DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVAL SERVICE TEMPERATURES AND DENSITIES OF THE WATERS OF EASTERN CANADA Including the Atlantic from the Bay of Fundy to Newfoundland; the Gulf of St. Lawrence, AND THE Straits connecting it with the Ocean From investigations by the Tidal and Current Survey in THE Seasons op 1894 to 1896, and 1903 to 1911 W. Bell Dawson, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S.C, M.Inst.C.E., Superintendent of Tidal Surveys l^ubliietiieli bp tije department of tbe ^abal ^etbice OTTAWA, CANADA. Ottawa: Priated by F. A. Acland, Printer to U»e King's Most Excellait Majesty 1922 3,(K)0-Dec. 5-21. Heq. 83&1 DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVAL SERVICE TEMPERATURES AND DENSITIES OF THE WATERS OF EASTERN CANADA Including the Atlantic from the Bay of Fundy to Newfoundland; the Gulf of St. Lawrence, AND THE Straits connecting it with THE Ocean From investigations by the Tidal and Current Survey in THE Seasons of 1894 to 1896, and 1903 to 1911 W. Bell Dawson, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S.C., M.Inst.C.E., Superintendent of Tidal Surveys 9ublt£(f)eli bp t{)e ISepattment of ti)t i^abal §^tMtt OTTAWA, CANADA. Ottawa: Printed by F. A. Acland, Printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty 1922 3,000— Dec. 5-21. Req. 8364 CONTENTS. Atlantic Coast — Temperatures and densities of the water ofif Nova Scotia, and off the southeastern page coasts of Newfoundland. The Labrador current. Water temperatures and wind disturbance IQ Belle Isle Strait — Temperatures of the water from surface to bottom, in two different seasons. Relation of temperature to direction of current, and to wind disturbance. Temperatures around icebergs 22 Cabot strait — Temperatures and densities in this Strait and in the deep channels of the Gulf, to 200 fathoms. The warmer and diluted sea water off Cape Breton island 36 Gulf of St. Lawrence — Temperatures and densities throughout the open Gulf. Division of the area into two regions, according to the character of the water. The layer of water at the freezing point, between 30 and 50 fathoms. Change with the progress of the season 34, 43 The Gasp6 region — Characteristics of the Gasp4 current as regards temperature and density. Its relation to the St. Lawrence river. Sections of the water in the main passage between the Gasp6 coast and Anticosti, and in Mingan strait 66 Northumberland strait — Temperatures from the surface to the bottom. Relation of temperature to the flood and ebb directions. Increase in temperature with the season 66 Bat of Fundy — Temperatures in the outer part of the Bay, as far as the oflBng of Cape Sable; in two different seasons. Deep temperatures to 30 and 50 fathoms. Effect of strong currents amongst islands and shoals, in modifying temperatures 81 Lists of Stations in the Different Regions. Off Southeastern Newfoundland 14 In Belle Isle strait. Stations of 1894 22 In Belle Isle strait. Stations of 1906 26- In Cabot strait and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Stations I to X. 35 In the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Stations XI to XVIII 49 £n the Gasp6 region and Mingan strait 56 In Northumberland strait 66 In the Bay of Fundy 81 32385— U TEMPERATURES AND DENSITIES OF THE WATERS OF EASTERN CANADA. From investigations hy the Tidal and Current Survey. The densities and temperatures of the water in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the Bay of Fundy and other regions off the shores of Eastern Canada and New- foundland, as here published, give the whole of the information of this character which has been obtained to date by the Tidal and Current Survey in these waters. The primary object in view in taking the observations, was to trace the currents and slower movements of the water by these characteristics; and in the various reports on currents issued by the Survey, some partial publication has been given from this point of view. But in the present comprehensive form, it may better serve to indicate the character of the waters themselves on these coasts of Canada, and their variations in regard to locality and to change with the progress of the season. This may also be of value in its bearing on the distribution of fish and other marine life; both locally and during the course of the season. The density of the water as here given, is its actual specific gravity. It may be more usual to differentiate sea water in accordance with its salinity; but the specific gravity accords with the totality of dissolved salts which it contains, and it also affords a direct measure of the degree of dilution of standard sea water by fresh water from rivers, which is often a matter of primary import- ance. All the densities given are consistently determined by the same method in the different years indicated ; and they are thus truly comparative throughout the various regions. In the three earliest years, 1894, 1895, and 1896, the investigations were carried out with the lighthouse supply steamer Lansdowne, which was placed at the disposal of the Survey for a period limited to three months in each season. In these years, a general examination was made of the currents throughout the Gulf of St. Lawrence, including its connections with the Atlantic ocean through Belle Isle strait and Cabot strait. When the investigation of the currents was resumed in 1903, the surveying steamer Gulnare was commissioned for the work, and eventually equipped with adequate anchorage machinery for greater con- venience; although appliances had already been used for anchoring at Stations in all depths met with, up to 250 fathoms. These investigations were made almost entirely under the personal direction of Dr. W. Bell Dawson, C.E., the Superintendent of the Tidal and Current Survey; with Messrs. H. M. Mackay, and S. C. Hayden successively, as chief assistant. Instruments and Methods Surface temperatures. — These were obtained with accurate thermometers of Fahrenheit scale, provided with a small ''bucket'' at the lower end, which retained the water around the bulb and protected it from exposure to the air till the reading was taken. They were checked by standard thermometers. Deep temperatures. — For depths to about 30 or 40 fathoms, deep-sea registering thermometers were used. They were carefully checked by comparison with standard thermometers having Kew certificates; and any index error was allowed for. The results to the nearest quarter degree Fahrenheit are thus reliable. This type of thermometer is convenient and satisfactory, so long as the temperature of the water decreases continuously to the depth taken. For greater depths, from 50 to 200 fathoms, a deep-sea inverting thermo- meter was used,. This was essential for accuracy where there were layers of water at different temperatures, which was often the case. The thermometer is released by a fan which operates when the instrument begins to be raised through the water. To avoid premature release from the rolling of the vessel, the supporting line was passed over a six-inch pulley wheel, and motion allowed for by hand to keep the thermometer steady in the water at the depth taken, for the necessary time. Any discordant or suspected readings were rejected or the observation was repeated. At 50 fathoms, where the lowest temperature usually occurred, readings were often taken with both types of thermometer as a check. Protection of thermometer bulbs. — Both types of thermometers have the usual protecting bulbs to obviate error from pressure at such depths. It had been customary for the outer bulb to be partially filled with alcohol; but in these thermometers, this was replaced by mercury which has a great advantage in transmitting the temperature more quickly to the inner bulb. Instead of keep- ing the thermometer for seven to ten minutes at each depth taken, the time was thus reduced to four or five minutes, which enabled much more work to be done in a day. Also, as the release was by a fan, two thermometers could be placed on the same line, 50 fathoms apart; which enabled certain depths to be checked twice by two different thermometers. Another combination suitable for the lesser depths, was to place a registering and an inverting thermometer on the same line, 10 fathoms apart. Densities. — ^The samples were obtained at the depth desired, with a deep- sea water bottle with valves. As the water was often very cold, it was found best to bottle the samples at the time, and to allow their temperature to come to about 60° Fahrenheit before reading the density with a hydrometer. This reduces the temperature correction to a minimum, which is a distinct advantage; because it is large relatively to the variations in density that are being dealt with, and also because the amount of the correction differs appreciably for the various densities from pure sea water to diluted water, as found in the various regions. The hydrometers were graduated to show specific gravity; and to obtain as open a scale as possible they were made in series with a small range on each. The total range from fresh water to standard sea water (1 • 0000 to 1 • 0260) was thus substantially subdivided, and adapted to the range of density in the region under investigation in each season. Proceedure. — At the Stations where anchorages were made, the current might often be too strong to obtain temperatures and densities vertically down- ward. The tidal fluctuation was therefore taken advantage of, to obtain them when the current was least. In tidal streams which run both ways, they were taken at slack water; as this had the further advantage of showing whether there was any change in temperature with the direction of flow. On the longer temperature sections, there was greater facility, even with current, in measuring depths vertically because the vessel was free. On the other hand, in taking surface temperatures and surface samples for density, it was not necessary to stop. Positions. — The location of Stations for anchorage was carefully selected for the purpose in view, and the position was fixed by bearings and angles so that the same spot could be occupied as often as desired. When temperatures and 6 densities were taken at successive points on a line, each point was given a number; and its position was carefully fixed by sextant angles or by log readings for distance along definite courses. The latter was the usual plan when it was unnecessary to stop in taking surface temperatures and surface samples of water. With the ends of such lines definitely fixed, and log readings for the intermediate points, all their positions could be located on the chart. Where the currents were strong, the mileage as given by the log reading is corrected for current, to give true distances. Physical Conditions Cold-water layer throughout the Gulf area. — The extended observations in Cabot strait, the Gaspe region, and the northeastern arm of the Gulf towards Belle Isle strait, agree in showing that there is a cold layer of water at a depth of 40 or 50 fathoms which remains practically at the freezing point to the end of the season. The warming of the surface water with the progress of the season does not therefore appear to extend beyond a depth of 30 fathoms. In consequence of this, there are extensive bottom areas in the Gulf, running in belts parallel with the shore, which must remain at the freezing point through- out the year; as well as some of the banks which lie at a depth of 30 to 50 fathoms. This no doubt has a bearing upon marine life. In the deeper channels in the Gulf area, in which the depth runs from 100 to 250 fathoms, the water is distinctly warmer as well as higher in density. This is shown clearly in the more comprehensive tables of deep temperatures and densities herein given. Reduced density of currents in the Gulf area, — The current along the Gasp6 coast in the mouth of the St. Lawrence estuary, and the out-flowing water around the north end of Cape Breton island, are of relatively low density. It can hardly be doubted that this low density is to be attributed to the outflow of the St. Lawrence; and we are thus able to trace the influence of this water as far as Cape Breton, where it finally mingles with the water of the ocean. In discussing the relation of the St. Lawrence to these currents, however, it is to be noted that the water of low density forms only a small part of the total volume which is in motion. The discharge of the river St. Lawrence, including its principal tributaries, amounts to 240,000 cubic feet per second. This volume of fresh water will mingle with sea water for which we may assume a density of 1 • 0240; as this may be taken to represent either the mean density of Atlantic coast water to a moderate depth, or the density of the salter water in the Gulf itself. The surface water in either the Gasp6 or Cape Breton currents is seldom lower than 1-0218 or 1-0217 near the shore; and the reduced density to a moderate depth may be taken as 1 - 0230 on the average. The discharge of the St. Lawrence is sufficient to furnish a stream of water reduced from the density 1-0240 to 1-0230, which would be ten miles wide and 56 feet deep, moving with a speed of one knot per hour. This is a fair approximation to the extent and volume of the water of lowest density in the Gasp^ current; and such a comparison may therefore serve to illustrate the way in which the conditions may be accounted for, if the data themselves were more closely known. As regards the total volume, however, the St. Lawrence river is quite insignificant as compared with the outflow of the Gasp^ current. On the best estimate that can be made from the data available, the volume of the Gasp6 current is ninety-five times the volume of the St. Lawrence river. The volume of the Cape Breton current also, is probably much the same. It is thus quite erroneous to speak of these currents as St. Lawrence water; as the most that* the river can do is to reduce their density towards the surface by an appreciable amount. 7 Wind disturbance. — In the temperatures of the water as here given, there are some examples of the effect of the wind in displacing the warmer water on the surface. After the surface water has warmed up with the progress of the season, this is more noticeable; as strong off-shore winds may drive the warmer surface water into the offing, and allow the cold under-water to come to the surface and replace it. Similar conditions may explain the belt of colder water which not infrequently occurs along the shore, which appears to be due to the off-shore direction of the prevailing winds. The amount of disturbance due to a given amount of wind, it may thus be possible to estimate from the water temperatures. This is fully discussed in ''Effect of the Wind on Currents and Tidal Streams;" Trans. Royal Society of Canada, Section III, 1909. In the case of constant currents, it appears that these can be altered in position by the wind more readily than they can be checked in velocity, even on the surface, by contrary winds. When such a current is of low density, as the Gasp6 current, the amount of disturbance can be ascertained from the position of the water of low density. Conditions in relation to fisheries. — The chief points in this connection, are the temperature of the water as it affects the spawn of fish and its hatching; and the dilution of sea water by fresh water, represented by its density, which affects some types of marine life. The consideration of these points will show the depth to which it is necessary to carry observations of temperature and density in this connection. The spawn of most fish of commercial importance floats on the surface. It is thus directly related to the surface temperature. As to the effect of cold water on hatching, it is generally held by the authorities, that it provides more favourable conditions for the healthy larval development of marine fishes. The chief bottom spawn is herring, and it does not probably extend beyond a depth of 10 or 20 fathoms. Investigations of the water to a depth of 20 fathoms might therefore be sufficient as there is rarely bottom spawn beyond this limit. The depth of 30 fathoms to which these observations of temperature and density were ordinarily taken, should thus be ample from this standpoint; as well as for the fresh water influence in ordinary bays and estuaries, which would have any appreciable effect upon shellfish or other marine life. Explanation Stations. — The Stations at which anchorages were made were designated by the letters of the alphabet in each season. Off southern and eastern New- foundland and in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the alphabetical letters have been reduced to three sets to avoid confusion. In the Gulf region, there is a set for Belle Isle strait and another for the Gasp6 region, with a continuation to the end of the alphabet for Northumberland strait. These are widely separated, and the letters so far as repeated, will not be confused with each other. In the intermediate parts of the Gulf region, Roman numerals are used for distinction. In the Bay of Fundy, letters from the beginning of the alphabet are again used to designate the Stations. Temperatures. — These are all given in degrees Fahrenheit. Densities. — The values given for the density of the water are its actual specific gravity, reduced to the standard temperature of 60° Fahrenheit. Depths. — The depths are in fathoms of 6 feet. Distances. — All distances in miles are in nautical miles of 6,080 feet. Directions. — ^All directions are bearings from true north, measured in degrees, in a right-handed direction, from 0° to 360°. When any magnetic bearings are given as well, they are always so indicated. 8 Positions. — The positions of all Stations and other points on the water, are thus defined by a direction and distance from some point on the land, or by their mileage along a line between definite points; so that they can readily be laid out on a chart or map. Arrangement The open waters of the Atlantic, off Nova Scotia and southeastern New- foundland are given first; as they show the temperatures and densities in the ocean, and thus afford a term of comparison for those elsewhere. The two passages which connect the Gulf of St. Lawrence with the Atlantic through Belle Isle strait and Cabot strait, are given next; followed by the open waters of the central portion of the Gulf, the entrance to the St. Lawrence in the vicinity of Anticosti island, and Northumberland strait. In these regions, the observations in different years are arranged in order of date during the season. The central part of the Bay of Fundy and its offing as far as southern Nova Scotia, complete the regions examined. Plates. The location of the Stations at which anchorages were made, are shown in the accompanying Plates. The general map of the Gulf of St. Lawrence shows the Stations in the open Gulf, and in Northumberland strait. The Strait of Belle Isle and the Gasp^ region are given in the next two Plates; followed by south- eastern Newfoundland and the Bay of Fundy. At the Stations thus shown, temperatures were taken at various depths during the season. These Plates also serve as maps to show the location of the lines of temperatures and densities, and the sections, which were obtained. Tides and Currents. A description of the behaviour of the currents and tidal streams in these various regions, is given in the following publications issued by the Tidal Survey: — 'The Currents on the South-eastern coasts of Newloundland", and the amount of indraught into the larger bays on the south coast. ^'The Currents in Belle Isle strait", from investigations during two seasons. "The Currents in the Gulf of St. Lawrence", including Cabot strait and Northumberland strait; and explaining the general circulation of the water. ''The Currents in the Entrance to the St. Lawrence", including the Anti- costi region, and the Gasp^ current; from investigations during three seasons. "Tables of the Currents in the Bay of Fundy." Giving the direction and velocity of the tidal streams, hour by hour, and the time of slack water, through- out the region extending from St. John, N.B., to Cape Sable. THE ATLANTIC OFF NOVA SCOTIA AND NEWFOUNDLAND. The temperatures and densities of the Atlantic waters in the offing of Nova Scotia and southeastern Newfoundland, which were obtained so far as there was opportunity, may serve as a term of comparison with those in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Labrador current, where they are more or less influenced by the admixture of fresh water or by ice conditions. The amount of variation in the density, of these open waters is also noteworthy, with relation to the amount of variation found elsewhere. The observations are taken in exactly the same way, as regards instruments and methods, as in the other regions; and they are thus truly comparative. Off the southeast coast of Nova Scotia and the south coast of Newfoundland. On May 21 to 23, 1903. Surface temper- ature. Surface density. Locality. Surface temper- ature. Surface density. Locality. 37° 36i 37 37 37 37 36^ Aver'e. 1-0241 1-0242 1-0245 1-0244 1-0243 1-0242 1-0245 At a series of seven points, midway between Cape Breton and the Mique- lon Islands. 42° 431 431 43^ 40^ 42 1-0237 10238 1-0237 10236 10238 10240 10235 1-0236 At a series of eight points, 5 to 15 miles apart, off the southeast coast of Nova Scotia, eastward from Halifax. At six points, 4 to 8 miles apart, off the eastern angle of Cape Breton island. 1-0243 37° 37 37 37 37 36 36 36 Aver'e. 1-0247 1-0248 1-0248 10251 10251 1-0251 1-0250 10248 At eight points, 12 miles apart, off the south coast of Newfoundland, towards Cape Race. Aver'e. 1-0237 36r 36| 36^ 37 37 36^ 10238 1-0239 1-0240 1-0240 1-0240 1-0237 1-0249 Aver'e. 10239 10 I>eep temperatures, Nova Scotia to Newfoundland; on the same lines as those on which the above densities were taken. On May 21 and 22, 1903. Off the southeastern coast of Nova Scotia; at Between Cape Breton and St. Pierre island. three points 27 miles apart, at the offing of At four points at distances of 19, 34, 79 and the 50-fathom line. 99 miles respectively, from Scatari island. Surface. 10 fathoi 42° 4or 39^ 42r 39 Surface. 10 fatho] 36r 36 36r 37 37° 36i 36i° ns ens 37 30 fathoms 37 36 37 30 fathoms 311 33 33 — Surface Density. Total temper- — At At At At depth Remarks. ature. Surface. 10 Fath. 20 Fath. 30 Fath. 50 Fath. of water. 10240 Deep densities at seven — 10240 10243 10245 10246 — 50 Fath. points along the south- — — 10243 — 10245 10245 65 " east coast of Nova Scotia, 10237 10243 10245 — — 52 " from Liverpool to a point 10239 10243 10244 — — 35 " 23 miles beyond Cape — 10239 — 10243 1-0243 — 40 " Canso; at an offing cor- 10237 10239 10243 10243 85 " responding approximate- ly with the 50-fathom line. On June 30 and July 1, 1896. 11 Temperatures and densities off southern Nova Scotia. In 1894 and 1896, between June 29 and July 3. Distance in miles. Surface temp're. Surface density. Locality. 15 M. 18 " 21 " 24 " 27 " 30 " 31 " 49r 50 49 49 48 48 10249 1-0250 10247 1-0248 1-0248 10248 Year. Surface temp're. Surface density. Locality. (Continued) 1894 45° 45 1-0240 10245 Off Grand Manan island. At two points in the offing of Hali- fax. Off Jeddore harbour. Off Liscomb har- bour. At three points, 12 miles apart, in the Bay of Fimdy between St. John and Brier island. At four points off southern Nova Scotia; from the offing of Yar- mouth to Shel- burne. At IJ miles off Cape St. Mary. 1894 55^^ 49 10240 1-0237 Off southern Newfoundland, from Placentia bay past St. Pierre island and towards St. Paul island. On September 22 and 23, 1903. 1894 48° 50 1-0234 10234 OM. 3 " 6 " — 10245 1-0245 1-0244 At three points off Placentia bay. 1896 — 1-0242 1-0246 1-0245 OM. 5 " 10 " 15 " — 1-0243 1-0244 1-0244 1-0244 At four points, 5 miles apart, off St. Pierre island. 1896 — 1-0245 1-0244 1-0243 10242 OM. 5 " 10 " 16 " 20 " 25 " 30 " 35 " 40 " 45 " 50 " 53° 53 53^ 55 55A 54| 531 54 531 53^ 54 1-0242 1-0243 1-0243 1-0242 1-0241 1-0242 1-0242 10242 1-0241 1-0241 1-0242 From western edge of St. Pierre bank for 50 miles west- ward towards St. Paul island. In Placentia bay, Newfoundland; from Placen- tia harbour to Cape St. Mary. On July 20, 1903. Distance in miles. Surface temp're. Surface density. Locality. OM. 3 " 6 " 9 " 12 " 51° 50 50 50 •49J 1-0248 1-0248 1-0247 1-0246 1-0247 Off mouth of Placentia harbour. {Continiied) 12 Distance Surface Surface in miles. temp're. density. 0 M. h " 470 10248 3h " 48 10243 8 " 5U 10246 13 " 51 10246 18 " 51 10247 Remarks. Surface densities for 18 miles southward from Cape Pine, on a line bearing 186°. On August 10, 1903. The distances are from the shore line at Cape Pine. (A temperature section to a depth of 30 fathoms was taken at the same time; given on page 16.) Distance Surface densities. Remarks. miles. May 26 Aug. 11 0 M. Surface densities across the Labrador current from Cape Race to 2 " 10250 10245 Grand Bank, on a line bearing 118". The distances are from 5 " 10251 10245 the shore line at Cape Race. On May 26 and August 11, 1903. 10 " 10252 10245 (Temperature sections to a depth of 30 fathoms were taken on 18 " 10252 1-0246 the same dates; given on page 15.) 26 " 10250 10246 34 " 10251 — Distance Surface Surface in miles. temp're. density. Remarks. 0 M. Surface densities across t\ie Labrador current eastward from Cape 3 " 50** 10244 Spear, on a line bearing 85". The distances are from the light- 8 " 50 10245 house on Cape Spear. On August 14, 1903. (A temperature 13 " 51 10244 section to 30 fathoms was taken at the same time, given on page 15.) 0 M. Surface densities across the Labrador current eastward from i " 34** 10251 Fermeuse harbour, at right angles to the coast, to a point 10 1 " 34 10250 miles off shore. The distances are from the northern head of U " 34 10250 the harbour. On August 24, 1903. (A continuous series of 2 " 34i 10249 surface temperatures at every half mile were taken at the same 6 " 45^ 10245 time; given on page 19.) 7 " 441 10246 8 " 44 10245 9 " 44i 10246 10 " 44i 10245 13 The densities of the water as above given, are all that were obtained in these regions; and density determinations were not continued during the investigations off the southeastern coasts of Newfoundland, because the temper- atures of the water were found to be of most service there, in relation to the movements of the water. The tracing of these movements was the primary purpose in taking the temperatures and densities; and in the area of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the density of the water was specially serviceable for this. Stations off Southeastern Newfoundland in 1903. — The Stations at which temperatures were obtained, fall into two groups; those in the vicinity of Cape Race in the Labrador current on the eastern side of Newfoundland; and those off the bays on the south coast from Cape Race westward to St. Pierre and Miquelon. Station P. — Off Cape Race. Position: from Cape Race, IJ miles 110° Station J.- — On the east side of Ballard bank, in 85 fathoms. Position: from Cape Race, 12 miles 89°. Station K. — To the eastward of the Bantam banks, in 86 fathoms. Position: from Ferryland light, 7 miles 133°. Station A. — Southeastward of Trepassey bay, in 26 fathoms. Position: from Cape Race, 8 miles 219°. Station L. — South of Trepassey bay, in 46 fathoms. Position : from Cape Race, 16i miles 209°. Station H. — Midway between Cape Race and Cape St. Mary, in 54 fathoms. Position: from Cape Pine, 17i miles 220°. Station D. — Off the east side of Placentia bay, in 36 fathoms. Position: from Cape St. Mary, 5J miles 261°. Station G. — Off Placentia bay, in 56 fathoms. Position: from Cape St. Mary, 17 miles 243°. Station E. — In the middle of Placentia bay at the south end of Merasheen bank, in 66 fathoms. Position: from Placentia light, 19 miles 254°. Station M. — Off the east side of Placentia bay, eight miles farther out than Station G, in 60 fathoms. Position: from Cape St. Mary, 25 miles 201°. Station N. — Off the west side of Placentia bay, in 83 fathoms. In line with the deep gulley of 100 fathoms which runs up the middle of the bay. Position from Laun head, 29 miles 172°. 14 Deep Temperatures in the Labrador Current. — Temperature section from Cape Race across the deep gully to the edge of Grand Bank, on a line bearing 118°. The distances are from the shore line at Cape Race. (See densities at same dates, on page 13.) Date, 1903. Depth. 2 Miles. 5 Miles. 10 Miles. 14 Miles. 18 Miles. 26 Miles. 34 Miles. May 26 Surface. 10 Fath. 30 " Surface. 5 Fath. 10 " 15 " 30 " 33° 33 50^ 49 45 39^ 28 F. 33r 32 32 50 47 32 42 F. 34° 331 32 501 501 37 34 76 F. 51 49 46 37^ 91 F. 35i° 35 35 50 421 3U 88 F. 36° 35 35 50 m 45 31 84 F. 36° « August 11 <( it « Total depth of water.. 35^ 35^ 45 F. Deep temperatures at Station K in the Labrador Current, off Bantam Banks ; at the dates given, in the season of 1903. Temperature section eastward from Cape Spear, on a line bearing 85°. On August 14, 1903. Depth. July 10 July 11 Aug. 13 Aiig. 13 Depth. 3 Miles. 8 Miles. 13 Miles. Surface 43** 42 37^ 35 31 43° 41 36 35 34 51° 51 45^ 34i 30^ SI** 51 46 35^ 31 Surface. 5 Fath. 10 " 15 " 20 " 30 " 50° 50 44^ 34 3U 50° 49i 46 36 31 51° 5 Fath 4Q 10 " 15 " 20 " 30 " 37i 38^ 30^ At Station J, off Ballard Bank; at the dates given, in 1903. At Station L, south of Trepassey bay. Depth. Surface 5 Fath 10 " . . . 15 " . . . 20 " . . . 30 " . . . July 7 July 8 Aug. 25* Aug. 26* Aug. 27 Depth. July 15 Sept. 16* 43° 41 36 35 34 3U 43° 36i 36 35 34 41° 401 38 36 30i 46° 43i 40 37 30^ 50° 49 39 33^ 31 Surface. 5 Fath. 10 " 15 " 30 " 46° 46 43^ 401 471° 45 39 381 3U * On Aug. 25 and 26, surface water exceptionally cold, after ofif- shore gales. * Colder water on Sept. 16, due to veering of Labra- dor current to the west- ward of Cape Race, after heavy winds. 15 Temperature section southward from Cape Pine, for 18 miles, on a line bearing 186°. On August 10, 1903. The distances are from the shore line at Cape Pine. Also, surface temperatures from the end of this section, every 3 to 5 miles, on a line to Cape Race. (See densities at same date, on page 13.) Depth. i Mile. 3h Miles. 8 Miles. 13 Miles. 18 Miles. Surface temperatures. Surface. 5 Fath. 10 " 15 " 30 " 470 44 48° 43 36 5ir 43 36 35 32 5V 46i 38 38 33 51" 39 33 Every 3 to 5 miles on- ward to Cape Race, as follows:— 51, 51, 48i, 49, 50, 50, 50, 50r. Deep Temperatures off Southern Newfoundland.- in 1903. -At the Stations indicated; Date: Sur- Depth in Fathoms. Station. Remarks. 1903 face. 5F. 10 F. 15 F. 20 F. 30 F. Station H June 30 43° 40r 37° 35° 33r Off the south coast, be- " H July 1 44 — 42 38 36 34 tween the meridians of " A July 13 45 43° 42^ 38 37 — Cape Race and Cape " A July 14 45 441 42 381 37 — St. Mary. " L July 15 46 46 43i 40^ 361 — " P Aug. 11 50^ 49 45 39^ 39 — " A Aug. 29* 48 38i 34^ 33^ 33 — " L Sept. 15 49 48 44i 35 — 3U " L Sept. 16 m 45 39 38^ — 31| Station E June 8 39r — 36° — — 34i° Off the south coast, in " E June 9 39 — 37 — — 34 the region of Placentia " G June 20 42 — 41 35r 34r 32 bay; between the mer- " G June 22 43 — 40 37i 36^ 32J idian of Cape St. Mary ' G June 24 43 — 41 37 36 33^ and St. Pierre island. ' N July 24 52 5U° 43 42 35 34 ' M.... Aug. 4 49 46 45^ m 35^ 32^ ' G Aug. 4 48i 47 45 40 S^ 31 " D Sept. 21 51 48 37^ 32 ~~' 30i * Lower temperatures at Station A on August 29, are due to the veering of the Labrador current to the westward of Cape Race, after heavy winds. 16 Temperature of surface water from Cape Race Temperatures from Station D northward along westward towards Trepassey bay. On May the east side of Placentia bay, towards 26, 1903 Placentia harbour . On June 3, 1903. 0 milee 34r Near Station P. 0 miles At Station D. 3 " 34 One mile off Cape Race. 1 37° 6i " 33^ 6 " 37 11 " 34 11 " 37 14 " 341 On east side of Trepassey 16 " 37 bay. 21 37 At 9 miles from Placentia harbour. Temperature of surface water from Cape St. Date: Surface At points indicated. (Not Mary to Station M. On July 20, 1903. 1903 temp're. elsewhere described). 0 miles 48^ 1 — • At 1^ miles off Cape St. June 12 42° \0n west side of Placentia 6i " 49i Mary. « 13 42 f bay, at 6 miles off St. 10 " 50 Lawrence harbour. 15 " 50 July 17 49 On east side of Cape St. 20 " 50 Mary. 25 " 60 " 17 48 On west side of Cape St. 26 " — At Station M. Mary. " 25 52 At Station N, in offing of Placentia bay. Aug. 3 50 At Station G, off Cape St. Mary. " 22 50 At Station K, Bantam Bank. " 27 49^ At Station J. (Current southward). " 27 50 At Station J. (Current S.S.E.) • Sept. 9 53^ In middle of St. Mary's bay. " 9 54 In middle of St. Mary's bay. " 21 50i At Station D, off Cape St. Mary. " 21 51 At Station D, off Cape St. Mary. 32385—2 17 Temperatures south of St. Mary's bay, from Station M to Trepassey harbour. On August 7, 1903. 0 miles 50° At Station M. 5 n 52 10 u 50^ 15 u 50^ 20 u 501 25 u 501 30 u 51 35 u 45* About 1 mile off Cape Pine. 36 n 45 t( ft it 40 il 47 Near west shore of Trepas- sey bay. 42 u 50 Near west shore of Trepas- sey bay. 45 it 49i In mouth of Trepassey har- bour. * The colder water near shore is probably due to off-shore winds, which drive off the warmer surface water. Temperatures from a point 18 miles due south of Cape Pine, to Station P at Cape Race. On August 10, 1903. 0 m 6 11 16 21 24 27 30 32 les 51° 51 51 m 49 50 50 i 50 < 501 From Cape Pine, 18 miles 186°. At Station P. Temperatures every half mile from Station K to Aquafort harbour, east coast of New- foundland. On August 22, 1903. Warmer surface water driven off shore by 941 miles of wind, during 45 hours previously, from the westerly quarter. (See also August 24 on opposite page). 0 miles 50° 21 " 50 3 " m 31 " 48 4 " 46 4i " 45 5 44 51 " 40 6 " 39 6i " 39 61 " 381 7i " 39 8 " 39 Si " At Station K, off Bantam Banks. (The temperature of sur- face water over this area was 50° on the average at this season. See temperature sections from Cape Race and Cape Spear on August 11 and 14.) In mouth of Aquafort har- bour. Temperatures at Station A, between Cape Race and Trepassey bay. Showing recovery of the temperature of the surface water two days after heavy westerly winds, which drove the warmer surface water off shore. Date 1903. Aug. 28 Surface temp're. 39° 38 40 42 43 42^ 39 Remarks. Successive temperatures in a period of four hours. Current westward dur- ing this time. Temperature four hours later with current set- ting northward. 18 Temperatures from Aquafort harbour, along shore nine miles to Reneuse rock, and return to Fermeuse harbour. On August 24, 1903. Distance in miles. 0 1 3^ 6 7 8 10 M. Outward. Return. 35'' 34° 34 34 38 — 38 — 38 36 36 Locality. At Aquafort. At Reneuse rock. Temperatures from Fermeuse harbour to a point 10 miles off shore. On August 24, 1903. 0 miles i " 34° 1 34 li " 34 2 " 34^ 2^ " 35 3 " 36 3i " 36i 4 " 39^ 4i " 40^ 5 42^ 5i " 45 6 " 45h 6i " 45h 7 " 44i 7^ " 44^ 8 " 44 Sh " 44 9 " 44f 9^ " 44^ 10 " 44^ 10^ " 44 Fermeuse harbour. (Warmer water driven off shore by a total mileage of 1,312 miles wind during the three days previous, from directions between W.- N.W. and S.W. See also deep temperatures at Station J, August 25 and 26.) Temperatures on a line from Station J to Station A, in tbe vicinity of Cape Race. On August 27, 1903. 0 miles 1 " 2 " 3 " 4 " 5 " 6 " 7 " 8 " 9 " 10 " 11 " 12 " 16 " 17 " 18 " At Station J. Four miles off Cape Race. At Station A. (See also deep temperatures at Station'^A two days later, on August 29, on page 16.) Average temperature of water off east coast of Newfoundland between Cape Race and Cape Spear, for comparison with the above series; before heavy winds of August 20 to 23. Aug. 11 12 13 14 Cape Race to Grand Bank on width of 34 miles At Station K it u Cape Spear to 13 miles out in the offing . . . General average for the region at this date 50° to 50^' 51° 51° 50° to 51** 50-4 32385— 2i 19 Temperatures from Station A to Trepassey Temperatures from Trepassey harbour west- harbour On August 29, 1903. j ward, across the mouth of St. Mary's bay, and up the east side of Placentia bay to Placentia. On September 2, 1903. . A mH"" 48" 48 At Station A. \t nil 1 ICO ft 2 t< 50 0 miles 50° At mouth of Trepassey 3 u 50 harbour. 4 « 50 2 " 50 6 t< 50 4 " 50 6 t 49 6 " 51 At Cape Pine. 7 { 49 8 " 49 8 t 49 ' 10 " 48^ 9 ( 48 12 " 48 10 ( 47 14 « 52 11 47 Off mouth of Trepassey 16 " 53 harbour. 21 " 26 " 31 " 36 " 521 49 55 55 Temperatu ires from Trepassey harbour to 37 " 54 Off Cape St. Mary. Station H, off St. Mary's bay. On August 38 " 53 31, 1903 39 " 41 « 46 " 53 50 52i 51 " 53 0 miles 50** At mouth of Trepassey 56 " 53 harbour. 61 " 53 2 * ( 50 66 " 54 At Placentia harbour. 4 ' i 50 A 50 50 7i Off Cape Pine, \ mile. 8 50 Temperatures from Cape St. Mary to Station 9 50 D. On September 3, 1903. 10 491 11 49 48 12 13 49 0 miles 54° At Cape St. Mary. 14 51 1 « 54 15 5U 2 " 54 16 5U 3 " 54 17 52 4 " 54 19 53 .. ■ . 6 " 53 21 53 7 " — At Station D. 24i " 54 At Station H. Temperati ires from Trepassey harbour to - Station L, ofif Trepassey bay. On September 15, 1903 0 miles 46r At mouth of Trepassey Note.— The temperatul-es of the water ofif the harbour. south coast of Newfoundland from St. Pierre 2 " 48 and Miquelon westward, are included with 4 49 the region of Cabot strait, which is given 6 49 with the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 8 " 49^ 10 " 49 12 " 49 14 " 48 16 " 49 m " 50 At Station L. General Summary. — These observations of the density and temperature were taken with the primary object of tracing the movement of the water, as this method had proved so serviceable in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The density of the water was taken at the surface only. The variation did not prove sufficient, however, to be relied upon as an indication of direction of movement. The temperature was taken to a depth of thirty fathoms; and more was expected from the temperature than from the density, as it was hoped it would serve to trace the course of the Labrador current. The depth of thirty fathoms was found sufficient, as the water was there at the freezing point throughout the region examined, both south and east of Newfoundland, during the whole season from May to September. All the change which took place during the progress of the season or from other causes, was between the surface and thirty fathoms. The change of the temperature of the water also afforded an inter- esting valuation for the amount of wind disturbance, and the depth to which it extended, under given conditions. The general results, although they are of little value for the purpose of tracing the movement of the water by its temperature may be summaiized as follows: — (1) The temperature of the water at 30 fathoms is practically at the freezing point in all parts of this region, from the mouth of Placentia bay to St. Johns. It varied only from 30^° to 34° Fahr., and there was no change from one month to another, from May to September. (2) The water of the Labrador current warms up quite as much on the surface as the surface water elsewhere in this region. The general increase of the surface temperature along the south shore, from St. Pierre to Trepassey, was from 36^° in Ma;y to 50** in September; and the surface temperature of the Labrador current rose from an average of 34^° at the end of May to 50J° at the middle of August. Whether this increase of the surface temperature takes place during the progress of the current southward, or whether this warmer surface water flows over it from elsewhere, we have not sufficiently extended observations to determine. But for the guidance of the mariner, it is evident that lower temperature cannot be depended on, as an indication of the current-belt itself. 21 REGION OF BELLE ISLE STRAIT. Seasons of 1894 and 1906. In observing the currents in this Strait, the general procedure was to anchor the surveying vessel at selected stations, to serve as fixed points from which to take observations. As the current was strong when running, the deep temperatures could only be obtained at slack water when the direction turned. This was also the most advantageous time to ascertain whether the direction of the flow, from the ocean or from the Gulf of St. Lawrence, had any effect upon the temperature of the water. The following list shows the positions of stations where temperatures were taken in the season of 1894. Total Stations. depth in Fathoms. Positions of Stations — 1894. A 42 F. 0-9 mile 296° from east end of Green island. U 43 " 2-5 mUes 359° from B 38 " 6-8 miles 107° from west point of Loup bay. C 32 " 3-7 miles 90° from E 40 " 9-2 miles 264*' from F^roUe Point, Newfoundland. F 36 " 1-3 miles 143° from Whale island in the Esquimaux islands. G 33 " 19-4 miles 286° from Rich Point, Newfoundland. H 37 " 11-5 miles 342° from F6rolle Point. Density of the water. — ^This was determined at the beginning Date: Surface Density of of the season, to ascertain whether any definite variation 1894. temp're. surface water. could be detected; as a help in tracing the movements of the current. (See also, the eastern end of the Gulf of St. Lawrence.) On July 6, from six samples of water obtained in Forteau July 7 44° 1 02414 bay, the mean corrected density was 1 -02446. 4H 1- 02409 On July 7, on a line across^^ the Strait from Forteau bay to m 1-02429 the south shore, the temperatures and densities of the 39* 1-02428* water are shown opposite. Those marked with an asterisk 39* 1-02438* (♦) werfe near to ice which was passed. The mean cor- 37* 1 02449* rected density across the Strait, omitting these, is 1 02433. 37* 39 44 47 47 1-02439* 1-02428 1- 02414 1 02439 1-02439 22 Character of the Current. — The current in Belle Isle strait is primarily tidal in its character. While under the control of the tide alone, it will turn regularly; the flood setting westward from the Atlantic towards the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and the ebb eastward in the opposite direction. But, in addition to this, the water has almost always a tendency to make through the strait in one direction more than in the other. A dominant flow may thus be superimposed upon the usual tidal elements. As the temperature may be influenced by these move- ments, the direction of the current is stated. Depth in Fathoms. Sta- tion, Date: 1894. Surface temp're. 10 F. 20 F. 30 F. 40 F. , A July 10 45° 42° 39° 37° Ebb, setting eastward. n " 10 — 42 39i 37 — Flood beginning to set westward. (C " 10 43 41 37 34 — On the flood, setting westward. « " 11 47i 45 41 36 — At end of the ebb; the eastward stream. << " 11 46 45 37 32^ — On the flood; the westward stream. B " 12 47i 42 35 32 — At slack water after the flood. « " 13 46 42 37 34 — At slack water after the ebb. C " 17 47 38^ 37 33 — After the ebb; dominant flow also eastward. u " 18 50 41 38 36 — u « u A " 20 50 45 43 41 — After the flood 1 Dominant flow « " 20 50 45 41 40 — After the ebb \ eastward, since « " 21 m 47 43^ 41 40° After the ebb J July 16. B " 25 46 45 40 35 At slack water after short flood. « " 26 51 51 45 37 — " after the ebb. (< " 27 5U 5U 39| 36i 35 " after the flood. it " 28 52^ 52 40 36| 35^ " after the ebb. E " 31 53^ 53i 41 32 Current setting north-northeastward F Aug. 1 52 45i 39 37 — On the ebb, setting eastward. G " 2 6U 37i 32 31 — " " setting eastward. « " 2 5U 38 — — — Surface current only 7 fathoms thick. « " 3 52 39 33 — — On the ebb. Current about 10 fath- oms thick. H " 4 52^ 51 43 37i — At slack water after the flood. C Sept. 8 37 ' ' " Lowest surface temperature ob- served; after a long westward flow of the current. 23 Date: g "ft At At At At At Remarks 1894. £ 1^ 10 F. 20 F. 30 F. 35 F. 85 F. Aug. 1 1 5ir 51° 38° 34° 33r Temperatures on a line from St. « 2 61 43 36 33° 32 — John bay to Station F; to the u 3 49^ 49 41 38 32 30° westward of Belle Isle strait. (t 4 53 51 41 39 35 35 Date: Distance «.2 At At At At Remarks. 1894. in miles. *c a 5F. 10 F. 15 F. 20 F. Aug. 3 Sta. G=0 52° 51° 39° 34i° 33° Temperatures on a line from Station « 57 M. 6H 51 42 38| 34 G to Station H; to the westward « 9-8 " 611 51 401 37^ 34 of Belle Isle strait. « 15-1 " 51 50^ 43 40^ 34^ ti 20-2 " 51i h\\ 47^ 39| 35^ At At « 25-2 " 53 52i 39 34| 33 25 F. 30 F. 30-2 " 51 50^ 45 41 35 « 37-2 " 52 511 511 47 42 41° 37r At Station H. Date: Distance "Sl At At At At Remarks. 1894. in miles. 10 F. 20 F. 30 F. 40 F. Aug. 4 00 M. 53r 53° 52i° 52° Temperatures from Ste. Genevieve « 6-2 " 54 53 51 431 bay to Wood island; at the west » 9-3 " 53 521 46i 41i 38r end of Belle Isle strait. « 12-3 " 53^ 49 43 39 — « 14-3 " 62 40^ 39 38 37^ , Date: Distance o.^ At At At At Remarks. 1894. in miles. •r a 10 F. 20 F. 30 F. 35 F. 9 ^ M Aug. 6 00 M. 37° 37° 3ir Temperatures from Wreck bay to « 3-2 " 41 41 30 30° Cape Norman; at the east end « 6-1 " 41 41 301 — 30° of Belle Isle strait. « 8-9 " 49 42 411 35 — « 11-8 " 53 5U 44 — — 24 Distance in miles. It I- At 10 F. At 20 F. At 30 F. At 40 F. Remarks. 0 M. 1 " 0 " 0 " 1 " 3 " 36^' 39 39 42i 41 38 38^ 37^ 40i 34^ 31" 33 32 32i 32 31^ 31*' 30^ 30 29^ 30° Temperatures on a line from Ch&teau bay to Belle Isle (island) off the east end of Belle Isle strait. 00 M. 3-1 " 6-1 " 90 " 12 0 " 37° 42 40 42 5U 35** 35 34^ 42 50^ 30r 32 32 34^ 43^ 30° 30 30^ 3U 35| 29^° 30 30^ 32^ Temperatures on a line from Belle Isle (island) to Cape Bauld; off the east end of Belle Isle strait. 0 miles 2 5 " 8 9h " 52° 52i 57^ 56^ 52 46° 51 55^ 56 4U 40^' 38 48 52 38 37° 39^ 36^ 34i* Temperature section across Belle Isle strait, from Amour Point to Green island. (The only tempera- tures in the season of 1896.) Off Loup bay; on north side of the strait. Station Distance At At At or date. in miles. It 10 F. 20 F. 30 F. Remarks. Sta. A. 00 M. 45° 44° 41° 40° Temperatures across Belle Isle strait from 2-6 " 39 39 37i 37 Station A to Station C; on September 12, 5-6 " 39 38| 37 37 1894. Sta. C. 8-0 " 39 39 37^ 37 1894. Sept. 13 00 M. 48r 48° 46° — Temperatures^on a transverse line to the « 40 " 47 46 431 37° westward of Belle Isle strait, from Ste. « 7-0 " 44 42i 37 35^ Genevifeve^bay to Wood island. 10-0 " 41 40 38 35^ « 12-5 " 39i 38^ 38 37 25 Depth in Fathoms. Sta- Date: Surface Remarks. tion. 1894. temp're. 10 F. 20 F. 30 F. 35 F. CJ Sept. 11 40° 37° 37° 36° 35° At slack water after the flood, setting westward. u " 15 40i 39 36 36 At slack water after the flood, setting westward. tt " 15 40 39 37 36i — At slack water after the ebb, setting eastward. c u 17 39 38 37 36i — At slack water after the flood. {{ " 18 39 38i 37 36i — " after the flood. « " 20 41 38 36 35i — " after the ebb. it " 20 42 38^ 38 36 — " " after the flood. " 25 47 45 37i 34 33i At a point 17 miles 326° from St. John island, westward of Belle Isle strait. In 1906, the whole season was given to Belle Isle strait. As it was found that the densities gave no definite indication in regard to the movement of the water or the direction of the flow, they were not taken during this season. Also, to determine more correctly than before, the thickness of the warmer layer of water near the surface, the temperature was usually taken every 5 fathoms as far down as 20 fathoms. Some further opportunities were also taken to test the fall of temperature in the vicinity of icebergs, by going around them in a boat within a few hundred feet. The following list shows the position of stations at which anchorages were made in the season of 1906: — Total Stations. depth in Fathoms. Positions of Stations— 1906. K 42 6-0 miles 8° from Cape Bauld lighthouse. L 43 8-6 miles 283° from South light on Belle Isle. N 28 7 • 7 miles 82° from Amour Point lighthouse. P 39 6-6 miles 151° from Wiseman head. Q 38 3-5 miles 154° from Carrol Point. R 33 3-0 miles 335° from mouth of western of the two Half-way brooks. S 47 7-5 miles 145° from Greenly island lighthouse. T 30 7-4 miles 158° from Carrol Point. U 43 2-5 miles 359° from east end of Green island. 26 Deep Temperatures. — Belle Isle Strait. — 1906. g 6 Depth in Fathoms. .2 Date: 1906. ^ Remarks. 3 ^ ^ 5F. 10 F. 15 F. 20 F. 30 F. N June 14 38° 38° 37° 35° — — Near west end of strait, and after the ebb. P " 19 35^ 35^ — 35i 34 r — After the flood. Dominant flow west- ward. P " 21 35i 35^ 35 — 35 — « u « u Q " 28 38 38 35^ — 341 — At slack water after the ebb. R July 4 46 43i 42^ — 42i — On south side, after the long run of the ebb. R " 10 46 46 45^ — 44 — « « « <( R " 13 m 47^ 47 — 44 — U « « (( L " 21 42^ 4U 33^ — 301 31° Midway between Chateau bay and Belle Isle. K " 26 46 43 40^ 37^ 33^ 33 Midway between Belle Isle and Cape Bauld. — " 28 45 41 38^ — 33^ — One mile off south end of Belle Isle. Q Aug. 1 47 46i 44^ — 38i — After the ebb; dominant flow east- ward. R " 3 54 54 53 — 42 — 1 After short flood, and after long ebb; / dominant flow being eastward. R " 3 54 54 531 — . 43^ — Q " 4 50 46 40 — 33 — After strong westward set during the night. P " 16 57 — — — — — Highest temperature during th<5 sea- P " 18 45 45 4U 37 32^ 31 son. After Northerly gale of the 17th. u " 28 45^ 44 43 42 33 32 At slack water after the ebb. Q " 31 46 45 43 — 361 — « u « c Sept. 1 46^ 45i 44 39 36 35^ After the short run of the flood. — " 8 45 45 44 — 391 — After gale. At 1^ miles off Red bay. c " 11 44 44 43 42 — After continuous westward flow for 27 hours. p " 17 4U 40^ 40 — 39 — After the flood. Dominant flow west- ward. p " 18 41 — — — 40^ 38^ After the long run of the flood. 27 Temperature of surface water at every five miles along the west coast of Newfoundland, from the Portland hills to Forteau bay. On Jime 7, 1906. 0 mil 6 10 15 20 25 27i 30 35 40 45 49| 50 55 60 67 Ues 40° tt 40 ti 40 tt 42 tt 42 tt 4U tt tt 39 tt 391 tt 40 tt 39 tt tt 39 tt 37^ tt 371 tt 37 Off Portland creek. At 2 miles of Rich Point. — At F^rolle Point. {Continued) 70 71 73 75 76 iles 36** it _ it 35 ft 35i tt 35 u 34 (Conlinued) At centre of Belle Isle strait, between Flowers cove and Greenly island. At 2 miles off Amour Point. Temperatiu*es of surface water off St. Johns bay, Newfoundland. On July 3, 1906. 0 miles 5 15 18^ 22 45° 44A 44| 44^ 44^ 44 At one mile off Rich Point. In oflSng of F6rolle Point. Temperatures at outer end of Belle Isle strait, Temperatures across the outer end of Belle from Chateau bay to Station L. On July Isle strait, from Chdteau bay to Station K 19, 1906. off Cape Bauld. On July 25, 1906. 0 miles 42° At Castle island, Chdteau 0 miles 42r At Castle island, Chateau 1 41 bay. 2 « 44 bay. 2 42 4 " 43^ 3 421 6 " 44 4 43 8 " 44 5 43^ 10 " 44 6 43 12 " 44i 7 ( 43 16 " 44| 8 t 421 18 " 44 9 " 43 At Station L. 20 " 44^ At Station K. 25 Temperatures of surface water from Forteau Temperatures of surface water from Red bay to bay to Station S in the west end of the Strait, Station P in mid-strait opposite this bay, on August 6; and return from Station S to before and after a heavy Northerly gale on Forteau bay on August 8, 1906. (In both August 17, 1906. The gale thus drove off the cases, the mileage is made to read out from surface water and allowed the colder under- Forteau bay.) water to come up and replace it. The aver- age remained low for some time, as shown by the following temperatures; but there was some recovery by the 24th. 0 miles 51° At the West point of Forteau 2 " 521 bay. 3i " 53 (On August 6.) 5i " 53 0 miles 44° At the mouth of Red bay. 7i " 52^ 2 " 50 9i " 53 4 " 50 (On August 16.) lOf " 57 At Station S. 6 " 8 " 55 56 8i " At Station P. n rni'"" 45° At the West point of Forteau u mi ica 1 " 45i bay. 2 461 (On August 8.) 0 miles 45° At the West point of Red bay. 3 47 1 45 4 52 2 " 45 (On August 18.) 6 55 4 " 45 7 56 5 " 45J 8 57 6 " 45i 10 " 57 At Station S. 6f « 45i 8i " 45i At Station P. 29 Temperatures of surface water from Red bay Temperatures of surface water directly off Red to Stations T and U to the southward and bay for 9 miles out, beyond the middle of the westward in the Strait. In all cases, the Strait; immediately after a heavy northerly zero for distance is at the western point of gale on September 7 to 8. Also from Red Red bay. In 1906. bay to Station P at the middle of the Strait. In 1906. Lst20 August 24 Augu September 8 September 17 O) S .25 -J 2 o r3 0) a 0 ra i> i a 2-9 P .2.S Q 0 S 11 2 il i 0 M. 440 0 43° Mouth, Red bay. •1-^ 1^ 1 " 2 " 44 U 2 44 3 « 44 — — OM. 42'' 0 4ir Mouth, Red bay. 4 " 441 4 45 1 " 43 1 4U 5 " 441 — 2 " 45 2 42 6 " 44i 6 46 - 3 " 45i 3 42 7 " 44i — — 4 " 46 4 411 8 " — 8 49 5 " 45^ 5 41 8i" 44i 8i — At Station T. 6 " 7 " 45 45 6 7 4U 411 8 " 9 " 45 45 81 At Station P. Augu St 27 September 5 . Temperatures of surface water from Red bay 0 M. 440 0 440 Mouth, Red bay. to Station Q. During the days previous to 2 " 45 2 44 the temperatures here given to P and Q 4 " 451 4 44 (from September 10 to 13) there was a strong 6 " 45i 6 44 dominant flow to the westward. 8 " 45i 8 44 101 " 45A 45^ 10 11 48 48^ ■ in " 45 12 47 September 13 m " 45 13 46^ 14i " 451 14 46 15i " 46 15 46 16i " 461 16 47 At Station U. OM. 1 " 2 " 3 " 4 " 5 " 44r 44 44 43i 44 44 At west point at mouth of Red bay. - 51" 44 At Station Q. 30 Temperatures of surface water from Forteau bay along the west coast of Newfoundland to Bonne bay, on September 25 and 26, 1906. (On comparison with the similar line of temper- atures on this coast on June 6, the rise in average temperature is 11°). 0 miles 39° At point at west side of For- 2 " 39 teau bay. 36 miles 51° {Continued) 4 n 39 38 n 50 6 n 39 40 it 50^ 8 u 39A 42 " 51 10 It 41 44 u 50 At Rich Point. 12 « 43 - — — 14 u 44 0 u 51 16 « 42 2 u 50 Off Cow head. 18 « m 4 It 50^ 20 (( m 6 tl 51 22 « m 8 tt 50 24 a 50 Off F^roUe Point. 10 (t 50 26 it 50 12 tt 50i 28 « 51 14 it 50^ 30 << m 16 11 51 32 « 50 18 tt 51 34 « 51 (Conlinu£d) 20 tt 51 At mouth of Bonne bay. 31 Summary op Average Temperatures — Belle Isle Strait, 1906. Average temperature of the surface water in the open strait, for periods of about a week; and average of a series of observations on the various courses run in the region. Average Date: temper- Remarks. 1906. ature. June 6.... o 39-4 On west coast of Newfoundland. From Rich Point to F^roUe Point. « 6.... 36-4 •From F^rolle Point to Amour Point. (From 39° to 34°) tt 8-17.... 35-6 Dominant flow both eastward and westward. it 18-23.... 35-3 " " westward throughout the week. tt 25-29.... 37-9 it tt it it July 3.... 44-5 From Rich Point to F^roUe Point. Rise of 5° since June 6. (< 4-14.... 45-9 Dominant flow eastward during this period. it 16-18.... 47-7 these days. tt 19.... 42-6 At mouth of strait on northern side from Chateau bay to Station L. tt 19-21.... 43-0 At eastern end of the strait, north of Belle Isle. Station L. tt 25.... 44-1 Across eastern end of the strait, from Chdteau bay to Station K. ft 25-28.... 44-7 At eastern end of the strait, south of Belle Isle. Station K. July 30 to Aug. 4.... 60. 6 Dominant flow eastward since beginning of previous week. tt 6-9.... 56-2 At western end of the strait. Station S. tt 16.... 52-7 Average from Red bay to middle of strait at Station P. tt 16.... 57-0 At the middle of the strait. Station P. it 17.... — Heavy gale, north-northwest and north-northeast. tt 18.... 45-2 Average from Red bay to middle of strait at Station P. tt 18.... 44-0 At the middle of the strait. Station P. tt 20.... 44-3 Average from Red bay to middle of strait at Station T. it 20-25.... 44-9 Dominant flow westward throughout this week. tt 27.... 45-5 From Red bay across strait to Station U near south shore. Aug. 27 to Sept. 1.... 46-1 Tidal streams only, without dominant flow. Temperature recovering. « 3-4.... — Heavy gale, northeast to north. it 5.... 45-5 From Red bay across strait to Station U near south shore. it 5.... 46 0 Near south shore, at Station U. it 7-8.... — Very heavi- northerly gale. tt 8.... 450 From Red bay, nine miles out, to middle of strait. tt 10-13.... 44-0 Strong dominant flow westward during these days. it 17.... 41-6 From Red bay to middle of strait at Station P. it 17-22.... 41-0 Strong dominant flow westward during this week. it 25.... 40-8 From Amour Point to F^roUe Point. (From 39° to 42^°). tt 25.... 50-5 From F6rolle Point to Rich Point. (From 50° to 51°) . Rise in average temperature, 11° since June 6. 32 Surface Temperatures near Icebergs. On a run of four miles while the surveying steamer was passing icebergs in Belle Isle strait in August, the successive temperatures of the surface water were as follows :- -39i° was two-thirds of a mile distant. 4U^ 41f °, 42i°, 44°, 43f°, 411°. The nearest iceberg At distance of 100 feet around berg. On Northeast side 35|° " East side 35J " South side 35| " West side 35 " West side 35 In 1906, an iceberg about 500 feet long was aground in 38 fathoms about li miles from Station P, where it re- mained for several days. On June 19 it was examined in a boat. The surface temperature in the strait at the time was 35i°, and the temperatures close around the berg are shown opposite. There was only i° difference to be found near it, on the West side, where the water was tailing from it with the flood. At 130 to 1,330 feet distant from berg. Point 1. " 2. " 3. Temperature 38° Density 1-02330 37 " 1-02330 37 " 1- 02330 In 1894, on August 7, an unusually large iceberg was aground in 57 fathoms off Chdteau bay. An instrumental survey made in a boat, showed it to be 780 feet long, 290 feet wide and 105 feet high. The temperature and density around it, at the distances indicated, are shown above. On that day, the water temperature off Chateau bay was 36^°, it was 39° half way between the bay and Belle Isle island, and 41° off the south end of that island. The temperature was lowered less than 2° therefore, in the proximity of the iceberg. The next day, August 8, a small iceberg was aground in Chdteau bay. The water temperature in the middle of the bay was 34° and at the mouth, 34§°. The lowest temperature close to the iceberg was 33|°, which shows a difference of not more than 1°, due to the iceberg. It is evident that such small differences of temperature, found closer to icebergs than a steamer would willingly venture, cannot be relied upon as an indication of value. At times when the surface temperature is higher, more difference might be expected; but this usually occurs while the dominant flow is eastward, which prevents the bergs from coming in. There is thus also little opportunity to obtain observations, as the bergs are few. It might be thought probable that when many icebergs come into the strait, the colder water of the Labrador current off its mouth would come in with them, and thus give a general indication of their presence. Broadly speak- ing, this is true; but when a gale can occasion the greatest change in the surface temperature which ever occurs, as has been pointed out, it is evident that this indication cannot be relied upon. 32385—3 33 THE GULF OF ST. LAWRENCE. The early investigations in this region had for their object the determination of conditions in the two straits by which the Gulf of St. Lawrence is connected with the ocean; as a basis for understanding the whole region. The main entrance is by Cabot strait between Cape Breton and Newfoundland; and the other is by Belle Isle strait. An examination of the Gulf area in general, showed that in the southwestern side the water was warmer and of lower density than in the northeastern arm running towards Belle Isle strait. The density in the open Atlantic, from seven determinations made off the south and southeast coasts of Nova Scotia, was found to range from 1 • 0237 to 1-0242, which is practically the same as in this northeastern portion of the Gulf. It may, therefore, be stated broadly, with regard to these two divisions of the Gulf, that throughout the northeastern portion the average surface density ranges from 1-0235 to nearly 1-0245; while in the southwestern portion, the density is below 1-0235, ranging usually down to 1-0220, and falhng in the Gasp^ current itself to 1-0210. The divid^ing line between these two portions of the Gulf runs approximately from Southwest Point, Anticosti, to a point in the middle of Cabot strait. The density in the northeastern portion is practically the same as in the open Atlantic. The lower densities found in the southwestern portion of the Gulf, correspond with the general set or drift across the Gulf in the direction of a line from Gaspe to Cape Breton. This set is most accentuated in the Gaspe current and in the outward current on the west side of Cabot strait. Another general feature discovered, was an extremely cold layer of water, lying usually between the depths of 30 and 50 fathoms. The surface temperature in the summer season ranges from about 50° to 65°, and in proceeding down- wards this temperature gradually falls, till at the depth indicated it is practically at the freezing point. Where the greater depths are met with, the water below this is appreciably warmer. The density of this deeper water at 100 and 150 fathoms, affords an explanation for the otherwise anomalous fact that the colder water at 50 fathoms is found to float upon it. It is probable that this cold layer extends very generally over the Gulf area. In the vicinity of Belle Isle strait, the same low temperatures are found at the depths above indicated; although there the temperature towards the surface also remains low as a rule. Elsewhere the water becomes warmer during the progress of the season, but only to a moderate depth. This cold layer must have a relation to the fish and other marine life in the Gulf area; as the extensive banks at 30 and 40 fathoms are continually in this cold water. There is also a belt on the bottom at about this depth, which runs parallel to the shore, and often has a considerable width. It is evident that the temperature and density of the water proved of value from the outset in tracing the movements of the water. These general explan- ations may also serve as a guide in following the details hereafter given. In the following table, the temperature at 50 fathoms where the water is coldest, was usually taken with both types of thermometer already described, as a check for the minimum. 34 Temperatures and Densities in the Deep Channels, Gulf of St. Law- rence: 1894, 1895 AND 1896. At the positions described below, to 40 and 50 fathoms.) (See further tables of deep temperatures I. Q. II. III. IV. R. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XL In Cabot strait; at a point 10 miles 18° from North light, St. Paul island. In Cabot strait; between St. Paul island and Cape Ray; at three points 12 miles apart. At a point 13 miles 255° from Cape Ray. (Magnetic, 13 miles W. by N.) At a point 10| miles 103° from Cape North. (Magnetic, 10| miles S.E.) At the centre of Cabot strait; 21 J miles 78° from North light, St. Paul island. On a line along the middle of Cabot strait, at three points 7 miles apart. In the Gaspe region; from Ellis bay, Anticosti, to Fame Point; at a series of seven points. At 29 miles 77° from Cape Gaspe. (Magnetic direction, E. by S.) At 40 miles 85° from Cape Gaspe. ( " " E.S.E.) At 11 miles 71° from south end of St. Paul island. (Magnetic direction, E. i S.) At 31 miles 85° from Cape Egmont. (Magnetic direction E.S.E.) At 40 miles 40° from Heath Point at the east end of Anticosti island. (Magnetic direction, E.N.E.) Year. Date. Location as above. Sur- face. At 10 F. At 15 F. At 20 F. At 30 F. At 40 F. At 50 F. At lOOF. At 150F. At 200F. 1894 « (( 1895 « « « << 1896 August 16 " 22 " 28 " 30 Sept. 27 June 29 Sept. 23 23 24 " 25 July 10 Q 11 II IV R • VI VII VIII IX X XI 58i° 60 59 58 63 521 52 52 53 53 53 46 47^ 47 44 52 53 55 54 50 42° 43^ 40^ 41 441 47 48 51i 48 36 38 39 43^ 421 45 43 411 36 35^ 38^ 40^ 34° 37 36 37 37 35 341 42 36 38 33i 33 35 38i 34 32° 341 33 34 36 341 34 36^ as 34 32 32 33 36 311 31° 321 33 33 33^ 33 33^ 3ir 33 321 34 321 321 321 331 32 32 3U 31! 3U 33 321 33^ 35| 37 31 37r 38^ 40 39 40 401 37 39 33 361 361 371 371 38-^ 39 391 36i 401° 401 m 40 38 40^ 40 1 38^ 381 39§ 39^ 40 40i 401 39r 40^ 391 39 40 39^ 391 Averaere of doen temneratn res .... 32-8 380 39-9 39-6 35 Density. Year. Date. Point — At 50 At 100 At 150 Locality. as above. Surface. Fath. Fath. Fath. 1895 Sept. 12 — 10222 — 1-0258 10262 At 24 miles 11° from Fame Point. « « 13 — 10220 1-0248 10260 10261 At 11 miles 2° from Fame Point. it (( 23 VII 10234 1-0248 1-0255 1-0259 (Position as above described) K « 23 VIII 1-0235 1-0251 1-0257 1-0258 / i( l( (C \ (( <( 24 IX 1-0221 1-0250 10257 1-0263 / (( « l( \ i< « 25 X 1-0229 1-0251 1-0256 10260 / a tt (( \ 1896 July 10 XI 10234 1-0246 1-0253 — • At 40 miles 40° from Heath Point. « i( 14 XI 1-0235 1-0247 10255 — it t( i( << Aug. 24 XV 1-0225 1-0248 — — At 13 miles 134° from point at east side of Shecatica bay. << Sept. 28 — 1-0236 1-0244 1-0256 — At 40 miles 294° from Cape St. George. <( it 28 — 1-0235 1-0247 1-0254 — At 25 miles 294° from Cape St. George. Mean dei isities. . . 1-0248 1-0256 1-0261 Region of Cabot Strait. — Seasons of 1894, 1895, 1896 and 1906. The observations in the different years will be given as nearly as possible in order of date, from spring to autumn, to indicate the change with the progress of the season. The earliest temperatures across Cabot strait are as follows; on June 5, 1906. 0 miles At 2^ miles off Cape St. 26 miles 4ir {Continued) h " 46° Lawrence. 28 " 40^ 21 " 46 30 " 40 4i " 47 32 " 40 6 " 45 34 " 40 8 " 43 36 " 41 10 " 42 38 " 41 12 " 40 40 " 401 14 " 41 42 " 40 16 " 42 44 " 40 — — Off St. Paul island. 46 " 40 18 " 42 51 " 40 20 " 4U 56 " 40 22 " 42 61 " 40 24 " 41 (Continued) 63f " At 4 miles off Cape Anguille, Newfoundland. 36 Temperatures of the water in Cabot strait from Sydney to St. Paul island. On July 4, 1894. Temperatures of the water in Cabot Strait from Cape Ray to St. Paul island. On August 13, 1894. Series of points. 55^ 56^ 55^ 54^ 54 53 55 57 Off mouth of Sydney har- bour. At St. Paul island. Series of 58^ points. 58^ (( 581 58i 58 58 571 59 Off Cape Ray. Off St. Paul island. ii Date. Depth in Fathoms tl ^ 1 & ^ 1894. 3 ^ 5F. 10 F. 15 F. 20 F. 30 F. 40 F. 50 F. I Aug. 13 59° 55r 40° 34° 33r 33° 32° 32° I " 15 59 57^ 42^ 36 32 31 31 31 I " 15 58^ — 38 — 32^ 32 30^ — — " 17 65^ — 631 — 4U 37 34^ — Ill " 24 63^ — 57 55 4U 34 33 — III " 25 64 55 54 39 33^ 32 IV " 29 63 — 40^ — 34 32 32 — IV " 30 63 57 38i 36 34 32 32 — — Sept. 1 64 41 38 34 33 Remarks. Iln the middle of Cabot strait; at 10 miles off St. Paul island. At li miles off Cape Eg- mont. At 10| miles 103° from Cape North. U it At the centre of Cabot strait. At 25 miles 245" from Cape Anguille, in Cabot strait. 37 is Depth in Fathoms. Remarks. to .S S X ^ & 5F. 10 F 15 F. 20 F. 30 F. 40 F. 0 M. 65° 64° 64' ' 60° 40r 341° 33° Temperature section from a point 3| miles 3 " 64^ — 60 — 40^ 35 321 off Cape North to St. Paul island. On 7 " 58 — 40 — 351 341 311 August 17, 1894. 10 " 58 ~ 42^ 36 35 34 0 M. 51 49 49 49 49 38 34 Temperature sectiion from a point 3| miles 3 " 51^ 47 47 45 45 38 35 off Cape North to St. Paul island. On 7 " 52 47 42 38 36 35 331 September 27, 1894. 91" 491 45 41 35 341 35 34 Tempera tur'es and densities every two to ten Temperatures and densities every three to five miles, from Cape North, Cape Breton island, miles, from the offing of Cape Egmont across across Cabot strait to St. George bay, New- Cabot strait to Cape St. George, Newfound- foundl and. On July 4, 1896, land. On August 11, 1896. Distance Surface Surface Locality. Distance Surface Surface Locality. in miles. temp're. density. in miles. temp're. density. 0 M. 55° 1-0228 Off North Cape. 0 M. At a point 35 miles 1 " 55i 1-0224 1 " 61° 1-0221 from the mouth 2 " 55^ 1-0224 5 " 61 10217 of Sydney har- 4 " 56 1-0223 10 " 60 1-0222 bour, towards 6 " 56 1-0224 14 " 581 1-0229 St. Paul island. 8 " 56 1-0222 17 " 59 1-0227 At St. Paul island. 10 " 53 1-0234 20 " 61 10217 12 " 491 1-0238 25 " 61 1-0217 0 M. — — St Paul island. 30 " 60^ 10218 1 " 50 1-0240 35 " 61 1-0221 5 '" 501 — 40 " 59 1-0228 10 " 501 1-0239 45 " 58 1-0237 15 " 50^ 1-0240 50 " 57 10237 20 " 51 1-0239 55 " 57 1-0237 Off Codroy. 25 " 50^ 10240 60 " 56^ -10237 30 " 51 1-0238 65 " 57 1-0236 35 " 50§ 1-0239 70 " 59 10236 39 " 47^ 1-0239 — — — Off Cape Anguille. 40 " 45 — Off Cape Ray. 75 " 60 1-0235 41 « 47^ — 80 " 59 1-0238 50 " 53§ 1-0238 85 " 53 1-0238 60 " 53 1-0240 Off Cape Anguille. 90 " 95 " 58^ 58 1-0236 1-0237 87 M. 50 1-0238 Mouth, St. George 100 " 571 1-0238 bay. 105 h'' 57 1-0238 At Cape St. George. 38 Temperatures and densities every five miles from St. Paul island to Sydney harbour. On August 4, 1896. Temperatures in Inlets. Distance Surface Surface In Bonne hay, Newfoundland. — Deep temper- in miles. temp're. density . Locality. atures in the North arm of Bonne bay. In the interior of this bay, the depths exceed 100 fathoms. On September 4. 1894. 0 M. St. Paul island; at Surface 54° The deep water in this bay is 5 " 61° 10212 south end. 10 Path. 47i isolated from the open Gulf. 10 " 62 1-0213 20 " 39 On a semi-circle of nine 15 " 61 1-0220 30 " 33^ miles radius around the 20 " 61 1-0220 40 " 32 mouth of the bay, the 25 " 61 1-0220 50 " 32 depth is not over 30 fath- 30 " 62 1-0216 80 " 31 oms. The temperatures 35 " 62 10218 95 " 30^ compare with those in the 40 " 61 1-0230 open Gulf. 45 " 62 1-0231 50 " 62 1-0224 Off Sidney harbour. . Density section across the Cape Breton current, from Cape North to St. Paul island and eastward; at points 3 to 5 miles apart. On August 16, 1895. 0) OJ Density. o rd s g- — At 10 At 20 At 30 At 50 Locality. ■^ .S •gg Surface. Path. Path. Path. Path. ■a ;3 0 M. 64^ 10222 10225 10'240' Off Cape North. 2 " 62 10224 10232 10242 1-0247 1-0254 5 " 62^ 10123 10237 1-0243 10248 10254 8 " 63 1-0225 10240 10247 1-0249 1-0254 11 " 61 1-0224 1-0244 1-0249 10249 10253 13^' — 1-0231 — — — — Atlantic cove, St. Paul island 15 " — 1-0228 1-0247 1-0249 — — 19 " 60 1-0229 1-0244 1-0249 — 10254 24 " 62 10228 1-0243 1-0248 — — . 29 " 6U 10234 10241 10249 1-0252 At 14 miles past St. Paul island. See general explanation at the top of next page, and further density sections tollowing. 39 These sections, from the surface to 30 and 50 fathoms, were taken to ascer- tain the density of the warmer outflowing water, past the northeast side of Cape Breton island, from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the open Atlantic; in relation to the water of higher density elsewhere in these regions. The results may be compared with similar sections of the water off the coast of Gasp^. (See also August 24 and 27 on opposite page.) H Density. At 10 At 20 At 30 At 50 Remarks. OT S — Fath. Fath. Fath. Fath. Q B ^ m Surface. OM. 60° 10232 1-0239 Density section from Sydney 6 " 63 10229 1-0238 — — — northeastward, on August 11 " 63i 1-0228 1-0233 10224 — — 17, 1895. The zero is off 16 " 64 1-0227 1-0233 1-0243 1-0249 — the mouth of Sydney har- 21 " 63^ 1-0228 1-0228 1-0247 1-0250 — bour, and the direction of 26 " 631 1-0224 1-0229 ~ 1-0250 1-0257 the line of points is N.57°E. OM. Density section from Sydney 2 " — 1-0224 — — — — northeastward, on August 7 " 58° 1-0224 1-0225 — — — 22, 1895. The zero is at 14 " 58i 1-0226 1-0230 — — — the mouth of Sydney har- 21 " 58i 1-0229 1-0234 — — — bour, and the direction of 28 " 58 1-0227 1-0237 — 1-0244 — the line of points is N.54*'E. 33 " 58 10229 10239 — — 10249 38 " 60 1-0234 1-0236 — 10251 — ' 43 " 60 10231 1-0232 — — 1-0253 48 " — 1-0229 1-0233 — — — Surface densities from the extremity of the above line, northward across Cabot strait to Rose Blanche, at' points five miles apart. On August 22, 1895. Distance in miles. Surface density. Locahty. Distance in miles. Surface density. Locahty. 0 M. 5 " 10 " 15 " 1-0229 1-0230 1-0231 1-0233 At extremity of above line. {Continued) 20 M. 25 " 30 " 42 " 1-0234 1-0236 1-0240 1-0245 {Continued) At 14 miles off Rose Blanche. 4b ll 6 § a Density. At 10 At 30 At 50 Locality. .2.9 — Fath. Fath. Fath. Q ^ Surface. 0 M. From Rose Blanche, Newfoundland, 9 " — 1-0245 — — — westward along shore to Cape Ray, 14 " — 10244 — — — and thence W.N.W. (true) to an 19 " — 1-0243 — — — anchorage at 12 miles 255° from 25 " 58° 1-02^.2 1-0246 — Cape Ray, in 270 fathoms. On 30 " 58 10245 1-0247 — — August 23, 1895. 35 " 56 1-0241 1-0244 — — 40 " 58 10243 1-0243 — — 45 « 58 1-0240 1-0241 — 10254 a, CD Density. At 10 At 20 At 30 At 50 Remarks. «?! — Fath. Fath. Fath. Fath. Surface. 58 M. 59° 10218 10219 1-0236 Density section across Cabot 54 " 59 10224 1-0234 1-0235 — 1-0249 Strait from Port aux Basques 51 " 59 10225 1-0225 10243 — — to Cape North, on August 24, 48 " 57^ 1-0229 10233 10245 — 10255 1895. (The zero is at Port 45 " 55 10230 1-0232 1-0249 10251 — aux Basques, and 58 miles is 40 " 56 1-0230 1-02.30 1-0248 10248 — at Cape North; but to corre- 35 « 59 10237 10237 — — 1-0248 spond with other sections, it is 30 " 59^ 10237 1-0238 — 1-0250 — made to read from Cape 25 " 59 10235 i-0237 — • — 1-0252 North outward.) 20 " 59 1-0238 10239 — 10249 — 15 " 57 10240 1-0242 — — 1-0252 10 " 59 10240 1-0242 — 1-0252 — 5 " 59 1-0241 10247 — — 1-0253 0 " 491 10245 1-0249 ~ ~ 0 M. 60° 1-0224 1-0229 Density section from Cape 2 " 60 1-0225 1-0231 1-0240 — 1-0247 North on a line 56 miles due 5 " 61 1-0227 1-0227 10241 — — north (N.l° E. true) to a 9 " 58 1-0224 1-0226 10246 — 1-0253 Station midway between Cape 14 " 55 1-0233 1-0235 1-0247 — — Anguille and Bird Rocks, in 21 " 55 1-0237 1-0240 — — 1-0255 245 fathoms. On August 27, 28 " 551 10235 1-0235 1-0249 — — 1895. 35 " 56§ 1-0236 1-0238 — — 1-0252 42 " 58 1-0240 1-0240 10245 — — 49 " 58 1-0236 1-0240 — — 1-0251 56 " — 1-0238 1-0238 1-0245 — — 41 From Cape Ray past St. Paul island to Cape North. (The mileage is counted from Cape North and from Cape Ray, towards St. Paul Distance Surface Surface Locality island.) On September 29, 1896. in miles. temp're. density. Distance Surface Surface 32 M. 55° 1-0225 Off north end of in miles. temp're. density. Locality. 30 " 25 " 20 " 15 " 55 52 5U 50 1-0225 1-0236 1-0238 1-0238 St. Paul island. 0 M. 57° 1-0220 At Cape North. 10 " 471 1-0241 2 " 55 1-0224 5 " 47 10240 5 " 55 1-0224 0 " 45 10243 At 4 miles off Cape 8 " 53 1-0229 Ray. lOf" 51 1-0230 12 " — — St. Paul island. Further density and sections were taken in continuance of these series, at the end of August and the beginning of September, 1895, from the west side of Cape Breton island to the Magdalen islands, thence to the east end of Prince Edward island, and further north to the Gaspe region. These are given with the observations in the open Gulf of St. Lawrence. Change in Temperature with the Season. The best observations to ascertain the amount of change in the temperature of the surface water with the season from month to month, were obtained in 1896 at a series of points, five miles apart, on the following hues: — (1.) From '30 miles off Heath Point, to Cape St. George on 6th July. (2.) From station C, off Cape Whittle, to the offing of Cape St. George, on 3rd August. (3.) Same line as No. 1, run a second time on 28th September. The results were as follows : — (1.) July 6. From 49J° to 51i°. Average = 50°. 93. (2.) August 3. From 50° to 54°. Average = 52°.68. (3.) September 28. From 52' to 54i° Average = 53°.62. 42 The Open Gulf of St. Lawrence. — Seasons of 1894, 1895 and 1896. Distance Surface Surface From Richibucto northward along the New in miles. temp're. density. Locahty. Brunswick coast, past Chaleur bay, and across the main passage from Gasp4 to South-west Point of Anticosti. On June 26 and 27, 1895. 0 M. — — At 1| miles off 1 " 52"* 1-0207 Perce Rock. 4 " 7i" 54 55 1-0215 1-0215 Distance Surface Surface in miles. temp're. density. Locahty. 10 " 56 1-0216 lln offing of Cape 13 " 53 1-0210 J Gasp^. 16 " 49i 1-0206 0 M. — — At 1| miles off 19 " 53 1-0206 51" 59° 1-0217 Richibucto head. 22 " 54 1-0211 18i" 60^ 1-0219 25 " 54i 1-0211 31 " 60 10217 30 " 55 1-0211 47 " 59^ 1-0214 35 " 54 1-0214 55 " 59^ 1-0217 40 " 53i 1-0206 64 " 59^ 10213 At 10 miles East 45 " 53 •1-0206 from Shippigan 50 " 52^ 1-0212 gully. 55 " 53i 1-0208 60 " 5U — 0 M. 531 1-0202 At 5 miles North 62^' — — At . South-west 13i" 52^ 1-0206 of Miscou island. Point. 18 " 55 1-0200 Off Cap d'Espoir. Temperatures from Birch Point at the north end of Miscou island, to Flat island at the Distance Surface south extreme of Gasp6 bay. On June 3, in miles. temp're. Locahty. 1911. 19 M. 43r {Continued) Distance Surface 22 " 43 in miles. temp're. Locality. 25 " 27 " 30 " 32 " 43 43 43 43^ ' 0 M. — From Birch Point; 6^ miles, 35 " 43i 2 " 43'' S.E. (true). 38 " 44| 4 " 43 38^" — Off Perc6 Hght. 4i" — From Birch Point; 5 miles, 43 " 44 7 " 42i East, (true). 45 " 44^ 10 " 42^ 47i" 44 Off Flat island. 13 " 44^ 16 " 45 (Continued) 43 Off the west coast of Newfoundland, from Cape St. George to mouth of Bonne bay. On July 5, 1894. Distance Surface Surface in miles. temp're. density. OM. 48** 1-0239 48 0239 — 47 0242 — 47 0242 — 47 0242 — 47 0239 — 47 0237 — 48 0234 — 48 0234 — 48 0232 80 M. 50 0234 Locality. Off Cape St. George. Off Bonne bav. From Cape St. George across the Guff to East Cape, Anticosti. On July 6, 1896. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 451 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 M. sir 10238 u 50 1-0238 it 50 1-0238 u 50 1-0238 (( 491 1-0238 u 50f 1-0237 n 51 10235 iC 5U 1-0235 n 511 1-0235 u 5H 1-0234 tt 5U 1-0234 l< 5n 1-0236 n 51i 1-0235 u 5U 10235 (( 51 1-0234 " 53^ 1-0234 (t 531 1-0234 At 1^^ miles off Cape St. George. {Continued) Distance in miles. 85 M. 90 " 95 " 100 " 105 " Surface Surface temp're. density. Sir 1-0237 su 1-0240 5U 1-0238 501 1-0234 50 1-0232 49 — Locality. (Continued) At one mile East Cape. In Gull Cliff bay off From the offing of Cape Whittle, on a line S. 4° W. (true) to St. Paul island. On August 3 and 4, 1896. 0 M. sor 1-0240 5 " 50 1-0240 10 " 501 1-0239 15 " SU 1-0239 20 " S2i 1-0239 25 " 52i 1-0240 30 "• 53i 1-0239 35 " 53 1-0237 40 " 53^ 1-0238 45 " 53 1-0238 50 " 53^ 1-0239 55 " 54 1-0239 60 " 53 1-0236 65 " 531 1-0236 70 " 531 1-0234 75 " 531 1-0234 80 " 54 1-0236 -^ — — 133 M. 57° 1-0237 140 " 56 1-0233 145 " 56 1-0236 150 " 56 1-0237 155 " 55^ 1-0238 160 " SSI 1-0237 165 " 561 1-0232 1661 " 1-0232 At 21 miles 158° from Cape Whit- tle. Gap of 53 miles during the night. At south end, St. Paul island. 44 From Table head, on the north side of Anticosti From Station XI to Heath Point. On July 15, island near its east end, to Natashkwan. 1896. On July 7, 1896. Distance Surface Surface Distance Surface Surface in miles. temp're. density. Locality. in miles. temp're. density. Locality. 0 M. Station XL 0 M. 50"* 10233 At Table head. lor* 53r 10235 5 " 50^ 10232 15 " 55 1-0235 10 " 50^ 10239 20 " 55i 1-0236 15 " 49 10236 25 " 55^ 1-0238 20 " 50 10233 30 " 5^ 1-0234 25 " 49^ 10233 35 " 55 10235 30 " 49 10232 38 " 55 1-0234 35 " 50i 10211* 39i" 541 1-0234 At East Cape, two 40 " 47 10233 Off Natashkwan harbour. miles from Heath Point. From Natashkwan to Station XI, a point mid- From Heath Point to Station XII at 24 miles way between Heath Point and Cape Whittle. off that point to the East-southeastward. On July 8, 1896. On Ju ly 15 anc I again on July 17, 1896. 0 M. 45° 1-0208* Off Natashkwan 0 M. Off Heath Point. 5 " 47 10229 harbour. U" 55" 10235 10 " 49^ 1-0217 5 " 53 10235 (On July 15.) 15 " m 10234 10 "« 56 1-0231 20 " m 1-0226 15 " 55 1-0234. 25 " 49^ 10230 20 " 57 1-0233 » 30 " 48^ 1-0232 24 " 55 1-0233 Station XII. 35 " 481 10236 40 " 48 — 0 M. 55" 10236 At East Cape, two 41 " — — Station XI. 5 " 54i 1-0236 miles from Heath 10 " 15 " 54^ 54^ 1-0234 1-0236 Point. (On July 17) Deep Densities at Station XI, on July 10 and 20 " 55^ 1-0235 14, 1896. 24^" 54^ 1-0236 Station XII. Density. — At 10 At 20 At 30 At 50 Surface. Fath. Fath. Fath. Fath. • 1-0234 10240 10243 1-0243 10246 1-0235 1-0239 1-0242 10245 10247 * River water lowers the density here. 45 o i ~t Density. 1 .22 • Surface. At 10 Fath. At 20 Fath. Remarks. Q ^ 0 ^ I. 59° 10217 1-0229 1-0242 Density section from Cap d'Espoir at the mouth of 5 ' 59 10215 1-0230 1-0241 Chaleur bay on the north side, along a line bearing 10 * 58 1-0216 1-0230 1-0239 100° to Orphan bank; a distance of 48 miles. On 15 ' 60 1-0211 1-0227 1-0245 August 6, 1895. 20 * 60 1-0216 1-0227 1-0240 25 * 60 10213 1-0225 1-0244 30 ' 59 1-0216 1-0220 1-0244 35 ' 58 1-0219 1-0235 1-0245 40 * 61 1-0212 1-0233 1-0244 45 ' 631 1-0214 1-0232 1-0246 48 * 61 1-0216 1-0228 1-0248 0 IV I. — 1-0209 1-0233 1-0242 At 50 Density section from end of the above line, 5 ' 60° 1-0212 1-0242 1-0247 Fath. northeastward to South Point of Anti- 10 ' 62 1-0219 1-0240 1-0249 costi island. On August 7, 1895. 15 ' 22 ' 6U 62 1-0221 1-0219 1-0239 1-0245 1-0246 1^0248 1-0251 - 29 ' 61 1-0228 1-0244 1-0248 — 36 ' 61 1-0236 1-0245 10253 10254 43 ' 60 1-0238 .1-0246 10250 — 48 ' 58 1-0239 1-0245 1-0250 10254 53 ' 56 1-0241 1-0246 1-0247 — 58 * 53^ 1-023S 1-0246 1-0248 — Surface densities beginning at 25 miles off Heath Point, Anticosti, on a line due south to the north end of the Magdalen islands. On August 8, 1895. 0 miles 1-0235 In offing of Heath Point. 40miles 1-0234 (Continued) 5 " 1-0236 45 1-0233 10 " 1-0235 50 1-0234 15 " 1-0235 55 1-0231 20 " 1-0235 60 1-0225 25 " 1-0234 65 1-0223 30 " 1-0232 70 1-0226 At 2 miles off Bryon island. 35 " 1-0233 (Continued) 75 " 1-0225 North end, Magdalen islands. 46 oi t Density. |a S > — At 10 At 20 Remarks. 2 .S c3 9 Surface. Fath. Fath. • S m OM. 10224 Density section from East Point at the north end of 6 " 63r 10224 1-0228 — the Magdalen islands, to Cape St. Lawrence near 11 " 631 10230 1-0241 — the north end of Cape Breton island. On August 16 " 63i 1-0230 10239 1-0246 9, 1895. 91 " fi4. 1-0229 1-0233 1-0245 1-0246 1-0248 1-0248 26 " 64 At30F. oi tt fi*^ 1-0234 10233 10246 1-0243 1-0248 1-0247 36 " 63 1-0247 ' 41 " 65 1-0223 1-0227 10243 — 44 " 65 1-0220 1-0223 1-0239 OM. 1-0220 At Cape St. Lawr ence. (On August 10, 1895.) 7 " — 10221 Off High Cape. 14 " — 1-0220 Off Red Cape. 21 " — 1-0220 Off White Cape. 28 " — 1-0220 Off Presqu'tle. 35 " — 1-0222 Off Enrac6 Point. 41 " " 10220 Off Ch6tica,mp Po int. OM. 66° 1-0220 1-0222 Density section from Ch^ticamp island, on the west 5 " 66 1-0220 1-0221 1-0238 coast of Cape Breton island, to East Point of 10 " 66 1-0219 1-0225 10241 Prince Edward island. On August 10, 1895. 15 " 66 1-0220 1-0226 1-0243 22 " 66 1-0225 1-0232 1-0245 27 " 66 1-0225 1-0234 1-0245 32 " 64 1-0221 1-0229 ~ At 30 F. OM. — 10220 — — Density section from East Point of Prince 2 " 65r 1-0220 10234 — Edward island to a pomt 5 miles off the 6 " 64 i 1-0221 1-0232 1-0238 — south end of the Magdalen islands. On 13 " 63 1-0220 10235 1-0241 1-0243 August 12, 1895. 20 " 64 1-0219 10235 1-0243 10244 27 " 65 1-0220 1-0240 1-0243 1-0246 32 " 65 1-0225 10243 1-0245 — 37 " 65 1-0227 1-0240 — — 42 " 66 1-0224 1-0234 — — 47 1^ Density. Surface. At 10 Fath. At 20 • Fath. Remarks. OM. ^5" 1-0223 1-0235 Density section from a point 5 miles off Entry island 5 " 65 10222 1-0236 — (one of the Magdalen islands) to White Cape on 10]" 65 1-0226 1-0238 — the west side of Cape Breton island, north of 15 " 65i 1-0224 1-0232 1-0245 Ch^ticamp. On August 15, 1895. 19 " 65 1-0226 1-0238 1-0243 23 " 65 1-0223 1-0234 1-0243 . 27 " 66 1-0222 1-0229 1-0239 31 " 66 1-0225 1-0225 10242 35 « 67 1-0226 1-0230 1-0242 38 « 67 10221 10223 1-0240 OM. 10226 Surface densities from a point 2| miles south of the Magdalen islands, 4 " — 1-0225 along shore every 3 or 4 miles, around the east end of Amherst island 8 " — 1-0226 into Pleasant bay. On August 13, 1895. 101" — 1-0228 14 " — 1-0229 m" • 10231 • 48 Position of Stations at which anchorages were made in the season of 1896, numbered from XI to XVIII. (In each season, the letters of the alphabet were used to designate the stations; but to avoid confusion, those in 1896 are now replaced by Roman numerals. This leaves the original letters in Belle Isle strait, the Gasp4 region, and Northumberland strait only; which are so widely separated that there is no fear of confusing them. The original letters are indicated for reference to the Reports of Progress of this Survey.) XI. XII. XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. (A of 1896) From Heath Point; 40 miles 40° and from Natashkwan Point; 42 miles 138°. It is thus in the middle of the deep arm, north of Anticosti. (B of 1896) From Heath Point; 24^ miles 112° on the bank extending eastward from Anticosti. (C of 1896) From Cape Whittle; 18 miles 154°. (D of 1896) From south end of Great Mekattina island; 15 miles 158°. (E of 1896) From headland on east side of Shecatica bay; 13 miles 134°. (F of 1896) From Rich Point; 10 miles 299°. (G of 1896) From Cow head, to the north of Bonne bay; 12 miles 262°. (H of 1896) From Heath Point; 13 miles 112° on the line from Heath Point to Station XII. Deep temperatures at Station XIV off Great Mekattina island. In August, 1896. Deep densities at Station XIV, off Great Mekattina island. On August 21 and 22, 1896. Aug. 19 Aug. 20 Aug. 22 Depth. Depth. Density. Remarks. 54° 49^ 37 33 54° 51 44i 36 31 55° 51 40 38^ 351 Surface Surface 3 Fath. 10 " 20 " 30 " Surface 10 Fath. 20 " 30 " 1-0236 10236 1-0237 10242 10245 10236 1-0239 1-0244 1-0246 10 Fath 20 " Surface current East. 30 " Under-current W.S.W. 40 " Deep densities at Station XVI. Aug. 28, 1896. Surface current South-east- ward. Under current s.s.w. Depth. After Food to the Northeast. After Ebb to the West-north- west. Surface 1-0236 10241 10245 1-0249 10238 1-0240 1-0247 1 .0247 10 Fath 20 " 30 " .... 32385—4 49 Distance in miles. 0 M. 4 " 9 " 12 " Surface density. 1-0239 1-0239 1-0238 1-0239 Locality. Off Table Point, south of Hawke bay, Newfound- land; at points 15 miles to 4 miles from shore. On August 17, 1896. From Hawke bay across the GuK to Great Mekattina island. On August 18, 1896. Distance in miles. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 58 M Surface Surface temp're. density. 60° 1-0221 58 1-0239 58 1-0239 59 1-0237 59 1-0238 — 1-0238 56 1-0240 54J 1-0240 55 1-0240 54 1-0235 57 1-0232 54 1-0235 54 1-0236 Locality. At mouth of Hawke bay. Great Mekattina island. From Rich Point to Station XV; at three points near the Station. On August 26, 1896. 0 M. — — 32 M. 1-0225 34 " — 1-0231 36 " — 10232 — Off Rich Point. At 4 miles Station. At Station XV. from On a line from Station XVI to Amour Point; at points from F^roUe Point to mouth of Forteau bay. On August 29, 1896. Distance in miles. 0 M. 34 M. 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 0 1 5 10 15 20 241 M. Surface density. 1-0237 r-0239 1-0239 1-0240 10239 1-0240 1-0239 1-0239 1-0241 1-0239 1-0238 1-0238 1-0239 1-0238 Locality. At Station XVI. Off F^rolle Point. Off Forteau bay. From Amour Point in Belle Isle strait westward to St. Margarets bay. On September 1, 1896. From Rich Point to Hawke bay. On Septem- ber 2. 1896. 0 M. 1 " 3 " 7 " 1-0239 1-0238 1-0238 Off Rich Point. In mouth of Hawke bay. 50 sta- tion. Date. Surface temp're. Depth in Fathoms. Remarks. 10 F. 20 F. 30 F. 40 F. XIV XIV 1896, Aug. 20 " Aug. 22 54° 55 51° 51 44i° 40 36° 38i 31° 35^ After current setting southward. During current setting southward. Density section from Station XV, off Shecatica bay on the North shore of the Gulf, to Hawke bay, Newfoundland. On August 24, 1896. Density. Distance — At 10 At 30 At 50 At 75 Total Locality. in miles. Surface. Fath. Fath. Fath. Fath. depth. 0 M. 1-0225 10241 1-0245 1-0248 1-0252 100 F. At Station XV. 7 " 1-0239 10240 1-0248 — — 40 F. 14 " 1-0239 1-0239 — — — 30 F. * 21 " 1-0235 1-0241 10248 — — 67 F. 24 " 1-0235 — — — — — 27 " 1-0234 — — — — — 30 " 1-0239 — — — — — 32 " 1-0240 — — — — — 37 " 10222 ~ ~ " " " In mouth of Hawke bay. Station Density. or . Dat ;e. — At 10 At 20 At 30 Remarks. Point. Surface. Fath. Fath. Fath. (1) 1896, i Sept.' 1 1-0239 1-0240 1-0245 Deep densities in Belle Isle (2) « « 1-0240 1-0240 1-0243 — strait. At three points, 3 (3) u « 1-0239 1-0241 1-0244 ~ miles apart, across the width of the strait. XVII 1896, S >ept. 8 1-0238 1-0238 1-0240 10247 Deep densities at Station XVII, « « " 10 1-0240 1-0240 1-0242 1-0246 at 12 miles off Cow Head, « « " 14 1-0238 1-0239 1-0243 1-0247 Newfoundland. Total depth of water 38 fathoms. 32385— 4§ 51 Surface densities every five to seven miles from a Station at 66 miles due north from Cape North, to East Point at the north end of the Magdalen islands. On August 28, 1895. Surface densities from Cape St. Lawrence to a Station off the south end of the Magdalen islands. On August 29, 1896. 0 miles 1-0238 1-0235 1-0235 10230 1-0230 1-0230 30 miles 35 " 40 " 45 " 50 " 1-0228 1-0229 1-0230 1-0230 1-0231 Mileage. 0 M Surface. 1-0227 1-0227 1-0232 1-0234 1-0234 At 10 F. 8 " 10 " 1-0229 10 " 20 " 1-0238 15 " 30 " 1-0242 20 " 40 " . . . 1-0235 26 " 53 " 1-0236 0 M 5 CO 55° 53 55 54 54A 54 54^ 57 Density. Surface. •0228 •0229 •0230 •0231 •0233 •0230 -0230 •0226 •0226 At 10 Fath. •0231 •0239 •0236 •0236 •0234 •0234 •0229 -0230 At 20 Fath. 1-0246 10246 1^0244 1-0244 At 30 Fath. 1-0249 At 50 Fath. 0250 0245 Remarks. Density section from East Point at the north end of the Mag- dalen islands, to Cape St. Lawrence near the north end of Cape Breton island. On August 29, 1896. M. 0 M. 10 " 20 " 55 55 54 55 58 59 59 -0234 •0233 •0233 •0233 •0235 •0232 -0221 -0219 -0220 -0236 -0233 -0244 •0242 •0246 -0245 •0230 •0221 -0219 1-0247 10248 1-0243 1^0240 1-0248 1-0247 Density section from the above station ofif the south end of the Magdalen islands to East Point of Prince Edward island. On August 30, 1895. 1-0221 10221 10226 Surface densities at three points, ten miles apart, at 9 to 12 miles from shore, ofif the east end of Prince Edward island. On August 30, 1895. 52 o ^ 2 Density. 11 g "ft Surface. At 10 Fath. At 20 Fath. At 50 Fath. Locality. Q m 0 M. 1-0233 1-0238 Densities to 10 fathoms, from a point'^at 6 " — 1-0230 — — — 3 miles south of Amherst island light 10 " — 1-0228 1-0238 — — (Magdalen islands) on a line westward 15 " — 1-0222 — — — for 20 miles and then north-eastward 20 " 57° 1-0225 1-0228 — — for 4 miles. On September 3, 1895. 24 " ~ 1-0221 0 M. 55" 10226 1-0227 Temperatures and densities, every five 7 " 55 1-0223 1-0232 — — to ten miles, from the north end of the 14 " 54i 1-0226 1-0240 — — Magdalen islands to South Point of 24 " 54 10230 1-0234 — — Anticosti island. On September 4, 34 " hZ\ 1-0233 1-0236 — — 1895. 44 " hZ\ 10233 — — 1-0251 54 " 55 10235 1-0237 1-0247 — 64 " 55 1-0235 1-0238 — 1-0253 74 " 51 1-0237 1-0238 1-0246 — 79 " 53 1-0235 — — — 84 " . — 10236 1-0241 — 1-0250 88i " 1-0236 1-0236 "^~ 0 M. 52° 1-0236 1-0238 Density section from South Point of 7 " 52 1-0235 1-0239 — — Anticosti island, to the north end of 14 " 52 1-0235 1-0242 — 1-0251 Orphan bank. On September 5, 1895. 21 " 5U 1-0234 1-0237 — 1-0251 28 " 53 1-0234 1-0236 — 1-0252 35 " 53^ 1-0233 1-0237 1-0246 — 42 " 54 1-0231 1-0233 1-0246 1-0252 49 " — 1-0229 1-0234 1-0245 — 56 " ~ 1-0227 1-0235 — — 0 M. 1-0230 1-0234 Density section from the north end of 5 " 52i° 1-0224 1-0226 1-0249 — Orphan bank, to a point 4 miles off 10 " 51 1-0231 1-0237 1-0248 — Point Peter at the south side of Gasp4 15 « 52 1-0233 1-0237 1-0246 1-0253 bay. On September 6, 1895. 20 " 52i 1-0227 1-0232 1-0237 — 24 " 52 1 -0226 1-0227 1-0234 1-0255 28 " 52^ 1-0227 1-0229 1-0231 — 53 From Bonne bay, Newfoundland, to Bay of Islands; and from Bay of Islands across the From East Cape , Anticosti island, across the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Heath Point, Anti- Gulf of St. Lawrence to Cape St. George, costi. On September 15 and 16, 1896. Newfoundland. On September 28, 1896. Distance Sm-face Surface Distance Surface Surface in miles. temp're. density. Locahty. in miles. temp're. density. Locahty. 0 M. Off mouth of Bonne 0 M. 49° 1-0242 At li miles N.E. of 10 " — 1-0238 bay. 5 ' 49 1-0239 East Cape. 15 " — 1-0237 10 ' 49 1-0239 20 " — 1-0239 15 ' 481 1-0240 25 " 10239 Off mouth of Bay of Islands. 20 ' 25 ' 49^ 1-0239 1-0238 0 M. — — ■ At South head. Bay of Islands. 30 ' 35 ' 5H 531 1-0237 1-0235 5 " — 1-0237 40 ' 53 1-0237 10 " — 1-0237 45 ' 54 1-0237 15 " — 1-0239 50 * 54 1-0238 20 " — 1-0239 55 * 54 1-0236 25 " — 1-0239 60 ' 54 1-0237 30 " — 1-0237 65 ' 54| 1-0236 35 " — 1-0238 70 ' 53^ 1-0235 40 " — 1-0238 75 ' 52 1-0237 45 " — 1-0237 80 ' 53 1-0237 50 " 5or 1-0237 85 ' 54 1-0237 55 " 57 1-0239 90 * 54 10232 60 " 561 10237 — — — Cape St. George. 65 " 56 561 10236 1-0235 70 " 75 " 56 10235 Note.— For th e average temperature of the 80 " 52^ 10235 surface water on the long runs across the width 85 " 53 1-0239 of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, see page 42. 90 " 52 1-0240 95 " 53 1-0240 100 " 52 1-0240 105 " 5U 10240 110 " 5U 1-0240 115 " 501 1-0240 120 " 51 1-0240 At 13 miles off Heath Point. 54 From Hawke bay along the Newfoundland shore to Station XVII off Cow head. On September 3, 1896. Distance Surface in miles. density. 0 M. 7 (( 1-0241 12 « 1-0240 17 t( 1-0240 22 It 1-0241 27 1-0240 32 1-0241 35 1-0240 38 1-0240 41 1-0240 44 1-0238 47 1-0240 50 1-0239 63 1-0239 56 1-0240 58 1-0239 Locality. Off mouth of Hawke bay. Station XVII, off Cow head. Distance Surface Surface in miles. temp're. density. Remarks. 0 M. From Station XVIII 1 {( SI** 1-0240 off Heath Point 3 iC 51 1-0241 to Prinsta bay. 6 « 51 10240 On September 17, 9 11 5Z 1-0240 1896. 12 it 52 1-0241 15 It 52 1-0238 18 tt 52 1-0240 0 M. 50"* 1-0238 From 5 miles off 5 « 50 1-0239 Table head, near 10 « 50 1-0238 the east end of 15 tt 50i 1-0239 Anticosti island. 20 tt 49 1-0240 to Natashkwan. 25 tt 46 1-0241 On September 19, 30 tt 44 1-0242 1896. 35 tt 47 1-0241 40 tt 44 1-0240 45 tt 41 1-0221* * Density reduced by water from mouth of Natashkwan river. Depth. On Sept. 21 Current to the E.S.E. On Sept. 22 Current to theW.N.W. On Sept. 24 Current to the S.E. On Sept. 25 Current to the West. Remarks. Surface.. lOFath.. 20 Fath.. 30Fath.. 1-0240 1-0244 1-0246 102i0 1-0240 1-0247 1-0235 1-0238 1-0247 10247 1-0235 1-0239 1-0246 1-0247 Deep densities at Station XVIII, at 13 miles off Heath Point, Anti- costi. In September of 1896. I1 1" Depth in Fathoms. 10 F. 20 F. 30 F. 40 F. 50 F. 0 M. 51° 49r 41** 36r 33° 6-5 45 43i 35 33 33 32° 13-6 47 45 37^ 34 33 32 20-6 48i 46 40 35 33 — Deep temperatures on a line from Whale island, in the Esquimaux islands, to St. John bay, Newfoundland; to the west of Belle Isle strait. On September 25, 1894. 55 The Gasp]^ Region. — Seasons of 1895 and 1911. This region comprises the entrance to the St. Lawrence as far in as Cape Magdalen; and includes the passage of some 40 miles in width between the Gasp^ coast and Anticosti island, and Mingan strait to the north of Anticosti. The Stations for anchorage were carefully selected for the investigation of the currents in this region; and were re-occupied in the same positions in the various seasons. The water of less density in the Gasp6 current is comparable with similar water of low density in the current around Cape Breton island in Cabot strait, where it finally leaves the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The densities as given are the specific gravity of the water reduced to the standard temperature of 60° Fahren- heit, as usual throughout. Station A. — From Cape Magdalen; 4i miles 7° (N. 34° E. magnetic). Station B.— From Fame Point; 4 J miles 15° (N. 42° E. magnetic). Station E.— From Fame Point; llj miles 12 ° (N. 39° E. magnetic). Station D.— From Cape Henry, Anticosti; 17f miles 192° (S. 39° W. magnetic). Station C. — From English Point, GriflBin cove; 4i miles 46° (N. 73° E. magnetic). Station F.— From English Point; 11 miles 46° (N. 73° E. magnetic). Station G.— From South-west Point, Anticosti; 16 miles 229° (S. 76° W. mag- netic). Station H.— From mouth of Pavilion river, Anticosti; 8i miles 210° (S. 57° W. magnetic). Station J. — From Bagot Point, Anticosti; Si miles 128** (S. 25° E. magnetic). Station K.— From Bagot Point, Anticosti; 6i miles 181° (S. 28° W. magnetic). Station L.— The Lightship. From Heath Point; 8 miles 103° (S. 50° E. mag- netic). Station M.— From Heath Point, Anticosti; 13 miles 112° (S. 41° E. magnetic). Station XIX. — From North Point, Anticosti; 4 J miles 24° (In Mingan strait). Station XX. — From Esquimaux island; 7i miles 200° (In Mingan strait). The depth at these Stations ranges from 40 to 180 fathoms. Lines of temperatures and densities across the main passage between the Gasp6 coast and Anticosti; from Cape Gasp6 to South-west Point; thence to Station B off Fame Point; and from Fame Point to Cape Henry at the mouth of Ellis bay, Anticosti. On June 5 to 17 in 1911. These are given first, as they are the earliest obtained in any season. 56 Distance Surface Surface Distance Surface Surface in miles. temp're. density. Locality. in miles. temp're. density . Locahty. 0 M. 1-0219 At Cape Gasp6. 28 M. 49f 1-0225 (Continued) i " — 1.0218 30 it 50^ 1-0221 4 " 1-0216 32 u 501 1-0220 6 " 43r 1-0215 At f mile off Cape 34 u 50 1-0220 7 " 43 1-0213 Rosier. 36 it 501 1-0224 8 " 43^ — 38 u 49^ 1-0226 9 " 431 1-0213 40 u 48 1-0225 11 " 43 1-0224 42 it 50 1-0224 At 4'miles off shore. 13 « 43^ 1-0225 44 u 49i 1-0223 (Along shore) 15 " 43^ 1-0225 (On June 5, 1911.) 45 « — — Station B, 4^ miles 17 " 19 " 21 " 431 44i 44 1-0223 1-0221 1-0225 off shore. 23 " 44i 1-0224 - — — 1-0212 At a pomt 2 miles 26 " 45 1-0218 along shore from 30 " 45^ 1-0218 Fame Point. 34 " 45^ 1-0224 0 M. 47" 1-0215 At 1 mile off Fame 38 " 45^ 1-0226 Point. 42 " 45i 1-0226 2 u 45^ 1-0219 46 " 45^ 1-0226 4 u 45 1-0224 (On June 16, 1911.) 48 " 44^ — 6 tt 45 1-0225 49 " 43i 1-0235 8 u m 1-0222 49i " 41 — At South-west 10 u 47 1-0218 Point, Anticosti. 12 14 tt tt 49^ 50 50i 1-0218 1-0216 1-0218 16 tt 0 M. 42r — At South-west 18 tt 61 1-0217 2 « 42 — Point. 20 tt 52 1-0216 4 " 43 — 22 tt 52^ 1-0215 6 " 45 — (On June 7, 1911.) 23i tt 52 1-0215 8 " 46^ 10224 24 It — — Station D. Middle 10 " 46J — of passage. 12 " 14 « 47^ 46i 1-0224 1-0226 16 " 47 1-0228 0 M. — 1-0219 Station D. 18 " 49i 1-0226 3 (( — 1-0219 20 " 50i 1-0224 7 it — 1-0219 (On June 17, 1911.) 22 " 50 1-0223 11 tt — 1-0218 24 " 50 1-0221 15 tt — 1-0217 26 " 491 1-0221 {Continued) 19 tt — 1-0220 Off Cape Henry. 67 From Station B off Fame Point, across the Temperatures from Cape Rosier to Cape passage to South-west Point, Anticosti; and Gasp6. On June 22, 1911. thence across to Cape Rosier. On June 22, 1911. Distance •1 Surface Surface density. Locality. m miles. temp're. Distance Surface "Surface in miles. temp're. density. Locality. 0 M. 52° 51 — At 5 J miles off Cape Rosier. — 31 " 50§ — / 0 M. 470 — Station B, off Fame 51 " 50 — 2 " 52 — Point. 6f " — — At ^ mile off Cape 4 " 52i 52 Gasp6. 6 " 8 " 5U — Temperatures along shore on the Anticosti 10 " 51 — side, and on the Gasp6 side of the passage. 12 " 511 — On June 28 and July 2, 1895. 16 " 52 — 20 " 52 — 24 " 28 " 32 " 52 52 5U — Distance Surface Surface z in miles. temp're. density. Locality. 36 " 51 491 — 381 " m " 481 — 0 M. At South-west 42| " 471 At Southwest Point. 26 M. 53° — Point. In offing of St. Mary cliff. 30 " 54 0 M. — — At 1| miles off 35 " 54 I t 47i° — Southwest Point. 38 " 54 3 50 — 45 " 53 6 9 12 it 50 50 52 ~~~ 50 " 53i 1-0213 At 3i miles south of t — West Point, Anti- costi. 15 52 52 — 21 25 29 I i 52 52 1-0220 0 M. 50r 51 49 At % mile off Cape Gasp6. 31 t 52 1-0221 33 35 I I 52i 521 1-0220 1-0224 7 M. 481 48 Off Cape Rosier. 37 I 52 1-0209 48 39 I 52 1-0201 46 41 " 52 1-0190 At 5i miles off Cape 46i 46 Rosier. — — 45 31 M. 47 At 6 miles off Fame Point. 68 Deep temperatures at Station E, 11^ miles off Fame Point. On July 5, 1895. Surface 5 Path. 10 " 53° 47 45^ 15 Path. 20 " 30 " 37° 34 i 321 From Station G in middle of the passage, to Cape Gasp6; and thence for 12 miles across the Gasp6 current in the direction of Station J. On July 8 and 10, 1911. Distance in miles. Surface temp're. 0 M. 3 " 6 " 9 " 12 " 15 " 18 " 21 " 22i " 23^ " 24^ " 26 " 27i " 281 " 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 M. 57° 58 57 56^ 56i 57 55^ 55| 54 54 54 55 55 Surface density. 1-0191 1-0192 1-0204 1-0203 1-0203 1-0200 1-0202 Remarks. At Station G. (On July 8, 1911.) At 4 miles off Cape Rosier. At 1 mile off Cape Gasp6. At 1 mile off Cape Gasp6. (On July 10, 1911.) Twelve miles out. Temperature of the water along the Anticosti shore, from the Lightship off Heath Point to Pavilion river. On July 15, 1911. 0 miles 3 " 6 " 8i " 11 " 14 " 17f « 20 " 23 " 26 " 29^ " 32i " 35 " 38 " 41 " 44 " 47 " 50 " 53 " 56 " 6U " 56° 54 52i 53 54 54 60 59 59^ 62 6U 60^ 61 61^ 63 63 63 63 62 61 62 At Lightship, 8 miles off Heath Point. At 3i miles off Heath Point. (On a line 4 miles from shore.) Off Bagot Point, Anticosti. (On a line 2^ miles from shore.) Off mouth of Pavilion Temperatures from Cape Gasp6 to Station C at 4^ miles off English Point. On July 24,1911. 0 miles 2i " 5 " 7 " 8 " lOi " 13J " 17 " 59^' 69i 59 58 60 61 At ^'mile off Cape Gasp6. At li miles off Cape Rosier. At Station C. 59 Deep densities taken at the various Stations in this region, in 1895; between July 8 and August 2. Density. Year. Date. Station. — At 10 At 20 At 40 At 60 Surface. Fath. Fath. Fath. Fath. Remarks. 1895 July 8 Sta. C. 1-0204 1-0212 1-0241* 1-0244* it " 12 tt Y. 1-0227 — 1-0238 1-0244 1-0245 u " 13 " G. Miles from shore. 1-0232 1-0237 1-0245 1-0247 1-0250 u " 13 3-8 miles 1-0206 1-0226 1-0241 1-0244 1-0253 From Cape It u u 6-8 " 1-0206 1-0231 1-0243 1-0251 1-0250 Rosier to- u il ft 9-8 " 1-0205 1-0232 1-0243 1-0248 1-0249 wards Station u tt tt 14-5 " 1-0215 1-0235 1-0246 1-0247 1-0250 J G. it " 16 Sta. XIX. 10232 10242 1-0245 1-0248 — Year. Date. Station. Density. At 10 At 20 At 30 At 50 Surface. Fath. Fath. Fath. Fath. 1895 July 19 Sta. XX. 1-0232 1-0247 1-0247 1-0242 t tt Aug. 1 " E. 1-0206 1-0210 1-0233 1-0244 1-0248 X tt " 2 " D. 1-O206 1-0222 1-0237 — — * These two densities are actually at 35 and 55 fathoms. t After the tidal stream setting westward. X After prolonged eastward current. 60 MiNGAN Strait. — Deep densities and temperatures. From West Point of Anticosti across Mingan strait to the North shore. On June 28, 1895. Surface temperatures and densities at the Stations in Mingan strait, for comparison. Distance in miles. 0 3 8 13 16 19 22 M. Surface temp're. 53° 5H 49| 52^ 50§ 50 50 Surface density. 1-0213 1-0214 1-0215 1-0217 1-0217 1-0216 1-0221 Locality. Surface temp're. At 2| miles west of West Point, Anticosti. At 5 miles S.W. of Magpie Point. 5V 55 Surface density. 10232 1-0232 Remarks. At Station XIX. On July 16, 1895. At Station XX. On July 19. Note, — For deep densities at Stations XIX and XX in Mingan strait, in July, see table of densities at the various Stations already given, on opposite page. Date: 1895 9 1 c 'P- Depth in Fathoms. •S i 3 -^ 10 F. 20 F. 30 F. 40 F. 51" 42 36r 34r 33r 52 39i 37^ 33^ b2i 52i 42 36i 35 33i 53 43^ 37 32 32 54 47 40^ 34 — 55 42i 3S 35 — Remarks. XiX XX July 16 " 16 " 17 " 17 " 18 " 19 At slack after flood, setting westward. At slack after ebb, setting eastward. At slack after flood. At slack after ebb. At slack after ebb. At slack after flood. Distance in miles. Density. At 10 At 20 Surface. Fath. Fath. 1-0236 10241 1-0243 1-0236 10246 1-0246 1-0235 10240 1-0248 1-0233 1-0234 1-0241 1-0211 10231 10240 At 50 Fath. Remarks. 0-0 M. 3-1 " 60 " 9-3 " 11-7 " 1-0251 10250 Density section from Mingan island across the strait to North Point of Anticosti island. On July 20, 1895. 0-0 M, 3-1 " 6-0 " 9-3 " 11-7 " Surface 10 F. 20 F. 30 F. 44r 43° 39^" 49 451 42^ — 53 50 39i 37°' 53 49^ 40 39 56 49 42 — 34r 34 Temperature section (returning across the strait) at the same points and on the same day. The points are given in the same order, to correspond. 61 Temperature of the water from Cape Gasp6 Temperatures along the Gasp6 coast from Cape across the main passage to Bagot Point, Gasp6 to Cape Magdalen. On August 28, Anticosti. On the night of July 29-30, 1911. 1911, 0 miles 58** At 1 mile off Cape Gasp6. 57r Gasp6 bay; If m. inside the 2 " 58 Cape. 4 " 57 0 miles 56 At Cape Gasp6. 6 " 57 1 " 56 8 " 57 2 " 56 10 " 571 3 " 56 12 " 571 4 " 55 14 " 57 5 " 54§ 16 " 57 6 " 55 18 " 57 6i " 54 At f mile off Cape Rosier. 20 " 561 10 " 54 22 " 56 131 " 54 Off English Point. 24 " 57 17 " 55 27 " 56i 20 " 54 30 " 62 23 " 54i 33 " 63 26 " 56 36 " 62 29 " 56 39 " 62 30 " 56| 42 " 64 301 " — At 1 mile off Fame Point. 45 " 62 32 " 57 48 " 62 34i " 57 51 " — 37 " 56 54 " 62 39i " 58 57 " 61 42 " 57 60 " 60 44^ " 58 63 " 60 47 " 58 66 " 60 491 " 56 69 " 60 52 " 58 72 « 60 55 " 58 75 " 64 58 " 58 78 " 64 60^ " 58 At Ij miles off Cape Mag- 801 " 63 dalen. 84 « 62 61 " 58 86 " 611 At 2 miles off Bagot Point. 62 " 57 631 " 57 At Station A, 4| miles off Cape Magdalen. Distance from shore. Surface density. Remarks. IM 4 " 7 " 10 " 1-0208 1-0205 1-0206 1-0205 Line of surface densities from Fame Point, at right angles to shore, for ten miles out. On July 31, 1895. the 62 Density sections across the main passage between the Gaspe coast and Anticosti, in 1895. All the sections as given, begin on the Gaspe side. The zero of mileage and the final mileage are at the shore lines on the two sides, to fix the sections in position. i! ^ a Density. At 10 At 20 At 30 At 50 Remarks. .2 -S Surface. Fath. Fath. Fath. Fath. 0 M. (Shore) . - From Fame Point to Cape 3 " — 1-0214 10227 1-0241 1-0247 1-0253 Henry at the mouth of Ellis 6 " — 1-0208 1-0232 1-0243 — 10251 bay, Anticosti. On July 26, 9 " — 1-0213 1-0231 1-0244 1-0248 — 1895. 12 " — 1-0207 1-0228 1-0235 — 1-0250 15 " — 1-0208 10223 10233 1-0245 — Note. — ^The mileage is from 18 " — 1-0208 10220 10235 — 1-0244 shore to shore at the two 21 " — 1-0209 10230 10237 — — sides of the passage. 25 " — 1-0205 1-0229 1-0239 — 1-0247 32 " — 1-8218 1-0233 1-0242 — 1-0251 39 " — 1-0225 1-0242 — — — 42 " (Shore) — — — — — (Shore) — — — — — 57° 1-0218 1-0235 1-0244 — — 58 1-0217 1-0243 1-0250 — — 57 1-0217 10243 1-0248 — 1-0253 56 1-0220 10240 10249 — 1-0253 56 1-0218 10243 1-0248 — 1-0253 57 1-0223 1-0243 1-0249 — — 58 1-0224 1-0244 1-0248 — 1-0253 57^ 1-0228 1-0242 1-0246 — — 58 1-0226 1-0245 1-0248 — — 59 1-0230 1-0246 1 1-0249 — — From Cape Gasp6 across the main passage to the Beacon at Salt Lake bay, Anticosti; situated at 15 miles eastward of South-west Point. On August 3, 1895. (The last point, at 45 miles, is li miles off shore from the Beacon.) (Shore) 52" 52§ 52 5U 50 5U 52 52 50 — — — -0224 -0223 -0225 -0232 -0232 •0230 -0233 -0232 •0234 -0239 •0237 -0236 1-0225 1-0227 10233 1-0238 1-0242 1-0235 1-0240 1-0238 1-0237 1-0244 — — — 1-0234 1-0246 — 1-0249 1-0245 1-0246 — 1-0245 — 1-0250 1-0242 1-0248 — 1-0247 — — 1-0247 — 1-0256 1-0244 1-0250 — 1-0246 _ _ From Cape Gasp6 across the main passage to the same Beacon as above, at Salt Lake bay, Anticosti. On Septeni- ber 7, 1895. (The last point, at 45 miles, is 2 miles ofif shore at the Beacon.) 0 M. (Shore) — — — — — 1 " 5r 1-0218 — — — — 3 " 52 1-0222 1-0223 1-0236 1-0246 — 6 " 51 1-0220 1-0223 1-0235 — 1-0248 9 " 5U 1-0217 1-0222 10230 1-0242 — L2 " 52| 1-0220 1-0220 1-0231 — 1-0246 L7 " 50 1-0214 1-0217 1-0228 1-0240 — 12 " 52 1-0217 10221 10233 — 1-0245 >S " 49 10220 1-0233 1-0237 1-0244 — n " 50 1-0218 10231 1-0242 — 1-0247 J6 " — 1-0219 1-0232 10241 — — From Fame Point for 36 miles out, towards Ellis bay, Anti- costi. On September 14, 1895. (The last point, at 36 miles, is at 5? miles off Cape Henry at mouth of Ellis bay.) 63 Temperatures along shore from Cape Rosier Temperatures from Cape Gasp6 to Station C at to Cape Gasp6. On July 28, 1911. 4^ miles off Engh'sh Point. On August 13, 1911. 58r At 1 mile off Cape Rosier. 0 miles 1 « 58i 0 miles 57° At f mile off Cape Gasp6. 2 « 60 11 " 57^ 3 « 59 3i " 57i 4i " 58 5 " 57 H " 581 7 " 57 Off Cape Rosier. 61 " 57 At 1 mile off Cape Gasp6. 9 " 11 " 56 57 13 " 15i " 57 56§ Temperatures along shore from Cape Gasp6 17J " 55 At Station C. to Famf ; Point, and thence out to Station Pi 4.i rr dies off this point. On August 7, D, ^f n t 1911. Temperatures from Cape Gasp6, on a line close to shore, to Station B off Fame Point. On August 21, 1911. 0 miles 65° At 1 mile off Cape Gasp6. 2 " 64^ 65 4 " 6f " Q^ Off Cape Rosier. 0 miles 54° At one mile off Cape Gasp6. 9 " 61 3 " 55 11 " 58 7i " 54 Off Cape Rosier. 13 " 55§ 9 " 54 141 « 60 Off English Point. 11 " 54 17 " 57 13 " 55 20f « 58 Off Fox river. 14i " Off English Point. 23 " 58 15 " 53 25 " 56 17 " 52 27 " 57 19 " 54 Off Fox river. 29 " 57 21 " 53 31 " 56 25 " 53 33J " 57 At one mile off Fame Point. 27 " 541 35 " 59 31 « 54 37 " 63 At Station B. 351 " 54 At 2f miles off Fame Point. 37^ " 55 At Station B. 64 From Cape Gaspe, across the direction of the current, to a point 5 miles eastward. (Bear- ing 69° from Cape Gasp6.) On August 25, 1911. 0 miles 55r 1 " 56 If " 59 2^ " 59 3i " 58 41 u 55^ 5 " 55^ At I mile south of Cape Gaspe. At 5 miles off the cape. From Cape Gaspe to Station E, at 11^- miles off Fame Point. On September 4, 1911. 0 miles 1 " If " 2J " 3i " 4^ " 5^ " 7 " 10 " 13 " 15| " 19 " 20 " 22 " 25 " 28 " 31 " 34 " 37 " 40 " 42 " 54'' 54 52 .53 52i 53 52^ 52i 51 50 50 49 49^ 49^ 50 50 50 51 51 51 At 1\ miles off Cape Gasp^. At U miles off Cape Rosier. At 3 miles off Fox river. At offing of Station E. Station E. From Cape Gasp6 to Station F, at 11 miles off English Point. On September 7, 1911. 0 miles 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7\ 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 2U 22 52° 49^ 49 50 491 49 49 49 49 49 49^ 49 49 49 48^ 48 48 48 48 In mouth of Gaspe bay. At f mile off Cape Gaspe. Off Cape Rosier. Station F. From Cape Gasp^ to Station C, at 4^ miles off English Point. On September 11, 1911. 0 miles 53' If ' < 51 2h ' 51 4 < 51 •5^ * 53 7 < 53 9 < 54 11 < 54 13 < 54 m ( 53 17 < 51 18 ( 51 At f mile off Cape Gaspe. At I5 miles off Cape Rosier. At 3f miles off English Point. At Station C. 32385—5 65 NORTHUMBERLAND STRAIT. Season of 1908. In this strait, it seemed probable that the temperature of the water might show some relation to the direction of the strong tidal flow in opposite directions, where this occurs. The density of the water was not taken, as the water in this Strait is uniformly of the lower density prevalent on the southwestern side of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The deep temperatures were taken to 15 fathoms only, for comparative purposes; as there are few parts of the Strait where the total depth admits of going further. It is probably because of this relative shallowness, that the water attains so high a temperature with the progress of the season; and because the water itself changes slowly, although it makes on the whole in an eastward direction, in accord with the general movement on the southwestern side of the Gulf. Apart from the fluctuation of the tidal streams, there is thus a gradual movement of the water to the eastward. The observations are grouped in five periods, which correspond approxi- mately with five successive months; to show more conveniently the change with the progress of the season. Also, for better distinction, the letters originally used for the Stations in 1908, which ran from A to G, are changed to others near the end of the alphabet. Station S. — In the deepest part of the Strait between Pictou island and the opposite shore of Prince Edward island. From Wood island light, 7| miles 109°. (S. 48° E. magnetic.) Station T. — In the middle of the Eastern narrows to the west of Pictou island. From Wood island light, GJ miles 224°. (S. 67° W. magnetic.) Station U. — In the middle of the Central narrows off Cape Tormentine. From Point Borden, 3J miles 226°. (S. 69° W. magnetic.) Station V. — In the middle of the Western narrows. From West Point of Prince Edward island, 5J miles 235°. (S. 78° W. magnetic.) Station W. — In the mouth of George bay. From Cape George, SJ miles 35°. (N. 60° E. magnetic.) Station Y.— Off Souris. From Souris head, 7i miles 157°. (S. 2° W. magnetic.) Station Z. — In the eastern end of the Strait. From East Point of Pictou island, 6 miles 130°. (S. 26° E. magnetic.) 66 Deep temperatures in Northumberland Strait. — June 4 to July 5, 1908. Station. Date: 1908. Deptt I in Fathoms. 3} Remarks. 5F. 10 F. 15 F. Station S. June 5 4ir 4or 39° 14 F. On the Flood. S. " 6 44 39^ 38^ — — After the Ebb. Station W. " 8 461 44^ 37 3ir 24 F. At Low Water. Currents here, not strong. " W. " 9 481 40 33 31i u At Low Water ' " " " W. " 9 58-1 44^ 33i 31i u At High Water. " " W. " 10 49^ 42 34 31 <( At Low Water. " " Station Y. " 11 46 361 — 35^ 17^F. At High Water. " Y. " 11 48 39^ 39 36i << On the Flood. " Y. " 12 50 43 39i 38 << On the Ebb. " Y. " 13 — 45 38i 36 « After the Flood. " " Station T. " 16 50 40 39^ — 18iF. At slack after Ebb; setting eastward. « rp " 17 48 44 40 — t( At slack after Ebb. « rri " 18 49 46 42 — « At skck after Ebb. << rr\ " 19 44 40-^ 39 — (( At slack after Flood; setting westward. K rp " 20 45^ 43^ 42 — « At slack after Ebb. Station V. " 23 5U 51 51 — 12 F. At slack after Ebb; setting northward. " V. " 24 52 50^ 50 — it At slack after Flood; setting south-east- ward. " V. " 24 52i 51 m — « At slack after Ebb. " V. " 24 53 50^ 50 — « At slack after Flood. " V. " 25 53 50^ 50 — it At slack after Flood. " V. " 25 55 50^ 51 — tt At slack after Ebb. " V. " 26 53 52 5U — it At slack after Flood. " V. " 26 53 52 52 — tt At slack after Ebb. " V. " 27 55 52 5n — it At slack after Flood. station U. " 29 56 56 55f — 13 F. At slack after Flood; setting south-east- ward. " U. " 29 68 57 56i — it At slack after Ebb; setting north-.west- ward. " U. " 30 58 57 57 : — it At slack after Flood. " U. July 1 59 57^ 57^ — tt At slack after Flood. " u. " 1 60^ 57f 571 it At slack after Ebb. " u. " 2 60 58^ 58i — it At slack after Flood. " u. " 2 60 59 58^ — tt At slack after Ebb. " u. " 3 60 59 59 — it At slack after Flood. " u. " 3 62i 59 59 — it At slack after Ebb. NoTi. — For the difference of temperature in the Flood and Ebb directions, see the valuations given in the notes below the tables on pages 77 and 80. 32385— 5J 67 Temperatures from Pictou harbour to Station S, north of Pictou island. On June 4, 1908. 0 miles 45r At Light, mouth of Pictou 2 " 43 harbour. 4 " 43 6 " 42^ 8 " 43 10 " 42 12 " 43 14 " m ^ 16 " 4U At Station S. Temperatures from Pictou harbour to Station W, in the mouth of George bay. On June 8, 1908. 0 miles 2 " 4 " 6 " 8 " 10 " 12 " 14 " 16 " 18 " 20 " 22 " 24 " 26 " 28 " 30 " 32 " 34 " 36 " 38 " 39i " 46^ 45^ 45^ 43^ 44 44 45 45 44| 44^ 44 431 44 44 45 47 46^ 45 46 46 46 At Light, mouth harbour. of Pictou Ofif Cape George. At Station W. Temperatures from Station W, in the mouth of George bay, to Station Y, in the offing of Souris. On June 10, 1908. At Station W. At Station Y. Temperatures from Station Y, in the offing of Souris, to Pictou harbour. On June 13, 1908. 0 miles m 2 « 48 6 (( 48 8 i( 48 lU (( 50 13^ n 49i 15i (( 49 18 n 50 20 (( 49 22 « 50 26 i( 50 28 « 50 32 u 50 34 u 50 36 ii 54 37f i( 55 At Station Y. Off Cape Bear. At Pictou island light. At Hospital Point; mouth of Pictou harbour. 68 Temperatures from Pietou harbour to Station 1 Temperatures from Hillsborough bay west- T, in the middle of the Eastern narrows. ward to Station V, in the Western narrows On June 15, 1908. off West Pomi ; of Prince Edward island. On June 22, 19( )8. 59° At Light, mouth of Pietou 0 miles 2 " 56 harbour. 0 miles 58° At entrance buoy, middle of 4 " 52 2 « 56 Hillsborough bay, opposite 6 " 52 4 (( 55 Governor island. 8 " 52 6 u 55 10 " 53 8 t( 56 • 12 " 53 10 t( 56i 14 " ■ 54 12 « 56i 16 " 54 14 « 56^ 18i " 55 At Station T. 16 (t 57 18 20 u u 55^ 55 At buoy, off Tryon shoal. 22 it 56 Temperatures from Station T as above, to 24 (I 57 Point Prim at mouth of Hillsborough bay. 26 « 57 On June 20, 1908. 28 u 55 30 tl 55 32 34 u 54 54 u 0 miles 43° At Station T. 38 u 54 2 " 43^ 40 u 55 4 " 45 42 « 56 6 " 47 44 « 57 8 " m 46 « 57^ 10 " 49 48 u 56 Off Cape Egmont. 12 " m 50 it 55 14 " 4Sh 52 It 54 15 " 50 At buoy, 2i miles off Point 54 a 53 Prim, on east side of Hills- 56 i< 53 borough bay. 58 60 62i u it 53^ 52 5U it Off West Point of P.E.I. Temperatures from mouth of Bedeque bay to 65 it 51 At Station V. Station U, in the Central narrows off Cape Tormentine. On June 29, 1908. 0 miles 60° At buoy off Miscouche sands; 2 " 60 at mouth of Bedeque bay 3 " 59 on west side. 5 " 56 7 " 56 9 " 56 At Station U. 69 Temperatures from Station V, in the Western Temperatures from Station U, in the Central narrows off West Point, to the mouth of narrows off Cape Tormentine, to the mouth Bedeque bay. On June 27, 1908. of Hillsborough bay. On July 4, 1908. 0 miles 55° At Station V. 0 miles 61° At Station U. 2 " 55| 2 " 6U 4 " 56 4 " 62 6 " 57 6 " 62 8 " 56^ 8 " 64 10 " 55^ 10 " 63 At Tryon shoal buoy. 12 " 55 12 " 64 14 " 55 14 " 661 16 " 56 16 « 65 18 " 58 18 " 661 20 " 60 20 « 67 2U " — Off Cape Egmont. 22 " 65^ 22 " 60 24 " 671 Off St. Peter island 24 " 61 26 « 68 t{ tt (( 26 " 61 28 " 68 28 " 60 30 " 70 At entrance buoy; middle of 30 " 60 Hillsborough bay, opposite 32 " 60 Governor island. 34 " 61 At buoy off Miscouche sands; at mouth of Bedeque bay. 70 Deep temperatures in Northumberland Strait. — July 6 to 31, 1908. i 2 Depth in Fathoms. 4 Station. Date: 1908. 02 It Remarks. 5F. 10 F. 15 F. Station U. July 7 65r 6or 59r — 13 F. At slack after Ebb; setting north-west- ward. " U. « 7 68 6U 60^ — ti At slack after Flood; setting south-east- ward. " U. " 8 65 61 56^ — u At slack after Ebb. " u. " 8 65i 61 59 — u At slack after Flood. " u. " 9 64 62^ 571 — « At slack after Ebb. " u. " 9 65 62 61 — u At slack after Flood. " u. " 10 65 62 58 — (( At slack after Ebb. " u. " 11 63 61 57 — « At slack after Flood. station V. " 13 58 57 56 — 12 F. At slack after Ebb; setting northward out of the Strait. " V. " 14 60 57^ 56 — t( At slack after Ebb. " V. " 15 55 54 54 — t( At slack after Flood; south-eastward into the Strait. " V. " 15 59 58J 57 — tt At slack after Ebb. " V. " 16 55 54 54 — it At slack after Flood. " V. " 16 59 58 57 — (( At slack after Ebb. " V. a 17 61 57 55^ — (( At slack after Flood. " V. " 17 59 58 57 — << At slack after Ebb. " V. " 20 61 57 56^ — << At slack after Flood. " V. " 21 60i 58^ 58 — « At slack after Ebb. " V. " 21 61 57 57 — « At slack after Flood. " V. " 22 60i 59 58^ — « At slack after Ebb. " V. " 22 58 57^ 57^ — i( At slack after Flood. " V. " 23 63 60 59 — n At slack after Ebb. " V. " 23 58^ 57^ 57 — « At slack after Flood. " V. " 24 58^ 58 58 — « At slack after Flood. " V. " 25 59 58^ 58 — u At slack after Flood. Station W. " 27 63 62^ 51 24 F. At Low Water. Currents here, not strong. " W. " 28 62i 58^ 50§ 46° « At High Water. " W. " 28 63^ 63 49^ 45 « At Low Water. " W. " 29 63 63 50i 46^ " At High Water. " W. " 29 64 60^ 49^ 47 « At Low Water. " W. " 30 63 62^ 50 46 « At High Water " W. " 30 65 61 50^ 46 <( At Low Water. " W. " 31 64 63 501 46 « At High Water. " W. " 31 — 63 501 46 n At Low Water. NoTK.— For the difference of temperature in the Flood and Ebb directions, see the valuationa given in the notes below the tables on pages 77 and 80. 71 Temperatures from Hillsborough bay to Station U in the Central narrows off Cape Tormen- tine. On July 6, 1908. 0 miles 01 u 4i " 6 " 8 " 10 " 12 " 14 " 16 " 18 " 20 " 22 " 24 " 26 " 28 " 30 " 66 64 66| 65 65 64 64i 65 64i 65 65 64i 63 63i 63 At entrance buoy, middle of Hillsborough bay. Off St. Peter island. Off Tryon shoal. At Station U. Temperatures from Station U in the Central narrows to the mouth of Bedeque bay on July 11, and from there on July 13 to Station V in the Western narrows. 0 miles 63r 2 " 621 4 " 63 6 " 65 8 " 68 10 " 71 10 miles 69r 12 " 67^ 14 " 68^ 16 " 69 At Station U. At buoy off Miscouche sands at mouth of Bedeque bay. At same buoy (on July 13.) (Continued) 20 20^ 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 les 681° << 66 " — << 64 It 62i a 60 i< 63 " 62 (( 59 " 59i <( 60A " 62 << 63 (Continued) Off Cape Egmont, At Station V. Temperatures from the mouth of Bedeque bay to Station V in the Western narrows off West Point. On July 20, 1908. 0 miles 64° 1 " 64 5 " 641 7 " 64^ 9 " 65 lOJ " 65 12 " 65 14 " 631 16 " 62 18 " 60 20 " 59^ 22 " 59 24 " 58 26 " 59 27i " 59 At buoy off Miscouche sands, at the mouth of Bedeque bay. Off Cape Egmont. At Station V 72 Temperatures from Station V in the Western narrows, to the mouth of Hillsborough bay. 14 miles 6ir (Continued) On July 25, 1908. 16 6U 18 20 60i 61 0 miles 59° At Station V. 22 62 2 " 59 24 61 4 " 59^ 26 61 • 6 " 60 28 63 8 " 601 30 62i 10 " 61 32 63 12 " 61 36 62 14 " 61i 38 62i 16 " 63 40 62 18 " 65 42 i 63 m " 65 Off Cape Egmont. 44 ( 62 21 " 65 ■ 46 ( 62 23 " 64i 48 i 62i 24 " 65 50 I 62 26 " 64i 52 i 62 32 " 64i 53^ " 63 At Station W, mouth of 341 " 65 Off Sea Cow head. George bay. 36 " 63 63 38 " 40 " 62^ Temperatures from Station W to the mouth of 42 " 63 Hillsborough bay. On August 1, 1908. 44 " 63 46 " 63 48 " 63| 0 miles 64° At Station W. 50 " 63^ 2 64 5U " * 64 Off Tryon shoal. g 64 54 " 56 " 58 " 64^ 64^ 64i 10 14 16 63^ 63^ 63 62 " 64^ 18 64 64 " 64^ " 65 65 At St. Peters reef buoy; west m 21 64 64 side of Hillsborough bay. ill. 23 33 63 63 Temperatures from the mouth of Hills- 35 62 borough bay to Station W in mouth of George 37 6U bay. On July 27, 1908. 38i 61 40 4U 62^ 62 At Indian rocks buoy. 0 miles 62° At buoy off Point Prim. 42 63 2 " 62 44 63 4 " 62 46 62i Off Rifleman reef. 6 " 61 48 63 9 " 61 Off Rifleman reef. 52 631 12 " 62 551 " 64 At buoy off Point Prim. 13 " 62 At Indian rocks buoy. (Continued) 73 Deep temperatures in Northumberland Strait. — August 7 to 30, 1908. Depth in • Date: ?^ *a Fathoms. :S Stati on. 1908. II l-t Remarks. 3 ^ 5F. 10 F. H Station Z. Aug ■ 7 60° 59r 55r 14 F. At slack after Ebb, setting north-eastward out of the Strait. li Z. tt 7 611 6U 55 tt At slack after Flood; setting westward into the Strait. It z. 8 60 68 54 tt During the Ebb, u z. 8 61 60^ 55 tt During the Flood. station T. 10 65 61 57 18iF. At slack after Ebb stream; setting eastward. a T. 11 m 53 51 tt At slack after Flood stream; setting westward. 11 T. a 11 67 62^ 51 tt At slack after Ebb. ^ a T. 12 64 55 51 tt At slack after Flood. « T. 12 60i — 49^ tt At slack after Ebb. <( T. 13 61 56 51 tt At slack after Flood. « T. 14 63i 541 50 tt At slack after Ebb. a T. tt 14 63 55 491 tt At slack after Flood. n T. 15 — 53^ 491 tt At slack after Ebb. Station z. 17 62 60 57 14 F. At slack after Flood; setting westward. it Z. 18 60 59 561 (( At slack after Ebb; setting north-eastward. « Z. 18 61 59 54i " At slack after Flood. tt Z. 19 60 591 55 " At slack after Ebb. « Z. " 19 61 m 55 tt At slack after Flood. u Z. 20 60 591 56 it At slack after Ebb. it Z. 20 60 59^ 531 tt At slack after Flood. tt Z. 21 59^ 59 53^ tt At slack after Ebb. tt Z. 21 61 60 54i It At slack after Flood. tt Z. 22 60 60 56i tt At slack after Flood. station U. 24 64 63^ 63 13 F. At slack after Ebb, setting north-westward. it U. 25 65 64 64 tt At slack after Flood, setting south-eastward. tt U. 25 641 63 62| tt At slack after Ebb, tt U. 26 65 64i 64 a At slack after Flood. It U. 26 64 62i 62 tt At slack after Ebb. tt U. 27 64 64 631 ti At slack after Flood. tt U. 27 64 63 62i It At slack after Ebb. It U. 28 63 62i 62i tt At slack after Flood. tt u. . tt 28 64 63 63 tt At slack after Ebb. tt U. tt 29 62i 62 62 it At slack after Flood. Note.— For the difference of temperature in the Flood and Ebb directions, see the valuations given in the notes below the tables on pages 77 and 80. 74 Temperatures from Hillsborough bay to Station Z, east of Pictou island. On August 7, 1908. 0 jniles If " 4 " 8 " 12 " 16 " 18 " 20 " 22 " 24 " 26 " 28 " 30 " 32 " 34 " 36 " 37f " 64° 62 61 61 61 61 611 6U 62 62§ 63 62 6U 62^ 60 60 At entrance buoy, middle of Hillsborough bay. At buoy off Point Prim. At Indian rocks buoy. At Station Z. Temperatures from Pictou harbour to Station T in the middle of the Eastern narrows. On August 10, 1908. 0 miles 2 " 4 " 6 " 8 " 10 " 12 " 14 " 16 " 18 " 181 " 63 6U m 63 65 66 65 66 64 65 At Light, mouth of Pictou harbour. Off Caribou light. At Station T. Temperatures from Station T as above, to Pictou harbour. On August 15, 1908. 0 miles 57° At Station T. 2i " 57 41 u 60 61 " 61 8i " 60 Off Caribou light. lOi " 61 12J " 62 13f " 63 At Hospital Point, mouth of Pictou harbour. Temperatures from Pictou island to Station Z to the eastward. On August 17, 1908. 0 miles 63° 4 " 62 8 " 62 12 « 62 At Pictou island light. At Station Z. Temperatures from Station Z, east of Pictou island, to Hillsborough bay. On August 22, 1908. 0 miles 2 " 4 " 8 " 12 " 14 " 16 " 18 " 20 " 22^ " 24 " 26 " 28 " 30 " 32 " 34 " 36 " 38 " 60° 60 59^ 59J 57 56 55 56 58 59 59 591 59^ 59| 59 61 63 63 At Station Z. Off Indian rocks. Off Rifleman reef. At buoy, off Point Prim. 75 Temperatures from Hillsborough bay to Temperatures from Station U in the Central Station U in the Central narrows off Cape narrows to Hillsborough bay. On August Tormentine. On August 24, 1908. 29, 1908 0 miles 62'' At entrance buoy, middle of 0 miles 63° At Station U. 2 " 61 Hillsborough bay, off Gov- 2 " 62 5i " 63 ernor island. 4 " 62 6 " 62i 6 " 64 8 " 64 8 " 64 10 " 63 10 " 64i 12 " 63 lU " 65 At Tryon shoal buoy. 16 " 63 14 " 65 18i " 64 At Tryon shoal buoy. 16 " 65^ 20 " 64 18 " 65 22 " 63^ 22 " 65 24 " 65 24 " 64 Off St. Peters reef. 261 " 64 At Station U. 26 " 28 " 64 63^ 29i " 63^ At entrance buoy, Hills- borough bay. 76 Deep temperatures in Northumberland Strait. — September 1 to 25, 1908 ^^^Jilll^^^ll»l■lll t |||^M'^^^^^^^wf>|p!^^ipj Miin...i.niim,pPIMm^ ^3 mmmmmmmmmmmmm r ::swi.C..^' fTJ ^ -.-.,. ■ V fe f ■•■: ■m-r .:S :■:■©;■ V© :^ "*~~" n r V lirf t # ! 1 .?>' ^' i "«■ ^ - r?3<; ^?^, fip ■■'m 2&'' J'^ J i ry 'A' ^ ^^ THIS BOOK IS BTJB ON THE LAST DATE THiaJS"" STAMPED BELOW AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS OVERDUE. ^ i?6i_Q2L-j^f^ LD 21-100m-12,'43 (8796s) uinaer Gay lord Bros. Makers Syracijse, N. Y. PAT. JAN 21, 1308 54TnnTg UNIVERSITY OF CAUFORNIA LIBRAPf