tapering or stalked at the base. Drupe 1-celled and usually 1-seeded by abortion. Seed broadly ovoid, about 14 of an inch long. Winter characters — Twigs rather slender, zigzag, glabrous, lustrous, bright red, becoming olive-red or covered with a gray, evanescent skin the second season, marked with scattered, oblong aes Terminal bud lacking. Lateral buds ovate, acute, lopsided, divergent, dark red or greenish red, smooth or somewhat pubescent at the apex, ¥-%5 of an inch long. Visible bud-seales, 2-8, thick, rounded at the back, inserted separately. Mature bark thick, light brown, divided by deep fissures into rounded, anastomosing ridges which are scaly at the surface. Bark on young stems dark gray and smooth. Habitat — In rich woods and loamy soils usually in admixture with other species. Thrives in moist, fertile, bottom-land forests. Range — New Brunswick westward through southern Canada to Manitoba. southward in the United States to Georgia and eastern Texas. Zones A. B, and C. Uses — A valuable timber species. Wood light, soft, moderately strong, fine- textured and even-grained, light brown to nearly white, with thick, scarcely distinguishable sapwood. Used extensively for crating, cheap furniture, wagons, woodenware, drawing boards, trunks, ete., where a soft, tough, easily worked wood is desirable. Small quantities are manufactured into paper pulp and excelsior. The flowers are nectariferous and are eagerly sought by honey bees. The inner bark is fibrous and mucilaginous and is sometimes manufactured into cordage. The tree possesses ornamental value and is to be recommended for planting in the northern states. 1. A branch showing inflorescences and ma- y . A flower, lateral sectional view x 4 Basswood, Linden Tilia Michauxii Sarg. [Tilia neglecta Spach.] 3. 4. 5 A fruit-cluster with leafy bract x % Fruit, lateral sectional view x 3 Trees of New York State 309 TILIACEAE Tilia Michauxii Sarg. [Tilia neglecta Spach.] Basswood, Linden Habit — A large tree becomng under favorable conditions 70-80 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 2-3 feet. In habit it resembles Tilia amerivanc L. and is seldom distinguished from it by layman. Leaves — Alternate, broadly ovate usually 5-6 inches long, abruptly acumin- ate or acute at the apex, cordate or truncute and very oblique at the base, sharply serrate with glandular teeth, at maturity thick, dark green, lus- trous, glabrous or sparingly pubescent above, grayish green and rather densely pubescent with long hairs below and with prominent tufts of pale hairs in the axils of the principal veins, borne on slender petioles 11-2 inches in length. Flowers — Somewhat larger than those of Tilia americana and opening a few days late1, otherwise similar. Fruit — Similar to that of Tilia americana but smaller (about %4 of an inch in diameter) and more globose. Winter characters — The tree cannot be separated with certainty in winter condition from Tilia americana. The branches are said to be smoother and lighter colored than those of that species but this character should be used with reservation in identification. Habitat — Similar to that of Tilia americana. Prefers the moist, well-drained soils of rich woods in admixture with other species. Range — Imperfectly known. Said to extend from southeastern Canada and New England southward into the Gulf states. Zones A, B, and C. Uses — The wood is not distinguished in the trade from that of Tilia ameri- cana and is put to the same uses. The tree is occasionally grown orna- mentally. S S\\ } ——\\ De (0? ah Rennie Han) 772 Up NH 7 X W ida i \\ Wil if ai eas==— A eS ESE SE a A branch showing mature leaves and fruit x &% _ Fruit in cross section, apical view x % ’ Fruit in cross section, lateral view x % . Seed, lateral view x 1 _ Winter twig x % — Trees of New York State 325 EBENACEAE Diospyros virginiana L. Persimmon Habit — A small tree 40-50 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 6-12 inches, under optimum conditions occasionally 100 feet tall with a trunk 2-3 feet in diameter, Trunk slender, tapering, continuous into the crown, short or in forest grown specimens often free of branches for 60—70 feet. Crown cylindrical, with slender, spreading or drooping branches, becom- ing broad and round-topped with age. Leaves — Alternate, ovate or oval, 3-7 inches long, acuminate at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, entire, at maturity thick, coriaceous, dark green and lustrous above, paler and pubescent beneath, borne on stout, pubescent petioles 44-1 inch in length. Flowers — Appearing in May and June on the shoots of the year when the leaves are partly grown, yellowish green, dioecious, the staminate in 2-3-flowered, pubescent, pedunculate cymes, the pistillate solitary and borne on short, recurved pedicels. Calyx deeply 4-lobed the lobes ovate, acute, accrescent under the fruit. Corolla tubular or somewhat urceolate,,. with 4 short, reflexed lobes at the top. Stamens 16 im the staminate flower, inserted in 2 sets, with short filaments and sagittate anthers; stamens 8 in the fertile flower, generally abortive. Pistil consisting of a conical ovary which is pilose toward the top, surmounted by 4 slender styles bearing 2-lobed stigmas. Fruit — A depressed-globose or somewhat obovate-oblong, glaucous, pale orange-colored and often red-checked berry, 1-11%4 inches in diameter, subtended by the four, accrescent calyx-lobes, borne on a short, thick, woody stalk. Seeds 1-8, oblong, compressed, embedded in the juicy, astringent flesh which becomes sweet and yellowish brown as the fruit ripens in the late fall. Winter characters—-Twigs slender, astringent, pubescent or glabrous, orange-lenticellate, grayish or light brown becoming darker the second year. Terminal bud absent. Lateral buds ovate, acute, about % of an inch long, covered by 2 dark reddish brown or purplish scales. Mature bark thick, dark reddish brown to dark gray or nearly black, divided by deep fissures into small blocks which are scaly at the surface. Habitat — Dry sandy soils in open woods, or on the deep moist soils of river bottoms, especially in the South. Range — Connecticut westward to southern Iowa, south to Florida and Texas. Restricted in New York State to the vicinity of New York City. Zone A. Uses — Wood hard, heavy, fine-textured, dark brown or nearly black with thick, paler sapwood. Used in the manufacture of shoe lasts, shuttles, sporting and athletic goods, etc. The fruit which is edible but very variable in its astringent qualities, is to be found in the markets of our southern cities in season. \ SIS hea \ i NY 1 Xt = \\ | | >; & i \ White Ash Fraxinus americana L. 1. A twig-tip showing staminate inflorescences 4. A pistillate flower, lateral view x 5 and immature leaves x 2. A staminate flower, lateral view x 5 3. Portion of twig showing pistillate inflores- cence x 1 5. A mature leaf x % Ye 6. Portion of fruit cluster x %4 7. Winter twig x Trees of New York State — 327 OLEACEAE Fraxinus americana L. White Ash Habit — A valuable timber species attaining a height of 70-80 feet with a trunk diameter of 2—3 feet, under favorable conditions sometimes 120 feet in height with a trunk 5—6 feet in diameter. In the forest the trunk is tall, straight, and massive, and bears a narrow, reduced, pyramidal crown. When growing in the open the crown is broadly pyramidal or oblong and round-topped, and often extends nearly to the ground. Leaves — Opposite, odd-pinnately compound, 8—15 inches long, borne on stout, grooved petioles, consisting of 5-11 stalked leaflets arranged, except for the terminal, in pairs along the rachis. Leaflets ovate to ovate-lanceolate, generally faleate, 3-5 inches long, attenuate at the apex, unequally cuneate or rounded at the base, obscurely crenulate-serrate, at maturity thick, dark green, glabrous and often somewhat lustrous above, pale white and glabrous or pubescent below. Flowers — Appearing in May before the leaves, dioecious, the staminate in dense, purplish red clusters, the pistillate in rather open panicles. Calyx campanulate, inconspicuous and obscurely 4-lobed in the sterile flower, conspicuous and deeply 4-lobed in the fertile flower. Corolla lacking. Stamens 2 (occasionally 3), with large oblong-ovate, apiculate anthers and short filaments. Pistil consisting of an ovate ovary contracted above into an attenuate style bifurcated into stigmatic lobes. Fruit — An oblong or linear-spatulate, light brown samara, 1-2 inches long, consisting of a basal, terete, many-rayed, seed-bearing portion prolonged above into a wing which is pointed or emarginate at the apex and about % of an inch in diameter. The samaras are borne in dense, drooping panicles 5-7 inches long which generally persist into the winter. Winter characters — Twigs opposite, stout, flattened at the nodes, glabrous, lustrous or covered with a slight bloom, grayish brown, marked with scattered pale lenticels and prominent, semi-orbicular leaf-scars. Termi- nal bud hemi-spherical or broadly ovate and obtuse, rusty-brown to brownish black, scurfy or slightly downy, about 144 of an inch long. Visible scales 2-3 pairs. Lateral buds smaller, with blunter bud-scales. Superposed buds present on vigorous shoots. Mature bark rather thick, grayish brown, divided by deep narrow fissures into anastomosing ridges which are flattened, transversely checked, and scaly at the surface. Habitat — Attains its best development in rich, moist, well-drained woods in admixture with other species. Common in rolling country in fields, pas- tures, and along fence rows and stream courses. Range — Nova Scotia westward through southern Canada to Minnesota, south to Florida and eastern Texas. Zones A, B, C, and D. Uses — A valuable timber species. Wood hard, heavy, strong, close-grained, tough, elastic, brown with wide, paler sapwood. Extensively used in the manufacture of tool handles, agricultural implements, furniture, automo- biles, refrigerators, woodenware, novelties, etc. White Ash is of rapid growth, relatively immune from fungal diseases, and is to be recommended for reforestation in admixture with other species. Often planted as a shade and ornamental tree and hardy under adverse conditions. = Oo bo Red Ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. . A twig-tip showing staminate inflorescence and unfolding leaf-buds x 1 A staminate flower, lateral view x 5 Portion of twig showing pistillate inflores- cence x 1 [Fraxinus pubescens Lam.] 4. A pistillate flower, lateral view x 5 o. 6 7 A mature leaf x % . Portion of fruit cluster x % . Winter twig x %4 Trees of New York State CO i) ie) OLEACEAE Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. [Fraxinus pubescens Lam.] Red Ash Habit — A small or medium-sized tree generally 30-60 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 6-18 inches, under favorable conditions occasionally 70 feet in height and 3-4 feet in diameter. Bole similar to that of White Ash but more slender and sometimes buttressed at the base. Crown com- pact, irregular, consisting of numerous, upright branches. Leaves — Opposite, odd-pinnately compound, 7-12 inches long, borne on stout, pubescent petioles, consisting of 7-9 stalked leaflets arranged, except for the terminal, in pairs along the pubescent rachis. Leaflets oblong- lanceolate to ovate, 3-5 inches long, attenuate at the apex, unequally cuneate at the base, obscurely serrate, at maturity thin, light yellow- green and glabrous above, pale silky-pubescent below. Flowers — Appearing in May before or with the leaves, dioecious, the stami- nate in dense, purplish red clusters, the pistillate in open, greenish red panicles. Calyx cup-shaped, minute, obscurely toothed in the staminate flower, urceolate, more prominently lobed and closely appressed to the ovary in the pistillate flower. Corolla lacking. Stamens 2, with linear- oblong, apiculate anthers and short filaments. Pistil consisting of an ovate ovary prolonged above into an elongated style bifurcated at the apex into green stigmatic lobes. Fruit — An oblong-spatulate or spatulate, light brown samara, 1-2 inches long, consisting of a slender, basal, terete, many-rayed body prolonged above into a thin, decurrent wing with rounded or acute apex. Wing as long or longer than the body. Samaras borne in open, pubescent panicles which persist into the winter. Winter characters — Twigs opposite, rather slender, flattened at the nodes, ashy-gray or pale reddish brown, generally densely velvety-pubescent and marked with conspicuous semi-circular leaf-scars. Terminal bud ovate, acute, rusty-brown and tomentose, smaller than that of White Ash. Lateral buds smaller, with rounded bud-seales. Visible scales 2 pairs. Mature bark thin, grayish brown, similar to that of White Ash but more shallowly furrowed. Habitat — Swampy situations along sluggish rivers and lakes, often on lands inundated for a portion of each year, occasionally at higher elevations along stream courses. Range — New Brunswick westward through southern Ontario to Minnesota, southward into the Gulf States. Zones A, B, and C. Uses — Wood hard, heavy, medium strong, brash, light brown with thick, paler sapwood. Inferior to that of White Ash but used for the same purpose and often confounded with it in the trade. Occasionally planted for ornament but not superior to White Ash except on moist sites. Me » . A staminate flower, lateral view x 5 Green Ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica, var. lanceolata (Borkh.) Sarg. [Fraxinus lanceolata Borkh.; Fraxinus viridis Michx. f.] Portion of twig showing staminate inflores- +. A pistillate flower, lateral view x 5 cence x 1 5. A mature leaf x % 64. Portion of fruit cluster x % Portion of twig showing pistillate inflores 7. Winter twig x % cence x 1 Trees of New York State 331 OLEACEAE Fraxinus pennsylvanica, var. lanceolata (Borkh.) Sarg. [Fraxinus lanceolata Borkh.; Fraxinus viridis Michx. f.] Green Ash Habit — Similar to that of Red Ash. A small or medium-sized tree 30-60 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 1-3 feet. In the open the crown is broad and round-topped, and extends to within 6-8 feet of the ground. Trees in bottom-land forests have slender boles and high, reduced crowns. Leaves — Opposite, odd-pinnately compound, 8—12 inches long, borne on stout, glabrous petioles, consisting of 5-9 stalked leaflets arranged, except for the terminal, in pairs along the smooth rachis. Leaflets lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 3-5 inches long, attenuate at the apex, cuneate at the base, sharply serrate, at maturity thin, bright green, glabrous, and some- what lustrous on both sides. Flowers — Appearing in May before or with the leaves, dioecious, the stami- nate in purplish red clusters which are usually less dense than those of Red Ash, the pistillate in open, greenish red panicles. Calyx cup-shaped, obscurely toothed in the staminate flower, cup-shaped with jagged, more prominent lobes in the pistillate flower. Corolla lacking. Stamens 2, with linear-oblong, emarginate anthers and short filaments. Pistil consisting of an ovate ovary prolonged above into an elongated style bearing 2 stigmatic lobes at the apex. Fruit — Similar to that of Red Ash. An oblong-spatulate or spatulate, light brown samara, 1—2 inches long, with slender, terete, many-rayed body and terminal, decurrent wing. Fruiting panicles open, glabrous, persisting into the winter. Winter characters — Twigs opposite, rather slender, spreading, flattened at the nodes, glabrous, ashy-gray, marked by scattered lenticels and semi- circular leaf-scars. Terminal bud ovate, acute, flattened, rusty-tomentose, larger than the lateral buds. Visible scales 2 pairs. Mature bark thin, ashy-gray, with narrow fissures and narrow, anastomosing ridges. Habitat — Similar to that of Red Ash. Damp situations along stream courses, lake shores and bottom-lands. Range — New York westward through the Lake States to Saskatchewan and the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains, southward into the Gulf and Border states. Rare in the eastern part of its range but common in the Mississippi basin. Zones A, B and C. Uses — Wood hard, heavy, strong light brown with thick, paler sapwood. Used for the same purposes as that of White Ash and not distinguished in the trade. Extensively planted as a shade and ornamental tree through- out the Central States. . Portion of twig showing staminate inflores- 4. Black Ash Fraxinus nigra Marsh. [Fraxinus sambucifolia Lam.] A pistillate flower, lateral view x 95 cences xX 5. A mature leaf x % A staminate flower, lateral view x 5 6. Portion of fruit cluster x % Portion of twig showing pistillate inflores- 7. Winter twig x % cence x 1 Trees of New York State 333 OLEACEAE Fraxinus nigra Marsh. [Fraxinus sambucifolia Lam. ] Black Ash Habit — Generally a medium-sized tree 40-70 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 1-1% feet, under optimum conditions occasionally 80-90 feet tall with a diameter of 30 inches. Trunk tall, slender, bearing a high, narrow, shallow crown of numerous, ascending branches. In the open the tree is usually shorter with a round-topped crown which extends nearly to the ground. Leaves — Opposite, odd-pinnately compound, 10-16 inches long, borne on stout pale petioles, consisting of 7-11 leaflets sessile and arranged in pairs along the rachis except for the stalked terminal one. Leaflets oblong- lanceolate, 3-5 inches long, acute at the apex, unequally cuneate or rounded at the base, remotely serrate, at maturity thin, dark green and glabrous above, paler and glabrous below aside from tufts of rufous hairs along the midrib. Flowers — Appearing in May before the leaves, polygamous the staminate in dense, dark purplish clusters, the pistillate in elongate, rather open pani- eles. Perianth wanting. Stamens 2, with large, oblong, apiculate, dark purple anthers and short filaments. Pistil consisting of an ovate, gla- brous ovary which gradually narrows above into a slender style bifur- cated at the apex into broad, purple stigmas. Two stamens or staminodia are usually inserted below the pistil. Fruit — A lanceolate-oblong or linear-oblong, light brown samara, 1-2 inches long, consisting of a basal terete or somewhat flattened, seed-bearing por- tion terminated above by a conspicuously notched wing. The samaras are borne in open panicles and mature in early autumn. Winter characters — Twigs stout, glabrous, ashy-gray or pale orange, marked by conspicuous, scattered lenticels and large, suborbicular leaf-scars. Terminal bud ovate, acute, black, %4-3¢ of an inch long. Lateral buds broadly ovate, acute, dark brownish black and slightly puberulous, much smaller than the terminal bud. Visible bud-seales 1-2 pairs. Mature bark thin, ashy-gray to nearly black, divided by shallow anastomosing fissures into narrow, scaly and somewhat corky ridges. Habitat —In low, wet woods on bottom-lands or along sluggish rivers, at higher elevations along cold, mountain streams and in deep, poorly drained swamps. Range — Southern Newfoundland westward through Canada and the northern border states to Manitoba and North Dakota, southward at higher eleva- tions to Virginia and Arkansas. Zones A, B, C, and D. Uses — Wood heavy, rather soft and weak, tough, coarse-grained, durable, dark brown with thin, paler sapwood. Because of its toughness the wood is used for hoops, chair bottoms, baskets, and for interior finish in houses. This species is occasionally grown ornamentally in swampy situations but is not to be recommended for this purpose. POO DO Paulownia Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud. [Bignonia tomentosa Thung.; Paul- ownia imperialis Sieb. and Zue.] A portion of an inflorescence x % 5. Capsule, cross section, showing placentae . A flower, lateral sectional view x 1 and seeds x % . A mature leaf x % 6. Winged seed, lateral view x 5 . Cluster of capsules x %4 7. Winter twig x % Trees of New York State 335 SCROPHULARIACEAE Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud. [Bignonia tomentosa Thung.; Paul- ownia imperialis Sieb. and Zuc.] Paulownia Habit — A low, wide-spreading tree 20-40 feet in height with a trunk 1-3 feet in diameter. Bole short, dividing 5-8 feet above the ground into a few stout, spreading limbs which form a broad, flat-topped crown. Leaves — Opposite, broadly ovate, 5-8 inches long or on vigorous shoots much larger, acuminate at the apex, cordate at the base, entire or 3-lobed, at maturity thick, dark green and nearly smooth above, paler and tomentose beneath, borne on stout, terete petioles 3—5 inches in length. Flowers — Appearing in May before the leaves unfold, perfect, showy, frag- rant, 144-2 inches long, borne on stout, pubescent pedicels in terminal, upright panicles, 8-12 inches long. Calyx rusty-tomentose, deeply 5-cleft, persistent in fruit, the lobes short and acteu. Corolla pale violet, pubes- cent without, irregular, the tube enlarged above and divided into 5 spread- ing, rounded, somewhat unequal lobes. Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla tube, included, didynamous, with slender filaments and wide-spreading anther-sacs. Pistil consisting of an ovate, 2-celled ovary surmounted by a filiform style somewhat thickened at the apex and stigmatic on the inner side. Fruit — A leathery, olive-brown or bronze, broadly ovoid, pointed capsule, 1-2 inches long, *4—1 inch thick, shallowly longitudinally grooved on either side, subtended by the persistent calyx. At maturity the capsule opens by 2 loculicidal sutures to set free the numerous, small, lace-winged seeds. Opened capsules persist on the branches throughout the winter. Winter characters — Twigs stout, glabrous, greenish brown, conspicuously marked with large, nearly orbicular, elevated leaf-scars and prominent lenticels, at length dark brown. Flower-buds ellipsoid, pubescent, nearly 14 of an inch long, preformed the previous season, borne in large, upright, paniculate clusters. Leaf-buds semi-circular, compressed, light brown, % of an inch long, the bud-seales spreading at the apex of the bud. Pith diaphragmed. Mature bark rather thick, dark grayish brown, mottled with shallow, grayish white, anastomosing fissures. Habitat — In waste places about the habitations of man. Prefers deep, rich, moist soils. Range— New York City southward to Florida and western Texas. Intro- duced from the Orient and now naturalized as far north as the latitude of New York City. Zone A. Uses — Propagated in the eastern United States for its large, showy, fragrant flowers and large leaves which give a tropical effect. It will not flower beyond the latitude of New York City. Farther north it usually winter- kills to the ground each season but will continue to send up vigorous sprouts for a number of years. The soft, light wood is prized in the Orient. G00, Indian Bean Catalpa, Catalpa bignonioides Walt. [Catalpa Catalpa (L.) Karst.] ged seed x % Jinter twig x % in . Portion of fruit cluster x % W W 4 5. 6 % view x % A portion of an inflorescence x . A flower, lateral sectional 3. A mature leaf x % 1. 9 Trees of New York State 337 BIGNONIACEAE Catalpa bignonioides Walt. [Catalpa Catalpa (L.) Karst. ] Catalpa, Indian Bean Habit — In New York State generally a small tree 20—40 feet in height with a trunk 6-15 inches in diameter, farther south in its natural range occa- sionally 60 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 3-4 feet. Bole short, bearing a high, broad, symmetrical crown consisting of coarse, sparse branches and dense foliage. Leaves — Opposite or 3 at a node, broadly ovate, 5-6 inches long, 4-5 inches wide, acute at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, entire or some- times laterally lobed, at maturity thin, light green and glabrous above, paler and pubescent below, borne on stout, terete petioles 5-G inches in length. Flowers — Appearing in June and early July after the leaves, perfect, showy, borne on slender pubescent pedicels in terminal, many-flowered, compact panicles 8-10 inches long. Calyx green or purplish, % of an inch long, cleft nearly to the base into 2 broadly ovate, entire lobes. Corolla white spotted with purple, nearly 2 inches long, with broad, campanulate, flat tube and spreading 5-lobed limb. Tube marked on the inner surface of the lower side with 2 rows of yellow blotches following 2 parallel ridges. Stamens 2, slightly exserted, with flattened, twisted filaments and oblong anthers borne vis-a-vis on either side of the stigma. Pistil consisting of a sessile, ovoid, 2-celled ovary, abruptly contracted into an elongate, filiform style bifurcated at the tip into stigmatic lobes which are exserted above the anthers. Fruit — A linear, subterete, bright chestnut-brown capsule, 6—20 inches long, y%—-14 of an inch thick at the center and tapering toward each end. The capsules are borne in thick-stemmed, persistent panicles and remain closed and persist on the trees until spring, finally splitting into 2 con- cave valves before falling to set free the seeds. Seeds numerous, oblong, compressed, winged. The wings entirely surround the seed and are pro- duced longitudinally into fringed ends. Winter characters — Twigs stout, lustrous or somewhat glaucous, yellowish brown, marked by numerous, large lenticels and raised, circular leaf- scars, usually winter-killing at the tip in New York State. Terminal bud absent. Lateral buds minute, hemi-spherical, chestnut-brown, imbedded in the bark, with loosely imbricated bud-scales. Pith large, white, homo- geneous or chambered at the nodes. Mature bark thin, light brown tinged with red, divided by shallow fissures into large, thin irregular scales. Habitat —In New York State an ‘‘escape’’ in rich, moist soils about the habitations of man, in its natural range along stream courses and river banks, more rarely in drier situations. Range — Western Georgia and Florida westward through Alabama and Mis- sissippi. Now extensively propagated in all parts of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains and hardy as far north as central New England. Zones A and B. Uses — Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, very durable in contact with the soil, light brown with narrow, nearly white sapwood. Used for railroad ties, fence posts, poles, ete. Extensively propagated for orna- ment in the parks and gardens of the eastern United States and in Europe. whe Hardy Catalpa, Cigar Tree Catalpa speciosa Warder. A portion of an inflorescence X 1% 4, A flower, lateral sectional view xX 34 5 A mature leaf x % 6. » Capsule x % _ Winged seed x %& Winter twig x 2 Trees of New York State 339 BIGNONIACEAE Catalpa speciosa Warder. Hardy Catalpa, Cigar Tree Habit — In New York State generally a small or medium-sized tree 25-50 feet in height with a trunk 6-15 inches in diameter, farther west in the Ohio basin reaching a height of 100 feet with a trunk diameter of 4 feet. In the open the bole is short and bears a broad, spreading crown. Trees in the forest possess tall, straight trunks and reduced crowns. Leaves — Opposite or 3 at a node, broadly ovate, 8-14 inches long, 6-8 inches wide, acuminate at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, entire or with 2-3 lateral teeth, at maturity thick, firm, dark green above, paler and soft pubescent below, borne on stout, terete, pubescent petioles 4-6 inches in length. Flowers — Appearing in June and early July after the leaves, perfect, showy, borne on slender, purple pedicels in terminal, open, few-flowered panicles 5-6 inches long. Calyx purple about % of an inch long, divided to the base into 2 ovate, apiculate divisions. Corolla white, spotted with purple, 2-2% inches long, with broad, campanulate, flat tube and spreading, 5-lobed limb. Tube marked on the inner surface of the lower side with 2 rows of yellow blotches following 2 parallel ridges. Stamens 2, slightly exserted, with flattened, twisted filaments and oblong anthers borne vis- ‘a-vis on either side of the stigma. Pistil consisting of a sessile, ovoid, 2-celled ovary abruptly contracted above into a slender glabrous style bearing 2 stigmatic lobes at the apex. Fruit — A linear, subterete, dark brown capsule 8-20 inches long, %4—%4 of an inch thick at the center and tapering toward each end. The capsules are borne in thick-stemmed persistent panicles and remain closed and persist on the trees most of the winter, eventually splitting into 2 concave valves before falling to loose the seeds. Seeds numerous, oblong, com- pressed, winged. The wings entirely surround the seed and are produced longitudinally into fringed ends. Winter characters — Twigs stout, smooth or somewhat downy, often covered with a slight bloom, reddish or yellowish brown, marked by numerous, conspicuous lenticels and raised, circular leaf-scars, usually winter-killing at the tip in New York State. Terminal bud absent. Lateral buds minute, hemispherical, chestnut-brown, imbedded in the bark. Bud-scales loosely imbricated. Pith large, white, homogeneous or chambered at the nodes. Mature bark, thin, reddish or grayish brown, broken by shallow fissures into longitudinal, flat ridges. Habitat — Prefers rich, moist soils along stream courses and on bottom-lands. In New York State it occasionally becomes naturalized about door-yards and abandoned homes. Range — Restricted in its natural range to central and southern Indiana and Illinois, eastern Missouri, northeastern Arkansas and western Kentucky and Tennessee. Now widely propagated for ornament and timber in the eastern United States. Zones A, B, and C Uses — Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, very durable in contact with the soil, light brown with thin, nearly white sapwood. Used for railroad ties, fence posts, poles, ete. A profitable tree to grow in sections where the climate is not too rigorous, but not to be recommended for planting in New York State. Propagated as an ornamental tree both here and abroad. Nannyberry, Sheepsberry Viburnum Lentago L. 1. A branch showing inflorescence and mature 4. fruit, lateral sectional view x 2 leaves x 4 5. Pit, lateral view x 2 2. A flower, lateral sectional view x 5 6. Winter twig x %4 2 3. A fruit cluster x % Trees of New York State 341 CAPRIFOLIACEAE Viburnum Lentago L. Nannyberry, Sheepsberry Habit — Generally a shrub 10-15 feet in height, occasionally a bushy tree 20-30 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 6-10 inches. Trunk gener- ally short, soon breaking up into slender, ascending, tortuous branches which form a wide, rounded top. Leaves — Opposite, ovate to oval, 244-5 inches long, abruptly acuminate at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, sharply and finely serrate on the margin, at maturity thick, bright green and lustrous above, yellowish green, dark punctate, and smooth below, borne on grooved, often winged petioles 1-114 inches in length. Flowers —- Appearing in May and early June after the leaves in dense, sessile, many-flowered, several-rayed, terminal cymes 3-5 inches broad. Calyx- tube narrowly ovoid, adherent to the ovary, with 5 minute, persistent lobes. Corolla pale cream-colored or white, rotate, deeply 5-lobed. Stamens 5, exserted, inserted at the base of the corolla and alternate with its lobes, with long slender filaments and yellow anthers. Pistil consist- ing of an inferior, 1-celled ovary surmounted by a short, conic style bearing 3 stigmatic lobes at the apex. Fruit — An oval, black or dark blue, thick-skinned, glaucous drupe, *5—-% of an inch long, borne on slender, reddish stalks in drooping clusters, ripening in September. Flesh juicy, sweet. Pit oval, flattened, granular. Winter characters — Twigs slender, somewhat scurfy, light red, with scat- tered orange-colored lenticels, ill-smelling when broken. Terminal flower- buds ovate, long acuminate, about %4 of an inch long, protected by a pair of opposite light red, scurfy-pubescent scales. Terminal-shoot buds lan- ceolate, otherwise similar to the flower-buds. Lateral buds lanceolate, appressed, much smaller than the terminal buds. Mature bark thin, red- dish brown, divided by shallow fissures into small, irregular, scaly plates. Habitat — In low, moist, fertile soils along stream courses and lake shores, occasionally in drier situations along fence rows. Range — Quebec westward to Manitoba, southward to Georgia and Oklahoma. Zones A, B, and C. Uses — Of no economic value except as an ornamental plant. Propagated in parks and private estates for its showy fragrant flowers, attractive foliage and showy, edible, autumnal fruit. L Gs bo A twig showing inflorescence and imma- 4. ture leaves x A flower, lateral sectional view x 4 19, Black Haw, Stag Bush Viburnum prunifolium L. Fruit, lateral sectional view x 1% 5. Pit, lateral view x 1% 6. Winter twig x % A branch showing mature leaves and fruit x % Trees of New York State 343 CAPRIFOLIACEAE Viburnum prunifolium L. Black Haw, Stag Bush Habit — A shrub or small tree 15-25 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 3-6 inches, at its optimum range occasionally 35 feet in height with a trunk one foot in diameter. Trunk short, often crooked or inclined. Crown broad, round-topped, consisting of many rigid branches and spur- like branchlets. Leaves — Opposite, oval or occasionally ovate or obovate, 1-3 inches long, obtuse or somewhat acute at the apex obtuse or rounded at the base, finely serrate, at maturity firm, dark green and glabrous above, paler and glabrous or with axillary tufts of rusty tomentum below, borne on grooved, generally tomentose petioles 4%4—%4 of an inch long. Flowers — Appearing in May after the leaves on slender pedicels in dense, many-flowered, sessile, terminal cymes 3—4 inches broad. Calyx-tube nar- rowly ovate, adherent to the ovary, with short rounded lobes. Corolla white, rotate, about 14 of an inch in diameter, divided deeply into 5 oval lobes. Stamens 5, exserted, inserted at the base of the corolla and alternate with its lobes, with long slender filaments and yellow anthers. Pistil consisting of an inferior, 1-celled ovary surmounted by a thick, conic style terminated by a broad stigma. Fruit — An oval or slightly obovate, dark blue or nearly black, glaucous drupe, about % of an inch long, borne on slender, reddish stalks in drooping, few-fruited clusters, ripening in October. Flesh sweet and edible after the first autumnal frost. Pit oblong, compresser. Winter characters — Twigs rather slender, smooth and often covered with a slight bloom, gray tinged with red, marked by orange-colored lenticels and lunate leaf-scars. Spine-like branch spurs usually very numerous. Terminal flower-buds ovate, obtuse, about 4% of an inch long, protected by a single pair of rusty pubescent scales. Terminal-shoot buds lanceo- late, otherwise similar to the flower-buds. Lateral buds ovate-lanceolate, flattened, appressed to the twig, about %4 of an inch long. Mature bark thin, reddish brown, divided by shallow fissures into irregular, warty scales. Habitat — Rather dry situations on gravelly hills, along fences and hedge rows, and about the margins of woods, often forming extensive thickets on abandoned lands. Range — Central New England and New York southward to Georgia and Arkansas. Zones A and B. Uses— The Black Haw is used as an ornamental plant throughout the arboretums and parks of eastern United States and Europe. The bark of the roots has medicinal value. 344 The New York State College of Forestry CONSPECTUS OF THE FAMILIES AND GENERA WHICH INCLUDE THE NATIVE AND NATURALIZED TREES OF NEW YORK STATE WITH ANALYTICAL KEYS LEADING TO THE SPECIES CLASS I. GYMNOSPERMAE NAKED-OVULED PLANTS Flowering plants in which the seeds are borne naked upon the face of a scale and not inclosed in a ripened ovary or pericarp. The ovuliferous scales are usually aggregated into cones, the scales of which spread at maturity to permit the escape of the seeds. Gymnosperms are all woody and include trees, shrubs, and lanas. Formerly represented in large numbers during the Triassic and Jurassic periods of the Mesozoic, the group has waned in recent times to about four hundred and fifty species which are grouped in four orders, the Cycadales, Coniferales, Gingkoales, and Gnetales. Of these the Coniferales are most important because they include many forest trees which cover extensive tracts in temperate regions. The others are not represented among the native or naturalized trees of New York State. CONIFERALES. PINE ORDER 1, Ovuliferous scales not forming a definite cone; seeds provided with a par- tiallvefieshy testa-or an “aril... ss ..:. .sncnce eee ee Taxaceae 2. Ovuliferous scales aggregrated into definite cones; seeds ripening dry Pinaceae YEW FAMILY. TAXACEAE Represented by eleven genera and some one hundred odd species, grouped in two tribes, the Podocarpineae and the Taxineae. The Podocarpineae are characteristic of the southern hemisphere and include valuable timber trees. The Tazineae are chiefly inhabit- ants of the northern hemisphere and are represented in New York State by but the one species, Taxus canadensis Marsh., the Ground Hemlock. PINE FAMILY. PINACEAE The Pine family of twenty-nine genera and approximately two hundred and forty-five species includes the dominant conifers. Trees of New York State 345 Aside from a few shrubs they are all arborescent and world-wide in distribution but with a preponderance of forms in the north temperate zone. Certain species form almost pure stands of ever- green forest which cover extensive tracts. Buds scaly. Leaves acicular, narrowly oblong, awl-shaped or scale-like, parallel-veined, solitary or fascicled, generally persistent. Flowers usually monoecious (dioecious in Juniperus), destitute of perianth, consisting of groups of sporophylls which are arranged spirally or cyclic in catkin-like clusters and bear ovules or pollen sacs on their faces; flowers usually sub- tended by an involucre of enlarged bud-scales; scales of male cone bearing 2 anther sacs; scales of ovulate cones bearing 2 or more ovules on the inner face. Fruit a woody or rarely a fleshy (Juniperus) cone consisting of indu- rated or fleshy scales; seeds often winged, copiously albuminous; embryo axile, with 2 or more cotyledons. KEY TO THE GENERA PAGE 1. Leaves spirally arranged or borne in fascicles........................-... 2 (Meltesves alliopposite int palrsteayasewarsetee ete eke. Santas alee crates ciehe eae are eat 6 Dibeayesacicular. born ini Tasciclesiormsaaeriepe acc eels eee icicle eit Pinus 345 2. Leaves linear or filiform, fascicled or scattered.................-...00. 3 3. Leaves fascicled on short spurs and scattered spirally on the growth of the Sexson es Tollam@erdeCiduous,: emma ee cee ties ee eras Larix 346 3. Leaves spirally arranged; foliage persistent. .:.......-:....2-.0.4.-2-0- 4 4. Leaves, 4-sided, harsh and prickly to the touch, not prominently white- Imed'on the lower) sides. Asst eee oo ikea ae oe eee Picea 347 4. Leaves flattish, with soft feel, whitened along two prominent lines Ibeneats 28s yas A ee tee ee CRIS) ton manatee Mets 5 5. Leaves jointed to persistent woody stalks; branchlets roughened by persistent leaf bases a's cid aci keacls secs gee ee Dae en see Tsuga 347 5. Leaves sessile, leaving round leaf-scars on falling; branchlets smooth........ Abies 318 6. Sprays flattened; branchlets appearing in one plane................... a 6. Sprays not flattened; branchlets spreading.................... Juniperus 349 7. Leaves of 2 sorts; young twigs prominently flattened............... Thuya 348 7. Leaves all alike; young twigs not prominently flattened...... Chamaecyparis 349 THE PINES. Genus PINUS (Tourn.) L. The genus Pinus is represented by evergreen trees and a few shrubs which are natives of the northern hemisphere and chiefly of temperate regions. Many species are of great economic impor- tance as timber trees and cover extensive tracts, often in nearly pure stands. About eighty species are recognized of which thirty- four are indigenous to the United States. Six species are found within the boundaries of New York State. Leaves evergreen, acicular, in fascicles of 2-5 which are borne on rudimen- tary branches in the axils of primary scale-leaves; fascicles arising from scaly buds, the scales. of which lengthen and form a more or less persistent sheath at the base of the fascicle. Flowers vernal, monoecious; staminate flowers clustered at the base of the growth of the season, each flower subtended by an involucre of 3-6 scale-like bracts; stamens numerous, spirally arranged and 346 The New York State College of Forestry imbricated, the 2 pollen sacs terminated by a crest-like, nearly orbicular connective; ovulate flowers conical or cylindrical, consisting of spirally arranged, imbricated, ovuliferous scales borne in the axils of non-accrescent bracts; ovules 2, inverted. Fruit a pendant, woody cone maturing at the end of the second or rarely of the third season, consisting of the enlarged and indurated scales of the ovulate flower which are thickened and sometimes awned at the end; at maturity the cone-scales dry out and spread to liberate the 2 nut-like, winged seeds; cotyledons 3-12, linear. KEY TO THE SPECIES PAGE 1. Leaves in fascicles of 5; cones cylindrical, 4-10 inches long....... P. Strobus 77 1. Leaves in fascicles of 2-3; cones conical or ovate-conical, 1-33 inches long. .2 2: Deavesiun fasciclesol eo. aves site oe cyecls «100 ete mined rem eeteonre oe eee 2. Lesives in’ fascicles: Ofy2.s:0..-csstexeeowte 85 so Sia eae Ce Crees 4 3. Leaves somewhat rigid; cone-scales armed with stout prickles...... P. rigida 79 3. Leaves flaccid; cone-scales armed with weak prickles ........... P. echinata 85 4. Leaves 3-6 inches long 4. Mesves.2=3 inches long s.cohcpret wciaes doe cin» ee eee ae eee 6 5. Cone-scales unarmed; cones subterminal......................- P. resinosa 87 5. Cone-scales with slender prickles; cones lateral................. P. echinata 85 6. Leaves 3-1} inches long; cone-scales unarmed or at most with weak O)u Cel d (: nee aan Be ha ee roan tn tS acct, bi c/a!” P. Banksiana 83 6. Leaves 13-3 inches long; cone-scales armed with slender prickles......... P. virginiana 81 The various species of pines fall into two groups, the soft and the hard pines, which are characterized as follows: Soft Pines—— Wood soft, light, even-textured, with thin, nearly white sapwood; fascicle-sheaths deciduous; leaves with one vascular bundle. Hard Pines— Wood hard, heavy, coarse-grained, dark colored, often with thick sapwood; fascicle-sheaths persistent; leaves with two vascular bundles. THE LARCHES OR TAMARACKS. Genus LARIX (Tourn.) Adans. Larix is a genus of nine species of trees which are widely dis- tributed over the northern and mountainous regions of the north- ern hemisphere in both the New and Old World. They produce hard, heavy, strong and durable wood which is valuable for struc- tural purposes. Three species are indigenous to the United States, one of which, Larix laricina, oceurs in New York State. Leaves deciduous, narrowly linear, triangular or rarely 4-sided, rounded above, keeled and stomatiferous beneath, borne solitary in spirals on the leading shoots and in sheathless fascicles on short spurs on the older growth, turning yellow before falling in the autmun. Flowers solitary, terminal, monoecious, appearing with the leaves; staminate flowers oval, globose or oblong, yellow, sessile or stalked, consisting of numerous, spirally arranged Trees of New York State 347 stamens, each with 2 pollen sacs and apiculate connective; ovulate flowers subglobose, consisting of a few or many, nearly orbicular, stalked, green, evuliferous scales subtended by scarlet, projecting, mucronate bracts; ovules 2, inverted. Fruit an ovoid-oblong, woody, short-stalked, erect cone, maturing the first season; cone scales thin, concave, reduced to sterile bracts at the base of the cone; seeds nearly triangular, shorter than their wings; cotyledons 6. THE SPRUCES. Genus PICEA Link. The genus Picea consists of eighteen species confined wholly to the cooler parts of the north temperate and subarctic zones, often forming extensive forests on mountain slopes and plains. Seven species are native to North America, three of which occur in New York State. Leaves persistent, linear, 4-sided, stomatiferous on all faces, spirally arranged and coming out from all sides of the twig, or occasionally appearing 2-ranked due to a twist in the petiole, articulated to persistent leaf-bases. Flowers terminal or in the axils of the upper leaves, monoecious, vernal; staminate flowers cylindrical, usually long-stalked and subtended at the base by accrescent bud-scales, consisting of numerous, spirally arranged stamens with 2 pollen sacs and connective produced distally into a broad, nearly cir- cular, toothed crest; ovulate flowers oblong, oval, or cylindrical, the ovuli- ferous scales rounded or pointed and subtended by bracts; ovules 2, inverted. Fruit an ovoid or oblong-cylindrical, pendant, woody cone, maturing the first season, generally crowded on the uppermost branches; cone-scales thin, con- cave, unarmed, entirely concealing the bracts at maturity; seeds ovoid or oblong, acute at the base, much shorter than their wings; cotyledons 4-16. KEY TO THE SPECIES PAGE 1. Branchlets glabrous and usually glaucous; cones oblong-cylindric........... 91 12) canadensis 1. Branchlets pubescent; cones ovate or ovate-oblong...................... 2. Foliage yellowish green or dark green; cones elongated-ovoid, Stee DLO WIS ee: <2 ha ERE PEIN Se Orere onl cticivaehe gat P. rubra 93 2. Foliage bluish green and glaucous; cones short-ovoid or sub-globose, dull ENSIN/- 0) 70) 211s os PPIs rio cope o cb 0b ko'o © ORE OEE eae eee P. mariana 95 THE HEMLOCKS. Genus TSUGA (Endl.) Carr. Tsuga is represented by seven species which are scattered over temperate North America, Japan, central and western China and the Himalayas. Four species occur in the United States, two eastern and two western forms respectively. The hemlocks are trees with pyramidal crown, horizontal or drooping branches and horizontal, flat sprays of foliage. The bark is rich in tannin. Leaves persistent, linear, flat or angular, acute, obtuse or emarginate at the apex, stomatiferous in two white bands below or on both faces in Tsuga Mertensicna, spirally arranged but usually appearing 2-ranked by a twisting of the petioles, those on the upper side of the branchlet much shorter, abruptly 348 The New York State College of Forestry narrowed into short petioles which are articulated to woody, persistent bases. Flowers monoecious, solitary, vernal; staminate flowers subglobose, axillary, composed of numerous, spirally-arranged stamens with subglobose anthers and connective produced into an apiculate tip; ovulate flowers oblong to eylin- dric, erect, terminal; ovuliferous scales nearly orbicular, somewhat longer than the subtending bracts; ovules 2, inverted. Fruit an ovate-oblong to oblong, pendant, sessile or short-stalked, woody cone, maturing the first season and opening tardily during the winter; seeds ovate-oblong, acute at the base, smaller that the wings; com led ons 3-6. Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. is found in New York State. THE FIRS. Genus ABIES (Tourn.) Hill. Under optimum development the firs are tall, pyramidal trees with slender, horizontal, wide-spreading branches in regular remote whorls of 4-5, and bark which is smooth when young and contains numerous resin-vesicles. The twenty-five species which are now recognized, are all natives of the northern hemisphere, chiefly of the cooler regions, and are scattered through North America, Japan, Asia, Europe, and northern Africa. Hight species are found in western United States while two occur in the Atlantic States. Leaves persistent, linear, sessile, those on young trees and on lower sterile branches flattened and mostly grooved on the upper side (4-sided in Abies magnifica), rounded or emarginate at the apex, centrally grooved above, spirally arranged but generally appearing 2-ranked by a twist in their bases, stomatiferous only below, those on vigorous shoots and fertile branches crowded, incurved, more or less erect and quadrangular, obtuse or acute at the apex, sometimes stomatiferous above; leaves persist 8-10 years and in falling leave circular scars flush with the twig. Branch-buds usually resin- coated. Flowers axillary, monoecious, surrounded at the base by accrescent bud-seales; staminate flowers numerous on the lower side of branches above the middle of the tree, oval or oblong-cylindrical, composed of numerous, spirally arranged stamens with 2 anthers and connective ending in a knob; ovulate flowers erect on upper side of branchlet, usually confined to topmost branches, globose or oblong-cylindrical, consisting of spirally arranged ovuli- ferous scales, subtended but not overtopped by mucronate bracts; ovules 2, inverted. Frwit an ovoid or oblong-cylindrical, erect cone, maturing the first season; ovuliferous-scaies numerous, broad, thin, subtended by a thin, mem- branous bract which projects in some species; at maturity the ovuliferous scale, bract and seed fall away from the upright, persistent cone-axis; seeds ovoid or oblong, winged; cotlyledons 4-10. The genus is represented in New York State by Abies balsamea (L.), Mill., the Balsam Fir. THE ARBOR-VITAES. Genus THUJA L. The arbor-vitaes are resinous, evergreen trees with pyramidal crowns, flat, fan-shaped, 2-ranked sprays of foliage, soft, even- Trees of New York State 349 garined, durable wood and thin fibrous bark. The genus is repre- sented by four species and is confined to northern North America, Japan and eastern Asia. Two species are indigenous to North America; the western species, a valuable timber tree of the Pacific slope, the eastern species confined to the Atlantic States and Canada. Leaves persistent, small, scale-like, decussate, acute, imbricated in 4-rows, stomatiferous on the back; on leading shoots, leaves rounded on the back and narrowed to long points; on lateral flattened shoots, lateral rows strongly keeled, much compressed and nearly covering the central rows. Flowers ter- nunal, minute, monoecious, the two kinds generally on different branches; staminate flowers subglobose, composed of 4-6 decussate stamens, each con- sisting of a peltate connective and 4-6 anthers; ovulate flowers oblong or ovoid, consisting of 8-12 oblong, acute, decussate scales, the ovuliferous inner scales with 2 erect, bottle-shaped ovules. Fruit a small, oblong-ovoid cone which matures the first season, consisting of a few, thin, leathery scales, only the inner of which are fertile; seeds oblong, compressed, laterally winged; cotyledons 2. The genus is represented in New York State by Thuja eccidentalis L. THE COAST CEDARS. Genus CHAMAECYPARIS Spach. The genus Chamaecyparis includes tall, evergreen trees with pyramidal crowns, spreading branches, fan-like sprays of foliage, and even-grained, durable wood. Six species have been described, confined to North America and Japan. Two of the North Ameri- can species are found on the Pacific Coast. The Coast White Cedar, Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) BSP., oceurs along the Atlantic coast from Maine southward to Florida and the Gulf States. Leaves persistent, very small, scale-like, ovate, acuminate, appressed or with spreading tips, decussate on vigorous shoots often acicular or linear and spreading. Flowers monoecious terminal, minute, the two sexes on dif- ferent branches; staminate flowers oblong, consisting of numerous decussate stamens with ovate connective bearing 2 anther sacs; ovulate flowers subglo- bose, consisting of decussate, peltate scales, the fertile bearing 2-5 erect, bottle-shaped ovules. Fruit a small, erect, globose cone maturing the first season but persisting on the branchlets; cone-scales thick, peltate, centrally embossed, the fertile bearing 1-5 compressed, laterally winged seeds at the base; cotyledons 2. THE JUNIPERS. Genus JUNIPERUS (Tourn.) L. The Junipers are pungent-aromatic, evergreen trees or shrubs of the northern hemisphere with slender branches, soft, fine- grained and extremely durable wood and thin, shreddy bark. The 300 The New York State College of Forestry thirty-five representatives of this genus are widely distributed from the Arctic Circle to the West Indies, the highlands of Mexico, northern Africa and Japan. One species, J. communis L., is circumpolar in its range. Eleven species become arborescent within the boundaries of the United States. Juniperus virginiana L. is found in New York State. Leaves trimorphic; one sort in whorls of 3, linear-subulate, acute, non- glandular, convex below, concave and stomatiferous above; a second kind scale-like, ovate, opposite or ternate, closely imbricated, appressed, adnate to the branch, glandular on the back on lateral shoots; the third sort free and awl-shaped, borne on vigorous shoots. Flowers dioecious, axillary or terminal, minute; staminate flowers solitary, oblong-ovate, consisting of numerous stamens decussate or in 3’s with ovate or peltate connectives bearing 2-6 pollen sacs; ovulate flowers ovoid, bracteolate at the base, consisting of 2-6 opposite or ternate scales bearing minute, 2-ovuled, fertile scales on their inner face. Fruit a berry-like, succulent, blue-black, blue or red cone often with glaucous bloom, smooth or marked by the tips of the coalescing scales, con- taining 1-6 bony, wingless seeds; cones require 1-3 years to attain maturity; cotyledons 2-6. Trees of New York State onl CLASS II. ANGIOSPERMAE PLANTS WITH OVULES ENCLOSED IN AN OVARY Flowering plants in which the ovules are borne enclosed in an ovary which remains closed in fruit or dehisces to set free the seeds. This class includes the great bulk of the typical flowering plants which number approximately 125,000 species and are widely spread over the earth wherever plants grow. The essential feature of the group which separates it from Gymnosperms is the presence of the pistil in the flower in addition to stamens. Angiosperms are of more recent origin than Gymnosperms and comprise both herbaceous and woody types. Angiosperms are divided into two sub-classes which are char- acterized, viz. : Dicotyledons have (a) lateral cotyledons (generally two); (b) vascular bundles or tissue in a ring; (¢) open venation; (d) 4- or 5-merous flowers. Monocotyledons have (a) a single terminal cotyledon; (b) vascular bundles scattered in the stem; (c) closed venation; (d) 3-merous flowers. Dicotyledons includes among their numbers herbs, shrubs and trees, and arborescent forms which are found in all regions from beyond the Arctic Circle to the Equator. Arborescent monocotyledons are confined to warm climates and are represented by Palms, Yuccas, ete., some of which grow in the warmer parts of the United States. Subclass 1. DICOTYLEDONS The Dicotyledons number about 100,000 species and comprise by far the greater part of the flowering plants. All of the arbo- rescent plants of northern regions, with the exception of the coniferous trees, are included in this group which is interspersed with many herbaceous forms. Dicotyledons are more primitive than Monocctyledons and are thought to have been derived from ancestral forms of Gymnosperms during the lower Cretaceous. Series 1. APETALAE Dicotyledons in which the corolla is wanting; calyx may or may not be present. WILLOW FAMILY. SALICACEAE Trees or shrubs with brittle twigs, alternate, simple leaves, aments of dioecious flowers, soft hght wood, and bitter bark. The 352 The New York State College of Forestry family includes but two genera, Salix comprising the willows and osiers, and Populus, the aspens and cottonwoods. Leaves alternate, deciduous, simple, stipulate (stipules often caducous). Flowers dioecious, without perianth, borne solitary in the axils of scales in axillary aments which appear before the leaves in spring; staminate flowers consisting of 1-many stamens, inserted on a receptacle, subtended by a gland- like or cup-shaped disk; anthers 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent; pistillate flowers consisting of a pistil with a 1-celled ovary surmounted by a short style und 2-4-lobed stigma; ovules numerous. Fruit a 1-celled, 2-4-valved, ovoid capsule bearing numerous, comose, minute, exalbuminous seeds. KEY TO THE GENERA PAGE 1. Scales of the ament entire; disk minute. glandular; buds with a single scale... . Salix 352 2. Scales of the ament laciniate; disk cup-shaped; buds with numerous scales... . Populus 353 THE WILLOWS. Genus SALIX (Tourn.) L. The genus Salix includes about one hundred and seventy moisture-loving species of trees and shrubs, widely scattered throughout the northern hemisphere, a few forms occurring south of the equator. They thrive along stream banks and on moist bottom lands, and invade alpine summits and subarctic regions as scraggly, dwarfed shrubs. Approximately seventy species occur in North America, twenty-one of which are recognized as trees. A number of European species have been introduced for ornament and have become widely naturalized in eastern United States. Hybrids between European and native species are common. Leaves alternate, simple, lanceolate to linear or obovate, short-petioled; stipules conspicuous oblique, serrate and persistent, or small and caducous. Flowers dioecious, borne in aments, with entire bracts and minute, gland-like, nectiferous disk; staminate flowers consisting of 1-12 stamens (generally 2 or 5) inserted at the base of the scale, with slender, mostly free filaments and small, oblong anthers; pistillate flowers consisting of a sessile or short- stalked, 1-celled ovary surmounted by a short style and 2-cleft or entire, more or less curved stigmas; ovules numerous. Fruit an acuminate capsule open: ing by 2 recurved valves, maturing in late spring or early summer; seeds minute, comose, exalbuminous. Winter buds covered with a single scale. KEY TO THE SPECIES PAGE WS tamens! 12 coc cue seco s « ted w ws es Bl Wes o's nels =, CET Oe eRe ee eee 2 1: Stamens 3 or'more (generally’5).....2....-+.++ 2+ ses oe eee 7 Di Capswlesiglabroussoo2.5 cs acc cv ccdie © eid. e ets epee eee eee Reese 3 2. Capsules silky or tomentose... . ...). 20. ilec0 se: geese eee ee 5 3. Mature leaves with pale silky pubescence on both sides.........---------- S. alba, var. vitellina 117 3. Mature leaves glabrous or essentially glabrate..........-.-----+-+-+:-- 3 4 4. Branches long and drooping; capsules sessile...........--.-: S. babylon‘ca 119 4, Branches not drooping; capsules short pedicelled..............- S. fragilis 115 Trees of New York State ~ 393 os Huaments united; capsule sessile: 32 ......2..0s602-0. cesses es S. purpurea 125 ‘ei ilaments separate; capsule pedicelled.. .. 02.0.5. .0 sce cc sencs ese eegesaes 6 6. Mature leaves glabrous and glaucous beneath; pedicel of capsule shorter UAE NOISCBIO® srars, sj..cie da ies a Sepa ate Tee aes ie a ai ete S. discolor 121 6. Mature leaves pubescent and somewhat glaucous beneath; pedicel of capsule fonreraunansthe SCALC. tok Auttentert Aap See aero, Mee ene S. rostrata 123 7. Leaves without petiolar glands; sterile aments elongated, slender CYATHORIC ML one d OE a, ota 1h cs, 5, OOo Save ORE OE ee ee eee. Sete 8 7. Leaves eg petiolar glands; sterile aments short cylindrical or ellipsoid- GM OIG EME Ny 9e,. SU Se See 3 3. Leaves ovate, glabrous at maturity; petioles and fruit-stalks elongated and slender= branches spinescent... 6-1). 04+.) 1.4 one ane ee P. coronaria 233 3. Leaves ovate-oval, pubescent or woolly beneath; petioles and fruit-stalks short and stout; branches not spinescent...................+0-s-- P. Malus 235 4. Leaflets lanceolate, taper-pointed, glabrous above; fruit + of an inch or RESSATMCIAMELED A ws esse ee besos oie eee aie SRE P. americana 237 4. Leaflets narrowly oblong, obtuse, more or less pubescent on both sides; fruit more than { of an inch in diameter.................. P. Aucuparia 239 THE SERVICE BERRIES. Genus AMELANCHIER Medic. The genus Amelanchier includes trees and shrubs with slender unarmed branches, lanceolate buds covered with closely imbricated scales, simple petioled leaves and racemose or rarely solitary flowers. The thirty or forty species are widely distributed throughout the north temperate regions of both hemispheres. In addition to the shrubby forms there are at least three arborescent species indigenous to North America, two in the eastern states and the third in the Rocky Mountain and Pacific Coast region. Leaves alternate, deciduous, simple, entire or serrate, petioled ; stipules linear, caducous. Flowers borne on slender bibracteolate pedicels in erect or nodding racemes or rarely solitary, appearing with the leaves; calyx-tube campanulate or urceolate, adnate to the ovary, with 5 lanceolate, reflexed, persistent lobes; petals 5, white, oblong-obovate, spatulate or ligulate, with short claws; stamens numerous, inserted with the petals on the rim of the calyx-tube, with subulate filaments and oblong anthers; pistil consisting of a 5-celled but falsely 10-celled ovary terminated by 2-5 styles which are connate below and bear terminal truncate stigmas; ovules erect, 2 in each cell. Fruit a small berry-like, globose pome maturing in our species in early summer, purplish or blue when ripe, crowned with the calyx-lobes and persistent stamen-filaments; flesh sweet, rather juicy, carpels membranaceous; seeds 5-10, oblong, compressed, exalbuminous. Trees of New York State 371 KEY TO THE SPECIES PAGE 1. Leaves densely white-tomentose when young, at length becoming green; pedicelsiaipinist 2/5—l inch long vate ck ota cc tes a A. canadensis 241 1. Leaves essentially glabrous from the first; pedicels of fruit 1 1/5—2 inches long A. laevis 241 THE THORN-APPLES. Genus CRATAEGUS L. Low, wide-spreading trees or shrubs with usually dark or gray sealy bark, rigid terete more or less zigzag branches often armed with stiff sharp thorns, alternate simple leaves, showy flowers, and pomaceous fruit. The genus attains its best development in east- ern North America where many puzzling and intergrading forms bave been deseribed. In New York State alone over two hundred species are said to occur although the validity of some of these is open to question. Undoubtedly several hundred species will be found to be authentic, the bulk of which are found in eastern United States, with scattered forms in the Rocky Mountains, on the Pacific Coast, in Japan and Eurasia. Leaves alternate, deciduous, simple, serrate and sometimes variously lobed, petioled; stipules caducous or foliaceous on vigorous shoots. Flowers perfect, regular, showy, borne in simple or compound corymbs terminating short leafy branchlets, the lowermost pedicels of a cluster often from the axils of the uppermost leaves; calyx-tube obconic, adnate to the ovary, the 5 lobes acute, 1eflexed and generally persistent; petals 5, white or pinkish, spreading, inserted on the throat of the calyx, early deciduous; stamens variable in the game species, normally 5 and alternate with the petals, but varying in multi- ples of 5 up to 25; filaments subulate, incurved, often persistent on the fruit; anthers pale yellow to white or from pink to dark rose and purple; pistil consisting of a 1—5 celled inferior ovary crowned with a like number of styles and stigmas; ovules 1-2 in each cell. Fruit a small, short-globose, oblong or pyriform pome, varying in color chiefly from red to yellow, containing 1—5 bony nutlets, each with a single upright seed. THE PLUMS AND CHERRIES. Genus PRUNUS (Tourn.) L. Trees or shrubs with bitter astringent properties, slender branch- lets, sealy buds, alternate simple leaves, showy flowers and drupa- ceous usually edible fruits. Many contain prussie acid and exude a gum from the bark when wounded. The species of Prunus num- ber about one hundred and twenty forms which are widely dis- tributed throughout the temperate and tropical regions of the northern hemisphere. Some thirty species occur in the United States, eighteen of which are arborescent. In addition a number of species from the Old World have become naturalized. Leaves alternate, deciduous or persistent, simple, serrate or entire, petioled, the petioles often glandular; stipules small, caducous. Winter buds scaly, the 372 The New York State College of Forestry inner scales accrescent. Flowers perfect, regular, showy, borne in axillary umbels or corymbs or in terminal or axillary racemes; calyx-tube inferior, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud; petals 5, white, spreading, inserted with the numerous stamens on the calyx-tube; filaments filiform, free, bearing oval 2-celled anthers; pistil solitary, consisting of a simple 1-celled ovary terminated by an elongated style and capitate stigma. Fruit a 1-seeded drupe; flesh thick and pulpy or dry and thin; pit bony, compressed, smooth, ‘rugose or pitted; seed solitary, pale brown, exalbuminous; cotyledons fleshy. KEY TO THE SPECIES PAGE 1. Ovary glabrous; pit smooth or shallowly sculptured...................... 2 1. Ovary: velvety=tomentosesy sec oo noe eee P. Persica 265 2. Flowers in racemes terminating leafy branches....................... 3 2 Hlowersumbellate orcoryimboses-s-- see ea ae eee 4 3. Leaves oblong, rather thick, crenate-serrulate with incurved teeth.......... P. serotina 245 3. Leaves chiefly obovate, thin, sharply serrate, the teeth somewhat spreading. . P. virginiana 247 4. Flowers in axillary umbels appearing before or with the leaves.......... 5 4. Flowers in terminal corymbs appearing after the leaves....... P. Mahaleb 253 5. Leaves conduplicate in the bud; fruit without ventral groove; stone globose OFS TODOS! Aa esd relace Pee ee aie on echelon 6 5. Leaves convolute in the bud; fruit usually with a ventral groove; stone com- MORESSEGL . ferrye ste. a ialew te Te Sa eee we AGE is eee Oa RROD ele: cpet are oe a 8 6. Leaves ovate, oval or obovate; petals 3-3 of an inch long.............. 7 6. Leaves oblong-lanceolate; petals less than 4 of an inch long............. P. pennsylvanica 249 7. Leaves membranous, pubescent beneath at least on the veins; fruit generally sweet; inner accrescent scales of flower-buds ligulate and spreading at blossom times ys .. MYR cepts See en” ba ek cee Eee oe P. avium 255 7. Leaves semicoriaceous, glabrous; fruit sour; inner accrescent scales of flower- buds not ligulate, ascending at blossom time.................. P. Cerasus 257 8. Leaves ovate to obovate; fruit more than 4 of an inch in diameter......... 9 8. Leaves oblanceolate to narrowly obovate; fruit + of an inch or less in diameter P. instititia 251 9. Umbels' several flowered :.fs)oercin acta ci covarss® sane erties Nee ee 10 OS Uimbelsul=2 Howenredt.: ©. iv. ocee teeth ne ee eI P. domestica 263 10. Leaves crenulate-serrate; calyx-lobes glandular-serrate.......... P. nigra 259 10. Leaves sharply-serrate; calyx-lobes entire............. ...P. americana 261 PULSE OR PEA FAMILY. LEGUMINOSAE An extremely large family of some four hundred and fifty genera and seven thousand species including trees, shrubs, woody vines, and herbs, widely distributed through the tropical and tem- perate regions of the world. Many are valuable timber trees while others are important forage crops or are otherwise valuable to man. In addition to the many herbaceous and shrubby forms, there are seventeen genera which are represented by arborescent forms in the United States. Leaves alternate, usually compound, stipulate. Flowers papilionaceous or sometimes regular; stamens 10 (occasionally 5 or many), monadelphous, diadelphous, or rarely distinct; pistil simple, superior, solitary. Fruit a legume. Trees of New York State 373 KEY TO THE GENERA PAGE 1. Leaves doubly pinnate at least in part; flowers regular, polygamous or IOC CIOUS MR ern SSS. ons seen Nic he oe eae on ae ee 2 1. Leaves simple or pinnate; flowers papilionaceous or imperfectly pseudo- AD IMOUACEOUS rier eas Pes (226 th - eR cack. sa eae e ah eee eva ota 3 2. Leaves bipinnate; calyx-tube elongated, 5-lobed; legume thick and woody Gymnocladus 373 2. Leaves pinnate and bipinnate; calyx-tube short, 3-5 lobed; legume COLISCCOUSTAt eR ee retts ai. WW. eat. le otic ae dk ee Gleditsia 373 3. Leaves simple; upper petal enclosed he the others in the bud......... Cercis 374 3. Leaves pinnate; upper petal enclosing the others in the bud.........Robina 374 KENTUCKY COFFEE-TREE. GYMNOCLADUS Lam. Large trees with stout pithy twigs, large alternate bipinnate leaves, inconspicuous flowers, and large woody legumes. os Quercus marilandica Muench. anrel se Miaonolit, 15 seue cs «6. Magnolia virginiana L. SSC, CHM cles Siren ia'ctes os ss Liquidamber Styraciflua L. 1S Kojo) “IME Rais ols wiathon Giodo.oo.c Ptelea trifoliata L. In addition to these and others perhaps equally important, the species of Zone B and many of Zone C. DISTRIBUTION OF A IN NEW YORK Staten Island, southern Long Island, especially coastward, and a narrow belt bordering the Sound from Manhattan and the Bronx to and continuing along the Connecticut coast. Growing period (estimated from last frost of spring to first of fall) 190 to 200 days B. Zone of Dominance of Oaks, Hickories, Chestnut, Tulip-tree, Indicator Species: verte COGAREy « feimte ce salts eae ete Juniperus virginiana L. Ta Cheep W ant Aus. jarelaypteleta voles Juglans nigra L. COTW OOG iy «545: ans o\scehe miehelens Populus deltoides Marsh. * Loc. cit. 7 See map, page 400. 398 The New York State College of Forestry Hickories: Bitternut. Swamp Hickory.. Carya cordiformis (Wang.) K. Koch. Shag-bark, Shell-bark...... Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch. King-nut. Big Shagbark.... Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) Loud. Mike Genii Bas cpacdeoasbcadac Carya alba (L.) K. Koch. Small-fruited Hickory ...... Carya microcarpa Nutt. Papnut Hickery y . \ecetre. Carya glabra (Mill.) Spach. Sweetebirchy). se... eevee Betula lenta L. Chestnntt steve eres seie nian ets Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. Oaks: Red "Oaks eters: eerste ees Quercus rubra L. Swamp or Pin Oak.......... Quercus palustris Muench. Carlet Oakad-teenccrcise. + cies Quercus coccinea Muench. Gray Oakitee tise pieta se Quercus rubra, var. ambigua (Michx. f.) Fer. Black (Oaks Ciisess cies s.ccs, 5) sys) 555 Quercus velutina Lam. White Oaks tat. sk yeep cvaiets io eyo Quercus alba L. Mossy-cup. Burr Oak....... Quercus macrocarpa Michx. Swamp White Oak.......... Quercus bicolor Willd. Rock Chestnut Oak......... Quercus Prinus L. Chestnut Oak or Yellow Oak. Quercus Muhlenbergii Engelm. Hackberty, ster sence sea os Celtis occidentalis L. Red Marlloerisyaree te iets -toret t= Morus rubra L. White Minlberty% e-em ey er Morus alba L. Cucumber Tree. Mountain Maier ole aera separated ar Magnolia acuminata L. Tulip Tree. Yellow Poplar.. Liriodendron tulipifera L. lero) Aap oe eo ay 6 on aonwoe Asimina triloba Dunal. SPRGoner) = Seitae ne aeclo oa ee Sassafras variifolium (Salisb.) Ktze. American Crab-apple ....... Pyrus coronaria L. Wald Blacks Cherny oy... ote. Prunus serotina Ehrh. Sycamorepece tise, tescinitve. 2 Platanus occidentalis L. INGGE NGM Aa Aad aang oase Ns Cercis canadensis L. Kentucky Coffee-tree........ Gymnocladus dioica (L.) Koch. Hloney-locustiyy yer: esate -\s's)-/-f12 Gleditsia triacanthos L. Flowering Dogwood ........ Cornus florida L. Tupelo. Black Gum. >. <2... Nyssa sylvatica March. Greatrbamrely tase tse oa Rhododendron maximum L. Mountain Laurel ...-...:-.- Kalmia latifolia L. Black Villans. as eeetstee le otees Viburnum prunifolium L. DISTRIBUTION OF B IN NEw YorRK Morainic region of Long Island and Staten Island; Hudson Valley region and adjacent highlands (Westchester hills, High- lands of the Hudson, Lower Catskills. especially dissected channels, e. g., Kaaters-kill Clove, becoming ‘‘thinned out’’ by disappear- ance of many species (Chestnut stops below Lake Champlain, Red Oak, White Oak, Shell-bark Hickory, Red Cedar and some others Trees of New York State 399 extend up the Champlain valley to the St. Lawrence) ; the Dela- ware, Susquehanna and Alleghany drainage valleys; across the Alleghany plateau in Finger Lake valleys; up the Mohawk valley (especially south exposures) and notably strongly developed in the narrow Erie belt and the broader Ontario-Iroquois basis (notable occurrence of Chestnut on sandy soils) to the Oneida Lake region; northward ‘“‘thinning out’’ (by disappearance of Chestnut, Tulip Tree, certain oaks and hickories and most of the secondary Austral woody species) toward the St. Lawrence valley. Low elevations to more or less 1200 feet southward and in terri- tory under maritime and especially lake influence. Growing season 160 to 180 days (Lower Hudson region; Erie and Ontario basins). ‘‘Thinned out’’ at low elevations of 150 days growing season. (Apparent exception in case of Delaware, Susquehanna and Alleghany valleys?) C. Dominance of Sugar Maple, Beech, Yellow Birch, Hemlock and White Pine Mixed Forest, Alleghany-Transition Forest Zone: Indicator Species: Whites Pine rel areas ste ste oe Pinus Strobus L. EVemiloGK:, « Setersiaiacaies-2s ais sie\- <5 Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. isch? WaliGyaie cision <' « «5, «10's Salix nigra Marsh. Peach-leaved Willow......... Salix amygdaloides Anders. Hop Hormbeam ...........+. Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch. LEHOW aWe, hae ss SR ots ea Carpinus ¢aroliniana Walt. Blue Beech. Water Beech.. Betula lutea Michx. f. Gray Birch. Old Field Birch. Betula populifolia Marsh. Gta Rae cc Galen. 4 = ba oats Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. JUNEETRY ween eee ere Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medic. Thorn-apple. Hawthorn .... Crataegus pedicellata Sarg. Shake Wieeey see ae ee es ae Prunus virgianiana L, ermine NE Ns ae nate Sie aa ays Acer saccharum Marsh. Hed: Maple) sin fac. 25.363 Te Acer rubrum L. Notably in swamps. Striped Maple .. ..<....0s:00. Acer Pennsylvanicum L. Zone D? Monuntaim ~Maple’ osc aes Acer spicatum Lam. Zone D? ESAS WOQUS ene Biche sce = 2 tee ener ots Tilia americana L. IWARIRO PASI SFr ial) 2 oe arte Fraxinus americana L. DISTRIBUTION OF C IN NEW YorRK Tendency to recurrence upon every favorable edaphic situation throughout the State up to more or less 2,000 feet (Catskills) excepting, in general, the Adirondacks, but dominant over the Alleghany plateau region and the Catskills below the spruce- balsam zone. 400 The New York State College of Forestry Frostless period in general 130 to 150 days. More or less arbitrarily distinguished from the mene” acae birch, hemlock-containing (and often dominated) Adirondacks and Catskills by absence (generally) of red spruce, balsam, white birch, ete., on the one hand and presence of certain species of Zone B which are lacking in the Adirondacks. Similar extensions in mountains of New England, the Maritime Provinces and especially the St. Lawrence region of Quebee and Ontario (but peninsular Ontario is strongly like Zone B) and Michigan and Wisconsin. D. Canadian-Transition Zone: Dominance of maple, beech, yellow birch, hemlock, white pine as in Zone C, but addition and tendency to dominance in special situations and, especially at greater elevations, of red spruce, balsam, paper birch, mountain ash, ete. Further characterized by absence of oaks (few exceptions), hickories, elms, and, naturally, of tulip-poplar, chestnut, ete. (7. e., dominant species of Zone B). Further, by the decreasing prominence of forest floor herbaceous growth-forms of the Appalachian region generally, and substitution of more northerly ranging species (see below). Dominant tree species: HVEGEISPTUCE) poy sFatepeuslewiioret syns tees Picea rubra (DuRoi) Dietr. Biaek “Sprite ecko scies2’. Picea mariana (Mill.) B. 8. P. Balsam nr 15.8 ge iegepwiiey = sis /oieodo-« Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. Pussy Willow, Glaucous Wil- ANON, jestietls Woke) etiayc, = tsiiehahyStata va kiteds Salix discolor Muhl. Bebb7s Willow: teisy: 2 i Ss . 52) es S oe F: ‘ im ® : mR a % z S all a eS we if "id ‘ ord a. “ fon] = a a ad Th LLL . Hit ala - * Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. 55 SCALE OP STATUTE MILES. o «© 2 we «© 6 co OUTLINE MAP THE STATE OF NEW YORK SHOWING THE LOCATION OF Tin = Zone A : Southern species; sweet gum ywillow oak persimmon ate. = Zone B ; Chestnut, oaks, hickories,tulip-poplarete. LJ = Zone C ; Sugar maple, beech, yellow birch, hemlock white pine.ete. 3 = Zone D ; ‘Dominant trees of zoneC plus red spruce, balsam fir,and paper birch. = Zone FE ; Canadian zone,red spruce, balsam fir, paper birch, mountain ash ete. GHB = Zone F sArctic-circumpolar. Tundra-like vegetotion. Trees of New York State 401 E. Canadian Zone. Dominance of Red Spruce, Balsam and Paper Birch: Indicator Species: ed iS prUee Poa esl 2's fore tats .. Picea rubra (DuRoi) Dietr. AV BLe SPTUGO) <~. «, 40001 co ee ate Picea canadensis (Mill.) B. S. P. IRCA IS PTUGO We» o/cte «js essere Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S. P. ispilrenen dhe Mee pag aoe ocoUDaC Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. PACT ESECM | oi ase cia an) el gaa ee Betula alba, var. papyrifera (Marsh.) Spach. Mountz Ash “sis Suet Pyrus americana (Marsh.) DC. DISTRIBUTION OF E In New YorK Searcely typical on summits of highest Catskills but indicated by dominance of.red spruce and balsam, much somewhat dwarfed or gnarled-topped yellow-birch, and sparse paper-birch, and by forest-floor species. In the Adirondacks, the zone of spruce, balsam, paper-birch and mountain ash which succeeds maple, beech, birch, hemlock and white pine above 3,500 feet more or less, is here referred to the Canadian Zone which in its typical com- position, as described by Cooper, is the Northeastern conifer forest par excellence. For general distribution of the Canadian forest type, see Map 3 in Zon’s bulletin on balsam fir.* F. Artic Flora of Adirondack Peaks: Indicator Species — Devoid of arborescent forms. The fol- lowing woody plants are indicative of this zone: ir Chutes Miogs Sia .cis orsresaterels Lycopodium Selago L. Bearberry, Wallowa. «t= ster Salix Uva-ursi Pursh. Glandular Birch. Scrub Birch Betula glandulosa Michx. Black Crowberry <0. <.. 0%. Empetrum nigrum L. Lapland Rose-bay .......... Rhododendron lapponicum (L.) Wah- lenb. Mesa. Bush, (2). | sate ctaaperse Cassiope hypnoides (L.) D. Don. DISTRIBUTION OF F IN NEw YorK P On the summit of Mt. Marcy above 5,000 feet; on Mt. McIntyre and to a less marked degree on Whiteface and others of the high Adirondack peaks. GENERAL DISTRIBUTION OF F On the higher peaks of New England where this arctic element is more strongly represented; in the arctic regions of America * Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. 55: 1914. Forest Service Contribution. 402 The New York State College of Forestry (Labrador, Alaska), of Greenland and of Europe and Asia and high mountains of southeastern Asia; some of them in the Rocky mountains south to Colorado and in Arizona. TREE RANGES VERSUS LIFE ZONES IN NEW YORK STATE In concluding the discussion of the zonal distribution of vegeta- ~ tion in New York State and the distribution of trees within the State, it would be desirable to plot the range of each species upon a map of the State. This cannot be done, however, at the present time owing to a dearth of sufficient data covering areal develop- ment of the various trees within our borders. Particularly is this true in the case of naturalized forms which are still undergoing expansion and whose future range is yet more or less prob- lematical. Under the circumstances it has seemed best to indicate the zonal distribution of each species by letter and to insert this information in the descriptive data accompanying each plate under ‘‘Range’’. Blackfaced type indicates relative abundance within the zone concerned, although not of necessity that the form is an indicator species. Trees of New York State 403 DERIVATION OF THE NAMES OF TREES By C. C. ForsytH * LINGUISTIC SOURCES OF TREE NAMES As a correlative to that section of the glossary devoted to the derivation of the names of trees, a brief review of the historical sequence of those languages in which these terms had their origin may not be out of place. Languages, like the trees themselves, have undergone a progressive evolution from the time when man first showed his superiority over the lower animals by designating the objects around him by specific sounds. At first these were few and cumbersome, but as new ideas were born he created new titles for them. In the end, he had a working vocabulary by which he could pass on to his off-spring the fund of knowledge which he had gained. Primitive man, forced as he was to secure a precarious living in a hostile forest, soon recognized that trees were not all similar and even while his store of facts was meagre he had singled out the more conspicuous representatives and had given them names. These articulate ideas in ever-changing form were transmitted from generation to generation, from tribe to tribe, and from age to age. Often the mutation in nomenclature has been so great that all evidence of relationship to an earlier tongue has been lost, while in other cases the form has remained quite stable for a period of time antecedent to historical records. These words, among which there are many terms for plants, reveal much concerning primitive culture, migration of peoples, and contact with alien races. As might readily be expected, much of our arborescent termi- nology is of Aryan derivation, and many of the words go back even to the parent Indo-European which is believed to have had its birth among the nomadic peoples inhabiting the level forest stretches of the Russian Steppes. From this point, pastoral hordes, encumbered with their flocks, extended in all directions. One group went south into Greece where they in time gave up the tribal state and built cities. In spite of their contact with the more advanced peoples to the southeast, they progressed along their own lines and were among the first of the Aryans to evolve a high civilization. They developed a written language which _* Assistant Professor of Wood Technology, New York State College of Forestry, Syracuse, N. Y. 404 The New York State College of Forestry has preserved for us numerous ideas which would have doubtless been lost if they had been forced to depend alone upon verbal inheritance. Another group went farther west into Italy, became Empire builders. and imposed their customs upon their less progressive neighbors. The Greeks reached a high plane as scientists, and to them we are indebted for much of our earliest - botanical information. The Romans never attained as high a place as investigators. They were borrowers for the most part, and their chief influence is felt as missionaries whose duty it was to carry Hellenic culture and science to the corners of an extensive empire, as the progenitors of a lusty linguistic offspring in the present Romance languages, and as the standard-bearers of a high civilization and learning. The last group in which we are in- terested, the Germanic or Teutonic, spread through the north of Europe. They became subdivided into three main branches, the high German. the Norse (the Swedish, Danish, ete.), and the Low German, which became again divided into the Anglo-Saxon, the Dutch, and Scotch. To this last group we are beholden for a very large per cent. of the common names of trees. With this brief review of the migrations of the Aryan races we may consider the origin of the names of a few trees which may throw some light upon man’s early botanical knowledge, his migratory paths, and his contacts with other peoples. As might naturally be supposed only a few of these names are sufficiently ancient to appear in the Sanskrit, or are distinetly similar in all the Arvan branches. Many of the trees with a more westerly range were, of course. unknown to the early nomads, others by their lack of striking features may have escaped notice, while the names of some may have been forgotten or unrecog- nizably changed during the vicissitudes of prolonged migrations, with their conquests and defeats. The characteristic and widely distributed pine was doubtless well known long before the dawn of history since it is recorded in Sanskrit as pitu. In the Greek zicvs, the name retains its ancient form, but becomes Pinus in Latin, pin in French, and pine in English. In its earlier form it may be allied to the word for pain. The peculiar white bark of the birch was perhaps responsible for its separation from the less spectacular trees, as the primitive Aryan called it bhurjas, from bhrja, to shine. One other going back to the Indo-Germanic, is daru, which means tree or larch. The Greek represents one of the most fertile of all fields owing in large part to a high scientific culture and a well developed Trees of New York State 405 literature. Most of their names come to us through the Latin as has already been explained. Our word prune or plum has been derived from *povpyey or xpdves through the Latin Prunus. Many names came into the Latin after contact was common, and the cultural Greek words may have supplanted an earlier Latin name for certain trees, among which g¢y¢s, Fagus; py40v, Malus; and mhazavos, Platanus, may be mentioned. Others came as a result of trade often accompanied by an actual transplanting of the tree as in the case of kaka, the Acacia from Egypt. Those which are strictly Latin in form are rare, and doubtless represent those which were restricted to Italy or were sufficiently well known to withstand the Greek influence. Among this group Quercus, the Oak; Abies, the Fir; Pyrus, the Pear; and Fraxinus, the Ash, are examples. It is but natural that the extensive trade fostered by the Roman Empire should bring foreign trees to their knowledge, and Persica, the Peach, from the Persian pars, appar- ently came through the commercial route. The Teutonic from which our own language was developed has furnished us with many common names, names originating after the separation from the Hellenic and Roman branches, but which had become so firmly rooted that they could not be replaced by the more cultural terms brought by their southern conquerors. Some of our best known words may be classified here, as for example, the Aspen, Ash, and Hawthorn. The restriction of these names to the common category is, of course, due to the early influ- ence of the ecclesiastical Latin on literature and science. A knowledge of many species came into England as a result of the Norman Conquest and later French influence. The Laurel from the Fr. laurier, through the M. E. laurer, the Mulberry from mor, through the M. E. mool, and the Sumach from swmac, indicate that the continental doubtless introduced into the British Isles those plants with which he had become acquainted by contact with the peoples to the south. Very few names of trees are non-Aryan in origin, and one of the best examples is that of the Maple, and its earlier L. name Acer which is Celtic and may be a relie of the Roman occupation as may also be true of sal-lis (Salix). Special incidents or changes in the lives of a people may exert no small influence on the language, and in this connection it may be well to mention two plants which came into England as a result of Christianity. Rose is a direct descendant of the L. Rosa from the Gr. ov; and the Lily, Gr. 4<‘ptov, comes from the same 15 406 The New York State College of Forestry sources, although cases are exceedingly rare where the words are of Semitie origin in spite of the influence of Hebrew on Christianity. In new regions new trees are encountered and in many eases the aboriginal nomenclature is chosen as the technical, as in Hicoria from the Indian powchohiceora. In the same way Tsuga comes from Japan, while Hemlock is Anglo-Saxon and refers to species of the herbaceous Cicuta. These very few and incomplete examples will show that no small amount of history is bound up in the names of trees, and those who are competent to make a real study of the problem may be able to clear up many disputed points as to prehistoric migrations, conquests, lines of trade, and other ethnological problems. Plants are especially well adapted to such a study both because primitive peoples know them, and because they have quite a definite dis- tribution which may serve to geographically limit peoples or to tell from whence they came. EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED IN THE GLOSSARY OF TREE NAMES In a compilation of the etymological origin of any series of words, errors are likely to appear as divergence among authors bears testimony. The writer has in no case relied upon his own judgment, but, using the best sources available, has acted merely in an editorial capacity. The following symbols and abbreviations have been used: A.S.— Anglo-Saxon. The language of the Germanic invaders of England. Ayran — Indo-European. E.— English. fr.— from an earlier source. Fr.— French. Ger.— German. Gr.— Greek. J. E— Indo-European, the extinct parent tongue of the European and some Asiatic languages. I. G.— Indo-Germanie — Indo-European. L.— Latin. L. L.— Late Latin. M. E.— Middle English — the language of England fr. 1100-1500. Skt. or Skr.— Sanskrit; the language of the early invaders of India which has been preserved in the Veda. It is believed to include more Indo- European derivatives than any other branch, Sp.— Spanish. Teut.— Teutonic, the parent language of the N. W. European group. *—_ Akin to or of parallel descent from an earlier common source. Trees of New York State | 407 GLOSSARY OF DERIVATIONS Abies — The L. common name for the European fir. Acacia — fr. the Gr. axaxia the thorn tree of Egypt (fr. axic a thorn) through the L. Acacia. The common name of several species of the Leguminosae, Acer — L. L. generic name for the maple. From the Celtic ac, hard, referring to the quality of the wood. j aceroides — L. (maple-like) from Acer, maple, and oides (like-see amygdal- oides). The specific name of the old genus, Negundo. acuminata — L. (sharp-pointed) fr. acuminare, to make sharp, referring to the sharp teeth on the leaves of Quercus acuminata (Muhlenbergit). Aesculus —— L.. referring to the European ‘‘ mast tree,’’ (the L. common name) perhaps Quercus Aesculus. Ailanthus — L. L. for ‘‘ailanto,’’ the Chinese common name for the tree, and referring to the height in the native habitat. allegheniensis — L. L. referring to the geographical habitat of Betula lutea. alba — L. (white) a word allied to the Gr. ’4Agoc through the Sabine alpum, and referring to the white wood of Carya alba, and Quercus alba; to the white under surfaces of the leaves of Salix alba, and Populus alba; the white fruit of Morus alba; and to the glaucous foliage of Picea alba (canadensis). alternifolia — L. (alternate-leaves) from alter, other, -nus (belonging to), and -folium fr. the Gr. ou2/ov, leaf; referring to the apparently alternate leaves of Cornus alternifolia. amara— I, L. (a trench or ditch) fr. the Gr. auapa, referring to the firm grooved bark or the slightly grooved petiole of Carya minima. ambigua — L. (uncertain), referring to a northern variant of Quercus rubra. Amelanchier — L. L. fr. the common name of a species in Savoy, of uncertain origin. enerieana © 1 L. (America) referring to the geographical habitat of several species. amygdaloides — L. (like an almond) fr. the Gr. auiyoadoc the almond, and eidec appearing like; referring to the peach-like or almond-like leaves of Salix amygdaloides. Amygdalus — L. (the almond) fr. the Gr. ai) daAoc, referring to a group of Asiatic trees among which are included A. persica (Prunus Persica) the peach, and A. communis (Prunus Amygdalus), the almond. Apple — fr. the A. S. aepl— origin unknown, * in the Teutonic languages. The common name for Pyrus Malus. Aralia — a generic name of unknown origin. Arbor-vitae — fr. the L. arbor, tree; and vitae of life. The common name of Thuja occidentalis. Ash — fr. the Teut. type askiz through the A. S. aese. * in all Teut. lan- guages. The common name of Fraxinus. Asimina — an early Fr. name for the papaw, corrupted from the Algonquin, rassimina, sleeve-fruit. Aspen — (asp & en—an adj. ending as wood-en) fr. the A. S. aespe. * in Teut. languages. The common name for Populus. atropunicea — L. (dark brown) from ater, brown, and punicea, yellow, refer- ring to the color of the autumn leaves of Fagus atropunicea (grandifolia). Aucuparia — L. (relating to bird catching) from aueupiwm, bird-catching, referring perhaps to the tendency of the birds to feed upon the fruit of Pyrus Aucuparia. aurantiac — LL. (resembling the orange) fr. the Skr. naranga, the orange; referring to the similarity of the leaves of Maclura pomifera to those of the orange, and to the size of the fruit, avium — L. (out of the way) fr. a— out of, and via, way; referring perhaps to the habitat of the European Prunus avium; perhaps a variant of the L. avis, bird, since birds frequently feed on the fruit of this species. babylonica — L. (Babylon) through the Gr. 3a8iAwv; referring to the origin of Salix babylonica. 408 The New York State College of Forestry Balm of Gilead — fr. the L. balsamwm (see balsamea) through the Fr. basme and the M. E. balm & Gilead (?) The common name of Populus candicans. Balsam — fr. the L. balsamum (see balsamea and balm). The common name of Abies balsamea. balsamea— L. (the balsam tree) fr. the (semetic [Heb.] balsam) through the Gr. BaAcayov and the L. balsamum. Referring to the resinous charac- ter of the bark of some oriental species. Here referring to the resinous pockets in the bark of Abies balsamea. balsamifera — L. (balsam-bearing) fr. balsamwm, resin, and ferre, to bear, referring to the resinous character of Populus balsamifera. Banksiana — L. L. for the surname, Banks. Bass — fr. the A. S. baest and E. bast. Of unknown origin * the Germanic, The common name of Tila. Bay —fr. the L. bacca, a berry, through the Fr. baie. The common name of species of Laurus owing to the fruit, and of Salia pentandra owing to the laurel-like leaves. Bebbiana — L. L. for the surname, Bebb. A name given to Salix rostrata. Beech — fr. the I. G. bhagos, a tree with edible fruit; through the A. S. bece, and the M. E. beech, * the Gr. @yyéc and the L. Fagus, which see. The common name of Fagus. Betula — L. for the common Latin name of the birch tree, a word allied to the Skt. bhurja. to shine, referring to the shiny character of the bark. bicolor — L. (two-colored) fr: bis-, twice or two, and color, color; referring to the green upper and whitened lower surfaces of the leaves of Quercus bicolor. bignonioides — L. L. (Bignonia-like) fr. Bignonla, a tree named for Abbé- Bignon, and oides, like. A specific name given to Catalpa Catalpa, and referring to similarity of the flowers to those of Bignonia. Bilstead — origin(?). The common name of Liquidambar Styraciflua. Birch — fr. the Skt. bhuria, fr. bhrja—to shine, through the A. S. birce and the M. E. birche * to the Aryan series. See Betula, the common name of Betula. blanda —L. (smooth); referring to the smooth, silky leaves of Salix alba. borealis — L. (pertaining to the north) fr. the Gr. Bopéac God of the north winds; referring to the northern habitat of Quercus borealis (rubra, var. ambigua) . Box elder — Box fr. the Gr. wifoc, through the L. burus, the box wood, Buxsus sempervirens and the A. S. box, and elder which see. The common name of Acer Negundo owing to the hardwood (?) and elder-like leaves. Broussonetia — L. L. for the surname, Brussonet. A generic name given in honor of the naturalist, Auguste Brussonet. Butternut—Butter fr. the Gr. Bove, ox and tipoc, cheese, through the L. butrywm and Nut fr. the A. S. hnutu through the M. E. nut, * the Teutonic group. The common name of Juglans cinerea owing to the oily fruit. canadensis —L. L. referring to the geographical habitat of several species. canina— L. (a dog’s skin), referring to the peculiar ridged bark of Celtis occidentalis. caroliniana —L. L. (Carolina), referring to the geographical habitat of several species. Carpinus— L. The common Latin name for the hornbeam. Carya —L. L. fr. the Gr. xapia (form of xépjvov, the skull); referring to the skull-like fruit of the genus. Castanea —L. (the chestnut) fr. the Gr. kaoravov, perhaps named for a city in Pontus, kactavia, a word, perhaps related to the Armenian, kaskeni, the chestnut tree. The common name comes from this through the Fr. chastigna. Catalpa— L. L. from the Cherokee common name catawba. The tree was discovered by Catesby in 1728. cathartica — L. (a purgative) fr. the Gr. kafapo, to cleanse, through ka@prixéc, referring to the cathartic properties of Rhamnus cathartica. ‘edar —fr. the Gr. xédpoc through the L. Cedrus and the A. S. cedar, The common name of several of the Cupressineae. Trees of New York State 409 Celtis —— A name given by Pliny to the African lotus, and later transferred to the genus owing to the sweet quality of the fruit. Cerasus — The old L. name for the cherry tree fr. the Gr. kepdooc, a tree brought by Lucullus from Asia Minor. Cercis—L. L. fr. the Gr. xepxic, the ancient name for the Judas tree. Chamaecyparis— L. (low-cypress) fr. the Gr. yayai, on the ground, and xutapioooc, the cypress. Cherry — fr. the Gr. xepdacoc through the L. Cerasus (which see), the O. F. cerise, and the M. E. chery. The common name of Prunus. Chestnut — fr. the Gr. xaorao through the L. castanea (which see), the Fr. chastaigne and the M. E. chestein, chesten-nut (see Butternut). The common name of Castanea. Chinquapin — fr. the N. Am. Indian word for Castanea pumila, and those species of Quercus with chestnut-like leaves. cinerea — L. (ash-colored) fr. the Gr. xovic, through the L. cinis, or dust; referring to the color of the bark of Juglans cinerea. coccinea — L. (scarlet or crimson) fr. coccum, a gall growing on Quercus coccifera which was used in making red dyes. (?) The word comes from the Gr. kéxxoc, a seed or berry; referring to the scarlet autumn leaves of Quercus coccinea. Coffee-tree — fr. the Arabic quahweh through the Turkish cauphe; and tree fr. the Skt. daru, wood; or daru, pine wood, through the Teut. trewom and the A. S. treo * the Teutonic group, the Gr. dpvc, oak; dépv, a spear shaft, the Irish darog, the Russ. drevo, and the Philippine durog (?). a spear. The common name of Gymnocladus dioica owing to the coffee-like seeds. communis — L. (common) fr. com-munis, ready-to be of service, referring to a general and abundant distribution of several species. copallina — L. L. fr. the Mex. copal, the name of a white resin from a species of Rhus in Mexico, referring to the latex in the bark of Rhus copellina. cordiformis — L. (heart-shaped) fr. the Gr. xadia, through: the L. cor, heart, and forma, shaped, referring to the shape of the fruit or the base of the leaflets of Hicoria minima (Caryc cordiformis). Cornel — fr. the L. cornus (which see) through the L. L. cornolium. The common name of Cornus. Cornus — The L. common name for the cornel fr. cornu, horn; referring to the hardness of the wood. coronaria — L. (that which serves to make crowns) fr. coronare, to crown. This term may refer to the custom of making wreaths from the leaves of Pyrus coronaria. Cotton wood — cotton fr. the Arabic qutn through the Sp. coton, the Fr. coton, and the M. E. cotoun & wood —fr. the A. S. wudu through the M. E. wode, * the Teutonic and Galic where it refers to a tree. The common name of Populus deltoides owing to the comose seeds. Crabapple — crab fr. the M. E. crabbe, implying poor quality and apple (which see). The common name of Pyrus coronaria owing to the poor quality of the fruit. Crataegus — L. (the hawthorn) fr. the Gr. xpataiyoc,a word derived from kparoc, strength, owing to the hardness of the wood of the genus. Cucumber tree — cucumber fr. the L. cucwmis, a name referring to the process of ripening by heat, fr. coquere, to cook; through the M. E. cucumer (cucumber) and tree (see coffee-tree). The common name of Magnolia acuminata owing to the shape of the fruit. Cupressus — L. (cypress) fr. the Gr. xutdpiccoc; a word of earlier Semetic origin. Cypress— fr. the L. cupressus through the Fr. and M. E. cipres. See Cupressus. The common name of Tazodium distichwm owing to the similarity of the cones to those of Cupressus. dasycarpum — L. (thick-fruit) fr. the Gr. dacic, thick, and xapréc, seed; refer- ring to the fruit of Acer saccharinum (?). Datisca — L. L. of unknown origin given as a synonym for Rhus. deltoides — L. (like the letter D), from the Gr. of/ra, D and oides, like, refer- ring to the leaves of a Populus deltoides. 410 The New York State College of Forestry dentata — L. (having teeth) fr. dens, a tooth, referring to the dentate mar- gins of the leaves of Castanea dentata. dioica — L. L. (two-houses) fr. the Gr. dic-, two, and ov«ia, house, referring to the dioecious or polygamous flowers of Gymnocladus dioica. Diospyros — L. L. for the genus, fr. the Gr. Aioc, a God, and z»péc, wheat or grain. According to Sargent this term refers to the life-giving prop- erties of the fruit of the genus. discolor—L. (two-colored) fr. dis-, two, and color, color, referring to the difference in color of the upper and lower surfaces of the leaves of Salix discolor. divaricata — L. (spread apart) fr. dis-, apart or two, and varicare, to spread, referring to the spreading branches of Pinus divaricata (Banksliana). domestica — L. (domestic) fr. domus, house, referring to the cultivation of Prunus domestica. echinata — L. (covered with spines) fr. the Gr. éywoc, through the L. echinus (a hedgehog or sea urchin, hence a spine) and the suf-atus, covered with; referring to the armed cones of Pinus echinata. Elder — fr. the A. S. ellaern * the Germanic i. e. Ger. ahorn, maple. Allied to the word hollow in reference to the hollow twigs. The common aame of Acer Negundo. Elm — fr. the A. S. elm * the Ger. Ulm and the L. Ulmus (which see). The common name of Ulmus. Fagus — L. (the beech) fr. the Gr. gaden, to eat, through the Dorian gayéc, the beech, in reference to the edible fruit of the genus. fterruginea — L. (rusty) fr. ferrum, iron, through ferrugo, rust; referring to the brown autumn leaves of Fagus ferruginea (grandifolia). Fir —fr. the Ger. Forha through the A. S. furu, perhaps of Scandanavian origin * the Teutonic group. The common name of Abies. florida — L. (abounding in flowers) fr. flos, a flower; referring to the showy inflorescence of Cornus florida. Foleyana — L. L. fr. the surname Foley. A synonym for Salim purpurea. fragilis — L. (fragile) fr. fragnere, to break; referring to the easily broken branches of Salix fragilis. Fraxinus— L. The L. common name of the ash tree. fulva— L. (tawny, yellow, or reddish); referring to the color of the inner bark of Ulmus fulva. glabra — L. (smooth), referring to the smooth leaves of several species. glandulosa — (full of glands or fruit) fr. glans, a nut or gland and -osus, full of; referring to the abundance of fruit, or the glandular leaflets of Ailanthus glandulosa. glauca—L. (bluish) fr. the Gr. yAavxdéc, referring to the glaucous under- surfaces of the leaves of Magnolia glauca. Gleditsia — L. L. for the surname of Gleditsch, and named for J. G. Gleditsch, a contemporary of Linnaeus. Grandidentata — L. (large-toothed) from grandis, large, and dentatus, toothed (see dentate), referring to the large dentations on the leaf margins of Populus grandidentata. grandifolia — L. (large leaf) fr. grandis, large, and folium, leaf; referring to the size of the leaves of Fagus grandifolia. Gum — fr. the Egyptian kami, through the Gr. ko“, the L. gummi, the Fr. gomme, and the M. E. gomme; referring to the hardened juices of certain trees. The common name of species of Nyssa and Liquidambar Styra- ciflua owing to gummy exudations. Gymnocladus— L. L. (naked branches) from the Gr. yuurdc, naked, and KAddoc, branch; referring to the sparse foliage or the large, leafless branches in winter condition. Hackberry — hack=hag-berry (see hawthorn) and berry (see mulberry). The common name of Celtis occidentalis. Hackmatack — fr. the N. Am. Indian, hakmantak, Belknap — Hist. of N. H. TIT; ‘‘On some mountains we find a shrubbery of hemlock and spruce, whose branches are knit together so as to be impenetrable. The snow lodges on their tops, and a cavity is formed underneath. These are called by the Indians, ‘hackmantaks’.’’ Transferred as the common name of Larix laricina. Trees of New York State 411 Hawthorn — haw —fr. the A. S. haga, an enclosure or hedge * to the Teutonic group, perhaps fr. hagon, an enclosure and thorn fr. the Skt. trna, a blade of grass, through the A. S. porn, a sharp point * Teutonic group. The common name of Crataegus owing to its use for hedges. Hemlock — fr. the A. S. hemlock, a name referring to species of Cicuta. An earlier common name was hemlock-spruce. The common name of Tsuga cancdensis owing to the resemblance of its foliage to the dissected leaves of Cicuta. heterophylla — L. (variously formed leaves) fr. the Gr. ‘érepoc, different, and ovaAdaorv, leaf; referring to the leaf-form of Tilia- and Populus heterophylle. Hickory — fr. hicorta, which see. Hicoria— L. L. fr. the Indian powcohiccera; referring to the custom of securing a milk from the pounded nuts. Hippocastanum — L. (horse-chestnut) fr. the Gr. ‘itzoc, horse, and kaoravov chestnut (see Castanea); referring to the size of the fruit of Aesculus Hippocastanum. hirta — L. (hairy); referring to the woolly branches of Rhus typhina. Holly —fr. the A. S. holen through the M. E. holyn. Perhaps from the Teut. kolenno * to the Celtic. The common name of Ilez. Hornbeam — horn — fr. the A. S. horn * to the Aryan group. (See Cornus), and beam fr. the A. S. beam, a tree, the Teutonic, i. e. the Ger. baum. The common name of Ostrya and Carpinus owing to the hard wood. Ilex — L. (holly) the L. common name of the holly oak, Quercus Ilex; refer- ring to the resemblance of the leaves to those of this species of oak. imperialis — L. belonging to an empire, fr. imperiwm, an empire. The specific name of Paulownia imperialis (tomentosa.) inops — L. (destitute) fr. in-, without, and the Gr.’éWc:, appearance; referring to the tendency of Pinus virginiana to thrive on poor soils. (?) Judas tree — Judas fr. the Heb. Judas since Judas is said to have hanged himself from a limb of Ceris siliquastrum, and tree (see coffee-tree). The common name of Cercis. Juglans — L. (walnut or the nut of Jupiter), the old L. common name fr. Jupiter, and glans, nut. Juniper — fr. the L. Juniperus, which see. The common name of Juniperus. Juniperus — L. (Juniper), of doubtful origin. Kalmia—L. L. for the surname Kalm, and referring to Peter Kalm, a student of Linnaeus, who visited America. laciniosa — L. (full of plates) fr. the Gr. Aaxic, the flap of a garment, and -osus, full of; referring to the shaggy bark of Carya laciniosa. Larch — fr. the Skt. daru, a tree, through the L. Larix, which see. The common name of Lariz. laricina — L. (pertaining to the larch) fr. Larix, the larch. Tharix — The L. common name for the larch, fr. the Skt. daru through the Gr. Aapié. The common name, ‘‘larch’’ comes directly from this word. latifolia — L. (broad leaf) fr. latus, broad, and foliwm, leaf; referring to the broad leaves of Kalmia latifolia. Laurel — fr. the L. Laurus, a laurel-tree, through the Fr. laurier and the M. E. laurer. The common name of Kalmia and Rhododendron owing to their similarity to Laurus. laurifolia — L. (laurel leaf) fr. Laurus, laurel, and foliwm, leaf; referring to the shining leaves of Salix pentandra and Quercus phellos. lenta—L. (limber, tough, or supple); referring to the character of the branches of Betula lenta. (?) Perhaps * the I. G. lent, see Linden. Lentago — L. perhaps from the European Lentana, fr. the L. lentus, limber, and so referring to the supple branches of Virburnum Lentago. (?) Lime — see Linden. Linden — Lind-en (see aspen), lind, line, or lime tree all of which are fr. the I. G. lent through the A. S. lind and Teut. lenda * the Aryan group i. e. the Gr. éAdrt7, a fir tree. The common name of Tilia. Liquidambar — L. (liquid-amber) fr. liquere, to be liquid, and the Arab. ambar, an allusion to juices exuding from this tree. Liriodendron — L. (lily-tree) fr. the Gr. Aeipiov, lily, and dévdpov, tree; refer- ring to the showy flowers of the genus Liriodendron. 412 The New York State College of Forestry Locust — prob. fr. the L. locusta, the insect-locust. The common name of several of the Leguminosae owing to the character of the flowers. lucida — L. (bright or shining) fr. lua, light through lucere, to shine; refer- ring to the shining leaves of Salix lucida. iutea — L. (pale yellow) fr. lutum, mud or clay; referring to the color of the bark of Betula lutea. Maclura—L. L. for the surname Maclure, and named for Wm. Maclure, the American geologist. macrocarpa—L. L. (large-fruit) fr. the Gr. waxpéc, large, and xapzéc, seed, from xapgw to dry; referring to the large acorns of Quercus macrocarpa. Magnolia — L. for the surname Magnol, and named for Peter Magnol, Pro- fessor of Botany at Montpelier, in the 17th century. Mahaleb — direct from the Persian. The fruit of the tree was used in the manufacture of perfumes. This common name became the specific name of Prunus Mahaleb. Malus — L. (apple) the common name fr. the Gr. j7j/ov through the Doric padov, Maple — fr. the A. S. mapul, perhaps allied to the Ger. masshold. The common name of Acer. mariana — the specific name of Picea mariana. (?) marilandica — L. L. (Maryland); referring to the geographical habitat of Quercus marilandica. maximum —L. (largest) sup. of magnus, large; referring to the size of Rhododendron maximum. Mazzard — fr. O. H. G. masar, a knot or maple wood, through the Fr. maser and the M. E. maser. The common name of Prunus avium. Michauxii — L. L. for the surname Michaux; referring to Francois Michaux, the botanist. Name given to Quercus and Tilia Michausii. microcarpa — L. (small seed) fr. the Gr. wcxpdc, small, and kapréc, seed; refer- ing to the small seeds of Carya microcarpa. minima — L. (smallest) sup. of minor, small; used as a synonym for Carya cordiformis. minor — L. (small) referring to the small stature of Quercus minor (stel- lata). mitis — L. (pliant or weak) referring to the flexible spines on the cones of Pinus echinata. (?) monilifera — L. (necklace bearing) fr. monile, a necklace, and ferre, to bear; referring to the pendulus aments of Populus monilifera (deltoides). Mocker nut— The common name of Carya tomentosa. (The word mocker may refer to a similarity of the fruit to that of Carya ovata.) Morus — L. (the mulberry) fr. the Gr. opea. Muhlenbergii — L. L. for the surname Miihlenberg, named for G. H. EH. Miih- lenber Malboeey ee. the L. Morus, which see, through the Fr. mor, and the M. E. mool, and berry fr. the Skt. bhas, to eat, through the A 8S. berge. The common name of Morus. multifiora — L. (many-flowered) fr. multus, many, and flos, flower; referring to the flower heads of Nyssa multiflora (sylvatica). Negundo —L. L. from the Malayan common name of Viter negundo, and transferred as a generic name for Acer Negundo, and later as the specific name. nigra —L. (black); referring to the color of the wood of Juglans nigra, the dark leaves of Picea mariana, and the bark of Quercus marilandica. Nyssa — L. L. fr. the Gr. vvoa, a tree named for Bacchus’ nurse, and used by Linneaus to signify that the tree grew near the water. Oak — fr. the Teut. aiks through the A. S. ac, and the M. E. oke, * the Aryan group, i. e., the Gr. aiy-iAwy, an oak tree. The common name of Quercus. Pe meet (blunt-leaf) fr. obtundere, to blunt, and folium, leaf; refer- ring to the rounded leaf lobes of Quercus minor. occidentalis — L. (western) fr. occidere, to go down. Name given by Lin- naeus to Thuja—and Celtis occidentalis. odorata—L. (fragrant) fr. the Gr. 6dwd7; referring to the fragrant foliage of Carya microcarpa. ‘Trees of New York State 413 officinale — L. (a drug) fr. officina, a work shop, now referring to anything kept by druggists and applied to the medicinal properties of Sassafras Sassafras (varitfolium). opaca — L. (dark or opaque), referring to the dull green leaves of Ilex opaca. Osage orange — fr. the tribal name of the Osage Indians — one of the Siouan tribes, and orange fr. the Skt. naranga through the L. awrantiwm,— see aurantiaca. The common name of Mecclura pomifera owing to the large, orange-like fruit. Osier — fr. the L. L. osaria, a bundle of willow twigs, through the Fr. osier and the M. EK. osyere. The common name of Saliz. Ostrya — L. (hornbeam), fr. the Gr. dovpia, the Gr. common name for the tree. ovata — lL. (ovate or egg-shaped) fr. the Gr. wév, an egg, through the L. ovum; referring to the ovate leaflets of Cerya ovata. palustris — L. (boggy) fr. palus, swamp; referring to the low-land habitat of Quercus palustris. Papaw — fr. the Carib. ababai, through the Cuban papaya, the Sp. papaya and the E. papaw (pawpaw). The common name of Asimina triloba. Paper-mulberry — fr. L. papyrus (see papyrifera) through the Fr. papier and mulberry, which see. The common name of Broussonetia papyrifera owing to the utilization of the bark for paper. papyrifera — L. (paper-bearing) fr. the Egyptian word for a reed used in making paper and coming through the Gr.zazipoc, and ferre, to bear; referring to the papery bark of Betula alba, var. papyrifera. Paulownia — named for the Russian princess Anna Pavlovna, dau. of Paul I. Peach — fr. the Pers. pars through the L. persicwm, which see, the Fr. pesche, and the M. E. peche. The common name of Prunus Persica. Pear — fr. the L. pirwm or Pyrus, which see, through the A. S. peru and the M. E. pere. The common name of Pyrus communis. pendula — L. (drooping) fr. pendere, to hang; referring to the drooping branches of Salix babylonica. pentandra — L. (five-stamens) fr. the Gr. révre, five, and avopdc, of the male; referring to the number of stamens of Salix pentandra. Pepperidge — fr. the E. dial. word for the barberry. An early common name of Nyssa sylvatica. Persica —L. (peach) fr. the Persian pars. This is the Plinean name for the peach. Persimmon — fr. the Va. Indian word or the Algonquin pasimine in reference to the drying of the fruit fr. pas, to be dry. The conmmon name of Diospyros virginiana. Phellos—L. (cork) fr. the Gr. ¢éA/0c, cork, perhaps referring to Quercus suber. The word also applies to stony, barren ground which produces a pumice used as a substitute for cork on fish nets. The name was trans- ferred to Quercus Phellos. Picea —L. (pine) fr. the Gr. zicoa, pitch, through the L. pig. Transferred as the generic name for the spruce. Pine — fr. the L. Pinus, which see, through the A. S. pin. The common name of Pinus. Pinus — L. (pine) fr. the Skt. pitu through the Gr. xirvc, Plane — fr. the Gr. zAdravoc through the L. Platanus which see, the Fr. and M. E. plane. The common name of Platanus owing to the spreading branches and broad leaves. platanoides— lL. (sycamore-like) fr. the Gr. z/dravoc, the plane tree, and oides, like; referring to the broad leaves of Acer platanoides. Platanus —L. (the sycamore) fr. the Gr. tAdtavoc, broad; referring to the broad leaves and crown of the European species. Plum — fr. the Gr. zpouuvov through the L. Prunus which see, the A. S. plume (a change of r to 1 is not uncommon). The common name of species of Prunus. pomifera —L. (apple-bearing) fr. pomwm, the apple, and ferre, to bear, referring to the large fruits of Mcclura pomifera. Poplar — fr. the L. Populus, which see, through the O. F. poplier and M. F. poplere. The common name of Populus. 414 The New York State College of Forestry populifolia — L. (poplar-leaf) fr. populus, poplar, and foliwm, leaf; referring to the shape of the leaves of Betula populifolia. Populus — L. (poplar) the L. common name for the genus. porcina — L. (pertaining to pigs) fr. porcus, a pig; referring to the use of the fruit of Carya glcbra as food for hogs. Prinus — L. fr. the Gr. zpivoc, the ancient name of some evergreen tree, per- haps Quercus Ilex, transferred to Quercus Prinus. prunifolium— L. (plum-leaf) fr. Prunus, plum, and folium, leaf; referring to the shape of the leaves of Viburnum prunifoliwm. Prunus — lL. (plum-tree) fr. the Gr. zpivoc, the common name for the plum tree. Pseudoacacia — L. (false-acacia) fr. the Gr. wevdoc, a falsehood, and daxakia, the acacia, a thorn tree of Egypt; referring to the similarity of the genus Acacia to Robinia Pseudoacacia. Ptelea — L. L. fr. the Gr. rreAéa, the elm, from 77épov, wing; referring to the winged fruit of the elm, and Ptelec. pubescens — LL. (having hair) fr. pubescere, to grow hair; referring to the hairy organs of several species. purpurea —L. (purple); referring to the color of the branches of Salix pur- pured. Pyrus — L. (the pear). The L. common name for the pear. Quercus — L. (oak) fr. the L. common name of the genus. racemosa— IL. (full of clusters) fr. racemus, clusters and -osus, full of; referring to the racemose fruit of Ulmus racemosa. resinosa — L. (full of resin) fr. the Gr. pyrivy, resin, and -osus, full of; refer- ring to the resinous quality of the wood and bark of Pinus resinosa. Rhamnus — L. L. (the buckthorn) fr. the Gr. payuvoc, the common name of the genus. Rhododendron — L. fr. the Gr. jédov, a rose, and dévdpov, a tree; referring to the showy flowers of the genus. Rhus — L. (the sumach) fr. the Gr. povc, from péw, to flow, the common name of the genus. rigida — L. (stiff) fr. rigere, to be stiff; referring to the rigid habit of Pinus rigida. Robinia — L. for the surname of John Robin, herbalist to Henry IV, of Fr., who was first to cultivate the tree in Europe. rostrata — L. (beaked) fr. rodere to gnaw, through rostrum, the beak of a ship; referring to the long attenuate fruit of Salix rostrata. rubens — L. (reddish) fr. rubere, to be red; referring to the color of the foliage or cones of Picea rubens (rubra). rubra L. (ved); referring to the color of the wood of Quercus rubre, and other species. Russelliana — L. for the surname Russell. A synonym for Salix fragilis. saccharinum — L. a. (sweet) fr. saccharum, sugar ; referring to the sweet sap of Acer saccharinum. saccharum— lL. (sweet or sugar) fr. the Skt. carkara through the Gr. cakyapov; referring to the sweet sap of Acer saccharum. Salix — L. (willow) fr. the common name of the willow. sambucifolia — L. (elderberry-leaf) fr. the Semetic sabbka, a musical instru- ment, through the Gr. cauBixy and o¢Adov, leaf; referring to the elder-like leaves of Fraxinus nigra. Sassafras —L. L. perhaps from the early Indian name. sativa —L. (pertaining to planting); referring to the seeds of Castanea dentcta. serotina — L. (that which ripens late); referring to the late flowering of Prunus serotine. Sorbus — L. (the service tree) given as a generic name for the Mountain Ash. speciosa — L. (ornamental) fr. specere, to observe, through species, appear- ance, and -osus, full of ; referring to the showy flowers of Catalpa speciosa. sphaeroidea — L. (spherical) fr. the Gr. cgarpa, sphere, and oides, like; refer- ring to the globular cones of Chamaecypcris thyoides. spicatum — L. (shape-pointed) fr. spica, a spine or ear of corn; referring to the steeple-like inflorescences of Acer spicatum. Trees of New York State 415 spinosa — L. (full of thorns) fr. spina, a thorn, allied to spica, an ear of corn, and -osus, full of; referring to the cortical spines of Aralia spinosa. Spruce — fr. the Ger. Pruse, ‘‘so named because it was first known as a native of Prussia, or because its sprouts were used in making spruce beer.’’ The common name of Picea. stellata — L. (covered with stars) fr. the Skt. star; referring to the radiate lobes of Quercus stellata (minor). Strobus—L. fr. the Gr. otpoBoc, a Persian incense-bearing tree, the term stobilus (a cone or anything twisted) either comes from or gives rise to this word. Styraciflua — L. (styrax-flowing) fr. the Gr. oripag, the tree, and the L. fluere, to flow; referring to the juices of Liquidembar Stryraciflua. sulcate — L. (furrowed) fr. sulcus, a furrow; referring to the character of the bark or the grooved leaf-petioles of Carya laciniosa. (?) Sumach — fr. the Arabic summacs through the Sp. zumaque, the Fr. sumac, and the M. E. sumac. The common name of Rhus. Sycamore — fr. the Gr. oixor, a fig, and uépov, the mulberry, through the L. sycamorus. Perhaps originally fr. the Heb. shiqmah, the plane tree. The common name of Platanus owing to the multiple fruit. sylvatica — L. (belonging to the woods) fr. silva, a forest; referring to the habitat of Nyssa sylvatica. Tacamahac — fr. the Aztec tecomahiyac in reference to the resin of Bursera tomentosa, through the Sp. tamahaca, the Fr. tamahaque, and the E. tacamahae. The common name of Populus balsamifera owing to the resinous buds. Tamarack — Prob. from the Canadian Indian name for Larix laricina. Thomasii— L. for the surname Thomas, given as a synonym for Ulmus racemosa. Thuja — L. L. fr. the Gr. @via, the common name of an aromatic African tree, named from §iw, to perfume. thyoides — L. (Thuja-like) fr. the Gr. guia and oides, like; referring to the resemblance of Chamaecyparis thyoides to Thuja. Tilia — L. (the linden tree), the L. common name. tinctoria — L. (dyed) fr. tingere, to dye; referring to the orange colored dye in the inner bark of Quercus velutina. tomentosa — L. (woolly) fr. tomentum, wool, and -osus, full of; referring to pubescent leaves of Carya alba. Toxicodendron — L. (poison-wood) fr. toxicwm through the Gr. ro{cxoe fr. réfov a bow, in reference to the ancient use of poisoned arrows, and dévdpov a tree, given as a generic name for Rhus verniz. Toxylon — L. L. fr. the Gr. 7é%0v, bow, and fvA0v, wood; a name suggested by the use of the wood for bows by the Indians. tremuloides— L. (trembling-like) fr. the Gr. zpéuw and oides, like; refer- ring to the trembling leaves of Populus tremuloides. triancanthos — L. (3-spines) fr. the Gr. rpia, three, and axavta, a spine; refer- ring to the branched spines of Gleditsia triancanthos. trifolia — L. (3-leaved) fr. tres (trial) three, and foliwm, leaf; referring to the three leaflets in. the compound leaf of Ptelea trifolia. triloba — L. (3-lobed) fr. tria, three, and the Gr. /680c, lobe; referring to the 3-lobed calyx of Asimina triloba. Tsuga — L. L. fr. the Japanese common name of a species of hemlock. Tulip-tree — fr. the L. tulipa (see tulipifera) and tree (see coffee-tree). The common name of Liriodendron tulipifera owing to the showy flowers. tulipifera— I. L. (tulip-bearing) fr. the Pers. dulbend, a tulip, and the L. ferre, to bear; referring to the tulip-like flowers of Liriodendron tulipifera. Tupelo — fr. the N. Am. Indian common name for Nyssc. typhina — L. (cat-tail-like) fr. the Gr. ti¢7, (L. Typha); referring to the hairy twigs of Rhus typhina. Ulmus — L. (elm) fr. the common name of the elm. variifolium — L. (various-leaved) fr. various, changeable, and folium, leaf; referring to the several types of leaves of Sassafras variifolium. 416 The New York State College of Forestry velutina — L. (velvety) fr. vellus, a fleece; referring to the pubescent cup- seales of Quercus velutina. venenata — L. (poisonous) ; referring to the toxic properties of Rhus Vernia. Vernix — L. (varnished) a resin; referring to the shiny leaflets of Rhus Verniz. (7) Viburnum — L. for the common name of the species. virginiana — L. L. for the state of Virginia; referring to the geographical habitat of several species. virginica — a variant of virginiana. vesca — IL. (edible) fr. vescor, to eat; referring to the fruit of Castanea dentata. viridis —L. (green); referring to the green under-surfaces of the leaves of Salix fragilis and Fraxinus pennsylvanica, var. lanceolata. vitellina — L. (yellow) fr. vitellus, the yolk of an egg; referring to the yellow branches of Salix alba, var. vitellina vulgaris — L. (common) fr. the Skt. varga, a group of men, through the L. vulgus, a crowd, referring to the general distribution of Castanea dentata. Walnut — wal— fr. the A. S. wealh, foreign. * the Teutonic, and nut (see butternut). The common name of Juglens and Carya. Willow — fr. the A. S. welig through the M. E. willow in reference to the pliant branches. The common name of Salix. Trees of New York State 417 GLOSSARY Abaxilly. On the side away from the axis; on the lower surface. Abortion. The arrested development or non-development of an organ. Abortive. Imperfectly developed; non-functioning; non-fertile. Accessory. Something additional; of the nature of an appendage. Acicular. Slenderly needle-shaped. Acidulous. Somewhat sour. Acorn. The fruit of the oak, consisting of a nut with its base enclosed in a cup of imbricated scales. Acrid. Bitterly pungent; irritating. Acuminate. Ending in a tapering point. Acute. Tapering to a point at an angle less than a right angle. Adnate. Said of unlike parts which grow together. Adaxilly. Borne on the side nearest the axis, as the upper side of a leaf. Albumen. Nutritive material surrounding the embryo in seeds. Albuminous. Furnished with albumen. Alternate. Placed singly along a primary axis. Ament. A scaly spike generally with a lax axis. Anastomosing. Uniting to form reticulations. Androgynous. Composed of both staminate and pistillate flowers. Angiospermous. Having the seeds borne within a pericarp. Anther. The pollen-bearing portion of the stamen. Anthesis. The time of expansion of a flower. Apetalous. Without petals or corolla. Apex. Top; tip; that portion farthest from the point of attachment. Apiculate. Ending in a short pointed tip. Apophysis. An enlargement or swelling on the surface of an organ at some particular part. Appressed. Lying flat against or together for the whole length. Arborescent. Tree-like in growth or general appearance. Arcuate. Moderately curved. Aril. An extraneous or late-formed seed coat or covering; an appendage growing from the stalk of the ovule prior to ripening. Aromatic. Fragrant; spicy. Ascending. Curving or rising obliquely upward. Attentuate. Slenderly tapering. Auriculate. Furnished with ear-shaped appendages or auricles. Awl-shaped. Narrow, terete or somewhat so, and attentuate from a broader base to a slender or rigid point. Awn. A bristle-shaped appendage. Awned. Provided with or bearing an awn. Axil. The upper angle between a lateral organ and the main axis, Axillary. In, or growing from the axil. Axis. The central line or longitudinal support on which organs or parts are arranged, 418 The New York State College of Forestry Baccate. Berry-like; pulpy throughout. Bearded. Bearing a tuft of hairs. Berry. A fruit which is fleshy throughout except the seed. Bi-. The Latin prefix meaning twice or doubly. Bifurcated. Divided into two branches or parts; forked. Bilabiate. Two-lipped. Blunt. Without a point. Bole. Stem or trunk. Bract. A leaf (more or less modified) subtending a flower, or belonging to an inflorescence or a stem. Bracteate. Having bracts. Bracteolate. Having bractlets. Bracteole. Secondary bract. See Bractlet. Bractlet. Secondary bract; a little bract. Bundle-scars. The scars within a leaf-sear; the calloused ends of the fibro- vascular bundles in a leaf-scar. Caducous. Falling off very early. See Evanescent. Calyx. The outer perianth of a flower; the outer floral envelop, generally green in color. Campanulate. Bell-shaped. Canescent. Hoary, usually with gray pubescence. Capitate. Arranged in a head; collected into a head. Capsule. A dry dehiscent fruit composed of more than one carpel. Carinate. Ridged; keeled. Carpel. A simple pistil, or a member of a compound pistil answering to one leaf. Catkin. Same as ament. Caudate. Furnished with a slender tip or tail-like appendage. Chlorophyll. The green coloring matter within the cells of plants. Ciliate. Marginally fringed with hairs. Cinerous. Ash-colored. Clavate. Club-shaped. Clawed. Attached at the base by a narrow prolongation or claw. Coherence. The growing together of like parts. Columnar. Having the form of a column. Comose. Bearing a tuft of silky hairs at the end. Compound leaf. A leaf consisting of separate leaflets. Compound ovary. The base of a pistil composed of more than one carpel. Compressed. Flattened, especially laterally. Concave. The interior of a curved surface. Conduplicate. Folded together lengthwise. Cone. A solid figure with a circular base and the apex tapering to a point. Confluent. United with or passing by degrees into another. Conic, Conical. Cone-shaped. Conifer. A cone-bearing gymnosperm. Connate. Like parts united during their formation. Connivent. Coming into contact; converging. Convex. The exterior of a curved surface. Cordate. Heart-shaped. Trees of New York State 419 Coriaceous. Leathery. Corolla. The inner, usually bright-colored portion of the perianth; the inner floral envelop of a flower. Cortex. Rind; bark. Corymb. An indeterminate flat-topped flower cluster. Cotyledons. The foliar portions or first leaves of the embryo as found in the seed. Crenate. Scalloped; serrate with rounded teeth. Crenulate. Diminutive of crenate. Crown. The expanded top of a tree or shrub consisting of branches and branchlets. Cruciate. Cross-shaped. Cuneate. Wedge-shaped. Cuneiform. Wedge-shaped. See Cuneate. Cuspidate. Tipped with a cusp or sharp and ridgid point. Cyme. A broad and flattish flower-cluster of the determinate type. Cymose. Cyme-like, or borne in a cyme. Deciduous. Subject to fall in season; not evergreen. Declined. Sloping downwards. Decompound. More than once compound or divided. Decurrent (leaf). Extending down the stem below the insertion. Decussate. Alternating in pairs at right angles. Dehiscent. Opening at maturity to release the seed. Deliquescent. Dissolving or melting away. Said of a stem which divides into branches. Deltoid. Shaped like an equilateral triangle. Dentate. Toothed, with the teeth directed outward. Denticulate. Diminutive of dentate. Depressed. Somewhat flattened from above. Determinate inflorescence. An inflorescence the primary axis of which is ter- minated by a flower. Diadelphous (stamens). Combined in two sets. Diaphragmed. Divided into chambers by cross partitions. Diaphragmed-stuffed. Diaphragmed with filled chambers. Dichotomous. Forking regularly by pairs. Dicotyledonous. Having two cotyledons. Didynamous (stamens). Two pairs of unequal length. Dioecious. Unisexual, with the staminate and pistillate flowers on separate plants. Disk. A development of the receptacle at or around the base of the pistil. Divergent. Proceeding in different directions from each other or from a point Drupaceous. Drupe-like, or of the nature of a drupe. Drupe. A fleshy fruit with a bony endocarp enclosing the seed. Ebracteolate. Without bractlets. Echinulate. Beset with diminutive prickles. Eglandular. Without glands. Ellipsoid. A solid obtained by rotating an ellipse on its long axis. Ellipsoidal, Resembling an ellipsoid. 420 The New York State College of Forestry Elliptic, Elliptical. Shaped like an ellipse. Emarginate. With the margin notched; notched at the apex. Embryo. The rudimentary plantlet within the seed. Endocarp. The inner layer of a pericarp. Entire. Without divisions, lobes or teeth. Epaulet. A shoulder ornament formerly worn on military and naval uniforms. Epidermis. The superficial layer of cells. - Epigynous. Adnate to or borne on the upper part of the ovary. Erect. Upright. abee Erose. As if gnawed; applied to an irregularly-toothed or eroded margin. Evanescent. Early disappearing. Exalbuminous. Without albumen. Exfoliate. To come off in layers or scales. Exserted. Projecting beyond other organs. Extrorse. Facing outward. Falcate. Scythe-shaped; curved like a scythe. Fascicle. A close bundle or cluster. Fascicle-sheath. A tubular envelope at the base of a fascicle. Fasciculate. Borne in fascicles. Ferruginous. Rust-colored. Fibrous. Composed of or resembling fibers. Filament. The portion of the stamen supporting the anther. Filamentous. Slender; thread-like. Filiform. Thread-shaped; long, slender, and terete. Fimbriate. Fringed. Flaccid. Lax; limp; flabby. Flexuous. Zizzag; bending alternately in opposite directions. Fluted. With alternate ridges and depressions. Foliaceous. Leaf-like in texture or appearance; bearing leaves, Follicle. A simple fruit dehiscing along one suture. Fringed. ordered with slender processes or marginal appendages. Fruit. The seed-bearing portion of a plant. Fruticose. Pertaining to or resembling a shrub. Fugacious. Evanescent. Funicle. The free stalk of an ovule or seed. Funicular. Pertaining to the funicle. Gamopetalous. With united petals. Gamosepalous. With united sepals. Geniculate. Bent abruptly like a knee. Gibbous. Swollen or enlarged on one side. Glabrous. Free from hairs or down. Gland. A secreting surface or structure. Glandular. Bearing glands. Glaucous. Covered or whitened with a bloom. Globose, Globular. Somewhat or nearly globose. Granulose. Composed of or appearing as if covered by minute glands. Gymnospermous. Bearing naked seeds; without a pericarp. Habit. General appearance of the plant. Head. A cluster of sessile or subsessile flowers on a very short axis or recep- tacle. Trees of New York State ; 421 Heart-shaped. Ovate with a rounded sinus at the base. Herb. A plant with no persistent stem above ground. Hirsute. Pubescent, with rather coarse, stiff hairs. ‘ Hoary. Grayish white, with a fine, close pubescence. Hybrid. A cross-breed of two species. Hypegynous. Borne at or below the base of the ovary. Imbricated. Overlapping like shingles on a roof. Impressed. Sunken as though by pressure. Incised. Cut sharply, irregularly, and more or less deeply. Indehiscent. Remaining persistently closed. Indeterminate inflorescence. One where the main axis is not terminated by a flower. Indigenous. Native and original to the region. Inequilateral. With unequal sides. Inferior. Relating to an organ which arises or is situated below another. Inflated. Bladdery. Inflorescence. Flower-cluster. Inserted. Attached to or growing out of. Internode. The portion of a stem between two nodes. Intolerant. Incapable of recovery after suppression. Introrse. Turned inward or toward the axis. Involucre. The whorl of bracts subtending a flower or flower-cluster. Irregular. Not symmetrical; said of a flower which cannot be divided into equal parts by more than one plane of symmetry. Keel. The two anterior united petals of a papilionaceous flower. Keeled. Carinate. Laciniate. Cut into deep irregular segments or lobes. Lamina. The blade of a foliage leaf. Lanceolate. Shaped like a lance-head; several times longer than wide, broad- est above the base, and narrowed to the apex. Lax. Loose. Leaf. A green expansion attached to a stem in which the manufacture of organic food takes place Leaflet. A single division of a compound leaf. Legume. A simple fruit dehiscing along two opposite sutures. Lenticel. Lenticular excrescences on young bark, providing aeration. Lenticellate. Bearing lenticels. Ligulate. Strap-shaped. Limb. The expanded portion of a gamopetalous corolla above the throat; the expanded portion of any petal, or of a leaf. Linear. Much elongated with the sides nearly parallel. Lobe. A division of an organ, generally rounded. Locule. A cell of the ovary. Loculicidal. Dehiscent into a locule through the dorsal suture. Lunate. Crescent-shaped. Lustrous. Glossy; shining; possessed of a sheen. Lyrate. Pinnatifid with a large and rounded terminal lobe, the lower lobes progressively smaller. 422 The New York State College of Forestry Mammillate. See Papillate. Mealy. Covered with meal-like powder. Membranaceous, Membranous. Thin and rather soft or pliable often trans- lucent. Midrib. The central or main rib of a leaf. Monoecious. Unisexual, with the staminate and pistillate flowers on the same plant. Monopodial. With a main or primary axis which gives off secondary axes in acropetal succession. Said of a tree-bole which continues through the crown. Mucilaginous. Slimy; of the consistency or appearance of mucilage. Mucro. A short and small abrupt tip. Mucronate. Tipped with a mucro. Nectariferous. Producing nectar. Node. That portion of a stem which normally bears one or more leaves. Nomenclature. The system of names used in any science or art. Nut. A bony or woody indehiscent fruit resulting from either a simple or compound ovary. Nutlet. Diminutive of nut. Ob-. Latin prefix usually conveying the idea of inversion. Oblique. Slanting; declining from the vertical or horizontal. Oblong. Longer than broad with the sides approximately parallel. Obtuse. Blunt or rounded. Odd-pinnate. Pinnate with an odd number of divisions. Ochraceous. Light yellow with a tinge of brown. Opposite. Set against; said of leaves when inserted. two at a node. Orbicular. Circular; spherical. Oval. Broadly elliptical; egg-shaped. Ovary. The ovule-bearing portion of the pistil. Ovate. Of the shape of a longitudinal section of an egg, the broad part basal; also used to designate an egg-shaped solid. Ovoid. Solid ovate; solid oval. Ovulate. Bearing ovules. Ovuliferous. Bearing ovules. Ovule. An immature seed. Palmate. With several divisions or lobes which radiate from a point. Panicle. An irregularly-branched racemose cluster. Paniculate. Panicle-like, or borne in panicles. Papilionaceous. The peculiar type of corolla found in the sweet pea and other Leguminosae. Papillate, Papillose. Bearing minute nipple-shaped projections. Parietal. Borne on or pertaining to the wall or inner surface of a capsule. Parted. Cleft nearly but not quite to the base. Pedicel. The stalk of a single flower. Pedicellate. Borne on a pedicel. Peduncle. The primary flower-stalk supporting either a single flower or an inflorescence. Pedunculate. With a peduncle. o Pellucid. Clear; transparent. Trees of New York State 423 Peltate. Shield-shaped; a flat body attached to a support by its lower surface. Pendulous. Loosely pendant; more or less hanging. Perfect (flower). Having both pistil and stamens. Perianth. The floral envelop; usually used when calyx and corolla are not easily distinguishable. Pericarp. Tle wall of the fruit or seed-vessel. Perigynous. Adnate to the perianth, and therefore around the ovary and not at its base. Petal. One of the modified leaves forming the corolla. Petaloid. Colored and resembling a petal. Petiole. The stalk of a leaf. Petiolulate. Having a petiolule. Petiolule. The stalk of a leaflet. Phyllotaxy. The arrangement of leaves upon the stem. Pilose. Hairy with soft hairs. Pinna. A single leaflet in a compound leaf. Pinnate. Compound, with leaflets arranged along opposite sides of a com- mon petiole. Pinnatifid. Pinnately cleft. Pinniveined. Pinnately veined; with prominent midrib and secondary veins. Pistil. The sced-bearing organ of a flower, consisting of ovary, stigma, and connecting style when present. Pistillate. Provided with pistils and usually in the sense of without stamens. Placenta. Any part of the interior of the ovary which bears ovules. Plumose. Having fine hairs on each side, like the plume of a feather. Pod. Any dry and dehiscent fruit. Pollen. The fecundating grains contained in the anther. Polygamo-monoecious. Bearing perfect and unisexual flowers of both sorts on the same plant. Polygamous. Bearing perfect and unisexual flowers on the same plant. Polypetalous. Having separate petals. Pome. A fleshy fruit, like the apple, with a papery or cartilaginous interior enclosing the seed. Posterior. Behind; on the side toward the axis. Prickle. A small spine formed as an outgrowth of the bark or rind. Proterandrous. Said of flowers in which the anthers shed their pollen before the stigma is receptive. Proterogynous. Said. of flowers in which the stigma is receptive to pollen before the anthers shed their pollen. Proximal. That part nearest the point of attachment. Puberulent, Puberulous. Minutely pubescent. Pubescent. Covered with hairs, especially if short, soft, and down-like. Punctate. Dotted with small depressions, translucent internal glands, or col- ored dots. Pyriform. Pear-shaped. Pyramidal. Shaped like a pyramid. Quadrangular. A four-angled figure; often signifying rectangular. Raceme. A simple indeterminate flower-cluster with pedicelled flowers on a lengthened axis. 424 The New York State College of Forestry Racemose. Raceme-like, or borne in racemes. Rachis. The axis of a compound leaf; the axis of a spike or raceme. Receptacle. The terminal portion of an axis forming a common support on which floral organs or flowers are borne. Reflexed. Turned or bent abruptly backward. Reniform. Kidney-shaped. Repand. With a slightly wavy or sinuate margin. Resin. An amorphous substance that exudes from plants and supposed to be the product of oxidation of volatile oils. Resin cyst. A sack or cavity filled with resin. Resinous. Resin-bearing; having the qualities of resin. Reticulate. Netted; in the form of a network. Retuse. With a shallow notch at a rounded apex. Revolute. Rolled backward from the margin or apex. Rhombic. With the shape of a quadrangular figure with equal sides but not right angles. Roseate. Rosy; tinged with rose color, Rudimentary. Undeveloped. Rufous. Reddish brown. Rugose. Wrinkled. Rusty. Having the color of iron rust. Saccate. Sac-shaped. Samara. An indehiscent winged fruit. Samaroid. Diminutive of samara. Scabrous. Rough to the touch. Scale. A thin scarious body, usually a degenerate leaf, sometimes of epi- dermal origin. Scaly. Bearing scales. Scarious. Thin, dry, membranous, often translucent. Scurfy. Covered with small bran-like seales. Seed. The ripened ovule consisting of the embryo and its proper coats. Seminal cavity. The cavity in which the seed or seeds are borne. Sepal. One of the modified leaves forming the calyx. Septate. Divided by partitions. Septicidal. Dehiscing through the partitions and between the locules. Serrate. Toothed, with the teeth directed forward. Serrulate. Diminutive of serrate. Sessile. Without a stalk. Shrub. «+ onchs eke laces = 297 FRE VILOBSPECIOS 2 oo) creresc eheecsyate' = 378 GHA? BPE Bie cies ics tona ceo eect!) | Negundo, var. californicum...... 301 IDUED PORTS) Oe ote DOO OEE DCL c 295 DEONSVUvVAMICUM., . ss 2 sete. nce 289 MUM MUIeesae let oe ay csr ieucuene) sie uspeumtieas 299 RUCCHATINWMN. 25 = + 10s hoe a0 0 01s 293 SACL ATTA Te ei prom clo om binyo Dp eacac 297% SGC ea thie evo citer =:.cy'ay ovoneieiaeton siete 293 saccharum, var. nigrum.........- 295 SLCHEIIMY a2 epape. si slsicl ane einer oh Peis 291 PMU HGCA Grails, arais aoe, oF asim, eae er opeeienete 378 PAGER CUI Seibel on crciichd Ghat ae oc ote) ove etal ous Hippocastanum. ...........303, 379 PAT eUTUG INR: sac cokes .c-sar ie uetouetiel eae cs 277, 376 CAlTiOlWUGh se aickneice aoriocloe 6 277, 376 Almond-leaved Willow............. 109 Alternate-leaved Dogwood......... Silva AMIE TIVOLI Ge vo Ga aoe ain ubGoe poe 370 GAMACENISISS Gy errant ee eit wi tkele ye el ays 241 Keyan TOPSPEClES Ago sree choses aye 371 WR VASER Ay oocc cinentte te fd 28 Serta el be 241 ANCGTIU NCEE 6 plo Gib yo OCOD ee 21 American PR SDOTUM AEE 5 chairsra- 01 chup ohebeMeben Teehc eyo "ekls 129 Crab CAMP Gz eeve cscese encyclo oh apsi sey") «) « 233 BY eprat aes te Perel ere ce aes 203 1CTHAG (3 RR ane NeECdCrG ClcrcLaiceoe aD ICREIOI: 307 MOU tay GASH SS chaverarrccckave eiersie ene 237 NTI GHPOVACCAC. 2°. ster siciehelere trees areal 376 ANIPLOSPELINAG. 25 cnc eisicisitciler se ©! aisles 351 AUONMGMEGUVOUG , = access steceace erekerel hella) oe 220 PATTON CORES. icp 2 eich o cer aeieccane er sielay Mele 366 BAUD ETE cava eos uehierela att encnenetereiene tenets 351 BANDE LO Rothe arse acksusils..s feusienoxek wane asi 235, 369 AIHETIGANEOMAD) .-vsicreeuneenerien shea cis 233 SIME rc eae Steers, oc rouetaneaet Remo erent 243 ACITURG ITA COAG: co. versace hath duckeke dutiesehess 3717 LURING) ol bn Soe bwasioum oump oo Oao5 381 RDITON A oS Sits, v5.0. le's.s eek 3113, 381 LSE KCRG. 6.6 Beano B Gen canoccaced 381 FART OMVRVILE AOAC) c\oncieteyoka tt bteck thisad 103, 348 Arborescent plants, classification of. 21 DNS aah ACCRA PREC REREU EIEN OO Ore 386 American Mountain’... .°5....... 237 PS Veale Kets wares iets isin Grates eee 333 European Mountain ............ 239 GGT eee ene tno teasrentclts! shay e cpeutelegere 331 INGiys TOL SD ECLES S craierc, onc caves, © oie, enacts 386 RCO Neeyee eae i a arers covey sitereiish. iar suavetewe 329 WV T GTi feoeyie tirece tute ayes ono. cplee aereiete 275 VVC GE cmt ehe sah tic, wm etiele sore stonetions oe Aish-leaved Maple: so)s .6 6 sce cee 301 PAWSTINUILTN | Seemteraroie s) Stavayoustie = aci-oc au otetokeuetts 366 BUULG Walser) meat olcacks isete nig iaksiete 223, 366 PAGE Aspen PAINELI GH ES ey emerarieterersistokencieieic: «sean tol Large-toothed. ......-.++-++++-+-- 131 AMemloybioes 7 pebcanoooe oD OUoDL 129 Balm) Gf ‘Gilea@s <3 6 occ fe ore «eee cis 137 leche» Geoad cobdeDUDwOGUGT eT 6 97 BUTI ANS ss jchah evel i evel sheuek shoveyeslelions: =, Teterie 97 121) OC: I On eid cao DO. Cl Ore Dine moI 135 Loyd ee OS oo Oe DL COO OFVo 53 Barren! Oak spake tel ckehedctoker ote omehen-hat 197 BASS wooden) a reich-cusia eestor 307, 309, 380 Wihhites yon se sete siete) ciereenstielonsenel- 311 aay SWAMPS c/s 4 tere oct orohel ofehaleyatintere 217 SweGeltiac cc. cciciels ai cueis jsrolletsia! sdeuemekepae 217 Bay-leaved Willow, ........++-+:> 111 _Beaked WHOW. chem erertere terete staan on- 123 BED DeWWilLO Wi cisncne cheuel el cuelosrelsnenelutene 123 VESEY e] OE ot Rg A cect g ots a micucsoem ec 171, 358 BVO ase heh crak omar eb vite eenete tetentehets 159 WWULETS Sth coos) cheesy ice) a meleestote keto 159 Beech) Hail y fey ie sier eae ch kek abet 358 BCCULaie © a 5.c. 0 2 cit ele ele sist clsslelel een ener 357 alba, var. cordifolia...........- 169 alba, var. papyrifera........-.-- 169 Key to specieS.......-+-+++-++% 357 LE) 1 i iy are, Ghee BO IChOOIC eDIGRoCuceO G0 10 161 NWGER He ache fro stg ata, = chene bap sia thnete 163 TID shy ONDE ROOD OI AL OND Di So 165 PAPYTIfETA. . «2. cecenwavescrces 169 POPUULOMAS | 6 ioa ters +) a oe Nelsons 167 BEEIIACCAG: Fa cat d ool ol occ oh wlcleioterelonene 359 Key to genera. ....0..052+5s 000% 357 Bignonia tomentosa ......+++++++> 335 Bignoniaceae. .. ....--+s-sseeeee 387 Big Shellbark ..........--.--seee- 147 ISMN ule Sno aod Caw oO OOO IDO Ooi rus 227 Teh NG tees, Soc EIOIols HU oe OMB NO 357 Ta CR ere eheer etesete crete) eet siejiene 161, 165 GATIOG TAs aa'eja 2 coreeucisy asve beh ede 169 (CYA oop EE OO oan aOOlmmOdnDT oO. 161 liihaotihauets oobi ao oo omuC 355 Gay ieee tae toe cee cliche ole sieve! sigs 163, 167 Key, tOnSPeCleS. i. ..6 oi aiele) oye) oi 357 (OKs ES (6 eee A oieeicacions mre a0 167 EAT GR oat aber okey crarchsh irene? «cin ok ee ee 325, 385 Distribution of forests, factors gov- Erning:#)5 es scesee inci eee cerns 92 Dogwood)... 2)\./alciacis)s\s c'< 10 ole eae 382 Alternate-leaved. . <<... % . ssmcletere 317 BIW ,) sf Gi steie ene eee levees eee 317 Mamily.’ 5)/.)20o,istercicas el hale cee 382 WIOWETIN G3 i.e occ eters! « Lcvenetel eee 315 Dwarf Sumach! (2% lite wis sic ice 283 Index PAGE IMENT CORES wee. aatclete sca) ataXe. ata ‘ace leveus etre 384 MTOM Ve P EU AINY: Sicyeiels, ere she ea: wialetar e6 384 BUTEA es aes cle a'si cieveravx oo: alate ee 361 AUEVARSTSL GC HDTN Le fei ante aXe, (aloo tare ra sete, cRORNE 203 ROOT Reece cs rycen cit cates IPSS shee oe 205 SEEN V AR eare eso ictareiwicts ca os oMe sie 361 GW AOn SP ECIOS cre sis fanes's 6: 0s: ores ara 3861 Cll areal ins oe eis: 2 wierd slats! o, suailerodeterene 201 | BOXEL Sar Ce ICRCRELeNE NE NER MEMERE nO aa 205 plibpery Ro ctr ORC Pa PREECE SIS oc 201 SUVA ore cla citvelsle: «sans auateveyapapere 208 AGA CEA Osea c tele eve 6. sy 5\'s-, Sie a's oceans 3838 INO VE LOMLCTIOLA «chs. icici) ic lacev ekehels 383 European Mountain Ash.......... 239 PSAONIN cured fate cis e's So) &, 3 erteseveneteve come 358 WEVIUCTACOIUG 500.0 <5. 5.00 5 8 Sar eahaelopeeend yal MU ODUMACEO. 6 oo Ss Si ra oc cise cue 171 HEURUGUIRLEW) irk aise ove) sol sisi et sfenerenes 171 PTANGITOM A! 3 a0 syeca~elehe os aah Lit; S08 PPAR COME. cyie ou s:aNaeievareyjevetamcbapevele epee 358 NSGVENLO! CNEL ois(e.ccensucbsksrtnrsvevenses 358 Him NO PACH CIR lane calc oichalevn ais ete ince es 273 TAS Wop MMI, sere «cid oisysrcievers aye cae) (OOO GUI We atetirsten Maric e ote cvialavers exes fore jeyeyouerave 348 EVEVISHONE Ba ePanoieit verelevonsc eet ener ewenere 97 BT OMOROTEY2 <70.c ac a, x avelleaiels 6s retermoe 249 OTA eY EUS: . 5a re s:ve;ssae clave ccoerarapetons 35 MLO GULOIAGS (itt is c's is (oo eenere she bl eiele je ee Paik HILO MVELE No es Ce eiee kc blenahe te a tetole rete talenet 30 HORM Ole COLO AG nici: ectieia oe etekere 39 WOSTUIONG OL Parts). Kee scm cles 37 SID DLeSSlON Of PALS. es csleeinle 36 AMIMMIetEY. Of UDALL: i's alse lelereslens is 36 RUNLOTIM OL PALES: rte tie meee ete eros ore 38 AEE MPLOM IN [0% mers erersis ssaielale aleree 36 Flowering Dogwood ............-- 315 DAT at LAD! %).s ose 139 winery of aN Slat elas Pete ee He Negundo. aceroides:. ... . «sens 301 Wenalio sb tar ct ee aD Nomenclature of plants........... 13 MESUMINOSAC? raters cr. nicims sae bse 372 Norway Pine.................... 87 Key JCOnSENELA... ooo ciate iene ae 373 eee aS aWaLE Give Rite eee ee 383 Memticel ess tpew en eee Ok or Ee ee: 51 multifiord, ...... $10 6 0,0,01> eceipreaiete 319 Teverwood aa Sylvaticas sic htt. hort eee 319, 383 Life Zones Hy SNew eMarkState:Gcukskv.cee Pry ne RR ee ae Transcontinental. 7@.724.h..seee 393 Black... icicle eee, PINGeN ws | aes ae chee ae ee 309, 380 BlackegJ ack oo. eevee . @ iS thane Uy MAM CLL CANN So, cs sly cielneaks uc EM eee 307 Bure) cscs wise stage Ge eee 179 AMY Sh ocste cara aval oxonevep ns a ee 380 Chestnut...) VS. ia sae tare 183, 185 WINEEGS. UR antcuweshe coin cee © helo ccs 311 Chinguapin 2.05... - abuse eee 183 Linguistic sources of tree names... 403 ere 71S 1s) ee! 21 elle oe (sike Ze holster Bola ae Ee Liquidambar. | --... 0.22... 00... 368 | Key to species. .) 4/0 er GMEACHLUA - \..\s saen eee 157, 356 Malus. . es hy a re key 935 Over-cup: Oaks) ..0e2 on bee eee 179 MDL Osi ss stevateyotes ore whe a erator meats 378 > 9 = NEV en ved> Pesce. on ae ea 301. L Aba. Ac eee e oe ee i ie Blackie Sisco eee oaeos. ) haper amily: chee a en ee pasar? Birehs « 622.0 ote cie oe 169 Key to SDECIESS '....2. ae cs eee 378 Miulbentys; 20 csetv-terer eee 211, 363 IMOMIMERIN | ay... 6 c.ereieianslege eee 291 Papyrius PADYTtLEr@.\.<.<.seeleeee 211 Red... 2 eee ee eee eee ee eee 299 Paulownia, heen eee 335, 386 Silver. Sl odisyle) eisisleie ie: jeiwie! ele, ja) cisiteitelis 297 imperialia:. 22205 46. 22 eee 335 Striped eciets sis: ovcptrcre eachother 289 ftomentosal pie cee wietew =u ee 335, 387 SUG ar once ehecansencle eiciete eee 293 387 IPP OC fo 5 Gi's) sige, ehadalenaltene) sive te! ogee SWAMP: . 0 i65526 03 25a52 ee woe 299 WRITES ©). sees ehct hare eee eee 297 Pea. Family 22.0225 «0. <5 = steers ote Mazzatd: «icc soe came ea ee ee 255 Peach. «” 5 aawe ances ove oe eee 265 MIGCREENUE:S o5is. 0s eter eet cie © eine 149 Peach-leaved Willow...........+-- 105 Index PAGE 12 Ti) ook een a PRPS Oe, Sr ee 231, 369 EME COO RE s cic.c ca odes a siaiates alee: stags 105 IBEDNELIG SE: vo cjaia.ccc ssc weepebete! disiep sieubut 315 PENIMSTNON 6 3 cc cseysieiel « c.c:2 Male 325, 385 PATO GS er are%s, mane: sae Balerere’s 2 iss aketate 347 NE MNITE EE ds, 85) gs aol 0 nied BW Og, a, waa ake rel Oye 91 TETAS ET ULIES OF Ae ee ei tie trees eos fore 0 erevore 93 EH MOEMISUS 1) 2 his.o sos eis Sl ee Stee 91 GFROALO IDEN cain tai 5” cet 6. eso Bie 0% 0.2 Blale ae 91 ISECRNEO SPECIES oie.5, osaucio) 5; © 31.2. 4; ecoreusien 347 DECEIT ES CS Red eral Saree a dat 95 MUBLIEUE = Ben ialic ss Ge wehbe: 5's, wt a 95 RADUCTER GE We? Af 0) hice ss 3-8 aia aes aha RE 93 TETRIS i oS i ea ae 93 TEVGTT SA ome eeC Ce eee yes 153 Pin UDOT on Fo ce SAI EERE GPS Coc 249 Ry eee ete tie overs. o fe ses c le cuslen eval e tage 189 EMI GER Ores voc) sis ofeucuece os10 sas aan eee 344 LLIN 9 3 2 Ee ane eee ee 345 ALE UL Vert cue ic, olsrayere << vbeie era ait oe 344 REV aac. os a che, ee oodie ae tefeha ae eee 83 kn try, mies eee oc bee clone 85 PROMSO YE pote cis ss, sc tecs, 2 wip galerapete, sm eis 81 WeEVTILOn SPECION. =). co's se oe cus eke 346 NOTWHY ST oe ors see ee 87 PTE G ees pia ies ote o's sé: < shee ahaa ans MS 19 IREQR re ccs clas ccs oo ort eee ee 87 ME nS SF os as oe Sse Siiuireleaved:.>..-\2.:.mennen 85 VAG ee A ee 77 TUTTI SL, 0 ne a Re hee a sien JF Oe PONTO Wey cwars: crease esc atsderane te Jretaleheratans 85 PERENUUE SS cevete te al clo. ores 50's 0's) wiles aoete eget 545 RSPR ATAS!. =, 5 wleve aco.sceeeas arenccer erent 83 MEU OPACWLE OS 45 akais. cacethte seeiereetnisierenoteae 87 ino Fp ees easter ets 79 SETORUIS ya! 5 cc ac ae Gualeienelcis saeteioren: 77 SED OUTIT ATA. s,s clers ccorertebereked reustel ote SL Pistil, criteria for interpreting.... 39 SURG Pp EDATN elie oy choy one) «| of slams seem nel vacate 79 SUNT eet g rsa iaips, 5) 5'0)5 1 Scala lagebetegs Ope rah enane 5D PianNeGe Pree! a. tke elste ac eee ere 229, 369 Piane tree eH amily 3-2, 3 c:.0 cue ene ae eetatiens 368 Plants ys. Animals. -....:....-71-% ual Plants OUSNSTHCA LION. -Of:.) «020-9! a aie eekeocrs 15 Nomenclature: (Ofs::).5 280 esos oe 13 PAWONOMY OL... 2 s.2 sorb: aha see eke 5 12) RT EOL Ce aoe eA erect 368 ESE SESAME LESS Pov Oe 8 ohcat ors 0’. Pe aha Matctap hermes 369 OCCICENTANIS. |)... chs) Se es Role 229 RPIOUE AIS st alg'eccre,s 2 ctavaeun anew 368 PDAS. 2 Bite Beto eee een 0 263,. 371 STRUNG Oe eed chee tes oa: ino (eine yore EER 251 ORIG Se 2 Pa Se RIE Pe he oud 259 Ct RE trad Gr Reto RICE RCN REE c 259 VV Ct 5) Satortatetatcn st fers. o"- ls ste ota 261 DWV eV Gl vite scree ete, v's oss) oie srela 261 LELAND) a eae pocecae NEO CERO IONS 305 FE OISON) .SUMBACH as Bi. eras) els) « ae) seeledevaene 285, TEV POCARMEG 8 Putte ats tcleyaters % cottons ste on sts 364 IPE S cee ncoeumocsepanonencsce Sus! DEF ee IAW Rete eher cl cis, ais tone wye"o or aterane 135 MO UTORIITSE F Fafs ho sits To in lelatcl slate efeterare 139 Key, to. Species, slik. oo Ae ae ere 353 IN CCK IH GOLS tates. sic scbekatoncys aia aiois os ie 13 Pacp Poplar — (Continued) Silver-leaveds cis sot scace Ol iere 127 SWNT aicve Store oisscie eee e tlova cle Genes 131 DVI toi cnch cect evenes ov ck ol spel eas bee 127 MGHTOWS cc flee «sacs cose od chee coins 221 12701 0 Reo kao ICO ICR rane eRe ee 129 LEGTECT IU ISR, er Ai acl aie ct Sek Ne pemeIe etn. 8 2 o 395 SULT dian cic sateisss Gtehavacale os a, 0.0 SRe eee n PAL | ED VAT MEL WS ote a1 3/2 eens in adobe val cee 127 PRISPMITETAL . « i) pious taels oka 135 balsamifera, var. candicans..... 137 canadensis, var. Eugenie........ 139 SUE CECA NS: te rach cat ave are ree ater 137 deltoides: + Vs Sh. 223. sss os ee 139 OTANGIOCNCALAR +: cea bees eRe 131 HereropHylls.. ¢ LAs-cpyacsiars poeta 133 INC Ve iLO” (SDCCLOS...% <2 a eropaee eee . 853 MONSUTOTOS oO 0 AS cls Sos 4 suelo ole 139 BEEMIMIOIGESS Ssoc.c1c) octave crs aretera eaele 129 IPGStp Oaks co ccc as a ses.e Cis anc etelereinee 177 ATTITIUG See & 3 co Oe Niele Sereda rekeve INS 3Ti PMELICAN Aes ater Has ee ctearees 261 SUV ETERI es os alts sha a lo icne so leaeretene 255 WOERSUS Hi. ah Ln seen teins 257 COMMUNAG oss) Kejatere al welos ie ieee 263 GOMESHIGH 2s 3 eK oa Byes te he 263 ER SGLELEIS < ws Hal on ccienerneh es wt eee 251 Key? tom species: 3-720 41s. eee 372 NSD ALOR ere... ail okacolennraterete eo eae 253 MAPV AN FAS Sst sc 8 Sot oe ea eee 259 IPOSIGH LA ooo etch chic See ee oe e 265 MEHNSVUVANICH «22 iz, oikirs,< ese Sees 249 SGQGEING.. = aleioncucteiie eis ay tee 245 spinosa, var. instititia.......... 251 WAT RVIR SLD ule, ocarey avait a; 2) <).cfereuotelicuseets 247 IP COL@ Re cate sya are are cis sste caw tke Speeds oh 375d ERIPOEA tas is Seer ne hain, beens ee ecete 275 Pmlsew amily sicen oye cate avavcheteneviasancte 372 Purple OSIER: hy are ASA is oo rc rons Pale 125 WAT OWS er tp ule wera haus cocnerome ote ere 125 Pussy Willows « ts, «0 hee een ie - n ltr § DANVSEIGS se) ere tc cach oy verepenrete se ete 189 DHEMIOS pei cccrete ne oicscissaee saad 199 PIALANOTDESBS oo 7x, 5.3 « euatcteieisra siSyoi0N4 181 BETIS ec hirs eevee aroun cuioney eis cise ec oe 185 PUPESR. GPnegtc as cele a oe 3S Eb ee 187 TuUDras VAL, aMbiguad ....0ccmkene 193 SCC IMED NS, ro ccrera cr Naa wa arate ape. cleters a ly ery LER CLOTAGS © © Foc Meh ite cas ete OPE recs 195 SOLUGIIA, sais oes Din aia Bie ere Honeiabele 195 432 Index PAGD PAGE oh ‘ 2a Shellbark Hickory: ......2ceeeee 145 Birch. 12202222222 IDTIILLED 165 Shining Willow. .....-.-.-+-+..- 113 Buds cae hikh eo caine 271, 374 Short-leaved' Pine..... 52s co0< Pauiricn ms te) Cedar. . ... cece cece eect eee eee 105 "Silver Maplesnc erase neere roid 297 ENS et cletat orsteve's.chelctaneustevcisteite coke 201 Sincaiodwcd er oot 127 UITIT AE ES cp rerceehets a ee Semin Dane 227 SNAG SINS ODA eee oa oie role ; IMEADI EY. 5 varcie Gs Sania ac ae ieee 299 Simaroubacede™ <<: .,. «. «-/4 euler iagete Mihi Go oan oesooe coe so Hs. 213 Slippery Bm: /tej.).scicis ce coe oe e201 (Oe eee ini Pathe ne aos muciac Gea riG caer: c 187 Sie 271 EMU Gy yo etsaw'essaps eel ool” aha! an'shede tome amedeie ne 87 * mie, oe brea a ieee $i Fe ea Tam. . HEV Nee Rg atts, aes ata 259 Small-fruited Hickory.......... aia. O SPTUCE 2. ees ol. we ee al 93 Smooth Sumach...... « ie. ble ey enn 281 RHAMMAceaes ey iko actus Ce 379 Soapberry Family........... a |e os evn FUR AIMS. 572 Gisele ax ete eel ladetateeloke 380 Sorbus _ eCatharticds eam cise = ax tie ete 305, 380 QAMETICANA, «wee ee nce c ee cvcvens 237 Rhododendron. . ........+++. 201,984. A NeUpari:) .- 07a ee 239 HOPS THANE GS Gad clo ad oetcin 321, 384 Sour Cherry... o 2 iccc'\o vce setensteuen tenets 257 RAMIS a Peter ctefarera slareve ome cle ene Pree 376 SUSU RS Boon asc dodscdcconccoon: 347 COPA ANT ie etme ene 283 Black. © 2.050.002 ce seeeceaues 95 LAD IAS cx er ayeteheyelolcadisvel hele acetone 281 (Cf AG AGS ee tee ene e seme ceeaces 91 glabra, var. laciniata........... 281 Key (Co SpeECles. «.)-..s1-)=1el astern 347 TAT EG ence her ron oe eee 279 GEG slotecdoccouscteccocccc 7 93 Key, EG SDECIERS ejazi' aie. x CO 377 Whites oi cic, favs excite title cienene perenne 91 ene. » Waate hae [OR lo: sua te Aaa See St. Lucie Cherry: .. = i2.cseeeeere 253 BETCNGUGD hoo. eppski dee Rae 85 “ é : eae a Capes PS SCART aH Oe TY 285 Sea LS Joie) oyalet = io) oheliebeN fete eae aay River Binch 7s 2oo.5 hancwelaie eerste Seuete% 165 a ee Sumach.........++++0+- 279 ETE Ga ey Re a a ae re 374 Stipule’ scars-- 703. eee oe IPRecdorAcaciaa soca oes tone 273 Striped | Maple sey) sey. cre -(eenerene 289 ROG HMMs se caps couches 205 Sugar) Maples 270). \., ove -lonelaieto rotenone 293 ROSA CEH E:T ay te ere iein se Seeks ere B69 Sugarberry. <9.) ce. eee elation 207 Key tov Penera acc css vatinesceeme 369 SUMACH. oo/- - «0's ona) sn ls abolalero ioe 376 Roseukiamilyecte cmon nocemete ne 369 eee Wee egs 5 oe 4 oe ae on a 0) wl cele) « m8 0s os os ele tel an tatenane o VOW, ANN TOC sacle ists .cge «sik snc oir elsipas fora ie 239 amiilyes saci hae “Seen 376 Roe a ys, ays eters ters cokes eee eheeieie sas 375 POISON... 06 oe cen seen Oe 289 RUM CHEERY jas otters aie ete iave tees 245 pmicorn, aie) cane), aye eke eee BA 381 PETTITT cre ee ea ee ee ee 375 Staghorn. . .......- PSTN Os Oe 279 Swamp e SallCaCenen cfrsmicibys eiacc ast etciee 351 Bay. 2... ese eee eee e eee e ee eeeee Pah Key toveeneranit sas: caries 352 AU a yo ears) epee eee 131 STE ga aR ee | 352 Maple. «1+... +. esse eee eee eeee 299 alba, var. vitellina 1.2 ..0222002 117 Opa. Gaeta a AMY POMOIdeS, 06 so 5 ann 3 s esreees 109 White re} : seer, RED O50 0.9 181 babyvlonicas fj aacciwicaee ee. 119 ACES | EUR Solio icin -) tek eRe Ree Renee Role BCUUSAIG Fa) chata wi o ce foro sicie (o sPevoeehe ts 123 DLON AGEs s aisle. 30 se hee ae stele ila lé GUS COLO eprcte ro chae even? ou sorete Reta 1 LOATH (0 GCA OICANONCY CeO MELER CUO TCHR 125 PALS res Geto do nse vals totes ecseveke Boake, arte 115 2 . Key to species Reon Neat eho 352 Gum. see eee eee ee eee ee eee BP AT 368 UTD. eGo aS SO 8oe AOR BO 111 Magnolias 2 iicrac «yap tee enna 217 lucida. . .......2--. sees sees toe Sycamore. =... ss 0’ 6 «eve 229 pendula, 26222222222) aig Tacamahac. «+. 2 0... sees sete reat 135 MEUCANAULA eae Meee 111 TaMaTaeKs, (ox. 2.0 w/e) «cleus tela 89, 346 Duron: ey eats fe Peis else) che toto yelcpege 123 Ma KACRE:. 5 2 2.0.0.0 6s newer 344 MOSSLA LAs tice oa lee hie: 2% Rt = : Riwacliand ee ee 115 Taxonomy of plants. .2 ... .cmeees 13 MEVAOGG a sect) wisus Sine ouekate eal e.ee' ss les Taxus canadensis... 0... cue oem ae TAA KG beets Ga bdo Dae olman NG oaode TT Thorn Apple. .sce cence 243, 37] NSapind@aceae: (\.. ee.s0% 15 hs eaeccterienae ek 379 TBOED, LIK eeoodooonmonodsccoc.: i ea = UJ.” cs1s's soon Calon ce eee : Beatie Vineet Wagiss gue 2295, 307 occidentalis. .... 08.00 eee 103, 349 (SETAKSIA LLB ey rs ean a ae Bia toIatS ory 995 Tilia, 204.25 obo oe oe oct slemeiae 380 WeVTLiTOLMiaNs teste cremate mie atereoe deen 225 americana. .....2..+--sescsees 307 QLAOre. (OTe aoe es ceo iciece eken eee 307 GAT Ota OB ro fete ie Yas ate trace spor stoteente 191 heterophylla, var. Michauxii.... 311 Serophiitanisceden test ia acters 386 Hae to species.......-+.+++e++4- eet F Michauxili .c5s\coelscre.» os aero 5 SerUD PIMC ins «eels velar init 81, 83 NMEGUECEA Dan desarsle steiaie © oo eee 309 DEEVICE DERE Y (ce) eitrisn rae ne 221, 73T0 — Witiaceag/|-. cena. poe ee he ee 380 Shad Bush..........-...+-..++-- 241 Toxicodendron Verniz..........-- 285 Shagbark Hickory...............- 145° = Toxylon pomiferum.....-...++++- . 209 Sheepsberryene sist clei) «loch =tole ete 341 Tree) of Heavens. bee sh eerinee 277, 376 Shellbark, “Big iicieec eletoeleieiskeoeierels 147 Trembling Aspen..........-. se \eeeeel INDEX PAGE Trumpet Creeper Family.......... 387 BEES SH a fa. <)-co-dieteceiisicib's & a.areevee ele. 347 GCAMAOETISISS Burneseane sn viacwlesaacicste pe cok yan eee te Watertown, N. Y Hon., Gowis) Marshall ws or. .t{ss sis «karte eter atte eh cataleteietene New York City Hon: William rr .celley «23 .tarykv. 2s Weleleltes svete seein Syracuse, N. Y. Hons Midward ail Oo iar als se: jetta « chsvealaitionaiercierekeisete ater Syracuse, N. Y. HOM). SELeTiTye WVRIGEL 5 ciel o.5 60) winitorct «chs aes laces tener New York City Hon. Lonmis (Marah ale, 3 av0isc a sales ve elena nis aensvatas President Hon. Johnie; Clancy. 6 sn's-c-is:s/s)neie «2 cian Bate ete eet Vice-President Vu ti 2 . a tAwpyEMN AN ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE HEMIPTERA OF THE CRANBERRY LAKE REGION, NEW YORK By HERBERT OSBORN AND CARL J. DRAKE For the purpose of this study it is proposed to use an ecological grouping based on the primitive forest conditions or forest cover of the region with particular recognition of the modification caused by the lumbering or cutting of the large conifers and part of the hardwoods, and the subsequent burning of certain cut-over tracts. These factors have operated to produce a very different combina- tion of organisms, in part because of the different plant associa- tions which have formed a succession for the forest cover, but largely owing to the evident killing out of certain members of the original fauna. The latter is probably due to the disappearance of the food plants concerned or in some eases no doubt to the actual elimination of the species in certain areas occasioned by the destruction of the vegetation and duff through fire. While the boundaries of the groups are not in all cases well defined, and as each may carry a varied flora aside from the domi- nant plant species, there is usually a rather definite limit for each. In any case the hemipterous fauna for each association is fairly well defined. It is true that certain species which disregard all limitations of host plants may enter a number or even all of the communities, but this does not invalidate the general rule and in many cases the restrictions to certain host plants or to a special environment is very marked. The Cranberry Lake Region (fig. 1) as here delimited includes the lake proper and adjacent tracts. The former, including bays and flows, has a maximum length of about nine miles. The total distance around the lake is approximately 160 miles. The altitude is about 1,485 feet above sea level.* The valleys, bogs, swamps, lakes, marshes, streams, hills and low mountains give considerable physiographical diversity within a small area. The original forest cover (birch, beech, maple, spruce, pine, hemlock, balsam, larch, ete.) has been modified in most tracts by lumbering and fire (burns). The ‘‘burns’’ and cut-over areas are in various stages of rehabilitation and offer the most varied and most favorable breeding places for Hemiptera. The ‘‘plains,’’ hogs, Swamps, marshes, etc., present the usual combination of plant association. An excellent and detailed discussion of these, inelud- ing the biological conditions, has been published by Bray} in ‘“The Development of the Vegetation of New York State.’’ The - collecting regions mentioned in these pages are marked by the * The camp site is about 1,500 feet above sea level. + Bray, W. L. The Development of the Vegetation of New York State. Tech. Pub. No. 3, N. Y. State College of Forestry, Syracuse, N. Y. [5] 6 New York State College of Forestry absence of oak, sycamore, hickory, walnut, hackberry, elm and basswood. Headquarters were established at the State Forest Camp on Barber Point, Cranberry Lake, about seven miles from Cranberry Village and some eight miles from Wanakena. The collections covered a diversity of locations and the paper is based on records of three summers, collections being made at odd times by Drake in 1917 and 1919 and the past summer (1920) by Osborn and Drake together. For convenience the list of species follows the excellent ecata- logue by Van Duzee,* but in many cases the authors do not con- sider the sequence of genera or species as representing the most probable lines of evolution of the groups or the natural affinities. No synonomy or specific bibliography has been ineluded since these are so admirably covered by the above mentioned author. Only references to the more recent papers or to such as are especially desirable for the accommodation of readers of this paper are cited. LOCATION OF COLLECTING STATIONS 1. State Forest Camp (Fig. 2): The principal collecting sta- tion was the state forest camp and other of the more favorable areas in the immediate vicinity. In fact about 95 per cent of the species herein listed were recorded for the Barber tract. The different associations of this area are quite representative of the Cranberry Lake region and includes forests, swamps, marshes, bogs, hills, flows, tote-roads, trails, burns, and streams. SSI earTenee eee mae Fig. 2.— State Forest Camp Site of the New York State College of Forestry, Barber Point, Cranberry Lake, N. Y. See description of Station Number 1. Photo by Osborn. * Van Duzee, E. P. Cat. Hemip. of Amer. North of Mexico. Univ of Calif. Pub., Vol. II, pp. I-XIV, 1-902, 1917. Ecological Study of Hemiptera of Cranberry Lake Region 7 Fig. 3— The Beaver Meadow on the Barber Tract. See descrip- tion of Station Number 2. Photo by Dr. Bray. In addition to the native plants several foreign species, iici- dentally carried in with the hay and grain destined for the lumber camps, have become established along the trails and tote-roads. One of the latter almost parallels Sucker Brook and leads through various ecological types, including bogs, beaver meadows, logged area, etc., to Proulx’s lumber camp and offered the most favorable and attractive collecting places. 2. Beaver Meadows (Fig.3): The beaver meadows are located about a mile from the State Forest Camp along the Sucker Brook tote-road. As the name suggests, these extensive areas have arisen through flooding occasioned by the beaver dams and have replaced a balsam swamp forest which preceded them. As a result of this inundation the balsam (Abies balsamea (Li) Mill.), spruce (Picea rubra (DuRoi) Dietr.), speckled alder (Alnus incana (Li) Moench.) and many of the other woody and non-woody plants have been smothered by the higher water level. The dominant plants of the present association, which persist around the borders and on the higher elevations, are grasses (principally Calamagrostis cana- densis (Michx.) Beauv.), sedges, rushes, iris, speckled alder, and spiraea (largely Spiraea latifolia Borkh. and some Spiraea tomen- tosa L.). Sphagnum is also found in certain places. 3. Forsaith’s Bog (Fig. 4): This is a forest bog located about a mile from the State Forest Camp across the Sucker Brook Trail from the Beaver meadows, An abandoned tote-road, which 8 New York State College of Forestry Fig. 4—— Abandoned tote road in Forsaith’s Bog. See descrip- tion of Station Number 3. Photo by Fivaz. branches off the Sucker Brook road near camp, winds through this bog again to join with the Sucker Brook tote-road at the farther end of the burn. The plants indicate a secondary association fol- lowing a balsam swamp forest and will ultimately be dominated by the latter. The arborescent forms are represented by balsam, red and black spruce (Picea rubra and Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP), a few larch (Lariz laricina (DuRoi) Koch), hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (li.) Carr.), yellow birch (Betula lutea Michx. f.), and soft maple (Acer saccharinum L). In addition there are willows (Salix. spp.) and some dense thickets of speckled alder. The bog type is represented by Cassandra, Kalmia, Ledum, Vac- cinium, Nemopanthus, and the less conspicuous forms such as eran- berry, aromatic winter green, snowberry, twin flower and the like. The terrene is generally covered with a deep matrix of sphagnum. Certain small areas in this bog are perhaps typically swamp-like or marsh-like. Collections were also made in other bogs, swamps and marshes which represent more advanced stages in the develop- ment of their plant associations. 4. Lumbered Areas: The recently lumbered areas in the vicinity of Proulx’s Camp and other older logged areas in various stages of recovery were studied. These cut-over tracts were for- merly a mixed coniferous and hardwood forest from which most of the soft wood had been removed. .. Burns (Fig. 5): The burns on the Barber tract and near Wanakena offered the most attractive breeding places for Hemip- tera. The former is a transitional association of fire cherry (Prunus pennsylvanica Li. f.) and aspen (Populus tremuloides Ecological Study of Hemiptera of Cranberry Lake Region 9 Michx. and Populus grandidentata Michx.). The temporary char- acter* of the cherry-aspen type is indicated by the presence of yellow birch, beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.), hard and soft maple (Acer saccharinum L. and A. saccharum Marsh), and a small percentage of conifers (spruce, white pine (Pinus Strobus L), hemlock, and balsam) in the understory. The ground cover of seedlings, grasses and other herbaceous plants form a much greater variety than that of the logged, but unburned areas, and Fig. 5— Tote road near Sucker Brook leading through a large “burn” (Barber Tract) in cut-over areas and to lum- ber camp. See description of Station Number 5. Photo by Fivaz. * The climax Adirondack forest consists of yellow birch, sugar maple and beech in a mixture with red spruce, white pine, balsam and hemlock. 10 New York State College of Forestry virgin forest. There is also a much guealen number of the indi- vidual plants of the various species. 6. Crataegus Hill: This is a small hill-top on the Barber tract about three-fourths of a mile from camp. Crataegus sp., iron- wood (Ostrya virginiana (Mill) K. Koch), white ash (Fraxinus americana li.), red raspberry (Rubus tdaeus, L. var., aculeatis- simus (C. A, Mey.) Regel. & Tiling.), aster (Aster macrophyllus L.), boneset (Eupatorium sp.) and sedges and grasses are the principal plants. 1. Big Floating Island (Figs. 6 and 7): This station les on the west side of Cranberry Lake near Joe Indian Island. Although stationary it is a typical floating island which has arisen through the massing of drift logs and other plant detritus resulting in a substratum which has enabled certain hardy plants to obtain a foot-hold. The vegetation represents a typical floating bog and consists of a heavy sphagnum matrix (8 to 10 inches deep of living sphagnum) surmounted by a dense thicket-like growth of Cas- sandra or leather leaf (Chamaedaphne caiyculata (li). Moench) and sweet gale (Myrica Gale L.) and a few clusters of speckled alder and an occasional larch. 8. Grasse River Bog (Fig. 8): This is a large bog located near Silver Lake and traversed by the Grasse River Railroad con- necting Cranberry Village and Conifer. This region is intercepted by several brooks and is covered by a dense vegetation which, how- ever, is restricted to relatively few plants. Here and there one finds almost a pure association of Carex oligosperma Michx. while clumps of Cassandra, speckled alder, labrador tea (Ledum groen- landicum Oeder), pale laurel (Kalmia polifolia Wang.), Andro- meda polifolia L., low sweet blueberry (Vacciniwm pennsylvanicum Lam., var. angustifolium (Ait.) Gray, with some withe-rod (Vibur- num cassinoides L.) and chokeberry (Pyrus melanocarpa (Michx.), Willd., dot the surface. 9. New York State Ranger School Tract: This tract, located near Wanakena, N. Y., is controlled by the New York State College of Forestry. It includes an extensive burn, tote-roads, forests, bogs, Swamps, and streams. Owing to the type of topography, over-run by high hills and depressions, it offers a wide range of habitats, plant associations and most excellent collecting. Con- ditions on this tract and other favorable areas in the vicinity of Wanakena are somewhat comparable to Barber tract on Cran- berry Lake. 10. Bean Pond (Fig. 9): This is a small, open-water pond near the middle of an extreme type of Adirondack bog (Bray, l. e. pp. 125-128) with many of the bog-plants wholly removed and the more bog-tolerant species, chiefly dwarf black spruce, tamarack and leather leaf, growing in a deep and compact matrix of sphagnum. Small black spruce shrubs or apparent seedlings erowing near the pond are practically as old as the larger ones or fairly large trees near the outer margins of the bog. Ecological Study of Hemiptera of Cranberry Lake Region 11 11. Climax Forest Type* (Fig.10): This station was located on state land in a tract of virgin forest near the Oswegatchie River opposite from the New York State Ranger School. The trees con- sist of hardwoods dominated by conifers, especially white pine. Several specimens of the latter, about 125 feet tall and a D. B. H. of 42 to 49 inches, represent some of the most magnificent trees in the Adirondacks. 12. The Plains (Fig. 11): These areas are a series of open- ings near the Upper Oswegatchie River and are very typical, of the so-called treeless plains of the Adirondacks. Bray quite fully Fig. 6.— Big. Floating Island, taken from a distance by Fivaz. See description of Station Number 7. discusses these treeless areas in ‘‘The Development of Vegetation of New York State ’’ (1. ¢., pp. 144-147) and states, ‘‘ Borings show from two to three feet of compact, fine sand evidently offer- ing poor areation. Below, the deposit is darker, coarser and full of coarser grit. . The water table is normally several feet below the surface, but the area has much the aspect of a wet lowlands, and during rainy seasons is in effect like an area of soaked soils. But, as in other sand areas, it is subject to extreme drouth.”’ As Bray has pointed out the plants of the ‘‘plains,’’ as repre- sented by complex associations of swamp, bog and typical members of barren vegetation, reflect the peculiar bioclimatic conditions of the region. These open heath barrens, margined by tamaracks which are slowly encroaching the open terrene, are gradually being broken up. They are also occasionally dotted with black spruce. The shrubs consist largely of mountain fly honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea li.) blueberries (Vaccinium canadense Kalm., and V. pennsylvanicum, var. angustifolium and V. vacillans Kalm.), * Typical Adirondack forest, see footnote, p. 9. 12 New York State College of Forestry choke cherry (Prunus virginiana L.), Pyrus arbutifolia and P. melanocarpa (Michx.) Willd. Two wet-land grasses (Avena Tor- reyi Nash and Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx.), the abundance of creeping blackberry (Rubus hispidus L.) and two species of Spiranthes (growing among the wet-land grasses) tend to empha- size the hydrophytice aspect of the plains. Extreme areas are covered with reindeer moss which reaches its optimum development during the autumn months. Here and there golden rods, asters and spiraea are found among the shrubs and have a conspicuous place in the flora of late summer. Fig. 7— Big Floating Island; photo taken near the island by Osborn. See description of Station Number 7. PALAEARCTIC HEMIPTERA OCCURRING IN THE CRAN=- BERRY LAKE REGION Horvath* very carefully studied and collated the genera and species of Hemiptera, known to occur in both Europe and America, especially those of the Palaearctic and Nearctice regions. He pre- sents evidences to show that many of the species common to both faunas are of Palaearctic origin and that migration took place largely in an eastward direction by the way of Alaska. Many of the species known to occur in beth regions have only been taken in eastern and northeastern localities of the United States and Eastern Canada. Although this is not in perfect accord with some of Horvath’s theories and evidences, more collecting in the western regions of the United States and Canada will undoubtedly extend the range westward for many of the Palaearctic Hemiptera that have become permanently established in North America. Parshleyt * Horvath, G. Les relations entre les faunes hémiptérologiques de l’Europe et de Amérique du Nord, Ann. Hist. Nat. Mus. Nat. Hung., Budapest, 1908. } Parshley, H. M. Fauna of New England. List of Hem.-Het. Occasional Papers Bos. Soc. Nat. Hist., VII, 1917. Ecological Study of Hemiptera of Cranberry Lake Region 13 has discussed the Palaearctic Hemiptera known to be established in New England and added a number of species of Heteroptera, which have been recently taken in New England, to Horvath’s list, and Knight* has treated quite carefully the species of Miridae common to Nearctic and Palaearctic regions. Several species are apparently of rather recent introduction by human agencies and hence must be considered in a different class from those having naturally holaretie range. Homoptera Philaenus leuwcophthalmus Euscelis striolus Evacanthus acuminatus Cicadula variata Acucephdlus nervosus Cicadula 6-notata Acucephalus albifrons Balclutha pwnctata Deltocephalus abdominalis Empoa tenerrima Deltoceptalus pascuellus Empoa lethierryi +Euscelis striatulus Empoa rosae Euscelis obsoleta Dikraneura fieberi Empoasca flavescens Alebra albostriella Empoasca smaragdula Heteroptera Sciocoris microphthalmus Stenodema trispinosum Corizus hyalinus Teratocoris paludum Corizus crassicornis Trigonitylus ruficornis Aradus lugubris Stenotus binotatus Gerris rufoscutellatus Poectloscytus unifasciatus Nysius ericae Capsus ater Galeatus peckhami -Lygus pabulinus Reduvius personatus Lygus apicalis Nabis limbatus Lygus pratensis Nabis ferus Monalocoris filicis Cimex lectularius Mecomma ambulans Miris dolobratus Saldula pallipes Plagiognathus chrysanthemi Callicoriza praeusta THE HEMIPTERA OF THE ADIRONDACKS The first records of the Hemiptera of the Adirondack Moun- tains, published by MacGillivray and Houghtont in 1903, were col- lected during June, 1901, in the vicinity of Axton at an elevation of about 1,600 feet. This paper includes 53 species, 34 Heterop- tera and 19 Homoptera respectively. A few years later Van * Knight, H. H. Nearctic Records for species of Miridae known heretofore only from the Palaearctic Region (Heterop.) Can. Ent., Vol. LIII, Part 12, 1921, pp. 280- 288. (Published in Jan. 1922). } Euscelis striatulus and E. obsoletus of Horvath’s list are separated by Van Duzee as instablis and relativus respectively. t MacGillivray, Alex. D.and Houghton, C. O. A list of the Insects in the Adirondack Mountains, N. Y.— III. Ent. News, Vol. 14, pp. 262-265, 1903. 14 New York State College of Forestry Duzee* published a list of the species of Hemiptera known to occur in the Adirondacks. The latter, based on a few days’ col- lecting at Lake Placid and Saranac Lake Junction in 1902 and the forms enumerated by MacGillivray and Houghton, contains 193 species of Hemiptera (92 Heteroptera and 101 Homoptera). The present list enumerates 397 species and varieties of Hemip- tera, 218 Heteroptera (one lygaeid not determined), and 179 Homoptera. All the species are from the vicinity of Cranberry Lake ard 95 per cent or more of the forms occurring in this region have been taken on about 200 acres of the Barber tract. How- ever, this portion of the tract is represented by a marked variety of ecological and biological conditions. It includes eamp site, hills, marshes, bogs, beaver meadows, lumbered areas, forests, tote- roads, trails, open areas, dense growth of young trees, burned- over areas, coves of Cranberry Lake and the like. The following species, listed by Van Duzee, have not been taken in the vicinity of Cranberry Lake: Homoptera Heteroptera Lepyronia 4-angularis Say Physatocheila plexa Say Stictocephala lutea Walk. Corythucha juglandis Fitch Macropsis 3-maculata Fh. (probably pallipes Parsh.) Deltocephalus debilis (probably Xylocoris (Piezostethus) galac- abdominalis tinus Fieb. Deltocephalus compactus O.&B. Phytocoris conspersipes (brevi- Aconura acuticauda Bak. usculus) Reut. Chlorotettix viridis Calocoris uhleri (tinctus) Van D Balclutha osborm Van D. Dichrooscytus elegans Uhler Trioza 3-punctata Fh. Halticus apterus (Linn.) Strongylocoris (Stiphrosoma) croceipes (Uhl.) Pilophorus clavipes Uhler MS Ceratocapsus (Melinna) mod- estus Uhler. Orthotylus chlorionis Say. Orthotylus (Diommatus con- grex Uhler dorsalis Prov. Orthotylus (marginatus Uhl) (Cyrtorrhinus) marginatus UhL.) Plagiognathus obscurus Uhler The above list includes 23 species of Hemiptera (14 Heteroptera and 9 Homoptera) not collected in the Cranberry Lake region. This gives a total of 409 species of Hemiptera for the Adirondack Mountains. However, the three papers taken together do not Van Duzee, E. P. List of Hemiptera Taken in the Adirondack Mountains 20 Rept. N. Y. St. Ent. pp. 547-556. 1904. Ee Ecological Study of Hemiptera of Cranberry Lake Region 15 represent a complete list of Hemiptera for the Adirondacks. In fact the last day’s collecting added four new species to the Cranberry Lake region. On the other hand, collecting in other parts of the Adirondacks where numerous trees and food plants occur, Which are not found at all in the vicinity of Cranberry Lake, will undoubtedly add many new records. Van Duzee* catalogues 381 species of Hemiptera (197 Heterop- tera and 184 Homoptera) for Buffalo and vicinity. The Buffalo list covers several times as much area as the Cranberry Lake region covered by the authors. Fig. 8— Grasse River Bog near Silver Lake. See description of Station Number 8. Photo by Osborn. LEAF HOPPERS OF NEW YORK STATE Osborny catalogues 184 species of leaf hoppers, Jassidae or Cicadellidae, for New York. The following species for Cranberry Lake and vicinity, not represented in the above list, are new records for the State: Agallia oculata, Idiocerus amabilis, Idio- cerus subnitems, Xestocephalus nigrifrons, Parabolocratus major, Deltocephalus ocellaris, D. misellus, D. nominatus, D. flavovirens, D. nigriventer, Euscelis deceptus, E. arctosaphyli, E. humidus, E, angustatus, EF, elongatus, E. comma, Phlepsius maculellus, Thamnotettix cockereilli, T. morsei, T. belli, var. brunners, T. wal- dana and Cicadula pallida. This gives a total of 206 species of Cicadellidae (Jassidae) for the state, of which 130.are recorded herein for the Cranberry Lake region. *Van Duzee, E. P. A List of the Hemiptera of Buffalo and Vicinity. Bull. Buf, Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol 5, No. 4, pp. 167-205, 1907. t Osborn, Herbert. Jassidae of New York State. 20 Rept. N. Y. St. Ent. for 1904, pp. 498-546. 16 New York State College of Forestry NATURAL ENEMIES Of the natural enemies of Hemiptera we can only offer incom- plete records as time did not permit detailed studies of this phase of the associations. The mammals of the region, save perhaps the beavers, probably have little influence on the hemipterous fauna. The latter by the construction of dams have altered the conditions of the drainage channels and inundated rather extensive areas. As a result of the higher water level many of the plants have been smothered and replaced largely by more or less hydrophytie forms. With this transition of the vegetation there has, of course, been a change of the hemipterous content of the flooded areas. Fig. 9.— Bean Pond on the New York State Ranger School Tract near Wanakena, N. Y. See description of Station Number 10. Photo by Osborn. Birds are numerous and no doubt some of the species prey extensively on this group of insects, especially during certain parts of the year but we have not observed any specific instances of especial or noteworthy attacks on particular species. Reptiles are not great in numbers and are of little importance as checks upon Hemiptera. The Batrachians, especially frogs, are quite numerous and feed largely upon insects. No attempt has been made to study the contents of the stomachs of toads and frogs of the Cranberry Lake region, but the works of Kirkland,* Surface,+ Drake,t Munz § and others readily show the economic aspect of * Kirkland, A. H. Habits, Food and Economic Value of the American Toads Bull. 46 of Hatch Exp. Station of the Mass. Agri. College, pp. 1-31, 1897; — Usefulnes. of the American Toad. Farmers’ Bull. No. 196, U. 8. D. A.: pp. 1-16, 1904. + Surface, H. A. Economic Features of the Amphibians of Pennsylvania. Zool. Bull. Pa. Dept. Agr., 3, 67-152, 1913. Ae: ee Carl J. Thé Food of Rana pipiens Shreber. Ohio Naturalist, 14:257- § Munz, Philip A. A Study of the Tood Habits of the Ithican Species of Anura During Transformation. Ponoma College Jl. of Ent. & Zool. 12:33-57, 1920. ———- + Ecological Study of Hemiptera of Cranberry Lake Region 17 these amphibians. The fishes of course consume many aquatic insects and forms that happen to fall into the water, but they have very little relation to the forest Hemiptera. The predaceous Hemiptera play an important role in the control of plant-feeding Hemiptera and other phytophagus insects. Such ravenous forms as Nabis limbatus, N. roseipennis, N. rufusculus, Podisus serieventris, P. modestus, P. placidus, P. maculiventris, Anthocoris borealis, Tetraphleps osborni, Triphleps insidiosus, Deraeocoris (Camptobrochys) borealis and the like are very con- spicuous in the region studied. The aquatics are mostly predatory, but they sustain themselves upon aquatic insects and other aquatic animals and also upon insects that happen to fall in the water, Hymenopterous egg parasites were bred from the eggs of several of the Heteroptera and numerous Jassids were parasitized by dryinids. Tachinid eggs were observed on the backs of some of the Pentatomidae. Predaceous insects in other orders also destroy many Hemiptera. Of the invertebrate groups associated with Hemiptera the spiders are of special interest and while the species are not numerous and individuals have not been observed as specially abundant they are probably the most important of the natural enemies. Collections of these have been made incidentally while sweeping or beating for Hemiptera and specimens have been submitted to Dr. W. M. Barrows of the Ohio State University for identification. The following list should not be considered as representing the spider fauna of the region, but simply as indicating the most common species associated with the Hemiptera and from the known food habits * as constituting a natural check for this group as well as other associated insects. Common Spiders of Cranberry Lake Region Epeira insularis Hentz. Barber Point, no special habitat noted. Epeira trifolium Hentz. Barber Point, collected in the Beaver Meadow, July 30, 1920. Epeira trivittata Keys. Barber Point: marsh, July 5 and 28; willow, Aug. 5; tote road along Sucker Brook, July 28; virgin forest, July 28; Aug. 11; Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. Epeira thaddeus Hentz. Virgin forest, Aug. 11, 1920. Pellenes hoyi Peckham. Barber Point —no special habitat noted but accord- ing to Dr. Barrows this is a meadow species. Tibellus duttoni Hentz. Barber Point, taken in the marsh and Beaver meadow, July 5, 28; tote road, July 28; on willows, July 28, “burn,” July 28, 1920. Tibellus oblongus (Walck). Barber Point, taken near the tote road leading to Forsaith’s Bog, July 28, 1920. Dendryphantes militaris (Hentz). Marsh and meadow tote road, July 28; burn July 27; on willows Aug. 5, 1920. Dendryphantes capitatus (Hentz). Taken on willow, July 28, in dense virgin forest; Barber Point, July 29. *Bilsing, S. W. Quantitative Studies in the Food of Spiders. Ohio Journal of Science, Vol. XX, 1920, p. 215-260. 18 New York State College of Forestry Dictyna frondea Em. On willow, Barber Point, July 28. Dictyna (bostonensis Em.?). Forsaith’s Bog, Barber Point, July 28, 1920; not recorded hitherto except for eastern Mass. Dictyna muriaria Em. Tote road near camp site, July 28, 1920. Dictyna volucripes Em. In rotten wood at Barber Point, August, 1920. Lophocarenum florens (Camb.) Tote road along Sucker Brook, July 28, 1920. Tetragnatha laboriosa Hentz. On willows near tote road, Barber Point and virgin forest, July 28, 1920. Tetragnatha grallator Hentz. Sweeping on yellow birch in “burn” at Barber Point, Aug. 2, 1920. Linyphia marginata Koch. On willows near tote road leading to Forsaith’s bog, July 28, 1920. Theridium frondeum Hentz. Taken along tote road on willow in company with the above species, July 28, 1920. Theridium murarium Em. On yellow birch at Barber Point, June 26, 1920, Theridula sphaerula Hentz. In virgin forest, July 28, 1920. Misumena vatia (Clerck). On Salix, July 28, at Barber Point. Misumena sp. Young, taken at the Plains, Aug. 3, 1920; virgin forest, Aug. 11, 1920. Helophora insignis (Blk.) Thor. Collected in the virgin forest, Aug. 11, 1920. Mangora placida (Hentz). Sweeping grasses and weeds in tote road, July 28, 1920. Agalenq naevia Walck. Virgin forest, July 29, 1920. Dense young forest. at Barber Point, July 29, 1920. Xysticus limbatus Keys. Sweeping weeds near site, July 31, 1920. Clubiona sp.? In virgin forest, July 28, 1920, at Barber Point, July 31, 1920. Theridiosoma radiosa. (Em.) In dense young forest at Barber Point, July 29, 1920. Chiracanthium viride Em.(?) In lumbered area, Barber Point, Aug. 20, 1920. Pirata insularis Em. In Forsaith’s Bog under sphagnum, Aug. 10, 1920. Pardosa sp.? Virgin forest, Aug. 11, 1920. Phidippus multiformis Em. Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. Phidippus sp.? Barber Point, no special habitat recorded. Sittacus striatus Em.(?) Barber Point, 1920. Coriarchne versicolor Keys. Under bark near Proulx’s lumber camp, Aug 2, 1920. Many of the spiders appear to have a very general distribution, especially such forms as Epeira trivittata, Tibellus duttoni, Dendryphantes militaris and Tetrangnatha laboriosa.. Pirata insularis seems to be confined to bogs, the only definite record being under sphagnum in a_ well-marked bog. Agaleana naevia was taken only in deep forest, but is known to occur in meadows. The distinctly forest species, as indicated by our records, are Theridula sphaerula, Helophora insignis, Tetragnatha grallator, Coriarachne versicolor and Eperira thaddeus. The plains had a variety of species and Phidippus multiformis seems to be the only species jimited in our collecting to this region. Most of the meadow or grassland species occurred in the woods or at least along the tote roads and trails, but Hpeira trifolium, Dietyna bostonensis. Pellenes hoyi, and Xysticus limbatus are evidently more at home in meadow association. METEOROLOGICAL RECORDS The meteorological records of the United States Department of Agriculture Weather Bureau, taken by Mr. R. R. Streeter at the New York State Ranger School, Wanakena, New York, furnish ° the data for the table given below. The collecting, except a few forms secured during the last week in May and the first two weeks a Ecological Study of Hemiptera of Cranberry Lake Region 19 in September, was confined entirely to the summer months of June, July and August. These months include (see table) the greatest period of insect activity and for many species practically the entire time for the development of the nymphal stages. The daily range of temperature is also quite marked. The nights are generally cool and, consequently, the insects are not very active during the latter part of the afternoon, early morning and night. As a result of the late spring and the unusually heavy rainfall during July (7.35 inches) the development of the immature stages was somewhat retarded and adults of many species were not taken until the latter part of the summer. METEOROLOGICAL TABLE — 1920 r Monthly Summary Temperature Moan “fempetature Precipitation a paareet reat- re se ept Maxi- Mini- est Maxi- | Mini- Rain- | Snow of snow mum mum | daily | mum | mum Mean | . an i bie on range IM CHAD Rees ground, inches January. ..35 27 31 20 "e 34° | —39° 57° | 17.7° |—9.1° 4.3° 1.99 35.5 aa.0 February..... 2 28 45° | —32° BAS 27.749 qed? p 4a4o 3.24 24.5 52.0 Mare yes..." 25 2 2 66° | —27° 635) 417° |) 16.12 128-92 3.03 1 USP 53.0 April 1 19 TO (nee: 69° 42° ADM TATE ARTO | ageke 3.82 5.8 5.0 Wik eee 29 25 25 81° 46° AGS 6820 Ne S8s8e oa 4s 1.81 0 0 UUNOR ees os ee 1-2 26 26 82° B¥(e SW rejealeey|| eile” |p Gps 1.46 0 0 SIGUE. Sie a 30 30 30 89° 32° BTC TSOP Wb soe GlGs 7.35 0 0 AMIPISE. 5.5... 9 4 4 83° 33° Bon || MEDCo oa lo Mase AS 2. 0 0 September.... 26 20 21 81° Dig S0e ML Boal ce oa ae eh 7e Qe 5.11 0 0 October...... 15-16 23 24 75°. 24° ER ta dets Gt Ole Belbisy Wala 1.85 0 0 November.... 2 2 51° 45° Abo 36.67 |) 21. Be | 120212 4.73 EPSOM rae ans < December....| 22 & 25 9 9 ? 47° 39° 39° | 36.1° | 14.792) 25.4° 4.45 35.5 12.0 THE HEMIPTEROUS FAUNA Forest Associations Primitive Forest; The Hemiptera of the deep woods associa- tion are limited in number of species, but consist of rather dis- tinctive forms and some of them quite closely restricted to such 20 New York State College of Forestry environments. An excellent example of pristine conditions is found on state land across the Oswegatchie River from the Ranger School. This tract includes untouched virgin forest of great age and dominated by some of the largest and most magnificent pines of the Adirondacks. Fig. 10.— Virgin Forest on State Land near Wanakena, N. Y. See description of Station Number 11. Photo by Drake. The tree tops, of course, were far beyond our reach, but they may be expected to support many of the insects common to the same trees on the lower stratum of vegetation. The lower stratum consisting of seedlings of the principal forest trees, white pine, spruce, balsam, hemlock, yellow birch, hard and soft maple, beech, wintergreen, fer ns, ete., furnished a habitat of quite special features, the most important being a deep bed of forest leaf-debris, humid atmospher e, and almost complete lack of direct sunshine. In this habitat the most frequent Homoptera were Eupteryzx flavo- scuta, E. nigra, E. vanduzei, Thamnotettix waldanus, Grapho- cephala coccinea and Gypona octo-lineata, with an occasional Oncopsis fitchi and O. variabilis, the latter two possibly stragglers drifted down from the more favorable conditions of the tree tops. An aphid, Hormaphis sp., was rather common on yellow birch. The Heteroptera were represented particularly by Muiridae — Lygus pabulinus, Dicyphus agilis, D. vestitutus, Macrolopus, sepa- yatus, Diaphnidia capitata, D. pellucida, Phytocoris lasiomerus, Molanocoris filicis, and Camptobrochys borealis — and a few other forms such as Corythucha pallipes, Nabis rufusculus, N. roseipen- nis, Saldula interstualis and Micranthia humilis. The Saldidae were taken along the bank of a small stream in the deep forest. ~~ Ecological Study of Hemiptera of Cranberry Lake Region 21 Bog Association: The Hemiptera of the bogs, as represented in Big Floating Island, Bean Pond, Forsaith’s Bog, included such forms as Euscelis humidus, E. instabilis, E. vaccenii, Phlepsius maculellus, Thamnotettix eburatus Aphelonema histrionica, Lac- cocera vittipennis, Nabis limbatus, Ischnorrhynchus geminatus, Phytocoris lasiomerus, Psallus n. sp., ete. Europiella rubida, Plagrognathus fraternus, P. politus, and Camptobrochys laricolis were collected on larch. The aquatic forms, taken in Bean Pond and a small pond in Big Floating Island, are represented by Gerris rufoscutellatus, G. buenoi, G. marginatus, Notonecta wndulata, Buenoa margaritacea, Ranatra americana, Microvelia buenoi, Cal- licorixa praesuta and Artocorixa scabara. Swamp Association: The swamp meadow association included especially Draeculacephala noveboracensis, D. manitobiana, Tham- notettiz decipiens, T. ciliatus, T. placidus, Nabis limbatus, Phyto- coris sp., Mecomma gilvipes, Stenodema trispinosum, S. vicinum, Trigonotylus ruficornis, Collaria metlleurii, Homaemus aenei- frons and several of the forms (aquatics and plant-feeders) listed in the bog association. Plain Association: The Hemiptera of the Plains included especially Philaronia bilineata, Philaenus lineatus, Pubilia con- cava, Deltocephalus misellus, Laccocera vittipennis, Melanorhopala clavata, Thyanta custator, Coenus delius, Perillus exaptus var. d. (fide Van Duzee), Ortholomus longiceps, Nysius ericea, Crophius disconatus, Ilnacora malina and Mecomma gilvipes. The latter was common along the trails in moist, shady places in larch thickets. The larch insects (see bog association) were very common in the pure stands of this tree. Burn Associations: The older burned-over regions (see station number 5) included not only the Hemiptera common to the sur- = he Fig. 11— The Plains, located near the Upper Oswegatchie River. See description of Station Number 12. Photo by Prof. E. F. McCarthy. 22 New York State College of Forestry rounding forests and cut-over areas but also many other species feeding upon the transitional, ericaceous and various other native and exotic plants peculiar to the burns, tote roads and small open areas along the trails and about the deserted lumber camps. These open areas and the camp site afforded breeding places for such campestral and caespiticolous species as Deltocephalus inimicus, D. affinis, D. apicatus, D. pascuellus, Agallia sanguinolenta, Acu- cephalus albifrons, Bruchomorpha oculta, Liburnia campestris, Lygus pratensis obliteratus, Lygaeus kalmu angustomarginatus, Nabis rufusculus, N. roseipennis and Triphleps insidiosus. Several examples of Euscelis comma were taken on the fine grasses in the trails. Sciocoris microphthalmus occurred on the red rasberry bushes and rank vegetation in the small open areas. The fire cherry trees were infested by Typhlocyba obliqua, Psyllia carpumcola, and especially Psyllia 3-maculata; the poplars (Populus tremuloides Michx. and P. grandidentata) by Telamona reclivata, Idiocerus lachrymalis, Macropsis basalis, Empoasca smaragdula, E. viridis, Euschistus tristigmus and Corythucha elegans. The alders and willows growing along the streams and in moist situations supported a large association of Hemiptera. The species listed below for these plants, also yellow birch and white pine, are common to a number of habitats. On willows (Salix spp.) : Idiocerus amabalis, I, pallidus, I. alternatus, Macropsis viridis, M. basalis, Scaphoideus immistus, Thamnotettix cockerellt, Empoasca smaragdula, E, aureo-viridis, Trioga salicis, Pemphigus tesselata, Cymus discors, Corythucha elegans, C. mollicula, Lygus atritylus, L. hirticulus, Lygidea rubecula obscura, Platytylellus lasiomerus, Phytocoris salicis, Lopidea media, Diaphnidia pellu- cida, Ceratocapsus pumilus, Orthotylus dorsalis, Plilophorus amoenus, Deraeocoris borealis and Anthorcoris borealis. On yellow birch (Betula lutea Michx) : Clastoplera obtusa, Oncopsis sobrius, OG. cognatus, O. fitch, O. minor, Typhlocyba querci, Psyllia striata, P. carpinicola, Euschis- tus tristigmus, Banasa dimidiata, Meodorus lateralis, Ischnor- rhynchus geminatus, Corythucha pallipes, Eremocoris ferus, Lygus horticulus, L. fagi, Deraeocoris borealis, Hyaloides vitri- pennis, Pilophorus amoenus, Diaphnidia provancheri, D. capi- tata, Orthortylus translucens, Plagiognathus fuscosus, Aradus robustus, A. quadrilineatus, Aneurus “inconstans, Anthocoris borealis, Podisus sereiventris, P. modestus and P. maculiventris. On White Pine (Pinus Strobus L.): Aphrophora parallela, Empoasca coccinea, Elidiptera slossom, Psyllia carpinicola, Phytocoris fulvous, Piagylytus luridus, Deraeo- coris pinicola, Pilophorus amoenus, Aradus niger and Tetraphleps osborni n. sp. In general the Hemiptera of the region may be considered as conspicuous members of every habitat studied. There are many aquatic species and some of the surface inhabiting species occur Ecological Study of Hemiptera of Cranberry Lake Region 23 in countless millions (Rheumatobates rileyi, Trepobates pictus and Metrobates hesperius) scattered over miles of the surface of Cran- berry Lake and the Oswegatchie River. The shore dwelling species and the forms occurring in the swamps, bogs, marshes and meadows present a large array while the forest species occurring under bark, on the leaves and every possible part of the tree make up an aggregation that cannot possibly be overlooked by anyone giving the least attention to the complex association of the woodland. In general the greater number may be counted as plant feeders, but there are many predaceous forms that prey f ay A \ a A N ; %, Fig. 12—a, Pine Frog-hopper, Aphrophora parellela Say; b, (adult) and ec, (nymph), Clostoptera obtusa Say. upon other insects and many of course that sustain themselves on decaying vegetation in such manner as to have little influence on other organisms. However, no species can be considered as entirely independent of the other forms in the complex association of which they may be only a very minor part. From an economic standpoint the majority of the Hemiptera must be counted injurious as by far the greater number are destructive to useful vegetation and especially to important forest trees. This may be considered especially true of the Homoptera, all the species so far as known being dependent upon growing plants for their food; none are aquatic in the true sense but several 24 New York State College of Forestry species have become adapted to bog- or swamp-plants where they are Subject to very humid conditions or at times must be able to undergo temporary immersion. Acknowledgements: The authors wish to express here, briefly, their sincere appreciation to those who have kindly assisted in these studies. We are indebted to Dean F. F. Moon, New York State College of Forestry, for the opportunity of carrying on these investigations. The drawings have been made by Mr. J. R. Sim of Ashtabula, Ohio. Mr. A. E. Fivaz has taken many of the photo- graphs and assisted in the field work. Director W. E. Sanderson of the State Forest Camp has very kindly permitted us to use boats, canoes, tents and other equipment of the Summer Camp. The plants have been determined by Dr. W. L. Bray, Syracuse University, and Dr. H. P. Brown, New York State College of Forestry. The map of Cranberry Lake region has been drawn from a map of the Adirondacks by the Conservation Commission of New York State by Mr. Paul W. Stickel under the direction of Professor H. C. Belyea. Dr. M. W. Barrows of Ohio State University identified the spiders. For the determinations of in- sects thanks are due as follows: Dr. H. H. Knight of the Uni- versity of Minnesota, the Miridae; Dr. H. B. Hungerford of the University of Kansas, the Corizidae; Dr. H. M. Parshley of Smith College, the Aradidae; Mr. H. G. Barber of Roselle Park, N. J., the Lygaeidae; and Mr. J. R. de la Torre Bueno of White Plains, N. Y., many of the Saldidae. HOMOPTERA IN THE VICINITY OF CRANBERRY LAKE By Hersert OsBorN Family CICADIDAE This family is not represented in the Cranberry Lake region by any number of species, the only one which has been definitely recognized being Tibicen canicularis. The group is interesting on account of the extended life history of the 17 year Cicada and the root-feeding habits of the immature forms. They are of economic importance because of the punctures caused by the females in depositing eggs which are laid in the twigs or smaller branches of various forest trees. It would seem almost certain that Tibicen rimosa should be found in this region but no specimens have been observed. Also the species described as 7’. novebora- censis by Fitch would seem likely to occur as it was discovered from the eastern part of the state. Tibicen canicularis (Harris). This, as stated above, is the only species definitely recognized. It was singing during August of the present year, but no speci- mens were captured. Homoptera of Cranberry Lake Region 25 Family CERCOPIDAE The spittle insects or frog hoppers are quite noticeable on account of the masses of froth that surround the young and which adheres to stems of plants or twigs of trees in such quantity as to attract attention. Some of the species must be of considerable economic importance since they occur in such numbers as to cause a severe drain upon the plants affected. The most notable ones in this area are the meadow frog hopper and the forest frog hopper mentioned below. Aphrophora parallela (Say) (Fig. 12, a). Cranberry Lake (Barber Pt.), July 8, 1917; Aug. 1-8, 1917; Aug. 4, 1918. Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917. The species is apparently limited to coniferous trees as it has apparently never been recorded out- side of the coniferous area and is the most common species on the conifers; its nymphal stages and the associated froth masses ap- pear during June and early July. The adults are not uncommon in July and egg-deposition occurs during July or August. This species is capable of considerable injury to the coniferous forests being very generally distributed and abundant and. the punctures on the twigs resulting in weakening, wilting, or occa- sionally killing of terminal twigs; the evidence of injury, unless the froth masses are’ observed, are apparent only some time after the attack has been made. It may commonly be credited to other sources of injury as the real culprits may have entirely disappeared when the injury becomes evident. Adults probably feed to quite an extent on the twigs or smaller branches but with less drain upon the plant than during the nymphal stage. It has been bred from spruce and pine and may occur on other conifers. Aphorophora 4-notata (Say). This oceurs on quite a large variety of plants and in some loca- tions is very common. It is apparently most frequent in the low ground locations along streams or lake margins, although one cap- tured on the plains, which was in a border of a thicket, might indicate more open habitat. Cranberry Lake, July 11—14~20, 1917, July 28-30. Aug. 11, 1920. Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917. This species also occurs on a variety of plants and has been taken in a number of different plants, especially in the vicinity of Barber Point. Philaronia bilineata (Say). This species is common on the western plains and during. the present season was found only on the ‘‘plains’’ where it occurred in open meadows upon the plains grass. In such location it is quite abundant, but can hardly be counted an economic species in this region. Cranberry Lake, July 24, 1917. Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 19172 Plains; Ane, 3/1920. 26 New York State College of Forestry Philaenus leucopthalmus (Linnaeus) (Fig. 13). The meadow frog-hopper is one of the most abundant of the spittle-insects and throughout the entire New England region occasions no little injury to plants, especially clover and other legumes, but does not attack the grasses. It has no restricted habitat except that it does not occur in the deeper woods and its froth masses are most commonly observed on the small shrubs or annuals. The froth masses of this species are not distinguishable from those of P. lineatus, but there seems to be a distinct choice of food plant; it occurs on a great variety of plants but, so far as observed, not on grasses. The occurrences of special interest Fig. 13— Froth masses of Philaenus leucophthalmus Linn. Photo by Fivaz. here are on fire cherry, and raspberry, but they abound on many plants, especially those of the family compositae. The larvae of this species are to be separated from those of P. lineatus by the relatively shorter, blunter head. The froth masses including nymphs appear for this locality at the same time as those of P. lineatus, late June and early July, the adults beginning to appear by July 10 (1920) and becoming abundant a little later.. The species occurs in many different varieties both in Europe and America and most of these varieties have been observed in the Cranberry Lake region. Cranberry Lake, July 21, 1917, Aug. and July 2, 1920; Camp, early July, 1920; Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917; Grasse River, July 22, 1920; Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. Homoptera of Cranberry Lake Region 27 Philaenus lineatus (Linnaeus). The grass frog-hopper is very similar to the preceding but seems to restrict itself to grasses and consequently it is only found in open land, possibly more frequently in the more moist habitats. Observations in Maine showed this species to be closely restricted to various species of grasses and while we have not bred out adults for this region the immature forms examined bear out the con- clusion that the species is essentially a grass-feeder here. The froth masses have been very plentiful on timothy (introduced) on the camp grounds and on native grasses of the vicinity. Its distribution is apparently determined by that of host plants, but wherever such plants are available along trails of ‘‘ tote roads ”’ they may be found penetrating well into the woodlands and on hill sides or ridges of all parts of the region. Wherever grasses are of value the species may be counted of distinct economic import- ance. Cranberry Lake, July 18, 1917; Aug. 1-7, 1917; July 3-5, 1920; Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917, and July 29, 1920; Grasse River, July 22, 1920; Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. Clastoptera obtusa Say (Fig. 12, b and c). This is a very common species on birch, alder and other trees and shrubs and may be considered of distinct economic importance in the forest as on some occasions a large number will be found on a single branch and the sap drawn from the plant for the forma- tion of the froth masses must mean a very considerable loss to the plant. While apparently protected very well by the froth mass, in one instance a species of mirid, Deraeocoris (Campo- brochys) borealis, was found with its beak inserted in the nymph within the froth mass. This species has been particularly con- spicuous during the season, its froth masses occurring in abun- dance on several trees and shrubs, but in especial abundance on the yellow birch, often several froth masses with at least one nymph in each mass hanging from a single twig. The froth masses on birch frequently show a large quantity of liquid with very few bubbles so that they appear watery or quite transparent and the nymph is very easily seen within the mass of fluid. Midges have been found adhering to the fluid mass, their legs entangled in the glairy substance much as a fly is entrapped in tanglefoot. Froth masses on birch, noted about July 10 and enclosed in twig cage, produced adult the 23d of July, 1920. Yellow birch is apparently the most infested of any of the trees of the vicinity. The general distribution is emphasized by their occurrence on birch in dense forest and it is quite probable they may be occasionally abundant in the tree tops that are out of reach of observation and constitute a distinct drain on the growth of the trees. Cranberry Lake, July 30-31, 1917; July 2-31, 1920. Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917. Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. 28 New York State College of Forestry Clastoptera proteus Fitch. Also a very common species but apparently restricted more to the lower or very moist locations and occurring on heath plants, especially blue berries and cranberries. Cranberry Lake, July 28, 1917; Aug. 1, 1917; (Nymphs) July 3-6, 1920; (Adult) Aug. 10-11, 1920. Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917. Family MEMBRACIDAE Ceresa diceros (Say). This species, which is abundant in some locations, has not been observed commonly and probably is restricted to some food plant which is not abundant here. Cranberry Lake, Aug. 1 and Sept. 15, 1917. Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917. Ceresa bubalus (Fabricius). The Buffalo tree-hopper, which is such a very abundant species throughout the country, occurs here only sparingly and is evi- dently not a forest species but adapted to open areas or particu- larly to annuals or shrubs. Where abundant, the eggs being de- posited in branches or twigs of trees have occasioned very consider- able injury, but owing to its scarcity it might be considered of no economic importance for this region and probably for the Adirondacks generally. Cranberry Lake and Barber Point, Aug. 9, 1920. Wanakena (Ranger School), Aug. 12, 1920. Ceresa basalis Walker (Fig. 14, a and b). This is the most common species of the genus for the Adirondack region and is found in low ground on the grasses and annual plants., It is sufficiently abundant to be counted distinctly in- jurius for the plants on which its occurs. The species is northern in its distribution and, except for high land, shades out into about the latitude of the Adirondacks. Cranberry Lake, July 28, Aug,.1, 1917; Sept. 15, 1917; July 30;. 1920: Aug) 103i Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917. Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. Fig. 14— Ceresa basalis Walk: a, adult; 6, nymph. oO Homoptera of Cranberry Lake Region 29 Carynota stupida (Walker) (Plate III). This is the most abundant species observed affecting on forest trees in the region and more detail is given in the section devoted to its life history. Cranberry Lake, July 28, 1918; nymphs abun- dant on birch, July 2-15, still present July 29, 1920; adults, July 18, Aug. 11, 1920. Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917. Vig. 15,—Scars from egg deposition of Telamona on aspen. About natural size. Photo by Fivaz. Carynota marmorata (Say). Cranberry Lake, July 26, 1917. Telamona declivata Van Duzee (Figs. 15 and 16). This species. has been noted as quite common on willows and might be considered an economic species if the willows were of greater commercial value. Cranberry Lake, July 11; Aug. 4, 1OTG. Telamona barbata Van Duzee (Fig. 17, a, b and c). The specimens referred to here agree closely with description by Van Duzee, except that the marking are more profuse. Telamona reclivata Fitch. Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917. A single nymph which may very probably belong to this species was taken from poplar. 30 New York State College of Forestry Telamona coryli Fitch. Wanakena, July 15 and Aug. 12, 1920; beaten from Corylus. Th sil Re Suda a PR PRU Ro ra Fig. 16.—Telamona declivata Fitch: a, adult (side view) ; b. Outline of nymphal skin; c, Outline of head from above. Publilia concava (Say). A common, often abundant species of wide range but not taken here except at the Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. Campylenchia latipes (Say). Cranberry Lake, Sept. 15, 1917, July and Aug., 1920. Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. Very common, especially where leguminous plants furnish appropriate food. Fig. 17.— Telamona barbata Van D.: a, adult (side view) ; b, Outline of nymph; ec, side view; d, outline of head from above. Enchenopa binotata (Say). Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. Microcentrus caryae (Fitch). Cranberry Lake, July 11, 1917. Homoptera of Cranberry Lake Region 31 Family CICADELLIDAE Agallia novella (Say). Taken especially in undergrowth of trails and along tote roads and probably feeds on quite a varied list of food plants. State Forest Camp, Barber Point, July 3, 1920. Adults, collected at the Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. Agallia 4-punctata Provancher. Much less common than the preceding species and probably somewhat limited as to food plants, occurring in woods near the trails. It has been recorded as common on cultivated crops but may be considered of practically no economic importance for this region. State Forest Camp, Barber Point (adults), July 3, 1920. Wanakena, Aug. 12, 1920. Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. Agallia oculata Van Duzee. A single specimen taken here appears to be distinctly identical with the form described as oculata, the common range of the species being south and into the tropical parts of the continent. Agallia sanguinolenta (Provancher). A common species where clover or other legumes occur. In other localities this species is of very distinct economic importance as it attacks cultivated crops, but in the Cranberry Lake region it is only found in the trails or tote roads where introduced grasses or clover furnish it a good basis. Most of the individuals cap- tured were rather small in size compared with the forms taken in other localities. Cranberry Lake in July and Aug., 1920. Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. Wanakena, Aug. 12, 1920. Idiocerus amabilis Ball (Plate I, Fig. c.) Quite common on willows, especially along Sucker Brook and in the East Flow on willows which overhang the water. Newly transformed adults are a brilliant yellow-green with golden luster. Head and pronotum brown with lighter marking; vertex solid green at sides, brown on central part except narrow whitish median stripe. The face for the upper part is like the vertex below the ocelli green. The antennae light green at base and the bristles dark; underneath, except for the mesothorax, brilliant green. The tarsi whitish with the spurs and claws black. Cran- berry Lake, July 18-24, 1920. Wanakena, Ranger School, July 15 and Aug. 12, 1920. Idiocerus formosus Ball. Taken along stream and probably feeds on willows. Cranberry Lake, Aug. 3, 1920. Idiocerus pallidus Fitch. Common on various species of willow and one of the most abundant forms upon this plart. It is apparently pot capable of 32 New York State College of Forestry living on other food plants so that its economic importance is re- stricted to the value of the willow. State Forest Camp, July 2. Grasse River, July 22, 1920. Wanakena, Aug. 12, 1920. Idiocerus suturalis Fitch (Plate I, Figs. a and b). Forest Camp, July 2, 1920. Grasse River, July 22, 1920. Wanakena, July 29 and Aug. 12, 1920. Idiocerus alternatus Fitch. Common on poplars and willows and one of the more abundant forms of the genus. This occurs over wide territory and in a num- ber of more or less distinct varieties. State Forest Camp, July 5, 1920. Grasse River, July 22, 1920. Idiocerus subnitens Sanders and Delong. Numerous specimens, taken at Barber Point on willow, 1917, 1919 and 1920. aes (hese || NO) 62/2 1 £2/L I 91/2 I ot/L j ts ca 61/8 | T ¥/8 i ¥o/L I 8I/L I BI/L I aT SS hades alec Seoc 10) ¢/8 i €2/L ‘08/L z Se j GI/L ‘TI/L z PL . 3S See ae pap Ome me || Mea Te 0 82/L i 91/2 ‘ST/L z @I/L ‘IT/L j Tan eee |e cee TL ie 6T uns: s es. = S 80} 8C “ON o78q ‘ON 807 8C “ON, 807 8C] ‘ON 8048, ‘ON ‘ON 8048q “ON 80} 6(7 R aoe tp eed ee | eo ee et ae ws ; = ; seat ee osu Ce sep 0% SBP ET sup GL sup G 9 WSVIOAY i) by ne = = eee UCT 3 “SUp EZ-CT ‘sep 91-9 ‘SBP 6-G ‘SUP 9-f 1-G SOWOIPX GT daHoOLv yy aiv'] .) g i ¢ | fe i SUVISNT IVHdIWAN soDqyT SOTNOSAIAN SIaVN 166 The Infe History of Two Species of Nabidae DATE on (or) Crorororvordrerorer ort or Gr Orci or cron revere or for or AvuGusT This table shows the temperature changes thru-out the three months of June, July and August. oren or ou NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF FORESTRY Bibliography BANKS, NATHAN. 1910. Catalogue of Neo-Arctic Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Amer. Ent. Soc., pp. 1-103 (Reduviolus roseipennis Reut., p. 22) ; (Reduviolus rufusculus Reut., p. 23); (Reduviolus assimilis Uhler, p. 23). BRUNNER, L. and SwEenk, H. H. 1907. Some Insects injurious to Wheat during 1905-1906. Neb. Bul. 96 Vol. XIX, Article 3, pp. 1-36 (Nabis Ferus Reut., pp- 17-18). DoucLas and Scort. 1865. The British Hemiptera-Heteroptera, pp. I-XII+1-628 (Nabidae, pp. 547-556). DRAKE, C. J. 1922. Technical Bul. N. Y. State Col. For., No. 16. Rm, i. P: 1906. Insects Affecting Park and Woodland Trees. N. Y. Mus. Mem. 8, Vol. 2, pp. 333-877 (Nabis rufusculus Reut., p. 688, Fig. 207). GARMAN, H. and JEWETT, H. H. 1914. Life History and Habits of the Corn-ear Worm. Ky. Ag. Sta. Bul. 187, pp. 513-591. (Coriscus ferus Reut., pp. 585-586. ) Ginterm, ©. Pesand! Banc. ©) hy. 1895. A Preliminary List of the Hemiptera of Colorado. Ag. Exp. Sta. Bul. No. 31, Tech. Series No. 1, pp. 1-137. (Corisecus punctipes Reut. and Coriscus rufusculus Reut., p 59.) JXTRKALDY. 1901. Aumerkungen tiber Bemerkenswerte Nabinen. Wien. Ent. Zeit., XX, pp. 219-225. (Reduviolus chewkeanus, p. 224.) Letuierry, L. ET SEVERN, G. 1893. Catalogue des General Hemipteres, Tom. 111, pp. 1-275. (Nabis roseipennis Reut., p. 211); (Nabis rufusculus Reut., Poalh). Osporn, H. 1918. The Meadow Plant Bug, Miris dolobratus. Jour. Ag. Research, Vol. XV, pp. 1-681. (Nabis ferus Linn., pp. 194-197.) OsBOoRN and DRAKE. 1922. Technical Bul. N. Y. State Col. For., No. 16. IPARSHEEnY. Ee Vinee 1914. List of Hemiptera-Heteroptera of Maine. Psyche, Vol. XXI, No. 5 (pp. 139-149) (Reduviolus rufusculus Reut., p. 143). PARSHLEY, H. M. 1917. Fauna of New England, 14. List of Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Occasional Papers of the Boston Society of Nat. Hist. VIIL., pp. 1- 119. (Nabis roseipennis Reut. and Nabis rufusculus Reut., p- 66.) PARSHLEY, H. M. 1919, On Some Hemiptera of Western Canada. Occasional Papers on Mus. of Zoo. No. 71, pp. 1-35. (Nabis rufusculus Reut. and Nabis roseipennis Reut., p. 28.) PARSHLEY, H. M. 1920. Hemiptera from Peaks Island, Me., pp. 1-8. (Nabis rufusculus Reut. and Nabis roseipennis Reut., p. 4.) Poprius, B. und BererotH, E. 1920-1921. Betitrage Zur Kenntnis Der Mymecoiden Heteropteren, pp. 1-88. (Nabididae, pp. 85-87.) REUTER, O. M. 1872. Of. Vet. Akad. Forh., XXIX No. 6, p. 89. Reuter, O. M. 1872. Oefv. Kgl. Vet. Akad. Forh., XXIX No. 6, p. 92. REuTER, O. M. 1890. Revue d’Ent., IX, p. 308. REvuTER, O. M. 1908. Bemerken tiber Nabiden nebst Beschreibung neuer Arten. Mem. Soe. Ent. Belg., XV, pp. 87-130, p. 118. SHANNON, R. C. 1914. Habits of Some Tachinidae. . Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., D. C., XVI, No. 4, pp. 1-IV+pp. 1-85. (Reduviolus roseipennis Reut., p. 182.) SmirH, J. B. 1909. Insects of New Jersey. Ann. Rept. of N. J. State Mus., pp. 1-888. (Reduviolus roseipennis Reut. and Reduviolus rufusculus Reut., p. 150.) Snow, F. H. 1904. Lists of Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera and Hemiptera Kansas Uni. Sei. Bul., Vol. 11, No. 12, pp. 323-349. (Nabis pun- citipes Reuter, p. 348.) STAT. Oe 1873. Enumeratio Hemiptorium, Vol. 1-5, Band. II. pp. 1-163. (Coriseus roseipennis Reut. and Coriscus rufusculus Reut., p. 113.) [Ujrsnnniey Jes ey 1876. List of Hemiptera of the Region West of the Mississippi river, in- cluding those collected during the Hayden Explorations of 1873... Bul. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. of Terr’s, pp. 1-95. (Coriscus punctipes Reuter, p. 60.) Unt PAR: 1878. Proe. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. XIX. (Coriscus assimilis Uhl., p. 422.) UntEr, P. R. 1886. Check List of Hemiptera of North America, pp. 1-29, p. 23. VAN Duzee, E. P. 1894. A List of Hemiptera of Buffalo and Vicinity. Bul. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci., pp. 167-224. (Coriscus roseipennis Reuter and Coriscus rufuseulus Reut., p. 183.) Van Duzze, EH. P. 1905. A List of Hemiptera taken in the Adirondack Mountains. 20th Rept. N. Y. State Ent. Bul. 97, pp. 359-597. (Coriscus rufusculus Reut., p. 550.) Van Duzex, EH. P. 1916. Check List of Hemiptera of America north of Mexico, pp. I-X+1-110. . (Nabis roseipennis Reut. and Nabis rufusculus Reut., p. 33.) Van DuzeEs, E. P. 1917. Catalogue of Hemiptera of America North of Mexico. Pp. I-IVX-+1-902. (Nabis roseipennis Reut. and Nabis rufusculus Reut., p. 282.) Woops, W. C. 1915. Blueberry Insects in Maine. Me. Ag. Exp. Sta. Orno Bul. No. 244, pp. 250-288. (Nabis rufus- eculus Reut., pp. 283-285.) Explanation of Plates 1. Portion of grass-stalk showing hatched eggs and egg-caps of N. rufus- culus, much enlarged. 2. Portion of raspberry stalk dissected showing eggs of N. roseipennis, much enlarged. 3. Portion of grass-stalk with protruding white hoods of eggs of N. roseipennis, much enlarged. 4. Portion of raspberry stalk showing protruding hoods of eggs of N. roseipennis. 5. Dissected stalk of grass showing eggs of NV. rufusculus, greatly enlarged. 6. Grass-stalk showing hatched eggs and egg-caps of N. rufusculus, much enlarged. 7. Distal end of egg of N. rufusculus (hatched), showing egg-cap and attachment, much enlarged. 8. Egg of N. rufusculus, much enlarged. 9. Dissected grass-stalk showing eggs of NV. roseipennis, greatly enlarged. 10. Grass-stalk showing hatched eggs and hoods of NV. roseipennis. 11. Distal end of hatched egg of NV. roseipennis showing hood and attach- ment, much enlarged. 12. Egg of N. roseipennis, much enlarged. 13. Nymph of N. roseipennis, first instar, magnified 35 dia. Body of nymph appears shrunken away from body-wall in some places, probably due to the effect of the preservative. This phenamenon has occurred in a number of cases. 14. Lateral view of nymph of N. roseipennis, Ist instar. Magnified 35 dia. 15. Nymph of WN. roseipennis, beginning 2nd instar. Magnified 15 dia. 16. Nymph, about 4th instar in process of moulting. Magnified about 13 dia. 17. Nymph of N. roseipennis beginning 3rd instar. Magnified 15 dia. 18. Nymph of W. roseipennis beginning 4th instar. Magnified 14 dia. 19. Nymph of WN. roseipennis end 4th instar. Magnified 14 dia. 20. Nymph of N. roseipennis beginning Sth instar. Magnified 12 dia. 21. Nymph of NW. roseipennis end of 5th instar. Magnified 12 dia. 22. Mature nabid, N. roseipennis. Magnified 11 dia. 23. Nymph of WV. rufusculus, lst instar. Body somewhat distorted by aleohol. Magnified 26 dia. 24. Nymph of WN. rufusculus, end 2nd instar. Magnified 16 dia. 25. Nymph of N. rufusculus, end 3rd instar. Magnified 16 dia. 26. Nymph of NW. rufusculus, end 4th instar. Magnified 17 dia. 27. Nymph of WN. rufusculus, end 5th instar. Magnified 17 dia. 28. Mature nabid, NV. rufusculus. Magnified 13 dia. 29. Ventral of last segment of female abdomen of NV. roseipennis showing ovipositor in normal position, also parts dissected. The inner and middle pairs of structures are here shown in approximation. Magnified 13 dia. 30. Ventral view of last segment of female abdomen of N. rufusculus show- ing ovipositor in normal position, also all parts of structure dissected. Mag- nified 15 dia.- 31. Lateral view of. posterior of male abdomen of NV. roseipennis, showing elaspers. Magnified 11 dia. 32. Clasper of N. roseipennis, from right side. Magnified 56 dia. 33. Lateral view of posterior of male abdomen of NV. rufusculus, showing claspers. Magnified 11 dia. 34. Clasper of NV. rufusculus, from right side. Magnified 61 dia. Plate XII. Plate XIII. Plate XVI. Plate XVII. a Plate XVIII. Plate XIX. INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES A. PAGE Pepaatn Tee LCUGT CH UG ag ENE Nes ek bs sk Sib. eeqaawe lh besba enka sees 14 Eee PAIS. ALOLTCORAM HOMES sao. «oye e sis ae yess ee oss ois cw gemma e we 13, 22, 37 MENMOSUSS (OSC HIRE ke mPa nts A sictica sa 1a/A Wns crave ernln ed Saapncsins ore EE 18% 837/ SE OM EOTIS, THPIGUSRAWUY Ay ns Se ood ies orc cfs Geo cs jay este eens bean 72 Saree eta TILE UI VV ERICKA PERN ete oi ac Fa Selale civ sas ode dds 4.5 cs si eebe sheen 18 PremmUHOVe ele (tin Me meee ce ancl <. Sats 5 acy eye Sk Mia's wayne wean epee eae 31 ERC AbA, EMO VAMP Tare aie eh. Aco Kale aoe SS ow oss Woe edhe ass al een 31 OCuULata «Wan UZee Mere sts tole.c/aie-¢ © clei ahe Seas chs oes ce.dl Saas Santevesbe ness 15, 31 SUN NOLH ee PEROGABCNED I. <0) Do chs tos ends oes oo Re ee came ene 22,31 el@Orey CHU OORUA OUI) “(GIRS TIES TH) | Ne ie 8 ae a are I Mm oA tar 13, 46 MAY CISRCONS PEDIUN MN OMA OM crys stl oars etean cchats ea. 6, 5 vs SiG ous Hehe) Pe ae 59 SMPs (SER) dong. os oa/e ae Bae Bhd Gee een ee ICI Been ei asin Sec 59 PATEL ATLCO MNS GANS Meme CTS fre setae ngs ciate) «steve nic, ayaie'ay «te isteye.reha ole las oO ekeee 22, 60 STUD OK ee MLE Teaeeeepet se) ee rch Net shat chclcy oye) eit «AO in ate ey, es EL Co 21 Ieee Less) ELTON) SISAL, ox .voxaklss too cloxenerreetey ts «|. WIMre s Bigs Ge he Re 30 eR AG Hn: CUMMINGS i 7, sude a Sawa Wetec « «odin: v.c DOO Lee lhe Bs 133 170 New York State College of Forestry PAGE Carynota marmorata . Say... .... 2.0. c sees cess cele oe dyes se 29 BtUpld deVeer soot alo. Ske iepieinuc © cist tune one geen ee 29, 87, 88, 89 Ceratocapsus (Melinna) modestus (Uhler)........ bale ae 14, 77 pumilisn (Wher) I 2e..2 «bs Ge eine eeise © ale eiet eae Cer 22.10 @eresa: basalts’ Walkers... 5 ccs soe es ae @ 2 cfohe Ope eer 28 bubalus. (Rabricitis')) ... 2.2.0.6 «2.2 ss vie se wee ey os Rie ee 28° AICETOS: (SAY). oe aie jere cies to's ene sess ee eagle eee + ad kee or 28 Chermes: pinicorticis’ Bitch... 22.606 ie ee oe te ees 0 er 99 PINITOLAS NLECH 2.7. 5. Wile oie aisvsisias oles ce Ogle s © = Oke eek 100, 104 Chiracanthium ‘viride (Bim) !.. 0.0. 2. 0 ois aces = cele ei heinte oc eee 18 Chlamydatus pulicarius’ (Wallen)... 2... 2.06 en. «ot pee yon 80 Chiloroehroawhiert ‘Stalls 0...) fs cael. aie Sails es oe ee 56 Chiorotetiix Iusorius (Osborn) & Ball). 02. Jo.) eo. ee eae 45 unicolor, (Hitech). s.c)6 25's cele es ak dave we che le creme Tater eae 45 \ Ag bie a ae rn PERRIS Ce ye 14 GHEYSOPaaS Pacis ioe trse ccs oisle a sieese tue wie elect chee #teyer theta eed 65, 113 Cicadella~gothica” (Signoret)...........2..2. .s0s0 ne che 43 35 Cicadula : pallida, (Osborn) 2... 6 os. ee caine eee Sere reaches oe er 15, 46 G-notatal (Wallen). 2 ..carie hs ase se loleet tee aioe eee erent 13, 46 slossonil. Van’ Duzee .... 0... ss tive oo a ale eel bis aie ls SOI 46 Vea AGA (MAGI) sc o's gcse 'o uyers 5s a sven a woe roenen te aise elec 13, 45 Cimexsiectularius: “(Ghinnaeus)'...... 2.525.028 one een oe eee 13, 66 @ixausmisellus: Wan Duzee. 2... 0 se c:sjae ois oro ose errepseietes oh eee 49 Pela WH TGEE or oe acim os seine ane wie a. 05 5/el BieNS alcatel once cena eee 49, 50 Clastoptera obtusa’ Says. cic . =. ste aac laterspeie te See te 22, 23, 27, 58 PTO LE Use HIGH 5 xa. 3/ ayaies c's ave eherw ers sla els ehecgicyen eta ouous Cie ick ee ee 28 Cl PIOM ASD se e-5, spss ei cicis @ = cia ole Eso see wie eloleisioete erate et beet tae 18 Coccobaphes sanguinarius Uhiller... 2... 22.30 cls ee os vee 73 Coenus Tdelius. (Say)... 5.) es ae 0 ease @ eis ee eee err 21, 56 Collaria, meilleurii Provancher ... 022 35...622c dee een eee eee 21,70 oculatas (Reuter)... 6. sos. cao. we Oe ee ee ee 70 Coriarchne versicolor Keys.):). 2. ¥ .c) eats = oem Saint shes iis 17 TABU STs eew EL CIUZis ee rae eats ey SEAM Sy «lve! o: : 0 cio Dieter DIRENatG ole iermterc 22, 62, 63 172 New York State College of Forestry PAGE Hupteryx, favoscuta ¢Gillette.... 2.06 660. cee od vc eee 20, 47 flavoscuta Gillette Var. nigra Osborn...............:...0-eeeee 20, 47 vanduzeigiGallette ts 2. crospdGdsw soe e boc a de ola ae neces eee 20, 47 Horopiellarabida “(CUbler) 2.5. veka ve canoe poe 21 Hurygaster alternmatus (Say) .f!..2 5. cee ss cedenac+e cee eee 54 Muscelis:angustatus (Osborn) <5... 0.2.20... +s. es eecinb ee ee 15, 42 urctostaphyls (Ball) 252... 62... ss 0c.¢ 2 Sha 4 sels a's 6 oe 15, 41 anchracinus (Van Duzee)) 2... 64... tiem as 2 aa ae 41 Comae (Sein MOINES lye s chee. os oss kos. 33254 oo pee ee 15, 22, 42 CuLntisne(Curtisin) t(Riteh)) 2.00. . .2 6 2. an oe eee ee 42 Gecepetig SsanGeren te DELONO (el. ch nu we eee a ocr ec 15, 41 elongatus e(Osborm))) 55 2 .53.<.0s sks sod sd be oe ee eee 15, 42 extrususs (Vian! Duzee) Pi... SoS cred s Babs acide ge ee eee 4] num drses (OSHOTIMN) IR foe. .cc 2 2.2.5 os 20s sie «Sie, ooh eee 15, 21, 42 instabilis;( Van Duzee)! ...... 2. 6.+.-sa0du beeec oul ee se ae 21, 42 ObSOle Game Beara ir ceteris 6 Gisidw.< oie drdartadie-c acd. «6 eke elena eae ee 13 SLLGIENLEU IIIS Brg cece. b pas eee ane ne ERE RRRCM MN eS 13 Strioltisme Gallen): 5.) S025. a<. osaksls ons oe 8b a a eee 13, 41 ublerinn(Ball) Pete tet oo. kad nies os bok a OOn ke eee 41 Vacciniiy (Vian Dizee )) oi. ssn cate sod bane eat eee 21, 42 Huschistus) euschistoides' (Vollenhoven)):...........4..so5 oo eee 56 GIS GLOMUS HWS EY A)s wes otesietev sis: hale’ s dle snchn ave apasetetel ik oe a pee 22, 56 yanlolariusa(olisot de Beanvois)) ... 00... +. oles eee 56 Hyacanthussacuminatus (Hapricius) ...........+-e25 seen see 13, 36 F. Formica sanguinea Latr, sub sp. rubicunda Emery.................. 87 G. GaleatuspeckhamipAshmead)-oe...4. 52.05. sae aeeee 13, 66, 105, 107, 108, 109 Garganus, fusiformis: (Say)... 2.00... 25235. eee ae. tee 72 Geoconris ulicimosus) (Say). 0. cencs co nck 2 A ee 63 PUliAtUs PSAY AS Lk wot ese ee tel oais ae as wos a ee ee 63 uliginosus lateralis. Wiebers.. .. 0.0. ei; see oe See 63 Gerris argenticollis, Parghley ..... 226. 65..5++0+ 0405. snee eee 80 bueno “Karkaldy 5... ..5.65 2 Sik hess divs see eee 21, 80 TRAEOURADUS) DAY ois. 6 3 co. de on he w thal «2 eo eee eer 21, 80 ESM OHA OMG peeve oi. 2 esol ie SS lee ie tw tes ees al er 80 mutoseutellatus, «(zatreille’), 45 ces so ee eee ee 13, 21, 80 Graphocephala ‘coccinea (Forst) . 2... 20.5..5.+ 2.3085 0an- oe eee 20, 35 Cypona “oeto-lneata <(iSay)\... 25.2 vac $20 ose oe eee ee 20, 36 Ee Halicus: apterus® Winn £200... 0 05... oes sss. ane oon ee ee 14 Helochara. communis. Witel (2) .5.05....62.6.0e0ne seen 1 ee 35 Helophora insignis, (Bik) Thor.:...........2.. 2.2.2... er 18 Homaemus- aeneifrons (Say):.<......0s0...2 0) 2.2 cee eee eee 2) 54. 55 Horcias, dislocatus (Say)- ..). 6 2... .i0.ss sec see cones eee 72 dislocatus affinis (Reuter) .....0...05..5 06... «8s sn+crae ee 73 dislocatus limbatellus (Walker). 250...-2 50.5. 5-05 te HOrMmaphis; PAPYTACEAL ©). oy. eiecs.2 «ess ws Byeie + olde evel eu. « 53 IV rerna eas SP.) oa. 5 otal irns «sek cy avayarspele) a Shes vhorslebele loro eee ee 20 Etyalloides: vitripennis. (Say); sis.2..0.be. . ices en ete ae 22008 Pty lognmns= Pichhose 20 5053. Soca > ¥akeAsic «eae ou Re 143, 144, 145 Hylocuras-alienus Wichhs ~. 580. .2>. sacl ooo eee 143 elegans Hrchihy, 2... S2h.::,. Heats eters vale es eae ee 143 gusetier Mrchhy 05 2. oss, Bald ah toe 0 143 Index to Genera and Species 173 I PAGE MATGOCETUISa Lenn avousmHiGe mir Geist, s Aclcfsic ceorecre os Sida eee eee Dre SAUTESRESTLES ee oUt ewan etree att oat cote habit tats see te ate A Le 15, 22, 31, 34 A eaUNCMSTTE PEN ERAS tae ota fads 3 diatales oe tks’ bs ko CLS elk oon ee 31 DHE VION eM Renee Sein eie cscs bs eee bent a hia eden eee: 22, 32, 94, 95 erebeiig) a tbe lem me ed kes, rend Leth hak Hate oe on wine ohn eae PEM eANENCKs | Want EACE PMs te i LULA de eo othe en bs ln tee oak 32 RUB MICS 8 SANGeLAm em OLON Go eiiec bis Soe knees moet tee 15, 32 SOUP TIE USA DIED. 045" Aig, 3. Gach eRe aA oe A A Sr EL 32, 34, 94 [imereiiery ariep hae (UIE 3 oS Fok Bee Aenea nee RCA eee oe aU A RL de 21,79 SRNL SEONG 5 TiS, ADP mE IRN See ETAL e New a wae Oe ele lene 137, 140 ETUICLONG see Cuerenmer meer tn tetegt ess. ata lateve sy eile ties alee cee oe ane 138 PONPAG ONS ES Wereeintee Picton eee oases bosib seb iaebteach wdikaieve ce hate cue seu ee 138 [De Seni) OAS So ocd Bad do oA en) a ai ee Mee ete a 67,119 lechnorrhynchuss cennnanus! "(Say ) ict... fais. hs) es ss decs lee. 21, 22, 61, 62 K Bier d ps Cec LL SUA IO Sp ein 0) ca ava a ace Bk ood, eas 4, fs a» Bd oy ORO 51 L. Weal Opp chia La Cea aesig dea Oy ae teen ay ota Fh oy Vc tes a) 5) «7.50% ais, s/t 2 Sverre sy eomcar aeyavokes lea rig MACCINET A) ViLGIPeUM en WELIOUIUTER ee ign s a iaiv sis sve sce een nackio Assen 21, 51 HEM COSEUING: ALTA yee Pree Pele oe shone ole = 1a/s Ss 'a.0. s\4 01d d)inv web ebsyralasbcbanetems) a Waarae 160 be pyrene. “Acre UN TAN PNY cil ris ereta les = > ob 'e # pinla Siviel buses) | Glee em Cre 14 ei DULUIa CAMPEStIS meV DUZCCE nits ai = <5) sos, - 5 Rated =) siclstela's) shee ESS 22, 51 Tt len Cape Vane Ze Cees emeik fate Packets as « ¢ (« 3) Seder ee. 6 6 ela eo heat iS eye CLONE 51 PURI ot PUA UCITINI ee Aaah Nie Sete as» = sip op, oe ws oR Wn LO 51 UCN) Wel PI ZeR Nee Pea et ne ek scp ons sca, ani > 2 oie oo Soe CSE 51 (Lilia lepia chi (Soy Oe keel a a re Pees ey or ee re 51 OY PO COTIS (COMME RU A ELY/) Where mies 6's fose ed ce She std Sw eles acl A Stele ge 63 OLPOR DADE. {(LULOLSTE)|, oe eG td cncns, G SOD ORR ERCIE Oia ee GET egO Oe co cose 63 MUTA poruichy MMR RTL open IONE, gc pga mises Sn see. cs « Hale pits la ew coe meee omabe 18 mop hocarenummiorenses(GaAmb)) erp bye -i-)- cease sche eons espe ee oe eee IES. Soden eM Say Nes - cd se tetas ey oes, «) « fd Dehekade iam iat eeee 22,78 io Pusmaecolor y (GH AMleM) rcmtac oie Hartel s/o «sais 5 = of here Stale spate © o egeteie Ceusuepe 79 Lygaeus kalmii-angustomarginatus Parsh.....................-.. 22,59, 61 Lygidea rubecula (Uhler ) nits creo. d: 610 NE SEI SG TE ein on ek, 73 UEC Ua O MACHT A MRE UCT Eee cyayeicccle, «leraicl.<(ete.nicyeisisiaie ete a\ cra ates are ote 73 AVDay, tl cere La Ni NCEE Ga One eae evra pe psec oY ef) sh sic. tee laine sl ac nacete egear c-bua ceiees chee 74 OPE OM Ab Uses Goa mens Os es SeNs Yoci ada cia Sie eo. ey. 3 als o's aro. Se ean 74 AERUGY IS PRP Gee ee eee mia cic bowie Scie clea e deca EIS Nba es aA 22, 74 BUCA ISM MODE Barat ree ar afer Sitte tage: ae 21, 66 Mesamiaevitellinay “(Babeh’) 52). . 2). 5 ic.0 0.2 co, © ce erst seh ai chs b Sree oe ea 37, 96 Mesovelianwmulsanti IWihitels:... <<... 2.22 se. 26 Ses 2s 2 eee 68 Metrobates) hesperiusy UWihler.... <2... ese <010 ois oie mole) atc ei ee 23, 81 Miicraeism le CONLG wey Ae cam Giclees. os 3 oS Give oars lus aera ee 142, 143, 144, 145, 146 Micracis! bicornus) Blackman... = 5. 56:56 3:51 © 6:0 ees
cel eleversie closet tence aan 145 WVU AMEE s coeic dic > oes lovers osare See. #8. 4,510 oes jel Oe ee 144. 145 OPACICOllisT MEO Goi ce ae be 6. osc n ew sles bem eb i eee er 144, 145 POPUPS W Maw. Soc cae cae seetdce en ce es eanee a en 145 MUP GETS GE CAH oie ote foecedee dois re satel eles% ia.e\e ibys @yorets,so cea oR a OTR nae 145 SULEIMAN 6 GUC CS o/c 5's. oe wd cicie sive ew eie soo sie) sume oe. (ogee = ora eee 145 SWING T MS LAGKINATI, occ se cue) s, eee © alo ereres ss ene eons ore 1 G1 ae ee 145 Mieracanthias humilis’ (Say)... 11... coc ees. oo cl ncietye ou-tenate=t=| teen 20, 83 Macrocentrusscanyae ) (Hiteh )\ 2). 6... osacc 61 oo ledclete 2 foleueetetele ele elena 30 Microvelia, americana Uhler 2.2.0 oc ce wc ss clove a) «etereolena oi alele fe oven ene nenene 82 POLEAIIS PRBUCTION «6.5.6 ¢.c:600 et ous oot Ss ecevee © ccs ela ele ena tne etanOn ne nen nena 82 bienoi Drake 122s si22,c css oles 4 aie. sclevw sis Senos ere ene ee 21, 82 Mimoceps’ gracilis Wher... . 2. ....050586 56600 = tle seein = oe er 71 Mineus strigipes. (Hlerrich-Schaeffer) ........3. f0.5. t26)h cee eee 58 Marisid olobratuss (EMM aeUs)) seo ocho cie oo.c\ ee « ol cl roreneneenny ens ate 13, 69, 70, 71, 149 IMisumenarvatia, oClerck.: 0605.4 0s teas + ov 5 0 6 6s sys ernie iele: dete een 18 WV TPS ete ete ols ele o Ghoie: dyeja, ecb neuu 010s Wie’ © oi ae) nine ete en ee 18 Monaloconis: filtcis. (MANN aAelS)/s1s:. 0's re 10ers acer: cn ohenekoteleouh ot teal ps eee 13, 20, 77 Mormidea, lugens (Fabricius) ......)..00.0000 .cce cance nile © secon 56 Myodocha serripes Olivers... 6)... occ ee see Sinise cas am ololn el aielee ale 63 N. Nia bisiliatrenlles eicscce, cis c/ocaye, « Svea a 6, a eusteaoyellai 6! eroue ree ajeneieieler set cCr ot aero enema 151, 160 NG DISELOTUS a ClTINMACIS,) Sard less, «6 b:0ha cco cle @ overave olelovevelsrarstet Senet ean 1ay 69, 149 liberi agh abs ADSM POTS ae Chole reNeReteactS Gols ens Gas Ole oas od 6 o\c 13, 17, 21, 69, 70, 149 roseipennis Reuter.......... 17, 20, 22, 69; 108; 149; 150, 15d, 152, 154 158, 159, 160, 161, 164, 165 EUbusculuss heuteri.cei.. 2... 17, 20, 22, 69, 70, 108, 149, 150, 152, 154, 160, 161, 163, 164, 166 AUDCOLCOPLLALUS ITD) Wie << s 2's 25 01s 'e ove + ele sole semeteleel cielatp al eee 68, 149 Netdes -miticus’ (Say) ./ betes «122% in)« els, «ole steverere «She one ieee een 61 Neoboris) amoenus. (Retter) o.)-<..c.,..0 seies os a 0 cue del imc eneee Selene Te pubescens. Konig he 10.15.0702 5 56 ois ob es /s/o nie e's oe mele ee ee 75, 76 Neottigloasa undata (\Say))\. 6: <2 ev. os eile says w ole 01s ale os) eels eee 56 Neurocolpus mulbilts: (Saye -. <2 = oe « 2 cle eine oi pe felerie ieee 71 Notonecta, insulata, (inby... 22s). -0). 5 - - 10 seus oe 47 ee ees ee 85 UGK ENE be Oe Sets Aen Met eee MERE St SI Om Bat oc gc: 21, 84 yariabilis: Wieber 4. 25s. -0c< c.4:n5.6 6 9! o Ohisiernee eer oes ele eee 85 Nystus ericae, (Schilling) |. ..y.0.02..) 20 <2 ssineye as cals > =e ae eee 13; 21762 Gh CW OLE h oo af ok < cheteie, our do, ~ 1» Siebehe eieietes Sin iede 6 ar 61 -O. Ocdaneala- dorsalis @ (Sayin. ro serge oie sie, sickcug oieitehe cle 64 Pilophorus amoentUs: UBT 4... cae aie = win wos shee died steed soe weir eee 22,77, 78 lava pes, Winery Misses ss: ceewstoe olete is!» oiipere sieid a © i/o ial etepe pty apts 14 indian suai Deri rae co < seetee Scholes ws Mee «so idleyeqcta « alee eieheeee stare 18 PASSODGUUSEALOLs Lite Zee a crs sy eiemetens © yore» lithe © =) ictetevalotela «1 cucteushay Staaten 51 GOGAT VGH LAGE weet ier ct eines. ois «5 SERA ANSe Ness, 2 siece ann ate neste tpers 51 Pit yam eves MOP MUESU We oa 52s x wale Wein seho s+ © Mb eig a ele = bye wialelevitwys sao stase 67 176 New York State College of Forestry e PAGE Pityophthorus ena lsameus. 0. Spi. o.. 6 ou. ods ons eee 119, 121, 129, 133 LOW AIS Mest sscetenck lors esi atstee's e's sehen, ose ee 122, 124, 129 DRISCOGI FRI ASDie ie 2 dhe cle foe fondle oe eet oat 123 CANDACUSISHMISWeE Seas eset ea ade dss db ese ct aus so en eee 120, 121 GEnIntBONG AIP ISP ike: se ec kis Pk ee ide es See 125, 128, 129. 131, 135 granulatus Sw....... eeede Sea deeg se hoes i ac fees eee 119 LAUT RY, AML VO esse a: sd) sec) ia s oha.6 2 dale Gps anh en ee eee 138, 140 MUG Swe see ston. hha eeea5 2, 4k As das ge eee eee Wg OPACH MINCE ot. Shaw tassios etd SP a ee 119, 120, 128 PSUR AD a erst. Mel Ae ey site cold es Se ee 120, 129, 135 pubermluss sees ee is tn 2h ee ta oices eta 120, 128 pulchellus*Hichh (hirticeps, Lec): .:....\....)2 8031 eee 125, 126 pulicaring \Zimam |) les. os. SE ee eee 123 pusionihecs sso) \2 225 Hoa. oR SIL 126 Shepancuenens Me eerie weer eek he Spa ee £4 124, 128) 129135 Plagiognathus annulatus "Uhler:.. 2... 2:::.:s2.225..220) 5. ee 79 chrysanthemi “(Wolff) 0.6. sos oe eon i 13509) PR AKENUUS MONET 5 ooo eos k fo 8a. ues ghees bus ape ake eee 29 PUSCOSUS MEL TOVaNCheN’ G65 ods vs ccc css soe soda ee 22,79 OPSCUEUISSWINET Seo. cele ee ones ole © ylninehehentty SEO 14 FOUTS MUO oo. 5 5 ose 6 nos oe mes vine 2S bie wit ere ae ene er rR) SPs orc cess Pass 5 tee aS ee devs cle cce ie bee Sr aON eg eer aa 79 Bille, Melis eae = acco hace he Sale ts eae 0's les ancle alee, Chee eee eee een 80 Sey eee eens: tenes % cnc; y's, odie, rane Sieh ee evade ais aats ERO Oe aera 80 Miatylycus, luridus~ (Reuter)... . 62 <.2.. 5.65 «1 eotaaci ae pele eer 22, 73 Rlatymetopiusyjacutus (Say)... <4 .0- =<. 5 a5 teloeis Crease nee 38 AaCwuUS Var. (Say)! cinnamomeus, Osborn. >.-- > .-4e-m-- aoe eee eee 38 CuUprescens) HOsborn 3.6.6.8 seks wns 8s as 5 2s aes Re ee 39 macdalensissenOVaANnchen 9... 42 sas las ieee et bait Bets eee 39 Pilati tylellusvimsitrvisy (Say )\<,.0 oo ged sume Oo Moo CODleUuMOOCOnaU Date 18 THaeherGliqpiaa) AneGaeksohan Alanon ad oou oc ob Bb OceOO Cod OOO mano noboo ros JUS 18 TUUCTEEL CELL TIN) mem pemer erent eMMEMAL Sa forces, c oiiie aie) scchotelicy ss, e-eienavelas one ieng 18 Mh emis esi KAe nil ete EUOTUtZi han may. ateyestete ey siele i-leliepcliieioters (a « etelave el) ehelehehen 18 Dive CUStAOt IG MADLUCIUS) |S arcte siefeste ot Wea wes wis ve eles @ sm aoge Ss 21, 56 ae f° ee ‘ 178 New York State College of Forestry PAGE Thyreocoris ‘ater: ((Amyotand Serville) ........22..0:72 ee soe 55 pulicarius=s(Germar) 2 6.22 s%.2557 5% 04s sc na cheese oie 55 Tibellus duttoni Hentz. .s8\l.:...22. sence + cc's etc de nee eer 17,18 oblongus) (Walle)? tsccic.n ook ae te oe Genk eee er 17 SUID EGA AAEM a 2 8 ho Ea Se Ss "2 "> “s.70 (u's “oo "a 160" n'a Mol ase loce abate ae ee 24 MOVGDOTACENSIS: 42% 55.260 2 25452 yo ae eee te ee ee 24 sErbicen) canicularis; (UEVATYIS))s 4: 54..::56.:..<.25%%.05 meee eee 24 Trepobates: pictus: (‘Herrich-Schaeffer) ...:. 2.20... :.03 500 sos eee 23, 82 Trgonotylus, pulcher - Reuter:-...-.:.<)..). ices. wee. ae eee 71 PULMICONNIS (ACO ROY is os5 0 2.0 ce Fis Soe J od id ae ae ee 13;// 215860 ERrIO AA.) META PTA EOTE. 55+.A Lass rte iets one eoetare te le tie 0. 53 SEU CTS ise Case te tse rated te tates ahha a tata lovin ete Sao tee aire lee ei te rr 22 Bj] LDRACCUPICE Naa th ( eee ee ee are Ar A Eo St 14 rip hile pss MsStdOSUS Says v.22 1 5 eee ese, ais ces do eee etic ee eee ee ee 17, 22, 62, 68 PrOMP UGS PSPs a4 se cere rehere tee cove “oie is ste ha tes ono7d nstotate ye lo Oe oe eee 113 Try podendron: | hetwlae. xc... we v's elas ees We ale oe a ok rr 67 inthe toms Kary. <2. hwo es ee eee Smee © BR eee eee 67 yphlocyba_-comes: (Say) Vari... cs cu ee eete wet etles » ose 48 COTAE SE MSAD ie. totais cake bere tate ree Ginko aie ce eee lew EME See er 48 COMMMISSUTONLIS + s.c.0c ccs eee hee ssc e eee) Me 48 lethierryt = «Wdiwards . 2. 0e 2c cede isu slew + eke 48 CO} GTC LE (SE hg) tee cr Ge RMS GTO cc 22, 49 obliquaxvar.noevus: ‘Gillette’... '......shatitonyotes eet 49 ODIIGUASHVATS AMES TOM ce: 2..6 00.0% aie s a os eect aoe 2 ee 49 querer ((BiGeh)) 2. ae ec esd. 2 tiecis pee § el ieee te eee anon en 22, 48 querei var. bifasciata (Gillette & Baker) .40-:....:-... sseeeeeee 48 TOSAGH BGLOMDACTIS)\ a «o/s nce fecc oo w ines ure ct pee ay ce oe ee ee 48 tenerrima, (Elerrich-Schaeffer)).....<\.cse.c + eee: a er 48 X. Nestocephalus migrifrons Osborn... 2123. 2.2. ..9+-5-) + ee 15, 37 pulicarius: “Van. -Duzee.. 8.25 ce ee nie apie > oe 37 MyplechinusmamMeriGaAnus MN. SPs ....°. <-\c) eee een 117; 118, 128) W29 siete PUlOsuss Ratz ocd sii. ob 2s v's, we Ubi saree eee ereuete eye ene cl oanua a er 118 Mylocoris (Piezostethus) galactinus Wieb..222 5: ... 1.95.20 14 MVLOTERIMUS: POMGUS sc. 6 ss sa ee wee anes le ne aceiey puree ts ee re 67 Mysticus limbatus: Keys... 6.5.2.2 veidewe sem a ele setae -i ee 18 “s ee 2 mt 9 Av 7 : 1 ive ‘ me? "ih i ait ma is +) \ i im ete oa Mid " Dil 5 ate J \ oe en 1, Agenw 2 Sar peter AT d 0 6297 Rc bg % Pas oo ek Ps ae it ue } — Nene