oad oh pet sae gat adie ei nb NT TE. : ° Braerete TT Sera tel eet ete eee peepee? pte nae Satheelon cqper esas haf adbelonast aa bat enka 5 a hel wot Aan” ~~ A. POP ANRA 2 aay c Vater arnn 4s “4 a4 U Fe oi . Ff Pee eae se .sehUmUmrel( alr el ll hUlC” p Ad : ea Alyn ean Pennell anda 4 PT toll son aR Ame 44 ae Cla] bh anil a perry so) vista Varta aaa AAA A = fhe paar Cra” r aT anAnamanns Me we Was Plali mall Nap, nee AR ARs a2 - SAA VE = Sa Tan sacoiiel ee MAAS amas a pAP ann rn nae i ah, nit t ie i — MeCANTICAl CeMles NO. 4. SAA s- es » Gs SU. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. REVISION OF THE TACHINIDAL OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO. A FAMILY OF PARASITIC TWO-WINGED INSECTS. D. W. COQUILLETT. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 1897. Technical Series No. 7. treo. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. REVISION OF THE TACHINIDA: OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO, A FAMILY OF PARASITIC TWO-WINGED INSECTS. BY DW. COQUILEETT. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. L397. Rarer Ts , fant £F-_ Abe bee, ne hues as 7 : é 3 S é ‘ =} 7 * = Aa 2 os = va ‘ J a re - ’ e : . ' > ae = ‘ . , . »' 4 : r - 1 a = od ‘ _ . : | . = F . = ~ a. : - ~ a Ok , ‘ ‘ al. - ‘ —_ ~ + \ el ? = - Us —% ° han 7 = se , r y . ar A ' = 7 "a - ; A - ‘| , 1 _ : = ' - = ; 1 = - ¢ - ‘ } 1 as ‘ A 7 r h fi F w : L + i] ‘ : a . 7 i d ya “ a r f a - . . = = a , - » n = e 1 . . ‘ Pere OF TeANSMITEAL. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY, Washington, D. C., June 2, 1897. Str: I have the honor to supmit for publication the seventh of the technical series of bulletins of this Division. It has been prepared by Mr. D. W. Coquillett, of the office force, and consists of a revision of the species of the parasitic flies belonging to the family Tachinidw, which occur in the United States and Canada. The desirability of such a revision of these economically important flies has been apparent to all workers in economic as well as systematic entomology for many years. They are among the most important enemies of many of our most injurious insects, and their characters are so obscure that workers have had the greatest difficulty in separating one species from another, and the result is that the literature of economic entomology in par- ticular contains many wrong determinations and absolute misstate- ments based upon such erroneous names. During the last eighteen years many species of Tachinidie have been reared at this office from injurious insects which were being studied. It has been heretofore impossible to record the results of these rearings, on account of the confusion which existed in this family, and in its original conception this study of the group was undertaken in order to enable us to record the results of this biologic work. The records are now given in the shape of two tables—one of parasites and hosts and the other of hosts and parasites—and a glance at these tables will be instantly convin- cing as to the important and beneficial role which these insects play. With the clear and systematic diagnoses of the genera and species which Mr. Coquillett has prepared, any economic entomologist should be able to determine just what species of Tachina flies are assisting him in his work against injurious insects. tespectfully, L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist. Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary of Agriculture. S. = -« a7 wet. : ¢ 2 : 7 Ea “4 W ay aie » ~ad ; a i ‘a oy sa if rit , 25 ia , Sue yor ea? A Shea may dN Sean te ok ce: . ae: ee as date pe eee on eat ) yk od a evga, eda cnt ; - he . en = - 4 : ’ d i i ar ihe pa ean. on ty .) 7. ea = j 1 - , fet e - - . © = _ ) ae -s : i] iL é mi ad e ‘sh > 7 do €CONTENTS: Page. Nae Nosscope, Ol he uWwOLK =o =127s1ocein eames e ae sie ee eae se encase ceeeee 7 EA oS tO tt eptarmtiliy meyers Nees as chee See nae chooses arieoatinscieewe cd eme ane 7 achimmagiiessan dep heimmhostseeres see ca seoe - oss savas Ban se ceee Se ces elas 9 ALASICCS ATG tOIl, ROSOS S= = ams elsiaes ems oe Sc. tcc eiae sce yee oe eee 9 EVOStSean dat hermeparasibeses: ce sssces oes se cceeieee Shears c ee cna de renee 22 Classinicaionweet saves sere. Sees ea fee aia eg atone Senne semi anseaee 27 ormsmsedanedescripinoy lachimi diene sees aoe aeeeee esas seen ee ase ees 29 “TREN EM Gy OLE INE es of ee CE CRS ee Lae ee ee rad 30 Systematic arrangement of the genera. .-.--.-.---.---- ---.---- +2. 2-2-2 50 40 SVN OP SESTOlmbull els peClesyar a. tae 2 eit eens oe 20 Ie eee hee ae ee 42 Ha OxALOMO OMe ta ANOS CCLOS 2 a2 7 Sat c= So as oc ss cones alee See ae os Succ oasecus sees 149 a t >< i = } - we... be 7 “a 4 fi a oe - ri { As ae - : ce ae = % 1 oa : as i“ Sas, =. vt ‘ ° eens’ 7 Aes my 7 7 ire ; 4 - b ¥ = = ile i- t ‘ «¢ 7 1 i - v - — *. - |) ee Mie Seip = : yn ; aie | Se pe %, 1 7 : : ’ : 2 7 of ? F a1 7 Pee! ay ; at ‘are Peete Vin: ines eye Gin : - ry 7 i at ; A ae! é % 4 J on ; ; : i wee cag Pa ee : Py 6 ei.ce + ifs 7 \: weed. a aee ci es . : ; \) eee $y 44 Te eee va ry etn" Way is * ‘ - t Fie PV Ae wa : ae WLP a BS “cal a a | ’ eran ss) O28 an, ’ hee Pricga an G at) Oh alae ae ; 7 cu. 7. ak as 4 Barts eis 7 1 aie Aa es REVISION OF THE TACHINIDA: OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO. NATURE AND SCOPE OF THE WORK. The present paper is the result of several years’ study, and is based upon the large series of specimens contained in the National Museum collection, mainly received from this office, supplemented by those in my own and those received for study and identification from various correspondents, among whom may be mentioned: Mr. C. W. Johnson, Dr. Garry deN. Hough, Mrs. A. T. Slosson, Dr. W. A. Nason, Mr. Charles Robertson, Mr. Theodore Pergande, Mr. F. H. Chittenden, Prof. H. EK. Weed, Mr. R. W. Doane, and L’Abbé Bégin. The series in the National Museum collection is especially valuable, containing as it does a large number of bred specimens, which, more than anything else, enables us to correctly judge of the extent to which the various specimens of the same species will vary among themselves. This col- lection also contains a duplicate set of a series of specimens sent to Brauer and Bergenstamm, of Vienna, Austria, in exchange for a pamed series of European forms, and the latter have been very val- uable for comparison with our own genera and species. These authors returned names, principally generic, of the series sent to them, and in the following pages I have indicated these identifications as ‘in litt.” Mr. C. H. T. Townsend kindly sent to the Museum cotypes of many of his new species, and Mr. Charles Robertson generously donated specimens from the same series as those from which Mr. Townsend described several of his new forms. The region covered by this paper includes all of this country north of Mexico, but does not take in any of the West Indies. When the faunas of these two regions have been carefully compared with our own, many additional species will no doubt be found to inhabit two or even all of these regions. HABITS OF THE FAMILY. Among the fifty odd families into which the Diptera of this country have been divided, the Tachinide is by far the most beneficial, judged from the standpoint of an agriculturist. The only other family that at all competes with it for this honor is the Syrphidwe; but in this family id 4 8 only a comparatively small number of genera are directly beneficial by preying upon plant-lice, and even in this respect their services could in most instances be dispensed with, since, as a general rule, the plant- lice are held in check by the larvee of ladybirds assisted by several kinds of internal parasites belonging to the hymenopterous families sraconidie, Cynipidie, and Chaleidide. So far as at present known the Tachinid prey upon living insects only, and by far the greater number of these are the leaf-eating cater- pillars of butterflies and moths, a group that contains a large number of our most injurious insects; and the numbers of these destroyed in a single season by these parasites is almost beyond computation. Unlike the parasitic Hymenoptera, each species of which as a rule confines its attacks to a single group which in some cases is restricted to one genus, it not infrequently happens that the same species of Tachina fly attacks several different families of insects, while quite a number are known to attack two and even three different orders of insects-—Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, and Coleoptera. This has been observed not only in our own country but also in Europe. At present, only five different orders of insects—the three above mentioned and the Orthoptera and Hemiptera—are known to be attacked by the Tachinid in this country, but in EKurope several cases are reported of their also attacking Diptera of the family Tipulidee. The Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, and Diptera are preyed upon in their pre- paratory stages only, whereas it is usually only the adults of the Orthoptera, Hemiptera, and Coleoptera that are attacked. The tachinid eggs are attached by a viscid substance to the surface of the host, and the full-grown larvie usually enter the earth to pass through their transformations. The larve are of the usual maggot form, large and truncated at one end and tapering to a point in the opposite direction. Pupation takes place in the hardened skin of the larva, which assumes a nearly cylindrical form with rounded ends, and is known as a puparium. In issuing, the adult fly breaks away the entire end of the puparium. It was formerly supposed that any caterpillar upon which one of these flies had fastened an egg was doomed to certain destruction, but actual observation has shown that this is not always the case, since in many instances the caterpillar, by molting or casting off its skin, rids itself of the egg before the latter has hatched out and- the young larva made its way into the body of the caterpillar. In this respect the parasitism of these insects is not so certain as is the case with those hymenopterous parasites which puncture the body of their victim and deposit the egg within. In regard to the possession and exercising of that faculty commonly termed instinct, the Tachina flies appear to be far behind the parasitic Hymenoptera. The latter seem to be able to ascertain by a touch of their antenn whether or not an insect has already been parasitized, and only rarely insert an egg in the body of an insect that already \ y) contains an egg or larva of a parasite, nor has one of them been known to consign a greater number of eggs to an insect than the number of larve which that insect can maintain. On the contrary, a Tachina fly has repeatedly been known to attach to a caterpillar three or four times as many eggs as the number of larvie the caterpillar can maintain. Owing to this fact, a great many tachinid larvee must neces- sarily perish for want of food, while several which have barely had a sufficient quantity to keep them alive will be considerably dwarfed in size, as compared to their more fortunate brothers, and thus it will sometimes happen that some of the adult flies will be only one-half, and in rare instances even only one-third, as long as others which were the progeny of the same parent. Certain systematic writers, who have had no experience in rearing these flies, lay great stress on a difference in size as indicative of a distinct species; but our breeding records have abundantly demonstrated the fact that one specimen may be fully three times as long as an other and yet both belong to one and the same species. TACHINID FLIES AND THEIR HOSTS. The following is a list of the Tachina flies that have been bred by this Division, together with the hosts from which they were bred. By far the greater number of these were reared in the department insec- tary, in charge of Mr. Theo. Pergande. A few additional species, speci- mens of which have been studied by the writer, are included in this list. Of the published records, only those are included where the flies have been bred from other hosts than those from which this Division and its correspondents have reared them; such species are indicated by asterisks (*) in addition to the names of the persons who reared them and to the published references. A few of the breeding records, which are evidently erroneous, are preceded by a mark of interrogation (7). The list is in two parts, arranged alphabetically: I.—PARASITES AND THEIR HOSTS. Parasites. Host insects. Acemyia dentata Coq .---------- Chortophaga viridifasciata DeG. Bred by T. Per- gande June 26, 1877, from an adult collected June 11 at St. Louis, Mo. Admontia demylus Walk....---- Lophyrus abkbotii Leach. Issued June 24, 1882, from a larva collected by E. A. Schwarz, in Mary- land. Lophyrus lecontei Fitch. Issued May 6, 1886, from a larva collected by T. Pergande in Virginia, October 19, 1885, Admontia retinize Coq ..-..----- Retinia sp. Bred April 17, 1888, by A. Koebele, Alameda, Cal., from a caterpillar found in a bud on Pinus insignis. Amobia distincta Town .....---- Acronycta dactylina Grote. Issued March 24, 1884, from a caterpillar collected by A. Koebele at Holderness, N. H., September 26, 1883. 10 Aphria ocypterata Town ....---- Carneades messoria Harr. Bred by C. V. Piper, Pullman, Wash. Archytas analis Fabr -......---- *Clisiocampa californica Stretch. (Gillette, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXII, p. 70.) - Archytas aterrima Desv..-..---- Acronycta occidentalis G. & Rk. Issued August 13, 1883, from a chrysalis collected July 10 by A. Koebele in Virginia. Acronycta ovata Grote. Issued May 13, 1886, from a caterpillar received fromJ.G. Barlow, Cadet, Mo. Cerura sp. Bred by O. Lugger April 11, 1874, from a caterpillar received from G. W. Letterman, October 12, 1873. Lagoa crispata Pack. Issued June 5, 1885, from a cocoon received October 22, 1884, from J. M. Shaf- fer, Keokuk, Iowa. Another issued February 15, 1890, from a cocoon collected in Washington, D.C., in September, 1889. Belvosia bifasciata Fabr....-.--- Citheronia regalis Fabr. Issued July 17, 1873, and June 24, 1881. Dryocampa rubicunda Fabr. Bred August 15, 1872, by O. Lugger, at St. Louis, Mo., from a caterpillar collected July 3. Hemileuca sp. Bred in 1889 by A. Koebele, from a caterpillar found at Lancaster, Cal. Belvosia unifasciata Desv.-.----- Leucania unipuneta Harr. Bred in 1896 by M. V. Slingerland, at Ithaca, N. Y. Biomyia georgie Br. § Berg..--Calosoma calidum abr. Bred by A. F. Burgess June 28, 1896, from a beetle found June 6 at Am- herst, Mass. Calosoma peregrinator Guér. Bred by the writer June 25, 1888, at Los Angeles, Cal.; the tachinid puparia were found in a dead beetle June 17. Blepharipeza adusta Loew ...--- Arachnis picta Pack. Clisiocampa constricta Stretch. Bred in January and February, 1891, by A. Koebele from caterpil- lars collected at St. Helena, Cal. : Clisiocampa thoracica Stretch. Bred in 1890, by A. Koebele, from caterpillars collected at Glen Ellen, Cal. Halisidota edwardsii Pack. Bred by the writer at Los Angeles, Cal. Leucarctia acrea Drury. (H. Edwards, in Loew’s Dipt. Amer. sept. indig., Cent. X, No. 67.) Brachycoma dayvidsoni Coq. --.-- Bombus fervidus Fabr. Bred by Dr. A. Davidson, Los Angeles, Cal.; the tachinid larve fed on those of the Bombus. Celatoria diabroticee Shimer....Diabrotica 12-punctata Oliv. Issued August 3, 1889, from adult beetles collected by T. Pergande in Washington, D. C. Diabrotica soror Lec. Bred by the writer July 5, 1888, at Los Angeles, Cal.; the tachinid larva issued from an adult beetle June 21. Another issued August 15 and was changed to a fly August 28. Other flies issued August 29 and 31. Also bred in June, 1889, by A. Koebele from an adult collected in Santa Clara County, Cal. 11 Celatoria diabroticw Shimer....-Diabrotica vittata Fab. Bred July 21 and August 5, 1897, by F. H. Chittenden from an adult col- lected at Brookland, Md. Cheetogiedia crebra v. d. W...--- Agrotis sp. Bred July 11, 1888, by the writer from a caterpillar found June 2 at Los Angeles, Cal. Taeniocampa rufula Grote. Bred July 29, 1888, by the writer from a caterpillar found June 9 at Los Angeles, Cal. Chietogedia monticola Bigot ....Carneades sp. Bred by W. G. Wait, Kailua, N. Kona, Hawaii. Peridroma saucia Hueb. Issued June 14, 1895, from a chrysalis received May 13 from William Chap- pelow, Monrovia, Cal. Pyrameis cardui Linn. Bred by the writer at Los Angeles, Cal. Cistogaster immaculata Macq...*(?)Leucania unipuncta Haw. (Forbes, Psyche, June, 1893, p. 466.) Cryptomeigenia theutis Walk...Lachnosterna inversa Horn. Issued March 23, 1893, from an adult beetle collected by T. Pergande, in May, 1892, at Washington, D.C, Echinomyia algens Wied.....--- “Hadena lignicolor Guen. (Gillette, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXII, p. 70.) Epigrimyia floridensis Town ..-- Plodia sp. Bred by T. D. A. Cockerell, Mesilla, N. Mex. Euphorocera claripennis Macq..Acronycta hamamelis Guen. Issued August 8, 1882, from a caterpillar collected July 23, by A. Koe- bele, in Virginia. Agraulis vanillie Linn. Bred September 12, 1893, by Dr. A. Davidson, Los Angeles, Cal. Aletia argillacea Hueb. Issued August 11, 1879. Anisota senatoria S. f° 4. Issued June 13, 1880. *Apatura celtis Bd.-Lec. (Riley, in Seudder’s But- terflies of New England, Vol. III, p. 1922. Apatura clyton Bd.-Lec. Bred by H. A. Morgan, Baton Rouge, La. Aretia docta Walk. Bred June 26, 1883, by the writer at Anaheim, Cal. Ceratomia catalpe Boisd. Issued January 7 and October 5, 1894, and January 5 and 26 and Feb ruary 20, 1895. 7 Chrysomela multipunctata Say. Bred July 14, 1872, by O. Lugger from a larva found July 1 at St. Louis, Mo. Clisiocampa disstria Hueb. Bred by C. H. Fernald, Amherst, Mass Crocotarubicundaria Hueb. Issued October 25, 1882, froma caterpillar collected March 15 by A. Koebele at Archer, Fla. Datana contracta Walk. Bred August 30, 1886, by F. M. Webster, Lafayette, Ind.; one caterpillar bore 115, another 131, a third 213, and a fourth 228 eggs of the Tachina fly. Empretiastimulea Clem. Issued July 24, 1885, from a cocoon received September 3, 1884, from J, B, Smith, Monticello, Ind, 12 7 Euphorocera claripennis Maeq.-Epilachna borealis Fabr. Bred by Dr. Riley, Sep- tember 10, 1871, from a larva collected August 18 in New York or New Jersey. Eubolina? sp. Bred by A. Koebele from a caterpil- lar found on Prosopis juliflora in Panamint Valley, California, in 1891. Feltia herilis Grote. Issued May 11, 18, and 18, 1895, from caterpillars received April 13 from W. D. Kierolf, Jackson, Tenn. Also June 6, 1895, from a caterpillar received May 8 from 8. Merrill, Mine la Motte, Mo. Halisidota tessellata S. § A. Issued August 24, 1896, from a caterpillar received August 1 from L. Col- lins, Brooklyn, N. Y. Harrisina americana Harris. Issued June 26 and 27, 1891, from a caterpillar received June 13 from J. iF. Wilson, Poulan, Ga. Hemileuca artemis Pack. Issued April 30, 1894, from a caterpillar received June 6, 1893, from T. D. A. Cockerell, Las Cruces, N. Mex. Hemileuca electra Wright. Bred June 25, 1887, by the writer from a caterpillar collected April 12 near Riverside, Cal.; the tachinid larva issued June 5. Lagoa sp. Issued October 3, 1878. Lophyrus sp. Issued March 5, 1889, from a larva received September 28, 1888, from G. W. Martin, Chattanooga, Tenn. Mamestra trifolii Rott. Bred July 4, 1876, by T. Pergande from a caterpillar received June 8 from M. G. Gant, Parksville, Mo. Issued November 17 and 18, 1881, from a caterpillar collected October 12 by Dr. Howard in Washington, D. C. (Edemasia concinna 8. § A. Bred August 23, 1876, by T. Pergande from a caterpillar received Au- gust 16 from John Barritt, East Canton, Mo. Orgyia leucostigma S. J: 4. Issued September 21, 1895, from a chrysalis collected September 6; and September 23 from a chrysalis collected Septem- ber 6; and September 24 from caterpillars col- lected September 4, 7, and 11; and September 30 from a caterpillar collected September 11, 1895. Also issued April 16 and in July, 1896. All were from Orgyias collected at Washington, D.C. Phasiana neptata Guen. Bred July 2, 1886, by the writer at Los Angeles, Cal.; the tachinid larva issued June 2. *Vanessa antiopa Linn. (Dimmock, in Scudder’s Butterflies of New England, Vol. III, p. 1922.) Eutrixa masuria Walk.....----. Lachnosterna arcuata Smith. Issued March 12, 16, and 23, 1895, from an adult beetle collected in Washington, D. C. Exorista affinis Pall ....-.----.- Arctia? sp. Issued December 16, 18, and 19, 1889, from a caterpillar stated to be European, received December 2 from O. Lugger, St. Anthony Park, Minn. <> 13 Bxopisha DlandayOcS/s------- == - Euclea cippus Cram, Issued June 24, 1884, from a caterpillar collected October 9, 1883, by A. Koe- bele, in Virginia. *Nisoniades brizo Bd.-Lec. (Scudder, Butterflies of New England, Vol. III, p. 1919.) *Pyrameis cardui Linn. (Riley, Canadian Ento- inologist, Vol. XIX, p. 163.) Exorista boarmiz Coq .--------- Boarmia pampinaria Guen. Issued September 12, 1883, from a caterpillar received August 13 from J. B. Smith, Cotuid, Mass. Loxostege similalis Guen. Issued July 16, 1886, from a chrysalis received from W. I. Avera, Cam- den, Ark. Exorista ceratomiw Coq. -------- Ceratomia undulosa Walk. Bred May 28, 1875, by Dr. Riley, from a caterpillar found October 2, 1874, at St. Louis, Mo. Omphalocera cariosa Led. Issued July 2, 1892, from a caterpillar received from W.S. Newlon, Oswego, Kans. Pempelia sp. Issued May 28, 1889, from a caterpillar found by H. Allison on a hackberry tree in Octo- ber, 1888, at Fort Worth, Tex. Pyralid. Issued in September, 1890, from a cater- pillar found on poison ivy by J. G. Barlow, Cadet, Mo. Exorista chelonize Rond_-.-.-.--- Arachnis pieta Pack. Bred in 1882 by the writer at Anaheim, Cal. Aretia docta Walk. Bred June 26, 1883, by the writer at Anaheim,Cal.; the tachinid larvaissued June 17. Exorista confinis Fall.....-..--- *Chrysophanus xanthoides Boisd. (Skinner, Ento- mological News, December, 1891, p. 198.) Dendrobinus howardi Dyar. Issued April 20, 1895, from a caterpillar received April 10 from J. W. Toumey, Tucson, Ariz. Lyecena exilis Boisd. Bredby T. D. A. Cockerell, Las Cruces, N. Mex. * Lyciena pseudargiolus Bd.-Lec. (Seudder, Butter- flies of New England, Vol. ILI, p. 1920.) Lyciena sp. Issued May 24, 1886, from a caterpil- lar found on a hickory tree May 9, by T. Pergande, in the District of Columbia. *Thecla calanus /Tueb. (Saunders, Can. Entomolo- gist, Vol. XTX, p. 166.) Exorista eudryx Town.-.------- Acronycta hamamelis Guen. Issued August 8, 1882, from a caterpillar round by A. Koebele, July 23, in Virginia. Acronycta luteicoma G. § . Bred by Dr. Riley December 31, 1871, at St. Louis, Mo. Acronycta sp. Bred April 11, 1874, by O. Lugger, from a caterpillar collected April 5, 1873, at St. Louis, Mo. Issued July 24, 1882, from a caterpillar found by A. Koebele, July 9, on an oak tree at Hyattsville, Md. Another issued May 10, 1883, from a caterpillar found on an oak tree. Agrotis ypsilon Rott. Issued February 15, 1875. Exorista eudrye Town...-...--- 14 Alypia octomaculata Hueb. Issued June 2, 1884, from a caterpillar received from Missouri. Eudryas unio Hueb. Bred by H.8. Jewett, Dayton, Ohio. Heterocampa marthesia Cram. Bred by O. Lugger, at St. Louis, Mo. Hyperchiria io Fab. Issued May 31, 1895. Pyrameis atalanta Linn. Bred by P. 8. Sprague, Boston, Mass. Exorista flavirostris v.d. W..... Lagoa opercularis S. §° A. Issued June 30, 1880, Exorista futilis O. § Exorista griseomicans vr. d. W. Exorista ise Coq-.- Exorista lobelizw Coq Exorista petiolata Coq.----.---- Exorista pyste Walk from a cocoon received March 4, from R. 8. Turner, Fort George, Fla. Also January 21 and 22, 1889, from a caterpillar received from T. M. McMeekin, MeMeekin, Fla, Also December 3 and 4, 1889, from a caterpillar received from Dr. Neal, Florida; and July 31, 1893, from a cocoon received from KE. W. Rogers, Jennings, Va. Bred May 11, 1891, by H. E. Weed, Agricultural College, Mississippi. Issued June 2, 1896, from caterpillars collected November 25, 1895, by E. A. Schwarz, at Victoria, Tex. Clisiocampa thoracica Stretch. Bred in 1890, by A. Koebele, at Glen Ellen, Cal. Hadena apamiformis Grote. Issued May 16, 1884. *Pyrameis atalanta Linn. (Harris and Scudder, Can. Entomologist, Vol. XIX, p. 162.) -Orgyia leucostigma Sm. f° Abb. Issued July 17, 1896, from a cocoon collected in Washington, D. C. Isa inornata G. §° Rk. Issued June 16, 1886, from a caterpillar collected September 29, 1885, by O. Lugger. Acronycta hamamelis Guen. Issued August 8, 1882, from a caterpillar collected by A. Koebele in Vir- ginia,. Acronycta lobeliv Guen. Issued April 21, 1885. Acronycta sp. Issued July 28 and 31, 1882, froma caterpillar found on an oak tree in Maryland, July 2, by A. Koebele. Orgyia leucostigma S. f° A. Issued July 21, 1897, from a cocoon collected in Washington, D. C. Lophyrus sp. Issued June 23, 1883, from a larva collected June 3, by Dr. Riley, in Virginia. Hyponomeuta multipunctella Clem. Issued Jtne 20 and 23, 1884, from a caterpillar collected June 1, by A. Koebele, in Washington, D.C. Mineola indiginella Zell. Issued July 9, 1886, from a caterpillar received from O. 8. Roberts, Oxford, Ind. And June 18, 1897, from a caterpillar re- ceived June 10, from W. A. Fisher, Moselle, Mo. Pyralid. Issued June 22, 1886, from a caterpillar found May 9, on a hickory tree, by T. Pergande, at Washington, D. C. Also October 6, 1896, from a caterpillar found August 10, on cabbage, by H. M. Simons, Charleston, S. C. *“Thecla autolyenus Ldw. (Belfrage, in Scudder’s Butterflies of New England, Vol. II, p. 1921.) / 15 Exorista pyste Walk.-....-.---- Tortricid. Issued June 26, 1889, from a caterpillar Exorista vulgaris [all found June 2], on a cedar tree by H. T. Fuchs, Tiger Mills, Tex. SSoepen aes * Pieris rape Linn. (Lintner, Can. Entomologist, Vol. XIX, p. 164.) *Pyrausta penitalis Grote. (Forbes, Pysche, June, 1893, p. 467.) Frontina aletiw Riley.......---- Aletia argillacea Hueb. Issued November 23, 1878. Frontina archippivora JVill....- Frontina armigera Coq... -- Frontina frenchii Jill Also bred August 21 to 31, 1880, by H. G. Hub- bard, at Centerville, Fla. Cerura sp. Bred by A. Koebele from a caterpillar found on wiilow at Los Angeles, Cal. Dasylopha anguina S. §° 4. Bred by KE. Burgess, Beverly, Mass. Halisidota maculata Harr. Bred in February, March, and April, 1889, by the writer at Los Angeles, Cal. Halisidota tessellata S. gf 4. Issued August 14 and 15, 1826, from a caterpillar received from L. Col- lins, Brooklyn, N. Y. Lagoa opercularis S. § A. Issued November 27, 1891, from a caterpillar received November 12 from H. Stevens, Brazaria, Tex. Orgyia leucostigma S. § A. Issued September 18, 1895, from a caterpillar collected September 7; and September 20 from a caterpillar collected Sep- tember 5, the tachinid larva having issued Septem- ber 9. Also September 23 from a cocoon collected September 6. Also September 30 from a caterpil- lar collected September 13; the tachinid larva issued September 18, 1895. Also issued in Janu- ary, February, and July, 1896. All were from Orgyia collected at Washington, D. C. Agrotis ypsilon Rott. Clisiocampa constricta Stretch. Bred by Dr. A. Davidson, Los Angeles, Cal. Clisiocampa pluvialis Dyar. Bred by C. V. Piper, Pullman, Wash. Danais archippus /abr. Bred by C. W. Johnson, Philadelphia, Pa. ; and C. V. Piper, Pullman, Wash. Laphygma flavyimaculata Harv. Issued May 29, 1897, from a caterpillar received May 17 from 8. A. Pease, San Bernardino, Cal. Pyrameis cardui Linn. Bred by the writer at Los Angeles, Cal. Pyrameis carye Hueb. Bred February 20, 1888, by A. Koebele, Alameda, Cal.; also bred by the writer at Los Angeles, Cal. .---Heliothis armiger Hueb. Bred June 14, 1888, by the writer at Los Angeles, Cal.; the tachinid larva issued June 1. Anisota senatoria S. f 4A. Issued in August, 1879, and June 21, 1880. Also July 7, 16, 18, and 22, 1896, from caterpillars collected by F.C. Pratt at Lake- Jand, Md., September 2, 1895. Frontina frenchii JVill 16 Anisota virginiensis Drury. Issued May 27and June 7, 1874. Attacus cecropia Linn. Bred March 17, 1890, by G. Valentine, Haramontown, N. J. Attacus sp. Bred June 21, 1891, by the writer, from a Cecropia-like cocoon on Ceanothus sp., near Los Angeles, Cal.; the tachinid larva issued May 26. 3ombus sp. Bred from a nest; Canada. S Ceratomia catalpwe Loisd. Issued in August, 1890, + from a caterpillar collected in the District of Co- lumbia. Citheronia regalis Fabr. Clisiocampa americana Harr. Issued July 17, 1893, _ from a cocoon received July 14 from G. B. King, Lawrence, Mass. Clisiocampa californica Stretch. Bred in May, by A. Koebele, Alameda, Cal. Clisioecampa constricta Stretch. Bred July 5, 1889, by the writer, from a caterpillar collected May 5 near Los Angeles, Cal. *Clisiocampa disstria Hueb. (Harvey, Psyche, May, 1891, p. 85.) Clisiocampa thoracica Stretch. Bred in 1890 by A. Koebele from a caterpillar found at Glen Ellen, Cal. Dasylopha anguina S. §° A. Bred by E. Burgess, Beverly, Mass. Datana ministra Drury. Issued May 2, 21, 25, and , y Y =, <1, <9, 30, 1874. Also September 11, 1895, and July 17 and August 6, 1894, from caterpillars received July 24, 1893, from A. W. Butler, Brookville, Ind. Datana sp. Issued May 28, 1875, from a caterpillar found on a birch tree. Dissosteira carolina Linn. Three were bred April 22, 1874, by O. Lugger, from adults collected at St. Louis, Mo., the previous year. Dryoecampa rubieunda Fabr. Issued June 30, 1896, , from a caterpillar collected by F. C. Pratt, July 11, 1895, at Lakeland, Md. *Euchietes egle Drury. (Forbes, Psyche, June, 1893, p. 467.) Heliothis armiger [Hueb. Hyperchiria io Fabr. Bred October 11, 1879, by G. H. French, Carbondale, III. Hypsoropha hormos Hueb. Issued July 18 and 23, , 1884. Ichthyura inclusa Hueb. Bred March 11, 1875, by O. Lugger, from a caterpillar collected at St. Lonis, Mo., the previous year. Also bred in 1889 by F. M. Webster, Lafayette, Ind. Issued July 27, 1893, from a cocoon received July 18. Orgyia leucostigma S. § A. Issued in July, 1896, from caterpillars collected at Washington, D. C. *Papilio tnrnus Linn. (Scudder, Butterflies of New , } England, Vol. III, p. 1923.) Frontiua frenchii Will... ..---- Frontina irrequieta Walk ...--..-. Frontina violenta Walk... . - Gonia capitata DeG ......----.- Hilarella fulvicornis Coq----..--. Hyphantrophaga hyphantriwv Hypostena barbata Coq------.--- Hypostena floridensis Town. .--. Hypostena tortricis Coq ---.-.---.- Hypostena variabilis Coq. -.-...-- vw 17 Pyralid. Issued April 28 and May 8, 1883, from cat- erpillars found October 20, 1882, on an alder tree in Virginia by A. Koebele. “Pyrameis cardui Linn. Bred by F. M. Webster; Townsend in litt. *Schizura unicornis S.§° 4. (IF. A. Marlatt, Psyche, December, 1891, p. 187.) Smerinthus cerisyi- Kirby. Bred by A. Koebele, in 1887, from a caterpillar found at St. Helena, Cal. Telea polyphemus Cram. Issued November 15, 1882, and May 3, 1884. Also bred by S. Baldy, Catawissa, Pa. Papilio thoas Linn. Issued February 23, 1880, from a chrysalis received January 27 from Prof. J. H. Comstock, Jacksonville, Fla. .Philampelus vitis Linn. Bred October 8, 1884, by T. Pergande, at Washington, D. C. Vanessa antiopa Linn. (Riley, in Seudder’s But- terflies of New England, Vol. ITI, p. 1924.) Hadena devastatrix Lrace. Bred July 29, 1890, by C. P. Gillette, Ames, Iowa. Laphygma frugiperda 8. §° A. Bred in 1880 by Lyne Starling, Sunnyside, Ark. Peridroma saucia Hueb. Issued June 14, 1895, from a caterpillar received May 13 from Win. Chappe- low, Monrovia, Cal. Acridiidid. Issued March 4, 1884, from a puparium found among locust eggs at Boscowen, N. H., September 14, 1883, by A. Koebele. “Eueaterva variaria Grote. (Townsend, Psyche, April, 1892, p. 258.) Hyphantria cunea Drury. Bred by C. H. T. Town- send, September 1, 1891, at Las Cruces, N. Mex. Vanessa miiberti Godt. (Gillette, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXII, p. 75.) Coptocyclaclavata abr. Bred froma larva, in July, 1897, by W. G. Johnson, College, Md. Disonycha xanthomelena Dalm. Bred June 26, 1897, by F. H. Chittenden, from an adult beetle collected at Washington, D. C. Blastobasis nubilella Zell. Issued June 26, 1895. Schizocera ebena Nort. Issued August 19 and Sep- tember 19, 23, and 27, 1887, from larve received August 18 from C. Werckle, Ocean Springs, Miss. Tortricid. Bred August 15, 1890, by the writer from a caterpillar found July 26 in a nest of leaves on Solanum douglasi at Los Angeles, Cal. Carpocapsa pomonella Linn. Pyrausta penitalis Grote. Issued August 15, 1883, froma caterpillar collected August 1, by A. Koe- bele, in Washington, D.C. Tenthredinid. Issued May 27, 1884, from a larva found on an alder tree; also August 20, 1896, from a larva found on Ipomea pandurata in Mis- souri, 18 Jurinia metallica Desv_.-.------ Eepantheria secribonia Stoll. Bred June 10, 1880, by Dr. Turner, Fort George, Fla. Leskiomima tenera Wied .._---- Pyralid. Issued July 3, 1885, from a caterpillar found by T. Pergande, May 30, on a fern in Vir- ginia, Linnemyia comta Mall ....----- Agrotis ypsilon ott. Bred July 19, 1887, by the writer from a caterpillar received June 7 from Mrs. M. Stafford, Napa County, Cal.; the tachinid larva issued July 1. Carneades messoria Harr. Bred by C. V. Piper, Pullman, Wash. Macquartia pristis Walk......-- Halsidota argentata Pack. Issued June 2, 1893, from a caterpillar received May 18 from A. Koe- bele, Aurora Mills, Oreg. Limacodes sp. (Comstock, Psyche, June, 1892, p. 275.) Masicera eufitchiwe Town. ..---. “Kufitchia ribearia Fitch. (Gillette, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIX, p. 287.) “Hyphantria cunea Drury. (Forbes. Psyche, June, 1893, p. 467.) Masicera myoidiea Desv--------- Arzama obliquata G. § R. Issued May 12 and 13, 1882, and June 21, 1884. Hydrecia nitela Guen. Issued July 26, 1890, from a caterpillar received July 25 from F. A. Brown, Everett, Mass. Masicera tenthredinidarum OWN one tosses sees Ss ae ee See *Tenthredinid. (Harrington, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIX, p. 286.) Microphthalma disjuncta Mied..Lachnosterna arcuata Smith. Issued October 15, 1891, from a puparium found in the skin of a larva August 12, by T. Pergande, at Washington, D. C. Myiophasia wnea Wied. .-....--- Balaninus nasicus Say. Issued July 22, 1895. Chaleodermus sp. Bred by H. A. Morgan, Baton Rouge, La. Conotrachelus juglandis Lec. Issued July 16, 1886, from a larva found by T. Pergande in Washington. Also June 29 and 30, 1896, from a larva received June 2 from J. G. Barlow, Cadet, Mo. *(?)Leucania unipuncta Haw. (Forbes, Psyche, June, 18938, p. 467.) *Sphenophorus parvulus Gyll. (Forbes, loc. cit.) Myiophasia robusta Coq. --.----- Sphenophorus robustus Horn. Bred in October, 1886, by A. Koebele, from a larva found at Los Angeles, Cal. Ocyptera caroline Desv.-------. “Acridiudid. (Forbes, Psyche, June, 1893, p. 466.) *(?)Leucania unipuncta Haw. (Forbes, loc. cit., p. 466. ) Pachyophthalmus floridensis DOU EA re ee Ce es Isodonta elegans Sm. Bred by Dr. A. Davidson, y Los Angeles, Cal. Pelopreus cementarius Drury. Bred by the writer in October, 1891, 14 specimens from a nest found November 11, 1890, near Rincon, Cal. Also bred July 28, 1892, by Dr. A. Davidson from the nest of a burrowing wasp at Los Angeles, Cal. Issued July 27, 1897, from a nest received that day from A. Oemler, Wilmington Island, Ga. £8 Pachyophthalmus floridensis Mion Pe tte oe = oi 8 *“Trypoxylon politum Say. (Webster, Bull. Ohio Exper. Station, Technical Series, Vol. I, No. 3, p. 158.) Pachyophthalmus signatus Weiy.Pelopweus cementarius Drury. Bred by H. G. Hub- bard, August 14, from anest collected at Center- ville, Fla. Trypoxylonsp. Bred July 8, 1896, by E. A. Schwarz, from a nest found at Berkeley, W. Va. Panzeria penitalis Coq..-..-.---- Pyrausta penitalis Grote. Bred June 1, 1876, by Dr. Riley, at St. Louis, Mo., from a caterpillar col- lected the previous year. Also bred May 15, 1885, by Miss M. E. Murtfeldt, Kirkwood, Mo. Panzeria radicum abr - .--. ---- Hyphantria cunea Drury. Bred April 13, 1874, by O. Lugger, at St. Louis, Mo., from a cocoon found October 26, 1878. Also issued from a caterpillar collected in Washington, D.C. Hyphantria sp. Issued March 26 and 30, 1896, from caterpillars collected August 18, 1895, on a per- simmon tree at Riverview, Md., by T. Pergande. Phoricheta sequax Will ......-- * Noctua fennica Tausch. (Cook, Notes on Injurious Insects, 1884.) Noctuid. Bred in July, 1888, by A. Koebele, froma caterpillar collected at Summit, Cal. Phorocera comstocki /Vill ...--- *Lophyrussp. (Forbes, Psyche, June, 1893, p. 467. ) Megathymus yucew Dd.-Lee. Bred March 14, 1874, by O. Lugger, from a puparium received from South Carolina, Issued March 21 and 26, 1892, from a caterpillar received from J. H. Mellichamp, Bluffton, 8. C. *Pyrausta penitalis Grote. (Forbes, Psyche, June, 1893, p. 467.) Phorocera doryphore Tiley ----- Doryphora 10-lineata Say. Issued July 30, 1897, from a larva collected by Frank Benton at Ber- wyn, Md. Vanessa antiopa Linn. Bred by Dr. Riley, at St. Louis, Mo. Phorocera leucaniz Coq -------- Leucania unipuncta Haw. Issued June 4, 1896, from a caterpillar received May 4 from J. C. Mackey, Ripley, Tenn. Loxostege similalis Guen. Issued July 7 and 9, 1888, from caterpillars received from W. I". Avera, Cam- den, Ark. Phorocera parva Bigot......---- Tortrix citrana Fern. Bred by the writer May 13, 1887, from a caterpillar collected April 28 at Los Angeles, Cal. Phorocera saundersi? JVill .-.--- “Argynnis cybele abr. (Riley, in Seudder’s But- terflies of New England, Vol. III, p. 1922.) Phorocera tortricis Coq ----- ---- Tortricid. Bred by C. P. Gillette, from a caterpil- lar found on a cherry tree in Michigan, Plectops melissopodis Cog -- .--. Melissopus latiferreana Wlshm. Issued July 19, 1892. Also bred July 20, 1893, by Miss M. E. Murtfeldt, Kirkwood, Mo. Issued May 5, 21, 25, and 28, 1894, from caterpillars collected in April by T. Per- gande in Washington, D.C. 20 Pseudocheta argentifrons Cog --Bombycid. Bred by the writer May 23, 24, and 30, 1890, from a caterpillar found May 20 feeding on lichens on an apple tree at Santa Barbara, Cal. Pseudocheta pyralidis Cog .---- Pyralid. Issued March 24, 1880, from a caterpillar found in a nest of leaves on an oak tree. Senotainia trilineatav.d. W...-. *(?) Leueania unipuncta Haw. (Forbes, Psyche, ,/ June, 1895, p. 467.) Sphecius speciosus Drury. Issued August 7, 1890, from a nest found August 5, by T. Pergande, in Washington, D. C. Siphona plusiz Coq ------------ Plusia californica Speyer. Bred by the writer July 2, 1892, at Los Angeles, Cal.; the tachinid larva issued June 18 from a caterpillar collected June 17. Spallanzania hesperidarum J/ill.* Eudamus tityrus Fabr. (Harris, in Seudder’s but- terflies of New England, Vol. III, p. 1917.) Sturmia albifrons MValk.-.....-- Kepantheria scribonia Stoll. Bred by Hl. G. Hub- bard, at Centerville, Fla. Leucarctia acrea Drury. Bred June 25 and July 2, 1881, by Dr. Riley, from a caterpillar received June 11 from eee =. Pachyophthalmus signatus JVeig. HEMIPTERA. AMaS a UnISUIS ue Gare eee ae Trichopoda pennipes abr. 23 ORTHOPTERA, PETA dese ieee Sere on Se - *Hilarella fulvicornis Coq. Trichopoda plumipes abr. Ocyptera caroline Desv. Chortophaga viridifasciata DeG.Acemyia dentata Coq. Dissosteira carolina Linn... .---- Frontina frenchii Will. Dissosteira venusta Stal... .--- Trichopoda plumipes Fabr, COLEOPTERA, Balaninus nasicus Say.-..--.----- Myiophasia ienea ied. Calosoma calidum Fabr..---. ---- Biomyia georgiie Br. §° Berg. Calosoma peregrinator Gueér. .--- Biomyia georgiw Br. §° Berg. @halcodermussp.-2-<-.----=--- Myiophasia wnea Jied. Chrysomela multipunctata Say. .-Euphorocera claripennis Macq. Conotrachelus juglandis Lec.... Myiophasia eenea IMVied. Coptocycla clavata Fabr....-.-. Hypostena barbata Coq. Diabrotica 12-punctata Oliv. ---.- Celatoria diabrotice Shimer. Diabrotica soror Lec........---. Celatoria diabrotice Shimer. Diabrotica vittata Fabr......--- Celatoria diabroticxe Shimer. Disonycha xanthomeliena Dalm.Hypostena barbata Coq. Doryphora 10-lineata Say--....-.Phorocera doryphorie Riley. Epilachna borealis Fabr....-.---- Juphorocera claripennis Macq. Lachnosterna arcuata Smith....Eutrixa masuria Walk. Microphthalina disjuncta IVied. Lachnosterna inversa Horn. ..-- Cryptomeigenia theutis Walk. Sphenophorus parvulus Gyll__..*Myiophasia «nea Wied. Sphenophorus robustus Horn....Myiophasia robusta Coq. LEPIDOPTERA. Acronycta dactylina Grote..---. Amobia distineta Town. Acronycta hamamelis Guen-. .--- Kuphorocera claripennis Macq. Jxorista eudryie Town. Ixorista lobelix Coq. Acronycta lobeliw Guen...-.---- Exorista lobelixe Coq. Acronycta luteicoma G. §° R ....Exorista eudrye Town. Acronycta occidentalis G. §° R..Archytas aterrima Desv. Acronycta ovata Grote......---. Archytas aterrima Desv. Acronycta populi Riley ...-.-.-- Tachina mella JValk. INCTOMY,CUal SP cesses sista ons Sac Exorista eudryie Town. Exorista lobeliz Coq. Adisophanes miscellus Grote ....Trichophora miscelli Coq. Agraulis vanillwe Linn --....--.- Euphorocera claripennis Macq. NOV OUISIS Der. ose cs SS. < seks sion Chietogiedia crebra v. d. W. Phoricheeta sequax JVill. Aorouis;ypsiioni Mott. =. -.:..--<- Exorista endryxe Town. Froutina archippivora Vill, Linnemyia comta Fall. Tachina robusta Town. Aletia argillacea Hueb.........- Kuphorocera claripennis Macq. Frontina aletix Riley. Alypia octomaculata Hueb...--- Exorista eudrye Town. Winthemia 4-pustulata Fabr. Anisota senatoria S. f° A..-..... Euphorocera claripennis Macq. Frontina frenehii JVill. 2a Anisota virginiensis Drury... -- Frontina frenchii Will. Apatura celtis Bd.-Lec._.-..---- *Euphorocera ¢laripennis Jacq. Apatura clyton Pd.-Lec......--- Euphorocera claripennis Jacq. Aracthnis pitta Pack a2 225.5 sae Blepharipeza adusta Loew. Exorista cheloniwe fond. Arctia doctaniWValki= ee se s= 4-2 -e Euphorocera claripennis Macq. Exorista chelonixe Lond, Arctia phyllira Drury ..---- ---- Tachina mella Walk. IAT COAS Diet Praca. cee ee eee ae Exorista affinis Fall. Aroyimis cybelelabrs222-+ =.= *Phorocera saundersil Vill. Arzama obliquata G. § It..----- Masicera myoidiea Desr. Attacus cecropia Linn .......--- Frontina frenehii JV7i/l. Winthemia 4-pustulata Fabr. ACCAGUSISP re tcm ee eeepc Frontina frenchii Will. Blastobasis nubilella Zell. ...--- Hypostena floridensis Town. Boarmia pampinaria Guen ....-- Exorista boarmie Coq. Jeyo} Tall) (110 WARS Sener ae neers peer Pseudocheta argentifrous Coq. Winthemia 4-pustulata /abr. Carneades messoria Harris. - - - - - Aphria ocypterata Town. Linnemyia comta Fall. @arnea@es; Speas- nee.cso eee oes Chictogwedia monticola Bigot. Carpocapsa pomonella Linn. .... Hypostena variabilis Coy. Ceratomia amyntor Hueb ..----- Sturmia inquinata v. d. WW. Ceratomia catalpwe Boisd.-..-..-- Euphorocera claripennis Macq. Frontina frenchii Jill. Ceratomia undulosa WWalk...-.-. Exorista ceratomi:e Coq. Sturmia inquinata v. d. WV. @enlr a oSP ace os) -.2 cloislrerelelos aaa Archytas aterrima Desv. Frontina aletiwe Riley. Chrysophanus xanthoides Boisd.*Exorista confinis Fall. Citheronia regalis abr ...-..--- Belvosia bifasciata Mabr. Frontina frenehii Vill. Clisiocampa americana Harr...-Froutina frenchii Jill, Clisiocampa californica Stretch..*Archytas analis Fabr. Frontina frenehii Vill. Clisiocampa constricta Stretch. ..Blepharipeza adusta Loew. Frontina archipivora JVill. Frontina frenchii Will. Clisiocampa disstria Hueb..---- Kuphorocera claripennis Macq. *Frontina frenchii JVill. “Tachina mella Walk. lisiocampa pluvialis Dyar. _--- Frontina archippivora JVill. @lisiocampar Spsa--]-- e-ss22 ee Tachina mella Walk. Tachina robusta Town. Clisiocampa thoracica Stretch... Blepharipeza adusta Loew. Exorista futilis O. S. Frontina frenehii JVill. Tachina mella Walk. Crocota rubicundaria Hueb.....Euphorocera claripennis J/acq. Danais archippus Iabr...-..---- Frontina archippivora //7i/l. Dasylopha anguina S. f A.....- Frontina aletiw Riley. Frontina frenchii Jill. Datana contracta Walk. ......-- Euphorocera claripennis Macq. Datana ministra Drury..-...-.. Frontina frenchii JVill. Winthemia 4-pustulata abr. Datamasp aol se me ence le ie Frontina frenehii Jill. 20 Deilephila lineata abr... ..---.Sturmia inquinata v. d. IV. * Winthemia 4-pustulata abr. Dendrobinus howardi Dyar ..../xorista confinis /all. Dryocampa rubicunda Fabr...-- *Belvosia bifasciata Fabr. Frontina frenchii Will. Eepantheria scribonia Stoll. ---- Jurinia metallica Desv. Sturmia albifrons Walk. Empretia stimulea Clem....---- Euphorocera claripennis Macy. Eabolina 2S pecs. seese ese 52s = Enuphorocera claripennis Macq. Eucaterva variaria Grote. .-.---- *Hyphantrophaga hyphantrize Town. Kuchetes egle Drury .---------- *Frontina frenchii /Vill. Bucleacippus Cram .....-.--.-- Exorista blanda O, 8S. Eudamus tityrus Fabr -.----.---- *Spallanzania hesperidarum JVill. Budiryas) WMUOwHReU: 5.25 =— os = Exorista eudrye Town. Eufitchia ribearia Fitch. .....--- *Masicera eufitchia Town. Melitta; herilistGrote s.----- -=2--. Euphorocera claripennis Macq. Winthemia 4-pustulata abr. Hadena apamiformis Grote... --- Exorista futilis O. 8. Hadena devastatrix Brace. ..---- Gonia capitata DeG. Hadena lignicolor Guen. .-..---- *Echinomyia algens /Vied. Halisidota argentata Pach ...--- Macquartia pristis Valk. Halisidota edwardsii Pach ..---- Blepharipeza adusta Loew. Halisidota maculata Harr...-.--- Frontina aletiwe Tiley. Halisidota tessellata S. j: A..--. Euphorocera claripennis Macq. Frontina aletie Tiley. Winthemia 4-pustulata Fabr. Harrisina americana Harr ..-..- Enphorocera claripennis Macq. Sturmia harrisinze Coq. Heliothis armiger Hueb...-.---- Frontina armigera Coq. Frontina frenchii Will. Hemaris diffinis Boisd ..---.---- *Winthemia 4-pustulata Fabr. Hemileuca artemis Pack ....---- Euphorocera claripennis Macq. Hemilenca electra Wright..-.--- Euphorocera claripennis Macq. Hemilenea maia Drury .---.--..Sturmia inquinata v. d. WW. hlemiulleucaispaasss oe. 22 tee se Belvosia bifasciata Fabr. Heterocampa marthesia Cram-.--Exorista eudryze Town. Hydrecia nitela Guen......---- Masicera myoidiea Desv. Ely perchiria 10 Habr 222-2. ----=- Exorista eudrywe Town. Frontina frenchii JVill. Hyphantria cunea Drury -------- Hyphantrophaga hyphantrize Town. * Masicera eufitchiw Town. Panzeria radicum Labr. Eiyphambriasp) = sos. sie s--8 2s = Panzeria radicum Fabr. Hyponomeuta multipunctella HG ES OA eee Exorista pyste Walk. Hypsoropha hormos Hueb....--.- Frontina frenchii Mill. Ichthyura inclusa Hueb.....---- Frontina frenchii Vill. Iisa inornata.G. G2 It 2... -2.----- Exorista ise Coq. Lagoa crispata Pack.......----- Archytas aterrima Desv. Lagoa opercularis S. f° A....--.- Exorista flavirostris v. d. W. Frontina aletiwe Riley. Wag oamspaem seats ssi se cree 42 Euphorocera claripennis Macq. Laphygma flavimaculata Harv..Frontina archippivora JVill. Laphygma frugiperda 8. §° 4-.--Gonia capitata DeG. Wintheimia 4-pustulata Fabr. 26 Leucania unipuncta Haw... ---- Belvosia unifasciata Desv. *(?)Cistogaster immaculata Macq. *(?)Myiophasia senea Wied. *(?)Ocyptera caroline Desv. Phorocera leucaniz Coq. *(?)Senotainia trilineata v. d. IW. Winthemia 4-pustulata abr. Leucarctia acrea Drury .-.-.---- *Blepharipeza adusta Loew. Sturmia albifrons Walk. Tachina mella Walk. aimacodesispesss-=--22-2<- === = *Macquartia pristis Walk. Loxostege similalis Guen ...-.--- Exorista boarmize Coq. Phorocera parva Bigot. Lycena exilis Boisd ..----...-.. Exorista confinis Fall. Lycena pseudargiolus Bd.-Lec..*Exorista confinis Pall, IiViCeN SD se. ceser ae eee ee ose Exorista confinis Fall. Mamestra trifolii Rott....------ Euphorocera claripennis Macq. Megathymus yucee Bd.-Lec.....Phorocera comstocki Will. Melissopus latiferreana MWIshm..Plectops melissopodis Coq. Mineola indiginella Zell. .....--- Exorista pyste Walk. Nisoniades brizo Bd.-Lec.--.---- *Exorista blanda O. S. Noctua fennica Tausch....-.-.---- * Phoricheta sequax Will. INocbuidmec es. es ese ote tees Phorichweta sequax JVill. (Edemasia concinna S. §° A-.--..Euphorocera claripennis Macq. Omphalocera cariosa Led..----- Exorista ceratomize Coq. Exorista flavirostris v. d. W. Orgyia leucostigma S. §° A.--.-- Euphorocera claripennis Macq. Exorista griseomicans v. d. W. Exorista lobelixw Coq. Frontina aletiw Tiley. Frontina frenchii Will. Tachina mella Walk. Winthemia 4-pustulata Fabr. Papilio thoas Linn.....--.-.---- Frontina irrequieta Walk. Papilio turnus inv 2.225. 25-=-- *Frontina frenchii Will. Rempelia, sp ----.- -2-2=.-c22n--ee Exorista ceratomie Coq. Peridroma saucia Hueb.....---- Chietogeedia monticola Bigot. Gonia capitata DeG. Winthemia 4-pustulata Fabr. Phasiana neptata Gwen ...-..--- Euphorocera claripennis Macq. Philampelus achemon Drury ....Sturmia inquinatav. d. W. Philampelus vitis Linn......-..Frontina violenta Walk. Phyciodes spree sass. ae. es see Sturmia phyciodis Coq. Jenieraislaee Nee EVs see eeeaes eno Sac *Exorista vulgaris Fall. Plusia californica Speyer -------- Siphona plusize Coq. PIOGIAIS Pec so-c2k 2 ecina hoe: Epigrimyia floridensis Town. Porthetria dispar Linn ....----- *Tachina mella Walk. Protoparce carolina Linn ...---- Sturmia inquinata v. d. IV. Protoparce celeus Hweb ....---- Sturmia distincta ied. Sturmia inquinata v. d. W. Winthemia 4-pustulata Fabr. Protoparce cingulata Fabr ._---- Sturmia inquinata v. d. W. Protoparce jamaicensis Butler. ..Sturmia distincta Wied. Piayarsulad: Se ee crete arte nisin Stee are tech Exorista ceratomice Coq. Exorista pyste Walk. Frontina frenchii JVill. 27 AEG 622 So Saobooeaseee seeHer Leskiomima tenera JVied. Pseudochieta pyralidis Coq. Pyrameis atalanta / "__...---- Exorista eudrye Town. *Exorista futilis O. S. Pyrameis cardui Linn ..-...-.--Chetogrdia monticola Ligot. *Exorista blanda O. S. Frontina archippivora Will. *Frontina frenchii Will. Pyrameis carye Hueb.-..-------- Frontina archippivora JV7ill. Pyrausta penitalis Grote... .--- “Exorista vulgaris Fall. Hypostena variabilis Coq. Panzeria penitalis Coq. *Phorocera comstocki Jill. Pyrrharctia isabella S. §° 4 -...-Tachina mella Walk. IXGUNIO) SOskebas hoees=peseeuesse Admontia retinize Coq. Schizura ipomeexe Doubl .... .--- Sturmia schizure Coq. Schizura unicornis S. §° 4..----. *Frontina frenchii Jill. Smerinthus cerisyi MKirby---.---- Frontina frenchit JVill. SONI Ae aA Seb ibboceeesaeor Sturmia distineta MVied. Taeniocampa rufula Grote ..---- Cheetogwdia crebra rv. d. W. Telea polyphemus Cram. --..-.--- Frontina frenehii Jill. Winthemia 4-pustulata abr. Thecla autolycus Hdw.-.--..----- *Exorista pyste Walk. Thecla calanus Hueb- 2-2: -=---- *Exorista confinis Fall. Morinix citirana Hert -s2=-- =. % Phorocera parva Ligot. MOntriCtd ==). oss aes 2 aoe Exorista pyste Walk. Hypostena tortricis Coq. Phorocera tortricis Coq. Vanessa antiopa Linn. ....------ *Kuphorocera claripennis Macq. *Frontina violenta Walk. Phorocera doryphore Liley. Vanessa milberti Godt....-.----- *Hyphantrophaga hyphantriwe Town. CLASSIFICATION. Probably no single family of Diptera has received greater considera- tion in Europe than the Tachinide, and yet, strange as this may seem, no ovher family at the present time is in greater disorder. Several authors accord them only subfamily rank, but it appears desirable to consider them as a distinct family, although their relationship to the Dexidee and Sarcophagid is a very intimate one. They may be recognized by the bare, or at least never plumose, antennal arista. They are com- monly divided into five subfamilies, and these have by one or two writers even been accorded family rank. The characters employed in separating them are as follows: Abdomen destitute of stout macrochete : Wath only four abdominal segments.._--..-.-...--..----.------ Gymnosominze. With tiv.eron Six. abdominal serments-.+-2-s--+2 .-cs\soss5522 so. Phasinee. Abdomen bearing stout macrochietz : Withtonlvetouc abdominal secments 22-49 5225. 520 so5 oe eee. Tachininee. With five abdominal segments— ANI 0X0 KoReaNEYOL TONG CIE TENID: Seas Sas oie aes ae Eee a et Phaninie. Abdomen clavate, narrow at the base..-.......:-.-.--..--- Ocypterine. 28 This classification looks very nice on paper, but when we under- take to apply it to the specimens themselves, then the difficulty arises. In the first place, in many species the macrochete are so reduced in size that it is no easy matter to decide as to whether they should be considered as macrochete or simply as bristly hairs. Then again, the males of several species have five visible abdominal segments, while their females have only four; and, conversely, the females of a few species have five and their males only four. ‘This difference is due to the greater or less development of what, in those with only four abdom- inal segments, is the first segment of the genitalia, and as this varies in size in the different species, it is not always easy to decide as to whether to regard it as belonging to the genitalia or as forming a dis- tinct abdominal segment. In at least one genus (Hemyda), the fourth abdominal segment is so reduced in size as to appear as a part of the genitalia, and thus there are apparently only three abdominal segments. These differences, therefore, are developmental rather than structural. If there were differences in habits between these subfamilies there would then be some reason for retaining these divisions, but the differ- ences are so slight that they hardly enter into this consideration. Thus the Tachinine are known to attack the Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, and Orthoptera, but not the Hemiptera; the Phast- ne and Ocypterine attack the Coleoptera, Orthoptera, and Hemiptera: the Gymnosomine attack the Hemiptera only, and the Phanine the Cole- optera. It will thus be seen that all of these subfamilies, with the excep- tion of the Gymnosomine, attack Coleoptera; that all except the Tachinine and Phaninz prey upon the Hemiptera; while the Tachinine is the only one known to attack the Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, and Diptera. In point of numbers the Tachininze outnumber all of the other subfamilies put together by at least fifteen species to one, and to this fact alone is apparently due the greater diversity in regard to their hosts. The most recent attempt at a classification of the Tachinide of the world is by Brauer and Bergenstamm, of Vienna, Austria. These authors, who are new workers in this field, had access to the types of most of the species described by Meigen, Wiedemann, Schiner, Rondani, Jaennicke, and several by Macquart, and their figures and redescrip- tions of many of the species can not but prove to be great aids to future students of this group. In the first part of their work! they threw together in one mass the five families: Cistride, Tachinidie, Dexide, Sarcophagidie, and Muscidie, and out of this chaotic mass they erected fifty-yive families, which were duly given family names; but this classifi- cation did not prove satisfactory to the authors, so in the third or last part of their systematic work they again threw all the families into one and divided it into sixty groups, which they call sections. 'Published in the Denkschriften der Mathematisch-Naturwissenchaftlichen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften for 1889, 29 So far as our own fauna is concerned, the species are too nearly related to one another, both structurally and also in regard to their habits, to permit of being separated into smaler groups with any degree of satisfaction. TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING TACHINID At. Only a few terms employed in the present work will require an expla- nation, since in most cases the terms used in designating the various parts of the specimens are the same as those employed in the other departments of entomology. The term macrochetew is used to desig- nate the stout bristles which arise from a convex and usually polished base; they are regularly arranged in pairs, rows, or otherwise, and afford excellent specific and sometimes even generic characters. The frontal bristles are composed of two rows of such macrochietie, which descend from the very top of the head to or below the insertion of the antenne. The ocellar bristles are composed of a pair of macrochiete placed among the ocelli, but they are absent in several species. The orbital bristles are two or more pairs of forwardly directed macrochietie, situated between the frontal bristles and the eyes; they are usually present in female specimens, and sometimes also in the males. Beneath the antenne is a cavity known as the facial depression, bounded on the sides by the facial ridges; at the lower ends of the ridges is a pair of macrochetie called the vibrissa. The cheeks are between the lower ends of the eyes and the opening of the mouth. The antenna, as well as their two arista, are always composed of three joints, but sometimes the basal joint is extremely short. On the thorax the two rows of macrochetie in the middle of the dorsum are known as acrostichal, and the next two rows are the dorsal, although these four rows are sometimes called the dorso-centrals; these rows usually extend the entire length of the thorax, those in front of the transverse suture being called the presutural and those behind it the postsutural; but when the latter term is used in the accompanying pages it applies to those in the outer rows only. The row on either side of these four is called the intra-alar; this row sometimes extends in front of the transverse suture by a single macrocheta, which has received the name of the presutural intra-alar bristle. One European author, Mr. Girschner, proposes to separate the Tachinidie into two groups according to whether this bristle is present or absent, but in some of our species it is present in some specimens but absent in others that belong to the same species; this character, therefore, is not of specific, much less of subfamily, importance. The sternopleural macro- chet are situated on the upper part of the transverse, more or less triangular, piece located on the sides of the thorax between the front and middle cox; when only one is present, this is the posterior; when two, these are the anterior and the posterior; when three, two are in front and one behind; and when four, these are in a downwardly curving row. Lhe macrochetse on the dorsum of the abdomen are called discal 30 when situated near the middle of the length of the segment, and mar- ginal when located near its posterior margin. The veins and cells of the wings are called by the same terms as in the other families of Diptera, except that the first posterior cell is com- monly called the apical, and the portion of the fourth vein beyond the bend is sometimes termed the apical crossvein. TABLE OF GENERA. The only attempt at publishing a synoptic table, comprising all of the genera reported as occurring in North America, is that by Mr. ©. H. T. Townsend, in the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Wash- ington! and in the Transactions of the American Entomological Soci- ety.’ That in the former publication is a reprint of the table given by Dr. Schiner,*? and that in the latter a reprint of the one by F. M. van der Wulp,! both modified so as to comprise only the North American genera. As the author did not have access to specimens of many of these genera, and as the characters he uses are in many cases not of specific, much less of generic, value, the result is not altogether satis- factory, and I have therefore constrneted an entirely new table, which, however, includes only those genera from America north of Mexico of which I have examined representatives. ; mob pollinose)sase= asses see ae (p. 85) Melanophrys. 103) cHrontalibristies an iiwOmOwSlorsace wes sects seine te nape a rstyere See at ee ere 104. Frontal bristles in four rows....----.-----------------(p. 19) Pachyophthalmus. 104, Diameter of head at the vibrissie as long as at base of antennie, lower front angle of the third antennal joint not prolonged in the form of a tooth. (p. 80) Senotainia. Diameter of head at the vibrissee much shorter than at base of antenne, lower front angle of the third antennal joint prolonged into a sharp tooth. (p. 115) Acemyia. 105. Ocellar bristles present, directed obliquely forward ...........-.--------- 106. Ocellar bristles wantiney 22-2... see -e eee ee (p. 84) Belvosia. 106. Hind tibie not distinctly ciliate outwardly-_...:.2-...-.-..---.-.---.---- 107. Hind tibie outwardly ciliate with bristles, apical cell open.--. -- (p. 83) Atacta. 10%; Apical.cell’open® 22.8 2222 te ee ea te oe eae ce ae ee (p.81) Biomyia. Apical] cell closed and short petiolate. -...-...---..-.--(p. 81) Pseudotractocera. 108. Pair of lowest frontal bristles not below base of second antennal joint.... 109. Pair of lowest frontals below middle of second antennal joint, frontal bristles 1D tH WO SLO WSssco5 noe Soe oh ee en eee eee ee (p. 88) Atacta. 109°) Brontalibristlesan fourTows-4---2- 52s eee see: (p. 19) Pachyophthalmus. Frontals im twW0 OWSsss0-2s-oc.ce > -siao oe eee eerie eee (p. 122) Paraphyto. 110. 37 Vibrisse at most only one-half the length of the second antennal joint above the level of the front edge of the oral margin..-.......-.-..----.--.--- 113; Vibrisse at least the length of the second antennal joint above the level of the oral margin, frontal bristles descending below middle of the second antennal p Ola be rmeeneri oar aot ayate an arse sao eemeaie ae weep aie Sociales Sac ciccamas cose bbl 111. The ocellar bristles present, directed obliquely forward, facial ridges never bristivon more tian! the lowest tourtlins-... 25-226 - 2-2 c2--6 = 26 os 112. The ocellar bristles wanting, facial ridges bristly on at least the lowest third. (p. 84) Belvosia. 112. Outer side of hind tibize distinctly ciliate with bristles.......... (p. 83) Atacta. Outersideror hind tibice mot culate s: ss. 42 c2-scsnec ea. 2-1 oe (p. 81) Biomyia. 113. Lowest frontal bristles below the base, and usually beneath the middle, of sec- Gries CIN ey OLMibeeree rs cies oe ae cep. ero 2 Sea eer so sme eae a eiatmsi = ee Sele 116. Lowest frontals not below base of second antennal joint.......----.------ 114 114. Facial depression destitute of a median carina ............--...----.----- 115. Facial depression with a high median carina, apical cell closed, the petiole twacevas; lone as the smallicrossvein —- 22.55.42. 02+ - -- 222 (p. 120) Euthera. 115. Cheeks about as broad as the eye-height ..-...-.-.-..----- (p. 85) Melanophrys. Cheeks less than one-half as broad as the eye height. Lower front corner of the third antennal joint produced in the form of a sharprtoothi sss ssceseoscee ces oe ce weieee aoe ences enc ses (p. 115) Acemyia. Lower front corner of the third antennal joint not produced in the form of a tooth. Head, viewed from in front, broader than high, arista bare, or nearly OMe ee eet eens cele s ra cee Seen St a roa ere (p. 128) Hilarella. Head higher than broad, arista short haired. -..(p. 117) Vanderwulpia. 116. Second segment of abdomen never bearing more than four marginal macro- NENT OS ase oc SORE Wee ee ae ne oe ee a eae ee son clita Second segment eariie at Teast six mene macrochete, hind tibie out- Wanye ciate hha pristless ssa. sss onae sae sees saa r (p. 128) Blepharipeza. Le indsbibies outwardly ciliate with bristles’: 2220.25.25 +----2----++--=- ---- 118. EGON Ole NO UCUIAtS Pea ee oe ote ne Sea cee nn te ase ae ee Beno 1ar 118. Bristles of cheeks covering at least the lower three-fourths ........--...-- 119. sristles of cheeks covering less than the lower half... .(p. 91) Hyphantrophaga. 119. Facial ridges bristly at least almost to the middle..-._...........-....-.. 121. Facial ridges bristly on less than the lowest fourth.-.........-.--..-.---- 120. 120. Head at the vibrissie as long as at the base of antenn:e, proboscis slender, rigid, the labella horny and not thicker than the proboscis....(p. 85) Siphosturmia. Head at the vibrissee much shorter than at base OF oa we, proboscis robust, Meshes exlubellaiSOltiten asses tee sree. cla ee aces sites ee ces (p. 108) Sturmia. 121. With at least three backwardly curving bristles in each of the frontal rows, abdomen largely or wholly opaque pollinose...-....---.---..----------- 122. With only two backwardly curving bristles in each of the frontal rows, abdo- men shining, destitute of pollen. .----.........-..-.-----.(p. 123) Paracheta, 122. Front bearing two or three pairs of paekwardly curving macrochiets outside of the frontal rows, the anterior pair midway between the lowest ocellus and DASE ONFATNLE MM ee tee Oe Pay H oice bie aesic cece cee taseee (p. 116) Pseudocheta. Front destitute of such macrochets........-:.-----.---2-+< (p. 105) Frontina. 123. Ocellar bristles present, directed obliquely forward........----.---------- 124. Ocelilmbristl espwamiuin ees 2.2 seas eter ose aoa he oseaplee (p. 84) Belvosia. 124. Bend of fourth vein destitute of an appendage........---..--------------- 126. Bend of fourth vein bearing an appendage or distinct fold........---.---- 125. 125, Arista distinctly pubescent, facial ridges bristly on the lower five-sixth. 126. (p. 117) Prospherysa. Arista bare, facial ridges at most bristly on the lower three-fifths. (p. 118) TLachina. Diameter of head at the vibrissie as long as at base of antenniw.----.----- 127. Diameter of head at the vibriss much shorter than at base of antennie... 128. 129. 38 . Ridges of face bristly on at least the lower two-thirds---.-.-(p. 120) Tachinopsis. Ridges bristly on less than the lowest third.-..........------ (p. 120) Demoticus. . Lower front corner of the third antennal joint produced in the form of a sharp LOOt eee ee oe eer eh aie bent oe or rales ae OE ere ee ae (p. 115) Acemyia. Lower front corner of the third antennal joint not produced in a tooth. Vibrissie on a level with the front edge of the oral margin.(p. 118) Masicera. Vibrisszx far above the level of front edge of oral margin-..(p. 81) Biomyia. Eyes bare or with indistinct short, sparse hairs...---.---..2-:..--2-4.---- 133. Eyes distinctly hairy, antenne reaching at least to lowest fourth of the fACO Ss ce how coe 2 aise ae Se eee etre ee eee ete e eee eee 130. 130. Frontal bristles not descending below base of second antennal joint; abdomen larcelysorswholly opaque oray pollinoseas:>eeee sees see eee eee eee 151. Frontal bristles descending below middle of second antennal joint......-. 132. 131. Cheeks nearly as broad as the eye height...........---.---.-(p. 64) Hyalurgus. Cheeks less than one-third as broad as the eye height...-..- (p. 64) Maequartia. 132 body shinino destitute of polleneessse= o_o oeoee eases e eee (p. 64) Polidea. Body, partly, or wholly opaque pollinose=2---es-2-2222e+2 es- eee (p. 63) Didyma. 133. Frontal vitta opaque, abdomen of four segments besides the very short basal ONG 12 2S siodis- ties dcists ae nislsoeejsuiain] see Sele See sere a eran eee he See pees eee 154. Frontal vitta shining black, abdomen of only three segments besides the very shortibasalion@2.- 2.7.22 32s ase eee eee nee eee ee (p. 73) Hemyda. 134. Apical cell open, or with a petiole less than one-half as long as the hind cross- VGN oor a scan hee alters Steins ele Ss ote Sat ae a ee ese ere et oke Seer a ene ee ee ee 137. Apical cell closed, the petiole almost as long as the hind crossvein ..-.----. 135. 135. Abdomen subcylindrical, nearly twice as long as wide, the second and third segments destitute of discal macrochete. ...........-.---.----------.. 156. Abdomen subhemispherical, only slightly longer than broad, the second and third segments bearing discal macrochietm-.......----.-(p. 70) Hyalomyodes. 136. The ocellar bristles curving backward, small crossvein before the tip of the firsbevein cae see cee eee ae ere ee ce ere ie ae (p. 68) Leucostoma. The ocellar bristles directed obliquely forward, small crossvein far beyond the tip ofthe dirst weins< 34. ees ceaswes pincer eee see ea eee (p. 69) Sciasma. 137. Palpi subcylindrical, less than one-half as wide as the proboscis.......--- 138. Palpi flattened and unusually dilated, wider than the proboscis, penultimate joint of arista almost one-half as long as the last one...-.----.- (p. 97) Lispidea, 138. Penultimate joint of arista over twice as long as broad. .......----.-----. 139. Penultimate joint of arista at most only slightly longer than broad..----. 142. 139. Third vein at most bearing four bristles near its base...--..-.--..--...--- 140. Third vein bristly almost to the small crossvein . ..-...---.-(p.57) Thryptocera. 140. Arista slender on apical half of the last joint, third antennal joint entire in Doth: SORES i222 3 e rors Sts oa eisaa stag sack oe eyerey se ea ats Se istoe ES eee eee 141. Arista thickened to the apex, third antennal joint in the male divided length- Wise dnboOsbWiOliparts..2. see oon ses See ee ee ore eee (p. 55) Sehizotachina. 142. 1438. 144, . Hind crossvein nearer to bend of fourth vein than to the small.(p. 55) Medina. Hind crossvein nearer to the small than to bend of fourth vein -(p. 55) Clausicella. Sides of face at narrowest part at most one-third as wide as the median depres- sion, fourth veimentire..- = se. eae os se. pases eee eee eee eee 145. Sides of face one-half as wide as the median depression, fourth vein obliterated beyond the bend -=2-~ 2222.52 shines a -(p. 66) Racodineura. Head at the vibrissx notice: ile Alan fot jaan of esd peeetcan Pe Betmoe Jue Head at the vibrisse as long as at base of antennz.....-.........---.---- 149. Horizontal diameter of the occiput above the neck less than one-half as long as thatiot the. eye, ..< -eeeeties ete cae SRO SEE ne a 145. Horizontal diameter of occiput above the neck as lone as that of the eye, antenn:e reaching at least to lowest fifth of the face, vibrisse on a level with front edoerotsthevonralimarginte ace see ooo eee eee ee eee (p. 65) Pelatachina. 39 145. With one or more pairs of frontal bristles below base of the second antennal JOHN) codecs 26 SH ReS CON ABE REE Seno a Sosa Geese es See ene Seeman cea 147. Without any frontals below base of second antennal joint............---- 146. 146. Occiput at most only slightly convex, body short and robust. (p. 70) @strophasia. Occiput strongly convex, body elongate and slender.-.......-. (p. 72) Lutriva. 147. Front of male destitute of orbital bristles, venter of abdomen of female destitute of short spines, third vein bearing at least two bristles near the base.... 148, Front in both sexes bearing orbital bristles, venter of female bearing many short black spines on the second segment, third vein usually with a single bristlemvesrm the bas@ies ace sere = = 5 erence asiesee ses, bier (p. 59) Celatoria. 148. Antenne not reaching below the lowest‘fourth of the face... - (p. 81) Biomyia. Antenne almost or quite reaching the oral margin.....:.--.-(p. 60) Hypostena. (Gee ATIstasbare. OLNvery, Short pUbescenh 9-1 -- - 5. a5. es pe era ase eee ee 150. Avista bearing hairs which are as long as its greatest diameter, antenne reach- es NO rey LETH OLE ae TEE) Loe Sea or Bee eae nee moncee sandeespse (p. 66) Leskia. SOM OchyeshOLtramONmOWUSUie asec Satna yas tas Aa seas aise cies emis oe cie = acietrae iby. Body elongate and slender, antennie not reaching below the lowest third of the face, apical cell closed and short petiolate........-...- (p. 72) Nanthomelana. 151. Tip of antennie not below lowest third of the face, frontal bristles usually not descending below base of the second antennal joint ...--.--.....--.---- 152. Tip of antenne at or below lowest fifth of face, frontals usually descending below base of the second antennal joint. - Lee eek ee Pes, alaey 52. Head over twice as high as long, occiput at moe only stiettly convex. (p. 70) strophasia. Head about one and one-third times as high as long, occiput usually strongly COMICS Ue Soe ne gee ee GORGE BREE GACT nee eae (p. 71) Clytiomyia, 155. Third vein bearing only two or three bristles near the base, head unusually QO cn coSs 6 oS ead on Oh HO ace SROs ene Seer ae ene ene (p. 70) Gstrophasia. Third vein bristly almost to the small crossvein, head not unusually short. (p. 75) Siphona. UNRECOGNIZED GENERA. The following genera, which have been reported from America north of Mexico, together with the species referred to them, have not heen recognized by the writer, or else the species belong to other genera: Baumhaueria analis yau der Wulp, belongs to Cheetogiedia. Besseria (Wahlbergia) brevipennis Loew. Nebraska. Chrysosomu n. sp. Brauer and Bergenstamm, Zweif. Kais. Mus. Wien, Vie pa4on: 1891. Georgia. Clista americana Townsend is a synonym of Myiophasia wnea Wied. Clistomorpha hyalomoides Townsend, Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XXIV, pp. 79 to 81; 1892. New York. Cryptopalpus flaviceps Bigot, Rocky Mountains, and melanopygatus Bigot, Washing- ton, Bulletin Soc. Ent, France, p. 141; 1887. Daocheta harveyi Townsend, Trans. Amer, Ent. Soc., Vol. XIX, pp. 97 and 98; 1892. Maine. Eliozeta americana Brauer and Bergenstamm, Zweif. Kais. Mus. Wien, V, p. 388; 189]. Georgia. Euceromyia robertsoniti Townsend, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIX, pp. 115 to 116; 1892. Southern I]linois. Eucnephalia gonoides Townsend, Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XXIV, pp. 166, 167; 1892. New Mexico. Eumyothyria illinoiensis Townsend, Trans. Aimer. Ent. Soe., Vol. XIX, pp. 121, 122; 1892. Carlinville, Il. AO Euscopolia dakotensis Townsend, |. ¢., pp. 125, 124. South Dakota. Evibrissa americana Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, p. 256; 1888. Washington. Ginglymia acrirostris Townsend, ‘Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIX, pp. 118, 119; 1892. Constantine, Mich. Goniocheta plagioides Townsend, |. c., Vol. XVIII, pp. 351, 352; 1891. Las Cruces, N. Mex. Hemithrixion wstriforme Brauer and Bergenstamm, Zweif. Kais. Mus. Wien, V, p. 357; 1891. Colorado. Hesperomyia erythrocera Brauer and Bergenstamm, 1. c., IV, p. 114; 1889. Texas. Himantostoma sugens Loew. Illinois. Hypertrophocera parvipes Townsend, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. X VIII, pp. 360, 361; 1891. Las Cruces, N. Mex. Tiligeria wlops Walker, belongs to Beskia; J. eorythus Walker, is Nanthomelana atri- pennis Say; and J. helymus Walker, belongs to Metachta. Loewia nigrifrons, ruficornis, and globosa Townsend, appear to be synonyms of -Myio- phasia wnea Wied. Lophosia setigera Thomson, belongs to Clausicella. Myothyria vanderwulpia Townsend, belongs to Hypostena. Neotractocera anomala Townsend, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIX, pp. 105, 106; 1892. Las Cruces, N. Mex. Parahypocheta heteroneura Brauer and Bergenstamm, Zweif. Kais. Mus. Wien, V, p. 337; 1891. North America. Peteina stylata Brauer and Bergenstamm, 1. ¢., pp. 386, 387. Greenland. Phasia atripennis Say, belongs to Xanthomelana. Podotachina americana Brauer and Bergenstamm, is Tachina mella Walker, and P. vibrissata of the same authors is Huphorocera claripennis Macquart. Rhinophora valida and mexicana Townsend, Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XXIV, pp. 167, 168; 1892. Las Cruces, N. Mex. Sarcoclista dakotensis Townsend, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIX, pp. 122, 123; 1892. South Dakota. Stevenia pictipes Bigot, is Xanthomelana arcuata Say. Trixa gillettii Townsend, belongs to Paraphyto. Tryphera americana and polidoides Townsend, are synonyms of Polidea areos Walker. Xysta didyma Loew. Illinois. SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA. A linear arrangement of the genera of the Tachinidie so as to indi- cate their natural relationship is quite impossible, owing to the fact that in several cases each of three genera is more closely related to a fourth than to any other genus, and in a linear arrangement it is, of course, impossible to place each next to the one to which it is nearest related. The following arrangement shows the relationship of the genera given in the preceding table perhaps as nearly as can be done in a linear manner. By this arrangement, those without strong macro- chiete on the abdomen are placed at the opposite end of the series to those having these macrochetze the most strongly developed: Apical cell ending at or close to the extreme wingtip. Abdomen destitute of macrochete. Sides of the face bare. Proboscis shorter or only slightly longer than the head. Hind tibiwe not ciliate: Cistogaster, Gymnosoma, Phorantha, Alophora. Hind tibiwe outwardly ciliate: Trichopoda. Proboscis longer than the head and thorax united: Husiphona. Sides of face with bristly hairs: Gymnophania. Al Apical cell ending at or close to the extreme winetip—Continned. Abdomen bearing macrochiwtiv. a Sides of face with hairs or macrochietie on the lower half: Myiophasia, Phyto, Mauromyia, Cryptomeigenia, Ceratomyiclla, EKulasiona, Admontia. Sides of face, on at least the lower half, bare. Proboscis shorter or only slightly longer than height of head. Frontal vitta opaque. Vibriss:e on a level with the front edge of the oral margin. Penultimate joint of arista at least twice as long as broad: Medina, Schizotachina, Clausicella, Plectops, Lispidea, Thryptocera. Penultimate joint of arista shorter or only slightly longer than broad: opaca i. Sp. ne eee Vol. I, p. 402; 1862. 2 Zweit. Kais. Mus. Wien, IV, p. 149; 1889. Also loc. cit., V1, p. 157; 1893. sh 45 3. Females; genitalia awl-shaped, directed backward............-. 4, Males; genitalia tubular, directed forward under the body; black, the palpi yellow, abdomen with a pronounced brassy tinge, shining, thinly white pollinose; thorax when viewed from behind thinly white pollinose except the front end and two subdorsal vitte behind the suture; eyes separated as widely as the posterior ocelli, calypteres grayish white, wings whitish hyaline, base to tip of second basal cell yellow, costa strongly arcuate, last section of third vein nearly half as long as the preceding sec- tion; length, 6mm. Potomae Creek, Virginia. A single male specimen collected May 23, 1896, by C. W. Johnson. Type No. ao20U ao. National Museum... 2.2... 2: :... Js.2 5: nitida i. sp. 4, Frontal vitta at narrowest part less than one-third as wide as the distanee between the posterior ocelli ...-.......:..-.. 2.25. 5. Frontal vitta at narrowest part as wide as the distance between the posterior ocelli; last section of third vein slightly over one-third as long as the preceding section; length, 4 to 6mm. White Mountains and Franconia, N. H., and Potomac Creek, Virginia. (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, p. 296; Octeber, 1886: EU GIGHUILE eats Pura. Slit Gscigt Se 32 ote ..-@neoventris Will. 5. Last section of third vein over one-third as long as the preceding section, small crossvein nearer to tip of first vein than to tip of the auxiliary, or midway between them; black, the palpi yellow; thorax, when viewed from behind, subopaque whitish pollinose, with indistinct black vitte; eyes separated slightly wider than width of lowest ocellus; face white or gray pollinose; abdomen on the last three segments whitish pollinose, the second and third segments with a black dorsal vitta; calypteres whitish or yellowish; wings hyaline, the base to slightly beyond the hu- meral crossvein yellowish; length, 9 mm. Beverly, Mass. A female specimen collected October 11, 1870, by the late Edw. Burgess. Type No. 3521, U.S. National Museum. .diversa n sp. Last section, ete., as above; vitta of abdomen indistinct; length, 5mm. ‘Two females, one captured at Sherbrooke, Canada, Sep- tember 25, 1896, by L’Abbé P. A. Begin, the other taken with themmale (see above-under'd) 0.5 s0e8 2. Seek nitida 1. Sp. Last section of third vein less than one-sixth as long as the preced- ing section, small crossvein nearer to tip of auxiliary vein than to tip of first vein; eyes separated about half the width of the lowest ocellus; face yellow pollinose, abdomen wholly thinly whitish pollinose; length, 9 to 10 mm.; otherwise as in diversa. Lufkin, Tex. (October 17, 1894; C. W. Johnson), and southern Illinois (Charles Robertson). Two female specimens. Type No. poten Uns. National Museum.) 2225. e os ee eee grandis i. sp. 46 6. Thorax destitute of a large spot of yellowish pollen in front of the Scutellianmn Sse ode, ee ei cue ate ee ee ae 7. Thorax bearing a large spot of yellowish pollen, elsewhere sub- opaque, the sides and suture gray pollinose; abdomen shining bluish black, the margin sometimes yellow, on the fourth seg- ment grayish pollinose; wings hyaline, brownish costally except at base, the brown color extending to middle of discal cell, some- times forming a border to the fifth vein and the hind crossvein, and containing hyaline spaces; length,6to 7mm. White Moun- tains and Franconia, N. H. (Annales Soc. Entomol. France, p. 255; 1888. Hyalomyia sp., Brauer and Bergenstamm in ITD he ae gen alee os Mae Eee N aceon etter Naser cn JSenestrata Bigot. 7. Wings destitute of a distinct hyaline spot beyond tip of first vein. 8. Wings marked with such a spot reaching from near the costa to middle of first posterior cell, elsewhere brown, with hyaline spaces and hind margin; costa excessively arcuate, first poste- rior cell over half as wide as long; black, the palpi yellow, abdo- men shining brassy black, thinly whitish pollinose, thorax, when viewed from behind, subopaque, thinly whitish pollinose, two subdorsal vittwe, the front end, and behind the suture black; calypteres white; frontal vitta at narrowest part two-thirds as wide as distance between the posterior ocelli; length, 8 mm. Franconia, N.H. A male specimen, collected by Mrs. A. 'T. Slos- son. Type No, 3523, U.S. National Museum. .phasioides n. sp. So. ebdomenmore.or.less Shimino. .fes 282 4 ae Se ee ee ee oe 10, Abdomen opaque, yellowish gray pollinose..............-.... 9. 9%, Veins on front and hind edges of discal cell bordered with brown; black, the palpi yellow; thorax, when viewed from behind, thinly whitish pollinose, the front end, behind the suture, and two sub- dorsal vittee black; frontal vitta at narrowest part half as wide as distance between the posterior ocelli; calypteres whitish; wings brown, the base yellowish, the hind margin and centers of discal and first posterior cells usually hyaline, costa rather strongly arcuate; length, 45 to 6 mm. Clementon, N. J. (May 10 and 26, 1896), and Potomac Creek, Va. (May 23, 1896). Six mnale specimens, collected by C. W. Johnson. Type No, 3524, U.S. National Museum: . 2.22" 2). eee eee eee Jumosa n. Sp. Veins on front aud hind edges of discal cell not bordered with brown, wings whitish hyaline, the base to beyond the humeral crossvein yellowish, costal margin beyond this to slightly below apex of third vein, last two sections of third vein, and fourth vein beyond the bend bordered with smoky brown, costa excessively arcuated; length, 7 mm.; otherwise as in the above descrip- tion of fumosa. Grimsby, Canada. A single male specimen, collected October 7, 1894. Type No. 3525, U. S. National Museum” .2. 22s = Seetiers tec! ee enn ee ree pulverea, Ui, Sp. 10. ET, 47 Length, 6 mm. or less; last section of third vein over one-third as lonerassilespLe ceding: SECTION... 2.22026. 52222222 ete iis eM OOM MME se kes ee eee ok He SS ais MS oe ye ee 228 1 Abdomen shining brassy black, the margins whitish pollinose, wings hyaline, the base and a large spot on middle extending from costa to fifth vein smoky. (See above under 4.) ceneoventris Will. Abdomen subopaque whitish pollinose, the first segment, a dorsal vitta on the others, and the hind margins of the second and third black; black, the palpi yellow; thorax, when viewed from behind, sabopaque, traces of a yellowish pollinose spot in front of the scutellum; eyes separated slightly wider than width of lowest ocellus, wings smoky, the hind margin subhyaline; calypteres yellowish; length, 6 mm. Woodbury, N. J. A single male specimen, collected June 7, 1896, by C. W. Johnson. Type No. 3526, U. S. National Museum........ subopaca 0. sp. 12. Last section of third vein less than one-sixth as long as the pre. ceding section, small crossvein nearer to tip of auxiliary vein than to tip of first vein, eyes separated less than width of low- est ocellus, wings from base almost to small crossvein dusky yellowish, the remainder brown, calypteres brown, the margin, the lower edge of the front one broadly, and of the hind one at its base white; otherwise as in the female (under 5 above), Lufkin, Tex., October 17, 1896. A single male specimen, col- HEC LeG DNC rwWy « JONSON 2.032 sue oR ee grandis T. Sp. Last section of third vein over one-fourth as long as the preceding section, Small crossvein not nearer to tip of auxiliary vein than to tip of first vein, eyes separated one and one-half times width of lowest ocellus, abdomen with a strong brassy or violaceous tinge, wings from base to beyond base of discal cell yellowish, the remainder brown, the hind margin subhyaline; otherwise as in the female (under 5 above). Beverly, Mass. (October 11, 1870, Edw. Burgess); Oswego, N. Y. (October 4, 1895, C. W. Johnson), and Indiana. Three male specimens. .diversa nu, Sp. Genus TRICHOPODA Latr. Trichopoda Latreille, in Cuvier’s Regne animal, Vol. V; 1829. Our species have one postsutural and two sternopleural macrochete, apical cell short petiolate: Ne MmOaoneM partly or wholly yellowish?) ~ 0.45... 2222202. 2 eee Se 2. Abdomen and legs wholly black, the former not pollinose; wings black, not marked with white or yellow, the hind margin sub- hyaline; lower calypteres brown, the bases white; thorax deep black, the sides, transverse suture, and two subdorsal vitte in front of it light gray pollinose; length, 10 to14 mm. Florida; Waco, Tex., and Colorado. (Systema Antliatorum, p. 220; Re ie CE CHUA on riao ee se ool: fe vam ca agin 6°. lanipes Fabr. 48 2. Without any fascivw of gray pollen on the abdomen, which is sub- shining and almost or wholly destitute of pollen............ 3 With an opaque, interrupted fascia of yellowish pollen on the second, third, and fourth segments of the abdomen; scutellum and femora yellow, thorax shining black, the portion in front of the transverse suture yellowish pollinose and marked with three or four black vittie; wings brown, the costal margin more or less yellow, the hind margin broadly hyaline; lower calypteres yel- lowish; length, 7 to 11 mm. District of Columbia; Texas, and Napa County, Cal. (Systema Antliatorum, p. 220; 1805: The- reva. Trichopoda histrio Walker, List of Dipterous Insects, Part LV, p.697; 1849. Trichopoda trifasciata Loew, Dipt. Amer. Sept. Indigena, Centuria IV, No. 90; 1863: also Brauner and Bergenstamm 27 tia) 202: e eee eee ee plumipes Fabr. 3. Lower calypteres wholly yellowish; abdomen bright yellow, the apex _— sometimes black; legs black, bases of femora sometimes yellow, hind margin of wings subhyaline._ 22:2. sse.2.4 25-2 ee ee 4, Lower calypteres brown, the bases white; abdomen yellowish brown, the fifth segment yellow, legs black, the bases of the middle and hind femora sometimes yellow; wings brown, a white vitta along each of the first five veins, hind margin subhyaline; length 14 to 17 mm. District of Columbia; Waco, Tex., and Tehuantepec, Mexico. (Aussereuropiiische Zweif. Insekten, Vol. II, p. 268; 1830. Trichopoda radiata Loew, Dipt. Amer. Sept. Indigena, Centuria IV, No. 89; 1863: also Brauer and Bergen- Stamamacvn litt.) 280 Seen eee ee. aay ae eer eee Jormosa Wied. 4, Penultimate section of fourth vein of male bordered in front with —_ whitish, the first five veins usually partly bordered with white, a yellowish spot on front part of each wing of the male; length, 9to14mm. West Roxbury, Mass.; Distriet of Columbia; Vir- - ginia; Tifton, Ga.; Biscayne Bay, Florida; Cadet, Mo.; Douglas County, Kans., and Texas. (Aussereuropiiische Zweif. Insek- ten, Vol. Il, p.276; 1830. Thereva pennipes Fabricius, Systema Antliat., p. 219; 1805: non Musca pennipes Fabricius; 1794. Tri- chopoda aurantiaca Townsend, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, Vol. Lisp. 1403 April 27 a Sok.) Osc ns Se ee eee cilipes Wied. Penultimate section of fourth vein not bordered with whitish in either sex, any of the veins rarely bordered with whitish; wings of male usually but not always marked in front with a yellow spot; length, 7 to 12mm. Grimsby, Canada; Belmont, Mass. ; Philadelphia, Pa.; District of Columbia; North Carolina; Flor- ida; Mississippi; Lexington, Ky.; Missouri; Onaga, Kans.; Colorado; Los Angeles County, Cal., and Mexico. (Hntomolo- gia Systematica, Vol. IV, p. 348; 1794: Musca. Thereva hirtipes Fabricius, Systema Antliat., p. 219; 1805. Ocyptera ciliata Fabricius, loc. cit.,p.315. Phasia jugatoria Say, Jour, Acad. Nat. 49 Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. VI, p. 172; 1829. Trichopoda flavicornis Desvoidy, Essai sur les Myodaires, p. 284; 1830. Trichopoda pyrrhogaster Wiedemann, Aussereur. Zweif. Ins., Vol. IT, p. 272; 1830: also Brauer and Bergenstamm in litt.) ... .-pennipes Fabr. = Genus EUSIPHONA, new genus. The principal characters of this genus may be gathered from the fol- lowing description of the type species: Front of female nearly one-half as wide as either eye, ocellar bristles directed obliquely forward, frontal bristles weak, disposed in four rows, not descending beneath base of antennie, front, including the vitta, gray pollinose; sides of face bare, gray pollinose, each at narrowest point about one-seventh as wide as the median depression, the latter with a distinct median carina; vibrissze short, inserted below the level of the anterior portion of the oral margin; facial ridges bare, nearly parallel and only slightly approaching each other at the vibrissw ; cheeks extremely narrow, scarcely apparent; pro- boscis bristle-like, longer than the entire insect, geniculate in the middle, the apical half folding beneath the basal half; labella absent, palpi clavate, reaching about halfway to the anterior oral margin; antennie four-fifths as long as the face, the third joint nearly three times as long as the second, suborbicular; arista bare, thickened on the basal third, the penultimate joint shorter than broad; eyes bare; thorax lightly gray pollinose, anterior half of middle of dorsum destitute of macrochietee, two postsutural and two sternopleural macrochetie, the latter near the posterior end of the sternopleura, no other macrochetie on the pleura; scutellum subtriangular, bearing four marginal macrochete; abdomen and legs destitute of macrochete and of pollen; wings hyaline, veins bare, apical cell open at the extreme wing tip, last section of fourth vein gradually approaching the third, small crossvein near last third of discal cell, auxiliary vein lying close to the first and almost united with it at the apex. Color, black; the second antennal joint, spot at insertion of antenne, and the anterior oral margin yellow; calypteres sinall, white; length,5mm. Indianaand Colorado. Two female speci- mens. Type No. 3526, U.S. National Museum............ mird ni. Sp. Genus GYMNOPHANIA Br. and Berg. Gymnophania Brauer and Bergenstamm, Zweif. Kais. Mus. Wien, IV, p. 143; 1889. Our single species is black, the antenn and legs tinged with brown; front in male slightly narrower than width of the lowest ocellus, antenne four-fifths as long as the face, the third joint slightly shorter than the second, cheeks one-seventh as broad as the eye height; body Shining, not pollinose, only one postsutural and one sternopleural macrocheta, scutellum bearing two marginal pairs, abdomen and legs destitute of macrochete; wings hyaline, the costal margin beyond tip 3309—No, 7——4 50 of auxiliary vein slightly smoky as far as the fourth vein, last sections of third and fourth veins gradually converging, ending a short dis- tance from each other at the extreme wing tip, small crossvein at last fourth of discal cell; calypteres white; length, 4mm. White Moun- tains, New Hampshire. Five male specimens, one collected by Mrs. A. T, Slosson and the others by the late H. K. Morrison. (Gymno- phania sp., Brauer and Bergenstamm in litt.) Type No. 3528, U.S. National Wusenni ss <2 5) sas eee a ne eee ee ene montana n. Sp. Genus MYIOPHASIA Br. and Berg. Myiophasia Brauer and Bergenstamm, Zweif. Kais, Mus. Wien, V., p. 362; 1891. Phasioclista Townsend, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XVIII, p. 360 : December, 1891. Ennyomma Townsend, loc. cit., p. 371. The synonymy of the first two has already been ee by Brauer and sergenstamm.! Our two species have three postsutural and two sterno pleural macrochietie; eyes usually bare but sometimes hairy, especially in the male: Third and other segments of abdomen shining, destitute of pollen; greenish black, the lower part of the head except on the occiput, also more or less of the antennie, yellow or brown; bases of the wings yellow; length, 6 to 9 mm, White Mountains, New Hamp- shire; Massachusetts; South Carolina; Georgia; Charlotte Harbor, Florida; Colorado; and Santa Fe, N. Mex. (Aussereuropiiische Zweif. Insekten, Vol. II, p. 298; 1830: Tachina. Clytia atra Des- voidy, Essai sur les Myodaires, p. 288; 1830. Phasioclista metallica Townsend, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. X VIII, p. 370; Dee., 1891. Ennyomma clistoides Townsend, loc. cit., p. 371. Loewia ruficornis Townsend, Canadian Mntomalooiee Vol. XXIV, p. 77; April, 1392. Loewia nigrifrons Townsend, loc. cit. Clista americana Townsend, loc. cit., p. 78. Loewia globosa Townsend, Entomological News, Vol. Ill, p. 129; June, 1892. Myiophasia 2enea Wied., Brauer and aed DCT LENS AMM 1 UUs) cs on eee Se ee ee ee cenea Wied. Third and fourth segments of abdomen, and center of the second, sub- opaque gray pollinose; black, the second joint of antenne yellow, the frontal vitta and lower part of the head except the occiput brown; front of male scarcely wider than width of lowest ocellus, frontal bristles not descending below base of second antennal joint, antenne almost reaching middle of face, the third joint only slightly longer than the second, arista thickened on its basal fourth, the penultimate joint slightly longer than wide; thorax and scutellum with a bronze tinge, destitute of pollen, scutellum bearing three pairs of long marginal macrochietie; second segment of abdomen bearing a marginal pair, the third and fourth each with a marginal row; pulvilli of front tarsi slightly longer than the last tarsal ons wings Hye ae Cay Duar elon white; length, 9 ae Kae. Men: Wi Len, aloe 192; 1893. 51 min. Los Angeles, Cal. eee late tenn erect nee eee eee eke Cea ich tarsalis Coq. Last joint of front tarsi of female shorter than the second, third joint of antenne of male strongly convex on upper side, only slightly longer than wide; black, the palpi yellow; front in both sexes one and one-half times as wide as either eye, two pairs of orbital bristles, frontals descending almost to tip of second antennal joint, facial ridges bristly on the lowest two-fifths to one-half, antenn almost as long as the face, the third joint five times as long on the second, arista thickened nearly to the tip, the penultimate joint two-thirds as long as the last one; thorax gray pollinose, not black vittate, abdomen shining, bases of last three segments whitish pollinose except in the middle; wings hyaline, third vein bearing one or two bristles at the base, calypteres whitish; length, 3 to 3.5 mm. White Mount- ains, New Hampshire, and New Bedford, Mass. Three males and one female, the former collected by the late H. K. Morrison, the latter by Dr Hough 2222 ees oer ee usitata . sp. 57 Genus PLECTOPS, new genus. The characters of this genus may be gleaned from the table of genera given on a previous page and from the following description of the type species: Black, the palpi and apex of proboscis yellow; front in both sexes one and one-fourth times as wide as either eye, two pairs of orbital bristles, frontal bristles descending almost to apex of second antennal joint, cheeks one-fifth as broad as the eye height, eyes bare, head at vibrisse much shorter than at base of antenni, vibrisse inserted on a line with front edge of the oral margin, one or two bris- tles above each, antenne as long as the face, the third joint in the male three-fifths, in the female two-fifths, as broad as long, five times as long as the second, arista bare, thickened on the basal two-thirds, the penul- timate joint four times as long as broad, almost one-half as long as the last joint; thorax gray pollinose, marked with four black vitte; three postsutural and four sternopleural macrochietie, scutellum bearing two long marginal pairs; abdomen shining, the bases of the last three seg- ments narrowly white pollinose, bearing only marginal macrochiete ; wings hyaline, first vein bearing two or three bristles toward the tip, third vein bearing a single one at the base, hind crossvein nearly straight, midway between the small and the bend, the latter obtuse, not appendiculate, apical cell open, terminating at the extreme wing tip; calypteres white; last two joints of front tarsi of female dilated, the elaws and pulvilli scarcely one-third as long as the last tarsal joint, front tarsi of male not dilated, the pulviili slightly longer than the last tarsal joint, middle tibiw each bearing a single bristle on the front side near the middle, hind tibizw not ciliate; length, 4 to5 mm. District of Columbia, and Kirkwood, Mo. Five males and one female bred from Melissopus latiferreana W1sm. by Miss Mary E. Murtfeldt and this Divi- sion. Type No. 3541, U.S. National Museum...... melissopodis i. sp. Genus LISPIDEA Cog. Lispidea Coquillett, Journal N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. III, p. 51; June, 1895. Our single species is black, with yellow palpi; three postsutural and two sternopleural macrochete; length 4 to5mm. Canada and north- PEUTIC IStae (UOC Cliticy D2. inc 3.2 ft as sad < cos ass aes aw palpigera Coq. Genus THRYPTOCERA Macq. Thryptocera Macquart, Histoire Nat. Inseetes, Dipteres, Vol. II, p. 87; 1835. Herbstia Desvoidy, Annales Soc. Ent. France, p. 184; 1851. (Non Edwards; 1834.) This synonymy is given by Rondani! and repeated by Schiner;? ! Dipterologixe Italiczee Prodromus, Vol. III, p. 12; 1859. ?Fauna Austriaca, Vol. I, p. 517; 1862. 58 Herbstia is not mentioned by Brauer and Bergenstamm: Penultimate joint of arista twice as long as broad, one-sixth as long as the last joint, legs black; black, the first two joints of anten- ne, palpi, apex of proboscis, of scutellum, and sides of the first two segments of abdomen, yellow; third joint of antenne brown; head at vibrissze as long as at base of antenne, front of female one and one-fifth times as wide as either eye, frontal bristles descending to base of third antennal joint, two pairs of orbital bristles, cheeks one-fifth as broad as the eye-height, vibrissze on a level with front edge of oral margin, ridges bristly on the low- est fourth, antennie nearly as long as the face, the third joint five times as long as the second, arista thickened on the basal three-fourths; thorax gray pollinose, marked with four black vittie; three postsutural and three sternopleural macrochete, scutellum bearing two long marginal pairs and a very short apical pair; abdomen subopaque gray pollinose, last three seg- ments bearing marginal macrochete; front tarsi slender: wings hyaline, third vein bristly halfway to small crossvein, hind crossvein midway between the small and the bend, calypteres white; length, 6 mm. New Bedford, Mass. A single female specimen, collected by Dr. Garry deN. Hough. Type No. 35435, WS; National Museum 5-32.) eek. eee atripes Nn. Sp. Penultimate joint of arista nearly one-half as long as the last joint, femora and tibiz yellow; frontal vitta, face and cheeks yellow, only one or two bristles above each vibrissa, third joint of anten- ne three times as long as the second, arista thickened on the basal two-thirds, thorax not distinctly vittate, scutellum bearing three long marginal pairs of macrochete, third vein bristly almost to the small crossvein; length 4 mm.; otherwise as in the above description of atripes. White Mountains, New Hamp- shire. Two female specimens collected by Mrs. A. T. Slosson and the late H. K. Morrison. Type No. 3544, U. 8. National Maseuin ie ss Sareea oc = pane ee eee flavipes n. sp. Genus ACTIA Desv. Actia Desvoidy, Essai sur les Myodaires, p. 85; 1830. Ceromya Desvoidy, loc. cit., p. 86. Gymnopareia Brauer and Bergenstamm, Zweif. Kais. Mus. Wien, IV, p. 103; 1889. This synonymy is according to Brauer and Bergenstamm.' Our two species have four postsutural and three sternopleural macrochete: First vein bristly on its apical third only, frontal vitta next the antenne twice as wide as either side of the front, abdomen and legs yellow; length 5 mm. From the type specimen. White Mountain, New Hampshire. (Journal N. Y. Ent. Soe., Vol. III, p. 50; June, 1895: Lasioneura. Gymnopareia sp., Brauer and Bergenstamm wniliitiyoine 2) ee ae ee eee palloris Coq. Do First vein bristly on nearly its entire length, frontal vitta next the antenne scarcely wider than either side of the front, abdomen and legs varying from yellow to black, fourth vein sometimes almost obsolete beyond the bend; length, 4 to 6 mm. White Mountains and Franconia, N. H.; District of Columbia; south- ern Illinois, and Germany. a. (Journal N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. III, p. 105; Sept., 1895: SUID OU TIS rE es tee eee Atk tae ETS OM eee a est oe thecata Coq. Scutellum and abdomen yellow, last two or three segments of the latter sometimes marked with a dorsal spot of brown or black; length,7tollmm. Andover, Mass.; Ithaca, N.Y.; Jacksonville, Fla., and Onaga, Kans. (Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences Phila., Vol. VL., p. 177; 1829: Dexia. Myiobia depile Coquillett, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sciences Phila., p. 313; Sept., 1895.)...-analis Say. Genus LESKIOMIMA Br. and Berg. Leskiomima Brauer and Bergenstamm, Zweif. Kais. Mus. Wien, V, p. 372; 1891. The type species is yellow, the upper part of the occiput, dorsum of thorax, tarsi, and usually a few spots on the abdomen, black; usually three postsutural and three sternopleural macrochetie; length, 6 to 8 mm. White Mountains and Franconia, N. H.; New York, N. Y.; Ches- ter County, Pa.; Virginia; North Carolina, and Lake Worth, Florida. (Ausser. Zweif. Insekten, Vol. II, p. 251; 1830: Stomoxys. Leskiomima tenera Wied., Brauer and Bergenstamm in litt.)......-.-- tenera Wied. Genus APINOPS, new genus. The characters of this new genus may be gleaned from the following description of the type species: Black; head at vibrissie slightly longer than at base of antenne; front, including the vitta, gray polli- nose, in the male about one-half, in the female two-thirds, as wide as either eye; ocellar bristles directed forward, frontal bristles descend- ing nearly to middle of second antennal joint; three pairs of orbital bristles in the female, wanting in the male; antenn six-sevenths as long as the face, third joint one and one-half times as long as the sec- ond, rounded at the tip, arista bare, thickened to the middle, the penultimate joint slightly longer than broad; sides of tace bare, each at narrowest part scarcely one-tenth as wide as the median depres- sion; vibrisse strong, situated on a line with front edge of oral margin, two or three bristles above each; cheeks one-seventh as wide as the eye height; proboscis slender, rigid, the portion beyond the basal articulation one and one sixth times as long as height of head, labella not developed; palpi minute, scarcely longer than broad, tipped with a short bristle; thorax grayish pollinose, marked with four black 1Zweif. Kais. Mus. Wien, VI, p. 140; 1893. 68 vittie; three postsutural and two sternopleural macrochiete ; scutellum bearing three pairs of long marginal macrochietie; abdomen shining, a pair of marginal macrochete on the first and second segments and a marginal row on the third; genitalia projecting at least twice the length of the fourth abdominal segment beyond the latter, curved beneath the abdomen; first segment of abdomen in the female greatly dilated ventrally; hind tibiz not ciliate with bristles; front pulvilli in female one-half as long as, in the male about as long as, the last tarsal joint; wings hyaline, a single bristle at base of the third vein, other veins bare, apical cell open at the extreme tip of wing, bend of fourth vein arcuate, hind crossvein nearly perpendicular, midway between the small crossvein and bend of the fourth vein; calypteres white; length, 4to5mm. Southern Illinois. Two males and one female collected by Charles Robertson. Type No. 3559, U.S. National Museum. .atra n. sp. Genus LEUCOSTOMA Meig. Leucostoma Meigen, in Illiger’s Magazin fiir Insektenkunde, Vol. II, p. 279; 1803. Clelia Desvoidy, Kssai sur les Myodaires, p. 255; 1830. Psalida Rondani, Dipterologix Italicee Prodromus, Vol. I, p. 76; 1856. This synonymy is given by Schiner! and repeated by Brauer and Bergenstamm.? Our species are black, the palpi sometimes yellow; three sternopleural and usually three postsutural macrochete : 1. Thorax shining, almost destitute of pollen, frontal vitta at the lowest ocellus narrower than either side of the front at the same point, scutellum bearing three pairs of marginal macrochiete, first two segments of abdomen each bearing a marginal pair, palpi yellow: #2 P22 ene ae oe ee ee 2. Thorax opaque, densely gray pollinose, frontal vitta of female at the lowest ocellus twice as wide as either side of the front, palpi black; front of female one and one-third times as wide as either eye, two pairs of orbital bristles, cheeks one-sixth as wide as the eye-height, antennw two thirds as long as the face, the third joint as long as the second, arista thickened on the basal three- fifths, the penultimate joint shorter than broad; thorax not dis- tinetly vittate, scutellum densely gray pollinose, bearing two pairs of long marginal macrochietie, abdomen shining, basal haif of the last three segments gray pollinose, first two segments destitute of macrochietie, those of the other two segments very short, genitalia of female claw-like, curved beneath the body; wings hyaline, third vein bearing two or three bristles near the base, hind crossvein straight, one and one-third times as long as the last section of the third vein, situated midway between the small crossvein and the bend; calypteres white; length, 5mm. Clementon, N. J. A single female specimen collected 1Fauna Austriaca, Vol. I, p. 542; 1862. 2 Zweif. Kais. Mus, Wien, VI, Index; 1893. 69 May 30, 1895, by Mr. C. W. Johnson. Type No. 3563, U.S. Niaiomele VENISCUUM i =. ee oe. oe oe 3 LS subopaca 0. sp. 2. Abdomen entirely destitute of pollen; length, 4 to 5 mm. White Mountains, New Hampshire; Massachusetts, and northern Iili- nois. (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. X VIII, p. 380; December, InSb 5 28 SB saleable ket Spe ee atra Town. Abdomen grayish pollinose on the bases of the last three segments; length, 4.5 to 7 mm. Maryland; Tifton, Ga.; Las Cruces, N. Mex.; Canon City, Colo., and Washington. (Can. Entomologist, Vol. XXIV, p. 81; April, 1892: Phyto. Leucostoma neomexicana Townsend, loc. cit., p. 169; July. Phyto nigricornis Townsend, loc. eit... p..L70; from a cotype Specimen.).-...... senilis Town. Genus SCIASMA, new genus. The characters of this genus may be gleaned from the table of genera given in a previous part of the present work and from the following deseription of the type species: Black, the antennie and palpi yellow, the femora sometimes partly or wholly yellow; front of male from as wide to twice ax wide, in the female six times as wide, as width of low- est ocellus, bare except the frontal bristles which descend to base of second antennal joint, ocellar bristles wanting, two pairs of orbital bristles in the female, wanting in the male; cheeks one-tenth as wide as the eye-height, sides of face bare, each scarcely as wide as the lowest ocellus, eyes bare, vibrissie on a level with front edge of oral margin, two or three bristles above each; head at vibrissie almost as long as at base of antennie, antenne from three-fourths to four-fifths as long as the face, the third joint twice as long as the second, arista bare, thick- ened on the basal fourth, the penultimate joint shorter than broad; body shining, destitute of pollen; two postsutural and three sterno- pleural macrochetie, seutellum bearing two marginal pairs, abdomen of four segments, the first two destitute of dorsal macrochetie, the third and fourth each with a marginal row, genitalia of male large, curved beneath the third and fourth segments of the abdomen, in the female nearly concealed in the fourth segment; wings hyaline, costal cell brown, a brown spot extending from the hind crossvein to tip of second vein, and from the costa to the fourth or fifth vein; third vein bearing a single bristle at its base, hind crossvein straight, at first third or two- fifths of distance from the small to bend of fourth, the latter arcuate and destitute of an appendage, apical cell closed, third vein ending at the extreme wingtip, its last section as long as the hind crossvein; calypteres white except apical half of hind ones, which is black; hind tibiw not ciliate, dilated in the male, front pulvilli in both sexes almost as long as the last tarsal joint; length,3to4mm. New Bedford, Mass. ; Jamesburg, N. J., and Tifton, Ga. Twenty-six males and one female, collected by Dr. Garry deN. Hough, Mr. C. W. Johnson, and Mr, G. R. Pilate. Type No. 3564, U.S. National Museum....-..-. nebulosa 1. Sp. 70 Genus HYALOMYODES Town. Hyalomyodes Townsend, Psyche, Vol. VI, p. 429; April, 1893. Our single species is black, the palpi yellow; eyes of male almost contiguous, but in the female separated at least one and one-half times the width of the lowest ocellus; abdomen on last three segments gray pollinose, the second and third segments in the female each bearing a pair of large triangular black spots, indistinct or wanting in the male; front pulvilli of female less than two-thirds as long as the last tarsal joint; length, 4 to 5 mm. White Mountains, N. H.; New Bedford, Mass.; Maryland; Tifton, Ga., and Colorado. (Dipt. Amer. Sept. Indig., Centuria 1V, No. 85; 1863: Hyalomyia. Hyalomyodes weedii Townsend, Psyche, Vol. VI, p. 480; April, 1893.). ..triangulifera Loew. Genus (ESTROPHASIA Br. and Berg. (Estrophasia Brauer and Bergenstamm, Zweif. Kais. Mus. Wien, IV, p. 145; 1889. Phasiopteryx Brauer and Bergenstamm, loc. cit., p. 146. Neoptera van der Wulp, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Diptera, Vol. II, p. 165; June, 1890. Cenosoma van der Wulp, loc. cit., p. 166. Euestrophasia Townsend, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIX, p. 155; June, 1892. The synonymy of the last two with (istrophasia, and of Neoptera with Phasiopteryx, has already been given by Brauer and Bergen- stamm.' Phasiopteryx is not sufficiently distinct from Cistrophasia to be retained as a distinct genus. Our species have three postsutural and two sternopleural macrochiete : if Wines destibute of brown markings 22.03 /.2.5.225 2 326 ee ee os Wings distinctly marked with brown: =: 2.2.2 2-2.1. a S252 Se 2. 2, Diseal cell crossed by a brown crossband, hind crossvein not wholly bordered with brown, a brown border to the fifth vein and a brown crossband beyond the discal cell; yellow, an ocellar dot and usually from one to three spots or a fascia on hind margin of each segment of the abdomen, and sometimes one or more on the thorax, black; length,4to5mm. Toronto, Canada; Franconia, N.H.; Philadelphia, Pa.,and Florida. (Bio)..Cent.-Amer., Dip- tera, Vol. II, p. 167; June, 1890: Cenosoma.) .-signifera v. da. W. Discal cell not crossed by a brown ecrossband, hind crossvein bor- dered with brown, second basal and anal cells, and wing in front of third vein from humeral to slightly beyond small cross- vein, also a brown crossband extending over the hind crossvein and bordering the fifth vein except near base of discal cell, brown; yellow, the upper part of the occiput sometimes blackish, thorax sometimes black dorsally, or with two vitte and an ante- rior spot black; abdomen with the hind margin of each segment 'Zweif. Kais. Mus. Wien, VI, pp. 218 and 234; 1895. (Al black and sometimes with a black dorsal vitta; length, 5.5 mm. Tewksbury, Mass., and Veta Pass, Colorado. (Zweif. Kais. Mus. Wien, IV, p. 145; 1889: also in litt.)...... clausa Br. and Berg. 3. Antenne reaching at least halfway to the oral margin, the tip less than the length of the second joint from the point where the facial ridges approach each other the most closely; submarginal cell in the male scarcely over one-half as wide as the greatest distance from the third vein to the hind margin of the wing, front in the female noticeably widening anteriorly.......... 4, Antenne reaching two-fifths of distance from their base to the oral margin, the tip nearly three times the length of the second joint from the point where the facial ridges approach each other the most closely; front in female three-fourths as wide as either eye, its sides parallel. (According to Brauer and Bergenstamm, the submarginal cell in the male is as wide as the greatest distance from the third vein to the hind margin of the wing, and the second vein near its middle and the costa opposite it are greatly swollen.) Length,S mm. Texas. (Zweif. Kais. Mus. Wien,IV, p. 147; 1889: Phasiopteryx. Also in litt.) . . bilimekit Br. and Berg. 4, Front in the male nearly one-half, in the female two-thirds, as wide as either eye; second vein in the male with a large swelling near the middle and another on the costa opposite it; submar- ginal cell almost twice as wide as length of the hind crossvein; length, 5.5 to7 mm. Charlotte Harbor, Florida. (Journal N. Y. Ent. Soe., Vol. Ill, p. 52; June, 1895: Clytiomyia. Phasiop- teryu bilimekit Br. and Berg., Brauer and Bergenstamm in WOT Reese rere eA Sp hy Sy Feet sep a a Bee punctata Coq. Front in the male scarcely one-eighth, in the female one and one- third times, as wide as either eye; second vein destitute of a swelling, submarginal cell less than two-thirds as wide as length of hind crossvein; length, 7 to 8 mm. Georgia, Texas, and Colorado. (Annales Soc. Entomol. France, p. 268; 1888: Pyr- (RO SULIM tre CS Ber ORE Coe RE ERC ee ochracea Bigot. Genus CLYTIOMYIA Rond. Clytia Desvoidy, Essai sur les Myodaires, p. 287; 1830. (Non Lamarck, 1812; non Huebner, 1816.) Clytionya Rondani, Dipterologiz Italie Prodromus, Vol. 1V, p. 9; 1861. The latter term was proposed to take the place of Clytia, which had been used twice previously as a generic name. Our species have three postsutural and two sternopleural macrochiete : Legs black, entire insect, except the yellow palpi, black; calypteres white, wings hyaline; length, 7 mm. Washington. (Journal Neve oc., Vol. DEL. ps 53;° June; 1895.) .- -. .- - - atrata Coq. Legs yellow; head and its members except the eyes and upper part of the occiput, usually the apex of scutellum, and abdomen 12 except a dorsal row of spots and the hind edges of the last two segments, yellow; last two segments of abdomen sometimes almost wholly black; length, 5 to 8 mm. White Mountains, New Hampshire, and Agricultural College, Miss. (Trans. Ai. Ent. Soc., Vol. XVIII, p. 372; December, 1891: Clytia. Redten- bacheria sp., Brauer and Bergenstamm in litt.).---- flava Town. Genus EUTRIXA, new genus. The principal characters of this genus have been given in the table of genera on previous pages of this work. The type species is black, the lower part of the front, face, antennie, base of arista, cheeks, pro- boscis, palpi, femora, and tibiwe, yellowish; apex of antennie and the proboscis sometimes brown; three postsutural and two sternopleural macrochetie; apex of antenne less than the length of the second antennal joint from the point where the facial ridges approach each other the most closely; length, 6to 8mm. Franconia, N. H.; Mary- land, and District of Columbia. (List of Dipterous Insects, Part IV, p. 753; 1849: Tachina. Ciytiomyia exile Coquillett, Journal N. Y. Ent. Soc: Vol, ETE. p. 00; Jumen 1395.) 22 i. es ee Be masuria Wall. Genus XANTHOMELANA v. d. W. Xanthomelana van der Wulp, Tijd. voor Entomologie, Vol. XXXY, p. 188; 1892. Xanthomelanodes Townsend, Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XXV, p. 167; July, 1893. The latter name was proposed for Xanthomelana under the mistaken idea that this name is preoccupied by Xanthomelon; but the two terms do not conflict with each other. Our two species have three post- sutural macrochiets, scutellum bearing two marginal pairs; wings on costal half or less brown, the remainder hyaline or subhyaline: 1. Oral margin bearing black macrochiete in addition to the vibrisse, legs black, bases ‘of femora yellow. 2.25.2. 22- 22224: 2-2 eee Le Oral margin destitute of black macrochwete besides the vibrisse, legs yellow, apices of tibie and the tarsi black; black, the antenne, face, cheeks, palpi, abdomen except a spot on each side of first segment at its base and a triangular dorsal spot on posterior part of second and third segments, coxie, femora, and tibie except the apices, yellow; abdomen shining, the fourth segment and sometimes the base of the third thinly yellowish pollinose; wings hyaline, the costal margin to slightly below tie third vein smoky brown; posterior calypteres yellow, the bases white; length, 7 mm. Horseneck Beach, Mass. ae eee ne IR ee RS webs ATE oe ener ee AE 3 2. Hemora andtibie blacks.i. 2. ose. eee eee ee eee 4, 2 wweutellum, yellow. se < ..o.csee ot os Se bake eee ee 3. Scutellum and proboscis black, the latter beyond the basal articu- lation one and one-third times as long as height of head, fourth segment of abdomen reddish yellow, sides of first two segments usually yellow; length,4 to 7mm. Tifton,Ga. (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIX, p. 117; May, 1892: Siphoclytia.) robertsonit Town. 3. Arista thickened on at least the basal two-fifths, proboscis beyond the basal articulation twice as long as height of head, three times as long as the palpi; length, 6 mm. From two cotype specimens. Las Cruces, N. Mex. (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XVII, p.378; December, 1891: Drepanoglossa.) .. .lucens Town. Arista thickened on the basal fourth, proboscis one and one-half ° times as long as height of head, twice as long as the palpi; length, 8mm. Southern California. From the type specimen. (Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XX VII, p.126; May, 1895: Dre- PONOQUOSSG..), Ae Wh eps ese ge ee occidentalis Coq. 4, Abdomen not pollinose on broad apex of each segment. ...-..-- - D: Abdomen wholly pollinose, three postsutural and three sternopleural macrochietie, proboscis beyond the basal articulation one and one-half times as long as height of head, palpi yellow; length, 5mm. From the type specimen. California. (Canadian Entomol- ogist, Vol. XX VII, p. 128; May, 1895: Siphophyto.)..opaca Coq. 5s, Palpt yellow... ...2.Jo ces. << 4-5 se let oree se Soe ee ee 6. Palpi black, three postsutural and three sternopleural macrochiet, proboscis one and three-fourths times as long as height of head ; length, 5 mm. White Mountains, New Hampshire; Woodbury, N.J.; Suffolk, Va., and Tifton, Ga. (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soce., Vol. XVI, (p: 376; December, 11691.) 522 eee polita Town. 15 6. Proboscis at most one and one-half times as long as height of head, three postsutural and four sternopleural macrochetie, second and third segments of abdomen shining except on base of SEIS. foes Ad Bee ote ope a Ra a ee tf Proboscis three times as long as height of head, four postsutural and four sternopleural macrochietie, second and third segments of abdomen each marked with two shining black, triangular spots; length,5 mm. Maryland. (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIX, p. 129; June, 1892: Coronimyia.)........ geniculata Town. 7. Third joint of antennz strongly concave on the front edge; length, 5mm. White Mountains, New Hampshire; District of Colum- bia; Virginia, and Southern Illinois. (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, Vol. XIX, p. 128; May, 1892: Siphophyto. Siphophyto neomexi- canus Townsend, 1. c. Gymnopareia americana Br, and Berg. MSS., Brauer and Bergenstamm in litt.)...... HNoridensis Town Third joint of antenne strongly convex on the front edge; length, 4 mm. Southern California. (Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XXVII, p. 127; May, 1895: Siphophyto.).......... setigera Coq. Genus SIPHONA Meig. Siphona Meigen, in Iliger’s Magazin fiir Insektenkunde, Vol. II, p. 281; 1803. Bucentes Latreille, Genera Crust. et Insectorum, Vol. IV, p. 339; 1809. This synonymy is given by St. Fargeau and Serville,! and repeated by most later authors. Our species have three postsutural and three sternopleural macrochetie, third vein bristly at least halfway to the small crossvein, two pairs of orbital bristles in both sexes, palpi and greater part of femora and tibix yellow: hae 1. Terminal section of proboscis laterally compressed: and widened, at most three-fourths as long as height of head..........-. 2. Terminal section bristle-like, at least as long as height of head; abdomen opaque gray pollinose, black, the sides of the first two or three segments sometimes partly or wholly yellow; length, to6mm. Toronto, Canada; White Mountains and Franconia, N. H.; Beverly, Mass.; District of Columbia; North Carolina; northern [linois; Colorado; England, and Austria. Two males and one female from Austria received from Brauer and Bergen- stamm,and by them labeled Siphona geniculata Meig.; also three females from England, received from EH. Brunetti, and by him labeled Siphona geniculata. (Memoires servir Histoire Insectes, Vol. VI, p. 20; 1776: Musca. The following synonymy is by St. Fargeau and Serville, in Encycl. Méthodique, Vol. X, p. paket 1828: Stomoxys minuta Fabricius, Systema Antliatorum, p. 282; 1805. The following is by Meteo, in Syst. Besch. Kur. Zweit. In. Vol: IV, p. 154, 1824, and repeated by most later authors: Bucentes cinereus Latreille, Gen. Crus. Insect., A ol. LV. Daood: 1309. The imines clopédie Meahodiaue: Vol. X, p. 500; 1828. —— 76 following is by Macquart, in Annales Soc. Entomol. France, p. 294; 1845: Siphona cinerea! Meigen, System. Besch. Eur. Zweif. Ins., Vol. LV, p. 156; 1824. The following is by Rondani in Dipt. Italics Prod., Vol. III, p. 10, 1859, and is repeated by Schiner: Siphona nigrovittata and analis Meigen, System. Besch. Eur. Zweif. Insekten, Vol. 1V, p. 157; 1824. Syphona persilla Desvoidy, Essai sur les Myod., p. 92; 1830. Syphona tris- tis Desvoidy, Annales Soc. Entomol]. France, p. 203; 1850. Syphona fuscicornis and consimilis Desvoidy, loc. cit., p. 205. The following is by the writer: Siphona illinoiensis Townsend, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XVIII, p. 368; December, 1891. Siphona sp., Brauer and Bergenstamm in litt.)..geniculata DeG. 2. Abdomen opaque gray pollinose, black, the sides of the first two segments sometimes partly or wholly yellow, terminal joint of the proboscis at least two-thirds as long as height of head; length, 3 to 4.5mm. From the type specimen. Southern Cali- fornia. (Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XX VII, p.125; May, 1895. a Siphona sp., Brauer and Bergenstamm in litt.)....- plusie Coq. Abdomen shining, destitute of pollen, yellow, a dorsal vitta and hind margins of last three segments black; insect elsewhere black, the face, palpi, apex of scutellum, cox, femora and tibice yellow, apices of femora brown, frontal vitta brownish yellow, antenne and proboscis yellowish brown, the base and apex of the latter more yellow; terminal joint of proboscis one-half as long as height of head, thorax gray pollinose, not distinctly vittate, scutellum bearing three long marginal pairs and a short apical pair of macrochiet«e, last three segments of abdomen bearing only marginal ones; wings hyaline, calypteres whitish ; length, 4mm. Kirkwood, Mo. Three female specimens from Miss M. E. Murtfeldt. Type No. 3574, U. S. National Mu- S@UIM. 5sda lek 22 cee Eteeeie Be 2 one one brevirostris Ni. sp. Genus HETEROPTERINA Macq. Heteropterina Macquart, Annales Soc. Ent. France, p. 426; 1854. Our species is black, the palpi and usually the base of the antenne, sides of first three segments of the abdomen, femora, and tibize yellow; last three segments of abdomen each marked with a transverse row of five black spots, two of which are on the lateral margins; three post- sutural and two sternopleural macrochete, scutellum bearing three marginal pairs; length, 3.5 to5 mm. From the type speeimen. North- ern Illinois; Colorado, and Los Angeles County, Cal. (Entomological News; Vol..V 1, p. 2075, April, 1399.)\2 eer Bee eee nasont Coq. 10n page 501 of the Encyclopédie Méthodique, Vol. X, 1828, St. Fargeau and Ser- ville propose the name of Meigeni for cinerea Meigen, which had been previously used in this genus by Latreille, and this name must therefore also be added to the synonymy. “rt Fr" Cl Genus PLAGIPROSPHERYSA Town. Plagiprospherysa Townsend, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIX, p. 118; May, 1892. Our species is black, the first two joints of the antenne, palpi, apex of scutellum and sometimes the front corners of the second and third seements of the abdomen, yellow; three postsutural and three sterno- pleural macrochetie, two on the front side of each middle tibia near its middle; length,6to9mm. Georgia; Organ Mountains and Las Cruces, N. Mex., Colorado, Tenino, Wash., and southern California. (Biol. Cent.-Amer., Diptera, Vol. II, p. 124; May, 1890: Prospherysa. Plagi- prospherysa valida Townsend, Trans. Amer. Ent Soc., Vol. XLX, p. 113; May, 1892. Plagiprospherysa floridensis Townsend, loc. cit., p. MBI fe) Pe ce fe Sees Solas aie ce a) Snb os cic ee hs ee tes es parvipalpis v. d. W. Genus METAPLAGIA Coq. Metaplagia Coquillett, Journal N. Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. III, p. 102; September, 1895. Our species is black, the first two joints of the antennie and the palpi, yellow; three postsutural and three sternopleural macrochete ; leneti, 7 mm. From the type specimen. San Diego County, Cal. Gog. Git., p. 103.) . =... Re Pa Rene tee te NS HS NS = occidentalis Coq. Genus PARAPLAGIA Br. and Berg. Paraplagia Brauer and Bergenstamm, Zweif. Kais. Mus. Wien, V, p. 354; 1891. Ouv two species are black, the first two joints of the antenne and palpi yellow; three postsutural and three sternopleural macrochietie: Third joint of antenne at most one and one-half times as long as the second, third vein bristly almost to tip of discal cell, first seg- ment of abdomen destitute of macrochiete; length, 6 to 8 mm. District of Columbia; northern Ilinois, and Colorado. (Annales Soc. Entomol. France, p. 262; 1888: Heteropterina. Paraplagia Third joint of antenne three times as long as the second, third vein not bristly to the small crossvein, first segment of abdomen bear- ing a pair of long macrochictie; front of female one and one-fifth times as wide as either eye, three pairs of orbital bristles, the median pair small, frontal bristles descending to tip of second antennal joint, sides of face wholly covered with short hairs and each bearing a row of about six macrochwte, cheeks nearly one-half as broad as the eye height, arista thickened on the basal two-thirds, the penultimate joint one and one-half times as long as broad; thorax thinly gray pollinose, marked with four black vittie; abdomen white pollinose on bases of last three segments, these bearing discal and marginal macrochete; wings hyaline, 78 calypteres white; length 8 mm. Missouri. A single female’ specimen bred from an unknown Lepidopterous larva on Trios- teum. Type No. 3578, U.S. National Museum... -erucicola n. sp. Genus CYRTOPHL@BA Rond. Cyrtophlaba Rondani, Dipterologivw Italic Prodromus, Vol. I, p. 68; 1856. Our single species is black, with a strong tinge of bronze, the palpi and first two joints of the antennie yellowish, three postsutural and three sternopleural macrochetie, second and third abdominal segments bearing discal and marginal ones; length, 7 to 10 mm. Toronto, Canada; New Bedford and Hyde Park, Mass.; Ithaca, N. Y., and northern Illinois. (Journal N. Y. Ent. Soe., Vol. ILI, p. 101; Septem- 3 [815 hg) UI) a epee ee ee ee ar ee Pe Ag se Ae a Ee 1, horrida' Coq. Genus PLAGIA Meig. Plagia Meigen, System. Besch. Eur. Zweif. Insekten, Vol. VII, p. 201; 1838 Our species has three postsutural and three sternopleural macrochete, proboscis thick, fleshly, less than twice as long as thick, basal half of palpi and the antenn black, lowest frontal bristles directed down- ward, third vein at most bristly slightly beyond the small crossvein; length, 7 to 9 mm. Northern [linois; St. Louis, Mo.; Los Angeles County, Cal.; Allende and Diaz, Mexico. (Biol. Cent.-Amer., Diptera, Vol. I], p. 102; March, 1890. Plagia aurifrons Townsend, Canadian —— lKntomologist, Vol. XXIV, p. 67; March, 1892.).... americana v. d. W. Genus SIPHOPLAGIA Town. Siphoplagia Townsend, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XVIII, p. 349; November, 1891. Our species are black, the first two joints of antennie, lower part of face, cheeks, and palpi, yellow; body subopaque gray pollinose, thorax marked with four black vitte; three postsutural and three sterno- pleural macrochetie, middle tibiz: each bearing four on the front side near the middle, second and third segments of abdomen bearing only marginal macrochietie; length, 8 mm. Fifth vein bare, middle pair of orbital bristles very small. Los Ange- les County, Cal. (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. X VIII, p. 350; November; S91 2225. o. oe ence oe eee oe eae anomala 'Town. Fifth vein bristly, middle pair of orbital bristles as large as the others. Toronto, Canada, and Colorado. (Biol. Cent.-Amer., Diptera, Vol. II, p. 102; March, 1890: Plagia.)....- rigidirostris v. d. bs The Cyr iophiaba en Gioia: ame Boll. Aas, Vick roaee Italy, Vol. VIII, p. 6, 1893, does not belong to this genus, since the hind crossvein is nearly perpendic- ular, the first vein bristly, etc. f\-*) Genus DISTICHONA v. d. W. Distichona van der Wulp, Biologia Cent.-Amer., Diptera, Vol. II, p. 44; Jan., 1890. Pseudogermaria Brauer and Bergenstamm, Zweif. Kais. Mus. Wien, V, p. 352; 1891. Olenocheta Townsend, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIX, p. 114; May, 1892. This synonymy is original with the writer. Our two species have four postsutural and four sternopleural macrochzetie, palpi yellow: Apical cell open; scutellum largely, sides and fourth segment of the abdomen, also the femora and tibiw, yellow; length, 8 mm. Georgia. (Zweif. Kais. Mus. Wien, V, p. 352; 1891: Pseudoger- IAEA) Se ey ice A, SS Ae ae ae georgie Br. and Berg. Apical cell short petiolate; scutellum, abdomen and legs, black; length, 5 to 8 mm. District of Columbia; Tifton, Ga.; Agri- cultural College, Miss.; San Diego and Nueces, Tex.; and Las Cruces, N. Mex. (Biol. Cent.-Amer., Dipt.,; Vol. Il, p. 44; January, 1890. Olenocheta kansensis Townsend, Trans. Amer. nt. So0e.,) Vol. XLX, ps 115; May, 1892:)).2...-.- varia v. d. W. Genus CHAATOGLOSSA Town. Chetoglossa ‘Townsend, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIX, p. 125; May, 1892. Our species have three postsutural and three sternopleural macro- chet, thorax gray pollinose, marked with three broad, black vittie, wings hyaline, calypteres whitish: Third joint of antenne black; black, the second joint of the anten- ne yellow; length,6mm. Southern Florida. (Loe. cit., p. 126. Chetoglossa nigripalpis Townsend, loc. cit.).--..-. viole Town. Third joint of antenne yellow; black, the antenne and palpi yellow; length,6mm. Southern Florida. (Loe. cit.)..picticornis Town. Genus PACHYOPHTHALMUS Br. and Berg. ~ Pachyophthalmus Brauer and Bergenstamm, Zweif. Kais. Mus. Wien, IV, p. 117; 1889. Sarcomacronychia Townsend, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIX, p. 100; May, 1892. This synonym has already been published by Brauer and Bergen. stamm.'’ Our species have the thorax gray pollinose and marked with three black vittz; three postsutural and two sternopleural macrochietie : Fourth segment of abdomen wholly black; black, including the palpi; length,dtoS8mm. White Mountains and Franconia, N. H.; New Bedford, Mass.; Berkeley, W. Va.; North Carolina; Centerville, Fla., and Austria. A female from Austria received from Brauer and Bergenstamm and by them labeled Pachyophthalmus signatus Meig. (System. Besch. Eur. Zweif. Insekten, Vol. IV, p. 303; IZweif. Kais. Mus. Wien, VI, p. 195; 1893. 80 1824: Tachina. Pachyophthalmus aurifrons Townsend, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. X VIII, p. 354; November, 1891: from a cotype specimen. Pachyophthalmus sp., and Sphixapata syp., Brauer and Bergenstamm tn litt.)........-..--.-. signatus Meig. Fourth segment of abdomen largely or wholly yellow, insect else- where black; length, 5 to9 mm. Tifton, Ga.; Lake Worth, Fla.; Waco, Tex.; Colorado, and Santa Cruz Mountains and Los Angeles County, Cal. (Entomological News, Vol. III, p. 80; April, 1892. Sarcomacronychia unica Townsend, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soe., Vol. XIX, p. 101; May, 1892. Sarcomacronychia sar- cophagoides Townsend, Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XXIV, p. 165; July, 1892. Sarcomacronychia trypoxrylonis Townsend, Bulletin Ohio Agr. Exper. Station, Vol. I, No. 3, p. 165; April, —— TSO SN Ne ctom ici se eA sitts as pte ae ee ee a eee Jloridensis Town. — Genus SENOTAINIA Macq. Senotainia Macquart, Dipteres Exotiques, Supplement I, p. 167; 1846. Arrenopus Brauer and Bergenstamm, Zweif. Kais. Mus. Wien, Vol. V, p. 560; 1891. Our species have three postsutural and two sternoplural macrochie- tw, two pairs of orbital bristles in both sexes; thorax, scutellum, and legs, black: 1. hind. jontof.antennze! black 2.532 =cie LE Eee Bee ee 2. Third joint of antenne yellow, last three segments of abdomen eray pollinose on the bases, that on the second and third pro- longed to the hind end of the segments in the middle of the dorsum, where it incloses a black triangle; sides of abdomen sometimes partly yellow; length, 4 to 7mm. Toronto, Canada; New Hampshire; Springtield, Mass.; Maryland; Tifton, Ga.; Georgiana, Fla.; Lexington, Ky.; northern Illinois; Las Cruces, N. Mex., and southern California. (Dipteres Exotiques, Supp. I, p. 167; 1846. Miltogramma erythrocera Thomson, Kongliga Sven. Fregatten HKugenies Resa, Diptera, p. 523; 1568. Milto- gramma fulvicornis van der Wulp, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Diptera, Vol. I, p. 89; March, 1890. Miltogramma flavicornis Townsend, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XVIII, p. 355; November, 1891. Miltogramma similis Townsend, loc. cit., p. 357. Miltogramma kansensis Townsend, Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XXIV, p. 68; March, 1892. Miltogramma decisa ‘Townsend, Entomological News, Vol. LIE p.8l: April, 1892.2 a.2. = rubriventris Macq. 3, Abdomen wholly black. 2sy2 i224 Jseeeees 2 3 ese se Abdomen yellow, base of the first segment, apex of the fourth, and the genitalia, black, bases of the last three segments white pollinose, abdomen elsewhere shining, second segment destitute of a marginal pair of macrochietie; sides of front and the face silvery white pollinose, antenne black; thorax gray pollinose, ee a ee Aas OA ie ie es ee 81 the vittse indistinct; wings hyaline, calypteres white; length, 3 mm. Las Cruces, N. Mex. Two male specimens collected September 17, by Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell. Type No. 3580, U.S. BI ACHOM Abe MMSE IM er tytn es eas GEL Lose nana D. Sp. 3. Second segment of abdomen bearing a (distinct marginal pair of macrochietie, abdomen gray pollinose, usually marked with two or three rows of blackish spots; length, 3 to 6mm. Toronto, Canada; White Mountains, New Hampshire; Springfield, Mass. ; New York City, N. Y.; Maryland; Virginia; North Carolina; Tifton, Ga.; Texas; Colorado; Washington, and southern Cali- fornia. (Biol. Cent.-Amer., Diptera, Vol. II, p.89; March, 1890: Miltogramma, Arrenopus americana Brauer and Bergenstamm, Zweif. Kais. Mus. Wien, V, p. 361; 1891. Miltogramma argen- tifrons Townsend, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. X VIL, p. 357; November, 1891. Miltogramma cinerascens Townsend, loe. cit., p. 308. Arrenopus sp., and Sphixapata sp., Brauer and Bergen- SU CMMRUR HID IUEL Gs tS Ses) eta Abn s 5 aldo Sac trilineata v. d. W. Second segment destitute of a marginal pair of macrochetie, abdo- men shining, bases of last three segments white pollinose; black, the frontal vitta, first two joints of antennz and the palpi, yel- low; sides of front and face white pollinose, thorax whitish pollinose, the vitta not distinct, wings hyaline, calypteres white; length, 3 mm. Las Cruces, N. Mex. A single male specimen collected September 17 by Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell. Type No. SoeiesWe Se Nabional Ninseum so. ojo oe Pesce Se Jfusciata i. sp. Genus PP9EUDOTRACTOCERA Town. Pseudotractoceru Townsend, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIX, p. 107; May, 1892. Our species has three postsutural and three sternopleural macro- chietiv, is black, the first two joints of the antenne and the palpi yellow; apex of antennie distant from the oral margin the length of the third antennal joint; length, 7.5mm. From aco-type specimen. Las Cruces, Mee (OC: Clb. MOS.) Ly siorens = Selec seals gee cee Jee o% oe rostrata Coq. — 84 Genus BELVOSIA Desv. Belrosia Desvoidy, Essai sur les Myodaires, p. 103; 1830. Latreillia Desvoidy, loc. cit., p. 104. (Non Roux; 1827.) Willistonia Brauer and Bergenstamm, Zweif. Kais. Mus. Wien, IV, p. 97; 1889. The identity of Belvosia and Latreillia has been acknowledged by several authorities; and Brauer and Bergenstamm state! that the lat- ter (the name of which is preoccupied in the Crustacea) is a subgenus of Willistonia. Our species have four postsutural and four sterno- pleural macrochetiv : 1. Third abdominal segment yellowish pollinose except apically, wings brownish. 22 osee ok ee ne Se eee ee eee 2. Third segment destitute of yellowish pollen, abdomen gray polli- nose except on the fourth segment, which is yellow pollinose, frontal vitta yellow, wings hyaline; length, 10 to12 mm. Mas- sachusetts; Ithaca and New York, N. Y.; Chicago, [ll.; Tifton, Ga.; and Mississippi. (Essai sur les Myodaires, p. 105; 183 Latreiilia. Exorista flavicauda Riley, Second Rept. Ins. Mis- souri, p. 51; 1870: from the type specimen.) - -wnifusciata Desv. 2. Sides of face at narrowest part each one-third as wide as the median depression, frontal vitta yellow, abdomen black, bases of last three segments yellowish gray pollinose; length, 11 mm. Charlotte Harbor, Florida. (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences Phila., Pp. 312 Septembery 15993). 2 at he See slossone Coq. Sides of face at narrowest point each more than one half as wide as median depression, frontal vitta dark brown, abdomen black, the last two segments except their apices yellowish poilinose, base of the second sometimes also narrowly yellowish pollinose ; relation of second and third antennal joint varies as follows: female, third joint 14, 13, 2, 24 times as long as the second; male, third joint 24,5, 55, and 4 times as long as the second; facial ridges bristly in female 4, 2, and 3, in male 3 to 3 distance above the vibrissie; length, 15 to 17 mm. Springfield, Mass.; District of Coitumbia; North Carolina; Tifton, Ga.; Mississippi; St. Louis, Mo.; [linois; Los Angeles Co., Cal.; Waco, Tex., and Mexico. (Systema Kntomologiie, p. «77; 1775: Musca. Belvosia bicincta Desvoidy, Essai sur les Myod., p. 105; 1830. Latreillia bifasciata F., Brauer and Bergenstamm in litt.) .. bifascrata Fabr. 1Zweif. Kais. Mus. Wien, VI, p. 213; 1893. Genus MELANOPHRYS Will. Melanophrys Williston, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, p. 305; November, 1886. Atropharista Townsend, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIX, p. 92; April, 1892. Mr. Townsend has already acknowledged this synonymy.! Our species are black, the arista and usually the palpi and calypteres yel- low, bases of wings strongly tinged with yellow; three postsutural and three sternopleural macrochietie : Second abdominal segment bearing a marginal pair of macrochietie, the third segment bearing a marginal row of from six to eight; length, 14 mm. Los Angeles County, Cal. (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, p. 306; November, 1886.)..-... Hlavipennis Will. Second segment destitute of a marginal pair of macrochietie, the third usually bearing a dorsal pair and a single lateral one each side; length, 12 to 14 mm. Grimsby, Canada; Franconia and White Mountains, New Hampshire; northern Illinois, and Colo- rado. (Insecta Saundersiana, Vol. I, p. 277; 1856: Tachina. Atropharista jurinoides Townsend, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soe., Vol. XIX, p. 92; Aprb, 1892. Melanophrys flavipennis Will., Brauer and; Bbercenstammiwm (ith)... 2 6 os hes os nee oe os insolita Walk. Genus APHRIA Desv. Aphria Desvoidy, Essai sur les Myodaires, p. 89; 1830. Olivieria Meigen, Systematische Besch. Eur. Zweif. Insekten, Vol. VII, p. 266; 1858. (Non Desvoidy, Essai sur les Myod., p. 228; 1830.) Rhynchosia Macquart, Annales Soc. Ent. France, p. 87; 1848. Macquart (loc. cit.) proposed the name Rhynchosia for the genus to which Meigen had given the name of Olivieria, owing to the fact that Desvoidy had previously used the latter name for an entirely different genus. The synonymy of Rhynchosia and Aphria was first pointed out by Rondani,? and is repeated by Schiner® and also by Brauer and Bergenstamm.! Our single species is black, the frontal vitta, the first two joints of the antennie usually, the palpi, and sides of abdomen largely, yellowish; male destitute of orbital bristles; three postsutural and three sternopleural macrochetie; length, 6 to 10 mm. Toronto, Canada; Massachusetts; Atco, N.J.; Georgia; northern [linois; Colo- rado; Washington, and southern California. (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soe., Vol. XVIII, p. 361; December, 1891. Aphria sp., Brauer and Bergen. SMES OMIM UNC sett hehe ha te Wes Pek aaa dice. sje Sale 2a ocypterata Town. 'Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXII, p. 72; March, 1895. 2 Dipterologiie Italics Prodromus, Vol. 1, p. 73; 1856. 3 Fauna Austriaca, Vol. I, p. 4382; 1862. 4Zweif. Kais. Mus. Wien, VI, p. 237; 1893. —_— 86 Genus OCYPTERA Latr. Ocyptera Latreille, Histoire Nat. Crust. et Insectes, Vol. XIV, p. 378; 1804. Parthenia Desvoidy, Essai sur les Myodaires, p. 231; 1830. This synonymy is given by Schiner! and repeated by Brauer and Bergenstamm.”? Our species have three postsutural and two or three sternopleural macrochietie : 1. Seutellum bearing one pair of long marginal and sometimes a short Scutellum bearing two pairs of long marginal and a short apical pair of macrochietie; abdomen black, the sides of the second and third segments partly or wholly reddish yellow; length, 8 to 12 mm. Canada; Springfield, Mass.; Connecticut; Cape May, N.J.; Maryland; Tifton, Ga.; Selma, Ala.; Tennessee; Lexington, Ky.; Michigan; [linois; Cadet, Mo.; Kansas; Colorado; Santa Sruz Mountains and Los Angeles County, Cal. (Hssai sur les Myodaires, p. 232; 1830: Parthenia. Ocyptera dotades Walker, List of Dipterous Insects, Part LV, p. 694; 1849. Ocyptera epytus Walker, loc. cit. Ocyptera euchenor Walker, loc. cit., p. 696. Ocyptera californica Bigot, Annales Soc. Entomol. France, p.42; 1878. Ocyptera fumipennis Bigot, loc. cit., p.45. Ocyptera binotata Bigot, loc. cit., p.44. Ocyptera sp., Brauer and Bergen- StAMIM Wh) 8 coc Se oe ke ec See Ce ee eee caroline Desv. 2, With a short apical pair of macrocheetie on the scutellum; abdomen black, the front corners of the third segment sometimes faintly reddish; length,7to8mm. Westville, N.J.; Delaware County, Va.; northern Virginia; and Missouri. (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash- ington, Vol. LI. p. 144; -Aporil2 1800s) a ee 2 argentea Town. Without an apical pair of macrochietie on the scutellum; abdomen black, the sides of the second and front corners of the third seg- ment reddish yellow; length,7 to10 mm. White Mountains, New Hampshire; Horseneck Beach, Mass.; northern Illinois; Georgia; Louisiana; Texas; and Reno, Nev. (List of Dipterous Insects, Part IV, p. 695; 1849. Ocyptera sp., Brauer and Ber- — renstamin inlet.) took a eect So ae eee er ete dosiades Walk.® Genus LINN/EMYIA Desv. Linnemya Desvoidy, Essai sur les Myodaires, p. 52; 1830. Bonnetia Desvoidy, loc. cit., p. 55. Bonellia Desvoidy, loc. cit., p. 56. Marshamia Desvoidy, loc. cit., p. 57. Micropalpus Macquart, Historie Nat. Insectes, Dipteres, Vol. II, p. 80; 1835. The author last mentioned referred the above four names of Desvoidy to one genus to which he applied the name of Micropalpus, but the law 1Fauna Austriaca, Vol. I, p. 412; 1862. 2Z7weif. Kais. Mus. Wien, VI, p. 235; 1893. Ocyplera litturata Olivier belongs to the Dexid genus Euantha, and is the same species which Wiedemann afterwards described as Dexia dives. 87 of priority compels us to adopt the oldest name. Our species have three postsutural and three sternopleural macrochietie; front tarsi of female as broad as the apex of the front tibix, in the male much narrower: Cheeks bearing black macrochietie in the centers, frontal vitta black or dark brown, male destitute of orbital bristles, his genitalia at most projecting one-fifth the length of the fourth abdominal seg- ment beyond the latter, hind crossvein bent nearly S-shape; length, 11 mm. White Mountains, New Hampshire; Beverly, Mass., and Austria. Two males and one female from Austria received from Brauer and Bergenstamm and by them named Micropalpus hemorrhoidalis Fall. and Micropalpus pudicus Rond., but both names are evidently wrong, since the male of hamor- rhoidalis is provided with orbital bristles, and pudicus has no black macrochietie on the center of the cheeks. (System. Besch. Eur. Zweif. Insekten, Vol. 1V, p. 261; 1824: Tachina.).picta Meig. Cheeks destitute of black macrochete near the centers, frontal vitta light yellow, male provided with two pairs of orbital bristles, his genitalia projecting nearly half the length of the fourth abdom- inal segment beyond the latter, hind crossvein nearly straight; length, 9 to 12 mm. London, Canada; Maryland; District of Columbia; Texas; Santa Fe, N. Mex.; California, and Pullman, Wash. (Kongl. Svenska. Vetensk. Akad. Handlinger, Vol. XXXI;1810: Tachina. Tachina fulgens' Meigen, System. Besch. Kur. Zweifl. Insekten, Vol. 1V, p. 209; 1824. Linnamya heraclet Desvoidy, Essai sur les Myodaires, p, 53; 1850. Linnaemya analis Desvoidy, loc. cit., p. 54. Linnemya distincta Desvoidy, loc. cit. Linnemya estivalis Desvoidy, loc. cit. Linnemya borealis Des- voidy, loc. cit. Marshamia analis Desvoidy, loc. cit., p.58, Mar- shamia nigripes Desvoidy, loc. cit. Micropalpus piceus Macquart, Hist. Natur. Insectes, Dipteres, Vol. II, p. 84; 1835. Micropatl- pus sp., Brauer and Bergenstamm in litt.)..-..-.- comta Fallen. Genus NEMORAA Desv. Nemorea Desvoidy, Essai sur les Myodaires, p. 70; 1830. Our single species is black, the antenne, palpi, and fourth abdominal segment except its extreme apex, yellow; three postsutural and three 'Meigen did not recognize comta, and therefore unknowingly redescribed it under the name of fulgens; this was suspected by Zetterstedt (Dipt. Scand., Vol. ILI, p. 1097; 1844) and given as certain by Rondani (Dipt. Ital. Prod., Vol. III, p. 70; 1859). The comtus of Schiner, Fauna Austriaca, Vol. I, p. 429, is not that species, but a color variety of hamorrhoidalis; the species he describes under fulgens is the true comtus. In the Annales Soc. Ent. France for 1844, page 31, Desvoidy acknowledges that his Linnw- mya heraclvi, analis, and wstivalis belong to one species, and in the same serial for 1845, page 271, Macquart adds borealis to this list and refers them to fulgens. The name of Micropalpus piceus was proposed by Macquart to take the place of Marshamia analis Desvoidy. The writer is responsible for the synonymy of piceus, distincta and. nigripes. 88 sternopleural macrochete, scutellum bearing three long marginal pairs, a distinct brown cloud on the small crossvein; length, 8.5 mm. From the type specimen. Washington. (Jour. N. Y. Ent Soe., Vol. II, p. LOfs September, 1899.) 2.20. 2.5.c 8 eee ee = ee labis Coq. Genus PANZERIA Desv. Panzeria Desvyoidy, Essai sur les Myodaires, p. 68; 1830. Ernestia Desvoidy, loc. cit., p. 60. Fausta Desvoidy, loc. cit., p. 62. Erigone Desvoidy, loc. cit., p. 65. (Non Savigny, 1827.) This synonymy has been given by various authors, and, with the exception of Krigone, is repeated by Brauer and Bergenstamm., Eri- gone they retain as a distinct genus, but the name is preoccupied in the Arachnida, and the species they place in it are too closely allied to Panzeria to be separated generically. Our species have three sterno- pleural macrochetie, and the small crossvein is not clouded with brown: aa Scutellum bearing three pairs of long marginal macrochietie besides the apical pair; body very robust, front tarsi of female greatly dilated, usually four but sometimes only three postsutural macrochetie; coloring variable, the second antennal joint, palpi, apex of scutellum and of abdomen usually yellow but sometimes black; length, 7 to 11 mm. Mount Washington and Franconia, N.H.; New Bedford, Mass.; Riverview, Md.; District of Colum- bia; St. Louis, Mo.; Waco, Tex.; Brookings, 8S. Dak.; Colorado; San Francisco, Cal.; Olymphia, Wash.; British Columbia; Bohe- mia, Austria; Germany, and England. A male from Austria received from Brauer and Bergenstamm, and by them labeled Brigone radicum Fabr.; two males and one female from Ger- many, received from Zeller and by him labeled Nemorea radi- cum; also a male from England received from Brunetti and by hin labeled like the last. (Systema Entomologie, p. 778; 1775: Musca. The following synonymy is given by Schiner, Fauna Austriaca, Vol. [, p. 452: Hrigone anthophila Desvoidy, Essai sur les Myodaires, p. 66; 1830. Hrigone scutellaris Desvoidy, loc. cit. Hrigone puparum Desvoidy, loc. cit. Hrigone viridulans Desvoidy, loc. cit., p. 68. Hrigone dubia Desvoidy, loc. eit. Nemorea minor Macquart, Annales Soc. Ent. France, Vol. VI, p. 112; 1848. The following is original with the writer: Tachina ampelus Walker, List of Dipterous Insects, Part IV, p. 732; 1819. Hystricia aldrichi Townsend, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soce., Vol. XIX, p.91; April, 1892: from a cotype specimen. Hrigone sp. Brauer and Bergenstamm in litt.)...........-radicum Fabr. Scutellum bearing only two pairs of long marginal macrochietie be- sides the apical pair; body slender, front tarsi of female not dilated; black, including the palpi; front of male three-fifths as wide as, in the female slightly wider than, either eye, two pairs : 89 of orbital bristles in the female, none in the male, frontal bristles descending below middle of second antennal joint, cheeks one- fourth as wide as the eye-height, facial ridges bristly on the lowest fourth, antenne four-fifths as long as the face, the third joint one and one-half times as long as the second, arista thickened on the basal fourth, the penultimate joint shorter than broad; thorax gray pollinose, marked with three black vitti, three postsutural machrochetie; abdomen thinly gray pollinose and with blackish reflecting spots, last three segments bearing discal and marginal macrochete; middle tibie each bearing two or more macro- cheetie on the front side near the middle, front pulvilli of male as long as the last tarsal joint; wings hyaline, third vein bear- ing one or two bristles near the base; calypteres white; length, 9 mm. Norfolk, Va., and Kirkwood, Mo. Four males and two females. Type No. 3586, U.S. National Museum. - penitalis n. sp. Genus MACROMEIGENIA Br. and Berg. Macromeigenia Brauer and Bergeustamm, Zweif. Kais. Mus. Wien, V, p. 311; 1891. The type species is black, the first two antennal joints, palpi, and fourth abdominal segment, except sometimes its base, yellow; four postsutural and three sternopleural macrochete; length, 11 to 14 mm. Northern Virginia and Tifton, Ga. (Ausser. Zweif. Insekten, Vol. IT, p. 309; 1850: Tachina. Tachina interrupta Walker, Insecta Saunder- Beet Ol lene. O0Os) 4s 4 te oot. fale fe chrysoprocta Wied. Genus GYMNOCH ZETA Desv. Gymnocheta Desyoidy, Essai sur les Myodaires, p. 371; 1830. Body, occiput, and sides of front green, antennie and legs black; sometimes the third antennal joint is yellow, and rarely the entire antennie is yellow; palpi yellow, frontal bristles in single rows; length, 10 to 12 mm. Newark, N. J., and Colorado. (Diptera Amer. Sept. Indigena, Cent. VIII, No. 61; 1869. Gymnocheta ruficornis Williston, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, p. 302; October, 1886.) . . aleedo Loew. Unrecognized species.—G. vivida Williston, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soe., Vol. XIIT, p. 302; October, 1886. Pa. Genus METAPHYTO, new genus. The characters of this genus may be gleaned from the above table of genera and the following description of the type species: Black, the apex of the scutellum yellowish; front of femate one and one-third times as wide as either eye, two pairs or orbital bristles, frontals descending to middle of second antennal joint, vibrissie slightly above the level of front edge of oral margin, two or three bristles above each, antenne nearly four-fifths as long as the face, the third joint one and 90 one-third times as long as the second, arista thickened on the basal half, the penultimate joint scarcely longer than wide; thorax thinly gray pollinose, marked with four black vittz, three postsutural and three sternopleural macrochetie, scutellum bearing four marginal pairs, abdomen thinly gray pollinose on the last three segments, which bear marginal macrochetie; front tarsi noticeably dilated; middle tibiie each bearing three or more macrochete on the front side near the middle, hind tibice not ciliate outwardly; wings hyaline, the base yel- low, third vein bearing three or four bristles near the base, bend of fourth vein angular and bearing a stump about as long as the small crossvein, the vein beyond it strongly arcuate, hind crossvein near last fourth of distance from the small to the bend; calypteres white; length, 9mm. Colorado. Two female specimens collected by Mr. Carl F. Baker. Type No..3587, U.S. National Museum. ......--.--....-- genalis 0. sp. Genus EXORISTOIDES, new genus. The characters of this genus, of which johnsoni is the type species, may be gleaned from the table of genera on preceding pages of this work and from the description of this species given below: Third joint of antennre concave on the front edge, three or four sternopleural macrochete, apex of scutellum and of abdomen black; black, the palpi, and sometimes the base of the third antennal joint, yellow; front in male three-fourths as wide as, in the female slightly wider than, either eye, two pairs of orbital bristles in the female, wanting in the male, frontal bristles descending to the arista, cheeks one-fourth as wide as the eye height, vibrissze on a line with front edge of oral margin, two or three bristles above each, antennie almost as long as the face, the third joint in the male five, in the female two and one-third, times as long as the second, arista thickened on the basal two- fifths to three-fifths, the penultimate joint slightly longer than broad; thorax gray pollinose, marked with four black vittie, three postsutural macrochetie, scutellum bearing three long marginal pairs and a short apical pair; abdomen thinly gray pollinose and with reflecting darker spots, last three segments bearing discal and marginal macrochieti; middle tibie bearing three or more on the front side of each near the iniddle, front tarsi of female greatly dilated, front pulvilli of male almost as long as the last tarsal joint; wings hyaline, first vein bearing two or more bristles on the outer half, third vein bristly almost to the small crossvein, bend of fourth vein almost rectangular, desti- tute of an appendage, vein beyond the bend strongly arcuate, hind crossvein nearly straight, slightly beyond middle between the small and the bend; calypteres white; length, 6 to 7 mm. Eastport, Me.; Franconia, N. H.; Westville and Clementon, N.J. Three males and three females, collected May 30 and July te I ou 21, 1895, by Mrs. A. T. Slosson and Mr. C. W. Johnson. Type No. 3588, U. S. National Museum. (Somoleja sp., Brauer and RELCENStAMMIH Uila\rs to, at ss eek ols 3S slossone i. Sp. Third joint of antenne strongly convex on the front edge, two sterno- pleural macrochetze, apex of scutellum and of abdomen, first two joints of antennwe and base of the third yellow; frontal bris- tles descending to apex of second antennal joint, cheeks two- fifths as broad as the eye height; first vein bristly on one-fourth of its length near the middle, the third bristly almost or slightly over halfway to the small crossvein; length, 9 mm.; otherwise as in above description of slossone. Hertford County, N.C., and Reno, Nev. Two female specimens; one collected June 9, 1895, by Mr. C. W. Johnson, the other by Mr. H. F. Wickham. Type INO] e509, 0. 5. National Museum. .2<.:.5.2-s-%- johnsoni 1. Sp. Genus HYPHANTROPHAGA Town. Hyphantrophaga Townsend, Psyche, Vol. VI, p. 247; April, 1892. Our single species is black, the first two joints of the antenne, palpi, and apex of proboscis yellow; four postsutural and three sternopleural macrochiete, middle tibie each bearing a single macrochieta on the front side near the middle, hind tibive outwardly subciliate, second and third segments of abdomen bearing only marginal, the fourth with diseal and marginal macrochete; length, 7mm. From a cotype speci- men. LasCruces, N. Mex. (Psyche, Vol. VI, p. 176; November, 1891: | HEU) Se IRS OS EE hyphantrie Town. Genus EXORISTA Meig. Exorista Meigen, in Illiger’s Magazin fiir Insektenkunde, Vol. II, p. 280; 1803. Lydella Desvoidy, Essai sur les Myogaires, p. 112; 1830. Phryno Desvoidy, loc. cit., p. 143. Phryxe Desvoidy, loc. cit., p. 158. Carcelia Desvoidy, loc. cit., p. 176. Aplomya Desvoidy, loc. cit,, p. 184. Eurygaster Macquart, Histoire Naturelle Diptcres, Vol. II, p. 115; 1855. Hubneria Desvoidy, Annales Soe. Ent. Irance, p. 601; 1847. Nemorilla Rondani, Dipterologize Italic Prodromus, Vol. I, p. 66; 1856. Blepharidea Rondani, loc. cit., p. 67. Aporomya Rondani, loc. cit., Vol. III, p. 90; 1859. Parexorista Brauer and Bergenstamm, Zweif. Kais. Mus. Wien, IV, p. 87; 1889. Sisyropa Brauer and Bergenstamm, loc. cit., p. 163. Mysxexorista Brauer and Bergenstamm, loc. cit., V, p. 331; 1891. Rondani places Eurygaster as a synonym of Exorista,’ and in this he is followed by Schiner,? while Brauer and Bergenstamm give this synonymy as probable.’ Schiner also gives Lydella, Phryno, Carcelia, ' Dipterologixwe Italieze Prodromus, Vol. III, p.115; 1859. 2¥auna Austriaca, Vol. 1, p. 457; 1862. 3’Zweif. Kais. Mus. Wien, VI, Index; 1893. , 92 Hubneria, and Aporomyia as synonyms of Exorista, and Brauer and Bergenstamm make all of them (with the exception of Aporomyia) synonyms of Parexorista, placing the latter and Nemorilla as sub- genera of Exorista. Aporomyia they place in a separate section, Polidea, but an examination of a specimen received trom them under the name of Aporomyia dubia, the species upon which Rondani founded this genus, proves that it should not be separated from Exorista. Blepharidea, Sisyropa, and Myxexorista they place in as many different sections, even putting Blepharidea in two sections, once in the section Masicera and a second time in the section Phorocera. 2.5 2. bac epee eee ee 2. Second and third segments destitute of discal macrochieter . - -- 14. 2, With, three sternopleural macrochete-----ci sos. se] - ee oe 5. With only two sternopleural macrochetie, male destitute of orbital bristles, hind tibisve outwardly ciliate, apical cell open. -...-- 3. 3. Thorax bearing four postsutural macrochetie, palpi partly or wholly VOlLGW: ccca'e saek = a- Gikee bigs Sen ee 4, Thorax bearing ouly three postsutural macrochete, scutellum black, hairs of abdomen short, depressed, middle tibize: each bearing a single macrocheta on the front side near the middle; palpi yel- low, front in the male one-half, in the female five-sixths, as wide as either eye, third joint of antennie three and one-half times as long as the second; length, 6 to 9 mm. Franconia, N. H.; Philadelphia, Pa., and northern Illinois. (Canadian Entomolo- gist, Vol: XTX, pi 62 -Sept..1830;)- 9222 eee blanda O.S. 4. Seutellum yellow, hairs of abdomen rather long and suberect, mid- dle tibire each bearing two or more macrochietie on the front side near the middle, front in the male one-half, in the female five- sixths, as wide as either eye, third joint of antennze two and one- half times as long as the second; length,8 to 10mm. Franconia, N. H., Michigan, Tennessee, Georgia, California, and Austria. A female specimen from the Schiner collection, received from 3rauer and Bergenstamm under the name of Parewxorista che- lonie Rond. (Dipt. Italicee Prod., Vol. III, p. 120; 1859. _ Sisyropa sp., Brauer and Bergenstami tn litt.)...chelonie Rond. —o« 93 Secutellum black, middle tibize each bearing a single macrochieta on the front side near the middle, front in the male two-thirds, in the female five-sixths, as wide as either eye, third joint of antenne one and one-half times as long as the second; length, 5 to 8 mm. Franconia, N. H.; Beverly, Mass.; District of Columbia; Charleston, S.C.; Biscayne Bay, Fla.; Oxford, Ind.; Moselle, Mo.; Tiger Mills, Tex.; Colorado, and Allende, Mexico. (List of Dipterous Insects, Part IV, p. 754; 1849: Tachina. Tachina | Exorista| phycite LeBaron, Second Report Insects Illinois, p. 123; 1872. Hwvorista scudderi Williston, in Seudder’s Butterflies of New England, Vol. IIT, p. 1921; 1889. MNemorilla sp., Brauer and Bergenstamm in litt.) ...-......--. pyste Walk. Sommer taipolan ye OW ee elegr rt fe ee OS os. hope Seats a ee eee Pees a ei eae ie Palpi black, four postsutural macrochetie, scutellum usually yellow, middle tibive each bearing two or more macrochietie on the front side near the middle, hind tibize outwardly ciliate, apical cell open, male destitute of orbital bristles.:.:-...2.-.-..-.:--.-- 6. 6. Front in both sexes one and one-fourth times as wide as either eye, third joint of antenne in the male four, in the female two and one-fourth, times as long as the second, arista thickened to the middle; length, 7 to8 mm. White Mountains and Franconia, N. H.; Olympia, Wash.; England, and Austria. One female from England received from KE. Brunetti and by him named Hxorista vulgaris ; also two males and one female from Austria, from Brauer and Bergenstamm and named by them blepharidea vulgaris Fall. (Kongl. Svenska Vetensk. Akad. Handlinger, Vol. XXXI; 1810: Tachina. The following synonymy is given by Rondani! and repeated by Schiner:? Lydella scutellaris Des- voidy, Essai sur les Myodaires, p. 115; 1830. Hvorista distans Macquart, Annales Soc. Entomol. France, p.387; 1849. Hvorista audax Macquart, loc. cit., p.388. Hxorista florida Macquart, loc. cit., p. 409. The following synonymy is by the writer: Tachina | Hxorista| hirsuta Osten Sacken, Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XIX, p. 163; September, 1887. Blepharidea thirsuta O.S., Brauer and -‘bereenstaim i Wit:). 202.22 22. se see - vulgaris Fallen. . Front in the male one-half, in the female three-fourths, as wide as either eye; third joint of antenne in the male two and one-half, in the female one and one third, times as long as the second; arista thickened on the basal third; length, 5 to 8mm. ‘Toronto, Can.; Franconia, N. H.; Dist. Columbia; Illinois, and southern Cal. (Psyche, Vol. VII, p. 330; Jan., 1896.) ..niqripalpis Town. 7. Thorax bearing four postsutural macrochietie, apical cell open.. 11, Thorax bearing only three postsutural macrochietie ........--- 8. 8. Middle tibiz each bearing two or more macrochete on the front Dina ha ala a ah Fe ba i ay fo we) lal feta) of @) 0h ml Wiel) a Ny ore = nice, = a) eo 1 Dipterologiw Italics Prodromns, Vol. III, p. 140; 1859. 2Fauna Austriaca, Vol. I, p. 458; 1862. O4 Middle tibiie each bearing a single macrochieta on the front side near the middle; seutellum black; apical cell open; front in the female three-fourths as broad as either eye; face, white pollinose; third joint of antennie three times as long as the second; length, Gmm. Franconia, N. H.; Georgia; Missouri, and Texas. (Biol. Cent. Amer., Dipt., Vol. II, p. 64; Feb., 1890.) . .ordinaria v. d. W. 9. Seutellum largely yellow, front bearing numerous short, nearly erect hairs, third vein bearing two bristles near the base, apical cell open, front in the male two-thirds, in the female five-sixths, as wide as either eye, third joint of antenniwe in the male two and one-fourth, in the female one and three-fourths, times as long as the second; length,6to 8mm. Toronto, Canada; Iran- conia, N. H.; Summit County, Colo.; Germany, and Austria. Two females from Germany received from Zeller and by him named Mrorista afinis; also one female from Austria from the old Schiner collection, received from Brauer and Bergenstamm and by them named Parevorista polycheta Maeg.' (Kongl. Svenska Vetensk. Akad. Handlinger, Vol. XX XI; 1810: Taeh- ina. Hwxorista polycheta Maecquart, Annales Soc. Mntomol. Krance, p. d80; 1849. Tachina epicydes Walker, List of Dip- terous Insects, Part IV, p. 786; 1849. Parevorista sp., Brauer and ‘Bergenstamim ott.) 2.0 26s ees eco ee ule affinis Fallen. Scutellum black, hairs of front short and inconspicuous, front in the female five-sixths as wide as either eye, the third antennal joint two and one-half times as long as the second.........-.-.. 10, Secutellum black except the tip, third joint of antennie five times as long as the second; black, the palpi and extreme tip of scutellum yellow; front of female as wide as either eye, hairs on its sides sparse but rather long, frontal bristles descending almost to base of third antennal joint, sides of face white pollinose, cheeks one-seventh as wide as the eye-height, antenne almost as long as the face, arista thickened on the basal third, the penultimate joint shorter than broad; thorax gray pollinose and marked with four black vittie; scutellum bearing four marginal pairs of macro- chivtie, the last pair cruciate and directed backward; abdomen subshining, the last three segments gray pollinose except on their apices, the bristly hairs rather long and subdepressed ; wings hyaline, third vein bearing two bristles near the base, the fourth strongly arcuate beyond the bend, calypteres whitish ; length, 8mm. University, North Dakota. A single female speci- men collectedin June, 1896, by Mr. R. P. Currie... curriet n. sp. 'In the Zweif. Kais. Mus. Wien, V, p. 320, these authors give afinis as a probable variety of polycheta, but the two names are evidently referable to one and the same species. Schiner’s statement in his Mauna Austriaca, Vol. I, p. 468, that in afinis the frontal bristles are in a single row, while in polychata they are in two rows, or irreg- ularly arranged, does not hold true in all the specimens; in one of those from Germany, referred to above, they are in a single row on one side of the front, but are irregularly arranged on the opposite side, 95 10. Third vein bearing three bristles near its base, apical cell narrowly open or closed and short petiolate; body with a brassy tinge; length, 5 to6mm. Colorado and Austria, A female specimen from Austria, received from Brauer and Bergenstamm and by them named Aporomyia dubia Rond. (Kongl. Svenska Vet- ensk. Akad. Hand., Vol. XX XI; 1810: Tachina.)....dubia Fall. Third vein bristly almost to the small crossvein, body with a bluish tinge; black, the palpi yellow; frontal bristles descending slightly below the arista, cheeks one-fourth as broad as the eye height, vibrissie on a level with front edge of oral margin, two or three bristles above each, antennie almost as long as the face, arista thickened on the basal half, thorax gray pollinose, marked with four black vittwe, scutellum bearing three long marginal pairs and a short apical pair of macrochiete, abdomen on last three segments thinly bluish-gray pollinose, first seg- ment bearing marginal, the other three with discal and marginal macrochetie, bristly hairs of abdomen depressed; front tarsi greatly dilated, hind tibie outwardly bearing a few bristles of unequal length; wings hyaline, hind crossvein nearly straight, fourth vein strongly curved inward beyond the bend; calyp- teres white; length, 6mm. ‘Tifton, Ga. A single female spect- men collected October 20, 1896, by Mr. G. R. Pilate. Type No, 3590, U. 8. National Museum ......... _... spinipennis i. sp. 11. Middle tibiwe each bearing two or more macrochivtie on the front PING CAM MGeIMU Cec me Ath a ava Ge kie wits adios a ek oe eo li. , Oe near the middle, hind tibire outwardly ciliate........... 12. 12. Apical pair of scutellar macrochietie curving forward, seutellum wholly black, front in the male two-fifths, in the female from two-thirds to three-fourths, as wide as either eye, third joint of antennie in both sexes three and one-half times as long as the second; black, the second joint of antenniw usually, the palpi, apex of proboscis, femora usually, and generally the tibiw, yellow; face white, sides of front grayish white polli- nose, two pairs of orbital bristles in the female, wanting in the male, frontal bristles descending to apex of second antennal joint, antennie six-sevenths as long as the face, arista thickened on the basal fourth, the penultimate joint shorter than broad ; thorax gray pollinose, marked with four black vittie, seutellum bearing three pairs of long marginal and a short forwardly divected apical pair of macrochietiv, abdomen wholly gray pol- linose, with darker reflecting spots, the hairs depressed; wings hyaline, third vein bearing two or three bristles near its base, ‘alypteres white, front pulvilli of male slightly longer than the last tarsal joint; length,6to9 mm, Cotuid and Boston, Mass. ; District of Columbia; and Camden, Ark. Four males and three females. Type No.3591, U.S. National Museum. . boarmiw i. sp. 96 Apical pair, etc.; differs from boarmiw as follows: Front of male slightly wider than either eye, his third antennal joint six times as long as the second, antenne and legs black, arista thickened on the basal two-fifths, abdomen subshining, bases of last three segments grayish pollinose, the hairs suberect and rather long, wings strongly tinged with gray at base and along the costa; length,7mm. Mt. Washington, N. H. A single male specimen collected by Musi AoTSlossonis{So224..- 5-825 = JSronto i. sp. Apical pair of scutellar macrochetie directed backward; scutelluin on the apex broadly yellow, front of female four-fifths as wide as either eye, third joint of antennie four and one-half times as long as the second, femora black, third vein bearing four or five bristles at its base; length, 10 mm., otherwise as in the above description. of boarmia. Franconia, N. H. Two female specimens collected by Mrs. A. T. Slosson. Type No. 3592, U. S: National “Museum 2422 i232: tase ae er blandita n. sp. 13. Scutellum black, pollen of thorax gray, hind tibive not ciliate, front in the female one-half as wide as either eye, her third antennal joint three times as long as the second; black, the second anten- nal joint, palpi and apex of proboscis, yellow; sides of front des- titute of hairs, in the female bearing two pairs of orbital bristles, frontal bristles descending to middle of second antennal joint; thorax gray pollinose, marked with four black vitte, scutellum bearing three pairs of long marginal macroclhietie, abdomen whit- ish pollinose, its hairs depressed, apex of fourth segment bare, this segment bearing a discal and marginal row of macrochiete ; wings hyaline, third vein bearing three bristles at its base, ca- lypteres white; length, 7mm. Dist. Columbia. A single female specimen. Type No. 3593, U.S. National Museum. . .is@ n. sp. Scutellum yellowish, pollen of thorax yellow, hind tibize outwardly ciliate, front of male two-thirds as wide as either eye, his third antennal joint four and one-half times as long as the second; black, the palpi, tibiee largely, and scutellum yellow; sides of frout bearing numerous bristly hairs, no orbital bristles in the male, frontal bristles descending to apex of second antennal joint, thorax yellowish pollinose, marked with four black vittie, seutellum bearing four pairs of long marginal macrochietie; abdomen wholly gray pollinose, its hairs rather long and sub- erect; wings hyaline, third vein bearing three bristles near its base, front calypteres white, the hind ones yellowish; front pulvilli of male slightly longer than the last tarsal joint; Jength, 10 mm, White Mountains, N. H. - 2... lateralis Macq, m= Genus ECHINOMYIA Dumeril. Echinomyia Dumeril, Exposit. Methode Naturelle Class. Insectes; 1801. Tubricia Desvoidy, Essai sur les Myodaires, p. 42; 1850, (Non Blainville, 1828.) Mikia Kowarz, Wiener Ent. Zeitung, Vol. IV, p. 51; February 1, 1885. Vareudora Wachtl, Wiener Ent. Zeitung, Vol. XIII, p. 140; April 20, 1894. Nowickia Wachtl, loc. cit. Pararchytas Brauer and Bergenstamm, Zweif. Kais. Mus. Wien, VII, p. 614; 1894. The two genera of Wachtl are stated by Brauer and Bergenstainm to be identical with Echinomyia, and they place Fabricia, Mikia, and Pararchytas as subgenera of it.!. Our species have four postsutural and usually three sternopleural macrochietie : i smallerossvein never clouded with brown. ....-.:2..-......--. 2. Small crossvein distinetly clouded, sides of mesonotum, scutellum, and abdomen, except sometimes a dorsal vitta, yellowish red; base of wings brown; length, 11 to 13mm. Toronto, Canada; White Mountains, N. H.; New Jersey; Colorado, and southern California. (List of Dipterous Insects, Part IV, p. 715; 1849: Tachina. Jurinia echinata Thompson, Kongliga Svenska Fre- gatten Engenies Resa, Diptera, p.516; 1868. Tachinodes decisa Walk., Brauer and Bergenstamm in litt.)......--. decisa Walk, = 1 Zweif. Kais. Mus. Wien, VII, p. 614; 1894. 144 2, Abdomen distinetly yellowish on the sides or at the apex....... 3. Abdomen and thorax wholly blackish, sides of the former some- times tinged with reddish; base of wings yellow; length, 12 to 17 mm. ‘Toronto, Canada; White Mountains and Franconia, N. H.; Vermont; New Bedford, Mass.; Oswego, N. Y.; Colo- rado; Montana; British Columbia; Washington; Oregon, and California. (Ausser. Zweif. Insekten, Vol. Il, p. 285; 1830: Tachina. Echinomyia picea Desvoidy, Essai sur les Myodaires, p. 44; 1830. Echinomyia lapilet Desvoidy, loc. cit. Tachina degenera Walker, List of Dipterous Insects, Part IV, p. 732; 1849. Jurinia nitida van der Wulp, Notes from the Leyden Museum, Vol. IV, p. 82; 1882. Hchinomyia lugubris van der Wulp, Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, Vol. XX VI, p. 20; 1883.) algens Wied. 3. Second segment of abdomen bearing at most four marginal macro- OWE bHS «he we Sie a Se SR ee cere oe ee a eee 4, Second segment of abdomen bearing at least ten marginal macro- chietie on the dorsum, abdomen wholly yellow, middle of dorsum of second and third segments covered with black macrochete ; length, 14mm. Colorado and Washington. (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soe., Vol. XIL, p.297; October, 1886: Dejeania.) . - hystricosa Will. 4. First segment of abdomen on the sides largely or wholly yellow, the fourth yellow at least on the front corners. -.......-..----.--- 5. First segment wholly black, or at most with the hind angles nar- rowly yellow; front tarsi of female broadly dilated; abdomen black, the apex broadly, or the sides of the last three segments and apex of the last, or only the sides of the second and third seginents, yellow; length, 10 to 13 mm. Canada; White Moun- tains and Franconia, N. H.; New Bedford, Mass.; Buena Vista, N.J., and, North Carolina. (List of Dipterous Insects, Part IV, Dad 2g LOL0 s Paeh Uae) os) ars tare ee ee jlorum Walk. . Palpi only half as long as the proboscis beyond the basal articula- tion, front of male one and one-half times as wide as either eye, head at base of antennz much longer than at the vibrissie, front projecting in front of the eyes one and one-half times the hori- zontal diameter of the latter; abdomen of male yellow, middle of first segment, a dorsal spot, and genitalia black; length, 12 mm. Los Angeles County, Cal. (Bulletin Soc. Ent. France, p. cxli; 1887: Habricita. 2. a 224 5322s oe eee infumata Bigot. Palpi almost as long as the proboscis, front of male two-thirds as wide as either eye, head at base of antennz not longer than at the vibrissx, front projecting in front of the eyes less than the horizontal diameter of the latter; abdomen yellow, usually marked with a black dorsal vitta or row of spots; length, 10 to 14 mm. Franconia, N. H.; North Carolina; Colo., and Cali- fornia. (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIX, p. 94; April, 1892. —_ Tachina sp., Braver and Bergenstamm in litt.) .dakotensis Town. t = CU 145 Genus EPALPUS Rond. Epalpus Rondani, Nuovi Annali Sci. Nat. Bologna, Vol. II, p. 170 (6); 1850. Our species have three sternopleural macrochietie : 1. With four postsutural macrochete, hairs on sides of face black, feInouamarsely: Or Whouy black: .52.0. 2... 2 cs. css Ls 8- 2. With only three postsutural macrochetie; hairs on sides of face and the femora, tibize, and entire abdomen yellow; second and third segments of abdomen bearing discal and marginal macrochietee ; length,9tollmm. Colorado. (Biologia Cent.-Amer., Diptera, Vol. I, p. 23; April, 1888: Saundersia. Epalpus sp., Brauer and Berszenstamm: 17 Ut.)... 2... 2.2.2.1. s views we nigripilosa v.d. W. 2. Abdomen shining, destitute of pollen, yellow, the fourth segment black; second segment bearing a discal cluster and a marginal row of about twelve macrochete; length, 10 to 13mm. Summit County, Colo., and Siskiyou County, Cal. (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, p. 304; October, 1886: Saundersia. HEpalpus bicolor Will., Brauer and Bergenstamm in litt.) ... bicolor Will. Abdomen black, the sides sometimes partly reddish, fourth segment marked with a large spot of gray pollen, sometimes a dorsal vitta of gray pollen on the third, second segment bearing a diseal cluster of from four to twelve and a marginal pair of macrochiete ; length, 10 to 11 mm. Franconia, N. H.; Beverly and Hyde Park, Mass.; Maryland; North Carolina; Custer County, Colo. ; Tenino, Wash., and California. (List of Dipterous Insects, Part IV, p. 708; 1849: Tachina. Epalpus signifera (Walk.) O. S., Brauer and Bergenstamm in litt.)........--.... signifera! Walk. Unrecognized species.—E. (Saundersia) maculata Williston, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, p. 304; November, 1886. N. Mex. Genus BOMBYLIOMYIA Br. and Berg. Bombyliomyia Brauer and Bergenstamm, Zweif. Kais. Mus. Wien, LV, p. 131; 1889. Our single species is yellow, the sides of the front, third joint of antenne, arista, dorsum of thorax except the lateral margins, and a dorsal row of small spots on the abdomen, black; two postsutural and two sternopleural macrochete; length,11tol4mm. Toronto,Canada; White Mountains, New Hampshire; Beverly, Mass.; Trenton, N. J.; Allegheny, Pa.; Utica, Lake George, and New York, N. Y.; Ohio; Colorado, and Washington. (Ausser. Zweif. Insekten, Vol. II, p. 293; ‘In the Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, p. 303, Dr. Williston doubtfully refers this species to the genus Saundersia, but in the Biol. Cent.-Amer., Diptera, Vol. IT, p. 22, van der Wulp states that this reference is very doubtful, since Walker men- tions the palpi in his description. This is the only species, however, from the eastern part of North America that at all agrees with Walker’s description, and the fact that he mistook the folds in the mouth for palpi will not at all surprise any student familiar with the doings of that author. 3309 10 146 1830: Tachina. Tachina vivida Harris, Rept. Insects Mass. Injuri- ous to Vegetation, p. 612; 1841. Hystricia testacea Macquart, Dipteres Hxotiques, Vol. II, Part IIL, p. 201 [44]; 1842. Tachina finitima Walker, List of Dipterous Insects, Part IV, p. 707; 1849. Hystricia fulvida Bigot, Bulletin Soc. Ent. France, p. evi; 1888. Bombyliomyia abrupta Wied., Brauer and Bergenstamm in litt.)......-.-.-.-- abrupta Wied. Genus DEJEANIA Desv. Dejeania Desvoidy, Essai sur les Myodaires, p. 33; 1830. Our single species is yellow, the third joint of antenne, arista, pro- boscis, dorsum of thorax, portions of the pleura and usually a dorsal row of spots on the abdomen, black; four postsutural and two sterno- pleural macrochetze; front tarsi of male not ciliate on the side with short bristles, those of the female slightly dilated on the last four joints; length, 15 to 15 mm. Colorado. (Western Diptera, p. 343; April 30,1877. Dejeania sp. non corpulenta Wied.,' Brauer and Bergen- SUPT ADN UTR LOM A) OO I iE ae Wan eer belie, econ Far Reh veratric O.S. Genus PARADEJEANIA Br. and Berg. Paradejeania Brauer and Bergenstamm, Zweif. Kais. Mus. Wien, VI, p. 147; 1893. Our single species is yellow, the front, antenne, proboscis, occiput, thorax except the hind margin, legs, and sometimes a dorsal vitta or row of spots and the fourth segment of the abdomen, black; wings smoky gray, calypteres yellow; four postsutural and three sternopleu- ral macrochete; length, 16 to18mm. Manitou and Colorado Springs, Colo., and Santa Cruz and San Diego counties, Cal. (Neue Exot. Dip- teren, p. 86 (137); 1867: Dejeania. Jurinia rutilioides Jaen., Brauer and Bergenstamm 1: l2tt.) s: SoS Lo eee ns ieee we ote rutilioides Jaen. Genus JURINIA Desv. Jurinia Desvoidy, Essai sur les Myodaires, p. 34; 1830. Our single species has the thorax blue-black, lightly gray pollinose on the front half, four postsutural and three sternopleural macrochete ; scutellum and abdomen reddish, and having a slight violaceous reflec- tion, calypteres and bases of the wings brown; length, 13 to 18 mm. West Virginia; Cumberland Gap, Ky.; Georgia; Georgiana and Lake 10sten Sacken states, on page 256 of his well known Catalogue of North American Diptera, that after examining the type of Tachina corpulenta Wied. from Mexico he reached the conclusion that it belongs to the same species as his Dejeania vexatrix. In this, however, he was evidently in error, since Schiner, who also had access to Wiedemann’s type of corpulenta, states in the Reise der Novara, Part Diptera, page 337, that in this species the front. tarsi of the male have long bristly hairs on the inner side, which is not at all the case with vexatrix. Moreover, Brauer and Bergen- stamm have compared our specimens of vexatrix with Wiedemann’s type of rns lenta, and pronounce them specifically distinct. 147 Worth, Fla.; Texas, and Colorado. (Essai sur les Myodaires, p. 35; 1830. Jurinia adusta van der Wulp, Biologia Cent.-Amer., Diptera, Vol. II, p.28; April, 1888. Juriniahystrix Will. non Fabr., Brauer and PERS OM SUA URUbe ls 2am a= cs 2 oan es lee we ete cele a ee vse metallica Desy. Genus JURINELLA, Br. and Berg. Jurinella Brauer and Bergenstamm, Zweif. Kais. Mus. Wien, IV, p. 132; 1889. Pseudohystricia Brauer and Bergenstamm, loc. cit. This synonymy is original with the writer. Our species have four postsutural and three sternopleural macrocheetie : Thorax densely yellowish pollinose, the hairs and those of the face and cheeks pale yellowish; abdomen strongly tinged with blue; length, 14 to 17 mm. Colorado. (Diptéres Exotiques, Supple- ment IV, p. 145 [172]; 1849: Hystricia. Pseudohystricia ambiqua Macq., Brauer and Bergenstamm in litt.)......-. anbigua Macq. Thorax lightly bluish gray pollinose, the hairs and those of the face and cheeks black; abdomen not tinged with blue; length, 11 mm. Colorado. (Trans, Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, p. 298; Wctover, TSS 2CHystrictin)a. os. = Neca. oes. sis!- 2S soror Will. “ecr Wy ee eee? ares eS 294, Cw, : > ‘ — 7 , 4 a. es pon at : Ls oat oF ; -_ ~~ : ael - Be as : ; : ETH Pee xc ee Rete hid, oo te F oy ey Pitas it a - iy DSP iy 7 j y 4 c eos hI si 7 Sta Se. = a a Leh ® > ' ; ‘ aes, ia 4D Y i ; 2 i " be . Ml G a We e: 4 ae ao oF + or ~ - ah. “ < Pea oe sine te mie Se ten = f y Ls a 7 : Si~ 4 3 : roe a> : 7" : ae : x a as) : i , a ee ee ene wastes Gini ee ees a ; ae Egress ’ : i ic INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES. aMAalis emeskiars) seen erhgs RT TSS Caer analis=robusta, Peleteriaj=------_-=222-.- anaxias=robusta, Peleteria -------------- ANTCillare OM GINA n= ee eee ae eee (NaAMOUl Stabe wEOVIStds sa==se eee == see angusticornis, Atrophopalpus ------------ anomala. Neotractocera .2222--- --5= = 2.-=- anomala. slphopla gia sss. .oes==— 22 —a—eee = anonyma=frenchii, Frontina------------- antennalis=setigera, Clausicella-_-------- PAMUEOL Caserta ae ne Da eee eee were anthophila=radicum, Panzeria ---------- /NjO1 TANG Sok Se eee ee eee aL GAlISseAbaCbat=s- == 22s 5==8 so eee oe apicalis, Brachycoma. -------------------- apicalis=lateralis, Archytas ------------- apicifera=analis, Archytas- - ------------- JSST) OS). Slee eee EE ee eee enna = bre PAYS OTA Elie te = = en aes eee eee PATO) Tal sete rs ee a ee ee PATO ORONO setae te AM OROMUVI A) sees ase = 2 = ee eee ene ENTAD[ORY ek ee oe Se ee ee Se eo archippivora,Hrontinal===2= 2222-2" 2-s== IN AGW VURIS = oko oe eee eee oe seecerese meio e- arciuata. xanthomelana: -2222222-_2--. 2-22 ATeCOST LOMO Ganssass sooo ess 4sL 2 as8 Seb Sas AESentGa. OGypLClar=---5- s= 2225 =sesne == argentifrons=polita, Hilarella__---------- aregentifrons, Pseudocheta --------------- argentifrons=trilineata, Senotainia - ----- | skinny g) AG pe Ses ee ee See ee AniShallsaHulane lassen sah aece eee ee cee armMigera we TONtLM A= 555255022 e ane ae fo ce 3) VON CS RM er abrupta, Bombyliomyia------------------- 146 INGOINVI die cone a see ea ee Bee LS INGNeevOnNeULdIee 2os2 sa 2- == 5 ape ee 105 acrirostris, Ginglymia ------ -------------- 40 Acroglossa —- ---- ---:-- --------------=----- 134 acroglossoides=analis, Cheetogeedia —_--- 137 ACtia) =222-22= Be ss sa ee 58 addita, PhoroGerd ?2222-22=--2-----=- -=---- 105 ING HADI OH els oe Res ese eee eee 53 | adusta, Blepharipeza - ------------------- 124 adusta=metallica, Jurinia --------------- 147 wlops, Beskia----------+------------------- ve semulans, Prospherysa- ----- -------------- 117 eenea, Hypostena-------------------------- 62 genea, Myiophasia - ----- - ----- ------------- 50 ‘PneAseleteridess-o> sae eee 140 eneoventris, Alophora- ----- -------------- 45,47 feratal. Hx OnIStA = 92 -y-c ss -= se =e 100 eestivalis=comta, Linneemyia ------ ------ 87 TMS WIE ROIS taes assesses 94 Agculocera- ------------------------------- 115 alacer=rustica, Tachina- ----------------- 119 albifrons=capitata, Gonia-_--------------- 133 albifrons=rustica, Tachina- -------------- 119 A PULON Se SUM] = eas = eee 110 IN Oa) eee eee > aera anaes eee 64 alcedo, Gymmochasta------ ------ ----==---- 89 aldrichii=occidentis, Phorantha --------- 44 aldrichi=radicum, Panzeria-------------- 88 ANNES IMO) NN ye ee aka eee a oe 107 alsens, HGhinNOmyild-=22=— 22 s= sa 144 PA OWN OT AN == ie oe a ee 44 alpestris=hebes, Spallanzamia ------------ 135 MUI See UGLO Cle aaa a ee 147 PANE CCU A ee ee ee ne eee eae 64 PRTG COM Ag eee Soe eo a he ee eee 55 americana AdmOntia. 2525255242225 seee = 53 americana=adusta, Blepharipeza_------- 124 americana=nea, Myiophasia ----------- 50 americana=areos, Polidea---------------- 65 AMericana—DMOZe tHe = aa2--— nese aaa 39 americana Evibrissaie-—- =s2-----—-=— gn £% 40 americana=floridensis, Epigrimyia - ----- 7 americana=mella, Tachina- -------------- 119 americana=pilipennis, Actia ------------- 59 SWAReTAKGE NG, TR) Baas sete neaeee See eane ne qs Americana, hacodImMeuras-oss2- 248s 66 americana=trilineata, Senotainia---- ---- 81 amethystina=analis, Archytas----------- 142 PALIT OSTA noe ne ors ee ee ee eae 138 IANO Dla a ee ee ee eee 138 ampelus=radicum, Panzeria------------- 88 | AIM PIOX A, PKOTIGtal <2 s- 555024255555 ee== 98 aMnalis AT CHYjbag sc .- aos 2S ee Ae Sate 142 Pn ais, Chebogredial soa. = 25-0. 8 Mee ene 137 analis=comta, Linnzmyia --------- eee 87 analis=geniculata, Siphona -------------- z 76 GaGhae Sasa weno Ween nests eee ALCEEIMAWATGIYWOAS 5 2a aue ne sneer atraconea, Mylophasia::-----22--=-<----= Aitnare NINO PSaesss sea eee = ae sas ee ee atra=aterrima, Archytas----------------- atra=helymus, Metacheta --------- Beets DinarloelLCOsboOmMae «Cfo. 22- 2eassSe50 22528 Pinan Moby olOMVdas = 22 eso een aoe atripennis, Chaetoplagia, ------------------ atripennis, Xanthomelana ---------------- PUES. PMY WuOCCLa = coame= sa = een ee PNGRODUebtIS baie sen t- se Pera e eee aan ee PATLOMMO DAI US ee sas ne aaa aera eeine tee AtrOpnOpOWa eee een poe l er los atrophopodoides, Vanderwulpia ---------- audax=Vvulearis, Mxoristac---=2222-22-2- andens—rustica, Machings -<. 2-22 322222202 aurantiaca=cilipes, Trichopoda - --.------ AUTATA OMIM Ga ee eae eee ees aurifrons=americana, Plagia aurifrons, Masicera aurifrons=signatus, Pachyopthalmus --_- aurigera, Biomyia australis, Sturmia bakeri, Sturmia barbata, Hypostena_-_____- Se Tap Rien Pere ot ea Baumhaueria Belvosia bicincta=bifasciata, Belvosia _____._____- bicolor Hi palpUS sete = se ee ene bicolorsParachsetases 252 see eee eee bifasciata, Belvosia IBIS OnICN Bie es oho seene seb e e eeee bilimekii, @strophasia«............--.--- binotata=carolinze, Ocyptera IBIOTIIYe ete ene phn kia See 8 bisetosa=hebes, Spallanzania blanda Ei xoristas.- 2 222-2o sees ee ee blandita, Exorista Blepharidea Blopharipaecce see sas re ee ees BlepNaAripezarss 2.22222 ee eS Blophanipodaaseces 2 ee oe ee ee BION Cli gee res fe ce eee ee ee boarmiz, Exorista-______- Bombyliomyia Bonellia borealis=comta, Linnzemyia boscii=hystrix, Archytas IBMACMY COMA seeces = 322 Seed oe eee prasilianaBilombyiaes--s22s22)- 552-2. ee previpennis) Besseria.o- 22-5... 2... ==. - brevirostris, Siphona___.-._____- californie=analis, Archytas - californica, Amobia-..2-.---.2---_-..-.--- californica=caroline, Ocyptera californiensis, Cuphocera._______...______ calosome=georgie, Biomyia calyptrata, Phorantha............_..___.- candens=lateralis, Archytas capitata, Gonia Car CLA Me teste cy am nae RO a eM Rae Caroline \OGYpterac= == saeese oe see ose cecropie=quadripustulata, Winthemia_- Cla GOR eos ee ee ce oe ae ee celercvasicera <2 22 5-2 e ee eee celer=occidentis, Phorantha KC CNOSOME ats cao =e eee ee See ne ier ceratomiz, Exorista Ceratomyiella Ceromasia Ceromyia. == 4-422 ich eee kee ae Chastop we ilia teeta eae oe ee eee Chetoplossantes- a: 5.22 See ae ee Pe tee chetoneura, Masicera -2.-+.2_--2...%--2-- Chaetopeleteriale-.2 222 2 eo ee eee Chatophlepsee ae see ee eee Cheetoplagians os eee pee nee eee cheetosula, Muscopteryx Cheetota chins 2: se. sees ee ee Bee eee Chelonin Hxoristanee: 9-2 = eee @hetoligaes.. a ees ee eee ) Page. | chittendeni,; Paraphyto_:_..-222-22_2 22 122 chrysophani=confinis, Exorista_______.._- Nai _ chrysoprocta, Macromeigenia_-__._._____- 89 | “Chrysosomal.... 254.5. 92 eee 39 ciliata=pennipes, Trichopoda____________- 48 ciliata=quadripustulata, Winthemia_.._ 125 Cilipes; Erichopodaess 222) === =n 48 cinerascens=robusta, Peleteria_._..____- 141 cinerascens=trilineata, Senotainia —_____ 81 cinerea, Huphorocérace--.- 22-22 eee 102 cinerea=geniculata, Siphona.-------_-__- 76 cinerea=quadripustulata, Winthemia__- 125 | cinerea=spinosula, Paraplagia-___-—-_--- V7 cinereus=geniculata, Siphona------------ " Cistogasterss 22-2222 = 323. teen ee eee 42 clarifrons=polita, Hilarella----.---.---.-- 129 claripennis, Euphorcera ---..-.----.------ 102 Causa. Gistrophasiale--.-- seseeee se eee ifs Clausicellart 2s 2225-425 ee ee 55 Cleligize6 2 2a ee ee ee 68 clesides! “Phyto. 24-25 25222 ea. sete eee 51 clisiocampze=mella, Tachina------------- 119 clistoides=enea, Myiophasia ------------- 50 Clistomorpla) 2-22. 2222 ce =o eee ee eee 39 Oly tia S822 oS wise ee oe oe ee 71 Clyliomyia <= !2..2-S2ses05 522. ease sees 71 @nephalia soceen st Pe ee eee eee 134 cognata=hebes, Spallanzania ----.-------- 135 comosa=armigera, Frontina ------------- 106 COMSLOCKII, Hulasionades.- == se ee aneee 52 COmstocki (Pnorocenraies-na2]-== 2 eee 104 COMba, GIN eMNYla 2-22 ee eee ee 87 COMMIS VHEXOnIStaie eee: none aaa oer 97 conica, Ceratomyiella...-...-....-.---.--- 52 consimilis=geniculata, Siphona_--------- 76 convecta, Schizotachina -----..--.-------- 55 cora=robusta, Peleteria -..... -.---.-..--. 141 cornuta=elops, Beskiai -.--2---2-=.2 2222-2 73 Coronimyla’:: 223 ee % corythus=atripennis, Xanthomelana -.--- 3 Costalis Triceeenaie- 222) ase eee ee sees. alat crawii=diabrotice, Celatoria ----.-----.-- 60 crebra, ‘Cheetogredla _-.3-.- 22... 23 eee 137 Cryptomciceniae:- a= cesses) eee ae 52 Cry ptopal puss 2-2 22 2 eee 39 Ctenocnemis' ==. -<2.3 22-4 oo eee Soes, LOS CuphoCerdi 22.2. cc ek cee ee 140 CULTISL Joxorista-2-} <-ce-- oe eee 94 Cyrtophleebay. = 2:22.22. s6.coo core eee ff dakotensis, Echinomyia ------------------ 144 dakotensis, Muscopolia=-ctes 222s se- ee eas 40 dakotensis: Sarcoclista =2ese2seee se eee 40 Daochseta = .<2<--- =. 2-1 see kee ese eee 39 datane=quadripustulata, Winthemia... 125 datanarum=frenchii, Frontina -------~--- 107 davidson, Brachy Coma. —---- 2-2 aee=== 131 decens) Hilarella:---2---- 222 oe ae e 128 decisa. Hehinomyiales---2e=2-— eee a eee 143 decisa=rubriventris, Senotainia- -.------- 80 | (DeSeeTiaw 2s. -pSscsonn ss Cee ee eee 55 | degeerioides, Admontia ------------------ 54 degenera=algens, Echinomyia- ---------- 144 | deilephila—=quadripustulata, Winthemia 125 |. Dejeaniay —- 25 2. 3 See he see eee 146 Demoticus 22.45 2 ts oo Sc eee eee 120 demiylus. AGmoOnuUa: —=+-s5- 22 -> =a eae 54 Page. Page. GentatasAcem yids le IDKOy | Geaeairey ID Nolan tee soe See 63 depile=analis) Leéskiai_---2---------2-__-. 67 | Exorista _-____-. SE ra sets ak oe 91 MExIO NAM aKa = oes pee ee EE nee IGS EH XOTISLOIMES, 22-82... <5: ee 90 DSXTOSOM Ae e eee ee eyo k eit eee 138 ~=exul=adusta, iBlepharipezas sess s eee 124 DCR OC Estas er eee eee ante ree Ze So HSS) ex —=Ganmitatae GOnia 2-20 ee eee 133 diabrotice; Celatoriai-o-2.---.----=-_2-- 2 60 | exul=convecta, Schizotachina ___________ 55 WICHOCEH Ass a=. Cee ee ry ee LSP PA C2) 0) oth 612 eeecee Say eee et me met fo 81,143 Dako Kanth ee ee oes 5 4 ey he Cone eS 63>) -facialis: Phorocerdes:.222225-2) 105 Mithymia Xysta seo ee eS ee AE 40 | fasciata, Senotainia___._______..________ : 81 disjuncta, Microphthalma____-____-_____- USS HMB AUS tle. 2 8 ee Oe, Ae ye 88 distans=Vvulgaris, Exorista___...._._____- 93 | fenestrata, Alophora____-.-.__..-..__- 46 MISHLEN OMA semen eee ee ON ak 9 | fernaldi=mella, Tachina__________________ 119 distineta, Amobia_.2-2.-. 22-2... -..-- =) 1005 festinans. Masicera » 9.2) sean eon, 114 distincta=comta, Linnemyia-_..-______- 87 filiola=fuliginosa, Gymnosoma___________ 43 Gistinetas Sbumminp 0 - ee eeeee 2 111 filipalpus=robusta, Peleteria_..._______ 140, 141 diviensa, AlopnOLa= 2-22 hse. 45,47 finitima=abrupta, Bombyliomyia_______- 146 diversa=immaculata, Cistogaster _______ 43° | finitima, Spallanzania__-.. .22-2) ee 136 COU Ke | SCID IS: 5 Seneca es Sa ee eae SG) | stlavan Gly tiomiyi ay = 5s eee cee ne 72 doryphorce, Phorocera -----22.2-2..-_____- 102), Haveola. Eypostena ss. 204s) eee e ee 61 dosiadessOcyptera._*-----.--.---._------- 86 flavicauda=unifasciata, Belvosia________ 84 dotades=carolinze, Ocyptera __.__________ 86 | flaviceps, Cryptopalpus...-...-.....__.__- 39 DEC pAnOP TOSSA seg fs.9-. eS eet 7 flavicornis=pennipes, Trichopoda_______- 49 Cubia WH XOvIShA).- 52. =o 5s EEA 95 | flavicornis=rubriventris, Senotainia_____ 80 dubia=radicum, Panzeria__....__________ 88 | flavifrons=rustica, Tachina______________ 119 dubia=violenta, Frontina ___.____________ 108 flavipalpus=rustica, Tachina __..________ 119 dumnningenseypostenae- 8.5 esess2s..-- 60 | flavipennis, Melanophrys _________________ 85 lyGlzys, Jt goyehnbot ye eee ee Se 108 | flavipes, Gzediopsis._.._.__.__-__...-___.-_ 136 echinata=decisa, Echinomyia____________ 143 | flavipes, Thryptocera _._-...__________-___ 58 CHINO ycye ee eyes ee ae eae SESE 143 | flavipes, Xanthomelana _.._..___._____.__ 72 edwardsii=claripennis, Euphorocera_____ 102 | flavirostris, Exorista_...._............___. 100 CIN AUS ain ee eee eee SL 139 flaviventris=tessellata, Peleteria _______ 141 ENO Ze tele ee PIL eee ae 39 | florida=vulgaris, Exorista ...____________ 93 elites ameliciny men veto ae ge 129 floridensis=brasiliana, Biomyia__________ 82 ECON A OD UC Hy s aes ane eee 52 | floridensis, Epigrimyia -__..._____________ 75 ECR OTN A tae sree ec Fe 50 | floridensis, Hypostena...__.-.__________- 62 1B CEN OUIS SES SS Soe eae ee eee See 145 floridensis, Pachyophthalmus ____________ 80 epicydes=affinis, Exorista___....._.___._- 94 floridensis=parvipalpis,Plagiprospherysa 77 Epigrimyia____- segs = Se nenmateeeeeremeeser (2) sflorum Hiehinomiyiasete: 28 ae se ee 144 epytus=caroline, Ocyptera _____________- 86 | florum=festinans, Masicera___.__________ 114 BICC OT] Gee paee oe agen ee et ee 88 | formosa, Trichopoda-.-.....-....--..--__-. 48 IYO CCESUTTE ae Ei eae a alan ee ane 88 | fraterna=aletiz, Frontina ___._.._______. 107 erucicola, Paraplayia --..._....___...____- «8) | traudulenta. Sturmia.---- 2). 112 LESTENE Ws aca eae CG Sriranenteldiaeess: 5) sane ee 130 erythrocera, Hesperomyia__....__________ 200 frenchiie Hrontinaie ss 228 olsees se ae 107 erythrocera=rubriventris, Senotainia ___ SOT rOntin aie <1 ears eee Pu lla) ty ee 105 eucerata=pedestris, Hypostena__________ OL STinOmiOnsHt x OTIS baleen = eee ae aeeee vena 96 ULC ELOTMNVIA pre ee eas tee gc 39 frontosa=capitata, Gonia _.______..._____. 133 euchenor=caroline, Ocytera_____________ 86 fucata, Cuphoceral= 2 22 es ee 140 | DUM GT oY EG) AEG laos ee ee en 39° fulgens=comta. IBilahotesyeaWvar eee 87 SUR se EX OTIS bel oc es Soe a eee Eau 100 | fuliginosa, Gymnosoma __________..__.__. 43 emiiehice Masicera 2922221) 115 | fulvicornis, Hilarella____._._...._______... 128 ERULEIST OM EUS oe be fa eesti pan mye I Sean 52 fulvicornis=rubriventris, Senotainia_... 80 BANIMACTONVGHiges 22" ass ee ale Nae ls 8 128 fulvida=abrupta, Bombyliomyia —-_____- 146 1 BYOUGHYS 0) OF), Bees ES Seat ee es Mes i 127 |. fulvipalpis, Masicera.-_..._--.....-__-.___ 115 ERSEEDY OLN ee ears oe oe a L 49") fulvipes, Blepharineza /.-- 9 oe -25 124 eumyothyroides=theutis, Cryptomeigen. 52 fumipennis=caroline, Ocyptera _________ 86 ISVS STO VOSA a ee 7 fuUIMOSa) AlOpHOLAss= eee ke ae 46 PUI BORO Coralie, 2 a3 Ste RE 101 | fuscicornis=geniculata, Siphona_________ 76 LENSES UTS AER BREN ote eee eee %1 | fuscipennis=hystrix, Archytas.__________ 142 BUTE Gg CO) it eee Se a ee ae BOS futilis. KexOTistal se mesa eee nae les 98, 99 HUSIPNOMA Bese SNee 0h. vate eee a) || “(@haatit sito see PAM thee ee 136 BUCO Meese ete nt oe ea | 118 gallica=hebes, Spallanzania__.___________ 135 WOU COPY ep 2 Re 2 oleae Seer 120 | gelida, Euphorocera __....__.____..____... 101 BUEN YDEOSO Del eet ao S22. ee L32G eenaliseBiOMivials ese ees eek Oe 83 ULE Neher ere eae. Saal ED (| genalis, Metaphy to. 22o.<- 222.8 = es 90 EWALD Stns eee See enemies fa ae ONS 2 i 40 geniculata, Epigrimyia_....._._._________ i) geniculata, Siphona------- georgie, Biomyia georgie, Distichona georgica=hystrix, Archytas------.------- gillettei, Paraphyto Milyipess Hy POSt@M assesses eee ee= = =e Gin@lymligeese oceans esa ee eos een ee globosa=eenea, Myiophasia.- -------------- (OMAR ie se oe ae sae sa Seen Pee Goniocheta sonioides;|Opsidia 2-2 =_- = 4.222 _-- 2. gonoides, Hucnephalia----..---.--.-..---- orandis; cAlopnOraae seen ee eee = grisea=leucocephala, Metopia ------ ------ griseomicans, Exorista Gymmn ochwtalses sso 22 Wes oa eee cee Gymnoclytia Gymnopareia Gymmnophaniae 2 ----05 2s ese ecee ee GiymMNODLOSOD Asan eee ae a ee eee Gey OS OMA ae se ots a ee ee eee hemorrhoa=robusta, Peleteria TBI Waele Sie h= Be eee Bees See ae ek eee ou NRHA ORS) Syrbiameh = =e ee nave vies Maochetaesacss.- 2 aeet eee ee MaAstalaalSOPlOSSaas — sea - eee eee ee Nebes Spallanzamigeess- 2-2 esses HeliVviNaeEENOMStH eee se see ee ee ee helymus. Metacheetas- 2262.22 2 2 eee Hemimasicera Hemithrixion ET @MY Gade eas a ee a eee Se heraclei=comta, Linnzemyia I ORD SUlae nee Set. = ees 2 Shean ee hesperidarum, Spallanzania-_---_--__-_-- IVES HOROMNV aera. rsa = Hen ee eek ee hesperus=frenchii, Frontina heteroneura, Parahypocheta_-_..._.----- TLOLELODUCKING =. 6 ao are eens TSU EWA CNU Lee ements eee ie eeneae: OP Cues 2 Se tho ge hirsuta=vulgaris, Pxoristas-2--..-222--25 hirta=? nea, Peleteria__._.........-.--.- hirtipes=pennipes, Trichopoda __________- histrio=plumipes, Trichopoda___________- hornidarGyThoOphlospaess2-2 es soe ese eee nee Housed ass teehee ac chet ee eee FEUD IM CEL aac ee te ae ee ey 2 cee tee eee hyalomoides, Clistomorpha____-._____ ___- Hyalomyia Hyalomyodes Hyalurgus hiVbreas; Tachinaieesscess = soe a ee ee ERY CLULODMOCELA ase 442s ese eee eee hyphantriz, Hyphantrophaga..----_-____-- ELV PHANtrO Phas aes = ase seen eee (ERVMOCh atari fe, 22 5 see ee eee eur Hypostena PLATS ee mas Peek SS REN eee ae een peel hystricoides=hystrix, Archytas.________- Inystricosa,, Hchinomylaa-----]2--) soe = see ny Strix pArchy basses. +=): she eee Iiligeria illinoiensis, Eumyothyria--........---2.-- illinoiensis=geniculata, Siphona immaculata, Cistoraster.----= -2.--2 2-2 - | litturata, Euantha inconspicua, Didyma indecisa=floridensis, Hypostena inermis=bicolor, Paracheta-------------- infesta=quadripustulata, Winthemia---- INtUMAta, HChinOMylanessss2. 45 -seee ee inquinata, Sturmia insolita, MelanophTryse--2-- 25-5 -e ses ee Imtermedia, Brachycomaiss-2--.22-25-2e2 interrupta=chrysoprocta, Macromeigen- irnequieta, Hrombina-- 22-2222 225225- 22s oee ise, Exorista Tsoglossa Isomera iterans=lateralis, Archytas -------------- FOhnsouls Clausicellaess-sss-e ees ee eee JOHNSON. HXOFIStOIMES =_ = = 222 =a eee olaunstoyanly be MibWgeqvis 9 See FOMMSOM- WaaslOMC Uae sees ee eee jugatoria=pennipes, Trichopoda-_--__--- Jurinella Jurinia jurinoides=insolita, Melanophrys----_--- kansensis=rubriventris, Senotainia ------ kansensis=varia, Distichona labiata=leucocephala, Metopia----------- labissNemonr@a: == == 2. 2S ae ee ee Laccoprosopa Lachnomma letashrontinas2-e=: =. 5. eee lanipes, Trichopoda lapilei=algens, Echinomyia-_------------- SASLONCUTA Ses s226 veces = Se eee ee lateralis’ Arch ytasne ses. ess oeee eres lateralis=leucocephala, Metopia latifrons=leucophrys, Blepharipeza- ----- atreillia <=. -22-2--- ee Leskia heskd omima, 2228 Pe es ee ee ee eee leucanizw, Phorocera leucani#=quadripustulata, Winthemia-- leucocephala, Metopia leucophrys, Blepharipeza.-.-----.----------- Leucostoma leucostoma=aterrima, Archytas--------- limacodis=pristis, Macquartia inn eM yiais 222 se oe oo ee eee TLispidea on: iSe- <225 Sak l2s ate ee ee lopelize WROLISUa = aoa cee eee Loewia longicornis: Hy pochwtase--es-- sees ee Lophosia lophyri=claripennis, Euphorocera NUCens aH pl emiM yi ase ce a ae ae Mctuosan Al ophoras=2-ess0 sees eee eee ludibunda=rustica, Tachina | luggeri=leucocephala, Metopia------_---- lugubris=algens, Echinomyia-.--..---.--- by Gellae at 22 202 Se. Seatac ae ee lyrata, Dichocera Macquartia-------- MACTA. PHOTOCCT AR = snes aes eee Macromeigenia Macrony Childs ----.--2-=-----+---2-=-----=- Metasaniy chiar a eee ett hes ote olen keen ae soe wins ease Soe = PePrannchite: WMtOUL Lost oh 4 Sess ae scans =a + se ssses~ as eee" iSiiquiietiny MOGs 2 2ee aA oc Se een an le wise scone sss tes =< se seseeoe END OKE CUNT AMAINDE OPECIES Seeman aon eens nan nemceree ceases en saseeeee ine FJ 2 2h ital pee hie 4 ee em! AS) P ret y ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATES. Page. Ares — Vell Aleurodidse 22 os26,2262cs ssc. she ssoceas se 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64 TEXT FIGURES. EG lee PCLONYCH US OUMOCULALUS A ato Se a ae Soa ace eae sate on cja oa acaoceeneeee 65 Ze lerronycnus: MangtpuUlar Plate =. °c. hoes. Sasa e5 2 3 oes sesonses 67 3. Letranycus: cophalothorax from, above--.---.=2<-----+--$..-<--=-<- 67 TMPLCLRORYUCHUS WIOOULM PAIS ao oon acciace Soci Sasecis a= ese eskectaece 68 De NCiRanUChiUs 7 PODMALOTOANS, Se ie asec os a= naan one nese Senco cn 69 Gm letranyeusce lop as se panes e ee tian decrees Se aeie See boosie 69 MPUCLLORUCHUSUUTMOSDIOIS: SClAWS 3-28 2 2S ae na th ia cins ee eae oaeU eee 71 SRC RI CHUSIOLCOLRS CLAWS te en soos aie oan am ie Sete tee ae 72 CeePLCLra ny CRUS LUNLMUS S| PALDUS = ocala sats. 2 22 ae aioe else we So ee ae es 73 HORM ECLPONUChiUs VIMACULOLUS: PALDUS) 5. - 2522 2 s5. Secu seeenaseseeescecs 74 HieeLcinantChus OUNACULOLUS: (CLAWS 22-2 2-(- o2ce a4 - oe coc. san 5 eae noe oe 74 i Leramucnus telarvus: palpusiand plate: =. 22 222-2 23.2.3fsc522-cesec55 75 LS ele ranyCRUs SCLIICULOLUS:: DAUDNIS 2. S= 5-5 se eee bea seem e ta See 75 14, Tetranychus desertorum: palpus and plate .......---.---------------- 76 15. Teranychus glovert: palpus and plate. ......-........--.------------ 76 RG OMNES OTIOON US Stace ata a iol aain oe Saini ane aa eje Seelncic sina ss 77 os 7 a i. . a Pte oy, Gs ot 5% ae ibd i ; a] Sas ~ oF v —~< | 7 i : j , Ts = ’ » y i se U - - ° 7 = ; ; it a a aif ' rtd = ’ nh a 1 a . D . Fi , / DENP ‘a 5 oo Am at > er 1 1 ‘ i '_ uw ‘ a i] — iH . : x . i, ny i Ur : m r ; Pa me) os), me 7 ae SENS Si i Ay sole a aie As lneik aces if ra G 4 a ated aoe =n +) tw 6 é es 2% rit fs ae sia haga ey : . tint Bite ee hl 1 ee 4 ae oe : ata, o* oe rary : ra a : i . tree - . ne 4 4 y pares 7 x — ay ns . - ‘ Lee - — - oe AY ; ’ Lie 7 <_¢ P id y_# ; a « - 4 iz. & i ' ee ge 7h t a 7 uf oy ‘ : oe eee rn y i , M ' 7 - = y : \ Wf _ - a = A ren ‘ = , . won , . ' ; i 7 ¥ fps aA : ee fob = (e ‘ x: n p ty hy a - x _ eI os on - 2 CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARD A MONOGRAPH OF THE AMERICAN ALEURODIDA:. By A. L. QUAINTANCE. INTRODUCTION. The writer’s attention was called to this much neglected family of Homopterous insects about four years ago by Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell, since which time considerable material has been collected, or sent in by correspondents, and during the past year I have had the pleasure, through the kindness of Dr. L. O. Howard, of studying the collection of Aleurodide of the Division of Entomology of the United States Department of Agriculture. A considerable number of species have been met with that are undescribed, several of which are characterized in the present paper. So far as I have been able to ascertain, all American species of Aleurodide are indicated in the following pages ; Aleurodes vaporariorum is included in this list; although originally described from Europe, it has now become quite common in green- houses, in various parts of the eastern United States at least. In all cases reference is made to the original description of a species, and to such other references as are of any importance from a systematic standpoint. From a study of this literature it is at once apparent that the as yet meager study of American Aleurodidz has been, for the most part, done during recent years. In the United States, for example, there were but three species recorded previous to 1884. Forbes, in 1884, described from Illinois Alewrodes aceris, which, how- ever, should now be known as forbesi?, Ashmead, since aceris is pre- occupied by a European species.’ In 1893 Riley and Howard described Aleurodes citri, previously briefly described by Ashmead in the 1Monograph N. Amer. Proctotrypidze, Bul. 45, U. 8. Nat. Mus., p. 294. 9 10 Florida Dispatch, November, 1885. Alewrodes pyrolw Gillette and Baker, was described in 1895; kok. Wersp,. H. BE, Burke, W. F. Fiske, J. F. Strauss, engaged in forest pe investigations. * J. M. RANKIN, LESLIE MARTIN, E. F. PHILLIPS, engaged in apicultural investi- -~ gations. : : ‘ G. I. Reeves, W. J. Pacis, engaged in field-crop iisect investigations. ES =) I’RED JOHNSON, A. A. GIRAULT, J. H. Brarriz, engaged in deciduous- pu insect | investigations, C. J. Gittiss, W) A. KeLpuer, Marin Rey, Miss) JENNIE Locks, engaged in silk investigations. SS BH. R. Sasscer, Student Assistant. : pred TECHNICAL SERIES, No. 10. eo Oe rwk b LENT Or AGRICULTURE; BURHAU OF HNTOMOLOGY. L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist. THE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AND BREEDING HABITS OF THE COTTON-PROTECTING KELEP OF GUATEMALA. BY Ss 1\ Ni ae C ee Ormr. COOK., Bionomist in Charge of Investigations in Agricultural Economy of Tropical and Subtropical Plants. We : 7 NS J = i */ EX i Wh , WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1905. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U. 8S. DeparTMENT or AGRICULTURE, 3UREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, Washington, D. C., April 22, 1905. Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a paper on the social organization and breeding habits of the cotton-protecting kelep of Guatemala (/’ctatomma tuberculatum Ol.), by Mr. O. F. Cook, Biono- mist in Charge of Investigations in Agricultural Economy of Trop- ical and Subtropical Plants, Bureau of Plant Industry, and tempo- rarily on duty in this Bureau for the purpose of continuing the investigations of this particular insect, whose cotton-protecting habits he was the first to describe. This report contains evidence to show that the breeding habits of the imsect in question, especially its methods of founding new colonies, are essentially different from those of typical ants (family Formicide) and resemble in important par- ticulars those of the domestic honeybee. The possession of this type of social organization will, in Mr. Cook’s judgment, greatly facilitate the establishment of the kelep in the cotton fields of the South if the insect should be able to withstand the change of climate and other natural conditions. I recommend that this paper be published as Technical Series No. 10. Another bulletin dealing more fully with the details of the hfe history of the species is being prepared and will be fully illustrated. Respectfully, L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. Hon. James Witson, Secretary of Agriculture. (3) 3) = CONTENTS. rato CC G10 Neem eee eet ee ta ae Oe oy gee = eee Se OE ee Swarmincorandiother ume specializanOons:- 22992252552 52..5- see = ae eee Annual mating concourses of termites and true ants _______--------------- Breeding habits of the kelep Size of the kelep colonies Population of kelep nest the same throughout the season Only one type of worker ________- boo Sp ee Ne PS Kelep colonies not hostile ______- Be ee ME oe GENO oy nape ee ee eS Males continuously present Queens inactive Mieratlonvotic Oloniese meet steer a= tm ne ey Set Se See eee Queens carried by workers Division of a colony Colonies found without queens Replacing a queen Types of social organization among insects The termite society Explanations of worker caste Eno hiwspecializedaworkerCastes=ea= =o 6 ase = ee ce ee The ant society The bumblebee society The honeybee society The kelep society The driver society Ambiguous use of the term ‘‘ swarm ”’ Determinateand imdeterminate colonies 9)-- 25-222 22 22552.) 2 2 eee ee Complete socialization of the kelep ____-__--._--_-----_---------- Fen ee ee Doctor Ashmead ’s new classification of the Poneridee Synopsis of subfamilies of Poneride Synopsis of tribes of Ponerinze Synopsis of tribes of Pachycondylinze Habits of Poneride Temporary brood cells of the kelep VLE Gall =6 Gia Oa Cre WLS JOS eee ee ee ee enya AS oe eee ee eee Use of fibers in construction Stinging habits of the kelep Harmlessness of the kelep to man Adaptability of kelep organization to agricultural purposes Summary 21 vo He He CO WO oO tt Oo OO © WwW WwW WwW WWW WW WW to tr oii thengerae eh THE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AND BREEDING HABITS OF THE COTTON-PROTECTING KELEP OF GUATEMALA. INTRODUCTION. In preceding reports treating of the kelep as an enemy of the cotton boll weevil the distinctness of its behavior from that of the true ants has been noted. To avoid in some measure the misapprehension likely to be caused by calling it an ant it seemed desirable to introduce with the insect its distinctive Indian name, /elep. In the minds of the natives of Guatemala, the kelep is not a kind of ant, but an inde- pendent animal not to be associated with ants. The more we learn about 1t the more this aboriginal opinion appears justified, not alone because the kelep is a beneficial insect, but because it has a different mode of existence and a different place in the economy of nature. The popular classification of the social Hymenoptera recognizes three types—the ants, the bees, and the wasps, the ants being distin- guished from the others by the absence of wings. The kelep falls, however, into none of these groups. To call it a wasp or a bee would not misrepresent the practical facts more than to call it an ant. In reality the kelep represents a fourth category of social Hymenoptera, -as distinct from the other three as they are from each other. Authori- ties on the classification of the Hymenoptera have admitted a rather close affinity between the wasps and the ants, but the kelep differs irom both of these groups and approaches the bees in important respects, and especially in those which affect the question of its domestication and utilization in agriculture. It was naturally supposed at first that the kelep would have the same habits as the true ants which have been associated with it as members of the same family or subfamily, but the differences were greatly underestimated. If the Hymenoptera were classified by a taxonomic system consistent with that applied to the higher animals, the kelep would need to be recognized as the type of a new and distinct family. It is, moreover, the first member of its family of which the habits have become known. Under such circumstances it was quite impossible, obviously, to determine in advance whether its habits and instincts would permit its colonization in the United States and its use in agriculture. The fundamental difference between the ants and the kelep, and that in which the latter resembles the honey bee, lies in the methods of swarming. Among the bees and the keleps swarming results (7) 8 directly in the formation of new colonies, but the swarming of the ants is a distinct biological phenomenon having for its object cross- fertilization. The kelep is completely socialized, like the honeybee, while the ant is not. The keleps and the honeybees live only in com- munities, while the ants at one stage of their life history leave the nest and meet the vicissitudes of independent existence as solitary indi- viduals, like the nonsocial insects. The social organization of the kelep represents a line of development distinct from that of the ants, and shows a relationship with the parasitic and predaceous wasps rather than with the true ants. SWARMING AND OTHER TIME SPECIALIZATIONS. The swarming of the ants is one of the many interesting phenomena which might be grouped under such an expression as biological synchronism. Species are organisms, or at least organizations, and in some of them there is manifested a simultaneity or time codrdina- tion of the numerous members corresponding to the orderly develop- ment of the cells of which the body of the individual is built. A flock of birds or a school of fish, with the individuals separated at equal distances and executing all their movements In exact unison, is a striking example of such synchronism, but other no less myste- rious adjustments are necessary to enable animals and plants to keep so exactly the annual appointments by which the interbreeding of the members of the species is maintained. The climatic vicissi- tudes of temperate regions make complete simultaneity difficult, and have led us to ascribe the annual recurrence of events to the change of seasons rather than to recondite internal causes. The thirteen- year and seventeen-year trysts kept by the periodical cicadas over wide regions show, however, that more than sum totals of heat, cold, and food are involved, even in temperate climates. Under the equable conditions of tropical existence, where the seasonal explanation entirely fails, there are biological events which might seem to show that plants and animals not only have drill- masters but time locks. Some of the Asiatic bamboos grow for thirty years or more by vegetative increase alone without producing flowers or fruit, and then all the members of the stock blossom, bear seeds, and die together, without reference to the age, place, or con- dition of the individual plants which may have been propagated from cuttings and carried to remote parts of the earth. ANNUAL MATING CONCOURSES OF TERMITES AND TRUE ANTS. Nests of West African “ white ants,” or termites, are crowded for weeks with winged individuals, but not one is to be found outside until some moist afternoon or evening, when the young sexual in- 9 sects emerge from all the nests of the species in the same hour. The air is filled as by snowflakes or a plague of locusts. Lights attract the flying insects, and are smothered under heaps of toasted termites. The insectivorous birds and reptiles gorge themselves to repletion. By the next morning the detached wings have been blown together in windrows, and nothing more is to be seen of that particular species for another year except by digging into their nests or galleries. Probably not one pair of termites out of many thousands survive to become the parents of a new colony, but the purpose of the sacri- fice is accomplished if these have secured the interbreeding necessary to maintain the incredible fecundity by which the termite queen furnishes the population of a community to be enumerated in millions. The mothers of such colonies have been seen to lay from 40 to 60 eges per minute. The true ants belong, of course, to wn entirely different order of insects, and their social organization and swarming habits have been attained quite independently. Nevertheless some of them, and especially the families best known to entomologists, have a domestic economy and a morphological diversification of the members of the colony surprisingly paralleled to that of the termites, including the habit of annual mating concourses of sexual adults. There are in many species, both of ants and of termites, not only the two normal sexes and the sterile workers, but some of the last are further special- ized in structure, instinct, and social duties as soldiers, foremen, nurses, ete. A family of American ants (Cryptoceridw) also re- sembles a genus of African termites in maintaining an extensive and highly specialized system of fungus gardens.¢ Other ants have domesticated plant lice, mealy bugs, and leaf hoppers for the sake of the honey dew secreted by these animals, which are herded, a@With these fungus-cultivating ants and termites, at least, it would seem that a new colony can scarcely be founded by a pair of sexual termites or by a single fecundated female ant unless they carry their domesticated fungus with them. It is possible, however, that in both cases the newly mated insects are adopted and set up in housekeeping and farming by workers of their own species, who bring “spawn” of the fungi from the older colony with which they are in communication. This might the more readily happen because long subterranean galleries are a prominent feature of the architecture of the fungus-growing insects, both ants and termites. The keleps, indeed, may be said to have taken a step toward the domestica- tion of the cotton plant. They have at least adopted it, and show an instine- tive interest and attraction for it in preference to other plants. That this also extends to a special animosity for the boll weevil as an enemy of the cotton is not, perhaps, to be claimed, but the habit of living on the cotton plant has resulted, no doubt, in giving the keleps a special familiarity with the boll weevils and a special skill in capturing and stinging them. > — 28929—No. 10—05 M 10 pastured, and cleaned with as much care as modern dairy catile. Some ants have also a highly developed slave-making instinct, and undertake regular raids on the nests of other species to capture their young and carry them away to be brought up in servitude. Tt would seem, therefore, that in the highest members of both groups of social insects the chief purpose served by this simultaneous emergence, or “ swarming,” as it is commonly called, is interbreeding, or cross-fertilization, rather than the founding of new colonies in more distant localities, as hitherto supposed. This may explain why the species of these insects have achieved nothing very remarkable in the way of geographical distribution, in spite of the immense fecun- dity of their females. A single individual ant or a pair of termites might be able to establish a colony in a new locality, but the lack of opportunities for cross-fertilization might prevent the perpetuation and further extension of the specées, which could increase its range only by gradual, continuous expansion. BREEDING HABITS OF THE KELEP. With such instances in mind it becomes easier to appreciate the fact that the breeding habits of the kelep differ notably from those of the termites and termite-like ants, and approach those of the domestic honeybee. Although the actual migration has not been observed, there are strong indications that, instead of emitting annual broods of sexual individuals and founding colonies by means of solitary fecun- dated females, the kelep communities simply subdivide after the fashion of the bees, or in a still more practical and business-like man- ner, the problem of cross-fertilization having been solved in another aThe extreme development of the pastoral instinct is to be found in an ant which takes care of the eggs of its plant-lice cattle through the winter. “It is not merely that the ants mill them, defend them from attack, some- times protect them by earthen inclosures from too great summer heat, but over and above all this they collect the eggs in autumn, keep them through the winter, and plant them out on their proper plant in the spring. Some of the root aphides may always be found in ants’ nests, but I was much puzzled years ago by finding in ants’ nests some black eggs which obviously were not those of ants. Eventually I ascertained that they belonged to a species of aphis, which lives on the leaves and leaf stalks of plants. “These eggs are laid early in October on the food plant of the insect. They are of no direct use to the ants, yet they are-not left where they are laid, ex- posed to the severity of the weather and to innumerable dangers, but are brought into their nests by the ants and tended by them with the utmost care through the long winter months until the following March, when the young ones are brought out and again placed on the young shoots of the daisy. This seems to be a most remarkable case of prudence. Our ants may not, perhaps, lay up food for the winter, but they do more, for they keep during six months the eggs which will enable them to procure food during the following summer, a case of prudence unexampled in the animal kingdom,’—Avebury, 1905, The Open Court, 19: 190. 11 way." The data which seem to support this conclusion are briefly summarized in the following paragraphs. SIZE OF THE KELEP COLONIES. The colonies, while very variable in size, range between 100 and 400 workers, and thus are of the same order of magnitude, instead of forming a series from solitary queens to communities of thousands or millions, as among the true ants and termites. Out of nearly 150 nests which have been explored only 3 or 4 had less than 100 workers. This fact alone was sufficient to place the kelep in strong contrast with the leaf-cutting ants, which are such conspicuous members of the insect fauna of Central America. The colonies of the leaf cutters contain enormous numbers of individuals, hundreds of thousands, or millions, perhaps; and yet the young queens begin alone. The small burrows of several such were found while kelep nests were being opened, the annual mating flight of the leaf cutters having taken place only a short time before.? Most of the colonies brought from Guatemala in the first im- portation were, as it now appears, mere fragments of normal com- munities, containing from 20 to 50 workers. The jars obtainable in Guatemala for use as cages were very small, and it was feared that overcrowding would be detrimental. It was supposed, too, on the analogy of the ants, that the colonies would readily replenish their numbers if conditions should prove favorable in Texas. In the Texas experiments, however, it became apparent at once that in courage and general activity the behavior of the large colonies was very different from that of the small ones, a fact which the char- acter of the social organization permits us to appreciate more fully than before. When permitted to do so the larger colonies generally moved with promptness out of the cages and established themselves « After the above was written Mr. McLachlan reported from Victoria, Tex., that there had been an increase in the number of colonies in two kelep settle- ments in the cotton field near that place. One wire-netting cage which had been supplied with four imported colonies was found to contain six colonies ; another had seven colonies, though only five had been left in it. Before leaving Texas in October, I had noticed numerous young keleps in these cages, but had observed no addition to the original number of colonies. bIt seems to be true, as the Indians say, that the leaf cutters are unable to establish themselves in territory occupied by the keleps. Presumably the keleps kill the leaf-cutter workers as soon as they come out of the ground, and the queen, being thus unable to raise a family to forage for her, soon starves to death. If there is a nest of leaf cutters near enough to a cotton field to make a raid upon it, the Indians protect it by a fence of tough leaves of the plant called mosh (Calathzea). The same leaves are used by the black “ Caribs” of Livingston for lining the waterproof baskets which they weave from the climb- ing spiny palm (Desmoncus). 12 in new burrows of their own digging. Small colonies often refused to leave the cages. Large colonies took boll weevils as soon as offered, stung them, and carried them back into the nest to feed the young, while some of the less populous communities showed none of the hunting instinct and would tolerate the boll weevils for hours or even for days. It has been observed, too, by many students of bees and other social insects, that colonies too much reduced in numbers may become listless and discouraged and fail to manifest their normal activities and instincts. To this rule the kelep is no exception; nevertheless, even in very small numbers or as solitary individuals they do not lose entirely their rational demeanor. ‘This self-possession 1s probably a consequence of the habit of the keleps to spend considerable periods outside their nests patrolling the cotton plants, or standing motion- less, waiting for boll weevils or other insect prey. The tempera- mental contrast with the honeybee in this respect is very striking. The bee is above all, and even to a greater extent than the ant, a creature of the crowd. She can live only in the midst of a multitude * Tsolate her, and, however abundant the food or favorable the temperature, she will expire in a few days, not of hunger or cold, but of loneliness. From the crowd, from the city, she derives an invisible aliment that is as necessary to her as honey.@ POPULATION OF KELEP NEST THE SAME THROUGHOUT THE SEASON. The numbers of the insects and young and other conditions inside the nests of the keleps in Guatemala have been found to be the same after an interval of over six months. The first exploration was made at the end of the dry season, in April, May, and June; the second at the end of the rainy season, in November and December. Numerous ‘captive colonies also have been under continuous observation through- out the same period. No indication has been detected of any seasonal difference of habits, nor is it necessary to suppose that anything dif- ferent takes place in order to explain the domestic economy and breeding habits of the species.’ ONLY ONE TYPE OF WORKER. The workers are all of the same form and of nearly the same size, with no indications of the existence of a first brood of very sraall individuals. In some colonies the workers average appreciably larger than in others, but there is no such diversity as among the true a Maeterlinck, M., 1901, The Life of the Bee, 30. b While this report has been awaiting publication the period of observation in Guatemala has been extended through the remainder of the winter and spring months. The maximum of breeding activity appears to fall in the dry season, at the end of the cotton-growing period, in March and April. Nests excavated by Mr. G. P. Goll contained in some instances over twice as many cocoons as adult insects. In other seasons this proportion is usually reversed. 13 ants. If colonies were established by solitary fecundated females, as among the true ants, some of the nests would have shown examples of the undersized workers, of which the first brood raised by the queen ant is regularly composed. It is now a well-established fact that every ant colony is founded by a single fertilized female, or queen. The insect loses her wings and buries herself in a small cavity in the soil or wood that is to forni the future nest. After eutering the cavity she usually closes the opening so that she is completely shut off from the outside world. She deposits, at the expiration of a certain time, a number of eggs, and when these hatch as larvee she does not go abroad in quest or food, but feeds her offspring with substances regurgitated from her own body. These substances are ultimately derived from the fat body, a store of nutriment accu- mulated during her life in the maternal nest, which she forsook to take the nuptial flight. Of course, the insect must derive her own nourishment from the same internal source, and as, in all ants, the development of the young extends over a considerable period of time, it follows that the laryie are of necessity poorly fed, and after pupation hatched as dwarf workers (microergates). The number, too, of these diminutive creatures is limited, so that the whole col- ony in this incipient stage is a family consisting only of the huge mother and a few dwarf offspring.@ Workers much smaller than any found in nature were raised in some of the captive colonies of keleps, doubtless as a result of un- favorable conditions or lack of the normal amount of animal food. Nests with diminutive workers would not furnish proof positive, therefore, that the kelep, any more than the honeybee, ever founds col- onies by means of isolated queens. Disease, parasites, or starvation might be expected to bring about in nature, as in captivity, a condi- tion which gives the kelep colony a superficial resemblance to a recently established community of true ants. The finding of a colony of a few small workers of Odontomachus clarus has been reported by Professor Wheeler as evidence that the Poneride agree with other ants in the method of founding colonies. Other authorities on the classification of Hymenoptera recognize Odontomachus as constituting a family distinct from the Poneride by structural characters. Nevertheless, the similarity of habits be- tween Odontomachus and Pachycordyla is so great that a difference in social organization seems very improbable. The fact that the Odontomachus nest found by Professor Wheeler was in a cavity in a stone may be the explanation of its unprosperous condition.? a Wheeler, W. M., 1902, Science, n. s., vol. 15, p. 768. b Wheeler, W. M., Science, n. s., vol. 15, p. 769: “In a former paper I main- tained that the Ponerine: perhaps constitute an exception to the general method of establishing colonies, but I have recently found in a small cavity in a stone a fertile dealated queen of Odontomachus clarus surrounded by five diminutive workers. While it is certainly remarkable that one does not find similar incipient colonies of other Ponerine, this observation makes it probable never- theless that the ants of this family agree with the Componotinz, Myrmicinie, and Dolichoderinze in their methods of founding colonies.” 14 There is supposed to exist among the worker bees a division of labor, but nothing of the kind has been observed among the keleps, except that young individuals, which are easily distinguishable by their lighter color, remain in the nest for many days and perform nurse duty, while the foraging devolves upon the older and darker- colored insects.¢ The demoralization of some of our imported colonies may have been increased by the lack of a normal succession of young keleps to serve as nurses. The predaceous instincts of the older workers may incline them not only to neglect the larvae, but to yield more readily to the cannibalistic tendency which some of the colonies have mani- fested. KELEP COLONIES NOT HOSTILE. Kelep nests are frequently placed only a few inches apart, the workers of the different colonies not being actively hostile. Members of two colonies will forage on the same cotton plant or tree trunk with no signs of animosity. Stranger ants troduced into captive colonies for observation have not been attacked. They usually receive little attention; if they enter the burrow they are likely to be brought out and carried to the boundary of the inclosure, but are released without injury. In nature such stragglers, if any, would merely be escorted to the border, as it were. Under the social economy of the true ants the species consists of fewer and more scattered colonies of larger size. The workers from different nests often have as much animosity for each other as for members of distinct species. This hostility serves a practical pur- pose, the close proximity of nests being, among the ants, a distinct disadvantage. It is only in large and prosperous colonies that numer- ous sexual adults can be brought to maturity. Too many colonies close together would mean a general scarcity of food and would keep all the communities poor and unproductive. The power of ants to distinguish at once between members of their own and of other colonies has long been recognized as one of the most remarkable refinements of instinct, and has been the subject of exten- sive study and experiment. A recent and extremely careful investi- gation has been made by Miss Adele M. Fielde, who finds that the «Some species of ants and of termites have a special caste of very small, slender workers which do not leave the nest, but are devoted to nurse duty. These might be looked upon as representing a social specialization by which the microergates are not confined to the first brood. On the other hand the very great specialization of the so-called soldier castes of the termites would seem to indicate that they are the oldest representatives of the worker series, and this view seems to be supported by the fact that the ‘“ workers” of Calotermes, which have the simplest social organization, are more like the soldiers of other genera than they are like the workers. 15 olfactory sense, through which the instinct of animosity to strangers is aroused, is so acute that ants will attack even their older sisters if they have been reared without contact with others of like age.? It is much better policy, from the standpoint of the social economy of the ants, for a given area to be occupied by one large colony than by many small ones, and with many of the ants this mstinct of hos- tility is supplemented by that of retaining a part of the young females in the nest. This enables the community to be expanded to the greatest extent possible and avoids the waste of unnecessary competi- tion and conflict. The more amiable disposition of the keleps has enabled them to reach different and somewhat more democratic solutions of their social problems. They take better care of their young females, and do not find it necessary to make war upon their neighbors of the same species. Like other carnivorous animals, the keleps become cannibals when driven by hunger, but in normal conditions of Indian agriculture an abundance of keleps in a locality would tend to increase the area planted to cotton, so that their existence would not be subject to the usual laws of competition in the struggle for existence. Barring accidents which may compel a change of residence, an ant colony remains indefinitely in the same place, but the kelep organi- zation 1s decidedly more mobile. Colonies can change their locations readily and may do so with promptness when a more desirable spot has been found. One of the ends gained by the kelep in moving would be to leave behind parasites, with which their nests sometimes become infested.” It is a familar fact in the study of plants that some grow in clusters and others are solitary. If a seed produces only a single a@¥Wielde, A. M., Biological Bulletin, 7: 227. In some of the ants studied by Miss Fielde the aversion to strangers is said to extend even to a “manifest preference” of the females for males from the same colony. It should not be taken for granted, however, that the laying of eggs by queens captured before the mating concourse proves a previous mating inside the nest, nor that all the males which may be found in a nest originated in it. 4The habit of frequent moving might also explain the apparent absence among the keleps of the guests or messmates which have attached themselves to many of the true ants. In Guatemala the kelep nests usually harbor a snail or two, a small diplopod of the order Merocheta, a small creamy-white thysa- nuran, and a worm which infests the bone yard or collection of dismembered skeletons of their prey, which are stored in a special underground chamber. A few specimens of a hymenopterous parasite identified by Doctor Ashmead as Isomaralia coronata Westwood have emerged from some of the captive colo- nies during the journey to the United States, and even, in two instances, after they had arrived in Washington. The worst enemy of the keleps, however, is a mite, which has become ex- tremely numerous in some of the cages, especially those inhabited by small and demoralized colonies. 16 stalk the plants are solitary; 1f there are numerous buds and branches from roots or underground stems a cluster is formed and the plant is said to have a cespitose habit, depending upon the different method of reproduction. Similarly with the ants and the keleps the former have their colonies remote and hostile, the latter adjacent and friendly, or at least tolerant of each other. And though these dif- ferences might at first seem slight and insignificant, they result, in reality, from a fundamentally distinct system of social organization. It is not only a regular and normal condition for ant colonies to be solitary and remote from each other, but there is a provision of mutual hostility which prevents the establishment of closely adja- cent communities. The keleps, on the contrary, are social not only to the extent of forming colonies like the ants, but they are social to the second degree, as it were, in that the breeding habits of the in- sects provide for the normal existence of closely adjacent communi- ties. Solitary kelep colonies would be as abnormal as closely adja- cent ant colonies and as clearly at a disadvantage. Adjacent ant colonies might suffer for food, while a solitary kelep colony might meet extinction through inbreeding if the visits of males from other nests were excluded. MALES CONTINUOUSLY PRESENT. Winged males were found in the nests in about the same numbers in November asin June. They appear to be regular inhabitants and are received by all colonies with apparent indifference. They are agile, active insects and could readily pass from one colony to an- other, thus providing cross-fertilization without annual swarming. Males are not present in all the nests, and the number varied from 1 to 7 or 8, a diversity itself strongly indicative of the absence of the annual emergence, even of the males, at any stated time.¢”| The num- ber of males had also no apparent relation to the number of females. When the nests were opened in Guatemala the males often attempted to escape by running rapidly away, but did not take to wing, although Mr. Lewton informs me that some of those brought to Texas showed their ability to fly. They are, however, so active and fleet of foot that they could pass readily from one colony to another of the closely adjacent nests even without flying. Wingless males are known in some of the species of Ponera, and also in certain parasitic ants. a41n Guatemala in the spring the number of males raised by some of the col- onies was found to be much greater. Mr. Goll counted about 40 in one nest. Messrs. Kinsler and McLachlan saw numerous males at large in the cotton fields and observed, further, that they are often caught by the workers and carried down into the nests. ig QUEENS INACTIVE. The kelep queens, even when young, are distinctly less active than the workers. Isolated queens have shown no. ability or inclination to excavate nests and very little interest in eggs or larvee which have been intrusted to them. It does not appear that the keleps have the art of regurgitating food for their larve or for each other, but they have, instead, the curious habit of opening their mandibles wide and lapping up drops of nectar, moistened sugar, or honey on their mouth parts. The liquid is thus carried into the nest and dispensed to the other members of the community, old and young. The queen is regularly fed in this way, though in a few instances the queens of captive colonies came to the surface to eat sugar with the workers. In the true ants the young queen bites off her wings.? excavates her own burrow. and cares for her first brood of eggs after having laid them, and appears not to be deficient in intelligence and activity in comparison with the workers. The demeanor of the kelep queens snside the nests differed notably from those of a species of Formica kept in the laboratory at Victoria, Tex., for purposes of comparison. The kelep queen is the last to notice any disturbance of conditions, such as the admission of light, but the Formica queens were even more nervous and irritable than their workers and were the first to run for shelter. The same was true of them when their nest was being dug out. . The only instances in which the kelep queens have shown any note- worthy activity have occurred when they were condenmned to sohtary confinement. As though realizing the uselessness of such an existence these queens often make reckless attempts at escape and run rapidly away, in complete contrast to their usual quiet and sluggish demeanor when associated with workers and eggs or young. Tn nature, or rather in the Guatemalan cotton fields, this activity on the part of a queen which had for any reason lost her family might be of advantage in enabling her to find a home with some other colony. Strange queens seem always to be welcomed when introduced into a new community with or without a queen of its own.” The removal of the queen, on the other hand, does not seem to have any effect upon the actions of the workers as long as there are eggs and larve to care for, but workers alone become utterly listless and stand idly about with their a'This was observed in Texas by Mr. Frederick L. Lewton in a young queen of Cremastogaster leviuscula Mayr. bIn one colony studied by Mrs. Cook two strange queens, while not actually bitten, were dragged about in an unfriendly manner and did not long survive. 298929—No. 10—05 M 2! (2) 18 heads and antenne in the air, as though waiting for something to happen. There is no indication that under normal conditions the kelep queen ever leaves the nest voluntarily for mating purposes. There seems to be no record of a queen of this family being captured outside the nest. Mating inside the nest has been reported in another member of the family Poneride.?| Normally wingless females are also known in some of the other genera, which proves that with them, at least, the power of flight has been lost by the females as well as by the workers. In some species of ants and of Poneride there is no very sharp line between the workers and the queen, all of the intervening stages being occasionally found. Kelep queens and workers are, however, quite distinct, so far as observed. The queens are two or three times as large as the workers and are of a darker and more reddish color. The workers occasionally lay eggs, but they are of a distinctly smaller size than those of the queen. They remain white instead of turning a deep gray or blackish, like those of the queen, and are apparently recognized as worthless, for they are at once fed to the larvee, a fact discovered by Mr. F. L. Lewton.? When there are no larve the keleps seem not to know what to do with these diminutive eggs, but continue to carry them around in their mandibles. In one small colony I have seen three worker keleps with eggs at the same time, which would seem to indicate either that they are laid in considerable numbers or that they are carried about for considerable periods. The wings of the female being useless, it might be expected that they would be bitten off as promptly as in the true ants, or even sooner, but this is not the case. It seems scarcely possible that the queen could bite them off herself, even if so inchned, and of such an instinct there is no indication. The wings seem to be worn for an indefinite period. Queens with one or both wings frayed to half their length or less are occasionally found. The wing stumps, also, are of irregular sizes. It seems not unlikely that the workers gnaw them away gradually as a part of the cleaning process. In Pachycondyla, as described by Professor Wheeler, and in NVeo- ponera, which occurs in the vicinity of Victoria, Tex., the queens a Wheeler, W. M., 1901, Biological Bulletin, 2 :49. 6 The laying by workers of eggs of nearly normal size which also turn dark and seem likely to develop normally was reported from Victoria, Tex., by Mr. Argyle McLachlan, after the above was written. ¢'The species of Neoponera, which commonly lives in the mesquite bushes about Victoria, has been identified by Doctor Ashmead as N. villosa Fab. It is not without interest with reference to the possibility of establishing the kelep in Texas that the distribution of Neoponera villosa extends from Texas to Brazil, 19 and workers are very nearly of the same size, and, except for the possession of wings by the former, look quite alike, while in other genera, like Leptogenys, the females, though wingless, are very different from the workers. Such facts might have served as indi- cations of considerable latitude of social specialization in the family as a whole, as abundantly shown when the kelep is added to the series. The Poneride with wingless females seem to ally the group still further with the Dorylide and Mutillide and increase the contrast with the true ants, where the wings still remain as essential for the females as for the males. It may be needless, perhaps, to add that it is the loss of the wings by the workers and by the queens which marks the course of recent evolution in the Hymenoptera as a whole, as in all other insects. The most primitive insects were winged; all the wingless insects are descended from winged ancestors. The fact that so small a proportion of the members of an ant colony have wings, and these for so short a time, tends to make it appear that the wings are a special provision, while in reality the specialization is all in the direction of winglessness. The ants are in this respect more primitive, since they have preserved a character which is being lost in the Poneridx and which has entirely disappeared in the Dorylide, Mutillide, and Thynnide.? The winglessness of the queens has been attained, however, by an evolutionary step distinct from that which resulted in wingless workers, and has a very different significance from the standpoint of the social organization of the species. The winglessness of the workers may be looked upon as a part of the general stunting and sterility of the individual for lack of ade- quate food. In the early stages of the development of a new colony it is undoubtedly an advantage not to have too many larvee, which would increase the danger of starvation for the whole lot.¢ The loss or disuse of wings by the sexual females of parasitic wasps, drivers, and Ponerid, on the other hand, is a sequel of the abandonment by «4 Cook, O. F., 1902, The Harwig’s Forceps and the Phylogeny of Insects; Proc. Entom. Soc. Wash., 5: S4. b Winglessness of one of the sexes also occurs in several anomalous ants which live as parasites in the nests of other species and establish no independent colo- nies of their own. In the genus Jomognathus the male is winged, but the female is wingless and workerlike. Insects from the same nest have been found not to pair. In the genera Anergates, Formicorenus, Symmyemica, and Cardio- condyla the conditions are reversed, the males being wingless and similar to the workers, while the females have normal wings. eThe storing of honey by the bees had for its primary purposes, we may believe, the avoidance of temporary stringency of food during the period of brood rearing, not the laying up of supplies to enable the adult members of the colony to pass the winter. The storing habit enables the bees to occupy tem- perate regions, but tropical bees also accumulate supplies of honey. 20 that sex of the habit of flight, which means that the social-organiza- tion of the species is essentially different from that of the true ants, in which both sexes emerge into the open air for a marriage flight. MIGRATION OF COLONIES. In the transfer of a colony of keleps from one nest to another the workers take the initiative. After an excavation has been made eggs and larve are carried over. First attention is given to the eggs, the possession of which renders the new colony in a measure inde- pendent of the presence of a queen. Even before the new burrow is dug some of the workers load themselves with eggs and stand ready to carry them in. The ancient popular theory that the communities of the social insects are organized on a monarchical basis finds little support in the way of detailed facts. It has long been known that the nervous sys- tem of worker bees and ants is more highly developed than that of the sexual insects, and especially the parts which correspond to the brain of higher animals. Even in the most highly organized society of the termites the workers are the intelligent and efficient part of the community, the queen having no other function than the laying of the eggs from which the huge family is hatched. The termite “mother,” as the Africans more correctly call her, becomes enor- mously distended and completely unable to move. She is kept with her mate in a special chamber with very small entrances through which only the workers can pass, and even these openings are premptly sealed up with earth when the colony is attacked. Among the nomadic “driver ants” the mother of the colony does not lead the procession and never goes abroad in daylight. The natives of Liberia say, however, that in rare instances she is seen at night being hurried along by her numerous family. Among the honeybees, also, the workers, rather than the queen, take the initiative in matters of the internal management of the colony which lead up to swarming. Unlike the keleps, the bees do not carry eggs or larve with them, and are hence completely de- pendent upon the presence of the queen to insure the perpetuation of the new colony. QUEENS CARRIED BY WORKERS. If the kelep queen does not follow at once to the new nest a worker seizes her by the mandibles, raises her in the air, and carries her over bodily. This has been observed repeatedly in connection with the prompt transfers which many, of the imported colonies made from their cages into the ground. The queen submits to this treatment as though it were a regular occurrence, and remains quiet and rigid while being carried about. In one instance several workers also re- 21 mained behind, but were caught and carried by their sisters into the new burrow. This simple expedient avoids many difficulties and complications. The queen need not be possessed of any instinct of leading or accompanying the swarm, as among the bees, and there is no danger of her becoming lost as a result of her comparatively de- ficient instincts. The large straight-edged mandibles of the kelep are well adapted for holding or carrying objects of considerable size. Ants with smaller jaws could not catch and sting boll weevils, because they could not hold them in the right position. Numerous ants may be said to attack boll weevils, but are able only to seize them by the legs or snouts and drag them about for a time. As soon as released the weevil escapes by its well-learned trick of feigning death. The kelep can pick the weevil up bodily, and in normal positions on the stems of cotton plants can usually sting it while the weevil is still “playing possum,” before it begins to struggle. It is accordingly not without interest that the large mandibles and long legs which qualify the kelep as a weevil destroyer have other important func- tions in the social economy of the species. It may be mentioned also, as showing the special efficiency of the keleps in moving their domicile, that they seldom carry one egg alone, but will often go to considerable pains to pick up two or three at a time. Sometimes the eggs adhere in considerable numbers, though not as in Odontomachus, where they are cylindrical and are made up into compact bundles.. Eggs, pupx, and other objects are frequently pushed between the mandibles by the end of the abdomen, brought up from below as in stinging the boll weevil. Two cocoons are some- times packed up in this way, so that they can be carried together. It is also by virtue of this same flexibility of the abdomen that the. workers are able to assist themselves with their mandibles in the lay- ing of the undersized eggs which they occasionally produce. DIVISION OF A COLONY. A colony with two queens spontaneously divided into two by the departure of some of the workers and one of the queens. ‘This inci- dent was observed in Victoria, Tex., by Mr. Frederick L. Lewton, the essential facts being stated as follows: On July 22 the ants in colony No. 26 exhibited signs of restlessness, and as several had been found dead a new nest was prepared in a larger jar. The two jars were connected by means of a cotton-leaf bridge. The dead ants were immediately carried over to the new jar and also the hard remains of several boll weevils. A considerable amount of earth was also carried from the old nest to the new, but few ants remained in the new jar until its lower half was protected from the light. The protection was removed from the old jar, which was also allowed to become dry, in order to hurry the keleps in removing the colony. 22 At the beginning of the experiment a number of eggs and larvie were on the surface of the soil in the old nest. One larva was almost fully grown and about ready to pupate. In twenty-four hours all the eggs and larvee, except the large one, had been removed to the bottom of the new jar, while the one remaining in the old nest had been taken below and covered with loose earth preparatory to pupating. In another twenty-four hours there seemed to be almost no communication between the two jars and a close inspection was made. Then it was found that the old colony had contained two queens. One of these had taken possession of the new nest, accompanied by about half the workers and all of the eggs and young laryze, only the full-grown larva and the workers remaining with the other queen in the old nest. This she would not desert, in spite of the strong light and the dryness. The jar was therefore moistened and protected from the light, and within five days the queen began laying again. The one larva began spinning its cocoon on July 28, and it was finished in about three hours. COLONIES FOUND WITHOUT QUEENS. Several kelep colonies containing eggs and larve were very care- fully explored in Guatemala without finding queens. In view of the simple structure of the nests and the extremely favorable circum- stances under which the work was done, it is not considered probable that the queens escaped notice in all these instances. It seems more likely that some of these colonies had been established recently with- out queens. REPLACING A QUEEN. Captive workers alone, as already stated, become listless and con- fused, but if supplied with eggs their behavior soon becomes normal. Several queen larve have been raised in the laboratory at Victoria, Tex., the first two in a colony in the hands of Mr. W. E. Hinds, the others by Mr. Argyle McLachlan. One might argue from Mr. Hinds’s experiment great intelligence on the part of the keleps. One of two colonies had lost its queen by an accident, but was supplied with eggs from another on the supposition that a queen would be raised to make good the deficiency. The keleps appeared, however, to have no spe- cial desire to have a queen to support as long as they could secure a regular supply of eggs, and continued to raise workers only. The other colony, however, from which the eggs were being removed, took measures at once to raise a new queen, the deficiency of eggs having given, perhaps, the impression that the fecundity of their queen was declining. Two larve of unusual size were raised, one of which emerged as a normal winged queen. Mr. Hinds found that the time required for the development of a queen is about three months, the larval and pupal stages being about one and one-half times as long as those of the workers. . Two queens raised by Mr. McLachlan in January and February, 23 1905, spent 354 days in their cocoons, a period distinctly less than that of two worker pupe of the same colony at the same time, which took — 404 and 39 days, respectively. These queens were raised in the same queenless colony previously referred to, after the supply of fresh eggs was cut off. This would seem to show that a scarcity of eggs rather than the bodily absence of the queen may be necessary to set the work- ers to the development of a new queen. Certain it is that there is no such obvious reaction to the presence of a queen as among the bees. If the accounts of Maeterlinck and other observers are to be credited, there would seem to be among bees either a distinct system of royal etiquette or some direct unexplained influence upon the actions of the workers. And one may mention here the curious fact that the workers always avoid turning their backs on the queen. No sooner has she approached a gtoup than they will invariably arrange themselves so as to face her with eyes and antenne, and to walk backwards before her. It is a token of respect, or of solicitude that, unlikely as it may seem, is nevertheless constant and general.¢@ TYPES OF SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AMONG INSECTS. Insects of several natural groups might be described as social. The larve of certain Lepidoptera remain together and even make com- munity webs or cocoons. Some of the bark lice (Psocide) also pas- ture in droves, and in their younger stages spin continuous silk can- opies over their feeding places. These communities, while obviously held together by social instincts, are in no proper sense to be termed organized, no division of labor or diversity of form or structure hav- ing arisen as a result of the merely gregarious association of indi- viduals. Among the Hymenoptera some of the wasps of the family EKumenide represent this primitive social condition. Maeterlinck has traced the social development of the honeybee.? For an adequate outline of the diversity of breeding habits 1t seems necessary to recognize at least six types of social organization among insects. The contrasts between the different biological conditions found in the several forms of insect society can best be shown by brief formal descriptions. « Maeterlineck, M., 1901, The Life of the Bee, p. 214. bd‘ We find even to-day, among the melliferous Hymenoptera, all the stages of progressive civilization of our own domestic bee. At the bottom of the scale we find her working alone, in wretchedness, often not seeing her offspring (the Prosopis, the Colletes, etc.) ; sometimes living in the midst of the limited family that she produces annually (as in the case of the humblebee). Then she forms temporary associations (the Panurgi, the Dasypodie, the Halicti, ete.), and at last we arrive, through successive stages, at the almost perfect but pitiless society of our hives, where the individual is entirely merged in the repub- lice * * *,’-Maeterlinck, M., 1901, The Life of the Bee, p. 31. 24 THE TERMITE SOCIETY. Interbreeding maintained by a simultaneous annual concourse of all the recently matured insects of both sexes. Colony founded by a pair of sexual insects which remain permanently mated. Wings provided with transverse sutures which enable the insects to break them off readily by an upward bending of the abdomen. Both sexes shed their wings in this manner as soon as they have associated in pairs, and then begin digging in the ground. Workers of both sexes always wingless, numbered by thousands or even by millions, generally of diverse form, or of two or more distinet castes—sol- diers, nurses, ete. Several of these features are not shared by any of the types of organization found among the bees, wasps, ants, or other Hymenop- tera. It is only among the termites that the males are regularly found with the females in the nests. Among the Hymenoptera the males are relatively short-lived and take no part in the work of the colony. Sometimes they are not even tolerated in the nests. regularly fed with animal food, captured insects always being given, as far as observed, to the large larve. Colonies fed exclusively on sugar or honey have raised larvee to nearly the full size, but these seldom, if ever, pupate normally, and in some of the ‘aptive colonies very few pup have survived to emerge as adults. Sometimes the cocoons are opened and the pupe taken out and eaten ; in other instances they are thrown on the bone yard or refuse heap which each colony maintains. Messrs. Lewton and McLachlan are inclined to believe, after a series of very careful observations, that this mortality is sometimes due to the attacks of the mites, especially when colonies become weak and discouraged. Prosperous colonies, on the other hand, may receive no aparent injury from the presence of large numbers of mites. , The most prosperous of the colonies which have been kept under laboratory observation is one at Victoria, Tex., which was used as the basis of a feeding experiment to see how many boll weevils it would destroy. From 10 to 30 weevils a day was the regular ration, « Wheeler, W. M., 1901, Biological Bulletin, 2:11. Mr. McLachlan reports that a colony of Pachycondyla harpax, captured near Victoria, devoured termites greedily. 43 but in one instance over 50 weevils were killed inside of twenty-four hours, and in the course of the experiment the colony disposed of between 1,200 and 1,500 weevils. The nests of the keleps, though small and simple in comparison with those of the termites and true ants, consist of chambers several square inches in extent, with level floors and arched roofs, and denote a state of architectural advancement much greater than that reported by Professor Wheeler in the Texan genera studied by him. The nests of the three Ponerinie agree in being of a very primitive structure. They consist of a few simple and irregular burrows, or galleries, some of which run along the surface of the soil immediately beneath the stone or log, while others extend down into the soil obliquely or vertically to a depth of 8 or 10 inches. These burrows may anastomose, but they are not widened at certain points to form chambers, as in the nests of the more specialized ants (Atta, Pogonomyrmexr, Camponotus, ete.). Even in artificial nests of the Lubbock pattern the Ponerinze dig only anastomosing galleries scarcely more than a centi- meter in diameter. TEMPORARY BROOD CELLS OF THE KELEP. The alliance of the kelep system of organization with that of the wasps and bees receives support also from the instinct of inclosing the pupating larve in what may be termed temporary brood cells. It has been reported of some ants and of some genera of Poneride that they bury their larve before pupation. The kelep, instead, constructs over them a cell of earth, if no other materials are at hand, but prefers pieces of old cocoons if these are obtainable.! The bees and wasps avoid the labor of inclosing each wriggling larva separately by a system of permanent brood cells in which the larvee are reared, and which have merely to be sealed over at pupa- tion. Many of the true ants (and also the drivers) have abandoned the use of cocoons and of the brood cells in which they can be spun. With them the digging of extensive subterranean nests and the care- ful handling of the larve have made external protection unneces- sary. Nevertheless, the failure to make brood cells deprived the a Wheeler, W. M., 1901, Biological Bulletin, 2: 3. ’ The honeybee also makes use of silk from old cocoons in the construction of brood cells. “Into the material used in constructing brood combs bees often incorporate bits of wax and fiber-like gnawings of cocoons from old combs in which brood has been reared, and if given cappings or trimmings of combs they will work them all over and utilize most of the material. Also when the bees have abun- dant supplies of pollen much of this is incorporated into the material of brood combs, thus saving the costlier, substance—wax.”’—Benton, Frank, 1899, The Honey Bee, Bul. 1, n. s., Division of Entomology, U. 8S. Department of Agri- culture, p. 27, 44 ants of the possible evolution of the art of storing hquid: food lke the bees.¢ The position of the brood cells has doubtless had an important influence on the evolution possible to the different groups of social insects. The brood cells of the kelep are built over the larva as it lies on the floor of the chamber. Those of the honeybee are also horizontal, though piled, as it were, in double tiers. The cup-lke cells of the bumblebees stand erect. The instinct of making honeycomb was evidently attained as a further step in the practice of constructing permanent brood cells in advance of the egg laying. Among insects, as with man himself, progress toward civilization has largely come through the accentua- tion of parental instincts. The underground activities of the keleps are much less extensive than those of the ants. The galleries of their nests are simple and nearly straight, and the chambers relatively small. There are none of the winding passages to which the termites and true ants are so partial, and which make the complete investigation of their domestic habits so difficult. WEEVIL-STINGING WASPS. The incredulity with which the report of the weevil-stinging ant was received by entomologists shows how completely incongruous such a habit appeared when ascribed to an ant. The biological anomaly largely disappears, however, with the recognition of the fact that the natural relationships of the kelep he with the para- sitic wasps rather than with the ants. The stinging of other insects by predaceous wasps is an old and familiar fact. It is true that most wasps prey upon spiders, caterpillars, flies, cicadas, crickets, cockroaches, or even upon bees or ants; but there is one family, the Philanthide, which regularly attacks beetles. One of these wasps even makes a specialty of beetles of the weevil family. The species of the genus Cerceris are numerous in Europe, and several of them are known to make burrows in the ground and store them with beetles for the benefit of the future larvee. The beetles chosen differ in family acecord- ing to the species of Cerceris; but it appears from the observations of Fabre and Dufour that one kind of Cerceris never in its selection goes out of the limits of a particular family of beetles, but, curiously enough, will take insects most dissimilar in form and color provided they belong to the proper family. This choice, so wide in one direction and so limited in another, seems to point to the existence of some sense, of the nature of which we are unaware, that determines the selection made by the insect. In the case of our British species a“ Though also making special ‘ honey tubs,’ some of the bumblebees commonly use old brood cells for the storage of honey.’—Sharp, David, 1901, Cambridge Nat. Hist., Insects, 2: 56. 45 of Cerceris, Smith observed C. arenaria carrying to its nest Curculionidee of very diverse forms, while C. labiata used a beetle—J//altica tabida—of the family Chrysomelidie. The beetles, after being caught, are stung in the chief articulation of the body, that, namely, between the pro- and meso-thorax. Cerceris bupresticida con- fines itself exclusively to beetles of the family Buprestidze. It was by observa- tions on this insect that Dufour first discovered the fact that the insects stored up do not decay; he thought, however, that this was due to the liquid injected by the wasp exercising some antiseptic power; but the observations of Fabre have shown that the preservation in a fresh state is due to life not being extin- guished; the stillness, almost as if of death, being due to the destruction of the functional activity of the nerve centers that govern the movements of the limbs.¢ Between the habits of such wasps and those of the keleps the dif- ferences are certainly less than between the keleps and the true ants, and another wasp of the same family shows how the transition from the parasitic to the predaceous stage could be passed very gradually. Instead of concluding its maternal duties by stocking its nest or bur- row with paralyzed insects in advance, Philanthus apivorus, which preys upon the domestic honeybee, provides only one individual at first and returns later to bring others, as required by the growing larve. Moreover, it has the habit of crushing its prey in its mandi- bles, thus giving the larva easier access.’ The kelep system repre- sents a further improvement, the captured weevils being pulled to pieces and distributed to numerous larve. In one group of Hymen- optera, the sawflies, the larvae have well-developed legs and are able to crawl about like caterpillars, which they very much resemble. In all the other families the larve are legless, helpless grubs. Most of them are, in the larval stage, parasites, either of plants or of animals. Those which are not parasitic require, obviously, to be fed and cared for by their mothers, a condition most conducive, obviously, to the development of social habits. The distinction between predaceous and parasitic habits is not easy to draw. Mrs. Cook saw three young kelep larve at one time attached to a termite which the workers were still carrying about to feed to the larger larvee, which seem to secure nearly all of the direct attention of the workers. If the prey remained alive such attached larvee would be looked upon as parasites. The manner in which the keleps feed their prey to their larve is thus to be looked upon as a derived rather than as a primitive trait, compared with the habits of the other carnivorous Hymenoptera. «Sharp, David, 1901, Cambridge Nat. Hist., Insects, 2 :125. 5 There are two other significant approximations of habits between the kelep and these wasps of the family Philanthidze. They seize their prey in their mandibles and sting it by bending the body around underneath, to reach the vulnerable point. Philanthus also makes long burrows in the ground, with chambers at the end in which the eggs are laid and the young reared. 46 The parasitic groups avoid all further labor in behalf of their young by simply laying their eggs inside the victim, upon which the larve feed at pleasure. The solitary wasps stock their brood cells in ad- vance with whole spiders or insects. Some of the social species com- minute or mangle their prey, and others, including many of the true ants, regurgitate the partly digested food material. The drivers probably feed dismembered pieces of their prey lke the keleps. The kelep larvee are not so completely helpless as those of bees and true ants, being provided with mouth parts adapted for eating cut the soft interior tissues of insects, and long, flexible necks to enable them to reach inside and clean out the sections of boll weevils laid by the workers carefully on the fat stomachs of their baby sisters. Two such, lying side by side, each provided with a weevil’s front leg to nibble, was the ludicrous sight observed in the nest of one of the captive colonies in Texas. Mrs. Cook has noted another instance of feeding which well illustrates the extent to which the social organization has developed in this respect. A worker seized a termite as soon as it was dropped into the nest and held it in its jaws for fully five minutes, the termite vigorously protesting with its antennie. After it was dead, or at least motionless, the kelep took it below where other workers assisted in feeding it to a large larva. It was very hard to get the termite properly placed; time and again it fell from where it had been put, and was turned over and twisted in all sorts of ways in the effort to bring it into a position so that the larva might take hold of its head. The larva meanwhile moved its own head back and forth, evidently trying to get hold on its own account, and a little larva near by did secure a hold on the other end of the termite, so that the keleps had to move both larva and termite in their further efforts to give the latter to the large larva. The little larva was almost as large as the termite. Finally the matter was arranged, the ter- mite lying across the two laryie, which remained peacefully side by side, the big one eating at the head, the little one at the tail. A worker had to take the head of the big larva between his jaws and fore legs and put it in contact with the termite, and then stood over it as though to see that the larva did its duty. The weight of the small larva kept pulling the termite off the body of the large larva before it had become firmly attached, so a worker stayed by and kept pull- ing the termite back in position. Finally the large larva got to work in earnest, and the faithful nurse left to help another kelep with another termite. USE OF FIBERS IN CONSTRUCTION. A possible reminiscence of an upper air existence by social ances- tors of the kelep is to be found in a curious tube or gallery which is often constructed at the entrance of the nest to extend the underground passage upward on the stem of the cotton plant or other object to which the opening of the nest is adjacent. The workers always prefer to dig against something rather than in the open ground. The tubular structure in question may be only an inch or less in length, but 1t sometimes extends upward for 5 or 6 47 inches. It is built of shreds of woody material, bark, fibers, 01 even of cotton lint, sometimes with pellets of earth intermingled, but usually thin and with something of the papery texture and appear- ance of a wasp’s nest. ‘The object of this curious structure has not been determined with certainty. In some situations it serves the purpose of keeping the loose earth from falling into the burrow and may afford protection against enemies of some kind as yet unknown. After the tube has been built the insects seem reluctant to crawl over it to the ground outside. They even carry the pellets of earth brought out of the burrow up the stem of the plant and far out on the branches, and then drop them off. STINGING HABITS OF THE KELEP. The most obviously wasp-like habit of the kelep is, of course, the adroit stinging of its prey to produce paralysis and consequent help- lessness. It has long been known that the mud daubers and the digger wasps stock their brood cells in advance with paralyzed insects or spiders, though very few of them are known to attack beetles. The insects are permanently paralyzed, but not killed outright, and afford the young wasps an adequate supply of fresh food on which to grow to maturity before emerging from the cell in which the egg was deposited by the mother insect. It has been claimed by some observers that paralysis results because the insects captured by the wasps are always stung in a nerve ganglion. This extreme refine- ment of instinct is doubted by some, but seems to have been estab- lished by careful observers. In dealing with the boll weevil there can be no doubt that the kelep shows great instinctive skill, and often persistence as well, for the armor of the weevil permits the insertion of the sting at only two points—on the middle line of the ventral surface, at the two joints of the body, one between head and thorax, the other between the two parts of the thorax. The difference in the use of the sting bets, een the keleps and the true ants is most effectively shown when repre- sentatives of the two groups are brought together and permitted to fight. The ant tries to bite its antagonist, the kelep to sting and paralyze, the latter strategy being much more effective. This habit of stinging other insects allies the kelep not only with the predaceous wasps, but also with the Mutillide and other para- sitic groups, which, instead of preying on other insects or storing them up for their young, lay their eggs in the living insect direct or in the nests of the social Hymenoptera. The stings of the worker bees and ants are, as is well known, merely modified ovipositors. The males do not have stings, and the tendency to use them is gen- erally less in the queens, in which the egg-laying function remains predominant. 48 Contrasts between the kelep and the true ants also appear in con- nection with the sting. The kelep, which has an effective sting for use on other insects, does not make it a weapon for general defense against intrusion. The ants, on the other hand, fight each other with their mandibles, but many of them sting viciously at any foreign object with which they may come in contact. Curiously enough, too, many ants in which the sting has become a mere harmless rudiment still go through the motions of stinging with as much prompiness and apparent gusto as their more effectively armed relatives. The decline of the sting among some of the ants may be associated per- haps with the fact that they are vegetable feeders. At least, it would seem to be an indication of their remoteness from the parasitic groups of Hymenoptera. HARMLESSNESS OF THE KELEP TO MAN. Lest the present recognition of the similarity of the kelep to the bees and wasps should lead to another misapprehension, it may be well to repeat here the fact that the insect is entirely harmless to man. Its sting is used with instinctive promptness to paralyze boll weevils and other insects which it undertakes to capture, but there seems to be a complete lack of any tendency to defend itself by stinging, except when actually caught and held. This has been shown to the entire satisfaction of all who have had the interest to watch the kelep colonies which were brought to the United States in July (1904). The insects have been handled on many occasions, and by many different persons, without any threat or symptom of stinging, except in the case of two or three young men at Victoria, Tex., who had the curiosity to make a test of the injury which the insect’s venom could inflict. The result was quite the same as we had experienced in Guatemala, a slight and temporary irritation, Messrs. Goll and Collins, who recently excavated the nests of about 40 colonies in Guatemala, were not stung at all, though taking no measures to protect themselves. That an insect which is so ready and skillful in stinging its prey should be so peaceable and harmless in other respects may well appear almost incredible, but a similar specialization of instinct is known to exist in the domestic honeybee, where the queen has no inclina- tion to use her sting except for the purpose of dispatching her rivals. a“ But though this sting is always ready to strike, though they make con- stant use of it in their fights among themselves, they will never draw it against a queen; nor will a queen ever draw hers on a man, an animal, or an ordinary bee. She will never unsheath her royal weapon—curved, in scimiter fashion, instead of being straight, like that of the ordinary bee—save only in the case of her doing battle with an equal—in other words, with a sister queen.”—Maeter- 49 ADAPTABILITY OF KELEP ORGANIZATION TO AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES. Tt is plain that the size attained by the colonies and the fecundity of the individual queens by no means determine the rate of increase possible for such an insect as the kelep. A social economy which provides for an indefinite increase of the numbers of colonies and of laying queens may more than compensate for the absence of the ex- ceptional productiveness of the queens of the termites and the true ants. The marvelous fecundity of the females in these groups 1s, indeed, to be looked upon as an adaptive specialization by which the species is able to maintain an existence in spite of adherence to a most wasteful social policy, in which so much is staked on the vicissitudes of a simultaneous annual emergence of all the young and unprotected individuals of both sexes. This precarious period in the life history of the ants has been well described by Professor Wheeler. The sexual individuals, when finally liberated from the nests, are thrown on their own resources, and for a time the struggle for existence sets in with great severity. One has an opportunity of actually witnessing both catastrophic and personal elimination, often on a magnificent scale. The struggle among the males for the possession of the females is intense. The lives even of the for- tunate among the former are rapidly extinguished. The surviving fecundated queens set to work to establish their colonies, an arduous and complicated undertaking, which ruthlessly eliininates all the poorly equipped. Even before they can dig their nests hundreds of these insects are devoured by birds, lizards, spiders, ete. And many more of them die from exhaustion while digging their nests, or from hunger while raising their first litter of young, or from the at- tacks of subterranean predatory insects, parasitic fungi, ete. This struggle, however, terminates on the appearance of the first workers, and the successful queens thenceforth again lapse into a condition of domestication till the close of their often very long lives. The contrast can best be expressed, perhaps, by saying that the social system followed by the termites and true ants involves the loss of nearly all of the females, while in that of the keleps all females are, or may be, saved and utilized in the increase of the species. There is nothing to show that the very large colonies of the ants and ter- mites are an ar rangement advantageous to the species as a whole. They are rather the result of the failure of these insects to adopt the habit of swarming, as practiced by the honeybee and the kelep. From the agricultural standpoint, too, the superiority of the kelep organization is obvious. The division of the species into small bands enables the insects to spread uniformly over the fields, while large isolated ant-hills inhabited by hostile colonies would exclude the pos- sibility of an efficient protection of all the cotton. The hills and pit- @ Wheeler, W. M., 1902, Science, n. s., 15: 769. D0 falls made by many ants would be a serious inconvenience in the cul- tivation of the crop. To avoid them would be difficult, and to drive over or plow through them would mean the wholesale destruction of the insects, so that the utilization in agriculture of a true ant-hill ant might well be deemed improbable. The social organization of the kelep avoids all of these difficulties. The colonies are small, but not hostile, so that all the plants of the field can be visited. In- stead of an ant-hill and a maze of underground passages, they have a simple burrow, deep enough to give them protection against injuries incidental to ordinary cultivation. If the entrance is accidentally closed the inhabitants can readily reopen it; and if the situation proves to be inconvenient the whole community generally has the intelligence to move over close to the cotton plants, on which it regu- larly forages for nectar and game. SUMMARY. In summarizing the former report, of July, 1904, the investigation of the kelep was divided. into five phases or questions, upon three of which evidence was submitted, while two others remained uncon- sidered. The three facts which seemed to be established were: (1) The kelep protects the cotton plant against the boll weevil, which it regularly kills and eats. In the presence of sufficient num- bers of keleps the protection is entirely adequate, as shown by com- parative field tests in Guatemala. The keleps have made it possible for the Indians to maintain a field culture of cotton in the presence of the weevil, and have thus enabled the Indian variety of cotton to develop weevil-resisting characters which give partial protection, even in places where the keleps are few or wanting. (2) The kelep does not attack plants, or have any other habits which would make its introduction into ‘the United States injurious or undesirable. (3) It is feasible to bring colonies of the insects to Texas and estab- lish them in the cotton fields. The continued study of the insect has furnished, of course, many additional data bearing upon the above statements. but all have been of a confirmatory nature. The present paper deals with the further question, whether the habits of the insect will enable it to breed and multiply in captivity or as a domesticated inhabitant of the cotton fields of our Southern States. From the analogy of the habits of the ants, it appeared to specialists in the study of that group of insects that the kelep could not be appled to agricultural uses. The facts detailed in the present paper seem to warrant a different answer. (4) The kelep is not a true ant, but has a distinct type of social organization, much more lke that of the domestic honeybee. ol The utility of the kelep will depend, therefore, upon the answer of the remaining question, whether the kelep can survive and multiply under conditions of climate, soil, and food supply to be found in the United States. In structure, habits, and instincts it is wonderfully adapted to the work of destroying the cotton boll weevil. It is, in short, a new and efficient insectivorous animal, in all prob- ability capable of being utilized for the protection of cotton and other crops In many tropical and subtropical regions, whatever may be the results of the present effort to naturalize it in Texas. It is still impossible to predict the fate, in a new country, of an insect which has so recently become an object of scientific study, but whatever the experiments may ultimately show regarding its ability to become established and thrive in the United States, it seems certain that the social organization of the species does net disqualify it for a future of agricultural utility. To prejudge its prospects by refer- ence to the habits of the true ants would be the same kind of error as to discredit the honeybee on the ground that the bumblebees and wasps are worthless and undesirable insects. Recent advices from Texas, received just as this paper is being com- pleted, seem to indicate that the colonies which have been left out in the open ground of the cotton fields, without care or food, will not survive the winter, though they have lived long enough to show that low temperature alone is not fatal, thus confirming the result of a cold-storage experiment made in Washington last August (1904). As already explained in the present paper, the colonies of the first importation were far too small to make the experiment a fair one, and they were planted in Texas after the middle of July (1904), much too late in the season. A knowledge of the social organization of the insect will permit these and other obstacles to be avoided in the importations to be made in the coming spring (1905), and it is hoped that a satisfactory and conclusive test will result. INDEX. | Page. Abdomen, flexibility of=—=2-===—— == 21 Agricultural uses of kelep_____~--_-_ : 49 JAMO TYPO NED Aoes ee ee ee ee 38 INMBIGYPONTN AD) 22a 2 ee 30, 37 Anergates, males wingless____—__—- 19 Annual emergencel === ees 8, 32, 49 Anite SOCLety a= 2 a ee 27 Ants; preedine habits===—s= 2 == === 36 cocoons abandoned___---_----- 43 colonies compared with kelep — 27, 50 colony, sequel of sexual repro- duction’ 2222s. 20 eee 335) domesticators of other insects_ 9 indeterminate organization —__ 33 Maine | CONCOULSe=——==———— == 8 not adapted to agricultural re- quinements({2= 2 — = = 49 number of individuals________ 2M; polymorphism) of ===———=_— = = 26 similarity to kelep superficial_ 35 social system wasteful _______ 32 unable to destroy boll weevils_ 21 wings s~removall Of == —- == 27 WOLKELSaehl OS til Chimes ares = ee ee n cya 4 ASHMEAD, W. H., references to___-~~ 29, 30 classification of the PONERID AY S==> == 38 AviEBuRy) reference ito —2==——--—- = 10 Bamboos, periodical flowering of_—— 8 BATES, H. W., reference to___-___— 31 Bee, fecundation of ‘queen _________ 24 StuinewOl WOLKeh so == == ae 26 worker caste, cause of ________- 24 Bees, dependent on _ presence of queens22= Ss. 55222 5h 20 honey, brood ‘cells2=22=22== 24 purpose of honey production_— 19 resemblance to nonsocial in- Stet) ee a 2x8) royal etiquette among______ ae) similarity of keleps to___ 29, 43, 50 FSO) 1 C5 ype ry pn 36 youne queens! Of =-===— === 34, 35 BENTON, FRANK, on brood cells of ees aes ae eee ees 43 SEG nD zee se re ee ee ES 30 Biological synchronism====—==——=—— 8 Boll weevil, vulnerable points ~~~ 47 Boll weevils, feigning death_______ Pat killed by keleps-_-_—- 42 Breeding habits, diversity of ~-_—-_~ 23 or kelep === = 10 brood: cells; horizontal=—====—==——— 44 ofskelep a2 S222 fess 43 Bumblebee, foundation of colony——~ 28 interbreeding of_____-_- 28 | Page Bumblebee society _-_-------_--_-~ 2§ workers winged________ 28 Bumblebees, governed by queen____ 34 honey, tubs Of======—— 44 Colagihea= = se eee ital Calotennese = 2) es Bae Ee 14 Gannibalismy?====2 =. ee 14, 15 Cardiocondyla, males wingless————~— 19 Castes specialization= of————= === 26 Cerapachysi2 === ee ee 31 Cerceris, a beetle-eating wasp__--~- 44 @icadas) speriodicala—==—=—=——— 8 Classification, two methods of____~ 37 Glustered ‘colonies==="— 2222223 === 33 Gocoons) openin=0f=== =) 42 transportation of ____-__~ 21 Colletes, social organization of_____~ 23 Colonies, determinate and _ indeter- Min ates. Se = ee 33 formation of new =-—-=== 8, 21, 28, 29,32 increase: Of = =~ 42> 11 Misragiony OL == === 11, 15, 20 not hostile==e===— === ss 14 population of === s==>2_— ial, ab small, inactivity of —-___— 12, 42 without queens: ==2===2=— 22 Colony, compound indeterminate ori- fint Ofesas a eS 33 new, foundation of ----__-_ 35 new, from geographical Stand pointy === === 34 Communities, large, not practicable_ 35 Community, expansion of ——~_-~~—~-- 15 Goncourse, use’ of term = ==]======== oe Coox, Mrs., observations of _____-- 45, 46 Cotton) field, occupancy, of===—===== 29 Cremastogaster leviuscula__————--~ iT lineolata eaten by Stenamma —__----— 36 Gross-fertilization===—======"= 8, 10, 12, 32 necessity of__—--- 35 GRY PTOCERUD An ee 9 Determinants, theory of—-__------- 26 Dinoponera grandis _-____--_--___ aul Division On labore === === == 14 TD YOM ZrOTU DVD) ee eS 29, 30 Drivers. ==. = a 29, 30, 31, 46 Ectatomma and Pachycondyla, differ- ences between_—--_---- 41 as type of family __-_~- 37 larva, description of___~ 38 tuberculatum ____——~--+- 5 HCPA OMMID Al == ee 38 Eggs, adherence of _--_------___-_ 21 carried by workers_————----- 18, 21 54 INDEX. . Page. J Bees) description of 22s === =e 38 | Ikelep society, formal description of_ distinct from those of Odon- strengths Of cc ee ear Se ose LOMACKUS = eee eee 41 | KINSLER, J. H., observations by____ in) bundles === sae ee ee 41.) Warvee, feeding “hapitt =. 22] asa Hai Gl MD Ye WVOUIKCT: Sie ee eee 18 FOO Of ae We caer eee of an unfertilized queen _____ 35 method of feeding not prim- HmMpry, E., references to__________ 30, 36 itive trait eae ee EOE aMGen (CON CS ba ee eee ee 46 of unusual Size=22 eee lresitarchy, 22. eee 34 | Leaf-cutting ants, size of colony___ Evolutionary history as shown by I.EPIDOPTERA, social habits of______ social organization _ 37 | Leptogenys and Pachycondyla, dif- significance of struc- ferences between ____ tural characters —__ 37 Cres of Se Evolution of honeycombs__________ 44 elongata, feeding habits_ of -social habit______ zeae 45 lack of resemblance to of storing liquid food____~ 44 kelep === == eee Hxperiments planned —---_--______ 51 larva, description of ___ Fecundation inside nest___________ 29 queens 23 Feeding experiments ______________ 42 | Iewton, F. L., observations by____ grounds, object of separation_ oo 4) Iibenia, rivers of === aan habits 2 = eee eee 17, 42 termites’ of.) 2 seas Females and workers, distinction MAETERLINCK, A. M., matriarchy of between] ==25 === a 25 bumblebees winged) ‘atenrsto222 see 28 references to_ Fibers, use of, in construction _____ 46 sting of bee__ FIELDE, A. M., references to_______~ 14,27 | Males, dimorphism of______--~____— Food, animal, necessary_________—_ 2 from unfertilized eggs______ liquids|StoringsOt= == ese 43 NUMper. Of == =e ee Formicorenus, males wingless_——_-—~— 19 present throughout the year_ INET Sse UT CCT) Sy ee ee 9 Visits (o£, 2 -~— 25 = Seance eee Galleries, construction of__________ 46 Wihged.2e) 2 2 ee ee Geographical distribution of social Mandibles, adaptation of__________ FLTUS CGS bea eas se eee LOS SMatine. COnCOULS C= === === ae Germmplasmpete =) eee 27 flight of ants and termites__ Gon, G. P:, observations by—=__—__ P20 of honeybees ________ Guests in, kelep nests==—==2_= == 15 inside: nest. <7 -22e ae apis mo twinyUnOUs = Se 50),| Matriarchy «222.23 =e. eee Fialtica tabida, stung by wasp —~-~_ 45 | McLACHLAN, A., observations by___ Harmilessness of kelep_=== === === 48 | Migration, for short distance only_ Eereditivs: theory. of 27 of colonies\=— = =a Hinps, W. E., experiments of______ 99\Mites; “parasibic= = =.= ene One y pees t= ee eee 28 | Mobility of kelep organization_____ brood zcellsvoh-=2=-— 49). |\ Mouth, “parts =2)-) Ee colony indeterminate _____ 33)1| Movements, -slow==]==—2=—. —=— == less completely social ____ 34 iaMultiple nests] =.= Hloneybees, ergatarchy of ____-_-__— Sy BENG AOL) Oby ony Dy Op a ee 29, social development of ~~ 23 | MyrMicipa, derived from Poneride_ Stine of quecn === a— = 48 feeding of larvae —____~ queen, jealousy of______ 34 Myrmosa 2222 eee Honeycomb, instinct of making____ 44 |} Nectar, as food of kelep_—----_---= Honey tubs of bumblebees___--_~__ 44.) eNeononel ds, HYMENOPTERA, Classification _______ 7 and Leptogenys, differ- primitive social con- ences between___—----_ ditionsof === 2= 23| Nests) construction of-=—-=-—=——=—= indians Guatemalan === 2 ee 29 of Philanthus, similar to kelep Insects, classification of_-_--_—__== ot KODONTOMACEH ID ai) =—=—— === a eee social organization of______~ 23 | Odontomachus, as type of family——- instinet ot place sso = sa 30 ClLOnWS See ee Mntenp reed ing ee ee 8, 10, 28 dispositionyof===—2—= a enecessityeoa== a2. == 35 egos Of 2 ook eae Iisomanaltia. coronatas == ae = 15 hematodes, feeding Kelep, different from ants____-_~__ if habits: - =.= 22 Indian name ==- == SSeS 7 larya, description of_ method of killing weevils___ Pies 2POChYCONGY C= ee relationship with parasitic and Hctatomma, dif- and predaceous wasps ---- 8 ferences between —-_ Page. 28 21 16 46 42 17, 42 12, 23 16, 28 amy 30, 47 36 30 42 18 41 42, 43 45 38 37 13 31 21 42 38 13,18 41 INDEX. 55 3 Page. Page. Pachycondyla and Leptogenys, dif- SEIN SIN ea SCC LS ae eee ee ne 44 ferences between —_ 41 of insects for preservation__ 45, 47 as type of family__—~_ CGMSUMM Any] esse eS Se ee eee 50 CL ESE O fae artes eae ee 41 | Swarm, ambiguous use of term____~ 32 lack of resemblance Sivan ae se ee (orl Ones to” kelep2s 22222" =— 36 of ants and termites_____ 8, 35 larvie, description of_ 37 | Symmyrmica, males wingless___-—_~~ 19 PACE Y CONDY ELD a0) == Stes 38 | Synthetic method of classification__ 37 Rarasitesmot.kelepa=——=—=—— = LO LErNuess « LLCUUGUSs == eee 33 PHILANTHID, attack beetles ____-_ 44 | Termite queen, habits of_-__---_-_ , 20 habits similar to SOCICty 7 Se ee = ee ee 24 kelep= ee = = AD. ReLnmites= === == rete 8, 9, 20,24, 33 Plowing? over: colonies==~—= == == =- —— 50 colony, new, sequel of POlICaEsySteme= == = = eT 35 sexual reproduction_____ 3D EGG AT = a eS 32 colony, vital efficiency of__— 35 as; type: of familys =- 22 3 37 complemental queens ~~~ 33 harpax, feeding habits______ 42 larve not helpless______—— 24 lack of resemblance’ to males reguJarly found in ele pee Sr eae 36 MES be Se ee 8 Sa 24 larva, description of—+—___—— 37 Op iiiberiae= = 2S = se 33 IPONERUD 40 SS 22> Se ee 19, 38 similar to true ants_______ 9 Glassificanione of= == === = 38 social system wasteful ____ By familliesvof =" == 22 + == Si, workers, polymorphism of — 26 Mabie TOL se 40 ERY NINGD AY = Se 2 We a 30 Population (of colonies=—=—=-=—=—_— 12) | “ime specialization =2===- ==" === SNe Predaceous and parasitic, distinc- Tomognathus, male winged____---_ 19 tion between=]—_=——_—— 45 | Tube to nest, construction of __-__ 46 habitse 2 te ee at SOR MU ty: Ofekelep a === a se ee 51 Primitives characters=—=—=—=——— —=—— 31 | Wasps and keleps, similarity be- Prosopis, social organization of___—_ 22 tween —__-- 1, 43 Protection, Of.cotton=———-—=——=— = — 50, 51 transition be- PSocipa, social) Habits: of-==-—~——— 23 tween —_-_-~— 45 Rup anione ee 42 governed by queen____--___ 34 Quecenk = se he WieAlSs20322523, 20 parasitic, relationship with earried by -workers=———-——--—— 17,20 kelep a= Ses ee 44 complementall e225 a = 33 relationship with drivers development of. ===" ==s 2-2 —— 25 and. *kelepsi== =". === 36 fecundity of, in termites, Solitary-2 == == Se 36 honeybees, and ants_______ 35 method of feeding ANA CULVIOw = ose ee ee ee ee 17 JALVees= a a 46 ReMmovaleOl se a 17 | Weevils, number destroyed_—-—-—-—~ 42 ReplacincmOLee= = ae 22 o\sWieevil-stinginies wasps —--]= = == == 44 time required for develop- WEISMANN, A., reference___——----_ 26 POS Ol 2a oe a 22,29 | WHEELER, W. M., references to__—-— 13, Rate of increase of kelep_____----- 12, 49 : TSP oh Regurgitation of food ________~ Nex LOLUIS 10 fa Se a a Suarp, Davip, on stinging of in- ; Sects ees on storage of honey_ Slave-making instincts of ants_____ Socialization of kelep, complete__—_ Social organization of insects____-_~ Onegin Of === — Wasps, habits: of ===———=—=——= Stenamma fulvum, feeding habits of— Stigmatomma, as type of family ~~~ larva, description of — resemblance to kelep_ Sines retlectss Ol = modified ovipositor _________ use of, distinct from ants___ Stingines habits2s—2- == 21; 48 on habits of Po- NERDD AGS Se 41 -— on habits of Stig- matomma ————— 36 on annual emerg- ence of ants __ 49 on construction of Ponerine nests_ 43 White ants. See Termites. \yialiakec|o (Re ee Ee ee 18, 19 Worker caste, character of—-—~~ 20, 25, 28 WORKERS ASHES CS pe eae en Di) Giminutives 2-2 So S== = 1163 Giversity, among === —- 22 12 MUM per LOL — == 2 One sty peEOLe == === =e 12 retsyeatonely Out ee a SS 31 time of development_—_~——~ 23 WELT LG SS eee ee ee ee 28 === epee ee: “U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, -— , BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. _ _L.O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. "A CLASSIFICATION OF THE MOSQUITOES OF - ~ __ NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. © ~ PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE, ENTOMOLOGIST ha BE £ t= me 5 D. W. COQUILLETT, Assistant Entomologist. S —-_ r WASHINGTON: is GOVERNMENT PRINTING: OFFICE. - \\), WO AL Mu: 1906. $9503. BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. - L. O. Howarp, Batyinotogist and. Chief of Bureau. ee ain C. L. Maruarr, Entomologist and Acting Chief in absence of Chief. 3 R. 8. Cuirton, Chief Clerk. _P. H. Cuirrennen, in charge of breeding experiments. - A. D. Horxins, in charge of forest insect investigations. . D. Hunter, im charge of cotton boll weevil investigations. . M. Wesster, in charge of cereal and forage-plant insect investigations. A. L. QUAINTANCE, in charge of deciduous-fruit insect investigations. Frank Benton, in charge of apicultural investigations. . Cha ‘E. A. Scawarz, D. W. Coqurttett, TH. Peraanpnre, NATHAN BANKs, Assistant Ento- yee mologists. < £8. G. Trrus, Aveust Buscx, Orro Herpemann, A. N. CAuDELL, R. P. Currix, J. Ge ~. ‘Sanpers, F. Di Coupen, E. R: Sasscmn, J. H. Bearrisz, I. J. Conpit, Assistants. . _. -R. C. Aurnouss, W. F. Taster, Mary G. Cuampney, A. d. LEIsTEr, £, ¢. Woon, : T. A. Keuener, Jessie E. Marks, cy eee and Clerks. Linuian L. Howensrein, Artist. esther 27 Mase Cotcorp, Librarian. iB a Lae H. E. Burkes, W. F. Fiske, J. L. Wess, J. F. Strauss, engaged in forest insect investiz Tes gations. oes W. E. Hixps, A. W. Morritz, Sprincer Goss, J. C. Crawrorp, W. A. Hooker, W. W. Yoruers, A. C. Morcan, W. D. Pierce, F. C. Bisnorr, ©. R. Jongg, F. C. Prarr, C. E. Sansorn, J. D. Mircneiy, Witmon News 1, J. B. eee C. W. Frynn, engaged in cotton boll weevil investigations. G. I. Reeves, W. J. Paruures, engaged in cereal and forage-plant insect investigations. Stat Frep Jounson, A. A. Grrautt, A. H. Rosenreip, engaged in deciduous-fruit neal investigations. E. F. Pariurps, J. M. “RANKIN, LusLiz Martin, engaged in apicultural niegdenede! (C.J. Gruss, W. A. Keener, Maris Rey, Maspeu F. Crayton, enganes in 1 sills oe investigations. Sole ae TECHNICAL SERIES, No. 11. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF HNTOMOLOGY. L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. A CLASSIFICATION OF THE MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST BY De We, COQOULELETT, Assistant Entomologist. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1906. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U. 8S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BuREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, Washington, D. C., March 15, 1906. Str: I have the honor to submit a manuscript entitled ‘*A Classifica- tion of the Mosquitoes of North and Middle America,” prepared by Mr. D. W. Coquillett, assistant entomologist. The Department so frequently receives requests for information concerning this subject from students of entomology, from physicians, and from persons engaged in sanitary work that the desirability of an explicit publica- tion on this subject is very obvious. I therefore urge that the manu- script be published as Technical Series, No. 11, of this Bureau. Respectfully, L. O. Howarp, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. Hon. James WILson, Secretary of Agriculture. CONTENTS: Page HARTA ELGUTVOETL 25s ce a Se i ey 0 ee ih SuUiMemanlresrore tines © ulte dee sey ene ees oe aa ew io et aes one eee 9 Mableottherculbtamulltess sss ot a0 ao eles ee AES eet eae Hal SubfanatlyeAmophelimee 225-225-222 eaes-2- 4-2. Tie Rs, Cia eel ela MP WY, Mablevotatherceneramcy cn. ee sn See oc se emer SIN: Mee wt Boe Le 12 {EF TUS MN Thy i720 anal tess petirys msn es 8 cer te ese ONE EROS os AN ta te 12 GEnUSRANTO PNG] Esmee sees spo ey yc te ae See, J EN eet 12 Genusi@yclolepp tenon yaaa sea kc ieee eero ieee aoe Sees oes = ts CenusiNotobrich serra. 546 ts <2 een een enh othe ee ee 13 Cenuy Callit = 23 5okaee eb aee so es eee See i Aalmee es e wre eee 13 SulokaraaulveViesarinmin cep errs se St pees ee eae ole eh yes NG eae 14 Geminis MiGeniaine -2et hes ecscob Seer ecLee ae eee ae Sees 14 Sultana Vales Ore phonincemen.= ar ets oer oes. ee nas cee oes eee 14 GRELAUIS| I PONNO) OOVORET Sar ee gs cree ar eT See A ees nt Sr 14 Stull onearaaillyy (Ouviliverioyes = Ses A ete, Ce ee oe ay ee ee ee 15 Malo] Chotabine te emenaercrss == emcee ere es een yee me ren! ye ee 15 Chem S MBG LCOS Tee eres este yey sae Noe Steen Oey eee: 2 AIS NE Ly Be a 16 GiGLOUDES) Liane au MOR LONO NEY, c= ee eS iN A eee ee are a gr 17 (GCembis SORTS Socks oon se Ses he ee eee re aa ee et et eee We GDS WEE a a ne ee 7 GenusmhepidOplabysiee see see eer en see ee Ne eee ose ee 18 CREATES, ANGLE a os es ce ee eh Ok 18 Cronust@ chilenota tise = spate series Lanna ert, 2 seek eerie Ae 18 (Cemiist Calo annl ayer ean a rey Heian eee rion c aoa Peers ee Dal ChemUSelOUb alae ete er ee eee ake Lee de ep 2 22 CenUsx@UiCell ames sate Mem eee eer. St et ee 22 (Grainne) Moeol orm liey ae See Bee A ee ee oS eee ee ee eee 22 Cremulse CWwliSe taps sewer ett ct ge Le Ue be reels ei te Cepia ROU rend 22 (CETUS, Uhl Cxaymesenee = torte eet eee teem ys te Sy a Se Rieti ke ae 23 CrenusiVielan® conlonemscs=. seer ete ece aa. sacs sae ace coer sae 23 Gremtuisplim © LES teste see teeter 1: cre reise ere see no ae rs OE 24 Genus Micraédes -..---.--- Bae es rE 7 kt an Beas sees 24 Gera Sw ISO SLO MV Aye ee ene roan eee ts eet ec ree «te a ar 24 Cemlicel en Oni ye MUsea tae Sees aemeanae eee ee ee Ee ye alae 24 (CCrennmapVicins OIA, sepa aos ae cece ee ey et ne ees Be A erecta, 25 CRERETETES ANCES (ELON a 1 a eee aa ye On 25 Genisyilcenmae OOS peste nite een ee Sei ee eee Is ok 25 Genlisi Caco my lap cr asa ieee oe ee a he ee ene Re ee 25 GF CHUSMeny TNA OMELO DAs oye: Sala Pleo) Serrereie a au a Seer a sie Se 25 CEMUSPELOW aAnGinam pretense is tem ein Sof oe Sehe eee de a8 26 (CGenlispeme um aul Gxsemet eee SOME en eee eae oS ene neeecee Se 26 o 6 CONTENTS. Subfamilies of the Culicidse—Continued. Subfamily Deimoceritime:.<_ 222. -teoss = bosaseotsee see ee ee eee Génus Dein oterites'a: 4 <2 2 ose 2 ee ee ee eee Subiamily Uranoteeniinee 2-22. S.28s 22... 2-8 soe eae ee ee eee eee Genus Uranoteenia & 22S ue ne aes es ee ee eee ae eee Subfamily TLrichoprosoponine. J. 24) seats. con. tee ee ee ee ee Table oidbheroenera. - 2 222 oe as oo oe a eee eee Genus CrichoprosOpon ss 225.9 5sc66 seek en cele ee eee Genus W ycomylaiecs. bo b bo bb bt GH GD OD Nmwhp Ww w& Sa SS) Sf Sy St es bo ~I Page. 8 A CLASSIFICATION OF THE MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. INTRODUCTION. In the following pages all of the subfamilies, genera, and species of mosquitoes known at the present time to occur in North and Middle America are briefly described or mentioned. In several instances, where the species have been founded chiefly upon larval characters, the adults have not been differentiated in the present work, owing to the fact that the cast larval skins were turned over to a second person before they were identified and associated with the bred adults. It was thought best, however, to publish this work in its present incom- plete form, so that students might avail themselves of it at the com- mencement of the mosquito season. The greater number of these species were founded upon one or two specimens onky, so that the range of variation in the adult stage could not be ascertained by the original describers. During the summer of 1905 Dr. L. O. Howard examined the type specimens of several of Wiedemann’s species in the Natural History Museum at Vienna, Austria, and with the aid of Dr. Anton Handlirsch, supplemented by a series of questions by the writer and a collection of named specimens for comparison, was able to gather some very impor- tant information in regard to those species which occur in North and Middle America. The museum collection was found to be in good condition, and type specimens were indicated by red labels. Follow- ing is a list of the species examined, with the results obtained by Doctor Howard: Anopheles albimanus. The type agreed well with specimens of Anopheles albipes Theobald. Anopheles crucians. The writer had correctly identified this species. Anopheles ferruginosus. This was not a new species but simply a change of name for Culex quinquefasciatus of Say. It is represented in the Vienna museum by four spec- imens of a Culex; this is in perfect accord with Say’s statement that the legs of this species are much shorter than those of Anopheles punctipennis. His other statement, namely, that it was an exceedingly numerous and troublesome species on the Miss- issippi River in May, considered in connection with the characters and measurements given in the descriptions of both Say and Wiedemann, seem to indicate that it can be no other than the common and widespread Culex pipiens. 8 CLASSIFICATION OF MOSQUITOES. Culex fatigans. The female has simple tarsal claws and the petiole of the first sub- marginal cell is about one-third as long as the cell. Culex molestus. This is identical with Psorophora ciliata Fabricius. Culex posticatus. The type has the last two joints of the hind feet wholly white; Janthinosoma musica Say isasynonym. The Janthinosoma posticata of Theobald, in which the last joint of the hind feet is white, is therefore a different species, for which the writer proposes the name terminalis. Culex pungens. Three specimens from New Orleans, La. The claws are apparently simple, the scales of the wings are wholly brown, and the petiole of the first submar- ginal cell is from one-sixth to one-fifth as long as the cell. It is evidently identical with pipiens. Culex teniatus. A badly rubbed specimen of each sex from Savannah, Ga. It is synonymous with Stegomyia calopus Meigen. Culex teniorhynchus. The writer had correctly identified this species. The most important changes resulting from this critical examination of the types are that the name a/A/manus replaces albipes, and posti- catus takes precedence over musica, on account of priority in the publication of the original descriptions. In the preparation of the present work it has been the constant aim of the writer to render it intelligible to the average student and observer by dispensing with the use of all technical terms so far as . HUMERAL CROSSVEIN AUXILIARY VEIN f VEIN n° VEIN f° VEIN F { ARVEIN: PETIOLE | OF 487 SUBMARGINAL CELL SS SS ee eee — SUBCOSTAL CELL’ Fig. 1.—Diagram of the wing of a mosquito (Culex pipiens), with names of veins, cells, etc. (original). this could be done without sacrificing either accuracy or clearness. A few terms, however, which could not be avoided, will need an explanation; these relate chiefly to the veins and cells of the wings, and it is believed that they will be made plain by reference to the accompanying illustration (fig. 1). The petiole of a cell is the last section of the vein before it forks to form the cell. The segments of the abdomen and the joints of the feet and antennz are numbered from the point of attachment outwardly; thus, the large bulbous joint of -the antenne which is attached to the head is the first joint, the one next to it is the second, and so on. The seutellum is the semicircular piece at the posterior end of the upper part of the thorax, from which it is separated by a transverse suture. The remaining terms will no doubt be readily understood by the average reader. SUBFAMILIES OF CULICIDA. 9 In the tables of subfamilies and genera given on subsequent pages of the present work these groups are arranged in their systematic sequence, but no attempt of this kind has been made in the tables of the species. In the lists of species the synonyms are indented. THE SUBFAMILIES OF THE CULICIDA. The family Culicide was founded by Latreille in the year 1825. He did not consider it as representing a higher group than a tribe. Only the long-billed forms were known to him. The short-billed forms were erected into a distinct group, Corethrine, equivalent to a family, by the Italian naturalist Rondani in the year 1856. Schiner, in 1864, regarded the Corethrine as being only a subfamily of the family Culicidee, and this view has been quite generally adopted by later writers. In the year 1883 Brauer proposed to include in this family the genus Diva, which Schiner, fifteen years previously, had made the type of a new family, the Dixide. Dyar, in 1905, proposed to unite the Dixide with the Corethrine, the two groups to form one family, distinct from the Culicide. That these three groups, the Dixide, Corethrine, and Culicine, are closely related to each other admits of no doubt. That the Corethrinz are much more closely related to the Culicine than they are to the Dixide is also very evident. Thus the larva of the latter is provided with a pair of fleshy anal prolegs, a structure found in some of the Chironomide, but never present in any of the known larve of the Corethrine nor of the Culicine. In the adults the auxiliary vein in the Dixide ends at a point opposite the root of the second vein; in the other two groups it is prolonged nearly one-half of its entire length beyond the root of the second vein. In the Dixide the posterior margin of the wings is provided with hairs only; in the other two eroups it is fringed with scales. Again, in the Dixide the antennz are almost bare, and are similar in the two sexes; in the Culicine, with a single exception, and in the Corethrine these organs bear many long hairs, which, with few exceptions, are longer and much more numer- ous in the male than in the female. It will thus be seen that the Dixide are sufficiently distinct to be maintained as a separate family. The radical difference in the structure of the mouth parts in the adults of the other two groups, added to the equally great difference in the food habits of the females, renders highly desirable their sepa- ration into distinct families, and we can do no better than to follow the lead of Rondani and consider that the short-billed forms constitute a family by themselves, the Corethride. With these forms elimi- nated, the family Culicidee becomes a very homogeneous group, char- acterized by long, slender antenne composed of fourteen or fifteen joints; a greatly elongated, slender proboscis; the presence of scales 23581—No, 11—06 9 10 CLASSIFICATION OF MOSQUITOES. on the wing veins; ten veins and subdivisions of veins which reach the margin of the wings and a vein along the posterior margin; and by the absence of a discal cell and of spurs at the apex of the inner side ef the tibiee. In the family Culicide as thus restricted Theobald in the year 1901 erected the following five subfamilies: Anopheline, Megarhinine, Culicine, Aédeomyine, and Trichoprosoponine. The Aédeomyine were separated from the Culicinee by the much shorter palpi of the male. This appeared to be a natural division so long as there were known only forms wherein the palpi of the male in the one group are at least as long as the proboscis, while in the males of the other group they are less than one-fifth of this length; but the recent discovery of forms in which the male palpi are in one case one-third as long and in the other nearly one-half as long as the proboscis, greatly weakens the supposed importance of this difference in the relative length of the male palpi. Moreover, both as regards the larva and the structure of the tarsal claws and shape of the scales in the adults, some of the forms with short palpi in the male are much more closely related to species with long palpi in the male than they are to any of the others of the group with short palpi. These two divisions are thus seen to be unnatural and the two proposed subfamilies, namely, Culicins: and Aédeomyine, should therefore be merged into one. In the year 1904 Lahille separated out the genus U/ranotenia as the type of a distinct subfamily which he named Uranoteenina, giving as its principal distinguishing character the great elongation of the peti- ole of the first submarginal cell and the consequent shortening of this cell; the larva has the four tufts near the middle of the head repre- sented by stout spines which are covered with spinules. Lutz, in the same year, erected four supposed new subfamilies: Hemagogine, Aédinz, Hyloconopine, and Dendromyin: the first of these belongs to the Culicine as above constituted, the second is a mixture of three subfamilies having short palpi in both sexes and the posterior end of the thorax bare, while the Hyloconopine and Dendromyinz will fall as synonyms of Trichoprosoponine. Very recently, in the early part of the present year (1906), Miss EK. G. Mitchell erected two additional subfamilies: Psorophorine and Deino- ceritinee. The first was founded on the genus Psorophora, previously placed in the Culicine, but which, according to the habits of the larva, and the structure of its mouth parts, is much more closely related to the Megarhinine. The second subfamily was founded on the genus Deinocerites, which differs radically from all the other members of the Culicide, not only in the structure of the mouth parts, particularly the mandibles, of the larve, but also in the antenne of both sexes in the adults, SUBFAMILIES OF CULICID&. jiah The following table exhibits the relationships and differences exist- ing inthe various subfamilies of the family Culicidee at present known to occur in North and Middle America; the latter term, as employed by Jordan and Evermann in their admirable work on the fishes of this region, is intended to include Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies. There are characters in the eggs and larve also which sup- port the differentiation of these subfamilies, but these are not given here, since the larve will be considered in another publication of this Bureau: TABLE OF THE SUBFAMILIES. A. Scutellum convex behind, never distinctly three-lobed; posterior end of the thorax bare; small crossvein usually situated considerably before the root of the third vein and connected with it by a stump of a vein; claws of the female simple. : B. Proboscis straight or almost so; back of the head devoid of broad appressed scales, but with many narrow outstanding ones; body never with metalescent scales; first submarginal cell longer than its petiole; claws simple in both sexes. 1. ANOPHELIN#E (p. 12) BB. Proboscis strongly decurved; back of the head wholly covered with broad appressed scales, but devoid of narrow, outstanding ones; body covered with broad appressed metalescent scales; first submarginal cell less than half as long as its petiole; some of the claws of the male toothed. 2. MEGARHININ® (p. 14) AA. Scutellum distinctly three-lobed; small crossvein usually situated beyond the root of the third vein. C. Posterior end of the thorax bare. D. First submarginal cell at least nearly as long as its petiole; some of the claws of the male toothed; thorax never with metallic bluish scales arranged in lines or spots. E. Second joint of the antennze less than eight times as long as wide in both sexes, with many long hairs, longer and more numerous in the male. F. Femora bearing many outstanding scales; wing scales narrow. 3. PsoROPHORIN ® (p. 14) FF, Femora devoid of outstanding scales @. 4. Cutrcrn (p. 15) EE. Second joint of the antennze unusually long, in both sexes over fourteen times as long as wide; antennze in both sexes with a few short hairs only.... 5. DerNocreritin® (p. 26) DD. First submarginal cell less than half as long as its petiole; claws simple in both sexes; thorax with metallic bluish scales which form lines or spots... --- 6. URANOTNIIN®E (p. 26) CC. Posterior end of the thorax behind the scutellum bearing several bristles and sometimes with a few scales; claws simple in both sexes; antenne similar in the two sexes, bearing many long [NT tose eccebe nod sea ee 7. TRICHOPROSOPONIN® (p. 26) «Except in the genus Aédeomyia, which has broad wing scales. 2 CLASSIFICATION OF MOSQUITOES. 1. Subfamily ANOPHELINZ Theobald. TABLE OF THE GENERA. Abdomen with clusters of broad, outstanding scales along the sides; outstanding scales on the veins of the wings chiefly rather broad ---.....--------------- 4 Abdomen never, with:such clustersiot scales ee a5 s 25) tee ee 2 2. Outstanding scales on the veins of the wings lanceolate, or broader, strongly taper- ing ‘toitheir bases222. J. 2-32 2226 hee ec tew ce ete Se oe ee ee ee 3 Outstanding scales very narrow, linear, very slightly, if at all, tapering to their bases; feet with white bands. (Middle America.)........--------.! Myzomyia. 3. Veins of the wings having the outstanding scales rather narrow, lanceolate; feet wholly black: 5: a¢42.2. (2 soets sete eet ae eee ea ae ee dnopheles. Veins of the wings with many broad, obovate, outstanding scales; feet with nar- row, indistinct white bands at the bases of some of the joints. (Middle Amer- Tce Re ae enn ee ae, Pr ere ee ree On Ie Sy BS ee ete oe aoc Cycloleppteron. 4. Upper side of thorax and scutellum bearing many appressed lanceolate scales; outstanding scales on the veins of the wings rather narrow, lanceolate. (Florida and ‘southward: iiss 2.5 See ae cas oc nena ain Vere eee Cellia. Upper side of thorax and scutellum with hairs only; many rather broad, obovate, outstanding scales on the veins of the wings. (Middle America. ) Nototricha n. gen. Genus MYZOMYIA Blanchard. (Synonym: Grassia Theobald. ) Wings black-scaled and with several white-scaled patches; feet black, banded with white; thorax gray and with four black stripes. (West Indies. ) lutzii Theob. Genus ANOPHELES Meigen. (a) TABLE OF THE SPECIES. 1. Wings marked with spots of dark or light-colored scales......-..------------- 2 Wings unspotted; length of the head and body about 8 mm.......-- barberi Coq. 2. Front margin of the wings with a patch of whitish scales at a point about three- fourths of the way from base to'apex of the wing -_----------5---------2 == 5 Front margin of the wings wholly black-scaled ......-.--------------------=- 3 3. Sixth, or last, vein/of the wings wholly black-scaled..22------225--232--s==r 4 Sixth vein white-scaled and with three patches of black scales -..-crucians Wied. 4. Hind tibis yeliowish-white-scaled on the apical fourth; first vein of the wings with a patch of yellow scales before its middle and another on the apex. (Cen- [ARMs Wena) ep Asecooes seeneeacEe GeaaoooeunSapSbosgocsosecssacce eiseni. Coq. Hind tibize narrowly yellowish-white-scaled at the extreme apex only, first and OLHeravelnswwitly lackey scall Csyorllygerees ss eee ae eee maculipennis Meig. 5. Seales of the last vein of the wings white, those at its apex black; third vein white-scaled and with two patches of black scales_..........-:----------=-- 6 Seales of the last vein white, those at each end black; third vein black-scaled, the extreme apex wiite-scaledics a. oe sone aes +t ase eee eee punctipennis Say. 6. Fourth vein of the wings black-scaled, the apices of the forks and usually also a patch atthe cross, yeims white-scaledy22-=-= -=2---= 2a. ---cr Franciscanus McC. Fourth vein white-sealed, the forks (except their apices) and on either side of the cross veins black-scaled ..----- hisseird ae ees .----pseudopunctipennis Theob. SUBFAMILY ANOPHELIN &. KS (6) List or THE SPECIES AND SYNONYMS. barberi Coq. maculipennis Meig. erucians Wied. annulimanus van der Wulp.@ bifurcatus Meigen (1804; not of Linné, 1758). quadrimaculatus Say. pseudopunctipennis Theob. punctipennis Say. hyemalis Fitch. eiseni Coq. franciscanus McCracken. (c) UNRECOGNIZED SPECIES. bifurcatus Linné, nigripes Steger, and walkeri Theobald. These species are said to have unspotted wings, like barberi, but are larger, have yellow scales on the thorax, ere: pictus Loew. This species, described from Asia Minor, was also recorded from North America by its author, but he evidently mistook some other species for it. No specimen of his species has been reported from this country since the time he published the statement. quinquefasciatus Say ( ferruginosus Wied.). This is a synonym of Culex pipiens L. Genus CYCLOLEPPTERON Theobald. Thorax with a velvety black dot near the middle of either side; feet almost unicol- orous, not distinctly banded; wing scales chiefly brown or black, a patch of yel- low ones at a point about two-thirds the length of the front margin and four smaller ones at the apex of the wing .......-..---.----.-....-- grabhami Theob. (C. mediopunctatus Theob. belongs to the following genus. ) Genus NOTOTRICHA, new genus. Thorax with a velvety black dot near the middle of either side and a larger spot in front of and extending upon the scutellum; legs brown-scaled and with many dots and narrow bands of light-colored scales. .........--- mediopunctata Theob. Genus CELLIA Theobald. (Synonym: Arribalzagia Theobald. ) (a) TABLE OF THE SPECIES. 1. Hind feet from the middle of the second joint largely or wholly snow-white.... 2 Hind feet black, mottled with whitish and with bands of the same color at the SUbUTeSOlebh er OINLSerta 4 aes Mek yao et ey yee yee ns maculipes Theob. 2. With a black band at the base of the last joint of each hind foot..albimanus Wied. MVE EOUR BUG Hian WRI ss seeuse ee 5. Ses ON So hace oe argyritarsis Desy. (6) List oF THE SPECIES AND SyNONYMS. albimanus Wied. | argyritarsis Desy. albipes Theob. | albitarsis Arrib. cuber sis Agramonte. | maculipes Theob. tarsimaculatus Goeldi. «At my request Dr. C. Ritsema Cz compared specimens of maculipennis with the type of annulimanus in the Leyden Museum, and informed me that they are identical. 14 CLASSIFICATION OF MOSQUITOES. 2. Subfamily MEGARHININZ Theobald. (Synonym: Lynchiellina Lahille. ) Genus MEGARHINUS Desvoidy. (Synonym: Lynchiella Lahille. ) (a) TABLE OF THE SPECIES. 1. Feet with a white band, at least on the hind ones; middle joint of the male palpi with many yellow scales on the outer side; hairs of the male antenne long and GENSE.. 56 Mews a SS eB Bate ce Sin oe este nis & Sa tee ee ae ee ee 2 Feet wholly black on at least their upper side; palpi wholly purple-scaled; hairs of the male antenne rather short and sparse. (West Indies.) --violaceus Wied. 2. Middle‘and front’ feet wholly black: -22--- == =. =-=2s-ss= = portoricensis Roeder. Middle and usually the front feet with a white band on each.--.---- rutilus Coq. (b) List oF THE SPECIES AND SYNONYMS. portoricensis Roeder. violaceus Wied. ferox Walker (not of Wiedemann). purpureus Theob. rutilus Coq. (c) UNRECOGNIZED SPECIES. grandiosus Will., hemorrhoidalis Fab., and longipes Theob. These three species have been reported from Mexico. 3. Subfamily PSOROPHORINZ Mitchell. Genus PSOROPHORA Desvoidy. (Synonym: Chrysoconops Goeldi. ) (a) TABLE OF THE SPECIES. 1. Abdomen yellow or brownish, its scales yellowish ...-....-..--=-22-.-----<2- 3 Abdomen black, its scales chiefly purple; upper side of the thorax polished black, wisualliy, winite-scaled toward the sides ses. s2—— seas eee eee eer eee 2 2. Front and middle femora black, their scales purple except at the narrow apex of each femur, where they are white. (Middle America.) ....---.----- cilipes Fab. Front and other femora yellow, yellow-scaled, their broad apices black-scaled. howardii Coq. 3. Veins in the front half of the wings, except toward their apices, deep yellow, their scales of the same color, scales on the front half of the thorax golden yellow. (West Indites!)2 = Sor. 2 oe Sa ae ne a ee ee eee ee eee fulva Wied. Veins and scales of the wings wholly brown, scales in the middle of the upper side of the thorax golden yellow, those toward the sides white...-.. ciliata Fab. (b) List oF THE SPECIES AND SYNONYMS. ciliata Fab. fulva Wied. conterrens Walk. flavicosta Walk. molestus Wied. ochripes Macq. perterrens Walk. howardii Coq. rubidus Desy. cilipes Fab. SUBFAMILY CULICIN A. 15 (c) UNRECOGNIZED SPECIES. scintillans Walk. This species has been recorded from the West Indies. 10. ile 4. Subfamily CULICINZ Theobald. (Synonyms: Aédeomyine Theobald, Hemagoginie Lutz. ) TABLE OF THE GENERA. Claws of the female toothed on at least the front and middle feet; some of the Claws olthnesanaleralsontootned ss seee= sees eels sae ote tee in ee 4 @lawstouthememale simple esas. 6 a2 2 ee snc ae ei a = oe a 2, Palpi of the male at least three-fourths as long as the PLOUOSCIS. sae ss = seas" 10 Palpi of the male at most only one-half as long as the proboscis. (Middle INDUSN CDA i eres RP OE Ae Bae Benes ae Son ISe eo iim cei ie tc 3 Head posteriorly with very narrow scales and with a patch of broad ones on en Geo ee ee es fe ae Sees Seen oe eae ores 18 Head sparsely or densely covered with broad scales posteriorly. --.---------- Zi Scales along the sides of the upper surface of the thorax narrow, almost linear, legs never with outstanding scales..-..-..-.--------------------+---------- 6 Seales along the sides of the upper surface of the thorax chiefly rather broad, obovate, hind part of the head with many similar scales scattered about. - -- 5 Legs devoid of outstanding scales ...----.-------------------+---+---- Lepidosia. Legs bearing many outstanding scales, at least on the hind feet, all feet black, the hind ones alone partly white .:-..-...--------+---+-------- Janthinosoma. Back part of the head densely covered with broad, appressed scales except some- times a narrow stripe in the middle.........------------------=---------- 7 Back part of the head sparsely covered with narrow, almost linear scales and with a patch of broad ones on each side -..--.------- De OES See beac 8 Clypeus bearing several scales or hairs, scutellum with broad scales only. Stegomyia. Clypeus bare, scutellum with narrow scales only. (Middle America. ).. Verrallina. Wing veins having the outstanding scales narrow, lanceolate, only slightly taper- HO OMpMewASen wets 2 kad Sane s teem ela sete = mo a'= win ose Slee ionini= oasio= 9 Wing veins having many very broad outstanding scales which taper strongly to their bases; several of the scales are hollowed out at their apices. Lepidoplatys. Palpi of the male less than one-fourth as long as the proboscis -.--.------+ dedes. Palpi of the male about as long as the proboscis - --.-------- ..----Ochlerotatus. Head densely covered behind with broad, appressed scales, except a narrow stripe in the middle, or else the thorax has six lines of silvery scalesHa sec 23 Head bearing narrow, almost linear appressed scales behind and with a patch of broad ones on each side; thorax never with lines of silvery scales. ...-.---- 11 Outstanding scales on the veins behind the first one narrow and of nearly a uni- HOM AMIOIUN, pecan coocuSomoetes seSeus deacosAb Seach oa saneE ses saueEee arn. 12 Outstanding scales on at least the apical half of the wings broad, considerably MAVARON TAG! EuNMOWNe PROS: 5 Oo soebaceuooaeaésaenceobes su ose asooa nee sesaSoS alze Feet white at each end of some of the joints, or else wholly black, in which case the abdomen is wholly black-scaled, or else it has cross bands of light-colored RGAE is So sisoa soodes Hobs Ge DOS dOd en ean Gon ee eSSon Bee Suc pe EoD aeSEmeSeNeD c 15 Feet white at the bases only of some of the joints, or else wholly black, in which case the abdomen is black-scaled and with the front corners of some of the segments white-scaled.......-...------------------- +--+ -+-----+ Grabhamia. 16 CLASSIFICATION OF MOSQUITOES. 13. Costa-of the wines notspottedi=se- 4 se eeee eee” eee esses eee teas RS RS 14 Costa black-scaled and with three large spots of pale yellow scales. (Middle Americal). 22 Sees ee ey ee ee ee te eps ea ec yeaa ne eer ee fae eens Tutzia. 14. Thorax with two distinct bare stripes near the middle of the upper side; hind cross vein at least its own length from the small cross vein.....------ Culicella. Thorax without bare'stripés::_- 2 #24 34ose ese sees aoe ce ce ee eee 15 15. Scales of the wings collected into spots; hind cross vein much less than its length trom tb ersmiall Cross Viele: 2se oes ese a eee ea eee Theobaldia. Seales of the wings uniformly distributed: +2 s225..2--2 22 s2e-= ee eee 16 16. Hind cross vein much less than its own length from the small cross vein. Culiseta. Hind cross vein situated at least nearly its own length from the small cross VEU vices cana ceeiNae a Se ee lke ce ee Cee Sie aye eee Culex. 17. Basal half of the wings having the outstanding scales of the veins narrow and almost linear; proboscis wholly black= 22 )22- 2 S22 -2e5s--e- ose Melanoconion. Basal half of the wings having many broad, outstanding scales on the veins. 20 18. Wing veins having the outstanding scales narrow, almost linear ....----.--- 19 Wing veins having the outstanding scales rather broad, oblanceolate; palpi of the male almost one-half, those of the female less than one-fifth, as long as the pro- OSCIS se eo oe oe Ra ie aie oe: See es oe eee See ee eee eee Tinolestes. 19. Palpi in both sexes about one-third as long as the proboscis. -....---- Micraédes. Palpi in both sexes less than one-fifth as long as the proboscis. Jsostomyia n. gen. 20. The outstanding scales on the veins of the wings only moderately broad, over twice as long as broad, their apices rounded; proboscis and feet usually with light-colored abands. 22 26252 oe. cece ee eee seer Teniorhynchus. The outstanding scales chiefly unusually broad, their apices flat or hollowed (3) 0 | Oe eh RE ey ee ene, ee rN Peer ON AC Se SSC Mansonia. 21. Outstanding scales on the wing veins unusually broad; femora toward their apices bearing several elongate, outstanding scales; body devoid of blue scales. Aédeomyia. Outstanding scales on the wing veins narrow, almost linear, legs devoid of out- standing scales, head and body chiefly blue scaled .....-..-.----.-.------ 22 bo w Base of the first submarginal cell nearer to the base of the wing than is that of the second posterior cell; palpi of the male Jess than one-fifth as long as the proboscis, the abdomen bearing only a few hairs on the under side of the penul- timate Beoment!\. 555 eters ate eye ae ae See eee ee Heemagogus. Base of the first submarginal cell noticeably nearer to the apex of the wing than is the base of the second posterior cell; palpi of the male about one-half as long as the proboscis; abdomen of the male with a large cluster of outstanding, blunt spines on the under side of the penultimate segment... .Cacomyia n. gen. 23. Scutellum bearing both broad and narrow scales; head behind covered with broad appressed scales except a median stripe of rather narrow ones; outstand- ing scales on the wing veins narrow. (Middle America.) -.---- Gymnometopa. Scutellumy wathemarnowy; seal esmoliy se se = eee yeaa ee 24 24. Back of the head covered with broad appressed scales except a median stripe of rather narrow ones; outstanding scales on the wing veins narrow. (Middle SA THVOT CA) os a .cte nce see oe ee See ee ee bette eee Howardina. Back of the head with narrow scales only; many rather broad, outstanding SeMleshrosok Hover ny PUMA AKIN ore ees econ oe ono Sacco SsouseorescSnos Pneumaculex. Genus LEPIDOSIA Coquillett. Our two species have the scales of the abdomen deep blue, except those of the first segment and a broad, usually interrupted band on the apices of the other seg- ments, which are pale yellow or whitish. Hind: feet wholly. bladk 2. so4 22 eae se Seep ee ea ae ae eee cyanescens Coq. Te tinavel sieteim lollzvellen Hovey Iarsin fowbol WylOWtKe = = 5 oe ge aaeee Goes Ssccansce mexicana Bell. =I SUBFAMILY CULICIN &. 1 Genus JANTHINOSOMA Arribalzaga. (Synonym: Conchyliastes Theobald. ) (a) TABLE OF THE SPECIEs. ipmlast two Ointcorthe tect, wholly: whites S20 9224-55222 ss- << cence se see eos 3 Last joint largely or wholly black, the preceding joint chiefly white ......---- 2 2, scales on) the upperside of the thorax yellow 2:22-2.--..2-.-2--+--. varipes Coq. Seales brown, those toward the sides yellow.............-.---- discrucians Walk. 3. Upper side of the thorax yellow-scaled and with a broad stripe of brown seales in NEU CLG Cleaner serra. a Seems eee oo mo Semiciaj oe Seow inc ciolee lutzii Theob. Upper side of the thorax wholly yellow-scaled.....-...........-- posticata Wied. (b) List oF THE SPECIES AND SYNONYMs. diserucians Walker (not of Giles and posticata Wiedemann (not of Theobald). Theobald ).@ musica Say. arribalzagx Giles. _ varIpes Coq. lutzil Theob. | johnstonii Grabham. albitarsis Neveu-Lemaire (not of Theobald). discrucians Giles and Theobald (not of Walker). | (c) UNRECOGNIZED SPECIES. terminalis Coquillett (posticata Theobald, not of Wiedemann), was described from St. Lucia, W. Ind., and differs from all of the other species in that the last joint only of the hind feet is white. Genus STEGOMYIA Theobald. (a) TABLE OF THE SPECIES. Thorax marked with a pair of curved silvery stripes forming a figure which some- what resembles a lyre; proboscis unicolorous black, feet black and with white bandsrat the basestolsome or thesjoints: 40.25.) -2-.2 222 02cc- oes calopus Meig. (6) List oF THE SPECIES AND SyNONYMS. calopus Meig. | calopus Meig—Continued. annulitarsis Maeq. konoupit Brulle. bancroftii Skuse. luciensis Theob. elegans Ficatbi. | mosquito Desy. exagitans Walk. | queenslandensis Tneob. excitans Walk. rossii Giles. fasciata Fab. teniatus Wied. formosa Walk. toxorhynchus Maeq. Srater Desy. viridifrons Walk. impatibilis Walk. zonatipes Walk. inexorabilis Walk. (S. sexlineata Theob. belongs to the genus Gymnometopa. ) Genus VERRALLINA Theobald. Upper side of the thorax black-scaled, the sides in front of the wings white-scaled. insolita Coq. Upper side of the thorax wholly whitish-scaled .................-.-- laternaria Coq. “The form referred to this species by these two authors has the entire apex of the hind feet wholly white, whereas in his original description Walker expressly states, both in the Latin diagnosis and in the English description, that there is only a sub- apical white band in diserucians, the remainder of the feet being purple. 18 CLASSIFICATION OF MOSQUITOES. Genus LEPIDOPLATYS Coquillett. (a) TABLE OF THE SPECIES. Scales of the wings mixed brown and white; feet with broad white bands at the bases of some of the joints, tibize not distinctly banded ..--.--.--------- squamiger Coq. (6) List oF THE SPECIES AND SYNONYMY. squamiger Coq. deniedmannii Ludlow. Genus AEDES Wiedemann.“ Upper side of the thorax golden-yellow scaled; abdomen black-scaled and with a band of yellow scales at the bases of the segments; feet unicolorous black. fuscus O. S. (A. smithii belongs to Wyeomyia. ) Genus OCHLEROTATUS Arribalzaga. (Synonyms: Culicada Felt, Culicelsa Felt, Ecculex Felt, Protoculex Felt, Pseudoculex Dyar. ) il. on oa (a) TABLE OF THE SPECIES. Ground color of the thorax bright yellow; the scales and bristles of the head andsthoraxwiholily velo ws. + sone pee ae =e ee ee ee ee 2 Groundcolor ot the thorax brownuor Dlackeme sess oe see ee 3 With an ovate black spot above the insertion of each wing; feet not distinctly two-colored, claws of the hind ones simple...........------ bimaculatus Coq. Without such a spot; feet dark colored and with white bands at the bases of Somes Otetihebomiisaes (MiiddlesAmentcas) assess ae knabi Coq. Reet. darkacolored and sewath white bandas) se) sesso eeee eee eee eee 19 Feet not distinctly banded, proboscis unbanded --.....--.------------------ 4 Seales of the abdomen black, sometimes a crossband or pair of spots of light- colored scales on some or all of the segments....-.......-..----------.---- 5 Scales of the abdomen yellow, except a pair of spots of black ones on some of the segments; claws toothed on all of the feet in the female. ..spenceri Theob. Light-colored scales of the abdomen forming crossbands situated at the bases of bherseoments. 22sec eee ee DSS asc oe ass eee here See ee aoe 6 Light-colored scales, when present, forming spots on the sides of some of the SEM EMU oe cel apse re cme SSeS Sr IS ec tare oyS e ree ae el eee rere ee eee 14 Upper side of the thorax vellow-scaled and with three stripes of brown scales; scales of the wings wholly brown; all the claws of the female toothed. trivittatus Coq. Wippersidejot the thorax notmankedslike thisyas === eee ee 7 Thorax with a brown-scaled stripe along the sides and with a wider space of white scales in the middle; scales of the wings wholly brown; all of the claws toothedsin: the female. +2 52202 coe cere eee ee een ees dupreei Coq. MU OOVE BS TKO NH IONENALCESL TOL WawIS) MENON eae cso cess coon esenbas Sessascessse- 8 Sides broadly and the front end of the thorax whitish-scaled; back part of the head also whitish-sealed; all claws toothed in the female ..--...--.-------- 9 Sides and front end of the thorax yellow or brown scaled _...-.-.---------- 10 Middle of the thorax with a broad stripe of brown scales ---.---- pretans Grossb. Middle of the thorax haying the scales yellow and whitish... cinereoborealis Felt. he had not seen a specimen and that both the name and description had been fur- nished to him by Wiedemann. 10. THE 12. 13. 14. 16. aS: 119: 20. bo bo SUBFAMILY CULICIN A. 19 The scales in the middle of the thorax as dark as, or darker than, those along {BI AVEY IKONS SS ie das REN aca as Coe EN OMISSION SS rt Ie a The scales in the middle of the thorax yellow, those along the broad sides brown; claws of the hind feet simple in the female..-.--..---- bracteatus Coq. BriswlesiottheyscutelliimpyelllO wane see eee 2 eee es nese ae me ae ete Sa ll Bristles of the scutellum chiefly black; upper side of the thorax golden-yellow- scaled and devoid of stripes of darker scales, although two darker stripes some- times appear where the scales are very sparse, each stripe being scarcely one- half as wide as the yellow-scaled space between it and the other stripe. pullatus Coq. In the middle of the thorax the scales are wholly yellow..............-.--- 1183 In the middle of the thorax is a pair of brown-scaled stripes, each stripe being slightly wider than the yellow-scaled space between it and the other stripe. : lazarensis F. & Y. Claspers of the male with a long, stout spine near the base of the inner side. impiger Walk. Glas persswilbhoutrsuchya Spimege see ss see ene ae ee ee eee ae abserratus Felt. With a median stripe of scales on the thorax of a different color from those along (HAVE SGUSS) eet ay Pe a See See A ee ae io, eats ee 15 Without such a stripe; abdomen black-scaled and with the front angles of some of the segments white-scaled; claws on all of the feet of the female toothed. @MiicidileeAnmenicanree oe cer eae ee eee Seok oe eee aioe nubilus Theob. 5. Scales in the middle of the thorax, at least on its anterior half, white, the remain- der brown; claws on all of the feet of the female toothed .............---- 16 Scales in the middle of the thorax black, the remainder yellow or whitish --. 18 Stripe of white scales in the middle of the thorax extending entirely across the TIE CC Teen eer are ere rete cme tinr ier, 2S Wee aa Coe oer tee 17 Stripe of white scales confined to the anterior two-thirds of the thorax. confirmatus Arrib. . White-sealed stripe of the thorax much narrower than the brown-scaled portion Gi, GHG ENC OMI se oles ae a ee Hee nee A ee ie ae serratus Theob. White-scaled stripe wider than the brown-scaled portion on each side of it. dupreei Coq. Upper surface of the thorax white-scaled toward the sides; claws on the hind LeCinOltienemalersinip) Omen amen ae ae neal Sees pee triseriatus Say. Upper surface of the thorax golden-yellow-scaled toward the sides; claws on the nindetectot thentemalestoothed sess ess. sae eee asec ae ne ee aurifer Coq. Proboscis blackish and with a white band near the middle; white bands of the feet confined tothe bases of the joints, except on the hind feet, the last joint of Wy LUCIO 1S) SorsavenvaoveIs! yy Movollllhy \yyloNltey se oe oe cee Soe occas sede aes Sea sce 20 Proboscis blackish, not distinctly banded near the middle.--...-..--------- 22 Abdomen black-scaled, each segment with a basal band and median longitudinal stripe of yellowish scales, and with a white-scaled spot in the middle of each SGM) is as SE SOSE SSRAB SO 55 melee eee eyo egret, Se See toe ee Oe 21 Abdomen black-scaled, each segment with a band at the base and a spot in the middle of each side white-scaled, wing scales wholly black -teniorhynchus Wied. . Wing scales mixed black and yellowish; light colored scales of the legs yellow, usually a whitish band in the middle of the first joint of the feet. -so/licitans Walk. Wing scales wholly black; light colored scales of the legs pure white, first joint of the feet never with a light colored band in the middle... ---- mitchelle Dyar. Joints of the feet having the white bands situated at both ends of some of them, laste olntoleties nim detce tewititen =e seis sece soceas coerce se eee eae 23 Joints of the feet having the white bands situated at the bases only of some of them, last joint of the hind feet black except sometimes its extreme base.. 28 90) CLASSIFICATION OF MOSQUITOES. Black scales mixed with white ones on the wings; abdomen whitish or yellow- sealed and with a pair of black-scaled spots on some of the segments... .-- 24 Black scales only on the wings, abdomen black-scaled, sometimes with a band of white scales at the bases of the segments 25 24. Stripe of scales in the middle of the thorax deep golden brown, covering more than one-fifth of the width of ‘the thorax, its borders well defined. (Salt waterspecless )/-as2e os. eee te ae ee eee emer lativittatus Coq. Stripe pale brown, covering less than one-ninth of the width of the thorax, its borders not strongly marked, usually a narrow stripe of brown scales on each side of it separated by yellowish white scales. (Fresh water species. ) currie’ Coq. 25. Upper side of the thorax light-yellow-scaled and with a broad stripe of black scales in the middle; palpi wholly black-scaled in both sexes; abdomen black- scaled and with a band of white scales at the base of each segment. atropalpus Coq. Upper side of the thorax not marked as above; palpi with whitish scales at the apices in the female and with bands of them in the male -....-..........- 26 26. Segments of the abdomen with distinct whitish bands at their bases; scales of the upper side of the thorax brown and light yellowish ~~. ---- varipalpus Coq. Seements of the abdomen never with distinct whitish bands; scales of the upper side of the thoraxa wholly yellow 222s snsese aes Soe Dil Fipeelimdereet alm Ostet wilnolllhy aye be=s coe ears eee nivitarsis Coq. indsteetularceliyaolackescall CG saree se eee ae canadensis Theob. 28. Dorsum of the abdomen black-scaled and with a band of light-colored scales at the base ofeach: secmentn-2 aocce c.f een ane OOS eae ee eee 30 Dorsum of the abdomen not marked! as above ==: 524: 2= sees eee eee 29 29) Abdomen wiolly laght=yellow-scaledi@ae: sass esses eeneree oe eee fletcheri Coq. Abdomen black-sealed and with white spots on the sides; thorax black-scaled and with four lines of yellow scales. (Middle America. )...quadrivittatus Coq. 30. White band at the base of the second joint of the hind feet covering at least one- third of the length of the joint; claws of the hind feet toothed in the female. . 32 White band covering less than one-fourth of the length of the second joint of the 31. Seventh segment of the abdomen almost wholly yellow-scaled, many yellow scales in the central portion of the preceding segment; claws of the hind feet of: thestemale simple; 222622 foe eee ee eee aa eae cantator Coq. Seventh and preceding segments chiefly black-scaled; claws of the hind feet of (oversievanv Ke) hoo!) Neel ao eo oes Ses ood os sede casas seo re UNM ANIIS WINEG)0- 32. Claspers of the male having, near the base of the inner side, a large process thicklyacoviered awrite a irs tee sere eee eer fitchii Felt. Claspers without such a process -.--.: subcantans Felt, abfitchii Felt, vittata Theob. (b) List oF THE SPECIES AND SYNONYMS. abfitchii Felt. _ bracteatus Coq. ae cantator Coq. ne el e us C ; | canadensis Theob. rope 1s JOT. | . ° = ae oe % | | cinereoborealis F. & Y.@ aurifer Coq. trichurus Dyar. bimaculatus Coq. | «The writer’s copy of Science containing the original description of this species was received September 2, 1904, and the National Museum copy is stamped as having been received on the same date. The writer’s copy of the Journal of the New York Entomological Society which contains the original description of trichurus was received September 6, 1904; the National Museum copy and that of the U.S. Department of Agriculture are stamped with the same date—September 6, 1904. SUBFAMILY CULICINA. Oe: (6) List oF THE SPECIES AND SyNoNymMs—Continued. confirmatus Arrib. | quadrivittatus Coq. curriei Coq. _ serratus Theob. dupreei Coq. mathisi Neyeu-Lem. fitehii F. & Y. sollicitans Walk. fletcheri Coq. spenceri Theob. impiger Walk idahoensis Theob. g alk. Be Cet implacabilis Walk. subcantans Felt. knabi Coq. sylvestris Theob. lativittatus Coq. teeniorhynchus Wied. damnosus Say. triseriatus Say. nigra Ludlow (Finlaya). lazarensis F. & Y. mitchellee Dyar. nivitarsis Coq. trivittatus Coq. nubilus Theob. varipalpus Coq. pretans Grossb. sierrensis Ludlow. pullatus Coq. (c) UNRECOGNIZED SPECIES. aestivalis Dyar, auroides Felt, excrucians Walker, hirsuteron Theob., inconspicuus Grossb., nemorosus Meigen, onondagensis Felt, pallidohirta Grossb., portoricensis Lud- low, provocans Walker, punctor Kirby, reptans Meigen, stimulans Walker, testaceus van der Wulp, and tortilis Theobald. Genus GRABHAMIA Theobald. (Synonym: Feltidia Dyar.) (a) TABLE OF THE SPECIEs. 1. Feet unicolorous brown, wing scales wholly brown. (West Indies.)......---- 2 Feet brown and with bands of white scales at bases of some of the joints ...._- 3 With an ovate, velvety-black spot above the insertion of each wing; abdomen Diackescaled~ unmarked! 22 ese Sik es Soe es ocellatus Theob. Without such a spot; abdomen black-scaled and with a white-scaled spot in the front angles of the posterior segments.............-.------- scholasticus Theob. 3. Proboscis black scaled and with a light-colored band near the middle; a white bands betore the apex of each. hind femur —... 0. 2...2.225-2-.---<-ccee sees 4 Proboscis wholly black; abdomen black-scaled and with a white band at the bases of the segments; no white band before the apex of the hind femora. (VASE LO a6 UCIT Jes ares ta pm SS I oS ee a a imitator Theob. Ana acscalesapiaek: andcwbitishi.s 22256 2. s5So2- 2. 22 he ke ce eee ee 5 Wing scales wholly black; abdomen black-scaled and with a narrow white, usually interrupted, band at apex of each segment. (West Indies. ) confinis Arrib. 5. Last vein with many black scales on the basal portion ...............--..---- 6 Last vein wholly white scaled on the basal two-thirds; light and dark scales of the wings collected into spots, costa mixed black and whitish scaled and witha bo long whitish spot beyond the apex of the auxiliary vein........-- discolor Coq. 6. Costa and veins bearing mixed black and whitish scales, the latter not forming GUSTING E SIO See ee nee ye a ayers ets te Ee eg eater an ne AR ih Costa black and whitish scaled, the apical half with four long spots of whitish scales alternating with three long spots of black ones ..... -----signipennis Coq. 7. First joint of the hind feet light colored in the middle, a small but distinct blaek- scaled spot at the base of the third vein..................-. jamaicensis Theob. First joint of the hind feet black in the middle, no distinct black spot at the base Gate (HOVE. dune CE Shin a SS Sse cit Ae a ee pygnexus Theob. bo bo CLASSIFICATION OF MOSQUITOES. (6) List oF THE SPECIES AND SYNONYMS. confinis Arrib. | ocellatus Theob. discolor Coq. | pygmeeus Theob. imitator Theob. antique Giles. jamaicensis Theob. aE EO. confinis auct. (all references to its occurrence | scholasticus Theob. in the United States). | signipennis Coq. (G. deniedmannii Ludlow belongs to Lepidoplatys. ) Genus LUTZIA Theobald. Joints of the feet white at each end, abdomen black-scaled and with a large apical spot of white seales‘onieach segment: 22-22-2252. 22-28 Sa pee ee ees bigotii Bell. Genus CULICELLA Felt. (a) TABLE OF THE SPECIES. Feet narrowly white at the bases of some of the joints, proboscis without a lighter band near the middle, abdomen black-scaled and with a broad band of yellow Seales at the base of cach: seement:< 22235222222 26. soe ee ee eee dyari Coq. (6) List oF THE SPECIES AND SYNONYMY. dyari Coq. brittoni Felt. Genus THEOBALDIA Neveu-Lemaire. (a) TABLE OF THE SPECIEs. Front side of the hind tibiz chiefly black-scaled, the apices very broadly whitish- scaled, white bands of the feet narrow, the dark spots on the wings large. incidens Thom. Front side of the hind tibize with many yellow scales, the apices narrowly and indis- tinctly whitish-scaled; the dark spots on the wings small ...--- annulata Schrank. (6) List oF THE SPECIES AND SYNONYMS. annulata Schrank. incidens Thom. affinis Stephens. particeps Adams. variegata Schrank. Genus CULISETA Felt. (a) TABLE OF THE SPECIES. Wing scales wholly brown, abdomen brown-scaled and with bands of light-colored scales at the bases of the segments in both sexes --..-.-..-----.-- absobrinus Felt. Wing scales mixed brown and yellowish in the female, abdomen brown-scaled and with bands of light-colored scales in the female, unbanded in the male. consobrinus Desy. (6) List oF THE SPECIES AND SYNONYMS. absobrinus Felt. inornatus Will. COnsobriinisiDesy, magnipennis Felt. impatiens Walk. pinguis alk: SUBFAMILY CULICINA. 23 Genus CULEX Linné. (Synonyms: Heteronycha Arribalzaga, Neoculex Dyar.) (a) TABLE OF THE SPECIES. 1. Feet black, both ends of some of the joints white. janitor Theob., pleuristriatus Theob., secutor Theob., tarsalis Coq. Hecinunitorniby, blackish = (25 2 = 45 ooo s. onda ce = Sods oe sae Seem eee ee 2 2. Light-colored bands of scales on the abdomen situated at the bases of the SCOIMEMUS Eee te See Soe he ain ge ONES a Sees Saale wine eters 2< oa ee 5 Light-colored bands located at the apices of the segments, sometimes almost NY SUI 1 Oe easy Arann ar Dave mane far ee Se We oe eo territans Walk. 3. Upper side of the thorax dark-yellow-scaled, and usually with a small round dot of light-yellow scales on each side of the center; light-colored bands of the abdomen broad and distinct; feet with very narrow, indistinct bands of light- colored scales at the sutures of the joints..-...--...-.--------- restuans Theob. Wipperside or the thorax.devoid of such dots --<-. 3.2. 2:2 .) List oF THE SPECIES AND SyNONYMY. fascipes Coq. | titillans Walk. teniorhynchus Arrib, (not of Wiedemann), Genus AEDEOMYIA Theobald. Proboscis with a white ring near the middle; joints of the feet white at their bases; scales of the wings brown, yellow, and white..........-....-squamipennis Arrib. Genus HHA MAGOGUS Williston. (a) TABLE OF THE SPECIES. Seales of the abdomen bluish and with a row of silvery spots along each side, some- times a small median spot of white scales on some of the segments... cyaneus Fab. (6) List or THE SPECIES AND SYNONYMY. cyaneus Fab. splendens Will. (The following two species were originally described under Heemagogus. ) Genus CACOMYIA, new genus. Abdomen having white scales in the middle of the last two segments only. albomaculatus Theob. Abdomen haying white scales in the middle of some of the other segments. equinus Theob. Genus GYMNOMETOPA Coquillett. 1. Upper side of the thorax brown-scaled and with six narrow lines of pale yellow scales extending the entire length of the thorax; last two joints of the hind feet black. sexlineata Theob. Upper side of the thorax not marked like this.....................----...--- 2, 2. Last two joints of the hind feet and all the tibie black................-..<--- 3 Last two joints of the hind feet chiefly white; a spot or band of white scales on the base of at least the first two joints on all of the feet; tibize with a silvery mark at a point about one-fourth of their length................--- mediovittata Coq. 3. With a dot of silvery scales in the middle of the front end of the thorax; first two joints of the front feet white-scaled at their bases -.....-..----- albonotata Coq. Without such a dot; front feet wholly black-scaled--..........------ busckii Coq. 26 CLASSIFICATION OL MOSQUITOES. Genus HOWARDINA Theobald. Feet black-scaled, the base of the first three joints of the hind ones white-scaled; upper side of the thorax white-scaled along the sides, the median portion black- sealed and with four narrow lines of pale yellow scales, the two middle lines united into a single line posteriorly, the outer two lines situated on the posterior haliol thetthoraxs. 025 as2 scemas see sonore eco aos eee hae ae walkeri Theob. Genus PNEUMACULEX Dyar. Thorax on the upper side velvety-brown-scaled and with six narrow lines of silvery scalé@ si sc2)3 22s seeks Sheets See se tec oc ee seek ase peewee eee eles aU LU Cha oar 5. Subfamily DEINOCERITINZ Mitchell. Genus DEINOCERITES Theobald. (Synonym: Brachiomyia Theobald. ) (a) TABLE OF THE SPECIES. Proboscis and feet unicolorous blackish; scales of the upper side of the body also blackish 222. 5. cased: Se aessbaoencisteseectceme seis eee er eee cancer Theob. (b) List oF THE SPECIES AND SYNONYMY. cancer Theob. magna Theob. 6. Subfamily URANOTZENIINZ Lahille. Genus URANOTAENIA Arribaizaga. (a) TABLE OF THE SPECIES. 1. Thorax with a median line of bluish scales; feet wholly black.....-.-..------- 2 Thorax without a median line; hind feet white on at least the last two joints and broad apex of the, third’: 2.2.2.5 5.225 22-5 os ase e ee Saami e eee ee 3 2. Bluish median line of the thorax prolonged to the scutellum.-...-sapphirina O. 8. Bluish line obliterated before reaching the scutellum....-.-.-.- Cnn socialis Theob. 3. Scutellum with blue scales; a patch of blue scales on the thorax a considerable distance in front of the scutellum; feet white at the sutures of many of the jointa,,- (Middle America: ) 22255. 2--c.6-o- stesso t ose se geometrica Theob. Seutellum without blue scales; no patch of blue scales on the thorax in front of it; feet wholly black except the last two joints and apex of the third in the hind ONGSY Sas oc see e eee oe Se eas oe ee eee ae pees ee eee lowii Theob. (b) UNRECOGNIZED SPECIES. apicalis Theobald and pulcherrima Arribalzaga. Both of these have been reported from the West Indies. 7. Subfamily TRICHOPROSOPONIN Z Theobald. (Synonyms: Hyloconopine Lutz, Dendromyine Lutz, Sabettine Blanchard. ) TABLE OF THE GENERA. 1. Male palpi at least one-half as long as the proboscis; clypeus hairy. (Middle American: sc S$ Sec eee ee ee eee ee Trichoprosopon. Male palpi less than one-fourth as long as the proboscis; clypeus bare ....-..--- 2 SUBFAMILY TRICHOPROSOPONIN &. Dhl 2. Veins of the wings having the outstanding scales narrow and nearly linear; hind cross vein situated at least its own length before the small cross vein; legs never Hyeraay rexel Ayal ON ea KEFS) Se ee es SO ee ee aoe ee eee soe Wyeomyia. Veins having many rather broad outstanding scales. (Middle America.) -.---- 3 3. Hind cross vein slightly before, opposite, or beyond the small cross vein, each foot hearin gaiworcliwspassas =n see wee ee att es eee eet nh ee ee i Hind cross vein at least twice its own length beforethe small cross vein; legs never UAUOTEREXOL Ny yLU OW ESC EMSS Se he ss tec I ates eS icc SRE AC Pee RET FAS Bae 4 4, With two claws on each hind foot; no scales on the posterior end of the thorax belowstherseutelllumiyser em senine Scere ot oo aay cee eee Se See eee 5 With only one claw on each hind foot in both sexes; posterior end of the thorax below the scutellum bearing several broad scales in addition to the bristles... 6 5. Proboscis shorter than the body, thickened before its apex --.------ Dendromyia. Proboscis longer than the body, not thickened toward its apex... -- Phoniomyia. 6. Male proboscis strongly curved in the outer half and with a cluster of scales at eCAchEcnduOimpMercuryeds pOLWMOMIs ase o ee secs ss ee ante ce chow eeee Limatus. PPMDCOR EN OU NNN COs ony s satan, Salnwet foot cea ts vos cae ase Seconds s-e eee Sabethoides. Legs fringed in places with outstanding scales in both sexes -...-....--- Sabethes. Genus TRICHOPROSOPON Theobald. (Synonym: Joblotia Blanchard.) Heetewiolltyablacki. Seck seegte A nei. es kee teak Soe heme e sees lunata Theob. Feet black, the last four joints of the middle feet and the last two of the hind ones VNC CPR eae eee ere Aye See eee oe waht nous oe Beats nivipes Theob. Genus WYEOMYIA Theobald. Proboscis and upper side of the abdomen wholly black-scaled. grayt Theob., pertinans Will, smithii Coq. Genus DENDROMYIA Theobald. Abdomen wholly black-scaled on the upper side; humeri black-scaled; first joint of the hind feet shorter than their tibize.....-:....--.----.- ---luteoventralis Theob. Genus PHONIOMYIA Theobald. (a) TABLE OF THE SPECIES. Abdomen black-scaled, the front angles of the segments white-scaled. longirostris Theob. (>) List of THE SPECIES AND SYNONOMY, longirostris Theob. trinidadensis Theob. Genus LIMATUS Theobald. (Synonym: Simondella Laveran. ) Thorax golden-yellow-scaled, a median, Y-shaped spot, with the prongs nearest the head, and a large spot above each wing violet-blue-scaled.._..--- durhamii Theob. Genus SABETHOIDES Theobald. Abdomen black-scaled, the under side and front angles of the segments whitish- scaled, the white-scaled front angles prolonged so as to form a crossband which is interrupted except sometimes on the last three segments ......--- confusus Theob. Abdomen black-secaled, the under side whitish-sealed, and encroaching on the sides of the dorsum, the border of the two colors strongly undulating -.... undosus Coq. 28 CLASSIFICATION OF MOSQUITOKS. Genus SABETHES Desvoidy. (a) TABLE OF THE SPECIES. 1. ront and hind lees motinimged! 22 22s 2 a eres ae tele =e ciate tote le nineties 2 Front and other legs fringed in places with outstanding scales; middle legs white- scaled before and beyond the fringed portion; the broad apices of the hind feet chiefly, white-scaled 2. i osc. 20 22 os. aecc neces poss aces seer ee eer longipes Fab. 2. Legs black-scaled, the apical part of the fringe on the middle legs white. nitidus Theob. Legsiwholly black-scaled)- 22. 2222 A2-s2 552 2c0 cee ae eee eee locuples Desv. (b) List oF THE SPECIES AND SYNONOMY. locuples Desv. longipes Fab. remipes Wied. nitidus Theob. LNSDE Xe Page. abrichiin Ochlenotatusss-sssse-eseeeeeeoeeee 20 abserratus, Ochlerotatus..::...........---.- 19 absoprmmus; (Cullisetas. 5-25-2522 22s eee eee - 22 PRE CLEOINVT Na cette See tty. a tasieayne ace eres te 16, 25 PANES EN IO) MioWaI Neen yeas = a pie aya iste 10,15 INGO Osim score ec Oe ee ta ena ee tiins see oae - 15,18 LUD DIDS 6a DS oD ORS Mpa a ACEC ae ere eee 10 ASUS pOCMIETOtAtUS ens). o-aeeee aces 21 iTS CULE Kee Nees es ee a See ee 23 Guisvants], WMaveo)oy Nolen, See ke on eee ae aes = 22 aAlbimanmsiGeliliahe he setesc ee ane eee ace ile alpipes’ Celi tie cca scsciejatec esi oats oom ce merne WAS aulpucamsisin COliak at, acios sasec.ccentecsees sce 13 albitarsis, Janthinosoma ..-.5 .-.--.-2..--.< 17 albomaculatus, Cacomyia .............---.- 25 albonotata, Gymnometopa .........-..----- 25 anmillatus-bheoqbaldia' 2 ....---4=s22<25---- 22 anmulimanus, Amopheles...:.---.-=22.-2--- 13 AMIMULICATSIS AS teSOM Vlas a4. eae cece 17 EAIOPUELCS rea re aes co cee ee ee cereeeee 12 ANON ONES III ON Boh iy A a ee Tho alien aii Mee |G: rabhamia <.e2--seee eee == 22 MICAS M@UleKew coe seek oe een seis ee cece 23 apleaslismUran Otseniare.ce cc. cice cess =2e 26 ALS VROLATSISe COMMA: | eens eso scnashoes ee c== 13 arribalzage, Janthinosoma...............-- 17 arribalzagee, Deeniozhiynesu \.2-.-.0.-.22..- 24 PATEL MI ZA SIAN osc ms) =.si). magnipenmis, ‘Culiseta\senscece-> semeneecee 22 Erater, SteSOmMYysla waa. sence = sewers ewes 17." Mansonta :. 122: se=steec eee eects ere eee 16, 25 ulivas SOLO PHNOM Dees sees sae eae eet 14 | mathisi, Ochlerotatus ............-...-..--. 21 TUscus, ACMES ncn ceseatewsece eee ne = eee es 18 | mediopunctata, Nototricha ............-..- 13 geometrica, Uranotenia..........----.----- 26 | mediovittata, Gymnometopa..........----- 25 Grabhamidvaeatceceecmecss osetia cee eeaaeee 15)21" || MEBG:ARIINENZBS oc er oceise seen seteenetisee 10, il, 14 grabhami, Cycloleppteron.....-....---.-... 13° |> Megarhinus: 3: -2c)-..cc = S220 aon sacat te ceeioee 14 prandiosus, Megarhinus: -22. 2-2-2 ---2--- 14 | Melanoconion==-...220-.c-.>5---seee eee 16, 23 GmasSlai ge, oonce hee tacos eteias teteetatiteereaaae 12 | melanurus, Melanoconion ..............-. $ 24 grayii, Wyeomyia ..........--- Beeee seereces 27 | Mexicana, WeplOsiaeeseeees-= eee eee 16 GyMiMometopae--e—eeeeeeeee eee eee =e ee ae 16,.25.1|) MG Crsedes See ceee=niseeee= eae eee eee 16, 24 1a OO KOY RWI) | Son goe ade nae pos aSanaSauae dor 16;25: | mmicrosqtiamosus, Cullex22-----e) eee 23 FOR WAG GGIINGHIS annonce eos ce tene eee ee 10} 15, |] mitehellse: Ochlerotattisesc. --s- se eeeeeee oe 19 hemorrhoidalis, Megarhinus ..........---- 14°) molestus; Psorophorda. 2-22-02 aie oer "Gs Le henroMyChaie ae ecesss eee eee see eee eee 23) || MLOSGUIFO) StCPOmMiy area aerate ele telat 17 hirsuteron, Ochlerotatus <..2.2_----2-------- 21\ | “Musica, Janthin osomase- == cer ssaaee eases fs 8,17 howardily ESOrophoram c=. - cesses. ee === 14>) My ZOMyda acc ceecesees so oe oe eee ee eee 12 HOWwardinge ens -esseeee esc os aac eae eee 16,26) || Nanus, Grabhamiaeess-- oases ose. sae pees 22 humilis, Melanoconion.-.-.-..---..-------- 24 | nemorosus, Ochlerotatus -....- 5-2-2 seen 21 Ihyemalis; Amopheles® so...) 22-5222 .= === 13 | Neocullex. 2... 2.2... 3c6.- sce eaeeeineeree See 23 LVL OCONOPING .c ee 27 indecorabilis, Melanoconion .........--..-- 94° \| nivitarsis,Ochlerotatusaas.- 5. < oo Soe ese sean osodessoce 93/1) particeps, Theobaldia)=-- 2. --eeeseeeecers 22 ienabi, Ochlerotatus'-------.----4-------—--- 135 |) PEW ae Liye Cul esx: eee elena oe 23 konoupi, Stegomyia.......---..-.-.--.----- 17 || perterrens; Psorephora’-.---.-2---2- = eo. ne 14 Jaternania- Wenrellin gees jas. - ose 17 }) Pertin ans, Wiy COM yl Ae eee eee eet 27 latisqueamea, Dimolestes)-..---.-------------- 24 | perturbans, Isostomyia....-.-...-...---.--- 24 lativittatus, Ochlerotatus...........--..--.- 20 | perturbans, Tzeniorhynchus.............-.- 24 lazarensis, Ochlerotatus........-.--.------- TO pe USA ull OX ae ee eee 23 Tepid oplatysi sae se ea = ie 1591 8i)|) BHODIOM Vidi. s2e eee eee eee telat 27 HE piG OSI Se see eto eee ee sea tl 16s Oi epicblisy AMO pel Cs eee eae =e eee 13 TiAl AD hy noc ca SoOsaean mos ued bo aba eecessag O71 PIES OUSE Gel aero ate lear eee 22 locuples) SHDCUNES= 2.5 = ee —= eee eee ae A || jorjorevotsy, (ClbUley eo nee so son oece sossscncesss- Uesh 25) longipes, Megarhinus .......-.-.--.-------- 145) | pleunistriabusy Oullexe =e cemeteries 23 longipes, Sabethesy.:---..-......----------- Dict PIP oveipboal:Kooier:c(ee eee mnonanopescoocneecasslS 16, 26 longirostris, Phoniomiyia-----=-------.-.... 27 | portoricensis, Megarhinus.-.-.-...-.-...--- 14 TON yale Wire © bee IN eee letter ei et 26 | portoricensis, Ochlerotatus........-....---- 21 Tuciensis, Steg@om yaa 22 = gees see 17 | posticata, Janthinosoma.... ....----------- 8,17 lunata, DrichoprosOpOm s.\-.------=-----— == 27 | pretans, Ochlerotatus........-.-------.----- fos: luteoventralis, Dendromyia....-.---------- OF Ne Pro toc ull Gx see eee ie see eee ae 18 THUtzidh ake ee cae ciemecee ee eee See eee 16,22 | provocans, Ochlerotatus.-.-...-..-..-------- 21 lutziis Janthinosomaesess---4-s5--+s-—=—- = 17)! (Pseudacgule:x 2a- fee. tee ere eee 18 Mai, WiKeOiake Coot onsen cocsccceseSeE coe 12 | pseudopunctipennis, Anopheles....-.------ 12 INDEX. 31 Page. Page. PSOTODNOLA aaaeemes eee ee eee eee ee see sl 14) "squamigers bepidoplatys: 2. -n2-s-s2-4- 18 IPSOROPH ORIN Atos Seremnc one nc cieincic ei ee eee 10,11,14 | squamipennis, Aédeomyia ..............--- 25 pulcherrima, Uranotenia ..........-.....-- QGml SLES OMY ee see socials creas feces ee sie ermepineeee 15;017 pullatus~Ochlerotatus!—.- 2-5 ---2-- 52-22. - 199) (stimilans *Ochlerotatusec os. 2-22 see ae = 21 punctipennis, Anopheles..........-.-....-- 12 | subeantans, Ochlerotatus ......-..----.-. Lee 20 PUMGTOR, OCHVErOTATUS: =. s2.c ss. seee ce = ae Dil es ylivestrisyOchilenotatussessrecesece ee cece. 20 MUMS ENS Cul, sae nates es Seas e ea ass 3 8523) )|) teniatus) Stegomiyide son. o2 sacs -2 25 seen 8,17 pucpureus; Merarhinus'..22-2-.-s--2.-.-cce 149))) eenionhymchiiseessces a5 se ane cere ceeene 16, 24 yeu Graal Be see cee eens ee sete aera 21° | teniorhynchus) Mansoniae-s--- --22-2eseeee 25 quadrimaculatus, Anopheles.......-..-.--.-- 13 | teniorhynehus, Ochlerotatus .............- 8,19 quadrivittatus, Ochlerotatus ..............- 20a starsaliss Culle@xenie ase ances toate cee 23 queenslandensis, Stegomyia .............-- Lal barsima Gulaiusi Cellilatess-nas seers sees 13 quinguefasciatus, Culex —-..--.-.-22---2.:- (2d. |) LerMInalis. Janbhimosom as. sssss-5-.2- sees 8,17 MemMipesSAMetheS ass ws seesaw eee semis ce 25eleterritans (Culex. 3.22) es 2k enc see ee eeee 23 repians.Ochilenrotatusises.--2+s-5-ee eee a Die |scestaceus, Ochlerotatusss-ss-eese ase eecees 21 MEShUanNs CWO soos hee tne eee mie eee 2a eheobaldigas.oscmce a. ae acadeoosocgseonese 16, 22 Mehardiwheeni orhiyneEhus! ss sas. 225s. sees ee Qh DIM OLEStES tas coe sects cepa cee ee ie ee Ae ietesetns 16, 24 MOSS pSUCS OMY Taira cy= ae Hare 1aisjeaie See e,« Se esses ete cuillamn Se Mian SOM ave seer eee eee eee 25 MUPIGUS yESOLOPMOLH = tas -)se ss ease sence 14S atortaliss@Ochilerotatusi--s-2e--e- secs es en eee 21 MUIUGUISs MEL ATMIMUMS A acreacese.-= eee ect cere 14 | toxorhynehus, Stegomyia .--....5..--...2.- 17 Sabethessecgacas aoe ccaecc fe sec-sisce esetiwe cles 22) |r CHOPLOSOPOlease eos nace eee more menee eee 26, 27 SabeunOlGeseysset oe oot ccc se eee oe 27 |) BRICHOPROSOPONINA- .2 2-2 see b acess ace 10, 11, 26 (SVAN 80) 3) ee HOE ae Bee TORE eee eee 265) trichurussOchilenotatust-nsa--e-seeee eae ace 20 BaliimariuiGs Cul xen ectee cece. cae cals teens 23) | trinidadensis, Phoniomyial-..:..2222....--- 27 Supphinina, Uranotenia 2... ---2ccss<-c-o-< 26) |miniseniatus, Ochlerotatus..--4--assene=> seers 19 Sea bMISNC Ml Oke eimac nc sence He scene Sere 23 { trivittatus, Ochlerotatus:--....-....2---<--- 18 scholasticus: Grabhamia <--2..----2s.----2- 2S Un GOSUS Sa betunOLd esters: nee ce ace see ee 27 Scintililams sPSorophorasnsesesaes sees = 154k Urano tenant 3. seees hace oe cee esas 26 SecutorwCule ms. 2)c asset cc ce citeme sheer Se 23% || WUIRAIN OMA NTUNUS oo oe elev ae at teleeserstoaeote/s 10, 11, 26 Serratuss Ochlerotatwsicn. 22.25. cee ccceee cee 19M | unichi-Melanoconion--e..-seeeeee see cee Ds sexlineata, Gymnometopa..-.............--- Zou Variegata, Kheobaldiaa so. -sseeseees sn aene 22 sierrensis; @chlerotatus -.-...-25--2---5---< Al evariupalpus) Ochlerotatusinas:--sseses-cemeee 20 Siemiten bneumaculex soe ssecesaoce see eas 26))| “varipes, Jambthinosomalecss--2 o-cesene