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Siw tl om Our ets > ~—* Sow ode ‘ee ~ gee ae Jetere wus + 1nd whe weenie os yew te as « ees hee es aan : ++ on \) oe tae 7 P< Od Hommi remade es . lines rs 7 Cg eed vee ey) eee porn ‘2 Phe OF hah ahs > Poe UTS Lorre et ibtawedy 3 ahee seek =p © + ‘tne te ae . ‘er tewe ° Ta on aie ike ey dee PO bd Oe woe ad or eee ert oe ° =) wa Mr 6 tt te eet wnt FOAM Ae daew as 42 $04 repeed 1 ar Fe 1m Rb ed SR he ee OR hen Hh Oe ee oe te be Pbk ow etm (oe Pt ort ht or ee eer rh a8 bas Y erie oh batieteseteue 2. at ea ips Hwtone 8 be ohaet at ew er ob PR he etm tomy, a OOOO DP QO Oe w ae hd ae bam aioe The cemrapi a of Pere edn Cac! "OF 7p rtenten p91 bondi wiitiAdeeet wt eeaeil Leh rym: es eeery Att hee pacers + OO e OM ae unre rears .~ ayers Gaeedelatine aorert oiby6y: poreves es ee Ow rer ona ‘ Svinte raha tated a Syd hagheggabhenad am x ; canitt buh al oh sont Oe we ‘vwenere . C9 hme ao Fe ter Tee ee OF Gee eee alee | 40 ou +00 oder se th ie ohedy ea ee ik Pomnbew 4 Vonan Ad toteede ayeter Metre he OOO 6) ony meee Te py we leh de ooets et ; tbe heme: geet aah deh 4, h pediet dione Ah Nis cate . pal asdalaael ryt ee ee be arenes OOO He 1 pm we t PZe LIBRARY OF Sef B |P> THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDE) § ae : chan eh ‘ B : |) if »}i ile > x of! ; Ven i399 UM ROW Gibson: invt wi oa | = SSS —— ! |. —————E———————_——Eeees Cee Be Z 7 Volume XVil Jangary 1917 ovbeer! TECHNICAL PUBLICATION No. 5 OF THE NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF FORESTRY AT SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY HUGH P. BAKER, Dean . The Hardwood Distillation Industry in : New York BY NELSON C. BROWN Wood Utilization Series No. 1 Published Quarterly by the University Entered at the Postoffice at Syracuse as second-class matter Volume XVII January 1917 Number 1 TECHNICAL PUBLICATION No. 5 OF THE NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF FORESTRY AT SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY HUGH P. BAKER, Dean The Hardwood Distillation Industry in New York BY NEN Ys NELSON C. BROWN BOTANICAL Wood Utilization Series No. 1 Published Quarterly by the University Entered at the Postoffice at Syracuse as second-class matter oy GIF -/8 FACULTY OF THE NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF FORESTRY AT SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY JAMES ROSCOE DAY, S. T. D., D. C. L., LL.D., Chancellor of the University. HUGH POTTER BAKER, M. F. 1904 (Yale); D. Oec. 1910 (Munich), Dean of the College and Professor of Silviculture. FRANK F. MOON, B. A. 1901 (Amherst College; M. F. 1909 (Yale), Professor of Forest Engineering. MAULSBY WILLETT BLACKMAN, A. B. 1901 (Kansas) ; Ph. D. 1905 (Harvard), Professor of Forest Entomology. EDWARD F. McCARTHY, B. 8. 1911 (Michigan), Professor of Forestry at State Ranger School. NELSON COURTLANDT BROWN, B. A. 1906, M. F. 1908 (Yale), Professor of Forest Utilization. J. FRED BAKER, B. S. 1902 (Michigan Agricultural College); M. F. 1905 (Yale), Director of Forest Investigations. LEIGH H. PENNINGTON, A. B. 1907, Ph. D. 1909 (Michigan), Professor of Forest Pathology. JOHN WALLACE STEPHENS, A. B., M. 8S. F. 1907 (Michigan), Professor of Silviculture. CHARLES CHRISTOPHER ADAMS, B. S. 1896 (Illinois Wesleyan) ; M. S. 1899 (Harvard); Ph. D. 1908 (Chicago), Professor of Forest Zoology. HENRY R. FRANCIS, B. S. 1910 (Massachusetts Agricultural College) , Professor of Landscape Extension, SHIRLEY W. ALLEN, B. S. A. 1909 (Iowa State College), Professor of Forest Extension. (2) The Hardwood Distillation Industry in New York 3 SEWARD D. SMITH, A. B. 1909, M. S. F. 1907 (Michigan), Director of State Ranger School. REUBEN PARKER PRICHARD, B. S., 1907 (Dartmouth College) ; M. F. 1909 (Yale), Assistant Professor of Forest Products. HARRY P. BROWN, B. A. 1909, A. M. 1910, Ph. D. 1914 (Cornell), Assistant Professor of Forest Botany. LAURIE D. COX, A. B. 1903 (Acadia College) ; S. B. in Landscape Architecture 1908 (Harvard), Assistant Professor of Landscape Engineering. RUSSELL TAYLOR GHEEN, B. S. F. 1912 (Pennsylvania State Col- lege) ; M. F. 1914 (The New York State College of Forestry), Assistant Professor of Forest Extension. HOWARD BLAINE WAHA, B. 8S. 1909 (Pennsylvania State College), Assistant Professor of Forest Engineering. HENRY HARRINGTON TRYON, A. B. 1912, M. F. 1913 (Harvard), Assistant Professor of Forest Utilization. ALAN F. ARNOLD, Landscape Architecture (Harvard 1904-1908), Assistant Professor of Forest Extension. WILLIAM O. ELLIS, A. B. 1911 (Lebanon Valley College) ; M. S. 1913 (Iowa State College), Instructor m Forest Entomology. ALVIN G. SMITH, B. S. 1915 (The New York State College of Forestry), Field Assistant in Forest Investigations. WALTER W. CHIPMAN, B. S. 1893 (Wabash College), Cashier. 7 MILDRED E. WOOD, B. L. E. 1914 (Syracuse), Librarian. LILLIAN M. LANG, Secretary to the Dean. WILFRED L. BASSETT, Assistant Treasurer. ELIZABETH M. CONE, Recorder. MAY 23.1921] TRUSTEES OF JUE NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF FORESTRY. Ex OFFICIO Wire AMES km MAN. (Chancellor... 2 sci. seterteck eis Syracuse Univ. Dr Joun Huston FINLEY, Commissioner of Hdu- MD eRe Stolen hinge ecg Sakae yee wee ate aie New York City. Hon. Georce D. Prarr, Conservation Commis- New York City. UOT S OGRA AEEE Cho SRE aC eer oe 48 Het Hon. Epwarp ScHOENECK, Lieutenant-Governor.. Syracuse, N. Y. APPOINTED BY THE GOVERNOR Pon ai CAPARTR Sav ANDRE W'S cia) o.cceio = 2 ostattinue ness) ele Syracuse, N. Y. Hon AtexANDER : TL. BROWN. 1. 0:.% . peck 2 eae Syracuse, N. Y. HEV O Tiere OLIN aan OIGAINGN ary fcc seen oe sue ere ara ates Syracuse, N. Y. On eEVAROLD J) 5) CORNWIATIs saner st. scree es saclets Lowville, N. Y. Pian GO mORGE W. DEISCOLM 9955 eis Corea. 2 ae Syracuse, N. Y. Elon, pA N GIG: | ELENDRICKS:: «05 6c. 00h 62 hos a echo Syracuse, N. Y. Plone e en DRICK 1S. HOLDEN. 3M oi. 6. oh asc. e ok oe Syracuse, N. Y. on Owrs: MEARBITATI A sc,20.- 58s Giass - SLs a i} 4 PO, ® wr ru”. ) r <> a ~ Say ny . pun 6 ee my ig 7 p) ~ N . oe PREFACE In order to meet intelligently the demand for information about the distillation of hardwoods in New York State, the New York State College of Forestry decided to carry on as one phase of its research work, an investigation of the com- mercial methods used in the distillation of hardwoods in the State. This industry was started and largely developed within the State. New York is still one of the leading states engaged in the distillation of hardwoods. In writing the report, the purpose throughout has been to make the explanations as simple and clear as possible, using as few technical and involved terms as are consistent and in many instances engaging in reiteration that may at times seem unnecessary. The industry is closely identified with certain aspects of chemistry, but the author has purposely avoided a discussion of chemical changes that take place in the distillation of wood since the intent has been to make the report valuable to the wood producer and user in New York State rather than to those engaged directly in the work of wood distillation. In the conduct of the investigation form letters were sent to every wood distillation plant in the State to obtain information upon woods used, equipment, methods and costs, daily and annual capacities and yields in charcoal, wood alcohol and acetate of lime. Personal visits have also been’ made to most of the twenty-five plants in New York State as well as several in other states and information has been checked up by a number of those prominent in the industry. The author wishes to express cordial appreciation of the kindly interest shown him by those engaged in the industry. He wishes especially to express his sincere gratitude to the following men who have shown interest in the work and have (7) 8 College of Forestry helped in making necessary corrections and changes: Mr. F. A. Mason of W. A. Case & Sons, Buffalo, N. Y.; Mr. George L. Mackay, Warren, Pa., Mr. John Troy of Olean, N. Y.; Mr. E. B. Stevens of Buffalo, N. Y.; Messrs. W. S. Gray & Son of New York City; Mr. S. J. McConnell of Hancock, N. Y. and Mr. J. L. Stuart of Binghamton, N. Y. NELSON C. BROWN. SyracusE, N. Y., November 1, 1916. CONTENTS. History. PAGE. Tf HiGC ITAA (0s Re ae a i ae oe a ee ae Pram rE NC LICEd groan. . 2 ea os eee elo ee ae eS Es oe 12 UtinizaTion oF Woop IN THE INDUSTRY. Hayvorable conditions in New York.........f5...... 14 Rr ACER DC CLOS a oat rae wae ik ces Saas ha FS oar 14 5 ISULTE] OPS ECS (eS 15 Cutting and delivering to the factory............... 16 PRIS eet ae ee Ie RS eet att ak B'S obs oie 16 Opportunities for utilization of sawmill and woods SESE a ac cae 8 eo Ute SIO ae 18 Management of timberlands. .......6...2) .c0<.85.55. 19 Statistics of wood consumption in New York........ 20 Statistics of wood consumption in the United States.. 22 DEVELOPMENTS IN THE INDUSTRY. PROcESSES OF MANUFACTURE. LErival lc rN CGh eas eee ete al Roan een ot ee a ae 27 LIP OLD THEI ROYS Soe ee Ae Mee ies ae). St oe Sar oh als a SC 28 IELTS RC) Gt esa RI ea aN Cee RS rcs ont ee 29 CUS CTIWEy(G) 0 es ep oe SAR ae et 32 PLANT EQUIPMENT. DLO DEEZER 21100 1S Ue at eat Par Seed oe 38 SOO TaE SLE ist 2i pee 2a en aah aa eg 39 SCG DET AIG CES) sis. o25s ele Gee dee sym. - eeherels a oie 4 eS eases 39 LEGG UR USIRE et ese aia Re gL Cie ot el ae ltl 40 | TIEEDIEN Dis ancy oe Sat ak eae as Se oO sl 42 COO G UMNE2 (ORV ESOS A oe ia eee eA nN ee 43 Prbillgh@userss ak, A Mee eee a le ee es a 45 UB Taye MOOI, Mey eyes? cea Seas Sone wae: Lats Cs-k we 47 GATUEHR GECKEN RIEY GY UIST Ss ney S ay io en Mohan 47 Costior plang andvequipment = 4.6. 2.6... . 08sec ws 48 PLANT OPERATION. TOUTGING gee Se Oy, ic Me ae A ne 49 ripen en a ey ew ye iy OE, Fh Mane 15s 51 BemreClation CMa ee eds eco Ss Seek as sin de oda eave 52 Wort OM OPeraOMer ne. Hse ane hes oc eh voc «uals 54 “VEE Sie 05 oo ata aE bo aoa ae a 55 IV alle Ob product tse see has Sa. os coeds Sewende 56 10 College of Forestry UTILIZATION OF PRopUCTs. PR MPNSTEETMTOMTIOL, 5.020 2). .dniek ace ds + os ss o> Ee 61 NET CELIO Ole st cet en ech oe. gdus's oe ova eee ee oe 62 Brrerale se ae ee ok. oe 63 BRT SGAL 3 oc Bie elits) Cat oot ceils Seen > ob ses oe 65 History Introduction. The heating or carbonizing of wood for the purpose of manufacturing charcoal has been in practice as long as history is recorded. It is believed that it is as old as civili- zation itself. In the manufacture of charcoal by the old pro- cess, the wood is heated to such temperatures that it becomes carbonized while the gases that pass off in the form of dense, heavy, black smoke have given rise to the modern processes of distilling wood. Altogether two distinct branches of the industry have been developed in this country. The most important branch is devoted to the utilization of the denser and heavier hardwoods and seeks the recovery of the following commercial products: wood alcohol, acetate of lime, and charcoal. In addition, the minor products are wood tar and wood gas, both of which are at the present time usually utilized as fuel in the heating process. Only those hardwoods that are comparatively free from an excessive content of gums, tannins, resins, etc., are desirable. The so-called northern hardwoods, such as maple, birch and beech, are considered the most suitable. Hickory and oak are also considered of almost equal value. The other branch of the wood distillation industry requires resinous woods and the objective products are, on the other hand, turpentine, tar, wood oils, and charcoal. The southern longleaf pine is the best wood for this kind of distillation and up to the present time has been practically the only one used for this purpose. This bulletin deals only with the distillation of hardwoods in New York State. (11) 12 College of Forestry Karly Practices. The first record of the distillation of wood on a commercial seale in this country is in 1830 when James Ward began the manufacture of pyroligneous acid at North Adams, Mass. This is the raw liquor distilled from the condensed vapors that pass off in heating the wood. So far as can be learned from records, it was not until 1850 that the distillation of wood for the production of volatile products and semi-refined products was begun. According to the most authentic records the first successful wood distillation plant in this country was established in New York State in 1850, when John H. Turnbull, of Turnbull & Co., Scotland, who had for some time been connected with the industry, came to this country and erected at Millburn, Broome Co., New York (now Conklin on the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Rail- road) a small chemical plant. ‘The copper and steel cast- ings were brought from Scotland. There were eight cast iron retorts, 42 inches in diameter and about 8 feet long, and the necessary copper stills, copper log condensers, ete. stausseions oo Seess eral BSS eae ae $4.00 NGI VE Ie tain sc cicts ote eee ee ole he eee ee 1.50 er et FS ook hin ek Ca eee Cee rt ee ais cits ee oe 19 Puippmbliess OUlS GEIC. 9. ac. 2s 50 2 arse cis 32 CHE LTEETLN2).4 0031 2 eg Sore ky - 51 MeMLeCMIDI,. 00.25% S62 2 se. tas,) pes ensens oa remmanee. 6. oe x oh) 2 a ee eae: .08 brs an acess ws sce SO ; 22 SRO tA ec eis datas s chee De ee eee $9.17 The above computation was based on a month’s run and a very careful record was kept of all costs. There were 16 men employed at this factory, not including the men engaged The Hardwood Distillation Industry in New York 55 in cutting and hauling the wood, nor the oftice force. The standard wage scale was $1.60 per day and the factory was located in the region in which a plentiful supply of wood could be obtained. At another oven plant the following costs were observed. These are also given per cord of wood. er ee ee ic oy se lgpcuc: «Mala amir h le ala el x heel eo $4.00 MR Pe Sse aa Sood hans Seater ees es ft} ‘LD: 4 Lege eee Sra eo ek eee ee 2.00 _. ( SUGIE TE IUUCIUM: ORE sain, SRP BP aE 1.00 RUBIN SS ce A ceo enat sd stieloueos Ceimeoseoy 4 (as 1.47 TED a el ey SRS aaa Se ca a ta Ae Re a $9.97 Yields. The yield of products at hardwood distillation plants varies considerably. The yield at any particular plant depends upon the following factors: 1. Temperature, that is, the maximum and minimum temperatures used during the exothermic process. 2. The rapidity of heating. Too rapid heating will cause a much smaller and lower grade of product. Usually about 10 hours is the time required to get wood up to the highest temperatures. If heating is done too rapidly the color of the pyroligneous acid is much darker and the yields are conse- quently much lower. 3. The species of wood. There is a general consensus of opinion among the New York plants, that maple is the best wood with beech next and birch third. Oak and hickory are _ also desirable species but if there is too much soft maple, basswood, poplar, gray birch or other inferior species, the yields will be lowered. 4. The character of the wood. It is generally assumed that the dryer and more thoroughly the wood is seasoned, the 56 College of Forestry better will be the product. It is also true that heart wood yields much larger and better products than sapwood, and body wood is much more desirable than limb wood. 5. Efficiency of the plant. This is determined by the character of the machinery and equipment, arrangement of the apparatus and many other factors connected with the efficiency of an operation. The products of hardwood distillation in New York State are as follows: wood alcohol, acetate of lime, charcoal, wood tar and wood gas. The latter two are practically always used as fuel under the boilers or retorts. From an investigation of the 25 plants in New York State it was determined that an average yield of 42.7 bushels of charcoal are obtained per cord of wood from all of the plants. There was a maximum yield of 50 bushels of charcoal per cord and a minimum yield of 38 bushels. The average estimated yield of acetate of lime was 199.47 pounds per cord of wood. The minimum was 171 pounds and the maximum 220 pounds. In wood alcohol the average yield was 9.9 gallons of 82% wood alcohol per cord of wood. The minimum was 8 gallons and the maximum 11 gallons per cord. It is estimated that between 23 and 28 gallons of wood tar are secured per cord with an average of about 25 gallons. It is estimated that about 11,500 cubic feet of gas are secured per cord of wood. These figures are based upon the individual estimates of the various wood distillation plants of the State. Altogether much better yields are secured from the oven plants than from the cylindrical retort plants. | Value of Products. One of the greatest drawbacks to engaging in the wood distillation business has been the great fluctuation in the price Photograph by Nelson C. Brown. f End view of a pair of cooling ovens showing the character of the door, lugs and method of heaping dirt around the base to prevent the entrance of air. The trucks loaded with the heated charcoal are drawn directly from the oven- house into the first cooling oven and left there for 24, hours. They are then drawn into the second cooling oven for another 24 hours. After that, the charcoal stands in the trucks in the open air for 48 hours, after which it is loaded on the freight cars where it remains 12 hours before it is sent off to its destination. | These cooling ovens are kept air tight to prevent combustion of the heated charcoal. | Beerston Acetate Co.,"Beerston, Delaware county, N. Y. 58 College of Forestry levels for all of the principal products, namely, acetate of lime, wood alcohol and charcoal. In the early days of the industry, charcoal was the prin- cipal product and it brought from 10 cents to 20 cents a bushel or more. Then acetate of lime became the principal product sought after and finally the wood alcohol. Before the Federal legislation, the profits were very excellent and attractive but since 1907 and up to the outbreak of the great European war on August 1, 1914, price levels were very uncertain and several of the concerns were driven out of business. Up to the time of this war, the prices obtained for acetate of lime varied between $1.25 to $2 per hundred pounds. Since August 1, 1914, the following price levels have been obtained : Daiensito-October <2. 650555 .. 1914 — $1.50 per 100 Ibs. Drmemiper ses 7. < Feud sess tery ok 1914— 1.75 per 100 Ibs. REMERON ated Sinane se ee B\s o/s ete 1914— 2.00 per 100 Ibs. 12501 ana ec a +1915 — . 2.00. per 100eths Heprinry to May 8 ite ice 6: 1915 — 2.50 per 100 Ibs. 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D: New York. | New York. ; feet factory Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. | Per cent White pine....... 121,512,700 31.30) $28 05$3,408,198) 69,044,900 52,467,800 DDIUCE ates has 75,416,560 19.43 20 27| 1,528,850] 37,818,800| 37,597,760 Wemlock: 3. 2... 39,437,500 10.16 19 73) 778,127) 29,547,500) 9,890,000 Shortleaf pine.....| 29,106,200 7.50 DOM Ti BSA9 OS eran ete 29,106, 200 Cypress, bald..... 17,199,250 4.43 45 15 MEO DOG a cre oruciere oats 17,199,250 White oak........| 15,337,100) 3.95| 41 09 630,130) 5,926,100) 9,411,000 Sugar maple......| 14,929,500 3.84 25 28 377,399} 10,900,300; 4,029,200 Longleaf pine..... 14,546,600 3.75| (30/86) 448840). 7-12. oe. 14,546,600 Beechysvm. canione: | 8,757,400) 2225 20 24 177,217| 7,602,400, 1,155,000 Redioaks.ck.. »:.- 7,677,100) 1.98 36 03 276,622) 4,180,600) 3,496,500 Basswood........ 7,569,900 1.95 25 29 191,408) 5,057,400) 2,512,500 Binet reece. cess 7,382, 100| 1.90 27 36) 201,940) 5,021,500! 2,360,600 Chestnut.........| 6,170,200 1.59 31 07 191,721] 3,685,000) 2,485,200 Yellow poplar.....}| 5,110,500 il 3 39 94; 204,111 172,500, 4,938,000 Loblolly pine. .... 3,692,000 .95 29 27 LOSROTd nner 3,692,000 @ther speciesi.5)..:|| L484 7. s050| sees eel sccvevats cuavell atts vere lorcesove.o!ll Sint tue ietecuenenetal| eee Mm otalse. ces": SSS Ot CGO nee teres era cieenets wil cetera orators 178,957, 000) 194, 887,610 } TABLE 4— BOXES AND CRATES, PACKING QUANTITY USED | ANNUALLY Average Total Grown cost per cost Grown in out of Kinp or Woop 1,000 POND: New York. | New York. feet factory Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. Feet b. m. | Per cent White pine....... 132,945, 200 35.88) $20 89|$2,776,575| 24,747,700/108, 197,500 Loblolly pine. ....| 57,845,000 15.61) 19295) 154-216 eee 57,845,000 SPEUCER tresses 48 , 361,900 13.05, 19 85 960,126) 15,477,400} 32,884,500 Shortleaf pine.....| 47,060,000) 12.70 24°32) 1144654 oe 47,060,000 Hemlock? . =. 210%. 10,448,900) 2.82 19 51) 203,859} 5,427,400] 5,021,500 IBasswOOd sre anes 10,289,900 2.78 2DN0D 263,929} 4,369,000] 5,920,900 Yellow poplar.....| 9,543,400 2.58 24 72 235,819 88,500| 9,454,900 Cottonwood...... *9,301,000 2.51 26 82 249,450) 2,395,000; 6,906,000 Beech ia seratyenis oon 7,367,500 1.99 22 23 163,743} 3,735,000) 3,632,500 Bm onetime ocite 6,862,500 1.85 33 62 230,718} 1,354,000) 5,508,500 Cypress (bald)....| 5,524,900 1.49 37 75 208, 503) re inne 5,524,900 @hestnute cence 4,380, 250 1.18 17 40 76,218] 1,612,750} 2,767,500 Other species. .... 20 DGD OO shavers eireiiccel| vero sane: (etats | ever evacestle wokete lle heve Olonelo tote el eee Totalsenreecse STO PAGS AO) ate verciele sce \apaeSicaie rovadel| (ojaveveeuevepspera 59, 206, 750/290, 723,700 Wood Utilization Directory 29 TABLE 5—SASH, Doors, BLINDS AND GENERAL MILLWORK | | | | QUANTITY USED | ANNUALLY Average Total | Grown | | cost per cost Grown in | out of Kinp or Woop | 1,000 fobs New: York. | New York. | feet factory Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. | Per cent | | | | White pine....... '116, 420,300 34.11) $32 42/$3,774,443) 52,000, o00| 64,420,300 Cypress (bald)....| 29,617,270 8.68 SU OO ells MOON em sees sale | 29,617,270 Hemlock. .)4... 2% 26,436,600 Moho 20 44) 540,352] 11,187,600! 15,249,000 Winiteyoak.5...0.... 25,801,500 Cer t51e) 49 78) 1,284,369} 3,436,600) 22,364,900 Red gum.........| 23,494,000 6.88 2 538 646.798 et OSD oy oo shane | 23/494 000 Shortleaf pine.....) 21,105,200 6.18] 28 30 DT SO9 lavas Sie tee 21,105,200 @hestnubeen< oS... 13,324, 200 3.90 36 17) 481,983} 2,900,500) 10,423,700 OGUCE Seta ot e.c sae 12,721,600 3.73 23 34| 296,966] 5,439,600) 7,282,000 Longleaf pine..... 12,650,615 on tl a2 22) A OTE GOUMUMGG. ute octere se 12,650,615 Yellow poplar.....| 10,908,750 3.20 42 75 466,374} 1,283,500) 9,625,250 Bimelonrys cconiee ok 10,695, 8v0 3.13} 3i5) 3) 380,258 5,004,900, 5,690,900 MRE M OAK o,..2 060 os 9,609 , 400 2.82 45 76 439,695| 3,597,300} 6,012,100 Sugar maple...... 6,383, 200 1.87) 27 22 173,669} 2,879,200} 3,504,000 Basswood........ | 6,027,400 1.47) 27 47 138,088} 2,537,000) 2,490,400 Western white pine) 2,462,000 ~t2\ 41 37 MOLASSES leiereciaie ete 2,462,000 Other species.....| ALA ACTON SZ Al ers ear PeN oS llestaraesten tate licaes EL eer teare|| Sena ctccatsielasrs (he a acsickotecats & Te ee [41277 12S woos | en eee 90, 266 , 200 236,391, 635 | | TABLE 6 — FURNITURE QUANTITY USED ANNUALLY Average; Total Grown cost per cost | Grown in out of Kinp or Woop 1,000 13, Copy 10) New York. | New York. feet factory Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. Feet b. m. | Per cent | ctr ee eee | White oak.. 32,413, 100) 31.03} $51 27/$1,661,908} 6,047,950) 26,365,150 IIRC Wewenie.<..\. ete on 10,040,382) 9.61 26 34 264,446) 7,937,932 2,102,450 Redsoaks 24. os 10,017,200 9.59 42 47 425,402) 38,317,800! 6,699,400 Chestnut... 2. $s 9,752,590 9.34 23 O00 224,274) 1,625,500! 8,127,090 Sugar maple....... 8,351,900 8.00 28 62 238,909| 5,117,400; 3,284,500 Yellow poplar.. 6,056,780 5.80 38 76 234,773 477,500} 5,579,280 Basswood........ 5,326, 200 5.10 25 16 134,020) 1,880,200) 38,446,000 IBGeChn Aco ones 7 4,958,000 4.75 19 77) 97,997 3,296,000, 1,662,000 Hedi rum: 5 .\5 sce 3,666,825 3.51 31 06 ULES HSS ceyalavelelore'si| 3,666,825 Mahogany........ 3,608 , 027 3.45) 128 46 AGS PAT 2N IE crecrerauen ons 3,608,027 White pine....... 2,153,000 2.06 31 26 67,300} 1,190,500) 962,500 Hemlock: oss. 1,570,000 1.50 14 11 22,150 59,000; 1, ae 000 JN i Ra ee 1,423,625 1.36 zt 20 38,716 959 , 325} 464,300 Silver maple...... 1,335,500 1.28 382 32 43,166) 399 , O00) 936, 500 Cypress (bald)... . 735, 300) .70 31 95 ISAO D le ee ore .c Chavets 735,300 Other species. .... SOD Eyres en resis roe i| Pare raiavracavarcl (sen cheers ue Busi llolerwis, « coseiretehrete [fm aud Sieve Stee ene DKON i ha OA SOA A202 Wetee cietraceaall|e ares arora tel vlviia fareveeate ses 32,304,107) 69,104,322 College of Forestry TABLE 7 — CAR CONSTRUCTION Kinp or Woop Shortleaf pine..... Wihite oak .8 sc... Longleaf pine..... edioakss2 26: Norway pine...... SPRUCE aa tees ar. ar Loblolly pine emlocks. \.\.0e0 White pine... 5... Yellow poplar..... QUANTITY USED ANNUALLY Average Total Grown cost per cost Grown in out of 1,000 OY 8 New York. | New York. | feet factory Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. Feet b. m. | Per cent 24,554,800) 32°22) VS2sroll (SOO. 46ers tee 24,554,800 13,823,100 18.14 2s 383,289} 1,021,000} 12,802,100 11,638,500 15.27 30 61 SOOPLUS ere ctl creer 11,638,500 11,077,000 14.53 26 59 294,557 641,000} 10,436,000 5,250,000) 6.89 24 76 LS OOOO esretarerscrorchere 5,250,000 2,623,000 3.44 23 30 61,119 345,000} 2,278,000 1,981,000 2.60 23 84 eV 11) ie See 1,981,000 1,560,000 2.05 19 38 30,240 315,000| 1,245,000 1,164,500) 1.53 33 66 39,197 726,000 438,500 896, 800 1.18 57 52 51,584 10,000 886, 800 | 1,683,200) 5s. ee alcaed Beale aceeen dal eto ewe a ae 76; 201900 laa. foetal beter | eerie hice 3,058,000} 71,510,700 SSS See TABLE 8 — MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS KIND oF Woop Sugar maple...... Yellow poplar..... Mahogany........ Birch an ecw mics QUANTITY USED ANNUALLY Feet b. m. | Per cent | 10,445,900 17.76 9,933,300 16.89 9,557,950 16.25 4,100,200 6.97 3,596,000 6.11 3,513,600 5.97 3,481,500 5.92 2,934,200 4.99 2,791,500 4.75 2,168,000 3.69 7 ei ON | Sap soc DSFOLOTLOO) | ole oe ai6 Average cost per | 1,000 feet Total cost £-;O0D: factory $368 , 576 485,355 232,004 157,523 $4,236 132,250 218,605 438,908 84,276 137,850 Grown in New York. Feet b. m. 4,871,300 1,011,200 8,865,700 124,000 1,328, 600 504, 250 2,036, 500 401, 250 Grown out of New York. Feet b. m. 5,574,600 8,922,100 692,250 4,100,200 3,472,000 2,185,000 2,977,250 2,934,200 755 , 000 1,766,750 3,379,350 Wood Utilization Directory B31 TABLE 9 — DAIRYMEN’S, POULTERERS’ AND APIARISTS’ SUPPLIES QUANTITY USED ANNUALLY Average Total Grown 3 | cost per cost Grown in out of KXInp or Woop 1SODO |e ef. "o: |b: New York. | New York. | feet factory | Feet b.m. Feet b. m. Feet b. m. | Per cent | | | | | o @hestnite os... «2 /20,388, 100 52.22 | $31 66 | $645,421 500,000 | 19,988,100 Basswood........ | 6,104,000 15.63 22 53 137,521 | 4,082,000 2,022,000 White pine....... 4,653,300 11.92 25 68 119,515 686,300 | 3,967,000 [Dit oa Aneel | 1,843,600 4.72 20 28 37,391 | 1,450,000 393 , 600 Yellow poplar.....| 1,725,200 4.42 29 89 51,558 125,000 1,600, 200 SIPEUCC Hem iat ates = 1,057,000 2.71 22 95 24, 262 907,000 | 150, 000 Beets. cs. 663 , 600 1.70 19) 12 12,691 539,600 | 124,000 Other species... .. SOL COON sires Lore Racer ite comme Ree en, | Westley ots < ate, I assole ate Se otal ey. | dieters SIOZ 50008425 eels Sar eae os Oe | 8,289,900 | 29,378,900 TABLE 10—SHIP AND Boat BUILDING ee QUANTITY USED ied ANNUALLY Average, Total Grown cost per} —_ cost Grown in out of Kinp or Woop 1,000 f. o. b. New York. New York. | feet factory Feet b.m. Feet b. m. Feet b. m. | Per cent | Longleaf pine..... 19,354, 500 51.34 | $33 97 | $657,383 | .......:: | 19, 354,500 White oak........ 6,313,500 16.75 48 70 307,495 | 2,005,000 4,308,500 White pine....... 2,815,700 7.47 Of (fo- |= 1625593) 123752200 | 1,440, 500 ISDEUCE Sere hs ao: e ove 1,877,397 4.98 36 04 67, 669 480,000 1,397,397 Shortleaf pine.....| 1,626,300 4.31 29 50 ATMOS AIPA ee oc rerc | 1,626,300 Reedioales cs... 2 <1 1,280,400 3.40 45 76 58,596 272,900 1,007,500 Dourlas hr. . soo. 565,000 L750| 56) 17 SH leVvisyo ll oe See | 565,000 Sugar maple...... 422,500 re 36 33 | 15,351 347 , 500 75,000 Other species. .... Spe Opes all crs ickerace || etvey ae [pres ects rise [ptm stereyarg ose ill ajoiate etocsratate MOpale 53 yeh: SAMO AOI DAY ees cr arctcoN wee ecercid |nate aerate oie 4,480,600 | 29,774,697 i College of Forestry TABLE 1] — VEHICLE AND VEHICLE PARTS QUANTITY USED | ANNUALLY | Average’ Total Grown | cost per cost Grown in out of Kinp or Woop 1,000'.| £. on b- New York. | New York. ; feet | factory | Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. Feet b. m. | Per cent | CK OnY =. Je6 62 6,874,350 22.44 | $44 00 | $302,450 | 1,429,250 5,445,100 White oak........| 5,134,750 16.76 48 47 248,884 | 1,959,050 3,175,700 JAR) Bec poe ieee 5,128,000 16.74 | 45 53 233,471 | 2,151,500 2,976,500 Yellow poplar.....| 2,701,900 8.82.| 62 90 169,961 488 , 600 2,213,300 Redtoake..2 fc 2,586,200 | 8.44 48 07 124,312 696, 200 1,890,000 Su; ar maple...... 1,984,400 6.48 | 31 61 62,722 | 1,085,900 898,500 ass vOod!s,>\. 552). 1,622,450 5.30 a GL 51,391 957,150 665,300 Sire Bere paca Gaver 1,455,000 479 | 30 63») 54,757 696,700 758,300 BEE Chee Hi ochre 718,000 | 2.34 18 94 | 13,601 668 , O00 50,000 [2] )itts eae eo een re 441,950 1.44 25 39. 11,221 285,150 156, 800 Other species.....} 1,866,100 | ...... | ee Se OM | ee Motaliee oka BO SSLS LOOM Eine tee | meee aveten|| Maree eee eae 10,417,500 | 19,510,800 | TABLE 12 — AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS QUANTITY USED ANNUALLY Average Total Grown cost per cost Grown in out of Kinp or Woop ~ 1,000 f. 0. b. New York. | New York. | feet factory Feet b m. | Feet b. m. Feet b. m. Per cent Sugar maple...... 7,970,750 28.41 | $28 84 | $229,860 | 2,699,500 5,271,250 Longleaf pine..... S,otl,200 | 12,02 36 97 122 OSGi essere 3,371,200 Shortleaf pine.....| 2,911,000 10.38 37 96 L103 5039) Crate. cr 2,911,000 Spalceaee ess. 2,279,500 8.12 20 80 47,417 141,000 2,138,500 Red gum 1,542,000 | 5.50 26 19 40); 3860) jsctcecon ove 1,542,000 Wrhitejioak:... 0. <3 1,539,000 | 5.48 41 02 63,135 | 1,052,000 487 ,000 IBASSWOOd sn. .).6 2 1,367,000 4.87 28 60 39,097 | 1,127,000 240,000 IB YSe/d Naa ecient creo 1,322,000 4.71 20 33 33);490) | -15.322;.000 |<.) tees AB co eee. 1,118,200 | 3.99 34 76 38,873 671,200 447 , 000 DB lavatees eee et, eae 833 , 000 2.97 27 72 23,090 427 ,000 406,000 Other species. .... SROOL SHO | seco] “e srow sell) cetereee aieue Ste || deters Crete nF nee otal -s< . 35 DEN TEHOOE | ates wussceul|| sone. cuseouca ll caeue are oars 7,439,700 | 16,813,950 Wood Utilization Directory TABLE 13 — Boot AND SHOE FINDINGS BD Kinp oF Woop Basswood........ KIND or Woop Sugar maple...... Beech QUANTITY USED | | | ANNUALLY | Average Total | cost per cost 1,000 f. o. b. feet factory Feet b. m. | Per cent | | 21,196, 000 | 92.63 | $24 15 | $511,806 1,241,000 | 5.42 | 36 46 45,241 445,000 | =... Vee tee | Nisecey ees 22,482,000 | ...... Lipa ee ee lie ae Sat TABLE 14 — CHAIRS QUANTITY USED ANNUALLY Feet b. m. | Per cent 6,897, 100 31.91 4,080, 500 18.88 2,889,500 13.37 2,639,300 12.21 1,467,500 6.79 3,658,000) |} oes os 21,611,400 Average cost per 1,000 feet Total cost £20. b: factory $313,126 161,935 ( Grown Grown in out of New York. | New York. Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. 18,096,000 3,100,000 1,094,000 147,000 19,190,000 3,247,000 Grown Grown in | out of New York. | New York. | Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. 3,139,000 | 3,758,100 | 1,608,000 2,472,500 | 2,730,500 | 159,000 | 1,877,800 761,500 | 1,354,500 | 113,000 10,709,800 | 7,264,100 College of Forestry TABLE 15 — FIXTURES Kinp or Woop White oak........ Yellow poplar... .. Sugar maple...... Redoakss. 3-5. 2-5 Cherry (black)... . Mahogany........ Birch E)Jm QUANTITY USED ANNUALLY Feet b. m. | Per cent 4,470,000 22.16 3,023,250 14.98 2,215,000 10.98 1,898, 500 9.41 1,828,100 9.06 1,150,000 5.70 1,056, 800 5.24 1,055, 500 tess 723,000 3.58 704, 400° 3}. 2,051,065 Average 1,000 feet 20,215,615 cost per | Total Grown cost Grown in out of 1g COMO New York. | New York. factory Feet b. m. ; Feet b. m. $271,563 | 1,990,500 2,479,500 130,817 233 ,000 2,790,250 62,440 112,000 2,103,000 84,615 695.000 1,203,500 47,245 | 1,275,800 552,300 54,550 55,000 1,095,000 PAG S42 SO\ cetera cote 1,056, 800 49,195 537 , 500 518,000 26,590 23 , 000 700,000 30,956 521,400 183 ,000 LOOT Een 5,443,200 | 12,681,350 TABLE 16 — PROFESSIONAL AND SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS Kinp or Woop Redicedars.. 2... Basswood)... .-... Sugar maple...... Yellow poplar..... Cherry (black).... Other species. .... Grown out of New York. Feet b. m. 15,750,000 679 ,000 615,000 475,000 255,700 QUANTITY USED ANNUALLY | Average) Total cost per cost Grown in 1,000 fer Onno: New York. feet factory Feet b. m. Feet b. m. | Per cent 115,750,000 7OR5O! | S87eabel eS5Oill oom eee ee 1,748, 200 8.82 34 29 59,954 | 1,069,200 862,000 4/30 38 39 33,089 247 , 000 475,000 2.40 47 37 22), 500F | (oko eae 315,700 1.59 BBY Tl 16,957 60 , 000 (01 1009) 0) 0 el eae Shel Mare Meet IS ceritoinetac,, \leko a eitdco otdA OSG SOON ee kee. ce) 9 a lee | Senora ewes 1,376, 200 17,774,700 Only about 76,000 cords of hemlock bark are now cut annually -in New York. Formerly several hundred thousand cords were cut every year. Very few virgin stands of hemlock such as this are to be found in the State. Thousands of acres of fine hemlock stands in the Catskills and in the southwestern counties were sacrificed from twenty to forty years ago for their bark alone. Photograph by NELSON C. Brown, 36 College of Forestry TABLE 17 — CASKETS AND COFFINS QUANTITY USED ANNUALLY |Average Total | Grown - cost per | cost Grown in out of Kinp or Woop L000") |) ionb: New York. New York | feet | factory Feet b. m. | Feet b. m | Feet b. m. | Per cent | | | Chesinutisc.. = oo. 9,199,000 | 50.65 | $24 12 | $221,897 380,000 | 8,819,000 White pine....... 4,331,000 | 23.85 28 20 | 122,129 | 173,000 4,158,000 White oak........| 1,658,000 | 9.13 54 84 | 90,926 | 16,000 1,642,000 Yellow poplar... .. 979,000 | 5.39 35 25 SELOUDE)| ls. ae eels 979 ,000 Mahogany........ 510,000 2.00) |) St Zao 6354765 |e oe eer 510,000 Redtoalksmet. ccc 481,000 2.65 45°72 21,992 16,000 465,000 Cypress (bald)... . 425,000 2.34 48 11 | 20 ; 445i. Sal conkers 425,000 Other species. .... 578.000) | 2c Sele eee etecroan ea ||Rina aoc Jeecioe aris = aoral #3. fa:-7. |18, 161,000 eal Waa cis So | Bene opste ie 585,000 17,028,000 i } TABLE 18 — BASKETS AND FRUIT PACKAGES | QUANTITY USED | | ANNUALLY Average Total | Grown cost per cost Grown in out of Kinp oF Woop 15000) i; Si40:-b: New York. , New York feet factory Feet b. m. | Feet b. m Feet b. m. | Per cent | | Beecher tee en | 4,013,500 | 22.29 | $17 93 $71,942 | 3,164,500 849 ,000 Sugar maple...... | 2,480,400 13:77 17 60 43,653 | 2,265,400 215,000 LDU ea Se 7 eee 2,260,550 | 12.55 17 95 40,570 2,036,550 224,000 White pine....... 1,857,000 | 10.31 20 25 37,597 782,000 1,075,000 Basswood........ | 1,426,400 | 7.92 19 09 27,226 | 1,276,400 150,000 Silver maple...... 1,394,500 | 7.74 18 53 | 25,839 940, 500 454,000 Spruces sss. as. 1,205,000 6.69 18 68 22,510 655,000 550,000 Hemlock 2 hs. . 719,000 | 3.99 16° 56 11,906 | 689 , 000 30,000 pinch’, 2) Geet, 6 714,000 3.97 18 74 13,382 | 702,000 12,000 Cottonwood...... 528,000 2.93 17 30 9,134 528,000 | ....; oie ae Other species. ... .| LAOS, 900 Yi isc ec eyc sf) cs iatesgeye: | sevansve, chaceneel N) otegenane tone el | eee er Rotaleseon a". DS Ogee enero ans re les l.sve: ccs ulle an Sarees /14, 145,250 3,862,000 ' ! Wood Utilization Directory 37 TABLE 19 — EXCELSIOR == = = : QUANTITY USED | ANNUALLY Average Total | | Grown cost. per cost | Grownin | _ out of Kinp or Woop 1,000 f.0. b. | New York. | New York. feet factory | Feet b. m. Feet b. m. Feet b. m. | Per cent | | | | Cottonwood...... 11,964,000 | 81.41 | $16 50 | $197,435 |11,139,000 825,000 Basswood........ | 2,080,000 14.15 18 03 | 37,510 | 1,980,000 100,000 Yellow poplar... | 603 ,000 4.10 20 31 | LZ ZA § 608,000") 2. sefere2 Butternut........| 50,000 34 16 00 | 800 | OO OOO Man eee. Potabec.. ... «: 14,097,000 TEI Tee ae | Ay en }13,772,000 | 925,000 TABLE 20 — REFRIGERATORS AND KITCHEN CABINETS QUANTITY USED ANNUALLY Average| Total Grown cost per | cost Grown in out of KInp or Woop 1,000 | f.0.b. New York. | New York. | feet factory Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. Feet b. m. | Per cent Wihiteoak::...... 3,305,500 | 26.94 | $35 12 | $116,097 470,500 2,835,000 Redioaks. 25 o.... 0. 1,935, 500 15.78 34 73 | 67,216 145, 500 1,790,000 PAS eR EES «fea eicie wie 1,798,500 14.66 28 83 | 51,859 859, 500 939 ,000 SPEUCESE > oda aicen « 1,439,000 LEZ 29 41 42,316 | 1,140,090 299 ,000 White pine....... 1,315,500 10.72 26 44 34,788 615,009 700, 500 Yellow poplar.... . 667 , 000 5.44 40 53 27,034 25,000 642,000 Sugar maple...... 378,500 3.09 | 23 95 9,064 28,500 350,000 Red gum 200,500 1.63 | 40 02 SAO Zee Se ous sis 200,500 HECHES Sh oS a. 168,500 | 1.37 | 19 85 3,345 108,500 | 60,000 Redwoods... .. - 155,000 | 1.26 | 39 84 Garon eee aie a } 155,000 Other species . QOD AZOOM tS ae et eee eel seper cheese lll nee eeersce cis a). |e lates Sa er vises BO pall ve oy. 0. Saye LON OU Bl ere vers soy aan al adore RIS lle chaveuer eras 3,392,500 | 7,971,000 38 College of Forestry TABLE 21— TANKS AND SILOS | | QUANTITY USED ANNUALLY Average Total | Grown F cost per cost | Grown in out of Kinp oF Woop 1,000 f.0.b. | New York. | New York. | feet factory Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. Feet b. m. | Per cent | Cypress (bald)....| 2,580,550 | 22.77 | $40 45 | $104,384 | ......... 2,580,550 BOHUNGE persue sieves): 2,370,000 | 20.91 21 94 | 52,005 85,000 2,285,000 Hemlock. = 24.0. 1,190,000 10.50 24 39 29,030 380,000 810,000 Wihitevoak.:..2.../ 1:130,000! | 9.97 32 95 37,230 | 105,000 1,025,000 White pine....... 1,090,300 | 9.62 31 41 34, 241 665,300 425,000 IRoelinint.s 544454 950,000 | 8.38 | 29 37 O7 G0 0ulleaeeee 950,000 BASS neenansaniey Ss : 500, OOO 4.41 25 00 T2OOOF | parrots 500 , 000 Western larch..... 420,000 | 3 Gl 29 40 SOO! | eaten et eee 420,000 Longleaf pine..... 408,700 3.61 28 67 DRT Ge ee ae 408,700 Arborvitae (north- ern white cedar) 240,000 | P7514 37 50 D000 Eee 240,000 Other species... .. A534 OOR eat payee asec eyace eee |) Sigacnensterarae: ||| Mekn ees aeaeen otal A. 22 10, 788, BODE ee EEE haa | 1,235,300 | 9,644,250 } ) TABLE 22 — CIGAR BOXES QUANTITY USED ANNUALLY Average Total Grown cost per cost. Grown in out of Kinp or Woop 1,000 f105): New York.| New York. feet factory Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. Feet b. m. | Per cent | ifhert Ds Le Rea Spanish cedar.....| 8,580,500 | 84.82 |$113 08 | $970,298 | ......... 8,580,500 Cotton gum..... 891,800 8.82 | 48 14 AD OSS Allo eretiree 891,800 Yellow poplar... .. 264,000 2.61 | 41 63 HOROOOM | Sire vets 264,000 Other species. .... SHO ZOO! | Ss Sel" Paeseevenw, | rete eaceecee || eke eee | MO Gale Sr sven HORUS OOO; es ke oss, Al ceasuceye All meres Meaeenceal |b seeapemeyceene tee 9,736,300 Wood Utilization Directory 39 TABLE 23 -— PUMPS | QUANTIL“Y USED : ANNUALLY | Average Hartson | Grown | cost per cost Grown in out of Kinp or Woop —| 1,000 | f.o.b. New York. |New York. | | feet factory Feet b. m. | Feet b. 1n. Feet b. m. | Per cent} White pine....... Silver maple Sugar maple Cypress (bald).... Other species 8,197,000 550, 000 5.61 | 25 00 506 , 000 Bild) “Sil Oy 500, 000 Ben le 22050 BI-ASO). || Saecnle eeacere 83.60 | $29 96 | $245,610 | 13,750 | 11,118 11,250 1,187,000 - | 275,000 | 6,000 7,010,000 275,000 500 , 000 500 , O00 9,804,800 | ...... | 8,285,000 TABLE 24 — WOODENWARE AND NOVELTIES QUANTITY USED | | ANNUALLY | Average| Total Grown | cost per cost Grown in | out of KInp oF Woop — E0005 |e fo. b: New York. | New York. | feet | factory | Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. Feet b. m. | Per cent | STauCOSe - ae Pee | 1,949,000 23.30 | $32 88 | $64,073 884,000 1,065,000 IBSSsOOd us ace. 1,721,200 20.58 | 30 13 51,856 1,451,200 | 270,000 BEGG acn faoetuston | 1,014,000 12.12 15) 59") US RSLS) LP OUA OOO! |\5 acne cases (AGE eee has cece: 5 788, 500 9.43 32 06 | 25,280 633,500 | 155,000 Hickory... ; 568,500 | 6.80 43 24 24,582 | 408, 500 | 160,000 White pine....... 438,500 5.24 29 01 TE 220 || ecole o0On| 181,000 Winitevouk. 2... ..... 406,000 485) | 4203 17,268 | 210,000 196,000 Sugar maple...... 317,500 3.80 18 92 6,006 | 297,500 | 20,000 Shortleaf pine..... 220,000 2.63 16 18 SIO OL0 Jail I tee eect | 220,000 Bit CHeps ees nyse 187, 500 2.24 20 41 3,826 167,500 | 20,000 Yellow poplar..... 145,500 1.74 39 90 5,805 26,500 | 119,000 Reve Got: | ee 145,000 1.73 | 44 66 | 6,475 58,000 | 87,000 JS a6 ata eee Es 109,000 1.30 18 40 | 2,006 HOBO) |) sonsecsoas Other species. .... DOA OO) stearate, moked Nall Ratte- isms tal ans cation: Weaeets oy Se8 Aotalewsye sate SOS, GOO Mis hatecars™|| Pytinc as dra lhe ayorecetuehe aol 200 | 2,493.000 40 College of Forestry TABLE 25 -— PICTURE FRAMES AND MOLDING QUANTITY USED ANNUALLY | Average Total | Grown cost per cost Grown in | __ out of Kinp or Woop 1,090 fle Dr New York. | New York. : | |’ feet factory Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. Feet b. m. | Per cent | | | White oak........| 3,005,500 40.00 | $45 87 | $187,860 480,590 | 2,525,000 IBASSWOOG.......2- Ve St OOO ser Meta: 39 44 44,858 174,000 | 963 , 500 Yellow poplar..... 749,250 | 9.97 42 67 | 31,969 102,000 647, 250 lOO is Se ees 647,000 8.61 46 33 29,975 543 , 500 103 , 500 Redioak.c os... 365,500 | 4.86 47 40 17,325 120,000 245,500 Other species... .. 1,609, 700 east Icintocce | eaasodooh|meocmociodd jc ccc. oessc MOtal ss ~ os 7,514,450 ea Ss Resttte ces 1,420,000 4,484,750 TABLE 26 -— HANDLES | QUANTITY USED | | ANNUALLY Average Total | Grown cost per cost | Grown in out of Kinp oF Woop 1,000 FO: De New York. | New York. | feet factory | Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. Feet b. m. | Per cent | | ICCC regsreia & Gotls « 3,076,000 47.52.) $17 80 $54,767 | 2,973,000 | 103 , 000 Sugar maple......) 1,418,000 21.90 18 57 26,329 | 1,350,000 68,000 inchs. fre | 861,000 | 13.30 et C0 11,852 861 (000))|| >... sae Ash. Rat necensyche eile: 466,400 8 hard) 29 91 | 13,952 251,400 215,000 Wihitevoaky.es 6.4] —336,,500 5.20 40 59 | 138,660 232,500 104,000 EMGKORYs c1.chee 500 204,150 3), 1s 39 57 | 8,078 | 153,000 OLRLSO Other species... .. SORO2O NI.” 2 el Bee ee Jovrteeees |, ave veua' eae ene Potala... ING; AAS OOH 4 oe |e eet *.. | 5,820,900 | 541,150 Wood Utilization Directory 41 TABLE 27 — LAUNDRY APPLIANCES QUANTITY USED | ANNUALLY | Average Total | Grown | cost per cost Grown in out of Kinp or Woop 1,000 f.o0.b. | New York. | New York. feet factory | Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. Feet b. m. | Per cent. | Cypress (bald)....| 2,032,309 | 39.07 $37 17 Deo Aas Lal ices be a Pc 2,032,300 BASSWOOUE 02 45.05 5 1,010,670 | 19.43 | 24 02 24,272 | 905,000 105,670 Sugar maple...... 819,600 15.75 | 23 44 19,195 | 269 , 000 550,000 Gals 54S eee 575,000 11.06 | 20 13 LT SiS 225,000 350,000 Yellow poplar..... 311, 200 5.98 | 44 89 13,970 7,500 303 , 700 Other species... .. AGS P70) el eerste oe | eae SS gel | eis a Ee: eee ee | lee agree a IMSS he ee 5, 241,340 [059 tec Jocctece fo ceee eens | 1,406, 500 3,341,670 TABLE 28 — HLECTRICAL MACHINERY. AND APPARATUS Kinp oF Woop ISONUCEE =. ¢ cies Arborvitae (north- ern white cedar) IBGECH Ee fois cc ce Wihite oak=...7.... White pine....... Yellow poplar... .. Other species. .... “1 bta) 2 Ee eee QUANTITY USED ANNUALLY Average Total Grow cost per cost Grown in | out ot se —J| 1,000 £02 b. New York. | New York feet factory Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. Feet b. m. | Per cent | 1,343,000 29.18 | $23 69 $31,817 593,000 | 750,000 735,009 15.97 11 O1 Satay |) = O00! Gee soe aa 375,090 8.15 16 40 6,150 | 25,000 | 350, 000 330,500 7.18 40 54 13,400 145,509 | 185, 000 284,000 6.17 28 59 8,120 264,000 20,000 230,000 5.00 34 67 COTA A EG telcos | 230,000 TSO OOO. ceetercin|| comets tie | (lavarereteucts 5 i 25g Ost ee | sereseeeee BAGS LS OOM Nc otesa. feo le clot roreM |k eitkecs oozes 1,762,500 1,535,000 42 College of Forestry TABLE 29 -— MACHINE CONSTRUCTION QUANTITY USED | ANNUALLY Average Total | Grown cost per cost | Grown in out of Kinp oF Woop 1,000 fo: bz New York. | New York. | feet factory | Feet b.m. Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. | Per cent Sugar maple...... 593,300 | 13.02 29 56 $17,537 | 500, 100 93, 200 Hemloek..22.:.2: | 550,000 | 12.07 15 55 8,550 590',000'.) "2 keene Yellow poplar... .. 476,000 | 10.45 43 34 20,630 175,000 301,000 Shortleaf pine.....| 350,000 | 7.68 29 44 LORS OSA reece: 350,000 Wihiteoals:).....-.*. 299,700 | 6.58 54 39 16,301 | 237,700 62,000 Wihite pine. : 2... 274,500 | 6.02 26 25 7,205 245,500 29,000 AG ao ie ey Seen 268,000 | 5.88 | 51 42 13,780 | 166,000 102,000 BN ite Select ake 267,000 | 5.86 | 29 76 7,945 | 234,000 | 33 , 000 IBaAsswOOd! <-> cnc - 260,500 | 5.72 | 26 72 6,960 210,500 50,000 1 bry ia ee 256,500 | 5.63 | 52 18 13,383 | 194,500 62,000 SDLUCesery si a am os 208,200 | 4.57 28 19 5,870 | 95, 200 113,000 Other species... .. TAIZ AAO |) va cece |\Pecxoeare ay, I] ieaielerciannscea. [Me domes onl amereh | eee Oba ister Pay: 4,555,900 | ere | exerts) eae 2 2,608,500 1,195,200 | TABLE 30 — SPORTING AND ATHLETIC GOODS QUANTITY USED ANNUALLY Average} ‘Total Grown cost per cost Grown in out of Kinp or Woop — 1,000 f.10: b; New York. | New York. feet factory Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. | Per cent | | | Sugar maple...... 851,000 20.12 | $41 02 | $34,904 274,000 577 , 000 White oak... ... 714,000 16.88 65 78 46,964 213,000 501,000 Shortleaf pine..... 592,000 13.99 37 75 | 22, S48) || op nee 592,000 Rtedi oak eho. | 525,000 12.41 69 05 | 36,250 25,000 500,000 Yellow poplar... ... 351,200 8.30 58 66 20,602 300,000 51,200 ) | Other species. .... PEGE ETO eee emoeelb Sodom cuecosce || soatocooc |) cadnocns: OLA tert ae | dO) MOO! | 2..-ccc.sic pillars eceeeotg I eee ete 812,000 2,221,200 | 4,230, 100 Wood Utilization Directory 45 TABLE 31 — TRUNKS AND VALISES | QUANTITY USED | ANNUALLY Average Total Grown cost per cost Grown in out of Krnp or Woop ————— 1,090 fn0: De New York. | New York. | feet factory | Feet b. m.| Feet b. m. Feet b. m. | Per cent | | | Basswool........ 22005000. 63.93 | $33 32 $75,325 1,085,590 1,175,009 Wroitce pine. ...... 759,509 PN eee PAM ars | 21,925 75,509 | 675,090 [ELS eet eae ee 310,009 | 9.62 3t 41 hea) 99,099 | 29,090 Hickory 80,0)9 225 47 5) Sr OG Wiest oe ae cee 80,099 PER Teretee be 2 OS, =. 8 70,090 | 1.98 59) 09 33301 0M tee ee 70,09) Medes um. f)..c0. 35,099 99 33 57 VS INI(21 9 en ggeen eras . 35,009 Bip tallies ie, ca: SSS PAO OLA) lore OM [eee Sc en eee ee nae 1,211,099 2,320,000 TABLE 32 — PATTERNS AND FLASKS QUANTITY USED ANNUALLY Average! Total | Grown cost per | cost Grown in | out of Kinp oF Woop |— 1000. |) fio. b: New York. | New York. | feet | factory Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. Feet b. m. | Per cent | White pine....... 2,908,400 85.84 ; $51 58 | $159,002 681,800 2,226,600 Basswood.....:.. 105,509 So 34 47 o,0D0 TOSSSO OU Ne a eee Wihite-oak...... =: . 100,090 | pale 5 35 O00 3,500 10050003 |- = epee Hemlock......... * 75,800 | Ded. 15 87 1,203 15,800 | 60,000 iPtteh pine>....... 69,000 1 rere 24 33 | 1,460 GOFO00%N Sea Other species... .. TEE Tea ed je eine oa scaly | ih we kn | ae a 8 Ota gsc ik2c02 SOOS OUI ys Shc scot | creeks on | gtaseaed 963, 100 2,236,690 ' College of Forestry TABLE 33 -— Toys QUANTITY USED ANNPALLY Average Total Grown cost per cost Grown in out of Kinp or Woop | 1,009 f. 0. be New York. | New York | feet factory Feet b. m. | Feet b. m Feet b. m. | Per cent | Basswood........ 1,412,500 47.17 | $31 41 $44,370 762,500 | 650,090 Sugar maple...... 960,599 32.03 23 12 22,210 710,590 250,099 JENS a aii ee ee 232,090 Cats: 25 78 5,980 212,000 | 20,000 Glrestmnitetic gra ca| 125,000 | 4.17 21 80 | 22D 109,000 25,000 LS)RC) 01 iat ooies aoe H 100,000 | 3.34 29 00 2,000 59,000 | 50,000 | | | Riedioaks: 2.22... 109,099 Boe 30 00 | 3,000 10D): O00)y|" i Sere Other species... .. GE DOOM eters cen eee ae linens urctceanes es Ree eae ress 2 Mighell 2 ..t55. | BOGaNSOOLI! nc ee allen | De eats 1,935,000 995,000 TABLE 34— CLOCKS | | ; QUANTITY USED | | ANNUALLY | Average Total Grown cost. per | cost Grown in out of Kinp or Woop 1,000 fe Os Ds New York. New York. feet factory | Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. | Per cent | | | | Loblolly pine..... 926,571 31.43 | $19 59 SLS: OGG F 5k ees 926,571 White oak........ Coe 24.12 42 42 30.167 161, 227 559,000 White pine....... 455, 064 | 15.47 | 34 10 V5 Dee woes ete 456,064 Cottoniewm 2. a6 Szepolon |) LOLS I 34 onl 1 RCO) 212 4 | eae eae 322,816 Cherry (black)....| 300,000 LOL iz sOROD) 9,000.) Stee. es 300, 000 } | Other species. .... PACD Ill erect Miers oe \) echadsteee Aas eters aero eters ats o.c- =~ | = sBoballer pyciaciene 2 OAS SDD) Nt Sye.c.nesten lll Usveueneiens asl eee eee [5i5 22 2,555,451 Wood Utilization Directory 45 TABLE 35 — ELEVATORS QUANTITY USED | ANNUALLY | Average Total | Grown cost per cost Grown in out of Kinp or Woop 1,000 fo. b; New York. | New York. | feet factory Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. Feet b. m. | Per cent | i ae |- | Bitehpine:....... 1,234,000 46.33 | $22 41 BO (AROS gl lee tenay eoares fee | 1,234,000 White oak........ 530,000 19.90 | 39 39 | 20,875 175,000 355,000 Sugar maple...... 398 , 000 14.94 43 15 | Teg, SOS OOON ||P asicuns ste sifeiol (fe) cas aan 150,000 5.63 | 40 00 | 6,000 50,000 100,000 White pine....... 127,500 4.79 | 33 76 | 4,305 10,000 | 117,500 Other species. .... 2S OOM ater: ) ojos ll ie prea vigtel| meee arti [heey eee corte Ope ween let PATS SI 7A0\0 alll open eal lop le Acie | ta ice 633,000 1,806,500 TABLE 36 — WHIPS, CANES, UMBRELLA STICKS QUANTITY USED | | ANNUALLY Average! Total Grown cost per cost Grown in | __ out of Kinp or Woop 1,000 f.0.b New York. | New York. \eeteet factory | Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. Feet b. m- | Per cent | i BaeGhEee a 4 srsvec atc 2,035,000 90.97 | $23 16 $47,125 | 2,000,000 35,000 Hickory 40,000 1.79 49 50 TAO SO aivcdsc: 01 ene | 40,000 LN 30/6 pee ene ae 30 , 000 1.35 60. 00 TS SOUR: | Ravsiee. seven Nos 30,000 Bimehieeci tua 2-5. 25,000 1. 12 50 00 ile PASO) A Seek ire 25,000 IBASEWOOUE ry... = 20,000 .89 40 00 SOO) ltaaates cists oc 20,000 Other species. .... BIZ OOO ENG cpecretrcee) | esters etge | roe coat cree liter sty fers =! =i he Sess eae oe Oval seis occ PPB ODA betes se'||, Metical MEN ae 2,000,000 150,000 Woods bought by piece or weight: Bamboo Hornbeam Partridge Scotch thistle Congo Lancewood Pea Weitzel Corra Malacca Peach Whangee Furze Orange Rattan Willow (osier) Haw 46 College of Forestry TABLE 37 — PLUMBERS’ WOODWORK - QUANTITY USED ANNUALLY Average} Total Grown ; cost per cost Grown in | __ out of KInp oF Woop 1,000 | fo Orbs New York. | New York feet factory | Feet b. m. | Feet b. m Feet b. m. | Per cent Wibitevoalke. 25.2.2: 690, 000 38.61 | $37 838 $26,100 375,000 | 315,000 Riedioaks. ... . ...h0". 518,000 28.99 35 O7 18,165 233,000 | 285,000 BTEC ey cre acs -abn 216,000 12.09 45 58 9,845 141,000 | 75,000 Shortleaf pine... 200,000 11.19 28 75 OOO ee eeocerenee | 200 , 000 AGS oda Saab 96,000 Dot 33 54 3,220 90,000 | 6,000 Other species... .. 67 O00) ole ces cee re Lecce aioe eee | t2. eee Mota cco osc I beat Reif As 0 10] Vine Gill ead tence oA ots When cs oe 839,000 | 881,006 TABLE 38 — PRINTING MATERIAL QUANTITY USED | ANNUALLY | Average| Total Grown | cost per cost Grown in out of Kinp or Woop 10005) Seiaianb: New York. | New York. feet factory Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. Feet b. m. | Per cent | | Cherry (black).... 577 ,000 33.21 | $48 28 $27,850 | 27,000 550 , 000 Basswood. ....... 290, 500 16.72 30 00 8,715 290 O00). err eaeaee @hestnubys....02. 250,000 14.39 18 00 4,500. | 2) OOO) a5 paca Shortieaf pine..... 200,000 11.51 15 00 3 OOO) ir oer 200 , 000 Wihiteoak......... 200,000 11.51 40 00 8,000 J sees eens 200 , O00 Other species. .... P10 000 ei ee eee Me ie A eee e.ctcaloe oo - Motalesh i os ICY 1710) On PAY we CPs Orc ec onect ence 567,500 950 , 000 ee 0. ee TABLE 39— SHADE AND MAP ROLLERS QUANTITY USED ANNUALLY | Average Total Grown cost per cost Grown in out of Kinp or Woop 1,000 15 L0)s | 0)5 New York. | New York. feet | factory Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. Feet b. m. | Per cent | | White pine....... 1,000, 000 61.63 | $42 50 $42,500 125,000 875,000 NREGSOTLID., 16 6 ciaier a's 500, 0090 30.82 | 25 60 LZ SUD oe ences 500, 000 SCE Ch ei ic 5) sists 50,000 3.08 16 00 S800 50); 000% |: sae: eee Other species. .... 72 SOO) beset oye eae PORE ee, cae SE Ie Oe CE | ca Motel ees ,cu: 11622), 500:'l\) catecysees| Rayer eee epee 175,000 1,375,000 Wood Utilization Directory TABLE 40 — BRUSHES AND BROOMS QUANTITY USED aN ~J ANNUALLY Average Total Grown cost per cost Grown in out of Kinp or Woop |————————__|_ 1,000 ie PLS New York. | New York. | feet factory Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. Per cent | | | | IRGC CIE a yee ae | 565,000 36.16 | $20 33 | $11,485 | 460 , 000 105,000 iBWiO) ey eee eee 463,000 29 .63 19 26 8,916 293 , 000 170,000 Sugar maple...... | 201,500 12.89 PHY) 5,500 166, 500 35,000 Basswood . ago oe Gin| 138 , 000 8.83 20 29 2,800 LSS OO0M)) Ricerca White pine....... | 75,000 4.80 18 00 1,350 KD OOO soe ee oe | | 1D] Nahe & bemtese Sea 50.000 3.20 25 00 i250 30,000 20,000 Other species... .. [eet 207000) || terse ae eadioess ice |e Ss Neat chal] | «koe Meee LAS Antony | — ~- Motale mae. . 4: | GL SOOM cree sree al. eee eee I Paty ects, 4 1,162,500 330,000 TABLE 4] — SICUTTLES, SPOOLS AND BOBBINS QUANTITY USED | | ANNUALLY | Average Total Grown | | cost per | cost Grown in out of KInp oF Woop 1,000 | f.0.b. .| New York. | New York. | feet | factory | Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. | Per cent | | | | | | | | | } | 13S 5 aoieel teens 552,000 57.38 | $20 92 | $11,550 452,000 | 100,000 IBGECO ee rinse fee: 200,000 | 20.79 | 16 00 | 3,200 ZUOZOOO |) . ak eee Sugar maple...... 150,000 | 15.59 | 25 00 | 3,750 | 80,000 | 70,000 Other species. .... . | GOKOOOM Weyer aN etek EER seer le ao RSPR eA h MR ae Oot “1 BS) 21] [ee es ge | 9620008 ase nee Ie cater ext Sc ean aoe A 732,000 | 170,000 | i] TABLE 42 — PULLEYS AND CONVEYORS | QUANTITY USED ANNUALLY Average Botaty || Grown | cost per|- cost | Grown in out of Kinp or Wood = —————_ |_ 1,000 f.o.b. | New York. | New York. | feet factory Feet b.m. Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. | Per cent | Sugar maple...... | 400 , 000 48.60 | $19 75 | $7,900 | 225,000 175,000 SAN CHE) setias Sos chensione | 160,000 19.44 40 O00 | 6,400 | 60, 000 100 , 000 JN) pene ane | 150,000 | 18.238 50 00 | SHO C Wr tr stich 150,000 Lignum-vitae..... | 60,000 7.29 | 250 00 TSAOOOM | PSs BF 60,000 BPechine men. 80.8 50,000 6.08 25 00 1,250 | DO ROOO ai ae een ees Cypress (bald)... ._ 3,000| .36| 59 00 | hl ele, pee 3,000 Mota ese ea $25; OOO es am: > 1® ree este +) | aloe acne Ve | 335,000 488 , 000 48 College of Forestry TABLE 43 —- DOWELS QUANTITY USED ANNUALLY Average | Total cost per cost Grown in out of Kinp or Woop 1,000 f..0:.b: New York. New York | feet factory Feet b.m. Feet b. m | Feet b. m. | Per cent | Bid es ees 546,000 | 72.51 | $40 04 $21,862 546 , 000 | « {oc ye BREED OR th <5, . sce 181,000 24.04 18 66 3,018 131,000 | 50,000 Basswood........ } 15,000 1.99 19 00 285 15000: |... 2 Cherry (black)... . 10,000 1.33 35 00 | 35) 10,000: | . eee Sugar maple...... 1,000 | 13 16 00 16 1,000 | ceteeeeeee Metal... 1, ; 753,000: |, cess eee _ 703,000 | 50,000 TABLE 44 — GATES AND FENCING QUANTITY USED ANNUALLY Average) Total Grown cost per | cost Grown in out of Kinp oF Woop 1,000 -| f.o.b. | New York. | New York. feet factory Feet b. m. Feet b. m. Feet b. m. | Per cent Shortleaf pine..... 200,000 21.08 25 00 | $5; OOO 5 |h Erte scar 200 , 090 White pine....... 158, 500 21.85 25 27 | 4,005 158,000) |... -.305-eee Redvos ke. 5. as: 100, 700 13.88 29 92 | 3,013 700 100,000 Hemlock. .-.....- 100 , 000 13.78 20 00 | 2 000gl Weeese one 100,000 Wibite.Oals.cos <0 100, 000 13.78 30 00 | 3, OOON | eee nicees 100,000 Other species. CEP SOO isis cee Perera | Sete evaadis ied || Reve Ae Ae lll eee ae MM GtALS t,o os TADS UD Vereen | ete.e Scie | Sen AIR or 159,200 | 500,090 } TABLE 45 — SIGNS AND SUPPLIES QUANTITY USED ANNUALLY Average Total Grown cost per | cost Grown in out of Kinp oF Woop — | 1,000 toe ov New York. | New York. feet | factory Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. Feet b. m. | Per cent | | = | | White pine....... 585,000 | 97.59 | $27 50 $16,085 25,000 560, 000 leas to) 5,000 | 83 45 00 22 5000) W.. cc oo eee Other species. 9,500 | Renee, S| t= eae |) es ts Bosal epen a bie Cel | | Motalsrss. svc. 599 , 500 | meee | eee el eee ee eters 30,000 560,000 Wood Utilization Directory 49 TABLE 46 FIREARMS QUANT LY SED ANNUALLY Average Total Grown cost per cost Grown in out of Kinp or Woop 1,000 sie Coeal a New York. | New York. feet factory Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. Feet b. m. Per cent Black walnut. .... 370,090 | 199.09 $68 65 | $25,400 | ......... 370,000 | TABLE 47 — PLAYGROUND EQUIPMENT QUANTITY USED ANNUALLY Average Total Grown cost per. cost Grown in out of Kinp or Woop 1,000 f.o0.b. | New York. | New York. | | feet factory Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. | Per cent Laie Ye re 76,000 30.40 | $2) 87 $2,270 16. O00. Sees ocre. ae Longleaf pine..... 45,099 18.09 4) 00 SOO eh ees hana oc loee 45,000 Yellow poplar..... - 35,000 | 14.00 5 fA 1,810 15,000 20,000 Birch). >: iad o% a 30,000 12.090 39 00 909 OOOO iy ee > ee White pine....... 30,000 12.09 39 67 | 1,190 10,000 20 ,G00 | Other species... .. SATODOM Scan cede: cidlie bS.OR| | ie REGIA en rene or oeacee Motalh avarice: ZOO SOOO hehe oe ala Saye ne | Pe cae 131,000 85,090 | TABLE 48 — AEROPLANES QUANTITY USED ANNUALLY Average Total Grown cost per cost Grown in out of KINpD oF Woop 1,090 f. o. b. New York. New York. | feet factory Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. Feet b. m. Per cent ae DORUCC sa ite. Ahevtare 15,200 | 48.41 | $22 63 $344 10, 200 5,000 Asbienete een. oe 6,500 20.70 | 35 08 228 4,500 2,000 Yellow poplar..... 4,200 | 13.38 | 40 00 | 168 | 1,000 © 3,200 White oak... 2... 3,909 | 11.14 | 42 29 148 | 1,500 2,000 CKOFY®.«\..... 5 ‘ 2,000 | 6.37 | 40 00 SOM ca kee 2,000 Motalle _dcsy.0- SA Omer ee oh lassie "Wee, 2 2 17, 200 14,200 The final step in paper manufacture. Here the finished paper is taken from the paper machine, made up into rolls of the required size, wrapped and labelled for shipment. This machine is by far the largest and most expensive item in the equipment of the modern pulp mill. Photograph by Henry H. Tryon. Wood Utilization Directory 51 TABLE 49 — MISCELLANEOUS QUANTITY USED ANNUALLY Average Total Grown cost per cost Grown in out of Kinp or Woop 1,000 fo; b. New York. | New York. feet factory Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. | Feet b m. | Per cent White pine....... 113,750,090 44.66 | $32 80 | $451,000 | 1,000,000 | 12,750,000 PIMIMCE Me aiiteie. cs « 5,754,000 18.69 24 35 140,100 | 2,504,000 3,250,000 Loblolly pine..... | 3,850,000 | 12.51 20 45 SGU |S rave, renee hey 3,850,000 FUCCNGUING «6... ss 1,500,000 4.87 35 00 D2 OOO ies oe, eee taae 1,500,000 White oak........} 1,060,000 3.44 40 06 42, +0 10,000 1,050,000 IRIE YU Ts oe 1,035,000 | 3.36 21 69 22,450 135,000 900 , 000 Longleaf pine..... 1,000,000 | 3.20 35 00 SDAOOO Ds ae extents 1,000,000 JENS) Gee ae 800, 000 2.60 40 00 Sa MOOW'S perce a veveres 800 , 000 Yellow poplar..... 715,000 2.32 34 91 ZEA OOO tenet bet eante 715,000 Sugar maple...... 706 , 000 2.29 30 04 ZV SZTON | Sicie tee ahs 706,000 Other species... .. G2OR SOE se yercl ea evecare rete stl sl nue bar cyenentes ely hia talvarepatenegenan Rotaly eo... SATS sO ite eas aout. | Cle tS 3,649,000 | 26,521,000 Vice ies So eae er: PART 1 Tastes SHowine How Eacu Species 1s Usep These are arranged in numerical order and show for each species the amount of lumber used in each industry, the average price paid and whether the stock is native to New York or imported from other states or Canada. 153] _ D4 TABLE College of Forestry 50 — WHITE PINE QUANTITY USED | ANNUALLY Average | | Grown cost Grown in | out of Name or INDUSTRY f. 0. b. | New York. | New York. = | factory Feet b.m. Feet b. m. Feet b. m. | Per cent | | | | Boxes and crates, packing... .|}132,945,200 | 31.36 | $20 89 |24,747,700 108,197,500 Planing mill products........ 121,512,700 28) 02 28 05 69,044,900 52,467,800 Sash, blinds, doors and general | miscellaneous............. 116,420,300 | 27.50 32 42 52,000,000 | 64,420,300 Miscellaneous.............. 13,759,000 | 3.2 32 80 1,000,000 12,750,000 I2ARFRTYOS SS Gone O eine ee ee 8,197,000 | 1.93 29 96 | 1,187,000 7,010,000 Dairy, poulterers, ete........| 4,653,300 ea 25 68 686, 300 3,967,000 Caskets and coffins..........| 4,331,000 1.020} -28 20 173,000 | 4,158,000 Boatsand!ships: .. 2.2... .. 4. 2,815,700 | 0.66 57 75 | 1,375,200 | 11,440;500 RRUITMNUGUTE Pe ots ste ceo nee see os, 6 2,153,000 | 0.60 31 26 | 1,190,500 | 962,500 Baskets and fruit packages... 1,857,000 0.44 20 25 782,000 | 1,175,000 Refrizerators and kitchen cab- | | PHECUSMOS OG Minit crtine chee 1,315,500 0.31 26 44 | 615,000 | 700 , 500 Musical instruments......... 1,251,500 | 0.29 53 39 416,300 | 835,200 War construction... .--...... 1,164,500 0.27 33 66 26,000 | 438, 500 Tanks and silos............. 1,090,300 0.24 | 3141] 665,300] 425,000 Shade and map rollers....... 1,000,000 0.23 42 50 | 125,000 | 875,000 Agricultural implements... ..| 782,000 0.18 Siyoo 611,000 | 171,000 Trunks and valises.......... 759,000 OFL7, 29 21 75,600 675,000 BEINGS arc clave sc)» fisgve esas cic 704,400 0.16 43 95 | 521,400 | 183 , 000 SIDTIS ee er pret fase aia touatonie 585,000 0.14 27 50 25,000 | 560, 000 WEnICLES Parr Wee he ie vest Fee we TEL OOS Ses aes 40 60 77,600 | 103 , 500 (CHENIN 3 Rin epee pe eee | BoOOO S| anciee 30 71 35; O00) |) oo cyretemtorate Professional and scientific in- ROU RITRRETU Swe teye tats scons) cua (ALE SOO) | rersiaeees \) oLeOSa} 1,500 70,000 W oodenware, novelties, ete... ABS sD00 | aeiccte | 29 O01 | 257,500 181,000 Picture frames and mouldings 269,500 | Geeks fo Bis 5) | 229,500 40,000 Ela lesen eRe oh, ccc. os ace LOSOOOM Maree 32 00 10,000) coSncaqvaee Laundry appliances......... SO 7670) i) citenclece | 44 77 36,000 | 670 Electrical machinery and ap-) PI DUA aero, cic che ate cheese 284,000) ieeeee | 28 59 264,000 20,000 Machinery construction...... CHEEHUOW codoan | AG) 25 245,500 29,000 Sporting and athletic goods. . DLS OOOM alec 41 17 | 50,000 1,500 OCKSPE Pan is nh ene 456064 -\\ sce SLO}! sone 456, 064 EVOL Se abt ec ieiik secke io tus 2 SOOM eer aeaeke 33 76 | 10,000 | 117,500 Brushes and brooms.........| ED OUN coo gee | 18 00 (3 0000 he ee eee Gates and fencing...........| 15S. DOOR Sree Hy Dred. 158;,500'" |) cece sees Playground equipment....... SOROOO Mpc | 39 67 | 10,000 20,000 otalbrteckes Aaciyiictre ook AV ith, (oe |) HO nae | Mateolans iotce2 308 |262,451,034 * All othars (l233 than 5)) M) = 2.23 per cant. Wood Utilization Directory TABLE 51 — SPRUCE QUANTITY USED | 55 ANNUALLY | Average | ; Grown | cost | Grown in out of NAME OF INDUSTRY f. 0. b. | New York. | New York. | factory | Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. Feet b. m. | Per cent | | | | | Planing mill products........ 75,416,560 44.59 | $20 77 |37,818,800 | 37,597,760 Boxes and crates, packing... .| 48,316,900 28.57 | 19 85 |15,477,400 | 32,884,500 Sash, doors, blinds and general) aM ME WOnKs 10s ese ale == es-|| 2,020,600 7.52 23 34 | 5,439,600 7,282,000 Musical instruments......... 9,557,950 5.65 | 24 27 | 8,865,700 692,250 Miscellaneous. ............. 5,754,000 3.40 | 24 35 | 2,504,000 3, 250,000 Ware cOnstruictiOn:. . soe... 2,623,000 155 23 30 345,000 | 2,278,000 Manksiand'siloss......-2... 2,370,000 1.40 21 94 | 85,000 2,285,000 Agricultural implements......| 2,279,500 1.36 | 20 80 | 141,000 2,138,500 Ship and boat building...... | 1,877,397 L.1 |” (36)04 480,000 1,397,397 Woodenware and novelties...) 1,949,000 Del oh pease eh . 884,000 | 1,065,000 Refrigerators and kitchen cab- | FILL Sete re ercrete sede, Seis ors ocala | 1,439,000 0.86 | 29 41 | 1,140,000 299 ,000 Electric machinery.......... 1,343,000 OMe eine | 593 ,000 750,000 Baskets and fruit packages...| 1,205,000 Ona 18 68 = 655,000 550,000 Dairymen’s, poulterers’ and) aplarists’ supplies......... | 1,057,000 0.619; 2295 | 907,000 150,000 Vehicles and vehicle parts... . 253,000 0.148 29 07 220,000 33,000 Picture frames and mouldings) 225,000 TEE hy RSTO, PRB TUT ON eek eo os Machinery construction...... 208 , 200 OF 28 19 | 95,200 | 113,000 Sporting and athletic goods... 172,800 OFL0 || 22°07 AZ S000) eee IMO HWURS Sy See cine eee ARR 114,000 0.083} 31 52 40,700 100, 300 Gates and fencing........... 35,000 0.02 DEACON leony eee 35,000 ley at Ors ies ye cree eve 24,000 ORO SOOM,

..-.3.- Gates and fences............ nf QUANTITY USED | | | ANNUALLY | Average | Grown | cost Grown in out of f. 0. b. | New York. | New York. factory Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. Feet b. m. Per cent | | A7060; O00! |ato6n1G" PS24°S2: lies oe -s | 47,060,000 DO 106) 200) Werte peo taal. aoe: 29,106, 200 PAR S 540800 lS Sule2s oil ene. 24,554,800 P11 056200) | e162 98) lt 28eS0' || oo. so ee 21,105,200 2,911,000 DO ahe Si Ob ee ae 2,911,000 A626 SOOM F026 |b BLS SOM eee sree | 1,626,300 603 , 000 OvlGa We 2AM ee cata | 603 , 000 592,000 O545, | £S7y roses. pase 592,000 | | L522000n neces let DAR iat oe eee 152,000 2535500. |=a2n ae: DAU GDS aerate, 253,500 SS2N000 foe ak SDS Weare en tee | 332,000 | DAG OOO he ee Das (Wal pone 5 eet | 240,000 | 10570005) S28e. SUAS geek eee ee. 105,000 DSFAQO) ane SSRI OL Rver ne tee 28 , 400 220000) | sees. 16.08 [vee eee 220,000 25 OOON|| ease SHOOT ene s 25,000 DINGOO Ae (PAO5AG |. Coenen | 21,600 139 000. 2.00. 2BNOO pete ee | 132,000 3503000. | -2enee MAA |p hee ee ars 350,000 DIAN Del| po ae DERGS" I, Byers 24,000 | 92/500. |iaeeeraee D495) | 4 aan ee 92,500 200000" |ose 2s. Day (50) een eee 200,000 200,000) |) sane T5KO0; ee cee 200 , 000 | 200;,000' iso: D5 OO eens aeaoeree | 200 , 000 SIG AGOM|) -Sacee |b Beyer * All others (less than 59) M) = 3.19 per cent. 130, 134,500 College of Forestry TABLE 54 — SuGAR MAPLE | QUANTITY USED ; | ANNUALLY Average | Grown : | cost Grown in | _ out of NAME OF INDUSTRY f. 0. b. | New York. | New York. | | factory Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. | Per cent Boot and shoe findings.......| 21,196,000 23.50 | $24 15 18,096,000 | 3,100,000 Planing mill products......... 14,929,500 | 16.55 25 28 10,900,500 | 4,029,200 Musical instruments......... 10,445,900 | 11.56 35 28 548 , 900 845,000 NMNHTGULE ts A ete o ete ee 8,391,900 9.25 28 62 | 5,117,400 3,234,500 Agricultural implements. 7,970,750 | 8.83 28 84 | 2,699,500 | 5,271,250 Sash, doors, blinds and general | | 71d, Srice Age a eS 6,3883)7200") Wi07 27 22 | 2,879,200 | 3,504,000 (CAR THSIE™ aye 4 oem a wee Wee Bi 2,639,300 | 2.92 23 86 | 1,877,800 761,500 Baskets and fruit packages...| 2,480,400 | 209 17 60 | 2,265,400 215,600 AIIRIRER ey SA oe oe ie te 2,215,000 | 2.45 28 19 112,000 2,103,000 Vehicles and vehicle parts.... 1,984,400 | 2.18 31 61 | 1,085,900 898, 500 LEIS yao 0 SE ee IS eee ee eee ae 1,418,000 SY 4 18 57 | 1,350,000 68,000 Boxes and crates, packing... . 1,689, 400 1.85 16 77. =1,650,900 38,500 TIERS oo en ee ae een anor 960,500 | 1.06 23 12 710,500 250,000 Professional and scientifie in- | BUIAIIN EINES Fans veel oe | 862,000 | .95 38 39 247,000 | 615,000 Sporting and athletic goods... 851,000 | .94 41 02 274,000 577,000 Laundry appliances......... 819,000 | .90 | 23 44 269 , 000 550,000 Mascellameous:...0..+.. +256. 706,000 | <7 SOROA eine eee 706,000 Machine construction........ 593,300 | .65 29 56 500, 100 93, 200 NSU Stree V Aue Sushel eve. sev acens 506,000 | .56 21 97 6,000 500 , 000 Gariconatructiona;... 2s scan. BO e200) meee 61 92 2,500 27,700 Dairymen’s, poulterers’ and aplarists’ supplies......... S41 200) |) eee 27 87 200, 200 147,000 Ship and boat building. . 42255000 vase ee 36 33 347 , 500 75,000 Refrigerators and kitchen cab- WCU REN Aire ee teyc oe ae ae BASU Senge 23 95 28,500 350,000 saniksyandStHopin. 2 sacs wee on O00R| asa 17 41 75,000 60, 000 Woodenware and novelties. | || SiliZ DOOM meee 18 92 297 , 500 20,000 Picture frames and mouldings T40F4000 | Psa 48 25 45,400 95,000 Electrical machinery and ap- WATAUUSHCe rays cc ne aaemele-s 12 S002 ae 28 00 62,300 50,000 Patterns and flasks.......... LO ROGO Ei eee: 36 93 15), 000: |) - arenes IeVvatOrs tate ee saci. 399000). 43 15 398,000 ||". cee Whips, canes and umbrella! Ghia He Be A eer dies ee rae PAURU OO) Wea os See SOOO HN cheno erste || eee Plumber’s woodwork........ 560000) "aeece. 50 00 31,000 25,000 Printing material............ SOOO eaerae ee ADNOO? Want ears 50,000 Shade and map rollers....... LPFOD Nios gin oi 20 40 12,000) || 2 nese Shuttles, spools and bobbins. . | 150000! Were scar 25 00 80,000 70,000 Pulleys and conveyors....... AQO 000) Pets cate 19 75 225,000 175,000 WOWwelamenoiNe hs Awa abe TROOOR eererenie 16 00 O00), |\ osc Signs and supplies........... 5007! Sanece 35 00 L500) |e. cterereeeee Playground equipment....... SAV | eeogac 55 00 4'-000:'||' 3 2eeeee Motallerte ay. Sao oe 90,033, 150 | “9 S133 ba Para aiey os 52,417,000 | 28,504,350 * All others (less than 500 M.) = 3.69 per cent. Wood Utilization Directory 59 TABLE 55 — HEMLOCK QUANTITY USED ANNUALLY | Average Grown cost | Grown in out of NaME oF INDUSTRY | f. 0. b. | New York. | New York. | | factory | Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. | Per cent | Planing mill products..... | 39,437,500 48.70 | $19 73 (29,547,500 | 9,890,000 Sash, doors, blinds and general | cori ghia ee ane | 26,436,600 31.68 20 44 |11,187,600 | 15,249,000 Boxes and crates, packing....| 10,448,900 | 12.58 19 51 | 5,427,400 | 5,021,500 PRET EDIE et vey Woy occas sia 1,570,000 eo) Lar | 55,000 | 1,515,000 @ariconstruction..::._.¢.... 1,560,000 1.74 19 38 31,500 1,245,000 Shamiksranad SILOS... 0-66 0s00 1,190,000 Hatt 24 39 380,000 | 810,000 Baskets and fruit packages... | 719,000 | 85 16 56 689,000 | 30,000 Machine construction........ 550, 000 52 15 55 950,000) |) ene Musical instruments......... ZENOOO! Il erase ee QASOO MN Awe ecen 26,000 Dairymen’s, poulterers’ and aplarists’ supplies......... Mrf2r OOD ee vetere c 18 62 170,000 | 2,003 Ship and boat building....... AGA OOO! caer 26 52 426000! recente Vehicles and vehicle parts... .| 24 000m aes. | Sis Bis) | 24,000) |). ae. Se ere Agricultural implements. | 3282500) lire e I 20926 S2Se OOO! ll seen cee Refrigerators and kitchen cab- TREYSLNS1 6 o GeO i ERE Cae 50000). |gteae- 20 00 50/000): Wererteteree Electrical machinery and a | ASHEN VULIS Aree Coe an seit feats: ai ets MAS OOO! Wa nee 14 15 LT4 OOOH FS Seaton Sporting and athletic goods... | TOE GOO s s ae es 50M 180;600% | Bos oese eae Patterns and flasks.......... TOL SOUM ace 15 87 15,800 | 60,000 Gates and fencing........... Wa? LOO ;OOOE| 2.27% « PASO nts vested | 100,000 PROCS erected eicwisaerss 68 (783), 028,900) |) #99e13) |) oon: 148,796,900 | 33,948,500 SSS * All others (less than 500 M.) = 0.87 per cent. 60 College of Forestry TABLE 56 — CHESTNUT QUANTITY USED ANNUALLY Average Grown cost Grown in out of NAME OF INDUSTRY f. 0. b. | New York. | New York. ‘ factory | Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. Feet b. m. | Per cent | Dairymen’s, poulterers’ and apiarists’ supplies......... | 20,388,100 | 28.6 $31 66 500,000 | 19,988,100 Sash, doors and blinds....... | 13,324,200 18.7 36 17 | 2,900,500 | 10,423,700 Terabe pees Be BS geo es eee 9,752,590 IBIAYS 23 00 | 1,625,500 8,127,090 Caskets and coffins.......... 9,199,000 12.9 24 2 380,000 8,819,000 Planing mill products........ | 6,170,200 8.68 31 07 3,685,000 2,485, 200 Boxes and crates, packing..../ 4,380,250 6.16 17 40 | 1,612,750 2,767,500 Musical instruments......... 3,596,000 5.06 23 42 124,000 3,472,000 REXRULEB Rees gent te eh ee wig | 1,828,100 Qeor 25 84 | 1,275,800 552,800 Ship and boat building....... 1055; S000) Meera 36 40 55,300 50, 500 Vehicles and vehicle parts... .| 2 (il ZOO) | arouses 16 67 270, 200 1,060 Agricultural implements. .... 133, O008| acer 23 38 74,000 59 , 000 Giralese a a cscs lenis rae ASG 5004) Saasen 20 76 204 , 500 282,000 Professional and scientific in-) BELUINONUS A Aiur ates dedecsegetoroe OOO eee So 2005 eisestanier 2,500 Baskets and fruit packages... AS2 O00) ae ease 16 33 448 , 500 3,500 Ierieerabors... ico. ee cee oe So O00) | ose 19 24 15,000 70,000 Woodenware and novelties. . . tL CU010) dh2 a Adio 28 97 31 000 ||) :,..*guseeee Picture frames and mouldings) Soa COO! IE oteee.. 40 40 39,000 295,250 Electrical machinery........ LOOS O00" |= 28 saa5 25 45 25,000 75,000 Sporting and athletic goods.. .| 7 OOOM ee coe 45 29 10,000 7,000 Patterns and flasks.......... PAVED OO) ana cs 25°90 oey fk aes 20,000 PROV eleva shave Mo evs see erererels TZ SS OOOH eee aenane 21 80 100,000 25,000 Plumbers’ woodwork........ 1 seem aera s 150,000 Picture frames and mouldings 2 nLAOOO!:|f shea Sa TANT etre y At 271,000 Electrical machinery and ap- ES RBEUOUIS ETS) Bi etedey Al sop). oe eis 47,000"), Secteor: DSOROON | sectors 47,000 Machine construction........ 155 OOO) 2 caer DO ide Nina, eee 155,000 Pulleys and conveyors....... 3000) a iene DONOOM cso 3,000 Gates and fencing........... SORO00 | toece- AS OOS. caterer 30,000 MR Otello yee ot tuetichs sath GOLSTAR SOR AOGr del), oyeks cae ly suet arstese are 60,314,370 * All others (less than 500 M.) = 3.61 per cent. 3) College of Forestry TABLE 60 — RED OAK QUANTITY USED ANNUALLY Average Grown cost Grown in out of NAME OF INDUSTRY f. o. b. | New York. | New York. factory | Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. Feet b. m. | Per cent @ariconstruchionl..... 6. ).0s6e 11,077,000 18.66 | $26 59 641,000 | 10,436,000 PATNTGUEE ¢, tao os es sec create ec 10,017, 200 16.73 42 47 | 3,317,800 6,699,400 Sash, doors, blinds and general mM RW ONK: cess 2 to ye sncle Gites 9,609 ,400 16.03 45 76 | 3,597,300 6,012,100 Planing mill products........ 7,677,100 12.83 36 03 | 4,180,600 3,496, 500 CUNEIVRE I 6 aR Cor oe Nee ue See ea trae 4,080, 500 6.838 39 69 1,608,000 2,472,500 Boxes and crates, packing....| 3,349,500 5.59 Tey 1163 149, 500 3,200,000 Vehicles and vehicle parts... . 2,586, 200 4.31 48 07 696, 200 1,890,000 Musical instruments.........} 2,168,000 3.62 63 59 401,250 1,766,560 RVeMISerAtOLS: gaya.e. ss one es 1,935, 500 33733 34 73 145, 500 1,790,000 EMERUUES SP ysis ateta sucha: steteve ate a 1,898, 500 B35 1%/ 44 57 695,000 1,203,500 Ship and boat building.......| 1,280,400 2013) 45 76 272,000 1,007, 500 Agricultural implements... .. 655, 500 1.09 41 02 494,500 161,000 Sporting and athletic goods... 525,000 .89 69 05 25,000 200 , 000 Plumbers’ woodwork........ 518,000 88 35 07 233 ,000 285,000 Dairymen’s, poulterers’ and aplarists’ supplies......... ZOSO00R |e 27 50 40:;000' |". 220 eee Professional and scientific in- BUGUIMEDUS seins ts, oe etek eke 53008 38 84 11,000 42,500 Caskets and coffins.......... 481,000 4a5--8 45 72 16,000 465,000 Baskets and fruit packages. . . GOO I eno cee 21 92 82,300 5,000 12 (Ot OS metro eResetel Clay nce tea Me ven 2 OOO) || Peers mere 40 00 2000 |) ccc eee Woodenware and novelties. . . 1457000)" See25- 44 66 58 , O00 87,000 Picture frames and mouldings 309,000 | Reracrcter. 47 40 120,000 245,500 Laundry appliances......... LLOOO | asectere 40 00 5,000 6,000 Electrical machinery and ap- ALA CSSA ees cela 210),000) |e ee-ee 35 86 60 , 000 150,000 Machine construction........ 256,000) Paneer 52 18 194,500 62,000 Patterns and flasks.... . SOU |b seadsoc DOO! Meiente ae 3,000 SROs crac he chek 2 e-5 siete alas 1000008 Paneer 30 00 100);000),) \< -elecenaae WlOCkKstee artes ae Ounce NEO SOC oodooe SOLOOUIM eee 150,000 GV ALOUR re momniis Pols ataress T50 7000 eeeetere 40 00 50,000 100 , 000 Gates and fencing........... LOOMZOOD tare 29 92 700 100,000 Signs and supplies........... S 0000 eter 45 00 53000! ||. soho Muiscellaneous§.csc.sc ec 25020008 none ee AQMOOG sonecceterstece 250,000 Tankstand SilOsinc.. 00: oo. 50 O00n|sae een 25 00 50,000"), «nets POCA Sey erarayfokors ioe vols Soo (6ire (ore 5971S SOO EOS 9O |) Veer olleeietesere. 42,286,000 ——_—_— —oqoe_ wer @£.£8°Op]zj FTF O—mnDeeeEETETeTEeeo —_o_=.2-=-2—020—0008————_.CcaOSOSSOaeaq_—z—~—~——<“—e__ ee «»-“«wswss0 D0» Samm * All others (less than 500 M.) = 4.01 per cent. Wood Utilization Directory 65 TABLE 61 — YELLOW POPLAR QUANTITY USED ANNUALLY Average Grown cost Grown in out of NAME OF INDUSTRY f. o. b. | New York. | New York. factory | Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. Feet b. m. | Per cent Sash, doors and blinds....... 10,908, 750 19.0 $42 75 | 1,283,500 9,625,250 Musical instruments......... 9,933 , 300 17.42 48 86 | 1,011,200 8,922,100 Boxes and crates, packing....| 9,543,400 ila 7/ 24 72 88 , 500 9,454,900 UEUAIGTING: ae) tk srctere ie enecase was = 6,056,780 10.6 38 76 477 , 500 5,579 , 280 Diya ranvt HS ees ae 5,100,500 8.9 39 94 172,500 4,938,000 LUV El =, Me oe eee eR a Oech one eee 3,023, 250 tay. 3) 43 27 233 , 000 2,790, 250 Vehicles and vehicle parts....| 2,701,900 4.7 62 90 488 , 600 2,213,300 Dairymen’s, poulterers’ and apiarists’ supplies......... 1,725,200 B34 29 89 125,000 1,600, 200 Caskets and coffins.......... 979 , 000 Ld Saez |e b ioe 979 ,000 Cariconstruction).,..........% 896, 800 15 57 52 10,000 886,800 Picture frames and mouldings 749 , 250 Ws} 42 67 102,000 647 , 250 Miscellaneous.............. 715,000 iee SAO ieee eee ke 715,000 Agricultural implements. ... . 673,700 1.18 37 87 50, 500 623 , 200 IRiCzricey (Oa) of) 10) = esc ee 667 , O00 ial 40 53 25,000 642,000 PDX CEIBIOR Seyi cid ny Serors Steet 603 .000 1.05 20 31 (SORIA Soon mon ccc Ship and boat building....... Vi OC OU an Shes A Sealers, stereos 97 ,000 (CHAT EAT SS URE AR ante a eee ar aen ans (ater OLOO | Seiad ig DAT (gto el | Wie ire ree OA 65,000 Professional and scientific in- BGIUMVCTIES or lc enseks-ortieiacex Ao OO0R | ean see 2A Ol mars tic oc 475,000 Baskets and fruit packages... . 123),0008 |e nice 34 68 36, 500 86,500 Wicarsboxes sre. bere is. 204 O00N aaa AROSE lhe aaceacect 264,000 Woodenware and novelties. . . ISO) | oboe 39 90 26,500 119,000 Laundry appliances......... olileAtol0) |) i aaoe 44 89 7,500 303 , 700 Electrical machinery......... PRO H So ncae SAG Thal acon Sevens 230,000 Machine construction........ “VASO |! scagss 43 34 175,000 301,000 Sporting and athletic goods... SOOO eens 58 66 300 , 000 51,200 Patterns and flasks.......... Soon eee TOOKOO? | ere ncevetere 8,350 ON o a cataee aoa Enea eee SOOO || ceeane DSUGSxil eee ere 38,000 EV ALORS) emotes cvs ayer ce SOOO Manure 4551008) |acke cronies 5,000 Plumbers’ woodwork........ NOON Bannoe SOROOM hee eee 10,000 Brushes and brooms......... NOZGOON | aac 31 89 600 10,000 Shuttles, spools, ete......... 507000 Sa. SOHOOR eee cn gee 50,000 Playground equipment....... So OOOM mene ai leg(al 15,000 20,000 INGKOPIANIES: 5) <5 cits ew och oin's AE 200ha|| Boece 40 00 1,000 3,200 STU een eaten eters costteraion i: 56,975,880 | *94.35 | ...... 5,232,400 | 51,753,480 * All others (less than 500 M.) = 5.65 per cent. Small squares and pieces saved from hardwood slabs, edgings and defective material formerly wasted and now utilized for chair rounds, furniture parts, novelties, dowels, etc. The forest products of the Adiron- dack region are probably utilized more closely than those of any other region in this country. Photograph taken at a large hardwood operation at McKeever. Photograph by NELSON C. Brown. Wood Utilization Directory 67 TABLE 62 — BASSwoop ! { QUANTITY USED } ANNUALLY | Average | Grown cost | Grownin | out of NAME or INDUSTRY f. 0. b. | New York. | New York. | factory | Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. Feet b. m. | Per cent | | | | Boxes and crates, packing....| 10,289,900 | 18.0 | $25 65 | 4,369,000 | 5,920,900 Planing mill products........ 7,569,900 13.2 25 29 | 5,507,400 | 2,512,500 Dairymen’ 8, poulterers’ and aplarists’ supplies......... 6,104,000 _| 10.7 22 53 | 4,082,000 2,022,000 LTCCP A ea ee 5,326, 200 9.2 25 16 | 1,880,200 3,446,000 Sash, doors, blinds and general mill work ip eB orca ae Pas 5,027,400 8.8 27 47 | 2,537,000 2,490,400 Musical instruments......... 3,513,600 6.11 37 64 | 1,328,600 2,185,000 T2721 (0) ee 2,080,000 3.47 | 18 03 | 1,980,000 100,000 Trunks and valises.......... 2,260,500 3.09 33 32 | 1,085,500 1,175,000 Professional! and scientific in- PEMOLCIELE | 0c oo Meo ce ls 0 she 1,748, 200 3,06 | 34 29 | 1,069,200 679 ,000 Woodenware and noyelties...| 1,721,200 3.00 30 13 | 1,451,200 270,000 Vehicles and vehicle parts....| 1,622,450 2.84 31 67 | 957,150 665, 300 Baskets and fruit packages...| 1,426,400 2.53 | 19 09 | 1,276,400 150,000 SUISSE eae Ss een nae 1,412,500 | 2.47 31 41 762,500 650,000 Agricultural implements. .... 1,367,000 2.3 28 60 | 1,127,000 240,000 Boot and shoe findings. . 1,241,000 | 2.17) 36 46 | 1,094,000 147,000 Picture frames and mouldings 1,137,500 | 1.99 39 44 174,000 963 , 500 Laundry appliances. ........ 1,010,670 | 1.77 | 24 02: | 905,000 105,670 Car construction............ LES 7A0. 00 Wore 49 40 3,700 8,000 Ship and boat building...... 156,000°| 2.4... | 2518] 121,000 35,000 LEE SR ee Se 418,000 | .2...2 le an Ole: 260,000 158,000 MBPRVINER nts ec iclsv ccd ee ot 201 0009) ..o 5... | 36 42 | 76,000 125,000 Caskets and coffins..........! £49000} 0.225 35 64 27 ,000 122,000 Refrigerators..............: 95;000'} 2...2.2 24 72 35,000 60,000 Mankstand silos... 5.2... 6. 5000!) Sek 4Qi00n iach nue 5,000 @iga OKES 5 ree soa 25000 nn eee os ee LOR OO) (knees cae 2,000 13 lots SES ee ea ae ee 375000) | tees. 24 32 ST A000 SO RRs res Electrical machinery and ap- | (agi TIAN 5 Se eee $4000) ess 32 14 845000's|- assert: Machine construction........ 260,500 | ...5%5: 26 72 210,500 50,000 Sporting and athletic goods... GOR60G s\n | eGrar 12,000 48,600 Patterns and flasks.......... 1057500 |)... | 34 47 LOS, 5004) eee: CECE TRS Eide 10000 "23. S SOrOOV |: Sacto re 150,000 BHC HDIAP ee Se ice Soke ee £05,000" |. 2.022 28 | 28 00 10,600) 5 sc eee Whips, canes and umbrellas. . 20000 | s . a 300), | al ee 20,000 Printing material. . a tiig

OOO Re Se tee Ship and boat building....... 45,000 43 89 10,000 35,000 Boot and shoe findings....... 25,000 20 00 Q5sOOO Wes os vee Professional and scientific in- BEMMTHEMUS so oucciae ice cis 3,000 38 67 500 2,500 Machine construction........ 85,000 35 59 77,500 7,500 Trunks and valises........:. 80,000 ATC 50) ||\Wiaet ta ats 80,000 FNETOPILANES tenon siete tose tue 2,000 40):00)' |) hin Shek ae 2,000 Whairceemer nine ne teenie 51,200 31 17 50, 000 1,200 Printing material. 55... ..... 20,000 30 00 PROMO OO || Tos aoe cheba wean Gates and fencing........... 600 18 00 6007 aa eee Whips, canes and umbrella! SEIGKA ee ater erie suet | 40,000 AD 50! | Pmen eee 40 ,000 SIRO U Ear A terete eee ee scegs S35 COLT SOO! I SOIOF Ai ee ocr 2,397,850 6,152,800 * All others (less than 100 M.) = 8.1 per cent. TABLE 74 — SPANISH CEDAR QUANTITY USED ANNUALLY Average Grown cost per | Grown in out of NAME oF INDUSTRY 100 New York. | New York. feet Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. Feet b. m. GigarsbOxes i rraccoec eee 8,580,500 SUIS) OS: anes 8,580,500 Musical instruments......... 2,500 250) OO is||ear noes cere 2,500 MOE et wisiolneratraersiave ves S ROSS OU le FOS Oh lls myers al linaciaieeeee ele 8,583,500 * All others (less than 100 M.) —1.1 per cent. -T CO College of Forestry TABLE 75 — PITCH PINE QUANTITY USED ANNUALLY Average Grown cost per | Grown in out of NAME oF INDUSTRY 1,000 | New York. | New York. feet Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. Feet b. m. | Per cent Boxes and crates, packing....} 2,765,000 45.9 $18 87 245,000 2,520,000 Planing mill products........ 1,757,600 29.1 18 67 | 1,754,600 3, LDL EID See See ee ee 1,234,000 2004) || oe dda} seieeeese-=c) leas atthe Sash, doors, blinds and general SLL 7h a fe Rema is aan ae ie OOO! a eeates Dairymen’s, poulterers’ and apiarists’ supplies......... 35000 4). hens es Vehicles and vehicle parts.... 1 O00) hie Baskets and fruit packages. . . TOROOO Wh. Yeeee Refrigerators and kitchen cab- STICUS S30) - steucie ae ee a aeete 25; 000A ee es Manks and Gilog-.. . <<...ch.ne 50000 Td) eee Patterns and flasks.......... (DOU) |) oes ad a TROD i Ane a eee eee 6,023,600 | *95.4 * All others (less than 500 M.) = 4.6 per cent. TABLE 76— WESTERN WHITE PINE NaME OF INDUSTRY Sash, doors, blinds and general) MME WOLK ease ees: Planing mill products........ Dairymen’s, poulterers’ and apiarists’ supplies......... Ship and boat building....... Vehicles and vehicle parts... . QUANTITY USED ANNUALLY Feet b. m. | Per cent 2,462,000 62.5 1,050,000 26.6 100O00F! eens SO0k000 | veenae 23 OUD eee 3,935,000 | *89.1 Average cost per 1,000 | New York. feet Grown in Feet b. m. Grown out of New York. Feet b. m. 2,462,000 1,050,000 100,000 300 , 000 23,000 3,935,000 * All others (less than 500 M.) = 10.9 per cent. x Wood Utilization Directory TABLE 77 — CHERRY (BLACK) I we) NAME OF INDUSTRY UI oe ee Printing material............ Professional and scientific in- SETI CTI OB ayes nice s.ciellsv ener << Clarita Seine ee sieteie a Seeea PGAAMULE: © se ticctns eicswoere)«Neoecee Planing mill products........ Musical instruments......... Sash, doors, blinds and general TAN 6) d Saree Ship and boat building....... Boot and shoe findings....... Be ER a uc iclceaene eis ipo. Shes 4 Caskets and coffins.......... Baskets and fruit packages... Woodenware and novelties... Laundry appliances......... Electrical machinery and ap- POSUAGUBE coi cets eye te esse eis 42 Machine construction........ Patterns and flasks.......... Brushes and brooms......... Shuttles, spools and bobbins... WOWwelsrtee ete ck asec oss s Playground equipment....... Vehicles and vehicle parts... .| QUANTITY USED ANNUALLY | Average Grown | cost per | Grown in out of — | 1,000 New York. | New York. feet Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. Feet b. m. | Per cent 1,150,000 35.4 $47 43 55,000 1,095,000 577 ,000 tt Gee 48 28 27,000 550 , 000 315,700 9.4 ey ad 60,000 255,700 300 , 000 9.2 Sd OO ase nrom tee c 300 ,000 245,550 7.9 38 49 171,150 74,400 124,000 3.8 35 80 59,000 65,000 120,000 3.7 45 13 109 ,000 11,000 116,900 3.5 67 04 63,600 53,300 305900 Wise SEA cnr sees at 37 , 500 SOF2ZO0 eho ess 68 09 53,900 35,300 25 O00 sacs 30 00 ZAM ae crncpne eee 1G OOOF ses. oct. 35 25 TG2O0O" RE ce sees cre 1 OOW Tones a 56 82 1,000 10,000 4A OOO S|) coed fess 18 41 AA OU Vereen eec 1 OOO S| cates « 20 00, TOOT ese pone PIAUU OO ee nencieee MOO! |e siehgeat ara eraty 2,000 2 OOOiA| 5 cc ar 50 00 | 14-1 ON Ua ees St EO) ere noes 29 33 4,000 500 2 MOD) SNS svorse aire 87 60 500 2,000 DUO BL crete 30 00 2 OOO or coe oe 5 OOO Ne ae skys 25 00 ALL Ol mpagtseike orate HOFOOO N28 ssc 35 00 IDE OC OE Niesate ane eee 15000) “kee: 18 00 Me SOOO Ma ay cae 5,900) | oes 42 54 2,900 3,000 Si 242 TOON eOOne. ee eat 748,050 2,494,700 * All others (less than 100 M.) = 9.8 per cent. 80 College of Forestry TABLE 78 — BLACK WALNUT QUANTITY USED ANNUALLY Average Grown : cost per | Grown in out of NAME OF INDUSTRY —| 1,000 | New York. | New York feet Feet b. m. | Feet b. m Feet b. m. | Per cent Musical instruments......... 698 , 600 26.5 |$111 76 26,100 672,500 BAIIRIT HUN erences anaes & 558, 501 21.2 172 81 3,979 554,926 Sash, doors, blinds and general MET WODH Ga, chars «ov sh ete 422,000 16.0 114 21 257,000 165,000 LORETTA) tere a pone Greer ee 370,000 14.1 6865-7 A eee ee 370,000 Planing mill products........ 291,000 11.0 113 87 260,100 31,500 Vehicles and vehicle parts.... 23,100 8.7 87 45 100 23,000 CGAITS ete ioc tieteis ee eer eee HPA)! |) cece ec 42 12 5,000 200 LYE" AU ET c12 FP ni ne US OO) Wl ans aae OORO IE Vice tare 71,500 Caskets and coffins.......... 1S OCO Miners 89 62 8,000 5,000 Woodenware and novelties. . . 200" || asa 40 00 200 <|) 250 eee Picture frames and mouldings AGS GOON eee USPS. | ye acer 46,600 Electrical machinery and ap- AUACUS ae ie ae cine ares DO OOS) cercisvcvers M4 TOY) a Seemc ces 59,700 Sporting and athletic goods... TO"OO0| ane cee SOROOM |) eo xe soe 10,000 locke ee en aan neta QS eOL TA Meese TAO. 8 Sate eee 28,527 Whips, canes and umbrella Bie katy Pas cao oa Ae 205000! ill Sea. DINOOM nan ae cers 20,000 Brushes and brooms......... GOO tare 30 00 600" |) = Aaa eee Miscellaneous............... LOROOO|Sem se 69 00 10000)! 2-3 acres POLS sete rce. ota.c shea chaos ZEO2ZS,029) | KO MDa ees 570,675 2,058,453 * All others (less than 100 M.) = 2.5 per cent. TABLE 79 — TAMARACK QUANTITY USED ANNUALLY Average Grown cost per | Grown in out of NaME OF INDUSTRY 1,000 | New York. | New York. feet Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. Feet b. m. | Per cent Sash, doors, blinds and general MO nw. OUKe cen dciea sine ereh 1,015,000 48.3 $17 97 15,000 1,000,000 Planing mill products........ 1,000,000 48.1 LSSOOG| were are 1,000,000 Boxes and crates, packing.... 50);000) I eecc.< ZOMOOG | ceeyesstarcienese 50,000 PUMPS Lee cet ee eke: LZ OOO acts 20 00 12;;000)"| SS.c:2 eee Ota lise creme a AG he teiee 207,07; 0008 |) 9624. lites 27,000 1,050, 000 * All others (less than 500 M.) = 3.6 per cent. Wood Utilization Directory 81 TABLE 80 — SUGAR PINE QUANTITY USED ANNUALLY | Average Grown /cost per | Grown in out of | 1,000 | New York. | New York. feet Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. NAME OF INDUSTRY Feet b.m. Per cent | | i | Sash, doors, blinds and general | RAM WOL Koco ce ccs ese e's 1,397,100 84.8 SES ey ce aes 1,397,100 Musical instruments......... 150,000 9.1 CONG. Se Ke ee 150,000 Planing mill products...._. 100,000 | ...... a eee 100,000 * All others (less than 100 M.) — 6.1 per cent. TABLE 8] — ARBOR VITAE QUANTITY USED | | ANNUALLY | Average | Grown | cost per | Grown in out of NAME OF INDUSTRY Leo New York. | New York. | | cote | | Feet b. m. | Percent | | | | | | Electrical machinery and ap- | | PISUALIIS rare see cieis Ske sas 735,000 | 45.2 | $11 01 13550008 lies remy oe Dairymen’s, poulterers’ and| | | apiarists’ supplies......... | 250,000 LGC TN S4(OOL li" 2 eas | 250,000 Planing mill products........ 217,000 15-8) |) 22747 | 115,000 | 102,000 Wanks and silos: <<... s.54~3. 50 2405 000) |p 44h Se 00 oreo. s eee 240,000 Ship and boat building. 177,600 10.9 52 08 79,700 97,900 Sash, blinds, doors and general, SS eee in £5000) ytete eke A ee ee 4,000 ROTA ers Perens ad tel cteuavs 1,623,600 | 799.6 | ...... 929,700 693,900 * All others = 0.4 per cent. College of Forestry TABLE 82 —-- DOUGLAS FIR QUANTITY USED ANNUALLY NAME oF INDUSTRY Feet b. m. | Per cent Sash, doors, blinds and general mM GU ORK ete. Shots ek 571, 100 Sek Ship and boat building....... 565, 000 Bie @arieonstruction.........4-..0- . 180,000 11.8 Vehicles and vehicle parts.... 87,500 mee Woodenware and novelties. . . 65,000 4.0 Planing mi!l products........ 29,000 1.8 Musical instruments......... LO QOO SS Fe seccee Playground equipment....... TS O00 4)" eas BIN Heal pee ier act cae cae Raetew 1,508,600 | *98.5 Average cost per 1,000 feet Grown in Grown out of New York. | New York. Feet b. m. Feet b. m. Se ee eee * All others (less than, 20 M.) — 1.5 per cent. TABLE 83 — CoTTON GUM NAME oF INDUSTRY QUANTITY USED ANNUALLY Feet b. m. | Per cent | (CLOCNSE 5 Ae eli ale nee ea Sash, doors, blinds and genera] mill work Boxes and crates, packing.... Vehicles and vehicle parts.... 1,388,616 891,800 322,816 117,500 | 8.6 41,500 15,000 Average cost per 100 feet Grown in New York. Feet b. m. 891,800 322,816 117,500 41,500 15,000 1,388,616 * All others (less than 100 M.) = 4.0 per cent. Ss a” ae Over 21,000,000 board feet of sugar maple or its equivalent are annu- ally made into last blocks. New York has a number of factories turning out these blocks, especially in the northern counties of the State. The raw material is purchased in the bolt form, for which about $12.50 per thousand board feet is paid at the factory. Photograph by NELSon C. Brown. College of Forestry TABLE 84— WESTERN RED CEDAR QUANTITY USED ANNUALLY Average Grown cost per} Grown in out of NAME OF INDUSTRY 1,000 | New York. | New York. feet Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. Feet b. m. | Per cent Planing mill products........ 999 , 200 80.3 $20 (39 eae cnc 999 , 200 Ship and boat building....... IEDR OO omnes an AOWTS'| as Sonate 119,000 Sash, doors, blinds and general APO Key eos ai rays ee 127,000 TOR2 AS P23 eeetete tee 127,000 AYO HIE ee ee ne Re 1245200 Sie OOS eee era oem 1,245, 200 TABLE 85 — BALSAM FIR QUANTITY USED ANNUALLY Average Grown cost per | Grown in out of NAME OF INDUSTRY 1,000 | New York. | New York. feet Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. Feet b. m. | Per cent Sash, doors, blinds and general MW OLKE tame i olson ae 576,800 65.1 $33 68 51,800 525,000 Planing mill products........ 193,000 21.8 21 24 193,000) ||| 2 tees Boxes and crates, packing... . 100 , 000 11.3 18 00 100,000) |) 2. 55ers Dairymen’s, poulterers’ and apiarists’ supplies......... 140003) acne 19 71 14;,000:)|\.. 2. eee Oblates eiercinleste 0 $83 ),'800 | =98- 20) ee eee 358,800 525,000 SS SS * All others (less than 25 M.) — 1.8 per cent. TABLE 86 — WESTERN YELLOW PINE NAME OF INDUSTRY Sash, doors, blinds and general mlewOrKeLte.. tints cee 875,000 QUANTITY USED ANNUALLY Average cost per 100 feet Feet b. m. | Per cent 675,000 200 , 000 Widiek 22.9 100.00 $40 22 27 50 Grown in Grown out of New York. | New York. Feet b. m. er Feet b. m. Wood Utilization Directory 85 TABLE 87 — REDWOOD QUANTITY USED ANNUALLY Average Grown ‘ cost per} Grown in out of NaME OF INDUSTRY 1,000 | New York. | New York. feet Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. Feet b. m. | Per cent Planing mill products........ 302,000 39.3 CVE 91S ee ey 302,000 Sash, blinds, doors and general ASME WOLKE eo Sagiis swtatanane 205, 000 26.7 SSUSONI| Miete cere 205, 000 Refrigerators and kitchen cab- DiGi Thiele OG UE Dee 155,000 20.2 SAO id cote aass 155,000 Musical instruments......... 65,000 8.4 BG eLOMli sone ace s 65,000 Caskets and coffins.......... LS OOO NS ce ccc DOO Ne tes 15,000 Signs and supplies........... SOOO) |For ee SOROO! |e nrnege 3,000 Patterns and flasks.......... OOO". oes GoxOO! |iRee erie 2,700 Signs and patterns.......... SLOOOM aoe. SOOO eee eee 3,000 TUE ae eee iene SOR LOOM i tO4 Gre ieee lle eters 750,700 * All others (less than 50 M.) = 5.4 per cent. TABLE 88 — BUTTERNUT QUANTITY USED ANNUALLY Average Grown cost per | Grown in out of NAME OF INDUSTRY 1,000 | New York. | New York feet Feet b. m. | Feet b. m Feet b. m. | Per cent | LOTTB ETE Re) Re OO 500 , 000 65229) $4000 |) oe. Sees 500 , 000 UK UMEES oe 9 csi cin cl oiara > ters 50,000 62529) 645.00) Peek ones 50,000 BES COISIOM ET ee eras cette ees 50, 000 6.529; 16 00 SOM OOO aa cc csarneee Musical instruments......... 45,000 | 5.87 35 29 12,000 33,000 Woodenware and novelties. . . | 39,000 | 5.09] 20 00 39), O00! cece antes Professional and scientific in- BUNUIMEGHLSS > fee kd yon 30,000 | 3.91 45 00 303000) ties Planing mil] products........ 55200) lice oe 20 19 P20! WN avciesmtete Sash, doors, blinds and general BP CWOEIK oi ieee ule, ne eicicts ae LOT SOON 3... a 61 15 4,700 5,800 Dairymen’s, poulterers’ and aplarists’ supplies......... DOOOM a aaa 18 00 BeOOO As ceteris. Ship and boat building....... At OOOM ey tate 67 73 1,000 10,000 Vehicles and vehicle parts... . | TR OOO R Weer: 18 00 D000) oe:5 zsncinciere Agricultural inplements...... SOO0s occas 30 00 8; 0008 ine cesee Baskets and fruit packages... . TE OOO MS Sones 25 00 LE OOOR er crests ore PROV Bir eee che cis anes cae cen aioe LO; 000! ane 18 00 LOS OOON I eke eoaeiee AI OGAL ae cess ts waders: (Od OOL|Sz9Se2 2. 1|) lee oe 166, 900 598 , 800 All others (less than 25,000 feet) = 6.78 per cent. 86 College of Forestry TABLE 89 — LIGNUM VITAE QUANTITY USED ANNUALLY Grown Average | Grown in out of NAME OF INDUSTRY cost per | New York. | New York. 100 feet | Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. Feet b. m. | Per cent LN TERAC VINES A eG ERs See 375,000 56.5 SGS G0) Wo cee 375,000 Sporting and athletic goods... 225,000 33.9 ZOOMGO | ec occas 225,000 Ship and boat building....... 2000s see PH Gaye 8, Viel IRN eee a 2,000 LUESIN3 | CE ates a L500) | (Gee es ONL ae eee ee 1,500 Pulleys and conveyors....... GORODO™ | 2 eee 25000 es ie ener 60,000 PR GL ALS mr eereh -ctake cs ater Se 663500") SOO Aas tewe || eae ee 663 , 500 } * All others (less than 100 M.) = 9.6 per cent. TABLE 90 — CIRCASSIAN WALNUT QUANTITY USED ANNUALLY Average Grown cost Grown in out of NAME OF INDUSTRY f. o. b. | New York. | New York. factory | Feet b. m. | Feet b. m. Feet b. m Per cent Musical instruments......... 221,750 OVO S201 41 || Pe a. uae 221,750: Sash, blinds, doors and general RAT OUK: We 2 ees. usb ayes 144,550 PAS Iae aan Ose escent 144, 550 LEAT Ree eae a a 119,950 19.2 SOS FAT ree 119,950 LL Ra Sa ae Ba ere 53, 500 8.5 ZOTOON en oases 53, 500 Planing mill products........ 85,200: erences SZOVOON Sere ey 8,200 Ship and boat building....... FDA ON Sere ee 2O0K00T! Seine 250,000 Caskets and coffins.......... SOOO Pts ZOOSOO | 2000 cetce , 000 Refrigerators and kitchen cab- TINGLE ate Ale Ease ee Eee SOOM cee 150 00 500 WIPREIOXES fe coe aye: JAUUISISES Mig oicta sodrne enee aarp eae cm ASMP Gln nt ordlo, 516 brotote'c South Bethlehem. CTA UOMP SWAN GOUbiae es che vouic se ue ae sl oe See South Westerlo. dls. JELENA Ae earner eon eer amen earpiece. Whitesville. PLUMBER'S WOODWORK LEfril YOSSI Nf | O (heer inencrtter leer eader ae me Oa esire Aiea ola coat bee Albany. PULLEYS AND CONVEYORS. IVICA PV eWOVOLLS cr hs. bate: a avedor aes Besues Otek eae areas Whitesville. SASH, DOORS, BLINDS, AND GENERAL MILL WORK. Bilgkeslecgiumbers Col: a. cite cance ae ae eee Albany. \valllienaie Lal, 1B Ube) eK Ofer co boss cia, cloccs Gomoobaadaac Albany. IE AAD ES ROS E> feck Gaius s Siete tucee ia eran te eee Albany. Aiomas stephens Sons t. st meee eee ee ce Albany. Ns Ua" Epeiaiial gcahelo) acgeRaeereetc. 4 big 4 a oo eal os olde Sle nee 6 Cohoes. Wnowersal Wood Working. Corr = «cree oo eae eke Cohoes. DRC DUED (OTAZECE: 0. 12k ais LA esas htm er ase y inten: eae Preston Hollow NEMS Ye NOUTCS 78k Co 8 Vea ee eee nee eee ae Watervliet. SHUTTLES, BOBBINS, SPOOLS. Cohoes- Union. Bobbins Coss ae eee ee Cohoes. Wood Utilization Directory 97 ALBANY COUNTY — (Continued). SIGNS AND SUPPLIES. Usa) > [SING COS CI RSME tee raphe vr 5 Dear naam ieee ang ewe a Albany. TOYS Petree POSSI CON het a Bradt la sy encaccnis ale, ces Pmons pele: Albany. VEHICLES. RIP S COOL n WU Ose eretwnt nea temversicicsnins es kuccee neers Albany. HemaainyWealiy OO... -2.. sedan es base aegiasew aes Albany. SoTL GeD 2 SUN? 0] 1 eae reer ere eine NR rie Albany. prea SINE TS COMO OUS os 5 cts). os Stee oN es heamualan a ohne Albany. AER RBE UCR US ere oreo 5S S.Ghewe gies faites bine atl Oe UUemme ee Albany. PPM MMMES CET Sch (0 3.0 Sei crave Subitageva'd Qn eS Remeutee aeons Albany. Br rC AMR CHENECKOR fw. o hadce cn Husttane nx ates Albany. WOODENWARE AND NOVELTIES. Beart mp LSC H LV ps Sane Siotean: Ssh Rie a es arp Gia hee Miz ake et Watervliet. MISCELLANEOUS. BUNGS AND FAUCETS. Sader PRES TMM EATIN OTe re shes ree Ss SMS visa tan Sina ale eon a eke Albany. ALLEGANY COUNTY. BASKETS AND FRUIT. PACKAGES. AMMeTIGAM NOVElUY (CO.:.c5 we a2 otc ots ae aha fe Wellsville. BOAT AND SHIP BUILDING. Ree Ve Topeene Fe) A iia es sce cos a tuaa ay oma nee ils Centerville. BOOT AND SHOE FINDINGS. SECC EA TU Lo 6 ct ee Belvidere. CAR CONSTRUCTION. Pittsburg, Shawmut and Northern Railroad car shops Angelica. CASKETS AND COFFINS. hp lmkenowlessOasket Cor vac a.cue 0 outs eaten sete eys 2 otene Wellsville. DATRYMEN’S, POULTERERS’ AND APIARISTS’ SUPPLIKS. EPA Wee EL voici Cline a ee een aye cana res.) tate cle! Asleavqs ei ence Alfred. CeormerCalhoonsG COmrra\ atic cils se cimce cn cew eile: Andover. Clap Gheeser Box ta. jeu hon ic vncee ete wo sis es ena Cuba. So. Oe Shweta bite Gaye eal lie mean inte Cree ee sere ere tee he mente Cuba. WWISSOn=SuAmehiom "OOusc mer a ebaeieeotherei eo atia ait Cuba. MA SOMEMOUNO. CO: pat macy ers mie skein oe ales site ciatctele Sys Fillmore. AME are DGlile: 2e80. ch tect Acct teeine cake tage ae etal diet Rushford. FURNITURE. Onis mM GS CO nacre Ses Vege rece Boers eect aTe meta ere tars Wellsville. Wwellsvallc Uipholstering Coes 2. 6.) ae cp cick oe. de Wellsville. Hardwood lumber, chiefly hard maple, yellow birch, beech, elm and bass- wood seasoning in the yard preparatory to being sent to the many wood- using industries of the State for further manufacture into flooring, furni- ture, implements, machinery, boat building, instruments and a great many other wood products. We should grow all of the wood used in the State, instead of sending over $60,000,000 to other States for this material every year. Photograph by NELSon C. Brown. Wood Utilization Directory 99 ALLEGANY COUNTY — (Continued). HANDLES. Sema OS Meine tO Biss hee sia cPatts c's «\ esousi sho) Sere pnv'epe che Slshe) ooo. Oramel. FAMILIE CAME NOVELEM COrt trent rats char ae sig ale sta ome, «lon 5) ore Wellsville. LAUNDRY APPLIANCES. ithe Seger & Prindle Mig. Co... 22... .25:.- Mo ost Belvidere. PLANING MILL PRODUCTS. PAMNIAE Hag see DL AVG cz kote) eae deve) aus G0 aneishate Gre aremaioleietoleers Angelica. APMED MEIC i ede Sigs con «cats A oan Sate Fae cide Dis neeaehers Belfast. [Ear Saip” 0d PLING) icici ee eee he ee en Bolivar. (Bros CSM SVVIN COL OTS oss Soy 2) ore df BP mew ar aet de ete eostet arly Sue Canaseraga. SPU MEME ITI GC HIUTT RSP: 2815 Ao -< 2. Soy sais atiavenetor eM cues tate oheiecd Cuba. eI C0 Pe laos aie 5 winiei eg eve Ayn obs wiminne seen bas & Cuba. MOIR ORH ROME SOM se stc spencers css esc she oe 2) slacal Sekorsbeke Rake Friendship. PT CreRG CEO OMMTMONP stare tik ics Aue, cis, SR Stated sclaticue: w afiayos Seta oes Fillmore. Ad. LS ARE We 002) ne ee et as ates 8 Rushford. Hpetreknowles, Casket..©o- <2 sce. 5 cnc sews coe ve es Wellsville. Wines Oalk eeumber Cows} an 0. oe ak Seas pews Wellsville. SMPTE MRUISIIT oso sce ec c oielalate Spe sie¥ a's oa ee a ovals Wiscoy. PULLEYS AND CONVEYORS. eee eMIBEOS fra ele vir visiteurs eo octe e a eek sv Cuba. REFRIGERATORS AND KITCHEN CABINETS. Heelan inowles: Gasket: OO ..<...osvearecctcis o)dn aces terevs Wellsville. PePreMeIMECE SS MDLOM CO! «25.0 occ0s Saves Gas aon tse wd eld fein an Cuba. ParvenOakeshumber (COR. 2 hccos we Sereera bos ce cua Wellsville. Woh elo) ELLIS 2 2d or Wiscoy. SASH, DOORS, BLINDS AND GENERAL MILL WORK. SUM ON Gm UMD ETE Oss, cera cco sc 5 adiate. wesl aterm alsivere cake at . Belmont. EEK C Eee CRP EVO Obierrcaih pte RTs feng cess DA oc fecetohere: Sune a os Bolivar. Panpires Sash and Door Co... 06.2 ss eee ie weds eee Friendship. ROLLERS, SHADE AND MAP. EME SD Crt UDEV Oise Ried vin ne shee aes Bee sas Shake ieee Cuba. Dike Oakes tmber(Com... oases cele cce ss tee nee. Wellsville Heslemkenowles. Casket COm4 « ocrick alice otc ona: Wellsville. (CARS CATES ISI eas tyre Soa carp cso aca aan o hate Wiscoy. TANKS AND SILOS. BAe Ee EN ORV ATC cre ts ina, fruit, tanto a ke Se ves tastes. 8 es tin, aes Whitney’s Cross- — ing. WOODENWARE AND NOVELTIES. eae Witt: Mie OO: 52s» Scie ge nck + ve a nes i Cuba. EABACE LOCO NOVELGY “OO nei aciniicisi’y «ie oars) aye) etal 9 oh. Suv fel Wellsville. 100 College of Forestry BROOME COUNTY. BASKETS AND FRUIT PACKAGES. Js Che Rees entertainer inichs (5 Siniccnm eames Oro Oro eae. Jorbettsville. BOXES, CIGAR. Bmehamton Cigar Box Co. 2... oem: seen er Binghamton. lbincensy (Citaeig Iyore(OORn bearer ooo ho ocbScauane woo Binghamton. Er eer iy VV 2 WURGCOY.< = 5 oie eet raha caetohe eter eta ae ee Binghamton. BOXES AND CRATES, PACKING. Isis NENaTTOMN Ibo COEA eA ons obbhopeanuosaepDoer Dinghamton. Oraxaays ls iSten Oe Cle MS Ripicins AS Gio As oon nc ordi Ga nc'g'c Binghamton. Simin benwenlyr COhesssoncsecensoccbagceeogsae Binghamton. Willaston Wives (COREE SRSA noo oe obs coco booenaueGabe Binghamton. Westershine lumber sand) Box (Comes. .5-- Lestershire. EOD Sie SOS! i gat aey cre mrorc ich OL WC ree aes case Mac Nineveh. NAR Sor Allen! Mio (Conc Aaacrtamactcahnorgan: yerrc de iclere ty: Whitney Point. MiseenMit ge. CO: o's. chicks tdpweteer een erin es Sot Syste hte Whitney Point. CHAIRS. Binahambonm Chaim \Cor- eerste sea ett ii) etek senate Binghamton. KCC ete Ge Atn C04 oon iar amt he avele calausdeés ce sto ya weitere Sicwellentes. Binghamton. DAIRYMEN, POULTERERS’ AND APIARISTS’ SUPPLIES. (Cer "IN, DIKE Ritson aiainea ae eyakn oon id Seon enc CioNS.o o.aiols Whitney Point. RES TGMIVERD OO: Nets S% ohn fe acca chew Save #alom le wis anednenains Whitney Point. FURNITURE. Riayelnewemorn DOWNEY (CO, Soa enoneascccoanepoaso nue Binghamton. Sbickdleve nam cits Chair Conca sete sete re neacr Binghamton. NyaillcimnsomeVito CO yen.) ilirere! eteictel cecal ententy cseiee Binghamton. iestershires MurmiGune (COm .n: cs aris haeraneaen-teee Lestershire. emo cullen sites Con it ode a vle lan momento cites Mere. Whitney Point. HANDLES. ODT ese O CECT ie <. sous «a 2 sas nguehe Sap ietlend alpen to tester Binghamton. CPLA CIM GY Tels 5's sin eX cad al avons g quero mane Nene TS oe Maine. INSTRUMENTS, PROFESSIONAL. Amseo*Co: Camera Wotks...3./.5. 5. Jy .0 sseaee oe on. |) Huestershime: f LAUNDRY APPLIANCES. ' Hestershure Wumiber san cb ox Ope sare iene Lestershire. PLANING MILL PRODUCTS. Bartlett de (Coes cou..:5 Step setae et eccaieies teas Geers eat Binghamton. BEB. Gols We AaeCey incincrlacknck era ctche cee Aa RO OTe Binghamton. ee VV tlliam) Vian vAmitwier pry rreecre ae Binghamton. Deposit Vumibern@o! 2 Sea sra en at Arwecace) cette eee Deposit, N. Y. ihestershire Lumber and VBox Corea 2) ces cae ee Lestershire. SEE SbEVEDS: eo iaa.c shiv ae ei este ene = ieee ee kee eet Union. REL OWAN CG cexcarchenn Cisic Sank OO EU ae ee Union Center. Wood Utilization Directory 101 BROOME COUNTY — (Continued). SASH, DOORS, BLINDS AND GENERAL MILL WORK. Evert let Gan Nees Oe: icine sstene chet ete chnce a cle rene teas) ia tcehans Binghamton. PTOU SMO MS HO Pau. ei ncresete eerste ao eceread hss aera of Binghamton. D2enSs TOMNIGHIS: SS eta n we Siete accion cei oer Irene Binghamton. PNEMERG DE THS OME OI ts cick eyerel erst shsnscachchaless Rielle estes dala) ears Binghamton. (lemon Omi: He pol G ly i CO set ssc cy eis sic ernie let avec Binghamton. [Litas nice =| Uli Sefes eS ald Ce Jano ois Guer cCu eC RCaSIR Science eon neice Endicott. EO cule se MIL SIM OCT tayo eles aia ste Ncter sin pie ts ora orate Killawog. Mestenshine lumber and (Box Cones: ss cea.. 2. saee- Lestershire. SHUTTLES, SPOOLS, BOBBINS. Mesreushiress pools and Mites (Con sch. eas ci. ele Lestershire. TANKS AND SILOS. Ee PUA COV rests eaianers tun ie cipsanucrsen sbeitere ever witeeA a alte nium ats Union. ROMS: WyilcimiS ome OI CO) scx e eres seie = ay aise ledeleds shades, ovine singhamton. VEHICLES, ETC. iXe- Uys: SIDE ATER, ATS YONI} lies on cteeiin eNgrcha ice sio ce, kul asin plicit Binghamton. ING RV IE COT * WAVE KEG) aa Gye tenaire Oe cts Oars emia nian ea ery aloe singhamton. Suumievanibannabee (CO. cio. Jepiccrne a ee eel ene ase ste) Binghamton. hee) ra AES IM GET ee ois ioe cisus susan) aie ord: seks Killawog. Ceorcemh me NOLtOM «ei. 6 Aes blow eae Sak sie seit Maine. Leil(G) 8) OFS) — TBH RO SB comer ase Oiler erence OORT R Trani toate ee eR Nineveh. plictivae bs ralls AOI sve rue teu ores) oy cisic ies cu srencions ou ere ie eye eb ens Sanitaria Springs. WOODENWARE AND NOVELTIES. SU Litneme Newey OG LCM sy 2 26s 5 sicheue ko Socvare Mihi sisdzce rae Sucve ns ore a0 Binghamton. ieee Coe ee LIM SIMO OI @ Sita. ans. Gos coe nines = ae ete Selene Killawog. Vee IC WN Siadakan ohare hyd etccpat cals carats che apar teed Aas 2 Lisle. MISCELLANEOUS. SCALES JOSS: Oi LE TaVEte NTO ae LOS 6 oe boo on'o.e comma ool oo Binghamton. OS POO SCAlOVCOn wer. ccm sisrs ara oe tae aterel oiedehs Binghamton. CATTARAUGUS COUNTY. BOOT AND SHOE FINDINGS. Milkeottvulles Millman Cone: = fave ae ease Ellicottville. NG AEN C Ka Oe VVOULOE 8 2) F530 5/5 2\5. eyoraidicyn seasoned ae S HKllicottville. iota Mes Micha ant s) 5 vt. s o.dc.5 se fers seating 24 payne 4a 4,0 Ellicottville. MUA SEA CAY a Mees echt oy Bis ony 5 21s, Sead, Svs cen Coo ae aosu ease West Valley. FURNITURE. eee EM EMTETET CLAS acs 2h oes cen See te ek kote Se cie B maleuie Salamanea. BEM Chenu rn tone: On. eaienenicie ci sie atic asia s cree eteiaie Salamanca. Nalamancaenurmiture: WOrksieos... ss cs0- «6 ss cece ste Salamanca. RCC MO MIMICUTO COs. seh tis cies sacs seo + oa ate ieeteiele Salamanca. PROFESSIONAL INSTRUMENTS. 15), (Cis EXCe NG es ee a a te Elton. MACHINE CONSTRUCTION. iB}, INS SHOW Uke 4 ca ene ReSeEeaaooaUsS ana GoScaadn Allegany. PATTERNS AND FLASKS. Gowanda Acoriculiunal Works)... <1. cose eee ane Gowanda. nem Scar me UEOM Ye VVOLKS |... Scio siee sale Aamo ohare teers Gowanda. PLANING MILL PRODUCTS. Gel LODGINGS i. oie ss one eles os wt eae eee eee re Delevan. Wi, Way SUL ES ns a ee sere Srp Pee recy Bt East Otto. AMPA SLEWATU RY. occ. + a's «ie aie Rageears Ma een terme East Randolph. EMU S GROG COMIN 2% Sots 5 Ss Saal bu ele tote reset ems a Oe eee Ellicottville. ERS ES COC. oor vdia. ones o, due one chen iD OE eee ee eee nae Elton. Meanmouum bere GO... <<. bccn core ee eae ee ee ee Gowanda. em VestoneLamber Co. 5 2.6.20 cee ee eee Olean. RObentwGs / POLLET:. «0. « «os vie os eee Oe ae Onoville. AN CESS EN 0) (See ee APnE EMER re WMS lors ey alrite Randolph. Gate Maller (& Son: ..y sonk Slee eee eee ee Salamanca. Salamanca, umber (Co:..j2. sce os oe eee eee Salamanea. feared img MOTSC: os. s,s 2 v8.» cele emieine & Ree eae a ete Steamburg. PRINTING MATERIAL. Neusere Bros. 10... os /10eei oi pee CE ete ee eae Cattaraugus. hhe Gowanda Pump Works. 9000 sass -e eosin Gowanda. Wood Utilization Directory 103 CATTARAUGUS COUNTY — (Continued). SASH, DOORS, BLINDS AND GENERAL MILL WORK. VW AU cia 2 Eo & (ET ee ee en eee ee Che ee ene a Allegany. id, Wa CLE 05". % 35 pera einien close nama eer ip owas cacic tole Conewango Val- ley. Com arm TO Phan SF a1 cyeteictens Wiesel ors he «| euelocs eigieenteue.e iets Delevan. Piper IC err UEC NATO S OM ave, 2 25,2), « eleis atolaleieteroveieys ako. Elton. Honoushieranino Mall (CO. oe ei oa. cieie cl epeee ©) says e aeei Gowanda. Wiiligmned Van Dewater Hsti..s. 6. ks. c coos Machias. Cerin te Cl AS CO met eats ci ctiocia, «fap nt cteusinei ston. asus oe yeohs.e ter Olean. eat Amn MME COL UG Pe 5 ane te sla sw a wie ays Olean. APE Vestone lumber= COs. Skis cic asta ae ths = pee 3 oe Olean. WAM MeV ig Ge MEO CO). ci.yajo Nose e cteieie ds starelsccos seuss Olean. eben alr Childe WOO: 5.5 c.cstcpeste ciel sietous0o 1s st 2is, tele (ond Portville. Bie Hom Gx GUL Zins ax: steg cus: ave: /oe5i s0e eile la\care ch sichade/sr'e Slee Gtelei eis shores West Valley. Conlevareleaver 7 COs frig eieeisclais clots ba eases ele Senet ees Olean. VEHICLES AND VEHICLE PARTS. we ALD SOI et a ae Sem ge Se a Allegany. BBD ate SLU LOT COs terra fact Siette sie Zan ay Sieg vreue Bees ASS eis se East Otto. ee VA SIRES MOINSOM «20a ae riche ste ot fe ersucis cle eien Gea aes East Otto. Gowanda, Pump “Worksis iis ces sp snciets eionets a b.8 © erece, aeave sxowanda. News Conklin: Waron Coy. 22-2 s'e seas Secs eee Olean. Breer HUE CINE ce ner sven anc ¢ ate etd Gave oe oie ways ors atch ele Portville. WOODENWARE AND NOVELTIES. CP SLOTRTET as Cl ae Senor Delevan. CAYUGA COUNTY. AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. Mucrstioual Harvester Co.) 2.25. 02202 6. ee wae vo oe Auburn. urekwerm ENOMAGh COnsi sac te cect eee Oe oe Auburn. UD SLs Ot Oe rn ee a eae Meridian. CETL Leo a ag na ee A Meridian. BASKETS AND FRUIT PACKAGES. EEE ROM csCHBOUL Mes 5 302 sis 2 2.25/4. cm Oe Bebe hie oe Ira Station. ERAN PREM Ps 22 at ol ee et aes ea held Sar 6a King Ferry. Pe ee MTS SN re Rie Wis og hoe Das RE RS oak die Springlake. BOAT AND SHIP. PaiyivasMaterBeat CO... cs. 55 si i 2 meee book 4 Sans Cayuga. PRU RNOL), Coir einai ae Fo dad Cony ha aeEE Peek Port Byron. ele nradt< Walrath OGs .0 03 io cc <.2 0 rene Deva wens Weedsport. 104 College of Forestry CAYUGA COUNTY — (Continued). BOXES AND CRATES, PACKING. VED opps U0 Cee ae nEe Se rhe N rai Sere tce Auburn. Day VAUSWOLGI 5 SSO. sci 260i ocr ciaeeones eee tieeona Auburn. MirewApram eWralmath) (Gos... .2 estererertoue ieee eter eter Weedsport. FURNITURE. ATMO wUuabe VeISOM.. facts Shee Shee oo nee eee cee Auburn. HANDLES. Beri TOS» OO: fog! «00% 2a; doc lngapgetiat eters caeae yeas eee gates Auburn. PARSE ES RICO eons eAcesl oes Se hs ee a Oe ere Merrifield. INSTRUMENTS, MUSICAL. Reema Piano: O07... 25 act ss epee me el eeee mee ters a Auburn. PLANING MILL PRODUCTS (Glamis ber (CO. 22s foe toe Mreetap ouch een retoiegesce ke Aupurn. [Eh ABA A ed Ig .<: Salads Portland. EERO COM 62 crn 2 - ale stata syraineiale © Pam oe omnes ea & Ripley. Wil, TBs s Raila) armors lon a meee toon am om oracle Soca omar Ripley. (Ch. TEs Gio eS eee sean ea A enc et Mee a pee cir hc Aare Sherman. A\reileinig (OF, JEiRo tae ano y Gamian seine oie) Oho Dmacion meee Silver Creek. ray EIBTINCG I ogc 2eye aio abi ay )e pede SARs ee ee Silver Creek. SradeniGkktern, Gav eikiileann ay se emgeee emer Oba. bicaor Stockton. MOG LOE ie ors acne heh avo et od cor tnvgal ap patel we eh me oes Stockton. Halve Lose basket) CO.) 62). aie cientais Won Piureiaveds (eter deeis, Se tae Pitcher. Pome CMGI ON ck Peas cet aie on Poa ee So. Otselie. Wood Utilization Directory sla al CHENANGO COUNTY — (Continued). SPORTING AND ATHLETIC GOODS. eMC RATINUIDT AC OOF 503 pole as eee ce a's aaa ee gee So. Otselic. TANKS AND SILOS. eeence Lumber Oo. © sins oc ee Js comes s eae Norwich. VEHICLES, ETC. epee LYN OREO St Sire tls, oc, n omelet cin ot wie =» ePersnciceere chs s a's Bainbridge. SIMEBE CI? Ee URG Yor isn oy elra a) lat ais torchrans- sgn ine eee eee Cortland. NAM BP OT ICIS (ooo. ocd ne ahve ea ne SEITE Harford Mills. Genuralseaper Box Coy... ke ee Oe ee McGraw. Macraw Mir: Co. . o5.. 56. roe ee ne eee eee McGraw. - DATRYMEN’S, POULTERERS’ AND APIARISTS’ SUPPLIES. Aielacii SOTOS: 25 acct wee Ree ee eee Cincinnatus. REIT WV AIESOM LS a Ste. of lcs lene ee eee ee ere Cortland. Meldrin BrOSS. ots nda sic oe ee ee Dee ere eae Truxton. FURNITURE. Cortland. Cabinet Cos ccc. ie ie ea ee eee Cortland. Higmer lable. WOrks:: o..ccchho ceo ee ae eee Homer. Bryant Furniture Co...... ald Sidiole, speapleyevoeave trees ss use ste Truxton. HANDLES. Mernentniws Greenman... ac.» «cette aie oe ene MeGraw. MACHINE CONSTRUCTION. WHCkwite Es TOS» NC? . 2.26.4 ca sat se etene eon sk Sue Cortland. Glinaxshkodd “Machine Co:...;.c se aera ieee Marathon. PLANING MILL PRODUCTS. PATE OOLE. 5.6 sl os \ Sipe oes Roxbury. Bee POO. Sic. se esol om Ss 3 Re ee ea he Sidney. EXCELSIOR. Hastebranchs Wxcelsion Contew. ns stew o-12 eons os East Branch. Pro TORN DECK 1 WoC Ola ates « sis 22 aiovae iat, « Sie rectapae sod Hancock. FIXTURES. SEPMMEY INOVCILY NCO. . o.com e jatans a cweteinw fe ole cyale wide Sidney. FURNITURE. Sidney NOVELEYs COm a cr-oe ae nie iiarreasts Sete es eres Sidney. HANDLES. ere ENO COO rnd aos 64005,5' « o5 nptiaeeva sure ane aa Cadosia. MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. erbenteAe (Burling amie’ sie. acre. sie.e ss oe erollets) teehefors ays Walton. LAUNDRY APPLIANCES. SHeP Ss WOVEILY CO... sates sak tren Pacis «6 etre Sidney. PLANING MILL PRODUCTS. Ape ee EVEL SOME ees iinet s:a «costo selehet cate, esiispaie ions! cuoptea: alse. ots Apex. OVO UGG ye siaee trans, savaicus. Sia eimiorerseleve cus Glens Ssinten ys Cannonville. AGHIOS TOS arenas 5-ayalee ces wasters hades. shonerels niet syan os East Meredith. Wie @ronk: <.)3/4-. Ese een cache eras athstioas Maat ateie Die oetele sie rs Grand Gorge. SOLOS DV PINE LY Setar ts, cost Ma ioaeer ci ys Seis) cee av.n ste seeds Griffin Corners. Witalliver More yee ace sate ous chore Me ais Sis tNeaia na Oat race Hancock. eee Rew DULTPSOMeratata tien A. Ore eymintdeie O dueheaeneuse ste emllahe aa Hancock. Wane Bumene a, Combing... 5 i. owiers one bie ec ee Fenris ne i Hobart. Margaretville Planing’ Mull... oy .2.2¢ os 2. eee olan Margaretville. Siesta aR PUENES ach arias 0 aie or a, Sods oat gta Be Wh Tes RSE ea North Franklin. LE DIGLSLR DUDE CSIR gas ee eo ee rR Pepacton. eee EUS pir Atak wr nas ale AYaieh ee gard ein Wate Union Grove. Beret eM ee VOU ITI oi ane alae aioe eins Sasori wn hie! Kiso Ss By, Union Grove. CGOlLEMANS rr JONES ek ate re oot ct eee. Walton. 116 College of Forestry DELAWARE COUNTY — (Continued). PRINTING MATERIAL. MIGnEWPINOVelty CO... is. os oe se oe eee Oe eee Sidney. SASH, DOORS, BLINDS AND GENERAL MILL WORK. ere POCNCUICE....).5 5 Gor. cone cane eee eee Franklin. NVA OOS ee. SR cata Se eae Grand Gorge. GirosbynsWelliy: . 25 ss:s.ic te crs te tte coaale yore mace eaten ee Griffin Corners. Ge, ROLE a ee Cat Oe ee ne ene SRT EN ree ee acelin as wc Sidney. Delaware Valley Feed and Lumber Co............. Stamford. TOYS Pvanleon boy "Co... at eR eeniabe eae pee eae ae Walton. VEHICLES AND VEHICLE PARTS. (Charles lee Huber!..<). os6/cuke 2 8 Soren ne ee omer aire Delhi. pe lem der CO). sirsals 3 ous Care tenet eeu eeaen ienaeane Hancock. Porland’ Cart and’ Carriage: Coice- 2 e527 ee) oe Sidney. ANIC ADM Sd he oe Pa As A one Sun Ste Secs Walton. Welton Houm dinye Cow soe acre ewe ia Ie Walton. WOODENWARE AND NOVELTIES. eWil DLOW Ds 5/2 1. 5G ae eee oe Hiei eee Pepacton. pramey (Noveltiy iGoz . 3.4.2 oe ae eee Sidney. \5 US ea Cyl hire te ere astiws Araceae an com A ah Stamford. DUTCHESS COUNTY. : AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. A\ (linen eh) SEN Were Oo mreinme sy ad Smt ane ao haloes ue Poughkeepsie. sNiMelare IsXohe Chal IN CO acd on oe eooosonuase nace Poughkeepsie. BOAT AND SHIP BUILDING. oporde, Albertson: ....s: ees as meee ema eset New Hamburg. BOXES AND CRATES, PACKING. WWallisonecsMaton: Cos. a... cae eee eae mene aoe Amenia. Wovchesss Hat Works. 0. hoamaee i rire ee errr Fishkill. DWutchessalool (Cor ase) atte eee eee Fishkill. NViillivam Carroll r& Coa: cc ee aoe eae nee ee ioe Matteawan. Gree Le eomonnrere (Cl), 3 ocucccoccsacaoenuoeue- Matteawan. IWIN Ea Gi PR OC PRRs oat occorite Gath A cunacobo nae Matteawan. eeTcnor Bobb, and: Nit. Cocks ottaee ait sete ee ee eee Poughkeepsie. Delwavale separator Machines Consens Poughkeepsie. Garoer-Print Works: and! Bleachers...) 0.2. ..0...e.1s: Wappingers Falls. CHAIRS. iewehuchester Bros. Chair Cocccer. --o-ten- eae Poughkeepsie. ialhock «Chair (Co\......00 eran ae eee eee eae ... Poughkeepsie. Bouehiveepsie: Chair: Cox:..:.3: sceeiee e hcr ee ein Poughkeepsie. DAIRYMEN’S, POULTERERS’ AND APIARISTS’ SUPPLIES. The DeLaval Cream Separator Machine Co......... Poughkeepsie. LOSI Ato) eae ree ee eae UM LC ae Vl oh Poughkeepsie. Wood Utilization Directory ila Wy DUTCHESS COUNTY — (Continued). MACHINE CONSTRUCTION. Green Hilell Biconomizer CO:)c2 ce cists oo 2 tle sos even she os Matteawan. PATTERNS AND FLASKS. IO) dg ee IES JBL TSHEENEle, Boas ana db we aaottcod > oor New Hamburg. PLANING MILL PRODUCTS. AMINA CU ONE degdbee§ 3 /ak. (ono foto wfsbayeh nats, asa ey pan Ph akece io Ad eae de Rhinebeck. SASH, DOORS, BLINDS AND GENERAL MILL WORK. IN MUNS Orin cr MBO C Ola. pitstwleta ie tolsiers lols ttiatenetate le teta tee els Amenia. S\GAITLE TEN AOYS!, 2 ECO chee Ree POR es AR Ec aR SS PNR Oot Millbrook. IBINCOIEES! ys (Chosen Sime ee oowene Panis Opncreiee pipes DeoiS chenaiorceaitnr Poughkeepsie. Pe VARULON DS ASOEIS 2) 05 ie Mea sldteltn'a ner otel alee yeors eerie 7 Poughkeepsie. Newevork Portable Bungalow: Co}. 2.2... slates Poughkeepsie. VEHICLES AND VEHICLE PARTS. FASO TOSS tare cn esehe wis os eicaa a ieish » ene, wlaimters Gane oho leh Fishkill. DU UCC SOM iit Sh cig swine Sineqtetsnaceuste se ine sie eens wierd Matteawan. ibaa aN ety ace sou sere cays oe Sa eS as Saererisy or ctiancbn ousvsie rater nts Poughkeepsie. eCOrNaA SIC WWIMOMMTCY 15 52 Fie oem eae ease teen Buffalo. Butalomnadimtor’ CO. 2... svc o% tues eee elowleeebeumrers Buffalo. TP METIEIGNIE MOO souk oes ds oe ee ee ee Re ee ees Buffalo. Cube hurniture Co... 5225.02 os Rok es sea 2 ayes eee ee Buffalo. Cypnerspimcubator Co... P22 2k wceinaieniiels nna s aie Buffalo. BOAT CT (none 0) a Cri tne ere becasue Buffalo. Eagle Printing Ink Co........-.00.s5- eee eens cee Buffalo. eM aaes MOEON:. ok.c arse cele & alot mista eelode enone leo arevente.s Buffalo. Rahertabeses Incubator ._Cousstatet senor eects Buffalo. Graves, Maubert, George © Co. X00 65 cules one eee s Buffalo. [Eleinz eee tunschatier 01 se. eis eta. creel eens Buffalo. MeHg OO Sis ahi 5 ole Be dee Dagens oR pints Rie wi aie Buffalo. maha VELINGS, 2.06 iy. 25) Seether ae oes See oe oe Buffalo. nen laeckle. Purniture.Co.. 4..es < bes ceases Buffalo. Womiiinizaan- Oo 2 RAR ie te eae Seer wn Buffalo. Machesn: Box ‘Mactory../.. 2 Sacred: ants ene ee Buffalo. IMeKammon Dash Co 4 te ate bee oe emi ee Gin iess Buffalo. a aE EEO SIO Oran" tore p= osm eve Manecoe aceleyeien ats hate, enemeserete Buffalo. iPierce-Arrow Motor’ Car @o. .- arin estes creme oir Buffalo. Brattice Wettwach: Gos: 5) skye sieht cis cas cuales Ronctonees Buffalo. INCAS AUGER 0:2. Gio e tc hue ee EEE De Cee oer Buffalo. Silver Wane Oss. caceve Meee eee rc eee Peet Buffalo. Sheulac mbar am: CO c.<, ck mieeacieowel erie ster siereeete eee Buffalo. Weeboelaylorre: Col. (i, «..2emurtyr bie ei nuces uaratore eke Buffalo. Oelnc waaay (CO... 2's .)2%s aptly eeee eed ome Chaffee. Poamburesetanme Mall \Co. jo. ates. cer ee ore Hamburg. Holland Planing Mill Co. 2 ais ccce © cies ee kins cere Holland. Mancaster Machine and Knife Co.e >... sac0--2. Laneaster. Ai LASS TAP eR nae ee IRS, 5 a ede ict ane otra North Collins. Orchardybark ilanine Mallee see cece ec cree Orchard Park. \alisaia, 1bitial cveres eheva Wl e{or-qX Commie Ac udo aa Boomenc one: Tonawanda. EpeiceeLbomas Woton (Car: CO: eeniasn ce ciekeeet aeons Buffalo. Ih: SASTRY CRISNOS TS ee em eet U8 een van Se eal Fee ae Buffalo. CIGAR BOXES. WharlesReisterholz: %.\. .c:c-.0s eee eee ee Buffalo. PRGATICG S MUCT ie f200 sf osecce Sco eee Oe eee Buffalo. BRUSHES AND BROOMS. L. Noillers Sons ee ee el be a ere ae ae Buffalo. LH tg? Rea Sch G21 oxo eee eI Icy Noac co) too cucen ieci neil weeat E. Aurora. CAR CONSTRUCTION. ATMericanaGar and Houndiry Comer iiie et ieee Buffalo. Reunayivania Railroads Cole secrete eae ieee Buffalo. Pullman Co. ae Pre ota vied ee Se Buffalo. Wood Utilization Directory 119 ERIE COUNTY — (Continued). CASKETS. MSS oc 0h 0 a eS ot eis Buffalo. CHAIRS. LEM CmOD ITI AV OLKA: «otc < + cls 6 Geiclos Seu sede lela Buffalo. SMES OO ete coe city ete trac icy tie, tafe ete cnaiecerale we 6 meas Buffalo. SHEgs Cina” (Clee ar a ee eee ete oe We Dae eee eee Buffalo. DAIRYMEN’S, POULTERERS’ AND APIARISTS’ SUPPLIES. AD ATW SAMS Crees cise oth snake aren fe + elattuete-sheund minnie us Alden. EEN SEV ES OW a 505.56. nine, vrs alesis ein be ala wretelete. sl Akron. MopehtabissexvImeubator CO... cscs fe wssclees ce Bes Buffalo. CHUCKS PLNCUDALOLM COG ote chee esins ole eee ione c1a's Buffalo. MOANING OD reson nce cedarcuale coe ares na) spa bee Scere. SERS opens Springville. Nem we AVRO Crreteiche «ong er le ci weicie situs steer eerie hoe East Aurora and Wales Center. DOWELS. (CRG TFUGE: LET OEY. a opel oar eg oR I a ey ee Buffalo. ELEVATORS. ie VANS TSSICUTG) Coty Se nee nee ene SE Fa Buffalo. ORME CY AON Ost Atty em seus ate) Sie heme aa eve eee Buffalo. FIREARMS. (Qi. TSLNGyS, Acar BR 0g see geeee NER ONCE Che Ps uA enue neon Bae Buffalo. FIXTURES. PmEtCanrepeatine COIS 5 2c. ysstee useree eee Roe Prete Saranac. DAIRYMEN’S, POULTERERS’ AND APIARISTS’ SUPPLIES. 1535 “I CONCG TIP atS(0) UII ieee Go edn cae cwiatolacidia OOC Dickinson Center. WWalllitamanS. Wawrence:..1:/. .< a cuae svckseseaciche erreur ter Moira. Peter BOA Ways acia< oe Gus screens, sadrpert svete: cpio West Bangor. Wood Utilization Directory 125 FRANKLIN COUNTY — (Continued). EXCELSIOR. Cirncaucave Pexcelsion CO. sie ciel: sels erahes os lees 62 Chateaugay. CaO EMER COlSTOI | CO. ake thc wie s omeree eos svexdiern = Arey ore ie aust Chateaugay. Sm COLSTON ay COsitsi ekauolitisi chant des cess aewe ona OOO Ce eee Broadalbin. eC SETOVCEE sai. a7s.ci0 «0 4 sev atih ope aed aoe enter ce sons Broadalbin. DAIRYMEN’S, POULTERERS’ AND APIARISTS’ SUPPLIES. Nass SammoOns:..:.5sc.0 ee ee eee eee Johnstown. Ded Dugdale.) 2.405 kite owe erste mee enero aes West Galway. DOWELS. ies Niee Peters: SONS =: tt. ae ee eee eee Bleecker. FURNITURE. TSR e Sth «ce son lok Ce eee ee eee ee a eee Bleecker. mV PObELS: (SOUS iil sete ee ee eRe Ee aoe rene Bleecker. Higerett, YOUNIS ja.0..:). 2,2 stew tale Oe om eee Rockwood. HANDLES. BUISS ee Smith ccsc wo foe sete Per ae Oe CI eee oe aren oie Bleecker. JeaNE> Peter's Sons -.... 0 che Soe eae see Bleecker. ivenebt, WOU: wii.r. ci. eels tucle mre reknas cee tems Re eter Rockwood. MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. Sees CSM .,: 5 hs. 2 a eee OO ee eee Bleecker. LAUNDRY APPLIANCES. Nataces sherman “Lenanid.cis a0 eee ree eee tere ernest Northville. lear eli een ant. x :.so.§ fo clo phe. ee ee ee Northville. PLANING MILL PRODUCTS. aise somaiths 250... 2 eee te Om ee ais aeons Bleecker. Innoadalbun aumlber Cosa. ous oneiene cn coeceeeriear Broadalbin. Haldenvlnmber Oo. os: exc care oereale ee Ceo Gloversville. RTsselle is EOlMEs:. . 2.58 oe hee eee ce eine ae Gloversville. eee PNENSOB ci. . 6's s, sn =, coe epouee Rie eleserears Cee eae Johnstown. Vounelover@umber Co. 2.3 hate cian ae cee eee eae eee Johnstown. [DSN stovigd louis ly staan ye, a4 oro. chai cia ob. athe E piseti cd awara che Northampton. Stabe snerman ol enant: sapien sien ater nenciech cnet icee tare Northville. ohms. Walland:. 8 ta 2 eee oe ee cea ora Northville. NValivant Vallis: SoOnss>. son 2 one Cerio ane oe Vail Mills. Wvanitama Gibson... .\.0.s epee epee eee me meses West Galway. SASH, DOORS, BLINDS AND GENERAL MILL WORK. Holden lumber ‘Co. a. 20.2 ohince Qe oe eee ene Gloversville. IPA IM SIMMONS :;.. <0: .\se rei. eaten eRe ieee needs Johnstown. OMG VELESS' «cs. a tecc oi coo ah erates ta ae RGUee rpm One nroee Taare eerens Johnstown. WVU > SSAIMIMNONUS'..4 cisnx tc late teres eubetele te Reha ttn Rae Ree ees Johnstown. Tees tephenson~>..:':\...~ 457. nets eee ch eee me ee Johnstown. Stephenson & Newer. « i: Sees mas cletvr ace nate ai Johnstown. Wounelove lumber Coy oy .oc seis eicienenelaiieneren-toriatone Johnstown. Wood Utilization Directory 127 FULTON COUNTY — (Continued). VEHICLES AND VEHICLE PARTS. PRES LC WMOMS OMIA. 2 atest apes cies tcuede) a ioce shai deus, Hane ws eles Johnstown. GENESEE COUNTY. AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. AeA ean Via EATEN Cs CO rapes rae eccs, a p a iceset Gud Bre chal ove al chore Batavia. ithessonnson velarvester Con. sss... eaekie fers ees Batavia. Vi Theviece | TP voxel CYos 5 Siena Rarity anima ue cee clei ar eee Rue te Batavia. GINO LOW gl C0) «ie. Sa cereel ue ce eeayevereye opsdeySe sneyeus She Sees LeRoy. BOXES AND CRATES, PACKING. POMMS OM ar vester WOOL... crea he cb eee ce ete enaian ¢ Batavia. Batavia and New York Wood Working Co.......... Batavia. NVA Me Ee ONWee CO)c.de etsy se hia sicn tec Pata, yon a ag. ce speae eee, eae ts Batavia. VIG eae IeIeUT CR QC US OTM Swets sah, ayonn eG) ots ve oS. c miohh ves boat Tes East Pembroke. DAIRYMEN’S, POULTERERS’ AND APIARISTS’? SUPPLIES. AX, alg JIRA G KGS INES oe ch cece en eet, Se eRe RY ool ea ee Darien Center. Pe MeO ETS cs sca chastirad sts ales «cbs aye Serie peaota ti evs LeRoy. FURNITURE. VACUO EMME obi cl tabaners Wis okelenh se Godate tins iotenMaaeKy Batavia. MACHINE CONSTRUCTION. EC ON, MONTAG aes acl 5ih ar js faylaye done ala ayricls eaaieel dpelohseuaivs LeRoy. PLANING MILL PRODUCTS. Waters Crespo lanl es say ie se acs Merb cor otic od oar ty em eteahieke Batavia. MPa Sip inten eager Mcrae salience a kA else spon bh apategen a oe Poca: ee LeRoy. RPMS AERO OR SS rs at sisi Sel Gis caia ck Sel bien Sura aie we LeRoy. SASH, DOORS, BLINDS AND GENERAL MILL WORK. Batavia and New York Wood Working Co.......... Batavia. INV ACT oie reas UO) p Inet Ss ea cece ale Io etre aoe ay ah eset Oueyntoayetens pepeueae Batavia. PMP LUEL IDOI Seats eo) Seay curd bo pins sattin de geatteucnsseeebegems me LeRoy. HEP © EOD CUS eet alte) ence an cp a-rauctin,/sb4) =, dues eicibhewa akeuciene Goan LeRoy. HFeeracall tip Tame N reed vees Ortes Olee 2, nale-jiat ainassedodare tee Go eater ols crocs Pavilion. TANKS AND SILOS. eaten ys ee LACIE OOo coscs nang s+ ae ven los Sine ele Hope Falls. ENE S) TESCTis US Soa SR allie eras iy Olen a ae ie a een eae Lake Pleasant. MPS OREUS ITON Sica er esct svete r= sis Ds rl lene adceeyaleeretesste.eS Long Lake. Mie MELOMUTSON: Co IBPO: nan. cer Siskel eo cote «esto es Long Lake. MURICVEME IR oe ROR CLS: ca o.cteh. ols tae Siegal lnmye iminesiare ne Long Lake. NOM oS LAV ice tere clices) a/c g axeligy om ele 40s aoe Si ishlar aPoNs 1aWohS Coe on Long Lake. leerrscyienimn er (Gis 3 poe giocvcl scat a oe ees coe ae Wells. SASH, DOORS, BLINDS AND GENERAL MILL WORK. Wile 1835. LENG) eo eee ann ee nm ee ee ae er i ee Alvord. AES H emVLCT AMIN aaNet psc asee eNom: o.c'cume es ayeelnls ot Towahloondah. HERKIMER COUNTY. BOAT AND SHIP BUILDING. LP SLIRSYOLDS® “1S RO reas ek Pone taearr elene i E ae eR Old Forge. BOOT AND SHOE FINDINGS. Se ERIN REELS Polyps 3 (Spa 4 ng a/acace CIs aie nts 2 Salisbury Center. BOXES AND CRATES, PACKING. Sipatnei is COR WHI Oo Cn. 2. ae oe ate ee 2 aa ye le te ane ae Dolgeville. Paeee PERIODIC o/s 2 Sz ohn WINS oo A ye Meena ets, ce Dolgeville. Vemernoads Machinery CO... 2 0 1.-tee ee eis rele os Frankfort. peepee Wile OO)m ch. lace otters cv ck ties iin ea © oatele Herkimer. MELO CIES) CSIi CO Ose yeh excuandte tas gle aan e) ofegaevees, aaylelotesiens Herkimer. Weert ten COUGH: CO) ee ous ae sire, S sein repnie/azchegey sake eyes tsi Herkimer. Wiesta@amada smumiber COs. 2 5... eave eek ae «sions oe ees Herkimer. Remington Arms and Ammunition Co.............. Ilion. iRemimeton ypewriter ‘Co... shad... 2 2 hs see oe Ilion. See epulsselln wn SOlS GO): wos Sa. «ose ne ree oe -tlion. vise OUReUl Gi iCOe sac tos yeaa che ec ee ere nels os Little Falls. CHO MD CLOMID Cor SOU. oof rahe vi ul ere aS eee one Little Falls. he Cade mundstrome Mion Cor i. -s.. sees se eee Little Falls. SL TEC anh sas Sea ee a Poland. CHAIRS. HUNGO ES aU NATE MN COS - cele cena Wee pas ars ohtehure sralaks eens a Cold Brook. DAIRYMEN’S, POULTERERS’ AND APIARISTS’ SUPPLIES. Bp eirnea Ce WSS Sone terean toy as tates eir Ree aoe: ape. eatisse pork. aei are Cold Brook. os Lele LEE AAT See Seago ox cha iee CaLcPe rear aig eRe re Cold Brook. SE burreulee Cons a. s sewc. cecie cee eet ote ale oh s Little Falls. ie EHall-Mammoth Ineubator Co... 27.2 95.62. cess Little Falls. Mme VOI, ast te,< ister Sre eras AIS het ac oes Seance teehee ate G Vanhornesville. ROR ERE RMON, chose ots aforats Mone MMarsnSivi0 (eo aces tn © e'ai8' 2 West Winfield. A coming factor in the lumber industry. Owing to the constantly decreasing size of logging “ units,” the small portable sawmill is oceupy- ing a position of mereasing importance. Above is shown the hemlock logs on the skidway ready to be rolled on the carriage, the carriage itself, and some of the finished stock. A mill of this type, if efficiently operated, should average ten thousand board feet per day. Photograph by Henry TH. Tryon. Wood Utilization Directory 131 HERKIMER COUNTY — (Continued). DOWELS. w TPS TESLE SLEW 00s tit Sn OE AS ee Salisbury Center. EXCELSIOR. EGLO A MD) GSlae OR rcckc Ll iete ee oe een oe: Herkimer. SHANG Ac MENTE ACOs sence Sead owe ae haces Herkimer. FIREARMS. Remington Arms and Ammunition Co.............. Tlicn. FIXTURES. Ae Newntsselll & Sons: Comte: soars fcc Ghee g Oe eect base Tlion. FURNITURE Eee Laten Vihosi@ OM atest, crass oes ws a 2 ainis estar Herkimer. EOE ROE SE Caen © OUnta st. eee hh See oe ey ee ate Herkimer. NAIELOMa lm Wes ken GOs nse cie oeoe, sto aS woh eee Mens Herkimer. Mimenbtes Wurmiture Cows. 2. 41s PWS. Pein. Od ioe ale iorad Herkimer. HANG LO eM UEMG ne COs et fects 2 OG a Pele, Soin a oho Herkimer. Pee MCMC. tee. cs 5 aa e dlese cdieels socks a Herkimer. pa eelammidanr orn MTEAOO:. 2 ei. (eis tase whe aso se lata sala oe Little Falls. HANDLES. Jelayais ee CLO nie. (Ca Te re ate ae ge, ma alee ae See Cold Brook. GoOnisnent al eeOol = GOs" ivoire Geapaoiens caches cide Sal teers Frankfort. limionmWonkcerand Eloe (Coy. 2 205.-0.5 0 san eee ne Frankfort. EO tears ar ere cee Shieh eet ar tee die feels ews Middleville. MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS ROC ecm Hralitge HONS yee aio c, ces tea Geen uae ae erat ae Cold Brook. Pa RereWwOldt Co. CO... 2. cane wee as «core ee es Dolgeville. Buri MRE Le TNC Ye oi 5 Liye tina Wii «at Bro thew We BRLSNOR IS he Salisbury Center. MACHINE CONSTRUCTION. Reminetone Uypewmiters Co... i. ace se 4 cenuae see aA oS eu Tlion. ELECTRICAL MACHINERY AND APPARATUS. meme tone: Wiaenimery “COM... sss wee eee es ee Frankfort. PATTERNS AND FLASKS. NCTC Gee MAC MINERVA CO. an). ai eicivepsiele ene) sfeareiet cae © Frankfort. heminevon: | Typewriter CO. « oF sidings si eeace sve a te 6 bi Tlion. PLANING MILL PRODUCTS. CEGERE DCIS: OMe es y OOK. so, te f Hel yf Alejo 6 oo ene Riel Fulton Chain. CME OT Clic, SONSe COS Sees men tots cai ee oe Herkimer. NwiestsGanadar limber Conc2. ca. ccc sence oo ens Herkimer. Moura dekelip plese Sarasa eee tase tate ear eters aes yeney ats Tlion. FATIGREGWanle Eble: Ques Oller aetete es ciicic crenata heen oe emits Little Falls. Blea Dre OTM GIIS cany Sc esceen sears | 2 IP he ia Pel ae ea strc Poland. RRO LIL VOD AM cbtete SR eM i oe eee Md ting WAT Vanhornesville. 132 College of Forestry HERKIMER COUNTY — (Continued). SASH, DOORS, BLINDS AND GENERAL MILL WORK. Gearee: Deis mon CO. . 4.5. eae cn eee memeiae acho me Fulton Chain. MOEN IG UTTIOLE 205 oe wes ae ole eos Gel DE ep mt ee Tlion. Remington Arms and Ammunition Co.............. Ilion. eauacLon Lypewriter Co... icra sean amloe ls ieee Ilion. PANE Wa GULE 105 SOD. soe euanctene ae tess os wa tensitatela eyatene ake Little Falls. Shin esmGnTessel ea. 23 . ao «6 slo ae ere SOI ere Salisbury. MURTY ESOS wi. 5 <-> os Bes a Sean eee earns Salisbury Center. (ih, TUS 06) 0) (ae i Meher oes rence yrrgy Soe South Columbia. SPARC IS: PPV ECB: oir ss ui- ores vee Se Evans Mills. FURNITURE PREC REVELD DENGING 1OOs ih) ci wow sie oh eh So Black River. Lois! Dea 000 SS oe en ei ne ee eM La Ellisburg. Sts Erm ben GOn vs ty oo sees me Sate ett Baba: we Philadelphia. HANDLES. EAE ERNE Mee a en LS tc Se a A oA aelthe CK Carthage. LD MGT ROSA Fag Mies ee lenient eee Oxbow. PLANING MILL PRODUCTS (OL, ADS WC aneeinKrs Seas ta es erie ee RA aN oy eee bien Adams Pech ire WN OSCE. meters ot, 2.65) 40s 2 ahaha os GATES < Adams Bcase ay PS CGNCl «space we hae in ih he ere tha &G Svee | Antwerp. Ree oes iy ee CRN ae em icccilare eevee aac poeoele Sen cea Wee ee Brownville. Le a SS723| STeLOR eS Aa Spe anni Cr ech ce a Cape Vincent. Adirondack. Core and: Plug Co..: 2.22.2 .a0c eos « Carthage. LDA PETALPIOH SE Ose ade Sea ak aes Seah re SON Sn Ome aaah ee Clayton. Dexter Woodworking and Builders’ Supply Co...... Dexter. [Bp AOE ASTOR Cis eRe Ree ES Ae Oe ine ech oy et Pie era Henderson. 154 College of Forestry JEFFERSON COUNTY — (Continued). PLANING MILL PRODUCTS. JN, Wen Gn iieae Gaeo oboe aoe des boos 60 oolcolds 0.5. Lorraine. PEN EAINGEL CY sc aos. 0-768 is) ajo we = = S Aieege ee ene Lorraine. PERT S OMLOENOS cy c one's rs ee ye a) Sue Sue iw abeue retees Ban tye eats Natural Bridge. Coale is, Siiiiil eeeeeeeinemine ea tin wacia de ou Go aor ic Redwood. Pearce Heller & C0: . 0). : 0. on esis ae = seme ene Theresa. CGasemmumbper and hootimes Con. a ee ll elenteleierae Watertown. (Cinemas, VW SIIGERE WS TSOME Sac ec ace GdonncacoeouooNs Watertown. \WWAIniiie) A? ISLE Vat steeeeiotercto Geiser citi Glad goto Moeeoroc Watertown. SASH, DOORS, BLINDS AND GENERAL MILL WORK. Os. IDL GroOaiicaceaenneetrre oes ccs ono ccs Haat Adams. Pineal Ibe WHE eg en omen reas e obec cob ont omugoe oor Adams. Clarina’ IEiRO Sra cen Heer Reremre Mcion @ moon oeoin chong oa 6 Alexandria Bay. eorgee: Betheley cs .o. s+ oe aeeireer eee Crores Antwerp. O@lirlesmbisomellls cicacccc os aussele sorcemeiene See here evens Black River. (CMe Starkweather... i020 < ane teenie etemere Ae oye tometer Carthage. Ceorse MictendOrl. 2.65.5). + s {cise eer eee Chaumont. Oise Brooks Wumiber Co... 2. ace ewan oe eee ee Clayton. Dexter Woodworking and Builders’ Supply Co...... Dexter. [Bares LBRO KON Ole acy AMA Soc int as aoe bitN coe oF Natural Bridge. STAG RMEMIGUTE OO. ..0c-.2 60 sot see See ee eee ee Philadelphia. Pome da Smnrthy, 5 ts es bc be oe bisiays Sue oe va ered eden Redwood. Case wumber and Roofing Co... 2. 22.22.02 Sas. ae Watertown. Gla VOIR POE OS aie.¢c05 5 55 oh Poe SEM ae ie a een eer Watertown. SCE SC OEM 15.5554 524s > Sica wn ee ee Cape Vincent. VEHICLES. [EMVEMROSEDOONIS sc. 03 o0c. bbe os ee main ao este ole ml Limerick. Behe Udlong ocean vs es woe emma sO ee gmaene ae Natural Bridge. EPC AEPCMGER ct Drs a ss oe soos o Meee Ose mee ae Oxbow. VIBE re SGOULCIo acts cis neue’ ws a ts obusere elo cate isene tne Theresa. [8s Lele 16) oy eKg ll CCoye eme AE O ec bio id sivas oiscaolt aoa Watertown. xcelsion Cariage: CO. 3 2.185 oo seve pets toi melee Watertown. WinionsCarnmare and: Gear Cos asin ea eee Watertown. WOODENWARE AND NOVELTIES. Bincko iver Plug and Core Co. 2s ee a-: We see ae Black River. Adirondack Corevand Plug (Cos... oes aae ee Carthage. NAS GR ONMSOM... 64 c.c ened a4 2e oOo eo Dan, Meee Theresa. KINGS COUNTY. BOATS AND SHIPS. LTD CS LES) AS ee cc eerie CRRA Brooklyn. Co TN (CN 150 bh eee PIP modi ounia rice Bien Brooklyn. ENISCHE DR QM WAOTIOs .c:5\o ss «sexs ss Oleg eo eee ee Brooklyn. NVallitamaisidy SM. Gokey.. cin <108e sera ir ere Brooklyn. Paeonson: de Peverson . .... 2. 06. adele teenie wee oe Brooklyn. Wood Utilization Directory KINGS COUNTY — (Continued). BOATS AND SHIPS. le TOMER ICU: SOAS) (COS cu one boubomopancncoscs Brooklyn. Whomasehe Meehan - SOM. poco eih oe lero) ere inesereele ois Brooklyn. MorsesDry Dock and (Repair Conn. oie ne oe ro is Brooklyn. Newaonk DryeWock and Repair Co)... - 22.6.6... Brooklyn. opinseD rye Dock and! ‘Repaiin CO. 52.0.7. elo tee 0 10! Brooklyn. SMILE 1G RO AOGCI LS 6 oy. cce wiaparcte vee «vee. © kwsicis te sve Brooklyn. Wnrbed states. Navy Yard... cee tose eens Brooklyn. BOOT AND SHOE FINDINGS. Bema MiGNetl Cons sch nit tis ee ae ns Ee eee esa ds Brooklyn. CIGAR BOXES. See PEEROD CES eel T coc. oat cate = Soe pie > hie Mine sages Brooklyn. Wiptesrove Cicar Box umber Coys 03-2 2-5 a4... - Brooklyn. BOXES AND CRATES, PACKING. GUSH OBS CU tis GE SOM soar. forse mest ol «ows «oa op ne eke Brooklyn. BrookbynCooperage COs... -.2 2. eos owas os oes wee Brooklyn. SMe SE aD VICOMNaM.. : snes oy nte ao 2 ate sosan teseyacevseeyets epee Brooklyn. SOUP ACR EC KORG ery: cece gta eraisic fs) eld aiteack, aR nee We in fe Brooklyn. Hehipser Box andeliumber (Cor. jcc ae or oes eee Brooklyn. Biredentck Bf eines SONS... ae). favors elects eusdale ote ole ee Brooklyn. EROS Ge Tog ey UTM VVOMISGS 2s sey rais7-t shee exe) she) nfs sycoe cls ee burrs Brooklyn. ewe Led Amd aC ON 2:25 2 fae che ete scjp aeie es ke Oye Brooklyn. CGN Ga RO Ser cacy carn ae aia uke sess @ Ske Ryo’ we me eae Brooklyn. SEDER Cli Gut CONS GOL se) c'ry sey acres el eet ols 5) eves) « © ietevorenchieve eo Brooklyn. goku Kroder and Henry Reubel Co. ..............- Brooklyn. CreieeWediens Gs COs ata etelodta ceils atte Ogee es wan Brooklyn. INatvonalePacking: Box CO. leas aoe wells ose eee Brooklyn. ewe VObkarOtble: OX CO. .2.5 ais sek bade o's eee e's he Brooklyn. (CMe COVES: LIC ures oe cca th eon a eermiony Aeneas Brooklyn. Second Avenue Planing Mill and Box Factory....... Brooklyn. Samu Brooklyn; Box, Pactory:...: 6222. .0..2 320.68. Brooklyn. letageH TO SEM ERD oh2 a0 cdg seo hc Sue tence eo acne, Seen ss Brooklyn. Wend: Paekime. Box (Co: )j.-..0 5 oc cnc Sse a's seele es Brooklyn. MRURESCTINIANY et WIPE yk 2 cens. 0! oes ad's Svea ae ee ake a Brooklyn. CLOCKS. PULLMAN SOMA OLOCK OO eet forester fave see a nal Brooklyn. PICTURE FRAMES AND MOULDINGS. ATCO Nikonilelnt Cop spucduaeces ncadoecd camedodc Brooklyn. Brooklyn’ (Camvine AWOLKS A. arise. cays oe Soe eal Brooklyn. HoimPlive Gass OnSe o ackasnatore serae @ 1h ee thle ee Brooklyn. Greciijonmi: Mioydelinve (Oss oguedsusee soos mod ss oc oe Brooklyn. Bacles Wool dinee Care can. sone tan hale Sat ee Bays tiene Brooklyn. DOMnMMOhESy “SOMaar eee else cei oe eee Brooklyn. Winrone Mills Comacue er atte. smacks SNe Scheie seems Brooklyn. AMM CTNMNAN Cen NOI Gibe «anise vk cree accae athe ss ae Brooklyn. Bm pinemNOulGing: (OOk => eon ae. stare oe ours ose ciel eke Brooklyn. ill 3 136 College of Forestry KINGS COUNTY — (Continued). MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. PURE CMCReENCH NO WO... cra.s ss sac erste 3s os ay akive p Muaepess srooklyn. PALER MONMO ee NUON. oc 5 o's «x's ole acres eie ieee eke Brooklyn. PICTURE Ne A) MAINS. 1s a: «0% 3 gts a 6 ehansi ete Simeone epene aes Brooklyn. eeay VCR NTCH UR EAE CO) sas as 03S 32s elo aye ee ee ae ee Brooklyn. PROFESSIONAL INSTRUMENTS. Bbennwanck habersrencil "Cos... oe ae cece ae os eee es srooklyn. PLANING MILL PRODUCTS. ETO PELE vemteIURECMOL Gates. .toisva.r, < ctcisis s,s, o/s0t setae ra ‘oye owe a Brooklyn. Cross; Austin) é& Ireland Lumber Co........°....2.. Brooklyn. Hagle Moulding Co., 230 Java St. ...............% Brooklyn. Hastern District Trim and Lumber Co............. Brooklyn. Eclipse Box and Lumber Co., 425 Greenpoint Ave.... Brooklyn. Benjamin G. Hitchings, East 34th and Ave. M...... Brooklyn. Jonnsone bros: 45 Classon: Ave 2 ee ee eee ae Brooklyn. PUL Sm UO OLS Oe Ss ec iaieiets in sre Slosn7s @-e uprsvarelaye Brooklyn. AS Merkinson, 554 Hamilton Ave.................0% Brooklyn. Mullin, Wagner & Co., 2828-30 West 16th St........ Coney Island. (Gavriel Kets dissoy il acetic Lae Re ES Brooklyn. Second Avenue Planing Mill and Box Factory...... Brooklyn. il, SGniaelellesbe SOEs Sova etches Seeneen atraek Bees SA Brooklyn. Hawardecs simbh. 420 Oakland St.......5.% ss. ace Brookkyn. ETCLV EE VICIRCOS WMO Os. forse a5. cis 612s > avs sretwlelae ta oteens Brooklyn. pare! Wemstem Hstate.. oc... 2. eee oan atria wae Brooklyn. PLUMBERS’ WOOD WORK. | eee Meee ss Mis. CO... 6. viele cles ons oe sels ees Brooklyn. Chie 4s IDeieiing | Coa eaeeroniran Geran ae creAatic A. cihu Brooklyn. TReavelayaeleudtie MA aH el 61006 (eg cr RRP heroes ree Brooklyn. REFRIGERATORS AND KITCHEN CABINETS. Colonial Mantel and Refrigerator Co.............. Brooklyn. Pipe GG MUINCIM (OF SOUS. ..'. .\. ee wc oid nv ols whe Goategags Brooklyn. CREME EMO DUS oMIChlOn (COs ..\2). 21.5 +. . = + cee eerenae Brooklyn. APN NVIE CELCGKGlMANNI |. 5... ssa a avenue wet wine ave Rie ee Brooklyn. IMolsecshenmeerabor iO... 26.525 6 ce0 be he eew ee ene Brooklyn. Ronee Cabinet ViOrks..... 2... 250s cee ee ee nm Brooklyn. SHADE AND MAP ROLLERS. won Kroder & Henry Reubel Co. . 2.0.00. esc eecaes Brooklyn. SASH, DOORS, BLINDS AND GENERAL MILL WORK. PER germane Cote os op nfe sSeiiste ssid esse ao, hle wos ida sel aywiltpe Brooklyn. The Roebuch Weather Strip and Wire Screen Co.... Brooklyn. RIT EMN EN UNY MMOGI OR 20. Sa oie 0S 9, a ioye v's 2 cde Bre bie ernie’ e Weea Brooklyn. SIE MPNCMINEOL ETE SOUS Yoo 6c a0 69 6 Ne, ohos «wm Aah dis! a myons Sree Brooklyn. PPA N TOWN IICIGH, TUNG i2 fe 59's Ym ie ee dow. dye 93100" wiedoe Brooklyn. PEEMTC RE VV CLIPSKENN TING 5. © 235, ee aw v's va Fe aot ew wale Brooklyn. Wood Utilization Directory KINGS COUNTY — (Continued). SASH, DOORS, BLINDS AND GENERAL MILL WORK. SM CEBNOOE OO. 2 luis takin e oro, hex oo als. o syahotel ere ¥ Brooklyn. Brooklyn Fireproof Sash and Door Co.............. ; KO OMOM Are CU AMD store e ayive winyenaicilei'oy Hae vapare. oho Seierswalele oie are 0c Brooklyn. Colonial Mantle and Refrigerator Co............... Brooklyn. ASOT Aig Ms Ble CD) aix. sae ge jaile sorevie tue! ois tetan ale weestats & >, os Brooklyn. SN ithitpan Gam CU MOVEIATIO:., srayclieluocs onadelrevs ohsyees ssisaislienesslece Jeers Brooklyn. Cross, Austin & Ireland Lumber Co................ Brooklyn. Eastern District Furniture and Lumber Co......... Brooklyn. Hastenn, Woodworking Co: sa... cn 0 c.. sbu's cote he ote Brooklyn. HS ben Ma VAMtel. (OO. scayhe eas s ars isttan ake Catania alate, ol Brooklyn. Hast New York Wrecking Lumber Co.............. Brooklyn. napures Givye Girard, COs <2 a alee fn. moe.s sth the es Brooklyn. fo, LOVUTIGTIN a7) Ce ad DCR Ba ROR ene eee Rear ew Tee ee Stay rok cae Brooklyn. J DGLOLIE IG A en Ae os eee en eae a Pee Brooklyn. FISITUe OOM IMEC Serato ck yd eave saa callzve a\on ele bund cosa Eaer oa Brooklyn. GRANT CORE icy cve, 25/5 n.o Na ih A Sia oe eel eat as a ee Brooklyn. CAB krench Cabinet so. jac W.c.ciode eee ca teas dee Brooklyn. WEE GAT ON CRFGs SOD «ga cte fois Hee Ao an eps ws wise ele ae Brooklyn. ircenpert.sach. and Door Co... 6.5 ect nw bo tanes Brooklyn. Bean arin Gy EIUCCMIM GS hc rycrys een oe ee ac Oe Sete ee Brooklyn. Ei eatt ep LO URIM Oe ci oN yaa he Ae as Sine eS Sse ash aye Sees Brooklyn. Interborough Sash and Door Co................... Brooklyn. SC ACOUS We SOUSir sit aaa komma ae tne esate es Brooklyn. mmlauaic & Ainert, Ine® occ cence. elas ceee cess Brooklyn. WovirtKeronen bere :d& Cols = sei. 2 sect it aiejelesiecicieras abe Brooklyn. SUI See MOONS On strsrs apache oes ee caus teh sve epeyal ele ele oor Brooklyn. Ce UA IN LB LE: 0 ea ae NC rn Brooklyn. fete ENGL ales 6 BO eg a nea at Ue od sae Unt edo atee chm 6 Brooklyn. raikae Ace VAL OMe © Oso lNiGhy. pars skturonrons lai eee Brooklyn. Metsel-DamowitzCoe o<8 ss wee sso le ete yerciae.« Brooklyn. Merselp Miinschell Ge Com ccc Sitscie-) oe ne semicon Brooklyn. Jacoby Morganthaw & Sons. <0 2.06 «rales ee tis sae os Brooklyn. PMV LONICUNS OMG crate sa) teyu. tecka nie he Peas aa Ree ee Ia Brooklyn. SenN aie es) hy ENTE CLO). oat noi cnn act meclets eyed nye see ecs Brooklyn. Saber sasnand Door Coss os bee cas ann viguee sacs: Brooklyn. ee tre CaM aac 3.0 od aah eS acy d ore Sioa Re aS eee ace Brooklyn. PrOspecy -aequet “HE L00F Co. 65 sick tid caja ee oe wes Brooklyn pM ee CCN tek lage oS og ho ch ms Date ae yee ES Sas Brooklyn em E Bee NCL e CON iach xi ullp oc.e'+ sieisro enim (AoRIna etek wera be Brooklyn Rehance Pireproof..Dodr: Cosi i052) nie. sGie ee elas ws Brooklyn TANKS AND SILOS. Becker Vanles Mine Gon ns 2 3 a5 tacue ate ccs: ve eee Onale Brooklyn. Mia ye tae tithes Vin oe IC Ory es. kites eye een ace: xsiels Daye © Brooklyn. Imotonel (Coopersne Wor. 25,205 fae tatscars.aien also oie Brooklyn. VEHICLES AND VEHICLE PARTS. PREEEAe EROGKLONG. auevate simies uci cl aA gHe alata a's.0, sual stiaynlomi ges. hs Brooklyn. 137 138 College of Forestry KINGS COUNTY — (Continued). WOODENWARE AND NOVELTIES. Jig Ue, Breen aa (Oxo); WIE U cnteke WANa yee ee cg os Becickala die dic oS Brooklyn. Wirt inG al Gin den vet estas cc ia cite eae eee ee ere Brooklyn. LEWIS COUNTY. BOATS AND SHIPS. TUTE eto cio xg Go CEN MO IEE oo a eee Occ Cc oreo Lyons Falls. BOXES AND CRATES, PACKING. (Ciliaaays pre-a bites (CKO Ec eleeeieeastore Geen oes CR aE pecan cates Oye Castorland. esa Lavvalrmninn ONES Gas O acct. veyePese) vie iey eqs ore ye, wi, eae eyo eller Copenhagen. Aispestos sburlaly Casket sCo) 6 cc. os ae alc ble ne me Lowville. CASKETS AND COFFINS. New York and Brooklyn Casket Co................ Brooklyn. Moncanm @asketa@ On epecteariva cis oe njoususien Sins sycy sel eusice stake Brooklyn. Ashesvos “burial Casket CO: if cai ee eo ee ye at Lowville. DAIRYMEN’S, POULTERERS’ AND APIARISTS’ SUPPLIES. abs Uy EONS cae Copenhagen. AMES re SUOMI alte eo isis)sleie else's + » ove imate wale staal Croghan. feast tary qh ATTAD NO Tas SOUL (5c fseo pcre 2 5's oe ens epee sates oeye ale = West Leyden. DOWELS. REPL APE eMC. os ous sence cies se gin (hie eon 4 aucias ofa gto Be Glenfield. EXCELSIOR. RemibO mmm DEM Creer: ene ccc fsb sels aietisls ie eiiehe estate leushe Siemans, ois Lowville. MCSSE MMI MV VED LOT adc. nic cists ieee reyetshs cobctolehenetia: eqeoone te Petries Corner. Pacey gem PeeStOL OO. Siu). .sis ses theles shew etoe Port Leyden. FURNITURE. Deeb Meleberer MUENTEUTE COs 6.6. 6 ie vies wreeionohels yee Lowville. HANDLES. PAGCOR A ARES ETL GS).p02 245 fee 5) opis ve fo inl este: ey vi0syaveyeyeuepeye iepemeneyovs Parkers. LAUNDRY APPLIANCES. TDINGU Kare” BO eS Rios Oar IR Rameeatee cic.ccc ae die amc Lyons Falls. PLANING MILL PRODUCTS. Ombre Drege cere clark = Sn waysyats post Sate eR eo Barnes Corner. Pre nseermay MAN GO ce sisi 3.0:% creeds) vis gnu sated orayere anaes Constableville. SOHNE, se AUR GUI eget cl aire leee socve foes aie subs sue Breuer oie tenets ee Copenhagen. JTRS (OP TA hon ef b aadea GST oe RC eae Ne cic ord Gaol cence Copenhagen. RU PpHrepML ATC Y cre resten state les = sim) ares duu: dis thats pane Meret weasels Croghan. pies, tuntayce: emiber OO) ai ii oe2. kof ma histo eidee eee Croghan. HESS eV UICC Disee ghee erence wa Suc ie etree ote onsen mien Croghan. Glemivel de Mios Cori eutesciceas sit crettsners eA oh eter Glenfield. Wood Utilization Directory 139 LEWIS COUNTY — (Continued). PLANING MILL PRODUCTS. WM GhMS GI atent Oe. ces aos arte orsreuc) a thee ste) sity oss ap ae Glenfield. venibeneAy Uctlboumn, HEISG!y. tis asc ot oe 2 cee «= Harrisville. alah \TOOnCh ase tees ths Solete Sta Oa Seite as os hemi 2 Harrisville. Clenm MawRankeie Oae 5201849 secs Ia Gaeta ee ae Lowville. OME ISSOR sey.) araraie -s0s.c\psereutee Seen ts yma teks auaye Beers New Bremen. CCM CIStiar aire 5 sueteba tele Sie Sy eat oe eres te eats Talcottville. THe iy. 18 EYE OSS aeseegnaae ae acti canis ear ee nae eRe rea eae ae eee Turin. SASH, DOORS, BLINDS AND GENERAL MILL WORK. Soe lite bea] TEM Ane 2M yate ae, Bie haa gua ant auete ae tlt ae os Croghan. NMOL SO Marre ce tee soni cn he Rho Ninn MM ener y cea cade Glenfield. Hier aMeLe ENGI SAAC Os... i yn Wass: arc nuance Meee ign Lyons Falls. POLI SEER ae ott coda ao cveon eras ela eyike foe weeks ere talene New Bremen. eS Ca WE OSs 6 oo Bin ted asap belle BisS Gis Diels Shon ab GAS Port Leyden. BUTI RET EN UE ICS lga acriatels rn a a aitm De bovR sores gee aw ae Turin. SHUTTLES, SPOOLS AND BOBBINS. GermiiclamViker Coe Brean nec. lakes oie eo ae Sees Glenfield. SPORTING AND ATHLETIC GOODS. LOUIS on Su) lege ae a ae Se as PT Lyons Falls. VEHICLES AND VEHICLE PARTS. ers tegmay MMIC Os. ee 2 eee reaetes areas crete. See Constableville. WOODENWARE AND NOVELTIES. Richens VETO. Gaps at oY acaiees As eiotang Sink UMA eee dee fe rete Glenfield. LIVINGSTON COUNTY. AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. CEG O hy 9 arf INYO. aoe oie ee Seo wan ee Avon. BeAMmelarvies teria COs of als, dar<.sve yk pais eka ond idee nee Caledonia. Vell Si Banca lesa ts ete. esl Mem setae cae Oe eeb aver Nay aude Hemlock. Genesee, Valley Milp \Co. i... ca tenc-evataicp es aueue a ood agelaba poe Mt. Morris. BOXES AND CRATES, PACKING. EOE Cab yy Ne oh ned en ose ER Ge am olan os Dansville. VNialettcl at More Coe con ahen sae a Ne etl Bare ren tema sche East Avon. HOO te Mine ERO Om miaats ayn che a ois clei Sue iayebencisis, clone eyeversie Nunda. CASKETS. REM zs CaSKC Ole aude Atte ida sisa es aca ie a dee ceaKene 2 Nunda. CHAIRS. iDher George Arde Whaire Con. el acne) else eer Dansville. FURNITURE. STE HONS CEUEW Soc tate. 2) 0 eae, Pe eure a ate Se oda is tenes Sacer ar os i Hemlock. 140 College of Forestry LIVINGSTON COUNTY — (Continued). LAUNDRY APPLIANCES. SnD eA GUE) ot 32 ale Fav E8. Saas crchainwayn. s oTare ule Vehotage bole Notage tele East Avon. MACHINE CONSTRUCTION. IP GDEE A oA 6 CORE ee eee pePrinEs Sines Srinivas Nunda. PLANING MILL PRODUCTS. IRtoyuEMeE TTA os, NY IN et ee acto Amini crete nc ooo ons on at Dansville. EDU IMU re orce ond witha ee AR wreue ve eet cee a Dansville. ivvood! Barrie er... 2.02 5 cose -setouens Pemsilonve ees nines uees Springwater. Ininialke™ 1 le SSRIS sl hee ueiate ei caeroiaental Bla Ar o-cicutco bicdie a oa c Springwater. PUMBS. est orubbard COls,..< 64. eek. cess eee Meio ee bee Dansville. VEHICLES. NV PmE TACOS iS case cls ol che cltgts ch coe meee eins) orotate oncmeasren venus: Ayon. EOS ULC O\s 8 2s kia casteuare ei etetebetobe arSIey ue eee Chemo eee Avon. MADISON COUNTY. AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. Bran coakam Vio Oster cits sie Se eban cea naleis san aes Beene Leonardsville. AIS ve mbalM WallOOMss oak. oc coe ttans seanaiete Sere Munnsville. MeO em (MIDI C Wires cane Gheais es ss eee Mes Gunn Actas peu Peterboro. Gh (Ob Tia kel laine eae: Ve eae Re ae RPO Ge Sire enter tere Pratts Hollow. BASKETS AND FRUIT PACKAGES. WW. INS Chinclige. = a ae a ek on ae New Woodstock. ILA ROTISS ~ AVILES): “3S SG gu Senn One ore Paes RE IE SIREN Pe aro rpeen ect = Solsville. FE BOATS AND SHIPS. \nialiliewan. 1 Li Uatavell yeni CG einen eine iets cisin ciclo dio ob or Canastota. BOXES AND CRATES, PACKING. Gamasto tam GOueMAG Orr ch.ja ccc bleu ee aceite cke aru eee Canastota. TEMES, iG note ceg As bil Ko We: Fl OUR uae en oir Par Oy PAC rary rice Canastota. Wanme lee ale Of.s cee S56 bits so a ashes foi oh a ecohasdhak CUA Nemelev Earlville. [iLavrewilliecrae ILA niaa oe oN Coe ay GEIL aie coisas co eae Hamilton. Ibja@,. (Clinaithe: (Cray = Sa gH ee ee See Pa Oneida. Oneidas steele Pulleyt@one: . i234 2B sacs te ene ee Oneida. SchubentaepLose Gear aGo.. ...0c5ec.0 ose eerie Oneida. CASKETS AND COFFINS. INGelonealles Gaskets ©Omey sot nyo shits Sead) le etc ete eer Oneida. CHAIRS. (Chimmcieartah: (Corl nt Clog dromtcro: lana cee oreo lions ol ale oes Canastota. Lae (CITE Cig Ree eae ce RL oe ce oe, te em A I Ri ae tng Oneida, Wood Utilization Directory — - 141 MADISON COUNTY — (Continued). DATRYMEN’S, POULTERERS’ AND APIARISTS’ SUPPLIES. WIN SCOP Thao Wiel harwn teeie We oe tee cos WR Se ae ee ee anand North Woodstock. FURNITURE. Canaecouada COW Ooms rattan. cee e orca e a crersi ace haat Canastota. EE UTeee OC mOre MLC Bere tstesers oes - rst oye eliei oye Ros, © oes aust Canastota. Steuben Library and Furniture Co................ Canisteo. ANS IDS UIGTE ROL, Byatt ane eee naire Sees ee eee ee ters eee Eaton. BENE VAMOS LOS sirens Pe tac ces etreon kilo Midis opeuenh Seon ete lop spear Earlville. Corned ley Gord ae ee rac eke cea ee ic ae Earlville. erranran Hite em@, Oust vsacieis © 5 a ihe rertisreis Sites a Jie Oneida. MOrsemlb Im Det: (GON. Sey weet marae ee NE en oicieiay ot Sheds. MACHINE CONSTRUCTION. Valier OMS OMe serait ciel. chcciceene aera a ach: kee ater ae Canastota. PLANING MILL PRODUCTS. INVERN VM OLU Soe oc siteicte cherie ad movets drat saree et Saka Georgetown. pe ibe Unive torch. age. kicpe aiete at he aaarl Saed ya ee ere wists tas Morrisonville. I Mic LHe, DENOTE bye¥Shataid ele ee earch Bie area ne RN oireni eee ee North Brookfield. NEO ESee lan DIE © Ota Fe notte temas secrets ate Meta ee Le Sheds. SASH, DOORS, BLINDS AND GENERAL MILL WORK. flee Weenie COM, tes aoe kita ee eae os mene s ee Cazenovia. Eamanlitone umber Cor soc ase See lee sce tek Hamilton. VR: dallr ad BAB rit eee a eat sera green et ceo a Ne oa eA A Morrisonville. Vins, btye BA 6 Le he cg he em ied ee aati 2 ne RE Morrisville. IMT, ID YR GCEny yO) Re, Solan stoi peach oer Seaece coy car Cacho eerie Peterboro. TANKS AND SILOS. De Anis 3 Be Waa et ee Oe ee ie Te en re Pe Hubbardsville. VES HO IS 0) IS Ae ee eg a ee Ee ea EE na Solsville. VEHICLES AND VEHICLE PARTS. WIetESeIh Wom CO. oA) on. cals x octets eee mele oo Canastota. MBE Parsons Wapon Coes. . lds SOS See ee Oe S Earlville. \Wvadliingrrn 34 EMG) (0 eae po ee ne Eee elon Be Reni a pee Morrisville. ar ee AUR GLI sie ee a, SEEN aks a gre a SE oe Ea ie Oneida. Rreodores# barrett ide SONS... os) te eee onde eee ne Oneida. AUICUS tS CuUbere, Wagon) COs. eee ns eee Oneida. Schubente bros, Gear Cos =.2cc -s.Go oe oe atta ee Oneida. Beebe WEB ager. CO sc. mart atrsd Shia s, pda cick ears Oneida. pleas CGC Vora tas anoate crenata head re eee ce Peterboro. Cra Cr icanlaliangd..et 3). rece See Ree a Rr ie ite pane CR Pratts Hollow. NWivonse Mill sie esi com anes ereeneee pavege Sane ete. Spils ta Batons Solsville. WOODENWARE, NOVELTIES, ETC. (Op AGE Gg SGI eae tee nan eee gm ae aie pee eee Ae Se Pratts Hollow. LD Cre Su 1 SO eee Ae a eee a Solsville. MISCELLANEOUS. Ki1n Starts. Mins valle ce lows Comcns aieetee oe es re ee Munnsville. 149 College of Forestry MONROE COUNTY. AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. ed eet SUD CLO UG 9c aie ele asvers) «: shee Gkener fore lepha etebneitueraere Clifton. GnitaniowOrimliCOre © shot: e daele «chesney Poe hero nee eae East Rochester. See PN EOEGIE OO 45:4 <5 5's. t.5) Se bs ede 2 ee Rochester. BASKETS AND FRUIT PACKAGES. Irondequoit Coal and=Supply Co... 2522 5...5.- 5. so. Trondequoit. PEW SeNVAS OM 5 cate harem siteye ered ans eye Gooner eam hs stages evel eeenee Webster. Wiebstem basket: Corntn OR kag eu amie oe ee sue lester: Webster. BOATS AND SHIPS. TUB TOS S35 2.co noe eecund Boker ee eae cee S Eta Rochester. Werte Vie. ODDS... 2 x 4s Sct Sys ele eee ee ne eee Oa Rochester. BOXES AND CRATES, PACKING. Mobb ebreservaing Coils sce cts oun etn ens Mas keen Fairport. Ontario mri) Co. coe sence cee ore cme ea eee East Rochester. PALES See OU: aes yet pe sest eet eine cians erat cteprnct aces ahe ae Penfield. American Laundry and Machinery Mfg. Co........ Rochester. PAIMET Caneel anOs COV teatenssels lel aiesoe Sh) ee Seine ene Rochester. American Wood Working Machinery Co............ Rochester. PAT Cher AMIR CO) acr ce pccs cre. s icles Goel bs 6 5 aps eed atone Ga eS Rochester. Barman mec oI OMS COs. a sess: c 5 semi cinels beets Rochester. BOOKS Umm UTe who CO vai, ee ars eu oe ais cis sacle sia tote Rochester. Cooperative sHoundinys Coy c. vine wes 9 art cayer en add eee Rochester. Generalohaahwey, sionals Gos). s.r. << ses ce tive ie aise te Rochester. POLE mr AGN LCLET on rasie-c7a6 2 ss wes) oasis oaroreame tietenmnete Rochester. OMNI C MAM OES ere ree saa Gi ach sree Sree ot Ne ae Cn Rochester. Waneslowmebowler CO. 3. acne cae clas se pee creme ae Rochester. PAesea ya AMe SRI NO ON io o.oo rok ss) «2 Rirace. owed sree aie hme aneNe Rochester. GeomdeeNichelsenRumnaitune Cons. .- eye emer Rochester. (CUD. TES SINI@ GH 18 6 oo el Pa Au eee arnt Rochester.. mochester) Show Case Works)... .....25.5.--020-2 058 Rochester. Srmomievscarison vel. Mic. Co. .2)...33. <..8.ehaeidoan Rochester. SUI AOS OS amie Ricj ots) a2 00 Suscg covers mot eacune oe ee Rochester. inaderssboxeandolaumiber Co: 5). ss ace eemneine Rochester. Wiood= Working Machinery Con... ..5- sess aaene ee Rochester. Nawinanadmbinbe ato. (Co. a! sci. sclse sen raion Rochester. BRUSHES AND BROOMS. (COBOL! aces fives fossa sane ooveee cee Oe RCM ete Rochester. Merchants’ Transportation and Dispatch Co......... East Rochester. CAR CONSTRUCTION. Rochester, Buffalo & Pittsburgh Ry.....2..22.:.... Rochester. CASKETS AND COFFINS. NationalaCaskety 'C0..2:. 2. da. nese eee ee Rochester. Mon oew Vito COs s,f:r. 212... 5s ty ee eee ee kee eee Webster. OAM MBOR 22/5 toate h ad eee ee ee eee Webster, Wood Utilization Directory MONROE COUNTY — (Continued). 143 CHAIRS. UBIO Maran) Sots 6 iv ghaho PO ar ae tee eee wre woe De Sew aes Clifton. NGG He Te OF CO\a-» sev aey ty rer Seg pel athe ello a elses ere soos Rochester. Banana olMOnds COL tos. be csc we oc comico nea re Rochester. iibbards Elbridge: ko. Maller... 5.02 acto ee in = Rochester. am elONvag HO WLeT Oo CO. 2 iste sue « hein tel alelicn nel enoie' se oye Rochester. Charm serNeGwDeIlY sc 2 tateancts costa heel ae ue eee ees Rochester. DAIRYMEN’S, POULTERERS’ AND APIARISTS’ SUPPLIES. Rochester box and [umber Co. .5. 4.05000 a2 2a. oe Rochester. Star Kee Carrier and Tray Mfg. Co.....2.......... Rochester. DOWELS. (COMM BEES GEC GOs fos na. s fo'st casyotsh eo Halo ace oar ccdis alan exe Rochester. FIXTURES. SMe SEOTAMGE Mie. CO! Sa. 66.s5 2k eee deen oeiee Rochester. Beier Metis WERE Ns aha or sta 1c a's eyeik Kis alleen Wie whe bes wld ase sleds iets Rochester. VOLT. Tg Cae (Clo eee ee chen ar es SR SO Re Rochester. De peLelnnanes Gi. SOM. c 42.5 cisiee woes Seemed das he cev etre Rochester. Rochesters@abinets Ooraqcnccinas ie sonst hk eee See ee Rochester. lioenesver show, Case: Works: 222.504... 2. sees ae Roehester. GATES erie ermhands Gs SOMn?. si; a= foste aie Mtb koy disco se od fees Rochester. ochestens. Cabinet CO: visa ee oe oe ae here Rochester. ochestem onownCase WOrKS)..c.4 cok enka eklee Rochester. EY eOHORAROG, NRE. cc S25. = Toh ithe a Alay a eo oe ee Rochester. FRAMES AND MOULDINGS RIM Vise CTI Ste OO ar erie. wd seat ost, ar aie oad oie ors Seeman Rochester. RSRREER EE URTCURME Gea) onc a so Se Shade) beer oke, mic trade, Rochester. IN [sad Droyel elite ain (0 en ee, ee NN cot fe gee Rochester. ndenessersMoul ding Works... 6 snes: cee ee Rochester. MOM ACATVORONL toca Sos ei: sxe OSS EEA Oty el Rochester. Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Ry. Co.......... Rochester. FURNITURE. PN eC ROM CRM Bees 3 5,0) rcs", 2’ Para re hi ae PN Tory oa ss ae Rochester. SMrriedcs Michelson s\ ose ws ot hd ie ee eee Rochester. Bohne. Calpine os sans «40, oreo osc ae was mae Rochester. Brook. Wurnrbre Mig. Col... elie) a6 dies ol atlas oe a Rochester. Pe PEL VACHE Cn Sept ry tae ern oy Nay arg winrel a te Se ee Rochester. Hopeman Bros. Lumber and Mfg. Co............... Rochester. Ceo. ds Michelson Wurniture Cos..s:2sc.422 60005 0s on Rochester. Millers CabinetnCOnaseyt aster a ras ec oko One aes Rochester. CET Ot oe wera; oa creo = aS Cana: Rochester. Pepe Vet al x eos SONS sete tty ovr ot eeesrs oor aes ee oe Rochester. WeLvera DES ke WORKS iers. os arc oartie Be as Lage eos Sees Rochester. Se chwemtnnay, 06 CS, ME, Cate Gopi sa vies x9 010 ox eats oe one eut Rochester. 144 College of Forestry MONROE COUNTY — (Continued). GATES AND FENCING. Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Ry. Co.......... Rochester. MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. Brockport Piano Mig: Co... 2). - cise. Ae ee Brockport. Bonk Gleason: Mie. (Cosi: sit am cp tude exc helene ie eee Brockport. PAIN ERICAM AIAN: (CO sce. ov Sse dens sien nle toys cies eines See Rochester. Gibbons & “Stone ...2. oc 5 tate iar ae ee ete tr ec ae ome ent Fairport. CRATING IS OM, 6. hscisy eae He a ae Morton. 1D, 18 Ge 0S) epee Ue Ree Oige Eel a Re, Fy pe we ae Pittsford. American Laundry Machinery Co.................. Rochester. Jake Giiinomite teh a Stes Con 5040 54005b0a> 00s bese Rochester. spemning. 5 ZAeTes:.4 1. 2.2 oe ee somite Se ae ee eae Rochester, Wood Utilization Directory 147 MONROE COUNTY — (Continued). VEHICLES. Hofiman Wagon and Carriage Co..............+:-- Rochester. HSE AMM IAT CeO: cit 5,2 2 hea Siac Moan le, & ae ata aronsiacie elie Rochester. SKC m OME GLIEZ eee fot I cee aS oe Merete eis Rochester. Nieebiemiowerdinle G6 SOM. = os csc Sole ecew soo oe Geers dvs Rochester. ACRE AN Gs Sa(C. OLEWALE... .0h cet ss scib conte. eee aes Rochester. SUR IBY ROSS rs ae oe ee eae aE Rochester. LEASES STR EL NU CBI ig 01 aay iu a aE cae Scottsville. WOODENWARE AND NOVELTIES. TP, dle, TRSGTIRGIGLELS “Torts ape Mee Pian oA ofeach Any pen et Clifton. TE, 182, TRE SVS (Cit). 2 Sone Ae ei Oca Conran ee Teer eT eae Rochester. MISCELLANEOUS. Embalming Boards. IBS. TR, (GLEE aSCG To TMIN Bao OCA Se cree Aare eather Aue alr Brockport. UWS TOS Sees ey Ge ce hea sae LS ee etn ee tan eles Webster. MONTGOMERY COUNTY. AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. ClankarViachin es CO< 9's) cyian wicilaacets thet ae aes oe = St. Johnsville. BOXES AND CRATES, PACKING. Peni OC HGrieme) Cor ets. ssh we atie BARES Chee Amsterdam. Beailevgnienmg tim Oey Min S27, 2p: cua eyeeaiaee aban Sse eoe sua ede Fort Plain. SECT TTI iE CS SG ee Fort Plain. imnpinem COOPING W Cnc: «adele = om eepenert gee meet ee Fultonville. WihtiesViop WirineersCOne 2. tice sess. ater oer ere tac: Fultonyille. DATRYMEN’S, POULTERERS’ AND APIARISTS’ SUPPLIES. PREC C OOM: CO). soe 3s Ban os ea aiesre Grate emt es Fultonville. FURNITURE. Centuny Capimet- CO. . 62s s.c. ys bee eon tees Fort Plain. AN, Gia A CE Oats i (bo es par pr R nary aaa ea ss ee ECR a Fort Plain. MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. Hort, Elaingblectrmegeiano \Coe 2: a: teers es oes es 3 Fort Plain. Hredentck.wnslenurdtude SOUSt..... oteys fn esloe kG was eee St. Johnsville. PROFESSIONAL INSTRUMENTS. Wihite Mop. Witmer Corte. sation tt Se ee meio ne sina oe Fultonyille. MACHINE CONSTRUCTION. EIphOUdO. Walraghe COt y.% 0.2 ye. sees «tb eree eee 8 Fort Plain. 148 College of Forestry MONTGOMERY COUNTY — (Continued). PLANING MILL PRODUCTS. BD) WASHER isin. 5 sea! a. 2,540)» ues 2 ecg ee eRe eee Amsterdam. WVU eLVOSSIZ0R SOM... yrat ca cynsiciemnn cane een Seer Amsterdam. HODGE elaine MES CO is) 5 say.7 <\everss ais ueueeuchosPoretoe ye etsor: Fort Plain. Chimibone@ SN USMeL A. cy ygsy cis epee pone Neiman Palatine Bridge. Charles Mey BURcGOret -.., 3/24 dey. 5 eer geieastete tea eee eeeaeee St. Johnsville. PACS STOMA DLCL ais ss tien 1a\ eyauctocs (sis, wunltrelnen uel meeps. glee nein St. Johnsville. SASH, DOORS, BLINDS AND GENERAL MILL WORK. Brookside (umber Co. « as. cectegeoe ths uencletens eevee as Amsterdam. INRMCI CHUMMEVCHS SOMES abcoecodosnondds soddoob0e Amsterdam, Wenny 4CGriemMe 5 src sie austen eee eteieetite eran ete Amsterdam. Nelly Bray tom: (Co\.). i. inianycernaas eae ower ezoer ever eren Amsterdam. NTCIN SLU IME SCOT a5 5. 5.c Shsqea: ean SHOR ce et acer eee eae Amsterdam. Johnvr enneeskern co SOS eee nicer eine ere St. Johnsville. VEHICLES AND VEHICLE PARTS. Salgsman Wagon ‘Covi sc: Siege os mutes seme cee erne St. Johnsyille. WOODENWARE AND NOVELTIES. Wnrce Mop, WHineer (CO: pe tye + sys spec's a faye vse pee Fultonville. NASSAU COUNTY. AEROPLANES. American Aeroplane Supply House..............:.. Hempstead. BOAT AND SHIP BUILDING. WUE SST SEES» STOKUT L515 aa en esta are ie ic East Rockway. EEE CO MSOM ances? ees aia 22 od and yea Oe Glenwood Land- ing. LEhyate te Coal b ONE eyes iclis. ails ts as sk ace ce eden ome ea Glenwood Land- ing. BRUM OOO UE UEC S20. o ee acn.are, silaim ancha oleae eee as oe Seaford. BOXES AND CRATES, PACKING. Bausch Picture Frame and Moulding Co............ Farmingdale. DWoubledavaeragers (Con oq... cee ee Garden City. american Aeroplane Supply House. ..:2-e8-8..068 « Hempstead. PICTURE FRAMES AND MOULDINGS. Bausch Picture Frame and Moulding Co............ Farmingdale. FURNITURE. Games. Richardson & Soi. 12k. e. vanes eee Lawrence. GATES AND FENCING. potchn, Cubby & -Conklin. 7.20.4. cun se aee ee eee Roslyn. ERC LIVAV TION. c)s.0% 24.2 oie Meee PER ER ee eat . Seaford. Wood Utilization Directory 149 NASSAU COUNTY — (Continued). MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. Pempen Midmer & SOW... i... 4 tsetse cinw sae cess .. Merrick. PLANING MILL PRODUCTS. (GE DSSS USGS Cg en eee ee oer Pirin ear Tnwood. J). TEL, SSUCITILEN iSie, Ge ore cub ei career eee iein aon Bacio aCe Lawrence. Skeint LV STG ENS BILE erase acy oice cr emtar ore Dee rc te Rockville Center. (Conlslineet mb bid (Comins (50-0 «eters eel oe lo = Roslyn. teen emi elcSime cancel ce) )atoparepictel as Pets enetan ners eet sal =) cla tclepete, aera Roslyn. PLUMBERS’ WOODWORK. PPAR AV OUIM cis ysis did sy 5s oh WH me eS aS ea hey an ws ae Seaford. SASH, DOORS, BLINDS AND GENERAL MILL WORK. MDDS TID G ND tp Behe gerss seek ches cy ces.) wleletilia atte Siar eter Alatep eal a oe Baldwin. (Chevdles IDEA IST Ree laracren ioc ieie re RIcIe ee een ae camera tat East Rockaway. TRL, Ib, IPOS a ao ecco Chae Cae reneente Hiner tenner aaa sy hme Farmingdale. Wied) Mires arid Realty Co. 2.0 o6 u eek le oct, eels th Great Neck. MUM VER SOG COS so ocle cts os siecle e she hows Mla bile Hempstead. IBA, ILLROSITREHSSS Aiko a aie OnE RCEE CAEN oR aE IEP OIE IE er Sie Roe Ic Hempstead. Cliasi, IBIS Word: TORE HOR ae orice emi abonicmcrs Brera Hicksville. Pere ee CHIE Ep a ave pa ghye ad BH a aaa ds eS Hes Inwood. Higeted MPL Clee Rrceer a (ease eva eite ci stistie inte Soave (alcatel 2 cv'e evel Roslyn. Conlin Dubbed: Conlslim oe tees eee ewes Roslyn. SIGNS AND SUPPLIES. 11 CUES eS 0 0 nae Mineola. VEHICLES AND VEHICLE PARTS. B. Brown (successor to Q. W. Valentine)............ Hempstead. AV Pam eS OSCE syle ate fos Saye ctoeya) as shlioher suaqsions eeeel Gia che Saaaokaue chs Glen Head. MOAB SA sie toss cs on errs aptoiciann ara Se a) ousliote fsa sta Great Neck. Ae erie pm VV it OCA nae ays ote ot nrole ano toyer atalters Torr stars ta Stenete Mineola. Saami’ ubpy- co Conklin, .)....). s.2 sas wens selene Roslyn. ‘il TRESS a A 2 RR ea a ee Parana eco Cer Roslyn. NEW YORK COUNTY. AEROPLANES. Beekman Sash, Door and Woodworking Co.......... New York. BOAT AND SHIP BUILDING. Gas Engine and Power Co. and Charles Seabury & (Com Keon solidated yr Vales 5.) alrain 3 ote ia sheers a cies c's Vite Morris Heights. pligeo arti Cre, Gu SOMSz COs ci.) ot ayerel enteieishays oe ele ie eye) 30 New York. Viorel oa ie Ohi ents Gee oie cla aera ae oot GI Rene New York. AV Varilllivearinee IS 5 POA Gy ceersien net sat ayatnne ateenenenats Gisteua b Grate gene New York. Tiel mia) 124 Alm led at Pees cee cad eelr-c PEO e.o Glade eS Eats nee ree New York. VOD OTE COD Si cose eas, cee eben cere ae Bon ayey icsre showed cuclons New York. McAllister Dry Dock and Ship Yard Co............. New York. 150 College of Forestry NEW YORK COUNTY — (Continued). Brame MCW liam s 5 c)e..a's lerouele as felelaee Gea aieusiche eeretsheneeers New York. Wieetuddock sVacht Works). ii sin cee ee eiete New York. He ways JSOMS sienna ss stars eis Sm) s elese cha oceans pees teens New York. Pearce ETEStOMS ... wpa ce Misha oes Ges See ye reer New York. UCHR ge ILC CES UUIRC .c. 5, cs sas: laine is atsing Sexe allot pasted shous Rae stoaene New York. BCS MOPAR E NON, joc caic tate eye es ael ave ve Bd delete uel fee ee New York. BOXES AND CRATES, PACKING. Gas Engine and Power Co. and Charles Seabury & Cora (Consolidated)... 5 28. anGete cai oe Seo ee Morris Heights. Knickerbocker Box and Lumber Co................ New York. HATES AINE TINS erste toscic cheer eelerine CONE LeeLee eee New York. PTC WOVIGZ 165 ISOS. oie, asers excrete ick ne eee are New York. homage OckercoiSOns os. em ce ee eee cere New York. EL CT MIO WiC Ua te evince ciece eee AEE eo he eee New York. epee PI ACG hres {OO ELT Creve veyrentzontede er hee cuex cNelsuee eet ketolens tie New York. Manhattan OxyOO, weycctesccersrstsrttasie coh i heats seer New York. Marks Advustable:Chair Go., .aic%hi.yaccme opie cis ke New York. SANIT GCL6 Ul BSI Ue Votes ec opty BOLO ee Been emer ces ye ee ES New York. UC COMMe NNT GINO Os. cay jerspr weevil steiste Dieta t ciao outers ened New York. MOVOTO IM IDEN Coe STON neseerecie saae atees sane Of ere omni MPR Ste New York. INGRRNCS: INO MAI oeow oo gkugecoudo aie oud oo ome. New York. ONE ETO ON CI ATR yer eri cbe fico ites ic or Ghcech erent New York. OMB ENCE LO MM RSI 2.2; 01m aie sns e-card ciate. 4/2 neta eenantons New York. eG NCWCOMID UNE ICO. vec 6s 4 o's: a3e, ties eee ee oe New York. Palmer soy mmbury:. Mig. Cy. 25... 5 ss als» boson oe ble as New York. AG amieatbersom laiimber OO. ct... <)oelsith) rele eleucieae New York. HOULEL ACCU SU VENTS CO aah. 0.08% dhs, oe Siar betes bial eels eee EAE New York. ETEVUL MERU OsRO aie bes, cccjeus Glee nso Ri eskoone Geke eee New York. Ves: ARE RT TTT ON OAS es Oe PAE irery noe UWP nme a New York. Reddis tumiber and Veneer Co....2..5. 4... s0s00s00- New York. Rea KO LvEl ke «Ae (CLO) crise 3 en RTE PITA CAS 8 Bie ees Rabe New York. VOSenuna leew OMEN. ~,.f. 4.20 «ohh Abele ool ae ee New York. iieHeehusselly (box manufacturers)... .400 4.0 sous New York. MEV QUERY etree ate ists se ale od aie cle ctalte nde aces MOL ae New York. PREOd OTEMSAUECT COW se. cles wis oh ie ee ae a New York. SCM be brOss Colo. As scawe sehen eee ae New York. SAND. IB YO) cul OFC a i ei Rune ee mR ogy eS 8 le New York. mitted eB Ox CO mais. cce eu Soe ee Se ere New York. PMV OP CURD CO. ose 5009 wo 3 a ee et acs) Sacltene pouhe ese eenewa New York. samesiGs wWitson Mig: Co’. .¢2.6 one seen as see: New York. HEME Ue NODC Ya wiina. oo )d Soak le bate oheteneate ERG Ae teem eae New York. INAV ANCE PDO CO. sie cis hoe bt che SR ae New York. AmericaneHandshwbber Cons sae eine eet New York. IATITELICANMEIANIO (GOes ices oe ce Benes ee ee New York. AEE) BAS PROMO: cays arene spn the (as eh ee Sone eae New York. Minis JeeKcahnled ehatel pslargoyoyeves (Coy, Sb ooo ah sooo oF New York. ep al VS Kays. tie ansile sc a ae ee ST eae On eevee New York. Bimedenick: (Base: ps ce) acl aoc S fi Nes ee ik Raat ee New York. EU MLC ais 5 puvafoia seis idyan'e cane Seine MES tae Smee Pee ee New York. Wood Utilization Directory NEW YORK COUNTY — (Continued). BOXES AND CRATES, PACKING. CGharles@h: brelel& Sons” Co). . antec cm oo aye tele sale New York. bonny Syphon Retrigerator Cons. en... = oe New York. The TNT, UBCTir ea (Ee pee eee ea Re New York. FRU ZAMS UUEINS MOCMS OILS): (cderehaa cusivue erence qsisltey 1 aye re eueteueucie New York. Garrolleboxeand) lumber Covn)...cscce.2 2c 6 ah ole le eck New York. [Lilnieayiegy TRADER Cotes cees eae AiG ee Geenrcustrct re oc bo oot New York. POAC Saree O LUT STM C Ome ewec:ccsc c: srltersit ss agaussuaiee slaves elles New York. WHemMberomen GOOdMAN, 35.) 5). ace so onsen nse ak New York. Jolin IDM oie Close fk Oyee NeneCR eR Sre eerie cosa cas cca cora cic New York. Munbarisox ands Mumiber Colne 4. facets oe sere New York. ME Pes CCUM OULW CULE I ..« 2, die cor > oiskoyy » silt enties 234,= Sasiete lee New York. JMO LESH, WeSC a alone mieeicns lore the Gs cloicye Een acct a ec New York. Mele eRINe BOX: CO. capone s. aa epletise lane, epelele New York. Spam em N ty eT Mieke = dows cos -e clatte te enfelicetoucisve oe tsvetelie joleteue’ «ieteye New York. Dlornaeie Leone Fhaval Fite oyer eu CLoye eas Simcoe be pada 6 nadie New York. 1B GRO 6 EO tn aoe CRE renee rc ies New York. Tj. 2d. (Gill aig Oe ce eee ems en Sr a ne ene ieee New York. lean CrOstt@lo ceSOMSl. sy lors.c. cc susie ore cucucucl ic vys Rnaverevenevevecen chews New York. (GMeemielda ls Oen COs eos cies sine oie asl cich ae onthe Stats New York. ‘Niort! lekpaaineifon Ca Cos oman ooeeeoe mares oes bee New York. BUCO LMM US Keyattters chattaycs el re st/suahahee chess cneh eayalerte oe. aj sais an ers New York. eenmacnmame BirmartUnes © Oj. ce. cists wteustcvers Geiss) «ucleraal ots New York. Aine Some Nesyernrcumurtt OO) 00) fovso-euercoutasltoned gong tevepeveueiveiehsuorie eos New York. THI, 18% Tani oeie eso Oo) ioe oles aes mito OOM Oe Ono. oocle brn New York. eorretbammumm@et G5. SOM. a0. 4 ain seccvayenerens! sisi sucht nes New York. atrenbermer 6c “Cantor Cols... ccs wie wheauaione meee New York. Ree MMOL) 1.0.0 4p NGbs Ge 16 of ninsicinwyeyatave New Pastore nel ammmosNVIn: 8 Bone aes es seve a oe oye NW. Bae Otis Mt oper ote cy. ovttes tye eee eee ewe deus oon Sheknus eys-G' okays New Jacoby Kroelien Cabinet™ Works: +52. 30- 2226+ oe = New MSOn WUnmMennOOme meine chen tics weiae notes cme le mil SNOWY, ERS OORIC me LOOLIN C6 COn we. . alae eee eo ce an NCW [Rleryanciss. Ce (Clonee lie patpeer en pieacties onion oe aie Hate 3 cccheno et ncTe New eel amine COP aes ties cake sie heehee beter ae ONOW Ames MeN riGeaC On occ «8 «fe mieten oo ctenesee eee eee New NieConme MBM Ghore CON ck. Grae cjats Oa we oues eu eeenies New dle 1D MIG DA Nivel all iio Giqepeaeencn ee aeneinnes Or merecid cacitions ca) oO New Manhauian Woodworking CO),. i. +... anes sels ace New Reman errallile ice GOls. «ce 6. tac: bg sham sta cies ls eee a New MerShOUmer WMOTLC Va CO. Sf 5-2 tye ciel doe escks ata oe New VIO iaiter re ODECEUSOM Gs frac. cc fie choles ctepede a0 orate alee oem New Ao 1Be, Mibuing playiZ Lb TuHar| oyes OM Colne ener low ete Oly incr crs Oeics New AVitnnpreD varus LI MUIMBOS MUNG: eco, ci ak nls he a) see opts ee New Hae Gamba DCrsom. balm ber CO}-..:5 +e ce eran cs ox: New EGTA Cap Oleg Ble: Bitsy Goo MORO RCO Oneonta ransoe New (CMPRIE PERS | SOM Sse LINC ree mascastenceerne fee sieeet acre core oe ts New PPCM Le LOOLUME MOO a b's 10 -isle ule’ 6 Lle-2 thae (tye ee ope SO New LOAM Care WIONST MEE Oye fai cn vie taf rmaanle, sha eee Ukemeeteecten New ‘Swaviittsla (aed Bieva OP Ie Deke, pe cd Gc ccs Gemeeencs Eire tyes cane eta oa ae New TM bite ee TBS OS Me nate ebarecr otc cack Cucasta ta ce acne eee See ere Pare New SMR ANNA ClLOMeecce paces xteecies lees thats ono ioe ated eel New Wes sOulnsSingeeplabiimive Whites seongecreegsccee be New NV YOUN GROG MOS racy teyas wi tc ticgs a aee ree vans New PnpErnmicy Milde MT COR er erst Pee a’ a oy tes op age New York. York. Works York. York. York. York. York. York. York. York. Worl. York. York. York. York. York. York. York. York. York. York. York. York. York. York. York. York. York. York. York. York. York. York. York. York. York. York. York. York. York. York. York. York. 156 College of Forestry NEW YORK COUNTY — (Continued). PLUMBERS’ WOODWORK. Weta yD. TOMO «oo... .4)4,21h5pelond Ae en New York. PRINTING MATERIAL iPrIMters,, Puppy Cow. : ..: -= tic cbxcracters eee emai New York. REFRIGERATORS AND KITCHEN CABINETS. Bon: Syphon Refrigerator'Co-. 3.22 ews ae = te oe New York. Buzzin! (06C0 ac 2ckis Sah e eee aoe ee eee ee New York. SUDDIS NTE. MLO c, .5. 5 oe ates oes See yale oper New York. Anton Muarsonsd ‘SONG... sheep eee ee New York. plames JMCMe@am |. 4,.ba.ti saat oe oe a ep oe eee New York. HoH Mace & Cor, Ind. o> Shae to eee eee eee New York. William Walliams (&: Col tyne eee coast skeen meas New York. SASH, DOORS, BLINDS AND GENERAL MILL WORK. nvaschaettler |. his: tan eee nto meron eter ere te New York. COU ON 5.5. cts Sidr 3) ER ee eo ae New York. Shollenberger™ ‘&< (Cor. 242 See eee oe here ee oe New York. Star Fire-Proof Door and Sash Co., Inc............ New York. Brae LI RECESON, «205 orcrsue ai elect ae P O Ser ae 5 Eons New York. ier gas MTEC DON\: foci cis ene eee caste eter Oe 2 oe New York. The Unionport Lumber and Mfg. Co................ New York. United Metal-Covered Door and Sash Co............ New York. United sParquet) Hlooring) Co. 22... 22cm oe eee New York. WnitedS States Metal Products’ Co... .. 0.42. sae aoe New York. Paesltet es ICRISOR So. copes. bo ave 4 ee ee New York. VOTE VOSSMACK. <2... .2 and ceive Ao eue ie, epee ee Ee New York. PERM GUIS COCK, 2. co dis asctais Gia ee oe -tee aa Pee see me ee New York. evVestehester Woodworking Co. 2. i. 0. 22 see ee el New York. MUTE CAVVLCKS caisiars's aera Se New York. EC HINE( tam re OD oes 3, shaman aR teh cre eGo cae deste ane New York. Tie Vit JEG Ro Ve Opa et aie een ee aed New York. Th LESSER, RAE eS eR teen en New York. iResslerebros....: .- Rae mies ett athe oe ake Fe New York. CPeiTel GS o 18 [RST EVE eae PI New York. PAMTCLETILT ANIME M SOLS. ecole. Stair dake sone sue ee hae oe New York. (CMEVUPMINOCIE SSG: SOI: dist = oo se bo ee eens New York. Heat) IDTRET fer Oem ge ae ae ene ae ee eC eae ek. Sea er New York. ST eP CMR LGE OHNE poet on one lo pasy eee has Os oS ee ee New York. MME RIAIM oe Shale So a eae aes New York. hheghorctlard Aetreerabor Coss 4. oe. cacoe eters New York. fame © ra teb Li Vze art treks. mrcteha hd relpice ieee) ote eae oper aks store New York. INTcAOIRE MeV Ors COMs or a fash Stk hd San orn een New York. Meandel\Valliams: Isumber Co... ... s2.36.66 5.02. New York. Mamhaihanm HiTreprook Door COs... vc Fac aces see ee New York. Dee MALCIS eVWWOOdWOLKINE (COn si. cas ead +n Ole New York. Ta Ge WETS cates 01 ee eg ae ee New York. TEE TEL GIR ha ee Se oe Sera Sr ears See ee Be ey New York. Ree VC OTTO Mr re SOME « sossiccacs lars exe, Sis ove ns, wee Grehare s/s ov De are New York. icone ee eeEnO EER ONys ta Ree eee cx otc are ue Gdkcnclerel oe New York. MST IG,” [ESOS Ee ie tee an ee oe New York. Netcare VVOOGWORkKINng CG. = icmecc= oo8.. 2. Recs oes oe New York. TE, TRE COTS WETTIG a et rae ea ee New York. Oriental Fireproof Sash and Door Co............... New York. ipaGe batterson umber Coe ..24 0s Sosa oa ecw s os oe New York. PrOMCOr mV WOOd WO OO as 5 cre kec ss note cee dete ate New York. cei yer Gare SOMES pre os ect neh Mets on ad ha ait hah odes Shaye) he ieee New York. NGA TIES Ace ODEs \acraana i sath baa es Sl Sete. c/arh the auatvce ae New York. peCir eV MES, COWS FETS oe ok are the the ae edie = New York. 157 158 College of Forestry NEW YORK COUNTY — (Continued). SASH, DOORS, BLINDS AND GENERAL MILL WORK. Charles@Aead.: vis eas Gk oie os oon tease een New CITE IG SUSE GS. a 00) C0 IAA Lae riage bach cao, hc Guahrc cicuc Mors New PAtrtininaie ALCSen cs \COn '. &s.cl tee cet tepekedoneeern eee Me New Roebuck Weather Strip and Wire Screen Co........ New CGV ODDS 26 clot ch like ota ae ne ee ae eae New DED Sed VULTIUTTUL OTE darn ce Bea Ce IS eo a eicncnereiere New hhessandhopyContractine Cone. err eiet rier New Jo Men Saulpaueh ss: SOMA). crc tetsu vei toneaaecners New SHADE AND MAP ROLLERS (Chetan ani) over ips WWshierrne MW INNES on hen a decks 6s o oldididhacs Saud Beekoeo New SIGNS AND SUPPLIES. @Gharlesm keno limes. syik cs ences ce ee ee eee New SPORTING AND ATHLETIC GOODS. Bell, Sandford & Lahm...... Meco eile nen re ee NIC The Brunswick-Balke-C ole nder C6. ie in eae yee Say aN GNNT IB oil oeve LS: ORM Chere ARAMA Aime APART Ly tA. Gece grape RR DIER RIED Eine tucaidetaNGDNY Alfred B. Marx & Bro AL pn cia apices Hin ER Eeer ene ad ee eh NE New INP litee COG Ga aoe poorer antag re comemes 6 Gon on cd New Tal, \veneneie we JaKollkere (O0)s Gano aodedousoebu espe n moo uC Ne TANKS AND SILOS. throm asmeharre Ulisse te eee vccta Aca = bc heme tee eearee eee New Davee AaCSct Bhevesc rene ate ba ace hows ciate aoe eee New GERM TT O Sire, dene Seapicns Soc se Gisele ene teen Geces Cac ceelieweae New TRS ATH O) a BT ROS a O16 am ean DP A RR EEE CSAS rh ce Sie nie New TRUNKS AND VALISES. Meamilratcamenloramlk | (COs 2s sae. Seder epee eee oe iene New @hramarp Qing Mier keys, 252.8 So tosh scien os ayishel totes Seay ees goee New pa wi Meter allot OO: oxacchee sic cee ec eer ae teRte eae ea New NewaVonk. cera ao Lockport. Merrit brVit 100.0245. aoe eats ye RNS Ree cite ieee Lockport. Mosephy (Wihaleni. \ aioe... sats oie setae ener eee eee Lockport. MACHINERY AND APPARATUS, ELECTRICAL. all tron) Works! y.0. 2255, 2 solace sae oe ie eres Lockport. PATTERNS AND FLASKS. Gardner “Houndirry (Conc ae aaa er eee en Lockport. Mall Tron Works. i. 5s sua ose nraiia icin semen nee Lockport. lockport (Citys Patter Works oc.cecemei eer Lockport. MeKim Foundry and Machine (Corm..6 72. -- 2 oe. o. Lockport. Merritt, Migs Cor cv wtnes ett) cece teiee Ma atet el ensee ae Lockport. Wood Utilization Directory 161 NIAGARA COUNTY — (Continued). PLANING MILL PRODUCTS. Laps OMI INNT weave shes te ss RA ute sronckway cele) heheos Seve oenaca estar ae Barker Webster ©: SWoodworth= = ys eniccks orci cis cic certs » orctel ees Gasport Newiane;y Basket Mine. CON. hiea cisnd clare je rte reve etetee ae e Newfane. myers vere Wilber umber) OO:.15. 426.2 a iaye tanpe's ose 6 wee Niagara Falls. Eaeberle le umiber= Coach ites ate este Ste alee chales ss lake ee Niagara Falls. Worelserg lumber Cove secs fy thie eache: nes oust a orice ce sense be ie Niagara Falls. Ec EIeSOOMMOLbwtie -6, oda lcstars creltey diet ave tiocurenacha.«oicteie No. Tonawanda. (ReORS Ce Denys Gon CO. as \.rials.ceyd 4 See ences eM inee eo No. Tonawanda. The Charles G. Doebler Planing Mill..............: No. Tonawanda. EMER ECTS oo0 oho. do ha ties mats oe etre A een een © al No. Tonawanda. obimson Brossebumiber Cor pac. c)- 2 ne - icine ee . No. Tonawanda. LhonipsonsEubmean’ é& Pisherss:. 2... st. ccm 8 tele ms oe No. Tonawanda. NVintite me Cratiwick, «au Minbchelll: 2025 ase 2 setae No. Tonawanda. Wig: AWYVee NAVOIGTO LOEB 0 SRaneian plea ier cnc cami ea aea re Ot aoie cacera No. Tonawanda. Pe ES CEVUS OOM sce} oie os suse Meus he cee Wes Cumbre Mate Youngstown. PULLEYS AND CONVEYORS. Nyiescermels OCks CO nmesr mtr aperetender ns iu sere ee Stee oxaneaars Lockport. PUMPS. MICHIGAN DISbEI CE Sued OOet cee: era 2-11 ayaeractote te No. Tonawanda. REFRIGERATORS AND KITCHEN CABINETS. Wi cleeranleima ben /COpresar cs crete ei cte Sik eres age oie Niagara Falls. SASH, DOORS, BLINDS AND GENERAL MILL WORK. Wiebster: Cx Woodworth = s5t.oiad ate na te ee oh Gasport. WV ieee COL ENIMLCT OW: 05, sci sonet «aren Weteeetatct tres coaelin erat tuere akecees. 6 Lockport. mock Wiby batter WOLkSi2 2 discos dof se eid eye te ese el Lockport. Re re MCC LOW 2 is veusteties Soe tevin Menai Gata ct sve woes on aties Makoto k= Lockport. PROSE P NAV) UEMOD cyst. aise Siar coe ceaporttel ata oy est aase ts Lockport. ues Plibea VV HER ROTL C1. 2. i. cn atone acateies, dye ohgtaps,onaroh te cap thon tesona’ a)» Lockport. Newfane Basket and Mfg. Co........ races tetra a's Lockport. PSV CLS GO VWVLULTULOL «cco aveneraictouccs cee Say dhe « cuepev aon Petrie tan atatene Niagara Falls. Haebertes lumber Co sie esha Aiea, sia ols ao eyete seh ePa eects arate Niagara Falls. PUEETIS Coy MS CEMMIOLOTMEL: /..21-) -cdaers inchs eberadetokcrelere cle doves seat tes Niagara Falls. Wiekerslumibers Cotta ie csisieesennion Ha, cl igeeeki s,s Niagara Falls. Wockpamade Malo et ces ceadvele es cena sey suaie aie re teete No. Tonawanda. The Charles G. Doebler Planing Mill................ No. Tonawanda. Wir Crevice IEC Tc peau ses sore au aleve estes) ahereuchengtets act Mealetute kre No. Tonawanda. Ahompson, kibmam doy PST. 92 = 12sec =<) ab iees No. Tonawanda. TANKS AND SILOS. Nicholas DOW Elis. siete ie ets necterersynieye aie aise copies ae Gasport. Newtane Basket andeMite: Conus. . ).as. sen sass Newfane. Thompson, Hubman & MiGNCE MON Sk stan. No. Tonawanda. eat NGI Or OO ct seh aid Soiicis, oroae on © aid << o.cie Peiy oy ere No. Tonawanda. TOYS. tite LOmS ecm OO.s arent ecg cee ny er OE IS ae No. Tonawanda. Wood yard of the Maryland Wood Products Co. at Maryland, Otsego county, showing the character of limb and body wood, chietly beech, birch and maple. This wood is seasoned from one to two years before being run into the ovens and made into charcoal, wood alcohol and acetate of lime. Photograph by NELSON C. Brown. Wood Utilization Directory 163 NIAGARA COUNTY — (Continued). VEHICLES AND VEHICLE PARTS. Webster. (C2 Woodworth. sarees see ace ein a ole Gasport. NVA Smit AS tGAd aay so cn tris. o te fier Se ie Aen oy see ere Middleport. iINewhane baskets Mion CO scsi 2 ee oe overs se oie «os Newfane. PeMPANO BO LEGs COR a eke. ae, oto Aeore a sucks pigis ge kcreue jee No. Tonawanda. WOODENWARE AND NOVELTIES. aPC OMMME Ara CU Olerare ise tor egatefi seis wis staves gery te te tats waste ou * Appleton and Gasport. WwepscerC©. \WiOOGWOrthiti. ce. 5 bes cuok sels as oe Gasport. VAS TILT TE I Sh CSG ae ha ec A SO Aer Un ere Middleport. INewtane Basket and Mfg. Co...0. 2.52.22. -5..0000- Newfane. BREALOm Olen COmer ta cer tia = Chet Sele ke Gtemineese No. Tonawanda. Hubenins-Kalbourm. Co... ..<....+-<262s00+2+:e22.-; No. Tonawanda. ONEIDA COUNTY. BASKETS AND FRUIT PACKAGES. Estate of Charles R. Hayes..........-.-........... Forestport. BOAT AND SHIP BUILDING. ESiticroteVinchaelaDOranhit st ct. etree elena ss ete nee Durhamville. VALU TGETTR EL OU (2 9 ll A eR Boonville. Devito COti eae 5 nie eee aisltie eset ee eee eros Lee Center. BOXES AND CRATES, PACKING. Ghryvilleskiteim oe CO}. soe st wiccrieis see ves ee eiieto ohare. Clayville. Ha Tee OTR LAE SOULS Pee to fests 5 nilec hic orcne wn oee a ok alana tet 6 Camden. Cre CCIKGT) tote en eins td ERC a a ee ae 2 Camden. ILya Ee, “TRCES er Te, Se a ee ey ae ens sea ae, 2 eee Camden. NVA UMIIRES SG Mc sapots hc. suey cu mika cache acta oe uate rate tis uot Camden. POUME MeV OUNG GG OMe. yt. sire aici meine a eieis te erate us Camden. IMEI S S18 Cea hil OY ee BeAr Ee, Seo ee eo eae ee McConnellsville. TBM ATEN AN (oe UG a0) CG iain eee IRE Me DIDO Reno Aiea Oriskany Falls. EE Wis beEBNEN Tee SOUS (CO. ose fe. coms eno Oriskany Falls. Beaehme lm Grek OOre. perk ahr LPs sts elon. aeaetaltnela Rome. TS), Gla TRUEST er othe Bee BS ROR Re eee SN eae eae Rome. Romer boxe andwloimber CO...) ats «cliclas cei oes olor calele Rome. INGAAS ley) ert num bern O©One Gi. -lsts tt so) fe cps siotetstoter ss els Vernon. FACE GET OUSGE I hy Peat Noe take aA hse oko eta te eee eel a West Branch. CHAIRS. [PCE Ea) oD PA eae cc tey 8 ae RR eRe Sete Serer eS Elona tt Aya. APES COnAnlts SOUS se oe Ha ae cen ee Camden. eqbinis Mi. WOU) CERIN Agee rc8 0 Bess 24 ai eels wate ere Camden. WPI ADU sionse aoa ctace cess a ae asec galeas id an ano Westdale. 164 College of Forestry ONEIDA COUNTY -— (Continued). DAIRYMEN’S, POULTERERS’ AND APIARISTS’ SUPPLIES. Charl esiOper wach. este eves si sceia ie coe ele spas. sch oe adessuepieroroas Ava. Dstvadielatlersse es 25460: 5 $3 24 caus bistete tcl aas ee Se Eee Boonville. AMES MINEALING en. aces aA oud eeu neues Se ele eee ee East Florence. Fie eL OND KIM Sues esas ait Gli asc cast a tle kee Serer ne Florence. (hamlesmyR sl ayies © a (t.2 fs. 2 sas oacws swas eek © une aie uceRenane Forestport. ARR Gr OLCS a eRe itn ew e Gate or ears Oe ct ne Glenmore. (GE 1B) (CH Eh is lem ee ae cA ITE URS eA ne Holland Patent. JNK 4 C12 ORS eRe Ree aE a ocknis cic e Gieranians 3 eer iehc Lee Center. Gem C CECE hi orscee sa) Mid my Ae Berane te se terpensrioy amet s Sch senate tage Marcy. (Ghamlescabl. 2G We. estar. oe cdiscs co es oe el cenee en he ee North Western. GOlrdoun Ws eS LetSOMl.05.. bac ce eels Seen waco eee Stockwell. EXCELSIOR. BEAM PUK COISTOLHCO;6 8 citys. Bis aes fuse Come ee ee Hawkinsville. Ghoamlesmblandenle: ey ca oe on cee onc eke Decectacec es ak ee res McConnellsville. FIREARMS. Savarew@Anmn sy Om. srtercshicrk. poieusem fatter kr wae Utica. FURNITURE. WV Ds TB] ooo) Keak ieee ee Ne HRN to eM rc he Om Ree cll Camden. Teo MAW) J YEO) Reta prea ei a a a ge ae EL eer WR eee Camden. ES eBET ATO OMA Opteron Som aie elo nintg oes Gees aes dustnde emma Camden. TLAGTUTIS, TEPER 2 ose = i Ree ete IRE Ee See eae a Camden. Hinata aPeland ens GOmmram seine: snlssousne ots tak ote ee oe McConnellsville. ibhesgN-gAq Dylerduumber: Col. 212k: << snskee aiertae ale eeenels Vernon. Rhewuicley Wurniture-Co.. 5... so a net Wintesbero: HANDLES. IDEAS Shieh 0) ee ee ge aM OO ees a Lee Center. [EY Dis TRYEAVAUGy gg oe = ae ee a ae ee ee BTR Stn ee ee Rome. ASE Aiola LHS (0) EF al fee) ae re oe EOP Aes eye Se kt Florence. MACHINE CONSTRUCTION CRABS MIVIONE Vette setae ies) Dye-khalc' cid ic. ooe ee eS eMRE ENE EN ene NR Ee Utica PLANING MILL PRODUCTS TEL TRE» IOzo ELH V0 lee Oe Sienna Ie eta ae wee Ot PE a ieee ht ke Boonville. VV meds COCK stage ke cys =e fcte elad orks & cS Loth oie Reon PaO: Camden. PAIR fe atiaiera o's, 3.562 Fes) 5, sures hatte. Mein ea ore Clayville. RRMA ECOTIN DE ess, nc Glsics 5 boas ence ae eae a Oe Deansboro. CeOEE AR IDEN CHS anicte eo eCmtrInGinGbo Sewn os ose die Camden. Veep las SELIG y. egaeel ei seta dso sci ci mde wceuedehtei ere rsmeetene tel emonehs Franklin Springs. Day WaANCOLE cs isco cok Le oe Care Soe Lee Center. Beach alum DET, COs. e ek ce sete ee ee eee eee Rome. EE DAVIS Oo SOM 5 = 55 ss Sheree’ (ark te paters ete eueserae oa earn Sauquoit. Gordon ww ..stockton.s. ed. ee eee Stockwell. PATROSi NIELS 166 49 Wali «<< cases CRO ae cro oie eee tian Utica. (Charles) Ca isellogo& Sons. Cone meses ae ier Utica. Kiniballaoumiber (Co... othe ts seer eee oie Oe Utica. Philips Lhomas cc SOUSm- paw ice thaniien erty tee Utica. anhesNs Act Tyler Lumber Co: 2c. eat-in e a el one Vernon. Atm ELOUSED 2 > o.0xces. gees ohare ee Ce ee West Branch. Werttan’ do Waterbury .. .. monet cise terete ener Whitesboro. Wood Utilization Directory 165 ONEIDA COUNTY — (Continued). SASH, DOORS, BLINDS AND GENERAL MILL WORK. PERMEATE DEL Oa rare, 21} = ops cH ce Sheen ete ote al FM Shon sy oan 5 Augusta. elma here GOVE LANE Cle eiee + 5 Seay tr sys coal cte Ac ek op omcneg cues Shae da a ai A eho Boonville. BOI UN MO AIESD oro o. or leew cele ot wl I Act susie Sones Dah heuer aha Camden. VOWELS CLOCK WAV as fea o age te Aci awe sds « warmers a Clinton. HA CISe Ome MOUNTAIN ts) o 1 SMS bs gear clan. acl feck sans Forestport. BO Ul erra le Seabee Osyth oy cect carsbav Sees cok vhs ale) A SAG Rot msl ann: Sh or sl lhmn'or ait North Western. rede HAUT EL CO ya a5 Ade 24 0 scala sie le ye) osha enereh oye Rome. IDs (COMMS HOLO SY cons ola ce aCe OOS Cro enh ae Tone eee Rome. GhanlesuCs Kellogy. & Son! Cows. ssc. fore oo baw eeu Utica. Amos Nellis & Swift.......... SR eae sts wan cece Utica. np moO MAS Gs SOM Sins «ees aca ee erape eh eoeh- eee we. plas Utica. Nelo bylers limber sCoec. 2.0 5 Aston testers ee eie he Selo s Vernon. ER NPV ILC CLOT pt 518 os us one Gr ate Coes Beare) Gove wee tee rere) ofomeS Waterville. Wanton ccmVVaCETOUIY 5 seoc: se eee = kajectcuas aca cated ieee Whitesboro. SPORTING AND ATHLETIC GOODS. mone E (Clark. 227. - si ware: Bah tle oer cas ane one 2 MOREHCE, : TANKS AND SILOS. EiepeleesWowelande oir sao coat. Geese lene weg ae wale Boonville. EMO CT i Cat NOCIWalV'. 6.6 acne ves @ occa sats sea Se Clinton. Plea Pes eave tape es Paya ce cai lo -Aawe wees Sc nighe e BAe Remsen. RL AVISKOGSOME 0%. 2 iiss oipeere'sueteines, cele woke Reale ete Sauquoit. TRUNKS AND VALISES. Peeereb aber SOM COR... 6626 ia eee eee too. Utica. apace vier Wumiper CO) 393. ..p.weses ov vs sore Pelee os Vernon. VEHICLES. PME RINOETUOMN cota. 5054 5.0, athe, bike 5% ate, a cat eps -a oe ager aw soe . Augusta. (CA ere NCC Ker 4 eres svene aie Sates Coat eee Sale oie Bee eee Camden. RO WELET Os TOCKWIH Ye 6" 2/05 2c Rote St oe eee ue Clinton. SIMEURE HOWL, WER CIC Or es. Bihiate Ase as bee cos wine eee Clinton. DG) Td LEE a OA 1 pea a ei ee ARE ee ee CR ie eel te ear Os ft Remsen. Wc, Nice MASEL la wearer riper ee sic s EMen aRUN Mg ea eLaen fe Tethered eden Remsen. Bate eGerrCow. vr acss ons: esis e Fo aie syeiat uMoberne eee Rome. J; Bie TO BRIER ISOS eee ae aien hee ome ae eRe mong a enya Sauquoit. Jail kane (ig oA O NY Ht sped Goes ech eter een Pic tearacte no eta a cies Gace Utica. hn Ea mimi ess So SOUS). dec. to Sosiein ic caralstom ier ary eta ise Utica. Wicllinoss: Cannamre: WOrkG..<:...00c aco Serie mae eee Utica. PV IIR OC COs sin oicicie x So ole pines & ie Siahels cys Utica. pee ACH VLC CLOT, sy Srycc ec syote tr conian ci atayae nisien ties Siatuors ts Waterville. ONONDAGA COUNTY. AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. hors AIG, Sd RRA OTS tea hn oe Els (etre GEO ee een or Fabius. INS OULETATNE NTO B3S aS OPH WG ep een cp ouetc mace ORIOL AICS oc Skaneateles. lee Cases lhreshin oe MWachimes COs. a. as ct eta lees Syracuse. Hncelibeno mblullers Conti atic s sees sles savereis see ets Syracuse. HOS HOL CAINS) C Opie srs evar te stare Siccas case ae oor = Syracuse. yracice Canled’ Plow Covi. . 3. ves as x babetin ey ace Syracuse. 166 College of Forestry ONONDAGA COUNTY — (Continued). BASKETS AND FRUIT PACKAGES iby, Ikelliknieris Solin aaaea dat asso nano a5 addo coco ola: Ebenezer. MEAG) Oe oealets o Aeoeeaee ene ona yer eoh | arty era goarcy once oetic Liverpool. POH t el cepeesetens fo a coeys wuste wie delle te aesegtioueye foams ton date Liverpool. JNo 18, (Gib iancidcl oats agerecaauchs aera phitteims do dacadc Liverpool. IMIS Jetogele go eapedGade oa res pa obo foomeccao 1456 C6 Liverpool. Joseph Schaefer & Co... 20. ce. ce cee wee eee enews Liverpool. BGA ey IM ENICIET OR a Bolan pas Gea an boo 6 gue uae a arose Liverpool. BOAT AND SHIP BUILDING. TES Wie INST Koy alata p oatomeaaaonrOr sina able bain g.amea aor x Brewerton. IBL ING, Tike co Sone R IOs sigs co cnnes SOob bus ooonc Syracuse. BOXES, CIGAR Mam timphienestlenan. ae seta rate eee croton acre rate Syracuse. BOXES AND CRATES, PACKING. (OE AUISUIETOLRS cieeree Bae ao sehemn ca ear iae aac Cloke Gita obnasi ontatet oct Fabius. Sb. Clin? CE ISCMING & and bos cold oo dot om apie Mu. Manlius. Dy, Wie psreron tall UR Oloyens, ater ery mieresnaclona hy taicks c#to,o Seni Schoo aio cir Manlius. Os ITs Tah yeuclsh( Cl) Gea eid oopga eb ac assadoo see cada o or Syracuse. BOOMER Ge OSChOLt Hess) CO vere societies elon Syracuse. (Ch Ge Biron Imi Ape CWec ed sans orcacdeodovons ome Syracuse. J. I. Case Threshing peter CO ho aeckorne Syracuse. The Engleburg Pialer GO. kere osc ct: ah eas ae Syracuse. Gould Storage Battery Ope, Kee eee Syracuse. John H. Lyons sh Saeco eee Mae cra ol Beetnc 8. onthe Syracuse. Nei Kern h) brig Oli od Mo senate eons Ab moo ob ocbios oo Syracuse 2, 18% We dele Moulding OC RaneMehte clon a5 Gocnona outa mc Syracuse. MhesPiquet box.and Lumber Co. wo. eee lene Syracuse. ae ANiay LVAD COs GS soe co agus condsoecesor Syracuse. wy KOs SASHEEEY GIVEN" CL ctacgeene oe oPacheisiono ra. din-c duo bio. clard clatbborc Syracuse. ha Hakala? COG Sin area Se craitliom.o dcic oo one aatoc Syracuse. Syracuse Chilled Plow 3%... 2s. ees ae ae Syracuse. Se ACUse IG TABS OO%...2..:5,2). + a's at ae er ere ees: Syracuse. CASKETS, BURIAL. Jolin Wencollns Nihife COmsocesestacosscdpoaonopsooe Syracuse. CHAIRS BilovekokeeeClewie Coguwabsee boone us cebuas boon dococs Elbridge. ‘Wine. oiler ANs iano NI OO, accbacesccoansavovceesc Syracuse. Whiehé Kramer’ Box’ Co... cashseeaeo ee es Syracuse. Rn ae POULTERERS’ AND APIARISTS’ SUPPLIES. DS Ss Wa WISON™ auc icis chook ice ae rerio ap eek. hearers Manlius. Hat & Beebe'..tac Rath oe cies, oat ei een ease Rose Hill. DOWELS. (Cri Peterse oi scinen id buc iu teat at als Sade La aeauonea Tet Fabius. Couldi storage batten Compete eves tones ricrrdl ered: Syracuse. EXCELSIOR Cottle: SBross) ice ee Os OP coe ce et aetna ooTereNe Hart Lot. Wood Utilization Directory ONONDAGA COUNTY — (Continued). FIREARMS. EEVney ATMS! COpss.ccat ian apo hac Mei One hse ee ole Syracuse. FIXTURES. Wotan: GA VVILCOKEM) ca: 6 « eco hieveltude Mace aie «. deetagete ore whe Syracuse. FRAMES AND MOULDINGS. SPM ANC WC iio tae c aiige sta ieee BUG We pS wily eke ese ee Amber. Pes eGr ets IMouldino? Contes.) weacjcts «ine eee bs eee Syracuse. FURNITURE. Motivle Chaim Works: Dmes o.3..6.2 5-0. be en ee eee Mottville. St lerg Ming CON ars coe rete cette cere hi aie tiara eyes aye Glo en's Syracuse. CHC Browne burnitune Cow... asa sere fae cae Syracuse: AUC LUTIMAV VR eUiRB LD Acme y-F she eal 3 eco hee 1s eile) ae) dase in elect a i) Septal Syracuse. Onan eAT Pe RuUCnbUneL COs. ..cnteaeak oes Selene oe lee ee Syracuse. Gustavemoulekley Gone. gece sees cs ce OY LACUSe: Woxitiad ere som WiLLCORCM A ini a each co ese ities ke ssw Syracuse. MhesOyve brown Hurnitumes Con geass sac. as eae) ose Syracuse. HAN DLES. Wodseq MeZwillll pe eee wie Shae sis kale wets ated ea aol se Syracuse. Big Cem S LGA SGC OF baer cistehy hie musess reissue ies Syracuse. INSTRUMENTS, MUSICAL. ihe wAMMnLOte COkms .tacis daca neat ees tea tenet Syracuse. pom a SIT OUI: Sse syaei ie a tetecle tine: Sele ee esa yay chese) ale Syracuse. LAUNDRY APPLIANCES. PAUL OTA WLOFOG is ce sing ts fee) sown © een eeetee Og Liverpool. MACHINE CONSTRUCTION. SMC HETICY fAiw SOUSE Lor aco Asia (o's, ste juceks. scenes MSO ek ones Manlius. Boomers boschertvmrnresss COma ae erie ii ae ete Manlius. hesiineelberoekulller Conny. aa cus tes Se eerara errs Manlius. MoorewunenchaMachinem@onn saianda rie ce co ori ace Manlius. Straten Lines Eneime VW Onks: ae. sce sed cier ioe ais) iste Manlius. JepleeGase Dhreshine Machine Coe. ss s4s9ee ae aces oe Manlius. MO Om OAM ter iiras sais. s ss Ji Sian ta she aoe che ae Manlius. MACHINERY AND APPARATUS, ELECTRICAL. Could’ Storave Battery wCOne ache ee Semi gee ae Syracuse. PATTERNS AND FLASKS. BC HEN ya SON ae acral olen hie eis Had age os Stale ow Manlius. Haein SCOvmllLen COs pagers scx Sonn oe siancs: Buea Beenie ecte Oe th ont Manlius. Bhesiineelberoiuller (Com 428 sis 25 doc 3 seus see oe Syracuse. Straight Wine Engine Works. ..... 2.5226... s05+ =~ Syracuse. GonldaStoravey Battenyai Coser veo 44 a ets: Syracuse. Ey aS LEALTES © Oo memavar near can. ve sneyn aneie milous e cebeeerebenotey ont Syracuse. raserncones, Houmidirya Come ratte erm evermore teste te = Syracuse. Sather Caiire yn Coys crere crepe cisre is, ete srn sol eeiese eel stele Syracuse. Wiad Wites ean’ (COs ie reaeee sd srensx stench as ores weycaseore lcci hebeer cu Syracuse, 167 168 College of Forestry ONONDAGA COUNTY — (Continued). PLANING MILL PRODUCTS. Bailders’ Mite. (CO... 2 crn oe See co erate ee eer Syracuse. esk, Ona p Mane SONS, NG. eke acu ote ete eee Syracuse. ee ROCK .a5- SONS, SLNGCsc. cnet rune Ace enn revere Syracuse. ihesbiquet.Bex and dumber (Coy. 4-5. soesrnene Syracuse. BOHN Gs MIM CTLOC Ker a, 5, ohe soto. Sioa Speke che) Mine ee ee genet Syracuse. faathler WEE GO... 2. st Soest abo are Ree ae eee Syracuse, REFRIGERATORS AND KITCHEN CABINETS. Hart os Beebe’... :. 4 trate cite cee ees Cece reer Rose Hill. SASH, DOORS, BLINDS AND GENERAL MILL WORK. CSI GREENS. 1 eS wie Sav ce aed cher oeee pects WR MCR tele Fabius. Normans: «Shepard 1, :.< se aearge toed ee eee Syracuse. ENE DEE BrOS= Nae -feue isn. cape dart han poeeheneeoh<-e chcteta oie Syracuse. Hirazier, 186 YWIlCOXs oi cies ch geteh Acro tek tases toh cg sees oes Syracuse. De AV EG Cyd capstone id haves cin WS 5 AS eA So oer alba sdlce Syracuse. DOUNBEL Sly ONS crs. leystertier te ret Re Moreh lo eien nee terete Syracuse. MarkertuMitoniCois., thse. Siete oc tepeiene eile ee eekseys Syracuse. Woaxtader sh. Wileoxen sy. 285 ss Ss nash epac es as arst yes Syracuse. Valier Sherlocks-. Sanco starts oe +n) «ser iatets oitiagey ornate Syracuse. POU RUE LOCK ye teyertis edie us) eee ee © woe aot eos Syracuse. Op GEARS (OO AY eos ay oe 8 Fe esha yom OC snake eae Syracuse. Sybacuse ViOodecratters. 9.2. cin < -casis ois ee eg oe Syracuse. NCAP NCODALG Stays ote acho 4 ieee ove ne eb ts) ener Cen Syracuse. Tuck Woodworking and Building Co................ Syracuse. eyracuse Comer Block Factory... 0... sc ao anesccn« Syracuse. SPORTING AND ATHLETIC GOODS. ee ADCOCK: S fe. lero. o> Sie-Leck Royo Oe ees Syracuse. Gh IUEAC DEH ie rete pe EM Prar AA 8 Ae cle cic Actor Syracuse. TOYS BU ScOvle Coy... 2 cn. 4: Hi ote eee eo Manlius. VEHICLES. N/ALIFGY SLCC 0) i ir ee or aeetie doit: Gace obo Amber. [ES Bei [fol oY be ee em RICE. ty. fico ns cqrerere aeeenekoreke ete mes, ch sheicere Canandaigua. (Crtroryeyesid teed Maou ay OC) Ua pe bron ear amie ices Oe, chair Prins ae Canandaigua. [Kemer rowiiellli oe tev. a acs ar eka gib o> orm Bn cote stsuetelens fetes, Fishers. AEVeUIETG Vas WET TT SOT 4 ek oe for 5.x sat eteiensh Sota! olagetcysuer cacy eiersley ee adele Forestine. rer deprogers, Umber Col. c.0 sycctevete sie ates avi steers he Geneva. SHEP AC SONGS years sce ois ais, overs wie chetc).s sie loeate aiettneusters getancis Holcomb. Vcr res Ar VCCOAM tense oa. ort ato cevsie <)> sn= gael “ous era evento: = Naples. SASH, DOORS, BLINDS AND GENERAL MILL WORK. RURMR Cr EN CUTGV es eats ict cn cha co'at = fotaih ster tuele iets = e,chn auekotmies te cre en Geneva. Walvis Ember Cia. 5 «23 oo spelore trata crn gto oo Geneva. EPA el ONES sehr ters alsa) =) se «ss sip sins lene, lenoaveler ahs ies iatole Holcomb. VEHICLES. INCen alin tOSsetra pata ttc sels oat on sere lan Speke 6 Bloomfield. Virion Greener Gea coe Morgue: aia fen Sieneie a caus aces s.chtae ayefohatete Canandaigua. SCOTS. A Niged Matava NSCS S Big el hee eee OIC Cia eee Canandaigua. Hiramike CRANE hn perme a accv sey tar alate Gasteasn Secret! Se kate Geneva. PCH EU NV LONGO Matera tipo Gc) 2 Ee 3 A os a So uel ion Tala Geneva. SHorpsvilles Wheel Comey noes deve ses foc ne. o> es ee Shortsville. 170 College of Forestry ORANGE COUNTY. AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. Paldwel Lawn Mower Co. 00.6. duoc tat eee ee tee Newburgh. BASKETS AND FRUIT PACKAGES. Hlorida “package Mfer(Cos. 22. ace: oes see ee Florida. BOAT AND SHIP BUILDING. iiaowvarvel shiphuildine Come ssansseaeoeno occ. Newburgh. BOXES AND CRATES, PACKING. iden Ericsson Hngine Cok. 2-124. 4ca52 ) ee eee Walden. BRUSHES AND BROOMS. New York, Ontario and Western Railroad Co........ Middletown. Us AGHA) Ih oe ae eine Meer eee teat -amtane Simin nin oD eA Ree Newburgh. CAR CONSTRUCTION. Lehigh & Hudson River Railway Co................ Warwick. GATES AND FENCING. Beardslee. tumbert©o ea 25 net io ceecve eheice Seirus Oe chen Port Jervis. HANDLES. ihersenmmesies Gritin: Mie. (Con: . 2. 5.26. Port Jervis. PATTERNS AND FLASKS. New York, Ohio and Western Railroad Co.......... Middletown. PLANING MILL PRODUCTS. ERD VLONG ers opty ssid be o2 haar ee Oe Morel tae aa Cornwall. Wit PCI TOS rinse. os aisle 5 dig tel cin arsbicnclecgc at ne apan ota Stoney ee Highland Falls. iBeardsleewiaumlber Co's s/h. co cogs oo i acnemeul oc eee Port Jervis. Wee eHOTGON te Sine oid dye 3 hs ees ai rgaes Sa Warwick. WwielCh@Bross oe leea 5.025 olin dao Acta Socrates acne gabe aehs Warwick. SASH, DOORS, BLINDS AND GENERAL MILL WORK. Meade ae Cratt Cols. <2. di.)5 Ab thon opens eee tote Cornwall Land- ing. Haminan industrial Corporation... +24. 44-3 ee Harriman. Newburoh Planing Mall Cons so-.0 jess eee eee Newburgh. Damielse Guthilli. c)5 cc «oc ehgutee GOs See eae ere Newburgh. er (GRA WATT OR in ne PEE Eni tr iat teehee ecita oie ni Newburgh. Wee WeeklendricksonC0,..2% su: ea ochdere neon alae ee Port Jervis. VEHICLES. (reorge iH, Brooks: :.in)-; 22 ber sche Sets ie eestenees aie Chester. SaWVialkan aS SOnss 6.2 4)s5.- ui oeeen eeeese nee a aes Chester. Muller: Cart. CO). hyacvatnneuyntis eke eeeo an eee weet Sere eer ae Goshen. Arthur Colwill... ..¢ sn others soem ee claae oe oats Newburgh. Cee clic) U0 ce) Geen Oe ees ireiecen perry term Mis cidenin ois Newburgh. COTTON OE: Ss ccs ne doe ea Gis edelerehe rt ol eae emeteee ener Se ake Newburgh. ues vuitten Mig: ‘Co..\s, £ mc. cee ee ee eee Pine Bush. Wood Utilization Directory tid ORANGE COUNTY -— (Continued). WOODENWARE AND NOVELTIES. Mero baeg EDO balay A guns eaves RON So) oe ay asco ae tied sem a esas Cornwall-on-Hud- son. eeaase Mio? Col gee setts Saeie oar ee Mak alesse Middletown. DIY A VCL 85> . 25508 eee ee oes Oswego. Wood Utilization Directory 173 OSWEGO COUNTY — (Continued). PATTERNS AND FLASKS. Li SNATCHES VOTES. s.r Manteca ake ae ere re davecla at Fulton. PLANING MILL PRODUCTS. OTT Bs ST a ae a Pa Colosse. MM OAAREL YS cr oe fcr 0p ance eet © ah nay eats s,s tare Shae hee ws Bie Central Square. VES, Vek LETIPAIO: aA a ee yc gs tg Tb ee Lacona. Siew olountwlimn ber CO... soe ae a hee backs be laste: Lacona. reper eM i Se Bee ale So pus Bee ely head wo hate Mallory. lis, Aig’ ERS we Tart ks a ee oe ere gel oe Bee Cc des ee --- Mexico. Vic, Ue NVEETILI ge ee ae i oan See oo ee ROU ar A ae) ae Mexico. HRD 1D BE a ee aha eee eld ee i Sm Parish. SV ER UV GN CLederrey ie cetet Sots oth Ser eY Ad ute be ie) eee Pulaski. SHADE AND MAP ROLLERS. Mirerbo-Meradane (Go. SS Aoki Boose. Bee a Bae ls 3 Se Minetto. PAISheEiDLeanOe LOOM: CO. 524 Wao aoe ee he nee Parish. SASH, DOORS, BLINDS AND GENERAL MILL WORK. NN SERRE cep 9 eos aa Sacha = ie 2d tebe ate ew 2'ns Central Square. eee A COULDAG: =! > falco Mala tage ae ts ia Bs se Fe Mallory. SUM MOREL roe ant Se > 2 storie 230.50 Pin Pao, oes oa he syed leo ys Mexico. apie ArdIne SOW sr. 6.5 if vacty = oi Be Eee hoe oe Oswego. Divmere: Novelty Works 2.). .saectite a «eis)e see eee oe Oswego. PON GROG VCH OErSON 1525 Ads ksias coe Sars ey ea ene > Oswego. Pere Orme ROPLEEIEOT 9, Sc0- vals, ots tara ey oi eat So) Seis aS = Oswego. (Ge, » Ue.» NAGI RR Ss eae lei fee eee er Anat erie, on) a Oswego. Charles Wollner’s Sons! 'Co. oo... segs wo etree Pulaski. Wismebten WTAE Sf 2s chats sys iste oye akc seers ne ee wher dagen = Pulaski. TANKS AND SILOS. Postips ENC CESON ato. 35 <1 J ersic toed 0) has ahi) wean ero Oswego. andy Creek, N. Y.,.Wood Mfg: Co. .0.:.:5..4:20:.. Sandy Creek. VEHICLES AND VEHICLE PARTS. Horton Lumiber: COs 22s aeeivines la tise Soe aes a0 Altmar. EEE OTE GO OWA fea eo, oid on aie Shs mi SNS aa oats Oswego. Beebe A WAOING SS Rae, 5 eta! wih n ce yy foie igo elas sh On cejal Ha on Oswego. pce AWN IEEE tee Noe tte ek Si eee chee ayes: oas Pulaski. WOODENWARE AND NOVELTIES. GS hiatles Canpenece sa.34 Fai 345 Sahel. ccs Ps ei ee RS Orwell. RebertoG. Potters jaac a2 sacos sees 23 es rics see os Orwell. Po eapse Wurmiture Cp oki aneea coe akn ey too teases Pulaski. Nee MeaWWIGEr. Se, Sones seeney ad, Sod eyer te oe tes Soe Pulaski. 174 College of Forestry OTSEGO COUNTY. AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. SOME ED ESUSITICDN 5. 6 2 n.u-c. x s02.2 cnen oes e Oe ee ee ae ae Gilbertsville. BASKETS AND FRUIT PACKAGES. ND INOS OLS tir 2 Aindinerdenorncus deel ae treet ee ae eee Wells Bridge. BOATS AND SHIPS. lee brews (65 COs 2). 25 saws be eo ceae ae oe ee Cooperstown. BOXES AND CRATES, PACKING. (Cro Aes ANIMES OEE 2 prope Pons Seoironors Oth I OCIG.S le. 6 bem Laurens. CHAIRS. PSE EOIN CUNLUNL. ast> 2. cece cee eh PRA Tet aes ee ee Morris. is Ue A ROE MATSON GS oe seas Soo oslbh son onor Milford. See AEMISUPONE 10 MOONS boop eis Bee eee pe oe Cherry Valley. DATRYMEN’S, POULTERERS’ AND APIARISTS’ SUPPLIES. rot Ls rl RACE Se a ee Ps Se ed ea eae ees Burlington. Chases Villisgandasuppliesaaeise rier ae eine Richfield Springs. IE OLSCIN CISCO 4p Ves sb cine aie miele A Sena, «6s A oe Schenevus. (CN Veen SOUGhWOEGE reas se 5 hos rocks aie oie aed cic eee Nene Hae West Exeter. EXCELSIOR. PEOt eet MU OUAE Gs ba he seu one ope ae Leen Milford. FURNITURE. Pim L Nc Rt fA lanes os «Soci: Saw ioa gues oe RE Unadilla Forks. PLANING MILL PRODUCTS INCI SC Ver icta ec od cvetens Ge nave ie GMs Heeeoe gehen ier Burlington. ERE MIE OWS BOs COMMS, «: 0 3 Weenie Neleretton iets oe alah eae Cooperstown. IETS ee ALCOR INV AM Siete n=, 5 se gel esgic opeteeey schemata eee aor Ne Edmeston. RRreR ON ONO cs i). osc 2 a sts Canyeoe 2 ved oe OEE Hartwick. ERMAN PACTS UMC Pare is, els. sve enn cs ane eno qateRe ch oredemerenraneree n exeraeree Laurens. BUGIS Cm ROS seeks «oe ecto he ele ete ei ee Phone oie Maryland. ONESACPNONMSOM cae oc fees a nee neni ele Oaksville. NIGH CORB OLS Uieve cen revere, oc. stort Sete eens eae Re MSN Oneonta. Rehan ds Ges S OMe aca cine... anes ee eeepca Cocba es eek ee et nae Oneonta. Wounormbeneh dg Maker. ..i0.0,.. 5. aurea eine Oneonta. (CE OTC MN MOU OS es oats Sake Soinite bs 1b ee reiterate ea Schenevus. SChuniloe I alkeel bw ye CM_ os osrcs aa ddocaceaadnacs Schuyler Lake. SASH, DOORS, BLINDS AND GENERAL MILL WORK. COPE ATMS ETON MGs SOUS. pee eis ieay ition iene borers Cherry Valley. Robert. Wales: 5). a cuenichera 15 oe er reins tee ce aero Cherry Valley. INSETS Wikoffi..< ae. wsteee scooter tem Oe Thien Bees Cherry Valley. eM OX 313 sicenskass inte hye ete eer ke ee ceca ape oes Colliersville. Joie H Brady GiW one ee oie ener iE ee Ryne Cooperstown. lee by Wewish& $CO..2.. 25 op An oe alee eon tienes: tani Cooperstown. eed Ackerivianict sti e one ees ei tokens ee eee eae aee Edmeston. Wood Utilization Directory Abts OTSEGO COUNTY — (Continued). SASH, DOORS, BLINDS AND GENERAL MILL WORK. eg ee ATIDSEVOU RS 2 oi). parern vb cg thd save ne RK oes hah Milford. Neg elees Ester OS Gre SOM 4 oy ch eraey ores eleeevenie le ©: cl sie seeks avele 62 Oneonta. MECH CO MAC pas OLSUr ty aeye ote ch eee hel tieereekerseo alte techn ces Oneonta. (Chasey Mulls; ands Supplies. 15-2. sls s alee ess clea Richfield Springs. ROPE Legg Es CICS 2 -thve. 5 Show Wase Co. 7.4) 29.5 )0 eee ee ae ae ee Brooklyn. stredorici: Hiner & SOUS. 4. 525s cite eee © ee Brooklyn. fees. trench ‘Cabinet Cory... cy) eens cate eee Brooklyn. etenier onstruction /Co;. acne eee ekeee ee Brooklyn. PemelamiDnreer 00s. 45 secu onstae eeletees Meroe eee Brooklyn. petite elt ord. a5 OO Ms. 20 ol! onde teeta ae eee eee Brooklyn. Manhattan Cabinet Works. eae cee see oe eee Brooklyn. Elan bz 6s: CO. .;./. ate e ete MOL oi, bones Brooklyn. EO SICOEL {COL ane weet ene ace coe cutee Brooklyn. Sneed WV OLN Ay MOO sere eee Soc ha ted eee mate Brooklyn. FURNITURE. Pra aie Wiumber COne re a:,.0 1. 2 aoe oes oe rs See Astoria. Pe Mer ONY AMON se 05 oo tee oss be Jove eis wes Saleem Coney Island. Hebone Woodworking Col... 2... .. 2. sss nee tee ee Long Island City. PAE CRHMPEREOS ssa cyte ay aioe ge chee. 28s 5 College Point. PEaMess GTADDE ROO «cc. re - Gleye cit casis aevg © Rae oN Rockaway Beach. MEERA ET eet CL COV 2 sx Sa sous, cvekty ede mteyeP supers, <,nc0.2 otole\spa dele Jamaica. Peer tlem SCANS Uy shs crac nis calc sus Rete essere «3 Jamaica. MiRnemraImMben Gres chek sickes Mele gs « Mae die on Seater ee Astoria. Sabrina C MOCK irre or. Sie se. tohiesta tS 4 chaps Powisistolal- dc rae ee Far Rockaway. memtec: Wasiser dumber Co... . css as ie ne tne eee Far Rockaway. aM SCH OMCKEN Str.) oe A etvae Le me Soleo ase sens Far Rockaway. OMe LG SOUS). . aii so ateleis atone 2 eos Parse eye Tannersville. Woncasnerce Lamina MUM (CO). Fists scsi so ate hetlwas eas Long Island City. SASH, DOORS, BLINDS AND GENERAL MILL WORK. eR CIICIAN DSEOGS4 OOlp. sobs noms. sie, q5,c:s ert Par tetare + = ohne ote College Point. linibeauouates Metal: Products-Cor o. .-.. of 2 oleic oni College Point. BUC OAT CMCC oak tas fire cte res eerie sieies ee = Ges Jamaica. VSMC Bigs O10 A oe ea Richmond Hill. OTR EE 19 - ooni oy-y eos = Seer Ss oS epee a hs He eee eS Flushing. Mise ailes Limp elH CO va face eon te oe ele gee, 215) rn Astoria. mowonm, Weodworking Co... ..... 62... 64-.5+25 0s. Long Island. Sree an AIMED COs n.82 2.2) Reg eat «ies ae eins hs Menta Long Island. Manhattan Grill and Fret Works Co.............. Long Island. SS ae CU a Pe Rockaway Beach. Minna acer i CO. ec. ce sae aa Feb ee ok ea Coney Island. SIGNS AND SUPPLIES. Syne OOM WOLKEME CO). t 2c she iecicarns cts = cua Nepeoher™ = Brooklyn. VEHICLES AND VEHICLE PARTS. citvorircase @ahiSteis M5, Mer crSeeic: c,d hols bre aheeuern Pens Rises Queens. IBrewstere Ga Clos, LCi 85 erase 2 ok yer tane et oo Seles ae wo Long Island City. CHCA VIEHICGlOLO ORS. A..on cece anee ve nae oxy se es Long Island City. DOGS Uo SO ge oe ee Long Island City. WOODENWARE AND NOVELTIES. 18, TBI eae ory LS ae ae ete ean re rei Rca Tannersville. RENSSELAER COUNTY. AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. - W. A. Wood Mowing and Reaping Machine Co..... Hoosick Falls. euyder Combined ‘Thresher Co... 2.0502 foe ns ss Troy. BASKETS AND FRUIT PACKAGES. FAW Orem AUS eee terrae Peas arenes isis ialare cone aa Ske he ine S- East Nassau. BOXES AND CRATES, PACKING. Women COW CRN te hard Ga a cieta ae Sine Mia oe bie siln eames Berlin. As G@aCheney, Piano AcwoOm WO. 4.5% - c-'= -. 36 Castleton. Walter A. Wood Mowing and Reaping Machine Co.. Hoosick Falls. CRUD DM Gl SGer ar KEM TOs. tes « cere) o).s) arse a insert Nassau. namin. EIR OCK: Oy SORE. ois Sheek 2s facie a ee cek eed Rensselaer, 178 College of Forestry RENSSELAER COUNTY — (Continued). BOXES AND CRATES, PACKING. CluctiePeabodyc& Coz.ei.cnvaeh eee eee OBrien Troy. ihroyes oxand= umber (Comms eee se eee renee Troy. Varied Shint-and Collar Co: ...450. hes ieee oh ese Troy. BRUSHES AND BROOMS. AGRE SONNY EUSHY COs see man econ ee le oer eee Troy. CHAIRS. tees, MELON SES Foeka cir dn artes to eae TE Soro erate ie East Nassau. Ueno Ss COMELC ET sain COmm maria ciate ienn eri eae Troy. FURNITURE. @luett; “Peabody. &. / Cos... stateccis elo neue meee eee ioe Troy. Henny Schneldercd Con ee rere eee taee Troy. INSTRUMENTS, MUSICAL ike (Cy Clvareny Ieieni@ Aveo C5555 50co5cuepgssaudc6 Castleton. Grubbycicoseoantenl! BEOStemneuriice erie heir Nassau. PACED) MIB CAC \ciertre cd y Meroe or take moe oeness asaya Poe ook ao Troy. LAUNDRY APPLIANCES. CluettwbeabodyeG Cor. op me. ios oe ieee Troy. MACHINE CONSTRUCTION. INobletaavood! Machine Cow. . 2.2m 44 jase eee Hoosick Falls. PATTERNS AND FLASKS. INGLES we Svaoal Mee ibe (COeaeecs saldsadsgoadcacacac Hoosick Falls. @luettweeabody & Col... :.c.h eee ee sania ore Om Troy. PLANING MILL PRODUCTS. ISM LRRG US Oey Ceres MMe crea a sced oii ors qigia a ole Grafton. (@hantlesmCwiKamG7.oh:..[si5. Sole eerre dvegerais eicgenenee none Johnsonville. DIES SES COVEN ruse! cee 5 ce3 os aves s oes eee is ae oun eee eo tee Johnsonville. Cluett,2Peabody, & Cor. a. 5.0 se whew ee dae s Sete ne ore Troy. Uicniniaal, Sinting Enxil (Colle (CWes senacoaqgacoctbanacedoc Troy. SASH, DOORS, BLINDS AND GENERAL MILL WORK. DEE ASCO VEDSE sto. = 52 aie daca. s Sen cue rein ge enone ions ale Johnsonville. Maddeneinimber ‘Won yar.wcena career ko etree Troy. SHUTTLES, SPOOLS, BOBBINS. BramyeiS pool! C0... auieasil a coer orator aera roere Berlin. TANKS AND SILOS. DEBS ISGCVOENS iu, ote)-asal ore Ieee Ore teed CRs ace rete one Johnsonville. TOYS Aw ©. Cheney Piano Action" Co sary re een Castleton. VEHICLES. George Sullivan (Mie.Co%. cnc 0c evel perk ine Troy. diroy,” Carriage, WOrKS:..J: 5 seg 1 eth: ela trier Troy. Wood Utilization Directory 79 RICHMOND COUNTY. BOAT AND SHIP BUILDING. PME UE ES CAITLIN AIT SON CMe, 30S Spcal oy cut uae mV SRS Soh Be LSE AL McLee alot. cba hor ehelt Marines’ Harbor. PeWClM Ve OCK a CO sae sia risicis te epecehaitisie soe e cals eyee Marines’ Harbor. eorercvel ales TOM a kaos: ee eee eens eee ste cites akan ete aN ee Marines’ Harbor. Mesa Gere VL AGL) OMmal dew c.5 cn cctv oS rthins spares. odseare ar Marines’ Harbor. UCCMEES TONITE SOMS car Stossel vcr votre Ges Bh coe goes Tottenville. Else tatavam rw © OSSCV, Hoye cc-rtaianct. Veta el srcin at eialel «ocho cto chess) = Tottenville. ENC RS SeE ALTA SOSH SONS ee ots oy cncqep stor tierstsieesdurs.o astitieaeaei Tottenville. WVaeN SHO DIV ETC O:. oicn. crayerd shone eye ene. dtts, ejoral o a,elin ola wleshel wie W. New Brighton. Barnes Mic Williams Im Cir S sac eye een eel dee senseless W. New Brighton. CHAIRS. Banna bye Elnnituner CO: InCle oe rsa eevee ees eee Stapleton. FURNITURE. Bana pyenunmitune CO: MNCs, aa .e oe ees oe en. Stapleton. Vala Ga VinnClelas ok. cece Ae oid See ts con bs Port Riehmond. HANDLES. ACM OnNGM ROOM CO gies nye ai eo tee) ek eel ol wees Stapleton. PATTERNS AND FLASKS. INUITIULIT eevee. “4 BST CONS fee ae pest SON Noe ert ge Na AAG Menage ee Ro Milliken. PLANING MILL PRODUCTS. Vala Wan Clieh eens «ans 0 ordce, Sin eltn ae Sere oeatens Port Richmond. VAVrillllenvregal, «CGro5 kel Lia pee ae te peep ect areal. Ri lnu i cts An auiees Port Richmond. SASH, DOORS, BLINDS AND GENERAL MILL WORK. WAY TiLILI ee rrara wel Opal VA cI at © 2) Ca a a Ne cope en Se a ot aM Port Richmond. Wave] bared Lek Qvale) a Pee eM en MER oe at Siena ko Port Richmond. Nicholas mlautenbach: tcc 2st oe eis ate oe ine een Stapleton. NEGUS S GRELET. ariae soc. a congas ttes seslsiauois ahaa abe n'a Mas Stapleton. VEHICLES AND VEHICLE PARTS. AGS CHVEON GO ANLET een, eisieies 2) a, ono) es eee aia) aces es ITA ese es 2h Stapleton. WHIPS, CANES AND UMBRELLA STICKS. lo SSENA Ere aeecuonies ania cee Sioa Gin) Dice apiohal acne MenaeeMER RES cake tee Stapleton. WOODENWARE AND NOVELTIES. tun SN ote COs atone mice. cle octal etLareinde nia Stapleton. 180 College of Forestry ROCKLAND COUNTY. BOXES AND CRATES, PACKING. INTSINGUNIA OG aS LOCHO?s <..{0< kala See ee eee Nanuet. Oslcam MUTI «.) 8.45.00. sate eee ao Re oe ee Nanuet. SASH, DOORS, BLINDS AND GENERAL MILL WORK. Clarke Bennett InmmbersCork eee eee Haverstraw. TOYS OeIan Mar EM 2s... 2° ty tee ee eae ae Nanuet. WOODENWARE AND NOVELTIES. Miami Ginis os SCCCIET Wie .. syieuata eb meets nae ete oe en eee eee eae Nanuet. ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY. AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. ee el se TMMUO TAM < crag ee ee hy coca ys ee See Brasher Falls. SSA SATS c.c0h- hie ona ee eon eee eee ee Hammond. BASKETS AND FRUIT PACKAGES. SIP OT dar. tee eRe rch oe Sy dita d Moor oe cles hy ee Rossie. BOAT AND SHIP BUILDING. St. Lawrence Marine Railway Co.................. Ogdensburg. BOOT AND SHOE FINDINGS. Vein ernie ye] BETS) al © 0} aaa mre Ae Well. Ae RS ORES 5S Wanakena. BOXES AND CRATES, PACKING. Bacme MObaMipSsON ©... : :...4< 555i, aeetee ee ee Ee De Peyster. Remiiobon- Martin’ Oss... srs .4ch nen ee ees Serre Norfolk. Monson: SNA .. ssf i:s65 ae oeaeee Ra oe eden eae eee Rensselaer Falls. CC acer. VV ellina tons {iene rere mnie eee caer West Stockholm. BRUSHES AND BROOMS. Wired sstates Brush! (Cosy ae ee eee Potsdam. IN ABS! Eliawley ii. i:.5.5 4 atee aa Rete ae ee eerie eee eee ee Colton. Norwood «CaskétiGo, (oo aa eee ee ee eee Norwood. CHAIRS. Wiricht ‘Convertible Chaim 'Comem.e a pee nana Wood Utilization Directory 181 ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY — (Continued). DAIRYMEN’S, POULTERERS’ AND APIARISTS’ SUPPLIES. OMAN Cols CO ley SOL ots © acs 4h opspena ces lo eave suehe: lthai’ele, ewe ats Canton. RO Pm Sree CoAT gap sten se why We ecu toeha ote Ue a ath Sipoen es aiane De Peyster. NCU GME VOU SOM Meee a sesiteyfstakee ate ie a «-ayalereum (ayovahs 'otose) a De Peyster. 2h. HB) LOGS ae Se aes Bi Boe i no ten eee ae ee ok eae aCe Fort Jackson. ERO MENS CK QO OOUGICM patie edn ein) cane qampans asi ohopa Sees Ogdensburg. ara MMR Va Cri OONG mUIGHI © Ole sraiis catia torched icsoare cketerare stele Potsdam. FURNITURE. 1 "1 B35: cL LER Key Ee RO A clin re Colton. University Woodworking Co. +. :2..5.......-.-- Colton. ee ep Meir amMesoke SOUS... 6 ccmics oc teen ce so od a cals Hermon. enn Cl Glam Cou SOILSY cry cnoiste « caciel ce Aepdeta abana a eee Potsdam. iamiesceamintp, Mal Co. <.%).40 sth e« oe-- aj bow Potsdam. Peoiee Mi Gilbson os SOMs Jas .. aieae rues. a aclae ee West Stockholm. INSTRUMENTS, MUSICAL. Mamta edinary CO\. ses i oarcs qste ie rege ess Boe ulate Benson Mines. PATTERNS AND FLASKS ae Berle eam aki aoicisioe are ae aes chan eae eas Brasher Falls. PLANING MILL PRODUCTS. Baca pedse bumber Co. 0552... oda Sadat ge os Canton. CLOVE UULS INL OIDet fon se hott eee Soa ane ae eee Canton. CRAVE NON OTM cara stiors iss Seta Se ek ee ea Degrasse. JLGraTRET Ly (CUE We Famke Ree Renae Pars RRCe ar rai fhe, BRN ND, del ane i red DeKalb June. Hp racewbeachitds SOW. 5c, 5.02 tev aero a cedars eles Ve eet Edwards. AOC OC Kae DIE OS Sisk tee SPs ar eres) dere Naat he, crea eae cranes Edwards. Recee Atm SLEVEN Sagat tcc al Sick oa) Oe idem eae oe ae Fine. dd. dihy MOUSER dg SAE eee Peas Pee Nhe ths le ene ene Se Fort Jackson. PR LeRO Are ML CM mee naic 2 hers! sha st ovat acoestaratds rebate robes Hailesboro. ‘i ULE SRS) 66) 2: gees agree ean oR AP Hammond. VEIT Oey Ne Es A COCKS enced cloysic) 5 Sha) oS hoya okele yeksnetahioetee otto Hermon. VV tlle NOM SOM set hieys of teware pelo: wom co tke passe, tle cites serie clave tele lkokomo. Warde Cr uinnpee we scesceee kere ates Pee cert geiko Mrniobel ne eyo Madrid. Rerinspi@elkewimOGy seneies Maar ckemioist) ate te eka Are nero < Madrid. Pens aL RIGHEEA [VSO cloeewener atone ole Patan= ame Ge iene! a's. ak vere oe Madrid. Crue EROS eo ace rcv the ee ahi nese cteu kaa hen elena Morristown. eee CIA TOS OM Gee OM other ters chao s&s Seo etal c ieetors North Lawrence. 1, AD Md Rea Le ie te Sor eae cS Ae eB ie ee a a ra Norwood. Ete GIS OW GELOWIS fe Lette cid: 8 oh? ore atevonaltone crate os Ogdensburg. Skilling’s, Whitney’s & Barnes’ Lumber Co......... Ogdensburg. 182 College of Forestry ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY — (Continued). PLANING MILL PRODUCTS. og, SOLU) (RG Aaa eS SPAMS ah OEM | Oswegatchie. ihe Ae Sherman umber. Coys +112. pene eteeee Potsdam. Duca ter sce 7 ONNSON: 5: 6's..." ee oat bees Heese Rensselaer Falls. Ihe the’ (CEIICKE Rae eae Sonn ee Ree ee A SR Richville. PSV FEE Nc Bs HE LCR 2 "3's Fate's ctayictew bP Ee eters Chen ed Waddington. LeU TNA OL ROL cel DVN Ath aad oaowodds clo gcoon doa c Waddington. Richwlumbers'Coy..5.6. eet See Mein thea enine tence Wanakena. CeoncesNpaGibson: GP SON ase rier erate West Stockholm. PUMPS. vel trceainta ACTS rie. og eae ee ee Rat yee Re ee Brasher Falls. eon opapcock (Pump Colas oan eos reek ern eae Ogdensburg. SHADE AND MAP ROLLERS. los shade Roller Co, -.2iciieraeo hao os eee ian ee Ogdensburg. SASH, DOORS, BLINDS AND GENERAL MILL WORK. Hredt Na (Capelll-®. 3.524 ins co Gh eee home noire Brasher Falls. (Candnenids: Velich=sehe erence ct acct Ree eee Canton. ud de WeeRushtone. seem ese crs Efe ls PE eo Canton. MURA ACD AD COCKar hie shee eek eee ME cis eRe Hermon. Vivo. le. LET IO oacie Ree RRA AE oe eae Cae mere eh 55 75. Massena. He cite pe CELUCr ei crete oe ciote is anit Me Meats Mak ain 2h See peer Morristown. imabpscs Cochrane’ COm a... oan 4 at voeoens Gee ae Norfolk. JaMeseha chard sonncs SOM... ae ss seal einen North Lawrence. EVD) RAE GC Ares, cuccriiclia) altar, aMule ae Ae ue eee ae ee Ameena Norwood. PARE ECLSOM OT OW I. <0), cip.bo wpe a2 la stenn, onste eRe eencty Oe Ogdensburg. Gaon Org GN COMA th. hse se. 5) Gis susie is Oa ere ere oer Ogdensburg. Fncerongmeies Cos x. c's 0S sk Ae ict’: Seb yee ee Ogdensburg. VW db. nlRO GIS tale et er rots ota omaedo 6 otic Ogdensburg. Granites tae loaning willy) ove cena ee eeeigeio a eneee Potsdam. PAWEPAC IE CHILES eisai) sda cs. 4151s aun cass 3 cies Ries I oe Richville. GeoceesN. Gibson & Son... ¢0 25 eed es ee ewe West Stockholm. VEHICLES AND VEHICLE PARTS. IML "183, €16 [eid (oh A eer ere nnitsan tm AnenEas, elas tors Colton. IES EPA MEV ALTA cg). 0, 2 9e- te eriecz va tele nie ate Gi rote nue ene empl eee cets Hammond. PACA SEEN RIO SE cys. cc-ieycie loli: «ic ei, «ep RO aN) see ere soo Hopkinton. Dede CUI 2. gio. cveess telefon Oeceks ete tec Mente cnn ote Madrid. BerkinsHlock wood. i... s/c...c/sce neue aero eee bene ee Madrid. Plumb ec iCochrane (Coes... -c1 soeieennen ia eee eens Norfolk. WHIPS, CANES AND UMBRELLA STICKS. Jee Vientres i Coc. coo ches oom es oon isa Wanakena. WOODENWARE AND NOVELTIES. Ley ocd Leen) Sh: WO ol DY: 1) ¢ t=) ec Re aa ie ie i A RO Ah ei Hermon. Wood Utilization Directory 183 SARATOGA COUNTY. BASKETS AND FRUIT PACKAGES. LE ETI SEV EOVWOOU is i, 2 5. cal sats eves) Ge Hacuontis wed ciel over aneuclel se Elnora. BOAT AND SHIP BUILDING. Jigliin ISEIGIGINE Sexegictdd eb RR Oho oo etc eke ER ake eee Greenfield Center. LHIGTRTES? - /A\ orn] BIG A Bie aS ae al DAE ar eter ie kien arn eae eee Sea Hagedorns Mills. UTES AMICet ein yas sore ind Se Pacman as de takes Mechanieville. WiestaVaremia Pulp and Paper'Co..... 3.2: 2 5.2.-- Mechanicville. OME DeRUNO OMS as itorae oc skye pet ake Ae ees Seetehe ceca Saratoga Springs. \AWo lala AW IEW CD nial aene Iontacine inane eect ee eit eyein eres) cai trenes Saratoga Springs. CAR CONSTRUCTION. Boston and, Maime: Railroad Shops. ...:.:2.-:.2.- =: Mechanieville. CHAIRS. PBLIMM emWave cer COO sacs Soe tees ok cee ea noes ees Corinth. RWeminerm SbLOMGy On COnn a. fon vilee cs ence tena ek een Hadley. MELE USI tet, nose aie’ s gies US ort ee Rao tence teins, © ole Hagedorn’s Mills. DATRYMEN’S, POULTERERS’ AND APIARISTS’ SUPPLIES. HOHE MeN OOUSMey iors: Ae led, tomioersis Gioceat et se ech odes} Saratoga Springs. EXCELSIOR. Beier env adyincs OO oj) ae periodic Aaole atin oat. Corinth. HANDLES Vy LDy i GORE 1G ae Penreimen rise econ ates Pho orci ne rae oie ae Hadley. PLANING MILL PRODUCTS. IE Nery CUI TS eck oon nlc usp tect vane joe tee cae che ies fst cede ne Ballston. COM ree OW Siege Sere ons, choos oh tae aeek a-ha a ee Clifton Park. irodesscrslOhusOn..,...cste adecm co adil ae oe en ee Conklingville. War Mastintr aan a. cigs Nea oboe se ced tee ee East Galway. Wallan Bamber es browcitds « < sys vee eis ee Fels es Dee ata Mechanieville. ‘The, (G5 GH Pe aac ley ee Seer ewe a Me leuetic ey een 1211S Mechaniceville. PACED SUGANO. 2003. Sutvaaeays ss als ite aoe aedars See RS Ae Mechanieville. Wilitreds @olbumm pt is sce sao os > ah oetne ae ees: Middle Grove. WWalllvaman Ja. Case (aesSOns:Scbies crises 14 occ elena: Saratoga Springs. MB LOMM SLOSS en gk As Wee elds wigs ah one or eee eA Schuylerville. AVIEINE TRIG THES CRS Sena care see eRe ea Oy Fr eer raar ees Sie Ushers. SSVI OUT ee EV UTE] CSetopey 900 -Nee chete iors polet eae cereuet oN Rove aeo = Wilton. SASH, DOORS, BLINDS AND GENERAL MILL WORK, Wennis UMlamopue aces: cet crstcheten eae here eee Ballston. LEVEL LUMO CL ClO}. econ cree oc acaist ctu hewde ec cee wie sie aie Ballston. LENA 5 NLASGMS. cnas pera Sond SS coe ine Soya SES East Galway. WinRiver air b@ ieee ey se ici as ctered iste, & oer iene a Mechanieville. PROD SR SEN AIG ois 15. sictbevers egens eo ten/n te aiehs Mapes Glos eros Mechanieville. Tale «cfg ele Ee iaataayoy 0X0 Peete cares ieee eo Bi5 Rene Lc eee Saratoga Springs. 184 College of Forestry SARATOGA COUNTY — (Continued). TANKS AND SILOS. Posgboss oie Mie? Co... 2 cs. hat een ete eee Saratoga Springs. VEHICLES. HUCK VCAVV ON LAISCIIL A © fia ce vidsele|’s avonere thet ee Ps peeede Noe East Galway. CGP ETAMIOT ons chats cia’ sa, + 3 os cre alle etake tages let onee eaeeegere Saratoga Springs. INTENSE TRG) ie ee ae eee rare Hane rabies ao Ss REN atta Ushers. RCWIMELED ABLOR.Y 2 oc... 2's ucts ee Shae ee gel eee eee Waterford. SCHENECTADY COUNTY. AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. WMesbIME MOUSE OO) so...) 2 says sere aE mete eee Schenectady. BOXES AND CRATES, PACKING. Ceveralailectric "Co. ii:'.7 01. he ee eet ei eee Schenectady. CAR CONSTRUCTION. AIHenIcaAn Muocomiobive, COnachee lee ae toe alee Schenectady. FIXTURES. Epic an daa Va CKD AN. 5 VON Aegis «oe te htee coqeors oe ene ee oe Schenectady. FURNITURE. parMOns dy NETWIN a2. o's sss utente See ae dee ee Stanford. PATTERNS AND FLASKS. Amrerican suocomotive Con... 24 amie errr eeae Schenectady. Generalmnlectrie Con «2 a. sem as cleys tee spensuemn ous Schenectady. Res EU TIOUSE Os... 225.5 ie nes tale ee Oe Eee Schenectady. PLANING MILL PRODUCTS. EAI ar eco VVASELD UNM cc's 2 oie sccpscs co ees Orepaasiehs eens noe: Delanson. Reckivamis ayy Ol CO... «tse cetere Seoientonehs cnet Schenectady. Brown & Walker Lumber and Construction Co..... Schenectady. SASH, DOORS, BLINDS AND GENERAL MILL WORK. NCCU ERP Cy IDILOWE. 2). ducpeue Sues) « state, ce Senos iene ee Schenectady. VEHICLES. 1Be, MMOGs Sica Cor nen Renee cei eia pints Gio an feo Cia ice & Schenectady. SCHOHARIE COUNTY. AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. pene Campbell. .Co,, Tati. a srryere ts wae eens reseeton rete Central Bridge. Elem er Mito nore, 220 ite. sees reese eee cui Vinn eter Cobleskill. BOXES AND CRATES, PACKING. CAO 8 SOM oes 6 ic lacey ale eh eer ae tiene eee ole eee Barnerville. WharlesQuackenbush= cf... cits ea cel tee ie eee Barnerville. Mees (Casper. +8 iS Onis) «7a.ic,2s eee ket eee aie tae eae eee Howe Cave. Wood Utilization Directory 185 SCHOHARIE COUNTY — (Continued). CAR CONSTRUCTION. Ab Tome UITIDETY CON sack pasts 2h ere esti e tte wa ohisi. oy Middleburg. CHAIRS. ere METI CENT ORY ais a8 clon duns Ss Gis's oz onze enh e 28, < Middleburg. DAIRYMEN’S, POULTERERS’ AND APIARISTS’ SUPPLIES. (Cl. (Ghiille 20y (SOU ee ca eee apes is Ace RR ee EA ainaoe Sea Barnerville. MRO COM IMLS Uitte ss 2 .as eras cue tea io. wae ake Ge ae. eae Barnerville. : FURNITURE. Pane USDOL OT SOUS = tl. av eet sthels 0 sich toh s Meee oe Llowe Cave. \ SPT ITs 0a ANS OT a e a c ir e CRaSeiee Selirer Middleburg. reckemlmminer =< COe.: .o\xsnsiss cps anes e enege eositineucn o aol os Middleburg. PLANING MILL PRODUCTS. Pan eV OLLOT QoS OM Gree s Shy cal eos wysicse) ewe. Wy soe wits cows ere neyase Breakabeen. TEE TB oe TRGSire Ree EAE CG (a ae ee eae le ee Cobleskill. PAI TEA CLIC oo .05 ge ots « sas 3 ov nies chasers te apes Gallupville. ESROWATERI SEO eter oe sc. cote ale tre cache sit cote Strahan coshstous ike Hyndsville. VAvTilli icra. 7ST tee etre eee eter eater caer ir, AY Reee caine Middleburg. Cree kas el Cec cbf a wacee—+, ae F Gane he eitate pees Sm Middleburg. SCIEN area Be Middleburg. TLeenaeiirey (GHiNGRD Ie a Sten ce ae SR note Op oor Pe Mate cay ee Richmondvyille. UESLCE ES NGS TSS a ae nS eG ean p ee Seward. Vie Semen OTe os. facades, heen ee tun che ara ea ape eters West Conesville. SASH, DOORS, BLINDS AND GENERAL MILL WORK. Tie UL S 2 legal era ee Pe Cobleskill. VAUD IME ACI ne teece s.r tera Richens «ene Parsons che chegene Middleburg. Meme GELORY” Siete cee Coie cee a tote Ae ceahes Middleburg. DEMIR 2 eo ans ign athe A me eg Baebes, Bade Lew Ne Middleburg. aN OMICS 2 ica on os) tars ae x eh sia eae) ee maa oy haus BP Seward. (OCH Ce copay ee ore. suet ase is lows oe auees ORS alse ees Seward. RM aeP DEIN CN ci age age oval ns «annie. v=none mip ein es, © Sloansville. KC OOGM I CligiE ACKON Vier. -ctne eerste) seicuee + SNe tg eae Middleburg. TD aici) WAU os ieee see nes toe) ace oa oe ee reer in Oi Sloansville. USE eV ACCUIING Int sete CM yee nd Se oe cI noe oe Schoharie. 186 College of Forestry SCHUYLER COUNTY. BASKETS AND FRUIT PACKAGES. VAS GUO Se horas welsh cucrale Seca eteaenel sae Nene tees ere Alpine. MSV TCA aie fet tay vid ence wg SI Cae cae ten Reynoldville. GEOTI SLAW cS UUM sts) A circ: cicaials, o eomaeele ee vane ea ene peas te Valois. VARIES UOMO aise o. oi-c, 4 alah ae eee eae en atau Rene nee Valois. VAY STIL Gira atgel 531g) v0) 11S) Rouen ooo ales ca Maia betes td ois) S & Wayne. A. K. Smith’s Federal Crate and Basket Co........ Watkins. BOATS AND SHIPS. Wee REE SUMIMOT \ ci2icists Natt Se © ey eee mee eRe nee Reet ees eicrs Wayne. BOXES AND CRATES, PACKING. Shepard Klectric Crane and Hoist Co.............. Montour Falls. Odessa a Mifig iGO) eons eee ett eee NCAR an eee Odessa. FIXTURES. ixiure ands Lumbes Consens eee en near Watkins. MACHINE CONSTRUCTION. Shepard Electric Crane and Hoist Co.............. Montour Falls. PATTERNS AND FLASKS. Shepard Electric Crane and Hoist Co.............. Montour Falls. PLANING MILL PRODUCTS. REMC amp bell se Fo diene, ceca cae Mcnentee teen nee Alpine. raya ee DUNN ANN es ees Os, ee cnkee, Fe ee ee Burdett. GSES Vente. cts a, ces he eal eae ee ee Montour Falls. (Ga, 123, RS AVOYs (Gs en SIE eM oa Gee oUt oe < ¢ Moreland Station. INA D OWilititce ts eo. isc «coeds oi alcove Se eee oe Odessa. Hixiinenanc, Wumber (CO... 2.5 oon oe eee ee ee Watkins. COTO MEIGS eh 5. S.8. 3. hele ae ARE le gee eee Wayne. WOODENWARE AND NOVELTIES. Odessa Mie COs. 50) ew e's ected a en sence tamer Odessa. SENECA COUNTY. BASKETS AND FRUIT PACKAGES. MWieacer GiGrove:. 5 ..2/s\rs asa nee ete Cee eR Neen Interlaken. MV alin ama Baile yi ier: <2 3: «1.0 Stace aotearoa aloeaeet tere: Lodi. BOXES AND CRATES mike (Gould Mio iCo’ «50 hig het cng cement ere er Seneca Falls. Rimseyed Cosy litdis 25,2 ey seen ee eer ee Seneca Falls. Waterloo Wagon: Com: se satan eerie eee ee Waterloo. HANDLES. umisey..&Co., Ltd soy ge 2 i eek tk ae eee Seneca Falls. Wood Utilization Directory 187 SENECA COUNTY — (Continued). INSTRUMENTS, PROFESSIONAL. OMA AGVErtising CO.G 5. sheds es oa Cowes ea ety Seneca Falls. UMERMANE ETE WODE OO 5 55,5 cas. ote Ptichags cee e' sy wi'ah¥ nora esate oo Seneca Falls. PATTERNS AND FLASKS. OMG OULGeawitios (COs. cree, Magers cl-polenchecsloysy Sas is ae seniors Seneca Falls. LLANE? CHEESE D7 le RRR Bayo eee ea a ea ae Seneca Falls. ; SASH, DOORS, BLINDS AND GENERAL MILL WORK. Miberloosashvand Door Cons. 4s. 0..6 aha ene: Waterloo. EONS: NanonaleAdwertising: (Con ssn. oe sacs ve ieee Seneca Falls. VEHICLES. Meme IOI, COe 2 net ros kB es ee ee ied olds Seneca Falls. NVRERIOORNMAY ONT COS cicicsd.vs okt ce Ae elas we ele es Waterloo. STEUBEN COUNTY. AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. Vin heb, LALGTIRTR SCOTS (Ces TOL) ote eae eer eh ai A SE Addison. BASKETS AND FRUIT PACKAGES. EU EEO OS OMS ea. \sits wets eae core ele fase at Atlanta. Bile dLeymdcs CO. Coopers Plains. Pe ep AG 7.5.2 jahsres isles es ake nee a Apeene te eh eee eee Jasper. Ree meh PERCOT AG (OO zs, 2.5 554, sao eeraa oe ao SOR Pulteney. PAUMM Le VIO UII elo. eycpesh chewy Giisseh Seals Maceo) eae eee Pulteney. BOXES AND CRATES, PACKING. SSM GH NSE OS size

Cos. eee ee eee eee es eee Ae Bath. Jao. Deutsch: Co......o OS oe ce Ce ee Hornell. BU EOS. << 5. oss es dak sane cae ad ee Wayland. MACHINERY AND APPARATUS, ELECTRICAL. moOcae Mis. Co. . 22:52 oes se ee ee ee ee Avoea. PATTERNS AND FLASKS. Hook. Aten EKoundry Cot: eaee onde Seo ee ee Painted Post. PLANING MILL PRODUCTS. Wiser Gait S...3 3. asa Aree aieerok, ieee eee eee cee ae Addison. OTIGEPE ST OSs: siya sie cist oatoee. Meee cutie Sesh a eae me een ene Addison. VOM OS: @ Marker. =. 7. fc ee ees Bath. PAT EG NS LAWESOM yc taicos Soy prerelots a eek ke eee he eee Canistee. WhesCorning. Building: Co: j4-.-eemeceer tee eae ae Corning. CoG WOM Wards. 2. oc. «ccc: so Re ae ee ELD ee Greenwood. MeCounell Mite. \CO4.. So... ee Ee ei nee Hornell. WailrathsBrosiic Wentworth’. 9a. ts een Jasper. Ronnbed “eose lumber 'Co.. o.oo ee eee ee Painted Post. pL ASI O TOSS: tos. wen cos cee che eae ee eee er nce Prattsburg. heme strait Mic.'Co.. sense er coe See Rexville. Gn Te Ss Bed DIS) oo eS Sort AS Se ea Se Savona. SASH, DOORS, BLINDS AND GENERAL MILL WORK. ak eaVVnbOr 6 © Trt es COldasccce Enea ween meena ete Addison. lonesMb ros. sco, Parker 2: 3 Gb soe wee cet ea eee Bath. Cornimo Bide. (Co. sa. J 5.1 open lees eee Ase Corning. Wiarnenge «Phillips... x. 2 sine sree ier ener ener Corning. Gaviee NV OOU Ward. oo. lak cate eee es ee Sen eee Greenwood. Je ve Deutsch Mie. ‘Cos: Lf tae oc Pee eee Hornell. McConnell Mio. (Co... cat 4. pete tte eee Hornell. vane) Bridve Cor. nics hs os ce eee ae eee ae eae Painted Post. BEL WEAMOTOSG. 5... .. 22 5 2 oes Seve ee ee oe Prattsburg. PACE GERSON. wie s.530 cee 2s ole Re ee mere Troupsburg. Wronus Tyearber, Co... . ou. cs oe cae ae ioe Oe eee eee Wayland. VEHICLES. Jos. aaarrison & Co.,.2.. 8 ohh ee eee ee ee Addison. Beat: Watley & Son. oe eee eis eee ee aero Atlanta. Avoca. Wiheel Co... 00 ot eitinin aera esos Sree Sag Harbor. CASKETS AND COFFINS. + NULL roe B30 As ei a re ieee aan i 8 eee Central Islip. FIXTURES. erm WER OL ee, 5 cits ae. ho 6 wlan, os Ag afer erste. 2 Amityville. PATTERNS AND FLASKS. imeepRME AANA) On meg ies oN ee a ae Sols = os ee Sag Harbor. PLANING MILL PRODUCTS. \ vasa) 1 aaa ofa pe Coys Se eetieo cierd ial cee Reo Amityville. NICU IIe ra aie 6500 0 RR ton eee coe eRe Berea ican Central Islip. UGA LIDS OU onion ct Babe Pet Be toons Be Dee nor Port Jefferson. rp EMCOMCVGLAIG, 21 2h oo a dard os Nuts eie ns lee oe os alee Sag Harbor. Josepholsnys! G5, COna5 ic Wale ne os eit wasn is wale ss Sag Harbor. DR Re DY LESS GA SONS pats op c/shs sels erie olencioicy sais) (oaleterer slags Stony Brook. 190 College of Forestry SUFFOLK COUNTY — (Continued). SASH, DOORS, BLINDS AND GENERAL MILL WORK. Ohrisis:s Merge. 243)... 28 ae CPE OeE eee Amityville. Shatieieyy ood 16°C. |, '.1)./.4 sob ee nee eer ence Babylon. Chanlesrt. searkup’.(/:’. |! 00sec soeeee eee eens Bay Shore. \AVCILN Ne a Get BSH he are ee a ha en Scr etre Central Islip. Kast Hampton Lumber and Coal Co............... East Hampton. ivan «Denil <:. %.. eb Ee eerie ice seer East Marion. Saye Vs VB UG. aciee ve. stesie es austen eas ce eee Ore East Northport. Cis, Jah Sol O/C it ne Ee AEE MAS Ses de exch ARES oh Bie Greenport. Cee RAMTUIN G2. is ghu/ cele ss eS cen Sed se ey sea Greenport. Sep ln les SWEEZEY .:. o<./ofk sate aet eal eee ae yee Greenport. Eimtine sons sash: and Door Corser eee ee Huntington. Robertson’ tB008.....2.1 . cs ee ee ie oe Huntington. Wines woman...) .<..0.%./ce ee Seine See ea Mattituck. PATASOW he ICO eo sss 22 aos nts aie hohe ae ere Mattituck. The Northport Lumber and Coal Co..............: Northport. Eeveanley.c& Sons, Ine. 0 kige. peas pee eee ee Patchogue. Day tye BY foe eI cdi, Sie cw Neem Aas Anne Sa Port Jefferson. G@hanlessSkidmore- >... 6. ee eee ee Seen nedtee Gade Cleveland. .\.t0c:.4. uch b a eee ee ee i a ee Le Oe Aeseplstahiys: :&' Co....': 545. o hee eeen Sena s pene Sag Harbor. Hen G RB OOUN. = 2A e552: v's e le eee ere eae Smithtown Branch. [De O) AnGr gl ia een eee Oe ara So mS ae aw Bla oho 0 Speonk. DHS Bayles’& \Son\. ¢ ot. Seiten et eee Stony Brook. TANKS AND SILOS. mone plmualy Ss 06-(OOir ccc ero eee pce nt eae Sag Harbor. VEHICLES AND VEHICLE PARTS. PSV ae Vib UKAMS® :,.°s : ces avd Raabe emu neveke eater ious regu rons ie Bellport. RGDEEESOUT UBTOS os, <<... ie Su toee eRe ne ee erie es ee Huntington. PUES CINGL GVEA, 02.2 Sp exsvalaial- is eegseeboke eee eh ee eee Port Jefferson. Give Motor Car Co... ..2.'..0t eee ass ane Port Jefferson Station. DSR aviles td: SONSs).i0is-ie8- seine era een eee Stony Brook. SULLIVAN COUNTY. BASKETS AND FRUIT PACKAGES. LE ee%a AVA Ns (2) le a peas nM as, a6 0; O even once. es ad.Sad. Gad, 0. dee Livingston. BOAT AND SHIP BUILDING. GUE il Sch) enn m ee A col Oke She SS Oe Narrowsburg. BOXES AND CRATES, PACKING. SE SN aS ord Uptcasto) einiaien ea ohn aioe ldo a goede do aor." Eureka. BRUSHES AND BROOMS. erry: Peake. 2 00° 0 ieee ae Mat ard te tle Long Eddy. BAT YE OOK ays cite iy ios a etna aot clet ie att ahs Bae Long Eddy. Wood Utilization Directory 191 SULLIVAN COUNTY — (Continued). DAIRYMEN’S, POULTERERS’ AND APIARISTS’ SUPPLIES. CawilGl Ibi oer (COM nee oo oer See 5 OA Oe er oriae ane Long Eddy. EXCELSIOR TET «Vein NAVCESUG ICY NS eee Rr ats che I nea Neweiden. FURNITURE. hem. Hotter Hurniture Conn 2.00... es cae oe oe ee Cohoes. WVAEPAPr NOUS Ste. 5, ss) eee ae aces See wt oes Dulels Cohoes. iollonmawvaleibreny: Cpr ete ¢ «ois cle avytltas toate a Eldred. MOORS GOS eee cee deuy Ns a ails etter S hee, Sree Pa aimee SR eae Grooville. MONT A O O- Macy ener vis 5 s,s, watsvetare Us aes eeiicts te feisrs @ ene tee Livingston Manor. PR CEADEE: OO' cr 60 ga tists Se ats 2 as Se owe oes Long Eddy. PLANING MILL PRODUCTS. PIRRRBE MD) 21 V1 SE es nee rtecciate a vatasiastoastehis laneece id tarana ialecala la vette Clayville. \is Av, IBIBO R ee cicloleeiae ob Picioid ict oe anlar Viana gain d.ce Clayville. (STC 1S LEAs 0 100) (0 Fe ee Grahamsville. ene litem OM eT wh r2i2 fo rau -senebescvetate: shensbcie Note Cased pave = = Jeffersonville. PEG ok stale tiniest aiecs Sele Cone Bloat. oa, eS has Liberty Led) UCTS ST tl ea a 2 a Oe ea Liberty. AN. Ns Chileno lS eet iets Benin eich cl eee iC ceener ee Long Eddy. (Couldelumber Com asc. vic speie asiieie eee Pind Sila 0 soe Long Eddy. WCRI Creed Po icpe a loth a anaes peat cMt shosd ootualay sbaheveder oi bys ‘Long Eddy. SEMEL EALG HG 9 ai5.a. 3 wig ova, ob « silztn ov on Neyeencunycteps Sun lays, ore a's « Narrowsburg. ee eee re PIITTOET ob a)< Sede pocle aiare oete a eiwieied qeicynls exe oie North Branch. evi COUMIER VINA ss oo -Ye liga ecole cies cca as eee eel No. White Lake. BeECE Arsh.) eos 2 as oN | Se so ee ayn oe ace aera No. White Lake. PIElCR EVV ILERS! ces hisacc + aca vif's mis co ponte BOM eee No. White Lake. Meme MPR NNN 6 2005, Saha 522. co on Starry isto a et ¢ Roscoe, PMO NCTE er erate ase ioh sissies via uiee iis we pie mise eee Summitville. nGRINmEMC Ett eho. ats Pos,. stan ee eee Callicoon. Eno ywumber COs ss. Ao. 2's aah aac eran tos Eldred. - PNG Tele eget Se sid adv, = 5 cn yA eh aes Cutan Eldred. Mtge ate Pein) eee Eldred. Willard WALLS Aa NOMS Fe ans sla dre ssches dicate ationn aap oe Eldred. 2. Sy SiG fee ae 2 oho Stevensville. SASH, DOORS, BLINDS AND GENERAL MILL WORK. Misiritin TS kerihin, | peated ce cane. oe saan coleelos.6 0 GeroIoe Callicoon. VN? Tha ADDS OAS ie lt 2 ae Re ace a a Clayville. SS Wo SO ke sosae aus Coco Cre aeo cole mods Eureka. OAC SLOP Gis 205) oare aeriorc, arate ra Doaje epee! * eteiweye + lake #018 5 Hurleyville. TDS, ISVeiOXS ia paecueeecernta te 5 Gein eee baie Dinars Diceicirer: Hurleyville. Bp Seer Giceiin eee canara geht ke oysiotevetoeisyase acres crerega eles Liberty. rintgIpe we ANUP C2 2 cutps Sac aie oye ale 21d, = Fs /n1-0m og Sin lense Liberty. bsg We Gol sey. 60 CO. Sytem ae sw tls od ai oe, oie siaietere a Livingston Manor. PCR PE CACY eee a ies te sealer a lclte's 2 Sayer efsters ele 2s/a%e Long Eddy. 192 College of Forestry SULLIVAN COUNTY — (Continued). SASH, DOORS, BLINDS AND GENERAL MILL WORK. eS AUBANGIEL oF... >). 23s oor eee ere ee Long Eddy. Ite OLS Sirah d ee RES Audis Se oe A fee See Monticello. pactuen Trowpridge . .... 00.210 © alee eer ree Monticello. Hency VVaSuINoLOn ......+7<5. 6 - Eee eee ee ese Monticello. Benue. We) Whipple. .: .. .: <> sober ese Monticello. Un TI iI e 5 Sc helo yh ctaos: Narrowsburg. eaowee, Tein ger. 2.5. .0.6..= es aie ee North Branch. RL erASebWOOd. 4). >..t/ac cate acim eae eee aia eee Roscoe. Nsaaew be Wi auSOD!.....2':%,. cleiole siete) Acer eee ete eile toscoe. Hredentek Olmstead’: 255/210 eee tenes South Fallsburg. SEL NGL) ae BES Ge ha on ea a5 10 Oc Yulan. PLANING MILL PRODUCTS. Figulamay Lumber Co... ....’-< ~> ta boee ees ees Woodbourne. TIOGA COUNTY. AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. international: Harvester (Co... oeeen oe eee eee Newark Valley. MrediaGreene 205 ba. oc ee eee Richford. BASKETS AND FRUIT PACKAGES. Howland” .Brosie ..<)28 2 oo See eee eee eee Berkshire. BOXES AND CRATES, PACKING Seve Johnson & Sons...) eee ee ee ee Nichols. BRUSHES AND BROOMS. Dace cohnson. & Son, S345. eee eee Nichols. es] Wood Utilization. Directory 19: TIOGA COUNTY — (Continued). FURNITURE. Vee OMDB OME Gh OMS + Gk pee Sucre Aces a orci ste-ayo gees Nichols. Pelee yous Purmisne CO. 12.260) he ve ne ees wae vss Waverly. LAUNDRY APPLIANCES. Howland Bros. SG Se SACS US ge Ae ties ere Lae Berkshire. MACHINERY AND APPARATUS, ELECTRICAL. SMRUNEETLOUMONade SOHSe = ou. seis cote. oe Digicom Nichols. PLANING MILL PRODUCTS. imi ECMCE LOE SOU aos et ie see ae elon a Apalachin. leon laer eS EO GE ets ete ots Sots eessk tears oie vane Seana ace ths Berkshire. ESeTORHETER EMEEIS SHS Diss os & Cote Ate ee Seon te Candor. Baim ome EO OLE pater: fy a bho ieee Oe a Candor. Wik, is (GU Ty Se So ERE ee Se nan ie mea Abe ee Newark Valley. [Pieedi] (Gireeyern i) ae ee ee Ce Tioga. WO MOLECMIG sOoe VCs erage oi telels suc 2 siti ateve ele: xe bi aeye eee Spencer. Ele ee AKL or SOM S85 ns re Zhe te asa e ae ee Waverly. PLAYGROUND EQUIPMENT. AL DTA y. TS ANAVGIL 0) 0 ees aD aye Od ee nh Rea eA one Berkshire. SASH, DOORS, BLINDS AND GENERAL MILL WORK. SY eee OMMSONE Ge SOMis. see Stic c Run eke yee eis ieee eyes Nichols. ROMS: TST) TL NAT TT Renee ea pe ec Ge ee 5° OR Berkshire. WOODENWARE NOVELTIES. SEO LIES OMe SS OMcn ch wk oe se wie se eS eo ee eee Nichols. TOMPKINS COUNTY. AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. Withinamabt asst: qo7 teh Ney yo a5, a Siotenepechs ea ares Trumansburg. BOXES AND. CRATES, PACKING. Monarehs Road. aRollerm Con ....c. 2202 ssneeeeioes o Groton. Groupe LV PEwLIben GO... 2 fae 2 os os See eres Groton. CLOCKS ities Calendar 'Clocks GOV. mass Selassie oh ooms ee Ithaca. FIREARMS Mefahecneeics Gramnnnle (Oy 8525 shone acyans fir ia epek ss wtooks vast adoas oe cae in Ithaca. FURNITUR ReeeRelh MIRIVGRSICY Son Sacrts se ciciia he noe 8 am eb Ithaca. her Autophone \CG..'5 2-02 cms oe ee ee 72 thea: 194 College of Forestry TOMPKINS COUNTY — (Continued). INSTRUMENTS, PROFESSIONAL. Samora =OGOWELL wGOss - Ne s.05 ante ac bce EAE eee Ithaca. ; MACHINE CONSTRUCTION. Monarchenoad doller Go: 53.5. oo) once eee ee Groton. VST IIE Wane) 2] B10 ae cane eee eee epee er Te Fd SR a Ithaca. PATTERNS AND FLASKS. Diromanchwivonu Roller (COs la 22. ac ood oe eee eee Groton. PLANING MILL PRODUCTS. DEIR ANCG ee ss oS 2 Gre CA nod bd Ah eee Brockton. lols Jal, [SHOUIIGI ais Oiaue cia tyaieonon ia cisecianicanig o Gore clola'o's19'4 = Dryden. PIPERS SHESTVATM ESAS tile c.3 vals gw maes wi Syeve Sotees Spee sy uegpereeeieee ree Freeville. Heys TO GK cok ous 0 5 '5..5/ 5 "5 dials, 5 bane OE eee ere ee Ithaca. GornellUnryersity, Rep. Dept..5 >: 22-5 -e-5ssseenee Ithaca. Hed IN GAME: Oyernysis.sSancis as acs > bdow es ements aleve hens Ithaca. ING) HME Gaby in (Cena con ree wane guaickagan 6550p 6.00 00-00 c Ithaca. 1BIS SS Ta Oe oe ee me eee CTS McLean. SIGNS AND SUPPLIES. Stantorg-Orowelle (©Os: «.06 22 4scn- ee ee ee eee Ithaca. TANKS AND SILOS. ID RISCOUNS TOS ROS OO Milton. Emme Ell Crystal Spring’ Water. Co... 3.02.5. .0).¢. Pine Hill. ROR EREC OS LATED OOo sy tttvar dyer vicyriscacsian ep cteale wre) at dow oh afthurie a. 54s Shandaken. BRUSHES AND BROOMS. Hlenbenteb rush: Mites Coe caw toe c: yas soe oe nit dave. 5 Kingston. CHAIRS. Reimer icles MEO. COs. 15, 02 2c 4s are trace he G cas eae Mt. Tremper. PRB Le AG EMDR COI as pao ofc s cas) ois seth Ghee) Poin: snsvty dp 2's) Sy pLaveee Shandaken. DATRYMEN’S, POULTERERS’ AND APIARISTS’ SUPPLIES. PRECEDE CN ra ae, & .s. tyes mee, Wiehe vyaish a Me oa Boiceville. EXCELSIOR. PP PEMLOL Slo Scorer tclaeets, cde tener Sere ioe ae aan Lackawack. Sanh OMAR ES EORsfouke = 053 Sais seq ae savavaiel Saha ea laa cis te teiols sie Phoenicia. EMOb UM a ELOLMUECEK < S do) ber 2 << oe thera Sa pine eek Warwarsing. FIXTURES. Witham Oy Schwarzwaelder 22.02.82 4525.5- 2.0 bos Chichester. Be Sa EE ee APSE OB SYS Ales. 5, 2, poy, «af crepes sev kay td-s, doe oho ateteiouase Shady. FURNITURE. j Willian, O; Schwarzwaelder’.. 0:2. ....-2ahe-28... Chichester. rapuseraned “ball Mio. Co. 6. 62 pas ba eyene oe Kingston. WIS DIREOCe ROS es Sa: F Seas eye e(ns cease ae hoouee wave: Shady. HANDLES. SEDC VANE! (Ob, IOUS. oh acs 5,5) 2561 mai wee Reese pheu stesecaienkee Ellenville. SM CY eaters aia sts y Pe ee yaie s oe Dalal DAO oho ae Phoenicia. MACHINE CONSTRUCTION. universal oud. Machinery Co. 02.2. -2..0. 06 +2 was Kingston. PATTERNS AND FLASKS. DwishtsDeyinere SONS hes.4.- ¢cccises 6 bie rise «oss oes Ellenville. Wmiversal Road Machinery Colle o.ccs os 2. were ene Kingston. MAMCE bec OROWEL Grail a Gacrs. ais Sea kook aioe seb ee od Walkill. POE GGUEs MCN E Zp Oise. no amos Sars Sekt s PS 8s ave bec Walkill. 196 College of Forestry ULSTER COUNTY -— (Continued). PLANING MILL PRODUCTS. ee SHON GRICKS cn. os sul ece ads po Rie oe oe eee Atwood. BREN AEN TOTES TTT SRC AGN 01 0 ae EPUB AES TEA nenkug Guy ei A sic Atwood. sie Indian Wood Products Co., Ltd. 002.470 weave Big Indian. \Wailliitetiae 18151 D yoy ie ae ee eae Ee Iie ie bho.cii igi ara 6 cla Ellenville. TTA 1D is=(o va ele eae Ie iN ei Ee ote mo Ellenville. INI TB Caterer a il ah Aa ES ERE OA Const Blog Shae ni Kerhonkson. JETS AV hae D1 ie) «ee eee ene, Ge hot aie hoinicn ne Kerhonkson. Remeron Wood. Working Co. .. 2.2 4 peewee yer Kingston. PINE OCUOTEmVVICEKSivsc ce ous, ee ow alee wien Ceres ere Kingston. RMN RIES Gch wee’ occverc cx ow nls AE cane eRe ee ree Lackawack. Beem CAM PML. 12.5. +c eRe ac oes hacuin ores Oxbow. vm eran ANeSss:. 2 vs cc os 2 oe ee eee ore Oxbow. WAVE (SIT BS 25 06] 01 6 eae PE ee Ca el ee Oxbow. \WWillllianin, Siam me Ao did ooo ub oc bodwaluseGgasoboc West Shokan. SASH, DOORS, BLINDS AND GENERAL MILL WORK. WatllicimnOnschwarzwaelder. sot cru) titniene esc pete Chichester. \QVullligwan “TSS, IDs 7oeeryateao ta e.g 6 ctorc0o bon crocs oct) bal Ellenville. Dwieho Devine; & Sons... . 2.65 «.s weer | sere Ellenville. (Gh Taig TSI G he Sea aBintoue aiennicesth slosciar 3-o.cG'o on Crue Ellenville. AS IR, (COIR ETE. See GUESS O16 a oo Doub ono oo aman eas Kingston. PNUberte Mian derStOCK «. ic... <8 yee eeucnene neni etel Kingston. aif, LAS ING 01116 Ve 5 epee SE ec. es hy cet eS ae Kingston. lil. NWS HEMI TESTS RRR Seale SiG.tyo et a cb oye 0.8 co Suc Kingston. Js, Wigs DIM Gig ee Rha A 8.06 6 Som.So ans ago a. Phoenicia. NS CO)S/DLUL ln ie 35100, el a Ae cick SoG teas ot Odea Shady. SPORTING AND ATHLETIC GOODS. Ts WS UG Aiea ono nibs Codd aad udads Phoenicia. VEHICLES AND VEHICLE PARTS. 1d1S NeVcoS NUL CICGS Oh ps cole ete eee inererciclsGlo 5 5/Son hae bain) Stole Clintondale. Hendinicks sian. Press) Col.) .ce i C/o) eae ree as ce ee eae renee che nee eee ee Hudson Falls. Weel een @istV SM eutilce sees cues. lave ceca ieicws cee susie es totuebade we Se Salem. eet tournenPlaninis wMilIsCois 5 slic = se ceee we oe Whitehall. WOODENWARE AND NOVELTIES. mSeilkereat INGE Ss ( Cliiet as metciaele Mia cick aucun EOD eeRcels meter ate aac Salem. WAYNE COUNTY. AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. Pe Nome NEC LEAT oe Ge.) OWS e « cotrors 5 cys. © aps tere eeucde one cys eens, weedeea ae Marion. MCR NCO NINGN OG SOM eres scion, oars a deysaonds asereioieeus ole Suadereiseeee Marion. BASKETS AND FRUIT PACKAGES. eel Derm DOW sacs aeincd Ramer s Aes asthe oeeae aes Ontario. A Tem sepa PeL Gl Cie Aen CLO). seals, cet ac idvec evel, caegecs ouceot ede ese susie Sodus. Olies Gers @ OMAN Ga sisi: fare votc-otcayeyseee tikes st ehevale teega,e es Sodus. iNrestubbards' Basket Works 024.4 on... 26 oe ee South Butler. GC concemare OTM sChel ef. atest, 5s opnass ateicuchenestu cm & Susifousisus West Walworth. BOATS AND SHIPS. EM SLA COV 3 coctate e) nate says eraticei ote ie ert. het ohcus te whl eats Sodus Center. eee ee MCT UtsLiny Sop CO asaucverett cxenste dhe watnatehaonstetels) Sodus Point. BOXES AND CRATES. SCOPE AW BD UISCDNGE SOW 2005 5002,5, 28 spe, cose ahs stale ereustons Lyons. Si INT TINGS AVEC ene a on sen resent Newark. rami CLE VeNG CL pc .ae cas ens, sap aeeeee a eva ew: Ge SSNs Ontario. Tees. ig) LORY UCN Nye 8 5 oacnoio lots seeker ny ARERR RE oe iS ire Sa Ontario. MherGerlodk& Packing Co, ....: 2... Plo Sosa oF Palmyra. BRUSHES AND BROOMS. ° AP HURU OME GosINCOMANE AW reas uells ni wate erate ata etegsieeeliale ps Hague. CIGAR BOXES. Wiles Bret CLASS OMe teu stares sha pitts, car sncecislats elsraetedtos ie Lyons. DATRYMEN’S, POULTERERS’ AND APIARISTS’ SUPPLIES. Waliliarme hee NVebberwserra: «costo hae cuss eRe e ey oe Sodus Center. FURNITURE. “Sis JAE SGSs nN 07 oka nn ee en ea Newark. MACHINE CONSTRUCTION. VMAS se ATH eed, Sieve recite) cis. th eoaunitato tere siereteve ever oo mal taker eles Lyons. See Nie cenerx COR riers atta rsa Stone te nine fekaer arches Newark. MACHINERY AND APPARATUS, ELECTRICAL. 1D)5,. WiYo Gea) Bitaice SeeaGtomerentNcc Secon iG anicents eeaiced CokImeO Oman Sodus Point. 200 College of Forestry WAYNE COUNTY — (Continued). PLANING MILL PRODUCTS. (CEOT Cem Won buIsch ds SOU)... {Nance an ees Lyons. DEEN PRIN COMOD oye, ¢ sik dientis: # & sung Ths seetetar el eran See eeaNe Newark. NII) 6Y20R reel BL Eo) cal oa ee a ere RSS Ars Clon» duceo dy oto Sodus. AVEO OG AVEUITINN «rice ee ee eee ee -.. Elmsford. CHAIRS. Wallson! >). Adams\.). <0: 2% Js eects eee Mt. Vernon. ELEVATORS. OtisswlevatorzCo.. 0 o.oo O ae Yonkers. Wood Utilization Directory 201 WESTCHESTER COUNTY — (Continued). FIXTURES. RS TMSICIUM OGRE CANIN Sooke ithe = ead aise tan. Htkate ha wets: Sinus & Mt. Vernon. FURNITURE. PAP LUO DUS OME ona) hs Sc Sotere to adecturn stein Slane Belen Gee Mt. Vernon. PRISE arabe OSE TAIT OILGE 3:2. ccc, cic oshowcysyoks eae uebelionvs ans [emus eae hows Yonkers. PIPER EIN Otero teterets cs orate says theme suche a eitee = Mt. Vernon. PROUT M cI MS TEUEGEN Soo 99. t20en beatae chonas eter MoI ce. «eke eyes White Plains. WMA epPAULO MES, cipher ote cat cycty vy theocd at iais oat sl cp te est pas Dobbs Ferry. MACHINE CONSTRUCTION. GeOnr er MONG Sb, COM .c.2 sr Ao. =, cic ete: se ache dleefiete ates te ss Croton Falls. ELECTRICAL MACHINERY AND APPARATUS. The National Conduit and Cable Co................ Hastings-on- Hudson. PATTERNS AND FLASKS. ee ECHO NG, OWA). .8 5, My ts Sle ns ei cea Sete deren Sa Croton Falls. ee iesternt geet MO OO. seid at cies thy Sie aie wise ses ease Peekskill. Neiswellobriscoe” Motor iol 2. f0n355 22 esate ees a Tarrytown. RinmOlematOis GOs ek Wen ee ee ae eas Yonkers. PLANING MILL PRODUCTS. Sear Mem) ATMO LIE peor = sunsons ck oe Wcoatueren. © sasehoue ore ret aoe. Katonah. Pete ISCO. VOOM WIKIS -COe soar 2 espe epee Mt. Kisco. EEO most DOM os - a)56 ees fio elas ac oanie eoewe Gash cies Mt. Vernon. Ren OT URPONED fey 250 fore wse cre 2 a Speke og 3 eterna Mt. Vernon. ASOD IM SOI ete cons ko areca ee et ee Ces Mt. Vernon. Saas iverna ad DUri cay oYss ea Ola) eee ne anes nee enn aM eae haere Ne oe Mt. Vernon. New Rochelle Coal and Lumber Co....:...........- New Rochelle. Wal tarmibratheriOnss! SONS: = sr, a0: G'ac ais bless mic eolere Peekskill. HOPKIN Se Vel Uae Ge MEL OPIS ).c5 <\ ace. one 516 1e) = crete re Peekskill. (CU neriel erste 4 BrP 1 Hs ge a ate oo ee SE a Oe Peekskill. SE Src SE hy es LL Le O'Gara Pelham. Georse=Merta SONS. . 45 os ries ais a + eesioestsas ae oe Port Chester. Born Chester InumbertConr-cest. ons. Sas ee oe a: Port Chester. TERS, IC@INOHS ES ag Ol ete eemORIe aici os een Sere eee Tarrytown. PAULA EC LOM The eaten tier set ver 3 Paya otag sel waa eas ages 3 Sem Tarrytown. VTL enirea vat Saishey 800 6 aes ees a Ane eee Bee ene Tarrytown. Ty, Bes SA (eke cee eal ae en Pet ta Sr oak ae a Yonkers. REFRIGERATORS AND KITCHEN CABINETS. GanmlandriRefrigerator, Cope 22 = lcs. stale oes os = 30) lire Mt. Vernon. Honilard. telriceratore CO t ea cte scsi oo c/s eels Mt. Vernon. 202 College of Forestry WESTCHESTER COUNTY — (Continued). SASH, DOORS, BLINDS AND GENERAL MILL WORK. JL @insl cue Bib gal Nene Olmert ee atin er ark A cies ad choot Irvington-on- Hudson. Dh Dakin’ & Cow dscin2..ches See eee eee Mt. Kisco. Mir Risco. Woodworking ‘Co. 5 20.4. « ase eee ot Mt. Kisco. eae ES fet URTSTL OTR S51 ine Soyer e oted ore Cie eee LER Ee Drtogt tomer Mt. Kisco. PAULOMUIS DAV Wc, SSLAULL.. io the stat auossncre shalenctemaiomed decgeree tne eeare marae Mt. Vernon. BiTMGONM ee CN LON. .... 8 eden ee eae Mt. Vernon. Ganland Retricerator Cost:..caes ate ene eee Mt. Vernon. LPH ujor rede Oi dc loll B nim miss 6.8 ccc oo boon Soe sabe Mt. Vernon. ER VEMGOT Ge SONS 2.0.8 «oxo oun Celene a ee Mt. Vernon. Southern Camber Coz 220 hee see eee ee eee Mt. Vernon. Ni On 1g) A SINIS:. 2 oe, oe scr craic ee ne ee Mt. Vernon. Mamaroneck sash, Door and rim) Cosy... -..-000e Mamaroneck. CrawLord- Romain CO...0s eee ere eee eee New Rochelle. J. A. Mahlstedt Lumber and Coal Co..... ........ New Rochelle. New Rochelle Coal and Lumber Co................ New Rochelle. lsaaeeMerwilliger’s SOS <\.; cs crewlens crak Seeeyereietoiem iene Ossining. Minivan = Brotherton7s* SONS hse erik ele oe Peekskill. GhanlesnA, Tanvase: ) évicwe bcuseae ee eee Peekskill. eho sy iG Reo Ua). ss". 0 Ain 2) teucmetrersuere heise a Peekskill. Alfred BlOWi yr. .\4:4.s,00c bos WO eeepc tne a ererereget ae Tarrytown. MiSs COMO VEL ro, esis ow ted nae e Cavepeeteieenie ears raeeenehe Eke Tarrytown. Walltiam sO sSutton:::. 5, . osm cuseyetects paneer irra Tarrytown. SPD SV AGOGO «25520. «tc eee eterna te eee a a Tuckahoe. Kelseya smith: 66.0... is ovis Seafarer ones ety ae ene eye tebe White Plains. eawWwihitece ans crim) Con ee anaes ene eee White Plains. Arnett eOe Maren G:.cs os sae ae ein es ee eel ae Yonkers. FEMS NTO vo ca. ace ed serene hee Cea OnSIe Ea Re eee ee Yonkers. Seep HOCK 65) SS ONS ats oh) its eve eee eee eum ee ees Yonkers. TANKS AND SILOS. WUC OM Ar CAINS! S2<.5:2°2 5,' auc Shae RR eee eee ne, ee Mt. Vernon. VEHICLES AND VEHICLE PARTS. (CIS MESS i Re CAS cot oe ei Sinise Soe as Irvington. PIPMMESS PO IITTVCT: << inn os ca) + 0th ho whch ete Ret er eter een Mt. Kisco. VasyelloBriscoe Motor Cor... ce. meee Eine Tarrytown. WOODENWARE AND NOVELTIES. PAE Se COLES Bi scl-5) Roicis Ruse onsets Pelee MANS TORCH aS ord Mamaroneck. Reckskullaiaits Mig. (Co), './c 1.) ceketeaspewtin ce ete eeweae ree Peekskill. Wood Utilization Directory 203 WYOMING COUNTY. AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. Beemer ruled Plow. Cok: a5 fe) cei le teat oes le mye Castile. WinSeveVV UI SOM, “CO! ois'.c:scnqp cia eee ec ais 402 oases Warsaw. BASKETS AND FRUIT PACKAGES. (ecoscevatr Camp pellinca. a.) seta aoc cl) veo eens ein Portageville. View rms Kuve SS) aL ey owas s afevele esi tees ol Os EE coetcpdimiane Varyburg. BOOT AND SHOE FINDINGS. Pees a OG. 2.5 - fel en othaesvr 00) 2 Saha np onisiareige e-tal'y i Bye os Arcade. PSM ALES rer cew yen. certs, eck t ee mioretota cien a nce Ree Bliss. BOXES AND CRATES, PACKING. OUWeM eM diva CO sete see shor musts athe tity seedy an site eaten Arcade. Nest chouse, Machine (Com t-ticeg ..-1ls 1s os oleic tee Attica. IDI WWI. (COS, albeatip ad BO bine ne nicer pioieierc coi oxeeoie Bliss. Ream CSO O50 C Osis e.g ee cke a sravel ers les oie os wlehetpvaeiag wove Java Village. eM pyar CM GIR OR CO): as sete sie «ihe. ciiere, xs ase. se cheeks ei Perry. VAM IEPA O WEL Serene enact. Bets cy cucreto siauae suet e see eter stole Pike. Brownian Wearney Mio (Cons 2... alse estes eas es cleo s Silver Springs. Nijacsawa WWallkcimsom \CO.27. Gi ueo ees eyenose ras ous oie ese 26 Warsaw. DAIRYMEN’S, POULTERERS’ AND APIARISTS’ SUPPLIES. Amcadem Ean i, MAUS CO}... --ntnevopsousseneusaeqeaeiekeXege sony Arcade. Clore irase VWallliseaVii os COs puecusanesci-i eerie ase eg cen Attica. SMM RRS PIELKE re A. Acids nage Su ie ees ww icad fe gs eR aclake ices aes Varyburg. ELEVATORS. Wasa wa He VaOr CO. hc cete an oun erae o crses acne terndepaueia al Warsaw. INSTRUMENTS, PROFESSIONAL. LS UNS, AV I Site C/o eee Se ane ecu icue cae ne saci riedte eae cacican Bliss. dis St. (CINE W ARS eto ae ona LoenELO Ce ae ORCI nerrcubeo ence, fe Ue Bliss. EMBASE A CEEAY CO). < 0s 2 ye vale sgecn eco eke, syns! ie hia lee Silver Springs. LAUNDRY APPLIANCES. ene eas KAMP Delle... oe eksca sakes, aielbrale) sis 2 een eo Portageville. PATTERNS AND FLASKS. Wwiarsawe VWilkdtasom COs 2.2 isso tern aS aos o eedeye ole saat Warsaw. MACHINE CONSTRUCTION. Westinghouse, Machine’ Co... ... 22.05 teeedese cee Attica. PLANING MILL PRODUCTS. maeade: Planing: MAI Or. v5 ncn. ce hee one Bens os Arcade. \NGSISI Fes aad BAY 2<0) a eae ee Attica. ibipeae SNE NC Ossie oie lords) ope a> He ws a eicya sel soem oe ole Castile. lV Vallivannwl GwerSiyte treat cl as aeencte st peice: RGIS Ob tiae rie nce ae ents oC aicle Lord euareretate ote Strykersville. SASH, DOORS, BLINDS AND GENERAL MILL WORK. George C. Broadbooks............-.-2-+eeseeeeees Attica. Racade Planing Milly Cent... 62.8 = & gcse se ole Areade. 204 Coilege of Forestry YATES COUNTY. BASKETS AND FRUIT PACKAGES. BTUs ETS ek cess. cle. ocd -st dl Suchduc oe Ee On ern Bellona. eee Cnpela io... ode seo 24 Jey an ea Dresden. pardenkcoekvopson: (Ns)... os ts casei eee teeta Penn Yan. (Chim hsuccen yy Vai lay: Red (a ieee BA ie ts Sic esate Penn Yan. BOXES AND CRATES, PACKING. ADL EMIESTOS oo miedo wae 0 CS Ee eee ieee tains estan Dundee. “Wig Pasi Dbl oa] 012) th ©, 0 Pare wean Peeire Ara tan, caw ace e eNOS cl-deoncueac OKC Penn Yan. FIXTURES. Winker Bin .COt). ccc se oe eee rere Penn Yan. MACHINERY AND APPARATUS, ELECTRICAL. CoplemRTOs. oc. Seis Lia dh eee ree Ge eae Dundee. PLANING MILL PRODUCTS. (CE FS: 4 Sia eS Chin Ssh wiwolaraisioae Dundee. SASH, DOORS, BLINDS AND GENERAL MILL WORK. PODlee BOS: clit Sea 6b ee eee ee eee Toke toe teres Dundee. VEHICLES. ablerBuOSs fies ks: « ¢-<.< 05.5 a eee eieoke ie etree ee Dundee. OMMETAET OSONS 22 = os o.0 Se mrtesreae etree wlepeteeleton rolenoohalene Dresden. Brrdent ae RODSOM .... ss os ae eee oie mete rete oleate kets Penn Yan. ’ + ‘ ' = - i i] = d “ , t . y _ “ 7 ' a et ‘s ve ; - ; Se a SO ae ee es A ae ee ee ee ee ane a se ee Le ae ’March, 1917 Nuinber 280: * = TECHNICAL PUBLICATION NO. 8 uh OF ae _ THE NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF FORESTRY — ve . : ATE xe sv aitvia SYRACUSE. UNIVERSITY eee ik HUGH P. BAKER, Dean | LS 3 The Black Zones Formed by Wood- ue = -- -- Destroying Fungi ae : BY ARTHUR S. RHOADS ry *.. Published Quarterly by the University } Syracuse, New York Entered at the Postoffice at Syracuse as second-class mail matter Volume XVII March, 1917 Number 28 TECHNICAL PUBLICATION NO. 8 OF THE NEW YORK, STATE COLLEGE OF FORESTRY AT SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY HUGH P. BAKER, Dean The Black Zones Formed by Wood- Destroying Fungi BY ARTHUR S. RHOADS LIBRAR NE‘ YerREK BOT ANIC AL e Sia bh Bhi fe SE*CO Pi ; Technical Bulletin No.7 not published Nar Published Quarterly by the University Syracuse, New York Entered at the Postoffice at Syracuse as second-class mail matter ’ Volume XVII March, 1917 Number 28 TECHNICAL PUBLICATION NO. 8 OF THE NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF FORESTRY AT SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY HUGH P. BAKER, Dean The Black Zones Formed by Wood- Destroying Fungi BY ARTHUR S. RHOADS LIBRARY Published Quarterly by the University Syracuse, New York Entered at the Postoffice at Syracuse as second-class mail matter TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF FORESTRY. To be had upon application by residents of the State. Trcunicat Pusuication-No. 1, 1914. Preliminary Report on the Diseases of Fish in the Adi- rondacks: A Contribution to the Life History of Clinostomun marginatum. By Dr. W. M. Small- wood. pp. 8—27. No. 2, 1916. | I. A New Species of Pityogenes. By J. M. Swaine. pp. 8-10. II. Observations on the Life History and Habits of Pityogenes hopkinsi Swaime. By Dr. M. W. Blackman. pp. 11-66. Nios; 1916: The Development of the Vegetation of New York State. By Dr. William L. Bray. pp. 11-186. No. 4, 1916. The Relation of Mollusks to Fish in Oneida Lake. By Frank C. Baker. pp. 15-366. No. 5, 1917. The Hardwood Distillation in New York. By Nelson C. Brown. No. 6, 1917. Wood Utilization Directory of New York. By John Harris, Forest Service, revised and rearranged by Nelson C. Brown and Henry H. Tryon. 12] \¥ mn The Black Zones Formed by Wood-Destroying Lungs. “3 No. 7, 1917. The Relation of Birds to the Western Forest. By P. M. Silloway. No. 8, 1917. The Black Zones Formed |] By Arthur 8. Rhoads. Adirondack ~y Wood-destroving F ungi. TRUSTEES or THE NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF FORESTRY. Ex OFFICIO. DiseANinSiehe DA. (Chancellor. --yertrertieleeee retro Syracuse University Dr. Jonn Huston FINLEY, Commissioner of Edu- LUNI OL CN Che DRC E ERAT Re AR LG he cei os Gem ce erat Albany, N. Y. Hon. Epwarp ScHOENECK, Lieutenant Governor of HUGS EUG Westies veitesc o bie cose ore Ora oe ert rereeees | Seats Syracuse, N. Y. Hon. Grorce BE. VAN KENNEN, Chairman, Conser- Vaton: (COMMISSION -..\-2n wise eit: erstellen Ogdensburg, N. Y. APPOINTED BY THE GOVERNOR. Elon CARIES) AINDREWIS: os cuclonsnou-telovsvevenalstelstehen-(alchase Syracuse, N. Y. HON PATESANDER J's BROWN os seeiteniar tacos Syracuse, N. Y. Eons Orn, ER: o CULAN CY) a nt diets cle oiclonorveleiouessmtone Syracuse, N. Y. EVO ELAROLD) Di (CORN WAT iariem tee oracle tan reier Lowville, N. Y. HonwGEORGE Ws) DRISCOLL Ta. el) aaeine onl hee Syracuse, N. Y. ion wHRANCIS -ELENDRICKS; othr racer ate serene Syracuse, N. Y. HOT ELON DRICK 9. LOLDENI n= fee eee iter Syracuse, N. Y. TOM FOULS MMIARSIDAGIT, (27 che chavs trcdoc cot reeteneeoerern ieee New York City IMUT Rol BID SONG Oya Cope O Jal BW Ns oneris, cS hres mic oat Sho Olota ecia/otaG Syracuse, N. Y. OFFICERS OF THE BOARD. HESUCCTUL: fous. ee i) ais is a Ss Shea TO: ete Hon. Louis Marshall WGECIERa is Gc OrBGabDobaoc Jou eGo sou Id O6 Hon. John. H. Claney TUR OWISD I Rey Con WERE PRE ee SS 3c IAS, BOT S.0 ood Hon. Hendrick §. Holden [4] FACULTY or THE NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF FORESTRY AT SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY. HUGH POTTER BAKER, M. F. (Yale 1904), D. Oec. (Munich 1910), Dean of the College; Professor of Silviculture. FRANK F. MOON, B. A. (Amherst 1901), M. F. (Yale 1909), Professor of Forest Engineering. MAULSBY WILLETT BLACKMAN, A. B. (Kansas 1901), Ph. D. (Harvard 1905), Professor of Forest Entomology. EDWARD F. McCARTHY, B. S. (Michigan 1911), Professor of Forestry at the New York State Ranger School, Wanakena, N.Y. NELSON COURTLANDT BROWN, B. A. (Yale 1906), M. F. (Yale 1908), Professor of Forest Utilization. J. FRED BAKER, B. S. (Michigan Agrl., 1902), M. F. (Yale 1905), Director of Forest Investigations. LEIGH H. PENNINGTON, A. B., 1907, Ph. D. (Univ. of Michigan 1909), Professor of Forest Pathology. SEWARD D. SMITH, B. S., M. F. (Michigan 1910), Director of State Ranger School. JOHN WALLACE STEPHEN, B. A. (Michigan 1907), M. S. F. (1909), M. Pd. (Michigan Normal College 1915), Professor of Silviculture. CHARLES CHRISTOPHER ADAMS, B. 8. (Illinois Wesleyan 1896), M.S. (Harvard 1899), Ph. D. (Chicago 1908), Professor of Forest Zoology. [5] 6 College of Forestry HENRY R. FRANCIS, B. 8. (Massachusetts Agrl. 1910), Professor of Landscape Hatension. SHIRLEY W. ALLEN, B. 8. (Iowa State 1909), Professor of Forest Extension. HARRY P. BROWN, B. A. 1909, A. N. 1910, Ph. D. (Cornell 1914), Professor of Dendrology. REUBEN PARKER PRICHARD, B.S. (Dartmouth 1907), M. F. (Yale 1909), Assistant Professor of Forest Products. LAURIE D. COX, A. B. (Acadia 1903), S. B. in Landscape Architecture (Harvard 1908), Assistant Professor of Landscape Engineering. RUSSELL TAYLOR GHEEN, B. 8S. F. (Pennsylvania State 1912), M. F. (The New York State College of Forestry 1914), Assistant Professor of Forest Patension. HOWARD BLAINE WAHA, B. 8S. (Pennsylvania State 1909), Assistant Professor of Forest Engineering. HENRY HARRINGTON TRYON, A. B., M. F. (Harvard 1913), Assistant Professor of Forest Utilization. WILLIAM O. ELLIS, A. B. (Lebanon Valley 1911), M. S. (Iowa State 1913), Instructor in Forest Entomology. ALAN F. ARNOLD (Harvard), Instructor in Landscape Engineering. ARTHUR S. RHOADS, B. S. F., M. S. (Penn ‘State 1913, 1914), Assistant in Forest Botany. ALVIN G. SMITH, M. 8. (New York State College of Forestry 1915), Field Assistant in Forest Investigations. LILLIAN M. LANG, Secretary to the Dean. MILDRED E. WOOD, B. L. E. (Syracuse 1914), Librarian. WALTER W. CHIPMAN (Wabash 1893), Cashier. ELIZABETH CONE, Recorder. PREFACE The chemical changes which occur in wood as the result of fungal activity are very imperfectly understood. ‘The records of nearly all the work that has been done are in German and many of them are practically inaccessible. The present pub- lication is an attempt to throw some light upon the nature and significance of so-called ‘“‘ Black Lines” or zones of decay which accompany the activity of several species of fungi in many kinds of wood. In this attempt use is made of all available published work, which is analyzed and discussed in the light of the observations and experiments which the author himself has made. It is not claimed that the problem is solved but this publication gives some new light upon the subject and opens the way for continued investigation of this important question. Further investigations upon this and other problems of timber decay are now under way in our laboratories. L. H. PENNINGTON. 4 THE BLACK ZONES FORMED BY WOOD- DESTROYING FUNGI. Artuur 8S. Ruoaps. INTRODUCTION. Various phases of pathological study have occupied the attention of botanists at different times. Before the causes of diseases in plants where known the general external appear- ance of the affected organ was described. Later most of the attention was directed toward the discovery of the parasitic organisms which cause the derangements, and incidentally the study of the physiologic responses of the host plant was begun. Within the last few years many students of the subject have examined various morphological changes which occur in diseased plants, first dealing almost entirely with the gross anatomic appearance, but later making more minute histological and cytological investigations. Woody tissue when invaded by fungi, however, is just beginning to be studied carefully. Moreover, comparative studies are always helpful in deciding general principles. Only as we become acquainted with many examples of cytological and _histo- logical changes can we arrive at the truth regarding the reac- tion of the host plant to parasitic invasion. The practical value of such results can hardly be doubted. To combat a disease successfully we should know as much as possible about the causes. We should therefore under- stand the pathologic reactions of the diseased plant. The relations between parasitic fungi and their host plants are of various kinds. Here we largely confine our attention to the effects of the fungus upon its host and, among these, we are [9] 10 College of Forestry principally concerned with those changes which disturb the normal physiologic processes. For several years the black zones found in decaying wood have been a subject of much conjecture. Briefly stated, the problem- resolves itself to this. In the early stages of the decay of dicotyledonous woods by many of the higher fungi known as “ polypores,” characteristic blackish zones, limiting various stages of the decay, occur as prominent features of the decomposition. These zones may extend in any direction through the wood or bark, their courses being determined by the initial starting point of the fungus and its subsequent growth and advancement through the wood. Their oceur- rence may be observed best on the cross sections of a tree or log which is but partially decayed. Here they usually appear as blackish or brownish-black lines of varying thickness (Plate 1). Strictly speaking, the term “ line” should not be applied to these formations unless used in describing their appearance on a section of wood, since it is only when seen in this manner that they appear as lines. In reality they are thin zones of discolored wood which at first sharply separate the various stages of decay in the wood (Plate 1). If, how- ever, the decay starts from several centers, so that the decayed areas overlap, the figure becomes complicated and the dark zones extend very irregularly throughout the whole mass (Plate 2). The course of the discolored zones of wood is in no way influenced by the course of the growth rings. It usually runs parallel to the direction of the woody elements, although there is considerable variation in this respect. Microscopic examination shows these discolored zones to be caused by brown infiltrations in the cell walls and lumina of the cells. These infiltrations frequently become so abundant that they exude into the lumina of the cells, par- ticularly the vessels, and occlude these completely (Plate 4, Fig. 1). This brown substance usually forms a blackish zone or layer but frequently appears merely as a brown discolora- The Black Zones Formed by Wood-Destroying Fung. 11 tion in the wood. When seen in mass it is responsible for the dark coloration mentioned above. At the start the coloring material is a liquid but later dries to a brown amorphous substance. It is presumed that this brown substance consists of decomposition products that have infiltrated into the wood immediately in advance of the encroaching mycelium of the fungus. In addition to the decomposition products associated with the activities of wood-destroying fungi, the formation of a similar substance has been observed to take place in the tissues of dicotyledonous trees exposed through wounds and as yet free from fungal attack.. More recently attention has been ealled to the formation of similar substances in dead branches and fallen woody parts of dicotyledonous trees, even before they become attacked by wood-destroving fungi. In such trees, sections made through the wounds a few days after their formation show that brownish globules of a gum-like sub- stance occur abundantly in the vicinity of the wounded area. These globules, commonly termed “ wound gum” by the earlier writers, eventually flow together into larger ones which fill up the lumina of the woody elements, particularly the vessels, thereby protecting them to a certain extent against injurious influences. This protective effect, however, is not sufficient for absolute security against the decomposition and decay of the exposed wood. On this account wound diseases are much more likely to oceur in dicotyledonous trees than in the conifers, for the resin secreted by the latter quickly flows out over the surface of the wound and excludes the en- trance of air and fungi. So far as the writer has been able to ascertain, this problem never has been made the subject of an investigation by any- one in this country. The presence of this discoloration is noted invariably in the majority of our descriptions of the deeay of dicotyledonous woods. Beyond merely noting the occurrence of these zones of infiltrated wood, but little has 12 College of Forestry been done toward the study of them. Occasionally they have been alluded to in slightly greater detail by a few authors in this country. On the other hand many valuable investiga- tions carried on during the last quarter century by German workers, to explain closely related subjects, have thrown con- siderable light upon our problem. or the establishment of many important principles Iam indebted to the writings of Dr. Ernst Miinch which have been used as a basis for a por- tion of this paper, since the writer firmly believes that his explanation of the origin of this infiltration and its physio- logic significance is the ultimate one. For this reason, and in order that the results of his investigations may be brought to the attention of those in this country who may be interested in them, a number of his results and experiments that deal with our question have been quoted.' HISTORICAL. It is first necessary to review briefly the older literature dealing with the pathologic changes which, originating in the region of wounds in wood, are accompanied by a brown dis- coloration and are termed, according to their position and arrangement in the stem, “ protection wood,” ‘ protection heart,” ‘false heart,” “ pathologic heart,” and ete. Frank (1895, p. 31)” states that the woody plants, without excep- tion, exhibit the phenomenon of a darkening to a considerable *' This study was started in the Botanical Laboratory of The Pennsyl- vania State College under the direction of Prof. C. R. Orton, to whom the writer is indebted for advice and through whom he became interested in the problem. Grateful acknowledgment is hereby made of my indebtedness to Dr. William Frear and Dr. Guy Given of the Experi- ment Station for their instruction and advice upon the chemistry of the problem. Further investigation was carried on in the Botanical Labora- tory of The New York State College of Forestry. The writer also wishes to express his gratitude to Dr. L. H. Pennington and Dr. H. P. Brown for many helpful suggestions and criticisms, both of the work and the manuscript. * Bibliographic citations in parentheses refer to “ Literature Cited,” pp. 46-49. ° The Black Zones Formed by Wood-Destroying Fungi 13 depth of the tissue exposed through wounds. In cross sec- tions of such wounds this is especially noticeable in as much as the discolored tissue is sharply differentiated from the underlying unchanged woody tissue. Microscopic examina- tion shows that this darkening is due to the fact that the cell walls of the wood in question have been discolored by a brownish substance. Especially have the lumina:of the ves- sels and the adjoining cells become filled up with a solid mass of brown material. Frank has named this brown material “ wound-gum.”* In the tissues thus modified, in the vicinity of wounds tyloses arise in most dicotyledonous woods. These are bladder-lke outgrowths of the parenchyma cells which project into the vessels and occlude’ them quite effectually. We find the vessels partly filled with ‘ wound-gum” and partly filled with tyloses. Robert Hartig (1878), in his work on the diseases of wood, explained this browning as the first step in the decomposition of the wood or of wound decay. He stated (pages 66 and 140) that the dark brown discoloration of the decayed wood is due to the fact that a yellow or brownish liquid is contained within the woody elements. This liquid substance, upon dry- ing, collects as a crust upon the cell walls or as a brittle yellow or brownish substance which eracks in various directions and completely fills the cells. He considered this substance to be a humus solution and stated that it consists of the decom- position products of the cell contents which have been dis- solved in the water that leaches in from without and pene- trates farther into the wood. *This substance has no connection with the true gum which arises through the secretion of the cell walls of stone fruits and tropical gum trees and which, in every respect, is of a different nature. Similar material has been called “ protection gum” and “ wood gum” by other authors. Theodor Hartig and certain later authors have used the word “ Kernstoffe ” which the writer has translated to the term “ decompo- sition products” and used throughout this paper to avoid ambiguity and for the sake of uniformity. 14 College of Forestry In opposition to R. Hartig’s conception, Frank (1884) stated that these brown masses of wound-gum in the dark- ened areas — likewise the tyloses— are products of living wood parenchyma. He reasoned that their formation is due to a universal life process to afford protection by excluding outside air from the living wood so that the natural functions of the latter are thereby kept undisturbed. He therefore called the wood thus darkened ‘‘ protection wood.” Frank stated further that its formation can be induced artificially by wounding and that one can cause it to be produced at any desired position in a living tree. According to Frank the protection wood is anatomically and physiologically iden- tical to the heartwood which is to be found in most dicotyle- donous trees after a certain age. The benefit which the tree receives through the closing of its woody elements to the outer air by the “ protection wood ” lies, according to Frank, mainly in the fact that the air within the wood becomes inde- pendent of atmospheric pressure. Temme (1885), working under Frank’s direction, found an increase in the specific gravity of the “ protection wood ” over that of the sapwood. He stated that the penetration of air and rain water through open vessels hastens the disinte- eration of the wood and also maintained that the wood browned by the infiltration of decomposition products offers a certain protection against destruction. From his experience in the care of trees, Temme concluded that the customary covering of the smaller wounds with tar or tree wax was super- fluous, since they are closed temporarily by the protective wood until they are healed over, after which they are closed permanently. Tt must be emphasized, however, that considerable credit is due to Bbhm (1879) who had disclosed all of the essential features of protection wood several years before. He ob- served (p. 224) that the pathological transformation to heart- wood oceurs predominatingly at the boundary between hving The Black Zones Formed by Wood-Destroying Fungy 15 and dead wood. Even before Bohm, Theodor Hartig (1857) and others had concerned themselves with the most important phenomena of normal and pathologic heartwood formation as well as the chemical reactions of the infiltrating decomposi- tion products. Gaunersdorfer (1882) likewise contributed to this subject. He studied (principally on Syringa) a brown zone of pro- tection wood in wounded twigs, established its similarity to normal heartwood, and made a careful examination of the brown infiltration. His results indicate a noticeable increase in weight for the pathologic heartwood. The physiologic significance of the protection wood is to retard or render im- possible the harmful atmospheric inflow into the deeper-lying living tissue. It would seem, therefore, that the protection wood has an important function to fulfill. He assumed that the infiltrating substance is produced from living cells, chietly from: the starch grains. He, as well as Bohm, believed that the occlusion of wounds by the infiltration of the wood con- stitutes a safeguard against injurious external atmospheric influences. Opposed to this von Tubeuf (1886) found in Cytisus that wood transformed to pathologic heartwood is easily pene- trated and destroyed by fungal threads. Therefore he con- tested the idea that a protection is instituted against destruc- tion and stated that the transformation of the margin of the wound to pathologic heartwood did not render the artificial closing of the wound unnecessary as had been claimed by the earlier authors. For the remainder von Tubeuf leaned toward Bohm’s theory. In his opinion pathologic heartwood formation, subsequent to wounding, is a reaction against oxidation and pressure changes and, in specific cases, perhaps against fungal ferments. He confirmed R. Hartig’s observa- tion that all pathologic heartwood cells are dead.* “Further literature, the discussion of which would take too long, is given by von Tubeuf (1899). 16 College of Forestry The subject of pathologic heartwood formation received additional light through the investigation of the false heart of red beech by Hartig and Weber (1888). Normally the red beech does not form heartwood, even in old age. In many cases, however, brown discolorations start from branch wounds and. spread through the interior of the trunk, often extending throughout its whole length. In this reddish-brown heart the vessels are occluded by tyloses and there are drops of gum in the parenchyma cells and other elements. It is stated that the increased entrance of air through the branch wounds permits an inereased activity of the living paren- ehyma cells. This is shown by the formation of tyloses and wound gum in the parenchyma cells. It was observed that fungal mycelium also occurs frequently in the dark brown heart. The false heart is to be considered as pathologie and does not differ essentially from genuine heartwood. Hermann (1902) confirmed the opinion of R. Hartig on the origin of the false heartwood from branch wounds. He also found fungal mycelium present in nearly all cases. The false heartwood was considered as a protection by the tree against the entrance of wood-destroying fungi into the wounds. The fungal hyphae are at first occluded from air and moisture by the tyloses and masses of gum, and their development retarded. The tyloses and gum formations ultimately are dissolved by the penetrating fungal hypae. Tuzson (1903) arrived at similar conclusions. He stated that the tyloses and wound gum occur in the heartwood merely in consequence of the stimulation by the fungus and not as a reaction against the entrance of air after wounding. He found that the red heartwood is more resistant to fungi than the sapwood. The observation that a similar formation of false heartwood also occurs in felled wood attacked by fungi is important. Tuzson found that the formation of false heart increases the specific gravity of the wood. Some work of Lindroth (1904), which is also based upon The Black Zones Formed by Wood-Destroying Fungi 17 the protection wood theory, is of more importance. Lindroth investigated the pathologic heartwood (the protection wood of Frank) found in a thin zone surrounding portions of wood decomposed by Polyporus nigricans Fries. Such pathologic heartwood proved to be rich in infiltration products and thereby increased in weight, hardness, and durability. He stated that this infiltrating substance arises through the combined action of the fungus in the rotten heartwood, and the oxygen of the air. The pathologic heartwood was consid- ered by him to retard the progress of the fungal decom- position. To sum up these rather diversified results of the earlier workers, the brown substance commonly occurring in the vicinity of wounds in wood is to be considered as a secretion of the parenchyma cells. This substance is said to have the function, either in conjunction with the tyloses or in their absence, of occluding the severed vessels. By this means the air in the tissues is rendered independent of the atmospheric pressure. In this manner the tissues are protected against the entrance of fungi and consequent decay. The cells are stimulated to form tyloses and decomposition products by means of fungal hyphae, wound stimulus, entrance of oxygen, and pressure changes. The discolored wood is denoted, ac- cording to its position in the stem, as protection wood, false (pathologic) heart, or protection heart (when surrounding wounded areas). It is said to be similar to normal heart- wood. Minch (1910?) arrived at somewhat different results by which he very clearly settled the differences of opinion exist- ing among the earlier authors. His results concern, first of all, the origin of the brown substance, the decomposition products, arising in the protection wood. He states that this substance is not a secretion of living cells but that it arises only after the death of the cells as an oxidation product of the cell contents. 18 College of Forestry Miinch states that when tyloses occur in pathologic heart- wood along with the decomposition products they have an entirely different method of formation and cause than do the decomposition products. It is his belief that they arise earlier while the woody elements are still alive, as outgrowths of the same. He attributes their formation to the entrance of air through a wound, that is, to wound stimulus.” More- over, these stimuli result in an increased transportation of nourishment into the living tissues surrounding the dead (infiltrated) portions of wood. If these enriched portions of the wood are killed afterwards and infiltrated, the false heart thus produced has (according to Miinch) an appre- ciably higher specific gravity than normal wood. The occlusion of the vessels retards the ready access of external air. Therefore the paucity of oxygen within the tissues of living wood renders it less penetrable to fungal hyphae. — ORIGIN OF THE DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS (KERNSTOFFE). The earlier authors did not agree as to whether the decom- position products (wound or protection gum) arise as a secretion product of living cells or as an oxidation product of the dead cells. Frank’s statement that the cells furnishing the decomposition products are living during the formation of such substances never has been proved and it must suffice to consider his theory as wholly hypothetical. Even Frank’s work does not appear to justify this statement and it appears from it and still more from similar investigations by Will (1899) that the formation of decomposition products cannot be the result of a vital process. Frank (1884, p. 323) described the microscopic details of wound gum formation * According to Miinch (1910°) tyloses also occur at points where the entrance of air is excluded and the stimulus afforded by fungous excre- tions or decomposition products must be accepted as the reason for their origin. The Black Zones Formed by Wood-Destroying Fungi 19 as follows. In the vicinity of the margins of wounds a red- dish discoloration was observed after 8 to 10 days. ‘This is due to a coloration of the cell walls, especially those of the pith rays. In these cells brown drops (the wound gum) arise as a new formation of the cell contents and partly as a transformation of the starch grains. Their formation then continues farther. The brown substance infiltrates the cell walls and eventually exudes into the himina of the vessels, partly occluding them. From this description it does not appear that Frank’s view is justified for, as Miinch (19107) has stated, a “browned” tissue, the parenchyma cells of which are filled with brown material, is necessarily dead and therefore incapable of further vital activity. In such tissue deseribed by Frank, if the formation of the brown substance continues, then it can hardly be a question of a secretion of living cells. It is difficult to understand how anyone can consider such changed and discolored cells to be alive. The investigations of Bohm, R. Hartig, von Tubeuf, and later those of Miinch (19107) have shown, beyond all possible doubt, that the cells furnishing the decomposition products are always dead. Miinch found that the formation of the brown product oceurred in dessicated cells as well as those infected by fungal hyphae — cells which were unquestionably dead. There is no further foundation for asserting that the de- composition products arise from living parenchyma cells other than the following account of Frank (1884, p. 330) in which he states that the gum formation as well as the forma- tion of tyloses is truly a vital process and not a purely chemi- eal process of disintegration. This follows from the fact that it does not occur in fallen trees and branches as soon as they are dead. Miinch (1910?) declares this to be wrong and states that under certain circumstances there arises in fallen, doubtlessly dead, woody parts a brown material which, according to its appearance, origin, and chemical reactions, 20 College of lorestry may be designated as Frank’s wound gum. In order to prove this he made detailed studies of poplar (Populus balsamea) twigs, in which he allowed unpeeled twigs to dry out in a room so. that generally from one to two weeks elapsed before they showed signs of dessication. He observed that death nat- urally took place first in the vicinity of the cut ends and that the bark and outermost portions of wood likewise died before the deeper-lying ones, which were better protected from dry- ing. The protoplasm became rigid and lost its fine granular structure; in addition the most of it turned a lght brown. In the twigs, soon after the death of the parenchyma cells, there occurred a darkening of the wood and especially of the bark. Muiinch furthermore determined that the dark color ° originated exclusively from the brown substance which was present in the parenchyma cells and that the darkening ap- peared first in the parts which were more affected by the drying, that is, at the ends and at the periphery. Thence it proceeded rapidly toward the center of the twig. Upon making radial sections at the place where only the outer part of the wood was darkened and the inner was still white, Miinch observed that the pith ray cells at the boundary between these two areas contained several brown globules. He found that all the cells, even the inner ones which were still uncolored, had died and did not respond to the plasmolysis test. Farther toward the outside scattered brown droplets were noticed in the vacuoles of the protoplasm. In the cells situated near the periphery of the twig these brown droplets had coalesced to form larger drops. These frequently eon- tained several small bubbles. Miinch states that examina- tion of such cells showed unmistakably that the liquid con- tents of the vacuoles suddenly become changed at some time after the death of the cells to brown viscid drops which became firm and hard after coalescing. In wood that was still fur- ther dried he observed cracks in some of the individual brown globules. The Biack Zones Formed by Wood-Destroying Fungi 21 These brown globules, according to the illustration and description given by Miinch are identical in appearance and chemical properties with those observed by the writer in the sapwood of a log of pignut hickory, Hicorta glabra ( Mill.) Britton, attacked by a common sap-rot fungus, Cortolus prolificans (Fries) Murrill. Radial sections (10 microns) were made of portions of wood which were in the first stage of decay — that is, the wood had been penetrated by fungal hyphae but disintegration had not started. The portions which were sectioned consisted of small resistant areas of wood (Plate 3) left intact after the remainder of the sap- wood of the log was completely decomposed. These areas were sharply demarked from the surrounding, almost com- pletely decayed wood by prominent black zones. In these radial sections almost all of the pith rays contained abundant brown droplets (Plate 4, Fig. 2). According to Miinch the brown substance in the pith ray cells of the poplar twigs examined by him is identical with that spoken of by Frank (1884) as wound gum and by Th. Hartig (1857) as “ Kernstoffe,” since it possesses all of the characteristic chemical properties mentioned by Th. Hartig and Frank and has a similar origin. Miinch finds it to be insoluble and to remain unchanged in water, alcohol, ether, concentrated caustic potash, concentrated sulphuric acid (in which the wood swelled up and became darker), and cold con- centrated nitric acid. In boiling concentrated nitric acid he observed that the brown substance quickly dissolved to a colored solution. The latter reaction had been reported earlier by Th. Hartig (1. ¢.), who had first studied the sub- stance. Frank (1884, p. 324) in describing the characteristics of wound gum states that if a cross section of such infiltrated wood be digested for a quarter of an hour with dilute hydro- chloric acid and potassium chlorate the gummy substance is converted into a new compound which, while likewise in- bo 2 College of Forestry soluble in water, is readily soluble in alcohol. Continued digestion with this reagent, however, finally dissolves the gummy substance completely. Miinch found that this reaction took place in the substance with which he worked, especially when the mixture was hot; with a cold mixture, as a rule, a ereater time was required. Miinch (19107), however, considers it an error of Frank, which had not been disputed previously, that this reaction (alcohol solubility after digestion with hydrochloric acid and potassium chlorate) is a particular characteristic for wound gum. He is of the opinion that the same reaction probably also occurs with starch-containing cells which do not show the slightest trace of browning or gum formation. As proof of this Miinch treated thin sections of the inner, absolutely white, living sapwood of Prunus avium and Fagus sylvatica for ten minutes in the above-mentioned mixture. After this treatment the rich starch contents changed into clear drops which, upon the addition of alcohol, disappeared instantly under the microscope. He found that the same behavior was exhibited by the contents of the bark cells regardless of whether they were living and colorless or dead, browned, and filled with the brown substance. From the action of such strong reagents, however, he failed to draw any conclusions as to the nature of the substance. According to Miinch (19107), the brown congealed product of the cell contents arises not only in cells killed by dessica- tion but likewise in cells killed by other causes. The recog- nized browning caused by fungal attacks originates generally from such substances only, in this ease, they are less isolated and in general occur mixed with the cell contents (remnants of the protoplasm). Moreover, they are present here mostly in slight quantity because the constructive product, the cell contents material, has already been partially consumed by the fungus. In order to prove this Miinch examined poplar twigs which he infected while living with Stereum pur- The Black Zones Formed by Wood-Destroying Fungi 23 pureum. In these he found, in the vicinity of the hyphae growing nearest the vessels, that the protoplasm of the paren- chyma cells was dead or nearly so. It had contracted from the cell walls and gave slight or no further plasmolysis with suitable reagents. ‘The remaining cell contents had collected as colorless drops which were soon browned and mixed with the dead protoplasm so that the pith rays en masse appeared brown. Even here the brown substance gave all the reactions recorded for wound gum except that the resistance against the use of cold hydrochloric acid and potassium chlorate was many times greater than that given by Frank. Miinch was convinced that even in this case — of death through fungi — the brown substance arises only after the death of the cells but never, however, in living tissues. He observed this clearly by microscopic examination of infected living twigs and pieces of wood, especially in those cases in which he per- mitted fungal hyphae to grow over the surface of living wood in a moist chamber. In this case he could easily follow the advance of the fungus and the browning. It was evident to him that the latter does not precede the fungous attack but appears only at some distance behind the growing, pointed hyphae where the sound wood cells had been killed by the fungus.° He concluded that the browning therefore can not be a preventive measure, a means of protection of the plant against fungous attack. According to Miinch (1910?) the substances which furnish the decomposition products may leave the cells, after the death of the protoplasm, and exude into the lumina of the vessels. or this, however, a greater quantity of cell sap is required than is at the disposal of the drying poplar twigs. He believes that the oxidation of these products occurs mostly in the vessels which are rich in oxygen. The oxidation of * According to Miinch it is different in living trees where the fungal ferments become distributed by the sap-flow and can then act injuriously upon distant-lying cells. 24 | College of Forestry these products results in the formation of the brown drops which later become solidified and occlude the vessels. More- over, in coniferous woods which are killed by fungi the brown drops occurring in the parenchyma cells are, to all appear- ances, of the same nature and manner of origin. With regard to the transformation of the cell contents of coniferous woods, Miinch cites an experiment by which he eould follow, microscopically, the entrance of a bluing fungus, Hndoconidiophora coerulescens, into the parenchymw cells of pine wood, He made thin radial sections from living pine wood and placed them in hanging drops in van Tieghem cells, the whole being done under sterile conditions. In the ease cited the reserve material consisted entirely of fat in the form of a fine emulsion in the protoplasm. If no infec- tion followed he noted that such cells in a hanging drop eul- ture remained unchanged for several days. If, on the con- trary, viable fungous spores were inoculated into the drop culture he observed that the conditions changed at once. As soon as the fungal hyphae reached a pith ray they promptly invaded it, ramified, and soon filled the cells completely. He observed that the fine granular structure of the protoplasm immediately disappeared into the cells attacked and the con- tents flowed together into drops. Upon careful observation, minute thin-walled fungal hyphae were always to be found in the cells thus altered. These drops were still colorless at the end of the experiment and were (as Miinch learned by comparison of other tests of wood killed by such fungi) similar in every way to those previously described by Frank except that they did not become brown. That this substance ean also oceur in the parenchyma cells of coniferous wood had been found previously by Will (1899). The writer has never observed nor could any reference in literature be found concerning the occurrence in coniferous woods attacked by wood-destroying fungi, of the prominent blackish zones which are characteristic features associated The Black Zones Formed by Wood-Destroying Fungi 25 with certain decays of dicotyledonous woods. Similar for- mations are characteristic of the decay of spruce and larch caused by Porodaedalea pint (Thore) Murrill, but they are inconspicuous when compared to the broad zones of decom- position products which commonly occur in the decay of dicotyledonous woods. Such decomposition products arising through the decay of coniferous woods by wood-destroying fungi apparently are small in quantity compared with those arising through the decay of dicotyledonous woods. Why we have such a condition is not known. If the decomposition products in question were dependent upon the hemicellulose, xylan (wood gum), for their source we might have a plausible explanation of this peculiar cir- cumstanee. According to Storer (1898) the evidence thus far accumulated tends to show that the wood gum in the trunks of trees is, comparatively speaking, difficult of diges- tion and less active, physiologically speaking, than the true cellulose with which it is accompanied and combined. In proof of the small quantity of wood gum obtainable from coniferous wood by the direct action of alkaline solutions, Thomsen (1879, p. 159) says that, unlike the wood of dicotyledonous trees which give up to dilute soda lye from 8 to 26 per cent of wood gum, fir wood is hardly at. all acted upon by soda lye. He obtained less than 0.8 per cent of wood gum from spruce wood and less than 0.5 per cent from fir wood. In these coniferous woods he states that wood gum appears to be present only in minute quantities. Other authors have come to similar conclusions in regard to the wood gum content of other coniferous woods. The great differences in structure between coniferous and dicotyledonous woods suggests another plausible reason for the discrepancy between the relative amounts of decomposi- tion products arising through the decay of these respective classes of woods. In the dicotyledonous woods, owing to the presence of much larger elements — the vessels — we should - 26 College of Forestry naturally expect to have an increased flow of air through the wood, thereby permitting a much more rapid and complete decomposition than could possibly occur in coniferous woods. In order to be entirely certain that the decomposition product is produced in cells that are attacked by wood-destroy- ing fungi, Miimch conducted an experiment in which he placed pieces of fresh beech sapwood in closed sterilized chambers and observed them for several weeks. He noticed that these wood samples developed tyloses profusely; in the eambium region even a luxuriant growth of callus began. However, the familiar brown coloration betraying the forma- tion of the decomposition products did not appear, the sur- face of the wood merely coloring to a pale yellowish brown. Tf, on the contrary, the pieces of wood were inoculated with a wood-destroying fungus the discoloration, indicative of the decomposition of the cell contents into a brown substance, arose immediately in all parts killed by the fungus. There ean therefore be no doubt that the brown drops, designated by Frank as wound gum, are a decomposition product of the cell contents and that they occur only in dead cells. The striking fact that the cell contents, which are without question very easily oxidized, do not experience oxidation in the cells even where there is a free transmission of air through the wood is to be explained by the properties of the living protoplasm. With the death of the protoplasm by dry- ing, frost, heat, fungous attack, ete., its permeability is destroyed. Asa result the air flows in upon the vacuole con- tents which are no longer protected and oxidation of the cell contents occurs. The presence of moisture is as necessary to the oxidation described as it is for most chemical decompositions of that nature. According to Miinch, in the case of the poplar twigs for example, if the dessication be greatly hastened by removy- ing the bark and drying in a hot room, no browning occurs. Tn this case, after the death of the protoplasm by dessication, The Black Zones Formed by Wood-Destroying Fung. 27 he believes that the twigs lose their moisture too rapidly for the browning to follow. It is also known in other cases that rapid removal of water prevents browning. The prompt dry- ing of pressed plants obviates the dark coloration; fruit dried quickly retains its bright color. Miinch (19107) has stated to the contrary, however, that in many kinds of wood (beech, etc.) no browning occurs even when the drying is gradual. On the other hand he finds that the browning does not occur if the necessary degree of moisture but insufficient oxygen is present. According to the same authority, wood that is very rich in water and therefore poor in oxygen re- mains uncolored for a long time. The fact follows that the absence of browning is no proof of freedom from fungous attack. Bailey (1910) investigated the discoloration of sapwood, or “sap-stain” as it is called commonly, which occurs on freshly cut surfaces of certain dicotyledonous woods. He found that when freshly cut surfaces of such woods were exposed to the air under favorable conditions of temperature and moisture a chemical reaction started which, with varying rapidity, produced a colored substance in the wood. The examination of microscopic sections of this sap-stained lum- - ber revealed the fact that the colored substance produced by the chemical reaction was most conspicuously developed in the pith rays and wood parenchyma cells, living tissues which are largely concerned in the storage and conduction of food in the wood. Bailey points out further that in general sap-stain is the result of two agencies: the attacks of fungi and chemical discoloration, the latter being caused in the sapwood by the activity of oxidizing enzymes. That both agencies are closely related to the food substances available in the wood is shown by the fact that the discoloration, whether produced by the activity of fungi or by chemical reaction, is most con- spicuously developed in the pith rays and wood parenchyma cells. In addition both agencies producing sap-stain are de- 28 College of Forestry pendent upon atmospheric oxygen, heat, and water in certain proportions. According to Bailey the optimum conditions for sap-staining are found in green timber during hot humid weather, whereas unfavorable conditions are found in cold dry weather and in logs immersed in water. It is generally known that if fungous-infected wood be exposed to the air for several hours its surfaces turn brown. This is especially striking in woods that normally are white. Lindroth (1904) has made observations of this nature on sections of birch wood decayed by Polyporus nigricans Fries. He marked the outer limit of a dark zone on a section with a lead pencil and after keeping the wood in a moist chamber for 15 hours observed that a new discolored zone had formed outside of the pencil mark. He concluded therefore that the formation of this new discolored zone occurred through the combined action of the atmospheric oxygen and the fungus. That the oxygen alone did not cause this is obvious because sound birch wood does not become colored so rapidly when exposed to the air under the above conditions. ‘That, on the other hand, the fungus alone did not cause the new discolora- tion he confirmed since the dark zone could only be found within a few millimeters of the exposed surface. As Miinch (19107) correctly stated, the formation of the brown decomposition product is dependent upon the coneur- rence of three factors, the presence of dead cells, an optimum supply of moisture, and a sufficient supply of oxygen to pro- mote oxidation. This makes it clear why the so-called pro- tection wood formation is often confined to a very definite zone, namely directly at the boundary between dead and liv- ing wood.‘ In Miinch’s opinion it would be far more con- 7In addition to the above-described formation of the decomposition products resulting from the oxidation of the cell contents Miinch (1910°) observed that the mycelium of certain fungi excreted drops of a sub- stance which, upon microscopic examination and microchemical tests, apparently was identical with that arising in the parenchyma cells of The Black Zones Formed by Wood-Destroying Fungi 29 geivable that similar brown oxidation products may be formed from substances which occur in the free cell sap. In some instances, however, as in cherry wood, the large amount of substance infiltrated in the vessels cannot be attributed to the contents of the parenchyma cells but must come from some other source — possibly the cell wall. Modern researches have shown that a number of hem1- celluloses occur as carbohydrate reserve materials which are deposited in the form of thickened cell-walls in the endos- perm of seeds and as secondary layers of thickening in the wood parenchyma and wood prosenchyma elements of cer- tain woods. By means of enzymes these reserve materials may be converted into gums and sugars, in which form they may be transported to those parts where growth is taking place. The investigations of Griiss (1896) have shown that a cell-wall which consists of a mixture of two hemicelluloses, is dissolved fractionally by the action of a cytolytic enzyme, that is, one constituent earlier than the other. He found further that the hemicelluloses araban and galactan were transformed respectively into the gums arabin and galactin which could be transported to tissues even before they were further changed into the sugars, arabinose and galactose. Griiss finds that these gums occur in the dormant reserve ma- terials of the genera Acacia, Astragalus, Prunus, and others, and denotes them as reserve gums. He finds that the result of oxidizing enzymes on the hemicelluloses is to effect a par- tial digestion of this assimilation product, by which sugar and gum is formed, the amount of gum varying with the com- pleteness of the digestion. After the resolution of the hemi- celluloses into sugar and gum the sugar is leached out while the gum is left behind. Griiss is of the opinion that this wood as an oxidation product of their cell contents. He states further: that, while possible, it is extremely improbable that substances similar to oxidation products of the cell contents may be excreted by fungi in certain woods. 30 College of Forestry enzymatic digestion of the hemicellulose reserve materials 3s the explanation for the phenomenon of gummosis. As was stated earlier, the hemicellulose, xylan, is diffieult of digestion and less active physiologically than the true cellulose with which it is accompanied and combined. After this hemicellulose is converted into sugar and gum by enzy- matic action, it is not impossible that the gum may be further changed by an oxidative or other action into an insoluble by- product while the sugar is utilized as food by the fungal hyphae. RELATION OF PATHOLOGIC AND NORMAL HEARTWOOD. All who have concerned themselves with the question of the relation of pathologic and normal heartwood have consid- ered them from the anatomic and physiologic standpoints. In normal heartwood formation it is to be supposed that the inner, older parenchyma cells have died normally through age, lack of function, deficient food supply, ete., and that their contents, in part at least, seep through the cell walls and even ooze out into the lumina of the neighboring cells. The normal heartwood is also to be regarded as an initial stage of decomposition when considered in this limited sense. Where tyloses occur they may be considered to have arisen from the parenchyma cells which remain alive longer than the other elements. The older sapwood is always poorer in water and richer in air than that last formed. It has been found that heartwood, normal as well as pathologic, has greater specific gravity and is richer in solid substances than the sapwood. The transformation to heartwood therefore must be regarded as an addition to the woody substance due to the oxidation of the cell contents and the decomposition of these residues within the woody elements. It must be remembered that, in the case of pathologic heart- wood near wounds in living trees, an increase in weight has The Black Zones Formed by Wood-Destroying Fung. 31 been established only for those portions transformed to heart which lie on the outer surface of the wounded tissue. Here the tyloses and infiltrated decomposition products are most abundant, often in such quantity that an increase in material is evident by mere macroscopic observation. These parts are easily recognized macroscopically by their darker color. They either surround, as “ protection heartwood,” portions of wood less strongly transformed to heartwood or they bound wound surfaces as “ protection wood.” In these cases this zone of “protection wood” is distinguished from the dead wood which it isolates, only by the fact that the tyloses and the oxidation products are more abundant. Hermann (1902) has already mentioned this as occurring in the pathologic heartwood of beech. i An explanation of this remarkable accumulation of brown material in the uninjured tissues directly underlying dead wood in wounded areas is furnished by the discovery of Miinch (1910', p. 889). He has pointed out that wherever woody or bark tissues are killed there is an extraordinary movement of formative materials toward the neighborhood of the dead area as a result, so that in such places the cambial activity may be increased several times and additions to the bark may oceur beyond the normal. According to the same author the living parenchyma cells in the neighborhood of dead cells have a special attractive force for the formative materials and consequently an increased growth and_ sub- division may occur, which often is manifested in a prolific formation of tyloses. So, for example, when the fungal hyphae penetrate and consequently kill a portion of the wood an abnormal stream of building materials then flow into the tissues adjoining the dead areas and the parenchyma cells involved develop tyloses. The parts previously rich in these substances are killed likewise by the advancing fungus and its diffusing enzymes. The cell contents are oxidized, after which the transformation to pathologic heartwood is complete. 32 College of Forestry As Miinch (1910?) states, it is therefore clear that an import- ant accumulation of materials occurs, especially in those places where the drying is gradual or where the penetration of the disease-producing organism is very slow as, for example, in the periphery of the decayed areas. Here the wood cells have the maximum time to attract material to them before they in turn become attacked and killed by the fungal secretions cr other injurious influences. It is not impossible that even after death a woody portion may be enriched by the flow of sub- stances from the surrounding, living cells due to purely physical causes and, upon the concentration of such sub- stances the deposition of them as solid materials may oceur within the areas concerned. Otherwise the frequently described: accumulations of calcium carbonate and caleium oxalate in plant tissues would be difficult to explain. Heww- ever, this is to be regarded as a hypothesis less well estal- lished. Such increase of substance as a result of pathological heart- wood formation has been investigated by numerous workers. Lindroth (1904) stated that the infiltrated decomposition products formed in birch wood, as a result of its decay by Polyporus nigricans Fries, imparts great hardness to the wood and retards the decomposition of the same. He stated that while the specific gravity of the sound wood was 0.99, that of the dark infiltrated zone was 1.23. By absolute dry weight he found the specific gravity of the sound wood was 0.77 while that of the dark zone was 0.90. THE PHYSIOLOGIC SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DE- COMPOSITION PRODUCTS. Many investigators have observed that the fungal hyphae do not appear to be able to penetrate the heavier infiltrations of decomposition products occurring as blackish zones de- marking decayed from undeeayed areas of wood. Conse- quently they have attributed a protective effect to this forma- The Black Zones Formed by Wood-Destroying Fung 32 tion. Lindroth (1904) in discussing such a zone of “ protec- tion heart,” as he called it, caused by Polyporus nigricans Fries in birch wood, states that it is especially resistant to decomposition and offers a certain protection against further attack by the fungus. If it should happen, as these blackish zones continue to become thicker, that the supply of water within the diseased portions of the wood falls below the de- mand made upon it by the fungus, the mycelium — providing it has not been smothered in the meantime — may break through and transform another zone into pathologic heart- aie This gives rise to the well-known concentric blackish zones which at first sharply separate the various stages of the decay in wood (Plate 1). It is plausible that the occlusion of the vessels and other elements of the wood renders the pathologic heartwood, as well as the healthy wood lying directly without it, relatively free from air; furthermore it inhibits the circulation of air and hence the inroads of the fungal hyphae. It is also pos- sible that the brown decomposition products with which the cell walls frequently are infiltrated may be, to a certain degree, harmful to fungi. At least such infiltrated substances are more difficult for them to assimilate than those constitu- ents which have not yet been oxidized. Owing to this the contents of the cells which otherwise would be an important source of nitrogen for the growth of fungi have assumed through chemical decomposition a form more difficult to assimilate. On ‘these grounds greater resistance to decom- position by fungi is to be expected, especially if the fungi which have caused this transformation to pathologic heart- wood are already smothered. For fungi coming in later the culture medium is made poor. Under optimum conditions for the growth of fungi, heart- wood (normal as well as pathologic) in its typical fondation is more highly resistant to decay than the sapwood. In a living tree, however, the sapwood frequently is less attacked 34 College of Forestry than the heartwood, a condition often resulting in hollow trees. This condition generally occurs from the absence of oxygen in the sapwood in consequence of its large amount of water. As soon as the moisture ratio between the heartwood and the sapwood is upset, as in dead or felled wood, the sap- wood which (owing to its greater abundance of food ma- terials) is by far the more favorable medium for the growth of fungi and is decomposed much more quickly than the heartwood.5 Von Schrenk (1900, p. 48) has observed the readiness with which the sporophores of many wood-destroy- ing fungi can be induced to form wherever a wound is made in the diseased trunk, thus admitting air. As we now know, the decomposition of woody tissue occurs through the com- bined action of fungal hyphae (by virtue of their enzyme excretions), water, oxygen, and a favorable temperature. The entrance of air alone does not destroy the woody tissue and in the absence of sufficient air and moisture the fungal threads, which decompose the wood, cannot function. Decomposition very seldom occurs from small surface wounds in trees or in the cut ends of small branches because here the injured woody portions are sufficiently protected by the absence of air in consequence of the large water content of the sapwood. The conditions are otherwise where the deeper-lying tissues of larger limbs or the trunk are exposed, since these are better aerated. In the latter case fungal hyphae penetrate, following the vessels and pith rays, and ramify in the center of the stem. The result is that tyloses are formed in the vicinity of the wounded areas where the wood is still living. Later, after the death of the parts at- tacked, the browning of the contents of the parenchyma cells (formation of decomposition products) occurs. As has been shown, both of these formations are to be seen most frequently in the regions immediately adjoining the infected areas, *Compare the investigations of Tuzson (1903, p. 16) and those of Miinch (1910°) which agree in the essential points. The Black Zones Formed by Wood-Destroying Fungi 35 especially where the advance of the fungus is very slow or almost stopped. The portions of the wood thus changed have been designated as ‘* false (pathologic) heart.” Miinch (1908, p. 44) is of the opinion that the small supply of air in the interior of the tree as a rule suffices only for a shght erowth of the fungus. This causes merely a browning of the wood cells without affecting the woody substance to any ereat degree. If larger wound surfaces are left unprotected the air in the deeper-lying tissues is constantly renewed (Miinch, 1908, p. 44). The fungus may then continue its existence and work of decay. Thus the ‘‘ false heart’’ is transformed into heart-rot. The same author (19107) states further that the renewing of the air by means of diffusion and diosmosis, which varies according to the greater or less porosity of the wood and from other reasons, plays an 1m- portant role. From this it follows (according to Miinch) that the oxygen streaming in from the outside in a radial direction toward the heart or in the intercellular spaces of the pith ray cells is respired by the living sapwood cells, either partially or entirely. Therefore it is merely the re- mainder of the oxygen left after respiration that is available for the fungus living in the heart. In his opinion more or less oxygen is admitted to the attacked heart, according to the intensity of the respiration, the number of wood cells, etc. Nothing more definite can be ascertained concerning this matter until our knowledge of the vitality of the wood cells is increased.” It is appropriate that the question of what eventually be- comes of the decomposition products as the decay progresses be discussed briefly at this point. The writer has observed frequently in the case of the decay of logs of pignut hickory, Ticoria glabra (Mill.) Britton, and other woods by Coriolus prolificans (Fries) Murrill, that the decomposition products ° Compare the conclusions of Miinch (1910'). 36 College of Forestry disappear with the completion of the decay. Von Schrenk (1914), in discussing the decay of lilae (Syringa vulgaris L.) stems by Polystictus versicolor (L.) Fries, says that the brown substance is destroyed ultimately when the decay nears completion. The decomposition products, which have been shown to originate with the advancement of the fungus through the sound wood, are likewise destroyed by the fungus upon the completion of the decay in a given area and no traces of them are left in the completely decomposed wood. Evidence of this is to be found in that the decomposition products at first are always present in a thin zone between the decayed and undecayed wood. Later when the decay spreads from several centers the decomposition products collect in thin zones between the various areas of wood in different stages of decay. ‘Thus the constant associa- tion of these blackish zones of decomposition products with that portion of the sound wood bordering upon the decayed wood is to be explained by the fact that they are destroyed upon the completion of the decay within any one area but new ones constantly form from the sound wood as soon as it is attacked by the advancing fungus. There remains to be considered the identity of those sub- stances from which the decomposition products are formed, the chemical changes taking place, and the final chemical nature of the brown deomposition product. The present study has not been sufficiently extensive to answer these questions fully. Here we are entering a little known field since, even at. the present time, but little has been achieved as to the chemical composition of sound wood and virtually nothing concerning the chemical changes which accompany its decay. It is evident, however, that the cell contents and possibly certain other substances originally combined with cellulose and lignin to constitute the cell wall furnish the formative material which, through oxidation in the presence of mois- ture, coagulates to thick drops and gives rise to the decom- The Black Zones Formed by Wood-Destroying Fungy 37 position products which ultimately infiltrate certain portions of the wood, giving rise to blackish zones. CHEMICAL NATURE OF THE DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS. The indefinite and complex group of substances formed by the partial decomposition of vegetable matter is generally ealled “ humus” and so long as the word is used in a collec- tive sense as a convenient term it may be retained. From its general properties we may infer that ‘‘ humus ” is a slowly oxidizable colloid varying in color from -brown to black. Unfortunately we cannot get much farther at the present time. The partially decomposed material of woody plants forms a particularly vague and indefinite group of substances containing’ all the non-volatile products of fungal, enzymic, and oxidative reactions on the plant residues. A detailed study of this group being thus out of question we must first ascertain what part it bears to the original woody substance and then, when we know what to look for, try to discover what particular constituents of the woody plant enter into its formation. These decomposition products which subsequently infil- trate certain portions of the wood are exceptionally resistant to chemical reagents. Heald (1906) in discussing the de- posits of it in cottonwood due to Elfvingia megaloma (Lévy. ) Murrill, states that it is evidently insoluble in alcohol, ether, caustic soda, caustic potash, hydrochloric acid, and only slightly soluble in strong nitrie acid. . Stevens (1910, p. 367) states that wound gum may be found lying free in the dead cytoplasm, surrounding starch grains which have contributed to the formation of the gum- like substance. He gives the properties of wound gum as fol- lows: ‘‘ Wound gum is not soluble in warm water, but may be dissolved in hot nitric acid or in eau de Javelle after sev- eral hours. It is not soluble in sulphuric acid, potassium 38 College of Forestry hydrate, alcohol, or ether, but may be dissolved in alcohol after treatment for a few minutes with a solution of potas- sium chlorate in dilute hydrochloric acid. It may be stained with a solution of fuchsin, iodine green, safranin, or methyl green. It is stained red by phloroglucin and hydrochloric acid.” The writer has observed that the previously described drops formed in hickory wood by Coriolus prolificans (Fries) Murrill, also may be stained by these respective reagents. According to Temme (1885) wound gum agrees with many sorts of gums in that it yields oxalic and mucic acids on oxidation with nitric acid. It differs essentially, however, from all gums in not swelling in water and in being insoluble even in caustic potash and sulphurie acid. As has been recognized by Temme, wound gum is stained deep red by phloroglucin and hydrochloric acid. Molisch showed later (1888, p. 264) that it behaves just like henified membranes in aniline sulphate, metadiamido-benzol, orcin and thymol; and he believes that wound gum contains vanillin in solution. Tests upon radial section (10 microns) of the wood shown in Plate III, these sections being identical with those shown in Plate IV, Fig. 2, were made to determine the solubility of these decomposition products. The solubility tests were made by exposing thin sections to the action of the reagent (without heating) in watch glasses, meanwhile making obser- vations with the microscope. If the numerous globules of the decomposition products, which are readily visible in the pith ‘ay cells under the low power of the microscope, did not dis- solve after a reasonable length of time a small quantity of the reagent and sections were transferred to a test tube, heated to the boiling point, and again examined under the microscope. The globules of decomposition products were found to be insoluble in water, concentrated ammonium hydroxide, 10 per cent solution of sodium hydroxide, 10 per cent solution of potassium hydroxide, and concentrated hydro- chlorie acid. In cold concentrated sulphuric acid the wood The Black Zones Formed by Wood-Destroying Fungi 39 was carbonized but the globules remained intact. Upon heating the acid to boiling the wood dissolved together with more or less of the decomposition products. In cold con- centrated nitric acid the decomposition products were in- soluble but upon heating to boiling the wood dissolved together with the globules, forming a brown solution. More- over, tests performed with other sections indicated that the decomposition products in question were insoluble in absolute alcohol, xylene, acetone, ether, petroleum ether, chloroform, earbon bisulphide, and carbon tetrachloride. In addition to this, sections of the wood containing the globules of decom- position products were placed in a concentrated solution of chloral hydrate and kept at a temperature of 55 degrees C. for one week. There was no effect other than a slight swell- ing of the globules. The same sections were then washed in water and dehydrated by alcohol. Part of them were treated with clove oil and the remainder with cedar oil, but the de- composition products remained insoluble in both cases. An attempt was made to determine more fully the chemical nature of the decomposition products by means of a compara- tive analysis of sound and decayed wood. Sapwood of a log of pignut hickory, Hicoria glabra ( Mill.) Britton, which was partially decayed by Coriolus prolificans (Fries) Muryrill, was used in the study of the decayed wood and sapwood from a living tree of the same species (gathered in the spring) for the sound wood. In the case of the decayed wood a thick black layer of infiltrated wood sharply demarked the com- pletely decayed wood from the small areas of sound wood remaining, these areas being only in the first stage of decom- position (Plate III). This black layer, as well as the wood enclosed by it, was very hard. The infiltrated wood was shaved off carefully, care being taken not to include the underlying, uninfiltrated wood. '° The sound sapwood also ® The completely decayed wood that surrounded those pieces of wood which remained intact within the log, was scraped off carefully before they were photographed. 4() College of Forestry was reduced to shavings and, after thorough drying, both samples were ground finely. These samples of finely divided wood were first successively submitted to a preliminary extraction, without heating, for ‘24 hours with ether, 95 per cent alcohol, a 10 per cent solution of sodium hydroxide, and a 5 per cent solution of hydrochloric acid so that, when the decomposition products were extracted finally they would be free from many extraneous substances. Parallel tests were conducted on equal quantities of infil- trated wood and of the normal sapwood. The ethereal and alcoholic filtrates, in both cases, contained such exceedingly small amounts of substance that they were not further inves- tigated. The alkaline filtrate from the sound wood residue, upon the addition of 90 per cent alcohol, gave a character- istic precipitate of xylan (wood gum). The alkaline filtrate from the infiltrated wood, however, upon the addition of 90 per cent alcohol gave a brown flocculent precipitate which, judging from its solubility and other chemical reactions, con- sisted of a mixture of two or more substances — at least very little wood gum was present. After the alkaline extraction the woody residues were washed and then subjected to extrac- tion with a 5 per cent solution of hydrochloric acid for 24 hours. The acid filtrates thus obtained were practically colorless and the woody residues, in both cases, apparently remained unchanged. After this extraction the one from the’ infiltrated wood was, as far as could be determined by micro- scopic examination, as darkly colored as it was at the begin- ning of the original treatment. Both the woody residues were then subjected to the action of an oxidizing agent (hydrochloric acid and potassium chlorate) after which, according to Temme (1885) and Frank (1884), the decomposition products are rendered soluble in aleohol. Miinch (19107), however, considers that Temme and Frank are in error for giving this reaction (alcohol solubility after digestion with hydrochloric acid and The Black Zones Formed by Wood-Destroying Fungy 41 potassium chlorate) as a characteristic of wound gum and shows that starch-containing cells which do not exhibit the slightest browning or gum formation likewise respond to this reaction. They did not continue to investigate the chemical nature of the brown decomposition product beyond finding that it was soluble in alcohol after digestion with a mixture of hydrochloric acid and potassium chlorate. This has been one of the chief objects of the present study. Both the residues were then digested by boiling in a mix- ture of hydrochloric acid and potassium chlorate (5 gms. of potassium chlorate to 100 cc. of 80 per cent hydrochloric acid) for 15 minutes. The woody residues from this oxidiz- ing treatment, after thorough washing, were compared. It was found that neither was destroyed by the strong oxidizing action but the residue from the infiltrated wood had lost all of its original blackish color and was only shghtly darker than that from the sound wood. When examined under the microscope the cells of the ground infiltrated wood appeared to be filled with a light, reddish brown substance, while the cells of the sound wood also appeared to contain a similar substance but in smaller quantity. Both the oxidizing liquors left from this treatment were brown in color and when neutralized with sodium hydroxide gave brown precipitates respectively, the one in the case of the sound wood being the darker. These precipitates were not investigated further since they were deemed not to be of any material importance. - The woody residues lett from the oxidizing treatment were then submitted to a cold extraction with absolute alcohol for 24 hours. In both cases the aleohol instantly assumed a brown hue due to material entering into solution. This treat- ment seemed to take most of the coloring substance from both woods, although the residues responded shghtly to a second and even to a third extraction. The alcoholic filtrates were evaporated to dryness and weighed. Roughly estimated, about twice as much material was obtained from the infil- 49 College of Forestry trated wood as from the sound wood. Both residues were dark brown in color and exhibited a conchoidal fracture. The one from the infiltrated wood was of the deeper hue. Both alcohohe extracts were insoluble in cold or boiling water, concentrated hydrochloric acid, ether, petroleum ether, chloroform, carbon bisulphide. and carbon tetra- chloride. Their specific gravities are indicated by the fact that they were not suspended in or floated upon any of the organic solvents tried of which the heaviest, carbon tetra- chloride, has a specific gravity of 1.63. Neither, however, sank in concentrated sulphuric acid, whose specific gravity is 1.84. Both alcoholic extracts, however, were soluble in cold absolute alcohol, acetone, and a 10 per cent solution of sodium hydroxide. When the last named solution was neutralized with sulphuric acid the extracts, in both cases, were precipitated — that is to say they were insoluble in the exactly neutral sodium sulphate solution thus prepared. Both _ alcoholic extracts were soluble to a brown solution, but dis- solved more slowly and without carbonization, when shaken in cold concentrated sulphurie acid. The alcoholic extract from the infiltrated wood was soluble in cold ammonium hydroxide, whereas that from the sound wood was soluble only by heating the reagent to boiling. When hydrochloric acid was added to the ammoniacal solutions until they were slightly acid both extracts were precipitated, leaving the solu- tions colorless in both eases. None of the treatments thus far applied have secured a separation of the substances peculiar to the infiltrated wood and giving to it its distinguishing color. The solubilities and other properties of the respective extracts indicate that they are, for the most part, made up of like substances and in the case of the infiltrated wood, in addition to the materials orig- inally present in the sound wood, there is present one or more decomposition products which, for a time at least, are little or not at all affected by the fungus producing the decomposi- The Black Zones Formed by Wood-Destroying Fungy 45 tion. The similarities of the substances decomposed by the oxidizing treatment, as regards solubility and behavior toward other reagents except the oxidizing reagent, show relationship between the original materials and the decomposition products here in question. The solubility relations of both indicate that, before oxidation, they would be classed with the hemi- celluloses, but that they are so altered by oxidation as to become soluble, particularly in alcohol and acetone without losing their insolubility in sodium hydroxide and in acidulous salt solutions. SUMMARY. 1. The brown substance commonly occurring in dicotyle- donous woods attacked by wood-destroying fungi is indica- tive of the first stage of the decomposition of the wood. 2. The formation of a similar and probably identical sub- stance also occurs in wounds of living dicotyledonous trees and, under certain circumstances, in fallen woody parts where fungous growth may not be present. This is to be con- sidered as due solely to oxidation of the woody substance without the stimulus afforded by the presence of wood- destroying fungi which would greatly hasten the decom- position. 3. Both decomposition products arise only after the death of the cells through the oxidation of their contents and cer- tain constituents of their walls. This formation occurs most notably in the parenchyma cells. 4. The decomposition products formed in the decay of dicotyledonous woods infiltrate the cell walls to a greater or less extent, frequently becoming so abundant as to form numerous brown drops within the lumina of the cells. Such deposits appear in the wood as blackish zones of varying thickness which occur at first between decayed and undecayed areas and later separate areas in different stages of decay. Wood thus infiltrated is to be considered as pathologic heart- wood. 44 College of Forestry 5. The blackish zones are not constant in position since the decomposition products, which cause the discoloration, move forward with the advance of the decay in any part of the stem and ultimately disappear upon its completion within that part. The continual occurrence of the blackish zones between decayed and undecayed wood is due to the fact that the de- composition products are destroyed together with the wood while new ones are formed constantly from the wood as fast as it is attacked by the advancing fungus. 6. In the decay of coniferous woods the formation of de- composition products of similar nature to those studied here is very small in quantity as compared with those arising in the decay of dicotyledonous woods. 7. The formation of the brown decomposition products is dependent mainly upon the concurrence of three factors: (a) the presence of dead cells, (b) an optimum supply of mois- ture, and (c) a supply of oxygen sufficient to promote oxidation. 8. The partially decomposed material of woody plants forms a particularly vague and indefinite group of substances containing all the non-volatile products of fungal, enzymic, and oxidative actions on the plant residues. The resultant products are exceptionally resistant to chemical reagents. 9. It is evident that the cell contents and certain other substances, particularly the hemicellulose xylan (wood gum), that originally were combined with the cellulose to constitute the cell wall furnish the formative material which, through oxidation upon the entrance of air and the presence of water, coagulates to thick drops and gives rise to the decomposition products which ultimately infiltrate certain portions of the wood, causing them to appear as blackish zones. 10. In the wood of the pignut hickory the hemicellulose xylan (wood gum) is destroyed early in the grogress of the decay. In the early stages of the decomposition of the wood (in that portion infiltrated with the decomposition products The Black Zones Formed by Wood-Destroying Fungi 45 and appearing as a blackish zone) the wood gum, in its par- tially oxidized state, apparently is the substance which is re- sponsible for most of the discoloration. Later, however, when the blackish zones advance and the decay becomes completed within that portion of wood which the decomposition products formerly occupied, the wood no longer responds to chemical tests for wood gum. 11. By the action of a strong oxidizing reagent on fresh sapwood a brown decomposition product can be prepared artificially which is essentially like that occurring naturally in dicotyledonous woods, whether in wounded areas of living trees, dead wood, or as the result of the action of wood- destroying fungi. 12. After subjecting both sound and infiltrated wood to the action of a strong oxiding reagent and extracting the products whose nature was changed by the action, the chem- ical properties of the respective extracts indicate that they are, for the greater part, made up of like substances. In the ease of the infiltrated wood in addition to the materials orig- inally present in the sound wood there is present one or more decomposition products which are temporarily left little or not at all affected by the fungus producing the decomposition. The solubility relations of the extracts obtained from both woods indicate that, before oxidation, they would be classed with the hemicelluloses but that they become greatly altered in nature by the action of the oxidizing reagents. 13. The decomposition products whose formation is due to the action of wood-destroying fungi have proven to be a group of substances analogous to or nearly identical with the decom- position products which arise under certain circumstances in dead wood that is entirely free from fungous attack and which have been known under the name “wound gum.” Their formation is greatly accelerated by the presence of wood- destroying fungi which greatly hasten the decomposition and hence the oxidation. 46 College of Forestry LITERATURE CITED. Bailey, Irving W. 1910. Oxidizing enzymes and their relation to stain”? in lumber. Bot. Gaz., 50: 142-147. (7 sap Bohm, Joseph. 1879. Uber die Function der vegetabilischen Gefiisse. Bot. Zte., 37: 225-239; 241-258, ramiky Ay. B. 1884. Uber die Gummibildung in Holze und deren physiologische Bedeutung. Ber. d. D. Bot. Gesell., 2: 321-332. Abs. in Bot. Centbl., 20: 194-196. 1895. Die Krankheiten der Pflanzen. 2°¢ Aufl. p. 31. Breslau. Gaunersdorfer, J. 1882. Beitriige zur Kenntniss der Eigenschaften der Kernholzes. Sitzungsber. d. Ak. d. Wiss. | Vienna], 85: 9. Griiss, Johannes. 1896. Uber Lésung und Bildung der aus Hemicellulose bestehenden Zellwinde und ihre Beziehung zur Gummosis. Bibhotheca Botanica 39: 1-13, pl. 1. Hartig, Robert. 1878. Die Zerstezungserscheinungen des Holzes der Nadelbiume und der Eiche in forstlicher, chemi- scher und botanischer Richtung. 151 pp., 21 tab., Berlin. Hartig, Robert, and Weber, Rudolf. 1888. Das Holz der Rothbuche in anatomisch — physiologischer, chemischer und forstlicher Rich- tune: . pao i) Berline The Black Zones Formed by Wood-Destroying Fungi 47 Hartig, Theodor. 1857. Beitriige zur physiologischen Forst-Botanik. Allgem. Forst- u. Jagd. Zeit., 1867: 281-296. Heald, F. D. 1906. A disease of the cottonwood due to Llfvingia megaloma. Nebraska Agr. Exp. Sta. Rept., 19: 92-100, pls. 1-4. Herrmann. 1902. Kernbildung der Buche. Ztschr. f. Forst- u. Jagdw., 34: 596. Lindroth, J. Ivar. 1904. Beitriige zur Kenntniss der Zersetzungserschei- nungen des Birkenholzes. Naturw. Ztschr. f. Forst- u. Landw., 2: 393-406, figs. 1-7. Moliseh, Hans. 1888. Zur Kenntniss der Thyllen, nebst Beobachtungen tiber Wundheilung in der Pflanze. Sitzungsber. d. Ak. d. Wiss. [Vienna], Math. Naturw. Cl. 97: 264-298, 2 pls. Miineh, Ernst. 1908. Die Blaufiinle des Nadelholzes. Naturw. Ztschr. f. Forst- u. Landw., 5:.531-573, 29 figs., 1907; 6: 32-47, 3 figs.; 297-323, 2 figs., 1908. Abs. in Phytopath., I: 104. 1911. 1909. Untersuchungen iiber Immunitit und Krankheit- sempfanglichkeit der Wolzpflanzen. Naturw. Ztschr. f. Forst- u. Landw., 7: 54-75; 87-114; 129-160. 1910*. Versuche iiber Baumkrankheiten. Naturw. Ztschr. f. Forst- u. Landw., 8: 389—408 ; 425—447 ; 18 figs. 48 College of Forestry 19107. Uber krankhafte Kernbildung. Naturw. Ztschr. f. Forst- u. Landw., 8: 5338-547; 553-569, Cenc 4 igs. Schrenk, Herman von. 1900. Some diseases of New England conifers. Div. Veg. Phys. and Path., U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 25: p- 1-56, pl. 1-15, fig. 1-3. 1914: A trunk disease of the lilac. Ann. Missouri Bet. Gard, I: 252-262, 2 pls. Stevens, William Chase. 1910. Plant anatomy from the standpoint of the development and functions of the tissues and hand- hook of microtechnique. 2"? Edition. 379 p., illus. Philadelphia. Storer, F. H. 1898. Laboratory Notes. Bul. Bussey Institute, 2: 409-421. Temme, F’. 1885. Uber Sehutz- und Kernholz, seine Bildung und physiologische Bedeutung. Landwirtsch. Jahrb., 14: 465-484, pl. 6-7. Thomsen, Th. 1879. Chemische Untersuchung iiber die Zusammenset- zung des Holzes. Jour. .f. praktische Chemie, N. F. 19: 146-168. Tubeuf, Carl F. von. 1886. Curcurbitarca Laburm aut Cytisus Laburnum. Bot. Centbl., 27: 23-27. 1889. Uber normale und pathogene Kernbildung der Holzpflanzen und die Behandlung der Wunden derselben. Ztschr. f. Forst- u. Jagdw., 21: 385- 392. The Black Zones Formed by Wood-Destroying Fungi 49 Tuzson, J. 1903. Anatomische und mykologische Untersuchungen tiber die Zersetzung und Conse rvierung des Roth- buchenholzes. Math. u. Naturw. Ber. aus Ungarn., 1 24> a) Will, Alfred. 1899. Beitriige zur Kenntniss der Kern- und Wund- holzes. (Diss.}, 92 pp., 3 pls., Bern. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. IPRA Effect of Pyropolyporus igniarius (L.) Murrill upon a living tree. Cross section of the trunk of a silver maple (Acer saccharinum Linn.) which bore but one fruiting body, this being the only external indica- tion of disease. Note the thin black zones surrounding the completely decayed wood; also the place of entrance of the fungus at the upper left-hand corner, produced by the rotting of a dead lateral branch. Photo by courtesy of the U. S. Bureau of Plant Industry. 12ic/Nina Ie Cross section of a sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) log rotted by Elfvingia megaloma (Léyv.) Murrill., X %. Notice the irregularity of the black zones surrounding the areas in various stages of decay. This irregularity is due to the decay starting simultaneously from several centers. Or to PiatE JI. Prate II. The last portions of the sapwood of a hickory [Hicoria glabra (Mill.) Britton] log to be decomposed by the action of Coriolus prolificans (Fries) Murrill, the remainder of the sapwood being completely decayed. The completely disintegrated wood adhering to these comparatively sound pieces was removed by rubbing and scraping. Note the black color of the superficial portions of these pieces of undisintegrated wood. It was caused by the infiltration of abundant decomposition products into those portions immediately adjoining the completely decayed wood. The central piece (marked X) shows one of the pieces in transverse section. 54 Puate III. PrarkshVve Fig. 1. Photomicrograph of a cross section of a portion of the sap- wood of Hicoria minima (Marsh.) Britton rotted by Coriolus prolifi- cans (Fries) Murrill, showing a black zone in cross section, X 100. The wood at the right has been thoroughly decayed as the appearance of the cell walls will testify. At the left the wood is in the earlier stages of decay and is giving rise to decomposition products upon the advance of the decay. In the center is shown a hack zone which separates the portions of wood in the different stages of decay. Fig. 2. Photomicrograph of a radial section of a portion of the sap- wood illustrated in Plate III, showing the formation of the brown drops of the decomposition products in the pith ray cells, X 100. The photograph was made of a portion of wood lying approximately one- half em. within the external infiltrated portion. 56 ‘tte Sr ea pat sats 3 seeee mwante © sai) Lat Puate IV. PLATE V. Camera lucida drawing of a pith ray illustrated in Plate IV, Fig. 2, showing in detail the formation of the brown drops of the decomposi- tion products in the pith ray cells, X 650. Occasional fine fungal hyphae may be seen passing through the simple pits in the end walls of the pith ray cells. PLATE V. PLATE VI. Coriolus prolificans (Fries) Murrill, on trunks of Quercus coccinea Muenchh. killed by a light surface fire. A two-foot rule is shown on the trunks. This photograph shows the general appearance and habit of growth of this extremely common sap-rotting fungus. It was prin- cipally the black zones of decomposition products formed in hickory wood as a result of its decay by this fungus that have been studied here. 60 aidhaatgtaic: san? an cieleye rs Vice-President. EUG HeeiENDRIGK. 55 (ELOEDEN Gite sires clei ee ors Treasurer. Ss [3] FACULTY OF THE NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF FORESTRY AT SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY TAMES ROSCOE DAY. Sk. DD (Ck Lia Chancellor of the University. HUGH POTTER BAKER, M. F., 1904 (Yale); D. Oec., 1910 (Munich), Dean of the College; Professor of Silviculture. (On leave of absence.) FRANK F. MOON, B. A., 1901 (Amherst); M. F., 1909 (Yale), Professor of Forest Engineering; Acting Dean. MAULSBY WILLETT BLACKMAN, A. B., 1901; A. M., 1902 (Kansas); Ph. D., 1905 (Harvard), Professor of Forest Entomology. EDWARD F. McCARTHY, B. S., 1911 (University of Michigan), Professor of Forestry at the New York State Ranger School. NELSON COURTLANDT BROWN, B. A., 1906 (Yale) ; M. F., 1908 (gille)). Professor of Forest Utilization. (On leave of absence.) J. FRED BAKER, B. S., 1902 (Michigan Agricultural College) ; M. F., 1905 (Yale), Director of Forest Investigations. LEIGH H. PENNINGTON, A. B., 1907; Ph. D., 1909 (Michigan), Professor of Forest Pathology. SEWARD D. SMITH, A. B., 1907; M. S. F., 1909 (Michigan), Director of the New York State Ranger School. JOHN WALLACE STEPHEN, B. A., 1907; M. S. F., 1909 (Michi- gan); M. Pd., 1915 (Michigan Normal College), Professor of Silviculture. © - [4] The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 5 FACULTY — (Continued) CHARLES CHRISTOPHER ADAMS, B. S., 1895 (Illinois Wes- leyan); M. S., 1898 (Harvard); Ph. D., 1908 (Chicago), Professor of Forest Zoology. HENRY R. FRANCIS, B. S., 1t910 (Massachusetts Agricultural College), Professor of Landscape Extension. SHIRLEY W. ALLEN, B. S., 1909 (Iowa State College), Professor of Forest Extension. HARRY P. BROWN, A. B., 1909; A. M., 1910; Ph. D., 1914 (Cornell), Professor of Dendrology SOLOMON F. ACREE, B. S., 1806; M. S., 1897 (Texas) ; Ph. D., 1909 (Chicago), Professor of Forest Chemistry. REUBEN PARKER PRICHARD, B. S., 1907 (Dartmouth) ; M. F., 1909 (Yale), Assistant Professor of Dendrology. (On leave of absence.) LAURIE D. COX, A. B.,. 1903 (Arcadia College) ; S. B. in Landscape Architecture, 1909 (Harvard), Assistant Professor of Landscape Engineering. HOWARD BLAINE WAHBA, B. S., 1909 (Pennsylvania State), Assistant Professor of Forest Engineering. HARRY HARRINGTON TRYON, A. B., 1912; M. F., 1913 an’, (Harvard), Assis®int Professor of Forest Utilization. ERNEST G. DUDLEY, A. B., 19008 (Leland Stanford Jr.) ; 1908- 1909 (Yale Forest School), Assistant Professor of Forest Extension. WILLIAM A. GRUSE, A. B., 1913 (Johns Hopkins); A. M., 1915; Ph. D., 1916 (Wisconsin), Assistant Professor of Dendrological Chemistry. (Fuller Fund. On leave of absence.) ALAN F. ARNOLD (Harvard), Instructor in Landscape Engineering. (On leave of absence.) 6 College of Forestry FACULTY — (Continued) CARL JOHN DRAKE, B. S.; B. Ped., 1912 (Baldwin-Wallace) ; A. M., 1914 (Ohio State), Instructor in Forest Entomology. CARL CHESWELL FORSAITH, A. B., 1913 (Dartmouth); A. M., 1914; Ph.D: 1907 (Hatyvard), Instructor in Forest Technology. HAROLD CAHILL BELYEA, A. B., 1908 (Mount Allison Univer- sity); M. F., 1916 (Yale), Instructor in Forest Engineering. HiRAM LEROY HENDERSON, B. S., 1915 (Michigan), Instructor in Forest Utilization. ROBERT VERNON WILLIAMSON, B. S., 1909 (Oregon Agricul- tural College) ; M. S., 1917 (Michigan), Research Assistant in Dendrological Chemistry. (Fuller Fund. On leave of absence.) HOWELL K. SMITH, A. B., 1913 (Western Maryland College), Research Assistant in Dendrological Chemistry. (Fuller Fund.) MERLE R. MEACHAM, B. S., 1913 (Hiram College) ; B. S. in Ch. E., 1914; Ch, E.; 1o16(Purdue), Research Assistant in Dendrological Chemistry. (Fuller Fund.) JESSE L. ESSEX, A. B., 1914 (Wabash College) ; M.S., 1917 (Purdue), Research Assistant in Dendrological Chemistry. (Fuller Fund.) EDWIN N. HOPSON, Jr., A. B., 1917 (New York University), Research Assistant in Dendrological Chemistry. (Fuller Fund.) ALVIN G. SMITH, B. S. (New York State College of Forestry), Field Assistant in Forest Investigations. WILFORD E. SANDERSON, B. S., 1917 (New York State College of Forestry), Field Assistant in Forest Investigations. DON M. BENEDICT, B. S., 1917 (Michigan), Laboratory Assistant in Botany. The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake i FACULTY — (Concluded) EDGAR C. PEDDIE, B. S., 1917 (New York State College of Forestry), Instructor in Forest Extension. ALFRED HUBERT WILLIAM POVAH, A. B., 1912; Ph: D., 1916 ( Michigan) Special Lecturer in Forest Mycology. Pen eURTIS RILEY, A: -B: toor (Deane College) ; B: S., 10905 (University of Michigan); A. M., 1911 (Doane College) ; M. S., 1913 (Illinois), Special Lecturer in Animal Behavior. LILLIAN M. LANG, Secretary to the Dean. WALTER W. CHIPMAN, B. S., 1893; A. M., 1904 (Wabash College), Assistant Treasurer. ELEANOR CHURCH, B. L. E., 1916 (Syracuse), é Librarian. EDINA Wien Ye Baal. Bes Tomo (Syracuse). Recorder. Pf College of Forestry RELATION OF FISH AND OTHER WILD LIFE TO FORESTRY “ Forestry means not alone the growing of a crop of trees from the soil for the production of wood, but it includes as well the conservation of water by the forest and the perpetuation of the animal life of the forest where that is beneficial. Therefore, in all of its plans for inves- tigative work in forestry in the State, the College has considered not only the value of the non-agricultural soils for the production of for- ests but the life of the forests and the forest waters, and the use of the forests and the forest waters in the most reasonable and effective way. In considering the question of forestry in this broad, constructive way, the College is not original but is merely using the same vision for the future which has been used during the past century in such European countries as Germany and France, who have made their forests so important a part of their industrial and commercial development.” HUGH P. BAKER, Dean, The New York State College of Forestry. “Forests are more than trees. They are rather land areas on which are associated various forms of plant and animal life. The forester must deal with all. Wild life is as essentially and legitimately: an object of his care as are water, wood, and forage. Forest administra- tion should be planned with a view to realizing all possible benefits from the land areas handled. It should take account of their indirect value for recreation and health as well as their value for the produc- tion of salable material; and of their value for the production of meat, hides and furs of all kinds as well as for the production of wood and the protection of water supplies.” H. S. GRAVES, Chief Forester, United States Forest Service. PREFACE ——_— Tne quotations on the opposite page express concisely te relation of fish to the administration of non-agricultural, forest lands and waters, as expressed by representative foresters. Dean Baker has clearly expressed the policy of this College toward these problems. The present publication by Frank Collins Baker,* Zoological Investigator of the College of Forestry, is his second contri- bution toward our knowledge of the condition of fish life in Oneida Lake. It is devoted to a study of the amount of fish food produced in Lower South Bay of Oneida Lake. This is the first important quantitative study of fish food of the bottom ever made in America, and one of the two known to have been made in the fresh waters of the world. The kind and amount of food in our forest waters is now generally recognized to be one of the main factors influencing fish abundance and this study was made to increase our knowledge of the subject. Briefly stated, Mr. Baker’s investigation shows that there is an abundant and ped population of invertebrate animals living upon the bettom of Lower South Bay, and of the kinds eaten by fish in large amounts. This fish food varies both in kind and amount with the character of the bottom materials, whether boulder, sand, mud, etc. By an actual count of the number of individual animals living upon limited sample areas, sand was found to be the most densely populated by fish food, and boulder bottom the least so. The character and amount of plants was found to have a marked influence upon the kind and abundance of this fish food. Furthermore, by these quantitative studies it was made possible to calculate the relative abundance of the small herbi- * Since the completion of this investigation Mr. Baker has accepted the position of Curator of the Natural History Museum, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, where he goes with the best wishes of the College. [9] 10 College of Forestry vorous and carnivorous animals, and to show rather precisely the dominance of those feeding upon plants over those feeding upon flesh. This fact gives additional support and emphasis to the importance of the vegetation in the production of fish food. Depth of water is another factor of much influence. This investigation shows that the greatest amount of fish food is produced in shallow water of less than six feet, and that, in general, both in number and in kind these animals decline in variety and abundance with increasing depth. Provisional estimates were made of the amount of food eaten by fish, in an effort to calculate the quantity of fish food which the bay can nourish. Very little accurate information seems to have been recorded on this subject. This fact empha- sizes in a striking manner the urgent need of careful detailed investigation of the amount of food required by our common fish in nature per day, how much this varies with age, and with the season. All of these observations are of much value scientifically, and in practical fish culture in working out comprehensive plans for the propagation and planting of fish, and for other phases of aquatic management of forest waters. These and other allied investigations now under way at the College. of Forestry are to be used in building up a sound body of scien- tific facts on the ecology of fish and game, upon which, in the future, cam be erected a better system of management of our forest waters and lands than is possible with our present defec- tive knowledge. Working plans for aquatic management bear the same relation to cultivation of the waters as working plans for forests have to forest management and game plans to game management, and such plans can only be developed after the proper surveys have been made and all the factors correlated and organized on a practical basis. CHARLES C. ADAMS, Professor of Forest Zoology. DEPARTMENT OF Forest ZOOLOGY. CONTENTS Ee Page enti 6 SHO OTIE ccs Beene aS RS, OID oe Ae a ae 19/ Le GANE OLD SA Sep See ee AE RN aR EP CEN 21 TL SUELACOLGIS... Bases ete cee Pe a OP ei aA, a oe AC. gy 22 PNGHI OVA CONN E TUS. Hiei curd reheat cvctbs is Serene sachets Ae esas 24 Chapter I. Topography and Hydrography of Lower South Bay...: 27 REnELA MI SCLISSIOMNs:Atp oer raat: el tees plete Be dae cl sawed ais 27 Description of Characteristic Bottom Areas................... 33 Bouldemand. Gravel Arease 6 255.2. thao cc n2 yaane ee 33 Sande BOcrOmJATCasi 4 mee ..naiere tia? = omtsthe.. sysctl cco ei ase 35 Clave BOctOmPATCAS: cele woe aohisish or hoc MRCL Gia S 6 a cAgeiNs Slee tne Bir Wits @fUOMIMATCA Say. Seite rc cu ties eR ees Be eet) wn OIE 27) Chapter IJ. The Plant Associations of Lower South Bay......... 45 IISROG BISCO GRA ewan oem there Ren meen CLAP chons ot onc Scere eae tna enc Oe Description of Characteristic Plant Habitats.................. 47 1. Low, Swampy Shores, well Protected.................. 47 2. Low Shores, partly Protected, with Clay or Sand Bottom 49 Pepe OndelikerATCAS Apostate sit Gior ts OTS hud ese 49 Are Sandyaor Rockysb xposedssNOLess a eer emer ae was. oe: 49 ix; (ivllonmarsrereal \(eyecer de) HVolsle ern Weta MIA ens Oke Guo mate Goan ee 51 Description of the Habitats and their Gross Vegetation........ 54 Ieee DO cmbanaelistan dere ur. omitted ee So ees. 54 2REOW Eth SOU Mn DL AIVe. . Mons ardicyatee seen ate Sesavale seat nave tan Bet aitepe ea 56 Rede Domi srk at tee rates ad Oe ERC iS ay) f 56 ee SHOE OI tH AVeeRee ane Ry Giclsheonease arias eee 59 eC ONWAYE LONG ay Miya tots, its pers eP Aes aia choos ee 61 /ilor WSVNOV AE LOT M Belin Ss Ge Oe PO OO RCN RCRA: CRs Oe 61 Se LowermooubueBbanw Ay cece eos comin s eae Sie eee as 61 6 The Deeper Water Habitats of Lower South Bay.. 70 3. South Shore of Lake East of Norcross Point............ 73 Ey WOKErOSS PmiMb, MORES sys sys os aye atti a's we egepsre 2 ohare atsih We, 2. Deep Water Area between Norcross Point and Dun- bapeiealg SL E75 (0 al 2 PAR a ai Np ee PORES, PI, ON Le 73 12 College of Forestry CONTENTS—Continued Chapter II—Continued: Page Description of the Habitats and Their Gross Vegetation: 4. Localities at a Distance from Lower South Bay......... 75 “« I, Tuttle Brook, ‘Chittenango Creek: 25)... 2252 75 2. Johnson Bay, North Shore of Oneida Lake......... i 3. Graves Bay, South Shore of Oneida Lake.......... 77 4.- Frenchman Island 2.) 2..): .c)s Beene an ee 78 Systematic List of the Plants of Lower South Bay............. 78 Tm seed Plantsiof theisottommeassern nm oecic ce eee 78 2. Aloe and the: LowersPlants sos. pece 200 here een 81 List. of Algae. ccs dain tao mcha tees ore ne 83 Chapter III. Composition of the Bottom Fauna of Lower South Balyaertag Vici bys! .'s's oie storsna rete nenecse aed See eects. che cece eae 86 MnatbrodtCHOns..5.s ccs oc eee oe Ree eee ne cite mieel este Eee 86 Comparison of the Bottom Habitats of Lower South Bay..... gI literon the BoulderandsGravel Bottom. +). e eee 93 Life on the Sand! Bottomprm. «o-mcee ce ee eee 97 Life onthe Clay; Bottom seo die ee cite ae eee 101 Liteon the MudeBottomie 5.44407 sen eee on eee 105 I. Shore to 6-Foot'Gontouri en. ik ace ces ee eee 15 2. MudiBottomN6—1e hcet Decorate ane eens 107 3. Mud Bottom, 12-18 Feet Deep..... 2 a ds ote eae 107 A. Ouantitabives Datamon Mids s ottome= tee Te Mussel Population. attach eae aie 113 Population of the Vegetation: (2% .25. 5.0.22. se) eae eee 117 1. Hloating Plantss(Emercent)is easter eee 121 2. Submerged'-Plantss aa con nee rom Gee ee eee 127 Localities Examined in the Vicinity of Lower South Bay........ 135 Dunham Island sya geet se eae en eee 135 Shoal Northolt unlramplislancleene see eit ieee eae rai7, South Shore of the Lake East of Norcross Point........... 138 Meep. Water: Habitatsse re ensieei. onan oie on eee 138 Comparison! with Otherlzocalitiesss aes eee eee eee 139 Oneida Lake; Survey. ob TOS... cdc ct ao ee cis ee 139 Comparison with Localities outside New York State........ 140 Comparison with Marine Valuations. ¢<— i. ..-..5-oo0m eee 141 The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 13 CONTENTS—Continued Page Chapter IV. Annotated List of the Mollusks of Lower South Bay canal. WAWGTAT EN aR earl EERO EOE RE REC Or COI Ors OC Crich ch ae CRM Oe EA oO hee 150 renenale cla Ditet kx CLatiOms yonveweskeuh eis seeps eatebovseiesc ea) cierareth ltrs 150 elation WO vA ace. attains sake Creer One cies evel slene Sune le 151 Bee inelation toitMeeBoOutOmler erative ee navn hs nis nelere ets 152 2. Relation of Mollusks to Depth of Water............... 153 4. Relation of Age and Season to Migrations.............. 157 ey Olnteratnehahien Shibleblctians qinine proces © otek aan Mio odio ook 159 ILS OVESS) DISCERN tei ata cd Raat ea rr re eee RS 159 WinssaPelecypodaesccacv on ioe on spe iaie ofateces’ sets G.d ue Swans 159 Ordermenonodesmaceavas qa. citi aer es ek eee 159 OrderVleleodesmaceas: Asn. asc eo Ld oe ee oe 163 Classi Gastropoda ter cmt cae eas ohn se Aen anos rae 167 OrderJErosobranchiatasya- eee. a ae cis one a 167 Ordernpenlmonatancaen sacs us ak ae OA rears 172 ‘SN CUBRNAUIEY AY cee ORES: CRORE OR RE ae NED EER RS ANNO DON is a Pe tN 181. Chapter V. Invertebrates Associated with the Mollusca in, Lower SOUMU MeL avactachs VACITIILY << = ah, amianeit seaceloed OPSRICNLE. Ses cute ottus seve Sei 183 Ceneralehabitat Relations. secs. neces oe see een 183 INGA GOIN THOWENEN IBYORHONIS EW be a po Goomadeb pede eae tia allo ac 183 RelationatorMepthtol Water s:..0. ances aoe euro oan 184 RelatrongtorAgertand season. sesso brs oe aevak oe oe cies 185 PAI EA UERbISE OL DPEClES....5 disiles oo keke ois.edee osteyatuate Gam Gatien’ 185 Enya OTLeva SPORES) enc sie 8, Sere cis, oveed «een cect eee a 186 PivinimlCoclenteratas (ydroids))".1.- sae cece nee 187 Phylum Platyhelminthes (Planarian Worms).............. 187 PhylimeNlolluscordeay(Bryozoans) ana. bee eee 188 Phylum Annulata (Earthworms and Leeches)............. 188 Claes, Himudmmean cyan Saysretiae a akat st be A Hoheke meee sna BM 188 Wilks Oligeclmet ace tain. t ars cara Can ie aida oe Aare 189 Phila At amamOcaln nc. tive vie «acer ele nions a aeloomd ses Ack oe 190 Classi@nustaceae.osspie stein soroes tices s Method eat 190 Order Phyllopoda (Cladocera, Water-Fleas)....... 190 OrderiCopenodary econ te eet etait I9I OrderiOstracocdamsractysy + csec see ancl cove noire 191 14 College of Forestry CONTENTS—Concluded Chapter V—Continned: Annotated List of Species—Phylum Arthropoda: Subclass Malacostracastr se. vem cee eee eee 192 Order Amphipoda (Scuds).................¢.-.+ 192 Order Isopoda (Sowbugs) ease. sae see ee ee Order Decapoda (Crawfishes)...........5....28. 193 Class Hexapoda. 3225.5" Sowa oe oe Oe et ee 194 Order Ephemerida (May-flies)................... 194 Order Odonata (Dragonefites)h es... ae eee 194 Order Neuroptera (Net-winged Insects)........... 195 Order Hemiptera (Bugs). . PPP a HOS Order Trichoptera (Caddie: dicey. MIR hc oS c 196 Order Lepidopteran(Mioths) iar cere ieee 197 Order Diptera, (Plies)e oo. so. 6 2 6a ae eee 198 Order! Coleoptera (Beetles) eens se 1+ ear eee 199 Class Arachnoidea (Order Acarina, Water Mites)...... 200 SUMMA: oo ses ee ans bee SO steamy eae eniiS yl mer ie etalon 201 Chapter VI. Relation of the Food Supply to the Fish Population of@lower South Bays oc,.5 Aceon lie ina er eee eee eee 203 Rood: Habits of Invertebrate Amimalsneee cee tie oe ener 203 Annual Production of Invertebrate Animals................... 207 Daily Consumption of Food by Fish... 2.4.73. . a... = eee 208 Bstinated Fish Population: «220.2 2..5.- ae ) ae 218 Tistot Bish from Vowenr south Baiyaeeei ei aoe een 220 Chapter VII. Summary and Conclusions’... ...- 2.72. -. eee 222 BBIMMOPTAPHY.: ...f 0-465 0s + cise orgie serrabwae oS oye he or 226 Ney AGNES 2, 20sec: os. .5,0 ovis: aes aest ene peceie eaae« Cia oO Seek cae oe ee 235 Smoplementary Note... t.. ..2: seul age eet michie bien okt ee ar 252 loo >, ohh oa eS ees LOY ee ERM idiens Sis to oc 253 Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Seep er UE se Oe 0 | nm SO HIAKRE SH A S ILLUSTRATIONS Page Map of Lower South Bay and Vicinity. Folded at end BuvertimarA pparatis. . ico akc ken ses eltres 3 Glee eto ee 20 Profiles of Lower South Bay, East and West.............. 27 Profiles of Lower South Bay, North and South............ 29 Dunham and Frenchman Islands, from Becker’s Landing.. 28 Long Point looking East toward End.................... 30 Long Point West of Summer Cottages. aise 4. swe sen ee 22 Pieacdroh Snort. omit Daya: iss. .teals As Rie eee ee ae a, ee 34 short: Point from: Conway; Pointts:0..9oeit. ces NSB ote + sara oe 36 Shore of Lower South Bay South of Short Point.......... 38 Looking west from end of Short Point into Lower South Bay 40 West side of Lower South Bay, below Short Point......... 42 South Side of Lower South Bay west of Thierre’s Landing 44 Steamboat Landing at Lower South Bay................. 46 agoon Bast of Steamboat Landing): feel. aewc 2 Deed. 48 Oneida Lake from Becker’s Landing................../.. 50 Shore of Oneida Lake near Becker’s Landing.............. 52 Wesetation| Map of, Short-Point Bay <.>- 02 IL 2 ‘ON Jeuqey, wor sOCse} ath ele jo yyMorZ CAvoy & YIM pout Suryoo, ‘Keg yINog MoT taal ae b yeoquivojs oY} . Jo jsea uooseTy “S$ I “OI The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 49 ton natans, richardsonu, perfoliatus, interruptus, and robbinsii are also present. Such habitats occur in the west end of Short Point Bay, on the south shore of Lower South Bay, and at the extreme southeast corner of the bay, east of the steamboat landing (see the vegetation maps, figures 18 and 19). 2. Low Shores, partly Protected, with Clay or Sand Bot- tom. Such habitats occur on the south shore of Long Point, south shore of Short Point, and in the southeast and south part of Lower South Bay. There is no sharp line between types I and 2, the latter habitat, however, not having the But- tonbush, Loosestrife, or Black Willow on the shore. There may be Cat-tails, Arrow-heads, Pickerel-weed, Bur-reed, American or Lake Bulrush, and a few Water Willow border- ing the shore and extending to water three to four feet deep. Such submergent plants as Elodea, Vallisneria, Myriophyllum, and the Pond-weeds Potamogeton lucens, perfoliatus, richard- sonu, robbinsu, and interruptus may also be present. 3. Pond-like Areas. In the shallow coves and bays on the south shore of Short Point Bay, the south shore of Short Point, in Short Point Bay, and along the south shore of Lower South Bay, where the bottom is more or less of mud and the area is protected to some extent from the rough water, habitats are formed which resemble those of ponds, and are character- ized by the presence of Castalia, Nymphaea, Potamogeton natans, perfoliatus, richardsonu, robbinsu, and interruptus, Elodea, Vallisneria, Utricularia, Lemna, Najas, and Chara. Such places are favorite haunts for fish, where food is abun- dant. (See the maps, figures 18 and 19.) 4. Sandy or Rocky, Exposed Shores. In these habitats, which are either on exposed points or on shores subject to the full force of the wind and waves, the vegetation is confined to a few species, which, however, grow in great profusion. At the end of rocky points, like that at the end of Long Point and on Short Point, the Water Willow is very abundant, growing in heavy masses, usually in groups or “islands” of greater or less size. With the Water Willow is usually found the Lake THX “ON TUQLET ‘MOTTA 1B 91V Td}VAr oy} UT sjuLTd oY, “Jsva SULYOO] Bulpury ssjoyIgq WoIy oye] eploug ‘OI “OT The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 51 Bulrush and bordering the shore sometimes Smith’s Bulrush. On the rocky shore of the lake from Norcross Point eastward the same condition prevails (see vegetation map, fig. 20). On sandy, exposed shores, as at the west and east ends of the bay, the Lake Bulrush and the Water Willow, with a few sub- merged species like Elodea, Potamogeten interruptus and rich- ardsoniu, grow more or less abundantly. 5. Submerged Vegetation. The greater part of the bay is filled with vegetation belonging to the submerged type. Among these the Pond-weeds, Potamogeton, are the most abundant in both species and individuals. Nine species are represented in the collections, foliosus, friesti, interruptus, lucens, perfoliatus, prelongus, richardsonii, robbinsii, and gosterifolius. Vallis- neria, Elodea, Najas, Eleocharis, Chara, Nitella and two spe- cies of Myriophyllum, verticillatum and scabratum also occur abundantly. The last group of plants forms vast subaqueous forests in Lower South Bay, especially in the south part. The submerged type of plants cover the bottom of Lower South and Short Point Bay (see maps, figs. 18 and 19). Some idea of the abundance of the vegetation of Lower South Bay may be obtained by the data given in the chapter on quantitative values, brief mention of which is here made. These data show that on an average nine plants occur in an area of 64 square inches (about 400 square cm.), the number in the unit areas examined ranging from one to 27. If this average holds good for the entire territory within the 12-foot contour, where there are 25,550,444 square feet, there are upwards of 517,255,866 plants belonging to the submerged type within the area bordering the shore. When it is remembered that each plant harbors a host of animals (mollusks, crustaceans, worms, insects, etc.) it 1s at once apparent that this abundant plant life forms a primary food supply of great value. A sandy clay or clay bottom produced the largest number of plants per unit area (64 square inches) ; the maximum amounts being on clay bottom 27 plants of six species; sandy clay bottom 26 plants of five species; and sand bottom 17 plants of two species. The greatest num- “MOTTA JoyeAA pue Ysniyng uevdsiioury aie 19}eM oy} UT sjue[d oy TZ ‘IN[XD “ON Jeyqey, ‘Ssuipuey sazayoogq WOIF JsoM SUTyOO], ayYeT vploug Jo s10yS “ZI ‘oI The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 53 ber of plants also occurred in moderately shallow water, from two to four feet deep. It is interesting to note that the greater number of species as well as of individuals, occurred within the 6-foot contour. It is to be noted that the same is true of the animal popula- tion. Thirty-three species of plants were recorded from this area, of which 22 were submerged and I1 emergent species. Between the 6-foot and 12-foot contours 13 species have been observed, of which 12 were submerged and but one, Scirpus occidentalis, emergent. Beyond the 12-foot contour there are but few records, the only species noted being the Wild Celery or Eel Grass (Vailisneria), which was dredged from a depth of 14 feet near the entrance to the bay (Habitat No. clxi). It is probable that below 12 feet the gross vegetation is scanty or wanting. This fact is noted by Pieters (’o1) in Lake St. Clair, who states that little or no vegetation flourishes below this depth. In Lake Erie the same author (’94, p. 15) observed that the plants disappeared when the water reached a depth of 15 feet, and were already scarce in water 10 feet deep. In deep lakes the vegetation may descend on the slope of the subaqueous terraces to greater depths, Reighard (’15, p. 222) indicating a limit of 25 feet in Douglas Lake, Michigan. Davis (08, p. 219) also limits plant life in Walnut Lake to a depth of 25 or 30 feet. Ekman (15, pp. 160-162) records Chara at a depth of 120 meters (about 131 feet) in the Swedish Lake Vatter, but the majority of the species of plants were found in water not exceeding 16 meters (17% feet) deep. The zonal arrangement of plants is not a striking feature of the vegetation of Lower South Bay. In the majority of habitats the species grow in a mixed mass with no evident arrangement of species, and some of the species grow in colonies of greater or less size. Such colonies, consisting of Elodea, some Potamogeton, Vallisneria, Myriophyllum, Ponte- deria, and Sagittaria were noted in many places along the shore. In a few habitats in Short Point Bay and in the west and southwest side of Lower South Bay a zonal arrangement was observed, which was usually as follows: 54 College of Forestry Shore. Buttonbush, Black Willow. Edge of shore. Loosestrife; Bur-reed, Cat-tail. 10-30 feet from shore, water 1 to 3 feet deep. Pickerel-weed, Arrow- head, American Bulrush, White Pond Lily, Yellow Pond Lily, Potamogeton natans. 30-100 feet from shore, water 3 to 6 feet deep. Lake Bulrush, Wild Celery, Water Weed (Elodea), Myriophyllum, Potamogeton perfoliatus and richardsonit. The vegetation maps (figures 18, 19 and 20) indicate in a graphic manner the general distribution of the plants of this territory. A comparison of these with the large map detailing the physical characteristics of the lake and bay will serve to show the general ecological arrangement of plant life. Scirpus ocedentals Potamageton atans Poramogeton lacens Potamogeton perfoliata Potamogrton richardson Mynophy lum Vallisnena spiralis Potamogeten perfoliatus on Elodea canadensis Potamogeton natans Dianthera americana allanerss spiralis Ses eefatreatiiss ala Potamogeton natant Lemna trisulea Scirpus ocodentalis Lema trovlea Pnewonineicon Dinthera amencana Typha angustifolia Chara Potamogeton perfoliatus Chara Scirpus americanus Scirpus amithiy Chara oa Potamogeton perfoliatuss Poamageton interruptus Potamogeton zosterobus me Panameson acres 5 Dhanthera americana Myziophyllum verti 5 i Nays Recils . nee Lemna trisules | Chars Scirpus occidentalia } Spirodela potyrhisa Lemna trisulea Decodon verveillatus M Salix nigra vy. Faleata Caphalanthus ocodentalis Sparganium eurycarpam | Leruna trisalea Pontedera cordata Sapttana lausola Sapittara anfola Potamoeton richardsoni Polamogeton perfoliatus Polamogeton snterruptis Potumageton natans Elodes canadeniet Nomphea advana eae eR Lower,” SoutH Bay” Scirpus witha / Lemos irsiles Decodon verbeillarus Pontederia cordate Potamageton natars Potamopeton perfobats Nymphaea advers Captala adorata Dunthers amervana Scirpus sccdentaby ro gcion sosteflis ; re (ae ee Vallarena spirals Vallaneria paral Potamageton rabbanun Potamagelan ie Lega aaers Polamagelon interruptus Potamageton rina Roe fonts Potarogrton licens Najr eal Elsdes earadenin, Chars frags The New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University FOREST ZOOLOGY MAP PREPARED BY FRANK © BAKER, 1916 Fic. 18 Map of the gross veg ation in Short Point Bay and vicinity. The arrows point to the spot or spots where the yegetation enclosed by the bracket was observed. The depth of the water and the character of bottom material is also indicated. These maps (figures 18, 19, 20) should be compared with the larger map (fig. 1) for the position of the different habitats. The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 55 DESCRIPTION OF THE HABITATS AND THEIR GROSS VEGETATION The territory examined may be divided into four divisions: 1, Dunham Island and vicinity; 2, Lower South Bay; 3, south shore of the lake east of Norcross Point; and 4, certain locali- ties at a distance from the Lower South Bay region. The latter are not included in the quantitative tables. The first three divisions are plotted on the large map (fig. 1) which should be consulted in connection with the habitat descriptions. The animal life and the algz of each habitat are listed in the tables accompanying the chapter on Composition of the Bottom Fauna. These have been rearranged, averaged, and listed under the heading of the bottom material. Only living animals have been considered in preparing the quantitative tables. In the tables accompanying this chapter the higher plants are listed under each habitat together with the physical informa- tion necessary for an understanding of the environments. The methods of collecting the material are described in the Intro- ductory Chapter. I. DUNHAM ISLAND Dunham Island is about seven-eighths of a mile northeast of Norcross Point. It is three-eighths of a mile long and one-eighth of a mile wide and is pointed rather sharply at both ends. It is well wooded and the land rises 20 feet above the water surface in two places (380- and 390-foot contours, the surface of the lake being 369 feet above tide). On the west and south sides the water rapidly deepens to ten feet but on the north and east sides the water is shallow, ranging from one to five feet. Between Dunham and Frenchman Islands there is a sandy shoal, in most places less than five feet in depth, which is inhabited by a greater average number of animals than any region examined in the lake. Collections were made only at the west end of Dunham Island (fig. 5). The water here varies from one to five feet in depth and the bottom is of sand. The edge of the shore for a width of five or six feet is thickly strewn with boulders which are covered 50 College of Forestry with a heavy growth of filamentous alge. The sand is hard and well smoothed. North of Dunham Island (200 or 300 feet) there is an extensive shoal about a fourth of a mile in length and upwards of 200 feet in width, the water ranging from one to three feet in depth, dropping, at the west end, to four and six feet and at the east end, from two to five feet. This shoal is very bouldery, the rocks ranging in size from 3 x 2 to 20 x 25 inches. The substratum upon which the boulders rest is firm sand with some gravel. Table No. 1 indicates the relations of the habitats near Dunham Island. TABLE No. 1. DUNHAM ISLAND HABITATS abitatentimbersaee. smear i il iii iv Vv Distance from shore (feet)..... 5-6 6 5-30 50 300 Depth of water (feet)......... 3-] 2 13-4 | 5 I-3 Character omboutonmea- reese ler bould. | sand sand old | bould. gravel log Unit area (square inches)...... 32 16 16 100 6x7 4x Pele mgmMBers. oo. ce 6. cee lo's 701 700 702 708 aoe oom 704 802 1) (CI a ear ee mae: II II II II TK Rac@orematentalis tc cis hej is. axel ena cd | menor etal Memmerere 42 43 DD NAAD EEE lab boon 56\| acco || acoo- | eee x LEST HEUTE CORLL O RAO 50 560)\ oaccc | eoo0e || scoce || acon ne LOGE TUSTUEDS 5 ooo 60.5 0.0 ok KO ae I ede" 2 2. Lower SoutH Bay The area included under this head embraces all of the body of water enclosed by a line drawn eastward from Long Point meeting a line drawn northward from Norcross Point, a total area of 881 acres. This territory is divisible into several smaller areas (see the map, fig. I). 1. Long Point. This (figs. 6, 7) is a narrow body of land (see the chapter on Topography). The shores are low and there is a heavy growth of vegetation. The bottom areas are sandy or bouldery, the latter condition prevailing at the ae i ee : A I yt et Rae a me et cle ‘ hem : oe : r ad é as > : ‘ a . z of oa iT ae - f the te , ta? ee ‘ 7 a ~ J + Cl _ e S ye , é \s ; * — 4 ‘ - = ° * i - a — P ‘ eo =» = r ‘ £ . 4 . © ‘yg ; 7 - he - - = s ~ 3 as i ¢ - . . Neale a ' re tae aa” as X . s \ fey z =~ 1 £ Dine ‘ fl Pa \) ’ RR) ke a od st i 3 me, i . ‘ _ > § { ? « i + { | % i : } ‘i b ‘ P v ol PEK , -_ 1 inant a — ‘ a am a, ee a ee 46.98 jae Unite o> eet Gar fee teh ee ee ee er Ha. a tet alee > baler er eet cs att Sa slo aaa « wget Mites oF Meng FT tA : ened vi ay cad e - eel oe ; “a ¥ Ca we Myriophyllum verticillatum Elon canadensis jon perfoliatus Potamegetan snerruptis P Fauna Ssietaia Fa es SOUTH Potamogeton perfolietus 5 r Potarogeton sonra : 3 7 Muo ee N . eae 7 Muo uy! la The New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University FOREST ZOOLOGY MAP PREPARED BY FRANK C BAKER, 1916 Potamogeton rosterifolius at : : { Diarthera americana P : Deca E sano f Noi Pousrogete deni * Cua AW ieee’ ROROSS POINT | (sip cxsdens bere p B A : = |) Ferg tt Potamageton natana es a . \ T) Potamogeton interruptus Mynaphyllum verticilatura 4 = = : : Vallisreria sparais Vallinerta gpuras 2 Ej) ue sicl lee 5 eet a Dianthera americana Elden cancers | ¢ ores Sv meet SAND Shs Peg a Cs sano Scirpus ccadentalis 4 bE ! » canadensis Nympbea advena u BouoeR 3 3 Pouumogeton interruptus ¢ odorata 4, 3 Potamogeton richardseni Ponteders cordata Eben —— s Z S! sau 3 rtarw latin = | Niyreoghytan vertcllatwm | aol \ge 2 | perton rata eo 7 Nia = a ‘Scirpus amencanus Devodon vertiallatus ‘Typha angustifolia ‘Castalia odorate Dianthera amencana Castalis odorata Elodea canadensis Dianthera amencana — Nayas fleilia Nays fan = Fearne aia Pootederis cordats Sparpansum curyearpum — Decodon vertxillata Najas Gla Scirpus occidentalis Nomphea advena Vallisneriasporalis Chir Niell Potamogeton interruptus Cephalanthus occidentalis — Cephalanthus occidentalis. Chara Potamogeton licens ‘Sparganium euryearpum Mynophy llum verticillatum Eleocharis Chara, Potamogeton rchardsonii Salix nigra var falcata Pontederia cordata Myriophyllum Potamogeton robbirui Ponelarig condita Paeeaig beso Ebeiacs Buca tar anette Potamegrion roaterfolius Polamogeton perfoliat un Suaittana Litto Potamogeton perfolitus Uvicolana Potamogeton foloaus Scirpus ceodentalia Myriphytlum vervoillatum Spas smithir Potamogeton interruptus Elodea canadenus Potaroogeton fries seals Nays Beal Potamogeton pralongus Scrpus oceidentala Mynophyllum verticillatum Mynophylhum scabeatum Fis. 19. Map of the distribution of the gross vegetation in the lower part of Lower South Bay. Figures 18 and 19 are drawn to the same scale and may be used as a single map The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 57 end of the point, the sand areas being several hundred feet west of the end of the point. One of the largest boulder areas extends from the end of the point into the lake for the distance of 600 or more feet. The south side of Long Point, especially that portion bordering the north shore of Short Point Bay, is marked by three rounded points and three bays. The bottom material of these areas is of gravel, sand, boulders, and mud, the latter being more abundant in the bay at the west end of Short Point Bay. The water on the points as well as in the bays is shallow for a considerable distance from shore. Fila- mentous alge of several species is abundant over much of the bottom and frequently quite conceals the real character of the bottom material. Table No. 2 indicates the nature of the several habitats. College of Forestry ar} rear) pues £7-] QLL SLL TAX >" x = ate tI VI gI gi pnhur } pnur v ty Sz Sz1 TEL eel ly -ELL }-g9L AX AIX SLVLIAV]] INIOg DNOT x TI QI pues v Oot osl -LUL xT “pynoq S os bsg €-1SL TILA ‘SON AAV *“*S11DALGS D1AIUSITID A sate stele es ooo tetas “3 tags sngaag “**"s17D]UNap1990 sSNGAIIS eaveteeatatatel Meaatats “**snupoiaauD sngaiay es Ssnypyjofiag uojasouDjog suey slieleXevatatexe =" SuDinUu UojaSOUDIOg “*""DyDpdo? Disapaquog “puaapp Doyquk NT ; “-unpoyyyion Unp AY goLk Py “DIINS1A] DUMIT SISUAPDUDI DapOry DUDILAIUD DAIY JUDIE “****"""DIDAOPO DYYDISDD eee eee (A4inf) ayeq "***""pazda][0d [elIazyeur Jo: B1yz *****(sayour srenDs) vale yup) ***"**U10340q JO JajoRIeYD, sete ses(q997) 193e@M JO Yydeq cee eee (9999) a1OYs Wot 9oUeySIC, "eee ssiaquinu PPT “***stequinu yeEUQeH, BouLoen SS BE CPs House aes Hee Dianthera 3 allisneria WeLts Park Bou Myriophytlurn ER Patilucens a Pot. perfoliatus Vallisnerva Dianhera Young Scirpus american Norcross Point ee Fienthe-<__ 9%, Scirpus amerie Nos ys Dianthera Scirpus americanus Fic, 20. Map of the distribution of the gross yegelation along the shore of Oneida Lake east of Norcross Point. The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 59 2. Short Point Bay. The second rounded point west of Long Point marks the entrance to Short Point Bay as Short Point marks the entrance on the south side. The bay (fig. 8) “is about a third of a mile long and a quarter of a mile wide and covers an area of about 53 acres. The north shore, bor- dering the peninsula known as Long Point, is bouldery on the points and sandy or muddy in the bays, the third bay near the extreme west end of Short Point Bay having a typical mud bottom. The head of the bay has a hard sand bottom and is without vegetation. The south side has a soft black mud bottom at the southwest side which changes to clay and then to sand as Conway Point is approached. The water shallows gradually from shore to the 6-foot contour. Vegetation is represented by few species on the north side of the bay, a much larger number occurring in the mud bottom area at the southwest corner of the bay. The bottom of the whole area is more or less covered with debris consisting of plant frag- ments, pieces of wood, dead, bleached molluscan shells, empty caddis-fly and chironomid larval tubes, etc. In many places there is a heavy growth of filamentous alge. Table No. 3 shows the habitats of Short Point Bay. Habitat No. xxxvi is characteristic of a typical protected habitat. The shore is swampy and the water extends well into the wooded area, which consists of Black Willow (Salix nigra falcata) and Buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis). The water border- ing the shore is from six to 20 inches deep and the shore is lined with Swamp Loosestrife (Decodon verticillatus), Bur- reed (Sparganium eurycarpum), Pickerel-weed (Pontederia cordata), Arrow-heads (Sagittaria arifolia and A. latifolia) and the Yellow Water Lily (Nymphea advena). The bottom near the shore is of black mud covered with fragments of plants and pieces of wood, and also a thick, fluffy substance evidently decaying plant material (detritus). A heavy blanket of filamentous alge covers everything, the bottom and the vegetation to the surface of the water, College of Forestry - 3 x x or x = ° x 5 x A0'0 x hinds = : x x Bits ¥ r x LI Lz se gz gI gI pnw } pues ¢-1 | v7 OI-z | oSz seg —z£g | 1S01 TAXXX|AXXX =e ——————————————————————————— xxx int ahi x x x > x x rye : x LI fia 91 gt pues | pues v £ os Sz 9zg | €zg —bzg |-ozs Ixxx | xxx 61g XIXx x nite x A x ra x é x aie x 5 x 0 "ere x ores x x ns x AnD LI tI eee | zz or ot pnui | pues £¢ (3 of of 81g | gol —S1g |-S6L HIAXX |{TAXX (ope pues £ ov vIg -IIg TAXX aiate x x on : Bate x x "08 x pd ba x Stark aakou || ised x noone an x ape cad 5 po caaellea.a0 x Rete terete x a's ‘ gree AeDOr x 055 x eacate |lerenemeeane nec x oan x epeusteKe ayers x aivionalcrestvare real peers = ae nit x , saute =: x x Cn. = Eye mien LX tI Li VI br gz one eee vz * . £zxbxv zxtzxe€ £exbxv gI gI QI QI |'exext pues | pnut | puts |*jaeis| ‘prnoq £E-£7 2G ge ¥% ge_-f7 os OSI | o£ oor |os—Sz O1g | 00g zSg | Log —80y |-66L | fog |b-£6L|—-bog AXX | AIXX | Ixx | xx | Ixx Ea Sas “**"""S1DdlgdS DLdAdUS1]ID A “ss pg1yaciog Djaposig S "und ApIK ana uwniudsAvgS Tet ee eee eeeee seams sngare ries wise diej elses s4pquapr220 sndaie Theses" SNUDITAUD SNGAIIY “*****puOfyD] DIADIBIGDS "8" DVOf{IAD DidADIPIIDS "TS" 8" * WUOSPADYITA UOJISOUDIOT : “"*"*snqpyofsag U0ZadOUDIOT ""*""""SUDIDU UOJITOUDIOT cress ss**$uaIn] UOJIIOUDIOT “**"9nqdnidaqUr U0JISOUDIOT Pr teeeseseeess pnp 409 Disapajuog "ss" "puaapp poyqucd J rrteeeeseeseessanvael sptDN GE OU UOG DINS14} DUT “"""""sisuappuDns Daporq Thess DUDITAIUD DABYJUDIG ee ****9nqD7}19144aa UOpOIagT tet sss* Dip sopo DLVISDD fara eiterale ereye (AInf{) a3eq "testes *DaqoaT[09 [elayeUr JO “By Tat Clot Yet ta ty) eee (‘ur ‘bs) Pole yu : “*****"uI0930q JO JazoeIeyD ste eeeseess (4993) JazeM jo yydaq “****(q99aJ) a1OYS WOIT OUeISICG, SLVLIAV]] AVG INIOg LUOHS *€ ‘ON ATEV], The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 61 3. Conway Point. This piece of land extending into Short Point Bay in a northerly direction is apparently without a name, and at the suggestion of Mrs. F. C. Baker, it is here designated Conway Point, the name being that of a Syracuse gentleman who has a summer cottage near this point. The land rises in a northerly direction to a height of about eight feet above lake level and forms a small bluff. The bottom at the end of the point is bouldery with sand areas on the east and west sides. The water is a foot or two deep on the point and gradually deepens to six feet (Table 4). 4. Short Point (fig. 9). This is a low, tongue-shaped point of land separating Short Point Bay from Lower South Bay. It is about 300 feet long and 80 feet wide. The water surrounding the point is shallow and very bouldery, the stony area extending eastward into the larger body of water for several hundred feet. A shallow area less than six feet deep with sand or boulder bottom, extends southeasterly for a dis- tance of nearly 1,500 feet (Table 5). 5. Lower South Bay. Under this head is included the larger part of the body of water known as Lower South Bay. In the west end of the bay between Short Point and the south shore of the bay, there is a narrow strip of sand bottom bor- dering the shore and not exceeding 50 feet in width. Beyond this sand area the bottom is composed of clay to the 6-foot contour where the mud bottom areas begin (Table No. 6). The vegetation varies greatly in different places in this terri- tory. South and west of Short Point the shore is protected from rough water and plants are numerous in both species and individuals. The shore is lined with Cat-tails (Typha angus- tifolia) or American Bulrush (Scirpus americanus), with Loosestrife (Decodon verticillatus) in the more protected places (fig. 10). In deeper water the Lake Bulrush (Scirpus occidentalis), the Water Lilies (Nymphea and Castalia) and a few submerged plants like Potamogeton occur (fig. IT). College of Forestry ZXzZx¢ ExEx€ Jepfnoq Jopjnoq ¢ o$ £98 TYyx Jap[noq | 1aprnoq $e 9 -098 ibe 2 * Ege hee eat Sete sos ¥. Wives Se teeter 61 LI LI LI | €xSx¢ eexexS | O1 QI QI Jopqnoq JeAeis | joAvis pues £¢ e ¢ 00z of oS OO1 1f@ abe 6g —of¢g 6rg —9tg Tx [x XTXXX IITAXXX SLVLISV]] INIOg AVMNOO Srovelierated cueteiate UY US snqAvs Se tO Oot cnn 0G sypquap1990 snqavs Mas vo nacle. ork | |lnRara.ahunn te anema mene te, Teh ** puaapoD Dvyquuk NT Se eet | earn, AO a sess mymseny DUMT Poe cellls See “<< pupopaup DaayuDa¢y a eal onc 0 oo Sel seid aan AT olay: Spe siete! |lletatonatels **"TeLIoyeur W10730q Jo omstyq gI Tay rele oS ses Sse (CU bs) eames p) WAS wal eel "+++" "WI09}0q Jo JojOBIeYO Cn. paisa eeeee (189) JoyeM jo yydeq Oye § PsP oe SCARED C'S aIOYS WIO]} soueIsICy Cre tts mi 6y,0'.8)\0. 6/6115 ee, 10) alles: it eu) ‘sioquinu Pew WAXXX forte streets - -sroquimu yeyIqe py ‘VON F19VyL The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 63 TABLE No. 5. SHORT PornT HABITATS Habitat numbers....... xlv | xlvi | xlvii xlvili xlix 1 Field numbers..........| 866-| 871 872- 876-| 879-| 882- | 869 | 875 878 | 881 884 Dis’arce from shore.... 30 | I-2 100 200 25 25 Depth of water (feet)... .| 13 3 24 3 3 22 Character of bottom....) boulder | bould.| grave!| gravel | sand | sand | | | boulder Winitvarea (Sqiin.)...... 6X3X42| 6x5x4| 16 | 3x3>5x63 16 16 | 6x43x23| | 4x3x24 | 3X2x43 3X1X42 |TIXIOXx6 | PaGawOlemiacenal. 0... | 22 Ne Hae 23 FP ass a Date (July) 19 fe) 19 19 19 19 Castalta odorata......... fy eects Feasts desta lhe pares x x Dianthera americanu.....| ...... x x x x SRE IELIUMUTU SEL COATS aL | Gs Sy SA | Gees atk || ANT Deed tom alae sae x Nymphea advena....... eRe argent lemawe on ll Ce athe x x Pontederia cordata....... Wile scgearia | lary aay I erence |e ds hes x Potamogeton natans...... He des) tig fats Wh Beare detsel| fe cette st x x WOLOTHTOSCLON. PErfolvaluse || i tac: || > 2h oy i seers || ae wee XG x Scirpus occidentalis... ... | ee) Mee ty. by cee hiro Be x The greater part of the area bordering the shore, however, is entirely free of vegetation (fig. 12), which does not appear until deeper water is reached, several hundred feet from the shore. The bottom in many places is covered with the usual debris of plant fragments, dead and bleached shells, worm cases, etc., and over all there is more or less alge, both fila- -mentous and the so-called “ blue-green.” This shore bottom is inclined to be of a marly character, Chara fragilis being very plentiful. The south shore is abundantly supplied with vegetation, both specifically and individually (Table No. 6). The shore is lined with Willow (Salix nigra falcata), Buttonbush (Cepha- lanthus occidentalis), Loosestrife (Decodon verticillatus), and Cat-tail (Typha angustifolia) (fig. 13), and the shallow water bordering the shore has a heavy growth of Bur-reed (Sparga- nium eurycarpum), Pickerel-weed (Pontederia cordata), Arrow-heads (Sagittaria latifolia and S. arifolia), and Ameri- can Bulrush (Scirpus americanus). Farther from shore there are colonies of greater or less extent of Water Lilies 64 College of Forestry (Nymphea and Castalia), Pickerel-weed (Pontederia in bloom), and the Floating Pond-weed (Potamogeton natans). The Pond-weeds (Potamogeton), Water-weeds (Elodea), and Milfoil (Myriophyllum) are very abundant in water from three to six feet deep. The Lake Bulrush (Scirpus occiden- talis) is common almost everywhere. The bottom is of clay, which in places almost becomes mud. The water is shallow for a great distance, the 6-foot contour being over 1,200 feet from shore in its maximum distance. Farther east, where the protection afforded by Long Point and Short Point is less effective, the bottom material is of clay mixed with fine sand covered more or less with organic debris and filamentous alge (Tables Nos. 7, 8). The water deepens more rapidly than in the section farther west, discussed above. The vegetation 1s abundant and contains much the same species as mentioned previously. In the deeper water, Myriophyllum, Elodea, and Potamogeton are so thick that the mass resembles a miniature forest. 65 The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake or oI nxy | Bx] AYOHS ISAM a] sea liesettie| ele ; x ees : ay : x x x ae tA ae Dal eal Waco alte ; aie aes =e || x x ; z x ; ‘ea Se ees |e x |e ata are . w. see | eee x x x iy : Steal oe aa | + “ Bala é eel een tae Bee ie Sat| eo ee Oe oe on tee om Won Won en Wai Wien ae ar i sall (ols 91 fos QI QI QI gI 91 QI | Aejo| Aelo} puvs Av[o | pues | Avo | Avyo | Avo | Avpo | Aepo | eyo | puvs| pues Aejo | Aejo £z | EI gs gb Ev ze oT z im ¢e-#z| €£ iS SL | Sz oor | oSz | ooz | oor | oz z OOI | Sz of SL 606 86g | £68 S6g | 38g 106 | 006 | goo | ZI6 | 66g |-96g |-6gg | 016 bog |-9gg | Sgg | 116 xP | XM | MAL] mar | ray | an | aq | om | om | on ‘SLVLIGVH] AVG HLNOG YAMOT "9 ‘ON ATAV ee ae “pyofisnsun Dyd&T, "und aprkana uniups ands Trees <"917D1Uap1990 Sng ALIS Teeeeess "SNUDILAIUD SNGEMIS et pnofiap piuDynsog “"*"*snof1sajsoz UojasomDjog "Tes" """418U1QGOA UOJASOULDIOT “*** 1MOSPADYIIA UOJISOULDIOT ne “SnqIDYyjOféag UOJAISOUWDIOT “**"""*suaan} UOjJasoUuDjOT “""""snjGnadaqut U0jasdouDjog esses **"DIDPAOI DLAApaJUoT sere eee eee “puaipp DaYquck NT «5 srere se eee “****saixarf splp NT tr tsreessessspgmstat pUUaT Tree eees'**SisuapDUDds Dapory TTT" 8" DUDITAIUD DAIYIUDIC ee ee ee eee wee “sipsaDaf DADYD trrtsstsssssepmsopo DYyDISDD wee eee eres eae et CATEL LG) a1eq Craver "****Cur ‘bs) vore pug *****1109430q jo Joyorreyg "*** (4993) 1032 Jo yydoq Ce eevenes a10ys Woy 90Ue4sICT *esleseesSToquIntt Plahg SOD OOD *sraquinu yeUqQeH College of Forestry 66 x | x x x x 0z | oc gI gI Aelo | Aejo 2% {ai oor oos gt6 Le6 HIXXX] | IXXX]]t AGIS HLNOS ‘AN ISAM allie sO sete x 3 : ae belli tora x x oe 2'€ x x x x siete AN aeheee < >.< : ens ae alee . 5 ° . | x x x | x : . S ° | . . . . | x tz tz %z Fara | ad gl OF maior) ore -ihor | ‘ptnoq | Avpo jpoavis pues | pues |joAvis —puevs | pues c } tS ¢ } 9 | 9 ool | o$ oz oor | oSz | 066 F101 | C101 | zror | 396 “886 XIXO | WIAxO | 1AxO | AO 7X) | ONIGDNVY] S AaadIN]T, AO LSV ‘ OO! 296 986 a0) e - : ae fae 91 gl JoAeis JoAevis | pues € iS o0z | OSI £96 0g6 -1g6 646 1) 3) . 9/16 X1OX Ze 91 puvs v oor LL6 9L6 TMTAOX ¢a) ee ere. eee ee “sypards DIAIUSUID A eh wa ane eo tere . *$14D1Uap1990 sndavag testa “"""SnUpatdaUD sng Alay Senate? SNYOf1A9}SOZ U0JASOWDIO | "5" *MUOSPADYIIA U0JASOUDIOT sts * ss onguojapag U0Jad0WDJ0 I Boeken, snypyofiad uwojasomnjog BS IY suagn] U0Jas0WDjO T sees sonidnsdaqUur U0JAd0ULDJO wNyDIVYAan WNTCY GOK C6 \e ps, /0) 1s) (vi @) (8) iste) Ave eee ‘syxayfy splv NT [Pesaran aepiexses SUADINIIID S1ADY IOI PICNIC ECECIOICI Croan sisuappunsd Dapor zy puavsgep (ane sieal athe DUDIVAIUD DAIYJUDICT seibo te geste eases TNE eae ee CATION) a1eq Teen CACO "++" "TpITA}BUT JO “SLT ome e ne eee ‘(ur *Ds) vole JIU aeiarcarg oh or u10}}0q Jo JojoRIeYyO SiGrer ety on (3094) I9}eM Jo yydeq CPB oy **9I0YS WOJ}] soUeISTC 5. reco oro P22 ee Se Ghislejovdghss jo) )es RAR OOO GE SIOGUING JeYqey “SLVLIAVE] AVG HLNOS YAMOT ‘6 ‘ON ATAVE; 69 The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake $z QI pues £¢ 00z Czo1 tzo1 XTXXO TAxx9 9col HAXXO papnjou0)—ONIGNV’] § ,ANNAIH, AO ISVY tz OI puvs Zz of IZOI —OZOI AIXXO xX “a Ve 91 pues oS OSI 6101 “Trxxo ae "Su Dads DIAIUSIID A a Nees *s1jp]UWapr1j90 Sng Atay Pe NSS sits SMUDITAOULD SUG HIS “*"*snupofidaqsoz W0Jak0uWDI0 T ** “4UOSPADYIVA UOJABOULDIO T “**“onsuojapad U0JadO0UWDIOT “*“snqpyofiad uojasounjog * suagn] Uojasomnjo gq ""smgdnddaqur U0JaB0UD0 J *-Mengnyyy71}4|G wmnyKydorac ““surxayl splDAy "5" "**904D1NI19D S1ADY 909] ah abe "sUsuapDUund Dapo]y TS" "DUDITAIWUD DAOYJUDLT “"TeLIoyeu Jo ‘8hy ‘(ur ‘bs) vore yu eA uI0}}0q Jo JojovleyO Sate (j99J) IoyeM Jo yIdeq Saka * aroys Wory oouRISIC “*sdoquINU poy **sloquinu yeyIqeyT ‘SLVLIGVH AVG HLNOS AIMO'7T 6 ‘ON @1aVL 70 College of Forestry East of Thierre’s landing to Norcross, Point, including the steamboat wharf at South Bay (fig. 14), the bottom is of hard sand and the vegetation is reduced to comparatively few spe- cies, among which Bulrush (Scirpus) and Water Willow (Dianthera) predominate, bordering the shore. In the deeper water the plants become more numerous, and include the Kake Bulrush (Scirpus occidentalis), several Potamogeton, Myrio- phyllum, and Elodea. Between Thierre’s landing and the steamboat wharf there is an area of bottom which is very bouldery, the water being from two to three feet deep. The depth increases gradually in this area from a foot or more to the 6-foot contour. Between the steamboat wharf and the Norcross Point shore there are two lagoons which exhibit a variety of habitat condi- tions (fig. 15). These are separated from the lake or bay by three small points of land, or peninsulas, which protect these bodies of water from the rough water incident to northwest storms. The peninsulas have a sand, gravel, and boulder bot- tom on the north or exposed sides and the water is shallow northward for a considerable distance. On the south or pro- tected sides of these points of land the bottom is of fine sand, clay or mud and the water rapidly deepens to five and six feet. Vegetation is very luxuriant, Typha angustifolia, Scirpus americanus, and Scirpus occidentalis bordering the shore and a large number of submerged plants filling the water to such an extent that it is difficult to push a boat through them. Among these, Potamogeton is conspicuous both in number of species and in individual plants. The surface of the water is thickly covered with a growth of filamentous alge, Cladophora and Gidogonium (Table No. 10). 6. The Deeper Water Habitats of Lower South Bay. Beyond the 6-foot contour, the depth of water gradually in- creases toward the east until it attains 15 feet at the entrance to the bay. The bottom material is black mud, usually soft and covered with organic debris and some alge. Off the points there is often an admixture of gravel. Vegetation is all of the submerged type and is in most places very abundant, forming a mass of plants, Potamogeton and Myriophyllum being the 71 The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake pnw v os goor XAO | pues | £1 9 OIOL —6001 | | ATXO SHiraean wap so opduO SEOs supaids pisausiyo A ** SUADSINA DIADININA Hooanie To oot AD OGoO-e pyofusniun pydh I, SOPs asOey io act ng Orn 0 “s1jpjuap1990 sng WA paveintetey ts Tks ace e ets “SNUDILAIUD SNGALIS Sake pent pen A SN1J0f143}SOZ UOJATOUDIOT “****"11SU1QGOA UOJAZOUDIOT **MUOSPADYIIA UOJABOUDIOT THe cee hey Coo rhe sel ***suaon) uoJasouDjog 3 Guy LC COMM NEC *onjgnaaajqur U0ja30ujO,7 eae sh MSatdf UOJIBOUDIOT “*snsoyof uojasoumnjog “"""DIDPAOI D1LAIPIJUO T riohetay sie rereueneceie “DNaN se eee eee *syixaye splp NT oS eras oe “UNIDAQDIS wnpKY Goss Py UNIDIIIYAIL UNTKY GOs Py Simin occa pmo DOE “= S14p]NI19D $14D4909]5 Fe reses ss! = speuappuns papost se we eee ewe eee severPisheleseiese CATHIE) ayeq eae ae ee ee ed see **[eIIoyeUL jo “SI « wel =, eo, « see ela «ain ser ee (ur *Ds) PRoIe yuyQ Sdcediemnka antl Gipls cenaiesete “+++ uI0}30q Jo JajORIVYD aida sie toa¥er dieters teletle! « (9907 ut) 197eM Jo yydeq RiKCL Cle ojieveite Kallskiaiadel acteitelere a1OYS WOT} aUeISIG, siNehspeeseereten lee terete tke "+ *sraquinu pany Vola coe hoodie Goo Oe siaqumu 4eyqe}] AVG HLAOS YAMOT ‘AAVHA\ LVOSWVALS AHL AO ISV{ SLVLISGVE] NOODVY ‘OI ‘ON ATaVL College of Forestry 72 pnw tat efor | ofor | 1f01 | Sor zSor gbor | obor AITS ty nyo yo 12) XT]XO | TTATKO LVvo1 MWA]XO A ODD OCU Aerob -So MAE OP a sypaigs DrsausiyD A ***SnYOftAajSOZ UOJIBOUDIOY ASRS GASR NS UUOSPADYIVA UOJABOUDIO ae RO ae siel 00 2 Snqorjofaag UOJIBOWDIOY sores eesces ess *9uaIn] UOJIZOULDIOT ese ies a, ies eae “SNIGNAAIJUL UOJATOWDjIOT @ e\ase a8 6 Ga se) 8 6/elerehn ecpUe, S009 *syixayt splp N *uinqD7}1914 49a UNI KYGOLAs Py TOCEOIOMO Od CEGt a cha ie ““poyMStd] DUULIT seers sss *o1suapDUD? Dapoly see ed *(Aqnf) oyeq ee eee **[eBI19yeUL jo “BI ne ceo oa “+ 110430q Jo JajoRIeYO *(q9ay) JayeM jo yydeq 3 0 Geta TOG 0 ors * ssjoqumu pany atec Are ensceptees sroquinu 4eyqeyy AVG HLNOS YAMOT AO SLVIIAVH WALVA dard ‘II ‘ON Fav ' The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 73 most numerous. In Table No. 11, each dredging is indicated, the area covered being 768 square inches (see page 23). On the map, fig. 1, each dredging is shown in its relation to the adjoining land areas. 3. SoutH SHORE oF LAKE East oF Norcross Point This territory may be divided into two areas, that bordering the shore and that of the deep water between Norcross Point and Dunham Island. 1. Norcross Point Shore. The shore of Oneida Lake east of Norcross Point (figs. 16, 17) is very bouldery and the water rather rapidly deepens to the 6-foot contour and still more rapidly to the 12-foot contour. The boulders are mostly of large size indicating the rough character of the water during storms from the north and east. Vegetation is not abundant, except in more or less isolated spots near the shore where the Water Willow (Dianthera) and Bulrush (Scirpus) grow in great profusion (fig. 17). The boulders are more or less covered with filamentous alge which afford good feeding ground for mollusks and other aquatic animals (Table No. 12). 2. Deep Water Area between Norcross Point and Dun- ham Island. North of the Norcross Point shore the water deepens rapidly to 16 feet and then gradually to 18 and 19 feet (see cross section, fig. 4, L). The bottom material is of black, soft mud throughout the greater part of this area. In one spot, however, at depths of 14 and 15 feet (see map, fig. 1) there is a streak of gravel with some sand which extends in an east and west direction for several hundred feet. There is more or less alge on the bottom in all depths of water. Vegetation is absent from the greater depths, appa- rently, occurring in but one dredging at 10 feet. The unit areas are the same as those given above under deep water habitats of Lower South Bay. (See Table No. 13.) College of Forestry 74 €xLx9Q “pinoq HyxXo Sx$xg PxPxg €xPxg exexs SxgxzI EIXTxXQ FexSxg “pinoq I ool gzl -61L nyxo expxz *pjnoq JoAeis ¢ eI £ZxPx€ “preg £ oor SIZ XIXXXO EDX Ex gI jeAris sPIBOG £ oor bil f1Z TIAXX XO) 91 JaAvia fe oor ziL —6eL WAXXXO | IAXXXO SxgxQ “prnoq z T Ei gzl AXXXO €xSxg |fexbxg sPIHeg)| “Pino FI z oor ool Lal evl AIXXXO} INX¥XO bxtxg 2zxPx9g €cxPxg £exPxgQ “pynog t oor zl —6£L of OzOI gzol UXxXxXoO TXXXO “**92)DA1gS D1d9US1I]D A “""SNUDILAIUD SNGALIS “"DUDILAIULD DAIYJUDICT oe TOBEG COA (sia(f)) 97eqd sees Teri9yeur jo “BIT *** (ur bs) vore yu **u10930q Jo JoyOeIeYD *(j997) Joyea jo yydeq **910Ys WO1f a0ueySICT “++ *sraquInU platy “+++ ssroquinu 4ezIqey a ee ee ————“*Re—0wen00$~—~—_—_ oOo omom™™—-—@:—@—(”€0—OC— rr SLVLIAV]] LNIOG SSONDNON ‘CI ‘ON YTAV LE The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 75 TABLE No. 13. DEEP WATER HABITATS IWabitat numbers... s....66.. cxlv clvii | clviii clix clx Breldisumberss.. 2s eect nee 801 1037 1038 1040- 1043 1039 1042 Depth of water (in feet)....... 10 15 15 18 14 @haracter of bottom.....:....| mud mud mud mud sand gravel | gravel gravel Pee OAATCTIAL, 5 6c. deme o.de| ove 39 40 ANT Meese (DENG 15 15 26 26 26 | 26 DECTIVOALTUSUL CH crs aka, 5.25.14 + sens)>'s Ke. vil prot WU SRN, [merece ate, la ease eens [Neve sent Myriophyllum verticillatum.. RK) Wile ore DMMB se lle Renee ns | eee tae Najas flexilis. . aap somte Kun) | ee rome (tances [Oe chee. | eeteeeerege Vallisneria spiralis. ee tem ae PMc ioe) 4] ctecren | lanes | eerhekehays 4. LOCALITIES AT A DISTANCE FROM LOWER SouTH Bay Several localities at some distance from the Lower South Bay region were visited and collections, more or less exten- sive, were made. These should be recorded, although the data does not appear in the quantitative tables. 1. Tuttle Brook, Chittenango Creek. This small stream empties into Chittenango Creek about three-fourths of a mile from the point of entrance into Oneida Lake (in a straight line) at the State Protectors’ Camp. Although the brook is small, it fairly teems with life and would seem to afford good feeding ground for small fish. Filamentous algee (Cladophora fracta, G:dogonium grande, and Gidogomium regulosum) are very abundant, in some places almost choking the water. Other plants noted were Water-weed (Elodea canadensis), Duck-weed (Lemma trisulca), and a Pond-weed (Potamoge- ton species). The bottom is of black mud. A pint of alge was gathered from an area approximately 20 by 3 feet, bor- dering the shore, just above the bridge which crosses the stream at this point. Table No. 14 shows the animal life present. The gastropod mollusk (Planorbis parvus) and the amphipod (Hyalella) were the most abundant, followed by the beetle (Creniphilus) and chironomid larve. The large number of groups represented is noteworthy. A study of this little stream, as well as of the larger creek, would doubtless be of interest. The latter is said to be upwards of 35 feet 76 College of Forestry deep, yet at the mouth it is but 12 feet deep and a short dis- tance from shore the water is only three feet deep. The geological history of Chittenango Creek is probably very inter- esting and the correlation of the depth with its pre- and post- glacial history would be of interest and would probably explain the meaning of the great depth of the creek so short a dis- tance from the shallow mouth. The crowfoot dredge (the only implement with the party when this creek was examined) was dragged over the bottom of the creek but the only results were a number of branches of trees and other debris. It was TABLE No. 14. ANIMAL LIFE OF TUTTLE Brook (Field No. 857) Mollusca LEN OTOUS PANUUS Soe Seite aie 127 mostly young and immature JEM AG ALES GSUCWOUS «263500 68507006 I adult Galba humilis modtcella........... 10 5 mm. long iIPhysaheterostropna?:.s220-... 2-4 - 6 3-4 mm. long 1 adult Malutia ItGhyinGi@ a eel = eer 2 adults i IRUStdtUumM, SPECIES... cece cs eie sec 154 specimens Amphipoda Hyalella knickerbockert............ 92 Cladocera : Simocephalus serrulatus........... Stmocephalus vetulus............- Isopoda PLSCIL SY COMUMUNTIS motes satiate lemiuptera... 2... WNotoner ar. My tips semis nie ae Corixantiyinph tse eee ake Plea striola, nymph and adult..... Coleoptera ECU DIUS TILUGOMUSS ee meine eine ere oe Helophorus nitedulus:...........%. Helophorus inquinatus...........- Helophorus lineatus.............-- PANS GTWS OGHTACEUS). . en laeicictet ate TET OSS DS GH POSS Ge ols oa aid Maa ees ac Creniphilus subcupreus............ Diptera (larvae 25, pupe 2) Chironomus species Orthocladius species Palpomyta SPCClES 2 rises ocles «5 pas 27 Acarina Ayr enurusicrs try. = aie nant Be I Hx NI fbn an COnM SN See ios) 195 Specimens Total number of animals.......... 349 specimens The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 77 thought that mussels might be found in the deep water of the creek but none were collected, and probably none were present. A few dredgings with the rectangular dredge would be interesting. 2. Johnson Bay, North Shore of Oneida Lake. This em- bayment is directly across the lake from Lower South Bay. It is a small bay about a third of a mile long and over an eighth of a mile wide. The water is from four to six feet deep and the bottom is mostly of firm sand, with a few mud areas in sheltered places. Vegetation consists of Lake Bul- rush (Scirpus occidentalis), Pickerel Weed (Pontederia cor- data) and White Water Lily (Castalia odorata). The shore is lined with Swamp Loosestrife (Decodon verticillatus). Col- lections were made in three habitats as noted in Table No. 15. Many of the specimens were immature. The 911 habitat was on the leaves of the White Water Lily, one individual on each leaf. The sponge (Heteromyenia) was found attached to a leaf of Scirpus occidentalis, just below the surface of the water. It was quite abundant. TABLE No. 15. JOHNSON BAy HABiITATs icldGniuintbOenss. rst isthe de oo Ben koe cma 709 g1o gil Wepsurot water (in feet). yelc.cas esses dadeeerie 2-4 B=Al iW ees eres Character of bottom...... ee Sh. Soe ee sand } sand | lily leaf Lanes (USD CRI Di iad sea ae ae ee eR 12 12 | 12 PEP LUOCCOMPPIGNOLUS..06 oo ole cele bub aidnit od al pee 6 TOplnwsee PA OW OPUEERE QUO) ACLON maberitctors. <5) ceils aoe Cocke heuer ell fires lair AMLGUONUE STANTS FOOMONG. «00.2. 05. oe cele ew noe os |r ave eh I eeetete EE SELES ILICOLOR . (pcecicls et 2 ate 5 a Meld Dane ee PAE SEA | astS-5 BMAP TO NALECTNTUTS © 5 SOG OBO oe Sonne oc eee lh ary ste I ALAHOROTS CUMPANULALUSe a ..5 setae ciocaes aerate es > by sap 9 (A Ms ae I Physa warreniana...... RS RS ape int eicls Galsg oeke ar meee: LER ADE OT PAGAL SS AO EO 8 HO Ie OO. 6 OL ORD OS OVSE Lees Te eas 3. Graves Bay, South Shore of Oneida Lake. This local- ity is a trifle over a mile east of Lower South Bay. The water is shallow for a great distance from shore, gradually deepening to the 6-foot contour which is 900 feet from shore. 78 College of Forestry The 4-foot contour is upwards of 600 feet from shore. The bottom is of hard sand and the vegetation is restricted to Potamogeton robbinsu. The points at either end of the bay are shallow and bouldery and have a heavy growth of Dian- thera and Scirpus occidentalis. Two mussels, Elliptio com- planatus and Lampsilis luteola, were collected in water 5-6 feet deep, by Professor T. L. Hankinson, Elliptio pe go per cent more abundant than Lampsilis. 4. Frenchman Island. Mr. A. G. Whitney collected on the north side of Frenchman Island, in a sheltered, swamp-like pool of water protected from the roughness of the lake by a bas; (see F. C. Baker, /16a, p, 72, and fig, 22 0n p. S65) eye water was 18 inches deep and the bottom of mud. From the leaves of the Arrow-head (Sagittaria arifolia) the following mollusks were collected: 3 Galba catascopium, young, 5%, 8, 9 mm. 3 Planorbis binneyi, young, 4, 4, 7 mm. 1 Segmentina armigera, adult. 1 Bythinia tentaculata, young, 4 mm. 3 Amunicola bakeriana, adult. 1 Amnicola bakeriana nimia, adult. SYSTEMATIC List OF THE PLANTS OF LOWER SouTH BAY 1. Seed Plants of the-Bottom The majority of the plants here listed were identified by Dr. Herman S. Pepoon, of Chicago, Illinois. The classification is that of Robinson and Fernald (’o8). As before stated, this list is far from being exhaustive, only those plants being col- lected that were more or less intimately associated with the animal life. A careful plant survey of this territory would undoubtedly bring to light many aquatic species not before recorded from this region. The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 79 MONOCOTYLEDONEZ FAMILY TYPHACEZ Typha angustifolia L. Narrow- leaved Cat-tail. FAMILY SPARGANACEZ: Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. Bur-reed. FAMILY NAJADACEA Potamogeton natans L. Floating Pond-weed. Potamogeton lucens L. Shining Pond-weed. Potamogeton prelongus Wulf. Pond-weed. Potamogeton richardson (Benn.) Rydb. Richardson’s Pond-weed. Potamogeton perfoliatus L. Clasping-leaf Pond-weed. Potamogeton sosterifolius Schum. Eel-grass Pond-weed. Potamogeton fries Rupr. ° Fries’ Pond-weed. Potamogeton foliosus Raf. Leafy Pond-weed. Potamogeton interruptus L. Pond-weed. Potamogeton robbinsu Oakes. Robbin’s Pond-weed. Najas flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. and Schmidt. Slender Naiad. FaMILy ALISMACEZ Sagittaria latifolia Willd... Broad-leaved Arrow-head. Sagittaria arifolia Nutt. Narrow-leaved Arrow-head. FAMILY HyDROCHARITACE Elodea canadensis Michx. Water-weed. Vallisneria spiralis L. Wild Celery; Eel-grass. FAMILY CYPERACEZ Eleocharis acicularis (L.) R. and S. Needle Spike Rush. Scirpus smith Gray. Smith’s Bulrush. Scirpus americanus Pers. American Bulrush. Scirpus occidentalis (Wats.) Chase. Lake Bulrush. Carex trichocarpa Muhl. Sedge. 80 College of Forestry FAMILY LEMNACEZ Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. Duck-weed. Lemna trisulca L. Deck-week; Ducks Meat. FAMILY PONTEDERIACE Pontederia cordata L. Pickerel-weed. FAMILY IRIDACEZ Iris versicolor L. Larger Blue Flag. DICOTYLEDONEZ FAMILY SALICACEZ Salix nigra falcata (Pursh) Torr. Black Willow. Famity NyYMPHACEZ Nymphea advena Ait. Cow Lily. Castalia odorata (Ait.) Woodville and Wood. Sweet- scerited Water Lily. FAMILY CRUCIFERZ Radicula aquatica (Eat.) Robinson. Lake Cress. FAMILY LYTHRACEZ Decodon verticillatus (L.) Ell. Swamp Loosestrife. FAMILY HALORAGIDACE Myriophyllum verticillatum L. Water Milfoil. Myriophyllum scabratum Michx. Water Milfoil. FAMILY LENTIBULARIACEZ Utricularia vulgaris americana Gray. Greater Bladderwort. FAMILY ACANTHACE Dianthera americana L. Water Willow. FAMILY RUBIACEZ Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Buttonbush. The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 81 2. Algz and the Lower Plants Lower South Bay is noteworthy for the great development ot the lower plants known generally as alge. These lowly plants are of primary importance because they form the food of a large percentage of animals upon which fish feed and even supply fish directly with food. Dr. MacClement remarks (715, p. 202) that: ‘The quantity of unicellular plants per unit volume of water decides the quantity of the Protozoa, Rotifera and Crustacea which may inhabit the waters. These latter are known to serve as the chief if not the only food of the young and small fish. Favorable conditions of shelter and food are indispensable to the growth and rapid development of the young food fish. We are therefore quite safe in deciding that a prime biological condition for a plentiful fish fauna is the presence of an abundant growth of microscopic plants.” “The surroundings most favorable for the growth of the more minute alge are quiet waters, sunlight, and a plentiful growth of larger plants such as Chara, Potamogeton, Elodea, Utricularia, and Myriophyllum as bottom and shore growths. These larger plants serve as shelters and homes for the minute forms, and wherever the former are absent, we cannot expect the latter to be abundant.”’ MacClement states that Chara is the most important substratum for minute alge. Platt (715) has made a very interesting study of the “blanket alge ’’ of shallow, permanent and temporary pools at Ithaca, New York. The filamentous alge included 16 species of Spirogyra, and representatives of the genera Mou- geotia, Zygnema, Vaucheria, Oscillatoria, Ulothrix, Micros- pora, and Anabena. These associated genera varied in seasonal abundance, and at certain times some genera were absent. Diatoms and desmids were abundant. These alge floated in thin layers, or formed thick masses. The animal population was found to be large and varied. The Protozoa and Rotifera were well represented. Of oli- gochete worms, three genera were observed. Planarian and other turbellarian worms were present. Of the mollusks, Lymnea, Physa, and Planorbis occurred. The statement that these snails are ‘not regular inhabitants of the surface alge, S2 College of Forestry but merely forage there when there is little or no sunlight ” is interesting, and may be true for small bodies of water, but not for larger ones, where these animals have been observed to crowd the alge or other plants on the surface, in direct sunlight, even during the hot days of summer. This has been noted not only in Oneida Lake but in other lakes. Four genera of Cladocera, three of Copepoda, one of Isopoda, and two of Amphipoda were collected. A few nymphs of Ephemerida and Odonata were noted as well as one genus, Corisa, of Hemiptera. Larve of Diptera, especially Chironomus, were abundant, though, curiously enough, mosquito larve were nota- bly rare. Several larval beetles as well as adults were col- lected, among them Hydroporus, Creniphilus, and Helophorus. The dominant or principal forms of this algal community are, among the alge, Spirogyra, Mougeotia, and Zygnema, which constitute the “ blankets.” In Oneida Lake, Cladophora, Spirogyra, and G:dogonium were the dominant genera. Among the larger animals Cyclops and the larve of Chironomus were most abundant. Quantitative valuations of the animals of these pools would be of value for comparison with those of Lower South Bay. As stated by Platt (’15, p. 761) “the population of the “blanket-algz ’ has its producers and its consumers, its hunters and its hunted, each readily exchanging roles as occasion de- mands,” and the same condition has been shown to be true, on a larger scale, of the Oneida Lake algal communities. The significant fact brought out in this study, as in the investiga- tions made at Lower South Bay, is that the presence of fila- mentous alge in abandance profoundly affects the animals, providing a food supply of sufficient amount to meet the requirements of a large population of herbivorous animals, which, in their turn, provide for the predaceous animals of the habitat. The conditions necessary for the abundant growth of alge are admirably met in Lower South Bay, and as a result the algal flora is abundant in both species and individuals, the entire bottom of the bay being covered with plants of this group. Not only the bottom, but the higher vegetation itself The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 83 is covered with these plants which form a thick blanket in many places, and fairly swarm with animal life — mollusks, worms, insects, crustaceans — providing a food supply of large dimensions. Chara forms a carpet on the bottom in many places, especially in the west end of the lower bay. Nitella is also abundant in spots. | The species of filamentous alge, such as Cladophora, Ulo- thrix, Gidogonium, and Spirogyra, cover the bottom in many places and form a thick blanket. The plankton alge, such as Rivularia, Tolypothrix, Phormidium, and Scytonema, are abundant in many habitats. Diatoms, especially Gomphonema and Coconeis, were noted abundantly in Cladophora and some other species of alge. It is probable that a rich flora of both diatoms and desmids exists in this bay and lake. It is of value to know the relative number of species found on different kinds of bottom material. Thus on boulder bot- tom there were 14 species; on gravel bottom 5 species; on sand bottom 24 species; on clay bottom 13 species; and on mud bottom 12 species.- It will be noted that a sandy bottom produced almost twice as many species as any other variety of bottom material. Forty-one species were collected, 36 of which (including two species new to science) are determined specifically. The alge were identified by Dr. E. N. Transeau, of the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. The detailed field numbers and habitat relations of the alge are shown in Tables Nos. 1-15. List of Alge CHARACEE Chara fragilis Linn. Chara species. Nitella species. CHROOCOCACE& Aphanotheca saxicola Nageli. OSCILLATORIACEZ Phormidium ambiguum Gomont. Phormidium netzii (Menegh.) Gomont. 84 College of Forestry Phormidium tenuis (Menegh.) Gomont. Microcoleus lacustris (Rabenh.) Farlow. NOSTOCACE E Cylindrospermum comatum Wood. SCYTONEMATACE Scytonema crispum (Ag.) Bornet. Tolypothrix limbata Thuret. Tolypothrix tenuis Kutz. Calothrix adscandens (Nageli) Born. & Flah. Rivularia paradoxa (Wolle) DeToni. Rivularia piswm Agardh. Rivularia species. STIGONEMACE Stigonema hormoides (Kitz.) Born. & Flah. ; ZYGNEMACE Zygnema species. — Spirogyra fluviatilis Hilse. Spirogyra pratensis Transeau. Spirogyra species. MESOCARPACE Mougeotia americana Transeau n. var. Mougeotia gracillima (Hass.) Wittrock. Mougeotia species. ULOTRICH ACE/E Ulothrix subtilissima Rabenh. Ulothrix zonala Kutz. Microspora amena (WKiutz.) Rabenh. (Edogonium crassiusculum idioandrosporum N. & W. (Edogonium crassum longum Transeau n. sp. _Edogonium flavescens Wittrock. (Edogonium grande Kutzing. (idogonium grande angustum Hirn. (Edogonium rugulosum Nordst. The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake (Edogonium oblongum majus (Nordst.) Hirn. (Edogonium spirale Hirn. (Edogonium tumidulum (Kutz.) Wittrock. (Edogonium species. Binuclearia tetrana Wittrock. CH AETOPHORACE Chetophora incrassata Hazen. Stigeoclonium falklandicum Wutzing. Coleochaete scutata Breb. ILERPESTEIRACEA _ Herpesteiron confervicola Nageli. CLADOPHORACEA® Rhizoclonium lieroglyphicum (Ag.) Kutz. Cladophora fracta (Dillw.) Kutz. 86 College of Forestry COMPOSITION OF THE BOTTOM FAUNA OF LOWER SOUTH BAY AND VICINITY INTRODUCTION In a previous paper (F. C. Baker, ’16, pp. 120-133) an attempt was made to roughly estimate the amount of food available for fish in the western part of Oneida Lake. This attempt was based on estimates of the total life furnished by counting the animals in an area estimated to be one foot square. While indicating in a general way the possible total amount of food present, the work was necessarily faulty and inaccurate because of lack of time and apparatus to properly carry on detailed investigations. It was therefore decided that the work of the 1916 field season should be devoted exclusively to the quantitative study of a portion of the lake, and as Lower South Bay was easily accessible and was also a favorite resort for fishermen and anglers, it was selected by Dr. Adams as a promising field for carrying on this kind of investigation. The partly enclosed character of the bay, as well as the variation in depth and character of the bottom, also made it favorable for statistical study. The physical characteristics, the vegeta- tion, and the methods of securing the data have been described in the previous chapters. As has already been stated on a previous page the inspira- tion for the present study was given by studies of the previous year (Baker, ’16, p. 316) and by the work of the Danish zoologist, Dr. C. G. Joh. Petersen (’15, ’16, etc.), who was the first student (in 1896) to count the actual number of animals on the bottom in a limited area of water (11, page 5). This author’s quantitative studies of the animal communities of the sea bottom in Danish and adjoining marine waters have been epoch-making. Petersen’s statement in one of his reports (11, p. 71), though referring to marine studies, may well apply to investigations of our inland lakes: “We have here a new field of work, which is very large and seems promising. Enumeration of the bottom animals does not take up so much time as counting of the plankton; and The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 87 when the percentage of dry matter has been determined for the different years, the number of individuals, as also the total rough weight of the species for 100 stations or more, will give good information regarding the mass of the animal life per square meter.” “T am inclined to believe, that an evaluation with such bottom-samplers could be carried out comparatively easily, and would lead much further than plankton determinations alone can, in the direction of the determination of the mass of fish food. We may certainly with Hensen consider it a condito sine qua non, that we must know on the main points the capacity of a water as regards the production of fish-nourish- ment, in order to be able to judge as to its rational exploitation in the interest of the fisheries. It will, however, scarcely be an easy matter to determine exactly, by quantitative investiga- tion of the food animals alone, the quantity of food available yearly, annual food-production, for the consumption of the fishes or other animals in any water; nor is it practically possible in the case of the plankton; it is only the logical con- sequence of our scientific mode of working to attempt to do such a thing. Both Hensen and the present work endeavor therefore at the same time to find another, more direct way, namely, to determine the production of food by investigating, what is actually used of the food by fishes or other animals which have lived on this food. When we have determined in this way, how much a sea-bottom can produce, it 1s compara- tively easy by means of the bottom-sampler to compare this bottom with another and thus obtain a good insight into, whether the one or the other is best suited for the production of the one or the other kind of food-animals, this or that species of fish, and whether on the whole it is more productive than the other. It is this I have in mind in using the expres- sion ‘valuation of the bottom.’”’ Fish culturists and fishermen alike will agree that this is sound logic and really goes to the bottom of the subject, for until we have detailed knowledge of the life of a body of water, including a fairly accurate estimation of the quantity of its biota, we cannot intelligently begin the rearing of fish. In Fic. 21. Invertebrate animals on a boulder, 4x3x1% inches, Habitat No. xliii, Field No. 862. Note the large number of the snail Galba catascopium. The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 89 other words we must know the mutual relations between all the aquatic organisms before we can hope to successfully dis- turb the balance of nature by artificial fish culture. It is the purpose of this chapter to indicate the valuation of the bottom animals and plants of Lower South Bay. The number of ani- mals on each kind of bottom will be considered and these results will be used to determine as accurately as possible the value of this life to the fish fauna as food. As stated by Petersen, this will afford a basis for comparison with other bodies of water. As indicated in the introduction, collections were made on soft bottoms (mud, sand, and clay} with a Walker dredge flattened on one side so as to scrape up a portion of the bottom measuring about 10 centimeters square, or 100 square centimeters (the area covered was slightly more than 100 square cm., being four inches square or 16 square inches). This is about the area used by Petersen in his marine investi- gations (one-tenth of a square meter or 3.93 inches square = about 15.44 square inches). Petersen’s bottom sampler is useful only on a soft bottom and its small size causes it to miss large animals, as large mollusks of the sea and the fresh-water clams of our lakes, and it might be desirable to use a larger sampler when investigating a bottom containing quantities of the large animals. Ekman (’15, p. 166) has devised a bottom sampler covering an area 5 decimeters square, but this seems almost too large for practical work. For soft bottoms upon which quantities of small animals live the Petersen bottom- sampler is the best apparatus known for obtaining accurate statistical data. A Petersen bottom-sampler was not available for use during the 1916 field season, and the Walker dredge was found to be satisfactory in the shallow water (down to six feet). The deeper parts of the bay were dredged with the ordinary rectangular dredge, a small area approximately 16 x 48 inches, being covered at each haul (see p. 23). For rocky shores the only method was to examine a number of boulders, measure them, and pick off all the animal and vege- table life. As is usually the case in general field work it was found that the best results were obtained by using a variety * } ~ é. ys | Fic. 22. Invertebrate animals on a boulder, 11 x 10 x 6 inches, Habitat No. xlv, Field No. 869. The dominant species are Goniobasis livescens, Psephenus lecontet (larva), Helicopsyche borealis and Heptagemna larve. The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 91 of methods. The material collected was all sorted in glass dishes, with the aid of hand lenses up to ten diameters. Petersen (11, pp. 50-53) counted and weighed the animals obtained, giving both “dried” and alcoholic weight. His material varied so greatly in size that a measurement of mass per unit area was necessary. In making the studies in Lower South Bay all of the individuals were counted. It was thought that counting would be more practicable, and suggestive in studies of the contents of the stomach and digestive tract of fishes. By this means a uniformity of method is secured for both stomach contents and for the estimates of the food supply. COMPARISON OF THE Bottom HABITATS OF LOWER SouTH Bay For the purposes of this statistical study Lower. South Bay includes all of the bay proper and the area extending eastward and northward within a line drawn eastward from Long Point which meets another line drawn northward from Norcross Point (see fig. 1). This area embraces 881 acres and the total area sampled, including certain territory in the vicinity of the bay, aggregates 1,164 acres (see the map, fig. I). Petersen selected mollusks and echinoderms to characterize his animal communities, because these groups comprise the greater part of the bottom fauna in these marine waters and also because they are not seasonal animals. Their ease of preservation for future reference, because of the hard exoskeleton, was also another feature in their favor. The marine communities were divided into principal species, at- tendant species, and casual species, those with the greatest frequency being principal and those occurring but rarely being casual species. For the reason that mollusks are more numer- ous than any other single group they have been chosen to characterize the different communities in Lower South Bay; they also usually contain the principal or dominant species. Attendant species may be mollusks but are more often some group of associated animals. For purposes of better compari- son the quantitative data is arranged under several heads, each based on the character of the bottom material — boulder, gravel, sand, clay, mud, and vegetation. Certain areas in the Fic. 23. Invertebrate animals on a boulder, 414 x 3x1 inches, Habitat No. xlvili, Field No. 878. The dominant animals are the scuds, Hyalella. The absence of the usual rock- loving species shown in Fig. 22 is to be, noted. Habitat numbers.... Field numbers...... Distance from shore | Depth of water (in fe Number of units (bot Figures of animal life Alge Chetophora incrass\ Cladophora fracta. Cidogonium species Spirogyra fluviatili: Tolipothrix limbata Mollusca. Goniobasis livescens Amnicola bakeriana Amunicola oneida. . Valvata tricarinata Galba catascopium. Planorbis antrosus. Planorbis binneyi, Planorbis campanui Planorbis hirsutus Planorbis parvus.. Planorbis trivolvis f Physa warreniana. Physaintegra..... Total Mollusca. Porifera Spongilla species. . Turbellaria Planaria maculata. Hirudinea Erpobdella punctata ® Glossiphonia compl Oligocheta Stylaria species..., Enchytreide ....., Warde 320... | @ubificids: .. 3... | Cladocera Acroperus harpe... Alona quadrangular Campftocercus rectirc Chydorus sphericus Eurycercus lamellat1 Simocephalus serrul, Decapoda Cambarus propinqui Ostracoda Cypridide....... { Amphipoda Hyallella knickerboc Isopoda Asellus communis. | Ephemerida Betis species, nym Heptagenia species, Odonata Argia putrida...... Trichoptera Agraylea multipuncl Helicopsyche boreali; Hydroptila species. , Molanna species... , Diptera Chironomus species Orthocladius species, Tanytarsus species. Lepidoptera Elophila species, !ar Coleoptera Psephenus lecontei, | Total associated : Total animal life Tasce No, 16. NuMBER OF ANIMALS ON Boutper Bottom Habitat numbers... vi vill x ‘XL xl xii alii | xiii | xliv | xlv | xlviit} evi | exiii | Total Field numbers. 744-| 751-| 76x} Bog | 850 | 859 | 860-| 863 | 863 | 866-| 876-| 1002 . 749 | 753 | 762] 807| Bsr| = | 862 865 | 869 | 878 Distance from shore (feet). $0} so} s| so] sa} 200] roo! so\ 1as| 30] 200/ so Depth of water (in fect). 4 Number of units (boulders). © || Pigures of animal life......-. |... = Ei atophora i incrassat Cladophora fracta ‘Bdogonium specis Spiroeyra fluviatilis, Tolipothrix limbata Mollusca. Goniobasis lirescens. Amnicola bakeriana nimia Amnicola oneida. Valeata tricarinal Planorbis campani Planorbis hirsutus Planorbis pareus...- Planorbis trivolvis fallax. Physa warreniana. Physo integra... Total Mollusea......... 1 Porifera ‘Spongilla species. . Turbellaria Planaria maculata........ Hinudinea ‘pobdella punctata. . * Glorsiphonia complanaia. Oligochata Stvlaria species Enchytreide Naidida. 1 Tubificidas | Cladocera Acroperus harpa....... ‘Alona quadrangularis Camplocercus reclirosiris, Chydorus spharicus Eurycercus lamellatus. - Simocephalus serrulatus Decay Lanterns propinquus .. wae. CD eee Geer) Poe ot Beene beeen heneert wen|eneses = 10 Care cee ree ae cd) ceed Pec] Pence 26e]||_ a7} Beeaee lasee| Reco 1 Pesce Eee 6 Anphip ia radgallelia knickerbockeri......|-... nol PPro ye base. 13 55) becca 26 73 so sellus communis... ..- as. . Peed) Pere Bose beeen 1 I Ephemenda Batis species, nymph - ah [enee 1 Heplagenia species, nymph. |. - r 9 Odonata Araia putrida 2 os Mie natty \eraylea multipunctata,... 3 “ 9 Helicopsyche boreali Ar Vee ae 3 60 Hydroptila speci . - 6 1 a0 folanna species. . 2 2 Di Chironomus species... a| 2] s 3 24 Onthocladius species. 3 i 2 Lepiiopters, ‘Species 2 oohite species, larva 1 : Gotesbeers Psephenus lecontei, larve |... i aaa Revere fiery | Weer 19 Total associated animals 20} a7} 38| 49] of of so| 7 35 Total animal life The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 93 vicinity of Lower South Bay are also included in the dis- cussion. Life on the Boulder and Gravel Bottom. As already explained, the amount of life on the boulders was ascertained by measuring a number of boulders and carefully removing and preserving all of the life on them. Forty-six such units were examined, the average area being 41% by 3 inches, or 13% square inches. Of animal life the total for the 46 units was 159 mollusks and 325 associated animals, or 3.45 mollusks and 7.06 associated animals per unit area. On the gravel bottoms, which were closely associated with the boulder bot- toms, 34 units of 16 square inches area were examined; the total molluscan life on these units was 306 and the associated animal life 355, or an average of 9. mollusks and 10.44 asso- ciated animals per unit area. Combining the average life of both boulder and gravel areas we have, after reducing the boulder area of 13% square inches to the gravel unit of 16 square inches, 6.54 mollusks and 9.40 associated animals per unit area four inches square. The boulder and gravel areas cover 20 acres and there is thus calculated, on the basis of the average of 80 samples, a population of 51,341,558 mollusks and 73,758,405 associated animals. The total animal popula- tion is estimated at 125,099,964* individuals in the 20 acres covered with gravel and boulders (see figures 21-24, which show the approximate number of animals in unit areas of boulder, 13% inch unit, and gravel, 16 inch unit, bottoms). In the tables of animal life on the boulder and gravel bottoms (Nos. 16, 17) it will be noted that on boulder bottoms the *The computations for the results recorded above are as follows: 43,500 (sq. ft. in acre) X 144 (sq. inches in foot) 6,272,640 square inches in one acre; X 20 acres — 125,452,800 square inches = 16 (sq. inchés in unit area )—= 7,840,800 unit areas in 20 acres; * 6.54 mollusks per unit area = 51,341,588 mollusks. 7,840,800 unit areas X 9.40 associated animals per unit area == 73,758,405 associated animals +> 51,341, 5538 — 125,090,964, the total macroscopic animal population in 20 acres. In the original computations, the averages of the mollusks and of the associated animals were carried out to the third decimal point (as 6.548 and 9.497 above), and the calculations of population are based on these figures. In all of the computations of the macroscopic fauna published in this paper, the third decimal number has been omitted but the multi- plication totals are based on these three decimal figures. Fic. 24. Invertebrate animals of a 16 square inch unit on gravel bottom, Habitat No. xxii, Field No. 793. Ammicola and oligochaete worms ; fee 193- predominate. Helicopsyche and Galba represent the rock-dwellers. 95 mm in nore mals 3 on sical small ag 8 ilder auch -avel ee thy eally upon alba ecies mni- ?lan- The mily the nber _ Teh- nant hese Ig, is yyra, bitat mms, this oung nant _ the oted. ireas . the Tasce No. 17. NuMBER OF ANIMALS on Gravel Bottom Habitat numbers Field numbers Distance from shore (feet) Depth of water (in feet). Number of units (16 sq. in). - Figures of animal life Cylindrosporum comatum . im compressum im complanalum...... im sculellatum .... ‘Ammicola oneidi Amnicola bakeriana nimia Bythinia tentaculata. ..- Valeata bicarinata normalis. Valeate tricarinata. Galba colascopium Planorbis antrosus Planorbis campanul Planorbis defledtus Planorbis exacuous. Planorbis hirsulus. Planorbis parcus.... Plancrbis tripol falls. Physa warreniana ‘Ancylus porallelus Total Mollusca, . Porifera Shoneite species. . Oli poe eta Acroperus harpe... Alona quadrangularis. Eurycercus lamellatus. Sida crystallina....-.... Simocephalus serrulatus. Gunter Sop ‘ambarus propinquus... ... Amphipoda ammarus fasciatus. . qo Ltsalela knicherbockeri: sellus communis. Ephemenda Canis species, nymph. opiigzaxemia species, nymph Trichoptera Apraniea multipunciate felicopsyche boreal Limnephelid larva . Neophylax species: Diptera Ablabesymia species. Chironomus species Palpomyia, sens lat Tanytorsus species. Total of x. - Total associated animals. Total animal life. vi xvi | xxii |xxxix| xl | xlvii | ci citi | civ 744-| 775-| 793 | 849 | Bso o81-| 986 | 988-| 748 | 778 | 704 851 983 | 987 | 990 so} 25] 100} so} 50 200 | 100 | 250 al) 1i/' at} 3 2) 3 3 6 Fy 3 2 1 1 6 3 (es = bee Ere hase be Jeera see 1 Pt HB bk Ren eS OE ONU oH 34) S23 9 12 - Nore.— Total of x si hence the total is given for that the material examined contained several species which were not separated in the identification, itire number of species prevent. * The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 95 mollusks represent about a third of the entire population in individuals while on gravel bottoms they are relatively more abundant, the numbers of mollusks and associated animals being about even. This greater abundance of animals on gravel bottoms is probably due to a greater variety of physical conditions in this habitat, permitting such animals as the small bivalves to obtain a foothold, the gravel areas containing 8 species of Sphzriide which cannot thrive on the pure boulder habitats. The boulder bottom area is on the whole much poorer in species as well as individuals than is the gravel bottom, the respective number of molluscan species being 13 and 25, or a difference of nearly 50 per cent. It is noteworthy that the same species are dominant in both areas, which really provide the same kind of a habitat, a stony substratum upon which the mollusks may cling. Govsiobasis livescens, Galba catascopium, and Physa warreniana are the dominant species on the boulder bottoms, and Spherium vermontanum, Amni- cola oneida, Galba catascopium, Physa warremana, and Plan- | orbis parvus are dominant species on the gravel bottoms. The other species present, which are mostly attendant forms, are not conspicuous by their abundance in individuals. Among the associated animals, the oligochete family Naidide, the spiral caddis-fly larva Helhcopsyche, and the amphipod Hyalella are the dominant forms as regards number of individuals on the boulder bottom; while Naidide, Heli- copsyche, Hyalella, and chironomid larve are the dominant forms on the gravel bottom. Much of the sameness of these two habitats, especially as regards the associated animals, is due to the presence of filamentous algz, principally Spirogyra, C:dogonium, and Cladophora, which provide a uniform habitat on both boulder and gravel bottoms. The oligochete worms, chironomid larve, Cladocera, and Amphipoda, all inhabit this vegetation as do also Amnicola, some Planorbis, and young Galba catascopium. The decrease in the number of dominant species, Goniobasis and Galba, in the gravel area, and the increase in Amnicola and Planorbis is to be especially noted. Corresponding differences in the complexion of the two areas as regards the associated animals will also be noted in the tables. FIG, 25. Habitat No. xu, Field No. 763. and the masses of alge. — < «> ; ty Fe. -2 Invertebrate animals of a 16 square inch unit on sand bottom, Note the dominance of Ammnicola, The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 97 If we select certain groups or species as characteristic of these bottom areas, we would select for the boulder areas Goniobasis, Galba, Physa (all in the adult stage), Cambarus, Heptagenia, Helicopsyche, and Psephenus. Vhe gravel areas have about the same characteristic animals with the addition of Spherium vermontanum. If a single species of animal is to be designated as characterizing the stony habitats the gas- tropod Goniobasis is best suited for this purpose, and the com- munity might be called a Goniobasis community, or if it be thought advisable to add an associated animal, a Gomiobasis- Helicopsyche community. Many small fish were noted in the boulder-gravel habitats, especially Fundulus diaphanus, and they appear to afford good feeding grounds, especially in calm weather, for many young fish and minnows, even in water but a few inches deep. Life on the Sand Bottom. The unit area examined on sand bottoms was approximately 100 square cm. or 16 square inches. Material was collected from 143 such unit areas, the total molluscan life contained therein being 2,361 individuals and the total associated animal life 2,532 individuals, the ave- rages being 16.51 and 17.7 per unit. There are estimated to be 85 acres of sand bottom in Lower South Bay and on the basis of this area and of the averages for mollusks and asso- ciated animals, there are 550,169,334 mollusks and 590,024,120 associated animals, or a total of 1,140,193,454 individuals on the bottom of this area.* A comparison with the rocky bottom shows that life is more than twice as abundant on the sand as upon the gravel and boulder bottoms combined and almost twice as abundant as on the gravel area alone. (See figures 25-30 for illustrations of the animal life of sand bottoms. ) A study of Table No. 18 shows that the mollusks (2,361) total but little less than the associated animals (2,532). Seven * The computations for the sand bottom are as follows: 43,560 144 — 6,272,640 square inches in one acre; > 85 == 533,174,400 square inches in 85 acres; = 16= 33,323,400 unit areas in 85 acres; X 16.51 mollusks per unit area = 550,160,334 mollusks. 33,323,400 17.7 asso- ciated animals per unit area=590,024,120 associated animals ++ 550,169,334 mollusks = 1,140,193,454 total animal population on 85 acres of sand bottom. 4 Fic. 26. Invertebrate animals of a 16 square inch unit on sand bottom, Habitat No. xxv, Field No. 808. The small number of mollusks ’ present in this dredging is noteworthy. exxvii | cxxix | Total 1020 | 1022 | 1023-| 1026 | 1025 |------ 1027 1035 30 50 25 150 200) |) «so 2 43 3 4} Mallar sora e 2 4 I S 4 143 hae aE CERCA CnCRONO RCH FCCC MN GTC LGN Flicka Pree eve ailhel st weahene|ieter ete. e7'4) [mus o) enema Nowner or Anmrtats on Sanp Borrow TanLe No. 15 18. ra ee] WS Sl ee cit | ewilt | xiv |cxvin| xix | exx | exai | caxii | oxxiil ‘exxiv oxav| lax! exxvii ix | 1 iyi | Ii | Ixiv Habitat numbers - ie) ai | ast | th | au | not | aa | aay | avi | xn | ace | sas | saat | ai] xan esa] ate | th | ted | tat | i jd numbers. 7a7-| 784-| 76s-| 858 | 7 -| 803 | Bo! ai-| 70s] 820-| Bag-| B27- 2 a 98% | 909 | 1009 | torg'| rota | rors | s010 || sen a rm 750 | 759] 767 78s | 738 Bro) 814 | 708 | 823 | 826] Sst) Sar | 843 a8 | Sx | 884 | Rox sh PS (LE 1018 | 4019 | 020 | 1022 | 1023-| 1036 Distance from shore (feet) 400 100 50 10 50 so] go so 40) 30) 25] so 25 50 10 100 a5 20 25 Ss Depth of water (in feet) 4 2 3 mW 3 3 33) af 3 3 3 4 2 Fy y 3 3 pt | u 1 Nutaber of units (16.34, in.) a 3) erasife Aileen | Mera era ce | ty x ai ees a) |p eat Figures of animal life. He aaseeen fares a5 |.- K wal |, add] teeonts | We Wate] bate Wesel Boned IT Ut cc eae ae ecco} |e ere Aly : Aphanotheca so - aes ls Chara species. «=~ Cladophora fraca Nildla species. -- Ctogonium cassiusculum Exlogonium flarercens GEgozoninm srands ampusium . ‘CEdogonium spirale CEdogonium species Phormidium ambiguam Rhicocloninm hieroglyphicum Rirularia paradoxa Rigularia pisum Spirogyra species Tolypothrix limbala Tolypothrix tenuis Mollusca ‘Spharium rermonlanum. . ‘Musculium transversum.—- ‘Musculium species... ..- idium abdilum dium complanatum dium compressa Pisidium Serrugineum Pisidium pauperculum dium puncdalum. simples «5 idium Sargent sum scutallaturn. ur 1, cristatum umn variabile, Piridium species Campeloma decisum Armnicota bakeriana.. ‘Amnicola limosa porate ‘Amnicola oneida Aranicola clarket Amnicola bakeriana nimi Bythinia tentaculnta.. : Sa Bese Valeata bicarinata normalis...0.... |... NBserad| (secoo!|) MeN Beer Valvata tricarinata, ae 3 Galba calascopium, ..- Planorbis antroxus Ec Planorbis binneys.-. . 4 i Planorbis companulatus i s s K i i 1 Planorbis exacnous. . 6 3 2 ie 6 2 2 1 I Planorbis hirsutus 7 3 8 aa Ls s sera d|ans bg Planorbis pareus 2 3 4 a3| ar 7A) ea 2 I 7 Plonorbis trisoliy fallax. 5 4 SEA Peres PO Phyia warreniana, peedee ‘f Phyra integra... ..- 5 Ancytus parallels, rie Total motlusea.....---..+--- rr | 178 a 16 26 | 310 jusca. 98 | 95 69. 9s 3 9 | __96 74 53 a 9 z = J Ponifera Spontilla species... ..2002s0re0s Pol Pamala Punctofa.. Hiradinea Gloss phonia complanaia.. 2 Glossi phonia stagnali. 3 ae montifera. i ‘lena species. : Oligochata iin species. . ‘ Silaria species | Enchytreidue. . Fs ri Naidide. 0... 8 at) Tubihicidie 33 Incertae cedis re Cladocera Acroperus harpa ar % Alona quodrangul. t Campiocereus rectirosiris, t i Chydorus sphaericus. Ve 5 E 2 29 Aa 2 10 69 , ‘ s Cambarus propinguus ree as orepinex Mcrangonyx gracilis, Gammorus fosctalus ral zalelta lntcherbock fsopoda Se!lUs COMMUMIS. 5s Ephemenida ‘Batis species, nymph. Hexagenia species, nymph, . Odonata Gomphus spicatus, nymph..........)..-. Hemiptera Gt SPECIE. sever evra Ticats raed mullipunctata. i elicopsyche borealis. Hydropiila specics, Lepiocerus ancylus, islocerid larvae, Lamnephilid larvm Molanna species is incerta? De Pealbennl Polycentropid larvi,. Diptera. Ablabermyia species, Tanypinie ass: “anylarsus species. Total of x. Arthenurus ri dihensterante Nore.— Total of x signifies that the material examined contained several species which were nox separated in the identification, hence the total is given for the ontire number of species present. The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 99 species of mollusks out of 33 make up 76.07 per cent (1,790 individuals) of the total number. These are Spherium ver- montanum (458), Amnicola (four species, 941 individuals), Galba caiascopium (133 individuals), and Planorbis parvus (154 individuals). Two species of Amnicola make up the greater part of the number of that genus (947 individuals). The Galba are all young, and probably do not live in this habi- tat when adult, seeking the rocky and gravelly shores when approaching maturity. As Petersen has pointed out (’13, pp. 4-5) some of the ani- mals occurring in quantitative collections are seasonal, being present in abundance at one time and wholly or partially want- ing at another time. Galba and Physa are examples of this seasonal occurrence of species, living in the algz of the bottom when young and immature and seeking the rocky or gravelly shores when approaching maturity. Therefore, the character- istic species of mollusks on the sand bottom are Spherium vermontanum, Amnicola oneida, bakeriana, and bakeriana nimia, and Planorbis parvus, five species. It should perhaps be called a Spherium-Amnicola community. Though not found in any number, the gastropod Campeloma is very char- acteristic of the sand bottom, not occurring elsewhere except on a clay bottom in several habitats. The large number of Pisidium, 11 species, is noteworthy. When the associated animals are considered a few striking features are apparent in the table. Oligochete worms make up 28.55 per cent of the total number (723) and chironomid larve 41.55 per cent (1,052). The large number of amphi- pods, of which Hyalella is the most abundant, and the number of species (7) and individuals (138) of Cladocera is note- worthy. Many of these animals are seasonal and would not occur in such numbers at other times of the year. Such are the dipterous and trichopterous larve, and certain other insect larve and nymphs. Earlies in the year the May-fly nymphs are probably of much greater abundance, judging by the heavy flights of adult May-flies observed in June. At the time of year in which the present studies were made (July) the oligo- chete worms and chironomid larve are the characteristic species of associated animals as regards numbers. The im- Fic. 27. Invertebrate animals of one 16 square inch unit on sand bottom, Habitat No. xxvii, Field No. 797.. Mollusks, especially Ammnicola, are the dominant or principal animals present. yi) or ‘ vo a ¢ + “ae iP : # Sn i Sg ose bad Reh hia 755 MUO eR eT f Wb ae eet he Le! a Py lira be ty i eantd4 bare Fil a a he ag an et ei. (any a he i ¥ | a = Tone a cs? Ak Tig oh ea aa ~ Pathe ths wel : d : er th << ah Ng . iv . ae A 7 a - og ‘ 5 ae ee “fa ’ di ; 4 am} Pa no ry : a8 Th od aah ha woe ney. , ili ae “s Is eB a F ‘ a ty i bd y 1 ie] ‘ ; ro! ; ey | ta : Tre 5 | & ! } | i : ts ; ae i i 1” H Se eto ’ oun ie Oia) “hat * ites qr pets en as l ei } : : i ¢ thy ' pal # ih he ve : 7 - | ak * -_ j ( - ' , eo | rt : } oe ha. Yi ihe: I 4 5 ile ' ‘ : i] 1s dae a ; j hs ” = ay ee aT : sat i ti Ls ey » eh ae ie i ; f LF P wn! ‘0 5 eT Sa et Jy } é f Fray Yc , 1 Adana Oe . a rome? pout a | a sar , , iH tu. > Nes tae di »4 + "reseed ach” > = 7 } ii eo ; ¥ Z ee ’ y 7 i i; i" a i | ae . reek Da oe on Lan). nD ie 2, Hoe Tante No, 19. Numper or Antmats on Cray Borrox ‘ Habitat numbers, “| ai lv Vexx | Ixxxi | [xxvii | Ixxxiii) Ixxxi ixxsiv} : Field numbers ‘| or | 910 933-| 935 | 937 | 938 | o30- Restinet wate tle) 3 2 ms Za og a} oF nee fect Number of units (49 sq. 12) me ogi (eral eal seals Figures of animal life. .. Ralereves Alga: Chara... Cladophora fracta. Microcoleus lacustris ‘Mougeotia americana Mougeotia gracillima Nitella. Eedozonium obloneum majus Um SPRCICR. Riviera perican Rhizoclonium hierogly?) Rhizoclonium species. ‘Scytonema crispus Spirorsra species Stigonema peihrie tmbala Talypetiris lnutse 2 Mollusca Spharium vermontanum. . “ Musculium species... t a2 Musculinm transpersum 2 Musculium truncatum, 2 7 9 me abdilum. . 1 1 IM COMPLESSUTE. vss. the 4 Pisidium Jerruginewm. 15 Pisidium scutellatum 7 Pindium x, cristal 5 se : x Pisidium species aa F 4 Campeloma decisum. : 5 4 Bythinia tentaculata eee ‘| 10 ‘Amnicola bakeriana : xt naa 13 ja oneida.. - 2 t| 07 la bakeriana mimic. 3 5 r| 238 ‘Amnicola darkei. 10 2 1| 36 3 ea oH 4 Valrala (ricarinala r Galba catascopium 2 Planorbis antrosus. r tr] 3 16 Planorbis binneyt.. - s Planorbis campanulatss t Planorbis exacuous 1 2 Tianorbis parrus... . 10 Planorbis trivolpis {3!'1« to az Physa warren 1 r Physa integra. 18 ar Ancy'us pi 3 : 13 pce 2 Total Mollusca Porifera Spongilla fragilis, .... 4.000005 Polysoa Plumotella punctata... Turballaria Planaria dorotocephala. .. Hinwdinea Erpobdella punctata. Glorniphonia complanata, Glorsiphonia stagnalis ta ts) Pridina species. Sislaria species... Enchytrinidm, . Naididie Tubifcida Incerta cedis, Cladocera Acroperus harpa Burycercus lamellatus. a erystallina... Simocephalus serrulatus, Simocephotut relate, —Ritope olbidus opr lbidus.. Ostracoda: Cyprididee, Amphipoda ‘1 homacusye precilts,, i Hyalella Ralcherbockert sy ny sellus communis Bpbecwrida i itis species, nymph. . Odonata Gomphus spicatus, nymph... es. Neuroptera ‘infumata, nymph. . Hemiptera Garris marginatus iroptila tare W Tistreh Les i os ool, Jape sneleas iar " ; Pope Spee ‘Armhenwrus marsholld. A j, adull Ape urs, Total animal life... 6... ...+0-)-+ The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 101 portance of investigations of this kind at different seasons of the year is thus shown. There is an increase in number of species from boulder to sand bottom. Thus the boulder bottom contained 13 species of mollusks and 30 associated animals, the gravel bottom 25 species of mollusks and 26 associated animals, and the sand bottom 33 species of mollusks and 61 associated animals. It is noteworthy that the greatest number of species occur where there is a heavy growth of filamentous algz, principally (dogonium and Cladophora, and where these plants are absent little life is found. Thus in Habitat No. 35, where the alga (edogonium occurred in masses, 302 mollusks were found, but in Habitat No. 122, where no alge was collected, only three mollusks were found. The influence of this plant is at once apparent when fresh*material from a unit area is examined. Upwards of seven species of filamentous alge were collected from the sand bottom, together with a number of the gelatinous blue-green species.. A study of the table will bring out many other points which cannot be dwelt upon at length. Life on the Clay Bottom. The unit areas examined on the clay bottoms were the same as on sand bottoms, 16 square inches. The clay bottom is composed of two types of soil, typical clay and a clay more or less mixed with sand of varying degrees of fineness. From the typical clay bottom, material was collected from 88 units (Table No. 19). The molluscan life totalled 629 and the associated animal life 1,397 individ- uals, the mollusks forming less than a third of the total animal life of 2,026 individuals. Per unit area, the mollusks average 7.14 and the associated animals 15.87, a total of 23.02 indi- viduals per unit area. As there are 87 acres of clay bottom, the total animal population is calculated to be 785,222,404, of which mollusks are 243,766,159 and associated animals 541,456,245.* (See figures 31-33 for illustrations of animal life of the clay units. ) * The computations for the clay bottom are as follows: 43,560 144 = 6,272,640 square inches in one acre; X 87 = 545, BecRs square inches in 87 acres; = 16= 34,107,480 unit areas in 87 acres; X 7.14 mollusks per unit area = 243,706,150 mollusks. 34,107,480 X 15.87 asso- ciated animals per unit area = 541,456,245 + 243,700,159 — 785,222,404 total animal population. ie Fria. Invertebrate animals of a 16 square inch unit on sand bottom, Habitat No. xxxv, Field No. 1051. Note the great abundance of the bivalve mollusk Spherium and the gastropod Amunicola. Associated animals are notably rare. NOLLOG AVIQ KANVS XO STVKINY JO YaaWwaN ‘OZ ON ATaV I, Tapie No. 20. NuMper OF ANIMALS ON SANDY CLay Borrow Heydar punctalum rimples padi sentellaturn. Planorbis cxmouawarel exacuous. Plonorbis hirsutus. Planorbis pareus Physa warreniana Ancylus fuses... Ancolus paralielus. Total Mollusca. Sponcitla lacustris Tinbeliga zB eae oar "lanaria dorotocephala. iru Expobdella punctata, Glossighonia fusca Glassiphonta: stagnalis. Acroperus harpa- Cam plocercus rectirosin Eurycereus lamellat Plewroxus denticulatus, Sido erystallina... Simocephalus serrufaius yops albida fyalella knickerbockert. . Ardlus communis. fee ipeeesayacit 1KMG. species, oh. comnts Spicatus, nymph, Hemiptera pure larva. ‘gmphula species, larve.. rOMOMUS SPECIES Paloomesey) eens lat. ‘onytar a to iH species. Hieber ee Total associated animals Total animal life... nu BF MRE SR Dat now w res Wola a (|=! ok: tr 3 3 3 r 8 wat by Gove 1) arn we) s + 25 Grose & on re w wee ee Sewn so yore es ale tal a NRA ata oneal Sema WN SE SEE Total of x given for Teena OdaT gxamined contained several that the eee tae) anon fis that the mate which were not separated in the identification, The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 103 On the sandy clay bottom 37 unit areas were examined, containing 440 mollusks and 662 associated animals, or an average of 11.89 mollusks and 17.89 associated animals per unit area. With this average as a basis, the five acres of this bottom contain 23,308,738 mollusks and 35,069,938 associated animals, or a total animal population of 58,378,676.* Combin- ing this result with the total population of the clay bottom we have a total calculation of 843,601,080 animals on the 92 acres of bottom in which clay is the chief material of the soil. A comparison of life per unit area of the sand habitats with the clay and sandy clay habitats shows that the clay bottom con- tains 33 per cent less of animal life than the sand bottom supports. The sandy clay bottom is 13 per cent richer in animal life than the clay bottom (see figure 34 for the life of the sandy clay unit). A study of Tables Nos. 19 and 20, in which the animals of the clay and sandy clay bottoms are plotted, shows that on the sandy clay bottom the mollusks form 39.9 per cent of the total amount of life. Of the mollusks Ammnicola makes up 43.6 per cent and Planorbis parvus 24.7 per cent. These four spe- cies represent a total of 68.4 per cent, the other 17 species forming but 31.6 per cent of the total mass of individuals. Among the associated animals, oligochete worms make up 19 per cent, dipterous larve 25.3 per cent, and crustaceans 43.3 per cent. Hyalella alone forms 21.4 per cent of the associated animals. The characteristic species of the sandy clay bottom are Amnicola and Planorbis parvus among the mollusks and Hyalella and chironomid larve among the associated animals. The Crustacea as a whole may be said to dominate, forming 43.3 per cent of the total number. The presence of filamentous alge (Cedogonium, Cladophora, etc.) is here a large factor in providing food and shelter for the great number of individuals present (see Embody, ’12,:p. 4). * The computations for the sandy clay bottom fauna are as follows: 6,272,640 X 5 = 31,363,200 square inches in five acres = 16 = 1,960,200 unit areas in five acres; X 11.89 mollusks per unit area = 23,308,738 mollusks. 1,960,200 X 17.89 associated animals per unit area—= 35,009,938 + 23,308,738 = 58,378,676 total animal population. Fic. 29. Invertebrate animals of a 16 square inch unit on sand bottom, Habitat No. xcvii, Field No. 975. Ammicola is the principal species represented. The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 105 On the typical clay bottom the mollusks comprise but 31 per cent of the total life present, a smaller percentage than for any bottom habitat except that of boulder. Among the mol- lusks, Ammnicola is again the characteristic group of species, Amunicola oneida providing 37.8 per. cent of the total animal life. Eight species of Pisidiwm total 16.8 per cent. Campeloma is a mollusk characteristic of a clay or sand bottom, but does not occur in large numbers of individuals. Among the asso- ciated animals several groups include large percentages ; Oligo- chete worms 17, amphipods 20, isopods 30.8, and dipterous larve 15.1. The crustaceans total 54.1 per cent, a somewhat larger ratio than that of the sandy clay habitat (43.3 per cent). The filamentous alge Gi:dogonium, Cladophora, and Spirogyra are a factor here as on the sandy clay bottom. The character- istic animals of the clay bottom are Ammnicola, Hyalella, and Asellus. Life on the Mud Bottom. The mud bottoms may be divided into three divisions, 1, within the 6-foot contour; 2, between the 6-foot and 12-foot contours; and 3, between the 12-foot and 18-foot contours. 1. Shore to 6-foot Contour. Twenty-seven unit areas (Table No. 21) were examined from the shallow water mud bottom area, a total of 525 mollusks and 465 associated animals being collected, or an average of 19.44 mollusks and 17.22 associated animals per unit area and a total animal population of 36.66 individuals per unit area. This average shows that the mud bottom in shallow water is the richest in animal life, quantita- tively, the sand bottom being second in richness (average 34.21 individuals per unit area). Ammicola oneida and Planorbis parvus combined form 51 per cent (31.2 and 19.8 respectively ) of the total amount of animal life, while the three species of Amunicola and the same of Planorbis total 69.1 per cent of the individuals represented by the 26 species of mollusks. Of the associated animals, the isopods form 12.4 per cent and the amphipods 28.3 per cent. The group Crustacea comprises 49.2 per cent of the associated animals. Dipterous larve here make up but 17.8 per cent of the total. Amnicola oneida, Fic. 30. Invertebrate animals of a 16 square inch unit on sand bottom, Habitat No. cii, Field No. 984. Chironomid larve and Amnicola are the principal animals present. Z stWuenke ZS “ -_ _ me st Oe ge ‘satdeds Jo JaquInu 911QUa ay} JOJ UDAIB sT [e304 ayy edUaY sUOIFeOyUep! 9Y4 Ul pezioder you a1aM YOIYA\ salads [e1eAas poulezuoD paeulwexa [eee 943 yyy seyglusts X Jo [ej0], —aALON gz ol oz ZI or If : ssi ltey I br ' eae ; , & x I (e : a Pak : : - ‘ ; 5; i eee #25 a jaw se or ee ¢ im, a6. iociar, . Zz ¢ Ae aa ‘<< s16e eeee NOLLOG AAW NO STVWINY 40 waaWwaN Sony D001. Oy oO "tess On [euIUe [eJO 7 S[VUITUB PdzyeIOOSSe [PIO], “*satoeds puo1g SNINDNDD SadDYIOUMTT Oe OO OM tO OG ub sotoeds DISAUMTT POA ‘"OINJEWIUUT-y[Npe ‘sninuayss PV CHO: USO Of Ot aac 4o1sadns SNANUAY LA eulleoy soos ssatoads snydypyy SENOS COE OOO *- snynynarg stupy CORO CeO ROO Ot LAO ln O o. “satoeds SNSOAIT e1aydosjog pastel deioh cvnpupeates) Shale “‘eArry ‘sotoads pynyduk jy eiaydopida’T SF eSia stuuadynopu xojcydajoyg Soop Meh S OMe "pyaar SYar%q SMa [ol iaiceie Je nen eke cept & sae sotoeds DUUDIO Cc OOM Say OOK ACHCLO.O sypasog ayasqooua zy wee eee cee “pypjoundryyynu pak ps3 P eloydoyon yy, seeve Sashes ~ udaiku ‘snypa1ds snyduoy ‘IZ ‘ON ATavy, Taste No, 21. NumBer or ANIMALS ON Mup Bottom Habitat numbers................-2.5 xiv | xv XX | XXiv | XxVili| xxix | xxxvi] cxv | cxvi 768-| 773) 790-| 799 8r5-| 819 | 832-| 1008 | 1011 Field numbers. 772 | 774| 792| 800) 818 835 . Distance from shore (fect). 125| 25 go | 150 30 40 10 10 10 ase Depth of water (in feet). 4 4 4 5! 33) 24) 1} 4 6; | |e Number of units (16 sq. 25) 5 2 3] 2 3 I 6 4 i 27 Figures of animal life. . 35 atl | reteset | terete | | Cladophora fracta, x } x = Coleochata scutata | x Boric oe Microspora amena ! x fer Motogeotia ee. x ane sss Nitella i =. x Edogonium ‘crassum longum | | x x : = Edogonium spirale x x | c Cdogonium species. x x = || [eos Rhisoclonium. i x Rivularia paradoxa x x Spherium vermontanum. is Musculium species. 4 Pis im variabile T 8 25 62 164 33 I 10 Galba catascopium 26 Planorbis antrosus r Planorbis campanulai 2 Planorbis exacuous 9 Planorbis hirsutus 4 Planorbis parous 104, Planorbis trivolvis 3 Segmentina armigera rm Physa warreniana...... 8 50 2 | 525 —= | I I | I Ii] cane || I 4 9 30 | ae 30 = ary 3 13 Acroperus harpe = We | | | 7 es | 7 Chydorus spharicus. : | 2| lle 2 Eurycercus lamella... 0.0. ! | 7 | | | Laton | Nimans t | To | | 10 1 l= 1 Nore —Total of x the material x 2 art ia sigolties Stat a gutmined ‘contained several species which were not reported in the identification’ The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 107 Planorbis parvus, Hyalella, and Asellus are the characteristic animals of the mud bottom in shallow water (see figure 35). 2. Mud Bottom, 6-12 Feet Deep. Areas equivalent to 528 units (of 16 square inches*) were examined and 1,096 mol- lusks and 1,039 associated animals were collected, the average per unit area being 2.07 mollusks and 1.96 associated animals (Table No. 22,A). The large number of Amnicola, repre- senting nearly 52 per cent of the total molluscan life, of which Ammcola bakeriana forms 34.9 per cent, is noteworthy. The 12 species of Pisidiwm total 15.2 per cent. Five species of clams were collected, of which Elliptio complanatus alone rep- resented 73.4 per cent. Of the associated animals, dipterous larvee compose 28 per cent and the ostracods 49.4 per cent. The latter, however, are small and their bulk is much less than that of the dipterous larve and other associated animals. The small number of Isopoda, Oligocheta, Amphipoda and Clado- cera is noteworthy. Among the mollusks Amnicola emarginata and Valvata sincera may be noted as being confined to water 10.or more feet deep. Lampsilis radiata oneidensis first ap- pears at a depth of 9 feet (see figures 36-38). 3. Mud Bottom, 12-18 Feet Deep. Two dredgings (96 small unit areas) were made in water deeper than 12 feet, in Lower South Bay. Mollusks afforded 181 individuals and associated animals 47; the averages for these are 1.88 mollusks and .48 associated animals, or 2.37 animals per unit area. Again Ammicola is the characteristic mollusk the two forms collected representing 18.7 per cent. Ammnicola bakeriana nimia alone being 16.5 per cent. The five species of Pisidium total but 4 per cent. Three species of mussels were collected, of which Elliptio complanatus forms 89.4 per cent. The associated ani- *The method of using the large dredge has been described on page 23. The area studied is approximately 768 square inches or the equivalent of 48 units (16 square inches). The 11 dredgings with the large dredge, therefore, total 528 of these smaller units. The num- ber of animals is recalculated, by dividing the number of individuals of the dredge unit by 48, to facilitate comparison of the valuation with the smaller units of the other habitats. It should be borne in mind that there is not the accuracy in the deep water calculations that was possible in the shallow water. Fic. 31. Invertebrate animals of a 16 square inch unit on clay bottom, Habitat No. Ixxi, Field No. 018. Isopods (Asellus), the caddis-fly Agraylea (upper left hand corner), and the mollusk Amnicola are the principal animals present. Hvyalella is abundant. a ee oo a a < h &. Pa | 0 po BE. dee . ss 433 m = ae = Taste No. 22. Nuaeer or Derr Water Aniaats, Mup Borrow Hirudines oli Awe Habitat numbers. . Field numbers Depth of water (in feet) Figures of animal life Alge 2 hara species. .-« Cladophora fracta Gedogonium species Spirogyra species. Tolypothrix species. rants. Sootiana ar i OFETL m pauperculum jum sculellatums.. jum species. Viripara contectoides.- Amnicola limosa porata- Amnicola oneida Amnicols nee ana mimia.... Valrata sincera. Valrala tricarinata. Galba catascopium Planorbis antrosus Planorbis companulatus Planorbis exacuous . - Planorbis hirsulus Planorbis parvas. ... Physa warreniana Physa integra. Aneylus parallelus. ‘Total Mollusca. Porifera Sponcilla Sragilis. . arin Planaria maculata. Polyzoa “Plumatella punclota. Brpobsella punctate. Glossiphonia compla Glossiphonia sagnalis ieee ‘Sislaria species. . Naidide. jocera Sida erystaltina. Simocephalus serrulata Ostracoda yammarus fasciatus. Gammarus limneus Hyalella knickerbockeri ells commu iphemerida ‘Ephemeraia species, nymph... Hexagenia species, nymph. Neuroptera Stalss infumata, larva... Odonata. Didymops transversa, nymph . Tetragoneuria eynosura nymph Hemiptera. Notoneda species, adult apvglonecta species, nymph “Agrasiea mullipunclata,.... Hydroptila species. eo ivenceerttareat ih fe Chromumus sys us species. Palpomyia species. Tawvarsus species... Total of x radiata oneidensis-.. exlyi 10s0 lili | cliv | cly | clvi 1030 | 1033 | 1032 | 1034 8] xo} xm] 3 90 12 27 33 46 16 re With some gravel. jor. — Total of x signi i i jes whi x signifies that the material examined contained several species which were not separated in the identification, hence the total is given for the entire number of species. The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 109 mals are few in number, the Trichoptera being the most numerous. Oligocheta, Amphipoda, Isopoda, and dipterous larve, so abundant in shallow water, are here wanting or but few in number (Table No. 22, B). A comparison of the three areas just described shows that there is a marked decrease in the number of individuals and an increase in the numerical ratio of mollusks to the associated animals. The decrease in number of individuals is graphically shown in the following table indicating the number of animals per unit area (16 square inches) : TABLE No. 23 Associated Depth of water animals Mollusks ~ Total i= ( 1G D asd SSE EDS ee eee oe 17E 22 19.44 36.66 =12 UGGP ne SSCS De CO Se Cnc oC ot 1.90 2.07 4.04 TERS GE io Aine oi Cr eae ae oo .48 1.88 74.397) The mollusks are seen to decrease markedly in number in the area between 6 and 12 feet in depth, being but 11 per cent of the inhabitants of the same area in shallow water. In the deeper water (12-18 feet) the percentage is but 6.5. The number of species does not show such a striking decrease as do the individuals, shallow water (1-6 feet) having 22 species, deeper water (6-12 feet), 38 species, and deepest water (12-18 feet), 21 species. The median depth thus has the greatest number of species. Deeper water beyond the area of Lower South Bay shows a farther decrease in animal life, six dredgings (equivalent to 288 small unit areas) totaling 423 mollusks and 79 associated animals or an average of 1.46 mollusks and .27 associated ani- mals (Table No. 22,C). Ammicola and Valvata are the dominant species, the former (five species) totaling 40.8 per cent and the latter (two species), 18.4 per cent. One species of Amnicola (bakeriana nimia) alone provides 31.2 per cent of this amount. Ammnicola and Valvata represent 59.3 per cent of the total molluscan life. Elliptio complanatus is the most abundant mussel, representing 93.3 per cent of this class of mollusks (see figures 39-41). The absence of Physa and the Fic. 32. Invertebate animals of a 16 square inch unit on clay bottom, Habitat No. Ixxv, Field No. 923. Asellus and Hyalella, both crusta- ceans, are the principal animals. The Productivity of Fish Food.in Oneida Lake 111 small number of Galba and Planorbis is especially notable. _ Pisidia decrease to two species and but a small fraction of a per cent of the total number of individuals. The small number of associated animals is also a feature influenced by depth, chironomid larve and Hyalella forming 58.2 per cent of the associated animals. The increase with depth of the relative numbers of mollusks over associated animals is striking, and is shown below: Depth in feet Mollusks Associated animals 1S oo i Se ee 51.33 per cent 48.67 per cent TGs Tl. 3 ole CHO, Sine Re eee 79.39 per cent 20.61 per cent TITS) 5 2 OLA ASS eee eee 84.26 per cent 15.74 per cent The number of species and the quantity of alge decrease with depth, Spirogyra being the only species noted in water deeper than 12 feet. This is probably one of the causes of the decrease in animal life at this depth. 4. Quantitative Data for Mud Bottom. The average popula- tion of the mud bottoms is shown in Table No. 38. On the basis of these averages the total animal population of the mud areas is calculated to be :* No. of Associated Average units Depth Mollusks animals Total Acres per acre 27 I- Gfeet 114,342,386 101,275,603 215,618,079 15 14,374,538 II 6-12feet 305,203,140 289,178,505 504,381,045 375 ‘1,585,018 2 12-15 feet 217,264,530 56,361,002 273,626,522 204 030,359 (ttl ee 636,810,056 446,816,190 1,083,626,246 * The computations for these are as follows: 1-6 feet; 6,272,640 square inches in one acre X I5 acres = 94,089,600 square inches in I5 acres 16 (sq. in. unit)= 5,880,600 unit areas, X 19.44 mollusks = 114, 342,386 mollusks, and X 17.22 associated ani- mals = 101,275,603 associated animals, + 114,342,286 mollusks = 215,618,070, total calculated animal population. 6-12 feet; 6,272,640 X 375 —2,352,240,000 square inches + 16—= 147,015,000 unit areas, X 2.076 = 305,203,140 mollusks, and X 1.967 = 280,178,505 associated animals + 305,203,140 = 504,381 645, total animal population. 12-14 feet; 6,272,640 X 204 = 1,844,155,160 square inches in 204 acres = 16 = 115,259,697 unit areas, X 1.885 = 217,264,530 mollusks, and X .489 = 56,361,992 associated animals + 217,264,530 — 273,626,522, total animal population. Fic. 33. Invertebrate animals of a 16 square inch unit on clay bottom, Habitat No. cx, Field No. 997. The mollusk Physa is the principal animal present. The plant is Naias flexilis, which is common in this habitat. The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 113 The decrease in number of individuals below the 6-foot contour is marked and shows that the shallow water area 1s the most valuable for producing fish food. Mussel Population. The apparatus used for collecting the 16 square inch units is too small to obtain a fair sample of the adult mussels. For the purpose of ascertaining the relative abundance of the mussel fauna a tin frame was made, 8 inches square, which covered an area of 64 square inches (about 400 square cm.). This was fastened to a line and with this appa- ratus (fig. 2) the number of mussels per unit area could be easily ascertained when the water was quiet and the depth not greater than six feet. In some habitats in shallow water the mussels were so widely separated that they could be estimated only per square yard. For the sake of uniformity all 64 square inch units are increased to square yards. The three tables which foilow (Nos. 24, 25, 26) indicate the number of mussels per unit area in the habitats examined.* TABLE No. 24.. MusseLs ON BOULDER AND GRAVEL BoTTomMs | | Habitat numbers..... vii | viii | x | xvi | xxii | xii | xlvii| Total Depthinfeet....:.... elie wey Ne ais, 1 2} 23 (othe) Mead a Number of units ..... 2 PA 6 2 2a ee 2 14 Anodonta cataracta.... 4 Wie: 6 Anodonta implicata.. it | eee | II Anodonta grandis foot- | | | tana. eee Mea 2 2 Elliptio complanatus. . 2 iD") 11 a i I 39 Lampsilis luteola...... nan 4 | Sr 4 Lampsilis radiata..... 1 | 4 | Guna 2 otales sc satan 40 | ZOU em 20 2 I I 86 | * Computations for mussel population. Boulder and gravel; 43,560 sq. It. = 9 feet = 4,840 unit areas of one square yard in one acre, X 20 s—=96,800 unit areas in 20 acres, X 6.14 mussels = 504,545 eat in 20 acres. Sand; 4,840 unit areas X 85 acres = 411,400 unit areas in 85 acres, X 6.30 Bcc = 630,080 mussels in 85 acres. Clay ; = 445,280 unit areas in 92 acres, X 135,788,640 mussels in 92 acres. 3 _ iii 2 Invertebrate animals of a 16 square inch unit on sandy clay Hyalella, chironomid larve, Fic. 34. bottom, Habitat No. xcii, Field No. 957. and Planorbis are the principal animals present. rE Oneida Lake in f Fish Food wily Oo The Product GAT OSs |Ocul tr o> gtr | tr | tr {a | o¢ 9 o t zt ‘S o oy ¢ ea lyeas cz z z ev © \eP iS ee a pe Se eared loa) Aa co _ (of? || Tone I Fal I I sie | ou pu tz I Hi I z c z zc Fa z v c. eee | eee: Ze i = oe | { WCLLOG AINV3 4.0 SsIassayy Oz I 472 im One OF 6) ith) ee imOhOne Umit Saray 9 [RIOL “oz be Cee Dae a RD gE snyound ior o1duny Sy una ate Oe hae DIDIppd sys uD" aL fe) eis Mel eget 6) eae Akay Gun Djoalny Sipusd MD 'T Cael eee VUDIJOO{ SIPUDAD DJUOLOU 2 le fe foc -sqyun go nquimyy ¢ ¢ iI we a, CONCH Cit iidS tol cole) “Ch Cory et gay 309} ur yidagy a 4 si sian ls pepo antteateaemct os sJaquunu 4ey1qeEy Er oileets Sz ‘ON ATAV Ee so RE AS = S EES Fic. 35. Invertebrate animals of a 16 square inch unit on mud bottom, Habitat No. xxxvi, Field No. 834, water 11%4 feet deep. The amphipod Hyalella predomitates, followed by Planorbis parvus. Agraylea multipunctata and Asellus. The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 117 TABLE No. 26. MussELS ON CLAY AND SANDY CLAY BotTToms | | | Habitat numbers. .... Ix | Ixiii | Ixxi | liv |1xxxwvil Ixxxviii] xc | Total Depth in feet......... 53 I} 4 3 3\ Ci aes ts Be Number of units...... 2 2 2 2 2 Dero e | 14 Anodonta cataracta....| 7 rales oa 210 en aoa ne | 14 Anodonta grandis foot- (12) OS eee 2) | « .2aede ee aie Ome Reena eerches om 8 Lampsilis luteola...... 2 Cal ek a 4 15 LOM nce 44 Elliptio complanatus...| 8 12 20 8 30 | 37 I 116 otal, oi sol] BO || Sexo) | roy || BO 45 56 I 182 The mussel populations of these areas are, therefore, boulder and gravel, 594,545; sand, 2,630,080; and clay, 5,788,640; or a total estimated population of 9,013,205 mussels in 197 acres of Lower South Bay. Some features shown by the average population are interesting. The greatest number of individuals occurred on a clay or sandy clay bottom. Twice as many mussels occurred in water deeper than six feet than within the 6-foot contour. These features are expressed in the Table No. 27, the figures being averages per unit area of nine square feet. TABLE No. 27. AVERAGE NUMBER OF MUSSELS ON BOTTOM Bowater eral fearehyell romnOvin 6g ooo concconecucunceno- 6.14 St CMO LUOM Ms ap. 's, och ioled,:, ar a ek IOS eT eee 6.39 Clay and sandy clay bottom........... Fes Sena 13.00 eects Inet Gosia Ps, 5 62 2 Seren oases tome ot cera arenes Says 10. 26 Witiinins G=fOOt COMLOUGs .4 ceineeioee acetic cea 7.84 Warcrde-G-Looty contours... 4 stesso eae 16.85 The above table shows that mussels are more abundant on the mud bottom in deep water (8-14 feet) than on sand, gravel, boulder, or clay in shallow water (1-6 feet). These are the only studies of this character known to me. Population of the Vegetation. The higher plants of Lower South Bay and vicinity were examined to ascertain the amount of animal life using vegetation for food and support. Fic. 36. Invertebrate animals from approximately 768 square inches on mud bottom, Habitat No. cxlviii, Field No. 1049, water 10 feet deep. Chironomid larve and Hexagenia nymphs are the principal live animals. The large number of caddis-fly cases (mostly Molanna and leptocerids, all empty and not used in the valuation tables) and the small number of mollusks is noteworthy. The mussels collected are not figured. 11g Sa]dures [vI9Aas ayeoIpul sioquinu 4ezIqeYyTpozvordnqg ~ ‘SJEYIQEY asoy} UI udayey ‘JeAvis ‘B t1apinoq ‘q ‘puvs ‘s !Avjo Apues ‘os ‘Avo ‘oO :sjoquiAs wI0}j0g y VI We) aN Wry stNAOCMONNA H Lalla! a Pas} [} N Yan ° n [e) xo ITAXXO AIXXO Aox AIOX Eee The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake os oof Hox SLIN() NOILVLULAA 20 SAN IVA AAILVLIINVAG ol moO n ° ° ns ne ist mI ee sa WAXXX] ‘Sc ATAV eee O epert Coo ao i1yjims sna vee" “SNUDILAIULD SNEMIS Dah era S1DIUAap1IIO SNGAIIS "stp dids D1daUstyjD A orucihow oso tee suixaye slo N Spee sakeretet szeteye s1suappun? papory UNIDIIIVY Aaa UN TK YGOLdAK J Drag aa DUDILAIWD DAIYJUDICT Seay “*" *“SUDIDU UOJAZOUWDIOT CRORES SNUC{1AIISOZ UOJASOUDIOT Be anata snjpyofaag uoJasoumDjog "es" """"199U1QGOL UOJASOUDIOT P gaa as UUOSPADYILA UOJATOMDIO T ie geo is SNIGNAAIUL UOJADOUDIOT 4 [P1107 2 Ug u10440 “** *qoay ut yydacy “* *4eay UT sIOYS WO} dDUeISICG, | Set ore re ravvelous siaquinu yeqeTy — Fic. 37. Invertebrate animals from 768 square inches on mud bottom, Habitat No. exlix, Field No, 1048, water 8% feet deep. Mollusks are here the principal animals. Pisidiwm and Ammnicola predominating. Chironomid larve and trichopterid larvae are also numerous. The odonate nymph is Didymops. Caddis-fly cases are empty. Compare with figure 36. Mussels not figured. ‘ The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 121 Before discussing the animal inhabitants of the plants it may be well to ascertain the quantity, of vegetable life in the area. Animal life is dependent, in the ultimate analysis, upon plant life for food and an abundant flora is in general necessary before an abundant fauna is possible. Twenty unit areas, each 8 inches square (64 square inches, determined by means of the tin frame used for measuring the mussel distribution) were examined, the plants ranging from two to 53 per unit. The data obtained is shown in Table No. 28. Fourteen species of plants are included, the total number of individuals in the 20 units being 234, or an average of 11.7 plants per unit area. There are 25,550,444 square feet within the 12-foot contour (measured with the planimeter) and if the average given above holds good for the entire territory, there are upwards of 672,615,438 plants in this portion of Lower South Bay,* bordering the shore. The result of the examination of the plants was somewhat unexpected, animal life being comparatively scarce. This may have been due to the great amount of filamentous alge cover- ing the bottom which provides a better forage ground than the higher plants. The vegetation may be divided into two types, floating and submerged (also called emergent and submerged). 1. Floating Plants (emergent). These include the water- lily leaves (Nymphea and Castalia), the floating pond-weed (Potamogeton natans), and the filamentous alga ((U:dogo- nium), which was floating on the surface of the water in one habitat. On the Potamogeton natans, in Habitat No. xv, a single adult individual of Planorbis antrosus was observed. No animal of any kind other than the Planorbis was noted-on this plant. In Habitat No. cx, in a lagoon east of the steam- boat landing in Lower South Bay, the surface of the water over an area estimated to be 150 by 50 feet (7,500 square feet) was covered with the filamentous alga, Cédogonium. A unit area contained the following life: * The computation for this is as follows: 25,550,444 square feet X 144 square inches — 3,679,263,030 square inches=-64 square inches = 57,488,499 unit areas, X 11.7 plants per unit area — 672,615,438 plants. Fic. 38. Invertebrate animals from 768 square inches on mud bottom, Habitat No. clvi, Field No. 1034, water 11 feet deep. Chironomid larve predominate. Ammnicola has the greatest number of individuals among the mollusks. Many of the molluscan shells (as well as all the caddis-fly cases) are without the animals and they are not counted in the valuation tables. The mussels collected are not figured. The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 123 “ Mollusks, Pseudosuccinea c. chalybea.... 6 (9-11mm.) Galba humilis modicella...... 2 (Smt) Physa warreniana ........... I (1omm.) Planorbis campanulatus ...... I (adult) Bythinia tentaculata ......... r (adult) — 11 mollusks. Mereccnceta.. Naidid... . foc... oneweeea es 5 Amphipoda. Hyalella knickerbockeri ...... I Diptera. Chironomid: pupa inc.cs..s-..- I —— 7 associated animals. cl Otay. \:cjeenin eee eee 18 The area of 7,500 square feet contains 16,875 unit areas (04 square inches), which provide a total calculated population of 185,625 mollusks and 118,125 associated animals, or a total population of 303,750. By far the greatest area of floating plants is made up of the leaves of the two water-lilies, Nymphea advena and Castalia TABLE No. 29. PoruLaTION or WATER-LILY LEAVES | valiant erSee sk. as .0s 2c cues se oes | XXViit | l ixoexva |) Aotat Depth of water in feet..:..........4.. ak Za) 2 al ae Average size of leaf (inches)............/ 10 83 | g! 9 Number of leaves examined........... | 17 a 12 22 Mollusks | | Pseudosuccinea c. chalybea .......... | BI 95g hea sors E II BMUHOTOUS DOTUUS 6 v2 2 cis. alee eee 1) i ee De B THEVSO WOATKCHLANG,. 03s. 5 vin se nw aes | 5 2 6 | Ie PAE VIS: POTCUCIUS 3.0 ou aw bk oe tes ints 2 9 | 6 | 15 | = BTR Ceo ches least ss sage a SE 17 | II 14 42 Associated animals | | | | Amphipoda | Hyalella knickerbockeri.. ......... pereeats | Eye gee I Coleoptera | Donacia cincticornis.............. ss yet Ange Or ech Sane I I Galerucella nymphwe (larva) ...... OS eel | oeeeanae | 1 I COVIUS COO SEAR arn rere en (ey ae ale Oe x * Diptera. | Ce aronomid lara, ease: cain al ess: Di | eee | 2 HAOLUIOHEVTR IEMA, eart eek ee tee iy. Son | te Ses 2 2 Peratoporpminedanves. :.. sos eel te | Sk 4 4 Total number of animals........| ) z 8 Il Fic. 39. Invertebrate animals from 768 square inches on mud bottom, Habitat No. clvii, Field No. 1037, water 15 feet deep. The great predominance ot mollusks (140 specimens) over associated animals (3) is to be noted. Ammicola and Valvata are the principal genera present. The caddis-fly cases are all empty. The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 125 odorata. Leaves were examined in three habitats the result of which is shown in the Table No. 29. The actual area cov- ered by water-lily leaves has been difficult to determine with any degree of accuracy. The most satisfactory method has been to estimate the number and size of isolated: patches of water covered with leaves and from this result try to arrive at a conclusion regarding the amount of life present. These areas are noted on the map showing distribution of plants (figures 18-20). A careful computation shows that the water-lily areas cover about 855,000 square feet. The leaves are scattered so as to average one leaf in two square feet, and there is therefore a total of approximately 427,500 lily leaves. Animal life was noted on three out of five leaves, and the inhabited leaves thus number 256,500 and the total amount of animal life is com- puted to be 424,507 individuals, of which 336,528 are mollusks and 87,979 are associated animals.* In Habitat No. lvi, the surface of the water in a group of Typha angustifolia, embracing an area of 400 square feet, was covered with dead leaves of this Cat-tail, upon which consider- able animal life found food and support. A single unit (64 square inches) was examined giving the result shown in Table No. 30. The water was from one to three feet deep. If the number of animals found in the unit area is indicative of the whole area, there are 2,700 mollusks and 3,600 associated ani- mals, or a total population of 6,300. In Habitat No. Ixxxvii, an area of Bur-reed (Sparganium eurycarpum) of about 300 square feet borders the shore in water 16 to 18 inches deep. Nine Ancylus parallelus were collected on this plant in a single unit (64 square inches). On this basis there are 6,075 individuals of this mollusk on the leaves of Bur-reed in this vicinity. f * Computation: 42 and 11 = 321.31 mollusks and .34 associated animals per leaf, X 256,500 lily leaves = 336,528 mollusks and 87,9790 associated animals. + Computation: 400 square feet X 144 square inches = 57,600 square inches + 64 square inches 900 unit areas X 32,700 mollusks and X 4 = 3,600 associated animals. {Computation: 300 square feet X 144 square inches = 43,200 square inches + 64 square inches —675 unit areas X 9 — 6,075 mollusks. ‘suowioads z Aq Sisuapiauo pypippa SipsdupTy pure ‘susumoads gz Aq pajuasaidoas st suyounjgmor ody az [assnur sy J, ‘daop jooy SI J9jeM ‘OLOI ‘ON poly ‘WAP ON JeHGe~{ ‘woyoq pnw uo sayour oivnbs goZ Wor; sjassnyy ‘Or “Oly The .Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 127 2. Submerged Plants. The submerged vegetation on the whole contained but few animals. In spots, however, mostly in sheltered places, animals were quite abundant. In Habitat No. cxv, a quiet lagoon with mud bottom, the water, which was TABLE No. 30. POPULATION OF TYPHA UNIT Mollusks Planorbis binneyi, young Ancylus parallelus . Associated animals Hirudinea Glossiphoniat stagnalis! semen ee oe ee Brpobdella punctate: ieee ten nee een + oe Amphipoda Hyalella knickerbockert Diptera Chironomid larva ee lene four feet deep, was almost choked with vegetation (see the vegetation map, fig.19). Among the plants, Potamogeton inter- ruptus and Myriophyllum verticillatum had an abundance of animals on the leaves. The population of a 64 square inch unit is shown in Table No. 31. TasBLeE No. 31. PopuLATION OF VEGETATION, Hanitat No. CXV Potamogeton interruptus .....000.5 cere cements x Myriophyllum verticillatum ........-.22.+20: re Aelia haldvmani- 2: : «sos eco ae ee . 2 AGH OK DISS PORUUS. «a5 3.2 ee aE DDS. ns PRY SOMNLCOTE:zia+ Sectors oe Meena oes selene 10 30 Hd Loy ren eons cite Res, Diccio Bate on Sone os eee mee 32 32 In this lagoon there is an area of 69,000 square feet, the water being four to six feet deep, and the total animal popula- tion is calculated to be not less than 8,640,000 individuals.* The * Computation: 60,000 square feet X 144 square inches — 8,610,000 square inches + 64 square inches = 135,000 unit areas < 64 mollusks = 8,640,000 mollusks. f ‘]RUIUL JY} NOY o1e 19}}k] IY} JO Sp[oYys Moy W ‘snzounjdutor 013417)7 jo Lb pue ‘sisuaprau0 pypipps SyisqupT JO gz ‘Djoajny sysduvT yo uaurtsads I ‘pajuosoidor a1e sotsads 9014 J ‘daap 190} QI 19jeM ‘OhOI ‘ON pialy ‘XH ‘ON Jeqey{ “wWoWJo0q pnw uO sayduT stenDs goz Wor} sjossnyy “IV “Oy The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 129 absence of associated animals is noteworthy. An area of about 5,000 square feet north of the club house on Norcross Point (Habitat No. cxxiv) contains several species of Potamogeton. The water is two feet deep and the bottom of hard sand. Life from a 64 square inch unit is shown in Table No. 32. On the basis of this average there are 247,500 mollusks and 90,000 associated animals, or a total animal population of 337,500 individuals. * TaB_e No. 32. POPULATION OF VEGETATION, Hapitat No. CXXIV Mollusks NMG HOLE OU. 3 on soe oe eee LMOROE US POTUUS N WHHHWNATON HUW H HATHA NN AA iS Nou ww N N - uo 3095 tera. Fic. 43. Invertebrate animals on boulder bottom, on shoal north of Dunham Island, Habitat No. v, Field No. 703, water 1-3 feet deep. Life from boulder 6x 4x3 inches. Hyalella knickerbockeri and Helicopsyche borealis are the principal species. The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 135 LocALITIES EXAMINED IN THE VICINITY OF LOWER SoutH Bay Several localities outside the area of Lower South Bay were examined quantitatively and will be considered at this time. Two main localities are included; one at the west end of Dunham Island and the other the shore of the main land from Norcross Point eastward. The majority of the habitats examined have a boulder bottom. Dunham Island. A wide, sandy shoal, covered by one to six feet of water, lies between Dunham and Frenchman Islands. Within the 6-foot contour there is an area con- taining about 38 acres. Eleven unit areas (16 square inches) were examined, the average number of mollusks being 204.09 and of associated animals 77.27, a total average of 281.36. These averages indicate a population of 3,040,434,856 mol- lusks and 1,151,131,370 associated animals and a total animal population of 4,191,506,226.* These figures indicate that the territory between the islands is the richest in animal life of any portion of the lake yet examined by me, having eight times as many animals per unit area as in the highest popu- lated area of Lower South Bay (mud bottom, average 36.66 per 16 sq. in. unit). Just why this area should be so thickly populated is not known at present. The great abundance of life in this territory was clearly indicated by the examination of a small part of a submerged log (100 square feet) cov- ered with the filamentous alga Cladophora fracta in which was found 2,106 mollusks and 624 associated animals, a total population of 2,730. As the log was estimated to be twelve feet long, there were present, on the basis of this average, 70,701 animals of which 54,587 were mollusks (fig. 42). The alge bordering the shore was also filled with animals (fig. 44). The water willow in these habitats was thickly populated with the mollusk Bythimia tentaculata, a single plant having from four to ten individuals, and averaging 7.66 on each * The computations for this population are as follows: 43,560 square feet X 144 square inches—6,272,640 square inches, 16 square inches — 392,040 unit areas in one acre, X 38 acres — 14,897,520 units in 38 acres, X 204.09 mollusks = 3,040,434,856 mollusks and the same unit areas X 77.27 associated animals — 1,151,131,370 associated animals. Fic. 44. Invertebrate animals in alge on shore of Dunham Island, Habitat No. i, Field No. 7o1r. The number of chironomid larve as well as the number ol amphipods (Hyalella) is to be noted. The molluscan shells are all empty. The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 137 plant. Eight plants occupied an area eight inches square (64 square inches) and the population was therefore 61.28 per 64 square inch unit. Water willow (Dianthera americana) occurs in patches over the shoal area between the two islands and it is difficult without measuring each patch to estimate the total area covered by this plant. It is safe to estimate an area of 5,000 square feet which would indicate the total Bythinia population to be 689,400. It is probably much greate- than this. It is to be noted that on the sand bottoms Bythimia, Ammnicola and Valvata tricarinata are the characteristic species of mol- lusks. Of the associated animals, Hyalella knickerbockeri, chironomid larve, and Eurycercus lemellatus are character- istic. The great preponderance of mollusks over associated animals (the latter being but 37.8 percent) in number of indi- viduals is noteworthy (see Table No. 34 for the data bearing on these sand habitats). Shoal North of Dunham Island (Table No. 35, Habitat No. V). North of the west point of Dunham Island there is a large shoal on which the water varies from a foot to three feet deep, the bottom being very bouldery. This shoal is upwards of 1,320 feet (a quarter of a mile) long and 200 feet wide and contains about 264,000 square feet. Animals were collected from two boulders and consisted of 55 mollusks and 237 associated animals or an average of 27.5 mollusks and 118.5 associated animals, a total population per unit of 146 individuals (see fig. 43). These figures indicate that the population of this shoal may be 33,650,897 mollusks and 145,004,770 associated animals, a total estimated population of 178,655,673.* The notable features of this locality are the small ratio of mollusks to associated animals (18.9 per- cent), the characteristic molluscan species being Galba, Pla- norbis parvus, and Ammicola bakeriana nimia, and the large number of Hyalella among the associated animals. This shoal * The computation is: 264,000 square feet X 144 square inches = 38,016,000 square inches, = 30.25 (average area of boulder) = 1,223,669 unit areas, X 27.50 mollusks = 33,650,897 mollusks and X 118.50 asso- ciated animals = 145,004,776 associated animals, the total estimated population being the sum of these two results or 178,655,673 individuals. 138 College of Forestry was examined only incidentally and the number of units 1s too small for a conservative estimate of the population, though it is believed that the figures here given are fairly reliable. South Shore of the Lake East of Norcross Point. ‘The territory bordering the shore east of Norcross Point is strik- ingly bouldery, the rocky bottom extending nearly or quite to the 6-foot contour. The shore was studied in detail for a-dis- tance of 3,700 feet eastward from the point and for a width of 200 feet, the territory embracing a square area of 740,000 feet. Ninety-four unit boulders were studied, the animal life on which totalled 290 mollusks and 1,082 associated animals, a total population of 1,372 (Table No. 35). The average per boulder was 3.08 mollusks and 11.51 associated animals, a total average population of 14.59. This unit indicates a popu- lation of 14,675,786 mollusks and 54,754,716 associated ani- mals for this bouldery shore area or a total population of 69,430,502.* The average number of animals per boulder unit of the same size is smaller than that of the boulder area in Lower South Bay, the former being 1.85 and the latter 4.09 for mollusks. The difference is not so great for associated animals, the ratios being 6.9 and 8.37 respectively. _ The table of areas examined (No. 35) shows that Gonio- basis and Ammicola are the characteristic genera. Physa, Lymnea stagnalis lilliane, and Planorbis binneyi are also notably abundant. Among the associated animals the caddis- fly larva Helicopsyche is most characteristic. Chironomid ‘ larve lead in number of individuals followed by worms and Hyalella. Vhe minute ostracods are most numerous next to the dipterous larvee but their small size renders them relatively insignificant. The small number of mollusks (21.1 percent) as compared with the large number of associated animals (78.8 percent) is notable. Deep Water Habitats. There is one area studied quan- titatively still to be considered, the territory outside the 6-foot * The computation is as follows: 740,000 square feet * 144 square inches = 106,560,000 square inches, + 22.4 (average size of boulder unit area)= 4,757,143 units, X 3.085 mollusks = 14,675,786 mollusks, and X 11.510 = 54,754,716 associated animals. Field n Distant Depth | Unit b¢ Figures exexvi | exxxvii |exzxvitiexaix]| ext exxxiv | cxxxv p0-| 112 713| 715] 716 RT 728 Habitat numbers. _ Field numbers. Distance from shore (in feet) Depth of water (in feet) - Unit boulders examined. Figures of animal life. Seylonema crispum Stigeoclonium falklandicum Ulothrix sonata 3 ‘Amnicola lustrica. ‘Amnicola oneida. <2 ooo esses) ee Amnicola bakeriana nimi Valeata tricarinata. Physa warreniona. Physa integra. Lymnaa stagnalis lillian. Galba catascopiu Planorbis binneyi. Planorbis companulatus. Planorbis exacuous Planorbis parus.. Total Mollusca... 00.0000. sane ss 3 8 10 a Turbellaria Planaria dorotocephala. . Planaria maculata... Hirudinea Glossiphonia complanata. Hamopss marmoratis Olgocbate Stylarta species. Naidida:. Cladocera Sida crystallina. Ostracoda Cyprididae Decapoda Cambarus propinquus..... Amphipoda, yalella knickerbockeri Tsopoda Ayellus communis, ...0...----000000+ 1 Ephemenida Heplagenia species, nymph. ....... 1 1 2 1 Odonata. Aria putrida, nymph............-. eee || Seren WPBSEPE he: ceee, Trichoptera 20 13 235 n7 106 o bwonone No Ihytrichta species... Leplocerus ancylus. Leplocerus species. . Neophylax species ‘Eecetis incerta? .. Polycentropid larvi Diptera Ablabesmyia species. Chironomus, larvae-pupa Cricotopus species. Orthodladius species. Tanytarsus species. Total of x.. Coleoptera Psephenus lecontei, larvae... Acarina Arrhenurus species... Alractides arlaacetabula Hygrobates species, . .. Lebertia porosa. Piona species Total associated animals ‘Total animal life S 1373 * With some gravel. The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 139 contour and east of the Lower South Bay area, and between the main land and Dunham Island, where the water gradually deepens to 19 feet. This territory, within the limits of the map, measures approximately 3,400 by 2,850 feet or 9,690,000 square feet. From the 6 dredgings (288 of the 16 square inch units) there were collected 423 mollusks and 79 associated animals or 502 in all (figs. 39-41). This is an average of 1.04 mollusks and .27 associated animals which indicates a popu- lation of 91,221,660 mollusks and 23,895,540 associated ani- mals or a total animal population of 115,117,200 * (see Table No. 22-c). COMPARISON WITH OTHER LOCALITIES Oneida Lake, Survey of 1915. It will be of interest and value to compare the results obtained by the more exact quantitative studies of 1916 with the rougher estimates of 1915. It should be borne in mind that the 1916 survey was conducted in July and the 1915 survey in September and October (Baker, ’16a, pp. 121-132). It will be noted that on the average per unit area of 16 square inches the 1916 survey records exceed those of the previous year. Thus for boulder habitats, where the average for 1916 was 4.00, those for 1915 were but 2.77. The sand bottom units are 16.51 for 1916 and but 5.11 for 1915, a difference of 66 percent. In the vegeta- tion estimates, however, the 1915 survey records are much greater than those of 1916. The average pond-lily leaf popu- lation per leaf is but 1.65 for 1916 while it was 6.33 for 1915. Again, the submerged vegetation of the 1915 survey records averaged 89 per cubic column while those of 1916 are but 76 for the same area. The comparison shows that the more careful and exact data gathered during the 1916 survey give a far better idea of the quantitative value of the animal life than do the estimates of the previous year. With the more exact data herein presented it will be possible to make com- * The computation is as follows: 9,690,000 square feet X 144 square inches = 1,395,300,000 square inches 16 square inches = 87,210,000 units, >< 1.04 mollusks —o1,221,660 mollusks, and XX .27 associated animals — 23,895,540 associated animals. 140 College of Forestry prehensive comparisons with any other areas that may be studied in a similar manner. Comparison with Localities Outside New York State. As few surveys from the quantitative standpoint have been made in this country, it is not possible to make extensive comparisons with other localities. A few interesting quanti- tative studies have been made by members of the United States Bureau of Fisheries which occur incidentally in reports of the mussel surveys of the central west, and these are of interest and value in connection with the present studies. Wilson and Clark (’12, pp. 19-20) made a count of the number of mussels in a portion of a canal (which had become dry) near Fort Wayne, Indiana. In an area 15 by Io feet (the authors state that the width of the stream was wider than the mussel bed) 116 mussels were counted, as noted below: Ouadrula rubiginosa (Lea.).. 11 | Lampsilis ligamentina (Lam.) 5 OQuadrula cylindrica (Say)... 1 Lampsilis luteola (Lam.).... 6 Quadrula undulata (Barnes). 86 | — Anodonta grandis (Say)..... 6 Total (sikae ot tre Oe ee 116 Ptychobranchus phaseolus =e @Huldireth)) chan Seco te coe I At another place in the canal, to feet square, the following species and individuals of mussels were noted: Ouadrula rubiginosa (Lea)... 6 | Anodonta grandis (Say)..... 15 5 Quadrula undulata (Barnes). 60 Obovaria circulus (Lea.).... 4 Pleurobema clava (Lam.)... 1 | Lampsilis igamentina (Lam.) 5 Alasmidonta truncata Lampsilis luteola (Lam.).... 1 (Wisich ®) ie ance arte 2 | Lampsilis ventricosa (Barnes) 4 Symphynota complanata (Barnes) xsetwce-tmierectkoee 2 ‘otal 2 .\..50 0a eee 105 Symphynota costata (Raf.).. 5 Another count from a square meter (10.76 square feet) of bottom gave Quadrula rubiginosa (Lea)... 9 | Lampsilis ligamentina (Lam.) 2 Quadrula undulata (Barnes) 36 Lampsilis luteola (Lam.).... 3 Symphynota complanata — (GIB cra ece) Ma creme caters Beaty a.uene I Total number of mussels 8&1 Anodonta grandis (Say)..... 17 Obovaria circulus (Lea)..... Tt Compelomas )..223een- oe Eampsilis aris (iea)......... 2 PleuroGerg .. 2) Nn seh ee ee Total number of mollusks 138 The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 141 The authors note that the ground was also paved with Spherium and that the area examined gave a fair average of individuals for the population of the canal. The averages per square yard for the first two units cited are 6.9 and 9.4 respectively. The last unit, a square meter, averages I15.4 per square yard. Compared with the first two examples the Lower South Bay average of 7.8 for shallow water (1-6 feet) and 16.8 for deeper water (6-14 feet) is very favorable. In the third example, however, the average is very much greater than in any part of Oneida Lake. The gastropods in the last unit (57) are very much less in number of individuals than usually occurred in the units in Oneida _ Lake. As no attempt was made by the authors to count all of the animal life a comparison other than for the mussel population is not fair. Comparison with Marine Valuations. It will be of inter- est to compare some of the numerical valuations of Oneida Lake with those of marine bottom areas. Blegvad (’17, p. 22) gives the number of animals per square meter from the bottom of two Danish habitats (Table No. 36). For comparison the animals from the 16 square inch units of two habitats (a good and a poor habitat numerically) in Oneida Lake have been listed (Table No. 37) and the number of animals have been increased to the square meter valuation (by multiplying by 96.87, the number of 16 square inch units in a square meter). It will be noted that in both Oneida Lake examples the number of animals greatly exceed those from the marine unit areas. When we compare the Oneida Lake unit valuations with the marine population per square meter of vegetation (Zostera plants) the number of marine animals greatly exceeds those from any similar area of fresh water yet examined by me. Blegvad (’17, p. 23) collected with a hand net over one square meter of Zostera, at 2 meters depth (about 6% feet) and obtained 84,494 mollusks and 96 associated animals. Of the genus Rissoa, small mollusks comparable or ecologically equivalent to the Amnicola of Oneida Lake, two species totalled 84,420 individuals. 142 College of Forestry SUMMARY The data presented in the previous pages of this chapter indicate a calculated population of 4,704,545,137 mollusks and 3,062,267,255 associated animals or a total animal population of 7,766,812,392 within the area of 1,164 acres, the total terri- tory examined (Table No. 38). Of this amount 6,783,687,025 inhabit the bottom within the 6-foot contour and 983,125,367 occupy the territory beyond the 6-foot contour. This means that about seven billion animals live in an area of 205 acres, while nearly one billion live in 959 acres, a ratio of 33 million per acre against about one million per acre or about 33 to one. This great decrease in the number of individuals is significant, showing that the rich life areas border the shore where the vege- tation is abundant, in water from a foot to six feet in depth. Beyond this depth the number of individuals rapidly diminish. Fish are also more abundant in species on shoals in shallow water than in the deeper parts of the lake, and the majority of young fish live in this area. This fact is graphically shown TABLE No. 36. NUMBER OF MARINE ANIMALS IN ONE SQUARE METER Nyborg Fjora at At Guldborg Depth (in feet) Holckenhaven weir Ferry E. (bottom samples) Dug up. Depth 3 feet Dry at ebb tide WTC OMMONOMUICO tele e eoe 30 42 INS OBO Ms sqagd ho boaeob eK 820 26 Cardiumrediles i a2 tk oe aed 80 9 IVI TCLUSRECILIESS eter eee 3580.) | 4s. oe Mytilus edulas, juv............ 280 os cae ee ee tilorIngiitorede. eee a atts ee TAO, || okie he oe oe otal Miolltiscar-) saya sia ec 5030 a7, Nereis diversicolor ............ 80 3 AS CMIGOME MOVING Naas 6 ooh Ge) ao oes Ras ciee a htiene 70 GOMIMNATIAE © demise «wee oot 220) ww cn ees oe Total associated animals....... 300 80 The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 143 in Table No. 39 where the average number of animals per unit area is indicated for the different depths. The sudden drop from the 1-6 foot to the 6-12 foot area is striking. Beyond the 6-foot contour the decrease is more gradual. This contrast between shallow and deep water is comparable to Petersen’s statement that the greatest number of animals of the marine bottom per square unit is to be found in the shallow waters in the vicinity of plants (’1I, p. 47). NUMBER OF INVERTEBRATES IN ONE SQUARE METER, Lower SoutH Bay TABLE No. 37. 16 sq. in. |Equivalent| 16sq.in. |Equivalent unit I sq. meter unit I sq. meter Habitat number......... XKY || eases Coie hil iy ewe hee Mr mebieeee i ee. . sss s| - > | WO ee Belt teeta ct Character of bottom..... satidh ||. seeienas Sandi) Sees ier Spherium vermontanum.. . 122 11,818 4 388 UMS GHIMUTLIVGNWSVCTSUM....|\ i250. 5 ||| sanaele ne 2 193 Pisidium species......... 30 2 QOGOn ||" tatste cle se cou aes Sees ore Amnicola bakeriana...... 18 TRO. ete esetct | scence ac Amnicola oneida......... 106 10,268 9 872 PRUUTERE VN ENTACULOIG.-.-. 0). edie ae fh wee eee I 96 Galba catascopium........ 20 TOS TI" centers hxc Planorbis exacuous....... 2 LO Sih We cuatoes tun brn taiss suet ae Planorbis parvus......... 4 387 2 292 PUMMORDIS OMITOSUS... 00.2. | s28.5ea=, || eerie ae I 96 EATENSOMUNPCENG ecu icts s+ s/s) |! aia cre a Sea | eee tee 5 485 Motal’ Mothisks.. iva steele ee eae I 96 Total associated animals. . 5 484 DL 1065 Total number of animals. 307 29,739 36 3,487 College of Forestry 144 *sjlun your-arenbs OF ay} Y}IM pazelaiioo aq yystur Ady} yey} Jopio ur ‘gh Aq BurAjdiy[nw Aq ‘9g puv ‘2 ‘II WIOL] paye[Noyeoar usaq aAvy 19yeM daap UI SSUIepaiIp adie, oy, | ZOL*zIg‘ QOL‘ L ooz‘Lir‘ Sir zo$ ‘oth ‘69 €L9‘SSQ‘gLI oor ‘639 gzz‘ gos‘ 161‘ ZTEE‘6Ig‘S Sgz‘f10‘'6 zzS‘gzg‘ Elz Sto‘ rge ‘vos 6Lo‘ gig‘ Siz bor ‘czz‘Sgl gLo*gle‘gs VSt‘e61 ‘ovr '1 ¥96‘660‘Ser ors ‘S68 ‘fz gIL‘VSL‘vs gLL‘voo' srr SSz‘Loz‘zgo'e OLE TeDp TS oT 099‘ 1zz‘ 16 9gL‘SLo‘r1 L6g‘ofo'ee * 00 ‘6g9 oSg‘ver‘oro‘e \ps6‘sse \gcrv‘ for 's6 le "|Sgz‘€10‘6 1266‘ 19‘ 9S Jo€S ‘voz ‘Liz SoS ‘gL1‘6gz \jovr ‘€oz ‘Soke \€69‘SLz‘ 101 Ogee ‘zve‘vIT iSvz‘gsv'1vs 6OS1‘goL‘fbae g£6‘69q0‘'SEe BEL‘ g0£ ‘ez oz1‘bzo‘oos vee‘é6gr ‘oss gor‘ gsl‘eL gss‘ive'rs peas SYSNIOWN pezeoossy NOILV1INdOd IVLOL LEr‘SvS ‘POL ‘Py ——_ ovr‘gr |Sor‘'6 |StF‘6 zos \6L fev gio ok ZZO‘I |06z z6% Leet \S$ €z ee! 6:6 Ge lez S60‘ \osg \Svz'z O61 se |SSr Ltr espera |LbYy gzz LY IgI ger‘z |6£o'r |960‘T 066 Sov \$zS gzo‘z |L6OE'I |6z29 zor‘I |z99 .|ObV £6g'v |zes‘z |19e‘z 199 gcse |goe tev cze |6SI s[eur -Iue sysn POL | payer | TOW, -ossy | } GUNIKVXY AAT IVLOL sete ee . . . . of voI't FAME ¢ Nea? vor |Z2e (ofsiyrn —\laek}Oarag |itsyoyots) LI 00°9OvI |OS*gI1 joS-4e |9 ye ae cea 199°2 peri sue g£°1g2 |Le°LL |6o0'voz |\gt [estes | erndasra boon vile Lee gt: \gg°r | h6z |\vo'V \96°r |LO°% |SLE 199°9€ jec-Lr |ph or |Sr |jzo°f€e jLg°Sn yrs Lg g4°6z |6g°4r j6g°Ir |S IGA \KoyA > /Fnn IS‘or |S9 WAZ MODE Waetenn (Kof°oh Yl |zS"Or |90‘L aves (| s]Teur “ue SSN 10 er peyeto | “TOWN | sosoe -Ossy ieee | | wary | | VAUV | LINQ Wad STVWINY | “pale Ul Sayour arenbs gI ale ‘;Boys Jop[noq 9y} pue ‘uOT}E}aTOA ‘s[assnUI oY} IOJ 9soy} Burydooxa ‘sqrun [TV | “L(4q SSOINION) JozeM daaq “(Gq SSOIONION) Iapjnog SDC a Gidea: 5 (1eoys) sopfnog ma sy] weyunqd) uonezese, ares (‘s] wreyunq) pug AV JO ALINIOIA "+ * “sjassnyy ***|(qaey PI-z1) pny Ale Cena Te (aay 21-9) pny Mer eracietan mishate (4993 9-1) PHI sopjnog AVG NINOS YAMOT WOLLOd ALINIOIA GNV AVG HLAOS ATMO AO NOILVINdOY IWWINY "gt (ON FIavy The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 145 TasBLe No. 39. AVERAGE NUMBER OF INVERTEBRATES PER UNIT IN RELATION TO DEPTH Mud Bottom f : 2 | Associated Depth Mollusks Anavals Total MRSC Te PFE Ss, 50) os gus SS RO 19.44 | E7K22 36.66 (C=1D. IS ae ee Rete 2507h) 1.96 | 4.04 MEP STORE Gin? tay cus cvs & mbna evel oe Hates) | .48 12236 [AS Tie)- Sette ee ae a Rea 1220 332 1.52 In the table of general averages per unit area (Table No. 38) it is seen that the sand bottom is the richest in individuals. The relative values of the different bottoms of Lower South Bay arranged according to number of individuals per unit area is shown in Table No. 40, where number 1 is of the greatest value. In the areas outside Lower South Bay the sand bottom is again the richest, the boulder bottom being second in numerical value. The richest area inhabited by animals in the region examined in 1916 is the sandy shoal between Dunham and Frenchman Islands. It is noteworthy TaBrLe No. 40. AVERAGE NUMBERYOF INVERTEBRATES PER UNIT AREA OF Bottom LOWER SouTtH Bay (Units 16 square inches) | | { Bottom Mollusks Sea Total ir, Sync nee eerie pie reve ae ne as 16.51 7/270) 34.21 SRM SAG CLAY a ofp ox a ticksy eye sea ae | 11.89 17.89 29.78 2, (Cs (Eas Soe ee ee nia | 7.14 15.64 22.79 Am GLA Cle eth chp e ese Cae tele g.00 10.44 19.44 EMMI Geo en ea.) Sathana 7.80 6.55 14.35 Gee SOUldet vale ctine cetera 4.09 8.37 12.47 Outside Areas (Unit areas of boulders larger than 16 sq. 1n.) TPM SANTA CLs i edt SPS age ie 8 ee ae 204.09 VHT. 281.36 pee Boulder: shoals santas s ses see 27.50 118.50 146.00 om Boulder, shoreynaanene ace oe 3.08 I1.51 14.59 Aa Miids deep watenjancretacte a. 1.04 S27 Wag 146 College of Forestry that the mollusks outnumber the associated animals forming 57 percent of the total population. In Lower South Bay the relative proportions are reversed, the mollusks forming but 42 percent of the total population. The large preponderance of mollusks on the sand flat or shoal between the two islands is striking. In addition to the young, immature and adult animals listed, there were vast numbers of the eggs of mollusks and asso- ciated animals which covered the vegetation in almost all localities. This is especially true of the mollusks Amnicola, Gillia, Physa, and Lymnea. The eggs of gyrinid beetles were also very numerous on water-lily leaves. Bryozoans (Pluma- tella) thickly covered the submerged plants and bottom debris in many places and sponges abounded on stones, plants, and large objects. The Bryozoans and sponges probably have some food value although this feature has not been definitely TABLE No. 41. CHARACTERISTIC BOTTOM ANIMALS Bottom Mollusks Associated Animals Boulders. scm. Gontobasis | Helicopsyche Galba catascopium Hyalella Physa warreniana |)\ Sketn aie isies Seay 9 ake eo (Cravelessceeer ..| Spherium vermontanum Naidide | Galba catascopium Hyalella Amunicola oneida Helicopsyche Spi Lia eke ET oes scat Chironomid larve Sands S.A Aaee Spherium vermontanum | Naididz (Stylaria) Amunicola oneida | Hyalella a eutlov sitet cree ePoaeime ce nee Chironomid larve sandy clay....... | Amnicola oneida | Hyalella Planorbis parvus | Chironomid larvz Gla ya sein etme Amunicola oneida Hyalella rere, otra here Asellus Fria eaten oe ee Chironomid larve 14 te Fee ene ea cat ne | Amnicola oneida Hyalella Planorbis parvus | Asellus Lae We Raa OP CN a tee Chironomid larvze The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 147 observed in Oneida Lake. Statoblasts of Plumatella, etc., have been found in the stomach of certain fish (Baker ’16, pp. 165, 1&1, etc.). The molluscan eggs have a potential food value developing into the class of animals eagerly sought by | many fish. The characteristic or dominant animals on each variety of bottom, from a quantitative standpoint, are noted below and these animals may be said to characterize the community, so that we may speak of a Goniobasis-Galba-Helicopsyche com- munity, an Ammnicola-Hyalella-Chironomid community, etc. In the area outside Lower South Bay the characteristic animals, quantitatively, are: Boulder bottom: Goniobasis, Amnicola bakeriana nimia, Helicopsyche, Hyalella, Naidide, Chironomid larve. Sand bottom: Bythinia, Amnicola bakeriana nimia, Valvata tricarinata, Hyalella, Cladocera, Chironomid larve. On the mud bottom in deeper water, the characteristic forms, numerically, are: TABLE No. 42. CHARACTERISTIC ANIMALS OF DEEPER WATER Depth | Mollusks Associated Animals 6-12 feet....... | Amnicola bakeriana nimia | Ostracoda | Amnicola bakeriana Chironomid larve J | PLC ItOr DES DarUiis: Fo) 6) (ek Neem nets crest Ae eee Ae ¥3-14 feet....... | Amnicola bakeriana nimia | Trichoptera Vialuata: SECenib ir, 8 dm ehirae ee ae ts ee Ree 14-18 ‘feet......| Ammnicola bakeriana nimia | Hyaleila Valvata tricarinata Chironomid larvee The entire area under consideration, having so heavy a covering of filamentous alge, may be designated an algal eat- ing community, the exception being the boulder areas where there is but little or no alge, probably on account of wave action. In the tables it will be noted that a characteristic species may be common in shallow water and rare in deep water and vice versa. The dominant species appear to occur, in this locality at least, associated with many other forms of animal 148 College of Forestry life. In only a few cases were there colonies of a single or of several species. ‘This is in contrast with marine shores, and in fact some bodies of fresh water, where one, two, or more species may cover a restricted area. Such for example are the marine genera Littorina and Mya. In rivers and lakes certain species of mussels as well as some gastro- pods (Vivipara, Campeloma, Pleuroceride) are confined to restricted areas. Nearly all of the animals listed on these tables are of food value to fish. Among the mollusks all but the mussels, Gonio- basis, Campeloma, Vivipara, Gillia, Somatogyrus, Lymnea, Pseudosuccinea, Acella and Segmentina are eaten by fish of New York State. In other waters some of the excepted mollusks are also eaten. Of the associated animals, all are believed to be of food value. Among the mollusks, Spherium, Pisidium, Amnicola, Valvata, Planorbis, and Galba are of special food value and are apparently eagerly sought by fish. The abundance and variety of animal life in Lower South Bay recalls the animal communities of the oyster beds of the Schleswig-Holstein sea-flats described by Mobius (’83, pp. 721-722), and called by him a Bioccenosis (’83, p. 723). His description of a marine oyster-bed community or biocee- nosis is of special interest in connection with the Oneida Lake animal communities. “‘ Every oyster-bed is thus, to a certain degree, a community of living beings, a collection of species, and a massing of individuals, which find here everything neces- sary for their growth and continuance, such as suitable soil, sufficient food, the requisite percentage of salt, and a tem- perature favorable to their development. Each species which lives here is represented by the greatest number of individuals which can grow to maturity subject to the conditions which surround them, for among all species the number of indi- viduals which arrive at maturity at each breeding period is much smaller than the number of germs produced at that time. The total number of mature individuals of all species living together in any region is the sum of the survivors of all germs which have been produced at all past breeding or brood periods; and this sum of matured germs represents a certain The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 149 quantum of life which enters into a certain number of indi- viduals, and which, as does all life, gains permanence by means of transmission.” Mobius (’83, p. 723) recognizes the fact that this bioccenosis is subject to change either by external environmental factors or by the increase, decrease, or elimination of one or more species forming the community. An interesting example is cited of the rich oyster beds of Cancale, Rochefort, Marennes, and Oléron, in France, in which the cockles (Cardiwm edule) and edible mussels (Mytilus edulis) replaced the oysters after the latter had been harvested for market. The oyster beds could be restocked only by removing the cockles and mussels to make room for fresh young oysters “ because the ground is already occupied and the food all appropriated”. Mobius further remarks that “ space and food are necessary as the first requi- sites of every social community, even in the great seas’”’, and this is equally true of a fresh water lake or pond. 150 College of Forestry ANNOTATED LIST OF THE MOLLUSKS OF LOWER SOUTH BAY AND VICINITY GENERAL HABITAT RELATIONS In a previous paper (Baker, ’16, pp. 247-289) I have discussed the mollusks of the western end of Oneida Lake collected during the 1915 field season. Sixty-two species and races of fresh-water mollusks were listed, representing 25 genera and 11 families. During the 1916 field season 29 addi- tional species were collected and added to the Oneida Lake list bringing the total number of species up to 91, including the Sphzeriidze not yet determined as to species. This number is greater by 25 than the total molluscan fauna listed by Maury from the Finger Lakes region (’16, pp. 29-32). One species (Margaritana margaritifera) previously reported is to be elim- inated and another (Lampsilis borealis) proves not to be that species but a new race of Lampsilis radiata (race oneidensis) (Baker, ‘16a, pp. 74-77). A genus (Segmentina) is added. It is highly probable that half the species of fresh-water mol- lusks inhabiting the State will be found in the waters of Oneida Lake when the east end, the deep water, and the small tribu- tary streams are examined. The additional Sphzriidz col- lected in 1916 are noteworthy, bringing the total number to 32, of which 23 are of the genus Pisidium. The deeper water also added several species not found in 1915. Mollusks were abundant everywhere, being absent from less than one percent of the area examined. Associated with the mollusks were worms, crustaceans, insect larve, and other animals, forming together a veritable microcosm, in which the majority of fresh-water groups of animals were represented, from Protozoa to Acarina. In point of numbers the mollusks usually predominated. The quantitative method of study, by means of the exami- nation of a large number of unit areas, has been productive of valuable results not obtained in any other way. Recently, Dr. C. G. Joh. Petersen (’15, p. 20) has made the statement quoted below which is full of meaning in connection with the The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 151 study of fresh-water animals. Writing of the comparison of the animals of Danish marine waters with those of other localities he says: “It would indeed have been difficult to do so with the old method of investigation, based as it was upon dredging, and with separate treatment of each group of ani- mals, which furnished no comprehensive view, but merely a series of long lists of the different groups. We know now, however, that it is only by investigation of the communities themselves that it is possible to arrive at a true comparison which furnishes a proper idea of the respective conditions. One might easily imagine two waters exhibiting approximately the same list of species, but yet differing in a very high degree ; the frequency with which individuals of the various species occur forms a factor which cannot be disregarded.” This statement is not only true for comparative localities but holds good for different depths of the same locality; thus, we find listed the name of Amnicola oneida from two depths, 4 and 15 feet, but in the shallow water, its more usual habitat, 89 individuals occur in a unit area, while in the deeper water habitat only one was found. Many examples could be cited illustrating this fact showing that a mere list does not give a correct idea of the relations of the animals of the community. Among the striking results obtained by the field study of Lower South Bay are the relation of the mollusks to the physical and general biological features of the area. 1. Relation to Algze. One of the surprising things revealed by the detailed examination of the bay was the vast amount of filamentous alge covering the greater part of the bottom and also the higher plants, from shore to deeper water. Among these are 10 species of Gidogonium, two of Ulothrix, two of Spirogyra, and a Cladophora. The plankton forms were also abundant. In this filamentous alge the mollusks live in great numbers finding here unlimited quantities of food. A small quantity of Cladophora or Cedogonium would fre- quently form a tangled mass of mollusks, worms, insect larve, and crustaceans, the whole affording a ‘tempting diet for bot- tom-feeding fish. The abundance of this algal food caused all of the mollusks, worms, and chironomid larve living in it to 152 College of Forestry assume a light greenish color similar to that of the alge. The relation of the alge to the mollusks is shown in Tables No. 16 LO°35.. The abundance of alge was probably the cause of the com- parative absence of mollusks from the larger plants — M yrio- phyllum, Potamogeton, Elodea, etc.— the alge forming better foraging ground than the higher plants. The absence from the higher plants may also have been partly due to season, for in September of the previous year mollusks were noted in great abundance in the submerged vegetation of the outlet of the lake near Brewerton (Baker, ’16, p. 129). 2. Relation to the Bottom. Mollusks usually clearly reflect the physical character of the environment, certain species being characteristic of a given habitat, preferring this to any other and being dominant in point of numbers. In Lower South Bay six types of bottom occur, boulder, gravel, sand, sandy clay, clay, and mud. In this bay, however, the effect of the different kinds of bottom is greatly modified by a mass of filamentous alge which covers large areas of the bottom like a blanket and makes a uniform algal habitat over diverse kinds of bottom. That the character of the under- lying stratum does play some part in the ecological distribu- tion of mollusks in the bay is shown by the diagram (Table No. 43) where all of the species inhabiting the bay and the immediate vicinity are listed in relation to this distribution. It will be noted that 12 species live on six kinds of bottom, 10 on five kinds, 7 each on three and four kinds, 8 on two kinds, and 21 on one variety. These figures show that there is a selection of habitat based on the nature of the bottom material. The table also shows that 50 species live on a mud bottem, 42 on sand, 35 on clay, 33 on gravel, 27 on boulder, and 25 on a sandy clay bottom. The table brings out clearly the distribution according to character of bottom and extended discussion would be super- fluous. It may be well, however, to point out those species which may be said to be characteristic of each variety of bottom. In the boulder habitats Goniobasis livescens, Lymnea stagnalis liliane, Galba catascopium, Planorbis binneyi and TABLE No. 43. RELATION OF MOLLUSKS TO CHARACTER OF BOTTOM Character of bottom Anodonta cataracta svete = ath efebstehearte Anodonta implicata...............4.... Anodonta grandis footiana.............. Lampsilis luteola...... 056.) 0.0ccecee's Lampsilis radiata Sosteras tata seers Lampsilis radiata oneidensis... . Elliptio complanatus.... 00.0... .000ce. Spherium solidulum................... Bs, Spherium sulcatum : Spherium vermontanum..... 2.0.2.0... Musculium transversum*............. Musculium truncatum.........00..00.. Musculium (species)................ 3 Preis Gbqwugti oi en in coc eed oe Pisidium adamsi affine. Pisidium complanatus................. Pisidium compressum............ ee Pisidium compressum levigatum......... Pisidium ferrugineum ....... Pisidium neglectum.................... Pisidium overi. . Sfeishatafstd a seagate uke Pisidium pauperculum.........0......, Pisidium punctatum simplex 1 STE a1 91 ee ee eee Pisidium scutellatum.......... asisee Pisidium scutellatum cristatus......... Pisidium splendidulum................ RSSratums Dartabte. ss. ec one ce eee PP BBAUHMESCUIONE: .y0.0 sa aac eee Reserditirs (SPECies) <3. 2 aviasiscs eee Campeloma decisum................2.-. Vivipara contectoides................... Gontobasis livescens.................... SOLUTES SSG ee A Be be Tg Somatogyrus subglobosus............... Amnicola bakeriana................... Amnicola limosa porata................ Amnicola onetda.. 2.222.222.0222, Acella haldemans =, ..ace Sore Planorbis binneyi.............2..,.... ial y i * pop, > ' FS, DR CA he 88 KS Sa Nt i pated ae dine 2 OT a8 OM aa eae aaa: ; eT Peat en Loe : - ; fh aT 7 ee a . «+ Lei sion ee oath | . san é ses a ; he a » ay ne cane epee aren Lees > hanee _ pny eaer io mgr ig * ‘ ORR Gy « a t — Sia os pot ees, ry : . ‘* piel. + BET 11302 Pe Rs Eh EM Ss NAF F —_ med Odom = : ‘ steal ! — of 2 rove vo » 4 a ¥ »~ — ee ee 2 b ; + er me! math ann ; ‘ \ er ie «yd ” 6 |) pete emmy *s r ae » mes 7 7 ates hein ~o + i i’ ef ; sringtl : ; —ea, * (eet ee at = ; eo " r r L a ~= men sab meth eaten ds tne _ 4 oe Fee rw % ~ ame — nm ° 1 oe ee > i owe < . - ‘ = —_ : Z ‘ ; r * lag ’ e . bee | i & he 2 a a > « a ~ a =e } meena | _ e a | nana ne encase fir, “4 een, ao << ' 2 _ oe . ; i *, ol — we pap aa a A t 4 mt eed ae ae t ® ho < > Se wat — (te amen hy Sire é io t A Es 1) - Pe a oo os sonnei } ' eae det Waub i = : os - ae Naga, MRE, 4 * . \ evne Estee SD) Dae hae, ‘ i became + a oy se iene neater! . eed rl ae, a" tema sen eon _ an aaa Le > 4 ; —<- ‘toe h ee ee pee heat % H ? . a ee oA r = ae eae! ~ hee me | +Ae The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 153 Physa warreniana, all adult or nearly so, are the dominant mollusks, and associated with these are the spiral caddis-fly larva Helicopsyche, the beetle larva Psephenus lecontti, and the May-fly nymph Heptagenia. In the sand between the boulders Anodonta implicata is characteristic. The gravel bottoms have the same species with the addition of a few species which are characteristic of a sand bottom. On a sand or clay bottom Campeloma decisum, Musculium transversum, and several of the Pisidia are dominant. On the mud bottom, which is richest in number of species, a few mollusks are characteristic, such as Spherium solidulum, S. sulcatum, sev- eral Pisidium, Amnicola emarginata, Valvata sincera, and Segmentina armigera. Another notable habitat should here be mentioned, that of the lily-pads. These cover a not inconsiderable area and afford food and lodgment for such molluscan species, as Pseudo- succinea columella and variety chalybea, Physa warreniana, Ancylus parallelus, and Planorbis parvus. Pseudosuccinea - columella and its variety may be said to be quite characteristic of this habitat. 3. Relation of Mollusks to Depth of Water. From a study of Table No. 44, on which all of the species are plotted, it is seen that the number and kind of mollusk vary with the depth of water, shallow water containing the greater number of species and deeper water the less, the decrease in number being regular and gradual. Dividing the depths into seven parts we find a regular decrease as shown below: Tas_e No. 45. SHOWING DECREASE OF MOLLUSKS WITH DEPTH Shore toxOsichesaa ae veetere ern tee eye aek 6 species TOMO Se EELS see TT ae Meer ice Aor as SF LOE Olas hs PRR hot an Gat 6 ao eON oe Hoenn Gite ss OF 10> OPLCE LE SATS sedis amen a cern ots are ao OF LO 12 Feet ae rot ee ee Toe Coolate oe erect zioy | U2? LOWTSR RCCL ieee ee es ori ae Boe ry Ian OME Ko fin CoE! Norra Ot cy GOO CI Oro Se Oae mie Twelve species appear to be confined to water four feet or less in depth; Anodonta implicata, Lampsilis radiata, Mus- culium truncatum, M. transversum, three Pisidium, Lymnea 154 College of Forestry stagnalis liliane, Acella haldemani, Planorbis trivolvis, Pla- norbis trivolvis fallax, and Segmentina armigera. It will be noted in Table No. 44 that certain depths appear to be the limit for some species and the beginning for others. Thus at eight feet, six species drop out and six species appear, while at nine feet, four additional species disappear. ‘wo species seem to be confined to water deeper than ten feet, Amnicola emarginata and Valvata sincera. The variation in distribution of certain species is interesting. Lampsilis luteola occurs at all depths beyond three feet. Lampsilis radiata occurs in water up to three feet in depth but its race oneidensis does not appear until a depth of eight feet is reached. Anodonta implicata appears to be restricted to water less than four feet deep while its relative, Anodonta grandis footiana, occurs down to 15 feet. The mussel Elliptio is found at all depths and on all kinds of bottom. Spherium vermontanum extends from one and a half to 14 feet but its congeners sulcatum and solidulum do not appear until a depth of eight feet is reached. Musculiwm disappears at eight feet but Pisidiwm extends to 14 feet. Goniobasis and Campeloma are shallow water genera (four to five feet) while Gillia and Somatogyrus persist to a depth of 14 feet. Valvata tricarinata is found at all depths but its relative Valvata sincera does not appear until a depth of 12 feet is reached. Ammnicola bakeriana and allied species occur at nearly all depths but Ammnicola emarginata first occurs at a depth of 10 feet. Ammnicola lus- trica was not found in water deeper than three feet. Of the wheel-snails, Planorbis, seven species occur at three feet, five species at nine feet, two species at 14 feet, and but one, Pla- norbis antrosus, is found at 18 feet. Physa is a shallow water group, living in water one to three feet deep when adult, but occurring as deep as 11 feet when young. The disappearance of the fresh-water limpet, Ancylus parallelus, at 11 feet is due probably to the absence of suitable vegetation which is scanty or wanting at this depth. The paucity of plants at this and greater depths is probably one of the reasons for the diminish- ing number of species as the water deepens. TABLE No. 44. RELATION OF MOLLUSKS TO DEPTH OF WATER Depth of water (feet) Anodonta cataracta Anodonta implicala.........cseseeeeee0 Anodonta grandis footiana...:.......+-- Lampsilis luteola...... Lampsilis radiata. Lampsilis radiata oneidensi3.........+ ve Elliptio complanatus..........-.++++055 Spherium solidulum Spherium sulcatum...........0.200004. Spherium vermontanum................ Musculium transversum........... Musculium truncatum Musculium (species). Pisidium abditum. . Pisidium adamst affine............ Pisidium complanatus Pisidium compressum,..........,. Pisidium compressum levigatum......... Pisidium ferrugineum............. Pisidium neglectum............... Pisidium overt Pisidium pauperculum Pisidium punctatum simpler....... Pisidium sargenti Pisidium scutellatum..............0.05. Pisidium scutellatum cristatus........... Pisidium splendidulum Pisidium variabile.......... grepecesude Pisidium vesiculare:.........00.2000005 Pisidium (species).......... Campeloma decisum Vivipara contectoides....... Goniobasis livescens. Gillia altilis.... Somatogyrus subglobosus..... Amnicola bakeriana..... Amanicola emarginata Amanicola limosa porata Amanicola oneida. . Amnicola bakeriana nimia.. .. Amanicola clarkei Amnicola lustrica..,. Bythinia tentaculata Valvata sincera Valvata tricarinata. . Lymnea stagnalis lilhane. . Acella haldemani Galba catascopium Galba humilis modicella Galba obrussa.. . Planorbis antrosus..... Planorbis binneyt..:..-+ Planorbis campanulatus. Planorbis deflectus. Planorbis eracuous Planorbis hirsulus Planorbis parvus Planorbis trivolvis Planorbis trivolvis fallax Segmentina armigera.............+2+0++ Physa integra. Physa warreniana Ancylus fuscus. Ancylus parallelus.. . Ancylus (species) Total species at depth, _ Valvata bicarinata normalis............. Pseudosuccinea columella chalybea........ 0123 45 6 7 8 9 1011 1213 14 15 16 1718 6 20 43 46 40 37 33 33 39 31 29 28 27 26-21 14 11 11 11 ad sisi nash toes ten magwepentiyanty,* |» - | } ee eee / } “Psgnarhn oo agency tt mta a a dacacleedpedl saa ots E ; ' I} J » ia i The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 155 Data are not at hand with which to compare the bathy- metrical distribution of Oneida Lake mollusks with those of other lakes in New York. Recently, Maury, of Cornell Uni- versity ('16, p. 32), reports dredgings made in deep water in Cayuga Lake but no list of species is given nor the depths attained. Dredgings were made in water as deep as 200 feet and the details of the results would be of great interest. Maury says of this work: “These dredgings proved conclusively that Mollusca are abundant from the shore line to about ten feet, after twenty-five feet thay become very scarce, the dredge yielding only a few Amnicolas and broken fragments of shells, the occupants having apparently been preyed upon by fishes. In the greater depths no signs of Mollusca or of plants were found. There was only a very fine grey mud entirely barren of life. We believe this to be due partly to the great depth of the Finger Lakes; but much more to the extremely low tem- perature of the water of Cayuga Lake, which even in mid- summer is very cold except in sun-warmed shallows.” Outside of New York State, however, mollusks have been reported at considerable depths. Robertson (’15) dredged in Georgian Bay and obtained the following species at depths down to 20 fathoms (120 feet): Ammnicola limosa, A. lustrica, A. emarginata, Valvata tricarinata, V. sincera. Walker (797, p. 97) records Lymnea, Spherium, Pisidium, Planorbis, Val- vata, and Amnicola as abundant at a depth of 25 metres (82 feet) in Lake Michigan near High Island. As Amunicola, Valvata, Spherium, and Pisidiwm have been found at great depths in the lakes mentioned it is highly prob- able that they will be found in the deepest part of Oneida Lake which attains a depth of 55 feet or more at the east end. The distribution of mussels in depth and on character of bottom in other regions is of interest when compared with the data obtained in Lower South Bay and vicinity. Headlee and Simonton (’o4, pp. 173-179) made a study of the mussels of Winona Lake, Indiana. Eight species were found, four of which inhabit Oneida Lake. The lake examined is a glacial kettle hole lake the maximum depth of which is 86 feet. The shores are as a rule “ composed of sand and gravel which shade 156 College of Forestry off with varying rapidity into marly sand, then into sandy dark marl that covers the bottom in all the deeper parts of the lake.”’ The mussel zone was found to extend, as a rule, to where the bottom changed to very soft marl, averaging from four inches to nine feet deep; in some places the mud comes to within a few feet of the water’s edge, while in others the sand and gravel bottom extends to water 22 feet deep. Anodonta grandis was found at the outer edge of the sand and gravel area, while Strophitus edentulus occurred a little farther out. Grandis sometimes occurred on a sandy bottom, but edentulus was always found on a soft bottom. Neither was ever found on hard’sand or gravel. Lampsilis luteola was the most variable mussel and also the most abundant in the lake. It exhibited two color phases, light and dark, the light form being abundant in from four inches to 22 feet of water. “It is, however, dominant in shore, in weedy patches (Potamogeton and Ceratophyllum) and on Chara-covered bot- toms. The dark variety occupies the same region but is dominant upon sand and gravel bottoms in from three and a half to 22 feet of water. The intergrading forms cover the same territory as the straw-colored and dark varieties but can not be said to be dominant anywhere.” ‘These authors conclude (p. 178) that “wave action and the muskrat deter- mine the limit of the distribution shoreward and that the character of the bottom is the principal factor determining the outer boundary of the zone.” Some very ingenious experi- ments are recorded testing the ability of various mussels to withstand changes of environment. It will be remembered that mussels were found in Oneida Lake at all depths examined (one to 18 feet), occurring very abundantly in soft black mud in water 8 to 18 feet deep. In rivers and streams the mussels are found on a variety of bottoms and at varying depths. In the Illinois River at Beards- town, they occur in sand and mud in water from 10 to 12 feet deep. Above the LaGrange locks they are found on a mud bottom in 8 to 12 feet of water (Danglade, ’14, p. 20). In the Cumberland River, below Livingston, the mussels occur on a rocky bottom (in clay between rocks) in a maximum depth of The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 157 one and a half feet (Wilson and Clark, ’14, p. 24). At various other localities in the river, mussels were found on a gravel and clay bottom in from 5 to 20 feet of water. The current was usually from two to four miles an hour. The lakes and streams of central and northern Minnesota have been examined to some extent by the United States Bureau of Fisheries for their mussel fauna (Wilson and Danglade, ’14). In Lake Minnewaska quantities of mussels (including Lampsilis luteola which is common in Oneida Lake) were found on a bottom of sand and rather fine gravel in water from 12 to 15 feet deep (1. c., p. 23). In Lake Benidji mussels were collected on a sand bottom, buried two and three feet deep and they were placed as thick as they could lie (p .15). In Shell River, at Twin Lakes, near Menahga, the fishermen are obliged to rake off the alge and weeds which cover the bottom before they are able to dig the mussels, which are buried in the underlying gravel and sand to the depth of a foot or more (p. 15). These examples of buried, living mus- sels are interesting. Similar conditions have not been met with in Oneida Lake. For these observations a bottom sampler similar to that used by Petersen but somewhat larger is neces- sary to bring up the sample with the bottom layers intact. A dredge a foot square would be admirable for the purpose. 4. Relation of Age and Season to Migrations. It has been observed that there is a relation between the range in depth, age and season in some of the mollusks of Oneida Lake. Certain species inhabit the deeper water of the lake when young, which is usually in the spring or summer, and later in the year migrate to the shore or surface of the water. The slender pond- snail Acella haldemani occurs on vegetation, usually Potamogeton, at depths of one and a half to four feet when young (in July) and when adult, which is in August or September, it seeks the larger vegetation of the surface, or near the shore, lily-pads, rushes, pond-weeds, etc., when these plants are used for food and support. It is not definitely known whether Acella completes its growth in one or more years, but no adult shells could be found anywhere during July. Only young were seen and these were rare. 158 College of Foresiry Another pond-snail, Galba catascopium, when young (June and July), inhabits the thick alge at depths of from six to 14 feet, but when adult migrates to the shore and lives on the boulder and gravel bottoms of the exposed points and shores. It requires at least two years to complete its growth, for adults were observed on the rocky shores in July. The tadpole snails, Physa warreniana and Physa integra, also live in alge at depths down to 10 and 11 feet when young (July), but migrate to the shore when approaching maturity (August and Septem- ber), warreniana to inhabit (usually) rocky shores in shallow water, and integra the more quiet and protected habitats near the shore or surface. Lymnea stagnalis liliane probably exhibits the same migration with age and season as do the other species mentioned, as adults are found only in the late summer and fall on the rocky shores. Half grown individuals were common in July on the boulder shores of the lake. Plan- orbis binneyi has been noted when young among alge in five feet of water in July. In September adults are abundant in shallow water on rocky shores, in company with Lymnea and Galba. i Additional field study will add to our information concern- ing this matter; but the examples cited are sufficient to clearly indicate a definite habitat relation between age, season and migration. ‘This relation has been studied only through July, September and a part of October and it is highly desirable that early spring as well as some winter studies be made. Spring studies are especially desirable to determine the length of life of the different species of mollusks, many of which may live but a year, the stock being renewed annually. Definite information as to what species are annuals, biannuals, trian- nuals, etc., would be of much value in estimating the amount and rate of production of food for fish and other animals. Adequate information is lacking concerning the periods of egg-laying among the different species of mollusks in our lakes and ponds. In Oneida Lake during the month of July the eggs of Amnicola, Gillia, Physa, and Lymnea were noted. The egg cases of Ammicola covered alge, bottom debris, vegetation, and their own as well as the shells of other species of mol- The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 159 lusks. Gillia eggs were also abundant especially on ell-grass (Vallisneria). Eggs of the fresh-water pulmonates, Lymnea, Physa, Planorbis, etc., are not as numerous in the summer as in the early fall. This abundance of eggs shows a high rate of reproduction and indicates that these genera probably repro- duce themselves rapidly. 5. Quantitative Studies. In the chapter on the Compo- sition of the Bottom Fauna quantitative studies have already been considered in detail so that it is only necessary here to mention those species of mollusks that are the most abundant in individuals in Lower South Bay and vicinity. Spherium vermontanum, Amnicola oneida, Valvata tricarinata, Galba catascopium, and Planorbis parvus are the leading species in shallow water, and Elliptio complanatus, Spherium solidulum, Amnicola bakeriana nimia, Valvata sincera, V. tricarinata, Planorbis parvus, and young Galba catascopium in the deeper water. Tables Numbers 16-35 bring out the relative abun- dance in a striking manner. List oF SPECIES This list includes both the species collected from Lower South Bay and vicinity in 1916, and the species listed in 1915 (Baker, ’16, pp. 252-286). It is thought that the complete list of species thus far recorded from the lake will be of greater value than the list of species collected in 1916 alone. Species additional to the 1915 list are indicated by an asterisk. CLASS PELEGY POD ORDER PRIONODESMACEA ' FAMILy UNIONIDZ Genus Ex.iiptio Rafinesque 1. Elliptio complanatus (“ Solander’’ Dillwyn). This is the most abundant mussel in the area under discus- sion, being found in nearly every habitat examined, including all depths of water and all varieties of bottom. There is con- siderable variation in the size and form of the shell, individuals 160 College of Forestry from shallow water being more typical, quadrate, while those from deeper water are more cylindrical. Shallow water indi- viduals also have cleaner shells with brown epidermis, fre- quently strongly rayed anteriorly. Individuals inhabiting deeper water, especially on a mud bottom, are strongly en- crusted with lime and the shells are dull black. A large percentage of small specimens (20-30 mm. long) from all depths have a green shell with dark rays. The interior of nearly all shells is purplish with either a coppery shade or with many copper spots, usually rounded in form. The differ- ence in size between shallow water and deeper water individ- uals is shown in the table below: Tas_E No. 48. VARIATION IN SIZE OF ELLIpTio COMPLANATUS 70, height 38, breadth 70, height 35, breadth 66, height 35, breadth 72, height 40, breadth 60, height 32, breadth 50, height 31, breadth 63, height 35, breadth 56, height 31, breadth sand bottom. sand bottom. sand bottom. sandy clay. mud bottom. mud bottom. gravel-sand. gravel-sand. 18mm., 5-6 feet 22mm., 5-6 feet 20mm., 5-6 feet 19mm., 2-3 feet 17mm., 18 feet 16mm., 18 feet 18mm., 15 feet I4mm., 15 feet Length Length Length Length Length Length Length Length deep, deep, deep, deep, deep, deep, deep, deep, All individuals of this species from the lake are smaller on the average than examples from other localities. Several gravid females were noted (July) and young shells from 3 to 20 mm. long were observed. These occurred at various depths and on different kinds of bottom, as noted in the table below: TABLE No. 49. DISTRIBUTION OF JUVENILE ELLIPTIO No. of Habitat Bottom Depth specimens Size cxiv sand 14 feet | I 12mm (spd bbe aerepetie rience sey ote mud 83 feet | 2 4, 10mm CONE Rapes ata teehee cae mud | II feet | I 27mm Cl vais Pe eee oe sand-gravel 15 feet | 2 32, 4mm + “ 15 feet | 2 113, 13mm a i 15 feet a 17-20mm Clix mud TS feeG | v4 17-24mm liza See aes ees mud 14 feet 4 52 to 103mm The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 161 In a previous paper (Baker, ’16, p. 252, fig. 40, no. 4) Mar- garitana margaritifera is listed from the lake. This reference was founded on a few specimens of mussels in which the lateral teeth were wanting or but feebly developed, the cardinal teeth were much reduced and the adductor muscle scars were strongly roughened. Material collected during the 1916 field season contained a number of these shells and also many with well-developed lateral teeth and other characters showing that these shell were erroneously referred to Margaritana and that they were abnormal or pathologic forms of Elliptio compla- natus. Specimens were submitted to Dr. Bryant Walker who declared them to be Elliptio. These shells may occur in almost any lot from almost any locality. Margaritana is therefore to be taken from the list of Oneida Lake shells. Genus ANopoNTA Lamarck 2. Anodonta marginata Say. Not collected in 1916. 3. Anodonta cataracta Say. This characteristic paper-shell occurs in water from 3 to 8 feet deep and on all varieties of bottom. It is the commonest Anodonta in the bay and vicinity. 4. Anodonta implicata Say. Found only on an exposed shore in water two and a half to four feet deep, in sand between boulders. 5. Anodonta grandis Say. Not collected in 1916. 6. Anodonta grandis footiana Lea. Footiana occurred in water from one and a half to 15 feet deep and on all kinds of bottom, except boulder bottom. Genus ALASMIDONTA Say 7. Alasmidonta undulata (Say). Not collected in 1916. Genus Stropuitus Rafinesque 8. Strophitus edentulus (Say). Not collected in 1916. g. Strophitus undulatus (Say). Not collected in 1916. 162 College of Forestry Genus LampsiLis Rafinesque 10. Lampsilis luteola (Lamarck). Common in water from 3 to 18 feet deep and on all varieties of bottom, except gravel. 11. Lampsilis radiata (Gmelin). Found only in water from one and a half to three feet deep and on boulder, gravel, and sand bottom. 12. Lampsilis radiata oneidensis Baker. Common in water from 8 to 18 feet deep and on gravel and mud bottom, usually the latter. This mussel was previously listed (Baker, ’16, p. 257) as borealis (Gray) but specimens of borealis (Latchford, ’82, p. 53) from the type locality, Duck Island, Ottawa River, received from Dr. Bryant Walker, show that it is not that species, true borealis having a heavier, more inflated shell, heavier and differently shaped cardinal teeth and an epidermis like that of radiata. Small females of the Oneida Lake shell have a superficial resemblance to Lampsilis luteola rosacea but differ in having heavier cardinal teeth as well as in the outline of the shell, and in the color and texture of the epidermis. This peculiar shell differes from radiata enough to be con- sidered a race and the name oneidensis has been accordingly given to it (see Baker, ’16a, pp. 74-77). This race was found only in deep water (8-18 feet) in the Lower South Bay region but in the lot collected in 1915 several shells were obtained in shallow water, though the majority of these were dead. One lot was collected in 10-16 feet of water, in the west end of the lake, with the crowfoot dredge (Baker, ’16, p. 90). The shallow water individuals were evidently washed in shore from deeper water. The luteola group of Lampsilis living in Oneida Lake is of unusual interest on account of their variation. Here the two species have apparently interbred, causing a mixture of the characters of both species. Thus, individuals of radiata occur with a normal hinge but with a polished surface like Juteola. Also, luteola individuals occur with a rough surface and the The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 163 crowded rays of radiata. The radiata of Oneida Lake are not typical, being more inflated, quadrate in outline rather than elliptical, the rays are not as even or as numerous and the color of the shell is usually yellowish rather than greenish, in this respect approaching Juteola. Only a very few typical shells of radiata were collected, this type in the lake showing a decided variation toward the race herein listed as oneidensis. 13. Lampsilis iris (Lea). Not collected in 1916. Genus NEPHRONAJAS Crosse and Fischer 14. Nephronajas ligamentina (Lamarck). Diligent search failed to bring this species to light, one speci- men of which was obtained in 1915 (Baker, ’16, p. 259). ORDER TELEODESMACEA FAMILY SPHERIIDZ Genus SpHr1IuM Scopoli 15. Spherium striatinum (Lamarck). Not collected in 1915. 16. Spherium vermontanum Prime. This is the most abundant of these small clams, occurring in water from one and a half to four feet deep and on all varieties of bottom except boulder. It is subject to some varia- tion and, according to Dr. V. Sterki, has been little known until recently. All ages were collected, from young to mature, though the latter were rare at this time of the year (July) the majority of individuals being young or immature. It was most abundant on a sand bottom in one and a half to four feet of water. *17. Sphzrium solidulum (Prime). This species occurred somewhat sparingly in water 8 to 18 feet deep on a mud bottom. Dr. Sterki characterizes it as a small eastern form. *18. Spherium sulcatum (Lamarck). Found only on a mud bottom in 8 to 13 feet of water. It is the rarest of these small clams and is a small, slight form, quite unlike the large, heavy individuals found in other parts 164 College of Forestry of New York. Its an interesting case of bathymetrical dis- tribution that vermontanum should occur at all depths exam- ined but that solidulum and sulcatum should be found only at 8 feet and deeper. The last species was obtained only between rand 13 eet. Genus Muscutium Link 1g. Musculium securis (Prime). Not collected in 1916. 20. Musculium rosaceum (Prime). Not collected in 1916. *21. Musculium truncatum (Linsley). Found only in one habitat, on a clay bottom in four ae of water. *22. Musculium transversum (Say). This common species occurred in four habitats, on a sand and clay bottom, in water one and a half to four feet deep. It is, like some of Spherium, of smaller size than is normal for the species. *23. Musculium species. A number of specimens occurred in many habitats which somewhat resemble securis. These are thought by Dr. Sterki to possibly represent an undescribed species. It was found in water one and a half to 8 feet deep, on gravel, sand, clay, and mud bottom. Genus Pistptum Pfeiffer *24. Pisidium abditum Haldeman. Specimens of this species, or of a form very closely related to it, were found on sand, clay, and mud bottoms, in one and a half to 8 feet of water. They were small and not charac- teristic. *25. Pisidium adamsi affine. Sterki. Collected in one habitat on a gravel bottom in three feet of water. 26. Pisidium zquilaterale Prime. Not collected in 1916. The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 165 *27. Pisidium complanatum Sterki. Found sparingly in three habitats in water two to 8% feet deep, on gravel, sand, and mud bottoms. 28. Pisidium compressum Sterki. A small form, occurring rather plentifully in water one and a half to 14 feet deep, on gravel, sand, clay, and mud bottoms. 29. Pisidium compressum levigatum Sterki. Found cnly on a mud bottom in 13 feet of water. 30. Pisidium ferrugineum Prime. Occurs in water three to 8 feet deep on a sand, clay, or mud bottom. It resembles eastern specimens from New England. 31. Pisidium henslowanum (Sheppard). Not collected in 1910. *32. Pisidium neglectum Sterki. A few quite small individuals were collected on a mud bottom in 8% feet of water. *33, Pisidium overi Sterki. A single valve of this western species was found in a dredg- ing from a mud bottom in 8 feet of water. This species was first described from South Dakota and was later found in Minnesota. Its occurrence in New York State extends its range far eastward. *34. Pisidium pauperculum Sterki. Collected on sand and mud bottoms in one and a half to 8 feet of water. *35. Pisidium punctatum simplex Sterki. A few specimens were found in water from one and a half to three and a half feet deep on sand and sandy clay bottoms. *36. Pisidium sargenti Sterki. A few quite small individuals were collected on a sand bottom in one and a half feet of water. *37. Pisidium scutellatum Sterki. One of the most abundant of these small clams, occurring on gravel, sand, clay, and mud bottoms in water one and a half fore feet deep: 166 College of Forestry *38. Pisidiurm scutellatum cristatum Sterki. More common than the typical form and occurring usually with it on the same bottoms and depths of water. *39. Pisidium splendidulum Sterki. Specimens of this species occurred on a clay bottom in five feet of water in one habitat. ; 40. Pisidium variabile Prime. Found in water two to 13 feet deep on gravel, sand, clay, and mud bottoms. More abundant in mud from four to 11 feet of water. The individuals are smaller than normal. *ar. Pisidium vesiculare Sterki. Specimens were found in two habitats, both with mud bot- toms, in 8 and 11 feet of water. While the specimens found are undoubted vesticulare they are not characteristic of the species. 42. Pisidium species. No. 217¢. 43. Pisidium species. No. 217h. 44. Pisidium species. No. 217i. 45. Pisidium species. No. 217}. Undetermined species of Pisidia collected in 1915 (Baker, "16, p. 263). These have not yet been classified. *a6. Pisidium species. A number of small and minute Pisidia collected in 1916 are still in the hands of Dr. Sterki and await identification (see tables numbers 17-22, 34 for the field numbers). They are either peculiar forms of well-known species or are undescribed, and several species may be represented. Of the material col- lected in 1915 Dr. Sterki says: “‘ You should have 30 species or more of Spherude in your vicinity; and there ought to be more than 20 species (plus varieties) of Pisidium.” With the 1916 material we nearly reach Dr. Sterki’s estimate of proba- bilities — 26 species of the family named and six unnamed. Of Pisidium there are 18 named species and five unnamed. The Productiwity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 167 The Spheriide of Lower South Bay consist of small indi- viduals with slight shells and more or less weak hinges due to some physical property of the water, perhaps a lack of lime. The maximum development of this family, both in species and individuals, appears to be in comparatively deep water. CLASS GASTROPODA ORDER PROSOBRANCHIATA FAMILY VIVIPARIDZ Genus VivrpARA Lamarck 47. Vivipara contectoides \V. G. Binney. Collected from a mud bottom in nine feet of water. Only one specimen, half grown, was found off Frenchman Island in g feet of water (Field No. 1031), and this was probably brought to its location by currents. This species is abundant in the west end of the lake, near Brewerton, where it lives on a sandy bottom. Genus CAMPELOMA Rafinesque* 48. Campeloma integrum (DeKay). Not collected in 1916. 49. Campeloma decisum (Say). Collected from a sand and clay bottom in water one and a half to five feet deep. More abundant on a clay bottom. The majority of the individuals of decisum collected in 1916 (July) were young or immature, adults being very scarce. _In 1915 adults were abundant in Frederick creek, and very few imma- ture specimens were found. It seems evident that the young of this species are born in the spring and attain their first year’s growth by September or early October. Information * Pilsbry has recently shown that this familiar name must give way to Ambloxis, which is an earlier name than Campeloma. It is much to be regretted that this old familiar name should have to be changed in favor of the other more or less ambiguous name of Rafinesque. However, as Pilsbry remarks, if the nomenclatorial rules demand such a procedure we might as well get used to the change at once. For the sake of uniformity with the previous bulletin the old name Campeloma is retained for these shells. (See Pilsbry ’17, pp. I11, 114.) 168 College of Forestry concerning the details of the breeding habits of this group of mollusks are desirable. This is the first record of this species in Oneida Lake. FAMILY AMNICOLIDZ Genus GILLIA Stimpson 50. Gillia altilis (Lea). Occurred on boulder, gravel, sand, and mud bottoms in one to 14 feet of water. Half-grown and adult individuals were abundant in some habitats. Genus Somatocyrus Gill 51. Somatogyrus subglobosus (Say). A few specimens were collected associated with Gillia. All were immature. Genus ByTHINnIA Gray 52. Bythinia tentaculata (Linn). This common species occurred abundantly in Lower South Bay on gravel, sand, clay, and mud bottoms in water one to 14 feet deep. Most abundant on clay and mud bottoms in water four to 14 feet deep. A large percentage of the individuals collected were young or immature. Tentaculata is especially abundant among filamentous alge (mostly Cladophora fracta), and a single specimen was collected from a leaf of Sagittaria arifolia. A pint of alge, representing 100 square inches of area on an old log in five feet of water, yielded 97 adults and 1,270 young individuals of this species. Genus AMNICOLA Gould and Haldeman 53- Amnicola limosa (Say). A small form of this species occurs in the western part of Oneida Lake (Baker, ’16, p. 268). No specimens were ob- tained with the 1916 collections. *54. Amnicola limosa porata (Say). : This is the largest Ammnicola in the lake, 5 mm. in length, with a globose body whorl and a wide umbilicus. This race of limosa was found only in three habitats ; boulder bottom in one The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 169 foot of water, sand bottom in four and a half feet of water, and mud bottom in 18 feet of water. It was most abundant on a rocky shoal in water a foot deep, a single boulder having 54 specimens. *55. Amnicola bakeriana Pilsbry. This new Amnicola (Pilsbry, ’17a, p. 44) is one of the most abundant species of the genus. Its turreted shape, elongated spire, and deep-sutured whorls differentiate it from related species. The spire varies much in length and the whorls in obesity and there are forms which are difficult to separate from elongated individuals of the form mimia. It occurs on all varieties of bottom, though less numerous on boulder and most abundant on sand, clay, and mud bottoms, where there isa heavy growth of alge (Cladophora or Gidogonium). Three individuals were found on a leaf of Sagittaria arifolia. In depth this species is most abundant in water 3-6 feet deep and it occurs from 1 to 18 feet deep. It was dredged in great abundance on a mud bottom covered with the alga Cladophora fracta in 8% feet of water. At this time of year many imma- ture individuals occurred with the adults. Bakeriana was observed in the 1915 collections from the following habitats, mixed with limosa (Baker, ’16, p. 268). Frenchman Island, No. 217-p; Shepard Point, No. 225-c; Muskrat Bay, No. 247-b; Thierre’s landing, Lower South Bay, No. 280-e. *56. Amnicola bakeriana nimia Pilsbry. One of the commonest varieties of this genus is a small form in which the whorls are more or less tumid below the suture, the spire is depressed, and the body whorl is swollen, giving the whole shell a wide appearance. A large specimen measures 3% mm. in length. It occurs on all kinds of bottom in water from 1-18 feet deep, being most abundant on sandy clay or mud bottoms covered with alge in 1-4 feet of water. About 10 per cent of the individuals collected were immature. A single specimen was collected from a leaf of the Arrow-head, Sagittaria arifolia. This form was observed in one lot of Amnicola limosa from Frenchman Island, collected in 1915 (No. 220-d). 170 College of Forestry *57. Amnicola clarkei Pilsbry. This small, very narrow, subacute species occurred in but four habitats, on sand, clay, and mud bottoms, usually in alge, in water 3-8% feet deep. It was most abundant on a mud bottom in 8% feet of water. *58. Amnicola oneida Pilsbry. This narrowest of the Amnicolas in the lake was found on all bottoms of the bay and at all depths from 1% to 15 feet. It is not common on boulder and gravel bottoms, but on sand, clay, and mud bottoms, where there is a covering of filamen- tous alge (Cladophora, Gdogonium, Spirogyra, etc.) in 2% to 4 feet of water, it is the commonest mollusk in the region. Several hauls of the dredge on a mud bottom in water 814-9 feet deep also disclosed this species in abundance, but it 1s not common in the deeper water, none being found deeper than 15 feet, and at this depth it was very rare. Many young and immature individuals were collected with the adult specimens. An elongated individual of Amnicola related to lustrica was found in 1915 which seemed different from typical lustrica and Dr. Pilsbry suggested that special search should be made for additional material (Baker, ’16, p. 269, fig. 45, no. 21). This specimen was collected near Frenchman Island on a hard sand bottom in three feet of water. The discovery of the novelty in:large numbers was one of the interesting results of the 1916 field work. Oneida was observed in the 1915 collec- tions from the following habitats, mixed with lustrica. French- man Island, Nos. 216-g, 217-n; Shepard Point, Nos. 225-e, 238-h; Deer Point, Big Bay, No. 234-e; Muskrat Bay, No. 247-a; Nicholson Bay, No. 262-a. 59. Amnicola lustrica Pilsbry. This species was collected from but one habitat, a boulder shoal north of Dunham Island in two feet of water. Typical lustrica was collected near Frenchman Island in to15 and in the western part of Oneida Lake. This species evidently does not live in the small bays. The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 171 *60. Amnicola emarginata (Kiister). This characteristic species occurred sparingly in water from 10 to 18 feet deep on mud and gravel bottoms, usually with the filamentous alge Cladophora and Spirogyra. FAMILY PLEUROCERIDZ Genus GONIOBASIS Lea 61. Goniobasis livescens (Menke). Found only on boulder and gravel bottoms, on exposed shores or points, in water one-half to four feet in depth. Most abundant in water one to two feet deep on a boulder shore. Many young and immature individuals occurred. The species as it is found in Lower South Bay varies in the obesity of the body whorl, narrow forms occurring, some with faint bands resembling the Illinois shell called depygis (see Baker, ’02, pl. xxxv, fig. 8). The columella is deeply tinged with purple. Several young individuals were collected, having strongly keeled whorls and measuring 16 mm. in length and 7 mm. in width. FAMILY VALVATIDE Genus VALVATA O. F. Muller 62. Valvata tricarinata (Say). This small snail was found on all varieties of bottom, except sandy clay, and in all depths down to 18 feet. It occurred in numbers on a sand bottom at four feet, on a clay bottom at three and a half feet, on a mud bottom at 8, and 18 feet, and on a gravel bottom at 15 feet. It is rare on gravel and boulder bottoms in shallow water. In this area it is usually associated with the filamentous alge Gidogomium and Cladophora. Many young and immature specimens occurred as well as some varia- tions in the position of the carine. In one individual the center carina was missing on a portion of the body whorl; other indi- viduals were very flat-spired, only the upper carina being present. 172 College of Forestry 63. Valvata bicarinata normalis Walker. Small forms referable to this race or variety occurred spar- ingly in a few habitats, on gravel, sand, clay, and mud bottoms, associated with alge (Cladophora, etc.) in water two to five and a half feet deep. *64. Valvata sincera (Say). Sincera is a deep water form and occurred on gravel and mud bottoms in water 11% to 18 feet deep, usually associated with the alga Cladophora fracta. It was most abundant in water 15 and 18 feet deep. ORDER PULMONATA FAMILY PHyYSIDZ Genus Puysa Draparnaud 65. Physa warreniana Lea. This tadpole snail occurred on all varieties of bottom in water from one-half to eleven and one-half feet deep. It is abundant, however, only in water one-half to one and a half feet deep, and the numbers decrease with depth. A gravel or boulder bottom is the normal habitat of this species when adult, but when young or immature, as was the case with the greater part of the individuals collected (1-3 mm.), it lives in fila- mentous alge (Gidogonium, Cladophora, Spirogyra). Of 47 lots collected but six contained adult animals. This is another species which attains its maturity in the fall, adults being abundant the previous year, in September, in shallow water where but few immature shells were seen. Many individuals of warreniana occurring in Lower South 3ay have the spiral sculpture reduced to a few faint lines. In some specimens this sculpture may be wanting entirely, the surface being smooth and shining. There is also some varia- tion in the height of the spire and in the width of the shell. A few individuals are miniature examples of Physa sayii as figured by Binney (65, p. 80, fig. 136). It is evident that absence of spiral sculpture is not a safe criterion alone with The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 173 which to distinguish Physa heterostropha, for the present spe- cies, Physa integra, and others, are without this feature or have it but feebly developed in some specimens. As species go in Physa warreniana seems as distinct as many of those recog- nized and there is apparently no reason why it should be con- _ sidered a race of ancillaria. It is a common species in the lakes of the middle west and probably extends eastward as do many of the fresh-water pulmonates. It is the predominating species of the genus in Oneida Lake. 66. Physa integra Haldeman. Integra occurred on boulder, sand, clay, and mud bottoms in water one-half to ten feet deep. It was most abundant on a sand bottom in water one and a half feet deep, and on a clay bottom in two feet of water. The majority of individuals were young or immature (3-5 mm.) and were frequently associated with alge (Cdogonium, Chara, Nitella) or with the larger vegetation. In the lagoon east of the steamboat wharf (Habi- tat No. cxv) they were found on Potamogeton interruptus and Myriophyllum verticillatum. Considerable variation has been noted among the adult indi- viduals of this species. Haldeman’s type, figured by Binney (65, p. 101, fig. 172) has an elongated, sharp spire and a narrow shell. In Oneida Lake this species varies from the Haldeman type to a shell with short spire and broad body whorl. Physa billingsi Heron, judging by examples so named by Crandall in the collection of Dr. Walker, is an absolute synonym. Physa niagarensis Lea may be a distinguishable variety though none were found in Oneida Lake which could be referred to this race. All of the Physas are in need of a thorough revision which should include an examination of available types as well as the working out of the genitalia, radule, and other internal organs. Full suites of the various species from many localities are also necessary. *67. Physa heterostropha Say. Six young Physas 3-4 mm. long were collected in Tuttle Brook, a small tributary of Chittenango Creek, in a mass of algee (Gidogonium and Cladophora). The shells are smooth 174 College of Forestry and polished and are unlike the young shells of warreniana. They are doubtfully referred to heterostropha. 68. Physa gyrina Say. Not collected in 1916. FaMILy ANCYLIDA Genus ANcyLus Geoffroy 69. Ancylus parallelus Haldeman. This characteristic fresh-water limpet was collected from all bottoms except boulder in water one and a half to 11 feet deep, the greater number occurring on a sandy clay bottom in one and a half feet of water. In this locality it is associated with filamentous alge (Gidogonium and Cladophora), but it is usually more abundant on such plants as Nymphea, Castalia, Typha, Scirpus, and Sparganium. 70. Ancylus fuscus Adams. Young individuals of this limpet were found in one habitat on a sandy clay bottom in one and a half feet of water. 71. Ancylus tardus Say. Not collected in 1916. *72. Ancylus spccies. A single specimen (No. 731d) of Ancylus was found on a boulder bottom in two and a half feet of water. It was sub- mitted to Dr. Bryant Walker, who says of it: “I cannot be sure of the species and therefore prefer to leave it with a question until you can get more, which would be very desirable. It does not seem to be any of the more common species.” FAMILY PLANORBIDZ Genus PLAnorsis Muller 73. Planorbis trivolvis Say. Specimens of typical frivolvis were found in but one habitat, a quiet lagoon on a muddy bottom in one and a half feet of water. 74. Planorbis trivolvis fallax Haldeman. This form of trivolvis, listed in the previous paper (Baker, '16, p. 277), was again collected in 1916, on sand, boulder, The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 175 gravel, and clay bottoms in water one and a half feet deep, but the majority of individuals were young or immature. This form of trivolvis seems to be separable from the shell typically known as frivolvis. It is ecologically different, living in a more exposed habitat than does the typical foroie. ite large, somewhat flat form, which is a species of swamps and quiet waters, is Say’s trivolvis then the wider-whorled form herein indicated might bear the name of fallax Haldeman, which evidently represents a shell of the kind figured (1. c., fig. 46, Nos. 19, 20. See also trivolvis Nos. 13-16 of the same figure. Compare these figures with Binney’s, ’65, p. 116, fig. 194, and p. 120, fig. 201). For ecological reasons it seems necessary for this form to have a name. 75. Planorbis binneyi Tryon. Common on a boulder shore in one-half to one and a half feet of water. Collected on sand and clay bottoms in one and a half to five feet of water. The majority of the individuals were young or immature. Three young specimens were found on a leaf of Sagittaria arifolia. ’76. Planorbis antrosus Conrad. This Planorbis occurs in many habitats, on all varieties of bottom, in water from one and a half to 18 feet deep. It is more abundant at a depth of one and a half to three feet on a sand or clay bottom. It is usually associated with the fila- mentous alge Cladophora and Gidogonium and is also found on floating leaves of Potamogeton natans. The majority of individuals secured were young or immature and the adults were smaller than is normal for the species. 77. Planorbis campanulatus Say. Common on all varieties of bottom in water one to 9 feet deep. It is more abundant on a sand bottom in water one and a half to five and a half feet deep and also occurred on a mud bottom in 9 feet of water. In most habitats it is associated with filamentous alge, either Gidogonium, Spirogyra, or Clado- ° phora fracta. About half of the individuals collected in 1916 were young or immature and the adults were below the normal size, the greatest diameter observed being 1r and 14 mm. 176 College of Forestry 78. Planorbis parvus Say. This little wheel-snail occurred on all varieties of bottom in water one and a half to 12 feet deep, but was most abundant on sand, clay, and mud bottoms in water one and a half to four feet deep. It was found plentifully in one dredging in 9 feet of water on a mud bottom. It is rarest on boulder bot- toms, but on a boulder shoal north of Dunham Island a stone 6x 4x 3 inches was covered with 15 parvus, adult and young. Parvus is usually associated with filamentous alge (C:dogo- nium, Spirogyra, or Cladophora) and is frequently common on lily leaves (Nymphea and Castalia), Myriophyllum, and the pond-weeds Potamogeton interruptus and richardsonu. A few specimens have been found on the arrow-head, Sagittaria arifolia. It is the most abundant of the whell-snails, the algz in many places being filled with it and Amnicola. The major- ity of individuals obtained were adult, though smaller than is normal for the species. 79. Planorbis hirsutus Gould. The Hairy Whell-snail occurred on all varieties of bottom, except clay, in water one and a half to g feet deep, but was most abundant at 3 to 4 feet on a sand bottom. It was rare on boulder and gravel bottoms. Associated with filamentous alge, Gidogonium, Spirogyra, and Cladophora, rarest in the latter. The majority of individuals were young or immature. *80. Planorbis deflectus Say. Examples of this small Planorbis were found in three habi- tats, in but one of which it was collected alive, on a gravel bottom in two and a half feet of water. Several dead shells were collected, one of which, 5 mm. in diameter, had a well- marked median carina on the body whorl and the aperture was notably deflected. This species is apparently not common in Oneida Lake. 81. Planorbis exacuous Say. Occurs on all varieties of bottom in one and a half to 15 feet of water. Most abundant on sand and mud bottoms in two to five feet of water. It is rare on a gravel bottom but is The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 177 fairly common on a boulder bottom, two to four individuals being found on each boulder. Associated with the alge Clado- phora fracta and Gdogonium. Genus SEGMENTINA Fleming *82. Segmentina armigera (Say). This species, here first recorded from the lake, was collected in two habitats, one a swampy shore in Short Point Bay among the alga G:dogoniwm and the other in a protected bay on the north side of Frenchman Island on leaves of Sagittaria arifolia. Both habitats are in shallow water with mud bottoms. The individuals of armigera are rather small. FAMILY LYMNZIDZE Genus LyMN2A Lamarck 83. Lymnea stagnalis lilliane Baker. This, the largest of the gastropods in the lake, was found only at one habitat, the rocky shore of the lake east of Norcross Point, in water a few inches to two feet in depth. All were immature, half, or three-quarters grown. A single young dead shell 14 mm. in length was found in a small bay on the south shore of Long Point in water three and a half feet deep, but it had evidently been brought there from some other habitat. In September, 1915, egg capsules of this Lymn@a were observed on the leaves of Nymphea and Castalia, dead Typha leaves, the floating leaves of Potamogeton natans, and on bottom debris, and it is singular that no young individuals were observed in July, 1916 (except the dead one before men- tioned). Data are not at hand bearing upon the time of hatch- ing of the eggs laid in the fall. No young were noted in the fall of 1915. When do these eggs hatch, in the fall or in the early spring of the following year? Aquarium experiments on a large scale are necessary to provide information on these points. It seems evident that the young liliane pass their early days in deeper water, perhaps among vegetation, and later, when almost half grown, migrate to the bouldery shores. This opinion is based on the observation that the species was not 178 College of Forestry seen on the shore until late in July, and none were observed in localities where they were abundant in the fall of the previous year. Early spring collecting in the lake is highly desirable. Genus PseuposuccinEA Baker 84. Pseudosuccinea columella (Say). Not collected in 1916. 85. Pseudosuccinea columella chalybea (Gould). Collected in but two habitats, a protected bay on Nymphea leaves and a partly enclosed lagoon among filamentous alge, (Edogonium. At both localities the species was fairly abun- dant. All individuals were immature, however, measuring from 8 to 13 mm. in length. Genus AcELLA Haldeman 86. Acella haldemani (‘ Deshayes’ Binney). Observed in two habitats on submerged vegetation, always in a protected situation, in water from one to four feet deep. The ecology of this, the slenderest of our Lymnaeas, is but little known for the greater part of the year. It has been found more or less abundantly in the fall but its whereabouts during other parts of the year is a matter of conjecture. Kirkland (Baker, ’I1, p. 197) believes it to be a deep water species which migrates toward shore to spawn in the fall. Sargent (96, p. 127) found it only in the fall in Heath Lake, Minne- sota, and says “ where do they keep themselves in the summer.” Its whereabouts in the summer can now be stated, for several specimens were found in July in Lower South Bay. The indi- viduals were all young, none exceeding 10 mm. in length, and were invariably found on the leaves or stem of the pond-weed, Potamogeton interruptus. It is evident that they do not retire to deep water, but only to the zone where this pond-weed, or perhaps other suitable vegetation grows, which may be in water from two to six feet deep. The shells are very difficult to find for when living they are nearly the color of the leaf and look much like a young leaf beginning growth. The Potamo- geton is admirably adapted for the use of this snail, its leaves being very long and exceedingly narrow and flat. It is prob- The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 179 able from the observations of Kirkland, Sargent, and the writer that Acella migrates to deeper water by crawling down the stem of rooted vegetation (Potamogeton, Scirpus, etc.) some- time in the fall or early winter, probably when ice forms to such an extent that the surface vegetation upon which it rests and feeds is destroyed. That it will resist cold weather is shown by the observations of Kirkland, who found it on Thanksgiving Day when the ice had formed, and by the writer, who collected it in October when the water was covered with a thin film of ice in the early morning (Baker, ’17, p. 135). Genus GALRA Schrank 87. Galba catascopium (Say). One of the most abundant of Oneida Lake mollusks, found on all varieties of bottom in water one-half to 14 feet deep. It is most abundant on sand and mud bottoms when young and on boulder and gravel bottoms when adult. This pond-snail occurred at nearly all habitats but the majority of the indi- viduals were very young, measuring 3 to 7 mm. They were usually associated with filamentous alge (G:dogonium, Clado- phora, or Spirogyra). Catascopium apparently changes its habitat with age, the young living among alge on a mud, clay, or sand bottom, frequently in comparatively deep water (14 feet), while the adult lives usually on a boulder or gravel bottom in shallow water (one to three feet). A single specimen was collected near Norcross Point on a sand bottom in three feet of water. The spire is very short and broad, the inner lip is broad and reflected over the umbili- cal region completely closing the umbilicus. The specimen measures: length 6.50, breadth 5.00, aperature length 4.50, breadth 3.00 mm. The shell is an exact duplicate, in miniature, of a form of Galba emarginata mighelsi from Maine, such as I ewe sisuted (Baker, “11, pl: 41, fig. 25). It 1s. a case’ ot parallel development. 88. Galba emarginata (Say). This species was not detached in the 1916 collections. It was collected in 1915 (Baker, ’16, p. 285) on a bouldery point or in a sandy, exposed bay. While collecting in the fall of 1917 the species was again encountered on the bouldery shores 180 College of Forestry of Milton and Fitzgerald Points. The specimens vary from a narrow form somewhat resembling canadensis to the wide shell of the typical form. ‘This species is easily distinguished from catascopium by the spermaciti-like color of its shell. The indi- viduals collected in 1917 were all alive. 89. Galba palustris (Muller). In 1915 a single specimen of this species was observed in a Typha habitat near the shore at Brewerton (Baker, ’16, p. 286). In 1917 the true habitat of this species, in Oneida Lake, was discovered, abundantly represented by individuals. The habi- tat is a sandy beach, exposed to the action of the waves of the lake. This is an unusual habitat for this species which is usually found in swampy or marshy ponds or on shores well protected from violent wave action. The individuals show the effect of the environment, the shell being thick and solid and the aperature wide and bell-shaped in the majority of indi- viduals, indicating an effort to broaden the shell to provide a better clinging power to resist the moving power of the waves. The present habitat is comparatively new, dating from the digging of the barge canal channel the debris of which was deposited on the shore of the lake. If, as may have been the case, the palustris occupied the old shallow area bordering the shore, the survivors would be compelled to adapt them- selves to the new environment after the old, swampy shores had been obliterated. The condition of the shells, thick and solid with flaring outer lip, indicates that they are adapting themselves to a new environment, and the history outlined above seems plausable. A few specimens were also dredged some distance from the shore in water 5 feet deep near the vegetation islands. None were collected in 1916. go. Galba obrussa (Say). A single dead individual of this species was found in a dredging unit on a bar near the second lagoon east of the steamboat landing at Lower South Bay, in one and a half feet of water. It is young, 5 mm. long and had evidently been washed into this habitat from some region along the shore, which was not discovered in the time at our disposal. With Galba humilis modicella, this species should be found abundantly along the shore of marshy or quiet bodies of water. The Productivity of Fish Food in Oneida Lake 181 gt. Galba humilis modicella (Say). Found in two habitats, one a lagoon among floating filamen- tous alge (Gdogonium), the other in Tuttle Brook, a tribu- tary of Chittenango Creek, near the shore in a few inches of water among Gdogonium and Cladophora alge. In the latter habitat the little Lymnaeas were very abundant, crawling on the shore at the margin of the water or over the surface of the alge. The specimens collected measured 5 mm. in length and were quite typical in form. FAMILY SUCCINEIDE Genus SucciNEA Draparnaud g2. Succinea avara Say. Not collected in 1916. 93. Succinea retusa Lea. Small specimens of this species were very abundant along the shore at Fred Becker’s landing, crawling over the rocks on the shore among sedge. SUMMARY The fieid work of the 1916 season increased the number of species of fresh-water mollusks in the lake from 62 to 91. The relation of the species collected in 1915 to those obtained in 1916 is shown in Table No. 48 TABLE No. 48. RELATION OF MOLLUSKS TO COLLECTING SEASON ne se In Bay | Species Family es pax a ie ‘ Total but not aoe to 9 915 elsewhere| Science Unionide..... 7 14 14 fo) I Spheriide ... 23 14 22 TS: ||: aaa Viviparide. . . 2 3 Be Wc trey custaoune 9 ||mece aoe tors ntar Amnicolide . . ap 8 II 3 4 Pleuroceride . I ii LGN | tee oterer renal hy Hoke Peta ee Valvatide.... 2 2 2 Tis eek yore: eee Phiysida...:.. 2 3 4 Balers Sextet Ancylidez..... 3 z 4 Ten [eae kata eae Planorbide.. . 10 8 10 Fad bee seat arte Lymnheide... 6 7 9 ZINN ER Rss ee Boral>.. +: 68 63 gI 28 5 182 College of Forestry The increase in Spheriide from 14 to 32 species is note- worthy. New species are recorded in the Unionide and Amni- colide. The latter family 1s increased from 8 to I1 species. Mollusks were collected from all varieties of bottom, boulder, gravel, sand, clay, and mud, but were most abundant on a mud bottom (50 species) and least abundant on a sandy clay bottom (25 species). Mollusks were also found at all depths being most abundant in three feet of water (46 species) and least abundant in 16-18 feet (11 species) and in very shallow water, six inches deep (6 species). A deeper water fauna was discovered in Lower South Bay and vicinity (15-18 feet deep) including such species as Amimnicola emarginata and Valvata sincera, which have not been previously reported from the lake. Variation of the habitat was observed in relation to age and season, many young living in alge in comparatively deep water in summer and in the fall migrating to shallow water near the shore. dAcella, Galba, Physa, and Lymnea were noted to exhibit this habitat migration. : { é 5 i : . - im ho 4 £ TP A 2 2 tes i ‘ q . « F A a f : : Are os ‘ at oF ie 7 a Bt oP CORD 4 Sh er I ‘ 5 - ‘ . t *> aoe + , ny 4 } MenUW ined 8 er or » fe) ee So Ne vs i U +7 ue J y F \ uy i ioe LD a LI Pacis. ie : \ » . i! eo Ave . ‘ sa | Pa ay ; ty ‘ yaa a SymBots =) Mup (zy = Mup- GRAVEL wi 4 G@) Bovroer GRAVEL vxxx, HABITAT NUMBER SanD 15,10. DEPTH IN FEET SANDY -CLAY BovcDER- GRAVEL BouLDER- SAND SOOEOO t | CLay is 5 nD ini 4 Jaxit 3, jai D 2 ues a hoaiv B “i ~ wi 10 DD) # Ixxv Doss” eS 3 ean) e 9 ‘ (>) Inet Ixxxiti 8 ws g 4 rt wy . \ ¢ . 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