——— { PLEASE RETURN TO INSTITUTION DATA LIBRARY D. E. S. C. Woods Hole Cceanographic Institution ATLAS - GAZETTEER COLLECTION T hSE¢L00 TOED oO MIN IOHM/18iN | 7 ods Hole Sccanographic institutions | ATLAS - GAZETTEER COLLECTION: «, : . -BRARY. TA 2 a ‘ PUBLICATIONS OF THE DIRECTORATE OF WEATHER HEADQUARTERS ARMY AIR FORCES TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN Vol. VI, No. 1 PLEASE RETURN TO INSTITUTION DATA LIBRARY Db, £. S.C. Woods Hole Cceanographic Institution ATLAS - GAZETTEER COLLECTION TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN AND ADAPTED BY THE OCEANOGRAPHIC SECTION DIRECTORATE OF WEATHER MARCH 1943 PREFACE This paper is the first of a series of important oceanographic reports to be translated and reproduced by the Oceanographic Section of the Weather Directorate, Headquarters Army Air Forces. The material presented in this series will be of considerable usefulness to the technical services of the Army Air Forces. The present paper has been translated and adapted from Giinther Béhnecke’s ‘Die Temperatur,”’ issued in 1938 as Part II of Temperatur, Salzgehalt und Dichte an der Oberfldche des Atlantischen Ozeans, which is Volume V of a series of fifteen volumes on the scientific results of the German Atlantic Expedition of the Research and Survey Ship Meteor (1925-27). These reports were originally edited by A. Defant and published under the auspices of the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft by Walter de Gruyter and Company, Berlin. H. R. SerweE t, Major, Army Air Forces, Oceanographer, Directorate of Weather, WasuinotTon, D. C., Headquarters Army Air Forces December 1, 1942. i , TABLE OF CONTENTS Page IBREWA CH 25 Boat Ae pees ee ea eee Ee ee ee ee eS 11 THIS (Om DM USTRATIONS22s2ee5 (en ae oe eS ee eee IV LETS TE OO EURELS ANS TY ES eae ee Pe es ee Iv DISTHORG RUATES Sano eete ot eee ae Se mn eo v Introductory remarks on the charts and the formation of the two- degree:fieldvaverages--222- = 98 22-— ==. 32250 se ee ee 1 Memperature distributlones-24.sssoe24- -- esee ae ee es eee 2 Demarcation of zonal areas on the basis of surface temperature _ _ _ __ 4 SouthyAtlantic(Ocean= 2225 ssneen-- 5) 26n) nee see eee eee ee 5 IN doy GUE TNAKS OYOct ieee aoe See ee ee 13 Higtatorslt@ céanees. = eee ena = = See ee ee en 17 PAT PAUD RS — eke NV 1D ile re ee ere. rene See ee following 21 INPPE N DUK) eee See 2 ane eee eee ee eee ees ee 21 Fia. 20. 21. . Temperature gradients in degrees C. between the annual zonal averages of 2° lat. between 70° N. and 70° s. . Average position of the fronts and boundaries in the South Atlantic Ocean . Vertical section of the temperatures through the Drake Passage (profile Va) . Surface temperatures of profile Va according to the hourly values taken from the recording_____________________- . Surface temperatures of profile Vd (south of Africa) according to the hourly values taken from the recording . Vertical section of the temperatures south of Cape Town (profile Vd) . Surface currents south of Africa in May, drawn on the basis of the Dutch current displacements by A. Merz . Surface currents south of Africa in October, drawn on the basis of the Dutch current displacements by A. Merz_- . Diagram of a convergence-divergence line according to Bjerknes . Surface currents in the middle South Atlantic Ocean in February_______-____-------------------- PSE ee ch . Surface currents and temperature distribution in the area of the Falkland and Brazil currents in December . Surface currents and temperature distribution in the area of the Falkland and Brazil currents in February_-_-_-_-- . Average position of the fronts and boundaries in the North Atlantic Ocean . Diagram of the average water movement in the Irminger Sea and Denmark Straits in August, based on distribution LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1. Annual averages of surface temperatures according to two-degree zones for the Atlantic Ocean and according to five- Geeree:zonesmonihe combined oceans 2-2 ee ee ee ee ee ee ee eee Two-degree zonal averages of surface temperatures of the Atlantic Ocean for the months of February, May, August, and November Surface currents south of Africa in January, drawn on the basis of the Dutch current displacements by A. Merz_- of temperature, saline content, and density, according to the data obtained on the Meteor fishery patrols_-_- Position of the thermal equator at the surface of the hydrosphere._______-______.---_------------------------- Thermoisopleths on the surface for the one-degree field bands 30° W. to 31° W. between 15° N. and 138° §., with the position of wberthermalecu sy Gor ae ee eee ee Thermoisopleths at the surface for the one-degree field bands 20° W. to 21° W. between 20° N. and 10° §., with the positionjofithethermalvequatorss.= = ee ae ee De eee eee Water movement at the surface in the equatorial area in April between 16° W. and 37° W., and between 2° N. and 12° S., according to the Dutch current displacements for two-degree fields LIST OF TABLES Taste 1. Annual average of the surface temperatures for every fifth degree of latitude of the Atlantic Ocean (t4) and of the combinedtioceans: (tw) 22 20. ose see ee ee ee ee ee a Temperature gradients for latitude differences of 1° at 65° W. long. (Drake Passage) . Average position of the southern polar front and monthly averages of the water temperature at the front___--_-- . Position of the southern subtropical convergence according to current displacements in degrees of latitude_-___-_.- 2 3 4. Average position of the subtropical boundary and its average monthly temperatures________________--____-__-- 5 6 . Average position of the fronts and boundaries and average temperatures in the North Atlantic Ocean at 30° W. long. - 7. Most northerly, average, and most southerly positions of the thermal equator________________--_--------------- Apprenpix I. Standard values of the surface temperature of the Atlantic Ocean for two-degree fields Il. Two-degree zonal averages of surface temperature for the months and the year *These charts are not referred to in the text, but are included because of the valuable data shown thereon. Iv Puate I. 10g 100 IV. Ni VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX. XXII. XXIII. XXIV. XXV. XXVI. XXVII. XXVIII. LIST OF PLATES Distribution of surface temperature observations in one-degree fields in January with an inset of the Gulf of Mexico. Distribution of the surface temperature observations in one-degree fields in July with an inset of the Gulf of Mexico. Distribution of observations of surface saline coutent in one-degree fields in January with an inset of the Gulf of Mexico. Distribution of observations of surface saline content in one-degree fields in July with an inset of the Gulf of Mexico. Mean annual surface temperature (°C) computed for one-degree fields. Mean monthly surface temperature (°C) for January, computed for one-degree fields. Mean monthly surface temperature (°C) for February, computed for one-degree fields. Mean monthly surface temperature (°C) for March, computed for one-degree fields. Mean monthly surface temperature (°C) for April, computed for one-degree fields. Mean monthly surface temperature (°C) for May, computed for one-degree fields. Mean monthly surface temperature (°C) for June, computed for one-degree fields. Mean monthly surface temperature (°C) for July, computed for one-degree fields. Mean monthly surface temperature (°C) for August, computed for one-degree fields. Mean monthly surface temperature (°C) for September, computed for one-degree fields. Mean monthly surface temperature (°C) for October, computed for one-degree fields. Mean monthly surface temperature (°C) for November, computed for one-degree fields. Mean monthly surface temperature (°C) for December, computed for one-degree fields. Temperature anomaly of the surface water (°C) on the annual average, based on annual averages of the combined oceans for two-degree zones and drawn according to values for two-degree fields. Temperature anomaly of the surface water (°C) on the annual average, based on annual averages of the Atlantic Ocean for two-degree zones and drawn according to averages for two-degree fields. . Temperature anomaly of the surface water (°C) in January, based on January averages of the Atlantic Ocean for two-degree zones and drawn according to averages for two-degree fields. . Temperature anomaly of the surface water (°C) in April, based on April averages of the Atlantic Ocean for two- degree zones and drawn according to averages for two-degree fields. Temperature anomaly of the surface water (°C) in July, based on July averages of the Atlantic Ocean for two- degree zones and drawn according to averages for two-degree fields. Temperature anomaly of the surface water (°C) in October, based on October averages of the Atlantic Ocean for two-degree zones and drawn according to the averages for two-degree fields. Density of the surface water (t) on a quarterly average, December to February, and drawn according to averages for two-degree fields. Water color in percent of yellow according to the Forel scale for the Atlantic Ocean. Mean annual variation of the temperature of the surface water (°C) and drawn according to averages for two-degree fields. Time at which the temperature maximum begins in the surface water and drawn according to averages for two- degree fields. Time at “which the temperature minimum begins in the surface water and drawn according to averages for two- degree fields. v a, = te THE TEMPERATURE OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN 1. Introductory Remarks on the Charts and the Formation of the Two-Degree Field Averages The ideal objective in a description of the surface conditions of an entire ocean would be to treat the various phenomena such as temperature, salinity, density, and drift collectively in order to reveal their relationships. Such a direct procedure, however, is impossible in the science of oceanography because of the great differences in the accuracy and numbers of observations of the individual components of the data. For example, the ratio of available observations of temperature to those of salinity in the Atlantic Ocean is about 19:1. (See plates I, II, II, IV.) For this discussion of temperature there were drawn, besides a chart of the annual average (plate V), 12 charts for each monthly average (plates VI-XVII), similar ones for the annual anomaly (plates XVITI, XIX), and in addition the monthly anomalies for several months (plates XX-XXIII). The monthly charts, which are to form the foundation of this report, were drawn on the basis of the monthly averages for the one-degree fields. In drawing the isotherms, all observations, insofar as the surface unit of the one- degree field and the distribution of the material allowed, were taken into consideration as strictly as possible. For this reason, the appearance of the charts, differs from other presentations of the surface tempera- ture, such as the charts of the North Atlantic Ocean, published by the Conseil Permanent,' or the Atlas for the North Sea,? which Zorell* has treated critically. This procedure in drawing the isotherms was based on the fact that all descriptions which use synoptic material from partial areas, such as the temperature charts of Church # for the Gulf Stream area, or the surface charts in the Bulletins Hydrographiques and the Bulletins of the Ice Patrol Service, show a much more active and complicated configuration than the average charts. Even though the arrangement of bodies of water of varying temperature, as it is shown on these monthly charts, does not everywhere completely correspond to reality, nevertheless, the character of the temperature 1 OQ. und V. G. Pettersson, Cartes synoptiques de l’eau de surface del’ Ocean Atlantique du Nord. Cons. Perm. 1931. 2 Allas de la temperature et salinité moyenne de l’eau surface de la Mer du Nord et dela Manche. Cons. Perm. Intern. Kopenhagen, 1933. 3 F. Zorell, Hin neuer Atlas fiir Temperatur und Salzgehalt im Oberflachenwasser der Nordsee. Ann. d. Hydrogr. Bd. LXII. Berlin, 1934. 4Phil. E. Church, Surface Temperatures of the Gulf Stream and its Bordering Waters. The Geogr. Review. Vol. XXII, No. 2, New York, 1932. 8. a. Inter- national Ice Observation and Ice Patrol Service in the North Atlantic Ocean. U.S. Treasury Department. Coast Guard. Bulletin No, 26, Washington, 1938. distribution is brought out better by them than by strongly generalized illustrations. The charts for the annual average and for the anomalies, however, were treated differently. Since these values are to be regarded as “abstract”? in the sense in which Zorell uses the word, the drawing of the isotherms for them could take a more equalized (ad- justed) form than for those of the monthly charts. In addition, both the annual average and the anomalies were calculated not from the one-degree field averages, but from averages for fields of two degrees of longitude and latitude. The reasons for this procedure were as follows: Even if observations had been on hand for every one-degree field through all 12 months and the annual averages from the various areas consequently of equal value, it would still have been impossible, con- sidering the available data, to carry out calculations for annual averages and the anomalies for each one-degree field. Therefore, the temperature values for the inter- secting points of every second degree of longitude and latitude were interpolated with the assistance of the data in the Dutch atlases. These temperature values are valid for a field of an area of 4 one-degree squares. By analogy to the ten-degree field, which consists of 10 times 10 one-degree squares, this unit was called a two- degree field. These two-degree field values, which appear in Appendix I, form the foundation for further treatment of the temperature. They are more equalized than the one-degree field values and can be regarded as independent of the number of observations. From them the annual average was obtained by forming arith- metical means. Attention was given to the number of fields provided with values. These values were likewise used for the purpose of forming the averages for the zones of 2 degrees of latitude for the individual months as well as for the year. (See Appendix II.) These zonal averages ° may be subject to slight inaccuracies, which are fully dis- cussed in ‘Das Beobachtungsmaterial und seine Aufbereitung,’”’ part I (untranslated) of Temperatur, Salzgehalt und Dichte an der Oberfléche des Atlantischen zeans. In the high north and south latitudes, where observations are lacking, the averages are more or less uncertain, since in places where no material whatever was available, extrapolation had to be relinquished. The monthly and annual surface temperature anoma- 5 The expression ‘‘zonal average” is, strictly speaking, not adequate, since on the coasts, for example, where the two-degree field is partly obscured by land, the tem- perature value was regarded as valid for the whole field. Considering the small size of the unit of area in proportion to the whole zone, this neglect seems justified. at 2 TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN lies for the Atlantic Ocean were obtained by taking the differences between the average temperature of the two-degree zones and the averages of the two-degree field for each month and for the year. By interpolating the two-degree field averages from the annual curve of the five-degree averages, which Kriimmel ® indicates for the combined oceans (Weltmeer), the annual anomaly of the Atlantic Ocean compared with that of the combined oceans for these two-degree zones was derived. Finally, the two-degree field values also served to ascertain the annual course of the tem- perature. 2. Temperature Distribution A survey of the distribution of the temperature on the surface of the Atlantic Ocean (plate V) and for the individual months (plates VI-XVII) will show that the main features of the distribution coincide with those found on earlier charts.’7. In the south, extending in front of the Antarctic Continent, is a large area with low temperatures between 0° and —1.5° C. North of this area at about 50° S., there lies a zone which has a sharp rise in temperature. The annual chart, drawn according to the two-degree field values, shows this sudden rise less clearly than the monthly charts based upon one-degree field values. This zone of strong temperature gradients extends to about 40°S. Farther north, the rise in temperature takes place more slowly, and at the same time the isotherms are oriented, not approximately west-east, as on earlier charts, but southwest-northeast. Special influences, such as_ the Falkland Current, Agulhas Current, and plankton areas in the various regions, which cause deviations from these main features, will be discussed in a later section of this report. The highest temperatures of 26° to over 27° are reached in a zone which extends between 5° N. and 15° N. from the Gulf of Guinea to the Yucatan Sea. The absolute maximum of the annual average, 27.8°, lies in the two-degree field 80° W., 17° N. The slightest temperature gradients appear in this warmest zone of the ocean, which is enclosed on both sides by the 26° isotherm, and which, like the meteorological equator, extends northward of the geographical equator. Over great stretches, the temperature of the annual average in a north-south as well as in a west-east direction changes by only a few tenths of a degree. In the middle latitudes of the northern hemisphere, the temperature again decreases rather equably, and the isotherms run in a northwest-southeast direction. 6 Kriimmel, Handbuch der Ozeanographie. Bd.I, S. 401. Stuttgart, 1907. 7G. Schott, Geographie des Atlantischen Ozeans, Hamburg, 1926. Attention is also called to a work which appeared after the publication of the present discussion: G. Slocum, The Normal Temperature Distribution of the Surface Water of the Western North Atlantic Ocean. Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 66, No. 2., Washington, D.C., February 1938; also Phil. E. Church, Temperatures of the Western North Atlantic from Thermograph Records. Association d’Océanographie Physique, Union Géod. et Géophys. Internat. 1937, and G. Roux, Zsothermes mensuelles provisoires de l'eau de mer ala surface au large des c6les du Maroc. Annales de Physique du Globe de la France d’outre-mer, 5. Jahrg. Nr. 25. Paris, 1938, This gradual decrease is suddenly interrupted on the west side of the ocean from 35° N. to 40° N. by a zone of sharp temperature increase; north of this area les one of uniformly low temperatures. It is the counter- part of the antarctic cold water area, the so-called “Cold Wall.” As a result of the well-known effect of the Gulf Stream and its offshoots, the eastern half of the northern North Atlantic Ocean deviates from this pattern. Here the relatively warm water, which cools off gradually, advances far to the north and displaces the transition zone between the cold arctic water and the water south as far as the coast of Green- land. This short survey of the temperature distribution is supplemented by Appendix II, which contains the zonal averages of the surface temperatures for zones of two degrees of latitude for each month and for the year. When Kriimmel’s * comparison of values for the Atlan- tic Ocean and the combined oceans is studied (fig. 1),° 60° 80°N ~—. Atlantic Ocean = Combined Oceans Fiacure 1.—Annual averages of surface temperature according to two-degree zones for the Atlantic Ocean and according to five-degree zones for the combined oceans. it becomes clear that the South Atlantic Ocean is colder than the combined oceans up to a latitude of 40° S. Between 40° 8S. and 25° S., a small excess of warmth is produced, which does not, however, exceed 0.2° C. The whole tropical zone as far as 20° N. exhibits con- siderably lower temperature values than those cal- culated for the whole ocean. The differential between 25°S. and 20° N. is not more than 2° C. From 20°N., the North Atlantic Ocean shows a great excess of warmth, which is ascribed both to the displacement of the meteorological equator to the northern hemisphere and to the Gulf Stream and its offshoots. This excess increases up to about 3° C. In comparisons, such as are made in Appendix II and table 1, the varying density of the material observed in the oceans must always be taken into consideration. When other values are added, the position of the isotherms, ® O. Kriimmel, Handbuch d. Ozeanographie. Bd. I, S. 401 Stuttgart, 1907. ° The averages for two-degree zones are treated in Figure 1 and Table 1 as latitude temperature in Kriimmel’s sense of the term. TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN 3 especially in the higher latitudes, and also the value for the zone average may change considerably. Table 1 shows the values calculated from the curves for every fifth degree of latitude and for the differences between these values. TaBLE 1.—Annual average of the surface temperature for every fifth degree of latitude of the Atlantic Ocean (ta) and of the combined oceans (ty). Northern hemisphere Southern hemisphere tae ft [te footw | te | oe | tote | 7) 4.0 Wh fhe || serie) eee es Se 3 .4|2 oes 70 G5eeee Daal 3.1] +2.0 1) 1,2 0. 2 65 60222-- 6.8 4.8 | +2.0 0. 0 0. 0 0.0 60 [ia eer 8.5 6.1] 42.4 17] 431) —-L4 55 O02 22 = 10. 9 7.9 | +3.0 4.3 6.4 | —2.1 50 US Sea 12.7 | 10.8; +1.9 8.7 9.9] —1.2 45 AQU Ee Visa ees. 2aletss3 13.3 | 40.0 40 bby oes 20.6 | 18.3 | +2.3 | 17.2 17.0 | +0. 2 on 0) ee 22,4 | 21.3.) +1.1 | 19.6 19.5 | +0.1 30 Pa ee 24.4 | 23.7 | +0.7 | 21.4 22.0 |} —0.6 25 20M eet: 25.3 | 25.4 | —O.1 | 22.1 24.0 | —1.9 20 Gis eee 25.8 | 26.6 | —0.8 } 23.1 25.1) —2.0 15 10S. 2 26.5 | 27.2 | —0.7 | 24.5 25.8 | —L3 10 Dera 2 26.7 | 27.4 | —0.7 | 25.4 26.4 | —1.0 5 ORS s 26. 2 | 27.1 | —0.9 | 26.2 27.1 | —0.9 0 Figure 2 shows the two-degree zonal averages for 4 selected months—February, May, August, and Novem- ber. These averages clearly indicate the excess of warmth of the North Atlantic Ocean. be 60°S 4oe 20° o 20° aor SOM Figure 2.—Two-degree zonal averages of surface temperatures of the Atlantic Ocean for the months of February, May, August, and November. The South Atlantic is warmer only in the southern summer (February). Even in the zonal averages, the influence of the Labrador Current, as well as that of the “Cold Wall,” is clearly recognizable. The average temperature of the whole ocean, calculated on the basis of the zone values with regard to the number of two- degree fields supplied with observations for 70° N. to 60° S., is 16.8° C. It is necessary to relate the main features of the horizontal temperature to the scheme of the synthesis of the ocean on the basis of the vertical distribution of the temperature and of the saline content. This scheme, which Defant '° has outlined, provides for the introduc- tion of boundary strata (Grenzschichten), especially between the troposphere and the stratosphere, and has proved extremely fruitful. It has already been used several times, most recently by Sverdrup!” and Deacon * * in the treatment of the data of the Dis- covery Expedition.’”’ It also served in the treatment of the synthesis of the hydrosphere of the Atlantic Ocean within the limits of this present work as a basis for classification. ’1* The most outstanding of these boundary strata is the one between the troposphere and the stratosphere. Although its position cannot be established accurately everywhere, especially in the higher latitudes, because of the lack of clear criteria, nevertheless, its sectional plane with the surface of the ocean stands out clearly at many points. Its course is distinctly reflected in the distribution of the surface temperature wherever the latter, from the point of view of the poles, increases quickly in a sharp gradient. This process occurs in the South Atlantic Ocean at about 50° S. and in the Drake Passage at about 60° S. Between these two positions lies the ant- arctic polar front, and the antarctic convergence, or Meinardus Line, as Schott!’ called it. Because of the lack of observations, the exact positions for a similar rise in temperature in the north cannot be followed, but it begins approximately at about 35° N., runs eastward parallel to the American coast, and curves northward at Newfoundland and on the east coast of Canada. Not until it reaches the east coast of Greenland is it found again, and then between the cold East Greenland Current and the offshoots of the Gulf Stream. As a result of the complicated distribu- tion of water and land, the polar front is not so uni- formly built up in the north as it is in the south where it crosses the ocean diagonally in an east-west direction. This difference is well expressed in figure 3, which 10 A, Defant, Die systematische Erforschung des Weltmeeres. Zeitschr. d. Ges. f. Erdkunde. Berlin. Jubil.-Sonderband. Berlin, 1938. See also current charts by H. H. F. Meyer in G. Wiist, Der Ursprung der Atlantischen Tiefenwasser; also A. Defant, Dynamische Ozeanographie. Berlin, 1929. See also H. Thorade, Die Stratosphare unde Traposphare des Atlantischen Ozeans. Annalen d. Hydrographie. Berlin, 1937. 11 A. U. Sverdrup, On Vertical Circulation in the Ocean Due to the Action of the Wind With Reference to Conditions Within the Antarctic Circumpolar Currents. Dis- covery Rep. Vol. VII, Cambridge, 1933. 122A. U. Sverdrup, Wie entsteht die antarktische Konvergenz? Annal. d. Hydrogr. Bd. 62. Berlin, 1934. 13 G. E. R. Deacon, A General Account of the Hydrology of the South Atlantic Ocean. Discovery Rep. Vol. VII, Cambridge, 1933. 144 G. E. R. Deacon, Die Nordgrenzen antarktischen und subantarktischen Wassers im Weltmeer. Annal. d. Hydrogr. LXII. Hamburg, 1934. 158A. Defant, Die Troposphare des Atlantischen Ozeans. Wiss. Ergebnisse d. Deutsch. Atlant. Expedition a. d. Forschungs- und Vermessungsschiff Meteor Bd. VI. Teil I. Berlin, 1936. 16 G, Wiist, Die Stratosphdre des Atlantischen Ozeans. Atlant. Expedition a. d. Forschungs- und Vermessungsschiff Meteor. Teil 1. Berlin, 1936. 17 G. Schott, Geographie des Atlantischen Ozeans. Wiss. Ergebnisse d. Deutsch. Bd. VI. 2. Aufl. Hamburg, 1926. om 4 TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN illustrates the temperature gradients between the annual zone averages for two degrees of latitude which were taken from Appendix II. It is obvious that in the South Atlantic Ocean the steepest gradients were reached at 50° S., so that the polar front which separates the cold antarctic water from warmer water of low latitudes and which is commonly found here, makes itself distinctly felt even in the zonal averages. In the north, the situa- tion is not so simple, although the boundary line for the Cold Wall at 40° N. stands out clearly. Asa result “yo 60'S 40° 20° Ce 20° =2° 1" fehl 6s 40° 20° ° 20° 40° Figure 3.—Temperature gradients in degrees C. between the annual zonal averages of 2° lat. between 70° N. and 70° 8. 0° of the manifold interweaving of arctic, subarctic, and Gulf Stream water which disturbs the more or less zonal, smoothly running boundaries of the water masses observed in the south, the gradient rises and falls irrecularly. Therefore, it is at first impossible to draw a clear zonal boundary line between arctic and warmer water. The drawing of such a line must be postponed to a later treatment of individual areas. The further course of the curve shows to a certain extent additional boundaries which are designated by temperature. The charts of the temperature distribu- tion indicate decreases in temperature from certain latitudes. Such transitions are shown in figure 3 at _40°N. and 40°S., where the curve takes a sharp bend. It may be assumed that these latitudes are the bound- aries between the temperate and subtropical water masses, insofar as they are expressed in the tempera- ture. It is scarcely possible to establish the scope of the tropical zone any more accurately from these gra- dients toward the south, since the transition to the low eradients is not clearly discernible here. In the equalization of the curve of figure 3, its southern boundary might be set at about 10°S. The northern boundary can be more easily designated. It is at 20°N., from which point the curve moves more or less horizontally toward the equator. It becomes clear that after this first survey we can divide the ocean into certain ‘climatic zones” which are conditioned by the distribution of the surface tempera- tures. In the south, the polar front at 50°S. and the southern boundary of the subtropical water at 40°S. stand out clearly, while in the north only the boundary between the Gulf Stream and the Cold Wall, likewise at 40° N. can be recognized. The polar front in the north, on the other hand, is not so clearly expressed, as a result of the partly meridional course of the isotherms in this consideration of annual zonal averages. The extent of the tropical zone can be placed between 10°S. and 20°N. 3. The Demareation of Zonal Areas on the Basis of Surface Temperatures The survey of the temperature distribution made in section 2 of this report made possible a general division of the ocean into climatic zones. An attempt will now be made to establish the position of these fronts, that is, of the boundaries of bodies of water of oceanic climatic zones of the surface stratum, by means of the surface material at present available.’ This first attempt should be regarded merely as preliminary treatment. Because of the lack of data on the broad expanses of the ocean, it will be impossible to classify the water masses as Képpen,! for example, classified the atmosphere. Not only material for classification, but also the principles of classification are lacking. Képpen was able to construct his climatic system, which was made principally for the atmosphere over the land surfaces, on the basis of the two factors of temperature and humidity or precipitation “which obtrude themselves most upon human beings and can be most easily ex- pressed in comparable figures.’”’ However, such a perfect system for the water of the ocean does not exist. Schott 7° has made a classification according to “natural regions” in his well-known geographies of the oceans, but these “natural regions’ are, in his own words, “strongly subjective” and in addition suffer from the lack of a uniform system of nomenclature. In fact Schott used terminology from the most widely differing systems; for example, Brazilian Region, geographic; Equatorial Region, climatological; Sargasso Sea, bio- logical; Gulf Stream, oceanographic. In a work devoted exclusively to classification by ‘natural regions,” Schott 2’ adds further to the structure of his system by giving special attention to the surface of the ocean and the climatological relationships above it. Even this procedure is not free from subjectivity, for it is not based on definite, comparable values for the factors used in its construction. Too, it is not quite con- sistent in nomenclature. To name one example of inconsistency—the region corresponding to the North Atlantic Trade Region (Passat-Region) is not a South Atlantic Region, but an Ascension Region. 18 Cf. footnotes 10-16. 19 W. Koéppen, Grundriss der Klimakunde. 2. Aufl. Berlin, 1931.—See also W. Koppen, Das geographische System der Klimate. Handbuch d. Klimatologie. Bd. I, Teil 2. Berlin, 1936.—Since Képpen, especially in the latter work, gives a very detailed review of the other climatic systems, previously developed by other authors (Penck, Hettner, Passarge, and others), they are not further discussed at this point. 20 GQ. Schott, Geographie des Atlant. Ozeans. 2. Aufl. Hamburg, 1926, —Geographie des Indischen u. Pazifischen Ozeans. Hamburg, 1935. 4 Schott, Die Aufteilung der drei Ozeane in natirliche Regionen. Petermanns geogr. Mitteilungen. Jahrg. 82, Heft 6. Gotha, 1936. TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN to: A further attempt to classify the whole ocean has been made by G. Wiist.” In projecting upon the surface of the sea the general forms of the sea bottom, that is, the limits given by the undersea topography, he uses purely geographical designations, such as Angola Sea, Newfoundland Sea, ete. Without ques- tioning the value of this nomenclature, it must be said that it docs not suffice for the treatment of many ques- tions, especially that of the classification of the surface of the ocean. The surface of the water is so intimately related to the climatic phenomena that the latter must not be neglected in the classification of the ocean. Ina manner similar to that in which the classification of the solid surface of the earth according to geography and geology takes into account the atmosphere above the earth, a classification of the ocean should be based on a principle that is adapted to the phenomena on the boundary stratum between air and water. It is obvious that these boundaries cannot be established in the sense of Wiist’s claim. But what climatic bound- aries (for example, the snow or tree boundaries) are established or form sharply defined lines? An attempt will be made to classify the ocean into natural regions on the basis of temperature, because there is more information available on this phenomenom than on other phenomena. Besides the salinity and other fac- tors, the active processes of the water and the air must also be considered. How much importance Képpen attributed to them is clear from the fact that he devised for the surface of the water a special system of regions based upon the winds. An attempt was made first of all to determine the zonal boundaries exactly. The method consisted in establishing along several lines running mostly in a north-south direction the gradients of the surface temperatures. In order that the procedure might be pos- sible and that the original values from the one-degree TaBLE 2.—Temperature gradients for latitude differences of 1° at 65° W. long. (Drake Passage) SOUTHERN LATITUDE Month 64° 63° 62° 61° G0? 59° = 582572 BGP BB Tee eee OFS el Ts 2a On| fOrom Os I Oh 4s e058 10 ee 06/08/09) 11)/13),10/03)03 2.0 Dies. == One WOR Sa 100) tor Wed |) WON Ons: Ore 1.3 Vise Ss 0.8)}/07);05)/04/06/15/09/ 06 1.2 \/ Sees O74 Ord | O26 O27 059 | VE Let) 0.'9)) 2025 Mises 09)/09)/07/05/06/0.5 \(0.9)} 08) 06 Wile Safe }o a= = OF |p L230} 50::9' | (0:6) | 0.6") 0.-9 1.3 VEIT Sees O23) [10.55 | 0.99 1-2) 15) 1.2) 05) 08 1D aaa ONE OFS) 07 Set On OFS Ore 0.25" 0N0) |= —— De ES pe en ee eee 0.4) 105%) 18 2. bo} Tt 0.5 >. Sere) eee eee OF4 F046 | eer lea | 10.4) 0.3 No 056 02-7), 0..9 |} tes | ed) 2.10) )0.:5, | 055 0. 4 Figures in boldface indicate maxima. Figures in parentheses indicate that the maximum is not well established. 2G. Wiist. Die Gliederung des Weltmeeres. graphischen Namengebung. 1936. Versuch einer systematischen geo- Petermanns Geogr. Mitteilungen. Jahrg. 82, Gotha, field charts be used, the average values of the tempera- ture for the 2 one-degree fields adjacent to these lines were recorded in a system of coordinates with the abscissa ‘‘Geographieal Latitude’ and the ordinate “Temperature.”’ To eliminate accidental errors con- nected with these observations, the points of intersec- tion of the isotherms taken from the monthly charts were likewise recorded with these lines, and a curve plotted through these points. On this curve, which showed the average temperature along such a line, the change of temperature was then read off from one degree of latitude to another and entered in tables. Table 2 gives as an example the temperature gradients for such a profile through the Drake Passage. a. South Atlantic Ocean This procedure was followed for five surface profiles of the South Atlantic Ocean: 1. through the Drake Passage along 65° W; 2. through the longitudinal axis of the Falkland Current, beginning in the north at 35° S. 53° W. through 47° S. 55° W. and 54° 8. 48° W. to 60° S. 47° W; 3. at 30° W. from 30° S. to 55° S; 4. at 5° W. from 30° 8. to 55° 8; and 5. through the Agul- has Current at 21° E. from 35° 8S. to 55° S. Because of lack of observations, the position of the fronts in the higher south latitudes could not be established on profiles 4 and 5 for every month. As table 2 shows, the gradients along 65° W., for example, increase to the south, except for some which are influenced by the land at 55° S. From 58° S. to 61° S., they increase from 0.5° C. to between 1.0° and 2.1°C. Farther south, they drop again to about 0.5° C. The other profiles show similar differences in the gra- dients. This increase of the gradients is brought about by the meeting of water masses of varying temperature and denotes the presence of the polar front. It can be seen that within certain limits the zone of maximal gradients fluctuates further. This further fluctuation is due principally, according to the general conditions, to the irregular distribution of the few observations. In order to eliminate these irregularities, the gradients were recorded in a system of coordinates, and an equalized curve plotted through the points. Then the average position of the front was read from these curves, as is shown in tables 3 and 4. The temperature prevailing at the momentary posi- tion of the front in the month in question was then established from the charts and transferred to the tables. Since these zones of maximal gradients are subject to certain fluctuations, as shown by table 2, and since the surface unit for the temperature value is the one-degree field, the position of the fronts was indicated only in whole degrees of latitude * and the temperature de- noting the kind of water in half degrees centigrade. 23 It remains uncertain whether there is any justification whatever for giving such boundaries with any greater exactitude in researches covering such huge spaces as, for example, Deacon(1932)does. He designates the position of the front at 10 minutes of latitude. 6 TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN TABLE 3.—Average position of the southern polar front and monthly averages of the water temperature at the front 65° W. 48° W. 30° W. 5° W. PAREN D, | ges S Ss S Ss s ; ° fs ° : ° 5 ° : 5 lat. t lat. t lat. t lat. t lat. t Le, ee GU 22551) “O68. Ol 40 Wa) jee oe] oo 51 | 4.0 1 ee 61} 3.5) 56/4.0 | 48 /(8.0)| 49) 4.0 |____|_____ 1 IN 6 (es rates 60} 3.5) 55/8.5 | 49 |] 5.0 49| 3.5 | 52 | 2.0 1) ae GE)! PE MGIB E OL a0) Sh Ue eee eee ee es Vie eee: OOF -220)9 “50. |) 49 450) Wea ess ose Benes | ees Vilesas= 58} 3.0) 54/2.5 | 49] 5.5 50} 4.0 | 49 | 3.0 Va Se 60| 0.5) 54/2. 75) 50] 5.0 fall hesy | apeee|| eS VebhT S22) 59) 0)" 15412) 5, (46) 5255 )---1__ __- epoees |e DX ese 60} 2.0) 54/2.0 | 48 | 4.5 |____|_-_-- ease EXe: ee 59|— 0: 5| 55|0)'0" |) 47 | 5:0) |e 2 |Ee 48 | 3.5 OE os 59) 2.0) 55/4.0 | 47] 6.5 Hayle) | Re se Se OM 23} 60], 8350) 5 bb) 225 A770 syd aley | B10) |) PATH) Year___-| 60} 2.1] 55/2.6 | 48 | 5.3 | (50)| (3. 0)| (50)| (3. 0) Parentheses indicate that the data have not been well established. TABLE 4.—Average position of the subtropical boundary and its average monthly temperatures 55° W. | 30° W. 5° W. 21° E. Month z F 3 . ° . ° . ° 8. ° lat. | © |tat © liet.| ® lasé.t -* Tee a os 37 | 19.0] 37/180] 37|17.0| 41] 17.5 1 ied 38 | 19.0 | 37 | 19.0/ 37/180] 41] 180 ii eae 38 | 12.5 | 38] 17.0] 38| 16.0] 40| 19.0 [Votes 39 | 15.5 | 39 | 17.0| 381 15.0] 40| 185 Vere oe. 39 | 10.0 | 40 | 14.0 | 39 | 13.0 | 40 | 17.5 Nils ee 38 | 10.0 | 40 | 13.5 | 39] 12.0 | 41| 15.0 Vil eee 38| 9.0/ 39/125] 38|120|41| 140 Vills........| 37’| 7.0| 38| 13.01 381 11.0 | 40 | 16.0 ib ee ae 37 | 11.0 | 38 | 13.0| 381 11.51 40| 15.0 CR 36 | 12.5 | 38] 13.5 | 37|13.0| 40] 160 alge. ATG 36 | 15.0 | 38 | 14.5 | 37 | 15.0| 42| 14.5 Malls goo 37 | 17.5 | 38 | 16.0 | 37 | 17.0 | 41| 17.0 Vear.........| 37 | 132) 3811511881142! 41 |. 165 The tables show that in the treatment of the merid- ional change of temperature, two zones of especially steep temperature gradients of from 1° to 2° become apparent. The most southerly of these zones lies where Meinardus and Schott previously suspected a boundary line within the west wind drift. It is most commonly designated today as the Antarctic Convergence or Polar Front. In the western part of the ocean, in the Drake Passage, it is encountered at 60° S. At 50° W. it goes north to 55° S.,”4 and then at about 50° S. runs farther eastward. Since in the east the data on temperature are very scanty, they are to be regarded as merely approximate values (table 3 and fig. 4). The temperatures met with in this area lie on the average between 2° and 5°. Their origin is well 2% On the current chart by H. H. F. Meyer, shown as Tafel XX XV in G. Wiist, Der Ursprung der Atlantischen Tiefenwdsser. Zeitschrift d. Gesellschaft fiir Erdkunde, Jubil.-Sonderband Berlin, 1928, the western part of the polar front has, as Deacon points out, obviously been confused with the subtropical convergence lying farther to the north. explained by the previously cited works. According to Sverdrup, the convergence is caused by an inter- action of wind and thermohaline circulation. South of the convergence, the water transport to the north, which is caused by the wind, is obviously at work, while the thermohaline circulation conducts water to it from the north. The thermohaline circulation in itself, however, cannot be decisive, for the maximum of density, which would be caused by it—at least in the summer—lies considerably farther to the south than the convergence. Plate XXIV depicts the distribution of the surface density in the southern summer as cal- culated from the average of the months December, January, and February. It shows that although a density maximum is really present, it lies 4° to 5° of latitude farther south than the polar front, as can be deduced from the increases in temperature. Since the orientation of the details of the active processes in the high southern latitudes are unknown, direct comparisons with this zone of steeper temperature gradients cannot be made. The only sources of infor- mation are the vertical sections, such as were published and discussed after the Discovery Expedition by Deacon and Sverdrup, 1933. They show that the polar front is to be found where the water masses sink down to the subantarctic intermediate current and that this sinking corresponds, even in individual cases, with its average position, which was established on the basis of tempera- ture distribution. According to the definition intro- duced by Defant, the polar front forms the common northern boundary for polar and subpolar water. In the interests of uniformity, this definition is being used, although in reality subantarctic water can be encountered, at least at the surface, even north of the polar front. The concept of the oceanic polar front with its effects upon the circulation below the surface has, however, permeated the literature on oceanography so thoroughly that it seems inadvisable for purely practical reasons to suggest changes. Accordingly, the polar front includes polar and subpolar water and at the same time forms the pole-side boundary of the temperate zone. Even in the temperature sections of the Meteor, this sinking at the front can be clearly seen.”* Thus profile Va (fig. 5) through the Drake Passage shows the position of the front between Sta- tions 107 and 108, where the thermograph at 59° S. records a temperature increase of 2° to 5.5°. Figure 6, on which the hourly values from the registered tem- perature curve are entered, clearly repeats this sudden rise of the surface temperatures. The course of the curve indicates by its fluctuations that individual warm and colder bodies of water are separated in the vicinity of the convergence as a result of vortex formations. Even on profile Vd south of Africa (fig. 7) after a rise 35 Cf. footnotes 11 and 13. % G. Wiist, Die Stratosphdre des Atlantischen Ozeans. Bd. VI. TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN 7 aes TE ROAST UR Mas A =Polar front on the basis of temperature distribution at the surface. — << — — =Polar front according to G. Wiist. Mtinochonens =Polar front according to Deacon. er =a) Ni, = Fragments of the front of the West Wind Drift (secondary polar front) on the basis of temperature distribution. —- -r —-- 2B) =Subtropical boundary on the basis of temperature distribution. rrrrer GB =Doubtful position of subtropical boundary. =Subtropical convergence according to Deacon. eeecceccececcocve = Subtropical convergence (also convergence area) on the basis of current displacements. == = = = =Doubtful position of subtropical convergence. X =A point plotted from temperature gradient profile. (X} =A point which could not be established for every month. Figure 4.—Average position of the fronts and boundaries in the South Atlantic Ocean. 8 TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN of temperature from 2.5° to 3.5° at 52°S., the Meteor had to pass again through colder water of about 3° before the front was encountered at 50° S. with a rapid rise in temperature to 5°. The corresponding vertical section (fig. 8) lkewise shows this body of water of somewhat higher tempera- ture beyond the real front. A consideration of the summary of the average find- ings recorded in table 3, of the individual results from the sections, and of the grouping of the isotherms on the monthly charts establishes the Antarctic polar front A’ as it is drawn in figure 4. In an investigation of the subantarctic intermediate current (Volume VI of 60° S. Lat. 707 106 713 711710 109 708 7000 Figure 5.—Vertical section of the temperatures through the Drake Passage (profile Va.). A’=polar front. the work on the Expedition), G. Wiist found the zone in which the ‘‘intermediate water” sinks beneath the surface by another means, namely, calculating the mix- ing proportions (MJischungsverhdlthisse). Even the boundary discovered in this way (fig. 4) deviates slight- ly, as did Deacon’s, from the average position established from the meridional gradients, so that the line indicated on the chart may now be accepted with some certainty as indicating the boundary of antarctic and subantarc- tic water in contrast to the warmer water of the west wind drift—in other words, the polar front. The question of whether it is permissible to refer to a pronounced fluctuation of the front cannot be answered with certainty. According to table 3, the front swings about its average position from one to two degrees of latitude in the individual months. This amount results from the fact that, as was previously explained, the one- degree field had to be chosen as a surface unit for the temperature averages. In addition, the unperiodic in- fluences, and especially those of the wind, are very great in these areas and probably obscure the periodic ones. Another of these zones of high temperature gradients, which were mentioned previously, lies, as table 4 and figure 4 show, farther north, in fact in the middle of the ocean at about 38°S. to 40°S. Only in the east, south of the Agulhas Current, and in the west, south of the Brazil Current, does it reach 41° S. Off the mouth of the La Plata, it turns north approximately parallel to the coast. In this zone, the temperature reaches 13° to 16°. This boundary area, which is to be designated as subtropical boundary, coincides approximately with the line which was discovered by Deacon and called subtropical convergence. In places, however, it is in contradiction to the line C’, which is given on the chart by H. H. F. Meyer * as subtropical convergence in the month of February. In order to clear up this question, the course of the currents for all 12 months in this area was investigated. Charts of current displace- ments |in the Dutch atlases*® were used, and the posi- tion of the convergence C’ for the annual average was determined (fig. 4). The results showed that the sub- tropical boundary established from the temperature B’ and the convergence resulting from the current displacements C’ were in agreement only in the area between the Falkland and the Brazil Current. From 40° W. to 5° E. the convergence lies about 10° farther north and in the vicinity of the African Continent 3° to 5° more. Greater rises in temperature were not found here in C’. Even in the area of the Agulhas Current, with its involved structure, which was rather closely investigated by G. Dietrich,” the two boundaries, B’ and ©’ can be clearly differentiated, as the following descriptions and figures 9 through 11 also show. Thus it is proved that the two boundaries, insofar as their causes are concerned, have nothing to do with each other and that Deacon’s conception must be cor- rected. There arises the question regarding the cause of this subtropical boundary. Purely climatic influences Figure 6.—Surface temperatures of profile Va according to the hourly values taken from the recording. might first be considered, for, according to Angot, the amounts of warmth radiated to the earth *° reach their greatest increase precisely between 40° S. and 50° S. In addition, an important fact is that the decrease in ” Cf. footnote 24. 28 Oceanogr. en Met. Waarnemingen i. d. Atlant. Oc. Konink]. Nederl. Met. Inst. No. 110. 2 G. Dietrich, Aufbau und Dynamik des siidlichen Agulhas-Stromgebietes. Veroff. d. Inst. f. Meereskde. Berlin. N. F. Reihe A, Heft 27. Berlin, 1935. 80 Hann-Siiring, Lehrbuch der Meteorologie. Leipzig, 1926. ES Figure 7.—Surfac TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN 70° PN SITET of Africa) according to the hourly values taken from the recording. e temperatures of profile Vd (south 9 10 TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN SS SCL LE Ea Re EA ES ts OR Hes SES ates ay POLIT EE ST ede Vase AMS UNL LM Figure 9.—Surface currents south of Africa in January, drawn on the basis of the Dutch current displacements by A. Merz. Designation of the fronts is the same as in figure 4. TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN 11 clouds (Bewélkung) in both these latitudes might in- crease the effect of radiation. It is questionable whether these factors in themselves suffice to form such a relatively narrowly limited belt of rapid temperature increase in a northerly direction. It appears rather that the activity processes at the surface of the sea have an equally large share in the formation of this zone of large temperature gradients B’. In figures 9, 10, and 11, which show the currents south of Africa accord- ing to A. Merz*! and M. Willimzik in the months of Figure 10.—Surface currents south of Africa in May, drawn on the basis of the Dutch current displacements by A. Merz. Designation of the fronts is the same as in figure 4. January, May, and October, the doubtful boundaries are entered, and the chief directions of activity em- phasized by the heavy arrows. It is clear that the subtropical boundary coincides with a marked change of direction in the current. South of the line B’, north-south components predominate, and north of it, east-west components. In the latter case, local con- vergences also occur in part. These phenomena obvi- ously cause a certain accumulation of the water masses transported here from the south and therewith form the strip of especially high temperature gradients, which previously has been called the subtropical boundary. A current system can be drawn approximately cor- responding to a convergence-divergence line given by 31A. Merz, Die Deutsche Atlantische Expedition auf dem Vermess.—u. Forschungs- schiff Meteor.—Sitzgs.-Ber. Preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. XXXI. Berlin, 1925. 485460—43—Vol. VI, No. 1——2 Sandstrom and Bjerknes,” without doing violence to the observed current displacement. Figure 12 pic- tures a mirror-image modification of Bjerknes’ con- vergence-divergence line and probably explains sufhi- ciently in what way the origin of the temperature gradients at this line B’ can be considered. The name ‘subtropical boundary,” which marks the limit of the oceanic subtropical area toward the south and toward the pole-side, has been chosen to distinguish it from the subtropical convergence, which runs within the subtropics. The chart on the color of water by Schott (see Plate XXV) * shows divergence phenomena which are connected with the upwelling of water from deeper strata. Along 40°, areas of green water are indicated, which, according to E. Hentschel, are connected with an abundance of plankton. Watten- berg discovered that the food material necessary for Ficure 11.—Surface currents south of Africa in October, drawn on the basis of the Dutch current displacements by A. Merz. Designation of the fronts is the same as in figure 4. the growth of the plankton comes from the deeper strata at these points. The real subtropical convergence, which is clearly revealed in the current displacements, is indicated very slightly in the temperature distribution, since masses of water of approximately equal warmth are conducted to it from the north and south. The tem- perature differences north and south of the line C’ are 32 V. Bjerknes, Dynamische Meteorologie und Hydrographie. Braunschweig, 1910 u, 1913. 33 Tafel VII from G. Schott, Geographie des Atlant. Ozeans. Hamburg, 1925. 12 TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN thus smaller than in the case of B’ at 40° S. Unfortu- nately, the material on current displacements in the Dutch atlases for two-degree fields is not adequate to show in a similar manner the structure of the currents in the middle area of the ocean. Even here a similar change of direction in the vicinity of the boundary can be revealed in some places from the arrows indicating current directions for the two-degree fields in the Dutch publications; for example, the changes occurring in February for the area from 2° E. to 14° W. and 45° S. / f Siisa &: Fiaure 12.—Diagram of a conver- eo Ewifia gence-divergence line according to Bjerknes. to 35° S. (fig. 13) such as those that can be recognized south of Africa in figures 9 through 11. In the west, off the Brazilian coast, the situation differs. The Falkland and the Brazil Currents meet, causing the space between the subtropical front and the boundary to narrow to such an extent that they practically coincide. The dynamic influences are, therefore, stronger than the climatic ones. However, because of lack of enough observations for all the months of the year, the presentation of an exact picture of the front is impossible. The portrayal of this area in figure 4 has, then, necessarily been generalized. As examples of the formation of the front in the individual months, the isotherms in figures 14 and 15 are recorded with the boundaries, and the currents with the fronts of December and February. Despite the complicated aspect of these individual cases, the further result at this point is that from the Brazilian coast seaward, the thermal boundary and the dynamic front are at first almost identical. A separation does not take place until they reach 40° W., where the water masses of the Brazil Current, turning off eastward, interrupt the subtropical convergence. The subtropical boundary remains essentially south of these stream lines, and the sub-tropical convergence north of them. In ex- amining figures 14 and 15, it should be noticed that the isotherms were drawn from one-degree fields. The current pattern is thus more generalized than the tem- perature distribution, and this generalization explains the fact that the two diagrams do not coincide perfectly. Finally, in this study of the thermal gradients in the area between the polar front and the subtropical bound- ary, which is chiefly controlled by the west wind drift, more fragments of a further boundary at about 45° S. were found. This boundary, which seems at least in places to separate these zones—perhaps most appro- priately called temperate—into a north and a south zone, is shown in figure 4 as A’ and can be recognized in the area of the Falkland Current and south of Africa. In addition to the convergence-divergence line (cf. figs. 14 and 15), another cause of its formation can be as- sumed to be a turning of the current from a north-south to an east-west direction. This fragment of a further boundary and front within the west wind drift also becomes visible on the monthly charts of the tempera- ture by means of an increased assembling of the iso- therms and is expressed, as is the subtropical boundary, in Profile Vd, which was traversed by the Meteor, as well as in surface temperatures registered at the time. In figures 7 and 8 at A,’ between Stations 133 and 134, it can be seen that the temperature suddenly jumps from 6° to 13.5° at 45° S. lat., and at B’ between 10;W Fiaure 13.—Surface current in the middle South Atlantic Ocean in February. Designation of the fronts is the same as in Figure 4. Stations 134 and 135 from about 14° to more than 21° C. at 41°S. lat. The seasonal fluctuations of the subtropical boundary are slight, similar to those of the antarctic convergence. They lie within the limits of error of the research methods set up on the basis value of the one-degree field average. Table 4 gives the average monthly position of the subtropical boundary and _ shows that the average fluctuations are not greater than +1 degree of latitude. Even the seasonal displacements of the convergence, which can hardly be followed other- wise than according to the two-degree field values of TaBLe 5.—Position of the southern subtropical convergence according to current displacements in degrces of latitude Month I II III IV Ieong! s0GWee once seone aoe eoee 32 31 31 32 Wong #20 2h Me see are = Ssh Ss 38 37 40 40 Vv VI VII | VIII] IX x XI -| XII | Year 32 30 30 31 32 31 32 32 | 31°S, 39 39 38 38 38 38 38 37 | 38°S. TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN 13 the current displacements, do not reach large amounts. Table 5 gives information on these fluctuations at 30° W. and 20° E. The only exception to this fluctuation is the area immediately off the Brazilian coast. Here the front is displaced from the mouth of La Plata in the southern summer to a point almost as far as 25° S. in the southern winter. Because of these large movements, the bound- aries in figure 4 are not carried out as far as the coast. A short summary of the fronts of the South Atlantic Ocean is as follows: on the basis of the temperature dis- tribution, two boundary zones can be established, the Figure. 14—Surfa ce currents and temperature distribution in the area of the Falkland and Brazil currents in December. forms the dividing line between the west wind and the subtropical areas, and is thus the pole-side boundary of the subtropics. The subtropical convergence, on the other hand, lies within the subtropics and forms no pronounced ‘‘climatic boundary.” Finally, the bound- ary A,’ partly divides the belt of temperate water masses of the west drift into a northern and a southern zone. b. North Atlantic Ocean. Because of the complicated distribution of water and land and the influence of the Gulf Stream, conditions Designa- tion of the fronts is the same as in figure 4. polar front and the subtropical boundary. The polar front at about 50° S. corresponds to the dynamic processes and is located where the so-called ‘‘interme- diate water,” which is, according to Defant and Wiist, antarctic and subantarctic water, sinks below the surface. The subtropical boundary at about 40° S. coincides with the subtropical convergence only in the western part of the ocean, where the Falkland and Brazil Currents meet. This convergence, already well-known from the currents, is located from 40° W. to 10 degrees of latitude farther north. If the polar front separates antarctic water from water of the west wind drift, then, as can be deduced from the tempera- tures established at the fronts, the subtropic boundary in the North Atlantic are not so simple as in the South Atlantic. The most striking phenomenon in the north is the band of extraordinarily steep temperature gradi- ents of about 5° C. per degree of latitude off the North American coast near Labrador (cf. plates V-XVII). It extends on the average, for example, at 50° W., from 39° N. with a temperature of 21° to 44° N. at a tem- perature of 6°, and thus separates subtropical water from predominantly arctic. This strip, hemmed in on the one hand by the Gulf Stream and on the other by the so-called ‘“‘Cold Wall,” encloses the temperate zone, which with its breadth of 5 degrees of latitude, is only half as wide as the temperate zone of the South Atlantic. Here also, as the current charts of P. M. van Riel and 14 TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN O. H. Felber ** show, the dynamic boundary runs between these types of water (fig. 16). Like the subtropical boundary and subtropical con- vergence in the boundary area between the Falkland and Ficure 15.—Surface currents and temperature distribution in the area of the Falkland and Brazil currents in February. Designation of the fronts is the same as in figure 4. Brazil Currents, polar front and subtropical boundary coincide. This coincidence is characteristic of the area off the east coast of North America to about 45° W. At this longitude, the isotherms begin to radiate in the form of a fan from southeast to northeast. TABLE 6.—Average position of the fronts and boundaries and average temperatures in the North Atlantic Ocean at 30° W. long. B Ay A Month N. t° N. t° N. + Lat. Lat. Lat. ae oan ee 43 | 15 51 9.5 (61) (8) Tia Se cay aa 43 | 14 52 9 (62) (6) QU babe eee Be Se. See 43 | 14 52 9 64 6 TV ees. © Sete eee 44 | 14.5 52 9 65 5 Vegnett Mise a eee 44 | 15.5 53 | 10 65 tb Wilt eee aa 45 | 16.5 53 | 11 65 8 Vile Se Se 47 | 17.5 52 | 13 65 9 000 Re ae 47 | 18 Dos lo 65 10 exes ate £8 ie eee 46 | 18 53 | 13 65 9 EXERT EY 0h Te ed oy A657. Domb 65 8 2,0) (Roe eae ae Bo 45 | 15 52 | 11 65 6 DU Rae eo pee 45.) 13. 5 51 | 10 64 5 Vien rie ee a Senses 45 | 16 Gyan bl 65 a Parentheses indicate that the data have not been well estab- lished. 3%P. M. van Riel, Surface Temperature in the Northwestern Part of the Atlantic Ocean. Kon. Nederl. Met. Inst. Nr. 102. Medd. en Verh. Nr. 35. ’s Gravenhage, 1933. See also O. H. Felber, zwischen 15° und 60° N. Br. Oberfldchenstr6mungen des Nordatlantischen Ozeans Archiv d. Seewarte. Bd. 53, Nr. 1. Hamburg, 1934. In order to establish whether boundaries such as those which are found in the south are also present in the eastern half of the North Atlantic, and if so, where they are to be found, the meridional course of the tempera- ture and of the gradients along 50° W., 30° W., and 12° E. was investigated according to the method pre- viously indicated. The results showed that three boundaries are apparent through rather large tempera- ture gradients; of the three boundaries, however, the two southern ones could be recognized only up to about 38° W. (table 6). At 46° W., 45° N., the polar front leaves the hitherto common front in a northerly direc- tion, turns east at 55° N., and moves in an S-shaped curve through the Irminger Sea as far as the coast of east Greenland. Here it runs along at a short distance from the coast and approximately parallel to it, crosses the Denmark Straits, and can still be detected east of Iceland, where the East Iceland polar current meets the offshoot of the Gulf Stream. Insofar as can be determined from the scanty observations in winter, one polar front follows this course (A,,) approximately in the months November to March. In the summer near Cape Farewell this polar front turns into Davis Strait, crosses it, and goes parallel to the Labrador coast southward, and ends at about 50° N. on the coast of Newfoundland (A,). The seasonal changes of position, caused by climatic influences, are thus rather great. These changes become understandable when the funda- mental difference between the southern and northern hemispheres are considered. In contrast to the great water areas in the south, in the north there are only small sea spaces, often interrupted by land masses. In addi- tion, these waters are penetrated and warmed by the Gulf Stream system and its offshoots. While the areas in the south comparable to the Irminger Sea and south- ern Davis Strait have an almost permanently polar char- acter, in the north a pronounced seasonal course can be developed. The recession of the ice masses during the summer melting period, combined with the warmth, leads to the formation of a warm, though thin, top layer. The cold polar water masses accordingly disappear from the open ocean and, along with the polar front, become merely a narrow belt on the coast of Greenland and Labrador. Details of the course of the front cannot be shown on the monthly charts. Nevertheless the fishery patrols by the Meteor in 1929-30 provided an opportunity for studying the pro- cesses at the polar front during the summer. Figure 17 shows the probable average water movement in the summer (August), drawn up by A. Defant * on the basis of the distribution of temperature, saline content, 38 G. Bohnecke, Hentschel, und Wattenberg, Uber die hydrographischen, chemischen und biologischen Verhdltnisse an der Meeresoberflache zwischen Island und Grénland. Ann. d. Hydr. LVI. Berlin, 1930. See also G. Béhnecke, Beitrage Zur Ozeanographie des Oberfldchenwassers in der Dénemark-Strasse und Irminger See. Ann. d.Hydr. LIX. Berlin, 1931and A. Defant, Bericht uber die Ozeanograph. Untersuchungen des Vermessungsschiffes Meteor in der Danemark-Strasse u. Irminger See. Sitzgs.-Ber. Preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. XIX. Berlin, 1931. TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN 15 and density. Although both the temperature distri- bution and the polar front in this area are subject to sharp seasonal changes of position, the water move- ment may, at least in principle, maintain its course during the whole year according to the arrangement shown in figure 17. The second boundary A’ likewise arises from the combined fronts between the Cold Wall and the Gulf Stream. First it goes north, then turns east at about 51° N., where it can be recognized on the average as far as 25° W. on the temperature gradients of 1.0° C. per degree of latitude. These gradients are still steep in divides the temperate from the subtropical water. At 45° N. it runs as far as 30° W. Thence the current streams and isotherms diverge so sharply that in the eastern part of the ocean this boundary can no longer be recognized. Current charts of O. H. Felber *’ give information on its origin. It is obviously connected with the Gulf Stream and is located where the stream lines on its left flank turn off on the north and in so doing decrease both in stability and in velocity, and in velocity especially. In other words, it designates the northern boundary of the axis of the Gulf Stream. Its seasonal fluctuations are greater than in A’ and 7&7 a ee : : | OLE Ay : cH Ls nay oes > ae OS — =Polar front on basis of temperature distribution As, Aw =Polar front in summer and winter eee A =Secondary polar front (Labrador front) & & + +B =Subtropical boundary ye pert LAL =Convergence area based on current displacements. X =A point plotted from temperature gradient profile, =A point which could not be established for every month, Figure 16.—Average position of the fronts and boundaries in the North Atlantic Ocean, proportion to the environment. This second boundary is to be interpreted as a secondary front within the temperature zone, analogous to the boundary A’ in the south.*® Figure 17 shows that on this front Atlantic water and water from the Labrador Current meet at 50° to 52° N.; the condition here may be a matter of a pure convergence. The front comes to an end east of 25° W. by a mingling of the two kinds of water. The third boundary, the subtropical boundary B, can be distinguished from the group of fronts and reveal a displacement toward the north during the summer. The boundary moves from 43° N. in January to as far as 47° N.in August. The individual values are not so widely scattered as in the south, because at this point the boundary lies in the steamship path and a great many observations are possible. This movement of the boundary, therefore, seems to possess a certain amount of reality. Finally, the area of the subtropical convergence can be 36 Cf. footnote 35. 37 Cf. footnote 34. 16 considered a purely dynamic system in the North Atlantic C. It extends, according to the previously mentioned investigation of Felber, on the average between 30° N. and 35° N. from 75° W. to 20° W., that is, in an area of relatively small temperature differences. In contrast to the south, where the convergence runs from the Argentine coast to the Indian Ocean, in other words, across almost the whole breadth of the @———— Atlantic water €@ = — —=— Mixed water <{———3 Polar water TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN our present knowledge undergoes only slight changes of position, and because of the greater strength of the cur- rents, especially between Brazil and Falkland Currents and between Agulhas Current and west wind drift, is limited to a very narrow strip. An investigation of the currents of the South Atlantic Ocean according to one- degree fields, in contrast to results obtained from using the two-degree fields of the Dutch atlases, might reveal ESS Reykjanaes ridge, about 1500 m. Figure 17.—Diagram of the average water movement in the Irminger Sea and Denmark Straits in August, based on distribution of temperature, saline content, and density, according to the data obtained on the Meteor fishery patrols. Atlantic Ocean, it does not reach from coast to coast. In the west it is broken through by the Gulf Stream, and in the east by the Canary Current. According to Felber, there is no annual periodicity, but rather this front, formed by the weak and unstable currents (often under 5 nautical miles in a day’s reckoning), swings irregularly back and forth in the area marked on the chart (fig. 16). In this respect also it differs from the southern subtropical convergence, which according to certain deviations, but it would probably show only minor changes in the fundamental difference between the northern and southern subtropical convergence as it has been established. While the subtropical boundary B forms the northern boundary of the Gulf Stream, the subtropical conver- gence C represents its southern boundary, up to which point the water masses extend and then curve off from it into the Sargasso Sea. TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN c. Equatorial Ocean. The zonal boundaries of the bodies of water at the surface of the ocean have been located by means of areas with steeper temperature gradients, which appear pre- dominantly in the middle and high latitudes. In regions where the climatic contrasts are smaller, such a pro- cedure is, however, not feasible. The subtropical convergence, which in most cases cannot be distinguished by the distribution of temper- ature, is shown by current displacement. In the case of the equatorial part of the ocean -with its large areas of evenly heated masses of water, however, another 17 northerly position. It then runs from Cape Verde (15° N.) on the African Coast to 10° N. at 40° W. and to 25° N. in the Gulf of Mexico, where the warm water of the equatorial current is warmed still further by local heating. In October the returning movement south- ward sets in, so that as early as November the thermal equator reaches the Yucatan Sea and the Gulf of Guinea. While the thermal equator on the east side of the ocean remains at 2° N. as its most southerly position for the series on the northern hemisphere, it crosses the earth’s equator in the west as early as January and comes on the average up to 7° S. in March and April. Oe ae rasee® 10 Ww J a oes =D =Average southern extreme position. ————D =Average northern extreme position. ~~ ==Position of the thermal equator at the surface for the months January, April, July, and October. =Position of the thermal equator at the surface for the months February, March, August, and September. E=Average position according to the annual average of the temperature. Figure 18.—Position of the thermal equator at the surface of the hydrosphere. criterion must be sought to establish the boundary of the tropic zone in the sea. The thermal equator of the hydrosphere, which indicates the momentarily warmest zone in the surface water and follows, with a certain amount of lag, the solstitial point, presents such a criterion. If the one-degree fields are combined with the highest temperature values on the monthly charts of the temper- ature (plates VI-XVII), the course of the thermal equator in the surface water is derived, as shown in figure 18. In August and September it reaches its most The northward movement first begins in the west, where in June it again crosses 21° N., whereas it does not leave the Gulf of Guinea until July. For the sake of clarity, only the months near the extreme positions, i. e., July to October, are recorded on figure 18 for the northern positions and January to April for the south- ern ones. In November and December and in May and June, the thermal equator assumes intermediate positions. The way in which the seasonal displacements are expressed on individual meridians is shown in figures 19 18. TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN and 20, which reveal these changes in position in the one-degree bands 30° W. to 31° W. and 20° W. to 21° W. in the form of isopleth diagrams * of the tempera- ture. In the case of the eastern band, the maximum lies at 15° N.-in September, simultaneously with the appearance of the temperature maximum of 28° C. The most southerly position is reached in April at 0° latitude with the second temperature maximum at 28.0° C. In the western band (30° W. to 31° W.) the fluctuations are greater; here the thermal equator swings back and forth between 10° N. in September and 10° S. in February. The double temperature relationships provide the explanation for this extension into the South Atlantic Ocean. In fact, just as is shown by the current displacements in the Dutch atlases, a pronounced current moves southwest between 25° W. and 30° W. precisely in the doubtful months and transports the warm water of the south equatorial cur- rent in this direction. As an example, figure 21 shows the position in April. It is clear that the deviation of the current, drawn according to the Dutch two-degree field values, sets in to the southeast toward the Brazil Current even at the equator; that is, considerably more to the north. On the current chart for February by Figure 19.—Thermoisopleths on the surface for the one-degree field bands 30° W. to 31° W. between 15° N. and 13° §., with the position of the thermal equator. maximum, which will be discussed later in more detail in the treatment of the annual course of the tempera- ture, also occurs here, with one maximum of 27.9° C. in September and a second one of 27.6° C. in April. Although it has never before been mentioned in the literature on oceanography, there can no longer by any doubt of the striking phenomenon of the extension of the zone of highest water temperature to the southern hemisphere in the months February, March, and April, with the maximum occurring in April. The current 38 The differences in the data for latitude for the thermal equator in the isopleth illustrations and on the chart lie in the fact that in figures 19 and 20 the interpolation had to be carried out linearly, and on the chart (fig. 18) according to surface (flachenhaft). Meyer, this southern component of the water action at this point is only weakly expressed. The maximum extension of the tropical zone in the Atlantic can, therefore, be limited by means of the average northern and southern extreme position of the thermal equator in the surface water DD’, as shown in figure 18. The average position of the thermal equator, as obtained from the annual temperature averages of the two-degree fields is a line running from Cape Gracias a Dios through the Caribbean Sea, north of Jamaica, to Martinique, south to about 5° N., and across that parallel to Cape Palamas and Fernando Poo. In table TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN 19 ZL te an o | py ! i} HI IV Vv Figure 20.—Thermoisopleths at the surface for the one-degree field bands 20° W. to 21° W. between 20° N. > Sa i PAA LA LS | NWN ALLY ard 10° S., with the position of the thermal equator. 7 the points of intersection of the average northern and southern extreme positions are those of the annual average, along with the meridians. TaBLE 7.—Most northerly, average, and most southerly position of the thermal equator onpitudes-....-.-_-_...- 90° W. 60° 30° 0° Average northern extreme position_______ Latitude_| 24 N. 15 N. 12 N. Annual average-__-_-__---- ied Pete ee 13 N. 5N. 3 .N. Average southern extreme position_______ Whartitu eal ene |r eee (ask 2N. To summarize, it can thus be established that on the basis of temperature distribution and water move- ments, natural areas which correspond approximately to the main climatic zones can be delineated. Thus the polar front (A’ Southern Hemisphere, A,,,, Northern Hemisphere) at the surface separates the oceanic stratosphere from the troposphere. Between these fronts and the poles is the domain of the cold water masses that is the polar area of the ocean, which, according to Defant and Wiist, includes not only the real polar zone of the ice-covered sea, but also subpolar water masses to about 5° C. By their sinking at the front they give the impulse for great interhemispheric circulation in the lower strata of the Atlantic Ocean. In the south, the temperatures at the front are 5° C. NN Figure 21.—Water movement at the surface in the equatorial area in April between 06° W. and 37° W., and between 2° N. and 12° S., according to the Dutch current displacements for two- degree fields. 20 TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN and under; in the north they are apparently somewhat higher. The higher temperature is, however, probably connected with the small width of the front, its unstable position, and the other previously mentioned factors, i. e. Gulf Stream and distribution of water and land. Within the polar fronts, between which the tropo- spheric events take place, the subtropical boundary B and B’ tends toward the equator. Between A’ and B’ and A and B lies an area which, compared with the polar zone, has higher temperatures and which is dominated in the south principally by the west wind drift. In any case, the chart of the water movement of the surface of the Atlantic Ocean by Meyer *® shows predominantly purely eastward current directions, especially in these latitudes of the South Atlantic Ocean, while north and south of them, north- easterly directions prevail. In the North Atlantic, the 39 Footnote 24. conditions are more involved. Within this temperate zone of the west wind drift, in the area of the Falkland Current and south of Africa, as well as in the North Atlantic Ocean, fragments of a secondary boundary A,’ and A’ were found. This fact is explained, as was partly the subtropical boundary itself, by the appearance of a convergence-divergence line in the current system of the west wind drift. The tropical zone of the ocean was defined by the average northern and southern extreme positions of the thermal equator of the water surface. From this fact, it may be deduced that the boundary in the western part of the ocean reaches about 7.5° S. to 10°S. lat. Between the equatorial area and the temperature zone of the west wind drift are found the subtropical areas in which lie the great dynamic convergence areas, already partly recognized by Merz and drawn by Meyer and Felber on their charts. -30Q UI suOHeAIESGG ainjeJoduiay, ao¥"jIng Jo uOnNqIASIG *OOIXOJAI JO JIN) OY} JO josuy ue WIM Asvnuves ul splay 9o180q O A OS 0 Oh OD 8 OL OC 0 OO ALL 2L NS - oe ME ray On oe oe AL QQ 00t-COLW@M k-9 phys a Fos A . »” be aes J eo x b \ : we Pa y Va I ‘ bs cae 3 siegzueng (81 ae a 4 sf VA - Derr (suoneasasqo jo saquinu jno y ams. vd F ; : 08 “UWK) ON]6A PIO}d-92 YSyBUZ enboy's 2H ; te, REO aS fy 06 I ALVId ante . 27 (agoiereed® to Bi TY aneilevmetd & = soqinsT-soetne Ww moltindinteld: ee ootxeM to “ny Sa To Saal ‘ee aw (itn stort sey msno at eHOTTEY wad site “ODIXOJAI JO JIND 94) JO yosuy ue YAM Ape Ut Spfely 9e18aq-euG UI SUOHeAIASgO eINjTIedMIay, sd"JINg Jo MONNGIySIG mn O2L oes WME 02-017, (suoneassqo “UNM) One, pIa}4~, WL Yi SEGRE 7 ty wif ght Il ALVTd Tel heed OIRO LUG UE ST To TSaAT KE UNW WWE HT eiiort sarge -Sn0 ‘Ht encievisedO om 3-294 Re, ShOONiR TG WA dora rif) an d. Py | (anettenneats iy Lg ae a = x -ittha) syle Mul? das (OS. J ena wS¢inun $e KY re anoltevwedd ¢ fo aa Lae I Wg Vo"JINg Jo suoyeAIVSqG Jo u fon aa Te iP ee ‘ gnboy "4 nary ah a 0) ) \ , fe ad ¥ me weU0Zy UY, a te ‘i Va / ; ~QJ ji ra / LL Lp PKL AML) 7 v4 - > ‘a é a x 4 i? > J fs Pan f 08 6 L vay Ol 02 © Oh 0 09 AL ob o swe see ‘ ee vo oa ae } BS bal eal. pms Baa Tt ante i { las oc W HN 4 } 7; | hee f 7. A = ~ i $ ee | 4 + + + t ~ ee eee ee oe - v3 j i ol ; 5 4 F a~ S - >a —e : y ata Fp te ng = thie anf Lonitgiaesit? — a oe Wes fs et eth of ‘ ah : ooixo Mi to is 9 ta toast! ms iW wasnt wi abot sorged-onCral ingigoD orvite? oodiae losnodarssiO Yo 1 mobudixteic LE TELAT DAT BOS OAL LLL TE GG LLIN III CLASP L TERE SILO ASA ELLA SLY EAD LG LAA ADDL EME EAN + ' RS | | 4 ot oe Me: 1 ~ oo et = 4, Gee. Lyi, WEE, te ee ofl e046 TV WWYLHA Aa See AAT Ae Pa a bp ‘ J mY ty 0G py & X ‘ Gi ug Z = * XS t WZ S K A. ae : oe Ma FA AF ane ‘ byk Ly {| Sa) es Ye: i Os : CeO 4 bY / “Beh, CCG), Canyt VY e B Aa Fr i 9 Lb eOLL <08 £06 Y 1 £). . 7h ¢ my Wy, a ee . 7 + % 2 pe hits bi ' ' poe feraer' eae eee ff mies . akeE a it ii on Ay - j Ms + f } a _ oe Lay e tiheil y € tet cand If ae a ‘1! osixeM to Had edd to leant as diiW yh ni eblefl s91y9G-an0 ni inotno0 onile? goat? Yo enoiievioedO Yo noiludieid “Sp[ely 20130q-auQ 10J poynduiog (°9,) ainjesadmiay, aovjing jenuuy uv; 08 OL 209 0S OP 0 02 Ol 0 OL 02 OE OF 05 .09 OL 08 06 O00 DLL O2L DEL OPl ASL Ce WOIIIIN GS#1 2129S ty = \ SS - aS ~ tae 0S Dy 2 MAD ee a ae ee ‘eg 4 es Ee ee as a 20 We ve WS ‘ ; a re ee pe i ey, <= ble soxpall-saG wi botugig) CO°) autetagmsT ogehind IguanA aesM 4 = j = a4 “nt a toe —a > ee te Re eo et a 9) 84 osixeM to 10D oi jo cats ne dsiw Nr ybals ni i abloiy seyyoG-snO ni j jnatnod aaiis@ ont to enoitsyi9edO to aoitudinteid we ‘ *SPpely 20199q-2uQ 10y payndmoy ‘Aienuer Joy (*9,.) aanjesodmay, sdejing A[yjyuOW Uva 09 OL .08 an ~\ rade Se . Nt a= be a =A ea M\\ |G \ ) ws Ca 08 0 IA GLV Id ae pay , a, end See ee ee ee i ae a ee 3b eS Se sce tpl > - oy ae = “08 Sa "Oe ‘> “BE OSD “OF OS UE DA "OE "08 ON 208 = OK ay “OS! 08 “oH ar ) abisil s91y9@-on0 107 hotuqitodviaunst wEGID duwrtaroqate'® Sait? wtieol sem | : bs SF . ——_. : Pes : 5 ’ 7 : - 4 : r 7p : 2 ¥ oe a ‘ ‘ “ © { Sy Fy : z : ne ie ‘ if ee at A yy . . “ he — ase ‘ 4 - A» e a A al ae f ee Pid ' .- ae oii uv, _— : na : Teg eas oe 3 Kopf a : q ee She f: ee age b z Oi * ~ 4 r f< rr * £8 Ly 2 ~ b Lye UGS? JF @ Me Dereeeseybres=< Cy, EE aS a rence Cag SO OEE Es 8 ELE ALBEE AAG AE LD oR ET EN GREK CR RAE my re PA Lit ————=_lC Te PLATE VII Yee lias x RQ / \y ‘ / 2 i/ 1 / 8 8 Re IE ARIAS | eayrccad =e Na VR WA SS ENC 50° 40° 30° 20° Oo 10 «20° 30" RS ( My 5 S Fite ." L220 > Ta + OS = ee eT ee AES Lid ebleif 9913 ee ty pee Se eee avec 3Q-9n0 10% botuquteD OOF “ bs in PE AS EET REIT E S SEER sviauids 10} (.9°) susserogmeT sostwe yin Sn ER EE RT noM aso SO UG DT eS j ASHE oak Set es he. : | A | bs aN 1 C \ me << Ba Re RENE a TaN SRN BS Soe RS So OSes, Dit aya e =r gas es LE WEA cL (°C.) for May, Computed for One-Degree Fields. Le Sw wr 90 80 70 60° 50° 40° 30° 20° 0” Mean Monthly Surface Temperature oe 2S Ss oe an 3 Oe — es ae ra SSS Sy 120° ue Hike ee s Scale 1:55 Million eee ee) tet on 3) a ae Si : « D { , ie 4 on ’ heat a at wt . Pr : = 2 ‘ \ Be Ate * ae 4 iat e i es - Sc nd a A eS Se yore ak ies ve iH es - See tel wzhleil somweG-sn0 103 batuqmoD’.q2Mi 102 (.0°) swsiateqmoT svalwe yuliaoM nso ‘SPPlj 22182q-2u0 103 paynduoy ‘aune 10) (-9,) amjeiadmay, ao"yMg AjQJUO| ues VY \V) PUIG : oe re | 3 \ a ‘4 oN rr IK SI 7 tt Pea EG: | eu 1 yl D ( WA al ea SETA SANG ANY, PAGEGAR eI ioe wi ¥4 De = V {3 les NJ ei Vy Jes RN S Paka eZ ia os cw, IA) Ped aN) —— ay \ | Ap Ger a — <4 Ss fu (apt a \ re A aT Sf nN J Ke 1X GLV1d gal pion peourpP gmyses Jeurbecseme (.C°) ot yas’ Courbayeq yt one-pelies pege trys ‘Sp[ely 9018aq-2UQ J0J poynduroy ‘Aqne J0y (*D.) ainjesoduia y, ao¥jing A[yUO] UeayAl AS E/N oer \ Hr aA ETAT Vise Gi IS i ie AM UO! GGéL e|29$ \l eh i Ase SRLS \\ Dat er" SD gD, 6 DOL Ge Dk DDOOZ0E0P0509 OL 08 UX a@LVvId Tana a HOtHitls OOe . wi Vi GS: yt NB ER my ey ve ; \ » wd fe "3 f « yl oem ewe ‘ i ee ae ee ee ee ee Sete! ae ae DOR “Dit a | ter “Obi “ar pldsncoMt: nx0M eblait sorzo 1-300 101 hetwqme’d gtk rol (.0°) siyiag aon 2 Pt * ae f a “ae . e &). 3%, 1 : a} ; } ~~ oe Daa ea Ny gear gS Pity d v% j A) do a Niet ee. eet ade, Se Sh eS , : : — ; 7 ’ 7 As KB an. Js Pe an ie 4 SM ROE, OG GS Bar oer a cin IE OO A A LE I Tt lis Nae tO lt SAN ity A: e ee ee * _ a 7 ah car ai | ) | “i PLATE XIII of i. NEN a hear eo WX Sah Uae Scale 1:55 Million | ; — ana cA IESE I WS v i Pw ab f q 2? hor” ee es . Vy nar nee pe eo i 2 WO, Sob eos ff 7 =x 5 | pea, 70ar “some yldinoM! nest a aes ee a ee nee ree ee ee wbisi% so1y9G-onO vl boluqure) ,s9dmalgel wo! (.0°) suderoque’t PLATE XIV Scale 1:55 Million | ; a \ / / 7 5 SioENG \ A, Fie Sey he Sy de ee gis ial Se ‘ bak > | Lap has er se Ti 100 ~=690" §=680" 70° 60° 50° 40° 30°20° 10" 0° 10 ~«20° 30° Mean Monthly Surface Temperature (°C.) for September, Computed for One-Degree Fields. aa “6c. Oi 05,08 LE LRP RW hese ALT LALLA AE ATONE ein, Le phiatl = ql belaqee) odmelqee 101 (.0°) site ea ea quis? 9o8h Pict ido azo PLATE XV Scale 1:55 Million SE ee & \e Er Ke [7 ies oe ex, n x i( YY WN S a i L AAOOKA AY aS f \ \s c 0 At 48 i : \\ MI ap i oa iy (a lcd te E | Zn NK — Z N — F, (i ap /) Sw SSS WLEZE y Se, s / f / {/ /\e / k= Mean Monthly Surface Temperature (°C.) for October, Computed for One-Degree Fields. yf GIR ‘ | {e a bie iat «9 Paes : : Te. ee Pa. ar a ae OV 7! ms } “= = a’ 7 “O : 3°) smibsroqmeT sate qdinoM ssohl ahisfi somme-anO 70 beingme) etadoi90 10% {. “SP[Ply 90190q-20Q 103 payndui0D ‘1aquiaAoN Joy (*D,) aanjesadmiay, aaejing A[qyMOW, WEA] a Pig SR : x - wr Pea Cig =e = iF ~ ay sé ~ Se NS bi i \ ~\ Pe oe oe S SS ad a oo a “ j oa 4 pe pat ig Sa AX SF 7 < ee 7 er SL o Fee ia ~ “ / a \ y < : eS i : om aS S \ \, x \- a 4 ef 7 Me , *s 4 Sy} / ips zo yl 2 a f = ris | ¢ ) We se cin at Py a < aN Pe ba & i ‘I rite NENG > uk mae ae i = Besce Eee at; hea eal 2 of : Th the Su my Ne = ACE ORE REAEE ANAS aol t - g oP AS SRL Tt ee ALE AS LS : a | i : hoa Lert av Ana ie m fe) wan | a ( Y a SIL Sa, was a y if RAS Sige a, ee Die a, Av ws tH x LAG S ey TAX GQLVId ae zbbii so7290-s00 102 botuqatod yodino vol 10l (.0°) susiavqmeT gostwe Udinohi sasM “SP[eld 90190q-3uQ 40; payndui0D ‘1equiadaq J0j (-9.) ainjesodmay, sa¥ying ATWO, UVa 02 AL 0 Ol OZ OE Dr 0S 09 OL 08 O0L E a 2 7 = a aaa ee ae Be Sey 3G \ ~ ee (ae pe Eee eo Deere oe yt Oa AQ eas S ae nigihe Be . 5 a é CAS a as vas 3 a ee : r : ere Pa \ Soy natn oc 7 Sey : a \ Gs wa ag - rs ~ “nay Be ; > \ \ << ~ Ta : 3 perks F a aa ae ee \ . > X ie j . 4 Ct ons , f : ' ak = ae \ me . Knee PF oe ia Cae . ~ ‘ . aa 4 te \ i ; a ae ah (paca mom Bi * ee ae As) »y esyavovA lenanA no hoas .oystevA lauanA od} a0 (.0°) wisW sostwe oat ‘to vamonA gunteisqast sarysG-awT 10} enss90 banidared sift to abicit so7goG-owT soi aoulaV¥ of gaifioo04, award bas aotte® “SP[Plf 29189(7-OM J, 10J San[eA 0} JuIpsoo.y uMLIG pu sou07, 20189({-OM J, 1OJ SUIDQ pauIquIOD oy} Jo sasviaAy jenUUY uO paseg ‘asviaAy jenuUy 24) WO (*D,) 19784 a0"BFING aq) Jo Ajewouy ainjeiadura J, OE 02 «OL 0 OL OC OE DY 0S 09 OL WB 06 SOs \ : SS SER ANY SN 1 \ SOR ‘ Be RE t - S < ~ : Sh n . ON SS =~ \ cs p SIERO ORR RRS Y : SQV } r x + SN aN AN a \ S : E 4 BER SIE ERR NN SENS ASN ot SENAY te SSS TN A . RE RS S . SN . SSS REN NANNY AN SSNs A a = S x \ . > Y —— = SSSR . S —— NSS ‘ a UOIIIIW GG*] 2/29 SO|/BWOUY eA)}EZAN | Sojjewouy eAjised FJ TAX ALVId ii ie ic. aayniovA isuaak so hoaell oystovA lauauA sii) ao (.0°) tie W soa oat Yo yiamnowA giulaisqmsT odtyaO-owT so? ae990 banidared sil! to ablciS so19C-owT 103 soul o! ynibiooos award bas vento “SP[Ply 90130q-OM], 10} saseiaAy 0} JuIpiONDy UMLIG pue Sau0Z 321f9p-OMT, JOJ ULAIO IUe}y 24} jo sasevioay [enuuy uo paseg ‘aselaay [enuUY 34} UO (*)..) 10}BM Bd"BJING 24} Jo AjeMouy ainjelodmay, ( -0S Oy 0 OZ OL O OM OZ 0E OP 0S 09 OL 08 06 O00 a ie oe - LL, ti Mibigs, SY ROY/ - ‘N LY» By SS ; NI i ~ RS - : JAP q “VOUT GG* | eyBog So|jewouy erjyeSoy | XIX GLYTd 4 o *S a on ee al Bh ae Gack off} ito 1.99) ssteW r ashne od? 16 qarmond owmiersquaat Ot pes CE 2 =z. jssual oangeb owt x02 20900 oitnalth oil ie esge207 A lewnind fo: bat ee ’ * ghisit odigaCl-owT iol sagersvA of GaInYo20A awaid baz PLATE XX SSS Positive Anomalies [___] Negative Anomalles Scale 1:80 Million) Goa NSS: So Pils, SESS NS TWA QRG OD SOCK RS SS. x, \Y RA . = —f\\ hag / SS \/-ar NS SO X ave ee ox < BN aS ] Lf > ces SON . K See NS / y MS EEN ~~ <<. BOOS JL TIL ie ee os OSS > = : Cos eee ee ee S iy, eee es ee CSE So EY ij pes page: wilh nos wr woe 00 Ca a a aa 2 0 cy Temperature Anomaly of the Surface Water (°C.) in January, Based on January Averages of the Atlantic Ocean for Two-Degree Zones and Drawn According to Averages for Two-Degree Fields. es ee ee ee eet tr Tes sor 2 were “3 a= sh Ah a RENNES SA he NEL AER HT te a, 7 v vw PSA ee She ENE RO RU NRT A ONE YN NS ENR eS BF oo Om iment YW (enone, ré Trial se beet oyniomeb ml, ehishT saryatl Hoge viel oft Yo payee oot!-owT + iri ed -owT wl eoyeryv of uesiows PLATE XXI [S83 Positive Anomalies {_ Negative Anomalles Scale 1:80 Million!” 3 : Y NUS < ae 7 Te rT vrerrwrrwerre wr wo ww Temperature Anomaly of the Surface Water (°C.) in April, Based on April Averages of the Atlantic Ocean for Two-Degree Zones and Drawn According to Averages for Two-Degree Fields. 10 ¢ Sig) pf (0°) sola saat od yet-owT ol eoyewvA of uuibinrd yerevA liigA no bora {how ql nasoQ vilaalif od) Io as aa1y9 x awe tng roe iA 997 hist soyootl-ow bp sgl PLATE XXII [Psa] Negative Anoma' alles P > LY, <> _ scale 1: 80 Million ! | pe le SS Positive Anomalies eS at dt SNK SSS SSS geese ANUS eee SEG AWN \aE | ee | | Hee a eS, WS BSN O ren ON \’ AW a lee 1 LL BSS eS aS A] Li AA a SN LE Oe O40 Wa wo Temperature Anomaly of the Surface Water (°C.) in July, Based on July Averages of the Atlantic Ocean for Two-Degree Zones and Drawn According to Averages for Two-Degree Fields. NAL AOS NAA REA A A TOON AE ey % ee ee) ee ry iat Se aaa i eet ny es "DO folinmonA ovilieod & aaliamonA ovitagat | ~) noilliM O81 olsae a SS, TEE PLATE XXIIT SSN) Positive Anomalies {_] Negative Anomalles Scale 1:80 Million} ~ 54 / / / : . Ui, : ¥v 4 fF =f) wh : SKS ! Ss SARS nl ee - [ASS RNAS | | i | | [| WN . \ a SS 5 RAN 0t— NSS . 4 i dD ea . 7 MNS ul N ESSE TNS Ug wenn VCeN CaN wn WA PK SSW Temperature Anomaly of the Surface Water (°C.) in October, Based on October Averages of the Atlantic Ocean for Two-Degree Zones and Drawn According to Averages for Two-Degree Fields. oN La RL NRE Sy A AY OTS I | Met ay aalignmnA ovition’ & 7 aailamond avitensi | lnariliM OB:T elsoc | | “Ta et hoary | r ] ee a H J j i | rie / i | j i 5 ] f t THs J ' | | : i } | ~ i x EI pe elt a AF joe vA usdolO av boesit ssduis0 ne) is dossud oate9 U-ow'? yl meost oHOGlA aif) To eon aT wl esyenvA vb gribiordh zhisid 9391s “sploly 22180q-OM J, 10j SaBesoay 0} Sulpsov9y uMwg ‘faensgay 0 Jaqmaseq ‘aseiaay Ajro1end & uo (*>) 19384 aIEJINg aq} Jo AyISsuaq UoI||tIN. GG#L @[29g Ap LE OZ Di DMOZDEDr0S.09 AIXX GLY Td or. 08 a a abioit 5 some onT iol esueievA of EnibioooA ras A RIN REALE BIE OE RE RY DO ENE TERT IT LK ail to yieneG esnidet of 9dme59 ayers wat Tau) % ) BW set - ea ee Pere) ‘aniq Yystuaery ‘§-G “Uaewd ysintg ‘G-Z “ent ‘2-0 “antq ysedoaq ‘oO U8IIO IVUE[}Y 94) 10; a[eIS [910g 94) 07 FuIPIOIIy MOTO JO 3U99I0g UI 10[0D 10;e My j ‘ NISL 103 pas y aoe " \ alt eal ' 7 my et s, 000‘ 000'06 ‘I 4J9juao 38 ayes yqIM uorzoefosid ease yenby7 *apeos Tasoy ayy O32 SuUrpsooze MOTT 24 jO % ur JOyoo 19784 NVZIO DJIINVILV AXX GLVTd . ote FP EAATINE ATS TR TRY a al 8 “0 5a tne oR AO TESA TTS NET LE ELITES TE SOE: s9729 0 ssisW ooehuwse oli Yo siuia -ow T 101 293 Ao} enibios9A awei ,(.0° ¢ } z9qm5T 9513 10 3 “SP[Pl] 220180 q-OM, 10y SasvIaAy 0} Surpsoo.y uAeIGg ‘(°9.) IBM BEING oq) Jo ainjeseduiay, ay) Jo UOHeIVA [eNUUY ea Or 06 O02 Ol O OM OZ OE O05 09 OL 08 06 OO Ou ieee O2L se aes ag eg bs —— : jap x a ae See S ~ Af pe ; / RR Se aS = S ha’ as / BBW \ ACK, Pa ae, Se ea. ae ae Sons > Yd J OS SERRA \\ 4 2 Dt OD, +7 } wa ‘ ‘ A AN; Sea ep >) Le eas ~ Vi 2 Loz m= 2 ‘ DA ENS AN a (seer eee OPTS EEL OO a SVE PRE OAT OIE I wn ehisit sa1m0M-owT iol aayetovA of gaibies9A awa (.0°) wisW osetia onli Yo gimeqimeT iii to moitsixsY is rank ago EASE Qaeters” eer ‘SPPLJ 20180 (-OMT, oy SadtiaAy 0} SuIpIOd0y UMLIG ‘19; VJINS 34) UI SUIdeg WNUITKE] ainjyesedway, 94) Yor AA 1¢ auTT, .08 OL 09 -0S Op 06 +02 Ol O OL .02 OF Or 0S 09 OL O08 .06 DOL Ou 02L APL LI ey TTT Te = a 0 Fixes b (A). a ; z= —- = SS ee / =.=. SS SSS SSS SS SS SS SS Ss Se ee) \ a ee = Se ee ee ee a = i ae / a a Se eee oe = / “f / SS SS A / SS ae a a ea a ee ee eS = . SSS SS a / SS 2S Sa Se / vou gst areas \ == = ————— L —j~ key = BBE} soqwonon RY | ! n ihe ! Il | I i II | I | | ~ > wy LQ e990 LZ = — = = = / 2S SS Se ee Zz SS SS SS SS SS Aiky yew [I] seqwees ES SS SS = | —-—, Soc = ——— = = Pm / fAsensgoy (0) yniny = =} Asenuee u Aing uj nay C—) wna $C) ; é s aes » usayynog us0yyJON xs Af CS iy ee , age *pojJeg ajqnog Jo uojHay jo ‘ Pi Af L-7 ae Asepunog wsayjnog pue wsayyon \ Wi ee 2 7 *O1UBLY 4INOS PUB YyJON crt via Z < 3 uaamjag aseyg u) OdUEYs jo aul] AZ DOL DDOZDEDRISI9OL O08 06 OO OW zl EL TAXX @LV1d pee ot A —__— “4 fee. on tsa mY ‘ - fut Ce = va 7 Pr ee: 4 . 7 LY ors Uaete x > © se a x *O UT St Er : | ; Ol aif J a? x i y “fi ye et = al oe — EERE” BEEES EFT EE IY TEI IE RE RE t SREP ELE ms a > ; Seen ea ee PELE OLS M s1sisiwamss of PLATE XXVIII WTOP 286s mm SOO Wy ‘g Ye", - ——— ee : / = / I | | : Ml I wp W$ffzie fl yy Sl WY L yy | hg j] wy GAD “A 0 27 Yj A il ie 4, Ail IK Time at Which the Temperature Minimum Begins in the Surface Water, Drawn According to Averages for Two-Degree Fields. ‘a . ate tn sous cae fey green ehin't hea W ia suit pbleid saiya-owT 10% asyetevAé of gitihiessA wand »iaW soxiwe sdi mi enigod ensmcolail symaroqmet od! pott Appendix I Standard values of the surface temperatures of the Atlantic Ocean for two-degree fields (Pages 22 through 49) Appendix II Monthly and annual averages of surface temperatures for two degree zones (Pages 50 and 51) 21 APPEN Standard values of the surface temperatures AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO Month 70° W. Long. 60° 50° 40° 30° 20° 17 20 1.9 1.8 27 0.8 1.0 10 20 3.3 31 20 08 065 1.9 20 1.0 0.6 3.0 41 3.2 2)6)mR2%0 5.0 43 54 56 47 4.1 33 50 6&2 49 2.7 5.0 67 7.8 69 21 27 65.1 ° 7.00maeS 51 5.2 6.3 60mm 3.5 5.0 51 4.4 28 28 AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE 1.0 20 3.0 33] 45 50 40 3.1 0.2 #10 20 20] 08 20 3.1 3.4 2.3 3.6 5.3 58] 58 538 40 3.4 3.6 40 43 4.6] 49 53 45 43 3.0 5.8 7.0 66] 68 68 56 54 3.0 4.9 6:5 7.8] 8.2 820) (72653852 3.5 49 7.4 88) 96 9.6 99 10.0 24 5.1 6.4 80] 9.1 10.0 10.2 10.2 2:4 5.3 “8:4 “8.0 [i827 (910° (91s 7859 F 2.99 G0. 726" 860i) 8.0) 73! Or 76 eee aw seas es | Seen sees senses ee ceecmeeoe aces 6.3 (6.4 6520 °6.7; 2.5 3.7 42] 52 59 48 41 AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- 0.0 —0.2 —1.0 0:9} 2:2 3.2 4:1 50> 6:0)| 7.2 74 6:8 6.0 GiGaL —0.8 —0.9 —1.2 OT LT 28 BA AY 4603.3: 1358 5 40) 1b 2 BR | eerie ph rene ere 2.9] 3.2 43 52 54 658) 62 68 62 58 68 0.1 —0.3 —0.4 ace] 40 4.7 553 6.8 CT} 61 64 67 7 ai 028° 0:4 © 0.7 1.4] 44 4,6) 5:5) 6:3 6:2')| 6.2 “71 7.3 foe 2.4 2.3 1.8 1.6] 44 5.1 60 68 7.2] 7.7 81 88 8.9! (9:0 4.8 40 3.0 3.4] 6.7 81 80 83 88] 95 10.0 10.6 10.9 10.8 5.8 49 3.9 4.3] 59 7.9 9.7 10.3 10.1] 10.2 10.6 10.8 10.9 11.0 48 3.3 1.8 4.9)| 27550 7.6, 8.4 9.10 “OvG) | 0:7. 9 19:6\8 9.91050 1070) 3.4 2.0 0.9 2.5.) 6:2 72) T4877 37) 728, 8.2) «8G 8 Gates 2.3 2.0 1.2 soda) Lesesdscscbeccecescessceeesete yey Alter Atia arial. (374 0:9 1.2) 0.1 excel) 310 46! “65 2:5 537%) “653! || tl 78, 017.3. 72 Ono) * Intermediate values, which were introduced to determine upwelling. They were DIX I of the Atlantic Occan for two-degree fields DEGREE ZONE: 69° N. LAT. 20° 10° . 0: 10° 20° E. Long. 30° Tm 3.0 5.6 DEGREE ZONE: 67° N. LAT. 2.2 1.8 tO 0508 0525 5.053°—O7n O56 152 0:9: 0.9 1:3 1.0 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.5 2:05 24 2.0 I.1 1.1 5.3 49 3.8 2.9 29 6.7 65 65 56 5.0 Gm. 7.4 6.9 7.1 6.2 68 63 52 50 ayo 4.4 4.2° 4.7 3.3 3.5 2.7 2.2 GREE ZONE: 65° N. LAT. 2.8 47 5.0 2.1 Osu 1312 S201) 20) 42:8) (3:2 a2 DLT PRY) 2.9 28 35 4.8 3.8 RRale ehys 3:20 332 41 46 4: 3.2 RED Y Deki 4.1 46 50 61 67 733m aT TO 1k 20,4 4.8 5.2 5.6 5.5 5.8 56 69 85 9.4 10.0 10.1 10.0 9.7 5.7 6.3 7.4 740 728, 88) 19540 9:8t|| 10:8 410° 13 17 1202 wad GM AS S73 eS 7 mc ON4 e100 10575 |r 2. 22 deter Dd 7.8 63 6.4 64 69 81 85 9.0] 10.2 5.8 4.9 5.3 Bib) Os Ol) 1684 TON sy Si (Be ee 5.0 3.8 3.8 4.2 49 60 63 6.6 ZAOMTHD) Slate eave be 7,0 4.4 4.1 4.4 AST ee DASH LOST ATE O Ie Soe |e tere ate es en ee oe ee |B Bae res en | een eae eee a oa 4.4 DEGREE ZONE: 63° N. LAT. Outils 71 6,1 “6.2 CLG Me O:9,eb.Semb Og ene oe eee 4.4 64 69 64 58 61 62 52 48 63 63 6.9 68 56 4.5 4.1 68 69 21 7.1 66 64 5.7 6.4 66 6.7 67 64 5.4 5.9 Tadr 1738 9708) 3) 752 6.9 62 62 66 69 7.3 66 57 5.6 5.3 7.8 7.6 7.6 7.8 7.8 PALES Yin PR FAP) PVE) 8.3 8.2 7.6 6.8 5.5 91 90 87 8&6 8&8 84 8.2 87 9.0 96] 10.2 10.4 100 9.6 6.5 10.7 10.8 10.5 10.3 10.2 98 9.5 9.5 10.1 10.6] 11.2 11.6 11.9 12.9 8.4 11.0 10.9 10.4 10.2 10.2] 10.4 10.2 10.4 10.9 11.4] 12.2 124 120 13.0 9.0 9.9 96 95 9.6 9.0 88 89 94 98 103] 111 7.9 8.7 89 90 86 80 TO TRON TAT. Tay 9 855 9.8 6.4 720Me TOs FR 730 721 7.0 7.0 7.3 7.4 80 Si3) 184° 8735 7.8 5.6 BaTMenGdG Tall" O28) iia Teli (G4Sly GASeeeval or 860| 22 scvec eanteed as feoe eases 5.8 accounted for in the means although they were not included in this table. 24 TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN Standard values of the surface temperatures AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- Month 70° W. Long. 60° 50° 40° 30° 20° ee oe pee ene sae sae eeen antes een eee 0.0 #07 «+4210 #08] 021 00-08 10 26) 41 55 64 7.0 7.6] 82 87 89 83 7.2 one eens | Settee es oe mere ene ee —0.2 —0.1 —0.1 |-0.5 -0.3'-0.2 10 21) 30 38 44 51 6&5) 68 8S &7 G3 “7B = DG Bd SI S2IE 29 8.9) a 4G oS. 6620) 70 ave Wl) a7 0 aiao —20/-0.2 08 O98- 11 07) O2 10 00 12 3.3) 38 412 °.6.2 °6.8 64) 71 73 7.4) 979) [8 —11 04) L383 L8 17 19 18] O07 06 21 17 23) 33 44 566 67 71/765 81 82 83 B89 —0.7 -0.9/-0.2 2.4 31 34 3.2) 22 23 19 24 3.2/ 50 59 68 75 81) 87 90 94 98 10.0 17 06.0 00 04 LO] 40 56 61 57 47) 33 35 33 40 63] 76 78 7.9 89 924) 98 10.4 10.9 113 113 08: 00:11 19 3.8] 69 67 68 66 -55) 36 36 40 64 -7.3) 87 O81 00 9.4..10.1/ 107 I1L1 11.6 11:9, 1250 1 >. ae 0.9 #414 #12 22 26) 49 62 60 58 46/ 28 20 18 33 64) 80 87 88 93 10.0) 104 10.6 10.9 11.0 11.1 1] 33 42 41 45 40) 20 24 10 30 55] 69° 69 7.0 73 7.9) 85 87 94 9.6 09 =L1} LS 3:2 33°39 “Sd L8 Tig 9 67 | 6.0 60 6:2°.6.7°° 6:0) 7.7 8:3 (B38 Sse tsig a eR a a eat ia a ere 2.0 27 31) 13 0.6 00 87) 51 5&1 61 55 60) 67 7.6 82 83 8.5 AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- 0.2 22 L6) L7 18. 18 24 37) 46 49 50 51 60) 7.3 8.3 91. ‘Oraeigis 0.27 LO) 15 16 26 23 81) 20 468 6.3) 6% 61) 6.6) OW2)< 707° Soleieens 0.0 28) 31 32 35 36 36] 44 47 53 63 67] 7.0 7.4 7.8 80 8&1 0.4 #14 26 23) 238 25 27 31 35) 40 47 55 62 69] 73 78 81 82 84 12 21°26 29 29).3.0 32 3.4 39 43) 50 65 Gl 69 7.7) 81 8.5 8.8 cOlUteso 02°21 #33 41 442/43 44 45 48 654) 61° 69 7.5 80 87) 92 9.6 10.0 10.2 10:7 2.9 54 63 64 65] 61 656 56 60 71) 7.9 84 90 96 10.1 / 10.5 10.9 114 11.6 11.7 60° 69 80° 81° 7.6) 74 7.Y 68 7.1 81] 88 93 9.8 10.3 ILO} 114 11.8 12:2 12379255 34 62 7.0 7.1 71) 68 60 54 60 7.5) 83 89 92 98 103) 108 112 105 116 a7 25 62 5.7 654 59/ 58 53 44 46 58) 62 7.1 7.8 83 89/ 93 98 10.3 10.6 10.8 0.6 2.6 3.7 #45 45/ 46 42 45 49 52) 56 59 63 71 7.9} 82 87 93 94 9.4 24 #2.9/ 35 33 25 24 38) 35 38 47 53 57) 67 7.8 83 89 9.0 AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- 2.0 2.3 2.6 2.7 3.0] 35 36 38 43 48] 60 75.82 09 LS 2:0 31 420) 49 6&2 6:7 6.1 65 |) 7.049 7-4aeSao 12 20 21 20 3.0) 43 650 62 67 71) 7.4 Si0=ISem 25 29 29 33 39; 50 53 60 67 71) 75 80 87 3.7 3.7 3.9 44 47/ 653 61 67 7.2 7.8) 84 9.1 9D 48 49 52 5.7 61] 67 7.3 79 89 91) 96 103 10.9 11g 71°67 7.1 7.3 #77) 82 88 93 99 10.7] 11.2 11.6 12.2 12°32 85 83 82 84 88] 92 99 10.5 11.0 11.3) 121 125 128 13.0°13.2 83 80 81 80 84] 90 93 98 10.3 11.0] 11.3 11.7 121 124 12.5 6.9 65 66 66 $7.0) 7.7 8&8 8&7 89 9.4) 10.1 10.7 11 1 ase 3.6 39 39 41 561/ 67 72 7.4 7.8 8&6] &2 92 9:7 9.9)) 19%9 2.8 2.8 28 28 29] 32 41 49 60 69) 80 86 88 92 92 AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- 27 $2.9 8.3 40; 46 49 53 654 7.0) 76 8&1 87 OF O09 —0.8 -0.2 0.7 21 3.1) 3.9 51 59 65 7.0) 72 7.9 84 88 91 —12-0.1 13 26] 41 50 655 61 67] 7: 8&2 383 8&7 89 23 2.5 3.0 34 39) 45 651 56 64 7.2) 83 87 91 93 98 4.0 46 51 56 57] 58 62 69 7.6 80] 90 94 98 10.1 10.4 6.7 63 65 66 7.0] 7.4 7.8 8&4 94 99/103 109 11.3 11.5 11.7 92 88 88 7.8 83] 90 9.7 10.3 10.9 11.8] 12.1 123 12.7 12.8 13.1 10.0 9.9 94 93 9.6] 10.0 10.9 11.3 11.8 12.6] 12.8 13.0 13.2 13.8 13.8 97 #93 98 98 10.3] 10.3 10.2 10.7 11.3 11.7] 120 126 13.1 13.4 13.9 7.7 #79 8&1 7.5 7.7] 89 9.4 98 10.2 10.4) 10.6 111 117 12.4 12.0 5.1 60 61 59 62) 7.2 81 87 89 93) 9.4 10.0 106 10.9 11.0 3.9 41 43 44 46/ 47 51 64 7.2 7.9] 84 88 92 9.8 10.0 AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- Dee AE eee ae eee ee eee es 0.0} 20 31 41 61 68] 59 61 68 71 7.5) 87 88 94.101 10.5 10 3.2 43 48) 63 60 69 7.4 81] 7.8 8&2 98 10.0, 10.1 15°38 49 5.2/-54 68 63 70 74] 8&3 9.0 98 9.31 93 4.0 54 62 665] 66 64 7.0 7.9 83/ 90 93 96 99 111 61 7.9 7.8 7.7, 7.8 79 S81 920 9.4) O87 10.1 10,2 10:0 1h 7 7.9 78 80 85) 84 92 10.3 10.7 11.3] 11.38 115 11.8 11.7 11.9 . 5 8.8 10.1 10.9 10.8 10.7] 10.8 1.1 11.4 12.0 125/127 12.8 13.3 13.4 13.8 65 7.7 86/100 11.0 11.7 11.6 11.6] 11.8 12.1 12.7 13.0 13.4] 14.0 13.8 13.8 143 14.7 6.2 54 7.3) 99 10.7 11.4 11.6 11.5] 11.4 11.4 11.7 12.0 12.1] 133 140 14.2 143 14.6 2.5 3.7 60] 81 9.0 10.0 10.0 95] 97 10.1 10.3 10.6 11.0] 11.9 11.9 124 12.8 12.8 14 12.7 ASA 662 2729 284 (8.2 87.7) $8 88) Ok 8. 9.7, 105 OF ia ads 3.9] 45 49 57 64 66] 67 7.0 75 79 86/ 90 98 10.1 10.7 10.9 * Intermediate values, which were introduced to determine upwelling. They were TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN of the Atlantic Ocean for two-degree fields—Continued DEGREE ZONE: 61°N, LAT. 20° E. Long. 30° 25 Tm 5.9 6.7 6.1 5.6 6.3 Td 9.0 10.0 10.5 11.4 11.2 7.4 7,2 20° 10° o° 10° 7.67.9 80 7.9 80) 80 7.4 7.2 7.6 8 TBM TON ET, 76 (7.6 \' 6 7-8" 618) °7.0 7, TORTS UATS 7.8 Tx7|' 5 7.3) 71 7.2) 7. 80 80 81 81 80] 8&0 7.8 7.6 7.5 7. 88 88 87 87 86/ 86 84 84 85 8 10.1 10.1 10.0 10.0 98 9.6 9.4 10.0 10.1 10. . L j 11.4 11.4 11.5 11.5_11.3 11.2 10.6 11.0 11.3 11.6 12,1 12.4 13.2 12/1, 12,1 121 12,0 11.9 114 11.3 1.7 11.9 121 12.2 13.0 14.2 A211,2> 12 11.1 11.0 10.7 10.3 10.6 11.1 11.3 11.8 12.6 13.1 10.1 10.2 10.1 10.1 100] 97 96 94 96 99] 10.2 107 10.9 9.0 90 90 90 89] 88 88 85 8&7 88/ 88 92 90 ReAessgy situ 8.i0 802 ll, Bld 75525 7/8 M7 0u, 8.25 -— coc atoe a ees es AA cee ea dcwasecese ze DEGREE ZONE: 59° N. LAT. Se 8.2 83 84 83 84] 84 82 80 7.8 80 34.8.2, 83 81 82) 88 7.9 71 66 7.0 8.2 83 84 83 84| 83 81 7.3 64 6.3 8.5 86 86 86 &6| 8&5 83 7.7 71 66 9.4 9.5 92 04 95] 94 93 89 81 80 10.8 10.8 10.7 10.8 10.9] 10.9 10.9 10.5 99 10.2 11.8 11.9 12.1 12.2 123] 12.4 12.3 121 11.8 12.0 12.6 12.7 12.6 13.0 13.0] 13.0 12.9 126 121 123 11.9 11.9 11.9 120 120] 12.0 120 121 11.9 118 10.7 10.6 10.5 10.6 10.7| 10.8 10.9 11.0 10.9 10.8 95 95 95 96 96) 98 98 97 95 91 8.9 88 87 87 88] 8&7 88 85 82 8.0 es |e eee ee eee ee ee DEGREE ZONE: 57° N. LAT. ee Se eS 88 89 92| 8&4 80 6.7 7.5 8.7 86 85| 80 7.2 5.6 6.0 8.8 93 92] 88 80 70 56 5.9 9.3 89 92) 93 8&7 6.4 6.2 9.9 10.0 10.1] 98 88 81 78 7.8 tid 112 11.6 Ws) 114 10.0 10.2 12.8 12.8 131] 13.1 13.0 129 11.9 11.9 13.1 13,3 13.5] 13.4 12.8 12.5 13.0 12.8 12.8 127] 13.4 12.8 12,5 12.2 10.9 10.9 11.3 17 11.0 W.5 11.5 9.7 10.1 10.2] 10.6 10.2 9.7 9.8 89 89 94] 94 93 7.7 8.0 DEGREE ZONE: 55° N. LAT. TOMO MOST TONT 10,917 |() 952 810) 748) 7.0) 6.0) lee eeseeee cerns sas oe 9.2 92 90 92 91] 82 69 7.0 9.3 9.2 92 93 88]| 83 7.0 7.0 10.4 10.2 103 100 99/ 97 91 7.7 10.6 11.0 11.1 11.0 108| 10.1 86 8&9 11.8 12.0 12.7 13.1 13.1 12.7 11.3 10.5 13.4 13.2 13.7 14.1 13.8] 13,6 13.0 12.8 13.8 14.0 14.3 145 14.5] 14.1 13,1 12.7 13.7 13.7 14.0 13.9 13.6] 14.0 13.1 13.0 11.9 11.9 11.8 11.9 12.1 12,2 11.8 11.8 11.0 10.4 10.4 10.6 10.7| 11.2 10.9 10.8 10.3 10.3 99 99 102] 98 93 89 DEGREE ZONE: 53° N. LAT. PSE NS I aaa ne Sa Se nr aan neo mere 10.5 10.4 104 103 9.7| 94 85 83 10.2 10.1 10.1 10.1 95 (Bis EB hi! 9.9 10.0 97 94 87) 84 7.8 10.8 10.0 10.0 10.0 102] 98 7.8 11.6 1.8 11.7 1.5 111] 10.0 9.8 12.3 12.9 13.6 14.2 13.8] 13.0 1.4 14.6 14.4 14.2 14.6 14.0] 13.8 13.7 14.8 15.0 153 15.5 15.0] 14.6 14.7 4.6 14.7 148 14.6 147] 15.0 M1 12.8 12.8 12.8 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.8 11.6 11.2 11.5 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.7 1 11.3 10.9 10.5 101] 9.7 10.0 accounted for in the means although they were not included in this table. 26 TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN Standard values of the surface temperatures AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- Month 70° W. Long. 60° 50° 40° 30° 20° ee ee Set oles ba ane eA oak Soe ee —0.8 12/ 34 45 70 83 89/ 94 95 96 9.6 9.9] 10.1 10.2 10.6 11.1 11.1 Re = Caer e nie tee | eee See en een gee eee et 1.2/0.0 32 67 84 85! 82 83 88 9.4 10.2] 10.8 10.2 10.5 10.7 10.7 1.8 44 60 80 88/ 90 87 88 8&9 9.9] 10.4 10.5 10.8 10.6 10.2 1.5 38 6.4 9.6 10.6] 10:4 98 9.6 9.7 9.91 10.3 10.7 111 112 114 3.3 6.8 89 9.7 10.0) 10.9 11.2 D112 11.3 11.4] 11.1 11.3- 11.5 118 122 5.2 7.2% 9.7 10:7 112] 113 12.3) 12.6 12.4 13.2°)| 18:0 13.0. 12,6:12.8 s13853 . 8.1 10.8 12.5 13.0 13.2] 18.3 18.9 14.5 14.6 14.4] 15.0 15.0 15.0 151 15.3 7.8 81 9.9] 11.0 121 128 14.2 147] 14.3 141 148 15.2 15.4] 15.4 15.4 15.3 15.8 16.3 91 7.6 7.9 7.8 82)]10.2 11.2 13.6 141 14.6] 14.3 13.7 13.9 142 146/149 15.1 15.0 16:2'15.3 68 62 43 33 45] 82 10.6 11.8 12.7 11.9|119 11.7 12.0 121 126] 18.3 13.9 141 140 140 3.3 2.4 41.7 2.0 3.8 6.6 852-10.3 112° 10:7] 10.9 31-1 11:4 11,3 1158) 118) 12.1.21253 $12s312"4 re eee | en een ne ee ae Ree eee ee ee 46 60 83 93 9.9] 98 9.5 9.7 10.2 10.8] 10.8 11.1 11.2 11.4 115 AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- 0.5 1.5 37 65 - 68+ 9.7 126) 11.8 11.8 11.4 10.3 11,2) 11.4:°11.6. 11.4 sie ens! -0.5 0.0 05 O85 25 9.0 10.1 | 10.6 10.5 10.5 11.0 11.0] 11.2 11.4 11:4 11.4 11.3 —1.5 —0.7 10. 3:0. 4:8 (8:0 10:5] 10,5 (9.9 1053" 10:9 11.2) |) 1105) 1252) 1121S seri 06° (020:—0.:6 —0.6 12 4.0 6.0 9:2 117.6) 1152 11.3 11.7 11.8 11.8} 12.0 11.9 G18 -stereiey 1.5 1.4 0.6 —1.0 0.0 O.6/-1.0 24 46 10.4 12.2] 11.8 12.2 12.2 12.5 12.6 | 12.9 12.9 128 12.8 12.7 8.5 6.1 3.5 4.5 5.1 8.6 8.2 11.6 12.6] 12.7 13.8 13.6 14.4 14.6] 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.5 VTE Scere 21s Boe 1252 8.3 10.5 | 9.4 10.3 10.7 13.9 15.2] 15.8 15.9 16.8 15.6 15.7] 16.0 16.2 16.2 16.3 16.2 12.6 15.5 16.9 11.7 12.3] 11.4 12.9 12.5 15.3 16.9] 16.4 16.5 16.2 15.9 16.0] 16.2 16.4 16.8 16.9 16.9 9.4 11.5 12.8 9.5 8.9] 10.3 10.9 11.7 14.4 16.1] 16.0 16.0 15.6 15.5 15.6] 15.7 15.8 15.7 15.7 15.8 6:1 *6:.7 7.2 7.5 §.6 9.0] 83 8.7 9.8 13.1 14.7) 14.7 14.7 14.4 14.2 14.2| 14.3 14.4 14.4 14.3 14.3 até 2.8 3.5) 3.3 2.0 2.3] 41 -49 -7.5 11.2 13.6 | 13.4 13.2 18.0 12.8 12.7 | 12.9 12.9 12.7 12:9.512'°9 —0.6 0.6 2.2 2.6) 4.3--2.6 4.9 9.1 12/2] 12.1 12.2 12:0 11.7 11.8 | 12.0: -11.9.°12.0. 1250.21179) AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- OS 08 OF O58 1:0 1.0 27 44 7.4 11.0] 12.1 12.3 12.1 12,2 12.2 ]12.2 11.9 12; Sosieoee —1.0-0.8 02) 04 2.2 45 7.6 11.2] 12.1 12.2 11.9 12.0 12.4]12.2 12.0 12.0 11.7 12.7 —1.5 |-0.2 1.7 3.8 7.8 11.2 | 12.1 12.0 12.1 12.1 12.1 | 12,0 11.99 0iiay 12.0 . 0.8 0O5-0.2 00-08] 0.7 21 65.1 88 122/127 12.9 12.8 12.7 12.7] 12.6 12.4 1255 see 2.9 2.4 3.1 2.8 2.6 2.1 2.2 7.3 10.4 12.9] 13.4 13.5 13.7 13.7 13.6] 13.5 13.4 13.5395 3.9 4.5 7.5 6.2 6.0] 5.6 6.7 9.2 10.4 13.7 | 14.7 15.2 15.0 15.2 15.2] 15.3 15.0 fom ; 15.9 14.0/13.2 87 99 11.8 11.0] 9.6 10.2 11.2 13.5 15.6] 16.7 16.8 17.0 17.1 17.0 | 17.1 16:9 @i7ap 17.8 16.2]17.0 16.7 15.2 12.9 13.2] 12.6 12.1 13.1 14.9 17.4] 17.8 18.1 18.0 18.0 17.9] 17.8 17.6 726° 73SRaae2 10.6 11.7148 18.2 12.3 11.4 11.4] 11.6 11.6 12.8 14,4 17.0] 17.2 17.0 16.8 16.7 17.1 | 17.1 17.1. 1650) eieeeiee 9.4 8.9] 93 9.2 94 98 92 8.8 87 10.5 12.6 15.4] 15.8 15.5 15.4 15.2 15.7] 16.2 16.0 16.4 16.2 16.4 5.0 4.4 4.5 48 57 45 48 5.4 6.0 81 10.3 13.5] 14.5 14.0 14.0 13.5 13.7] 13.6 14.0 14.4 14.5 14.2 -1.1 22 21 0.5 25 30] 28 3.8 5.9 8.3 11.9] 18.0 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.8] 13.0 13.3. 13.0 13.3°12)8 AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- 1.3 0.0 16 3.9 35 33 26) L7 47 84 117 128) 13.3 13.2 128 12.8 13:5 D5 2oseee 0.0-15|] 04 20 20 17 41.5 17 65.4 9.6 12.4 13.1 | 13.2 13.2 12.9 12.6 12.8 0:0:'—0,1 |=—0.2' 12° 21 17 fo 1.7 7.2 9.8 12.3 13.2] 13.3 13.1 12.8 12.9 13.0 O d.css-55 16 22) 30 3:3 3:2 24 28) 17° 6.7 1053» 1332) 18e7 yy 1sse VIG: 1356 Pal sss sI6 4.5 3.0 3.0 2.9 3.5 42 53 48 3.8] 35 7.8 11.4 13.9 14.7] 147 146 145 14.4 146 dye Seeereens 9.3 9.4] 88 84 92 108 9.5] 65 10.3 13.7 15.6 15.7|16.1 16.2 162 163 16.5 ti eres =e 12.6 13.2] 12.9 14.1 13.6 13.7 126] 10.7 128 15.6 17.8 18.0] 183 18.3 183 183 18.5 Dt Sas 16.1 17.0 | 15.2 16.0 16.4 15.5 148] 13.5 14.2 18.0 19.5 20.2] 19.8 19.4 19.1 18.4 189 10:'5: 2-2-2 16.4 15.9] 15.2 15.1 15.0 14.9 13.9] 12.1 13.8 17.4 19.1 19.4] 19.1 19.0 187 183 19.0 IO epee 13:1 12:9 | 12.0.12.3 12.5 11.9) 1039 9.2 11.2 14.9 16.7 17.0.) 7.1: 1658: 17560 75h e 1659 823: 222-5 85 86] 67 87 9.0 87 7.5| 6&9 84 12.1 14.5 158/155 14.9 141 14.7 15.2 60) ses. == 2.4 3.0 23 53 61 655 48] 31 60 10.5 126 13.8] 13.6 143 15.0 13.9 14.1 AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- §.2 4.4 4.9 64 6.1 6.8 6.4 64 54 3.7] 5.2 10.8 13.8 13.7 14.3] 14.8 15.3 15.1 14.8 15.1 3.6 27 21 44 57] 65 62 60 48 3.3] 4.2 10.7 13.8 14.1 14.1] 14.4 13.0 13.4 13.6 14.0 4.4 3.5 17 3.5 4.3 5.5 6.6 62 5.9 3.6 4.5 11.3 14.0 14.5 14.1] 14.1 14.3 14.3 14.6 14.5 65.0 3.9 3.1 43 4.6 eS eeub! tees S07 10.0 5.5 12.3 14.7 14.7 14.7) 14.9 15.1 15.2 15.1 14.8 821 6.8 6.1 9 639) 7237) “Bs9e S92: 05 259::9: 2750 7.2 13.2 15.7 15.9 15.7 | 15.7 15.6 15.5 15.6 15.8 12:1 10.1 -10:0' 11:8 12:0'| 18.°9' 13.6 14:9 14:3 21,8 | 10.6 15,2 17.0) 170) 1722) 2726) 17.8 IS; LAO Mee y 16.6 14.2 13.3 15.8 15.9] 16.8 17.3 17.7 17.6 15.0] 13.5 18.3 20.4 20.2 19.9] 19.6 20.1 20.0 20.0 20.2 17.1 15.1 16.3 18.3 18.8] 18.8 18.8 19.1 19.2 16.7] 15.7 20.3 20.9 21.7 20.9] 20.9 21.6 21.7 22.0 21.4 16.3 15.2 16.1 17.4 17.8] 17.9 17.8 17.7 17.6 15.1] 14.0 18.5 21.2 21.6 21.2] 20.5 20.7 21.0 20.7 20.6 11.8 11.8 13.7 14.6 15.1) 15.4 15.2°16.1 14.5 11.2] 11.3 15.2 17.7 19.2 188] 19.8 19.6 19.1 19:1 18.9 79° 852" 1050 AL Ve163(12.0 D1 812.7, 10,7 “7.8 9.0 13.4 15.4 17.3 17.0] 16.7 17.0 17.1 17.3 16.9 5.5 659 7.1 81 87] 91 84 8.0 74 59] 55 11.3 13.0 160 14.9]14.4 14.3 154 15.3 15.8 * Intermediate values, which were introduced to determine upwelling. They were TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN 27 of the Atlantic Ocean for two-degree fields—Continued DEGREE ZONE: 51° N. LAT. 20° 102 (1)? 102 20° E. Long. 30° Tm 11.1 10.9 10.8 10.7 10.4 9.8 10.0 9.7 9.0 8.7 10.8 10.8 10.7 10.4 10.3 9.1 10.0 91 83 8.5 10.7 10.6 10.4 10.3 10.2 96 9.4 84 83 8.9 11.3 10.9 10.9 111 10.9] 10.4 100 9.3 86 9.1 12:3712'3) 12.2) 12:0 11.7'| 1152 11.2 +1018 10/0 9.5 13°2° 13.3 13.7 18.3125 | 13:0) 13.4 13.4 12.6 11 15.7 15.6 15.7 15.5 15.1] 15.1 15.7 15.0 1392 16.4 16.3 16.0 16.1 16.2] 16.2 16.7 16.5 15.9 14.5 15.4 15.6 15.8 15.7 15.8] 15.5 15.3 15.4 15.6 13.6 14.1 14.0 14.0 13.9 13.8] 14.1 13.8 14.7 15.0 Te 7, 12.3 12.3 12.4 124 122] 11.9 11.9 123 12.4 10.0 11.5 11.5 11.3 110 10.7] 10.1 10.8 11.2 111 10.2 DEGREE ZONE 49° N. LAT. 11.3 11.3 11.1 11.0 10.9] 10.5 10.4 10.6 10.0 9.6 11.2 11.0 10.9 10.8 10.6| 10.1 10.1 10.0 89 8.7 11.1 11.0 11.0 10.8 10.7] 100 9.9 9.8 8.8 11.6 11.5 11.4 11.2 11.0] 10.6 10.4 104 89 8.5 12.6 12.6 124 12.4 123] 122 119 11.7 111 8.9 14.4 14.3 14.3 14.1 14.1] 14.1 14.1 14.0 13.0 12.0 16.2 16.0 16.1 15.9 15.8) 15.9 16.0 15.7 14.4 14.5 16.8 16.7 16.7 16.8 16.5| 16.7 16.8 16.4 16.1 15.6 15.8 15.8 15.9 15.9 15.8| 15.8 15.8 15.8 15.5 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.4 14.2] 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.4 12.3 12:86 12'7 12:7 1257 12.6)||* 1252) 1210) 12,2 9.9 11.7 11.6 11.6 11.6 11.6] 11.1 11.2 11.0 11.1 10.6 9.3 DEGREE ZONE 47° N. LAT. 12.2 11.9 12.0 120 11.6] 11.3 11.1 109 9.9 8.8 11.9 11.7 11.6 11.5 11.3] 11.0 10.9 10.3 9.9 9.0 12.1 11.9 11.7 11.4 11.3] 10.9 10.8 10.4 9.2 9.7 12.6 12.3 12.0 11.9 11.9] 11.6 11.4 10.9 10.4 8.1 mia6 13.4 13.3 13.1) 12.9 12,7 12.5 12.7 9.7 15.3 15.0 15.1 15.2] 14.8 14.9 14.6 16.3 1b} 9) 16.9 16.9 16.8 16.8 17.1] 17.0 16.6 16.4 17.0 15.0 17.9 17.6 17.7 17.6 17.8| 17.6 17.5 17.0 18.2 16.7 17.7 17.4 17.4 17.2 17.6| 17.2 16.8 16.2 17.3 15.4 16.2 15.8 15.8 15.6 15.5| 15.6 15.2 14.7 16.5 13.6 14.0 13.6 14.0 13.9 13.9] 13.4 13.1 12.7 12.7 10.9 125709131012.7 12.8 12:77| 12:2 11.9115 11,4 9.4 DEGREE ZONE: 45° N. LAT. 13.9 13.4 13.3 13.2 13.0] 129 125 126 122 122] 121 11.7 115 109 9.8 9.6 13.3 12.9 128 126 125) 124 12.4 121 11.9 11.9] 11.7 113 114 111 9.6 8.9 13/5 13/2) 13,1. 12/9 12.8-| 19.6 12:2,.12,2 11,8 11,6 | 11.6 11.3 11:4 10.6 9.8 9.2 13.7 13.7 13.5- 13.4 13.3| 12.9 128 125 12.4 12.4] 12.1 11.8 120 121 9.8 14.6 14.8 14.7 14.5 144] 141 14.0 13.8 13.6 13.6] 13.4 13.3 13.1 13.0 13.2 10.8 16.1 16.3 16.4 16.2 16.4] 15.9 15.8 15.9 15.5 15.4] 15.5 15.5 16.4 16.8 17.1 13.8 18.6 18.3 18.1 17.8 180] 17.7 17.9 18.1 17.8 17.6] 17.5 17.3 18.2 18.7 18.6 16.3 20.0 19.6 19.2 18.9 187] 18.5 18.5 18.7 185 184] 184 18.3 19.2 19.3 18.6 17.8 19.2 19. 19.0 18.9 186] 18.3 18.1 18.6 184 182] 17.8 17.6 186 186 18.2 17.3 16.8 17.7 17.7 17.3 167] 16.5 16.5 16.8 16.4 161] 16,1 16.0 17.4 17.3 17.2 15.3 15.3 16.0 15.4 15.6 15.2] 15.0 144 148 146 144] 140 13.9 142 140 13.8 TAHT, 13.9 14.0 13.7 13.6 13.8] 14.3 13.8 13.4 13.2 13,0] 128 125 12.6 12.4 10.7 10.6 DEGREE ZONE: 43° N. LAT. 14.4 14.1 13.8 13.8 13.7] 13.6 13.3 13.0 13.0 13.0] 128 124 11,0 10.0 10.7 1337,13;7) 13:6 13)2' 13:2 13.2 12.8 12.6 12.4 12.4] *12.6 11.5 10.5 10.0 10.0 14.2 14.0 13.8 13.5 13.2 13.0 12.6 12.4 12.4 12.3] 12.3 120 123 11.0 10.2 14.6 14.4 14.2 14.0 14.0] 13.6 13.2 13.3 13.2 12.9] *12.9 12.9 13.0 13.4 11.3 15.7 15.5 15.3 15.1 14.9] 14.5 145 14.4 14.4 14.1] *14.0 13.2 13.9 14.5 12.6 17.5 17.2 17.1 17.7 17.0] 16.9 16.4 16.3 16.2 15.8] *15.4 16.3 16.9 18.6 15. 4 19.7 19.8 19.3 19.1 19.3] 19.2 18.6 18.5 18.3 17.8] 16.7 17.8 18.7 17.9 18.0 20.6 20.3 20.1 19.8 19.8 19.6 19.2 19.4 19.3 189] 17.6 18.8 18.8 19.2 22.0 19.3 20.3 20.2 20.2 19.6 19.6 19.6 19.5 19.4 191° 18.1 17.0 18.3 18.1 19.0 20.0 18.8 18.8 18.4 18.1 17.8 18.0] 17.7 17.7 17.5 16.8 16.8] *16.2 17.2 17.1 17.8 16.5 16.5 16.3 16.3 16.0 15.7| 15.9 15.6 15.9 15.4 14.8] *14.5 13.8 14.4 14.6 14.3 14.8 14.8 14.9 14.7 14.5] 14.4 14.2 14.3 13.7 13.5] *13.6 128 13.5 11.7 accounted for in the means although they were not included in this table. 485460—43—Vol. VI, No. 1 3 28 TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN Standard values of the surface temperatures AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- Month 70° W. Long. 60° 50° 40° 30° 20° 64) 64 69 9.3 10.1 12.3] 13.9 14.3 13.5 12.7 12.0] 11.4 13.0 15.2 18.0 17.3] 17.0 17.2 15.6 15.8 15.7 4.5) 4.8 62 88 9.7 11.8/12.9 13.5 13.3 12.6 12.2] 10.8 123 14.8 15.7 15.3 | 154 15.5 148 15.1 15.0 4.344) 46 61 89 11.0 12.4] 13.3 13.7 13.0 12.7 12.2) 11.5 12:9 15.2 15.3 14.9 | 15.1 15.9 15.7 15.3 -15.1 6.6 60) 59 7.3 10.5 12.2 13.3] 14.3 14.6 13.5 13.8 13.0] 11.5 138.4 15.8 16.3 16.4} 15.9 16.0 15.9-°15.6 15.5 10.4 94] 87 10.1 13.2 15.1 15.9 | 16.6 17.0 16.3 15.5 15.0] 13.7 15.0 17.0 17.0 169 | 16.7 16.9 168 16.9 16.6 16.0 14.8} 13.1 15.2 17.3 184 188] 19.4 19.6 18.8 18.3 18.2/ 16.4 16.8 18.8 19.1 186/19.0 19.5 19.3 191 18.3 20.2 19.1} 16.6 17.9 20.6 21.3 21.8 | 22.1 22.2 21.8 21.6 21.4 | 20.0 20.4 21.7 21.9 21.5] 21.9 22.0 22.1 21.8 21.3 21.0 20.3 | 18.2 19.2 21.0 21.8 22.6 | 23.2 23.1 22.8 22.7 21.7 | 21.1 21.4 22.4 22.3 22.8 | 23.3 23.1 23.2 22.7 22.0 19.0 18.4 | 17.2 17.7 19.9 20.4 21.4 | 22.5 22.1 21.9 21.5 21.5 | 20.9 21.3 21.8 22.2 22.7 | 22.6 22.5 22.6 22.0 21.6 15.3 14.9 | 14.4 15.1 16.7 17.8 19.0 | 19.8 20.3 19.1 17.8 17.2 | 18.4 20.4 20.8 20.8 20.8 | 20.3 20.0 20.1 20.2 19.9 11.5 11.7) 11.3 11.7 18.3 14.9 15.8] 17.5 18.5 17.6 15.6 13.8 | 14.7 17.6 18.8 18.8 18.41] 18.5 17.8 17.9 17.9 17.9 81 87) 8&7 87 10.8 11.6 13.2) 15.3 15.3 14.7 12.7 12.5] 13.8 13.9 16.6 16.5 17.9] 16.3 15.6 16.7 16.4 16.0 AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- 6.6 7.7 11.0] 13.0 14.4 15.7 17.1 17.0 | 17.1 18.1 182 14.9 13.4] 19.6 16.5 17.5 183 18.6] 17.6 169 166 16.9 16.4 5.2 5.6 95] 11.2 14.1 14.3 16.4 16.1] 17.6 17.4 16.4 17.1 16.1] 16.8 17.1 16.1 16.4 16.6 ]16.4 16.2 16.1 15.8 15.5 0.5: 7.1 10.0) 11.2 12.6 15.1 17.0 17.7 | 17.4: 17.2 17.3 16.6 16.7 | 16:7 16.9 17:4 17.3 16.5 | 16.5 16.5 16.0 15.97 “59 84 8.8 114/125 149 16.9 17.4 18.4) 181 17.6 16.8 16.5 16.9 | 17.4 164 17.4 17.3 16.8] 16.7 16.9 16.6 16.2 15.8 We fi2-2255-25222 12.0 12.0 13.5} 15.5 17.5 19.3 20.0 20.0) 19.5 17.9 19.1 18.8 17.9] 18.0 18.0 180 18.2 183] 181 18.0 17.8 17.3 17.4 Wil. £2 _ eee nt Bes 17.6 17.2, 18.2 | 20.0 20.7 21.2 22.5 22.0 | 22.0 21.3 21.1 20.8 20.6 | 20.3 19.6 19.4 20.2 20.4 | 20.6 20.1 20.1 19.2 18.9 Ville >. Soe eee 21.8 21.9 22.5 | 23.5 23.9 24.5 24.5 24.4 | 24.3 24.1 24.1 23.4 23.9 | 24.0 23.5 22.8 22.5 22.1 | 23.0 22.9 22.8 22.6 22.3 23.1 22.9 22.9 | 23.6 24.6 24.8 25.3 25.1 | 25.0 25.0 24.9 24.6 24.0 | 24.3 24.2 24.7 24.8 24.3 | 24.1 24.7 23.8 23.0 23.0 20.3 21.4 22.4 | 23.1 24.1 24.3 24.8 24.2) 24.3 24.4 24.4 23.8 23.8 | 24.2 23.9 24.1 24.2 23.6 | 24.0 23.8 23.5 23.3 22.8 DE ee eee 16.6 17.4 19.2] 20.6 21.5 21.5 22.6 23.2 | 23.8 23.6 23.0 22.7 22.7 | 20.9 20.4 21.0 22.0 20.9 | 21.5 21.9 21.0 20.7 20.6 >,0 ee Sea 12.7 13.0 15.9] 17.4 17.9 19.4 20.0 20.8 | 20.5 20.9 20.4 20.1 19.8 | 19.1 19.6 20.0 19.0 19.4] 18.7 18.2 19.1 19.0 18.5 0 0 ei ee sere 8.7 9.6 126/142 15.3 17.8 17.6 18.0] 188 19.7 18.2 19.2 19.4) 20.1 184 16.7 18.3 185 17.7 17.6 17.0 16.9 17.1 AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- 11.5 13.4 17.1] 21.0 19.4 18.9 18.6 183] 188 18.3 18.2 18.0 17.7] 17.6 181 18.5 187 17.9] 17.9 17.3 17.3 10.3 12.1 16.5 | 186 17.6 18.3 19.2 18.6] 184 16.4 18.1 17.9 17.6] 17.4 17.3 17.8 17.6 16.9] 167 169 16.7 10.2 12.38 16.2 | 18.8 17.8 18.1 17.9 186) 17.9 17.8 17.8 17.3 17.9|17.6 17.2 169 16.9 17.1] 17.0 168 16.5 11.7 13.6 17.4) 19.4 19.0 18.6 18.6 18.5] 184 181 18.5 18.6 18.2) 18.2 18.6 18.2 17.7 17.8] 17.3 17.4 17.1 15.0 17.6 21.0 |,22.2 21.8 22.3 21.3 20.8 | 20.3 19.4 18.8 18.4 19.5] 19.3 19.9 19.1 19.4 19.2] 18.9 189 183 19.2 20.6 22.3 | 23.4 23.3 23.5 23.0 21.4] 22.1 22.4 21.7 20.6 21.2] 20.7 21.3 21.6 21.9 21.1] 21.0 20.8 20.2 23.3 23.7 25.2 | 26.0 25.8 25.2 25.3 25.7 | 24.8 24.3 24.4 24.3 24.5 | 23.9 23.7 24.0 24.2 23.8 | 24.2 23.7 23.8 24.4 25.0 26.1 | 26.1 26.0 25.6 25.7 26.2) 27.0 25.9 26.2 26.3 25.6 | 24.7 24.9 25.0 25.2 25.0 | 25.3 24.7 24.3 5 22.6 23.8 25.2 | 25.8 26.0 25.2 25.4 24.9 | 25.7 24.7 24.6 24.6 24.4) 24.0 24.7 24.3 24.7 24.6 | 24.6 24.7 24.0 23.5 23.0 19.0 20.3 23.0 | 23.9 23.2 22.7 23.6 23.3 | 22.9 22.7 22.7 22.7 22.7 | 22.5 22.7 22.0 22.3 22,7 | 22.5 22.6 21.9 21.6 20.8 15.6 16.6 20.9 | 21.4 21.6 21.4 21.7 21.2) 20.3 20.9 21.0 21.0 20.9 | 21.3 20.5 20.4 20.2 19.4] 19.5 20.6 19.8 19.3 19.5 12.6 15.0 19.3 | 21.1 20.5 21.5 20.9 20.4 | 20.5 20.9 21.1 21.5 21.1 | 21.3 20.9 20.5 19.9 193/186 18.1 18.0 17.5 17.6 AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- 19.8 19.6 19.9 | 20.9 194 19.0 19.0 184/180 183 181 184 188 )19.2 185 185 184 188/187 17.8 17.9 17.9 17.4 19.3. 19.3 18.8 | 17.4 189 19.0 184 182)17.8 17.8 17.6 18.0 17.5) 18.2 18.7 181 184 17.8) 17.4 17.9 17.5 16.8 17.1 1987) B99 S75) Ae 8 Li7e8. 7S 179) ISA TSP Ss) 799) Vien 17.8 17.8) 17.4 17.3 17.3 17.5 17.1 20.7 20.8 20.3] 18.6 186 18.7 185 183/180 182 183 181 181/185 184 186 18.4 181/182 183 17.9 17.5 17.6 a ba o qq on 24.3 22.5 22.7 21.5 | 20.7 20.4 20.3 20.2 19.8] 19.4 19.3 19.5 19.7 19.6] 20.0 20.2 20.6 19.9 19.9/19.6 19.5 19.0 189 186 24,1 24.5 24.5 23.1 | 22.7 22.4 23.5 23.0 22.0 | 22.5 21.6 22.0 22.3 22.1] 222 22.6 22.2 22.3 21.9] 21.8 21.1 21.8 20.7: 21.1 25.7 27.0 26,4 25.6 | 25,5 25.6 24.2 24.9 25.1] 25.8 25.9 26.1 25.4 24.8} 24.1 23.9 24.7 24.4 24.6 | 24.5 24.2 23.7 24.0 22.9 27.2 27.1 27.2 26.4) 26.8 26.6 26.0 26.4 26.0] 26.5 26.2 26.2 25.6 25.6] 25.3 25.5 25.4 25.8 25.9] 25.7 25.1 25.0 24.4 23.9 26.0 25.9 26.4 26.2) 25.7 25.5 26.3 25.5 25.6 | 25.1 25.6 25.5 25.5 25.5] 25.3 25.0 25.1 24.6 24.7] 25.0 24.9 24.3 24.6 24.1 24.8 23.8 24.3 23.3 | 24.9 24.3 24.1 23.9 24.1 | 24.0 23.9 23.8 24.0 23.5] 23.8 23.6 23.5 23.2 23.4} 23.3 22.8 22.7 22.3 22.5 21.9 22.2 22.2 21.6 | 20.2 21.6 21.9 21.9 21.2) 21.5 21.2 21.4 21.7 21.5] 20.9 21.1 20.6 20.5 21.0 | 20.6 21.0 20.7 20.9 20.4 20.9 20.8 21.5] 20.3 19.5 20.5 20.8 20.8} 20.5 20.4 20.4 21.0 20.5 | 20.6 20.4 20.1 20.1 19.8] 20.2 182 19.3 17.9 189 AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- 21.2 21.9 20.2 20.0 20.5] 21.4 19.7 18.5 196 19.7] 20.7 20.0 19.8 19.8 19.8 20:8 22.3 20.1 19.1 18.7] 187 19.1 185 187 19.6) 19.6 18.3 18.6 19.1 19.3 18.2 20.7 20.1 19.4 18.3] 18.6 184 18.2 18.5 18.7] 186 18.5 187 18.6 18.2 20.1 23.0 21.1 20.4 18.8] 18.7 18.1 19.0 18.7 18.9] 19.3 18.9 18.6 18.7 19.5 24.8 24.6 23.0 22.3 22.4] 21.5 20.9 20.3 20.7 20.3 | 20.6 20.6 20.8 20.9 20.7 25.4 26.0 24.9 24.6 23.1 | 23.7 23.1 24.1 23.0 23.0 | 22.7 23.7 23,5 23.7 22.7 27.3 27.8 26.6 26,6 25.3 | 25.7 25.2 25.4 26.4 25.1] 24.8 24.8 25.5 25.5 25.6 27.5 27.8 27.3 27.4 27.2 | 27.0 27.2 28.0 26.7 26.9] 26.4 26.1 26.3 26.2 26.1 26.9 27.4 26.5 26.3 26.3 | 26.4 26.3 25.9 24.5 24.9] 25.6 25.7 25.5 25.6 25.6 24.9 25.6 24.7 24.2 24.5] 24.2 23.9 24.6 24.3 24.4] 24.4 24.3 24.1 24.2 24.1 22.3 23.9 22.8 21.7 22.6 | 22.0 21.8 21.5 21.7 22.0} 21.9 22.2 22.0 21.7 21.6 19.3 23.4 21.3 20.7 20.8] 20.6 21.0 20.5 20.1 21.0 | 20.7 21.2 21.4 21.2 20.8 * Intermediate values, which were introduced to determine upwelling. They were TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN 29 of the Atlantic Ocean for two-degree fields—Continued DEGREE ZONE: 41° N. LAT. 20° 10° 0° 10° 20° E. Long. 30° | Tm 15.3 148 14.6 14.6 14.4] 14.2 13.9 13.8 13.7 13.5 | *13.5 13.4 14.5 14.2 14.2 140 140] 13.9 138 13.2 134 131] 12.9 12.7 14.8 14.7 14.4 14.2 13.8] 13.6 13.7 13.4 13.4 131] 13.0 12.6 15.1 148 148 148 144] 140 14.2 141 13.8 137] 13.7 13.4 16.3 16.2 15.5 15.7 152] 148 15.6 15.3 15.0 14.9] 15.0 15.0 18.1 182 18.0 181 17.4] 17.3 17.0 168 16.9 165] 165 17.7 20.8 20.5 20.8 20.4 19.9) 19.3 19.2 19.0 19.0 18.2] *17.3 20.4 21.4 20.9 21.8 21.2 20.6] 20.3 20.6 20.1 20.2 19.3] *18.2 21.4 21.6 21.3 21.2 21.2 20.6] 20.2 20.4 20.1 19.5 189] *18.0 20.8 19.4 19.1 19.1 19.0 184] 186 186 186 181 17.7] 17.2 18.6 17.4 17.1 17.3 17.2 16.8] 16.6 16.7 16.6 16.4 15.8] 15.5 16.2 15.6 15.8 15.4 15.4 15.2] 15.2 154 15.2 146 144] 144 14.1 DEGREE ZONE: 39° N. LAT. 15.7 15.8 15.4 15.6 15.6] 15.0 15.0 14.7 14.5 142] 13.9 15.4 15.0 14.7 149 148 146] 143 14.5 144 141 140] 13.6 14.5 15.6 15.0 14.8 14.5 145] 145 145 141 13.9 14.0] 13.6 14.9 15.6 15.9 15.7 16.7 14.8] 15.0 147 146 14.5 145] 14.3 15.5 16.8 16.2 16.3 16.0 16.1] 16.1 161 16.0 15.8 15.9] 15.2 17.1 18.4 184 18.7 186 17.8] 18.2 17.8 182 17.5 17.2] 16.7 19.5 21.7 21.2 21.1 20.7 20.6] 20.3 199 198 19.5 19.0] 17.6 22. 3 22.4 21.9 22.0 21.7 21.7] 21.2 21.3 211 20.8 20.0] 180 23.2 22,1 21.9 22.0 21.4 21.1] 21.0 21.0 208 20.2 199] 18.0 22.7 19.7 19.9 19.7 19.4 19.5] 19.6 19.3 19.5 19.2 186] 17.6 20. 6 18.1 17.9 17.8 17.6 17.4] 17.8 17.7 17.7 17.1 168] 160 18.3 16.4 15.8 16.3 161 161] 16.7 16.3 15.6 15.6 15.2] 14.9 16.5 DEGREE ZONE: 37° N. LAT. 16.8 16.5 16.4 16.5 16.3) 15.8 16.0 15.4 15.3 14.9] 145 15.2 17.0 15.8 15.6 15.6 15.2] 14.9 15.0 15.0 148 147] 144 14.7 16.3 15.4 15.3 15.4] 15.4 149 149 14.6 148] 144 14.9 16.3 M612 16.2 15.8| 15.7 15.5 15.3 15.2 15.0] 15.1 15.6 16.9 17.0 16.6 16.6] 16.8 16.9 16.7 16.7 165| 16.2 17.1 18.6 .9 19.3 20.0 19.9] 19.0 186 184 17.8 180] 17.7 19.1 20.6 "22,2 21.6 21.3 21.9 22.4] 20.8 20,5 20.3 19.8 19.5| 18.5 20.8 23.1 23.1 22.7 22.5 22.2 22.5] 221 22.0 21.9 21.2 20.4] 18.8 21.5 24.1 23.1 22.7 22.1 21.8/227| 22.3 21.6 21.1 20.7 20.5] 19.1 21.0 23.5 21.3 20.6 20.9 21.2 20.9] 20.6 20.2 20.2 19.8 19.6] 18.7 19.6 21.7 18.9 186 187 19.0 186] 186 18.8 183 18.0 17.7) 169 17.7 19.6 17.5 17.3 17.3 17.0 17.5| 17.3 17.2 168 165 16.0] 15.7 161 18.6 DEGREE ZONE: 35° N. LAT. 17.4 17.5 17.4 17.4 171] 17.0 167 164 164 162] 160 15.5 18.0 16.8 16.6 16.2 16.6 16.0] 161 160 15.9 161 155] 16.8 149 17.4 16.6 16.5 16.7 16.3 164] 15.9 15.9 15.6 15.7 153] 15.6 15.0 14.4 17.2 17.4 16.9 16.9 16.6 16.3] 16.6 16.6 16.1 16.0 15.5] 15.8 15.6 17.8 18.3 181 17.5 17.3 17.3] 17.5 17.5 17.4 17.5 17.4] 17.6 17.1 19.4 20.8 20.8 19.0 21.5 199] 19.5 194 188 185 187] 19.6 19.6 21.5 22.4 21.8 2.9 2.7 2.3] 2.0 21.3 20.7 20.2 20.2] 25 21 23.7 23.6 23.0 23.4 23.6 229] 223 226 21.9 214 21.3] 21.6 214 24.7 23.8 22.5 22.5 228 23.4] 228 222 218 21.6 2.5] 21.9 20.9 24.3 1.9 211 21.7 2.4 2.4] 21.6 20.9 20.8 20.6 20.6] 20.3 19.5 22.8 19.8 20.1 20.1 19.4 199] 19.5 19.5 191 19.0 19.0] 187 17.7 20. 6 18.5 18.2 184 17.5 183] 184 17.7 17.6 17.2 16.8] 17.7 16.1 19.3 DEGREE ZONE 33° N. LAT. 20.2 20.2 19.5 19.3 191] 19.0 19.1 189 185 183] 17.7 185 19.1 183 17.9] 17.7 17.4 17.0 16.7 166] 15.6 19.1 19.2 19.3 18.0 19.2 187] 186 18.4 18.0 18.1 17.6] 17.8 17.5 17.6 17.7 17.9] 16.8 16.9 16.5 16.3 166] 16.1 18.4 18.5 18.7 18.9 187 18.3] 182 185 184 181 17.5] 17.6 17.7 17.4 17.1 16.7] 168 166 164 16.2 15.7] 15.4 18.0 20.1 19.1 191 191 192] 18.9 19.0 188 186 184] 17.9 18.2 17.0 17.0 17.2] 17.6 17.0 16.7 166 15.8] 16.2 18.6 20.8 20.7 20.9 21.1 20.4] 20.2 20.2 19.9 19.7 19.2] 188 17.8 17.8 181 181] 18.2 183 18.1 180 17.9] 16.8 20.2 23.6 23.4 23.1 22.3 22.8] 22.8 21.7 226 21.9 21.4] 21.5 21.0 19.5 19.7 20.9] 20.0 19.7 19.5 18.9 19.3] 19.9 22.3 25.5 24.9 26.4 24.8 24.9] 24.3 25.9 22.4 23.4 23.2] 22.4 22.6 22.3 22.0 21.7] 21.7 21.2 20.5 20.3 21.5] 21.9 24.2 25.4 26.0 25.9 26.3 25.7] 25.9 25.7 25.7 24.7 24.3] 24.5 24.5 23.9 23.6 22.5] 22.8 22.5 22.1 21.6 22.2] 21.2 25.3 25.8 25.6 25.4 25.3 25.4] 25.3 25.3 25.1 25.0 24.7] 23.3 24.4 24.3 24.6 23.8] 23.1 22.5 22.2 21.7 228] 21.3 24.9 24.6 241 24.0 24.0 24.0] 23.7 23.6 24.0 23.3 229] 23.0 23.0 23.3 23.4 221] 22.0 21.6 21.1 122 20.6] 20.7 23,5 21.9 21.5 2.8 21.5 21.7] 22.1 21.8 22.8 21.5 20.9] 20.8 20.1 19.3 20.3 20.7] 20.3 20.0 19.6 19.6 20.2] 28.4 A) 20.8 20.9 21.2 20.5 20.7] 19.8 19.6 19.6 19.7 19.6| 19.2 199 19.8 191 19.3] 189 186 181 17.8 17.1] 167 16.1 19.9 accounted for in the means although they were not included in this table. 30 TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN Standard values of the surface temperatures AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- Month 70° W. Long. 60° : 50° 40° 30° 20° 20.9 20.8] 21.8 21.9 21.2 20.4 20.2 21.1 20.3] 19.7 20.0 20.3 20.1 20.0 19.2 19.8] 19.5 19.0 19.4 19.4 19.6 20.0 20.1] 19.4 19.7 21.0 19.8 20.2 21.4 21.2] 20.7 20.8 20.9 21.0 21.6 23.2 23.0 | 24.2 23.7 23.6 23.2 23.5 26.2 26.1] 26.1 25.6 25.7 25.7 24.8 26.5 27.2) 26.4 27.2 26.4 26.7 26.9 25.8 25.0 | 25.0 25.7 25.7 26.2 26.3 25.0 25.0 | 24.8 24.9 25.1 25.1 25.2 22.1 22.2 | 22.1 22.7 22.2 22.9 22.7 21.7 21.7] 21.5 22.1 21.8 21.1 20.8 AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- 18.5 19.6 20.6] 20.4 20.0 20.2 20.3 22.0] 24.0 22.8 21.6 21.1 21.7] 21.7 21.6 21.2 21.6 21.7} 21.3 21.4 21.5 20.3 21.4 19.0 19.2 19.6] 18.9 20.0 21.3 22.2 23.8 | 23.1 21.4 21.1 21.0 21.1] 21.5 20.7 21.1 21.0 21.4 | 21.5 21.4 20.6 21.0 20.6 18.3 18.4 17.2] 17.0 18.6 17.4 17.1 22.5 | 23.4 21.9 21.6 20.6 20.7 | 20.7 20.1 20.3 20.3 20.2] 20.0 20.6 20.0 20.4 19.9 21.6 21.9 21.9] 22.1 22.6 22.5 21.4 24.0] 24.5 22.4 21.8 21.6 21.8 | 21.2 21.2 20.7 20.7 21.8] 20.5 18.7 19.2 19.6 20.7 22.7 23.5 25.0] 25.6 25.8 25.2 24.3 25.5] 25.1 23.6 23.5 23.3 23.2 | 23.3 23.1 21.8 22.2 22.1 | 22.8 20.6 20.8 22.6 22.6 27.0 27.1 27.0 | 26.8 27.0 26.8 26.4 26.5] 27.1 26.7 25.6 26.0 24.6] 24.9 24.2 24.8 25.1 24.2 | 25.5 24.2 23.8 24.6 23.5 28.0 28.0 28.2] 28.1 28.1 28.2 28.5 28.3] 28.1 27.3 27.0 26.8 26.8] 26.6 26.3 27.4 26.8 26.6 | 26.6 26.1 25.4 25.3 25.2 27.8 28.3 28.7] 28.9 29.0 29.1 29.3 28.1 | 28.7 28.4 27.8 27.8 27.4 | 27.4 26.9 27.4 27.6 28.2 | 27.7 27.5 27.0 26.9 27.5 28.8 28.3 28.9] 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 27.0} 28.3 27.4 27.2 27.4 27.0] 26.8 26.7 27.0 27.1 26.6 | 26.6 26.6 26.7 26.8 25.9 25.2 25.3 25.2 | 25.3 25.8 25.3 25.0 26.0] 26.4 25.9 25.8 25.0 26.0} 25.7 25.4 25.6 25.3 25.3 | 25.6 25.9 25.8 25.5 25.3 21.7 23.0 23.5 | 23.8 24.0 24.3 23.8 25.0] 25.2 24.0 23.8 23.7 23.5 | 23.4 23.3 23.4 23.4 23.2 | 23.2 23.1 24.6 23.8 23.4 19.4 21.0 22.0] 22.2 22.8 23.2 23.3 23.5 | 23.7 23.1 22.5 22.3 23.7 | 23.5 22.9 22.7 23.1 23.2 | 22.2 22.7 22.7 22.5 22.3 AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- anne oT TIIIIIIIIIINSt Sd 21.6 22.6 22.8 23.1] 22.7 22.5 22.2 21.7 24.4 22.3 22.7 22.3 22.0 | 23.5 23.0 22.2 22.8 23.5] 23.3 23.5 24.3 23.3 22.3 22.0 22.2 22.1 21.7} 21.5 21.5 21.6 21.6 24.4 22.9 22.3 22.2 22.1] 22.8 21.9 22.6 23.4 22.1 | 22.5 22.2 22.0 21.0 21.7 21.2 21.3] 21.9 22.4 21.3 20.6 24.1 23.3 22.4 22.1 21.3] 22.1 22.4 22.3 21.5 21.6 | 22.6 20.8 21.4 21.4 22.8 24,1 24.2] 24.0 24.6 24.7 22.8 25.2 22.6 22.8 22.8 23.7] 22.6 22.2 22.2 23.2 22.2] 22.6 21.7 22.5 25.8 24.8 24.4 24.7] 25.0 26.1 26.3 25.4 25.6 24.3 24.1 24.0 24.8] 24.0 25.0 24.3 23.3 23.7 | 23.9 24.4 23.8 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.8 | 27.2 27.2 27.6 27.2 27.7 26.1 26.2 26.5 25.9 | 25.1 25.5 25.1 25.3 24.6] 25.3 25.3 25.6 28.1 28.4 28.9 28.3 | 28.3 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.4 27.7 27.3 27.4 27.4 | 26.7 26.4 26.5 27.0 26.9 | 26.4 26.7 26.2 26. 28.0 28.4 28.9 28.9 | 28.9 28.9 28.9 29.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 27.8 28.3} 28.5 27.9 27.7 28.0 27.7 | 26.8 27.5 27.6 27.8 27.4 29.8 29.9 29.1 28.3 | 28.6 28.9 28.5 29.1 28.3 27.8 27.7 27.7 27.8 | 27.8 27.3 27.6 27.4 27.4 | 27.1 27.2 26.9 26.5 26.4 25.4 27.0 28.0 27.1] 26.6 26.5 26.5 26.4 26.8 26.5 26.5 26.1 26.2] 26.2 26.0 26.4 25.0 26.0] 26.4 26.1 26.3 26.0 25.9 22.0 23.1 24.4 24.6 | 24.6 25.0 25.3 25.2 25.3 24.7 24.8 24.3 24.3 | 24.1 24.7 24.7 23.2 24.2 | 24.5 25.0 24.8 25.1 24.8 20.2 22.7 23.5 23.4 | 23.3 23.3 23.8 23.7 25.1 23.9 23.5 23.5 24.0] 24.4 24.3 24.2 24.9 24.9 | 23.8 23.2 22.9 23.2 24.1 AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- Wolo 2252225. See3 22.7 23.3 23.7 23.9 | 24.0 24.0 23.5 22.9 23.9 | 24.7 21.6 23.6 23.1 24.6 | 23.5 24.1 24.5 22.5 23.6 | 25.0 23.9 23.5 22.7 22.2 Woe eesssssssec2—se 22.9 23.2 23.2 23.0 | 23.3 23.5 23.3 23.2 24.0 | 24.1 24.2 23.2 23.0 23.3 | 23.1 23.6 23.3 23.8 23.0} 23.0 24.4 24.3 22.3 22.8 22.7 23.0 22.9 23.1 | 23.7 24.4 23.8 23.2 23.9 | 24.3 22.8 23.4 23.0 23.5 | 23.4 22.6 23.6 23.2 24.9] 22.8 22.8 22.7 22.8 22.8 22.0 23.8 24.9 25.4 | 25.7 25.6 25.6 24.4 25.1 | 25.5 24.2 23.7 23.7 23.3 | 24.0 24.0 23.7 24.0 23.2 | 22.4 21.7 22.9 23.3 23.3 26.6 26.2 26.2 26.9 | 26.2 26.3 27.0 26.9 26.0 | 26.0 26.1 24.9 25.0 24.9 | 24.6 25.0 25.2 24.9 25.1 | 24.9 24.8 23.4 23.5 23.4 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.6 | 27.7 27.8 27.7 27.7 27.8 | 27.3 26.3 26.6 27.1 26.9 | 26.2 25.8 26.4 25.9 25.8 | 25.7 25.4 25.1 26.1 25.3 28.5 28.7 28.9 28.3 | 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 29.0 | 28.2 27.5 27.3 27.6 27.6 | 27.0 26.8 26.5 27.0 26.5 | 27.2 26.9 26.6 25.8 25.6 28.4 29.0 29.8 29.4 | 20.4 29.2 28.9 28.9 20.1 | 28.3 28.2 27.9 28.5 27.5 | 28.4 27.7 27.4 27.7 27.0} 27.1 27.6 27.4 27.4 26.6 29.6 29.8 29.0 28.6 | 28.3 28.3 28.4 28.9 20.3 | 28.4 28.1 27.7 28.0 27.5 | 27.5 27.8 27.6 27.2 27.1) 27.4 27.0 26.9 26.6 26.2 26.7 27.7 28.6 28.2 | 27.4 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.2 | 27.1 26.7 27.0 26.9 27.7 | 27.1 27.2 26.9 26.3 26.9 | 26.5 26.4 26.6 26.8 26.6 24.1 24.9 26.0 26.1 | 26.0 26.2 26.5 26.3 26.3 | 25.3 24.9 25.6 25.9 25.2 | 25.6 24.9 25.9 25.4 25.5 | 25.5 25.7 25.8 26.5 25.5 21.9 24.3 25.2 24.8 | 24.0 23.9 24.3 24.6 24.7 | 24.8 24.1 24.3 24.0 24.7 | 25.2 25.0 24.7 24.9 24.0 | 24.4 24.8 25.0 25.2 25.1 AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- 23.1 23.5 23.9 24.3 | 24.7 25.1 25.1 24.5 24.7 | 25.2 25.1 24.1 25.9 24.8 | 25.5 24.0 25.0 25.1 24.4 | 24.9 25.0 23.6 23.8 23.9 23.3 23.7 23.7 23.8 | 23.8 24.3 25.1 25.3 26.3 | 24.9 24.6 24.2 23.2 24.0 | 24.2 24.0 24.4 24.1 24.0 | 24.0 23.5 23.2 23.4 23.6 23.2 24.2 24.1 24.0 | 24.4 25.1 25.5 25.2 25.3 | 24.5 25.0 25.0 24.3 25.0} 23.8 24.8 24.1 24.8 23.7 | 23.4 24.1 23.4 23.3 23.6 23.2 24.4 25.2 25.7 | 26.1 26.3 26.4 26.2 25.7 | 25.5 25.2 24.4 24.8 23.8 | 24.0 25.0 24.8 24.3 24.3 | 23.6 23.3 22.9 24.0 23.8 27.6 27.8 27.2 27.1 | 27.2 27.1 27.2 27.2 27.0 | 26.7 26.1 25.5 25.3 25.6] 25.5 24.9 25.6 25.7 26.6 | 26.0 24.6 24.6 25.6 25.5 27.8 27.6 27.4 27.5 | 27.8 28.2 28.2 27.9 27.5 | 27.2 27.2 26.7 27.4 27.1 | 26.1 26.9 26.5 26.6 26.5 | 26.2 26.1 26.4 25.8 25.3 28.4 28.7 28.9 28.5 | 28.3 28.3 28.3 28.3 28.9 | 28.3 28.3 27.3 27.9 27.0 | 27.0 26.7 26.8 26.4 27.0 | 26.9 26.5 26.9 26.2 25.5 28.8 28.9 28.9 28.9 | 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 | 28.1 28.2 28.1 28.4 27.2 | 27.0 27.9 27.8 27.1 27.1] 27.0 27.4 27.5 27.0 26.1 20.2 28.9 28.9 28.9 | 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 | 28.3 28.2 27.8 28.2 28.2] 27.4 26.9 27.4 27.3 27.4 | 26.8 27.2 27.0 27.0 26.3 26.9 27.6 28.2 28.3 | 28.2 27.9 27.8 28.0 27.4 | 26.5 26.9 27.4 27.3 27.6 | 28.1 27.5 27.3 27.2 27.0 | 27.0 26.8 26.7 27.0 26.4 > 25.4 25.8 26.1 26.3 | 26.7 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.2 | 26.7 26.1 25.9 26.7 26.0] 26.1 26.0 26.1 25.8 26.4 | 26.5 26.6 26.3 25.7 25.5 S20 Beker einen Ee 22.5 23.9 25.1 25.5 | 25.4 25.1 25.3 25.5 25.5] 25.5 25.0 25.0 25.2 25.0] 25.3 25.4 25.4 25.7 25.6 | 24.9 24.7 24.4 25.0 25.0 * Intermediate values, which were introduced to determine upwelling. They were TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN 31 of the Atlantic Ocean for two-degree fields—Continued DEGREE ZONE: 31° N. LAT. 20° 10° o° 10° 20° E. Long. 30° Tm 19.7 20.2 20.3 20.2 20.3 20.7 20.2 19.5 19.2 18.7 18.9 19.5 19.2 18.9 18.8 18.2 18.0 17.4 17.0 17.0 20. 2 19.6 19.8 19.3 19.7 19.3 19.3 19.2 19.1 18.8 18.8 18.2 17.9 18.4 18.1 18.1 We7 ltd 17et 16.6 16.1 19.3 19.8 19.7 19.4 19.5 19.1 19.2 19.4 18.8 18.5 18.6 18.7 18.8 18.0 17.8 17.6 17.4 17.2 16.7 16.8 15.8 19.1 20.0 20.6 20.0 20.2 20.0 19.8 19.7 19.4 19.1 18.8 18.4 18.9 19.6 18.2 18.1 18.0 18.0 17.1 16.8 16.2 19.9 21.6 21.0 21.2 21.3 21.3 20.8 21.2 20.6 20.0 19.4 19.9 19.3 19.3 18.5 19.0 18.9 18.9 18.4 18.3 17.0 20.9 23.1 23.8 23.7 22.9 23.6 23.7 23.0 22.5 22.1 21.0 22.2 21.7 20.2 20.8 20.7 20.3 20.4 194 19.3 19.1 22.9 25.0 26.0 25.9 25.2 24.5 24.7 25.3 24.3 23.6 23.4 22.8 22.9 22.9 22.0 22.0 21.8 21.1 20.5 20.6 20.6 24.6 26.2 25.9 25.9 25.7 26.0 26.1 25.7 25.2 24.8 24.8 24.5 24.4 23.9 23.0 23.1 22.8 22.3 21.6 21.6 19.8 25. 5 26.2 26.4 26.2 25.7 25.5 25.7 25.4 25.3 25.2 24.7 23.3 24.3 24.5 24.2 23.6 23.2 22.9 22.1 21.9 22.1 25.3 25.1 24.8 24.5 24.6 23.6 24.1 24.6 24.1 23.5 23.5 22.1 23.3 23.3 22.9 22.5 22.3 21.9 21.6 21.5 21.5 24.1 22,2 22,9 22.9 23.0 22.7 22.8 22.5 22.4 21.9 21.5 21.3 20.6 21.1 21.2 21.2 21.0 20.6 20.2 19.9 19.4 22.0 20.6 20.8 21.3 21.4 21.5 20.9 20.5 20.7 20.5 20.0 20.3 20.9 19.5 20.3 19.7 19.7 19.1 18.5 18.1 18.5 20.7 DEGREE ZONE 20° N. LAT. 22.8 20.7 20.9 21.1 20.9 21.1 20.2 20.0 19.9 19.6 19.5 20.3 20.2 19.5 19.1 18.8 18.7 18.1 17.9 20.5 20.5 20.9 20.4 20.2 20.2 20.1 19.9 19.6 19.8 19.3 18.8 18.7 18.7 19.0 18.3 18.4 17.9 17.8 16.9 20.1 20.4 20.2 20.1 20.4 20.1 20.2 19.8 19.5 19.4 19.4 19.2 185 18.7 18.3 18.3 18.0 18.1 17.4 17.2 19.5 20.3 20.6 21.1 21.1 21.1 20.8 20.3 19.8 19.9 19.4 19.0 19.3 19.3 18.8 18.8 18.6 18.2 17.5 17.2 20. 6 22.2 21.1 22.8 21.9 22.0 21.5 21.5 20.9 20.5 21.3 20.2 20.5 20.0 19.4 19.6 19.8 19.2 18.7 18.1 22.0 24.0 24.2 23.3 23.8 23.9 23.6 23.3 22,9 22.8 21.9 20.8 21.3 21.1 21.6 20.9 20.6 20.5 19.9 19.9 23.9 25.3 24.6 25.4 25.4 25.0 24.6 24.6 24.4 24,7 24.0 23.7 23.6 22.6 22.3 22.1 21.7 21.4 20.9 20.8 25. 4 26.7 26.7 26.0 26.2 26.3 25.8 25.4 25.4 24.5 24.4 24.6 24.0 24.1 23.4 22.9 22.6 22.0 21.7 21.9 26. 2 26.3 26.2 26.1 25.5 24.2 26.3 25.5 25.7 25.5 25.5 25.4 25.5 24.1 23.8 23.8 23.3 22.8 22.3 22.0 26.1 25.5 25.3 25.0 24.8 24.3 24.5 24.8 24.3 23.9 23.7 23.9 24.5 23.6 23.1 23.0 22.7 22.1 22.0 22.3 24.7 23.9 24.1 23.8 23.5 23.8 23.1 22.6 22.7 22.5 21.7 21.7 21.5 21.8 22.0 22.2 21.3 20.9 20.6 20.2 23.0 22.0 22.8 23.0 22.4 21.4 21.6 21.3 21.4 21.3 20.8 21.5 21.6 21.0 20.5 20.6 20.0 19.5 19.2 18.7 21.8 DEGREE ZONE 27° N. LAT. 21.3 21.7 22.5 22.0 21.7 21.3 21.0 20.8 20.6 19.9 21.2 20.6 20.3 20.1 19.6 19.6 18.6 18.3 21.8 21.6 21.7 21.3 20.6 21.4 20.8 20.6 20.4 20.4 19.9 20.1 18.6 19.7 19.6 19.1 18.8 18.4 18.1 17.8 21.2 22.3 21.5 21.4 21.0 21.0 20.7 20.5 20.5 20.7 20.4 19.8 19.6 18.9 19.2 19.1 18.9 18.3 17.9 21.1 22.4 21.3 21.8 21.6 21.7 21.4 21.0 20.8 20.8 20.0 20.2 19.7 19.5 19.6 19.4 19.4 18.5 17.8 21.9 y 22.4 22.6 22.5 22.6 22.5 22.2 22.0 22.3 22.6 21.9 20.6 20.8 20.1 20.2 20.1 SORG LO heme SAGs De | see sa nna anne onan aaa 23.0 24.7 23.8 23.7 24.3 23.8 23.7 23.8 23.8 23.6 21.1 22.0 21.5 22.1 22.1 21.1 20.9 20.4 19.9 z 24,6 25.3 24.9 24.9 25.8 25.4 24.7 24.6 25.0 24.4 24.4 22.9 22.9 22.1 22.7 22.2 PHYA PUGS Pee Fe eR oS ee 25, 8 26.1 25.9 26.4 27.7 26.2 25.4 25.6 25.6 25.0 25.0 24.8 24.1 23.6 23.3 23.0 Bais Donk At sO | oon ne nee eee 26.5 26.2 26.2 26.8 26.3 26.7 25.9 25.8 25.6 24.9 25.0 24.6 24.1 24.5 24.1 23.8 23.4 22.5 21.8 26. 6 26.0 25.6 25.6 25.7 25.6 24.9 25.0 25.0 24.8 24.5 24.2 23.7 23.6 23.5 23.3 oop Oe 2 Amol COLO pe a | sere ee 25. 3 24.5 24.4 24.3 24.5 24.9 23.6 23.3 23.6 23.0 22.6 23.1 22.5 22.2 22.9 22.3 22.0 21.3 20.9 23.9 24.3 23.0 22.2 22.2 22.4 22.4 21.9 22.2 22,2 22.1 22.2 21.9 21.2 21.3 21.1 20.4 19.9 19.7 22.8 DEGREE ZONE: 25° N. LAT. 22.0 22.4 22.4 22.5 22.1 21.7 21.6 21.5 21.8 21.6 21.7 21.3 21.1 20.6 20.2 19.8 19.1 18.2 22.5 21.6 22.1 21.5 21.8 21.8 21.5 21.4 21.5 21.5 20.9 20.6 20.9 20.1 20.0 19.3 19.2 18.7 19.4 22.3 22.6 22.5 22.0 21.8 21.6 21.4 21,5 21.5 21.3 20.6 20.2 20.5 20.2 19.9 19.7 19.1 18.5 17.9 22.2 23.1 22.3 22.8 22.6 22.2 21.9 22.0 21.8 21.6 20.7 20.9 20.4 20.1 20.3 19.8 19.4 18.6 17.2 22.7 23.1 23.2 22.8 23.4 22.8 22.7 22.6 22.8 22.2 22.0 21.8 21.8 20.1 20.6 20.6 20.0 19.3 19.8 23.8 23.7 23.5 23.8 24.5 24.0 23.3 24.3 23.8 22.3 22.7 22.6 22.3 23.0 21.8 21.4 20.9 20.2 19.4 24.9 25.4 25.7 24.6 25.0 25.1 24.8 24.3 24.8 24.7 23.6 23.1 22.5 23.1 22.5 22.2 22.0 20.5 19.8 25.9 25.9 26.2 26.3 25.7 25.4 25.4 24.9 25.6 24.9 24.4 24.3 23.3 23.5 23.5 23.1 23.0 21.6 21.1 26,5 26.3 26.5 27.4 26.7 26.1 26.0 26.0 25.7 25.1 24.8 24.9 25.2 24.8 24.4 23.9 23.1 21.9 21.6 26.7 26.0 26.1 25.7 26.0 25.6 25.3 25.7 25.3 24.8 24.5 24.4 24.7 24.3 24.0 23.6 23.0 22.1 22.5 26.0 25.1 25.1 25.2 26.0 24.2 24.1 23.5 23.7 23.7 23.5 23.3 22.9 23.3 23.4 22.6 22.1 21.4 20.8 24.8 24.6 25.1 25.0 23.7 23.2 23.1 23.0 22,9 23.0 22.8 22.6 22.5 22.6 22.0 21.2 20.8 20.0 20.3 23.9 DEGREE ZONE: 23° N. LAT. i a a a ee 23.5 23.0 23.3 22.9 22.7 22.4 22.6 22.3 22.3 22.0 22.3 21.9 21.6 20.7 20.2 19.3 18.1 23. 4 23.2 22.9 22.3 22.6 22.7 22.4 22.5 21.8 22.0 23.2 21.7 21.0 20.4 20.1 19.7 19.1 17.7 23.0 23.1 22.6 22.3 22.4 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.2 21.9 21.3 21.2 20.8 20.6 20.2 19.9 19.0 18.0 23. 2 24.1 23.7 23.2 22.9 22.5 22.7 22.9 22.2 21.7 22.1 21.4 20.4 20.9 20.5 20.1 19.2 18.3 23. 5 25.0 24.0 24.0 23.6 23.2 23.2 23.2 22.8 22.7 22.7 22.5 20.9 21.1 21.0 20.5 19.9 18.8 24.6 25.2 25.1 24.5 24.4 24.3 24.0 24.2 23.4 23.3 23.2 23.3 23.3 22.4 21.7 21.3 20.4 19.0 25. 4 25.6 26.1 25.8 25.2 25.2 25.0 24.4 24.4 24.4 24.0 23.0 22.8 23.1 22.7 22.2 21.2 20.9 26.0 26.1 25.1 25.3 25.7 25.6 25.6 25.0 25.0 25.0 24.2 24.5 24.3 23.7 23.6 23.2 22.5 21.2 26.5 26.6 26.4 26.8 26.1 26.2 27.0 25.6 25.2 25.3 24.9 25.6 25.4 24,9 24.4 24.1 22.9 20.8 26.8 26.4 24.8 25.8 25.9 25.8 25.5 25.6 25.2 25.0 24.6 25.1 25.2 24.8 24.2 23.7 22.7 21.2 26.3 25.8 25.6 26.1 25.0 24.8 24.7 25.6 24.7 24.3 24.3 24.2 23.9 24.0 23.4 23.0 21.7 20.3 25. 4 25.0 24.6 23.7 23.8 23.6 24.0 23.9 23.4 23.5 23.1 23.6 22.5 22.6 22.1 21.7 20.4 126 24.2 accounted for in the means although they were not included in this table. 32 TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN Standard values of the surface temperatures AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- Month 70° W. Long. 60° 50° 40° 30° 20° 23.3 23.8 23.8 23.8 | 24.2 25.3 25.7 25.8 25.8] 25.7 24.6 24.8 25.0 25.6 | 25.5 25.3 25.6 25.4 25.7 | 24.5 25.4 25.3 24.8 24.7 23.3 24.3 23.9 23.8 | 23.8 24.4 25.4 25.8 25.9 | 25.8 24.8 24.9 25.0 24.6 | 25.0 24.6 24.8 24.5 24.9 | 23.8 24.2 24.2 23.8 23.9 22.5 24.6 25.1 25.1 | 25.3 25.7 26.2 26.0 26.1 | 26.7 25.0 24.9 25.2 25.0 | 24.3 25.1 25.2 25.1 24.4 | 24.4 24.2 24.5 23.5 23.6 24.9 25.2 25.7 26.1 | 26.3 26.5 26.8 27.1 27.1 | 27.2 25.3 25.2 26.5 | 24.6 25.2 25.4 24.7 25.3 | 24.9 25.0 24.5 24.6 24.9 26.7 27.0 27.0 26.1 | 26.3 27.2 27.4 27.5 27.3 | 26.7 26.0 25.9 26.3 | 26.2 25.7 26.3 26.1 26.2 | 25.8 24.8 24.4 25.0 25.6 27.7 27.6 27.4 27.7 | 27.8 28.1 28.2 28.3 .28.3 | 27.8 27.1 27.6 27.4 | 27.9 27.5 27.0 27.1 26.7 | 27.1 27.2 26.6 24.9 25.7 28.2 28.3 28.3 28.9 | 28.5 28.2 28.3 28.9 28.9 | 27.8 27.3 27.0 26.8 | 27.0 27.0 27.1 26.8 26.8} 27.2 26.7 26.5 25.9 26.4 27.9 28.8 28.3 28.0 | 28.3 28:3 28.3 28.3 28.4 | 28.4 27.6 27.9 28.1 27.4 | 27.9 27.7 27.3 27.2 27.8 | 27.3 27.4 26.8 26.1 26.2 20.2 28.9 28.9 28.9 | 28.9 28.9 29.0 29:4 29.1 | 29.0 28.1 27.9 26.8 | 27.2 27.5 27.4 27.2 26.9 | 26.8 28.0 26.5 26.2 26.7 26.8 26.8 26.8 26.9 | 27.9 28.5 28.9 28.3 28.9 | 28.3 27.7 27.5 27.3 | 27.0 27.6 27.7 27.3 27.6 | 27.5 27,2 27.2 26.4 26.3 26.8 26.8 26.7 26.4 | 27.0 27.3 27.4 27.4 27.8 | 27.8 26.7 26.9 27.1 | 26.3 26.1 26,1 26.8 27.3 | 26.8 26.8 26.4 25.9 26.1 23.4 24.1 25.0 25.4 | 25.9 26.2 26.0 26.1 26.4 | 27.2 25.7 25.6 25.1 | 26.7 26.8 25.0 25.4 26.0 | 25.9 25.8 25.2 25.0 .24.8 AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- 23.7 23.8 23.9 26.1 26.3 26.7 26.7 | 26.5 26.3 25.9 25.8 25.3 | 25.9 25.3 26.0 25.8 25.5 | 26.2 25.1 25.5 25.7 24.4 25.0 25.0 24.4 25.0 25.6 26.1 26.2 |) 26.1 26.1 26.0 25.5 25.3 25.6 25.3 25.1 24.9 | 24.9 24.5 24.0 24.5 24.2 24,1 25.1 25.3 25.6 25.8 26.1 26.6 | 26.2 26.2 25.8 25.7 25.1 25.2 25.6 25.3 25.7 | 26.2 24.2 24.2 23.2 23.5 25.4 25.8 26.2 26.7 26.8 27.1 27.2 | 27.3 26.7 25.6 25.1 25.7 25.9 25.0 25.4 26.0 | 25.5 24.8 25.1 25.0 24.8 26.7 26.3 26.1 27.3 27.9 27.8, 27.9 | 26.7 27.7 26.7 26.7 26.7 27.0 26.7 26.7 26.1 | 25.4 25.2 26.1 26.4 25.3 27.3 27.2 27.3 27.6 27.9 28.0 28.1 | 28.4 28.4 27.8 28.2 27.4 27.4 27.3 27.1 27.4] 27.2 26.9 25.5 26.3 26.7 28.1 28.3 28.5 28.2 28.3 28.3 28.2 | 28.3 28.4 27.8 27.5 27.4 26.7 27.2 27.3 26.9 | 27.3 26.9 25.9 26.5 26.6 28.3 28.6 27.8 28.5 28.3 28.3 29.0 | 29.1 28.9 28.1 28.4 27.7 27.4 27.3 27.5 27.7 | 28.1 27.2 26.5 26.5 26.4 29.4 28.9 28.8 28.9 28.9 29.1 29.4 | 29.6 29.1 28.2 28.8 27,2 27.4 27.3 27.5 27.5 | 27.5 27.8 26.6 26.7 27.5 26.2 26.2 26.4 28.3 28.1 28.5 28.9 | 28.5 28.5 28.4 28.2 27.9 27.8 27.6 27.3 26.8 | 28.2 27.8 26.7 26.9 26.7 26.7 26.7 26.2 27.7 27.9 28.1 27.8 | 27.1 27.7 27.1 26.8 26.8 26.8 26.8 27.7 26.8 | 27.1 26.9 26.2 26.5 25.8 24.5 25.1 25.3 26.3 27.2 26.8 26.7 | 27.8 27.6 26.5 26.2 26.6 26.9 26.3 26.4 26.3 | 26.4 26.6 25.5 26.0 24.2 AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- 26.2 26.7 27.1 27.3 | 26.9 26.2 26.2 25.1 25.3 |) 25.7 25.4 25.7 26.1 25.8 | 25.8 25.9 25.6 25.2 24.9 25.5 25.7 26.0 26.6 | 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.0 26.0 | 26.0 25.2 25.7 25.4 25.3 | 25.6 25.0 24.7 24.8 24.7 25.6 25.8 26.1 26.2 | 26.3 26.1 25.9 25.9 25.8 | 25.9 25.5 25.2 24.7 25.4 | 25.3 25.4 25.4 J 26.6 26.7 26.7 26.9 | 27.1 26.3 26.3 26.2 25.8 | 25.8 26.0 25.6 25.7 25.8 | 24.8 25.8 25.6 27.4 28.2 28.3 28.7 | 29.0 28.0 26.9 27.2 26.6 | 27.4 26.8 26.6 26.7 26.4 | 26.1 25.5 25.7 27.6 27.5 27.5 27.6 | 27.8 27.8 27.5 27.7 27.6 | 27.1 27.5 27.7 27.3 27.3 | 27.4 26.1 26.8 28.3 28.3 28.1 27.9 | 28.3 27.5 27.4 27.5 27.3 | 27.3 27.2 27.4 27.6 27.5 | 27.2 26.6 26.5 Hi 29.1 28.8 28.3 28.3 | 28.3 27.5 27.9 28.0 26.9 | 27.2 27.4 27.8 -... 27.7 | 28.2 26.5 26.6 27.2 26:3 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.5 | 29.5 27.4 28.0 28.9 28.0 | 27.5 27.9 27.8 28.3 27.9 | 28.1 26.9 26.8 27.5 27.3 28.3 28.3 28.3 28.6 | 28.3 27.6 27.7 27.7 28.2 | 27.7 27.9 27.8 27.7 26.9 | 28.1 26.9 26.7 27.1 27.0 28.8 28.3 28.3 28.3 | 28.1 27.3 27.3 27.8 27.1 | 27.2 27.6 27.1 27.4 27.4 | 27.1 26.7 27.0 26.2 26.6 26.6 27.3 28.1 28.3 | 28.0 27.5 27.2 26.6 26.5 | 27.1 26.9 26.5 26.5 26.4 | 26.4 26.7 26.3 26.6 26.0 AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- 26.8 27.2) 27.0 27.2 26.2 24.2 26.2 | 26.4 25.8 26.3 25.9 26.2 | 25.8 25.5 26.0 25.8 25.3 25.0 24.8 24.7 24.6 24.1 26.0 26.4 | 26.1 26.6 26.1 24.9 25.9] 25.9 25.6 25.5 25.7 25.5 | 25.4 25.4 25.4 25.0 24.9] 24.6 24.5 23.8 23.7 23.9 26.0 26,1 | 25.1 24.7 26,1 25.5 25.7 | 25.7 26.0 25.3 26.0 25.5 | 25.3 25.2 25.5 25.4 24.9/ 24.5 24.3 24.4 24.0 23.9 26.6 26.7 | 26.6 26.1 26.3 25.7 25.6 | 26.0 25.9 26.7 26.4 26.5 | 25.7 26.2 26.1 25.9 25.3 | 24.9 24.8 24.4 24.4 24.2 27.8 27.7 | 27.2 26.7 26.7 27.6 27.1 | 26.7 26.8 26.9 27.0 27.2 | 26.6 26.7 26.5 26.5 26.6 | 25.5 25.4 24.9 25.0 24.7 27.3 27.2 | 27.8 27.1 26.4 26.5 27.0] 27.7 27.5 27.7 27.6 27.0 | 26.3 26.1 25.8 26.9 26.5 | 26.0 25.7 25.1 25.1 25.3 28.0 27.2 | 27.2 27.0 26.8 27.3 27.0 | 27.2 27.38 27.6 27.4 27.5 | 26.7 26.6 26.9 26.3 25.5 | 26.1 26.2 25.7 25.7 25.6 28.2 27.8 | 28.3 27.5 27.7 27.6 26.9 | 26.9 27.1 28.0 27.5 27.5] 26.6 26.6 28.1 28.0 27.6 | 26.5 26.4 26.2 26.3 26.7 29.8 28.9 | 28.3 27.6 27.3 27.3 27.8 | 28.4 29.3 28.8 28.6 27.9 | 27.5 27.5 27.7 28.0 28.0 | 27.0 27.2 26.6 26.5 27.7 28.3 28.3 | 28.0 27.6 27.8 27.8 28.0 | 28.1 27.6 27.5 27.5 27.4 | 27.0 27.0 27.2 27.5 27.2 | 27.0 26.9 25.8 26.6 26.4 28.1 28.0 | 28.5 27.2 27.3 27.2 27.2 | 27.6 27.3 27.5 27.6 27.4 | 26.8 26.8 27.5 27.4 27.1] 25.6 26.5 26.2 26.0 26.0 27.4 27.9 | 27.2 26.7 27.0 26.7 26.5) 26.7 27.0 27.0 27.1 26.6 | 26.7 26.7 26.2 26.4 25.9) 25.8 25.5 25.4 25.5 25.8 AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- 26.6 26.7 | 26.7 25.7 25.9 24.9 24.8 | 25.9 25. 26.3 27.0 | 27.2 26.4 26.7 24.2 24.7 | 25.8 25. 26.0 26.3 | 24.8 24.9 24.1 24.5 25.1 |] 25.8 25. 27.0 27.1 | 26.38 26.2 25.8 25.9 25.5 | 25.7 25. 27.2 27.7 | 26.8 26.5 26.5 26.2 26.5 | 26.5 26. 26.1 25.9 26.7 | 26.2 25.6 25.9 25.8 25.6 | 25.5 25.4 25.0 25.9 25.8 25.5 25.4 25.8 | 25.8 26.0 26.2 26.0 25.3 | 25.1 25.1 25.7 25.2 24.4 25.8 26.0 25.9 | 26.0 25.9 25.6 25.4 25.1 | 24.9 24.8 24.6 24.7 24.2 26.1 26.4 26.4 | 26.6 26.5 26.7 26.2 25.4 | 25.3 25.3 24.9 25.5 24.9 26.4 26.4 26.7] 26.9 26.4 26.3 26.5 26.0] 25.7 25.7 25.3 25.4 24.3 QAnrnocrKrawown ra 27.9 27.9 | 27.3 27.0 26.5 25.6 26.2 | 27.0 27.1 27.3 27.0 26.7 | 26.8 27.0 27.6 27.1 26.4 | 26.4 25.9 25.8 26.1 26.0 27.8 27.8 | 27.1 26.9 26.7 26.2 27.2} 26.8 27.0 27.4 27.1 26.9 | 26.8 27.4 28.5 26.5 26.4 | 26.5 26.3 25.8 26.0 26.6 28.2 27.8 | 27.4 27.6 28.4 27.5 25.9 | 26.8 27.0 27.2 27.8 27.4 | 26.8 26.9 27.8 27.5 27.0 | 26.8 26.6 26.7 27.3 27.3 28.8 28.4 | 27.8 27.5 27.5 27.8 27.5 | 28.1 27.2 28.2 27.9 27.6 | 27.4 27.7 27.9 27.8 27.3 | 27.1 26.9 27.2 27.4 27.1 28,3 28.3 | 27.7 27.8 27.7 27.5 27.5 | 27.9 27.7 27.9 27.9 27.7 | 27.5 27.4 27.5 27.4 27.3 | 27.1 27.1 26.9 27.2 27.0 27.8 27.8 | 26.3 27.3 27.3 26.8 26.8 | 27.5 27.6 28.0 28.0 27.2} 27.3 27.6 27.3 27.2 26.8 | 26.7 26.7 27.1 27.4 26.6 27.1 27.3 | 27.2 27.2 27.1 26.9 26.3 | 26.9 26.6 26.6 27.0 27.1 | 27.2 27.0 27.1 26.6 26.4 |) 26.1 26.1 26.2 26.2 25.2 * Intermediate values, which were introduced to determine upwelling. They were TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN of the Atlantic Ocean for two-degree fields—Continued DEGREE ZONE: 21° N. LAT. 33 20° 10° 0° 10° 20° E. Long. 30° | Tm 24.5 24.0 23.6 23.2 23.0] 23,2 23.3 22.7 22.6 22.7] 22.6 22.3 21.5 20.8 20.2] 19.3 17.8 23. 8 O21 24 234 2350) 22:8) 723.1 22,7 29179 22.9) 20/4] 2158) 20/8 20.6 20:1 1915) 18:9; 17.1 23.4 23.4 23,2 23.1 22:7 23.1 | 22,6 22.8 22,6 22.5 21.9] 21.3 21.4 20.8 20.6 19.6| 18.9. 17.5 23.6 24/3. 23,8) 23.6. 23.1 23:3 | 23.0 23,1-22,8 22.0.:22.2'] 22.3 21,2 21.2 20.6 20.0} 19.0°17.3 24.0 25:9 25.8) 24.2: 93:9° 93.9] 23:5 23,8 23.1 23,1 22.7 || 21.7 21.7 21.5 21/3 ‘20.5 20.1, 17.9 24.7 26.0. 25.2 24.9. 24.9 24.1] 23.8 24.0 23.9 23.9 23.7] 23.6 23.4 22.7 21.9 20.7] 20.1 182 25.6 26.3 25.6 25.4 25.4 24.5] 24.8. 24.5 24.2 24.4 24.5] 24.0 23.5 23.3 22.8 21.9] 21.2 20.4 26.0 26.0 25.5. 25.9 25.8. 25.4] 25.0 25.0 24.7 25.0 24.6] 24.3 23.3 23.7 23.7 23.7] 23.3 22.8 26.4 26.9 26.8 26.3 26.3 26.7] 25.6 25.4 25.6 25.9 25.5) 24.9 25.4 25.1 24.7 24.3] 23.6 22.1 26.9 26.7 26.5 26.2 26.2 25.9] 25.1 25.4 25.4 25.2 25.2] 25.6 25.4 25.0 24.6 23.9] 23.3 20.7 26.5 26.0 - 26.1 25.4 25.2 25.3] 25.3 25.1 24.9 25.0 24.7] 24.5 24.3 24.3 23.7 23.0] 22.1 19.3 25.8 24.9 24.5-24.2.94.2. 24.3] 24.5. 24.7 24.0 24.0 23.8] 23.7 23.3 22.9 22.0 22.1] 20.6 19.7 24.7 DEGREE ZONE: 19° N. LAT. aula 24022398 23) Rec2se7ilue Osaae 2onl Zany 28.78 22, 8010 23,0) 2207" 21.5) 120596 20)6 | 106) 18i60 9 9 0) ) seen eee es ee ke 24.2 2382 23) Stas 8 2366.23.00 ose 28kg. 2959) 22:8) 22a) Diam ot. 5y 2010) 2084 e19:5) |) 10a 18se) ee eee 23.7 Bem 23858 23. 38.2301) 2302) 2350) 2851) 2350) -29/8) 225) 214 “Ol g2160) 20161958 || 1889186 9, ee 23.8 24.0 24,0 23.4 23.8 23.8} 23.4 23.4 23.1 22.6 22.9] 22.6 21.8 21.3 20.7 19.9) 19.4 18.7 24.3 25.2 25.3 24.4 24.5 24.3] 23.7 23.8 23.5 23.4 23.1] 21.9 22.3 21.8 21.4 20.5| 19.4 18.7 24.9 26.1. 25,3 25.2 25.1 24.5] 24.1 24.1 24.2 23.7 24.1] 23.8 23.1 22.4 21.5 21.0] 20.4 20.6 25.6 26.0 25.9 25.7 25.9 25.3] 25.0 24.8 24.0 24.0 24.7] 24.2 23.8 23,5 22.7 22.2] 23.2 24.0 26.1 2onbe 2os2m 26518 26.3 8 2507) Ieee, bme2b.0) 20a Len24.7) 20.2 |) 24,4) O43) 244 OATS Oda)! | DRED (Ob! | eee 26.7 27.0 26.5 26.4 26.5 25.9] 25.6 25.8 26.3 26.2 26.3] 25.9 25.7 25.5 24.9 24.9) 25.5 26.1 27.2 27:0) .26:6* 26.4° 26..3'°25.9'| | 25:6: 26.8 25-3 25.9 25.8 | 25.3 25.8 25.2 249 94.8) 247 24.4 22 2222 2 Vienne 26.7 26:20:26.2 25.8: 25.5 25.4 | 25.3 25.0 25.0 24.6 24.9| 25.0 24.8 24.5 24.0 93.6| 23.2 925 2 2 ji 26.0 Dar Geode Ou od. Oy 24" 0g (24,6) 1/2510, 724.4 249) 2455. 241) 2402-2807 23/0; 22/0) (22, 1)|| 22:0 210 9b cese ceed 25.1 DEGREE ZONE: 17° N. LAT. 24.4 24.5 24.2] 24.0 23.5 23.3 23.1 23.3] 22.2 23.0 22.0 21.7 21.2] 19.8 19.2 24.5 24.0 23.5 23.4] 23.3 23.5 23.0 23.2 22.5] 22.7 21.8 21.4 20.9 20.5] 20.4 18.6 24.1 24.2) 93.7 23.4 | 23.4 23.3 23.3 22.8 22.6] 22.2 92.1 21.6 20.7 20.3| 19.3 18.9 24.0 24.2 24.5 24.0] 23.9 23.4 23.3 23.1 22.9] 23.0 22.3 22.0 20.9 20.5] 20.4 20.3 24.5 24.8 24.6 24.2 | 24.2 23.4 23.7 23.3 23.0] 23.65 22.8 22.3 21.9 21.3] 20.3 20.3 25.2 26.1 25.1 24.7] 24.3 24.0 24.0 23.8 24.0] 23.9 23.7 22.9 22.1 22.0] 229 22.9 25.8 25.9 25.4 25.1] 25.3 24.6 24.6 24.2 24.6] 25.2 24.4 24.2 23.0 22.9] 24.8 25.3 26.2 26.5 25.7 25.8] 25.9 25.8 25.5 25.3 25.3| 25.8 25.4 25.1 24.7 251/ 27.0 26.7 26.8 27.0 26.4 26.2] 26.8 26.5 26.2 26.6 26.8] 26.7 26.4 25.9 25.6 25.8] 27.2 27.3 27.3 26.3 25.9 26.2) 26.1 26.7 26.8 25.5 26.1] 25.8 26.1 25.6 25.7 25.7] 26.5 26.2 27.0 26.1 25.9 25.8] 25.5 25.2 25.9 25.1 25.3] 25.8 25.3 24.9 24.7 24.7| 24.7 24.4 26.5 25.4 25.6 25.5 | 25.6 25.5 24.7 24.6 24.8] 24.5 24.1 22.8 22.9 23.1 23.2 22.5 25.8 DEGREE ZONE; 15° N. LAT. 24.2 24.1 23.7 23.7 23.6] 24.0 23.0 22.8 22.3 22.9] 20.0 19.6 24.7 24.0 23.7 23.4 23.6 23.3] 23.4 22.4 21.9 21.4 21.4] 21.1 19.4 24.3 23:7, 23.54 23.6. 23. 4= 23:3 || ~ 231 22:5 99,1 21,6. 20.9 19.0, 24.3 24.1 23.8 23.6 23.4 23.3] 23.8 22.8 22.6 21.5 21.4] 22.0 20.9 24.7 24.6 23.8 23.8 23.9 23.6 | 23.9 23.3 23.2 22.3 22.2] 22.0 20.9 25.3 24,4 23.7 24.0 24.3 24.5] 24.8 24.1 23.6 23.0 23.0] 24.6 24.8 25.7 25.0 25.2 25.0 24.7 24.8] 25.4 25.4 24.7 24.2 24.4] 27.1 26.8 26.2 26.4 26.3 26.4 26.1 26.0] 26.4 26.1 25.9 25.7 26.4] 27.3 27.1 26.9 26:8 27.0,.27.2. 27.2 27.1 | 27.1 27.0 26.5 26.1 26.7 | 27.2 97.4 27.6 26.8 26.8 27.6 27.3 26.0] 26.4 26.4. 26.3 26.2 26.6] 27.5 26.6 27.2 26.4 26.0 26.2 25.9 25.7] 25.6 25.7 25.4 25.2 26.2] 25.8 25.3 26.7 25.3 25.0 25.2 24.5 25.1] 24.9 24.6 24.0 23.9 25.1 24.0 22.8 25.8 DEGREE ZONE: 13° N. LAT. 25.3 24.6 24.4 24.1 24.4] 24.4 23.8 23.4 23.3 24.0] 22.5 20.6 25,1 24.4 24.1 23.8 28.9 23.8] 24.5 23.2 22.7 22.8 22.0| 22.2 20.3 24.8 23.8 24.0 23.7. 24.1 23.8 | 23:5 28.1 22.9 22.2 22.0] 21.1 19.1 24.4 24,2 24.2 24.2 24.1 24.1 24.1 23.5 23.4 22.4 22.3 23.7, 23.9 25.2 24.8 24.6 24.1 24.5 24.6 24.7 23.9 23.9 22.9 23.0 93.7 23.6 25.5 25.7 25.2 24.5 24.5 25.3 25.3 24.5 24.4 24.0 24.8 26.3 26.3 26.2 26.7 26.6 25.6 26.0 25.7 25.7 25.8 25.1 26.6° 25.9 26.5 27.0 26.6 26.8 26.8 26.7 26.4 26.2] 26.5 26.5 26.4 26.4 26.9] 26.7 26.7 27.0 26:9), 27,027.31 22.5. 22:3 27.6 26.9 26.9 26.7 27.1 MA 27.5 27.0 26.2 26.9 28.0 26.2] 26.6 26.8 26.7 26.6 27.2] 27.7 27.1 27.3 26.3 26.3 26.2 26.5 26.3 26.1 26.2 26.2 25.8 26.8 26.7 26.3 26.9 25.2 25.2 26.5 24.9 25.1 25.7 26.0 25.2 25.4 25.2 25.4 23.5 26.1 accounted for in the means although they were not included in this table. 34 TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN Standard values of the surface temperatures AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO Month 70° W. Long. 60° 50° 40° 30° 20° Fis a eee 26.7 26.6 | 26.1 26.1 26.4 25.2 25.5 25.2 25.1 25.1 26.0 | 26.7 26.5 26.0 25.9 25.9 | 25.8 25.9 25.6 24.9 25.3 26.4 26.7 | 25.8 26.1 25.3 24.6 25.9 25.7 25.3 25.4 25.7 | 26.2 25.6 25.8 25.6 25.5 | 25.8 25.3 25.2 25.2 25.0 26.6 26.5 | 25.1 26.5 25.5 25.9 25.9 25.8 26.0 26.2 | 25.5 26.9 26.4 25.7 25.2 | 25.3 26.0 25.1 24.7 24.5 27.5 27. 2) 26.5 26.6 27.2 26.0 25.9 25.6 25.3 25.2 26.0 | 26.5 26.5 26.5 26.0 25.8 | 25.9 26.2 25.9 25.7 24.8 27.8 27.8 | 27.1 27.8 27.1 26.8 26.3 25.8 25.9 26.5 | 26.9 27.3 26.7 26.5 26.2 | 26.4 26.6 26.1 25.7 25.8 28.3 28.3 | 27.3 27.3 27.8 26.3 25.9 25.9 26.6 26.5 | 27.7 26.7 27.1 26.6 26.5 | 26.2 25.9 27.0 26.8 26.9 27.8 27.8 | 27.2 27.0 26.7 27.4 | 26.4 26.1 25.9 26.6 27.1 | 28.2 27.8 27.2 26.8 26.7 | 26.6 26.4 27.6 26.6 26.2 27.8 27.8 | 27.3 27.4 26.8 25.3 27.1 26.3 26.4 26.7 27.0 | 27.4 26.7 27.9 27.3 27.0 | 27.0 26.7 26.0 27.1 27.0 28.3 28.3 | 28.Q 27.9 27.7 27.6 27.2 26.0 25.7 27.5 | 27.5 27.9 27.7 27.5 27.4 | 27.4 27.8 27.2 27.2 26.5 28.3 28.2 | 27.6 28.0 27.0 27.8 27.7 27.2 27.4 27.8 | 27.6 27.7 27.8 27.6 27.4 | 27.1 27.7 27.6 26,9 26.8 >. See See 27.8 27.8 | 27.% 27.4 27.5 26.8 27.1 27.1 26.7 2.6 27.1 | 27.6 27.6 27.7 27.4 27.3 | 27.1 27.1 28.1 27.8 27.3 >.) Eaeeeie eee aaa 26.8 27.1 | 27.2 27.5 26.7 24.4 | 26.6 26.5 26.3 26.2 26.7 | 26.7 27.8 27.2 26.6 26.5 | 26.4 28.2 28.0 27.6 25.4 AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- 26.4 26.5 25.8 26.1 260] 25.9 25.9 26.1 25.8 25.6 26.2 26.2 25.4 25.9 25.6 | 26.1 26.1 26.1 25.5 25.3 26.5 25.8 26.1 25.9 25.8 | 25.4 25.3 26.4 26.8 26.0 26.2 26.2 26.0 26.3 26.3 | 26.4 26.6 26.2 25.9 27.4 26.5 26.8 27.1 26.6 26.8 | 26.9 26.8 26.8 26.9 26.8 26.7 26.7 26.0 26.9 26.7 | 26.4 26.9 27.0 27.3 27.2 27.3 27.0 26.8 27.9 27.1 | 26.8 27.3 27.8 28.6 27.0 27.1 26.7 26.4 27.2 27.3 | 28.3 28.3 27.1 27.2 27.5 27.6 27.6 27.6 27.6 27.9 | 27.6 27.8 27.8 27.8 27.2 27.9 27.5 27.6 27.5 27.6 | 26.7 27.3 28.1 27.7 27.4 27.4 27.2 27.4 27.3 27.2 | 28.0 27.9 27.7 28.2 27.5 26.7 27.0 26.7 26.7 26.5 | 26.5 26.9 26.8 27.5 28.0 AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- 26.0 26.7 26.2 26.2 26.5 | 26.3 26.3 26.0 26.8 26.3 26.2 26.1 26.1 26.0 | 25.8 25.7 26.7 27.0 26.1 26.1 26.4 26.5 | 26.3 26.4 26.0 26.5 — 26.2 26.3 26.6 26.7 | 26.5 26.7 26.7 26.7 26.6 26.6 26.8 27.4 | 27.2 26.8 26.7 27.2 26.4 26.7 27.0 27.0} 27.1 26.8 26.8 26.5 26.8 26.9 27.3 27.1 | 27.1 27.6 27.6 27.9 27.0 27.0 27.3 28.0 | 28.7 27.8 28.0 27.6 27.3 27.3 27.5 27.7 | 27.5 27.5 27.8 27.6 27.5 27.3 27.0 27.4 27.4) 27.6 26.8 27.3 28.4 26.7 27.1 27.0 27.3 27.5 | 27.5 27.9 27.5 28.5 27.8 26.8 26.6 26.5 27.0 | 27.1 27.2 26.4 26.7 AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- 1 Fly Oe epee 26.0 24.9 | 26.7 26.5 26.5 26.8 26.6 | 26.6 26.9 27.3 26.8 26.5 | 26.2 26.3 26.6 26.8 25.6 26.4 | 26.2 26.4 26.3 26.5 26.6 | 26.6 26.6 26.5 26.5 26.2] 26.1 26.5 26.7 26.6 27.6 | 28.8 26.2 26.4 26.8 26.7 | 26.7 27.0 26.2 25.2 26.3 | 26.3 26.7 27.2 27.1 26.8 27.1 | 27.0 26.8 26.7 27.2 27.0) 26.5 26.8 26.9 26.9 26.5 | 26.5 26.9 27.2 27.2 27.9 | 27.3 27.8 27.0 26.6 26.9 | 27.7 27.7 26.9 27.1 27.1] 26.8 26.9 27.2 27.3 26.6 26.8 | 27.3 27.0 26.9 27.0 28.5 | 27.7 27.0 27.6 27.2 26.8 | 26.7 26.9 27.0 27.3 27.0 | 26.6 26.7 26.9 27.0 27.3 | 27.5 27.4 26.9 26.9 26.5} 26.7 26.5 26.6 26.6 27.0 27.1 | 28.3 27.7 28.0 27.0 26.2 | 26.9 27.2 27.6 27.0 26.7 | 26.4 26.3 26.4 26.4 27.6 27.7 27.7 27.8 27.8 27.9 28.1 28.3 28.2 27.8 27.9 28.2 28.0 28.5 28.5 28.4 29.0 28.5 28.0 27.3 27.1 27.0 26.8 26.9 26.2 25.3 25.6 25.3 25.8 25.8 25.4 25.1 1G ae ee 27.1 | 26.5, 27.1 27.1 27.0 27.2 | 27,5 27.0 26.6 27.6 26.2) 26.4 26.4 26.8 26.7 25.9 26.0 25.8 25.4 > ee ere ee 27.0 | 27.4 27.2 26.9 27.3 27.4 | 27.3 26.5 26.7 27.0 26.1 | 26.8 27.0 27.1 27.2 26.8 26.5 26.6 26.1 >. 4 eee 27.5 | 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.3 27.5 | 27.0 27.3 26.5 27.0 26.0 | 26.6 27.0 27.1 27.1 28.3 27.3 27.0 26.8 >a 0 a aes 27.2 | 26.8 26.8 27.0 27.1 27.0 | 27.5 27.6 27.0 26.9 26.3 | 26.5 26.7 26.9 26.7 27.8 27.5 27.4 27.7 AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- 26.6 25.8 26.8 26.6 26.9 | 26.8 26.9 27.2 27.1 26.4 | 26.5 26.8 26.7 26.7 26.8] 27.4 27.5 27.4 27.7 27.6 26.7 26.8 27.0 26.6 26.8 | 26.9 27.5 27.0 26.7 26.2] 26.2 26.8 27.2 27.2 27.6 | 27.9 26.9 26.1 27.9 28.0 97.0 27.2 27.0 26.7 26.5 | 26.6 26.8 27.1 27.4 26.4 | 26.4 27.2 27.3 27.5 27.4 | 27.8 28.1 28.4 28.0 28.3 27.8 27.0 27.0 27.0 27.0} 27.1 26.9 26.8 27.1 26.9] 27.0 27.3 27.4 27.6 27.9 | 28.0 283 28.3 281 285 27.7 27.7 27.4 26.7 26.6 | 27.3 27.6 27.3 27.0 27.2] 27.1 27.8 27.4 27.6 27.4) 27.1 27.5 27.4 28.1 28.0 26.8 27.1 27.2 26.4 26.7 | 27.1 28.0 27.7 26.8 26.7 | 26.6 27.0 27.0 26.9 27.1 | 27.0 26.7 26.7 27.3 26.2 26.7 27.0 26.1 26.2 27.0] 27.1 26.8 26.8 26.4 26.1 | 26.2 26.1 25.8 25.8 26.1] 25.6 24.8 24.8 24.9 24.9 27.8 27.0 27.3 27.5 26.7 | 26.6 26.8 26.7 27.0 26.1] 25.9 25.7 26.1 25.6 25.4 | 24.8 249 24.9 24.7 24.5 | 26.8 27.0 26.1 26.7 27.0 | 26.6 26.7 26.5 26.7 26.1) 25.9 25.8 26.1 26.0, 26.0) 25.9 25.9 25.1 25.2 25.3 | 96.9 26.8 27.0 26.7 26.8) 27.5 26.1 26.6 26.5 26.4] 26.4 26.9 26.7 26.4 26.3] 26.3 26.5 26.7 26.4 26.0 27.8 27.1 27.0 27.4 27.4 | 27.5 27.4 27.3 27.1 26.2] 26.5 26.8 26.9 26.6 26.4 26.9 27.2 26.7 26.7 27.1 26.9 27.2 27.0 27.1 27.2 | 27.4 27.5 27.9 27.4 26.4 | 26.5 26.7 26.7 26.6 26.5 | 27.9 26.7 27.2 27.2 26.9 * Intermediate values, which were introduced to determine upwelling. They were TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN of the Atlantic Ocean for two-degree fields—Continued DEGREE ZONE: 11° N. LAT. 30 20° 10° o° 10° 20° E. Long. 30° | Tm 25.5 25.4 25.1 24.9 24.7] 25.0 24.5 24.0 25.0 25.4] 24.1 23.2 25.4 25.0 24.8 24.7 24.6 24.5] 24.5 23.9 23.3 23.9 24.8] 228 23.6 5.1 25.0 24.7 24.6 24.6 24.9] 24.4 23.6 23.7 23.5 23.4] 23.7 20.7 51 25.1 24.6 24.8 24.9 24.9] 24.8 24.2 23.9 24.0 23.8] 25.5 25.7 25.6 25.2 25.3 25.1 24.9 25.3| 25.3 24.5 24.3 24.3 24.4] 25.5 25.7 26.0 26.4 25.7 26.1 25.2 25.5] 25.8 25.2 25.1 25.8 26.7] 26.6 27.1 27.4 26.6 27.3 26.5 26.9 26.5 26.7] 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.5 26.4] 26.7 26.7 26.9 26.7 25.9 27.1 26.4 26.6 25.5] 26.4 26.5 26.2 26.3 26.5| 26.2 26.1 26.9 26.7 26.7 26.6 26.9 27.7 27.8] 27.4 26.9 26.7 26.9 26.7| 26.7 26.5 26.2 27.2 27.1 27.2 27.3° 27.6 27.3| 26.6 26.9 27.1 27.3 27.4] 27.8 27.0 26.4 27.4 27.0 26.% 26.3 27.7 26.9| 26.6 26.5 26.6 26.7 27.6| 27.1 27.2 26.8 27.2 25.8 25.5 25.5 25.7 25.3] 26.0 25.7 25.7 26.9 25.3| 26.5 26.4 26.5 26. 4 DEGREE ZONE: 9° N. LAT. 2542515526169 25.7) 25,6))|| 2508) 25.8, 95d. 20078 25.9)||| 926.2256) 268he716 | Wei | ee 25.9 26.0 26.2 25.3 25.1 25.4] 25.0 24.8 24.8 25.6 26.7] 24.5 25.5 26.1 26.7 25.3 24.8 25.5 25.2 26.3 | 25.1 24.8 24.7 25.0 25.0] 24.4 24.4 25.3 25.5 26.3 25.7 25.3 25.4 25.6] 25.4 25.1 25.2 25.1 25.4 | 25.1 25.6 27.2 26.0 25.8 25.8 26.3 25.8 25.8| 25.9 25.6 25.5 25.4 25.6| 26.7 26.8 27.3 26. 4 27.0 27.5 26.4 26.7 26.0] . 25.9 26.2 26.3 26.8 26.9] 27.1 27.4 27.1 26.6 26.8 27.1 27.2 27.4 26.8 26.5] 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 26.3] 26.3 26.4 26.3 26.3 6.9 26.7 26.7 27.1 27.0 26.6] 26.4 26.4 26.2 26.3 26.3| 25.9 25.8 25.9 26.6 26.8 27.5 27.4 27.6 26.7 27.6) 26.8 26.8 26.9 26.8 27.0| 26.8 26.4 261 26.0 27.2 28.0 27.5 27.2 27.0 27.3] 27.2 27.1 26.9 27.4 27.6| 28.1 27.2 26.7 26.5 27.5 DN OMM 2M 27h en 201 9027) 0) |e 2eaT et 26.8) 12009) 27.8, 27:1 21 6 27.00 2764) 2712) | |enee 2 cee eee nee |O ee 27.4 27.0 26.5 26.6 25.9 26.1] 25.8 26.3 26.5 26.8 26.8] 27.3 27.3 280 27.7 = |.--------- eee ee ee ee 26.8 DEGREE ZONE: 7° N. LAT. 25.4 25.9 26.2 25.7 26.0] 25.9 25.7 26.2 26.8 26.6) 27.3 27.2 27.4 27.8 27.5 26.4 26.3 26,1 26.7 25.2 26.0) 25.7 25.6 25.8 26.1 27.1] 26.8 27.1 27.7 27.4 26.3 26.8 25.3 25.1 25.8 26.0] 25.9 25.9 26.2 26.1 26.1] 26.3 26.8 26.8 27.8 27.8 26.3 > 27.1 26.4 26.2 26.0 26.1] 26.2 26.2 265 26.5 26.7] 27.6 27.1 28.0 28.4 26.7 | 26.8 26.5 26.4 26.7 26.4] 26.4 26.5 26.5 26.6 27.2] 27.9 28.0 27.8 27.6 26.9 97.0 27.0 27.0 26.7 26.9] 26.4 26.6 27.0 27.1 27.3] 27.0 27.6 27.3 27.2 27.1 26.9 27.5 27.2 27.1 26.7 26.8| 26.4 26.4 26.5 26.5 26.3] 26.2 26.1 26.0 26.2 25.7 26.8 27.8 27.6 27.5 27.1 26.8] 26.5 26.2 26.4 26.4 26.2] 26.1 25.7 25.6 25.8 26.0 26.9 27.9 27.8 27.8 27.5 27.4] 26.7 26.6 26.9 26.9 26.7] 26.0 26.3 25.9 25.7 25.3 27.1 27.7 28.0 27.3 27.5 27.5| 27.0 27.1 27.3 27.3 27.1] 27.0 27.8 26.9 25.9 26.5 27.3 8.0 27.8 27.2 27.0 27.0| 26.7 26.9 27.1 27.3 27.7| 27.6 28.2 27.6 27.2 26.8 27.4 28.0 27.2 26.1 25.5 26.3] 26.2 26.4 26.9 27.0 27.0| 27.5 27.7 27.8 28.1 27.8 27.0 DEGREE ZONE: 5° N. LAT. 27.6 27.8 27.8 27.8 26.7] 27.5 28.0 27.0 27.2 26.7 26.7 27.2| 27.8 27.8 28.3 26.9 28.0 27.2 28.1 281 27.8] 28.0 28.3 28.4 28.0 27.3 28.0 28.2 27.8 27.7 27.5 28.0 07.4 27.7 27.7 28.3 28.3 28.5| 27.9 28.3 28.6 27.6 26.2 26.9 26.8 26.3 26.4| 25.9 *25.8 25.0 26.8 25.4 25.3 24.8 24.4 24.9] 25.6 24.7 26.1 25.2 *25.1 24.2 24.0 23.8 | 24.0 25.0 23.0 25.8 25.2 *24.3 23.1 23.2 22.1 | 23.1 24.9 25.2 25.3 25.5 25.6 26.0 24.7 24.1 24.6 25.1] 25.0 25.8 26.0 25.7 26.2 26.3 26.8 *26.2 26.4 26.5 26.0} 26.4 27.1 27.1 26.9 26.8 26.9 27.5) 27.2%27.2 27:2 27.2'| 27.2 7.1 DEGREE ZONE: 3° N. LAT. NOME (ame? Th 201 2TH Dae 2018) | MMR OONO MED 7a Sue 7099728;0) | ley Mee sees Jee apes ee ee a eee ene eee ee 27.1 DTMOMO TAM IStO# 28: 2b 2748!) WATS moses MOnss OR: S 27. Shlen stk ie ee ee 27-3 28.3 28.3 28.5 28.2 28.3] 28.3 28.3 28.6 28.5 27.6 28.1 28.4 28.5 27.8 27.9 28.0 27.6 28.1 27.6 281 28.3 28.5] 28.2 28.2 28.1 28.5 27.6 25.9 26.7 26.9 27.2 27.1] 27.4 27.0 26.9 25.5 26.9 24.6 24.6 24.3 25.2 25.5 28.0 28.0 26.0 23.3 24.5 24.8 24.5 25.0| 25.0 25.6 23.9 24.6 25.1 25.6 24.9 24.9 24.8 24.7 24.5) 24.8 25.0 24.7 25,1 25.4 25.7 25.8 25.5 25.4 25.0 25.6) 26.0 26.0 26.0 25.3 26.4 26.3 26.3 26.4 26.2 26.2 26.6] 26.8 26.5 26.3 26.9 26.5 26.8 27.1 27.2 97.4 27.3 27.7 | 98.0 27.9 27.1 28.2 27.7 27.2 accounted for in the means although they were not included in this table. 36 TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN Standard values of the surface temperatures AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- Month 70° W. Long. 60° 50° 40° 30° 20° 26.7 26.6 26.5 26.3 26.7 | 27.2 27.1 26.8 27.2 26.2] 26.5 26.8 26.3 26.3 26.5 | 26.8 27.0 27.4 27.1 27.0 26.8 26.4 27.0 26.9 27.5 | 27.0 27.1 27.1 26.9 26.3 | 26.5 26.5 27.0 27.3 27.4 | 27.6 26.7 25.3 26.2 27.4 28.2 29.0 29.0 27.4 27.1 | 26.7 26.9 27.1, 27.1 26.7 | 26.7 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.3 | 28.5 27.5 26.8 27.9 27.9 27.8 27.4 27.0 27.7 27.3 | 27.1 27.7 26.9 27.1 27.1 | 27:2 27.3 27.5 27.6 27.7 | 28.2 28.6 281 283 27.6 27.8 27.6 27.7 282 27.8 | 27.2 27.0 27.5 27.6 27.0 | 27:1 27.1 27.1 27.1 27.3 | 27.1 27.1 27.5 27.0 27.2 28.0 27.4 26.9 27.5 27.3 | 26.7 26.8 27.3 26.4 26.3 | 26.3 26.5 26.7 26.0 25.7 | 26.8 25.5 24.8 22.9 25.7 28.0 26.7 26.1 26.0 25.7 | 26.0 26.4 27.1 26.1 25.7 | 26.1 25.6 25.2 25.0 25.0 | 24.8 25.3 23.2 220 23.3 28.0 28.3 26.0 26.6 26.3 | 26.6 25.8 26.2 26.5 25.5 | 25.4 25.3 25.0 245 24.3 | 240 23.7 24.1 23.3 24.2 27.0 26.7 26.8 26.3 26.2) 26.5 25.9 26.1 26.8 25.4 | 25.4 25.3 25.4 25.2 25.3 | 25.0 24.7 246 23.8 240 27.1 26.5 26.6 26.6 26.4 | 26.6 26.9 26.7 25.8 25.7 | 26.0 26.3 25.8 25.8 25.6 | 25.5 25.9 27.0 25.7 25.3 289 28.9 27.1 26.7 26.8} 27.1 27.1 26.4 25.9 25.9 | 26.1 26.3 26.2 25.8 25.9 | 25.6 25.6 25.0 25.6 25.6 27.8 26.1 26.7 27.1 27.0} 27.0 26.9 27.9 27.5 26.0 | 26.4 25.6 26.4 26.2 25.9 | 26.5 27.0 260 261. 26.7 1 Intermediate values, which were introduced to determine upyalig: They were accounted for in the means, although they were not included in this table. AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- 27.3 27.2 27.0 25.9] 26.3 26.4 26.7 26.8 26.3 | 26.6 26.2 26.1 26.0 25.9] 26.3 26.3 26.7 26.5 26.4 27.3 27.1 27.1} 27.4 26.9 26.8 27.0 26.6] 26.3 26.4 27.0 27.0 27.0 | 26.9 27.8 25.1 25.0 26.2 27.5 27.4 28.2 | 27.4 27.2 27.7 27.3 26.7 | 27.3 27.2 27.2 27.3 27.3) 27.5 27.7 26.5 26.1 26.8 28.0 27.2 27.1 | 27.6 27.1 27.7 27.5 27.2 | 27.5 27.4 27.6 27.5 27.6 | 27.3 27.0 26.9 27.8. 27.8 27.6 27.4 27.7 | 27.9 28.0 27.6 27.3 27.0} 26.9 26.9 27.0 26.6 26.9] 26.2 26.3 26.6 26.4 26.3 28.0 27.7 27.3 | 27.1 26.9 26.3 26.3 26.1 | 26.2 26.2 26.1 25.5 25.4 | 25.0 25.9 24.5 24.2 24.1 27.7 27.6 26.3 25.2] 25.3 26.2 25.7 25.9 25.7] 25.3 24.9 24.8 24.2 24.5] 24.1 23.7 21.4 22.0 21.5 27.9 26.7 26.3 26.0 | 26.2 25.7 25.9 25.3 25.3] 25.2 24.4 24.4 24.2 23.9) 23.5 23.0 24.2 22.2 22.3 26.7 26.0 26.2] 25.7 25.8 25.4 25.4 25.2] 25.3 24.9 24.8 24.8 24.5 | 24.5 24.2 23.6 22.3 23.3 27.5 26.8 26.3 | 26.4 26.0 26.1 25.8 25.5] 25.6 25.4 25.5 25.1 25.3] 25.1 24.9 24.9 21.4 24.4 27.9 24.7 26.9 26.5] 26.0 25.9 26.7 26.3 25.7 | 25.9 26.0 25.7 26.1 25.2] 25.6 25.3 25.3 25.2 24.9 27.2 26.8 26.3 | 26.7 26.8 26.6 26.6 26.1] 26.2 25.8 26.1 25.8 25.7 | 25.7 26.3 26.0 25.9 25.7 AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- 27.2 26.9 26.5 26.3 26.3] 26.4 26.3 26.7 26.3 26.0 | 25.9 26.5 26.2 26.0 25.9 | 24.9 25.9 27.0 27.3 27.2 26.6 26.9 | 26.8 26.9 26.4 26.9 27.1] 26.8 27.0 27.5 26.7 26.5 | 26.6 26.7 27.2 27.4 27.1 27.0 | 27.5 27.3 27.5 27.4 27.3 | 27.4 27.7 27.8 27.8 27.5 | 27.4 27.7 27,1 27.6 27.9 27.3 27.2 | 27.7 27.6 27.6 27.6 27.6 | 27.5 27.2 27.5 28.1 27.6 | 28.4 27.9 27.4 27.6 27.8 27.0 27.1 | 27.2 27.1 27.2 27.0 26.8 | 27.0 26.6 26.1 26.3 26.2 | 25.8 26.3 26.6 26.9 26.9 26.3 26.3 | 26.4 26.5 26.2 26.2 26.0 | 25.7 25.6 24.7 24.8 24.9 | 24.5 24.8 25.5 25.8 25.8 25.9 | 25.3 25.3 25.0 24.4 24.6 | 24.8 24.7 25.1 23.0 23.9 | 22.4 22.5 26.2 25.9 25.9 25.4 25.2] 25.4 24.7 24.7 24.4 23.9 | 23.9 23.6 23.2 23.1 22.1 | 23.8 22.7 25.1 25.7 25.9 25.3 25.2] 25.3 25.1 24.8 24.7 24.4) 24.3 24.1 23.6 23.3 22.5 | 22.5 23.0 i 26.0 25.6 26.1 25.6 25.8 | 25.5 25.4 25.3 25.4 25.0 | 24.8 24.5 24.3 24.1 24.1 | 24.8 23.9 >. ee | ee es eee ee 26.4 26.0 25.8 25.8 25.8 | 26.0 26.0 25.6 26.4 25.8 | 24.9 24.8 24.9 24.6 24.2 | 24.8 24.8 PXeD [eet tame oe | oe ean eee eee eee 26.3 26.1 25.9 26.0 | 26.1 26.1 26.1 26.3 25.3 | 29.4 25.3 25.7 25.4 25.2 | 25.1 24.8 AVERAGE WIDTH ) er ee 26.9 26.6 26.5 | 26.2 26.1 26.3 26.1 26.3] 25.7 25.6 26.4 25.6 25.4] 25.2 26.0 25.5 25.0 25.2 27.1 27.1 26.8 26.6 | 26.7 26.8 26.9 26.9 26.4] 26.8 26.6 26.9 26.6 26.2] 26.2 26.1 26.8 26.5 27.2 27.2 27.1 27.2 | 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.9 27.0] 27.2 27.1 27.3 27.0 27.0] 26.9 27.0 27.2° 27.1 26.8 27.1 27.4 27.3 27.5 | 27.5 27.6 27.5 27.7 27.7 | 27.5 27.4 27.1 28.2 28.1] 27.6 27.6 27.4° 26.7 27.1 27.4 27.1 27.1 | 27.4 27.2 27.2 27.0 27.1 | 26.8 26.9 26.7 26.0 25.7 | 25.4 25.9 25.9 25.2 25.5 26.4 26.4 26.5 | 26.9 26.7 26.5 25.7 26.7] 26.4 26.3 26.1 26.0 25.1 | 25.7 25.4' 24.9 24.2 23.9 26.0 25.9 25.9] 25.7 25.8 25.3 25.3 25.2] 25.0 25.2 25.1 24.9 25.1] 24.5 22.2) 23.6 23.3 23.5 25.4 25.4 25.4] 25.3 25.1 24.9 24.7 24.2] 24.4 24.3 23.7 23.6 21.3 | 22.7 23.1 22.7°22.1 22.4 25.4 25.4 25.4] 25.4 25.0 24.7) 24.5 23.9] 24.4 24.1 23.4 23.5 23.4) 22.7 22.9 22.8 22.5 22.1 25.7 25.6 25.7 | 25.5 25.2 25.1 25.0 24.6] 24.6 24.2 23.9 24.2 24.0 | 24.3 24.1 23.5 °23.3 23.3 26.0 25.7 25.8) 25.9 25.9 25.5 26.1 25.0] 24.8 24.5 24.3 24.1 23.6) 23.9 24.5 23.8 28.4 24.5 2 26.7 26.0 26.2 | 26.0 26.0 26.2 26.1 24.8] 25.2 25.2 25.2 25.0 24.9] 24.6 24.4 24.5 24.1 24.2 AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO 26.8 265 26.3] 265 26.0 26.3 26.0 25.8 | 25.9 25.4 25.0 25.4 24.3 | 24.0 24.3 24.7 249 24.4 27.1 26.7 26.9 | 26.8 26.1 26.9 26.9 26.5] 26.1 26.4 26.2 26.5 26.0 | 25.6 26.1 25.8 26.7 26.2 27.2 27.2 27.4 | 27.4 27.4 27.6 27.1 26.9] 263 26.8 26.7 26.8 26.6) 26.8 26.5 26.9 26.9 26.0 97.2 27.3 27.5 | 27.5 27.3 27.5 27.4 27.5 | 27.7 27.3 27.0 26.8 27.0 | 27.6 26.8 27.3 26.5 26.0 27.0 27.0 27.3 | 27.3 27.4 27.0 27.1 27.5 | 26.9 26.7 26.5 26.1 26.0 | 25.7 25.9 25.9 25.7 24.8 26.3 26.4 26.7 | 26.9 268 26.5 26.4 26.2] 26.5 26.3 26.0 25.6 26.2 | 25.7 25.4 25.3 25.0 240 25.5 25.8 25.7 | 26.0 26.2 26.2 25.5 24.9] 24.9 25.4 25.0 24.4 24.1 | 23.8 23.3 24.0 23.4 22.8 25.4 25.4 25.4 | 25.1 25.1 24,7 24.8 24.4 | 24.5 24,2 24.0 23.5 23.3 | 21.8 22.8 22.7 22.6 21.9 25.8 25.3 25.5 | 25.2 24.8 24.8 24.2 23.1 | 24.4 24.0 23.9 23.3 23.0 | 22.9 22.8 22.9 22.4 22.1 25.7 25.6 25.6 | 25.4 25.3 25.0 24.5 24.4 | 24.5 24.1 23.8 23.1 23.0 | 23.1 23.2 23.2 22.8 22.2 25.9 25.9 25.9 | 26.0 25.5 24.6 25.3 25.1 | 24.6 24.3 23.9 24.2 23.0 | 23.0 23.1 23.6 23.0 22.1 26.4 26.2 26.3 | 26.1 26.0 25.8 25.8 25.3 | 24.8 24.5 24.6 24.5 24.3 | 24.0 24.3 23.4 23.8 23.7 * Intermediate values, which were introduced to determine upwelling. They were TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN of the Atlantic Ocean for two-degree fields—Continued DEGREE ZONE: 1° N. LAT. 37 20° 10° o° 10° 20° E. Long. 30° | ‘Tm 26.8 27.1 27.2 27.0 26.8] 280 27.3 27.1 27.6 26.9 27.8 27.9 27.5 27.7 27.0] 28.0 280 27.2 28.0 27.0 28.0 27.9 28.0 281 28.5 | 287 283 27.9 29.0 27.9 27.8 28.1 27.9 28.1 27.9 27.8] 28.0 27.4 28.0 28.0 27.7 97.5 27.3 27.7 27.7 28.0] 27.5 27.7 280 281 27.8 27.5 24.6 24.3 24.6 25.8 24.7 | 26.2 26.6 26.9 25.8 25.5 26.1 21.6 23.5 24.6 23.8 23.4] 24.5 24.8 24.6 26.0 26.0 25.1 23.1 22.1 22.9 23.3 25.0| 24.4 23.5 25.0 25.3 25.0 25.0 23.8 24.1 24.2 24.4 245] 24.6 24.9 25.0 24.0 241 25. 2 24.5 24.6 25.3 25.3 25.5 | 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.9 25.5 25.4 25.9 25.8 25.9] 26.3 26.9 26.3 26.0 26.0 26.3 26.7 26.9 26.8 26.8 26.8] 26.6 27.4 27.8 27.6 27.0 26.8 DEGREE ZONE: 1° 8. LAT. 26.5 25.9 26.3 26.8 26.7] 26.6 26.6 26.3 26.9 26.8 26.5 27.3 26.5 27.8 27.1 27.2| 27.4 27.2 27.8 27.6 28.1 26.9 27.4 27.7 28.3 27.7 27.9] 28.0 28.2 27.8 27.5 27.3 27.6 27.8 27.5 27.1 27.4 27.4| 27.6 27.6 27.5 28.0 27.6 26.3 26.9 26.7 26.5 26.0] 26.6 26.7 26.5 26.9 26.9 24.3 23.7 23.9 24.4 244 | 24.4 24.8 24.5 24.5 22.5 25.4 21.9 21.2 23.7 25.6 241) 22.9 22.2 21.3 23.0 24.2 22.7 22.2 21.8 21.5 21.9] 23.5 23.5 23.0 25.3 24.2 22.9 22.6 22.6 23.3 23.5| 23.8 23.9 24.4 23.7 . 24.5 24.3 23.7 24.1 24.7 25.0] 24.9 25.4 25.6 25.9 26.0]. 25.3 24,8 24.7 25.2 25.4 25.5] 25.7 25.3 25.3 26.2 25.2]. 25.7 24.5 25.9 26.1 26.5 26.3] 26.3 26.6 26.0 26.9 26.8 26.2 DEGREE ZONE: 3°S. LAT. 26.8 26.4 26.4 27.2 27.5 26.9 27.5 27.2 27.6 27.6 27.8 27.6 26.0 26.1 26.9 23.5 23.2 25.2 21.3 21.6 23.9 21.1 21.4 22.0 22.0 24.9 23.8 23.2 23.2 23.2 23.4 23.4 24.0 4.5 24.6 24.5 24.6 25.3 25.0 iil GES Tes eS OT EPP ap a pene A Sar Ore | PPO ye ere pI Ue Rf a Nar en Pe ee eee ee 25.3 DoMSMCOM ON COR 20.2 ARTO) MMM We Aten ee et eee ee ee eee 25.6 DEGREE ZONE: 5° §, LAT. 25.3 26.0 26.4 26.8 27.1] 26.4 25.3 26.0 | 27.2 27.5 27.2 27.1 27.0] 26.9 26.2 26.8 27.5 27.5 27.8 28.1 28.0] 27.5 27.3 27.8 27.5 27.0 27.8 27.6| 27.6 27.5 25.6 26.2 26.6 269 26.1] 26.1 26.5 DONTAMeS Huge Om o4NO O38 lee oor aa 22 Gi WN || | (Peaieesac eo ee eee | ee 25.2 23.5 22.9 23.3 22.9 22.5] 21.0 20.6 24.2 21.2 20.2 21.2 21.3 22.0] 21.5 20.4 FAD: 21.6 22.7 23.1 23.2 22.9] 22.7 23.7 24.5 24.7 24.8 24.7 24.9] 25.2 24.6 24.6 25.0 24.4 25.2 25.6] 25.7 24.9 24.7 25.1 26.2 26.3 26.5] 25.5 24.8 25.4 DEGREE ZONE: 7° S. LAT. 2 25.0 26.0 25.5 25.5 25.6] 26.0 24.8 25.6 26.4 27.1 27.2 27.2 27.1] 27.0 27.2 26.6 27.1 27.0 26.9 27.9 28.2] 27.7 26.7 27.1 26.8 26.9 26.4 26.9 27.7] 27.8 27.1 27.1 24.5 25.1 25.9 26.1 25.6] 25.0 25.7 26.3 23 Gm 227 322) 80623." (25.11 || 23.40 92.1 25.2 23,4 23,5 22.9 22.2 22.8} 21.6 21.7 24,2 22.0 20.9 20.6 20.5 20.7] 19.9 20.8 23,2 21.2 21.5 2.6 21.7 22.6] 22.4 23.2 23.4 22,0 23.7 23.2 22.9 24.1] 25.0 25.7 24.0 23.6 24.1 24.2 244 25.3] 26.0 26.1 24.5 23.8 24.0 24.9 25.5 261] 26.1 25.3 25.0 accounted for in the means although they were not included in this table. 38 TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN Standard values of the surface temperatures AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO Month 70° W. Long. 60° 50° 40° 30° 20° 26.6 26.8 26.4 | 26.1 26.1 26.5 25.8 26.3 | 25.7 25.2 24.7 24.4 24.7 | 24.6 24.7 24.5 24.7 24.5 26.9 26.9 27.0 | 26.7 26.9 26.3 26.5 26.3] 26.1 25.5 25.6 25.5 25.7 | 26.1 24.9 25.1 24.9 25.1 27.1 27.2 27.4 | 27.3 27.3 27.3 26.9 27.2] 26.8 26.3 26.2 26.1 26.3} 26.1 26.0 25.5 26.2 26.6 27.1 27.6 27.4 | 27.3 27.0 27.1 26.8 26.9 | 26.9 27.0 26.6 26.4 26.2] 26.2 25.8 25.9 26.0 26.2 26.8 27.0 27.3] 27.0 27.2 26.8 27.0 26.8] 26.9 26.3 25.3 26.0 25.8 | 25.2 24.7 26.1 25.2 24.4 25.9 26.4 26.8] 26.6 26.4 26.6 26.7 26.8] 25.5 25.9 26.8 25.3 25.0] 25.6 25.1 24.3 24.1 24.1 25.3 25.7 25.8 | 25.8 26.1 25.2 25.3 25.9] 25.2 24.6 24.8 24.4 24.2] 23.1 22.3 24.6 23.0 23.1 25.0 25.5 25.2] 25.0 25.0 24.8 25.2 24.5] 24.6 24.5 23.8 23.6 23.1 | 22.3 21.8 22.3 22.3 21.8 25.1 25.4 25.3 | 25.0 24.8 24.4 23.3 23.6 | 24.3 24.3 23.3 23.1 22.7 | 22.4 22.2 22.3 22.1 21.8 25.9 25.8 25.6 | 25.4 25.2 24.9 24.7 24.5] 23.7 23.5 23.7 23.2 22.5] 21.9 21.9 22.3 22.2 21.7 25.8 26.0 25.9] 26.0 24.9 24.4 25.1 24.8] 24.4 24.0 23.6 23.5 23.8 | 22.3 22.0 24.0 22.4 21.8 26.2 26.5 26.4 | 26.2 25.9 25.3 24.9 24.9] 25.0 24.5 23.8 23.8 23.4 | 23.4 23.5 22.8 23.0 23.6 AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- ——>— De ee ee eee 27.0 26.5 26.7 26.2 | 25.8 25.6 25.1 25.7 25.3 | 25.4 24.9 24.4 24.1 23.8 | 24.1 23.5 23.3 24.1 23.2 Ae ee ae | eee nee renner emcees 27.3 26.8 27.0 26.8 | 26.7 26.1 26.7 26.2 26.2 | 26.1 25.8 25.0 25.2 25.0 | 24.6 24.4 24.5 24.5 24.5 27.3 27.0 27.3 27.1 | 27.2 27.1 25.2 26.9 26.6 | 26.2 26.6 26.1 25.6 25.6 | 25.5 25.5 25.4 25.0 25.5 27.0 27.1 27.3 27.2] 27.0 26.9 26.8 26.6 26.4 | 25.9 26.5 26.3 26.0 25.7 | 25.2 25.3 25.3 26.2 25.3 26.9 26.5 26.8 26.9] 26.9 26.9 26.8 26.7 26.3 | 25.9 25.6 25.6 25.4 25.0 | 24.6 24.5 24.2 24.3 23.9 25.6 25.8 26.6 26.5 | 26.2 26.1 25.7 25.4 26.4 | 26.1 26.0 24.8 24.8 24.3 | 24.1 24.5 23.1 23.1 23.4 25.0 25.1 25.3 25.7 | 25.7 25.6 24.7 24.1 24.4] 25.0 25.1 24.1 23.9 23.3 | 22.8 22.7 22.0 22.9 22.1 24.6 24.9 25.6 24.8] 24.8 24.6 24.5 25.6 24.3 | 23.7 23.4 21.5 23.0 22.6 | 22.3 21.4 21.2 21.3 21.3 24.8 24.9 25.0 25.0 | 24.6 24.6 24.2 23.6 23.3 | 23.0 23.9 23.3 22.8 22.3 | 22.0 21.2 21.9 21.5 21.1 25.9 25.4 25.7 25.4] 25.4 24.9 24.2 24.3 24.8 | 24.6 24.1 22.7 22.6 22.4 | 21.7 21.1 21.2 21.5 21.0 25.7 25.7 25.9 25.8 | 25.9 24.8 24.3. 24.8 24.5 | 24.1 23.5 22.9 22.7 22.6 | 22.2 21.5 21.3 22.5 21.4 25.7 26.2 26.5 26.4 | 26.9 25.2 24.8 24.4 24.3 | 24.8 24.1 23.9 23.1 23.0 | 22.8 22.7 22.6 22.2 22.3 AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- | oe le ea Pa a etree 29.0 26.5 26.5 26.6 26.2] 25.9 24.9 25.4 24.5 24.1] 24.5 24.4 24.1 24.0 23.4 | 23.0 22.8 22.9 22.7 23.0 Ve noses ae nese n has | --ecerec--hoeenerecaoneen as 26.4 26.9 26.7 27.2 26.8] 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.1 26.3 | 25.4 25.6 25.4 24.6 24.8 | 24.5 23.9 23.9 24.0 23.7 27.1 26.9 27.1 27.2 26.9] 26.9 27.3 25.5 25.5 25.8] 26.2 25.9 26.0 259 250] 250 24.8 25.4 24.7 24.7 27.1 27.0 27.0 27.3 26.9 | 26.6 26.5 26.4 26.2 25.7 | 25.8 25.7 26.1 25.6 25.2] 24.9 24.5 24.6 244 24.6 26.4 26.4 26.4 26.4 26.7 | 26.3 26.3 26.4 26.7 25.5 | 25.4 25.1 24.4 24.6 24.4 | 24.1 23.7 23.8 23.2 23.1 25.2 25.6 25.7 26.1 25.8] 25.6 25.7 25.2 24.5 24.3 | 23.9 25.7 25.1 24.0 23.7] 23.2 20.9 21.9 22.7 22.0 24.5 24.8 24.9 25.0 25.3] 25.0 25.4 24.0 23.8 23.1] 22.9 23.7 23.6 23.1 22.8) 22.2 22.0 20.9 21.3 22.1 24.3 24.6 24.6 24.5 24.4] 24.0 24.0 24.3 23.6 24.3] 22.1 22.4 21.9 22.3 22.3] 21.3 20.9 20.4 20.1 20.2 4.5 24.7 94.7 24.7 24.6] 24.3 24.0 23.8 22.3 22.9] 22.5 21.4 20.9 22.5 21.9] 21.3 21.0 20.6 20.2 20.2 25.0 25.3 25.2 25.4 25.3 | 25.0 24.5 23.8 23.6 22.9 | 22.4 23.4 23.5 22.5 21.2] 21.1 20.5 20.0 20.0 20.0 25.4 25.6 25.7 25.8 25.8] 25.8 25.0 24.2 24.0 23.1] 23.1 23.2 23.3 21.9 21.7 | 21.4 21.0 20.7 20.7 21.2 25.9 26.0 26.2 26.5 26.2| 26.0 25.4 24.7 24.1 23.9] 23.7 23,1 24.0 23.1 22.2] 21.9 21.6 21.8 22.1 21.9 AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWo- 26.6 26.5 26.6 26.5 26.2 | 25.7 25.0 25.2 24.7 24.1] 23.6 23.6 23.3 23.5 23.5 | 23.0 22.6 22.5 22.6 22.7 26.7 26.7 26.9 27.0 26.5 | 26.0 26.2 26.0 25.5 25.0] 25.2 25.2 24.7 25.1 24.8 | 24.3 23.8 23.5 23.3 23.5 26.8 26.9 27.3 27.2 26.9 | 27.0 26.6 25.0 25.7 25.6 | 25.5 25.3 25.0 25.2 26.3 | 24.8 24.4 24.1 24.3 23.2 26.7 26.7 27.4 27.2 26.6 | 26.5 26.6 26.2 25.8 25.5 | 25.1 24.5 25.0 24.6 24.7 | 24.4 24.1 23.8 23.8 24.3 26.2 26.2. 26.4 26.3 26.2 | 25.8 26.1 25.9 26.1 25.7 | 25.4 24.9 24.2 23.9 23.8 | 23.7 23.2 22.7 23.4 22.7 25.3 25.6 25.5 25.6 | 25.4 25.1 24.7 24.1 23.7 | 23.4 23.0 22.0 25.0 24.5 | 22.3 22.5 22.1 22.0 22.1 24.6 24.6 24.7 24.7 24.8 | 24.4 24.5 24.3 22.8 22.2] 22.5 22.0 22.1 21.5 21.0} 21.6 21.4 21.1 20.2 20.4 24.1 24.3 24.1 24.1 23.9 | 23.5 23.5 23.2 22.7 22.1 | 22.1 21.1 21.0 20.9 21.5 | 21.0 20.7 20.5 19.4 18.4 22.8 23.3 | 21.7 21.9 20.8 20.1 20.9] 20.9 20.2 19.7 19.5 18.8 24.0 22.5 | 22.2 21.8 21.7 22.4 21.5 | 20.7 20.1 19.7 19.2 18.9 23.3 23.2 | 22.9 23.1 22.4 21.5 20.9 | 20.3 20.3 20.1 20.0 21.6 23.9 23.7 | 23.4 23.1 23.1 22.3 21.8] 21.7 21.2 21.1 21.1 20.9 24.3 24.4 24.3 24.4 24.0 | 23.7 23.4 22, 24.9 25.0 25.2 25.0 24.9 | 24.5 24.0 23. 25.5 25.5 25.6 25.5 25.6 | 25.4 25.1 24. 26.2 26.0 26.3 26.3 26.2 | 25.9 25.0 24. Anas AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- ee ees | coe re a a eee eee 25.9 26.1 26.6 26.5 26.0 | 25.0 25.1 25.1 24.8 24.0] 23.5 23.0 22.9 22.8 22.8 | 23.1 22.8 22.2 22.1 22. 3 1D ak peer i he eel ee Sn SR ee aS 26.2 26.5 26.7 27.0 26.6 | 25.8 25.6 26.1 26.3 25.4 | 24.5 25.0 24.5 24.2 24.5 | 24.8 24.0 23.3 22.9 23.1 WW ese seasssee nee | 2-2 ssseccse-ssane~soeancececes 26.6 26.8 27.2 26.9 27.0 | 27.2 26.4 26.3 25.0 25.8 | 25.3 24.9 24.3 24.7 24.3 | 24.4 24.1 23.8 23.6 23.2 26.3 26.5 27.4 26.9 26.5 | 26.5 26.5 26.0 25.4 25.1] 24.4 24.5 24.1 24.1 24.4 | 24.2 23.8 23.3 23.2 23.6 25.9 26.0 26.2 26.0 25.9 | 25.6 25.7 24.8 25.8 24.3] 25.8 24.5 23.7 24.5 23.2 | 23.4 23.1 22.5 22.2 21.9 24.8 25.1 25.4 25.0 24.8 | 25.1 24.9 24.4 24.3 23.4] 23.5 22.7 22.2 22.4 22.9 | 22.4 21.0 21.4 21.4 21.2 24.1 24.1 24.3 24.3 24.4 | 24.2 23.5 24.8 22.2 21.4] 21.2 21.8 21.3 20.9 20.8 | 20.7 20.8 20.9 20.5 19.4 23.8 24.0 23.7 23.6 23.1 | 23.1 23.0 21.9 22.3 22.1] 21.3 21.3 21.5 20.8 20.3 | 20.4 20.1 19.6 19.3 18.6 24.0 24.0 24.1 23.7 23.5 | 23.0 23.2 21.8 22,5 22.2] 21.4 22.1 20,6 20.4 20.1] 19.7 20.0 19.6 19.0 19.1 24.7 24.8 24.4 24.3 24.6 | 24.0 23.1 23.5 23.2 22.7] 21.7 21.5 20.2 20.3 20.7 | 20.4 19.5 19.5 19.2 18.2 24.9 25.2 25.4 24.9 25.3] 24.9 24.9 24.3 23.8 23.1] 22.7 22.2 21.1 20.7 21.0] 20.0 19.9 19.8 19.7 20,1 25.3 25.7 26.1 26.2 25.9 { 25.5 25.2 24.9 23.9 23.6 | 23.3 23.1 22.9 22.6 22.5 | 20.8 20.9 20.8 20.7 21.5 ee ee Oe Se ee eS * Intermediate values, which were introduced to determine upwelling. They were TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN 39 of the Atlantic Ocean for two-degree fields—Continued DEGREE ZONE: 9° 8, LAT. 20° 10° 0° 10° 20° E. Long. 30° | Tm 25.3 25.3 25.0 25.4 26.9 27.4 24.7 25.5 25.4 25.5 26.0 26.2 26.6 26.4 26.2 26.0 26.1 26.2 25.9 26.4 27.2 27.0 26.1 26. 6 25.3 26.0 25.7 25.9 26.5 26.9 28.8 26. 6 23.8 24.0 24.6 25.1 26.1 25.8 27.0 25.9 22.7 23.6 22.6 22.7 22.9 22.8 23.6 25.0 22.5 22.1 21.5 21.4 21.5 21.3 20.0 23.9 21.2 20.9 20.1 19.9 20.1 21.0 19.5 22.9 21.2 19.8 20.0 20.5 21.3 22.1 21.1 22.9 21.4 21.0 21.7 21.7 22.6 23.5 23.0 23.3 21.9 22.6 23.0 23.2 24.7 25.0 23.6 24.0 24.0 24.4 24.9 24.1 25.3 24.9 24.3 24.6 DEGREE ZONE: 11° S. LAT. 22.5 25.0 24.9 26.9 25.2 2s OS 2 0 a | cece ec eee ees | Or een eee re me Ee ee eee | eee ene ee ee ee 25.0 24.4 24.1 24.5 25.0 25.6 26.0 25.9 25.6 25.7 25.6 25.4 25.8 26.4 25.7 26.7 26.1 24.9 24.9 25.1 25.0 25.9 26.2 26.5 26.1 23,9 23.2 24.1 24.6 25.2 25.1 25.0 25.4 22.9 22.1 21.7 22.1 22.4 22.2 21.9 24.4 22.3 21.9 20.9 20.4 20.6 20.6 20.9 23.4 20.9 20.3 19.7 19.2 19.5 20.0 19.7 22.5 20:8 19.6 19.7 19.4 20.6 21.5 22.5 22.6 20.8 20.2 20.0 20.3 21.6 22.7 23.1 23.0 20.9 20.8 21.3 21.6 22.2 23.7 23.3 23.3 22.3 22.4 22.9 23.1 25.2 25.5 24,2 24.5 DEGREE ZONE: 13° S. LAT. 22.6 22.0 23.0 23.3 23.1 23.2 22.2 24.1 24.0 24,2 23.4 23.7 24.5 24.5 25.1 25. 2 24.5 25.1 24.8 25.1 24.0 24.0 25.6 25.7 24.3 24.5 23.6 24.0 25.7 25.0 25.0 25. 6 22.6 22.5 22.7 23.1 23.9 23.2 23.7 24.7 22.3 21.4 21.0 20.8 20.9 20.8 21.1 23.5 20.8 21.2 20.4 19.9 19.0 18.9 19.8 22.7 19.5 19.5 19.2 18.2 18.5 19.3 19.0 21.9 19.7 19.0 18.2 18.0 19.3 21.5 22.8 21.9 LOR On omlOokerk Os te 20s) 20.6 22.6 22.2 20.3 20.5 20.0 20.1 21.2 21.9 23.5 22.8 20.6 21.4 21.4 21.7 22.7 24.0 23.8 23. 5 DEGREE ZONE: 15° S. LAT. 22.3 21.8 21.9 22.2 21.6 22.0 23.8 23.2 23.7 22.7 22.7 22.8 22.1 24.7 24.1 23.6 23.8 24.0 23.4 23.9 25.2 24.5 23.6 22.8 22.3 23.0 22.1 24.9 22.1 21.6 21.7 21.2 22.0 21.9 24,2 20.9 20.8 20.1 19.4 19.8 18: 041 /; Se) Wl lneeecetetceen stone one k Sees Pe een ea ees a Beat seat he oan eet ee eae eenase 22.8 19.9 19.7 20.4 188 17.7 17.6 21.9 18.7 18.3 18.5 16.8 17.1 16.7 21,1 18.7 18.2 17.9 17.0 18.0 18.7 21.2 18.9 18.3 18.1 17.8 18.5 20. 4 21.7 19.4 19.0 19.9 19.1 19.7 20.1 22.3 20.5 20.4 20.3 20.1 20.9 21.7 23.0 DEGREE ZONE: 17° S. LAT. 22.4 21.7 20.9 20.4 19.9 19,2 23. 4 22.4 22.8 22.8 22.1 21.7 20.0 24.5 22.8 23.0 22.8 23.1 22.7 21.3 24.8 24.1 23.0 23.4 20.8 20.8 18.7 24.4 22,1 21.5 21.1 20.0 19.8 19.9 23.7 20.5 20.2 20.4 18.7 17.6 15.5 22.4 19.3 18.7 19.2 17.9 16.9 15.5 21.3 17.8 17.6 17.6 16.4 15.8 16. 2 20.6 18.1 18.0 17.5 16.1 16.1 15.1 20.6 17.7 18.0 17.4 17.0 17.1 15.4 20.9 19.2 18.8 18.4 18.7 17.7 15.7 21.6 20.5 19.5 19.6 19.1 18.9 18.8 22.6 accounted for in the means although they were not included in this table. 40 TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN Month 70° W. Long. 25. 2 24.6 24.3 24.4 22.0 21.2 20.1 19.9 19.9 20. 2 22.1 22.6 23.4 23.0 24.5 23.9 22. 4 21.7 20.8 20.3 20.3 20.4 21.8 23.3 25.8 26.9 26.9 27.0 25.8 24.6 23.7 23.3 23. 2 24.1 24.8 25. 4 26.5 26.9 27.3 27.0 25.8 24.6 23.5 23. 2 23.3 23.9 24.6 25.7 26.5 26.8 26.8 26.7 25.7 24.6 24.0 23.4 22.8 23. 4 24.4 26.1 25.8 25.9 26.9 26.4 25.5 24.8 23.8 22.6 22.7 23.3 24.5 24.9 25. 4 25. 4 26.7 26.3 25.3 24.4 22.9 22.3 23.1 23.1 24. 2 25. 2 24.7 26.5 25. 2 26.0 24.5 24.4 23.3 22.0 22.4 23.4 23.9 25.0 25.1 26.5 24.9 25.4 25.0 24.1 22.0 22.0 22.3 22.8 23.7 23.9 40° 24.1 26.4 26.0 24.9 23.9 23.5 22.2 21.7 22.0 22.5 23.7 23.7 23.6 25.3 24.4 24.4 23.7 23.5 20.3 21.4 21.2 22.1 22.7 23. 2 Standard values of the surface temperatures 23. 4 24.6 24.9 23.6 23.6 23.0 20. 4 21.1 21.4 21.6 22. 2 23.0 23.3 24.1 24.2 23.9 24.5 23.1 21.0 20.7 21.0 21.1 21.9 22.7 AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- 23.3 23.7 23. 2 23.6 23.9 22.0 20.7 20.5 20. 2 20.4 20.1 22.4 30° 22.9 23.8 24.5 23.6 22.5 21.6 20.9 20.8 20.0 19.7 20.1 22.3 22.7 23.5 24.1 22.6 23. 2 22.2 20.0 20.8 19.7 20.5 19.4 22.3 23.4 24.5 24.0 20.9 22.5 21.8 20. 4 19.0 20.7 20.3 19.7 21.8 23.1 23. 2 23.3 22.7 21.4 20.6 20.2 19.3 18.9 19.0 19.3 20.8 20° 21.8 21.6 22.9 22.4 23.2 23.2 22.7 22.5 22.0 21.7 20.7 20.8 20.2 19.9 19.1 18.8 19.0 18.4 19.0 18.8 19.3 19.6 20.6 20.4 AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- 24.3 24.7 25.3 25.0 24.1 23.0 22.3 22.1 22.1 22.4 23.3 23.9 23.7 23.7 24.9 24.3 23.4 22. 4 21.6 21.1 21.2 21.6 22.6 23.2 25.5 25.9) 26.3 25.9 24.9 23.8 23.1 22.9 22.9 23.1 23.9 25.0 25. 6 26.1 26.5 26.0 24.4 23.9 22.8 21.6 22. 2 22.7 23. 6 25.0 26.5 27.0 26.9 27.0 25.3 24.1 23.6 22.5 21.9 23.3 24.6 25.3 26. 2 26.1 26.7 26.4 24.8 23.0 22.9 21.7 21.1 22.7 23.5 24.4 26.3 26.6 27.3 26.7 25. 2 24.0 22.9 22.7 22.5 23.1 23.5 25.0 26.4 26. 4 26.7 26.1 24.4 23. 2 22.5 22.0 21.6 22.9 22.2 24.6 25.9 26. 8 26.8 26.1 25, 2 23.9 23.5 22.5 22.6 22.8 23.4 25.4 25.8 26.9 26.6 25.7 24.3 23.2 22.5 21.4 22.5 22.4 22.9 25.0 25.7 26.5 26.5 26. 2 25.1 23.8 23.3 22. 2 22.3 23. 2 23.6 25.0 25.5 26.2 26, 2 25.8 24.3 23.0 22.4 21.5 21.8 22.3 23.0 24.6 25.3 26.4 26.6 26.4 25.1 23.6 23.3 22.0 22. 2 22.5 23.9 24.6 25.3 27.1 26.5 26.0 24.3 23.0 22.5 21.5 21.7 21.7 23.2 24,4 24.8 26.0 26.4 26.0 25.0 23.9 22. 2 22.1 22.7 23.0 23. 4 24.4 24.7 26.3 25.8 25.3 24,1 23.4 21.8 21.3 21.5 22.2 22.7 24.0 25. 2 26.7 26.0 25. 4 24.4 24.1 22.6 20.0 21.9 22.2 23.4 24, 2 26.1 26.3 25. 6 25.5 24,3 23.0 22.0 21.3 21.7 22.1 22.7 23. 6 25. 2 27.4 25.0 25.3 24.6 24.3 21.9 21.8 21.8 21.9 22.6 24.4 25. 4 27.4 26.8 25. 2 23.8 22.9 21.8 21.3 22.0 21.7 23.3 23.4 24.1 25.3 24.9 24.6 23. 2 23.1 22.1 21.1 20. 9 21.6 23.1 23.1 BS no RBESERBER w N RrPoONnr Te oot be 8 24.0 25.0 24.5 24.0 23.3 22.5 22.1 20.8 21.1 20.9 22.4 22.8 24.1 24.5 24.0 24.6 23.1 21.9 20.6 20.5 21.0 20.5 22.2 22.6 24.9 25.0 24,4 23. 4 23.1 21.4 21.3 20.1 20.5 20.3 22.0 22.6 24.1 23.9 24.1 23.6 23.7 22.1 20.6 20.6 20.6 20. 4 21.2 21.7 AVERAGE WIDTH 24, 2 24.9 24.0 22.9 22.2 20.9 21,1 19.8 20.4 19.8 22.0 22. 4 AVERAGE WIDTH 23.0 23.1 22.9 22.8 23. 4 21.6 20. 4 20.3 19.1 19.8 20.9 21.5 23.0 23.5 23.5 22.6 22.1 21.6 19.6 19.6 20.1 19,6 20.8 21.8 22.6 22.6 24.0 22.8 22.7 20.8 19.4 19.7 19.6 19.4 20.5 21.8 22.2 23. 2 23. 4 22.3 22.8 21.2 19.6 19.3 19.4 19.2 19.6 21.5 22.9 24.3 23.7 20.3 22.4 21.5 19.4 19.4 18.6 18.9 19.0 21.6 23.1 21.7 22.3 22.4 22.1 22.8 22.2 22.0 20.5 21.3 20.9 20.2 19/4e1On6 19.2 18.7 18.0 18.1 19.1 18.3 19.0 19.2 20.6 20.3 22.6 23.0 22.6 23.1 22.9 21.4 19. 2 20.0 19.7 19.5 20.6 20.7 22.2 22.7 22.5 22. 2 22.1 20.7 19,9 19N4 19.2 19.2 20.3 21.1 OF THE TWO- 22.1 22.9 23.0 22.0 22.1 20.4 19.4 19.1 18.7 18.7 19.5 21.1 OF THE TWO- 22.1 22.2 22.8 22.4 22.6 21.8 21.2 21,; 21.5 20. 20.0 20.2 18.8 19.3 18.3 18.6 18.4 17.3 18.3 18.7 18.7 18.4 20.9 19.9 25.3 26. 2 24.3 23.9 22.5 20.0 19.0 18.8 19.3 20.2 21.9 23.3 24.8 25.3 24.8 24.5 23.1 21.7 20.3 20.6 20. 4 20.8 22.4 23.9 24.7 24.9 25. 4 24.6 23.7 22.9 21.7 21.8 21.8 21.8 22.5 24.1 24.5 25.8 25.6 25.3 24.3 22.8 22.1 22,1 22.1 21.7 23.1 24. 2 25.9 25.9 26.3 25.3 23.5 22. 2 21.4 21.3 20.6 21.3 21.0 23.2 25.9 26.4 26.3 25.3 23.3 22.5 21.5 20.7 20.5 20.8 21.7 23.5 25. 2 26.8 26.3 25.0 23.7 22.0 21.5 20.4 20.9 21.3 22.3 23.7 24.8 26.9 25.6 25,1 23.3 22.4 21.4 19.8 20.6 20.7 22. 2 23.3 25.8 26.5 26.1 25.4 23.2 21.4 21.1 20.6 20.7 21.3 21.8 22.8 24.4 26.1 23. 6 23. 1 21,4 18.3 17.3 16.8 18.0 19.0 20.7 23.3 24.9 25.6 24.0 23.8 22.0 19.5 18.3 18,9 19.0 19.9 21.6 23.3 24,5 24.8 25.0 24,1 23.1 22.1 21.0 21.3 21,1 21,1 21.9 23.8 to Het aa RP PRNON NE HE 25.9 24.9 25.4 23.9 22.4 21.3 21.0 20.0 20.3 21.1 22.0 23.7 23.7 24.7 25.3 24.3 22.1 21.2 20.9 20. 2 21.1 20.0 22. 2 23.7 23.8 24, 2 25.7 24.7 22.4 22.1 20.7 20. 2 21.6 19.7 21.1 22.6 24.4 26.0 25.0 24.2 22.6 20.8 20.3 20.3 19.3 20.3 20.5 22.0 25, 2 26.5 25.6 23.9 22.9 21.0 19.9 19.9 19.9 19.8 21.0 22.4 25.1 26.8 25. 4 24.1 22.5 21.1 20. 2 19.3 19.3 19.9 20.5 23.3 24.5 26.0 25.3 23.9 22.6 21.3 20.0 19.7 20.1 19.9 21.5 22.9 24.9 25. 4 25.3 24.0 22.5 21.6 20.3 19.5 19.8 20.0 21.4 22.7 * Intermediate values, which were introduced to determine upwelling. 25.3 26.8 24.6 24.0 21.8 20.7 20. 2 19.3 19.1 19.8 20.8 22.7 26.3 27.8 26.8 25.1 23.5 21.9 21.5 20. 6 20.7 21,1 21.9 22.5 26.0 25.8 25.5 24.3 23.1 22.3 21.4 21.0 19.2 20.3 20.8 23. 4 25.0 25. 6 25.4 23.9 22.7 22.4 20.2 19.7 16.2 20.7 21.7 23.5 _ wr tw to SSsoesPRBRye Ornrntwnooworrnwb wo NN es 24.7 24.9 24.9 23.3 21.8 21.3 20. 2 19.4 19.8 19.7 21.3 22.5 25.5 23.7 24.6 24.8 24.2 23.4 23.1 22.7 22.1 22.3 20.7 20.0 20.2 20.0 19.3 19.2 20.0 20.1 19.4 19.2 21.6 21.0 22.3 22,1 AVERAGE WIDTH 25. 2 27.6 25.5 24,2 22, 2 20.8 20.4 18.5 19.3 19.3 21.0 22.3 24.7 26.0 25.3 24.6 22.7 20.6 20.9 18.3 19.5 19.3 19.8 22.9 24.4 25.1 25.1 24.0 21.7 21.5 20.5 18.7 17.8 19.9 20.6 21.3 24.3 24.7 24.9 23.8 21.0 21.3 21.1 18.3 18.3 18.0 20.7 21.6 OF THE TWO- 24.0 24.3 24.4 23. 2 20.9 20.8 19.6 18.5 18.6 18.9 20.1 22.1 25.5 24.5 24.0 24.1 23.9 22.9 23.0 23.3 21.8 21.3 20.4 19.9 18.7 18.8 18.4 18.3 18.9 18.9 18.7 18.6 19.9 20.0 22.1 21.9 They were TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN of the Atlantic Ocean for two-degree fields—Continued DEGREE ZONE: 19° 8S. LAT. 4] 20° 10° o° 10° 20° E. Long. 30° Tm 21.8 21.8 21.4 20.0 19.4 SLs Le, eS | eects ee oe Nem crc eer era oe a | ee oe ee ee ee 23.4 21.9 22.3 22.4 22.7 21.3 21.3 18.3 24.4 23.2 22.4 22.6 22.5 22.3 19.3 19.4 24.5 22.6 23.0 22.2 21.7 19.3 18.8 16.2 23.8 21.4 21.1 20.7 20.0 18.3 17.3 15.5 23.1 20.6 19.2 19.6 20.2 17.9 15.9 14.0 22.0 19.4 18.6 18.3 18.3 16.2 15.7 13.3 20.8 18.8 17.2 17.2 17.1 15.7 15.1 15.0 20. 2 18.3 17.5 17.0 16.7 16.3 14.9 14.8 20.2 17.8 18.0 17.6 17.2 16.2 15.5 14.9 20.5 19.4 18.7 18.1 18.4 17.5 16.4 15.3 21,2 20.4 20.0 19.0 18.8 18.3 17a 17.0 22.5 DEGREE ZONE: 21°S. LAT. 21.3 21.1 21.6 20.3 20.3 18.9 18.4 23.3 22.0 22.0 22.0 21.7 23.8 20.5 19.5 24.4 22.7 22.5 22.3 21.7 21.5 19.6 17.8 24.0 22.0 22.0 21.8 21.6 19.7 18.9 17.0 23.5 21.2 21.3 20.9 20.4 19.1 19.5 16.3 23.0 20.3 20.2 19.5 18.8 18.7 15.5 14.5 21.7 19.3 18.7 18.4 17.9 188 15.1 14.3 20.6 18.1 181 17.0 16.9 16.3 15.2 13.7 29.9 18.1 17.3 16.9 16.6 16.5 15.0 13.7 19.8 18/59 17.82 17.4 17.4 17.1 15.7 14.9 20. 2 18.9 18.9 18.2 17.6 18.5 D720 15.50 21.1 20.3 20.0 19.6 18.9 18.3 178% 17.0 22. 2 DEGREE ZONE: 23°S. LAT, 21.5 21.1 20.9 20.7 19.8 19.3 17.5 16.4 23.4 22.1 21.6 21.3 21.1 21.4 19.5 19.5 16.5 24.1 122.3 22.3 22.1 22.1 21.2 21.1 18.3 14.6 23.9 Ee 21.4 21.3 21.2 21.4 20.8 19.0 17.6 15.5 23.2 20.8 20.6 20.6 20.4 19.2 18.7 15.9 13.9 22.1 19.7 19.7 19.5 18.9 18.2 16.8 13.5 13.0 21.2 19.1 18.6 18.3 17.7 17.2 17.0 13,8 13.0 20. 2 18.4 17.9 17.3 17.0 16.3 15.8 14.7 12.0 19.5 Wie Li 17.1 16.7 16.2 16.6 14.1 12.3 19.6 18.1 18.0 17.5 17.1 16.8 16.0 14.4 13.9 19.8 18.9 18.4 18.5 17.5 17.4 18.5 15.7 12.3 20.8 19.8 20.1 19.8 19.3 18.7 17.7 16.5 14.6 21.9 DEGREE ZONE: 25° 8. LAT. 22.8 22.3 21.5 20.9 21.5 21.7 21.3 20.7 20.4 20.3 19.6 16.1 15.2 23. 2 24.6 23.2 22.4 22.0 21.7 22.5 21.9 21.2 20.6 20.9 20.4 18.3 15.0 24,2 23.8 22.1 21.7 22.0 21.4 21.5 21.7 21.7 21.4 20.9 20.3 18.7 14.4 23.8. 22.2 22.1 22.4 21.4 20.8 21.3 20.8 20.7 20.5 20.4 19.6 17.0 14.4 23.1 21.3 21.5 21.4 20.8 20.2 19.2 20.3 20.0 19.9 19.5 18.2 18.0 12.8 22.0 19.9 20.2 20.5 19.7 19.3 19,1 18.7 18.9 19.0 17.9 17.3 14.8 12.5 20. 6 19.6 19.3 18.9 19.2 19.3 19.4 18.6 17.8 17.7 17.2 16.4 14.4 12.3 19.8 19.1 18.9 18.3 18.1 17.8 18.2 17.8 17.5 17.0 16.1 15.6 14.8 11.6 19.1 21.0 19.4 19.1 18.5 18.0 18.2 16.8 16.7 16.6 16.2 15.6 14.7 10.9 19. 2 19.1 18.9 18.6 18.2 18.2 7.7 17.8 17.5 171 16.6 15.8 14.7 11.7 19.4 20.7 20.3 20.0 19.6 18.4 1758: 418.3: 18/0) 17:45 17.1 16.7 15.0 13.6 12.5 20.2 24.5 20.9 21.3 22.0° 20.3 20.9 19.6 19.8 19.3 19.9 17.9 17.9 12.6 22,0 DEGREE ZONE: 27°S. LAT, 23.4 22,7 22.1 21.0 20.3 20.0 20.4 20.9 20.4 19.9 19.8 19.3 17.1 13/1 22.9 24.1 24.1 22.4 21.7 21.5 21.6 22.1 21.2 20.8 20.2 20.6 19.9 19.1 14.0 23.7 22.5 23.7 23.6 21.2 21.0 20.3 20.0 21.0 21.1 20.9 20.4 20.0 13.5 23. 4 22.6 23.4 20.9 20.9 21.1 21.2 20.1 20.4 20.1 20.0 19.9 19.5 17.2 12.3 22.4 20.7 21.0 21.0 21.0 19.8 20.2 18.8 19.5 19.4 19.2 18.5 17.9 14.4 22.0 19.3 19.1 19.3 19.5 19.0 19.0 18.7 17.9 184 18.3 17.4 17.2 13.2 19.9 18.7 18.6 18.2 18.2 18.5 18.4 18.6 17.2 17.4 16.9 16.5 15.8 13.7 19.0 18.3 18.1 17.9 17.9 17.5 17.4 17.3 17.2 15.9 16.1 15.9 15.7 12.0 18.3 18,7 18.5 18.4 18.3 18.0 16.7 16.7 16.2 16.3 16.0 15.5 15.3 11.9 18.5 18.7 18.5 18.2 18.0 17.7 17,1) 16.:7 °16::5' 1678 16.5 TOROS DORSET PO SON gee he een ena | Sees eae eas oseues sew ccaeenaae= 18.7 20.0 19.7 19.6 19.2 19.3 18,50117.5 17.8 °17:7 1752, |" 17:3 16:5 12.3 19.9 21.6 23.5 20.3 21.6 19.5 21.0 19.6 19.2 19.1 19.2 18.7 17.9 11.9 21.6 accounted for in the means although they were not included in this table. 42 Month 70° W. Long. 60° 50° 23.7 24.2 23.6 24.7 23.5 24.5 24.7 24.6 24.1 23.3 23.3 24.4 24.8 24.5 24.3 21.9 23.5 23.1 21.9 22.3 20.8 22.2 22.4 21.2 22.0 17.9 21.0 21.8 21.1 20.6 16.5 19.5 20.1 19.9 19.2 16.5 19.8 20.2 18.8 188 17.2 19.8 20.5 19.4 17.5 18.2 20.3 20.8 19.4 17.9 20.2 21.4 21.2 21.3 20.0 22.0 23.3 22.9 21.9 21.8 22.6 25. 5 25.4 22.8 21.6 19.8 19.6 18.9 19.1 19.0 20. 2 24.4 22. 4 23.3 24.5 23.3 21.0 19.7 18.7 18.7 18.0 18. 2 21.3 23.3 23. 8 25.0 24.2 22.7 21.0 21.2 19.7 18.4 17.5 18.7 19.7 20. 2 23.9 25. 6 24.8 22.8 21.6 19.8 19.6 18.9 18.4 18.6 19.8 21.5 40° 23.6 25.4 24.4 22.5 21.3 19.6 19.4 18.5 18.0 19.0 19, 2 22.5 23.9 25.8 24.3 22.9 21.6 20.0 19.1 18.6 18, 2 18.7 20.5 22.5 TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN Standard values of the surface temperatures 23.7 25.4 24.1 23. 2 21.3 20.0 18.7 18.2 18.1 18.7 20.0 22.2 23.8 25.1 24.6 23.4 21.4 20.1 19.0 18.6 18.7 19.2 20.3 21.5 AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- 30° 23.9 25.1 24. 2 23.2 20.8 19.9 19.1 18.5 18.1 18.5 19.8 21.9 23.0 25.2 24.7 22.9 20.9 20.0 19.3 17.8 17.5 18.7 19.9 21.2 23. 2 24.4 24.0 22.0 21. 2 20.3 18.1 17.9 18.3 18.6 19.7 20. 8 23. 4 24.1 23.8 23.0 20.7 20.0 18.4 Li? 17.5 18.1 20.3 21.1 20° 23.0 23.8 23.6 22.8 20.0 18.9 18.4 17.3 17.1 17.8 19.1 21.3 22.2 23. 5 23.1 22.1 18. 2 19.0 18.5 17.6 17.9 18. 2 18.7 21.6 22.1 23. 4 22.5 20.6 18.8 19.1 17.8 17.1 18.4 18.0 18.5 21.1 23.2 23.1 23.4 22.1 21.6 24.0 23.9 23.9 22.6 21.8 23.6 24.2 22.5 23.2 22.5 22.1 21.5 21.1 21.9 21.8 20.7 21.9 21.0 20.3 19.9 18.7 20.1 19.4 19.6 18.3 16.8 19.0 18.5 17.8 17.6 17.1 19.3 18.2 17.5 17.8 17,1 18.5 18.2 16.9 17.5 18.5 19.2 17.7 18.1 18.7 20.2 20.3 20.2 19.2 18.2 22.0 22.3 21.4 21.4 21.0 21.1 22.6 22.8 20.8 20.5 18.9 19.4 17.3 17.2 17.2 18.3 21.6 21.8 24.0 22.8 21.9 20.0 18.2 179) 17.6 16.7 17.6 18.0 21.5 22. 4 23.3 23. 4 21.8 19.8 18.6 18.3 17.8 16.3 16.9 18.5 20.7 22.0 24.7 22.9 21.8 20.8 18.4 17.9 16.9 16.8 17.8 18.3 20.8 22.3 23.8 23.2 21.8 20. 2 18.7 18.1 17.6 17.4 17.5 17.5 20.8 23.1 24.1 22.9 21.9 20. 8 18.8 17.6 17.2 17.0 17.8 18.5 20. 5 22.5 23.7 23. 5 21.9 20. 6 18.8 17.8 17.0 17.0 17.8 18.5 20. 4 AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- 22.5 23, 2 23.6 22.5 20. 2 18.3 17.9 16.9 17.3 17.9 18.6 20.6 22.2 24,4 23. 2 21.8 20.1 18.6 18. 2 16.9 17.1 Ire 18.9 20. 4 23.3 23.7 23.1 21.9 20.1 18.6 18.0 16.7 17.0 WER 18.6 20. 2 23.1 23.5 22.8 21.7 19.9 18. 4 17.8 16.6 16.7 17.1 18.8 20.0 21.8 23.2 22.7 21.0 20.0 18.4 17.7 16.5 16.2 16.9 19.3 20.6 23.9 22.9 22.5 20.7 19.5 18.1 16.9 16.6 16.7 16.7 17.4 20.4 21.2 22.3 22.2 21.2 18.7 17.0 17.1 16.9 17.8 17.0 17.6 20.5 AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- 21.6 22.2 22.4 22,7 21.5 22.2 20.1 20.8 17.4 18.5 13.6 15.7 12.1 13.6 12.0 13.6 12.6 14.1 14.8 16.1 17.5 18.4 19.7 20.6 22. 5 23. 6 23. 6 20.6 20.1 19.3 19.0 17.3 16.3 18.4 19.3 21.2 22. 4 22.5 22.9 21.7 20. 2 19.0 18.7 17.2 16.3 17.9 18.9 21.4 21. 2 21.8 22.0 21.7 20.0 18.0 18.2 16.8 16.1 17.7 17.8 20. 8 20.1 20.9 21.9 21.7 19.9 18.3 18.1 16.6 16.2 16. 4 17.6 19.8 20. 5 20.8 22. 4 20.9 18.1 18.5 18.5 17.0 16. 2 16.3 17.2 19.5 21.0 21.0 22.0 20. 2 19.3 19.5 17.8 14.4 16.5 16.3 Urea 18.5 21.6 21.9 21.3 19.9 19.9 19.5 17.4 14.0 17.5 16. 2 17.2 19.1 20.7 22.1 21.3 20. 5 18.4 17.9 17.6 16.2 16.7 15.7 Gal 18.8 21.8 21,4 21.1 20. 6 19.0 17.9 16.7 17.3 16.5 15.9 Tad. 20.0 21.3 24.3 21.2 20.9 18.9 17.8 16.9 16.9 16, 2 15.1 17.1 21.0 21.1 22.4 22. 2 20.6 19. 4 17.3 17.1 15.5 16.1 15.8 17.6 19.1 22.5 21.0 19. 2 17.9 16.2 11.5 10.7 11.3 20.7 20.9 21.4 21.7 21.9 22.1 21.1 21.2 22.3 19.5 19.2 21.6 15.5 17.0 19.1 12.7 13.3 17.4 10.9 11.5 15.8 11.1 114 13.4 11.8 12.0 13.8 13.7 14.1 17.5 16.8 16.9 18.6 22.1 19.8 19.5 20.3 21.4 20.5 21.9 20.5 20.0 17.8 16.5 16.3 15.6 16.7 17.8 18. 2 20.8 23.8 21,2 20.1 19.2 19.8 16.6 16.3 15.1 16.4 17.4 20.7 20.8 21.1 20.1 19.6 IVEY 16.3 17.0 14.5 15.0 15.7 17.4 20.1 20.8 20.3 20.8 19.8 17.2 15.3 15.6 16.1 15.7 15.3 16.7 19,2 21.3 20.1 20.5 18.2 18.2 16.3 15.3 13.6 16.7 15.5 16.0 18.5 21,2 20.3 20. 2 19.0 20.0 16.0 15.9 14.0 14.7 15.4 16.0 18.8 19.9 20.0 18.7 19.6 20.0 21.0 18.8 21.3 19.7 16.8 19.4 20,1 16.1 18.2 19.7 14.9 16.5 19.3 11.4 14.4 16.1 9.9 11.2 14.5 10.2 16.9 15.5 8.6 10.3 14.4 9.4 12.9 15.4 12.7 15.2 18.2 17.3 19.4 19.1 12.2 8.9 10.0 10.1 11.8 14.9 21.3 20.0 19.5 19.3 17.4 16.2 14.9 14.2 15.3 13.0 16.0 17.9 21.7 21.1 19.9 18.6 16.6 14.7 14.6 13.4 14.0 15.2 17.2 19.9 20.0 20.0 18.5 18.2 16.6 17.2 14.9 15.4 15.1 14.8 16.7 19.8 20.1 19.0 19.9 18.5 16.2 16.3 14.1 16.3 13.5 14.3 15.6 18.2 18.7 18.6 17.0 17.4 16.2 14.7 13.8 11.3 13.4 14.0 14.6 17.5 18,2 19.0 19.1 18.2 16.5 17.1 14.7 13.4 9.5 14.1 14.6 16.9 20.6 20.8 19.9 19.3 1751. 17.6 15.5 15.9 14.1 19.1 16.2 18.4 18.3 21.1 ryGak 17.7 17.0 16.6 14.8 15.0 13.8 14.3 15.4 17.1 18.5 21.6 19.7 19.0 17.6 17.4 15.8 16.2 15.1 15.3 15.3 17.5 17.6 20.1 19.1 17.6 19.7 15.3 14.1 13.7 12.6 13.5 15.0 16.9 AVERAGE WIDTH 19.9 20.7 20.3 19.2 17.7 17.8 15.2 14.5 14.5 16.5 17.3 18.5 AVERAGE WIDTH 18.3 19.6 18.9 18.0 16.9 17.3 14.5 15.0 14.1 14.9 15.0 16.0 20.8 21.1 19.3 19.8 17.8 17.0 15.8 15.3 16.1 14.7 16.3 18.1 17.6 19.5 17.6 18.1 17.2 14.7 14.8 13.7 13.2 13.5 14.0 16.4 19.5 21.4 20.3 19.5 17.9 17.3 16.0 15.1 15.7 14.3 17.1 17.9 19.7 19. 2 17.2 18.0 15.8 16.4 16.5 14,2 14.4 14.4 15.6 17.8 21.6 22.0 21.9 20. 6 19.0 17.5 17.3 16.1 16.3 16.1 17.6 18.9 19.4 21.7 19.4 19.1 18.5 16.5 15.6 14.9 14.7 14.4 17.0 17.7 18.5 19.2 Arf L7c7 14.8 15.3 15.2 14.5 13.3 14.1 16.6 17.4 21.7 22.7 21.7 20. 3 19.5 17.7 16.6 15.9 16.0 16.5 Gr 18.9 21.7 22.6 21.1 20.8 19.3 17.6 16.5 15.7 15.8 16.7 17.5 18.7 21.7 22.7 22.3 20.7 19.1 Se 16.5 15.7 15.9 16.4 17.4 18.8 OF THE TWO- 20.0 20.5 20.7 19.2 17.6 15.5 15.2 14.8 14.6 15.5 16.6 17.7 19.6 21.3 20.8 19.2 18.1 16.1 15.6 14.3 14.7 15.5 16.3 17.6 20.5 20.9 20.0 19.5 17.4 16.1 15.1 15.0 14.7 14.3 16.7 17.5 OF THE TWO- 18.1 19.8 17.5 17.3 16.1 14.5 14.4 14.0 13.4 13.5 15.6 16.2 18.1 20.0 17.3 18.0 16.1 14.9 13.9 14.1 13.0 13.5 15.2 16.1 17.4 18.8 17.9 17.6 16.3 14.3 14.0 13.5 13.1 14.0 15.0 15.4 * Intermediate values, which were introduced to determine upwelling. They were TEMPERATURE OT THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN 43 of the Atlantic Ocean for two-degree fields— Continued DEGREE ZONE: 29° §. LAT. 20° 10° 0° 10° 20° E. Long. 30° | Tm 22.6 22.7 22.2 21.0 20.3] 19.6 19.5 20.6 20.1 20.0) 19.9 19.7 184 13.2 : 22.1 23.5 23.2 22.6 221 21.7] 21.2 20.7 20.6 20.5 20.4] 20.5 20.4 19.0 14.3 23,1 22.3 22.1 21.4 23.1 22.7 21.2 20.4 19.2 20.5 20.6 20.4 20.2 17.1 13.0 23.0 19.7 21.4 20.7 20.2 19.9] 21.3 20.4 19.5 19.9 19.5] 19.4 191 183 12.9 21,2 20.5 19.8 20.0 20.0 19.4] 20.3 20.4 192 187 187] 185 181 17.6 15.6 21.3 19.0 183 184 187 184] 19.3 180 17.2 17.4 17.4] 17.0 16.9 15.5 13.9 19.0 17.9 17.6 17.2 17.1 17.2] 16.5 17.1 16.6 16.9 16.6] 16.3 15.8 15.0 14.3 18.0 17.1 17.2 17.1 17.1 16.2] 17.1 169 16.7 167 168] 15.8 15.7 14.3 13.6 17.6 17.8 17.3 17.0 16.9 181] 17.2 16.4 16.6 15.5 15.5] 15.7 14.5 14.6 13.9 17.5 18.0 17.9 17.8 17.6 17.3] 17.1 169 16.7 163 16.2] 16.4 15.8 15.1 14.5 17.9 18.5 18.5 18.7 187 180] 19.3 186 17.6 17.0 17.1] 17.3 16.9 16.4 16.4 13.3 19.0 1.2 21.1 20.7 20.4 19.2] 20.0 18.5 192 186 187] 186 189 180 14.7 21.0 DEGREE ZONE: 31° S. LAT. 21.0 21.8 2.8 20.9 20.4] 19.7 189 18.7 189 195] 19.5 19.9 19.5 186 = |... 2leeeee eee ee ee ene 21.4 eh PeLP) Grint ile LCE || PIREV CAE BAL) PORE Vey) PDN O ie uk Way eee ee 22.4 Blip 21 3)0620°0) 20114002002 |erBTe 2! CD He 204. 19D OUSW mM DOA eM OKON On 7e lou7) | (Eee. cesses et cet eee | ee 21.9 21.3 20.6 20.2 20.3 20.5] 20.1 19.9 20.2 19.7 19.0] 19.3 18.9 186 16.1 20. 8 19.2 19.5 19.5 19.2 185] 183 187 188 18.5 181] 18.0 182 17.4 16.3 19.5 18.7 17.3 17.1 17.0 17.6] 17.4 17.2 182 17.1 165] 168 165 16.3 15.3 18.0 15.4 16.6 16.7 16.6 16.6] 16.6 16.5 16.3 15.4 161] 160 16.0 15.3 14.9 17.0 15.9 17.7 16.4 17.2 16.6] 164 15.6 16.7 15.2 164] 15.7 15.5 15.1 14.2 16.7 18.0 17.2 15.8 15.7 15.7| 15.8 15.9 15.8 15.1 14.3] 15.5 15.3 15.2 14.2 16.5 17.3 17.9 17.8 17.4 15.7] 16.1 15.9 15.0 15.5 16.2] 15.9 16.0 16.0 15.4 17.1 17.3 17.5 17.4 17.7 17.5] 17.2 169 17.0 17.0 16.3] 17.2 17.1 16.9 16.4 18.0 20.3 20.7 20.3 20.2 20.0 19,0 18.9 188 17.6 183] 186 184 18.6 18.5 20.2 DEGREE ZONE: 33° 8. LAT. 1.1 20.9 21.3 211 227] 2.2 20.6 2.0 2.2 2.1] 19.6 189 183 182 180] 189 191 20.6 22.2 23.8 22.0 21.4 20.8] 20.9 20.8 19.4 20.0 189] 184 20.3 20.1 20.0 192] 199 20.1 21.3 22.1 21.9 22.0 21.9 21.8] 220 214 19.9 20.1 197] 19.6 19.1 19.2 20.5 195] 19.4 19.9 21.0 20.9 20.5 20.1 20.3 19.4] 20.2 20.2 20.1 20.0 20.0] 198 197 184 193 195/ 188 188 20. 2 19.1 18.9 188 18.8 17.9] 185 17.9 184 188 17.1] 17.3 17.8 181 183 182] 180 17.9 18.6 17.0 17.3 17.2 17.0 165] 17.1 169 16.7 166 16.5] 15.8 168 16.5 165 162] 15.3 164 17.2 16.6 16.6 164 16.0 161] 162 161 16.0 15.9 15.9] 15.9 160 16.1 15.6 155] 16.1 15.7 16.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.3 15.0] 15.5 148 15.5 159 16.5] 16.9 15.3 15.2 15.2 152] 15.5 15.5 15.0 15.8 15.4 15.0 15.2 15.7] 15.0 138 144 156 148] 136 143 146 145 144] 15.4 15.4 15.4 16.2 161 16.0 163 161] 163 17.0 164 16.0 157] 158 152 15.7 146 147] 14.9 15.8 16.1 17.7 17.6 17.4 17.5 17.2] 17.7 17.1 167 167 167] 16.6 16.5 16.5 164 161] 13.5 17.0 17.2 18.8 187 19.0 191 194] 19.3 189 183 186 185] 17.5 180 185 17.8 182] 17.9 183 19.0 DEGREE ZONE: 35° S. LAT. 19.9 20.0 20.0 20.3 20.4|- 19.6 18.9 18.9 184 184] 184 17.8 184 186 183] 17.4 181 19.2 19.9 20.4 19.8 21.0 21.7 20.6 20.2 19.5] 19.8 20.2 19.6 19.1 186] 189 187 191 17.9 17.5] 18.5 19.4 19.8 20.1 20.3 20.4 20.3 19.4 20.6 20.4 20.7] 20.4 19.6 20.0 186 184] 18.6 18.9 20.3 19.9 19.1] 18.3 19.4 19.6 19.5 19.5 20.0 18.8 19.0 19.3 189 19.1] 19.5 182 18.5 191 187] 188 187 182 180 164] 17.8 18.2 188 187 18.8 19.0 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.9 17.6] 17.1 16.7 16.5 16.3 16.4] 16.4 17.0 17.2 17.0 17.6] 17.9 18.0 17.9 17.8 17.5 17.6 16.0 16.2 16.5 16.1 15.8] 15.9 15.6 15.5 15.2 15.1] 149 14.8 15.7 16.2 15.9] 15.7 16.3 16.0 16.3 15.7 16.0 15.2 15.0 15.6 15.2 15.0] 146 147 144 141 144] 141 14.9 145 147 15.2] 15.8 15.5 15.9 16.0 15.2 15.0 14,2 14.2 14.4 14.3 144] 14.4 14.1 18.5 13.8 13.7] 13.8 15.1 13.3 13.4 13.9] 14.8 151 15.5 15.4 15.4 14.4 14.3 14.4 14.3 14.5 143] 14.1 13.7 12.9 13.1 13.2] 13.4 141 13.3 13.0 14.9] 145 14.4 15.3 15.4 15.6 14.4 15.3 15.1 15.4 15.0 15.1] 15.0 148 14.8 15.8 14.7] 15.4 15.7 15.6 15.5 16.0| 15.8 15.7 16.4 16.0 16.3 15.5 16.2 16.4 16.4 16.6 16.0] 15.8 16.9 16.5 16.6 16.3] 161 16.1 15.8 15.3 161] 161 17.0 17.3 17.3 17.3 16.6 17.2 17.2 17.2 17.4 17.5] 17.3 16.9 17.2 17.4 16.4] 16.9 16.7 16.7 16.5 17.0] 17.1 17.9 18.8 188 19.1 18.1 DEGREE ZONE: 37° S. LAT. 17.5 17.7 17.6 17.8 17.7] 16.9 16.9 16.9 17.1 17.3] 16.8 16.9 16.9 16.7 17.0] 17.7 187 19.1 19.5 20.5 |_----.---------------------- 18.4 19:1) /18.91°19,2 19,4; 19/0], 18.7 18.3 17.3\ 16:0 16.8} 17.8 17.9 18.7 17.9 18.4] 17.9 191 20,1 19.4 212 |: 19.2 18.6 18.2 17.9 182 17.4] 17.2 17.6 169 168 17.0] 16.5 16.1 15.4 15.5 157] 17.2 183 18.5 19.3 20.2 17.9 17.6 17.7 17.2 17.3 17.1] 17.0 186 16.5 164 163] 16.7 16.3 16.2 16.5 160] 15.8 17.5 17.5 181 194 17.4 16.2 15.7 15.9 16.0 15.7] 15.7 15.4 15.0 15.2 15.0] 15.2 15.1 14.5 15.2 149] 15.8 15.7 17.6 17.8 17.7 16.2 14.4 13.7 142 14.7 142] 14.2 14.0 13.6 13.6 13.8] 13.7 13.5 129 13.1 13.2] 142 14.8 15.5 16.4 16.9 14.7 13.7 13.6 122 13.7 13.5] 13,0 13.4 13.3 12.8 126] 127 12.7 12.3 12.3 128] 13.8 13.8 15.3 15:9 16.1 13.7 13.4 12.9 13.1 13.0 13.0] 126 127 12.4 123 124] 128 122 12.2 12.7 124] 13.0 13.7 14.3 15.9 16.3 13.5 12.8 13.0 13.2 13.4 13.2] 128 126 123 122 122] 12.3 11.7 123 11.4 120] 13.1 13.8 14.1 15.0 15.6 12.9 13.8 13.2 13.4 13.9 13.2] 13.0 13.3 13.2 131 129] 126 122 11.7 13.0 138] 13.3 15.2 15.4 166 17.7 13.7 14.7 14.4 14.4 15.2 148] 146 13.9 13.7 142 145] 14.2 14.7 13.7 13.4 14.4] 14.7 15.8 161 16.3 17.6 15.1 15.6 15.9 15.9 16.0 15.7] 15.6 15.4 15.0 163 15.7] 15.5 15.3 15.5 15.5 15.4] 15.8 16.2 17.9 17.8 19.0 16.8 accounted for in the means although they were not included in this table, 485460—43—Vol. VI, No, 1 4 44 TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN Standard values of the surface temperatures AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- Month 70° W. Long. 60° 50° 40° 30° 20° ee eee (EA Neen ee eee ee CREE 17.6 16.8 13.3 19.0 188] 17.7 17.2 185 182 17.2]168 17.3 167 10.2 16.2] 15.7 169 17.2 17.2 16.3 Agee eset ee 18.2] 17.8 15.9 14.7 187 19.3] 19.7 19.1 17.9 16.9 17.0] 138 19.4 17.8 18.8 19.4] 19.2 18.9 184 17.8 16.6 7} 16.1 16.4 16.1 21.3 19.7]17.8 18.2 17.4 185 14.9]181 124 16.6 17.2 19.0] 16.7 15.7 15.8 15.6 16.0 15.4 16.7 15.2 181 17.9| 17.7 17.0 14,8 15.7 17.0] 16,3 16.5 16.2 17.2 16.1|16.5 15.4 16.2 16.5 16.1 13.3 13.2 94 16,4 16.8] 15.9 16.5 15.6 15.3 11.0] 14.3 15.3 144 15.2 1471147 153 161 14.1 14.2 13.1 11.9 88 126 146/121 14.9 16.4 14.2 12.2] 13.3 13.9 12.0 15.6 15.1 | 14.3 14.6 13.1 14.0 147 9.1 87 86 10.3 10.7]126 123 120 12.2 130/128 121 13.6 13.9 140/129 131 14.2 144 128 9.5 9.9 10.8 157 158/129 96 10.2 126 11.7/13.5 13.3 13.1 13.4 13.2] 11.8 11.9 14.5 13.0 11.5 80 87 69 8-4 15.3] 153 12.8 14.7 14.1 11.3] 11.4 106 12:9 12:7° 123/123 12:2 11.9 12:1 12h8 97 99 92 121 11.0] 15.5 13.4 13.5 13.1 1281130 121 10.9 13.5 102/124 121 120 13.2 124 12.5 12.3 11.0 141 13.9] 14.8 15.7 148 13.7 129]13.2 15.7 12.2 13.1 126/139 149 13.9 11.5 128 15.8 14.4 13.4 14.4 153/190 19.5 20.0 166 159] 15.1 149 181 15.7 151/165 163 159 16.0 15.4 AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- 17.2 17.0| 15.0 14.0 13.0 18.8 18.5] 15.8 16.2 14.9 14.1 17.0] 16.1 17.6 16.5 15.3 146] 14.6 13.7 14.0 13.8 13.9 17.2| 14.8 14.6 15.9 16.8 17.3] 16.5 16.1 15.3 14.9 16.6] 17.2 16.8 17.0 14.8 15.0] 16.0 15.6 15.1 14.8 14.6 16.6 | 15.0 122 14.0 20.0 17.5] 17.1 16.2 15.8 127 142/150 11.8 15.6 12.9 154/145 14.9 148 146 14.2 14.6] 14.7 14.2 128 15.0 16.2] 15.9 13.7 13.0 13.6 16.1] 13.0 16.1 15.4 15.0 158/143 147 14.2 140 14.2 12.5 | 10.7 8.5 10.3 143 15.6] 14.6 13.5 14.7 15.7 126] 33.3 14.7 11.2 18.0 13.0] 15.1 126 129 10.7 13.1 10.1| 94 7.2 84 13.4 121/129 14.5 10.7 12.8 11.7] 11.4 124 11.7 127 13.1] 13.6 123 11.9 11.4 11.4 9.1] 9.6 7.7 7.5 13.8 12.2) 10/9 10.9 10.4 10:3 12.21 11.6 W11 122 1105 Id} 14 15 11.4 10sgmaed 88] 7.2 48 9.6 134 137) 112 9.0 10.0 99 10.9] 101 11.5 9.4 10.9 10.2] 10.7 11.1 11.0 10.9 10.9 7.5| 7.8 62 7.8 82 120/109 10.0 10.4 91 103/110 102 98 125 10.3/10.7 104 101 98 9.4 11.1] 96 88 9.5 13.1 11.9] 11.2 10.7 10.9 10.1 11.6] 13.0 11.2 10.3 10.8 11.1] 11.2 11.2 11.1 109 10.9 12.1] 10.6 9.9 10.2 128 16.4] 13.4 13.2 120 11.9 122] 11.9 12.7 120 11.7 11.9]123 13.0 126 11.6 11.5 15.4] 14.1 13.4 10.1 126 16.0] 15.5 14.5 14.6 13.9 13.2] 13.0 13.3 13.2 12.6 13.0]12.3 129 14.1 13.7 14.5 AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- 1g pee 16.6 15.1 14.0] 14.5 12.2 13.6 14.5 13.7] 13.8 14.2 13.7 12.1 12.5] 13.1 12.2 121 11.2 13.3] 11.9 11.7 11.9 118 118 16.7 16.2 | 14.2 12.5 15.0 15.5 14.7] 14.2 14.7 14.2 15.4 14.5] 15.7 15.2 13.4 13.0 13.1] 18.6 13.1 129 125 120 15.4 13.5| 121 12.5 15.5 18.5 15.8] 14.9 14.2 12.0 127 14.2] 110 13.2 129 13.1 123/119 120 124 13.0 12.9 13.6 13.8] 11.7 12.5 13.2 14.8 13.0] 13.0 12.6 12.8 14.3 13.1] 121 128 146 123 15.0] 141 122 13.0 113 115 12.4 126] 7.5 7.0 11.2 1.6 11.6] 124 120 10.2 11.7 108]111 1.3 109 94 10.3] 89 10.4 10.9 10.0 10.7 11.8 68] 60 7.9 9.8 114 93/105 108 94 89 96) 92 9.3 12.0 10.8 11.7] 10.9 10.9 10.6 10,07 19%5 8.9 9.3] 64 56 7.5 107 104] 96 91 93 93 89] 88 99 100 90 9.7] 10.0 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 81 7.7).6.3 9.5 80 109 80! 82 94 87 91 89] 86 93 9.8 80 82] 8.9 9.5 " OISSINORmmuas 8.0 7.5| 64 51 7.6 9.8 98) 88 80 81 83 86] 76 85 88 81 80! 84 ‘8.2 8.0 %sOmNIzaT 9.9 88] 7.0 7.8 7.0 11.4 104] 98 92 90 82 104] 93 86 84 89 91/91 89 87 85 84 11.7 10.6] 10.3 9.9 9.2 11.0 11.7] 118 10.8 108 11.0 9.4] 9.8 10.1 98 10.2 10.9] 11.2 10.9 10.5 10.5 10.9 14.8 14.0] 13.7 9.8 10.6 14.4 14.5] 13.6 127 11.5 11.0 111/112 11.8 11.1 10.9 10.9] 10.9 11.1 13.5 120 12.6 AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- 1 eel eee ee 14.4 13.8 13.5] 11.5 11.8 12.8 12.3 12.0] 126 13.0 12.5 11.9 11.5]10.7 10.1 95 88 86] 8&7 9.4 10.0 10.3 10.2 13.9 15.6 14.5] 11.9 12.6 13.9 13.9 13.3] 14.7 14.7 13.2 12.7 11.5]10.6 101 98 88 9.1] 92 9.8 10.0 10.3 10.9 14.0 14.6 13.6] 11.9 13.0 11.7 14.7 13.8] 13.2 12.9 12.2 12.6 112/113 11.4 116 90 93] 94 94 97 99 9.2 12.1 13.2 13.8| 82 9.6 9.0 12.0 13.4] 13.2 13.2 13.5 12.5 12.5]11.5 11.6 105 9.6 9.5] 98 10.1 10.2 10.1 11.0 10.2 11.2 8:9] (7.2 “8.6: 10.5 12.0 11.2] :9.7 10:2 10.0 10:6 (9.9 |10:4 9:0 8:8 9.9 8.6)| $4.89 837°) (7. 9i7an 92 7.7 69| 5.2 84 92 94 93/100 94 89 90 92] 87 99 97 94 89] 90 89 85 80 7.7 8:35 78: 15:4) (5°45 16269 4750) 128.9) Bilal) 18:0) i839) S55 7.7 Bale) 7540 7E8" 7a 820) (88) 8.0) ESiie ee SmEeas, 72 6.3 927 || 6:2 1050 750) 1725 185,) 9859 8.6, 8.8 820 755))) 72 739 “6.8 6.3) (653 | (6.7 7.5.9 8:0) B8is mses 7.6 Wel 6278) 5:1) 86355 720) 769 727) 73, 629° 852° 758 75s) 608) 627 Tal 6287 1656) 6289 (6:99 65856 GmmGne OFL 7910 759) | 718..0 16285 29208 °9.7° 29225! (827° 950) “810. 830i TaGal 78> vts0 GES 70s 7.30 |" 7ey avoe? 67.0 Gio mond. 10.8 10.3 10.2} 89 80 9.3 10.6 109/100 99 97 85 7.7} 838 85 86 86 87] 89 87 82 76 7.4 12.5 13.8 11.9] 9.1 10.1 12.0 12.7 12.2] 11.9 11.1 10.7 10.4 10.3] 10.2 10.5 101 97 96] 96 93 89 88 87 AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- 11.5 12.5 14.6] 10.7 10.4 10.6 10.6 11.1] 13.1 122 112 101 99)/ 93 85 7.6 60 55] 63 72 81 84 80 13.0 14.4 13.0 10.8 10.3 11.7 121 18.1]129 131 129 7.8 7.9| 95 92 85 84 83] 84 84 83 82 84 18:8: 13.9) 12550) (016. 955) a4. 1294 12/6 tid) JAS) 1252) 10.8 Oso) 15 W190) 716) 6891) (712) 7807.8 arabe 10.4 113 G1 | 82 92 88 10.2 122]13.4 135 100 98 120/119 98 82 69 65| 69 7.6 80 8&2 83 3:9 8.4 85.) 67 7% 765 81 9.7 95 199 9.9 9.1 JOF0)! 185 818: 7 613 6.7") 706.9 6/2) (5:3lv4rG) 7.0) (TG) S:O5e S23" EB FB OBS OhO Set SSS) GLA. TB FO 2 TOM Fok) Tike O ee woe? 7 Oo 86 6:7 6f0)) 49 6:1: 20) 118 6:81) gi6) BB “7.5 8.3" (6.9 | 6.44 6.1 9518. 16.0) Grau 08 Wil V7 2 eed 6.6 10.0.10.0| 7.1 49 5.2 63 7.9] 8&8 7.3 78 48 7.4] 63 54 5.2 45 44) 46 54 62 67 7.0 64 66.65] 48 48 5.2 55 61] 59 7.8 7.4 69 56] 59 53 66 54 5.3) 59 61 60 5.3 48 7.5 7.5 66) 7.0 56 71° 79 7.9'|\ "76 S816 6:5 72. °7:1 | 62) 54° 5.8 5:5 B10) 49° 4/340" 40458 86 94 95] 7.4 7.2 74 90 89] 91 86 89 67 68| 68 7.3 7.4 70 69/ 66 60 53 46 46 11.4 11.9 98] 89 10.7 11.2 10.7 10.4] 10.0 10.3 101 96 95] 90 92 86 7.4 66] 67 63 61 59 5.7 * Intermediate values, which were introduced to determine upwelling. ‘They were accounted for in the means although they were not included in this table. TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN 45 of the Atlantic Ocean for two-degree fields—Continued DEGREE ZONE: 39° 8. LAT. 20° 10° 0° 10° 20° E. Long. 30° | ‘Tm 16.6 16.3 15.9 15.8 15.7] 15.2 15.1 15.2 14.4 14.3] 140 14.1 14.2 144 141] 15.3 167 17.1 189 19.0 16.3 16.5 16.2 168 16.5 15.7| 14.4 15.1 15.3 158 152] 149 15.2 14.8 15.2 15.7] 166 16.4 17.6 185 19.9 7.1 16.1 15.7 15.9 15.7 158] 149 146 14.9 154 149] 145 14.7 14.8 148 15.2] 155 163 17.7 19.1 19.9 16.4 15.7 15.9 156 154 14.8] 14.5 14.1 141 141 13.9] 14.4 13.9 14.2 13.4 13.8] 140 15.2 164 187 19.8 15.7 4.5 141 144 144 141] 13.7 13.5 13.3 13.4 13.2] 13.1 13.1 13.1 13.6 13.5] 14.5 15.3 163 17.5 18.5 14.6 UseGudge2) 120 1246 12,0) 12 128) 117 V7 Si AR 112 16) eb 11.7)| 943,41 14,0 148 15/6" 15.9 13.1 12.2 11.8 11.7 11.9 121] 120 11.4 109 10.7 11.2] 11.3 10.9 10.6 10.9 11.8] 124 13.1 144 15.1 16.5 12.2 12.3 12.1 11.8 11.9 1.4] 11.2 10.9 10.4 10.6 10.5] 10.9 10.6 10.3 10.6 10.9] 11.6 125 13.7 15.0 15.9 12.1 1.4 12.5 123 124 11.8] 11.6 10.7 10.5 10.6 10.3] 10.6 10.4 10.1 10.3 11.3] 124 13.3 13.8 146 16.0 | 11.9 12.0 11.8 11.9 118 116] 114 11.9 11.7 11.5 113] 11.4 113 114 11.1 109] 120 13.1 146 160 16.9 12.2 14.4 3:6 13,0 12,8 12:8)| 12-3 1256 12,2. 12,1 12.4) 12,2) 12.3 12:6 12)5 18.1} 432 13,2 159 16,8 17.6 13.4 13.8 14.2 141 140 13.8] 138 13.5 13.1 133 13.3] 13.1 13.3 13.3 136 13.4| 14.2 154 16.6 17.4 19.1 15.2 DEGREE ZONE: 41° S. LAT. 13.3 13.7 14.3 13.5 136] 129 131 126 127 126] 12.6 121 120 11.9 11.7] 11.9 131 141 15.9 14.4 14.6 15.1 14.5 14:3 140| 14.4 185 128 128 125] 12.7 121 11.5 11.5 11.9] 18.5 147 15.4 16.5 14.8 13:80 1987 918.7 08,6) 18:0) |) 1,4 18,5) 18.0) 13,08 12:7 | 1259) 12,6) 1810) 13s) 12091) 18/8 413.4 13/9) 1521 13,7 TAOVSsG13/S0131d1300 |) 127) D2 seeded 126 128) eT eh: Ws I IG |) 18h 1485 Tees 1578 13.9 13.0 125 127 123 125] 12.7 12.0 11.4 115 11.3] 1.2 11,3 14 117 1.8) 12.7 13.7 14.5 14.5 12.7 12.9 12.8 124 11.6 11.1] 10.9 w.1 10.5 10.5 101] 102 99 100 99 10.5] 11.3 120 128 13.4 1.5 11.3 11.9 11.1 10.7 10.2] 10.4 95 10.5 10.0 9.4 97 94 93 96 99] 106 11.4 11.8 13.3 11.0 10.8 11.0 11.3 103 9.9 9.8 10.6 10.1 9.9 9.5 9.6 93 93 92 9.5 9.8 10.5 11.6 12.8 10.3 10.7 11.0 10.3 12.1 10.0 9.7 9.4 93 9.7 9.9 92 9.0 92 94 96 9.9 11.1 11.2 12.6 10.0 10.9 10.7 10.7 10.1 9.6 9.8 10.1 10.1 9.7 101 9.7 10.1 10.2 10.0 10.3) 10.9 119 125 141 10.9 11.2 11.3 11.7 1.7 11.8] 11.5 10.5 11.0 10.8 10.5] 108 10.6 10.4 10.7 10.6] 11.2 123 14.0 14.3 11.9 13:0 18-7 12/7 12,6 122)] 12.3 11.6 D6 11.7 12.6) 105 15 10 14 13] 115 129 144 15.1 13.1 DEGREE ZONE: 48° S. LAT. - 10.2 12.4 12.6 13.0 127] 11.5 10.8 10.6 10.7 11.0] 11.0 10.8 99 10.0 99] 10.7 106 10.8 111 124 12.2 W1.8 11.6 11.5 11.9 13.2] 18.1 11.7 11.5 11.3 11.2] 108 105 100 9.7 99] 11.4 12.0 121 11.7 18.5 13.0 11.9 12.7 121 123 134] 121 10.9 11.2 112 11.1] 11.1 11.0 10.9 11.1 104] 11.6 11.5 12.4 12.8 13.8 12.7 W.7 11.5 11.8 125 1.8] 114 111 10.7 104 104] 106 10.2 10.0 10.2 10.1 9.9 10.5 11.6 11.7 13.7 12.1 Hegeo)2 8.7 10.1 11.3] 10.7 104 94 9.6 97 GHP hii ES Ae) EES || ANE Ba GTR SUS) Apa ee 10.4 Oesmeo's 0.5 9.7 9.7 9.3 92 86 10.3 98 86 92 84 83 8&1 SHDN THO) MEG) sbLey SHG eee Pe 9.7 10.1 10.1 11.3 10.5 9.9 92) 010! (8.09/82) 8.2 S12 8:8 9 Br) 810). 7.9 S380 87g 016; "10, 4010,/2;| eeeeee eee. enews ee eee 9.1 9.9 10.0 10.1 98 100] 10.0 100 93 88 90 85 80 7.4 7.5 69 Side 18)2 60.978 91080) 91 0s0)| see ee Se See ed 8.9 TT 7.9 80 9.2 8.5 9.9 98 85 80 84 Sh Te Si 2ue Raa: 810) A788 8.2 9.0 95 94 8.4 82 81 81 83 84 9138.6) 18:5, 8.38 7.5 8.6 7.6 85 89 93 8.5 9.0 9.7 10.6 10.5 Ss 98 91 95 99 95] 104 98 94 91 9.6 9.3 9.0 88 89 87 8.8 9.6 10.2 10.6 114 10.1 11.5 10.3 95 9.0 91] 11.9 111 10.9 10.3 10.0 9.6 9.6 10.0 102 9.3 9.7 10.5 113 11.3 115 11.3 DEGREE ZONE: 45° S. LAT. OUbme OL Sex. eae ¢- 5 a2 = Te Gee 7240 Bee Sao 7.6 80 7.9 7.7 7.4 SHIM S57 482 859k BONN OF 2h coe ere tate ene Seen ee 9.8 10.3 10.3 10.2 9.6 9.5 9.2 9.0 86 9.0 99 90 91 91 81 7.7 SyAubes Sum Sh Spee 84808 0. 3p meen on ieee een ee eee eee 10.6 8.7 80 7.9 87 98 9.8 92 97 9.6 10.0 9.0 9.3 87 82 8.6 SiG S2S0 1 O10me S80N 0:2) | eee eee eee 10.4 10.3 10.1 9.6 92 87 $4 8.2 71:9 8.2 7.9 TA0IE Tab) Seve: 2 720 TDIMATES WIZ Os Seo, Bids eee seedy meee eee ee sere ere 9.9 6.4 6.0 6.3 7.0 7.8 S100 7.8 aval 4 183 6.8 7.4 86 7.1 7.8 Sed eSi Olea Ss Gran S: Gre Se 5 | eeemtee Denes eee ee eee 8.7 Ma m7al) T2ecT6 “7.9 Sm 7.St ares m0 7D Tal e835: 7a 029 5618 Gb eT aL TATARMTAO RTs 9 | Seca a sneer nese anes 8.1 SSeS SiG 3853 8.0 aS) tee | T.. 08° 16:9° (858; 8.2 84 7.8 7.9 7.4 7.8 80 8.0 7.9 816)).8:7 8.7) 8.5) 8.0 7.3 69 6.6 6.7 6.6 6.6 5.9 8.0 6.6 6.2 Ge GR) 7h 7.5 6.0 5.9 6.1 64 66 6.4 64 61 86 8&9 Gal 755) 957 7.4) 16:0 SiS 7alnareD 7.0 6.4 63 61 60 57 6.8 -5.1 5.2 5.6 58 Gu bis 74 fall 1618 715) (728) 729 ae 7.2 67 64 66 7.1 8 9:0 “7 %5 719 8.6 88 84 7.6 7.4 6.7 6.9 7.3 8.4 8.3 4716 6.8 6.3 6.1 Game BiG wis2 mire ve 724 9.7 9.6 86 82 82 7.9 8.3 86 9.3 DEGREE ZONE: 47° S. LAT. Tl 16:5) 6.0! “5.7 5:5 5.5 5.5 5.6 5.8 5.8 6.1 6.0 59 5.6 59 67 6.1 5.9 53 5.9 7.9 8750 88.3) 8.2 7.8) “Fal 6:7 16.58 6:91 737 755 710 6.1 6.9 5.6 16.1: ERD ALPE TEC YAS) WE 8.9 6.6 6.0 5.6 5.3 3.9 5.7 61 65 67. 66 6.4 61 61 63 66 69 7.5 7.0 62 6.7 8.4 $6 97.6 7.5 45° 6.3 5.9 50 4.4 42 65 44 48 48 47 4.6 4.7 48 48 51 54 Ta 4.0 38 40 44 47 5.0 51 48 5.0 7.4 Gibee7i2) 27.8" Zar (7.4 7.8 65 69 5.9 60 6.8 57 66- 6:6 5.7 5.9 Gls 6:40) 6.50 Gad) vad 4.2 48 5.6 52 49 4.9 3.9 52 6.0 6.4 6.6 7.0: 750) 1710) 6,9 6.5 62 6.0 5.7 54 5.0 4.6 43 42 43 4.5 44 44 5.0 46 6.3 Tl Sele 7 70) 6:8 61 52 46 41 4.0 41 41 3.8 58 658 4.6 5.9 60 5.2 6.0 44 41 39 39 4.1 4093.8 (363° 8.1 * 3.0 OE DVe Dh8) 218 | 27 6 279 4.0 65 53 46 4.9 AD ea 43° 3.9 3.4 Sa0 e208 1 258' 82,0) 390 3.4 36 39 40 4.1 4.2 4.3 45 4.5 5.1 49 5.0 48 47 4.9 52 54 5.1 48 47 4.9 49 49 48 48 5.2 5.2 4.8 44 6.2 5.5 5.1 47 4.3 41 40 39 39 39 3.8 310° 42" (6.1 7.9’ 8:2 5.8 5.9 5.7 5.6 7.2 46 TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN Standard values of the surface temperatures AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- Month 70° W. Long. 60° 50° 40° 30° 20° M51 11.3) 1.2 10:7) 10:38 9:5 8.4 8.4 “914) 10.0 11.9 10,0 6:1 4:0 Bid Sed SEA BEd. Sas 12:6) 2058! 1154, 10.16. Oi. 8:9 9:9) (9530) O16 8.6 7k 915 8.3) wed 752° 752) 7 2Si ene 10.2 12.3 10.5 9.0 83 8.2 8.0 8.5 dee 08.0) BONG! ates 145 90 81 65 54 5.0 9.5 20,2 (9:8 O14) 8.4 72 97.9 8:3 (8.1 919 810i 816" 7.0 8.8, 88 7.4) 63) ) 4.4. oe4ako) Sil 16:8) 8. 7258). *6.4) (610). -5:9 1655) “62 lev yee A6i8e 557 4.7 43° 479) 4087) avoneeday 4.2 6.7 6:6) 5.6 5.3. 6.2 4.2) 6.5.6.8 5:8 5.8° 5.7 6:05) 4.9" 4.9 4.7 °4,8) wibu3) 6.6 6.1 59 6.1 5.2 4.8 3.6 6.4 6.9 62 51 44 4.2 4.6 46 43 44 48 6.1 6.0 10.0 84] 51 48 60 63 57] 45 30 31 36 30] 48 39 3.2 29 2.7 61 5.5 41] 51 48 3.8 35 40] 66 62 65 3.6 39] 43 41 39 37 38 5.4 63 7.0 5.7 4.9 49 5.4 54 48/112 41 5.8 50 41 3.1 3.1 3.8 452) (355 88 7.9 37:5 6.7 6.7 62 65.8 6.0 ‘6:4) 8.0 6.5 3.8 6.6 “9.0 | 5.2 75.3 (554) 2650 ue aie 9.7 2150) 11.0 Osa) 8.1 85° a7 79) 2B) 830 74 7d 70 1601) 406, 459) 5 4i7 se SaSmono) AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- | | ee ee ee 9.2 10.0 10.2 10.0 97 10.0 106 96) 99 89 77 7.0 67 6/6 6:5 “5:8 06.1 41 3:3. 320° 216, M2028: VW WT 0) “979° 950) 97 Sk 77 a8 | 7.6) WalaetoO! wae Du Ono 5.6 45:7 “425 aay, 10.6 105 95 95 938) 84 76 74 74 7.0] 70 7.0 66 64 63] 57 46 42 33 29 83 92 86 84 7.9] 70 65 59 64 61) 53 59 68 65 61/56 41 29 18 16 7.8 $7.7 75 71 65/] 60 53 54 50 48 45 44 41 36 3.2 3.2) 326) (356) | oalee2ay 650" R62ve “4:1. 9.6:.3) | 6.0 65 49 49 47 44 39 38.5 31 27 23 QD (250° 282) 208 247, 4.6 652 58 60 57] 52 51 40 38 42) 45 38 28 26 27| 29 29 28 29 30 4.5. 6,2) ©5669 5.1 5205) 4:9 454) (359 4.0. 3:16 2.8 233) 24 252) o2h4 233 As67 toi) VO RIO 46 68 68 5.2 52/°50 48 3.9 34 3.5 3.3 28 25 2.2 2.3 2/2 '158: 36 [IOm253 Bale Gry eb16i9 v5.21 bah 5.1 46 43 44 44 ASOW 2209) 210.9) 1.6) 9132 14> 029; 2:10) Q2<3ie Na 726° 8.4 (7538) “651 (60 6:3 5:9 5:0 4.8' 429) 49 44 3.8 3.5 33 3:0) 223) LG: Fliers) 89 89 8&8 89 8&2 Gos Yas 865% 167d 5.9 55 46 50 44 31 2:9" 256) 5254") 2509 AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- 9.0 9.7 9.2 9:2. 8:0; 8.5 8:7 8:1 MeO hake aie (Gh 1622) 6.6 5.2 44 3.6 2.7 2.0 1.6: 1.6) (U59iee2e) 8/8 91 828°) 10:5 10.5 9:9 18.9 7:6 tC Oy Fie st: Sameer fe 1 / 690672, Gone ore 5.0 3.7 2.7 2.0 Dagneies 8.6 O45 88.9) 78F 750° Tad ik) 7i0e 6.7 (6.0%) 675 6:0) F620 “4565 9400" 357 3.6 2.8 2.6 25 20ee2et 8.0 86 83 7.5 7.2 7.2} 65 59 55 53 50] 39 3.7 36 30 3.0] 30 26 1°58 Th0RMORS) 6.2 7.2 7.2 68 59 53/ 50 53 51 44 41) 37 32 24 16 14] 16 15 13 DSR 6.3 47 55 62 58 52 §.1 47 44 42 40 3.3 25 1.7 11,06] 03 0.3 0.3 (ORR 5.2 29 40 65.0 5.1 6.2 46 4.2 3.7 3.5 3.4 322) 92.5 AZ Aa 1059 1.0 1.1 1.2 = ooiee 6.1 3.9 42 50 47 43/40 38 34 32 33] 30 18 09 O08 08] 0.8 —0.8 —1.3 —10)—0n7 5.6 4.5 51 53 48 45 43 42 41 3.6 3.2 2nd.) Apo. SOM O28) 6 10:6 0.0 0.0 -0.2 0.0 1.0 7.0 61 61 55 49 48 §.1 48 48 40 3.3 2.3 1.2 O16 052 0:4 0.9 0.2 0.0 (0:0)—=150) 6.7 Wey fon "Ggipe 1056: 90:1 6.5 5.4 65.2 4.7 4.4 4.1 3.3 2.6 1.7 0.4 |-0.1 —0.2 —0.3 —0.7 —0.8 8.0 8:20) Tit" 728" 7.4% 615 69 67 63 59 5.2 43 3.4 30 2.3 2.0 16) 26) ee OLg 9 AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- 7A 4 (7.6 7,3 ¢8i0)| S$.) 753i 7-2 6:7 «66.6)) 6.6 6:2) 64 6.0 49) 44-46 45 3.6 2:7 | 2d 15) (029) s 0 mS) WG? Wilate a8 tad #26 8:47 18.0: Shiv 758 16.8: 7.0 Fel 16:2" 16.5) 5.7, 5.6 4.4 3.4 29 2.9 3:1 3.0 (252) ) SONS 7:2) 723. 725, (8.0! «852 760 %e9 dod 628% (627 6i8° 6:6°° ‘653. 36.5) 5.1 4.2 3.3 2.7 2.3 2.0 2.1 - 2:3: 2:2) iG AS 656 653° "6.8 ev 735 7.4 7.0 66 5.8 5.5 60 61 50 36 28 O0% 2:9) 22.4, 222) 254 2.1 2:2) (2:0) 10:8°9023 65d S029) 620) 621 7623 63 5.3 56 47 49 6.1 5:0 4:2) 3.4 2:9 2.0) 92 (076) 91032°" <0..0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.6 63° 526° 5:4 5:7 558 0.6 5.2 -'5:3° 4:8 451 4.2 4.0 3.4 3.2 2.9 21 1.8 0.5 —0.2 —0.8 |—1.0 —1.0 —0.6 —0.2 0.0 4.2 S20) *4..7° 652) bv) 56 (5.0! 4:3 4.0 “4:0 3.56 3.1 2.8 2.7 2.4 9 1.1 0:4 40:0 —0.1 0:1 10/2). 0:3) a0s5r 07; 407 409) GALT B51 b27 O47 1552) 3455; 359! 837) 3.8 4.1 3.3 22 2.2 ae) 1,2 7 0727—0.6: —0.8 OFT. O30r—150 —1.3 4.7 4.8 4.7 5.0 5.3 5.3 48 44 3.8 3.8 4.0 3.6 2.6 2.3 2.5 1.7 0.8 0:2 : 0.1 —0.2 |—0.7 —1.0 —1.3 —16>—1°1 §.2 5.3 5.4 54 5.9 6.8 5.4 52 5.1 47 4.3 43 4.2 3.7 2.1 120) 30:0) —023)—06)—O71 0.1 —0.2 —1.1 —1.2 —1.6 5.6 5.7 5.7 59 6.0 5.9 5.6 5.7 5.2 4.9 4.4 4.2 3.8 3.9 4.1 4.1 3.7 3.0 2.2 0.9 /—0.1 —0.3 —0.6 —1.0 —1.3 6:0) :627 1627 16.8. 1629 6.8 6:7 6:3 5.7 5.9 62 5.9 54 5.3 46 ode 2, 21e4 2.0/8) fi0r4 0.7} 0.9 #09 04 02 AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- WO tal 37s0" 628" 4720 7.2 69 61 55 5.9 §.4 45 49 40 2.9 Quid 2: 4% 2:9) 258) 2205: 2:1 334. (0:6) 10/0/71050 Wel y2) ek TAO) ark 7a0), fads: (69's 16.16 16:0 63 62 52 3.9 3.6 Soe2.7 159) 16 155 1.4 12 1.3 0.8: —0h2 63 62 63 66 67 69 69 63 61 61 bd 4740 4S 36). 332 256: 2.0) 155 D0) SONS) 089); 1525 157) eR, 6.9 5.9 56 61 59 5.7 56 49 44 3.7 Bide) esa) sore. ak Ae TOF 10 2 els: SA 14> 156. 13) (0y57—08t 5.0 50 51 52 53 5.2 4.2 4.0 3.7 3.0 3.6 3.4 28 19 10 0.2 —0.3 —0.5 —0.6 —0.7 |—0.5 —0.4 —0.2 —0.1 0:0 AST 4,76 45% 4.9 5,1 65.0 43 35 3.3 3.5 39) 3.6: 2.7 1,8 150 0.3 —0.2 —0.7 —1.1 —1.3 —1.3 —1.0 —0.6 4.1 38 40 44 44 4.4) 5Sh5" 6216 e221) 2252 1.1-0.2 0.1 0.7 0.9 0.3 —0.2 —0.8 —1.1 —1.1 |—1.0 —0.8 —0.5 —0.3 —0.1 4.1 40 42 42 43 44 44 3.9 29 28/ 28 29 28 13 03 0.0 —0.3 —1.0 —1.3 —1,3 |—1.1 —0.9 —1.1 4.2 40 41 40 39 3.7 3.4 3.5 2.8 2.3 2268 geod, 19, 10:8) 4057. 0.6 0.1 —0.3 —0.7 —0.9 |—1.1 4.2 45 43 43 46 49 43.3.2 2.4 2.3 2.6 2.6 2.3 12 02 |—07 —11 —1.2 —1.1 —1.0 |-1.1 —1.3 Onl sone 1630) bid Z5al 5.0 43 36 31 3.9 Sede 13 18> 139 253) ray 2210) WSGe al 2) ed 09 #04 0.0 —0.6 —1.1 60 59 59 60 &7/,.60 59 53 48 50] 67 50 46 45 35] 22 13 0.4 —-0.1 —0.4|—0.5 —0.3 —0,2 —0.2)—0:3 * Intermediate values, which were introduced to determine upwelling. They were of the Atlantic Ocean for two-degree fields—Continued DEGREE ZONE: 49° 8. LAT. TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN 20° 10° 10° 20° E. Long. 30° Tm 3.9 46 61 56 65.7 5.3 4.8 44 4.2 4.0 38 3.9 40 41 4.5 4.8 4.9 46 45 5.2 7.4 6.0 6.2 67 6.6 6.3 ede Tea eee 780) 9649) 69 67 61 53 4.7 4.2 41 44 46 48 4.7 44 4.1 4.3 5.0 5.2 49 49 48 48 6.3 5.3 6.1 62 67 4.7 Si7e (Bal, “340 Bil) S48 Riv GEGheme Me ERC Meh y 3.8 3.9 40 41 44 4.7 5.0 6&1 51 61 6.0 3:9 4,3, 4:9 (5:4, 15.5 5.7 6.6 4.8 43 4.5 Sesurssee SrOumcsall 327 B60) 448" 43r7) Bee 8rd 4.5 46 43 40 3.4 5.9 4.0 4.1 4.0 3.6 3.1 QS 2h7 (258) 220) 13.0 phil Ree Ree) BELO) thal 3:2, 1354 (3/80 asl) aug 42) Ait) 4x00 3n9! 829 4.5 5.6 5.5 5.0 4.7 4.2 3.9 3.6 3.3 3.4 3.8 4.145 47 44 4.2 4.2 4.5 3.9 3.9 3.9 4.1 4.1 46 4.3 5.2 4.8 52 95.4 5.6) 5.6 5.5 54 5.4 5.3 51 4.9 4.7 425 459 359) (315 Bal ZO aro e Zaga coe. DG tGu oni ble 7 mony, 4.5 28° 3. 4:0 457 eos 5.4 64 6.4 6.3 51 4:6 4c 354 259) 226 PDS OLEy eT il eOEI 2:9. (3:0) 3201 e2)80 216 4.2 4.3. 4.5 4:4 3:9 3.3 29 27 26 2.6 2.4 ey peopel Very Tol) 127) Pie MleG 11,6) 107, 18) 205 238 265 2:8 3.4 2:8) 02.68 2nd) 224 320 Bia Bb, S14 ool 2502: 00n Zl) a 2at =< 2h2 OHEYR PEE ORE OLY oi) 29e2.9F Bi8, 257) 257 3a7 AeO068 2 2atoe 159) 92:0. 28 3.1 30 29 3.0 3:413:6)) Ban) 1325) (3. 2 SiO 217, e 2aCue 270) 8 VERVE BRU a Rey) 68K) 4.4 $250,356) Sat 37 305 B24) 352) 6310) 227 12.2 1SGMeclSurels Peele 7 el: 8 324-257) 16) 9159 2:3 2:6 2:7) 3.0) 3:6) 6.1 4.7 DEGREE ZONE: 51° S. LAT. 32 35 38 40 40 3.9 37 35 33 3.0 Di Vie ive aby wpa Deh. 2G eG, de conch 353 Baa) Ong aed On 88.7 4.8 Be2ieoela bein. 510. 4.7, 44 41 36 31 28 Pay OR MOL Ge “OR east SPs EDEL RRBW) aby 4:0) 40) (358 827) 93a7 5.5 BRAUN REE} REY BEEN pata 1580 156) 1668 107) 357 Hae) Shih GHG LEY Takin 187) PINT 1 Ole es Ope ee 256.) 3820) 3:3 (827 13:8 4.5 1% (Dor 12:8) 3:35 13:8 359) (378) 93,5" 3:0! 256 vik ety Bute aly) Gb 17am 8 aels Olm 2 Oe ono 213) Qh 2 5en 2,4) 1253 4.7 216) 287 256) 227406289 20) 1.8) Bes 71.9) “250 bial 1G) hb) bi) seek] D3 Dds 256 92:78) 12.9) 3.0 31 30 29 29 3.6 Syl. "823° Bal = 209) 2:7 Phi DRY OG) OND bg) 25 26 27 28 28 DiS, 287) wo.Gueco 4 1258 VOR CU ERE SOLS SOM ab he/ 3.3 here pie) echt CESl pec ial 4.22 43 (860i 328i 13.6 3mm ORO mo ae 2. Seer 208) 10s) ele 7 1e7 res Oe 6p 6 3.3 Te oie 5a 2) 923-7 Bi2) 316) 8h? 3a5) 32.2 350," 26) 2,202,008 198 1.6 14 a4 Ia" 1.3 Tey Rie bebe Gibe« olz! 2.6 OE7) t292e8) | 2n7 236) DAW OOo. Oe. 8 eaG di RECS hE) Gibee eo) 1d, © 10078" 10:9) 059 Nit ses ok GER wate 2.5 150' 029° 0:9 2.2 4.7 Dee 5) 242.0) ly 5 Lily 059) 10.8" 0:7. 71029 11 Sole gerds5: le Gee ez, ay RY Oa vials DY) 2.4 11! 0:5 0.1 0,0 0.3 Oxo Rete dh ealeg ois 2) els? Tae 9-2 2 19 16a doled 14 eetso Ce Hiya eure SLE eke} 2.8 OP S20 2 295 201 201.9 Iss 1.6) 183 110) 009% 0:78" 0.5, 0.3 02 01 01 02 0.4 0.6 0.8 08 0.8 Sal DEGREE ZONE 53° 8S. LAT. Dabmbon7) 2.9 3.1 3.2 Sily 3,0) 2n8i° 26 253 2A 20 St 16) 13 Hotes leo deds Ney es 19 20 22 21 18 3.6 Pije2s9. 29 2.8 2.6 2b 2s) 2,081.06 168 8 7 9 2:0 252 QA Orde | 214 OP Os bi 207 30) soaleaseo ece2sarsall 4.2 pene24 2.6 2.3 1.5 1309 0:9970,0" 10unieL 111) 11 0) 2 0:9 0.9 0.8 08 08 O08 0:9) 1019 el aa 7, 32 Oise! «921.4 41.8 2.0 noe nO) 2) Ol 1s Ohm le7 16, WA Ish as 1E2 1529) eae Se 3). 4 15 le Garey, mele 7 ete 2.9 Wesmeeo 821.8 16 1.3 10 09 08 O09 10 Te te Se es $4 1550 17 158) 42:0 D0) 251 21h 250 aor 9) 2.5 ome 1.8 18 18 17oele7) 16 1.5: 8116 U7, ST 18" 19) 9 129 19) 1s ls: is7) 1.6 16) 6 7 7 is 2.3 ome? 1.8 20 21 Dil S20 TO Be Tay, 16) G48 aes) 2) sy 10) 1.0 1.0 0:9 0:9 (O;8i028 02808 Osan 0.7 20 —0.5-0.2 0.0 04 09 Te Bed ales GL Ge 5b! Ieee ted) ale sO 1019) 0.7 O06 O5 0.4 0.4 O53 0:20 Ono Oat 5 082) 148 n7eeeO) 21 21 20 TG 160) a4ye le 2140 OSes. eOnGt O25) 10.5 0:4 04 0:38 0/3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 06 te —1.0 —0.9 —0.8 —0.7 —0.4 O13 102) nomeeln0) 047 0.4 0.1 —0.1 —0.3 —0.5| —0.8 —0.9 —0.8 —0.5 —0.1 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.7 1.0 1.2 —0.6 —0.7 —0.7 —0.6 —0.3} —0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 -0.1] —0.2 -0.2-0.1 0.1 0.0] —0.1 —0.2 —0.2 —0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.4 0.7 09 10 1.5 Oro) 10) 1n2) eS! 152 11 1.12 1.0° 0:8. 0.6 0.3 0.0 —0.4 —0.7 —0.9} —1.0 —1.0 —1.1 -1.0 -0.9]} —0.7 —0.4 —0.3 —0.2 —-0.3 2.0 DEGREE ZONE: 55° S. LAT. TS) QO e2e2) 253) 253 24 D4 259) 9250' 16 14a 12350 e2)) 0) 028 0.6 0.4 04 0.6 08 0.9 0.9 0.9 07 06 258 Hea Ge le7 de 157 te 17 6 1.5. 164 14 4 155) V6 a7, 19) 959 wo) 1505 22:0 PE ites Ct eee he) 3.2 To leg Geo e479 120 0:7 0.4 03 03 04° 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 04 04 05 0.6 2.4 0.2 0.3 06 09 10 12 1.3) es. 123° 152 11 10;90) 0:8 0:7) 0:7 0.7 07 08 08 09 0.9 #10 10 10 09 p15} 0.7 0.8 O.8 0.7 0.4 0:2) (01t 10/0) 0:1 10.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 O08 0.9 10 nah aa es ea ROP Sao ag} 1.5 0:3 0:7 10 11 a2 1.2 2.1 250) 029) 0:9 O10 eee: 103 Deoeeteo sled tsOn 0:9) 08 08 09 10 11 1.5 0.7 0.8 08 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 08 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5 04 0.3 0.2 0922052) 0n2 022 0nd 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 162 —1.3 —1.2 —1.0 —0.7 -—0.4] —0.2 —0.1 —0.1 —0.1 —0.1 | —0.1 —0.1 —0.1 —0.1 —0.2 | -—0.3 —0.3 —0.4 —0.4 —0.5] —0.5 —0.6 —0.7 —0.7 —0.7 0.6 0:0) 019)" dots ys aes 12-10 0.9 0.6 03 0.1 0.0 —0.1 —0.2 —0.2] -—0.3 —0.3 —0.4 -—0.4 —0.4 | —0.4 —0.3 —0.3 —0.2 —0.2 0.9 —1.3 —1.3 —1.2 —1.2 -1.2] —1.3 —1.6 —1.7 —1.2 -1.8] —0.9 —0.7 —0.8 —0.9 —1.1] —1.3 —1.5 -1.3| —1.2 —1.1 —0.9 —0.7 —0.4 0.3 —1.0 —1.6 —1.3 —1.2 -1.0] -—0.7 —0.6 —0.7 —0.8 -1.0} 1.1 —1.2 -1.2 —1.1 -1.1] —1.0 -0.9 —0.9 —1.0 -1.1] 1.1 -1.0 —0.8 —0.6 —0.3 0.8 —0.1 0.0 02 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.1 -0.1] —0.5 —0.9 —1.2 —1.2 -1.3 —1.2 —1.7 —1.1 -1.3 1.6 DEGREE ZONE: 57° 8. LAT. 0.6 11 09 04 07 130) ele eG) ee. 1058 0.7 °#0.6 05 04 0.4 0.3 0.0 —0.2 —0.3 —0.3 | —0.2 —0.2 —0.1 —0.2 —0.2 163 -0.3 0.0 04 0.5 06 peal aby Gh} al Seah) b(t, Va) aha ake} Ai} 14 e ea) 91e5) P16 166 T7ueeele9 2s Ome 2 slate 213 06 08 11 #13 089 0.6 0.2 —0.1 —0.2 -0.1 LON O.4) 1052. 01d) FO 0.1 0.2 0.2 O01 6.0] —0.1 —0.1 —0.2 —0.2 —0.1 1.6 —0.3 —0.3 —0.1 0.1 0.4 0.6 0.7 08 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.4 03 01 O1 0.1 0.2 02 03 03 (01810) 30 0nd 0s3% Os3) ta 0.2 0.2 0.0 —0.1 —0.2] —0.3 —0.4 —0.5 —0.5 —0.5 | —0.4 —0.3 —0.2 —0.1 —0.1 (O208 OSLi8 O12 10.315 1053 03 0:3 0.2 (0.2 053 +0.6 —0.3 -0.1 0.2 0.5 0.7 0.7 06 0.5 04 03 0.3 40.3 04 05 06 0.5 04 0.3 0.2 0.2 0:1). 072) 1092053. 0:4 0.8 O: 1) 0; 0822 1013! 073 0.3 0.2 0.1 -0.1 -0.1| —0.2 —0.3 —0.3 -0.4 -0.4] —0.4 -—0.4 —0.5 —0.5 —0.5| -—0.6 —0.7 —0.7 —0.7 —0.7 +0.1 —1.4] -13-11-1.0 -0.9 -0.8| -0.7 -0.7 —0.7 —0.8 —0.9 | —1.0 —1.0 -1.1 —1.1-1.2| 1.2 -13 -1.3 +0.1 -1.2-10-0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 -0.1 —0.2] —0.4 —0.6 —0.7 —0.8 —0.9] —1.0 —1.0 —1.1 —1.1 —1.1] -1.0 —1.0 —1.0 —0.9 —0.8 +0. 2 -1.8 -1.6 —1.8 -1.3 —1.3 —1.2 —-16 ~1,3 —1.3 —14 —1.5 -1.5 -1.3-1.4 —1.3 0.8 —0.4 —0.3 —0.3 -0.1 0.0] —0.1 —0.2 —0.3 —0.4 -0.7| -—1.0 —1.2 -1.0 ~1,3 —1.5] —1.3 -1.5 -1.5 1.0 accounted for in the means although they were not included in this table. 48 TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN Standard values of the surface temperatures AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- Month 70° W. Long. 60° 50° 40° 30° 20° Ss 16:0" (652) “6i1> 46:6 6:0) 16:2 659° 6.2 3.9 3.4 2:7 2.2 1.6 .0.9 056) (0;6)5 150) 1s2. 152 0.7 0.2 —0.3 0.6 —0.7 5.4 655 652 6.2)" (6h 5.9 5.3 5.3 5.2 48 8207 SaaS) sah) ley es 1.4 $1.1 09 #O8 0.5 |-0.2 —0.6 —1.1 —1.3 —1.3 Bil joa5 oat) O23 Bille 45%) 454) al 3h7 Soot pesOln2ube. eae = Lert 1.1 0.7 0.3 —0.1 —0:3 |—0:4 —0.1 0.4 0.3 O11 4.3 4.2 4.4 656.1. 6.1 AoA B26 2h sa2e 156) 1.3 1sbs 2) (057 =O |= O01) 0S0F (068! 054 0n6 0.7 #08 «0.9 08 08 4.4 43 4.4 455 4:3-| -8.7- 2:3) 210 1.4) 21) 1:6 146 0.% 0.1 —0,5 |—1.0.—1-2 —1e2) —1/2' —1.1 ||=1.0 —0.8: —0:'7 Oop —0ne 40 4.0 41 41 38] 32 31 27 23 26] 33 3.3 1.9 0.3 —0.3 |-0.7 —11—13 Sai 319. 3:4) 9316 8:3)]! 32) 21) FO" (010) 10,2) |—0; 941.3 —1.1 —0,8 —0;7) |—1.0'—1,2:—1. 4 1,3) —1. 26 TROR=088 3.3 3.7 34 25 31] 28 20 15 06 0.3] 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.0 —0.5 |-1.0 —1.1 —1.3 3.9 36 31 29 25] 22 22 25 17 0.9] 08 07 O07 0.1 —0.2 |—0.4 —0.7 —0.9 —1.2 3.6 3.6 3.0 25 26] 3.4 1.8 —0.6 —1.0 —0.9 |—0.7 —0.6 —0.8 —1.0 —1.2 |—1.3 4.3 4.1 4.2 41 42) 41 3.2 18 13 16/ 18 01-01 0.3 07] 06 03 01-01-01] 01 0.3 0.1 —v.3 —0.9 47°46 48 47 41/ 48 49 39 33 38] 40 33 27 24 21] 15 0.5 —0.2 —0.6 —1.0 |—1.2 —1.2 —1.0 —0.8 —0.8 AVERAGE WIDTH OF THE TWO- 46 4.6 ae, 8 10\ 354 3.0.3.1 334 43:4 258 21 #21.7 +411 #06 0.0 /-0.4 —0.6 —0.4 —0.3 —0.2 0.3 —0.4 —0.7 —1.0 —1.1 4.1 43 45 3.8 3.8 3.6 3:2 3.3 38.5 2.8 2.0 15 1.2 0.3 —0.1 |—0.2 —0.4 -0.2 0.3 0.0 |—0.9 —1.1 —1.3 —1.3 —1.4 40 4.4 .8 44 3.7 3.3 2.8 2.5 2.2 1.9 9 div esis 10) 5 056 0.2 —0.3 —0.9 —1.1 —1.2 J|—1.1 —1.1 —0.9 —0.7 —0.8 3.3 3.0 Zor wler dso. lO V0l7 0.3 0.0 —0.2 —0.4 —0.8 |—0.9 —0.9 —0.7 —0.3 —0.2 |—0.1 —0.1 —0.1 —0.4 —0.9 Veccne sce oeasenoe 3.7 3.6 3.9 3.9 3.0 2.0) 0.7 O50 -—0.0 =0)9 0.0 —0.3 —0.7 —1.0 —1.2 —1.4 —1.3 —1.0 —0.9 —0.8 2.9 2.2 1.8 13 6.9 0.9 10 0.4 —0.2 —0.7 —1.0 |—1.2 —1.4 —-1.8 1.4 0.6 0.2 0.6 |—0.5 —0.7 —1.0 —1.3 —1.2 |-1.3 —1.8 2.0°, 2:0) 1.5 (029) 0:4 0.1 —0.3 —0.8 —1.0 —1.0 |—0.9 —0.8 —0.9 —1.0 —1.2 |—1.3 —1.6 —1.8 2.0 1.4 0.9 0.7 OL7 1057 027 0X5" 1051) |=—013' =O —054 —0.,7 —1.0) |=1 2 13 — 17 2. Pane ea ey aha bl aks) 1.0 —0.6 —1.4 =—1,6 BAON (2n5) 2a2'y 22.4 p22 21 #19 0.2 —1.4 —0.5 |—0.3 —0.9 —0.7 —0.4 —0,5 }—0.9 —1.2 —1.3 —1.2 —1.1 |—1.0 —0.7 —0.6 —0.8 —1.1 30 29 26 19 1.9 2/2). ASS) 1.16) 129) °220: 154 Sie 120) 2 05470:9 0.7 —0.1 —0.6 —1.0 —1.3 |—1.4 —1.5 —1.5 —1.6 —1.5 *Intermediate values, which were introduced to determine upwelling. They TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN 49 of the Atlantic Ocean for two-degree fields—Continued DEGREE ZONE: 59° S, LAT. 20° 10° 0° 10° 20° E. Long. 30° | Tm —0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.4-0.3] —0.1 0.3 0.8 0.6 0.1] —0.1 —0.2 —0.2 —0.2 —0.1] —0.1 —0.1 —0.3 —0.7 —1.0] —1,1 -1.1 —1.1 —1.0 —1.0 0.7 —1,0 —0.7 —0:6 —0.8 —0.7} —02 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.6] 0.4 04 0.38 O04 0.7 ONO S Le tie) 12 1e20 13 soe 2 119) —0.1 0.1 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.2 —0.2 -0.4 —0.7 | —0.9 —1.1 -1.0 -0.9 -0.7 | —0.6 —0.5 —0.4 —0.5 —0.6 | —0.7 —0.7 —0.7 —0.7 —0.6 +0.6 —0.8 —0.9 —0.8 —0.4 —0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 01 00] 0.0 -0.1 —0.3 -0.4 -0.5] —0.5 —0.4 —0.4 —0.3 —0.3] —0.3 —0.3 —0.4 —0.4 -0.4 0.3 =0.3 —0.3 —0.4 —0.5 —0.6| —0.7 —0.8 —0.9 —1.0 —1.1 || —1,0 —1.0 —0.9 —0.9 —0.8 | —0.7 —0.6 —0.4 —0.3 —0.3 | —0.3 —0.4 —0.4 —0.4 —0.4 =0,2 —0.8 —0.6 —0.3 —0.1 0.1 0.2 0:2 0.1 0,0 —0,1 | —0.3 —0.3 —0.2 —0:2 —0.1 |" —0.2 —0.3 —0.4 —0.5 —0.5 | —0.6'—0.6 —0.5 —0.4 —0.3 +0.3 —0.7 —0.5 —0.4 —0.3 -0.2| —0.3 -0.3 —0.4 —0.5 —0.7] —0.9 —1.0 —1.1 —1.1 —1.1] —1.1 —1.1 —1,1 -1,1 -1.2| —1.2 -1,2 -1.2 —1.2 -1.3 -0.7 1.2 -1.0| -0.8 —0.8 -0.7 —0.8 —0.8] —1.0 —1.1 —1.2 -1.3 0.1 +0.8 —0.8 —0.7 —0.7 —0.6 —0.5} —0.5 —0.6 —0.7 —0.9 —1.0] -1.3 +0.7 DEGREE ZONE: 61° 8. LAT. —1.0 -0.$ —0.7 —0.8 —0.8] -0.6 —0.2 0.1 0.0 —-0.3} —0.6 —0.7 —0.8 —0.8 —0.7 0.6 —0.6 —0.7 -0.9 —1.1] —1.2 0.0 —1.1 -0.9 -0.9 -1.5 —1.4] -1.0-06-01 0.0 0.1 0/0! 0; 1, 0:2) =012'=0)2'|| =0.2'—0.2'—0.2—0.1 —ot 0:1 =0,1) —0,1)—0)0 0.1 +0.1 S06 Wy) se oie (03) 70/8! 0100053) 017) 10, Seay Sete de |) ede et ee edad et =0:2 —1,2 -1,4 —1.3 —1.1 —0.9| —0.6 —0.4 —0.4 -0.6 —0.8| —0.9 —0.9 —1.0 —1.0 —L0] —1.1—1.1 -1.1 —11—11] —1L0 —L0 -11 -1.1 -11 -0.5 -0.7 —0.7 -0.8 —0.8 —0.9| 1.0 -1.2 —1.38 -1,.2 -1.1 —11—-1L1] —10—-1.0 -10 -1.0 -1.0 —0.7 =1.2 —1.1 —0.9 —0.7 —0.6 | _—0.6 —0.5 —0.5 —0.6 —0.7| —0.8 —0.9 —1.0 —1.0 —0.9]| —0.9 —1.0 —1.0 —1.1 —1.2] —1.2 —1.2 -1.2 -1.1 —1.1 05 Peele 1 (0) 01,0) 050) == 0, SR— ON 9079. Tee — eo) Sy nS | ee gl me secre eee Sane ee a ee ee eee ee —1.1 103) 1, 2-1. 0) 110019 were accounted for in the means although they were not included in this table. [Bold-face type indicates a maximum for a zone. APPEN Two-degree zonal averages of surface Italics indicates a minimum for a zone. Parentheses enclose zonal 50 N. lat I Il Il IV V; VI VIL Vil Ix x XI XII Annual o— 2° 26.9 27.0 27.8 27.7 27.5 26.1 25.1 26.0 25. 2 25.9 26.3 26.8 26.4 Pil) 27.1 27.3 27.6 27.6 27.6 26.9 26.0 25.6 25.7 26.3 26.8 27,2 26.8 4— 6° 27.0 26.9 27.3 27.4 27.6 26.8 26.1 25.8 26.6 26.3 26.9 27.1 26.7 6— 8° 26. 4 26.3 26.3 26.7 26.9 26.9 26.8 26.9 27.1 27.3 27.4 27.0 26.8 8—10° 25.9 25.6 26.6 26.0 26.4 26.8 26.9 26.8 27.2 27.5 27.4 26.8 26.6 0—10° 26.7 26.6 27.0 27.1 27.3 26.7 26. 2 26.0 26.1 26.6 26.9 27.0 26.6 10—12° 25. 4 25.1 25.5 25.6 26.0 26.6 26.7 26.7 27.2 27,4 27.2 26.4 26.3 12—14° 25.1 24.8 24.4 25. 2 25.5 26.2 26.6 27.0 27.5 27.3 26.9 26.1 26.0 14—16° 24.7 24.3 24.3 24.7 25.3 25.7 26. 2 26.9 27.6 27.2 26.7 25.8 25.8 16—18° 24.5 24,1 24.0 24.5 25, 2 25.8 26.2 26.8 27.3 27.0 26.5 25.8 25.6 18—20° 24.2 23.7 23.8 24.3 24.9 25.6 26.1 26.7 27.2 26.7 26.0 25.1 25.4 10—20° 24.8 24.4 24.8 24.8 25.4 26.0 26.4 26.8 27.3 27.1 26.6 25.8 25.8 20—22° 23.8 23.4 23.6 24.0 24.7 25.6 26.0 26.4 26.9 26.5 25.8 24.7 25.1 22—24° 23. 4 23.0 23.2 23.5 24.6 25.4 26.0 26.5 26.8 26.3 25.4 24,2 24.8 24—26° 22.5 22.3 22.2 22.7 23.8 24.9 25.9 26.5 26.7 26.0 24.8 23.9 24.4 26—28° 21.8 21.2 21.1 21.9 23.0 24.6 25.8 26.5 26.6 25.3 23.9 22.8 23.7 28—30° 20.5 20.1 19.5 20.6 22.0 23.9 25.4 26.2 26.1 24.7 23.0 21.8 22.8 20—30° 22.4 22.0 21.8 22.5 23.6 24.9 25.8 26.4 26.6 25.7 24.5 23.5 24.1 30—32° 20. 2 19.3 19.1 19.9 20.9 22.9 24.6 25.5 25.3 24.1 22.0 20.7 22.0 32—34° 19.1 18.4 18.0 18.6 20.2 22.3 24. 2 25.3 24.9 23.5 21.3 19.9 21.3 34—36° 18.0 17.4 17.2 17.8 19.4 21.5 23.7 24.7 24.3 22.8 20.6 19.3 20.6 36—38° 17.0 16.8 16.3 16.9 18.6 20.6 23.1 24,1 23.5 rakes 19.6 18.6 19.7 38—40° 15.4 14.6 14.9 15.5 17.1 19.5 22.3 23,2 22.7 20.6 18.3 16.5 18.4 30—40° 18.0 17.2 17.1 17.8 19.2 21.4 23.6 24.6 24.2 22.6 20.4 19.1 20.4 40—42° 13.4 12.7 12.6 13.4 15.0 Leet 20. 4 21,4 20.8 18.6 16.2 14.1 16.4 42—44° 10.7 10.0 10. 2 11.3 12.6 15.4 18.0 19,3 18.8 16.5 14.3 nb bey) 14.1 44—46° 9.6 8.9 9.2 9.8 10.8 13.8 16.3 17,8 17.3 15.3 12.7 10.6 12.7 46—48° 8.8 9.0 Dad) 8.1 9.7 12,2 15.0 16,7 15.4 13.6 10.9 9.4 11.6 48—50° 9.6 8.7 8.8 8.5 8.9 12.0 14.5 15.6 14.3 12.3 9.9 9.3 11.0 40—50° 10.5 9.9 10.2 10.3 11.5 14.3 17.0 18.3 17.4 15.3 12.9 nba 13.4 50—52° 8.6 8.6 8.9 9.1 9.5 pb at 13.2 14,5 13.6 11.7 10.0 10.2 10.8 52—54° 7.3 7.2 (eel Wee 8.2 9.8 11.5 12.7 12.2 10.5 9.1 8.4 9.4 54—56° 7.0 6.2 6.3 6.7 7.4 8.9 10.5 11.4 11.2 9.8 8.1 7.5 8.5 56—58° 6.2 6.8 6.2 6.0 6.6 8.0 9.8 10.6 10.1 8.9 6.7 6.8 17 58—60° 6.0 6.7 6.1 5.6 6.3 (Bt 9.0 10.0 9.0 8.2 6.8 6.3 7.3 50—60° (eat 6.6 6.9 6.9 7.5 9.1 10.7 11.8 11.2 9.8 8.1 7.8 8.7 60—62° 5.3 4.7 5.8 4.9 5.5 6.6 7.8 8.5 7.8 7.3 6.5 5.9 6.5 62—64° 4.4 4.1 5.9 5.3 5.5 6.5 8.4 9.0 7.9 6.4 5.6 5.8 6.3 64—66° (2.1) 3.2 3.8 3.2 4.8 5.7 7.3 7.8 5.8 5.0 4.4 4.4 5.1 66—68° (1.6) 2.2 (1.6) 0.7 3.2 3.9 4.9 6.9 5.0 4.2 4.1 (2.7) (3. 8) OB 70? | 2 ewe cade PAL I Ba Sepa aed beeen (2.7) 2.1 2.7 5.9 4.3 LURES || Pee eee eens bec 60—70° (4.0) 8.6 (4.8) (4. 0) 4.6 5.7 6.6 7.8 6.6 6.7 (5.)3 (5. 3) (5. 6) 0—70° 17.7 16.8 17.4 17.3 157 19.2 20.1 20.8 20.8 20.1 18.9 18.6 18.8 DIX II temperatures for the months and the year averages for which the observation material does not extend over the whole width of the ocean in the zone in question] I a II IV Vv VI VIL Vl XI x Ix XII Annual | 8. lat. 26.5 26.9 27.6 27.5 26.9 25.4 24.2 24.2 24.5 25.3 25.7 26.2 25.9 o— 2° 26.4 26.9 27.6 27.6 26.9 25.2 23.9 23.8 24.0 25.0 25.3 25.6 25.7 2 4° 26.0 26.8 27.3 27.5 26.5 25.2 24,2 23.2 ya oe 6 24.6 24.9 25.4 25.4 4— 6° 25.5 26.6 2Tak v7 pal 26.3 Pith) 24.2 28.2 23.4 24.0 24.5 25.0 25.2 6— 8° 25.5 26.0 26.6 26.6 25.9 25.0 23.9 22.9 22.9 23.3 24.0 4.6 24.6 §—10° | 26.0 26.7 27.2 27.3 26.5 25.2 24.1 83.6 PEPYS 24.5 24.9 25.4 25.3 O— 10° 25.0 25.6 26.1 26.1 26. 4 24.4 23.4 28.6 22.6 23.0 23.3 24.5 24,3 10—12° 24.1 25.2 25.7 25.6 24.7 23:5 22.7 21.9 21.9 22.2 22.8 23.5 23.7. 12—14° 23.8 24.7 25.2 24.9 24,2 22.8 21.9 21.1 21.2 21.7 22.3 23.0 23.1 14—16° 23.4 24.5 24,8 24.4 23.7 22.4 21.3 20.6 20.6 20.9 21.6 22.6 22.5 16—18° 23,4 24.4 24.5 23.8 23.1 22.0 20.8 20.2 20.8 20.5 21.2 22.5 22,2 18—20° 23.9 24.9 25.2 25.0 24.2 23.0 22.0 21.8 21.3 21.7 22.2 23.1 23,1 10—20° 23.3 24.4 24.0 23.5 23.0 21.7 20.6 19.9 19.8 20.2 2.1 22.2 22.0 20—22° 23.4 24,1 23.9 23.2 22.1 21.2 20.2 19.6 19.6 19.8 20.8 21.9 21.6 22—24° 23.2 24,2 23.8 23.1 22.0 20.6 19.8 19.1 19.2 19.4 20.2 22.0 21.4 24-262 22.9 23,7 23.4 22.4 22.0 19.9 19.0 18.3 18.5 18.7 19.9 21.6 20.9 26—28° 22.1 23.1 23.0 21,2 zed 19.0 18.0 17.6 17.6 17.9 19.0 21.0 20.1 28—30° 23.0 23.9 23.6 22.6 22.1 20.4 19.4 18.8 18.9 19.2 20.1 21.7 2.1 20—30° 21.4 22,4 21.9 20.8 19.5 18.0 17.0 16.7 16.5 17.1 18.0 20,2 19.1 30—32° 20.6 21,3 21.0 20,2 18.6 17.2 16.5 15.6 16.4 16.1 17.2 19.0 18,2 32-342 19.8 20.4 20.0 19.0 17.6 16.0 15.0 14.4 14.4 15.5 16.6 18.1 17.2 34-36° 18.4 19.2 17.9 17.4 16.2 14.7 13.7 13.5 12.9 13.7 15.1 16.8 15.8 36-—38° 16.3 17.1 16.4 15.7 14.6 13.1 12.2 12.1 11.9 12.2 13.4 15.2 14.2 38—40° 19.2 20.0 19.4 18.5 17.2 15.7 14.8 14.4 1h 14.8 16.0 17.8 16.8 30—40° 14.4 14,8 13.7 13.9 12:7 11.5 11.0 10.3 10.0 10.9 11.9 aR yal 12.4 40—42° 12,2 13.0 12.7 12.1 10.4 0.7 9.1 8.9 84 8.8 10.1 11.3 10.6 42—44° 0.8 10.6 10.4 9.9 8.7 8.1 7.9 7.5 7.0 7.2 8.4 9.3 8.7 44—46° 7.9 8.9 8.4 1.7 6.8 6.6 6.3 6.0 4.9 5.1 6.2 7.2 6.8 46—48° 6.3 6.9 6.0 5.9 4.5 4.8 4.5 4.2 8.4 ey A 4.4 4.7 4.9 48—50° 10.1 10.8 10.3 9.8 8.5 8.1 2.7 7.4 6.7 71 8.1 9.0 8.6 40—50° 4.8 5.5 4.5 (4.1) (3.6) (3.3) (3.3), (2.6) (2.5) 24 2.8 3.1 (3.5)| 50-—-52° 3.6 4.2 3.2 (2.9) (2.5) (2.3) (2.0), (1.3) (1.7) 1.2 1.5 2.0 (2.4)| 52542 2.8 3.2 2.4 (2. 2) (1. 5) (1. 5) (1. 2) | (0. 6) (0.9) (0. 3) (0.8) 1.6 (1. 6) 54—56° (1.8) 2.3 1.6 (1.1) (0.6) (0.8) (0.1), (0.1) (0.2)|_----------- (0.8) 1.0 (1.0)| 56-—58° (0.7) 1.2 (0.6) (0.3)|} (0.2) Cai | (Giga (2081) |e ees 0.8 0.7 (0.3); 58—60° (2.7) (3.3) (2.5) (2.1) (1.6) (1.7) (1.2) | (1.0) (1.1) (1.0) (1.4) 1.8 (.8)} 50-608 16.8 16,5 16.2 15.7 14.8 14.0 | ~ 13.2 13.1 12.8 13.6 14.3 15.1 14.6 0—60° i Whole ocean 70° N. to 60° S. lat. _ i I mI IV Vv VI VIL | VII Ix x XI XII Annual ea al ow ee = | 16.7 16.7 16.8 16.5 16.8 16.7 16.8 I72 17.0 170 16.7 16.9 16.8 | 70° N to 60° S 51 485460—43—Vol. VI, No, 1——5 ' » as y = » 7 ~ : \ ” . \ ¥ > a ' ‘ es y ‘ - . ‘ J mo - _ 4 —— ~ " 4 é = : ‘ : x é - aa = - y _ fas : ~ > 7 , . - ae ans . > ¢ : 7 oe a - -_ = : g Se . <7 Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. Vol. PUBLICATIONS OF THE DIRECTORATE OF WEATHER HEADQUARTERS ARMY AIR FORCES I, No. 1. Pretiminary REPORT ON THE CLIMATE OF WEST Arrica, INcLUDING THE AREA WeEsT oF 10° East LONGITUDE. + I, No. 2. TerMINAL WEATHER ON THE SAN FRANCISCO- New York Arrway.ft I, No. 3. Prenimrnary REPORT ON THE CLIMATE OF CEN- II, No. II, No. II, No. II, No. no TRAL AMERICA AND NORTHERN SouTH AMERICA (Marcu to AvuGcust).f . Frying Conpirrons iN Eastern Matne.t PRELIMINARY REPORT ON TOPOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE OF British CoLumBIA AND NORTH- WESTERN ALBERTA, INCLUDING TEMPERATURE PRECIPITATION, AND RAINFALL, AND INDEX OF METEOROLOGICAL StaTIons.t CLIMATE AND WEATHER OF THE WEsT Coast OF AFRICA AND THE HasTERN ATLANTIC ISLANDs.t FLYING CONDITIONS OVER THE SOUTHEASTERN Coast or JAPAN, THE SEA OF JAPAN, AND THE East CHINA SBa.t IIT, No. 1. Pretiminary REPORT ON CLIMATE AND WEa- THER OF NORTHWESTERN EUROPE. III, No. 4. Chimarr anp WEATHER OF THE AsiaTIc Por- TION OF THE UNION OF SovibT SOCIALIST REPUBLICS AND OF ITs AIR APPROACHES.f IV, No. 2. THE ENGLIsH CHANNEL. Part I: OcEANOGRAPHY.t Part II: MpTrEoROLOGY AND CLIMATOL- oay. t* Vol. IV, No. 3. PRe“iminary CuimMatTic ATLAS or THE MeEpI- TERRANEAN REGION.+ Vol. IV, No. 4. CotuectEp PAPERS PREPARED FOR PAN AMER- ican ArRways, INc.f I. Winter Flying Conditions and Air Mass Characteristics in the Guam-Manila-Hong Kong Sector, by E. B. Buxton. Il. Summary of Flying Conditions on the Pacific Routes of Pan American Airways, Inc., by W. H. Clover. Notes on Weather Analysis in the Tropies, by E. B. Buxton. IV. On the Development and Maintenance of Tropical Cyclones in the Far East, by L. H. Fennel. Vol. V, No. Vol. V, No Vol. V, No Vol. V, No. aL bo Winpd Roses FoR Canvron Istuanp, Mipway IsLanD, AND Noumea Istanp (N. C.).f SUMMARY OF THE STATE OF THE IcE IN ARCTIC Seas Durine THE YEARS 1935-38.+ CLIMATE AND WEATHER OF SOUTHEASTERN ASIA. Part I—Inp1a, BURMA, ANDSOUTHERN CHINA. } Parr IJ]—FarrHer INDIA, AND THE NETHER- LANDS Hast INpIEs.. {* A Discussion OF PROJECTIONS AND THE NEw WEATHER PLorriInG CHARTS OF THE WEATHER RESEARCH CENTER.{ Vol. VI, No. 1. TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF t Restricted. * In press, THE ATLANTIC OCEAN.t U, 8, GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1943 = 4 PLEASE RETURN T INSTITUTION DATA LIBRARY McLEAN en. Bea foods Hole Oceanographic Institution ATLAS - GAZETTEER COLLECTION ,