:m . J»:
■; r :*
a. ,'# 1.-* .--*
*^ #^ if" ^ s^^' .^M. -i^M .^^ ^rJ'^ ..-^ a*. *■ r^"*' ■
- %f: . .•?^-^^- ^:. ^«^ ^.^ ,rf-*- »-.* W-* i^: ^ ^■*
^- ^ w^^ -i.-^ ^^.'^ ^v :-^ M>^" l^^- 3i^- ■
^:..* ::*■:.»« "»:.> ..ft'^*^- *
..«^.-9
. y: m::-»".»:.^'^^^r''-
'5^ .,#!»:
^::*'..i
- w t « f ^:,M^ ^
^ m:0iM':.^
' M'M .».^
**^.if':.i
r .f
,^:b- -Pr^
*;::m:"
»■ "■ «
i'^f
a- . i^:
,.« M^
l^'L.w- ■ '
''M^'MC
'w:m':
:I^V..%
.:t:i,»
» :*.
:e..:«
irrw^;
M^- ...:§■. '^
*: " <^
•#^'if c r
.r:.t:.:t
T*:A
|
*^i' |
;>^:*'. |
Hi |
|
s- mvM, -im |
||
|
'*«<¥ ^:y ■^i- |
||
|
|\ « |
^^ "'^ |
•^ |
|
)W^> |
iseyf |
^ -fg |
■ ^" '^'.:€ w:'..^
•ri«
i-::f
m "^
i#. '" i^
Sr-"^-!^- -"•'^
-e:^ j|'' ?^
:f '^ M:
m :f
?So^^''*^^^'^'^^'^\" ^* ^
149 • G3 c*2
9k'" WTf .'■''IPf-
,^Mi\ J!^
w Jft:
60
TENNESSEE FLORA.
■.r
:# . I
* L. Gattin^ei'i Gray. Cedar glades of Middle Teun. Rocky banks of Cumberland river. Frequent May-June.
L. Nuttallii Roem. & Schult. Mountain swamps. Sewanee. July.
L. iufiata L. Dry, argillaceous and siliceous soils. August- ScDtember.
CAMPANULA CE^.
Speciilaria perfoliata A. DC. Waste ground and roadsides. April-May.
Campanula aparinoldes Pursh. Mountain swamps and laurel thickets. July-August.
C. divaracata Michx. Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. July- August.
€. Americana L. Thickets and dry woodlands. August- September.
ERICACEAE.
Ga.yhissacia hrachycera Gray. Mountains on Ocoe river. June— July.
G. frondosa Torr. & Gray. Mountains of East Tenn. April- May.
Gr. resinosa Torr. & Gray. Highlands. Valley of East Tenn., etc. April-May.
Vacciniuni arboreum Marsh. Highlands and siliceous soil generally. May.
V. stamiiieiini L. Oak barrens and highlands. May-June.
V. coryinbosiiiii L. Mountains and ridges of East Tenn. Highlands. April-May.
Var. jja/Z/c/HW Gray. (T^. Co7istablei Gray.) Mountains of East Tenn. June.
* Lobelia Gattivgeri Gr Ay. Flowers 4-5 lines lon^, deep blue; stem smooth, weak and branching; leaves thin, sessile, oblong-ovate, obtuse, serrate, the lowest obovate ; racemes peduncled, very slender, many flow- ered; calyx-tube ovoid, linger than its pedicel, shorter than the linear- subulate entire lobes, the sinuses not appendaged, but slightly callous. The pedicels are sometines provided with small bracteols. Plant 6-20 inches hi\ih. Eegular flowering time first week in May, but some plants are found flowering as late as August. Its home is the limestone basin of Middle Tenn., and prominently moist places in the cedar glades First ooUected about 1869, atLavergne, seventeen miles south of Nashvilb.
^sp. ..m ...... asv.
■#:#
. ^fei'.- i»i-.»'^fe.; .a>f
:#..,. i.
mrm
'^:m.:m
^^^0^mimm^M^^^!^miiim
■>-^immm^^m^^^^^^i':}
TENNESSEE FLORA.
61
r. A/r-y(</»/;< Binklev. High mountains of East Tenn. June- July.^
V. erythrocarpon Michx. Higher mountains of East Tenn. June-July.
Epigmirepens L. Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. March- April.
(Taaltheria procumbens L. Alleghany Mts., throughout. June.
Andromeda Mariana L. Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. April-May.
A. ligustrina Miihlb. Smoky Mts. Big Frog Mts. July.
Oxydeudrou arboreiim DC. Highlands and siliceous soils. April-May.
Leiicoflue Cateshayi Gray. Along streams throughout Cum- berland and Alleghanies. Common. April-May.
L. rcGurva Gray. With the former. May.
Kalmia latifolia L. Mountains of East Tenn., and in Middle Tenn., in siliceous soils. May- June.
3Ienziesia globularis SaVish. High mountains of East Tenn. Roane Mt. Clingman Dome. July.
Bhododendron arborescens Torr. Big Frog Mts. June.
R. viscosum Torr. Along mountain streams. Ocoe Valley^ etc. June.
_ _ R. liudifloriliil Torr. Hills of East and Middle Tenn., in siliceous soils. April.
R. calendulaceum Torr. Alleghany and Cumberland Mts. ; also here and there in shaded ravines in the valleys. Cave Spring, Roane Co. June.
R. maximum L. Common throughout Cumberland and Alle- ghany Mts. June-July.
P. Cataivbietise Michx. Only on the highest summits of Smoky Mts. (Clingman Dome) and Roane Mt. June-July.
Leiophyllmn buxifoliiim Ell., var. prostratum Gray. Summit of Roane Mt.. Chickering. July-August.
Clethra acuminata Michx. Throughout Alleghany Mts. July.
Chimaphila inaculata Pursh. Over the State. June-July.
Gh. umbellata Nutt. Sewanee. Tracy City. July.
Pyrola elliptica Nutt. Wolf Creek (Bench Mt.). July.
'i':.f
THE
TENNESSEE ELORA;
WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO
THE FLORA OF NASHVILLE
PH.-EXOGAMS AND VASCULAR CRYPTOGAMS.
BY
DR. AUGUST GATTINGER,
MEMBER OF AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE.
PUBLISHED BY THE AVTHOR.
NASHVILLE. TENNESSEE.
1887.
C,2^
PRINTED BY
CARLON & HOLLENBECKr
Indianapolis, Ind.
PREFACE.
Desiring to promote the study of botany in the educational institutions of the State, and to awaken an interest in the explor- ation of the Flora of Tennesseee, I tender this small volume to the friends and promoters of scientific pursuits.
The work is original, being founded upon a botanical collec- tion made exclusively by myself, during thirty-eight years' res- idence in this State.
I am yet in possession of specimens collected in 1849, when [ first took up my residence in East Tennessee as a practicing physician. Placed, as I was in those early days, amid unfamiliar modes of life, with no access to intellectual resources, without information about the condition and advance of scientific affairs in this country, my botanical progress could for many years be no other than tedious and slow; but I kept up a pursuit, which since early school-years had been to me a source of pleas- ure and consolation.
After my removal to Nashville, in 1864, I paid special atten- tion to the exploration of the vicinity of Nashville and the adjoining counties. Travel by railroads made it possible to make frequent short visits to distant points, without too great infringement on professional duties.
Although in an educational center, filled with display of refinement, I soon perceived that I had to rely upon ray own resources, if I would attempt to expand my botanical efforts beyond the limits of personal gratification. For the want of such blessed leisure as would be needed to assure success, I never expected to publish on the Flora, considering the results of my investigations too insignificant. That I have now prepared this paper is purely contingent upon the meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, in Nashville, August, 1877.
At that occasion I had the good fortune of making acquaint- ance with some well-known Eastern botanists, who, with very obliging politeness, reviewed my collections, and assured me that a survey of the unexplored region of Tennessee would be appreciated. At their instance I continued, with all care and
17U361
4 PREFACE.
pains possible, to make the work true and reliable, with the ho|)e and solicitude to make this insignifieant, hut to me only possible one contribution, to American science.
I am under lasting obligations to William N. Canby, Esq., of Wilmington, Del., Prof. J. W. Chickering, Jun., and Prof Lester F. Ward, both of Washington, D. C, for their advice and the attention they paid to me at the Nashville meeting. From that time on I also enjoyed the privilege of submitting critical specimens to Dr. Asa Gray, of Cambridge, for his decision. The late Dr. George Engelmann, of St. Louis, Dr. A. W. Chapman, of Apalachicola, Fla., and Dr. George Vasey, botanist of the Department of Agriculture, have relieved me of many doubts nnd supplied me with a great number of authentic specimens. I ^hall ever gratefully remember Dr. Engelmann, and ex])ress to the other gentlemen my sincere thanks. Acknowledgments are also due to many active botanists in distant parts of the Union, for their readiness and promptness in exchanging plants and opinions.
I have no knowledge of authentic published records bearing on the Flora of Tennessee, except an article contributed by Prof. J. W. Chickering to the Botanical (jrazette, December, 1880, enti- tled ''A Summer on Roane Mountain." In a number of SuUivanfs Journal, of 1841, I find a sketch of a botanical tour through the Alleghanies and on Roane Mountain, by Dr. Asa Gray.
It is much to be regretted that Dr. Rugel, who about thirty vears ago resided in the vicinity of Greenville and made valu- able collections and discoveries in that vicinity, and the mount- ains of East Tennessee and North Carolina, died without leaving a record of his work. His collections came in the possession of Mr. Shuttleworth, of England. Senecio Rugelia Gray, Plantago Rugelii Decaisne, Siphonychia Rugelii Chapm. commemorate his name.
Some species and stations which fell not under my personal observation, are quoted on good authority or credited to the col- lector.
For description of species I refer to Dr. Gray's Manual and Dr. Chapman's Flora of the Southern States.
I am fully aware of the incompleteness of the work, but enough is now done to give a satisfactory estimate of our Flora, and nothing short of j)ublication can near its completion.
Pretending to no otlier merit than one, due to a persevering effort to illustrate the distribution of the American Flora over the territory of the State of Tennessee, and the accidental dis-
PREFACE. 5
coverv of some new species, I hope for a kind reception by tliose for whose benefit it is intended.
]\Iy botanical friends will appreciate the difficidties I had to enconnter, and I solicit contributions and corrections from those who .are favorably inclined towards its improvement.
Parting I embrace the opportunity to urge a higher appreci- ation of the study of Botany, and to sum up the present standing of the science, and the advantages it enjoys in other States.
American botany has made ra|)id advances within the last decade. The earlier periods passed over in engagement with sys- tematic work, collecting and systematizing phsenogams and the higher cryptogams. The general sur-vey being very far advanced and nearing completeness, by degrees a state of maturity for studies of a higher order has been entered upon, which demands greater proficiency in analysis and dexterity in the use of the microscope.
The intricate study of the life-history of plants of the lowest orders engages now the attention of our more advanced botanists. Detail in physiology and morphology and original work is also fairly attempted. A number of our progressive American uni- versities have attached laboratories to the botanical lecture-rooms, and provided them with the necessary outfits, as powerful auxili- aries to the study of botany. Harvard and Cornell since 1872, more recently the universities of Pennsylvania and Michigan, Iowa Agricultural College, Wabash College, Purdue University, the universities of Wisconsin and Nebraska, Shaw School of Botany at St. Louis, etc.
Why is it, that in our more than centennial State, so little has been done for the improvement of natural knowledge ? What object of teaching can conduce more to the material welfare and and progress of the citizen than a practical information how to disclose the concealed wealth, to collect and utilize wasting- ener- gies, to draw from the soil maintenance of life and means of com- fort, without impairing its productiveness? And what can more than the improvement of natural knowledge enlargen and ele- vate the intellectual ethics of man, than the ever growing con- ception of a definite and uninfringible order of nature? What can add more to his personal dignity, inspire him with more self- reliance, than the certainty of possessing means to test and verify his conceptions, by bringing them in contact with Nature herself, by experiment and observation?
Having inadvertently diverted from the proposed plan of this address, I siiall avoid to make further reflections for the .same caution with which the astrav botanist avoids the treachev-
b PREFACE.
ous briers. Should I have succeeded to bring you to notice that rambling through field and forest after plants, implies a higher purpose than the pleasure of analyzing and adding them to the collection, then I would feel like the aberrant botanist, who, aberrant, made a precious discovery. Remember of all, that it is not for every one to penetrate into the depths of a science, but that a plain and correct knowledge of the leading principles in botanical science is attainable and useful to all.
" Ingenuas didicisse fideliter artes Emollit mores nee sinit esse feros."
A. GATTIXGER.
NASHvrLKK, Tenn., Feb. ", 1887.
GBNERAL ASPECT 01- THE FLORA.
The boundaries of Tennessee are embraced within the great Atlantic forest region. The whole of it was in its virgin state, a congeries of varied woodlands, being in the lowlands of dense and massive growth, filled with pathless jangles of cane and shrub, or, away from the watercourses, on the uplands, reduced to o{)en and airy groves, the barrens. Here a dense sward covers the ground and herbaceous growth prevails. Mountain forests have always been of greater uniformity in distribution of timber.
Xearly one-third of the entire area is now reduced to fields or occupied by buildings or roads. Canebrakes have well nigh <lisappeared, and the forest is in all accessible regions depleted of valuable timber.
Immigration of foreign and retirement of native species con- tinually modifv the aboriginal flora aad tend to weaken charac- teristics due to presence of peculiar plantforras, or collocation of species, by the intricacies of mutual ])redilection and adaptation to surroundings.
Such ar(;a-, which differ amongst themselves conspicuously in such properties, admit of the establishment of natural floral arrondisements.
Differences of elevation, diversity in elementary constitution of the soil, and inequality in distribution of atmospheric humid- ity are, in our territory, sufficiently potent to mark out four dis- tinct regions.
I. The high crests of the Alleghany ^Mountains, formed of gneiss or mica-shists, with an elevation from 4,000 to 6,600 feet. Subalpine region.
II. The western slopes of the Alleghanies and their outlying spurs, and the Cumberland Mountains. .Sandstones and slates. Mountain-flora. Elevation 2-4,000 feet.
III. Valley-flora, the lower division of which is coextensive with the limestones (silurian) of East and Middle Tennessee. Elevation 350-500 feet. The upper division or highlands has siliceous and argillaceous soils, sometimes lime-tone-* of the sub- carboniferous formation. Elevation about 1,000-1,200 feet.
O GENERAL ASPECT OF THE FT,()RA.
The former division is characterized tltroiigh its cedar glades; the latter is the region of the oak-barrens.
IV. West Tennessee, situated between two powerful rivers,, with much level or only gently undulating surface, owes its ))ecu- liarities to the abundance of swampy lands and predoniinantlv argillaceons soils, in connection with a more humid atmosphere.
I. 8UBALPIXE PvEGION.
The dividing line between the States of North Carolina and Tennessee passes over and along the crest of the highest ridges and peaks, known as the Unaka, Great Smoky, Bald and Frog mountains. Their average elevation is about 5,000 feet, but about twenty-two summits are 6,000 feet or more. The highest stretch lies between French Broad and Little Tennessee rivers,, with lifty-five high points, eighteen of which are over 6,000 feet. Clingman's Dome, by a few feet the highest, rises to the verv respectable altitude of 6,660 feet above tidewater, according to the measurements of Prof. Arnold Guiot, of Princeton, X. J. (Vide Am. Jour. Science, Sept. 1857 and Nov. I860). Geologic- ally they consist of Huronian shists and gneisses, and in some spots of Laurentian granites.
Not one of these high crests presents a bleak crag, bare of vegetation, nor is there a timlber-line. Some are evenly timbered throughout, others support only a scattered and stunted arboreal growth, and some bear only a low shrubby or herbaceous vegeta- tion. The absence of timber on the so-called "Balds" is per- haps due to waves of excessive cold ; such, at least, seem the naked trunks looming up here and there, to suggest. There are generally groups of red oak, striped or mountain maple, mountain ash and chestnut, with open spaces between. They have a stunted and gnarled appearance, their sprawling limbs often but few feet from the ground. Chestnuts of the summit flower from three to four weeks later than those in the neighboring valleys.
Upon these lofty retreats dwells a limited number of species peculiar to those regions. Many more are denizens of the com- mon flora of more northern latitudes, but are not found in the intervening lowlands. The abundance of evergreen Rhododen- drons, exuberant flowering ericaceous and liliaceous ])lants pro- duce a floral scenery of unsurpassing beauty. From the altitude of the region, as well as from the physiognomy of the vegetation^ we may call it "subalpine."
To here belongs Abies Fraseri Pursh. and Rhododendron Cataicbiense Michx. Betula Intea jNIichx. grows to moderate size,.
GENERAL ASPECT OF THE Fl.OKA.
9
and Hamamelis Virgiiiica I found as a chunky tree, measuring: Hfty inches in circumference of trunk. Alnus viridis'DC., Menz- ies'ia globularis Sali.sb., Salix hiimUis Marsh., Vaccinium corymho- sum L. var. pallidum Gray, Yaecinium erythrocarpwn Miehx., LeiophyUuin buxifoliitui Ell., Rihcs rotundifolmm Miohx., make up the small shrubbery. Of herbaceous plants I would mention lllium mperhvm L., justly called so, every one would concede, who had traversed at the beginning of summer those waving mountain-savannahs, in which it abounds. It attains a height of six feet, with jjyramidal racemes bearing as many as twenty-five blossoms. Mekmihimn Virginicum L., a worthy companion^ spreads its enormous panicles at the same time. Other interest- ing objects are Jlclcinf/iiuinparviflorum Gray, Stenanthium angusti- folium Gray, Streptopus rosens Michx., Clintonia umhellaia Jarv.^ Liliiun Grayi Wats., Convallaria majalis L., Herackmn lanatiim Michx., Angelica Curtisii Buckl., Eubus odoratus L., Galium latifolium L., Hypericum graveolens Buckl., Danihonia comprrcssa Aust., Muhlenbergia Willdenovii Tr\n., Detjeuxia Nv.ttallianaYasey.\ Carex trisperma Dew., C. Ksfivalis M. A. Curtis, C.,juncea Willd., Triestum jjuhistre L.. Beschampsia ficxuosa Beau v., Agrostis canina var. rupjestris Chapm., AHpAdima spimdomim Swarz, Dick- sonia pimctilobida Is^uuze, Lycojwdium Selo go L. All the above abound in the Balds. More scattered over the region we find r Sol idago glome rata Michx., infested with Cuscuta rostrcda Shuttel- worth, Aconitwn reclinatum Gray, Belphinivm exaltatum Ait.,. Trautcetteria palmata Fish. & iSIayer, SoHdago spithamca M. A. Curtis, S. monticola Torr. & Gray, Houstonia serppyllijoHa Michx.,. Circcea cdpina L.,Oxalis Aceto.sella L., Vaccinium hirsidum Buckl. ^ Sedum Rhodiola DC, Sdxifraga leucanthemifolia Michx., S. Car- eyana Gray, Paronychia argyrocoma Xutt., Nabalus Roanensis Chick., Viola renifolia Gray, Cordamine Clemotith Shuttelwo.^ Parnassia amrifolia Vent., Krigm montana Xutt., (jcum genicv- latum Michx , G. radiatum Michx., Arenaria glabra Michx.
Descending into the second region, we find Gaylussacia brachy- cera Gray, and Vaccinium hirsutum Buckl. forming the common undergrowth (on Big Frog Mountain), Gaultheriaprocumbens G., Rhododendron maximum I^., R. calendulaceuin Torr. and R. vis- cosum Torr., Clethra acuminata, Michx. This is the finest pine region of the State. Pinus Strobus L. and Tmga Canadensis Carr. grow tf) the largest dimensions. Pinus pungens Michx., intermixed with P. rigida Mill., predominates in .several districts in the Big Smoky Mts., while P. mitis Michx. and P. inops are more at home on the lower spurs.
Moi.st and shady ravines, in which humus accumulates, suits-
10 GENERAL ASPECT OF THE FLORA.
the magnolias. Magnolia Fra-ieri Walt, and if. macrophylla Miclix. are very conspicuous from the unwonted size and fresh green color of their foliage. Ilex opaca Ait., Nyssa Garoliniana Michx., and Tsuga Canadensis Barirer follow every rill and run along which long lines of Leacot/ue Gastesbaei Gray form impass- able barriers. Remote mountain glens, where one has to push his way through branciiy hydrangeas or prickly azalias, or to crawl through the zigzag limbs of big laurels, ought to be approached with caution. It is irksome and dangerous to be entrapped in such labyrinths. Sunnier and higher positions are chosen by Pyrularia •oleifera Gray, Bucldeya distichophylla, Torr., Calycanthus glaucus Willd., Ilex monticola, Gvsiy a.i\d Gorylus rostrata Ait. Of climb- -ers we note Aristolochia Sypho L'Her., Decumaria barbara L., Gelasti'us soandens L. Out of a rich display of herbaceous plants I would select Lysimachia Fraseri Duby, Oenothera glauca Michx., Diphylleia cymosa Michx., Adlumia cirrhosa Raf , Dicentra exi- iiiia DC, Draba ramosissima Desv., Viola Canadensis L., Ascy- rum hypericoides L., Baptisia tinetoria R. Br., B. alba R. Brown, Therinopsis fraxinifolia M A. Curtis, Waldsteinia fragarioides Tratt., Potentilla tridentata Ait., Saxifraga erosa Pursh., Sedum Nevii Gray, Ghrysogonmn Virginianuni L., Helianthus Iccviga- <fus T<n-r. & Gray, Gampanula divaricata Michx., Galax aphylla L., Melampyrum Americanum Michx., Pycnanthemuni mmiammi Michx., Monarda didyiaa L., Gentiana qninqueflora Lam.
Creeks and brooklets have their rocky bottoms lined with the carious, mosslike Podosteinon abrotaiioides Michx., which dis- iippears whenever the current's speed is checked and the channels deejien.
Another range of mountain Hora we find in the Cumberland mountains. Selecting the Lookout near Chattanooga for a type, we find its summit wooded with Qaercus Prinus L., Q. rubra L., Q. alba L., Q. obtusiloba Michx. and Q. nigra L , Pinus inops Ait., P. Tceda L., P. mitis Michx., Betula lutca L., Gleditschia triacanthos L., Robinia Pseudacacia L., several Caryas and G. microcarpa Niitt, among them. Of shrubs: Robinia hispida Li., Die r villa sessilifolia Buckl., J/cc mollis Gray, Stiiartia penta- gyna L'Her., Hydrangea radiata Walt., and again (but very rare) Buckley a distichnphylla Torr., Neinopatdhcs Canadensis DC, and in a swamp Dirca palustris L. Of herbaceous plants: Ufricularia gibba L., luncus Canadensis J . Gay, and Arundinnria iecta Muhl. On flat rocks: Diamorpha pusilla Xutt., Fim- bristylis capillaris Gray, Krigia Virginica Willd., Arenaria glabra Michx. On the cliffs of the crest: Sti[)a avenacea L., Silene rotundifoUa Nutt., Linaria Canadensis L., Gampanula divaricata
GENERAL ASPECT OF THE FLORA. 11
Michx., Thalictrum ckii-atum DC. Near the base of the monnt- iiin, on limestone ledges, (Jatesia kdevirens Gray, Callicarpa Americana L., Triosfeum perfoliatum, L., Silphium brachiatum Gattiiiger. The Cumberlands excel the Alleghanies in a greater variety of ferns. Besides all species of the latter, we also find here Aspleniuin Bradleyi Eat., A. pinnatifidum Nntt., Lygodium palmatu.m Swartz., Scolopendriuni mdgare Sm\t\i , and Tiichomanes f idicans Swartz.
The third division embraces the valley of East Tennes-ee and the entire area of Middle Tennessee. Contour of surface and geological structure result in East Tennessee from the com- bined processes of folding and erosion, whereby heterogeneous strata are ])laced in juxtaj)osition, the whole valley being an often- repeated series of synclinals and anticlinas of calcarious and siliceous rocks, while in Middle Tennessee erosion alone had been at play.
A great fault connected with the upheaval of the Pine and Grab-orchard mountains, and in a line south of it, an eroded anticlinal, the Sequatchee valley, designate in the Cuniberhiiid mountain region the western terminus of those (convulsions which involve the problem of the stratographv of the Alle- ghanies in so great difficulties. West of this line spread out the horizontal strata of the Cumberland table-land, which ter- minates with an abrupt descent of about one thousand feet u])on the highlands of Mifhlle Tennessee. These in turn overreach and encircle the floor of the basin of Middle Tennessee by five to six hundred feet, either in a bluff or through a gradual descent.
The succession of strata is normal throughout: u])permost subcarboniferous limestone and chert, followed by the Devonian shale, lastly the lower silurian.
Increase in annual range of temperature and greater dry- ness of air, as compared with the former regions, cause the mountain flora to disappear and to yield to other designs in nature's garb. A close botanical inquiry into the array of spe- cies soon discloses the fact that different assemblies of species congregate in the limestone and argillaceo-siliceous region. The former includes the glades, the latter the barrens of Middle Ten- nessee.
Glades are thinly wooded, unarable lands, with shallow soils, fit only for pastures. They ought to remain in their natural state, undistui'bed by cultivation. To clear them is to convert them into deserts. In some parts they are exclusively occuj)ied by the cedar, with a small percentage of deciduous trees inter- mingled. In other places prevails the Ohio buckeye, (^sculus
12 (iKNKRAI. ASPECT OF THE FLORA.
Uava Willd.), honey locust ( GlcditHchia triacanthos L.), iiack- berry (Celtis Uifisissippiensis Bosc), .some hickories (Garya alba Xutt., C. tomentosa Ntt., Q. porcina Nutt.), shingle oak {Quer- cus imbricara L.), yellow chestnut oak [Q. Muhlenbevgii Eiiglm.), post oak (0. obtusiloba Michx.), hop-horphoarn {Odrya Virgin- iea L.), winged ehn ( Ulmus alata Michx.), buckthorn {FranguLa Garoliniana Gray), persimmon (Diosjjyros Virginiana L.), red plum {PraniiH Americana Marshall), Chickasaw plum (P. Chick- asaw Michx.) Of shrubs prominently : Foresiiera ligmtrina Poir., Rims aromatica Ait , Ptelea trifoliaca L., Aralia spinosa L., several hawthorns: Crataegus Crus GaUi L., Q. cordata Ait., O. tomentosa L., var. pyrifolia Gray, and var. punctata Gray,. Bumelia lycioides G?ert., Symphoricarpus vulgaris Michx., Hyper- icum aureum Ban.
The cedar barrens effect an obvious and pleasing contrast in the feature of a landscape, especially in regions where, by absence of streams or prominent landmarks, diversity in grouping, hab- itus and coloring of tiie arboreus growth must relieve a weari- some monotony. Middle Tennessee is, from periodic excessive dryness of the atmosphere, absolutely incongenial to every other species of our native conifers.
The somber tint of the cedar delineates a cedar barren from its surroundings at a distance and serves within its environs, wherever openings occur, to bring out with dazzling vividness the crumbling limestone flats, overspread with the rosy Sedum pulchelium and carmine-flowered Talinum, or the golden stars of the (Jpuntia Raffiine.squii.
The botanical interest in these cedar glades varies from a delightful surprise in the survey of an unparalleled number of rare and interesting plants upon small tracts, to a painful disap- pointment over a fruitless ramble through long stretches.
Depressions, where the coherent and slightly scooped lime- stone banks secure a continuance of moisture, and where small springs come to the surface, represent the garden spots of the wilderness. Wherever again the ground swells up into rocky ridges, or where from collapse of subterraneous cavities, in which these regions abound, the strata are broken up and tumbled about like heaps of ruins, there the rains sink too fast and so deep that only the penetrating roots of the cedar can reach the hidden moisture; a drought soon dries up the smaller lierbage. The cedars are always closely set, and it is a vexatious and ungrate- ful task to penetrate such thickets.
In the oak barrens we find good farming lands as far as the sub- carboniferous limestone extends. As soon as the siliceous or chertv
GENERAL ASPECT OF THE FLORA. 1 o
-strata come to the surface — a good deal of such is in Tennessee — there we come into a poverty-stricken country. Like in the gravelly ridges of East Tennessee, so here too, the black-jack oak asserts its right. Spanish oak, sourwood and chestnut are the main body of the forest. Intervals are filled up with copses of sumach, dogwood, black haw, azaleas {Azalea nudiflora L.), Kahnia latifolia L., and various huckleberries (VacciniiDii arhorum Michx.), V. stamin- cum L.. V. coryinhosum L., Jersey-tea (Ceanothus Americanus L.). The herbaceous vegetation is monotonous, and in districts where the burning of the woods is practiced, of an unparalleled scarcitv. Agricultural enterprise terminates very soon in the mutual ruin of land and farmer. Between such worthless lands are tracts or regions where the soil is of a yellow, light or fluffy loam, easily cultivated, not very rich, but apt to be kept in good condition. The subcarboniferous strata are here completely car- ried off and the Devonian strata become exposed and disinteg- rated into beds of loam or clay. We notice now a pleasant change in the appearance of well-kept farms, a better growth of timber and a much improved botanical prospect. Sometimes we pass by points where the subjacent strata are of an impervious clay, from which result heavy and damp soils, and in the early months of the year portions of the barrens are covered with shallow ponds, until they dry up in the hot season. Such spots are convenient abodes for orchids, liliaceous plants, luncacese, Cyperacese, Graminese, Ludwigias, Rhexias, etc. The forest con- tains a good selection of hard-woods and the trees attain a statelv growth. Water oak, willow oak and white oak, sweet gum and black gum are the most numerous. Ashes, poplars and beeches less frequent than in calcarious soils. The shrubbery is made up by alder {Alnus serrulata Ait.), willows (Salix tristis Ait.,S. humilis Marsh.), botton-bush {Cephalanfhiis occidenialis L.), arrow-wood (Viburnvm nudum L.), Spiroea tomentosa L., Rosa Carolina L., Hypericum Kalmiamun Ij., H. prolificum L., Comandra umhel- lata Nutt.
I have appended for a ready review a comparative list of spe- cies of calcarious soils (glades) and siliceous soils (oak barrens).
PLANTS OF THE GLADES AXD BLUFFS.
(Calcareous soile.)
Clematis reticulata Walt. Krigia Dandelion Nutt.
Thalictrum Cornuti L. Prenanthes crepidinea Michx.
Anemone decapetala L. Lobelia Gattingeri Gray.
Myosurus minimus L. Bumelia lycioides Gsert.
Ranunculus fascicularis Muhlb. Forestiera acuminata Poir.
Delphinium azureum Michx. F. Hgustrina Poir.
14
GENERAL ASPECT OF THE FLORA.
Magnolia acuminata L. Calycocarpum Lyoni Kutt. Cocculus Carolinus L. Corydalis fliivula DC. Leavenworthia Michauxii Torr. L. torulosa Gray. L. stylosa Gray. Draba brachycarpa Nutt. Alyssuni Lescurii Gray. Cleome pungens Willd. Lechea minor Walt. Viola pubescens Ait. V. striata Ait.
V. tricolor var. arvensis Gray. Arenaria patula Michx. Talinum tereti folium Pursh. Hypericum aureum Bart. H. sphferocarpum Michx. Malvastrum angustum Gray. Si da Elhottii Torr et Gray. Ptelea trifoliata L. Vitis indivisa Willd. ^Esculus glabra Willd. Rhus aromatica Ait. Trifolium reflexum L. Psoralea subacaulis Torr. & Gray. Petalostemon foliosus Nutt. P. decumbens Mitt. Desmodium pauciflorum DC. D. Dilenii Dirlingt. D. Marylandicum Bart.
D. rigidum DC. Baptisia australis R. B. Gleditschia triacanthos L. Desmanthus brachylobus Benth. Prunus Chickasaw Michx. Rosa humilis Marsh. Crataegus cordata Ait. Philadelphus hirsutus Nutt. Sedum pulchellum Michx. CEnothera triloba Nutt. Melothria pendula L. Trianosperma Boykinii Roem. Ammania coccinea Rottboel. Bupleurum rotundifolium L. Eulophus Americanus Nutt. Chaerophyllum Teinturieri Hook. Houstonia patens Ell.
H. angustifolia Michx. Galium virgatum Nutt. Eupatorium incarnatum Walt.
E. altissimum L. E. ageratoides L. Grindelia lanceolata Nutt. Solidago lati folia L.
S. Gattingerii Chapm.
Asclepiodora viridis Gray. Asclepias variegata L. As. verticillata L. Accra tes viridi flora Ell. Sabbathia angularis Pursh. Frasera Carolinensis Walt. Phlox Stellaria Gray. Nemophila microcalyx Fish & M. Phacelia parviflora Pursh Heliotropium tenellum Torr. Lithospermum canescens Lehm. Onosmodium Carolinianum DC,
var. molle Gray. Evolvulus argenteus Purijh. Cuscuta chlorocarpa Engelm. Herpestes nigrescens Benth. Gratiola Floridana Nutt. Seymeria macrophylla, Nutt. Gerardia patula Chapm. Catalpa speciosa Ward. Ruellia ciliosa Pursh. Isanthus coeruleus Michx. Pycnanthemum linifolium Pursh. Calamintha glabella Benth. Monarda tistulosa L. Aristolochia tomentosa Sims. Oxybaphus albidus Sweet. Euphorbia mercurialina Michx. E. obtusata Pursh. E. commutata Engelm. Tragia macrocarpa Willd. Croton capitatus Michx. C. monanthogynos Michx. Ulmus alata Michx. U. racemosa Thom. Quercus lyrata Walt. Q. Miihlenbergii Engm. Q. Michauxii Nutt. Q. imbricaria Michx. Orchis spectabilis L. Spiranthes gracilis Bipelow. Pardanthus Chinensis Kerr. Allium mutabile Michx. S'^hoenolirium croceum Gray. Uvularia grandiflo"a Smith. Juncus leptocaulis Torr. & Gray. Cyperus Baldwinii Torr C. Engelmanni Hend. C. acuminatus Torr. C. ovularis Torr. Eleocharis compressa Sulln. Scirpus lin atns Michx. Carex Muhlenbergii Schk. C. retr<iflpxa Miihll. C. Crawei Dew. Paspalum dilatatum Poir.
GENERAL ASPECT OF THE FLORA.
l.>
S. ulmifolia Nutt.
S. rupestris llaf.
Bellis integrifolia Michx.
Aster oblongifolius Nutt.
A. Shortii Hooker.
A. undulatus L.
A. Isevis L.
Polymnia Canadensis, var. radiata
Gray. Silphium perfoliatum L. S. terebinthinaceum, var. pinnatifi-
dum Gray. Inula Helenium L. E. Ten. Echinacea angusti folia DC. Lepachys pinnata Torr & Gray. Helianthus hirsutus E-af. H. tuberosus L. Verbesina Virginica L. Cacalia tuberosa Nutt.
Panicuni latifoliuni L. P. capillare L.,var. tiexile,Gattinger. P. dichotonmm L., var. nitidum Lam. Trip^acum dactyloides L. Danthonia ^ericea Nutt. Eatonia Dudleyi Vasey. E. Pennsylvanica Gray. Eragrostis Frankii Meyer. Aristida gracilis Ell. Sporobolus vagineeflorus 'i orr. Uniola lati folia Michx. Festuca ovina L. Arundinaria macrosperraa Mich. .Juniperus Virginiana L. Cheilanthes Alabamensis Kunze. Ch. vestita Swartz. Asplenium parvulum M. &. J. Isoetes Buttleri, var. immaculata Engelm.
PLANTS OF THE OAK BARRENS AND HIGHLANDS.
(Siliceous and Argillaceous soils.
Thalictrum dioicum L. Th. debile Buckl. Ranunclulus oblongifolius Ell. Delphinium tricorne Michx. Cimicifuga racemosa Ell. Caulophyllum thalictroides Michx. Stylophorum diphyllum Nutt. Dicentra Cucullaria DC. Vesicaria Shortii Torr & Gray.
(on shale.) Polanysia gravealens Raf. Helianthemum Canadense Michx. Lechea patula Legget. L. tenuifolia Michx. Viola pedata L. V. bland a L. Polygala Curtissii Gray (and other
P'olygalas;. Anychia dichotoma Willd. Hypericum virgatum Lam. H. Kalmianum L. H. dolabriforme Vent., (E. Ten.). H. nudicaule Walt. Vitis vulpina L. Rhus copallina L. Crotallaria sagittalis L Psoralea melilothoides Michx. Stylosanthes elatior Swartz. Lespedeza striata Hook. L. capitata Michx. L. hirta Michx. Thephrosia Virginica Pers. Th. spicata Torr. & Gray.
Krigia Virginica Pursh.
Lobelia puberula Michx.
Vaccinium arboreum Marsh.
V. stamineum L.
Oxydendron arboreum DC.
Kalmia latifolia L.
Rhododendron nudiflorum Torr.
Rh. calendulaceum T(jrr.
Acerates longifolia Ell.
Sabbathia gracilis Pursh.
Phlox amcena Sims.
Lithospermum latifoliuni Michx.
Convelvulus spithameus L.
Cuscuta compacta luss.
C. glomerata Choisy.
Gratiola ramosa Walt.
Buchnera Americana L.
Seymeria tenuifolia Pursh., E. Ten..
Gerardia quercifolia Pursh.
G. tenuifolia Vahl.
Castilleia coccinea Spreng.
Schwalbea Americana Gron.
Trichostema dichotomum L.
Pycnanthemum lanceolatum Pursh.
P. Tullia Benth.
Monarda Bradburiana Buckl.
Oxybaphus nyctagyincus Sweet.
Comandra umbellata Nutt.
Pachysandra procumbens Nutt.
Euphorbia corollata L.
Quercus falcata Michx.
Q. aquatica Cate-'by.
Q. Phellos L.
16
GEXKRAT. ASPKCT OF THE FLORA.
Rhynchosia tomentosa Torr.<fe Gray. D3smodium viridiflorum Buckl.
D. sessili folium Torr. Clitoria Mariana L. Biptisia tinctoria R. Br. Therinopsis Caroliniana M. A. Curt. Ciadr.istis tinctoria Rif.
S ^hr.inkia aagastita Torr. St Gray. Q3 aether. I fruticosa L. (Yj. sinuata L. Ludwigia hirtella Raf. L. linearis Walt. Hamamelis Virginica L. Lythrum alatum Pursh. Gaura biennis L., (E. Ten.). G. filipesSpach, (E.Ten.). Polyt;«iia Nuttallii DC. Archangelica hirsuta Torr. & Gray. Houstonia cferulea L. Oldenlandia Boscii Chapm. Eupatorium semiserratum DC.
E. aromaticum L.
E. leucolepis Torr. & Gray.
Liatris spicata Willd.
L. graminifolia Pursh.
Chrysopsis Mariana Nutt.
Solidago csesia L.
S. bicolor L.
S. odora Ait.
S. corymbosa Ell.
S. lanceolata L.
Boltonia diffusa Ell.
Aster eoncolor L.
A. umbellatus Mill.
A; hnariifolius L.
Silphium brachiatum Gattinger.
S. scaberrimum Ell.
S. Asteriscus Ell.
Rudbekia laciniata L.
Helianthus atrorubens L.
Helianthella tenuifolia Torr. & Gray.
Coreopsis auriculata L.
C. seni folia Michx.
Cacalia suaveolens L.
Castanea vesea, var. Americana
Michx. C. pumila Michx. (E. Tenn.). Habenaria Integra Sprengel. H. peramcena Gray. Spiranthes simplex Gray. Sp. cernua Rich. Pogoaia pendula Lindley. Iris Virginica L Lilium Canadense L. Uvularia perfoliata L. Stenanthium robustum Wats. Amianthium musctetoxicum, Gray,
(E. Tf-nn.). Dichromena latifolia Baldso. J uncus pelocarpus E. Meyer. Cyperus vegetus Willd. Scirpus polyphyllus Vahl. Carex Shortiana Dev. C. fiiccosperma Dew. C. granularis Miihlb. Paspalum Igeve Michx. Panicum commutatum Schulz. P. depauperatum Mhlb. P. filiforme L. P. glabrum Gaud., var. Mississippi
ense Gattinger. Erianthus alopef uroides Ell. E. brevibarbis Michx. E. strictus Baldw. Danthonia spicata Beauv. Gymnopogon racmeosus Beauv. Eatonia obtusata, var. laxi flora Gatt. Chryspogon avenaceum Buckl. Aristida purpurascens Poir. Sporobolus Indicus R. Br. Uniola gracilis Michx. Festuca Shortii Vasey. Arundinaria tecta Mhlb. Pinus inops Ait. Equisetum arvense L., E. Tenn. Pteris aquilina L. Phegopteris hexagonoptera Fee.
WEST TENNESSEE.
The Tenne.ssee river very nearly indieate.s in its nortiiern cour.se a geological division, flowing, as it does, along an ancient devonian and silurian shore-line. A few miles west and parallel with the river rises the eastern escarpment of an undulating pla- teau of only 2-300 feet elevation above the waters of the Ten- nessee river. This irregular tableland slopes gradually towards the Mississippi river and terminates there in another blutf, which
GENEEAL ASPECT OF THE FLORA. 17
rises about 200 feet over the floods of the Mississipj)!. The east- ern portion of this area is conipo ed of cretaceous and the western of tertiery and ]-ost-tertiery deposits, either sands or soft creta- ceous shale. Folid, often ferruginous, sandstones appear at the surface, scattered in incoherent masses.
We behold no longer limpid strtams, rippling over rocky bot- toms, sided by cliffs and bluffs. Instead of them we find lagoons and swampy borders, stretching along muddy-looking waters of sluggish streams.
From distance already, before crossing the river, we are in sight of towering cypresses. While a thousand miles east from here they yet occupy the shore-line of the Atlantic, here the shore line has receded to the Gulf and left the cypress behind. Their dimensions are truly enormous. The far spreading roots emerge like sharp-backed ridges from the brownish lagoon, grad- ually creeping up and girding with buttress-like projections the many-angled column. A perpendicular shaft ascends to a height of 120-150 feet and then spreads a flat or hemispherical crown. Such I liave seen twenty years ago near Johnsonville. Cypress swamps are along both big rivers, and many other extensive swamps and swampy lands are along every watercourse, the most perhaps along Big Sandy. It may therefore be expected that a great many more aquatic species and such as inhabit marshy lauds exist in this region, than in either East or Middle Tennes- see. My own experience is, however, limited and restricted to one point on the Mississippi river, the regions of Brownsville, Humbolt, McKenzie, Hollow-rock and Johnsonville, in which places I have made interesting collections.
PLANTS PECULIAR TO WEST TENNESSEE.
Ranunculus multilidus Pursh. Planera iiquatica Gmel.
Brasenia peltata Pursh. Lithospermum a nguisti folium Cabomba Caroliniana Gray. INIichx.
Hypericum lobocarpuni Gattinger. Utricularia biflora Lam.
Gleditschia monosperma Walt. Iris cuprea Pursh.
Dalea alopecuroides Willd. Iris hexagona Walt.
Berchemia volubilis DG. Habenaria virescens Sprengel.
Galium Arkansanum Gray. Juncus mititaris Bigel.
Eryngiuni prostratum Nutt. Scirpus debilis Pursh.
Marshallia lanceolata Pursh. ZizMuia aquatica L.
Ambrosia bidentata Michx. Sp^rtina cynosuroides Willd.
Helenium tennifolium Nutt. Eragrostis oxylepis Torr.
Senecio lobatus Pers. Cenrhrus tribuloides L.
Hydrolea affinis Gray. Aristida ramosissima Engelm.
Verbena stricta Vent. Taxodium distichum Rich. Limnanthemumlacunosum Griese. Asplenium Filix femina L. var, Polypremum procumbens L. anaustum Gray.
Quercus bicolor Willd. Azolla Caroliniana Willd.
Stillingia sylvatica L. Equif etum robustum R. Br,
Tennessee Flora.
Species occurring within a radius of thirty miles from
Nashville are reckoned to the Nashville Flora,
and printed in bold type ; those beyond
this range in small pica. O. S.—
Over the whole State.
EANUNCULACE^E.
Cleinatis Viorna L. O. S. Very variable.
Var. coccinea Gray. Foot of Lookout Mt. J. F. James.
C. reticulata Walt. Middle Tenn. Foliage not quite as leathery and prominently reticulated as ray S. C specimens.
C. Virginiaiiia L. O. S.
Anemone neniorosa L. Paradise ridge. Cumberland and
Alleghany Mts.
A. Virgianiana L. O. S. June-July.
A. acntiloba Lawson. Middle Tenn, March.
A. Hepatica L. Mts. of East "Tenn. In the Frog Mts., East Tenn., I obtained specimens with acute and obtuse-lobed foliage on the same plant. April.
A. deeapetala L. (A. Caroliniana Walt.) Cedar glades. April.
Aneuionella thalictroides Spach. (Th. anemonoides Michx.) O. S. March.
Thalictrum dioicuni L. O. S. June-July.
T. pui'pnrascens L. O. S. July.
Yar. ceriferum Aust. O. S. June-July.
T. clavatum DC. Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. July.
T. polygamuni Mtihlb. Moist woodlands. O. S. July-August.
20 TENNESSEE FF.ORA.
T. (lebile Buekl. Dr. Hampton's place near Cheatham Co, line. Only locality. May.
Trautvetteria palmata Fish & Meyer. Along the whole chain of AUeghanies. July.
Myosurus iiiiniiniis L. Moist meadow-lands. Nashville. April.
Rauimciilus abortious L. var. micrcmtkus Gray; common, March.
R. auibigens Watson. Ponds along Cumberland river, etc. June- July.
R. circiiiatus Sibth. (R. aquatilis L. var. slagnatilis DC.) Ponds and swamps along Cumberland R. Flowers the whole summer.
R. aquatilis L. var. trichophyllus Chaix. East Tenn. July.
R. fascicularis Miihlb. Common in vicinity of Nashville. March-April.
R. inultifidlis l*ursh. Swamps on Cumberland and Tenn. rivers. Cypress swamps. July.
R. oblongifolius Elliott. Damp ground. Paradise ridge, Tullahoma. June.
R. parviflorus L. Boggy lands. O. fe. April-May.
R. pusillus Poir. Ditches and waste grounds. May.
R. septenti'ionalis Poir. var. hispidus, Michx. (R. repens L. var. hispidus Michx.) O. S.
Var. lucidus Poir. O. S. May-July.
Caltha palustris L. var. iJarnassifoUa Torr & Gray. Wet mountain meadows, etc. Ducktown. April.
Aquilegia Canadensis L. Rocky woodlands. Bluffs on Mill Creek near Nashville. April.
Delphinium azurenni Michx. Cedar glades of Middle Tenn. May.
D. tricorne Michx. Rich woodlands. O. S. April-May.
D. exaltatum Ait. Roane Mt. J. AV. Chickering.
D. Consolida L. Introduced and spreading copiously. May, June.
Aconitum reclinatum Gray. Mountains of East Tenn. Goptis trifolia Salisb. Higher AUeghanies. Thuuderhead. June.
TENNESSEE FJ.ORA. 21
Xanthorrhiza apiifolia L'Her. Banks of every mountain stream. East Tenn. March-April.
Hydrastis Canadensis L. Rich woods; very common. April, May.'
Aetaea alba Bigel. Rich woodlands. May.
A. spicata yar. rubra Michx. Moist, rich and shady locali- ties. Sometimes with the former. O. S.
Cimicifuga racemosa Ell. Rich woodlands; common. June- July.
C. Americana Michx. Alleghany Mts., Ducktown, Roane Mt. Prof. Chickering. August-September.
CALYCANTHACE^.
Calycauthus floridus L. Harpeth hills by Nashville. Fre- <juently cultivated in old gardens. May.
C. glaucus Willd. Cumberland Mts. Whiteside. Also Chil- houewe and Smoky Mts. June.
MAGNOLIACE.E.
Magnolia acuminata L. River and creek bottoms of Middle Tenn. Along Gallatin pike, near Nashville. May.
M. macrophylla Michx. Mountains of East Tenn,, Smoky Mts., etc. May-June.
M. Umbrella L. Cumberland Mts., in deep ravines : also in Blue ridge. June.
M. Frasevi Walt. Ap])arently not in the Cumberland Mts., but frequent in high mountains of East Tenn., Roane Mts., Big Smokies. June-July.
M. grandiflora L. In cultivation only. May-July.
Liriodendron tulipifera L. One of the tallest trees in the State. Tlie largest trees are thought to be found along INIissis- sippi bottoms in Obion Co., and to measure above 150 feet high. Ma v.
ANONACEiE.
Asiiuina triloba Dunal. Commonly a shrub 8-10 leet high, but also found a small, slim tree 6-8 inches diameter and 25 feet high, in the rich bottoms of Curaberl. and Tenn. rivers. March.
22 TENNESSEE FLORA.
MENISPERMACE.E.
Calycocarpuui Lyoni Nutt. River bottoms, climbiug liii^li. May-June.
Cofculiis CarolillUS L. On bushes in open fields and climhinj]^ high in moist Avoodlands. July-August.
Meiiisperniiim Canadense L. lliver bottoms, with the former. Julv.
BERBEKIDACE.E.
Canlopliyllnin tlialictroides Michx. In deep leaf-mould. Fre- quent in Cumberland Mts and Alleghanies. April.
Diphylleia cymosa Michx. Roane Mts. Prof. Chickering. Also Smoky Mts. May-June.
Jeffersonia diphylla Persoon. Rocky woodlands, over the State. In limestone soil. Harpeth ridge. May.
Podopliylluni peltatuin L. Rich woodlands, every where. April-Mav.
NYMPH^EACE.E.
Braseuia peltata Pursh. Ponds and lagoons. Not frequent. Swamp in Jones' Bend, near Edgefield Junction. July.
Cahomba CaroUniana Gray. Cypress swamps, Johnsonville, VV. Tenn. July-August.
Neluiiibiuili luteum Willd. Lagoons along Tennessee and Cumberland rivers. Shelby Pond, near Nashville. July.
Nupliar adveiia Ait. Very frequent in the lower course of Cumberland Mts. streams. June-Sept.
Nyiiiplirea odorata Ait. In a pond at the Lunatic Asyhun grounds near Nashville. Said to be in the State.
PAPAVERACE.E. Argemone Mexicaiia L. O. S., in and near towns and villages.
Stylophorum dipliyllum Nutt. Rich woods. Harpeth hills, near Nashville. April-May.
Papaver soniuiferuni L. Occasionally escaped, but not in- clined to spread. July-August.
P. dubiuiii L. Waste grounds in Nashville. Old cemetery. June.
TENNESSEE FLORA. 23
Sau^iiinaria Caiiadeiisis L. Over the whole State in rich soil. April-May.
FUMARIACE^E.
Dieeutra Cucullai'ia DC. In leaf mould, shady ravines. Har- peth hills near Nashville. April.
D. Canadensis DC. Cumberland mountains. Grab Orchard, etc. May.
D. eximia DC. Only on Dow river, Carter Co., but there abundant. June-July.
Adlmnia cirrhosa Raf. In the valley of Dow river, along narrow gauge railroad, leading to Craneberry iron works, abun- dant.
Corydalis flavula DC. Woods and thickets, Nashville,
C. glauca Pursh. Mountain gorges on Dow river. East Tenn. August.
CRUCIFER.E.
Nasturtiuui offlcinale R. Br. Springs and brooklets. East and Middle Tenn. April-May. Indigenous.
N. lacustre Gray. Swamps of Tennessee and Cumberland rivers. (Johnsonville). July.
N. sessiliflorum R. Br. Wet meadows and ditches. Common. May-August.
N. Arinoracia Fries. Horseradish. In cultivation, and here and there near gardens.
Leavenwoi'thia Michaiixii Torr. Cedar glades. Middle Tenn. Lavergne. April-May.
*L. tonilosa Gray. n. sp. First collected in 1865 in vicinity of Vanderbilt University grounds. Abounds about Nashville and over the cedar glades of Middle Tenn. April.
* Leavenuorthia turulosa Gray. Silique linear, conspicuously torose; style fully equalling the breadth of the silique ; seeds broadly oval, nar- rowly winged ; radicle nearly transverse, strictly applied to the edges of the colyledons at the base on one side; petals purplish with a yellowish spot towards the claw. Either stemless or caulescent, ascending from a spreading procumbent base, with several sometimes ultimately forking pedicels. Generally 4-5, but large specimens sometimes 9 inches high, and spreading over a square foot of ground. The fre^h herbage has the taste of water-cress and is well adapted for twble use. Vide Bot. Gaz., March, 1880.
24 TENNESSEE FLORA.
*L. stylosa Gray. n. sp. Discovered in tlie cedar glades 1 mile east of Lavertjiie, 17 miles from Nashville, in 1869. Also found near Green Hill, in Wilson Co., Tenn. April.
Dentaria diphylla Michx. Banks of Gnmberland, Nashville. April.
D. laciniata, Miihlb. Hills aronnd Nashville, March-April.
D. multifida, Miihlb. East Tenn. Roane Co. April.
Cardaniiiie rhoiiiboidea DC. Low grounds. Vicinity of race- track at Nashville. May.
C. Clematltls Shuttl. Highest mountains of East Tenn. Roane Mt. Prof Chickering. Clingman Dom 6500'. June-July.
C. hirsuta L. Low swampy grounds. April-May. Var. sylvatica Gray. Dry woodlands. March-May.
Ai'abis Ludoviciana Meyer. Fields and roadsides, abundant. March, May.
A. dentata Torr & Gray. Low, rich grounds. O. S. March- May.
A. Canadensis Liv. Rocky woodlands. O. S. April.
A. patens Sulliv. Along Ocoe river, East Tenn., etc.
A. laevigata DC. Rocky woodland, cliffs along Cumberland and Mill creek. April-May.
Tlit^llpodinin pinnatifldnm Wats Rich hillsides. Frequent aronnd Nashville. April-May.
Brassica Sinapistrum Boiss. In cultivated grounds.
*Lfavenworthia stylosa Gray. Habitus the same like the former, but a little more slender. It is also either stemless or caulescent, not strictly stemless, like Dr. Gray thought it to be from steinless specimens sent to him. Robust plants have the ascending stems terminating with a fasciculate inflorescence. Silicle broadly oval or oblong and 2 lines wide and 5-12 lines long, plane, surmounted by a slender style 3-4|^ lines long: Seeds 3-6 orbicular, distinctly winged; embryo as in the preceding; petals during an thesis pure golden yellow throughout, marcescent and shriv<^lling they turn to a purplish-white.
First collected in the cedar barrens at Lavergne, one mile southeast from the station, June 2, 1879, in a springy spot associated with Isoetes Buttle ri and Sehamolirium Carolinianum. Also found in a similar spot near Green Hill, Wilson Co.
Lenvenworthia Michauxli Torr. occurs in the same locality close by, is always much smaller ; stigma sessile or sub.ressile. The name Cardamine uniflora may have originated in an oversight of robuster specimens or a too early collection. Vide Bot. Oaz., March, 18S0.
TENNESSEE FLORA. 25
B. alba Gray. Frequently cultivated and escaping. May.
B. nigra Koch. Escaped.
B. I'anipestl'is. Cultivated and escaping into waste grounds.
Draba bracbycarpa Nutt. Cedar glades of Middle Tenn March.
D. Cai'oliniaiia Walt. Sterile rocky lands. O. S. March- April.
Draba ramosissima Desv. Mountains of East Tenn. Mundic bluff on Ocoe river. Polk Co. April-May.
Vesicaria Shortii Torr & Gray. Rising Sun bluff, 14 miles below Nashville. April.
Alyssuni Lescurii Gray. Hills south and west of Nashville, covering the ground in great patches, visible miles distant. April-May.
Sisymbrium officinale Scop. Ditches and roadsides, every- where. May- June.
Thlaspi arvense L. Common weed. March- June.
Hesperis matroualis L. Introduced. Alongside a fence in Mrs. Cheatham's gardens, Nashville. May.
Lepidium Virgiuicum L. O. S., along roadsides. May-July.
Senebiera Coronopus L. Vacant town lots, Memphis. Dr. O. Egeling.
Rapbauus sativus L. Escapes sometimes into open fields.
CAPPARIDACE.E.
Cleome pungens Willd. Scattered O. S. Abundant in low woodlands along Tennessee river near Chattanooga. June-July.
Polanisia c/raveolens Raf. Along P. P. in Dixon Co., Middle, Tenn. Also West Tenn. July.
CISTACE.E.
Helianthemum Canadense Michx. Bradley Co., East Tenn. near Charleston. April-May.
Lecliea major Michx. O. S. July-August. \j. minor Walter. Barrens of Middle Tenn. and mountains of East Tenn. July-August.
L. tenuifolia Michx. Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. July- Ausfust.
26 TENNESSEE FLORA.
L. thyiuifolia Pursh. Dry rocky glades, Middle Tenn. July- August.
L. Driiiiiinoiidii Torr. & Gray. Cedar glades, Lavergne. May- June.
VIOLACE^. lonidiuin concolor Barth. & Hook. O. S. April-May.
Viola piibescens Ait. Harpeth hills, near Nashville, etc. Var. eriocarpa Nutt. Rich woods of the Cumberland Mts. and banks of Cumberland river at Nashville. April.
V, canina L. var. sylvestris Kegel. Damp woodlands, East Tenn. March-April.
V. striata Ait. O. fe. Frequent in vicinity of Nashville. April-May.
Y. Canadensis L. Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. May- July.
V. pedata L. Over the whole State.
Var. bicolor Parsh., with the former. April-May.
V. sagittata Ait. Highlands of Middle Tenn. East Tenn, April-May.
V. blailda Willd. Dry rocky ground, hills near Nashville. April-May.
Var. renij'olia Gray . Summit of Thunderhead, 6000'. July.
V. roiundifolia Michx. Cumberland Mts.
V. palmata L. Common. April-May.
Var. oiicullata Ait. With the former. April-May.
V. odorata L. Old cemeteries and escaped from gardens. Not prone to spread.
V. tricolor L. var. arvensis Gray. Abundant in the cedar glades of Middle Tenn. March-April. Indigenous.
POLYGALACE.E.
Polygala incarnata L. Paradise ridge, Tallahoma, Bon Air. June-July.
P. Curtissii Gray. Barrens of Middle Tenn. to Mts. of East Tenn. June-July.
Poly gala fastig lata Nutt. Sewanee, Tenn. July- August.
P. crnciata L. Oak barrens. O. S. July-August.
TENNESSEE FLORA. 27
P. Nuttallii Torr. ct Gray. Argillaceous ami siliceous soils. O. S. July-August.
P. aiubi^ua Nutt. Dry, sterile and siliceous soils. Har[)etlj hills and vicinity of Nashville to East Tenn. July.
P. f>olygama Walt. East Tenn. Frequent.
P. Senega li. East Tenn.
Var. latifolia Torr. & Gray. Vicinity of Nashville. May- June.
CARYOPHYLLACEaE.
Saponaria oificiualis L. Introduced hut now divulged over the whole State. July-August.
Silene antirrhina L. Fields and waste places. May.
8. Pennsylvanica Michx. Cumberland and Allegheny Mts. May.
S. Virg'illica L. Edges of woods and sunny hillsides. May,
S. rotundifolia Nutt. Higii cliffs of Cumberland Mts., on sandstone ledges near Sewanee. Lookout Mt., summit of. IMay- June.
S. stellata Ait. Open woodlands. Common. July.
S. nivea DC. Mountains on Emory river above Kingston, East Tenn. Apparently very rare !
Lychnis Gitliago Lam. In wheat and rye-fields. May.
Arenaria glabra Michx. Highest parts of Cumberland and Allegheny Mts. July. (Lookout Mt.)
A. patala Michx. Cedar Glades of Middle Tenn., also Knox- ville, East Tenn. April-May.
A. serpyllifolia L. Dry, rocky groiuids. March-May.
A. diffusa Elliott. Rich, shady soil. May-June.
Stellaria media Smith. Troublesome weed in cultivated grounds. Flowering summer and winter.
S. pilbera Michx. Rich woodlands. April-May.
S. crassifolia Ehrh. Moist and rocky grounds. Very abun- dant in vicinity of Nashville. April-May.
S. lon^ifolia Mlihlb. Kingston springs on the bluff. July.
Cerastiura vulgatum L. Pastures and roadsides. April-May.
C. viscosuin L. Less copious than the former. Dry uplands. April-May.
28 TENNESSEE FLORA.
C. oblon^ifoliuui Torr. Cedar glades. May-June.
C. nutans Kaf. Moist ground and hillsides. May-June.
Sagina apetala L. Damp soil. Pavements in Xashville. March-April.
PAROXYCHIE.E.
Paronychia argifrocoma Nutt. High mountains of East Tenn. August. Prof. Chickering.
Anycliia dichotoina Willd. Dry rocky woodlands.
A. eapillacea DC. With the former. July-August.
PORTULACACEtE. Portnlaca oleracea L. Fields and gardens. June-September. P. ^raudiflora Hook. Frequently cultivated in flower-gardens and therefrom self-sowing. June-September.
Talinum teretifolium Pursh. Crevices of rocks in the cedar glades. July- August.
Claytonia Vir^iuica L. Woods and pastures. March-May.
C. CaroUnianaMXchx. Mountains of East Tenn. Duektown. May.
HYPERICINEiE.
Ascyrnni Crux Andrefe L. Siliceous formation. July-Sept.
A. stans Michx. Mountain bogs. July-August.
A. hypericoides L. Cleveland, East Tenn., Chilhowee Mts. June-July.
Hyperieuni prolificuni L. Ea^t Tenn., Middle Tenn. and Craggy-hope, Dixon Co. June-July.
Var. montanum Mihi. Frog Mts., Polk Co. July.
*H. lobocarpum, n. sp. Hollow Rock, West Tenn. July.
"'^H. lobocarpum Gattinger, n. sp. Sapals Hnear-lanceolate, small, unequal, ll-Z lines long. Petals unequal, unsymmetric, 3-G lines long, reflected, early deciduous. Capsule five-celled, deeply five-lobed, lanceo- late, tapering into a long beak. Carpels almost distinct, and at full maturity falling away from a central axis. Seeds 1 mm. long, incurved, apiculate, striate lengthwise, transversely groove l. Leaves linear, obtuse, slightly mucronate, attenuate downwards, pale underneath.
Shrub, 5-7 feet high, with upright br.uiches. Low swampy lands in the orange sand formation at Hollow liock, Carroll Co., West Tennessee. First collected in fruit in 1867, and again July, 1886, in llower. Only two shrubs found, in very swampy ground, at the time nearly inaccessible. I have since received specimens of a Hypericum Libelled H. prolilicum, "collected by Dr. H. E. Hasse of Little Kock, Ark., in wet pine barrens," which prove to be the same species.
TENNfcSSEE FLORA. "20
H. Kalmiuuiuuii L. var. luaju?. Barrens at Tuliahoina. July. 5-6 feet high and of more robust habit than tlie noithern forms.
H. aureuiu Bartram. Limestone ledges, Mts. at Cowan ; fre- quent in the cedar glades and upon cliffs on Cumberland river. July.
H.fasciculatniiiljain. In springy places, forming thickets. Bradley Co., East Tenn. July.
H. adpressnni Barton. Wild goose pond near Mitchelville, Summer Co. August-September.
H. sphaerocarpniii Michx. Moist places in the barrens. Fre- quent around Nashville. June-July.
H. dolahriforme Vent. Cameron Hill, Chattanooga. July.
H. drgatiiiii Lam. {H. angidosum Michx.) Barrens of Middle Tenn., damp argillaceous soils. July-September. Var. acutifolium. AVith the preceding.
H. perforatum L. Waste grounds ; not frequent here. June- July.
H. corynibosum Miihl. O. S. July.
H. graueolens Buckl. Summit of Clingman Don, Smoky Mts,, East Tenn. 6000'. July.
H. imitilum L. Very abundant in wet places. July-Sept. H. gymncuitlmm Eugelm. & Gray. Barrens at Tullahoma. July.
H. Canadense L. Cumberland Mts. July- August.
H. Drummondii Torr. & Gray. Belvidere, Franklin Co. July-August.
H. undicaule Walter {H. Sarothra Michx.). lu sandy soil everywhere. July.
Eloclea campanulata Pursh. E. Virginica^uii. River — and swamps near Nashville. July-August.
E. petiolata Pursh. Swamps, Middle and West Tenn. July- September.
TERNSTRCEMIACE.E.
Stuartia pentagyna L'Her. Cumberland and Allegheny Mts. June.
30 TENNESSEE FLORA.
MALYACE^.
Abutilou Aviceuiije Gaertn. Waste })laces. July-August.
Malva I'otuiidifolia L. Around dwellings. June-September.
Callirrlun' al('j<*oi(les Gray. Copses near Brown's creek. Nash- ville. Found only once.
Napaea dioica L. Upper East Tenn. near Johnson City. June- August.
Malvastriini angnstlim Gray. Rocky ground and open glades. Middle Tenn. Very abundant. July-August.
Sida Elliottii Torr. & Gray. Cedar glades. Lavergne. Edge- field Junction. July-August.
S. spinosa L. Troublesome \veed in pastures and fields. July- September.
Hibiscus Mosheiltos L. Riyer banks and swamps. July.
H. inilitai'is Cay. Riyer banks and bottom lands. A white variety near Nashyille. June-July.
H. Trionilill L. Frequently cultivated in flower gardens, and thence escaped. July-August.
TILIACE^.
Tilia Americana L., \?lv pubescens Land. Mountains of East Tenn. Ocoe river.
T. heterophylla Vent. Rich woodlands and along river banks. Nashville.
LINACEiE.
Linniii Virgiuianum L. Dry open woodlands. June. L. striatum Walt. Cedar and oak barrens. June. L. usitatissimuni Linn. Waifs occasionally found near dwell- ings.
L. sulcatum Riddel. Near Hickman, and East Tenn. July.
GERANIACEtE. Geranium niaculatum L. Rich woodlands. June-July. G. Caroliniauum L. Waste places. Common. May-June. Floerhea'pro8erphiaeoides\\'\\\(\. Low moist grounds. Val- ey of East Tenn. April-June.
TENNESSEE FLORA. 31
Inipatieiis pallida Nutt. Thickets along creeks and springs. J uly-Septem ber.
I. fulva Xiitt. With the former. O. S. June-September.
Oxalis Acetosella L. Summit of high Mts. of East Tenn. July. (Thunderhead, Roane Mt.)
0. violaeea L. Rocky places. Vei-y common. May-June.
0. stricta L. Copses and margins of woodlands. Very yaria- ble in size of flowers. May-September.
RUTACEiE.
Xanthoxylum Aioericauum Mill. Hills vicinity of Nashville. (Charlotte pike, copses beyond Edgefield, etc.) April-May.
Ptelea trifoliata L. A common shrub in the limestone regions of Tennessee. May-June.
SIMARUBE^.
Ailanthus glandiilosa Desf. Perfectly naturalized. Widely spreading over the State. May.
MELIACEiE.
Melia Azedarach L. Formerly frequently planted around dwellings, and sometimes found on deserted homesteads. It is gradually dying out. Better adapted is
Kcehlreutera pauiculata DC. Lately introduced.
ILICINE^.
Ilex opaca Ait. Mountains. Cumberland and Alleghenies. Also in islands of Cumberland and Tennessee rivers, where it grows to a stately tree with 20" diaraeetr and 40-50 feet high. June.
Ilex decidua Walter. Brownsville, West Tenn. May.
/. mollis Gray. Cumberland Mts. Summit of Lookout Mt. May.
/. monticola Gray. Smoky Mts., East Tenn. May.
Nemopanthes Canadensis DC. Mts. at Cowan. August.
CELASTRACE.^.
Celastrus scandens Linn. Brownsville, West Tenn. May-June.
Evonyums Aniericauus L. Rich ^voodlands. June.
E. atropiirpureus Jacq. River banks and copses. June-July.
32 TENNESSEE FLORA.
RHAMNACE.E.
Berchemia vohibilis DC. Lookout Mt. Very luxuriant and frequent in West Tenn. Brownsville. May-June.
Rhaiiiuns laiiceolata Pursh. River banks and copses, Nash- ville.
Rli. Caroliniana Walt. Barrens of Middle Teun, etc. June.
('eaiiothus Aiiiericauus L. In argillaceous and siliceous soils, woodlands throughout the State. June-July.
VITACE.E.
Vitis Labrusca L. Alleghany Mts., Ducktown. Cultivated in Bayers settlement by the first settlers. June.
V. aestivalis Michx. Uplands, cedar glades. Also in Alle- ghany Mts. May.
V. C'ordifolia Michx. Along water courses. April-May.
V, riparia Michx. With the former. May.
V. vulpina L. Cumberland and Alleghany Mts., abundant. April-May.
V. rupestris Trelease. Along Cumberland river, banks of Stoner's creek etc., Nashville. May.
V. arborea Linn. West Tenn. in moist woodlands. May- June.
V. iudivisa Willd. River banks and woodlands, Middle Tenn. May.
Ainpelopsis qiiinqiiefolia Michx. Common.
SAPINDACE^.
Acer dasycarpiim Ehrh. Low, damp grounds and bottom lands. Frequently planted for shade-trees. Flowers in Febru- ary and matures seeds before any other plant.
A. riibruni \j. Wet and low lands. Also cultivated for shade- trees. April.
A. saecliarinum Wanger. var. ui^ruiii Torr. & Gray. Rich
soils. O. S.
A. spicatum Lam. Smoky Mts. Summit of Thunderhead. June. A middle-sized tree.
TENNESSEE FLORA. 33
Neg'iiiiilo ciceroides Moench. Banks of creeks and rivers, growing to large dimensions bnt being unshapely. April.
Jlseulns glabra Willd. Very abundant in the barrens of Middle Tenn. May.
.E. flava Ait. Rich woods, especially in the mountains. April.
Var. purpurasceiis, small shrub, loving ravines and shady gorges. East Tenn. May.
*iE. Pavia L. Prospect Station, Giles Co., Tenn.
Cardiospei'imiiii Halicacabiim L. Waste places around dwell- ings. June-September.
Stapliylea trifolia L. Thickets in rich, moist soil. April.
AXACARDIACE.E.
Rhus typhina L. Hillsides. June.
R. glabra L. Poor soils and deserted farmlands. June.
R. copallina L. Hills and rocky siliceous soils. July.
R venenata DC. Swampy or boggy lands, especially in the mountains. June.
R. Toxic'odeiidruni L. In all woodlands. June. R. aromatica Ait. Limestone regions of Middle Tenn. April- Mav.
LEGUMINOS.E.
Lupinus perennis L. Rich hillsides, Ducktown, East Tenn. (Smelting works at Hiwassee.) May.
Croti>laria sagittalis L, Sandy soil, Tullahoma, Paradise ridge. June-July.
Trifolium arvense L. Old fields and pastures. June-July.
T. pratense L. Largely cultivated and frequently sponta- neous. July.
T. reflexiim L. Cedar barrens, rocky hills along Franklin pike, Nashville. April-May.
T. repeus L. Common everywhere. May.
T. pj'0(;unibeiis L. Very abundant over the whole State, in old fields and pastures. May.
*^ -cuius Hippocastanum L. Is sometimes planted, but entirely unadapted to our climate.
iiJ4 T]':nxi:.ssee fi.oiia.
T. stoloilifeniin Miclix. Fouml in one looality where reiiexniu abounds (Franklin ]>ike). It is perhaps only a form of reflexnm or a hybrid. May-June.
Melilotliiis alba Lam. Around dwellings, vacant town lots and grass plots in Nashville. June— July.
M. oJicinaHs Willd. Waste grounds. May- June.
Medifago liipulina L. Grass plots in Nashville, Capitol grounds. June.
M. sativa L. Oecasionallv cultivated, becoming naturalized. July.
Psoralea Onobrychis Nutt. Paradise ridge, etc. Not frequent. June.
P. nielil()toi(les Michx. Hills around Nashville. May-June.
P. siibacaillis Torr. & Gray. Cedar glades and rocky hills around Nashville. April-May.
Dalea alopecuroides Willd. Frequent in West Tenn. July- August.
Petal ostenioii violaceus Michx. Davidson's farm, in a cedar glade on the Charlotte pike, near Nashville. June.
P. Candidas Michx. Near tunnel at Cowan ; also Paradise ridge near Nashville. July.
P. ftdiosiis Nutt. Frequent in the cedar glades around Nash- ville. July.
P. deciinibensNutt. Lavergne, Trabue's place on Mill creek, near Nashville, and other points in the cedar barrens. A white variety occurs at Lavergne. June.
Aiiiorpha fruticosa L. Banks of Cumberland river, Nash- ville, etc. May.
A. Tennessiensis ^\\ui{\w . High mountains of East Tenn. and on the banks of mountain streams. Parksville, Polk Co.; Wolf creek, Coke Co. A. fruticosa var. CaroUniana S. Watson. Syn.
Robinia Pseudacacia L. Rich soil, O. S. April-May.
11. hispida L. Lookout Mts., Chattanooga. Specimens flow- ering when only a Sjian high are found near summit. (R. hisp. var. nana Elliott.) May.
Wistaria fi'iitesceus DC. Low bottoms and banks of Cum- berland river, Cockrill's bend. April-May.
TENNESSEE FLORA. 35
Tephrosia Vir^iniaiia Pers. Dry, siliceous soils; oak bar- rens; common. June.
T. spicata Torr.& Gray. In same localities with the former. June- July.
Astragalus Canadensis L. Cliffs along Cumberland and other streams. June-July.
A. caryoeai'pus Kerr. Cedar glades near station at Lavergne. April.
A. Plattensis Nutt. var. Tenuessiensis Gray. Very common in the limestone region of Middle Tenn, April-May.
Stylosanthes elatior Swartz. Argillaceous and siliceous soils. Harpeth hills, East Tenn ; frequent. August.
Desniodiuni acumiuatuni DC. Rich woodlands. July.
D. Canadense DC. Cumberland Mts. ; apparently rare in Tennessee. Cowan. July.
D. canescens DC. Highlands of Middle Tenn. July-Au- gust.
D. eiliare DC. Barrens. July-August.
D. cuspidatam Hook. Siliceous formation. Ridgetop. July- August.
D. Dilleuii Dark Very common. July-August.
D. liumifusum Beck. Greenbrier, Ridgetop, etc. Highlands. July- August.
D. Isevigatum DC. With the former. Harpeth hills. July- August.
D. Marilandieiini Boott. Cedar and oak barrens. August- September.
D. niidifloi'iim DC. Rich woods. July-August.
D. paniculatilQi DC. Perhaps the most common species in limestone and siliceous soils. August.
D. pauciflornm DC. Deep rich soils in shady grounds. Har- peth hills, etc. July-August.
D. rig'idnni DC. Cedar glades, Lavergne. August.
D. rotundi folium DC. Rocky woodlands, hills near Nash- ville. August.
Var. glabratuni Gray. Paradise ridge. August.
36 TENNESSEE FLOEA.
D. sessililbliuui Torr. & Gray. Along railroad, Mitchellville, Sumner Co., etc. August.
D. viridiflorum Beck. Siliceous formation. Kingston Springy South Tunnel, etc. August.
Lespedeza repeus Bart. Argillaceous soils.
Var. procumbcns Michx. In rocky cedar glades ; appears to be a distinct variety. July.
L. violacea Pers. With the former. July- August.
Lespedeza vetit'iilata Persh. Barrens of Middle Tenn., Har- peth hills. Aurust.
L. reticulata, var. ailgiistifolia Maxim. Cedar glades. -Inly- August.
L. stuvei Xutt. Highlands of Middle Tenn. August-Sep- tember.
L. oapitata Michx. C)ak barrens at Tullahoma. July-Au- o;ust.
L. liirta Ell. Siliceous formation. .July-August.
L. striata Hook. Over the whole State. Strictly avoiding limestone soils. Occurs in the remotest parts of the country and has been collected by me thirty years ago in East Tenn. It vir- tually carpets the ground.
Viola Aiiierieana Miihlb. Thickets, vicinity of Xashville, etc. May.
V. micrantha Nutt. Copses and woods. April-May.
V. Carolinian a Walt. Highlands of Middle Tenn., but rare. Common in East Tenn. May.
Rliyncliosiatouientosa Hook. Dickson Co. Frequent in the gravelly hills of lower East Tenn. July.
Pliaseolus pauciflorus Benth. Imperfect specimens from near lunatic asylum, Xashville.
Apios tuberosa Moench. Bottom lands iu moist thickets. August-September.
Phaseolus diversifolius Fersoou. Cumberland Mts. June-Sep- tember.
Ph. helvolus L. Very common in the barrens. June-Sep- tember.
Ph. perennis Walt. Brownsville, West Tenn. August.
TKMNKSSKF. FLORA, '^ •
Clitoria Mariana L. Mai-uin .»f tl.icki-ts and in barrens. Juue-July.
Ceuti'oseiiia Virgilliana Benth. Dry, open glades and barrens. June-Sept ember.
Aiiiphicarpa'a iiionoica Xutt. Rieh, damp woodlands. Au-
giist-Soptembi'i'.
Galactia mollis Miehx. Common in all glades and barrens. Ma V— Se j > t e m b e r .
(i. pilosa Elliott. White bluff, Dickson Co. Not rare. July.
Baptisia australis II. Br. Cedar glades at Lavergne. June- July.
B. alba R.Br. Cameron hill, Chattanooga; Mts. of East Temi.; Duektown. June-July.
B. tinctoria R. Bv. Mts. of East Teiin. Lookout Mt. July.
Thennopsis fraxinifoUa M. A. Curtis. Region of copper mines, East Tenn. May-June.
* Th. Carolilliaiia M. A. Curtis. Mountains along Ocoe river, East Tenn., aud also frequent on summit of Harpeth ridge and Paradise ridge. May.
Cladi-astis tinctoria Raf Hills south of Nashville. Tree* attaining three feet diameter, but never otherwise than hollow. May-June.
Oercis Canadensis L. Rich hillsides. March-April.
Cassia Marylandica L. Bottom lands and fence-rows. duly- August.
C. Tora L. River bottoms, low marshy grounds. July.
C. Cha^nijvcrista C. Sunny exposures in sandy soil. Jnly- Au trust.
* Thermopsis Camliniana M. Curtis, is a striking instance of distribu- tion of species in widelv distant colonies. I tirst noticed the plant in tne central range of the BigFrog Mts.,near the copper mines at Duektown ii.ast Tenn . in 1860, in soils derived from quartzites and black roohn^ slates in numbers, but not generaUv disseminated over the region Again 1 came upon it, in 1870, on the top of the ridges which encircle Nashville. These ridges are capped with siliceous cherts, which rest on the black Devonian shale.
;{8
TKNXESSEK FLORA.
C. iiictitans L. With the former. .July-August.
Gyninocladus Canadensis Lam. Hill-sides in rich soil, vicin- ity of Xashville; also in Upper East Tenn. April.
(ileditsf'liia triacaiitlios L. Over the State, especially in the glades. June.
(r. monoapei-ma Walt. In the cypress swamps and along streams in West Tenn. July.
Schrankia an^ustata Torr. vt Gray. Open, dry glades and hill- sides, East ami Middle Tenn. June-August.
Sch. Kuinata WiWd. Near Brownsville, West Tenn. August.
Desniantlius brachylohns Benth. Very frequent in the cedar glades. July.
ROSACEA.
PruuHS Americana L. Shrub or tree, common in rich and poor lands. March.
P. Chickasaw Miehx. Forming small thickets of circular out- line, oldest in the center, young ones on the outskirts; also in fence-coi-ners, etc. March.
P. Chickasaw-Aniei'icana. Popularly known as "Wild Goose Plum." Frequent in Middle Tenn.
P. spinosa L. Apparently introduced and cultivated on Hills- borough pike, twelve miles west of Nashville. April.
P. Virginiana L. Mountains of East Tenn., especially on the higher ones. Mav.
P. serotina Ehrh. In rich uplands over the State. June.
P Pennsylvanica L. Mountainous districts and liigh ridges of East Tenn. On Clingnjan-Dom, 5000', occurs a variety with narrow lanceolate leaves. Mav-June.
P. Persica Benth. & Hooker. The peach is often found wild in woods and hedges. March-April.
NeJllia opulifolia L. Rocky river banks, mouth of Mill creek, near Nashville. Mav.
Spira'a Aruncus L. Rich, moi.st woodlands here and there. June.
S. tomentosa L. In swampy i-egions of the highlands (Fount- ainhead, Sumner Co.). Julv.
TENNESSEE FLOKA. 39^'
Gilleilia trifoliata Moench. Rich woods, especially in the eastern part of the State. July.
G. stipulacea Nutt. Rich woods, hills vicinity of Nashville. June- J Illy.
Agrimoiiia Eupatoria L. Common. July-September.
A. parviflora Ait. Prevalent in Middle Tenn., and very abundant. July-August.
Geiiiu albani Smel. Borders of woods over the State. May— July-August.
G. vernuiii Torr. & Gray. Common. March-April.
G. genicidatum Michx. High Mts. of EastTenn. Roane Mt> Prof. Chickering. August.
G. radkituni Michx. Roane Mt. Prof. Chickering.
Waldsteinia fragarioides Tratt. Mountains of East Tenn.,. Ocoe valley. June-July.
Poteiitilla Canadensis L. Dry, barren fields. May-July.
P. supina L. Near Hickman and Johnsonville, West Tenn.. Moist ground. July-August.
P. ti'identata Ait. Summit of Little Frog Mt., East Tenn.
Fra^aria Vlrginiana Duchesne. Borders of woods, etc. March-April.
var. lllincensis Gray. In the cedar glades of Middle Tenn. April-May.
F. vesca L. Open woodlands and rocky places.
F. Indica L. Adv. Old graveyard, Nashville. May-June.
Rubus odoratus L. Higher Mts. of East Tenn. and the adjoining gorges ; along Ocoe river, above Parksville; Big Frog Mt. June.
R. Canadensis L. Over the State, but more frequently in the Cumberland and Alleghany Alts.. May.
R. occidentalis L. Hillsides and woodlands. July.
R. strigosus Michx. Woods and copses. More common around Nashville than the former. June.
R. villosus Ait. Fence-rows and waste grounds. June, var. frondosus Gray and var. iiumifusus Gray are freq^uently met with ; also the
40 TENNESSEE FLORA.
variety with white fruit occurs here and there. (Cleveland, East Tenn.)
R. CUneifoliiis Pursh. In sandy and siliceous soils.
R. trivialis Michx. Sandy soils, common. April-May.
R. liispidiis L. Wet and swampy localities; highlands and
Mts. June.
Rosa Carolina L. Low grounds and river swam})s; Nash- ville, etc. June-July.
R. huiuilis Marsh. Rocky river banks and cedar glades. May.
R. seti^era Michx., var. tomentosa Torr. & Gray. Abundant in the barrens of Middle Tenn. May.
R. riibijf''inosa L, Roadsides and old fields. June.
R. bracteata Wendel. Old homesteads and hedges; Nolins- ville pike, six miles from Nashville. June-July.
R. pimpiiiellit'olia L. Introduced by early settlers; confined to old homesteads. July. (Col. Prosser's farm).
R. canina L. is credited to East Tenn., but has never been found by me.
Craf;eg'ns coceinea L. From the summit of the Smoky Mts. to the lowlands of West Tenn. April.
C, cordata Ait. Rocky glades around Nashville. May.
C. €rus Gain L. Common. May.
var. ovalifolia Lindl. With the former. May.
C. flava Ait., var. pubescens Gray. Copses, Middle Tenn. A pril.
€. Pyracaiitha Pers. Low meadow near Hydt's ferry. May.
i\ subvillosa Schrader. Low tree or shrub, attaining a trunk of diameter of 18'. Vicinity of Nashville, in rich soil. April.
C. tomentosa L. var. pyrifolia Gray. Thickets around Nashville. var. punctata Jacq. With the former. April-May.
Pyrus Americana DC. Summit of Smokv Mts. Clingman- Dom, 6000'. July.
P. sambiicifoHa Chevn. & Schlecht. Cultivated in a garden in Winchester, Franklin Co. Not in the mountains!
P. an^ustifolia Ait. Middle and East Tenn. Bon Air, Dickson Co. April.
TENNESSEE FI.ORA. 41
P. arbutij'olia L. Mountain bogs, C'lunberland and AUcglia- uies. May.
var. rnelanoearpa Elliot. Ijaurel thickets, Sewanee. May.
P. Coronaria L. Harpeth hills, near Judge John M. Lee's farm, at the foot of the hills. Mai-ch-Api'il.
Amelanchier Canadensis Torr. & Gray. From the high mountains to the valleys of Tennessee river. April.
var. Botryapiuin AVilld. Swamps of West and Middle Te n n . A p r i 1- May .
SAXIFRAGACE.E.
Ribes ('yiiosbati L. At the edge of a cedar glade near For- sterville.
R. rotundifolium Michx. Summit of Roane and Smoky Mts. June.
Itcea Virr/inica, L. Mts. of East Tenn. and cypress swamps of West Tenn. July.
Hydraii^ea arboresceiis L. BhifiFs along Cumberland and other streams. June-July.
var. eordata Torr. & Gray. Banks of (Jcoe river, above Parksville, East Tenn. July.
H. radiata Walter. Catai-act at Tullahoma ; Cumberland Mts., above Sewanee; summit of Lookout Mt. .Inne-July.
Decumaria barbara L. Rocks along Ocoe river. June.
Philadelphus Iiirsutus Nutt. CliflPs on Cumberland river; ascent of ridge at Baker's station. May.
Parnassia GaroUniana Michx. Cumberland and x\lleghany Mts. May-June.
P. asanfolia Vent. Big Frog Mt., East Tenn.
Astilbe deeandraDou. Damp woods, especially in the mount- ains. July.
Saxifraga Virginiensis Miciix. From the mountains to West Tenn. March— April.
*S'. Careyana Gray. Roane Mt. Prof. Chickering, Wm. Canby. July-August.
8. erosa Pursh. Bed of Wolf creek and adjoining Bench Mt. ; Roane Mt. Chickering.
:S. leucanthemifolia. Roane Mt. Chickering. Big Frog Mt.
42 te>;np:s.see flora.
Boykinid aconiiifolia Nutt. Smoky Mts. July.
Heuchei-a Americana L. Vicinity of Nashville. May.
H. villosa Michx. Mts. of East Tenn. ; Cumberland Mts. ; ClifiFs on Cumberland and hig^hlands of Middle Tenn. Varies in size of flowers, outline and pubescence of leaves.
Mitelld diphylla L. Shady glens in moist jo^round, valleys and Mts. of Cumberland and Alleghanies. June.
Ghri/so.splenium Americantan Schwein. Moist, shady ground along Cicoe river ; near Muudi's bluff. April.
CRASSULACE^E.
Sedum Xevli Gray. On argillaceous shists and siliceous con- glomerate, Parksville, Polk Co. May.
S. puk'liellum Michx. Covering large tracts of open, rocky glades in Middle Tenn. May.
S. Rhadiola DC. Roane Mt. Chickering,
8. telephioides Michx. Mts. of East Tenn. Chickering.
S. ternatuni Michx. Shady, rocky places over the State.. April-May.
Diamorpha pusilla ^ntt. High rocky places in the vicinity of Sewanee and on I^ookout Mt. May.
Peuthoruui sedoides L. Ditches and pools. Common. July- October.
HAMAMELIACE.E.
Haiiiaiiielis Vir/i^iuica L. Shrub, flowering often in midwinter. On the summit of Big Thunderhead I found it a low^ tree of tweutv-five feet high, with a trunk of eighteen inches diameter (6000').
Liqiiidanibai' Styraciflua L. Low grounds. May.
HALORAGE.E.
Myriophylluni vei'ticillatiiin J^. Tullahoma creek, Tullalioma.
Proserpiuaca palustris L. Swampy lands, ditches. May.
P. ptM'tioacea Lam. Swamps in the oak l)arrens, ditches- alony; railroad embankments, etc. Mav.
TENNESSEE FLORA. 43
MELASTOMACE.E.
Rliexia Vir^inica L. Low wet lands. Common. July. R. Mariana L. Low grounds in the oak barrens. June- Julv.
LYTHRACE.^.*
Rotala ramosior Koehne (Ammannia humilis Michx). Bor- ders of ditciies and swamps. July-September.
Aminaimia coccinea Rottbadl. With the former. Has been distributed by me as "Ammannia latifolia."
Peplis (liandra Nutt. {Ammannia Nuttallii Gray). Swamps along rivers, etc. July-September.
Lythrum alafum Piirsh. Borders of springs and rivulets, near Cleveland, East Tenn. July.
(JuphcPa petiolata Krehne. (Cuph. viscosissima 'ia.cq.) August- September.
Decodon verticillaius Ell. (^Neswa verticiflata. H. B. K.). Wat- ers of Barren fork of Caney fork, near Nicholson springs. August.
ONAGRACE^E.
Circa^a Lutetiaua L. Moist woodlands. May-June.
C. alpina L. Summit of Smoky Mts. ; Roane Mt.
Gaura biennis L. Cumberland Mts. July-August.
(r. filipes S])ach. Chattanooga, Dr. Engelmann.
Jussijfa decurreus DC. Moist meadows, etc. July-August.
J. repens 1^. Swamps in Cockrill's bend, below Nashville. June.
Epilobiuiu coloratuiii Muhlb. Woodlands, common. Jidy- September.
(Enotliera biennis L. Waste fields. Varies greatly.
var. grandiflora is common around Nashville. June-Sep- tember.
(E. fruticosa L. O. S. Baker's station, on the ridge. July, var. hirsata Nutt. In the poor, cherty soils of East Tenn. ; Cleveland, Bradley Co. July.
*I adopt the revision of Lythracese by E. Koehne, vide Bd. Gaz., vol. X. no. 5.
44 TENNESSEE FLORA,
(/i". glauca Michx. Lookout Mt., Chattanooga. June.
(E. piimila L. Mts. of East Tenn. ; valley of Ocoe river. June. Also at Tullahoma.
(E. sinuata L. Near Hydt's ferry, Nashville. June.
(E. speciosa Nutt. Introduced on vacant lots in Nashville. June.
(E. triloba Nutt. Frequent on pasture lands around Nash- ville. June -July.
Ludvvigia alteruifolia L. Swampy places. June-July.
L. hirtella Raf Oak barrens at Tullahoma; Paradise ridge. July.
L. linearis Walt. Bogs, in the oak barrens and on the high- lands. June— September.
L. paliistris Ell. Ponds and ditches. July-August.
L. polycarpa Short & Peter. With the former. June-August.
CUCURBITACE.E.
Echinocystis lobata. Torr. & Gray. Tullahoma. July.
Sicyos angiilatus L. Hedges and thickets. July.
Melothria peudiila L. Cedar glades and hillsides. July- September.
Trianospernia Boykiiiii Roem. Found by Prof. Lester F. Ward, August, 1877, on the banks of Cumberland, above Nash- ville. I have never succeeded in finding the plant.
PASSIFLORACE.E. Passiflora lutea L. Thickets, common. June-September.
P. iucaruata Ij. Dry soil, cultivated grounds. A bad weed. May-Septe m be r .
CACTACE.^.
Opimtia Rafiiiesquii Engelm. Sunny exposures in rocky FICOIDEJ5.
glades. Mav-June
Mollngo verticillata L. A weed in fields and on roadsides. May-September.
TKMNESSEE FLORA. 45
UMBELLIFER^.
Hydrocotyle ranuiieuloides L. Ditches and swamps along Cumberland river. May.
H. uiiibellata Ij. Ditches near Hydt's ferry. May.
Sanicula i'auadensis L. O. S. More prevalent in East Ten- nessee. June-August.
S. MarylfJiidica L. Moist woodlands. June-August.
Eryngiuni yuoca'foliuin Michx. Dry barrens O. S., but no- where numerous. July.
E. prostratum i:\utt. Woods near Brovrnsville, West Tenn. August.
DailClls €arota L. Introduced and rapidly spreading. It grows more luxuriantly in East Tennessee than at home in Europe. June-July.
Polytaenia Nuttallii DC. Paradise ridge. May,
Heradeum lanatum Michx. Big Frog Mt., Polk Co., East Tenn., 4000' alt. June.
Pastiiiaoa sativa L. Apparently escaped from market gar- dens; not met with otherwise.
Archemora rigida DC. Rich woodlands. August.
Angelica Gurtisii Buckl. Roane Mt. Chickering.
Arcliaiigelica hirsuta Torr. & Gray. Dry barrens; common. June-Jidy.
Coriandriim sativimi L. Introduced. Around dwellings and gardens, i^ashville. June-July.
Ligiisticum ackeifolmm Michx. Cumberland Mts., Lookout Mt., Roane Mt. June-July.
Tliaspiiini barbiuode Nutt. River banks and thickets. Mav- June.
Th. aureuni Nutt. Woodlands. Common, June,
Th. trifoliatuiu Gray. AVith the former, June-July.
Zizia integerrima DC, Mountains of East Tenn,, especially the higher ones, June— Jidy,
Bupleurum rotundifolium L, Dry hills contiguous to the city of Nashville (Fort Naigele) ; also in tlie cedar glades on the Lebanon pike. May-June.
46 tp:nnessek fi.ora.
Discoj)leura capillaeea Nutt. Some specimens on the grounds of tlie Mi)tii:onierv-Bell Academy. Introduced.
D. Xiittalli DC. Damp woods vicinity of Cleveland^ East Tenn. July,
Ciciita niaculata L. Along streams. July.
Cryptotjeaia Canadensis DC. Common in low, damp woixls. June-Se])tember.
Chaci'opliylluni Tainturieri Hooker. Very abundant in Mid- dle Tenn. April-May.
Ch. procunibens L. Rich, moist woods, Nashville. April.
Osniorrhiza lon^istylis DC. Rich woodlands. May-June.
Eilloplius Auiericauus Xutt. Thickets along Charlotte pike ; also on ^lurfreesborough pike. May-June.
Erigenia bulbosa Xutt. Rich woodlands. Common. March- April.
ARALIACE^E.
Aralia spinosa L. Very copious in the glades of Middle Tenn. Jnly.
A. raeeniosa L. Highlands of Middle Tenn. ; hills along Charlotte pike, twelve miles north of Nashville. June.
A. hispida Michx. Mountains of East Tenn.; Ducktown. June.
A. nudicaiiUs L. Cumberland Mts., near Sewanee. June- July.
A. quinquefolia Decaisne & Planchon. Rich woods over the State, but everywhere rare. Harpeth hills, near Nashville. July.
CORNACE^.
Cornus florida L. In all localities. March-April.
C. alternifolia L. East Tenn.
C. stolonifera Michx. Banks of rivers and streams. May.
C. asperifolia Michx. Copses and dry ground. May-June.
C. sericea L. Wet places. Common. May.
Nyssa CaroHniana Poir. Along mountain streams. East Tenn.; Parksville; also Hollow Rock, NYest Tenn. May.
'JENNP:bSKE FLORA. 47
N. imiltiflora Wanger. O. S., especially in the barrens. April-May.
N. uiiiflora Walt. Swampy lands on Paradise ridge, West Tenn. April.
CARPRIFOLIACE^.
Saiiibuciis ('aiiadeiisis L. Waste places.
Yiburniiin Opiilus L. Deserted homesteads. The cultivated variety only.
V. acerifolium L. Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. May- June.
V. lantanoides Michx. Mountains of East Tenn. July.
V. nudllin L. Swampy lands in the barrens and in the mount- ains. May-June.
V. prunifoliuin L. Dry ground. Small tree. May.
Triosteuni perf'oliatiini L. Foot of the mountains at Cowan. May-June.
Symphoricarpiis vulgaris Michx. Eocky ground. A low bush. July.
Loiiicera sempervirers L. Woods and barrens, climbing high. June-August.
L. SuUivantii Gray. Mountains of East Tenn. Vide Gray Flora, vol. 1, 2, p. 17.
Diervilhi trifida Meeuch. Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. June- August.
D. sessilifoUa Benkley. Summit of Lookout Mt., along brooklets; Lula falls. June-July.
RUBIACE^. Houstonia coerulea L. Moist, open ground. April-August.
H. serpyllifolia Michx. Covering the ground in the high mountains. July.
H. pateus Ell. Cedar glades, Lavergne. April.
H. purpurea L. Woodlands and copses. April-May. Yar. longifolia Gray. Barrens Var. tenuifolia Gray. jNIountains of East Tenn. July.
H. angustifolia Michx. Cedar glades; bluffs on Cumberland river. May-July.
48 TENNESSEE FLORA.
OMenJiimlia />onc// Clmpm. Swamps neai" Tullahoma. July.
Cep ha la 11 til us oct'ideiitalis L. Wet places. Common. July- August.
Mitcliella repens L. Dry woodlands. June-July.
Sperinacoce g'labra Michx. River banks. Very common.
August.
Diodia Vir^'iiiica L. Moist meadow^s ; river banks ; very fre- quent about Nashville. June-July.
D. teres Walt. Sterile grounds, old fields. Abounds around Nashville. July.
(xaliiiiii Apariiie L. Waste grounds. April-May.
Gt. vir^'atuiii Nutt. Dry, sterile places in the cedar glades, Lavergne. June.
G. pilosiim Ait. Dry copses. Common. June-July.
G. trifldiim L. Swampy meadow lands. July-October.
G. trifloruiii Michx. Dry woodlands ; copiously in the cedar barrens. July.
G. circjezans Michx. Hills around Nashville to the mount- ains of East Tenn. June-July.
G. latifoUum Michx. High mountains of East Tenn.; Big Frog Mt. July.
G. lanceolatum Torr. East Tenn.
G. Arkansanum Gray. Johnsonville, West Tenn.
YALERIANACEiE. Valeriaiiella radiata Dufr. Glades and copses. April-May.
V. Woodsiaiia Walp.
Var. unibilieata Gray. Glades and pastures. April-May. Var. patellaria Gray. With the former.
DIPSACE.E. Dipsacus sylvestris Mill. Waste grounds. Common. July.
COMPOSIT.E.
Elephantopus ('aroliniaiius Willd. Woods. June-July.
Vernonia Novjeboraceiisis Willd. Roadsides and open wood- lands. August-September.
TENNESSEE FLOKA. 49
V. Baldivinii Torr. West Tenn. August.
V. altissinia Nutt. River bottoms. August.
V. fasciculata Michx. With the former. Very common. August.
Eupatorium purpereum L. Low grounds. Common. August- September.
E. serotinum Michx. Waste places in country and towns. September-October.
E. album L. Paradise ridge, Robertson Co., East Tenn. July- August.
E. seinisermfum DC. (E. parviflorum Elliott). Barrens at Tullahoma. July-August.
E. altissirauiii L. Dry copses. Copiously on Grany White pike, near Mrs. Cheatham's place. August-September.
E. rotuudifoliiim L. Mitchellville, Tullahoma. July-Au- gust.
E. leuGoIepis Torv. & Gray. Barrens of Middle Tenn. August- September.
E. perfoliatiim L. Low grounds. July-September.
E. incarnatum Walt. Glades and copses. August-Septem- ber.
E. a^eratoides L. Rich woodlands. Over the State. August- September.
E. aromaticiiin L. Barrens at Tullahoma. July.
E. C'flelestinum L. Moist grounds. Common. (Conoclinum coelestinum DC.) September.
Mikania scandens Willd. Johnsonville. West Tenn. Sep- tember.
Kuhiiia eiipatoi'ioides L. Common. September.
Var. coryuibiilosa Turr. & Gray. Vicinity of Nashville. September.
Liatris squarrosa Willd. Highlands. Greenbrier, Robertson Co. June-July.
L. scariosa Willd. Mountains of Elast Tenn. Lookout Mt. July.
50 TENNESSEE FLORA.
L. spicata Willd. Oak barrens of JSIifldlc Tenn. to nionntaiiis of Ea>t Teiiii. July.
L. graniiiiifolia Piirsli. With the former. July.
Grindelia laiiceolata Nutt. Cedar glades at Lavergne, near the station. July.
Chrysopsis gra)iiinifoIia Nutt. Mountain regions of East Tenn. July.
Ch. Mariana Nutt. In sandy soil. Common. June-July.
Soli(la<^o cav-iia L. Harpeth hills, near Nashville Septem- ber. -"■'^
Var. paniculata Gray. ■ §With the former. September.
S. latiColia L. Rocky banks of Richland creek, near Nash- ville. August-September.
S. Curtissii. var. pubens. Roane Mt. J. W. Chickering. August.
S. monticola Torr. & Gray. Clingman-Dom of the Smoky Mts, Roane Mt. J. W. Chickering.
S. bicolor L. Kingston Springs, Dixon Co., East Tenn. August-September.
S. glomerata Michx. Clingman-Dora, 6000'; Roane ]Mt. J. W. Chickering.
S. spithamea, M. A. Curtis; Roane Mt., J. W. Chickering. August.
S. odora Ait. Barrens and highlands. July.
S. sppciosa Nutt. Highlands, Greenbrier; glades at Lavergne. August-September.
Yar. angustata Torr. & Gray. Common in siliceous soils. August-Sei)tember.
S. ragosa Mill. Highlands and barrens. August-Septem- ber.
S. ulniifolia Miihlb. With tlie former. August-Septeni ber.
8. arguta Ait.- Lookout Mt. ; Ocoe region. August-Sep- tember.
S. jnacea Ait. Oak barrens and woodlands. August-Sep- tem.ber.
TENNESSEE FLORA. 51
*S. OattingTi'i Chapm. no. sp. In the cedar glades, near railroad station at Lavergne, Rutherford Co. August-Septem- ber.
S. serotiua Ait. Fields and fence-rows. September. Var. ft-i«-aiitea Gray. With the former.
S. Cauadensis L. Fields and river banks. Very abundant. September.
Var. procera Torr. & Gray. Low, moist meadow lands. September-October.
S. pafula Miihlb. Near Cranberry Iron AVorks, East Tenn. September. Mrs. E. I. Britton.
S. Shortli Torr & Gray. Barrens at Tullahoma. Abundant, with S. juncea. August. Also Bon Air, Dickson Co.
S. ueiiioralis Ait. Abundant in all glades and barrens. August-September.
S. corynibosa Ell. Bon Aqua station, Dickson Co., Tulla- homa. A u g u s t-Se J) te m b e r .
S. lanceolata L. Highlands. Fountaiuhead, Robertson Co. August.
S. rupestris Raf. Cliffs facing Cumberland river. August.
Brachyclijeta cordata Torr. & Gray. O. S. September.
Bellis iotegrifolia Michx. Copses and barrens. July.
Boltonia asteroides L'Her. In a low meadow near Hydt's Ferry, Nashville. September.
B. diffusa Elliott. In wet, sandy soil. Paradise ridge, Tulla- homa. July.
* SoHdago Oattmgeri Chapm. ined. Slender, upright, 2-4 feet high : branchesand in fliirescence perfectly smooth and glabrous: leaves oiliolate; lower cauhne and radical lanneolate-si^atulate, appressed serrulate, obvi- •ously tripli-nerved; upper cauline mainly entire and without lateral ribs, oblong lanceolate and an inch or so long, and the upper reduced to half or quarter inoh, but near the inflorescence very smnll and bract-like; racemiform clusters of small heads open and spreading, not recurv- ing, disposed to forming a corymbiform very naked paniele: invnlucral bracts oblong, very obtuse, yellowish in the dried plant: flowers 15-20 in the head. ravs4-6: akenes appressed-puberulent or the lower part gla- 'brous. S. MisKduriPvsix, var. pumila Chapm. Fl. Suppl. G27. Between Miss(iurieni<is and Shartii Gray. It occurs in nnmernus individunls over a conple of acres and is not likely to be a hybrid. The associated species are S. nemorosa {vt-ry abundant), S. speciosa, var. angustata, S. speciosa, S. •Canadensis. First collected Septembtr, 1869.
52 ten>;essee flora.
Serieooarjms conyzoides Nees. Dry, argillaceous soils, -Tuly-
S. solidagineus Xees. With the former, July,
Aster palndosus Ait. Moist ground in the barrens. August- September.
A. corymbosus Ait. Mountain districts. Sewanee. July.
A. Ourtmi Torr. & Gray. Roane Mt. J, W. Chickering. September.
A. obloii^ifolins Xutt. Banks of Cumberland river. Bluif& along Mill creek, near Nashville. August.
A. concolor L. Barrens at Tullahoma. September.
A. patens Ait. Highlands. September.
Var. gracilis Hooker. With the former. September.
A. Shortii Hooker. Rich woodlands in the hills around Nashville. September.
A. undiilatus L. With the former. August-September. Lookout Mt.
A. cordifolius L. Rocky banks on Cumberland river and its tributaries. September.
A. Drummondii Sindl. Vicinity of Nashville. September.
A. sagittifoliiis Willd. Wild goose pond, near Mitchellville. September.
A. macrophyllus L. Cumberland Mts., near Tracy City. July.
A. Isevis L. Rocky river banks. Nashville. September.
A. erit'oides L. Covering old fields and waste places. Sep- tember—October.
Var. Rivesii Gray. A handsome variety, with larger pur- ple flowers. Rocky river banks and glades, near Nashville. September.
Var. villosiis Torr. & Gray. Occurs with the former on dry, rocky ground.
A. miiltlfloriis Ait. Argillaceous and silaceous soils. High- lands. September-October.
A, dniiiosus L. Witli the preceding. September.
A. dift'usus Ait. A very variable species, growing in great abundance on muddy river banks and bottoms. August-Sep- tember,
Var. liorizoiitalis Gray. Thickets along Cumberland. Sep- tember.
TENNESSEE FLORA. 53
Var. thyrsoideiis Gray. Pastures; open grounds. Hyclt's Ferry, etc.
Var. bifroiis Gray. With miioh larger heads, and h)ng lanceolate acuminate foliage. Shady banks of Cumberland river. September-October.
A. Tradescanti L. Replaces in the siliceous soils aster eri- coides in equal abundance. September-October.
A. uiiibellatiis Mill. Highlands, Middle Tenn. September.
A. inlinniis Michx. (Biplopappus cornifol. Darl.) Chilhowee Mts., East Tenn. September. A. H. Curtiss.
A. liuariit'olius L. Mountains of East Tenn. Also highlands of Middle Tenn. Harpeth Hills, near Nashville. September.
Eri^erou Canadensis L. Common weed. Angust-SejJtcmber.
E. divaricatns Michx. Sandy barrens, Cedar Hill, Robertson
Co. August.
E. bellidifolius Miihlb. Highlands, and East Tenn. April- May.
E. Philadelphidis L. In meadows. May.
E. aunuiis Pers. Dry glades. May-June.
E. strigosus Miihlb. Pastures and waste ground. September- October.
Pliuhea caniphorata DC. Low, damp grounds. O. S. 'July- September.
Var. Beijris/u'i Torr. tfr Gray. West Tenn.
Antennaria plautag'inifolia Hawk. Dry copses and hillsides. Common. June.
Gnaplialiuui polycephaluui Michx. Open woodlands, etc. J u 1 y — Se p t e ra 1 )e r .
G. decurreiis Ives. Highlands. June-August.
Gr. nli^inosuin L. Swamps along Cumberland Mts., etc
(j. purpnreuni L. Common. September.
Polymnia Canadensis L. Deep ravines in the Cumberland Mts.; Sewanee. Abundant. July.
Var. radiata Gray looks very different and should perhaps be counted as a species. Forsterville, at the edge of a cedar bar- ren ; Cockrill's bend, in a dry barren; near Xashville. July.
P. Uvedalia L. Rich woodlands. Abundant about Xash- ville. July-August.
54 TENNESSEE I'^LORA.
Silphiiiiii perfoliatllin L. On Brown's creek, three miles from Na-hville. August.
'^S. brachiatum Gattin^er. First collected July, 1<S67, on the foot of Cumberland Mts., near Cowan, Tenn.
S. integrifoliuin Michx. Highlands; Charlotte pike; David- sou's place, near Nashville. July.
S. scaberrimum Elliott. Barrens at Tullahoma. July.
S. Asteriscus L. Craggie Hope, Cheatham Co., near railroad. July.
Var. kevicaule DC. Barrens at Tullahoma. August.
S. trifoliatuiil L. Copses around Nashville. Frequenl. July.
S. composUum Michx. Western declivities of Chilhowee Mts. and in the hills on Chestua, East Tenn. July.
S. terebiiithinaceiim Jacq., var. pinnatifidum Gray. Barrens at Eavergne, Tenn. June-July.
*S^. laciniatum L. Apparently rare in this State. East Tenn.
Chrysogonuvi Virginianum E. Thickets in the mountains at Ducktown. April.
Partlieniiim iutegrifoliuiii E. Dry ground. Common. July.
Inula Helenmm L. Sweetwater East Tenn. July.
Ambrosia bidentata Michx. Fields and pastures. Browns- ville. West Tenn. August.
A. triflda L. Banks of streams and bottomlands. August. Var. integrifolia Torr. & Gray. Is only a depauperate form, always in very poor soil.
* Silphium brachiatum Gattinger, n. sp. Stem 3-5 feet high, square or subangular,with the brachiated,tbin, roundish and nearly leafless flowering branches smooth and glaucous. Leaves opposite, roughened on the upper side, smooth on the lower, except the principal veins, which are slightly hirsute, lower short petioled, deltoid or hastate-lanceolate, irregularly and upwardly dentate, 6-10 inches long, green and glaucous, those on the branches distant, small, sessile, entire; heads long peduncled, small, bracts of the involucre ovate; achenia obovate-orbiculate. narrow winged, slightly notched at the apex. Very distinct. The 1-3 flowered pedun- cles 3-4 inches long and almost filiform. Involure little over one-half inch high. Rays ratiier few, one-half inch long; akenes four lines long.
Collected July 14th, 1867, on the western slope of the Cumberland mountains, a short distance south of the tunnel at Cowan, Tennessee. It is quite numerous on the limestone base of the mountain, and probably extends all along the Chattanooga road towards the Tennessee river. It was, however, not since seen in any other part of the State.
TENNESSEE FLORA. 00
A. artemisifpfolia L. Fields and cultivated grounds. The most abundant weed in this region. July.
Xanthiiiin Canadense Mill. In rich bottoms it attains some- times six feet in height. July.
X. spinosiliil L. Towns and railroad depots. Nashville, Knoxville. July.
Ziunia pauciflora L. Escaped from gardens. Near Charlotte pike. July.
Heliopsis Isevis Pers, Highlands and mountains of East Tenn. July.
Ecelipta alba Hasskarl. River banks and miry places. Com- mon. July-Se})tember.
Echinacea purpurea Moench. Rich woodlands. More fre- quent in East Tenn. Whiteside. June-July.
E. an^ustifolia DC. Dry copses, vicinity of Nashville ; Cedar glade near Lavergne. July.
Rudbeckia triloba L. Thickets. July-August.
Var. nijjestris Chickering. Roane Mt. Chickering.
R. hirta L. Dry copses and barrens. August-September.
R. fulgida Ait. Dry woodlands. September.
R. speciosa Wendeworth. In the glades. Lavergne. Sep- tember.
is*, spathulata Michx. Chilhowee Mt., East Tenn. A. H. Curtiss. September.
R. bicolor Nutt. Open, dry barrens, Nashville. Bon Air. September.
R. laciniata L. Paradise ridge. Mountains of East Tenn. (Wolf creek.) July.
Lepachys pinnata Torr. & Gray. Rocky banks and rich pas- ture lands. July.
L. columnaris Torr. & Gray, var. pulcherrima Torr. & Gray. Vicinity of a cotton compress, Nashville. Introduced. July- A.ugust.
Heliauthus anuus L. Escaped from gardens. Not indigen- ous in Tenn. July-August.
H. stnimosus L. Cumberland Mt. at Cowan. July.
t56 TENNESSEE FLORA.
H. atrorubens L. Dry woodlands in siliceous soil. East and Middle Tenn. July.
H. Schuieinitzii Torr. & Gray. Cowan. August. H. mollis Lara. Barrens of Middle Tenn. Frequent. July- August.
H. parvlflorus Bernh. Highlands. July-August.
H. divaricatus L. Highlands and argillaceous soils generally. July-August.
H. liirsutns Raf. Barrens and woodlands. Common. July- August.
H. decapetalus L. Mountains of East Tenn.; Paradise ridge. July.
H. tuberosus L. Rich bottom lands. Very frequent around Xashville. July— August.
H. Icctijlorus Pers. Brownsville, West Tenn. August— Sep- tember.
H. tracJiel iifoli us WiUd. Mountains of East Tenn. : Big Frog Mt. July.
Helianthella tenuifoUa Torr. & Gray. Barrens, two miles east of Tullahoma. July-August.
Verhesina oceidcntalis Walter. Western declivities of Smoky Mts., covering large tracts. July-August.
V. VirgillicaL. Limestone regions of Middle Tenn. August- September.
V. lielianthoides Michx. Rich woodlands. August-Septem- ber.
Actiiioiiiei'is squarrosa Xutt. Moist woodlands. August- September.
Coreopsis rosea Nutt. Li a little swamp on Potato creek, Copper hill ; Ducktowu. July.
C. aill'icillata L. Paradise ridge ; Greenijri(!r, Robertson Co. June.
C. (lelphiiiifolia I^am. East Tenn.
C. seillfolia Mieiix. In siliceous soil (gravelly ridges), over the State. July-August.
Var. stellata Torr & Gray. With the foi-mer.
II ti'ipteris L. A^ery abundant. August-September.
TENNESSEE FLORA. fi"
G. verticillata L. Upper East Tenii. August-Se})teniber.
t). ti'icliospei'nia Michx, River swamps, Xasliville. August- September.
('. discoidea Torr. & Gray. River s\vamj)s, with the former. August-September.
Bidens frondosa L. Moist, low grounds. July-October.
B. connata Miihlb. July-Ootober.
B. cernua L. Abundant in wet grounds. July-September.
B. bipinnata L. Cultivated grounds and barrens. July- August.
MarahdUia hmceoJata Pursh. ^"ieinity of Meinphis. Dr. G. Egeling.
(xalinso^'a parviflora Gav. Cultivated grounds, Mrs. Cheat- ham's place, Nashville. September-October.
Heleniniim nudiflorum Nutt. Wet, sandy soil ; Paradise ridge, Tullahoina. July— August.
H. tenuifoUnm Nutt. Argillaceous, sandy sojl, Brownsville, etc. July— August.
H. parvifloriim Nutt. Cedar glades, I^avergne, etc. July.
H. autiiimiale L. Low, moist places. September.
Dysodia chrvsaiitlienioides Lag. Along railroad embank- ments near Mitchell ville. Abundant across the State line in Kentucky. August.
Aiitlieinis Cotula L. Waste places. May.
Achillea Millefolium L. Roadsides and meadows. August.
Clirysanthemimi Leueantheimiin L. Roadsides and dry pas- tures. Frequent about Nashville.
Taiiacetuin vulg'are L. Escaped from gardens. July-August. Artemisia Ludoviciaiia Nutt. Roadsides. Infrequent. June- July.
A. annua L. Introduced. Now spreading over the State. August-September.
A. Absinthium L. Old homesteads and thence escaped into fence-rows. West Tenn. Dr. Chapmann.
A. biennis Willd. Very common on the banks of the Ohio at Louisville. West Tenn.
58 texne3sp:e flora.
Seneeio Rugelia Gray. Smoky Mts. Gray Svnops., vol. i. 2 p. 383.
S. aureus L , var. obovutus Torr cfe Gray. Moist ground in limestone regions. May. ..^\
Var. Balsainitji' Torr c\: Gray. Mountains of East Tenn. Ducktown. May.
S. lobatus Pers. West Tenn., lo\v grounds. June.
Cacalia suaveolens L. Banks of Turnbull creek, near Kings- ton Springs. July- August.
C. reulforiuis Miihlb. (Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. July- August.
('. ati'iplicifolia L. Rich woodlands. July.
C. tuberosa Nutt. Wet places in the cedar glades. July- August.
Erechtites hieracifolia Raf. Clearings in forests. Common. July.
Arctium Lappa L. In towns and on highways. June-July.
Cnicus laneeolatus Hoffm. Waste places. July.
C. altissiuius Willd., var. lilipeudalus Gray. Fence-rows near Jjavergue. June-July.
Var. discolor Gray. Banks of Cumberland on Rising Sun Bluff, twelve miles below Nashville. September.
('. Hiuticus Pursh. Lookout Mt., Chattanooga; also Roane Mt. Chickering. July.
Onopordon Acanthiuni L. Dry pastures around Xashville. July- August.
Silybuni Mariauuiu Gaert. One specimen found along N. W. Railroad, near Nashville, and foliage brought to me by Mrs. Turner, of Nashville, found near Tracy City.
Centaurea Cyanus I*. Escapes sometimes from gardens.
Krigia F/r^rm/ca Willd. Sandy soil. Sewanee, Lookout Mt and near Prospect Station, Giles Co. June.
K. Daudeliou Nutt. Moist woodlands. April-May.
K. amplexicaulis Nutt. Rich woodlands. May.
K. montana Nutt. High mountains of East Tenn. Roane Mt. Chickering.
Cichoriuui Iiitybus L. Roadsides. Edgelield. Rare. July
TEN>ESSEE EEOUA. ^^
Hieracium paniciiljitmii L. Dry, open woodlaiul.s. July.
H. venosuui L. V>'itli the former.
H. scabrum Michx. Rocky places. July-August.
H. Gi'ouovii L. Frequent in the hills aro.und Nashville. July- August.
H. longipihuii Torr. Johnsonville. July.
Trag-opoffou prateiisis L. Mrs. Cheatham's grounds, and vicinity. Nashville. May.
Preiiaiithes erepidiuea Michx. Rich soil. Hills near Nash- ville. August.
P. aspera Michx. Barrens. July-August.
P. serpentaria Pursh. Barrens of Dixon Co. September Var.ia/-6atoGray. Roane Mt. Chickering. Smoky Mts., Big Thunderhead. July-August.
P. altissinia L. Rich woods; highlands. July-September.
Taraxacum officinale Webr. Cultivated lands, everywhere. April-September.
Pijrrhopappus Garolhilaaas DC. Cleveland, East Tenn. West Tenn. July.
Lactuca Canadensis L. Clearings and woodlands. June.
L. acuminata Gray. Blulfs on Cumberland river. September.
L. Floridaua Gaert. Rich woodlands. August-September.
L. leucopha'a Gray. Thickets along Cumberland river, near Nashville, etc. July.
Sonchus oleraceus L., and
S. asper L. Both in cultivated ground. Common. June- Julv*
LOBELIACE.E.
Lobelia cardinalis L. Wet, miry ground. July-September. L. syphilitica L. Swamps and ditches. July-September. L. pubei'Ula Michx. Highlands. August-September. L. leptostat'hys A . DC. Barrens in moist ground. July- August.
L. spicata Lam. Cedar glades. With the former. July.
60 TENNESSEE FLORA.
*L. (iattiii^ei'i Gray. Cedar glades of Middle Tenn. Rocky banks of Cumberland river. Frequent May-June.
L. Nuitallii Roem. & Schult, Mountain swamps. Sewanee. July.
L. inflata L. Dry, argillaceous and siliceous soils. August- Sentembcr.
CAMPANULACE^.
Specularia perfoliata A. DC. Waste ground and roadsides. April-May.
Campanula aparinoldes Pursh. Mountain swamps and laurel thickets. July-August.
0. divaracata Michx. Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. July- August.
C. Americana L. Thickets and dry woodlands. August- September.
ERICACE.^.
Gaylnssacia brachyeera Gray. Mountains on Ocoe river. June— July.
G. frondosa Torr. & Gray. Mountains of East Tenn. April- May.
G. resinos.i Torr. ct Gray. Highlands. Valley of East Tenn., etc. April-May.
Vaccinium ai'boreuiii Marsh. Highlands and siliceous soil generally. May.
V. stamiiietini L. Oak barrens and highlands. May-June.
V. coryuibosuiii L. ^Mountains and ridges of East Tenn. Highlands. April-May.
y^iw. pal/idtdii Gn\x. {V. Gonsfablei Gray.) Mountains of East Tenn. June.
*LobeUa Gattivgeri Gniy. Flowers 4-5 lines long, deep blue; stem smooth, weak and branching ; leaves thin, sessile, oblong-ovate, obtuse, serrate, the lowest obovate ; racemes pedunoled, very slender, many flow- ered ; calyx-tube ovoid, longer thr.n its pedicel, shorter than the linear- subulate entire lobes, the sinuses not appendaged, but slightly cal'ous. The pedicels are sonietines provided with small bracteols. Plant 6-20 inches hiah. Kegular flowering time first week in May, but some plants are found flowering as late as August. Its home is the limestone basin of Middle Tenn., and prominently moist places in the cedar glades First collected about 1869, atLavergne, seventeen miles south of Nashvillj.
TENNESSEE FLORA. 61
\\ hir.sKtuin Eiiiklev. High nioiintains of East Tenn. June-
r. erytlirovarpon Michx. Higher iiiountains of East Tenn. June- July.
Epigcva rcpens L. Cumberhind and Alleghany Mts. March- April.
(jfaxlthcriajjrocumbens L. Alleghany Mts., throughout. June.
Androiiieda Mariana L. Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. April-May.
A. (igastrina Miihlb. Smoky Mts. Big Frog Mts. July.
Oxydendron arboreum DC. Highlands and siliceous soils. April -May.
Leiicotlim Catesbayi Gray. Along streams throughout Cum- berland and Alleghanies. Common. April— May.
L. recurva Gray. With the former. May.
Kalnii.a latifolia L. Mountains of East Tenn., and in Middle Tenn., in siliceous soils. May-June.
Ilenziesia globularis ^aWsh. High mountains of East Tenn. Roane Mt. Clingman Dome. July.
Rhododendron arborescens Torr. Big Frog Mts. June.
R. viscosimi Torr. Along mountain streams. Ocoe Valley^ etc. June.
R. iiiidifloriiiii Torr. Hills of East and Middle Tenn., in siliceous soils. April.
R. ealendulaceum Torr. Alleghany and Cumberland Mts. ; also here and there in shaded rayines in the yalleys. Cave Spring, Roane Co. June.
R. maximum L. Common throughout Cumberland and Alle- ghany Mts. June-July.
P. Cataicbiense Michx. Only on the highest summits of Smoky Mts. (Clingman Dome) and Roane Mt. June-July.
Leiophyllum buxifolium Ell., var. prostratum Gray. Summit of Roane Mt.. Chickering. July-August.
Clethra acuminata Michx. Throughout Alleghany Mts. July.
Chiinapliila luaculata Pursh. Over the State. June-July.
Gh. umbellata Nutt. Sewanee. Tracy City. July.
Pyrola elliptica Nutt. Wolf Creek (Bench Mt.). July.
62 tennp:ssp:e flora.
Monotropa iiniflora Ij. Hills near Nashville. August.
31. Hypopitijs L. Oakdale Station, C. South. Railroad, near Wartburg. Cumberland Mt>i. July.
Galax aphylla L. Very frequent in the Alleghany Mts. June-July.
PRIMULACEiE.
Dodeeatheoii Meadea L. The purj)le flowering variety in East Tenn. All specimens found in the vicinity of Nashville had white flowers. May-June.
Steirouema ciliatura Raf Common. June-August.
S. lauceolatum Gray. Over the State. June-July.
Var. angiistifoliavi Gray. East Tenn., Bradley Co. July.
Lysimaehia Fraseri Duby. Lookout Mt. Rooks along Ocoe river, Polk Co. June-July.
L. quadrifolia L. Woodlands. July.
L. Niiiimlaria L. Escaped from gardens. July.
Ana^allis .arvensis L. Railroad embankments. Oakland Sta- tion, Robertson Co.
A. C'Wriilea L. Grass plots. Nashville. Introduced. June.
Saniolus Valeraudi L., var. Americanus Gray. Muddy river banks and wet places. May-July.
SAPOTACE^E.
Bunielia lycioides Gaert. Shrub or small tree in rich soil. Middle Tenn. and lower part of East Tenn. June-July.
EBENACE^. Diospyros Virgiiiiana L. Common. Medium size tree. June.
STYRACE^.
Halesia tetraptera L. Ocoe district, East Tenn. March- April.
OLEACiE.
Fraxiuus Americana L. Over the State. April.
Var. niicrocarpa Gray. Harpeth hills, near Nashville. Supposed to be a hybrid between F. Americana and viridis.
TENNESSEE FLORA. 63
F. vii'idis Mich. Low, moist ground. April.
F. pubescens I^am. Edge of river swamps. April.
F. <(ua(lr;iii^uljita Michx. Hillsides, in rich ground. April.
Forestiera acuminata Poir. Close at the water's edge. Cum- tterland river and tributaries. March.
F. li^iistrina Poir. Characteristic shrub for the cedar glades of Middle Tenn. July.
CJiionanthus Virginica L. Along streams, especially in the Alleghany Mts. April.
Li^listruin vulgaro L. The common Pi'ivet, planted in hedges. Seldom perfects its fruits in Middle Tenn. May.
APOCYXACEtE.
Anisonia Taberii?Piii(»iitaiia Walt. {A. latifolia Michx., East. Tenn., and Ams. salicifolid Pursh., Nashville.) Over the State. May-June.
Vinca minor L. Introduced. Old graveyards, where it grows luxuriantly, perfecting seeds. Not spreading, however, into neighboring woodlands.
Apocynum androsiemi folium L. O. S. June-July.
A. cannabinum L. O. S. June-July.
ASCLEPIADACE^.
Aselepiodora viridis Gray. Cedar glades, in dry, sunny places. July-August.
Asclepias tuberosa L. Eields and pastures. June-July.
A. purpurascens L. Edges of woodlands and copses. June- July.
A. iucarnata L. Iliver swamps. June-July.
A. I'oruuti Decaisne. Open grounds. July.
A. obtusifolia Micthx. Ocoe district. East Tenn. June-July.
A. phytolaecoides Pursh. Mountains of East Tenn. July.
A. varieg'ata L. Dry uplands. June-July. East Tenn., and vicinity of Nashville.
A. quadl'ifolia L. Oak barrens of Middle Tenn. June-July.
A. vertit'illiata L. Frequent in the cedar glades.
64 TENNESSEE FLOE A.
Acerates viridiflora Ell. Cedar gludes, Lavergne, June- July.
A. longifolia Ell. Barrens, TuUahoma. July-August.
Ensleuia albida Nutt. Thickets. Common. July.
Gonolobus hevis Michx. Copses vicinity of Nashville. East Tenn.
Var. inacrophyllus Gray. With the former. July.
(t. obli(|ims K. Br. Thickets. Copses near Nashville. June- July.
(i. liirsutus Michx; Thickets along Cumberland river and Stoner's creek. June-July.
LOGANIACE.E.
Gelseiainum sempervirens Ait. Eookout Mt., East Tenn. Abundant in West Tenn. March-April.
Spigelia Marilandica L. Over the State. May-June.
Polypremum prociuahenti lu. West Tenn. Brownsville. Dry pastures. April-September.
GENTIANE.E.
Sabbathia brachyata Elliott. Barrens. June-July.
S. annularis Pursh. Pastures, in rich soil. July.
S. gracilis Pursh. Barrens at Tullahoma. July.
Gentiana quimpiejiora Lam. Mountains around Ducktown. August-September.
G. Sapoiiaria L. Moist thickets, highlands. September- October.
G. Andrewsii Grieseb. Highlands, South Tunnell. August- September.
G. ochroleuca Froebl. Barrens and highlands. September.
Frasera Oai'olineiisis Walt. East Tenn. Corkills Bend, near Nashville. June.
Obolaria Virgiiiica L. Moist woods north of South Tunnell, Sumner Co. April.
Bartonia tenella Miihlb. Mountain boo;s. Sewanee. Julv.
TENNESSEE FLORA. 65
POLEMONIACE^.
Phlox paiiiculata L. Over the State, in rich, moist woodlands. June-July.
P. maculata L. Similar localitites. July-September.
P. fflaberrinia L. Mountains of East Tenn. to Middle Tenn. Var. silffruticosa Gray. Banks of Cumberland river at Nashville. June-July.
P. amcena Sims. Mountains of East Tenn. and highlands of Middle Tenn.; Mitchellville, etc. May-June.
P. divaricata L. Over the State. April-May.
P. Stellaria Gray. Cedar glades, Lavergne. May.
Gilia coronopifolia Pus. Knobs, east of Athens, East Tenn. Perhaps only escaped from cultivation. July.
Polemoninm reptans L. Moist woodlands from the mountains to the Mississippi. April-May.
HYDROPHYLLACE^.
Nemophila microcalyx Fish. & Mayer. Thickets and ravines. Nashville. April.
Phacelia bipinnatiflda Michx. Over the State. Shady local- ities. April-May.
P. Pursliii Buckley. Very copiously distributed in Middle Tenn. April.
P. parvifloraPursh, Roekyglades,vicinity of Nashville. April. Var. hirsuta Gray. With the former.
Hydrophyllum macrophyllum Nutt. Wet woodlands. South Tunnel, Sumner Co. June.
H. Canadense Li. Mountains of East Tenn. July.
H. appendiculatum Michx. Frequent in vicinity of Nashville. Rich woodlands and river bluffs. June.
H. Virginicum L. Ducktown, East Tenn. June.
Hydrolea affinis Gray. Hollowrock. August.
BORRAGINACE^.
Heliotropinni tenellum Torr. Cedar glades. Middle Tenn. Lavergne. July.
5
66 TENNESSEE FLORA.
H. anchussefoliuni Poir. Introduced. Grounds near Mrs. Cheatham's, Nashville. July.
H. ludicum L. Low, wet grounds. July-September.
Cynoglossuui officinale L. Waste grounds. Over the State. May.
C. Virginicum L. Rich woodlands. Common. May.
Echinosperuiuni Vir^inicum Lehm. Vile weed. Common. June-August.
E. Lappula Lehm. Johnson ville. July.
Mertensia Virginica DC. Rich, moist soil. Over the State. May.
Myosotis verua Nutt. Poor, rocky soil. Common. April.
Lithospermum arvense L. Waste places. April.
L. latifolium Michx. Highlands ; in moist woodlands. South Tenn., Sumner Co. June.
L. canescens Lehm. Glades of Middle Tenn. June- July.
L. angustifolium M'lchx. West Tenn., near Hickman. June.
Onosmodium Carolinianiim DC, var. molle Gray. Vicinity of Nashville. April-May.
Symphytmn officinale L. Introduced by early settlers in Bay- er's settlement, Polk Co., East Tenn. July.
CONVOLVULACE^.
Ipomcea Ouamoclit L. Cultivated and frequently spontaneous. July-September.
I. coccinea L. Cultivated grounds; very common in corn- fields. July-September.
I. hederacea Jacq. Fields and waste places. July-Septem- ber.
1. purpurea Lam. Frequently cultivated and escaping. June-August.
I. pandurata Meyer. Copses and river banks. June-Sep- tember.
I. lacunosa L. Fields and waste grounds. July-September.
Convolvulus spithamceus L. Dry, rocky woods frequent in the Alleghanies. May-September.
TENNESSEE Fl.ORA. 67
C. sepiuni L. Moist alluvial soil. Along Cumberland river. August-September.
0. arvensis L. Grass plots, Nashville and vicinity. June- July.
Evolvulus argenteus Pursh. Dry rocky places in the cedar glades at Lavergne. May-June.
Cuscuta chlorocarpa Engelm. Moist thickets on Mill creek, etc. August-September.
C. arvensis Beyrich. Open grounds in the glades on Ambro- sia. June-July.
C. tenuiflora Engelm. Mountains of East Tenn. ; Big Frog Mt., Polk Co. July.
C. Gronovii Willd. On shrubs and herbaceous plants, over the State. August-September.
G. rosh^ata Shuttleworth. Summit of Thunderhead, on Soli- dago glomerata. July.
C. compacta Juss. On Eupatorium and other herbaceous plants. Paradise ridge. August-September.
C. glomerata Choisy. On low bushes, highlands. July-Sep- tember.
SOLANACE^.
Solanuiu nigrum L. Cultivated and uncultivated grounds. May— September.
8. Dulcamara L. Escaped from cultivation. Jellico, East Tenn., etc. June-July.
S. Carolinense L. Fields and gardens. May-July.
8. rostratuiu Dun. Introduced in Nashville and vicinity and spreading. July-August.
Physalis angiilata L. Copses and pastures. July.
P. Philadelphica Lam. Fields and cultivated grounds. July.
P. Virpniana Mill. Cedar glades and woods. Middle Tenn. June-September.
P. pubescens L. Sandy banks of rivers. July-September.
Nicandra pliysaloides Gaertn. Fields and gardens. August- September.
Lycium vulgare Dun. Roadsides and waste places. July- September.
68 TENNESSEE FLORA.
Datura Stramoniiiin L. Waste ground, barn-yards. June- August.
D. Tatllla L. Roadsides and waste grounds. June-August.
Nicotiana Tabacum Don. Escaped from cultivation. July- August.
SCKOPHULAKIACE^.
Verbascuin Tliapsus L. Fields and pastures. July.
V. Blattaria L. Waste grounds. June-July.
Linaria Canadensis Duraont. Lookout Mt. June.
L. vulgaris Mill. Fields and fence rows. June-July.
Chelone glabra L. Wet and swampy places. August-Sep- tember.
C. Lyoni Pursh. Mountain bogs, Alleghanies. August- September.
Scrophularia nodosa L., var. Marilandica Gray. Moist thick- ets. Common. June-July.
Pfntstenion Isevigatus Solander, var. Digitalis Gray. Over the State. June.
P. pubescens Solandei-. Glades and open rocky places. June- July.
Mimulus ringens L. Along streams and wet places. July- August.
M. alatus Ait. Wet places, edge of ponds. July-August.
(lonobea inultifida Benth. Sandy, wet ground. Common. July-August.
Herpestis nigrescens Benth. Moist places in the barrens. August-September.
H. rotundifolia Pursh. Swamps along Cumberland river. June-July.
Gratiola Floridana Nutt. East Tenn. and vicinity of Nash- ville apparently rare. April.
G. Virginiana L. Miry and swampy places. Common. June- July, April-May.
G. ramosa Walt. Barrens at»Tullahoma. July.
Ilysanthes gratioloides Benth. Ditches, and along brooklets. April-September.
TENNESSEE FLORA. 69
Veronica Virginica L. Mountains and highlands. July.
V. Auagallis L. Springs and brooklets. June-July.
V. serpyllifolia L. Cultivated ground. April-May.
V. peregrina L. Fields and pastures. April-May.
Buclmera Americana L. Oak barrens. July.
Seymeria tenuifolia Pursh. Copses near Cleveland, East Tenn. Sandy soil. June-July.
S. macrophylla Nutt. Rich alluvial soil. Nashville. July.
Gerardia pedicularia L. Barrens and Cumberland Mts. June-July.
Var. pectiuata Nutt. Harpeth hills, near Nashville. August.
G. flava L. Cunaberland and Alleghany Mts., and barrens. June-July.
G. quercifolia Pursh. Over the State. July-September.
G. Icevigata Raf. Alleghany Mts. July.
G. patula Chap. Rising Sun bluff on Cumberland river, twelve miles below Nashville. September.
G. purpurea L. Over the State. Greenbrier, Robertson Co. July.
G. tenuifolia Vahl. Harpeth hills. September.
Var. macrophylla Benth. Barrens. July-September.
Castilleia coccinea Spreng. On siliceous and argillaceous soil, East to West Tenn. April-May.
Schwalbea Americana Gronov. Tullahoma. June.
Pedicularis Canadensis L. Over the State. March-April.
Melampyrum Americanum Michx. Smoky Mts. July.
OROBANCHACE^.
Apyllon Uniflorum Gray. Damp woodlands. Over the State, but not frequent. May.
Conopholis Americana Wall. Oak woods. Harpeth hills near Nashville. May.
Epiphegus Virginiana Bart. On the roots of beech trees. June-July.
70 TENNESSEE FLORA.
LENTIBULARIACE^.
Utricularia gibba L. Pond, summit of Lookout Mt. July. U. bijlora Lam. Swamps, West Tenn. July.
BIGNONIACE^.
Bignonia capreolata Tourn. Woods, climbing high. April- May.
Teconia radicans Juss. Woods and cultivated grounds. A noxious weed in fields. May-August.
Catalpa speciosa Ward. Medium size tree. May.
PEDALIACEJ^:.
Martynia proboscidea Glox. River banks and waste places. July— August.
ACANTHACE^.
Ruellia ciliosa Pursh. Barrens and roadsides. Over the State. July-August.
R. strepens L. Rich soil. June-July.
Dianthera Americana L. Slow-flowing streams. July-Au- gust.
Gatesia Icete-virens Gray. Lookout Mt. July.
Dicliptera bracliiata Sprengl. Rich shady grounds. Fre- quent in vicinity of Nashville. July-August.
VERBENACE^.
Phryma leptostachya L. Moist woodlands. Common. July- August.
Verbena officinalis L. Roadsides and old fields. East Tenn. July.
V. urticaefolia L. Pastures and dry uplands. August-Sep- tember.
V. angastifolia Michx. Dry soil. Everywhere. June-Sep- tember.
V. hastata L. Waste grounds. Not frequent. July.
V. stricta Vent. West Tenn. July.
TENNESSEE FLORA. 71
V. bracteata Mlchx. Around dwellings and along roadsides. June-July.
V. Anbletia L. Very copious in the glades and barrens. May-June.
Lippia lanceolata Michx. Low, moist grounds. August- September.
Gallicarpa Americana L. Limestone regions of Middle Tenn. July.
LABIATiE.
Trichosteina dichotomum L. Sandy fields. O. S. July- August.
Isanthus coeruleus Michx. Abundant in Middle Tenn. Au- gust-September.
Teucrium Canadense L. Moist meadows and copses. June- September.
Collinsonia Canadensis L. Rich woodlands. July-August.
Mentha viridis L. Wet ground near settlements. July.
M. piperita L. In streamlets. July-September.
M. Canadensis L. Wet places. July-September.
Lyeopus Virginicus L. Ponds and ditches. August-Septem- ber.
L. rubellus Moench. Swampy lands. August-September.
L. sinnatns Ell. Low, swampy grounds. August-September^
Cnnila Mariana L. Dry hill, siliceous soil. Abundant in East Tenn. July-September.
Pycnanthemum linifolinm Pursh. Oak and cedar barrens, and highlands. June— July.
P. lanceolatuin Pursh. Highlands. West Tenn. August- September.
Pycnanthemum muticum Pers. Oak barrens. Very frequent at Tullahoma. August-September.
Var. pilosum Gray. Dickson Co., West Tenn. July-Sep- tember.
P. Tullia Benth. Lookout Mts. ; Harpeth hills, south and west of Nashville. August-September.
P. incannm Michx. O. S. July-August.
72 TENNESSEE FLORA.
P. albescens Torr. &Gray? Parksville, East Tenn. ; also hill-tops south of Nashville. July-August.
P. montanum Michx. High mountains of East Tenn. ; Big Frog Mt. ; Clingraan-Dom. July.
P. linifoliuin Pursh. Cedar and oak barrens, and highlands. July— August.
Calamintha Nepeta Link. Dry, rocky ground. Common in vicinity of Nashville. July-September.
C. glabella Benth. Abundant in the cedar glades. May-June.
Hedeoma pulegioides Pers. Dry soil. Common. June- September.
Salvia lyrata L. Copses. Common. April-May.
S. urticsefolia L. River banks and rich soil. May.
Monarda didyma L. Wet places in the high mountains. June-July.
M. punctata L. Vicinity of Memphis. Dr. Egeling.
M. clinopodia \j. Mountains of East Tenn. June-July.
M. fistulosa L. Dry copses, fence-rows, etc. Common. August— September.
Var. mollis Benth. Hills around Nashville. August-Sep- tember.
M. Bradbuiyana Beck. Highlands of Middle Tenn. June.
M. citriodora Cerv. Grass plots, Montgomery-Bell Academy grounds, in Nashville. Adventive. July.
Melissa officinalis L. Escaped from gardens. Nashville. June.
Blephilia ciliata Raf. Dry soil. Very common in Middle Tenn. July.
B. hirsuta Benth. Moist thickets on Cumberland. Rare in our region, Nashville.
Lophanthus nepetoides Benth. Rich soils, thickets and fence- rows, Middle Tenn. August-September.
L. SGropkularicefolius Benth. High mountains of East Tenn. July.
Cedronella cordata Benth. Highlands. July- August.
Nepeta Cataria L. Near dwellings and roadsides. May- June.
TENNESSEE FLORA,
73
N. Glechoma Benth. Rich, moist thickets. April-May.
Scutellaria lateriflora L. Moist woodlands. July-Septem- ber.
S. versicolor Nutt, Rocky places; hills near Nashville. July- August.
S. saxatilisR\dde\. Chilhowee Mt., East Tenn. July.
S. serrata Andr. Woods, Middle Tenn. July-August.
S. pilosa Michx. Hills near Nashville, etc. July-August. Var. hirsuta. South Tunnel, Sumner Co.
S. integrifolia L. Highlands, Cumberland Mts. July- August.
8. galericulata L. East Tenn., Ducktown. July-August.
S. canescens Nutt. Craggy Hope, hills near Nashville. July- August.
S. parvula Michx. Very frequent in the cedar glades. May. Var. mollis Gray. Dry, rocky places, with the former.
S. nervosa Pursh. In swampy woodlands, Sumner Co. July.
Brunella vulgaris L. Fields and roadsides. Common. July- September.
Physostegia Virginica Benth. Open copses and barrens. June— August.
Synandra grandiflora Nutt. Moist woods ; John Overton's canebrake, near Nashville. March-April.
Marrubium vulgare L. Near dwellings and roadsides. July.
Perilla ocymoides L. Escaped from cultivation and spread- ing. July.
Leonurus Cardiaca L. Waste and cultivated grounds. July- August.
Lamium aniplexicaule L. Common weed in every field or garden. March- April.
Stachys aspera Michx. Moist woodlands, etc. June- August. Var. glabra Gray. Banks of Cumberland near Nashville. August-September.
S. cordata Benth. Moist woodlands and rich hillsides. (Hills south of Nashville.) July.
Betonica afflcinalis L. Nashville. Adventive. July.
74 TENNESSEE FLOEA.
PLANTAGINE^.
Plantago cordata Lara. Rare in Tenu. Swampy ground near Brownsville, West Tenn. April-June.
P. major L. Rare. Waste grounds. Adventive. June- August.
P. Rngelii Decaisne. Very frequent around dwellings in the open country. June-August.
P. lanceolata L. Meadows and waste grounds. Introduced.
April-June.
P. Patagonica Jacq., var. aristata Gray. Along lines of rail- road. Tullahoma, Dixon. July.
P. Virginica L. Over the State. Very plentiful in dry sandy soil.
P. pusilla Nutt. Open ground in barrens. April-Mav. (Mitchellville, Sumner Co.)
P. heterophylla Nutt. Barrens at Lavergne, etc. April- May.
ARISTOLOCHIACE^.
Aristolochia Sipho L'Hert. Mountains of East Tenn. Cran- berry Iron Works. July.
A. tomentosa Sims. Banks of Cumberland river, near Nash- ville. May.
A. Serpentaria L. Rich soil in the barrens of Middle Tenn.; also East Tenn. June.
Asarum Canadense L. O. S.
A. arifolium Michx. Damp woods in the mountains of East Tenn. June.
A. Virginicum L. Lookout Mt. Chattanooga.
NYCTAGINE^.
Oxybapbns albidus Sweet. Nashville. Bluffs of Mill creek. June.
0. nyctaginens Sweet. Guthrie. July, '83.
PHYTOLACCACE^. Phytolacca decandra L. Everywhere. July-September.
TENNESSEE FLORA. 75
CHENOPODIACE^.
Chenopodinm murale L. Streets of Nashville. June-Sep- tember.
'C. Botrys L. Around dwellings. Escaped. September. C. album L. Common. Cultivated ground. September, (1. urbicum L. Streets of Chattanooga. July.
G. ambrosioides L. Brownsville, West Tenn. August, Var. anthelminticuin Gray. O. S.
C. glancum L. Brownsville, West Tenn. August.
C. Boscianum Moquin. Nashville.
AMARANTHACE^.
Amarantlins paniciilatus L. Common Var. sanguineus Gray. Cultivated grounds near Nashville,
A. retroflexus L. Fields and gardens.
A. albus L. Streets of Nashville ; rocky places. O. S. Sep- tember.
A. spinosus L. Nashville. O. S. September.
Iresine celosioides L. Rich soils along river banks, Nash- ville. July.
Montelia tamariscina Gray. Very abundant in cultivated grounds, Nashville. September-October.
POLYGONACE^.
Rnmex crispus L. Common. Jnne-July.
R. Brittanicus L. Ditches, Nashville. June-July.
R. obtusifolius L. Common ; ascends to the highest mount- ains.
R. verticillatus L. Swamps along Cumberland and Tennessee rivers. July— August.
R. Acetosella L. Pastures. July.
Polygonum orientale L. Escaped from gardens. July.
P. Pennsylvanicum L. O. S. August.
P. incarnatum Ell. River banks. Common near Nashville. July-August.
76 TENNESSEE FLORA.
P. Persicaria L. Waste grounds, near water, O. S. June- July.
P. Hydropiper L. Ditches, etc. Common in streets, etc. August-yeptember.
P. acre H. B. K. Streets of Nashville, etc. July,
P. hydropiperoides Michx. River swamps. In water. Com- mon. August-September.
P. Muhlenbei'^ii Watson. (P. amphibium, var. terredre Gray). River swamps; wild goose pond near Mitchellville. August.
P. Virgiuianum L. Thickets, rich soil. July-August.
P. aviculare L. Yards and streets everywhere. June-July.
P. erectuin L. (P. aviculare, var. erectum Roth.) In com- pany with the former, on manured grounds. June-July.
P. tenue Michx. Cumberland plateau, Sewanee. July.
P. arifolium L. Cumberland plateau. September.
P. sagittatam L. Swampy grounds O. S. July-October.
P. Convolvulus L. Low, damp grounds near Nashville. Sep- tember.
P. dumetorum L., var. scandens Gray. O. S. August-Sep- tember.
Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. Sparingly cultivated and escaped to fence rows. Cumberland Mts. July -August.
Brunnicliia cirrhosa Banks. Grounds of Lunatic Asylum, near Nashville. West Tenn. July-October.
LAURACE.E.
Sassafras officinale Nees. O. S. In the river islands it grows to large dimensions. April.
Lindera Benzoin Meissner. O. S. In rich soil. March- April.
THYMELEACE^.
Dirca palustris h. Mountain bogs. Cumberland Mts. April.
SANTALACE^.
Gomandra umhellata Nutt. In damp soil, oak barrens. Tul- lahoma. May.
TENNESSEE FLORA. 77
Pyrularia oleifera Gray. Alleghany and Cumberland Mts. Hot Springs, Ducktown.
Buchleya distichophylla Torr. Wolf Creek, Carter Co., East Tenn. Lookout Mt.
LORANTHACE^.
Phoradeiidron flavescens Nntt. O. S. On various deciduous trees. March.
SAURURE^.
Saururus cermuis L. O. S. In swamps and ditches. June.
CERATOPHYLLE.E.
Ceratophyllum demersimi L. Swamps along Cumberland river.
CALLITRICHACE^.
Callitriche Anstini Engelm. Common on mudbanks along river and in moist grounds. Middle Tenn. June.
C. heterophylla Pursh. Pools. Nashville. May.
PODOSTEMACE^.
Podosteman abrotanoides Nutt. In all mountain brooks and streams of East Tenn. July.
EUPHORBIACE^. Euphorbia corollata L. O. S. Argillaceous soils. July.
E. commntata Engelman. Cedar barrens. Middle Tenn. April.
E. dentata Michx. Nashville. Very abundant in the cedar glades. May.
E. hnmistrata Engelman. River banks and moist pastures. Nashville. July-August.
E. hyperieifolia L. Troublesome weed in fields, etc. O. S. July
E. Ipecacuanhce L. West Tenn., near Johnsonville. May.
E. inaculata L. Waste grounds. O. S. July.
E. marginata Pursh. Along railroad near Mitchellville, Rob- ertson Co., Tenn. Abundant about Bowling Green, Ky. July.
78 TENNESSEE FLORA.
E. obtusata Pursh. Paradise ridge, thickets on Charlotte pike, near Nashville. May.
E. serpens H. B. K. Kocky lands, gardens, near Nashville. Abundant. June-September.
E. mercurialina Michx. Vicinity of Nashville, on Stoner's oreek, Tunnel hill, also in East Tenn.
E. Lathyris L. Close to Tenn. line in N. C. C. Chickering.
Acalypha Virginiea L. O. S. July-August. Var. g-racilens Gray. Nashville.
A. Caroliiiiana Walt. Gardens and fields. O. S. July- August.
Ricinns communis L. Escaped from cultivation.
Stillingia sylvatica L. Vicinity of Memphis. Dr. G. Ege- ling.
Tragia urticmfolia Michx. Cleveland, East Tenn. July.
T. macrocarpa Willd. Cedar barrens. Middle Tenn. July.
Croton capitatns Michx. Middle and West Tenn. July- September.
C. monanthogynos Michx. O. S. July- August.
C. ^landulosus L. Over the State, but not so coniraon as the preceding. July.
Crotonopsis linearis Michx. Cedar barrens of Middle Tenn. Summit of Lookout Mt. July.
Phyllanthus Carolinensis Walter. Pastures and glades. O. S. Juh'-August.
Pachysandra procumbens Michx. White Bluff, Dickson Co.; South Tunnel], Robertson Co.; Beersheba Springs (Col. Wilkin's), Dr. Hampton's farm, Davidson Co. March-June.
URTICACEiE.
Ulmus fnlva Michx. O. S. March.
U. Americana L. O. S. March.
U. racemosa Thomas. Frequent in the vicinity of Nashville. April.
U. alata Michx. Frequent in the glades of Middle Tenn. February-March.
TENNESSEE FLORA. 79
Celtis occidentalis L. O. S. April-May.
Var. Mississippieusis. Much more common and abundant in Middle Tenn. April.
Morus rubra L. Along water-courses. O. S. May.
Madura aurantiaca Lindl. Frequently planted for hedges. May.
Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. A popular shade tree. Nearly all are male trees, and but few fruit-bearing ones are known in the State. May.
Planera aquatica GmeWn. Brownsville, West Tenn. April.
Urtica gracilis Ait. East Tenn. April.
U. dioica L. Occasionally introduced, not becoming natural- ized.
U. chamsedryoides Pursh. Abundant about Nashville. April.
Laportea Canadensis Gaudich. O. S., rich soils. June.
Pilea puniila Gray. O. S., damp thickets. August.
Bcehnieria cylindrica Willd. O. S. with the former. July.
Parietaria Pennsylvauica Muhl. Waste ground ; streets of towns. May- June.
Cannabis sativa L. Escaping from cultivation into hedges, etc. Not observed indigenous.
Hnmulus Lupulus L. Like the former. Not indigenous. July.
PLATANACE^.
Platanus occidentalis L. Largest in bulk of all our timbers. At water's edge on all creeks and rivers. April.
JUGLANDACE^.
Juglans ciuerea L. O. S. along creek and river banks; nowhere in great numbers. May.
J. nigra L. O. S. Becoming scarce O. S. May.
Carya olivfeforniis L. Tennessee and Mississippi bottoms in
West Tenn. Single trees in Middle Tenn., probably planted by
■early settlers. Smith's place, Mill creek, near Nashville. May.
C. microearpa Nutt. Lookout Mt., Chattanooga. May.
C. alba Nutt. Large tree with scaly bark, O. S. April-May.
80 TENNESSEE FLORA.
C. sulcata. Big trees in rich loam O. S. April-May.
('. tomentosa Nutt. More prevailing than the other, espe- cially in Middle Tenn. April-May.
C. porcina Nutt. Barrens and gravelly ridges. April-May.
C. amara Nutt. Low grounds, Nashville, along Cumberland river. April-May.
CUPULIFER^.
Querciis alba L. O. S. April.
Q. stellata Wang. (Q. obtusiloba Michx.) O. S. April.
Q. lyrata Walt. O. S. Frequent in vicinity of Nashville. April.
Q. macrocarpa Michx. Low grounds. Nashville. April.
Q. bicolor Willd. Low grounds. Nashville and West Tenn. April.
Q. Michauxii Nutt. O. S. Rocky hillsides. April-May.
Q. Pl'inus L. Hills and mountains of East and Middle Tenn. April.
Q. Miililenbergii Engelm. Common in Middle Tenn. April.
Q. cocciiiea Wanger. O. S. April-May.
Q. tinctoria Bartr. O. S. April-May.
Q. rubra L. O. S. April-May.
Q. falcata Michx. O. S. April.
Q. palustris Du Roi. Low, wet lands. O. S. May.
Q. ilicifolia Wanger. Scattering. O. S. April-May.
Q. nigra L. O. S. April-May.
Q. imbricaria Michx. Barrens and glades. April-May.
Q. Phellos L. Low, wet ground in the barrens. April-May.
Q. aquatica Castesby. Mountains of East Tenn. ; along creeks and barrens of Middle Tenn. April-May.
Our oaks are often difficult to determine. Many transitions or hybrid forms occur,
Castanea vulgaris Lam., var. Americana DC. O. S. June.
G. pumila Michx. Common in East Tenn. June.
Fagus ferruginea Ait. O. S. May.
TENNESSEE FLORA. 81
€ai'pinus Americana Michx. From highest mountain sum- mits to the lowlands. April.
Ostrya Virginica Willd. Limestone glades. April.
Corylus Americana Walt. Rich soils. O. S. April.
C. rostrata Ait. Common in the mountains of East Tenn. April.
BETULACE.E.
Betula lenta L. Lookout Mt., Alleghanies.
B. lutea IsUchx., h\. Summit of Smoky Mts. July.
B. nigra L. O. S. Abundant in West Tenn. April.
B. papyracea Ait. O. S. Principally mountains of East Tenn. May.
Alnus viridis DC. Mountains of East Teuu.
A. serrulata Ait. O. S. March.
SALICACEiE.
Salix nigra Marsh. River banks. The form S. nigra, var. Wardi Bebb., in island of Cumberland at Nashville. April- May.
S. alba L. O. S. April.
8. humilis Marsh. In the barrens and high mountains. May.
S. hngifolia Miihlb. West Tenn.
S. tristis Ait. Barrens of Middle Tenn. March.
S. lucida Miihlb. Mountains of East Tenn.
S. petiolaris Smith. Buena Vista ferry road, Nashville. April.
S. purpurea L. Introduced and cultivated for basket work.
S. Babylonica L. Introduced.
Populiis mouilifera Ait. O. S. March.
P. heteropliylla L. O. S. March-April.
P. balsamifera L., var. candicans Gray. Introduced by early settlers in East Tenn. (Balm of Gilead.)
P. alba L. Introduced and spreading. March.
P. dilatata Ait. Introduced. Short-lived in Middle Tenn. 6
82 TENNESSEE FLORA.
ARACE^E.
Arisaema triphylluni Torr. O. S. April-May,
A. polymorphum Chapm. Roane Mt. 4-5000 ft. June (in fruit). Legit. J. W. Chiekering, Jr.
A. Dracontiiim Schott. Nashville, East Tenn. May.
Peltandra Vir^inica Raf. Cleveland, East Tenn., Capt, Raht's spring branch, and Robertson Co. July.
Orontlmn aquatlcum L. Cleveland, East Tenn. With the former.
Acorus Calamus L. In an old garden in Nashville, Market street. Said to grow abundantly in the vicinity of Red river,. Montgomery Co.
LEMNACE^.
Lemna perpusilla Torr. Shelby pond, Nashville. O.^S.
L. irisulca L. Ponds, West Tenn. Submerged.
L. minor L. Ponds O, S.
Speirodela polyriiiiza Schleid. O. S.
Wolffla Columbiana Karst. Submerged. Pond on Lebanon pike, near Nashville. September.
W. Brasilieusis Weddel. Floating. Pond in Lunatic Asy- lum grounds covered with it. September, 1884.
TYPHACE^.
Typlia ausfustifolia L. Near Lavergne, Williamson Co. • Ducktown, East Tenn. Very rare.
T. latifolia L. O. S.
Sparganium simplex Huds., var. Nuttalli Gray. Along Cum- berland river, Cleveland, East Tenn. July.
8. eurycarpu7n Eiiglm. East Tenn , Tullahoma creek. July.
Echiuodorus radicaus Englm. Swamps on Cumberland river^ above water-works at Nashville. Common. July.
ALISMACE^.
Sa^ittaria variabilis Englm. Ponds and swamps. Common. August-September.
Var. angustifolia Englm. Hollow Rock. July-September,
TENNESSEE FLORA. 83
S. heteroi>hyH«i Pursh. With the former. July-September. S. grainiiiea Michx. With the former. August-September. Alisma Plaiita^o L, Var. Americana Gray. Common.
HYDROCHARIDE^.
Vallisneria spiralis L. Slow-flowing streams. East Tenn. Infrequent. July.
Anacharis Canadensis Planehon. Pools above water-works, Nashville, East Tenn., O. S. June.
NAIADACE^.
Potanio^eton pauciflorns Pursh. Xashville, also East Tenn. Frequent. July.
P. C/a^^on/i Tuckerm. Mountain streams of East Tenn. July.
P. pnsillus L. Wolf Creek, East Tenn. July.
P. hybridus Michx. Tullahoma. July.
P. natans h. Wolf river, near Memphis. Dr. Egeling.
P. perfoliatus L. Wolf river, vicinity of Memphis. Dr.
Egeling.
Zannlchelia paliistris L. In j)onfls and springs about Nash- ville. April.
ORCHIDACE^.
Orchis spectabilis L. River bottoms below Nashville. Very- rare. April.
Habenariaintegra Spreng]. Tullahoma; Mitchellville. July.
H. virescens Sprengel. Swamps. West Tenn. July.
H. eristata R. Br. Sewanee. Cumberland Mts. July-August.
H. peramcena Gray. Cedar Hill, Mitchellville, Robertson Co. June.
H. ciliaris R. Brown. Edgefield Junction. O. S. June-July.
H. blephariglottis Hooker. Tullahoma. August.
H. tridentata Hooker. Sewanee ; Cumberland Mts. Com- mon. July.
Goodyera pubescens R. Br. Mountains of East Tenn. Wolf creek, etc. July.
■84 TENNESSEE FLORA.
Spiranthes simplex Gray. Hills south of Nashville. Frequent. August.
S. cernua llich. Tullahoma. Barrens. Common. October.
S. grauiiiiea Lindl. Tullahoma. Barrens. September.
S. gracilis Bigl. Mount Olivet Cemetery. Barrens. Sep- tember.
Pogonia verticUlata^ wit. Sewanec leg. Gen. Kirby-Smith. May.
P. ophiaghssoides Nutt. Duck town. June.
P. pendilla Lindley. Mitchellville. Wartrace. September.
.I\ cUvaricafa R. Br. Mountains of East Tenn. June.
^Cilopogou piilchelius R. Br. Tullahoma; Parksville. Fre- quent. July,
7'ipularia discolor Nutt. Duektown, Polk Co. August.
Bletia aphylla Ruiz & Pavon. Parksville ; also in the " Flat- Avoods/' Bra(lley Co. Always under pines ! July.
Corallorliiza innata R.Br. Hills south of Nashville ; Mitch- ellville. S('])tc'mber.
€. miiltiflora Nutt. O. S. June.
4^ odoiitoi'hizi Nutt. Hills near Nashville. April.
(Jypripedluiii acaule Ait. East Tenn. May.
<7. spectahile Swartz. Duektown. July.
('. piibesceiis Willd. Rich woods in the mountains. (Look- \i\\t Mt.) May.
€. parvifloriim Cones. Hills near Nashville. May.
AMARYLLIDACE^.
■Paueratiuni rotatiiiii Ker. Low, wet meadow lands. O. S. • June.
Agave Vii'giiiica L. Dry, rocky places. O. S. July-August.
Hypoxis ereota L. Frequent in cedar and oak barrens. May.
HiEMODORACE.E.
Aleti'is I'ai'iiiosa L. Over the State, especially oak barrens. IMay^June.
TENNESSEE FI.ORA. 85
IRIDACE.¥..
Iris versicolor L. Swamps. Tullahoraa, Mitchellville, etc^ May.
I. cuprea Pursh. Swamps. West Tenn. June.
I. cristata Ait. O. S. May.
I. Virginica L. Tullahoma. Low, wet ground. Abundant,. June-July.
I. Oermauica L. Deserted homestead, Charlotte pike, near Nashville. April.
I. hexagona Walt. Swamp east side of Tennessee river at Johnsonville. July.
Pardantlms Chinensis Kerr. Over the State. Indigenous. July.
Sisyrincliiura auceps L. Barrens of Middle Tenn. May- June.
S. rnueronatum Michx. East Tenn. May-June.
DIOSCOREACE^. Dioscorea villosa L. Rich woodlands. O. S. April.
SMILACEiE.
Smilax rotiiiirti folia L. O. S. May.
Var. qnadraiigularis Miihlb. Nashville. September.
S. glauca Walter. O. S. Creeping low over fields. May.
S. Pseudo-China L. River banks. May.
S. hispida Miihlb. Low, damp ground.
S. herbacea L. Nashville, in rich, moist ground.
S. tamaifolia Michx. Nashville. In rich woodlands.
LILIACE.E. Allium cernuum Roth. Over the State. July. A. Canadense Kalm. Common. June.
A. tricnccum Ait. Rare, ai)parently. East Tenn., Ducktowo. July.
A. mutabile Michx. Cedar glades, Lavergne. INIay
86 TENNESSEE FLORA.
A. sativum L. Introduced. Grounds of Mrs. Cheatham, and old cemetery, Nashville. June.
Notlioscor diiimstriatlini Kunth. Moist ground; frequent in Middle Ttnn. May.
Caiiiassia Fi'aseri Torr. Rich woodlands here and there over the State. April.
Schueiiolii'iuiu eroceuui Gray. Moist places in the cedar glades, Lavergne. May.
Couvaliaria majalis L. Frog Mts., East Tenn., near Duck- town ; also said to occur at Sewanee. May.
Poly^oiiatimi gigauteiim Diet. Rich thickets. Common. May,
P. Infioruni Elliott. With the former. April.
Sniilaeiua racemosa Desf. Rich woodlands over the State. May-June.
]\[al<inthemum Ganadense Desf Summit of Big Thunder- head, Smoky Mts. June.
Asparagus officinalis L. Escaped from cultivation. June.
Yucca fllanit'utosa L. Dry, rocky ground O. S. Very fre- quent in Middle 'J'enn. May.
Li/ium Grayi Watson. Summit of Roane Mt. Dr. Gray, Prof Chickeriug. July.
L. i^wperbum L. In splendid and very numerous specimens on Big Frog Mts., East Tenu. July.
Var. Carolinianum. Throughout the mountains. July.
L. Canadense L. Paradise ridge, near Nashville. July.
Eiythrouium Aniericauum Smith. O. S. Harpeth hills, near Nashville. April.
E. albiduni Nutt. White's Bend, below Nashville; summit of Roane Mt., East Tenn. Carby. April.
Ornithogaluin uuibellatuni L. Buchanan's fort on Mill creek, Nashville. Escaj)ed from cultivation. April.
Uvulai'ia pert'oliata L. South Tunnell, Sumner Co. May.
U. grandiflora Smith. Rocky banks of Cumberland, below Hydt's ferry. May.
Oakesia sessilifolia S. W^atson. Oakland Station, Robertson Co. May.
TENNESSEE FLORA.
87
Streptopus roseus Michx. High points of the Smoky Mts.; Big Thunderhead. June.
Prosartes laniigiuosa Don. Nashville, Sewanee and moun- tains of East Tenn. May.
P. maculata Gray. Mountains of East Tenn. ; dde Am. Jour. Sc. 2, 45.
Clintonia umhellata Torr. Big Frog Mt.; Smoky Mts. June.
Medeola Virginica L. Mountains of East Tenn. ; Cumber- land Mts. May.
Trillium cernuum L. Lookout Mt. ; Ducktown. May.
T. sessile L. Over the State. April.
Var. Wrayi S. Watson. Hills near Nashville. April.
T. erectum L. Vicinity of Nashville. Rare.
T. stylosum Nutt. Memphis. Dr. Egeling.
T. erythrocarpon Michx. Ocoe Valley. May.
Melcmthimn Virginicum L. Big Frog Mt. July.
31. jKirviflorum Gray. With the former. July.
Veratrum viride Ait. Wolf creek on Bench Mt. June.
Stenanthium angustifolium Gray. Chilhowee Mts. July.
S. robiistum Watson. Wet ground in the barrens, Tullahoma; South Tunnel], Sumner Co. ; also mountains of East Tenn. July.
Amianthium musccetoxicum Gray. Bogs. Common in East Tenn. May-June.
Zygadenus angustifoUus Watson. Barrens at Tullahoma. June.
ClicTmtelirium Caroliuianum Willd. Dry woodlands. Over the State. July-August.
Hemerocallis fulva L. Escaped.
H. flava L. Escaped.
Muscari botryoides Mill. Escaped from gardens into fence- rows.
PONTEDERACE^.
Poiitederia cordata L. Swamps. East Tenn. Wild-goose pond near Mitchellville, Robertson Co.
Heteranthera reniformis Ruiz & Pav. Swamps and ditches. O. S. Nashville ; along Cumberland river. August.
88 TENNESSEE FLORA.
H.liiiiosa Vahl. With the former in Middle and West Teun,
Schollera f/ramineaWiUd. East and West Tenn, Apparently rare in Middle Tenn.
COMMELYNACE.E.
ConiuielynaCayemiensis. Rich wet grounds. Common. Nash- ville, up and down the river. July.
(!. erecta L. Shaded river banks. Nashville. August-Sep- tember.
€. Virginica L. Copses. O. S. June-July.
Var. ang'ustifolia Michx. Cedar barrens. June-July.
Tradeseantia Virginica L. O. S. Rich woodlands. May.
T. pilosa Lehm. Rich, shady soil. O. S. July-September.
XYRIDACE^.
Xyris Garoliniana Walt. Mountain meadows and brooks of East Tenn. July.
X. flexuosa Miihlb. Swamps in Hadley's bend, near Nash- ville; low ground in the barrens. August-September.
JUNCACE^.
Luznla caiupestris DC. O. S. April-May.
L. pilosa Willd. Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. May- June.
Juncns effusus L. Ponds and ditches, vicinity of Nashville. June.
J. setaceus Rostkov. Barrens and mountains of East Tenn. June-July.
J. tenuis Willd. Roadsides in damp soil. June.
Var. secuildus Engelm. Oakland Station, Roberston Co. June.
J. dicliotoimis Ell. O. S. Frequent around Nashville. June.
J. scirpoides L., var. macrostemon Engelm. Cleveland, East Tenn. Jnly.
J. buffonius L. East Tenn. May.
J. marginatus Rostk. Mountains of East Tenn. and oak barrens. June.
TENNESSEE FLORA. 89
J. aciiminatus Michx., and varieties O. S. June-July.
J. repens Michx. Swaraps O. S. June-July.
J. pelocarpns E. Meyer. Tullahoma. July.
J. leptopaulis Torr. & Gray. Frequent in the cedar glades, with Isotes Buttleri and Leavenworthias. May-June.
J. bracliycarpus Engelm. Ponds along Cumberland river. June- July.
J. articulatus L. Cleveland, East Tenn. July,
J. Canadensis J. Gay. East Tenn. September.
CYPERACE^E. Cyperus flavescens L. Ponds and ditches. July-September.
C. diandrus Torr. With the former. August-September. Var. casteneus Torr. With the preceding. September.
C. aristatus Rottb. (C. inflexus Miihlb.). Glades and river banks. July.
C. Schweinitzii Torr. East Tenn. July-September.
C. Luziilje Rottb., var. umbeUulatus N. L. Britton (C. vegetus Pursh.). Damp argillaceous soils. July.
C. virens Michx. West Tenn. Rare. August.
Vu aciiminatus Torr. & Hooker. Cedar glades. Lavergne. July.
C. rotnndns L. Low grounds near Nashville; Horticultural garden. Not frequent. July.
C. esculentus L. (C. phymatodes Miihl.). Intrusive weed. July-September.
Var. aiigiistispicatiis N. L. Britton. Swamps along Cum- berland river. July— September.
C. stri^nsus L. (C Michauxlanus Schult.). Common in low, damp gi'ound.
Var. robiistior Kunth. River swamps.
Var. capitatus Boekl. Sandy river banks.
Var. coiiipositiis N. L. Britton. With the above.
Var. eloii^atus N. L. Britton (C. Michauxianus, var. elon- gatus Torr.). Banks and islands in Cumberland river.
Var. py^mjeiis n. var. Only 3-4 inches high, resembling C. Schweinitzii. McSpadden's bend, near Nashville.
90 TENNESSEE FLORA.
C. refraetus Engelman. Nashville, July-September. Hol- low Rock, West Tenn., Aiigiist-September.
C. erytlirorliizos Miihl. River swamps; 1-4 feet high. August -Septemi)er.
('. speciosus Vahl, (C. Michauxianus Torr.). Sandy banks and river swamps. Nashville. September.
('. ovularis Torr., var. roblistns, Baekl. Moist spots in the cedar glades.
Var. splia^riciis Baekl. With the above.
C. filiciilniis Vohl. Dry uplands. June-July.
€. Lancastriensis Port. Dry, rocdcy and waste grounds, vicin- ity of Nashville. July.
Killin^ia puiiiila Michx. Miry places. June-September.
Duliehiuin spatliaceuiii Pers. Deep river swamps. June-Sep- tember.
Hemicarplia subsquarrosa Nees. Davidson Co.
Eljeocharis obtusa Schult. Bogs and wet ground. May- July.
E. Engelmanni Steudel. Damp places in the barrens. June- July.
E. palustris R. Br. Common. June-September.
E. tenuis Schultes. Barrens and highlands. July.
E. acicularis R. Br. Low, wet places. July-October.
E. qiiadraiigularis R. Br. River swamps. July-September.
E. intermedia Schult. Frequent. July- August.
E. compressa Sullivant. Springy places in calcareous soil. May-June.
Bhynchospora Goniiculata Gray. Swam])s. August-September.
R. cymosa Nutt. With the above. August-September.
i2./M,sea Roe m. & Schult. Mountain bogs. Cumberland Mts. July.
R. glomerata Vohl. Bon Air, Tullahoma ; Lookout Mt. August.
R. alba Vohl. Mountain bogs, Cumberland and Alleghany Mts. July.
Sderia triglomerata Vohl. Ijookout Mt. ; Tullahoma. July.
TENNESSEE FLORA. 91
S. pauciflora Miihlb. Lavergne. May-June.
Scirpus validus Vohl. Cleveland, Capt. Raht's place. July.
8. debilis Pursh. Swamps West Tenn. August-September.
S. atrovirens Miihlb. Frequent. July-August.
8. fluviafifis Gray. Ducktown, East Tenn.
8. polyphilhis Yoh\. Dickson Station. Very common in the mountains. June-July.
S. liiieatus Michx. Borders of springs in the glades. June- July.
8 ccespitosus L. Roane Mt., East Tenn. Chickering.
Eriophorum Virginicum L. Cumberland Mts. July.
E. polystachyum'Lt. Ducktown, East Tenn. July.
Finibristylis capillaris Gray. Sandy places in the mountains. June- July.
F. autumnalis Roera. & Schult. Bogs and ditches. Septem- ber.
F. laxa Vohl. Cedar glades, Lavergne. July-August.
Dichromena latifoUa Baldw. Oak barrens, Middle Tenn. ; Tullahoma. Not frequent. August.
Carex polytrichoides Mtihlb. Dry hills near Nashville. June.
C. Steudelii Kunth. Highlands.
G. teretiuscula Goodw. Mountains of East Tenn.
C. vulpinoidea Michx. Dry copses, Charlotte pike. Nash- ville. June,
C. cephalopliora Miihlb. Nashville, Kingston Springs. May.
C. cephaloidea Boot. Around Nashville, Paradise ridge. June.
0. rosea Schk. East Tenn. July.
C. Miihleiiber^ii Schk. Nashville. June-July.
C. retroflexa Miihlb. Nashville. June.
C. trisperma Dew. High mountains of East Tenn., Frog Mt., Big Thunderhead ; 6000'. July.
C. straminea Schk. Nashville, Charlotte pike. May.
G. crinita Lam. Cumberland Mts., Whiteside. July.
92 TENNESSEE FLORA.
€. Sliortiaua Dew. Tunnell Hill, Sumner Co., East Tenn, June.
C. Cravvei Dew. Dry barrens of Middle Tenn., Lavergne Station. June-July.
C. granulans Miihlb. Moist meadows, highlands, and in East Tenn. June-July.
0. grisea Wahlb. Low grounds adjoining Cumberland riyer near Nashville. June.
C. flaccosperiiia Dew. Moist thickets, vicinity of Xashville; on the ridre. June.
C. Davisii Swaegr. Jones' Bend, near Edgefield Junction^ edge of a swamp. June.
C. gracilliuia Swaegr. Jones' Bend, border of swamps. June,
(7. (estivaUs M. A. Curtis. Roane ]Mt. Prof. Chickering. Clingman-Dom. 6000'. July.
C. virescens Miihlb. Cumberland Mts., yalley of East Tenn, June.
C. triceps Michx. Dry glades of Middle Tenn., Lavergne, June.
C. pkmtaginea Lam. Mountains near Ducktown, East Tenn. July.
C. laxiflora Lam. Low, wet woodlands and copses around Nashville; highlands of Robertson Co. June.
€. digitalis Willd. Low grounds throughout the State. July.
C. oligocarpa Schk. Swampy places on tiie ridge, Sumner Co. ; Jones' bend. East Tenn. June.
C. Emmonsii Dew. Dry hills near Nashville, in siliceous soil. June-July.
C. iiigro-margiuata Schwarz. Dry copses, vicinity of Nash- ville. May-June.
G. miliacea Miihlb. Ducktown, East Tenn. ; perhaps through- out. June.
G.Juncea Willd. Roane Mt. Prof Chickering. August.
('. (lebilis Michx. Border of swamps near Mitchclhille, Sumner Co. June-July.
C. teutaculata Miihlb. Tiironghout the State. South Tun- nel, Edgefield; Shelby pond. June.
TENNESSEE FLORA. 93
€. intuiiiescens Rudge. Swamps along Cumherlaiul river; Shelby pond. June.
O. Grayi Carey. Swamps of West Tenn. (Humbolt), July.
C. Iiipulina Miililb. Swamps along Cumberland and on high- lands ; Shelby })on(l. May-June.
€. stenolepis Torr. River swamps throughout the State. June- July.
C. sqiiarrosa L. With the former. June-July.
C. bullata Schk. River swamps; Jones' bend. June-Julv.
GRAMINE^.
Paspaliini fluitans Kunth. Slow streams. July-September,
P. disticlmni Linn. Low grounds; margin of ponds. Sep- tember.
P. setaceiiiu Michx. (P. debile Michx.) Damp, sandy soil in the upland barrens. September.
P. cili.atifolium Miihlb. Very common. July-September.
P. Walteriamini Schult. Low, wet grounds. September.
P. IcCve Michx. Damp ground. A^ery variable. August- September.
Var. uiKliilosiliii. Oak barrens. Dry situation. (P. undu- loswn Le Conte.)
Var. aiigiistifolium. In wet lands. (P. angustifoimm Le Conte.)
Var. pilosuni Vasey. Sheets covered with long, soft hairs. Barrens.
Var. radicans Vasey. Decumbent, branching at the lower nodes; culms erect, 2|-3 feet high ; leaves purplish. Swamps at Hollow Rock. September.
P. dilatatuDi Poir. Open grounds and grass plots, August- October.
P.iuicHoi a^i'ostoides Spreng, Inundated on wet land. Vari- able. August-November.
P. anoeps L, Damp soils. Cedar glades, etc, Lavergne, August-October,
P. capillare L. Exceedingly abundant. Preferring dry uplands and barrens. I distinguish four distinct varieties.
94 TENNESSEE FLORA,
Var. campestre. Root leaves forming flat tufts; appressed to the soil, forming tufts. This is the most common form.
Var, a^reste. Stout and very hairy; panicle very large and widely divaricated ; forming no tufts. Common. In loose ground, fields and gardens.
* Var. flexile Gattinger. Thin, elastic an»l upright, with smaller panicle and acute flowers. Closely resembles P. autum- nale Bosc. Characteristic of the cedar glades. July-September,
Var. miniiniim Engelman. Dwarf, resembling P. depau- peratum. Poor, loamy and siliceous soil of the highlands. July- August.
P. clandestinum L. Along the banks of Cumberland river, in the canebrakes; also in East Tenn., in rich bottom lands, July— September.
Var. pedunculatum Torr. With the former.
P. colonuni L. Ponds and ditches around Nashville, Lavergne^ etc. September-October.
P. coiumntataiu Schultz. (P. nervosum Miihlb.) Woods, rich and loose soil, over the State. May-August.
P. crus-galli L. Ponds and ditches everywhere. July-Sep- tember.
Var. hispiduni Miihlb.
Var. muticuni Vasey. With the former.
P. depauperatuni Miihlb. Dry copses and woodlands. High- lands. May-June.
P. dichotomuiii L. Over the State, in many varieties. Var. uitidilii) Lam. In the cedar glades. Var. pubesceiis. Woods, etc.
Var. barbulatiiui Gray. Highlands, in siliceous soil. Var. spliJerocai'pon Grav. Earliest in the glades. April- May.
P. flliforme L. Argillaceous and siliceous soils. August- September.
*Panicum capillare L., var. fl--xile Gattinger, is either one of the forms of P. capillare, or an annual variety of P autumnale Bascoe, which it resembles greatly, e.«pecially in smoothness and form ot spikelets*. It is very smooth above, with some hairs on the lower part of c-ulm and leaves; cvilm very slender, panicle rather small, and branches not s{)reading until the mature spikelets are ready to drop off; leaves linear, gradually atten- uate, of a pale green color. It abounds in the cedar glades, and is rarely seen outside of them.
TENNESSEE FI>()RA. 95
P. glabruni Gaiidin., var. Mississippiense Gatting:er. Confined to strong argillacoons soils, and immediately disappearing where calcareous soils commence. Vicinity of Nashville, etc. Sep- tember-October.
P. latifoliuni L. Thickets, edge of woodlands, appearing early. May-Jnne.
P. laxifloruiu Lam. Damp, rich woodlands; highlands. July-Angnst.
P. iiiicrocarpoii Miihlb. (P. muUijioruin Ell.). Rich and moist localities. Not freqnent. Ocoe valley, East Tenn. ; Craggy Hope, Cheatham Co. July-August. Not to be mistaken for P. dichotomacrum, var. microcarpon, wiiich appears early in April-May.
P. prolifei'ilin Lam. Wet lands. Very common. August- October.
Var. g-eiiiculatmii Ell. With the former.
P. sanguinale L. Cornfields and roadsides everywhere. Se})tember.
P. scopariiim Miihlb. (P. paucifiorum Ell.). Cedar barrens near Lavergne. August-September.
P. verriicosum Miihlb. Swampy lands along Cumberland river, Jones' Bend, Mitchellville. September.
P. virgatuiii L. Moist, sandy soil along Cumberland river; highlands and barrens at Tullahonia. July-August.
Setai'ia glauca Beauv. Common. Fields and waste places. August-September.
Var. hi^vigata Chapm. Glades of Middle Tenn. More common than the former.
S. viridis Beans. Fields and roadsides. Frequent. July- September.
S. verticillata Beans. Cultivated lands. Not frequent.
S. Italica Kunth. Frequently cultivated and escaped. Au- gust-September.
Peiiieilliria spicata Kunth. Cultivated and sometimes es- caped. July-August.
GciK-hruH tvlbuloides L. Sandy banks of Mississippi river. July-August.
Sparlina cijnosuroide.'< Willd. Brownsville, West Tenn. September-October.
96 TENNESSEE FLORA.
Tripsaciim dactyloides !>. West Tenn., near Hickman ; also, Nashville, in old graveyard. Large patches. July-August.
Leersia oryzoides Swartz. Swamps and banks of creeks. Very common. August-September.
L. Vir^iuica Willd. Damp, low ground, in the shade, every- where. A ugust-September.
Eriaiitliiis alopeciiroides Ell. In places over the State ; Oak- land Station, Tullahoma, in siliceous soil. August-September.
E. brevibarbis Michx. Wild-goose pond near Mitchell ville, Sumner Co. ; only locality known to me in Middle Tenn. In company with ArunOinaria tecia. September.
E. strictus Baldwin. Old fields near Tullahoma, Cleveland, East Tenn. August-September.
Danthonia compressa Aust. Higher mountains of East Tenn. July.
D. spicata Beauv. Harpeth hills in poor siliceous soil. June.
D. sericea Nutt. In a cedar glade beyond Edgefield Junc- tion, Davidson Co. June-July.
Cynodou Dactyloii Pers. Sandy banks of the Mississippi river; around dv,-ellings over the State. July.
Chloris verficiUafa Nutt. Garden of Mr. Rath, in Cleveland, East Tenn. Introduced. July.
Gymnopogon racemosus Beauv. Barrens east of Tullahoma. July.
Bouteloua racemosa Lug. (B. curtijxmdula Gray). Cedar glades. June-July.
Eleusilie ludiea Gaert. Very common in fields and gardens as a common weed. July-August.
Leptochloa iimcroiiata Kunth. Common in the cornfields and cultivated grounds of Middle Tenn. July-September.
Triodia seslerioides Benth. Over the State in all soils. Sep- tember-October.
Eatoiiia Pennsylvauica Gray. Copses around Nashville, etc. May.
E. Dudleyi Vasey. Highlands. April-May.
E. obtusata Gray, var. laxifiora Gattinger. Highlands. Very rare. May.
TENNESSEE FLORA. 97
EragTOstis reptaiis Nees. Wet, sandy soil on river banks. September-October.
E. pOtCoides Beauv. Cultivated ground. Common. August- September. (Eragrostis Brovvnei Xees is indistinguishable from poseoides, and occurs in. the cedar glades. Very common.)
Var, iiiegastachya. Cultivated ground. With the former.
E. Fraukii Meyer. Exceedingly copious in dry lands and glades of Middle Tenn. July-August.
E. pectinacea, var. refracta Chapm. Common in the cedar glades. July-August.
E. Pnrshii Schrad. Streets of Nashville. In dry and wet soil. Exceedingly frequent. August-September.
E. tenuis Gray. Harpeth Hills and highlands. July-August.
E. oxylepis Torr. Vicinity of Memphis. Dr. G. Egeling.
Andropogou daudestiims Hale {Androp. ElliottH Chap.). Barrens at Tullahoma. October.
A. dissitiflorus Michx. [A. Virginicus L.). Common. Sep- tember-October.
Var. vaginatus Chap. With the former.
A. macrourus Michx. Sandy old fields. Over the State. September-October.
A. provincialis Lam. Edge of roads and fence rows. Com- mon. August-October.
A. scoparius Michx. Old fields. September-October.
Var. multiramea Hack. Banks of Cumberland. Septem- ber-October.
Sorghum Halepense L. Naturalized in vicinity of Nashville. August-September.
Clirysopogon avenaceus Benth. Open barrens. Over the State. July-September.
Phalaris Canariensis L. Near dwellings. Introduced. Au- gust-September.
Ph. arundinacea L. The garden variety, Ph. arundinacea picta, sometimes found escaped.
Anthoxanthum odoratum L. In meadows, in East Tenn. Naturalized. July.
7
98 TENNESSEE FLORA.
Alopeeiinis pratensis L. Rare. Sometimes introduced. Flow- ers early. May.
A. geniculatus, var. aristulatus Michx. Pouds and ditches. May.
Aristida dicliotoina L. Common in poor soils. September- October.
A. gracilis Elliott. With the former, in argillaceous soils. September-October.
A. ramosissima Engelm. Humboldt, AVest Tenn. September.
A. purpurasceiis Poir. Paradise Ridge, Robertson Co. A ugust-September.
Stipa avenacea L. Valley of East Tenn.; Lookout Mt. June.
Miihleubergia eapillaris Kunth. Cedar glades, Lavergne. September-October.
M. diffusa Schreber. Grass plots, pastures, everywhere. Sep- tember-October.
M. Mexicana Trin. Thickets along river banks, etc. Common throughout. September.
Miihlenbergia sobolifera Trin. Rocky woodlands. Harpeth hills, etc. September-October.
M. sylvatica Torr. & Gray. Damp woodlands ; river bottoms. September-October.
M.Willdenovii Trin. With the former, and ascending 6000' in the Frog and Smoky Mts. July-September.
Brachyelytruin aristatum Beauv. Dry woodlands, in places. August-September.
Phleuin pratense L. Naturalized and frequently cultivated. July.
Sporoholus Indicus R. Brown. Sandy soil in the Cumberland Mts. and in the oak barrens. July-September.
S. vagiuseflorus Torr. Dry pastures, Middle Tenn. Var. exsei'tus. Cedar glades. September-October.
AgTOstis araclmoides Ell. Argillaceous soil, in the glades and highlands. Kingston Springs ; Lavergne. May-June.
A. canina, var. rupestris Chapm. High mountains of East Tenn. ; Roane Mt. Prof. Chickering. July.
TENNESSEE FLORA.
99
A. pereiinans Tuck. Open woodlands. Over the State. July- October.
A. scabra Willd. Sandy soils, here and there. June-July.
A. vulgaris \yith. Largely cultivated and indigenous. July. Var. alba L. Dry woodlands. Over the State. July- September.
Cinna arundinacea L. Low grounds and bottoms. Variable, A slender form approaching C. pendula occurs on Paradise Ridge. August-September.
Deyeuxia NidtalUana Vasey. Hills and mountains of East Tenn. July-September.
Deschampsia flexuosa Beauv. Mountains of East Tenn. July- September.
Holcus lanatus L. Extensively naturalized and spreading in East Tenn. June- July.
Trisetum palnstre L. Mountains of East Tenn. Overhanging wet rocks on Ocoe river. July.
Avena sativa L. Extensively cultivated, sometimes escaped. June.
Arrhenatheriim avenaceuui Beauv. Clifton pike, beyond Jubilee Hall, Nashville. June.
Mellca miitica Walt. Over the State, shady hill-sides and ravines. April-May.
Diarrliena Aiuericana Beauv. Rich soil amongst rocks, here and there. September-October.
Uniola latifolia Michx. Cliffs on Cumberland river and Mill creek. Generally over the State in like localities. June-July.
U. gracilis Michx. Damp soil in the oak barrens. July- August.
Dactylis glomerata L. Generally cultivated and dispersed trom cultivation. Don't seem to be inclined to become thoroughly naturalized like Holcus lanatus.
Poa annua L. Common in all waste grounds and roadsides. April-May.
P. compressa L. Dry meadow lands. Naturalized and spreading. June-July.
P. flexuosa Miihlb. Damp ground, edge of ponds, especiallv in the highlands. June-July.
100 TENNESSEE FLORA.
P. prateiisis L. Over the State. Cultivated and indigenous. May- J line.
P. sylvestrls Gray. Abundant in all woodlands and copses. May.
P. trivialis L. A^ery easily mistaken for pratensis, and there- fore frequently overlooked. Cockrill's farm, near Nashville. May-June.
Glyceria aeutiflora Torr. In a pond, near the water-works at Nashville. June.
G. aquatica Sm. var. Americana \^&sey, [Glyceria arundinacea Kunth.). In a small branchlet near Cumberland river, Bell's bend. September.
G. liervata Trin. Common over the State in wet meadows. July.
G. pallida Trin. In a mountain bog near Ducktown, East Tenn.
Festuca Myurus L. Near Lunatic Asylum, Nashville.
F. teiiella Willd. Poor argillaceous soils; hill-top-; south of Nashville. April.
Yar. aristulata Torr. With the former.
F. elatior L. In meadow lands. Introduced and naturalized. June.
F. Shortii Vasey. Barrens at Tullahoma. First collected in 1867, but not recognized, and mistaken for F. elatior, resembling it in general habits. July.
F. ovina L. In the barrens and on cliflFs on the Cumberland river. June.
Bromiis ciliatiis L. Woodlands over the State. May-June. Var purgans Gray. AVith the former.
B. mollis L. Cultivated grounds. Not frequent. May.
B. secalinns L. Abundant in grain fields. June.
B. racemosus L. Fields and pastures. Not so abundant. June.
B. sterllis L. Introduced on the grounds of Mr. Washing- ington, Granny White Pike, Nashville. June.
Loliuin pereniie L. Introduced and perhaps spreading. Cap- itol grounds. Mav-.June.
TENNESSEE FLORA. 101
L. temulentum L. From the farm of Mr, Lenoir, near Knox- ville. July.
AgTopyiiiiii cauinnm R. & S. In cultivated ground. Xot frequent. June.
A. repeiis Beaiiv. Cultivated grounds. Like the former, not very frequent. June.
Hordeum pratense Huds. Thin lands. Charlotte pike, near toll-gate. Common. May-June.
Elynins Canadensis L. Common over the State. July,
Yar. glaueifolius Gray. Cedar glades. E. striatus Willd. Over the State. July.
Var. villosus. Dry rocky places, with the former.
E. Virginicus L. Abundant in Middle Tenn., loving strong limestone soil. Jnne-.July.
Asprella Hystrix Willd. "Rocky glens over the State. June.
Arundiuaria macrosperina Michx. Along the large streams of the State. April.
A. tecta Miihlb. Lookout Mt. Wild goose pond near Mitch- ellville, Sumner Co. Readily overlooked where it grows inter- mixed with other vegetation. It grows in the water.
GYMXOSPERM^.
CONIFER.E,
Juniperus Virginiana L. Red Cedar. Scattered over the State, and forming extensive cedar forests in Middle Tenn. FI. April.
Pinus rigida'MiUer. Pitch Pine. Cumberland Mts. and moun- tains of East Tenn. On the spurs of Big Thunderhead, in Carter, it accompanies the following:
P. pungens Michx. Table-Mountain Pine. Big Thunder- head. Abundant.
P. inops Ait. Jersey or Scrub Pine. Over the State, espe- cially on sterile rocky mountain lands. April-May.
P. mitis Michx. Yellow Pine. Cumberland Mts, and East Tenn. April-May.
102 TENNESSEE FLORA.
P. Strohus L. White Pine. Cumberland Mts., and especially the shady and moist gorges of the high mountains of East Tenn. May.
P. Tcexla L. Loblolly or Old-Field Pine. Low ground; in sandy soil. Frequent southeast of Cleveland, East Tenn.
Abies Fraseri Pursh. Summit of Roane Mt. J. W. Chick- eriug.
Tsuga Canadensis Carriere. [Abies Canadensis Michx.) Along water-courses in the mountainous parts of East Tenn.
Taxodiimi disticliiim Rich. Along the western course of the Tennessee river ; on Mississippi and its affluents ; in West Tenn.; cypress swamps.
EQUISETACE.E.
Equisetum arvense L. Moist meadows, East Tenn. ; Cave Spring, Roane Co.
E. robustum Brown. Sandy banks of Mississippi, West Tenn.
FILICES.
Folypodi am vulgar c L. Cumberland and Alleghany Mts.
P. incaniim Swartz. Throughout the State, on rocks and bark of trees.
Cheilantlies vestita Swartz. BkifFs of Cumberland river and Mill creek ; also in the cedar glades on the ground and in the mountains of East Tenn.
C. Alabaniensis Kunze. Bluffs on Cumberland and Mill creek, near Nasliville; Knoxville, East Tenn.
C. toinentosa Link. BlufTs on Ocoe river at Parksville, East Tenn.
Pell;<»a atropiirpiirea Link. Dry rocks over the State.
Ptei'is aqiiilina L. Siliceous soil, dry hills throughout.
Adiaiitiini pedatum L. Rich, moist ground throughout.
Woodvvardia aiig'ustifolia Smith. Swamps over the State.
Scolopendrium vulgare Smith. Near New Pittsburgh, Cum- berland Mts. Not found by myself.
Camptosnrus rhizophyllns Link. Common.
Aspleniura parvuluni Mart, tt Jordan. Shady cliffs over the State.
TENNESSEE FLORA. 103
A. Bradkyi D. C. Eaton. Summit of Lookout Mt., East Tenn.
A. pinnatifidum Nutt. Cumberland plateau, Lookout Mt.
A. Trichommies L, Siliceous rocks on Ocoe river and over the high mountains of East Tenn.
A. ebeneuin Ait. Very common.
A. montanum Willd. Cumberland and Alleghany Mts.
A. Rata-muraria L. Mountains near Cowan, on sandstone; on limestone rocks near Nashville. Frequent.
A. aiigustifolium Michx. Rich, damp woodlands. Frequent.
A. thelypteroides Michx. With the former. Highlands.
A. Filix-foemina Bernh. Common throughout.
Var angustum {Aspidium angustum Willd.). With fronds linear-lanceolate. In swamps. West Tenn.
Plie^opteris liexagonoptera Fee. Highlands of Middle Tenn.
P. polypodioides Fee. Mountains of East Tenn.
Aspidiiini acrostichoides Swarz. Throughout.
A. Novseboracense Swarz. Moist woods in the barrens of Middle Tenn.
A. spinulosum Swarz., var. intermedium. Wolf creek, Cocke Co. Summit of Clingman-Dom.
Var. dilatatum Gray. Mountains of East Tenn.
A. Goldianum Hook. Oak barrens, Tullahoma.
A. Filix-mas. Swarz. Reported, not yet found by myself.
A. niarg'inale Swarz. Common in the Cumberland and Alle- ghanies.
Onoclea sensibilis L. Edge of river swamps. Common. A'^ar. ohtusilohata Torr. Williamson Co.
Cystopteris fragilis Bernh. From the mountains to the Mis- sissippi.
C. bulbifera Bernh. Cliffs on Richland creek, near Nashville. Cumberland Mts.
Woodsia obtusa Torr. Throughout.
Dicksonia pu7ictilobida Kunze. High mountains of East Tenn.
Ti'icliomanes radicans Swarz. Underneath wet, shelving rocks. Sewanee.
104 TENNESSEE FLOE A.
Li/godium palmatum Swarz. Cumberland Mts. Very local. Rockland fetation.
Osniimda reg'alis L. Swamps, highlands, barrens and moun- tains.
0. Glaytoniana L. Cumberland and Alleghany Mts.
0. ciuiiamoiuea L. Swamps, throughout the State.
OPHIOGLOSSIACEiE. Botrychinin teruatum Swarz. Over the State. B. Virgiiiicum Swarz. Over the State. Ophio^Iossuin vulgatuiu L. Cedar glades, at Lavergne.
LYCOPODIACE^.
Lycopodium Selago L. Roane Mt. Prof. Chickering.
L. dendroideimi Michx. Wolf creek, Cocke Co.; near Cran- berry mines, Johnson Co.
L. complanatum L. Cumberland Mts., Sewanee.
Selaginella rupestris Sprengel. Dry rocks, along Ocoe river, East Tenn.
S. apus Sprengel. Common, throughout.
*Is(Etes Biitleri, var. immaculata Engelm. Cedar glades near Lavergne. In moist places.
HYDROPTERIDES.
Azolla Caroliniana Willd. Swamps near Johnsonville, West Tenn.
* Isotes Butleri Engelm., var. immaculata Engelm. Dioiceous, with a subglobose trunk, bright green, rather firm leaf, sometimes as many as sixty, six to nine inches long ; sporangium without spots; macrospores 0-40-OoG mm. in diameter ; microspores 002!)-00Sl mm. long, spinulose. On limestone flats ; in damp places in the cedar barrens. One mile south- east from the railroad station. June.
TENNESSEE FLORA.
105
SUMMARY.
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41
Orders.
Ranunculacea;... Calycanthacese...
Magnoliaceffi
Anonaceaj
^^enispermcse
Berberide?e
Nymphjeacefe
Papaveraceaj ...
Fumariacefe
Crucifera;
Capparidacese
Cistaceffi
Violacese
Polygalaceas
Caryophyllaceffi.. Paronychieej¥ .... Portulaccaceas ...
Ilypericacefe
Ternstrcemiacefe
Malvacefe
Tiliacese
Linaceai
Geraniacece
Rutaceffi
Simarubese
Meliacea;
Ilicinese
Celastrinea?..
Ehamnaceai
Vitacefe
Sapindacefe
Anacardiacese....
Legumiuosffi
Kosacese
Saxifragacere
Crassulacese
Hamameliacese ...
Halorageie ,
Melastomacese
Lythracese
Onagraceae
16 1 2 1 3 4
16 2 2
2 1 7 2 3 3 1 7 1 1 4
40 2 5 1 3 4 5 5 6
34 2 6
12 8
21 3 5
22 1
10 2 4 8
|
o |
3 |
|
3 |
4 |
|
9 |
9 |
|
5 |
11 |
|
1 |
6 |
|
35 |
85 |
|
14 |
53 |
|
12 |
19 |
|
3 |
7 |
|
9 |
2 |
|
9 |
3 |
|
1 |
2 |
|
6 |
6 |
|
6 |
19 |
43 2 5 1
0
6
37
2
6
16
9
21
3
5
24 1
10 2 4 8 2 1 2 5 3 4 9
12 6
88
60
20 7 2 3 2 6
21
10
1
5
2 1
9 10
13
S
2 1 2 2 1 2
8
3
6
16
32 1 2 1 3 3 3 5 2
30 1 5
12 4
16 2 4
13
9 1 3 6 2 1 2 1 2 3 5 9 5
72
47 7 3 2 3 1 4
13
106
TENNESSEE FLORA. SUMMARY— Contiuued.
42 Passifloreaj
43 Cucurbitacese
44 Cactaceae
45 Ficoideffi
46 Uinbelliferc'e
47 Araliacetii
48 Cornacese
49 Caprifoliace.ie
50 Rubiacese
51 Valeriauese
52 Dipsacese
53 Compositfe
54 Lobeliacefc
55 Campanulacete. ..
56 Ericaceae
57 Primulaceae
58 Sapotacese
59 Ebenacea;
60 Styracea^
61 Oleacere
62 Apocynea^
63 Asclepiadea'
64 Loganiaceai
65 Gentianeaj
66 Polemoniaceiv .. . .
67 Hydrophyllacese.
68 Boraginea?
69 Convolvulacea?...
70 Solanese
71 Scrophulariacese.
72 Orobanchacea?....
73 Lentibulariaceaj.
74 Bignoniacea?
75 Pedaliacere
76 Acanthaceae
77 Verbenacese
78 Labiataa
79 Plantaginefc
80 Amarantacefe
81 Chenopodiacea^ ..
82 Phytolaccaceae...
83 Polygonea^
84 Podostemaceaj....
85 Aristolochiacea>. .
86 Nyctaginese
87 Saururea^
|
OS > |
S |
, |
||||
|
1 o |
o > |
w |
g |
1 |
||
|
1 |
2 |
2 |
||||
|
4 |
4 |
4 |
||||
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
||||
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
||||
|
22 |
29 |
29 |
4 |
|||
|
1 |
5 |
5 |
||||
|
2 |
8 |
8 |
3 |
5 |
||
|
6 |
12 |
12 |
7 |
1 |
||
|
/ |
20 |
2 |
22 |
1 |
||
|
1 |
2 |
2 |
4 |
|||
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
||||
|
64 |
202 |
17 |
219 |
17 |
||
|
1 |
8 |
8 |
||||
|
2 |
4 |
4 |
||||
|
16 |
32 |
33 |
18 |
5 |
||
|
5 |
9 |
10 |
3 |
1 |
||
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|||
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|||
|
] |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|||
|
3 |
7 |
8 |
1 |
1 |
7 |
|
|
3 |
4 |
4 |
1 |
|||
|
5 |
16 |
17 |
||||
|
3 |
3 |
3 |
1 |
|||
|
5 |
10 |
10 |
||||
|
3 |
8 |
9 |
||||
|
4 |
9 |
10 |
||||
|
8 |
15 |
15 |
3 |
|||
|
4 |
17 |
17 |
4 |
|||
|
6 |
13 |
13 |
5 |
|||
|
20 |
36 |
2 |
38 |
4 |
||
|
3 |
3 |
3 |
||||
|
1 |
2 |
2 |
||||
|
o |
3 |
3 |
||||
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
||||
|
4 |
5 |
5 |
||||
|
4 |
10 |
10 |
1 |
|||
|
26 |
59 |
5 |
64 |
12 |
||
|
1 |
8 |
8 |
2 |
|||
|
o |
6 |
1 |
7 |
5 |
||
|
1 |
7 |
1 |
8 |
5 |
||
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
||||
|
4 |
23 |
23 |
7 |
|||
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
||||
|
2 |
6 |
6 |
2 |
|||
|
1 |
2 |
2 |
||||
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
2 3 1 1
24 3 6 6
16 3 1 173 7 2 9 1 1 1
8
4
14
1
7
8
7
12
14
12
30
3
3 1
4
7 54
6
1
21
3 1 1
TENNESSEE FLORA. SUMMARY— Continued.
107
Orders.
Lauraceoe
Thymeleacefe
Santalacefe
Loranthacete
Enphorbiacese....
Urticaceai
Platanaceje
Juglandacea'
Cupulifene
Betulaceje
Salicineie
Callitrichineaj.... Ceratophyllaceae.
Aracete
Lemnaceie
Typhace.'v
Naiadese
Alismaceas
Hydrocharideje..
Orchidacete
Amaryllidaceae.. H(fmadorace£e...
Iridacepe
Dioscorefe
Smilaceai
Liliaceaj
Juncacese
Pontederiacea?.. .. Commelynaceae ..
Xyridacea
Cyperacese
Graminese
Conifers
Equisetaceje
Filices
Ophisglossiacefe.. Lycopodiacere.... Hydropterides....
|
> |
S S |
|||
|
-a a |
||||
|
'o ■Jj ► |
<p OS > |
o |
||
|
2 |
2 |
2 |
||
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
|
3 |
3 |
3 |
||
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
|
9 |
24 |
1 |
25 |
1 |
|
13 |
18 |
1 |
19 |
3 |
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
|
2 |
9 |
9 |
||
|
6 |
25 |
25 |
||
|
2 |
6 |
6 |
||
|
2 |
14 |
14 |
5 |
|
|
1 |
2 |
2 |
||
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
|
4 |
6 |
6 |
||
|
3 |
6 |
6 |
||
|
3 |
5 |
5 |
||
|
2 |
7 |
7 |
||
|
2 |
4 |
1 |
5 |
|
|
2 |
2 |
2 |
||
|
11 |
28 |
28 |
||
|
3 |
3 |
3 |
||
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
|
3 |
9 |
9 |
1 |
|
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
|
1 |
7 |
7 |
||
|
29 |
45 |
2 |
47 |
6 |
|
2 |
16 |
1 |
17 |
|
|
3 |
4 |
4 |
||
|
2 |
5 |
1 |
6 |
|
|
1 |
2 |
2 |
||
|
12 |
85 |
6 |
91 |
|
|
53 |
134 1 |
23 |
157 |
19 |
|
5 |
10 |
10 |
||
|
1 |
2 |
2 |
||
|
18 |
39 |
3 |
42 |
|
|
2 |
3 |
3 |
||
|
3 |
6 |
6 |
||
|
1 |
1 |
1 |
10
1
9
22
5
10
1 21 16
1
8 21
2 9 2
4 4 4 3 4 1
15 3 1 6 1 7
30
10 3 6 1
65 133
24 3 2
108
TENNESSEE FLORA.
DIVISIONS.
Groups.
Polypetalse
Gamopetalfe
Dichlamidea;
Monochlamidese .. .
Dicotyledones
Monocotylea
Gy mnosper ma?
Phsenogamia
Vascular Cryptog.
|
> |
2 |
||||||
|
•a |
■d |
5 |
|||||
|
CC |
u |
Ch |
|||||
|
0) |
X 'Z o |
.^ 'C |
II |
c |
c |
£ |
|
|
!•* |
o." |
||||||
|
O |
~ |
cc |
> |
m |
'"' |
■^ |
^ |
|
48 |
224 |
499 |
27 |
526 |
57 |
60 |
57 |
|
31 |
213 |
522 |
34 |
556 |
53 |
23 |
16 |
|
79 |
437 |
1,021 |
61 |
1,082 |
110 |
83 |
73 |
|
21 |
58 |
154 |
4 |
158 |
26 |
15 |
58 |
|
100 |
495 |
1,175 |
65 |
1,240 |
136 |
98 |
131 |
|
19 |
138 |
370 |
34 |
404 |
26 |
||
|
1 |
5 |
10 |
10 |
... |
10 |
||
|
120 |
638 |
1,555 |
99 |
1,654 |
162 |
98 |
141 |
|
5 125 |
25 663 |
51 1,606 |
3 |
54 |
98 |
141 |
|
|
102 |
1,708 |
162 |
380
416
796
123
919
301
2
1,222
29
1,251
Total.
The total of species and varieties, presently known :
For the State 1,708
Nashville Flora 1,251
The actual number of species and varieties for the State comes perhaps near 2,000.
TENNESSEE FLORA.
109
CORRIGENDA.
The remoteness of the author from the printer has been a great inconveni- ence in revising and correcting proof sheets. For minor inadvertencies we ask the indulgence of the reader, and correct only the more ofiensive or misleading f)nes.
For Sullivaut's read Sillimans.
For Triestum read Trisetum.
For serppyllifolia read serpyllifolia.
For racmeosus read racemosus. and follow. For Virgianiana read Yirginiana. line 16. For Chilhouewe read Chilhowee.
For stuvei read Stuvei.
For marsh read marshy.
For Rhadiola read Rhodiola.
For Sempervirens read sempervirens.
For Benkley read Buckley.
For Sindl. read Lindl.
For Plinhea read Pluchea.
For Beyrishii read Beyrichii.
strigosus transport from below Var. Beyrichii Torr. &
Page 4 Page 9 Page 9 Page 16 Page 19 Page 21 Page 36 Page 37 Page 42 Page 47 Page 47 Page 52 Page 53 Page 53 Page 53, Gray.
Page 58 Page 66 Page 77 Page 79 Page 84, Page 91 Page 95
line 22. line 20. line 27. line .;3.
line 13. line 35. line 15. line 19. line 25. line 19. line 22. line 24. after E.
line 3. For obovutus read obovatus.
line 15. For Tenn. read Tunnel
line 18. For Podosteman read Podostemon.
after Cannabis sativa L.,dele. Not observed indigenous.
line 9. For ophiaglossoides read ophioglossoides.
line 6. For polyphillus read polyphyllus.
line 12. For dichotomacrum read dichotomum.
New York Botanical Garden Library
QK149.G3C.2 ^ „ ^ S^n
Gattinger, Augustin/The Tennessee ora-
3 5185 00130 4623
:^ :
%...m
*^.'C
l.lf.
'* ■*-« ' m -m '« =» '« ■ « 1
r.;i,:.».
.._ 'M , J'M
:i:::.i^
^-^*^:«li^«**S:jm:r»:::m
.«-.«
' % IK "^^ Ife
§:^M-
«;.:«
."<i^^'-C3f ,-,#i'^:i':^
* j*^^'^::t'l: «t.*^"'-#I ■*
% ''i^
^ 'M:.. .$:-'■ M'\..:.
t t # #■ 1^ .. '^ ^^ J^ ^
W-.\0
s^:m- m\\w-
*„:«^^,Jf- '
■ ■■ ^'ir .r. *.
ti »"«:■::*::.»*
*■:,».. ,f,.:
r\w,. M
m...M.m
*.:*"^r..^:::*-
W 3 ^'--'^
.li?" :*■ '^
:..:Mrt;:
*...S-..l:.
H' ■■ ■ ^1,
.t".t-^
f":,:#^
|
♦I' |
|
|
■^ ^. •*■ ■•- ■ |
|
|
• r |
^^■^. |
|
%- |
1- 5i' |
|
■ P |
|
|
» • |
^ ■■ |
.^ ■ ■ -.t
^3
|
'A ■;%". yds. <&', |
|||
|
**r*.«^ |
^t:' |
*«;^ |
t^'i^^h |
f t t I-
_:i..:f
^■^ nr
:1. "*
^^•■"1. ■l:.,:^«..;-1l■
m- ' €
i ■ -1.
in'i.
*:;i.:i
I ".f.^c^'^'^m'^' *.,:%.:*:
■'■ •«: m. «,.
'%1%Z2
%.M-.
■t ■' %
Mzm
a; t
i:ji: .i.„'«^*
4\ .. %.^ n
'•ftr^-«^'ft-;--%
i!':j:r«
L « .-«
■^ ~ ' .#
'■■,;*'^.;*l.f'.
Ji; .::StM^